Description of the plates of the Fauna antiqua sivalensis

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES

OF THE

FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS

FROM NOTES AND MEMORANDA

BY

HUGH FALCONER, M.D.

LATE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND FOREIGN SECRETARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL
' SOUIETY, AND FOR MANY YEARS SUPERINTENDENT OF THE H,E.I,C, BOTANIC
GARDENS AT SUHARUNPOOR AND CALCUTTA

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D. F.R.S.

LONDON —
ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192 PICCADILLY
1868

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DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES

OF THE

FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS

FROM NOTES AND MEMORANDA
BY

PUGH KeALCONER. MD.

LATE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND FOREIGN SECRETARY OF THE GEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, AND FOR MANY YEARS SUPERINTENDENT OF THE H.E.1I.C. BOTANIC
f
GARDENS AT SUHARUNPOOR AND CALCUTTA

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

CHARLES MURCHISON, M.D. F.R.S.

Cc
LONDON

ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192 PICCADILLY
(1867

P2-F /63

Jf os hin heff
AN fi d VY? Lt. ; Ae ome

[Reprinted from Vol. I. of the posthumous edition of Dr. Falconer’s
Paleontological Memoirs. |

RIAD

ae
19
waa

ERRATA.
Page 82, line 5, omit The drawing shows the descending process of
the jaw.

Pages 82 and 83, substitute upper jaw for lower jaw in descriptions
of figures 1, 3, 11, and 16 of Plate LXIL.

Page 104, line 4 of description of Fig. 4, for premolars read premolar.

Falconer’s Fauna.

A
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES

IN

THE FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

[Tus description has been mainly compiled from the following
sources :—1. Memoranda in Dr. Falconer’s note-books and papers ;
2. References to certain of the figures in his published memoirs on
Elephant, Mastodon, &c.; 38. References to other figures in his
correspondence with scientific friends; and 4. Labels in his handwriting
on the specimens figured which are now in the British Museum.
Although the figures are drawn to scale, the actual measurements have,
as far as practicable, been introduced into the description of each
figure. It has been thought that by their means, the value of the
descriptions would be increased to those who have not an opportu-
nity of consulting the Plates, and that even to those who possess
the Plates the comparison of specimens would be facilitated. The
measurements are given in English inches, and in tenths of an inch.
The letters B.M. indicate that the specimen referred to is in the
British Museum. |

Plates I., II., and III. are intended to represent, by careful copies of
nature, the modifications in structure and form exhibited by the molar
teeth of the Proboscidea. They show in vertical sections a series of
gradations, commencing with Dinothertum and Mastodon Ohioticus at one
extremity, and running through the other species to Hlephas primigenius,
in which the greatest deviation from the ordinary form of a grinding
tooth is met with.

Puate I.

Fig. 1.—Elephas primigenius, or the true Mammoth: longitudinal
and vertical section of last upper molar, left side, from an English
specimen found near Kingsland, and formerly in the Museum of the
Geological Society. Shows the ‘ridge formula’ and the form and
relative proportions of the alternate layers of ivory. The section
closely resembles that of the corresponding tooth of the Indian
Elephant, but the ivory segments are even thinner, more vertical,
angé more approximated. ‘The disposition of the plates presents the

2 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

extreme degree of ‘pectination’ seen in the molars of any known
species of elephant.—B.M.

Length, 11 in. No. of plates, 21. Depth of enamel at tenth plate, 6-2 in.
Length of space to 10 plates, 43 in. '

Fig. 2 a.—Elephas Indicus. Vertical section of an upper penulti-
mate molar of the existing Indian Elephant. It is composed of
seventeen ridges, with a reduced talon splent behind, the anterior
talon being confluent with the first ridge. The anterior eight plates are
inclined forwards, and by the process of wear they are ground down, so
that the front part of the tooth is truncated obliquely before the
posterior lamellae have come into use. The plates are very thin and
vertical, and the enamel is thin. The gradual attenuation of the plates,
successively exhibited from /. insignis to LE. Hysudricus, is here carried
to excess, eighteen being comprised within the space occupied by about
nine in the equivalent tooth of the African species. The pectinated
arrangement contrasts strangely with the chevron-formed ridges of
E.. insignis and the cuneiform plates of H. planifrons. The mass of
ivory at the base of the tooth is much thinner than in the corres-
ponding molar of L. Hysudricus.

Length of crown, 82 in. Space occupied by 10 plates, 44 in. Height at tenth
plate, 6 in.

Fig. 2 b.—Elephas Indicus. Vertical section of unusually large spe-
cimen of last lower molar of an Indian Elephant from Assam, in India
House collection. The entire length of the crown is about fifteen
inches, and it includes as many as twenty-seven ridges, of which the
anterior thirteen are more or less abraded. The first five or six ridges
incline a little forwards, while the posterior ridges incline so much in an
opposite direction, that the hindermost are nearly horizontal, producing
the flabelliform character that so readily distinguishes in most instances
the last from the penultimate lower molar. The same disposition and
proportions of the dental substances are observed as in the upper grinder.

Fig. 3 a.—Elephas Hysudricus, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical
section of penultimate upper molar, left side. The tooth is in the
middle stage of wear, eleven of the thirteen plates of which it is
composed having been in use, and the two anterior ridges being worn
out. The same vertical disposition of ivory, enamel, and cement is
presented as in the African Elephant, but the plates are thinner and
more vertical; the layer of enamel is proportionally thicker; and the
interspaces occupied by the cement are wider in general than the ivory
plates. —B.M.

Length, 7°7 in. Length of 10 plates, 5:75 in.

Fig. 3 b6.—Elephas Hysudricus. Vertical section of portion of last
molar of lower jaw, comprising about fifteen plates. The same general
character, in the disposition and relative proportion of the ivory,
enamel, and cement are exhibited as in the upper molar, bearing in
mind that the latter is a younger and consequently smaller tooth. The
layer of enamel, however, is thinner than in the upper molar. The
ivory segments curve back near their base, and the apices of the pos-
terior plates lean towards the front of the tooth, a disposition still more
marked in the existing Indian Elephant. The dark shade below the
ivory indicates a core of sandstone, occupying the place of the unossified
part of the pulp nucleus, and of the undeveloped fangs.—B.M.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 3

EAT Ee

Fig. 4 a.—Elephas Africanus. Vertical section of a penultimate
erinder, upper jaw, of the existing African Elephant, in the possession of
Mr. C. Stokes. It is composed of nine principal divisions and a subordi-
nate talon ridge, the four anterior of which are partly worn, the rest being
entire. The ivory segments consist of long narrow wedge-shaped plates,
the height of which is many times greater than the width of their base.
The interspaces are deep and filled up with copious cement. The enamel
and common basal mass of ivory are much less than in either L. insignis
or E. planifrons, the latter being only sufficient to establish a common
connection between the bases of the segments, and a foundation for the
offset of the fangs, which are numerous.

Length, 8-7 in.

Fig. 4 b.—Elephas Africanus. Vertical section of penultimate molar
of lower jaw, belonging to Mr. C. Stokes. It is composed of nine
cuneiform plates. This tooth had been a long time in use, all the
plates, except the last being affected by wear. The anterior part of the
crown has been ground down to nearly one-third of its original height,
so that the enamel divisions between the two anterior ivory plates have
disappeared, and the latter are confluent into a common mass. The
section exhibits the same kind of wedge-shaped ivory plates, a similar
amount of cement in the interspaces, and an analogous thickness of
enamel as in #. planifrons, fig. & b.

Length, 7:2 in.

Fig. 5 a.—Elephas planifrons, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical section
of penultimate upper molar, with nine ridges, the three anterior of
which alone have been in use, the two first being worn down to a
single disc of ivory. The ridges are seen to be much more elongated
vertically than in /. insignis (fig. 6a), but to be considerably less so
than in the African Elephant. From the latter it also differs in the
enormous quantity of cement, filling up the valleys and enveloping the
ridges, and in the much greater thickness of the folded plates of enamel.
The enamel is reflected over the ridges of ivory, and down into the
hollows zig-zag wise, exactly as in H. ensignis.—B.M.

Length, 8°7 in.

Fig. 5 6,—Elephas planifrons. Vertical section of portion of last
molar of lower jaw, with nine ridges, and presenting the same general
characters as fig. 5 a. The lower tooth, however, had been longer in use,
and all the ridges are more or less worn, except the two last.—B.M.

Fig. 6 a.—Elephas insignis, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical section
of last upper molar. The four anterior ridges are affected by wear ;
the six posterior ridges are entire, the fangs are fully developed, and
their mode of implantation iy the jaw is distinctly shown. The white
mass in the centre represents the body of ivory, which is projected
upwards in ten angular lobes, terminating in a sharp edge. The height
of these lobes does not much exceed the width of their base, and closely
applied over them is a thick layer of enamel reflected up and down in
a continuous zig-zag plate. The interspaces of the five posterior ridges
of enamel are completely tilled up by a mass of cement much exceeding
the enamel in thickness (vide Plate VI. fig. 7). This is the best illustra-

4 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

tion of the intermediate type of a proboscidean molar tooth, from which
those of the other species diverge in opposite directions. It belongs to
the Mastodon Elephantoides of Clift. The dark granulated shade
below the portion of the ivory nucleus sustaining the five posterior
ridges indicates the hollow of their common fang, which in the fossil is
occupied by a core of sandstone.—B.M.

Length of tooth, 10°3 in.

Fig. 6 6.—Elephas insignis. Vertical section of anterior portion of
adult tooth of lower jaw. The two front ridges only have been touched
by wear. The ivory, enamel, and cement present the same characters
as in the upper molar, but the common curve of the crown is slightly
concave instead of convex. The posterior part of the basal portion of the
pulp nucleus has not completed the stage of calcification, its place being
occupied by a nest of calcareous crystals. The figure also shows two
ridges of the preceding molar, with their common fang implanted in ~
the lower jaw.—B.M.

PATE ile

Fig. 7 a.—Elephas Ganesa, a fossil Indian species. Vertical section
of last upper molar. The crown consists of ten principal ridges, with a
subordinate talon ridge in front and behind. The anterior seven ridges
have their summits worn. A small portion is broken off at the anterior
end. The disposition and relative proportions of the ivory, enamel,
and cement bear the closest resemblance to those of the corresponding
tooth of #. insignis, and the number of ridges agrees. In fact, there are
no good characters by which the teeth of these two species can be
satisfactorily distinguished, although the crania are so remarkably
different—B.M.

Length of tooth, 9:25 in.

Fig. 7 b.—Elephas Ganesa. Vertical section of posterior molar of
lower jaw. A small portion of the anterior end of the crown has been
broken off, but the presence of the anterior fang proves that the section
includes the whole length of the tooth, except the first ridge, the
posterior end being entire. It appears to have consisted of eight prin-
cipal ridges, with a talon ridge behind, and a subordinate ridge in front.
Five of the ridges have been in use, the anterior two being worn down
close to the common base of ivory ; the three last ridges are entire. It
bears a close resemblance to the corresponding inferior tooth of Z.
msignis in the form of the ridges, thickness of enamel, and proportion
of cement.—B.M.

Fig. 8.— Mastodon latidens (Clift). Vertical section of two last
molars of upper jaw. The specimen of which the section was made
was formerly in the collection of the Geological Society, and is figured in
Clift’s memoir (Plate XX XVII. fig. 1). The last tooth shows five prin-
cipal ridges with a posterior talon ridge and a subordinate ridge in front.
The ridges are transverse and divided by a longitudinal cleft into two
pairs of principal points without intermediate mammille in the hollows.
The enamel is very thick and the cement is reduced to a thin layer,
only observable in the bottom of the hollows. The ivory lobes resemble
those of . Ganesa, but are less elevated, with a broader base. The
anterior tooth had been a long time in use, and the ridges are nearly all

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 5

worn out; they were four in number. Jastodon latidens is the form
most nearly allied to HL. Cliftii, and, through that species, to the true
Elephants.—B.M.

Length of last tooth, 5°5 in.

Fig. 9.—Mastodon Ohiotieus. Vertical, section of last upper molar.
It consists of four principal ridges and a small talon lobe. The ridges
are transverse, terminating in a trenchant edge; the ivory segments are
in regular angular lobes; the layer of enamel is of uniform thickness,
and the hollows between the ridges are very wide and open, being
almost rounded at the bottom. There is only an exceedingly thin crust
of cement, continued over the fangs in greater thickness. The common
plane of the grinding ridges of the crown is nearly horizontal. M.
Ohioticus constitutes the terminal link in the chain, and through
Dinotherium establishes a passage into the ordinary Pachydermata.
B.M.

Fig. 10 a.—Mastodon Sivalensis, from the Sewalik hills. Vertical
section of last upper molar. The ridges are more complex in their
composition than in M. latidens. The crown is bisected by a longitudinal
furrow, each division of the ridge being composed of a pair of contiguous
conical mammille placed more or less alternately. The hollows are in
consequence interrupted. There are five principal ridges, with a subor-
dinate ridge in front, and a talon ridge behind. Hight divisions of the
ivory may be counted in the figure, the smaller segments arising from
the direction in which the section has been made through the alternate
mammille. The ridges are approximated, and the enamel bears a
large proportion to the conical lobe of ivory which it invests. The
cement is entirely wanting, except in the bottom of the clefts—B.M.

Length of tooth, 7 in.

Fig. 10 6.—Mastodon Sivalensis. Vertical section of greater part
of last lower molar. The tooth differs from the corresponding upper
molar only in being complicated with an additional ridge-—B.M.

Fig. 11.—Dinotherium Indicum (Fale.), from Perim Island. Ver-
tical section of posterior ridge and talon of the penultimate lower
molar, left side. The internal structure exhibits the same agreement
with that of the European Dinotherium, as is indicated by the external
form. The only perceptible difference is, that the angle formed by the
ridge of the ivory is more acute, and the enamel thicker in the Indian
species. The centre is occupied by a rhomboidal core of arenaceous
matrix marking the form of the unossified pulp nucleus. This tooth
is described and figured in Dr. Falconer’s Memoir on Perim Island
Fossils.

Fig. 12.—Dinotherium giganteum (Kaup), from Eppelsheim. Ver-
tical section of entire penultimate lower molar, consisting of two
transverse crenulated ridges, and a talon ridge, while in the equi-
valent molar of Mastodon Ohioticus there are three principal ridges.
Corresponding to the smaller number of divisions the ridges are more
widely separated, less elevated, and broader at their base, while the
interspaces are also wider and more open than in the North American
Mastodon. The layer of enamel is of similar thickness, and there is
no appreciable crust of cement. The correspondence is followed out
in the form of the subordinate heel ridge. D. Jndicum, however, is
the species most nearly allied to W. Ohioticus.—B.M.

6 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Prats TV,

Elephas Hysudricus. (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills. Front
view of skull, one-fifth nat. size. This fine specimen was purchased
from Conductor Dawe.—B.M.

Length of the cranium from the protuberances of the occipital to the broken tip
of left incisive, 45° in. Length from broken occipital condyles to anterior border of
alveolus, 28°in. Vertical height of head, from broken condyles to the pyramidal
bulge of sinciput, 26:in. Vertical height from surface of occipital to the tip of the
nasals, 27°75 in. Extreme width of the head restored on left side, 38°5 in. Width
at narrowest part of forehead between zygomatic fossee, 10°5in. Width of naso-maxil-
lary fissure, 18°5in. Depth from tip of nasals to anterior margin of naso-maxillary
fissure, 3°56 in. Depth of rami of naso-maxillary fissure, 4: in. Width between middle
of the orbits, mesial, 26° in. Greatest width of zygomatic fossa, 12° in. Depth from
hollow of frontal to condyles, 20°. Depth from posterior border alveolus to margin
of naso-maxillary fissure, 21:5 in. Length of alveolus of last grinder, 10°5in. Depth
of hollow of frontal below mesial plane, 4:5 in. Extreme width of alveolus, 4°75 in.
Width of incisive sheath in front of the alveolus, 18°5in. Transverse diameter of the
left tusk, 7-6 in. Antero-post. of the left tusk, 7°75 in. Depth below mesial plane of the
occipital hollow, 8:5 in. Width of bottom of occipital hollow, 5°75 in. Depth of pos-
terior bulge of the cranium from the occipital bone to surface of zygomatic fossa,
15°5 in. Least width at back part of cranium behind the alveoli, 8°5 in. Depth from
posterior broken surface of condyle to the posterior border of the alveolus, 19: in.
Depth of infra-orbital foramen, 2°5 in. Transverse diameter of foramen, 1°75 in.
Length of infra-orbital canal, 6° in. Depth of the left orbit, 6°75 in. From
anterior margin auditory foramen to anterior border of the orbit, 20: in. Vertical .
diameter auditory foramen, 1‘5 in. Depth of the fossa between incisive sheaths at
the top of it, 6° in. Width across fossa, 3°in. Depth of the naso- maxillary vault,
12°in. Depth of skull from posterior end of socket to the orbit, 22°5 in.

PuaTe V.

Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.—Elephas Hysudricus. Four different views of
same skull as in Plate IV., 3 nat. size.—B.M.

BEATE AVAL

Figs. 1 and 2.—Elephas Hysudricus. Perfect small head from the
Geol. Soc. Museum, with the second and third milk molars, and first
true molar in germ. The second milk molar on left side is much
worn. ‘The infra-orbital hole is very large. The tusks are oval on
section, as shown in fig. 3 of another animal of same age. The palatal
bones are divergent in front. The tusks are also a little divergent,
and are very near in size those of the young Indian Elephant, but are
narrower in front and more convex. ‘The palate is not figured.—B.M.

Extreme length from occipital crest to broken incisor, 23°3in. Length from
occiput to tip of nasals, 13°8in. Width of nasal opening, 7:1 in. Depth of nas. op. at
sides, 2°8in. From lower end of nasal opening to tip of incisives, 9°5in. Semi-
diameter from tip of nasals to left orbit, 6°3in. Width of brow, 12°6in. Width
at contraction of incisive sheaths, 5‘6in. Extreme length of orbit, 3-5in. Width
at tips of incisive sheaths, 56in. Vertical diameter of left tusk, 1‘8in. Transverse
diameter of left tusk, 1‘5in. From outer margin of orbit to occiput, 16°8.in. Width
of brow at temporal contraction, 6°in. Length of second milk molar, 2:1 in. Width
of second milk molar behind, 16in. Number of plates, 5. Length of third milk
molar, 4°3 in. Width in front, 2-lin. No. of ridges 7, witha front and heel ridge.
‘Interval between second milk molars A infront, 1:9in. Interval between third, 2-2 in.
From niche of palate to commencement of diasteme, 5°3in. Length of diastemal ridges
to tip, 63in. Interval between ridges at base, 1-4 in. Expansion at tip, 2°9 in.

Fig. 3.—Hlephas Hysudricus, under surface of young skull. This

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 7

specimen agrees in age and characters with that shown in figs. 1 and 2,
except that the third milk molar has 8 principal ridges, with a front
and back heel, instead of 7 as in the other.—B.M.

Length of second milk molar, 2°2 in.
of plates about 4.
between second teeth, 1°2 in.

Width of second milk molar, 1°6 in.
Length of third milk molar, 4°3 in.
Between third, 2:1 in.!

No.

Width, 2°in. Interval

Figs 4, 5, and 6.—Elephas planifrons (Fale. and Caut.), from the

Sewalik hills.

third milk, and first or antepenultimate true molar.

Portion of cranium with palate containing premolar,

The left pre-

molar consists of three principal ridges and an indistinct front and

back ridge.
and aft.
untouched by wear.

Their direction is so oblique that they point nearly fore
This little tooth is nearly globular in form and is quite
The crown is composed of a number of tubercles

irregularly huddled together, somewhat in a botryoidal manner, and

presenting no distinct indication of transverse ridges.

A_ hollow filled

with matrix is seen on the right side, where the corresponding tooth

had dropped out.

The third milk molar is very broad, all the six

ridges worn, enamel thick. The first true molar is entirely in germ.

—B.M.

Length of premolar, 1:2 in.
of third milk molar, 4: in.
front ridge.
at fourth ridge, 3: in.

2°8 in.?

1 Notes by Dr. Falconer of other speci-
mens of #, Hysudricus, not figured.

1. A small head with second and third
milk molars, of exactly the same age as
the small head, Plate vi. fig. 3, and
Plate vii. fig. 1, if anything younger,
as only the first ridge is touched by wear.
Shows the plates of the second milk molar
better than any other.

Length of second left milk molar,
2°5in.; width, 16in.; has 5 distinct
ridges anda heel. Length of third milk
molar, 4:1 in.; width, 2°in.; has 7 main
ridges with a large front ridge and large
heel, or 9 good plates. Interval between
teeth infront, 1°6in.; between last teeth
behind, 2°1 in.

2. Another imperfect head of young
E. Hysudricus, of same age as fig. 1 of
Plate vi. Has second and third milk
molars in use and first true molar in
germ. The second milk molar is well
worn, the third has the five first plates
worn.

Length of second milk molar, 2°3 in. ;
‘width, 1:7 in. ; number of plates 5, and a
heel. Length of third milk molar, 4°6 in. ;
width, 2°3in.; number of plates 8, with
front and heel plates in addition. Height
of sixth plate, 2°6 in.

3. Fragment of a very large cranium
comparatively as regards the age of the
teeth. Contains the third milk molar

Width, 1:1 in.
Width, 2-4 in. Number of ridges 6, with a heel and
Length of first true molar, 5°65 in.
Number of plates 7, with front and back ridges.
between third milk molars in front, 2°3 in.

Height of crown, °8 in. Length

Width, 2°7 in. Greatest height
Interval
Ditto at niche of palate behind,

and first true molar. The third milk
molar is well worn, with 7 ridges and a
back and front ridge; the two front ridges
worn. The tooth is very broad, broader
even than the third milk molar of FZ.
planifrons (Plate vi. figs. 4 and 5);
the enamel ig thin, and finely crimped.
The first true molar is equally remarkable
in being broad and short and in having
few ridges. The first four ridges are
touched by wear. It is proved to be EZ.
Hysudricus by the great size of the nasal
opening, and the downward direction of
the rami.

Length of third milk molar, left side,
3°8in.; width, 2°6in. Length of first
true molar, 6*in.; width, 2°6 in. ; number
of plates 8, with a large front ridge and
a very large heel. Interval between the
front teeth on either side, 1:6 in.; be-
hind at the niche, 2°7in. Depth of
cranium from posterior surface of molar
to brow between the orbits, 13°8 in.
Width of brow between middle of orbits,
13°6in. Width of naso-maxillary open-
ing, 94in. Width of muzzle at sub-
orbital foramen, 10° in.

2 Another valuable specimen of palate
of H. planifrons is of same age as that
in Pl. yi. figs. 4, 5, and 6, but is a little
further advanced and belonged to a
larger animal. The first true molar is
an inch longer and is much broader and

8 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 7.—Elephas insignis. Section of molar showing laminated
character of cement filling up the valleys. In some sections as many
as eleven distinct strata of this substance may be counted. The
section is a portion of the tooth represented in Plate I. fig. 6 a, com-
prising the sixth and seventh ridges, and drawn to natural size.

Prarie Wee

Fig. 1.—Elephas Hysudricus. Fragment of upper jaw containing
second and third milk molars. Age of individual about same as in
Pl. VI. fig. 3.—B.M.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—FElephas Hysudricus. Fourth tooth, or first true
molar, upper jaw, right side; 12 plates. Vertical Section in B.M.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Hlephas Hysudricus. Fragment of upper jaw con-
taining fifth tooth or penultimate true molar, 13 plates. Vertical
section in B.M.

Figs. 4 and 4 a—Elephas Indicus (erroneously designated £.
Hysudricus in Plate). Last grinder of upper jaw. The anterior
plates are inclined forwards, and by the process of wear they are ground
down, so that the front part of the tooth is truncated obliquely, before
the posterior lamelle have come into use. The plane of detrition
makes a large angle with the unworn plane of the crown, and slopes
from the inside outwards. On the worn surface the digitated summits
of the anterior ridges are found ground down into circular rings of
enamel enclosing a pit of ivory.—B.M.

Fig 5.—Elephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw, left side, with
second milk molar, vertically divided, and showing 7 or 8 plates.
Specimen shows also remains of alveolus of first tooth_—B.M.

Fig. 6.—Elephas Hysudricus. Inferred to be lower jaw ? left side ?
with second milk molar. Large variety, with 9 plates—B.M.

Length, 3-4in. (Width in front, 1-1in. Width behind, 1°8 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E ephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw, left
side, with second milk molar, showing 7 or 8 plates.—B.M.
Length, 3:lin. Width, 1°65 in.
Fig. 8.—Elephas Hysudricus. Lower jaw, left side, with third milk
molar.—B.M.
Length, 5‘5in. Width, 2°2in. No. of plates, 9.

Fig. 9.—Llephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw, with third
milk and first true molars. The former has 9 plates; the latter is in
germ.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Elephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw,
with the first true molar, presenting 12 plates.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Elephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw,
with penultimate ? true molar, presenting 12 plates.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Elephas Hysudricus. Fragment of lower jaw,
with last molar, entire, 7 situ. The tooth is more elongated, and

higher. The points of the plates are | ridge of the third milk molar is in front.
few, being about 6 to the fifth and sixth Length of first trne molar, 6°65 in. ;
plates. The apices of the plates are | greatest width, 3°4in.; height at fourth
somewhat ineurved or bent forward. | ridge, 3°5in.; has 7 principal ridges with
The specimen consists of the back | front and back ridge.

portion of left side of palate, The last |

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 2

includes a greater number of divisions (17 or 18) than is usual in the
last inferior grinder of EH. Hysudricus. The specimen is now cut
into sections. —B.M.

Puate VIII.

Fig. 1.—Elephas Hysudricus. Specimen of cranium in Mr. W. Ewer’s
collection. Shows the palate with the first and second true molars and
tusks on both sides; the first well worn, and partly ground away in
front; the second has the first four ridges well worn. The molars
consist of ten ridges and a large heel ridge, eleven in all. The tusks of
the opposite sides do not correspond, the left being nearly circular and
the right oval. One large sub-orbital foramen.

Depth from back molar to the front at top of incisives, 17°5in. Contraction of
muzzle at sub-orbital foramen, 13°8in. Breadth, outer surface maxillaries, 9°1 in.
Vertical diameter, left tusk, 5-7 in. Transverse diameter, 5'1in. Greatest diameter,
right tusk, 6°2in. Least, 4°3in. Interval between teeth in front, 2°2in. Behind,
at niche of palate, 3:in. Length of anterior (first true) molar, 4*°1in. Width, 2°7 in.
Number of ‘ridges remaining, 5 and a heel. Length of left back molar, 8: in.
Width in front, 3-in. Number of ridges, 10 and a large heel.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Elephas planifrons (misnamed EH. Hysudricus in
plate). Very perfect specimen of lower jaw. Has three mentary fora-
mina on the right side, only two on the left ; none on either side at the
symphysis. The beak is very deep and thick, and appears to have
terminated bluntly. The enamel is very thick. The teeth are certainly
the last of the lower jaw, with few points to the back ridges. The slope
of wear inclines very much from the outside inwards, the difference
being nearly ? inch, at the third ridge of the left side. The front fang
portion has dropped out. Nine ridges remain in the left tooth; on the
right side are the remains of ten or eleven. The teeth are very broad,
and there is considerable mesial expansion.—B.M.

Extreme length of mght side, 24:in. Divergence of rami behind, 21:6 in. Height
to front of alveolus, right side, 8°3in. Greatest thickness behind, 6°7in. Length

of right molar, 8°8 in. Greatest width, 3°8 in. Distance between the teeth in front,
2°8in. Divergence of teeth behind, 5°6 in.

Fig. 3.—Elephas Hysudricus. Lower jaw of small-sized adult. The
inside only of this specimen has been figured, and only the portion from
the last ridge backwards as a fragment. It is a very old jaw with the
last molar. The anterior part of the tooth had dropped out. The last
ten ridges remain, all of them worn. The enamel is thick, but very
much crimped, and the plates are close together. The condyle is
broad and very convex, and the long axis, instead of being transverse,
runs obliquely fore and aft. The edge connecting with coronoid
commences immediately below the condyle, instead of sloping down
with a narrow neck as in LE. planifrons (See Plate XI. fig. 3).—B.M.

Extreme length of Jaw, 19: in. Height of ramus to top of condyle, 17:7 in. Trans-
verse diameter of condyle, 4-5in. Antero-posterior diameter, 2°8in. Greatest
thickness of ramus behind, 5-7 in. Antero-posterior extent of ascending ramus,

9:°6in, Height to alveolus, 6-2in. Length of remaining portion of molar, 9°d in.
Width, 3:1 in.

Fig. 4 (and Plate XIII. A. fig. 7).—Elephas Hysudricus. Beautiful
specimen of entire lower jaw, with two molars. The number of plates
in the anterior molar is nine, with a front ridge and a small heel, inner

10 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

side. Nine plates of the next following tooth are seen in germ. From
H. F.’s collection.—B.M.

Extreme length, including beak, 16°6in. Extreme divergence of rami behind,
14:1in. Height to alveolus, 4-4in. Height of condyle, 11-2in. Antero-posterior
extent of ascending ramus, 7‘4in. Greatest thickness behind, 3°8in. Length of
anterior right molar, 5'4in. Width, 2°3in. From inner side of symphysis to tip
of beak, 3°3 in.

Fig. 5.—Elephas Hysudricus. Extremely old lower jaw, right side,
with the last tooth nearly worn out, and showing about five remaining
plates extremely distorted. Belonged to an individual of small size.
The figure is chiefly intended to show the distortion.—B.M.

PuaTe IX.

Elephas planifrons (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills. Front
view of skull, one-third of natural size. The forehead of this species
is very flat; the naso-maxillary opening very small, and the occipital
fissure very low.—B.M.

PuaTe X.

Elephas planifrons. Four different views of same cranium as figured
in Plate IX. The last true molar is seen in germ and intact on the
right side, and well worn on the other, so that the corresponding tooth
on the right side of the lower jaw had probably been wanting. It has
eleven ridges and a heel. The pterygoids are very low.—B.M.

Extreme length of cranium from occiput to broken incisives, 25:in. Extreme
width of occiput, 21:7in. Height of occiput (condyles broken), 13°7in. From
middle of occipital notch to tip of nasals, 1l:in. Transverse diameter of nasal
opening, 8°7 in. Vertical, 2°8in. Interval from posterior orbital process to margin
of nasal opening (partly broken), 8°3in. Estimated width at posterior orbital
processes, 27°8in. Greatest contraction between the temporals, 14°7in. From
oceiput to anterior margin of orbits, 20°7 in. Width of muzzle at orbital
foramina, 12°5in. Depth from surface of molar to brow at contraction between
the temporals, 16-in. Antero-posterior diameter of orbit, 4°6in. Transverse
ditto, 4-5in. Length of right molar, 9°7in. Greatest height of crown plates,
unworn, 4:in. Width of crown in worn tooth, 3°65 in.

Prats el.

Fig. 1.—lephas planifrons. Fine specimen of old palate, with last
molar of either side. <A section was made of the right molar, which
consisted of ten ridges, back heel inclusive. The section showed the
anterior fang complete; the enamel very thick ; general expansion of
the plates ; points in the plates very few, fewer even than in LH. znsignis.
Specimen in Mr. W. Ewer’s collection (See note, page 14, No. 1).

Length of last molar, left, 11-in. Width in front, 45in. Width at seventh
ridge, 3°5in. Interval between the teeth in front, 2°6in. Interval behind at niche
of palate, 5:4 in.

Fig. 2.—E. planifrons.—Superb specimen of lower jaw. It has two
mental foramina placed, as in fig. 3, much wornin front. The last true
molar is beautifully preserved on either side. They have thirteen
principal ridges, and a back heel and front ridge; enamel very thick ;
points few; an intermediate mammilla, the detrition of which causes the
mesial expansion ; the tooth curves a good deal out. No long spout as
in HE. Africanus. From Sir Proby Cautley’s collection (See note, page
14, No. 2).—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 19:'2in. Divergence of rami behind (outer surfaces),

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. ll

19°in. Height to anterior margin of alveolus, 8°in. Greatest thickness behind,
6'5in. Interval between teeth in front, 3:6in. Interval behind, 5°6in. Length
of right molar, 11°8in. Width of right molar in front, 3*in. Width behind, 2°8 in.

Fig. 3.—E. planifrons. Superb specimen of left half lower jaw,
entire. The coronoid crescent slopes downwards from the condyle.
Crown of the tooth very low. Seven last plates of tooth only remain ;
great thickness of enamel and abundant cement, and mesial expansion ;
enamel plates projecting. Proved to be H. planifrons by the distance
between the plates, the very low crown, thick enamel, and two mental
foramina.—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 24:2in. Height of alveolar margin, 7'5in. Height of
ascending ramus to top of the condyle, 20°2in. Width of ascending ramus from
coronoid margin to posterior edge, 10‘5in. Greatest thickness, 6*lin. Transverse
measurement of condyle, 4:°2in. Length of molar, 10°in. Width of molar at
middle, 3°6 in.

Fig. 4.—£. planifrons. Is a most remarkable fragment of the last
molar, upper jaw, right side, taken out of a palate in H. F.’s collection.

_ It is figured to show how diversified the species may be, and also the

dedalian line of flexure.
Length of fragment, 5:4 in. Width, 2°65 in.

Fig. 5.—Elephas planifrons. Enormous tooth-fragment, with very
thick enamel, low plates, and mesial expansion. This specimen is
twice figured (See Plate XVIII. A. fig. 2). It is the last molar, lower
jaw, right side.—B.M.

Length, 10°5 in. Greatest width, 4:2 in. Height of ninth plate, 3°5 in.
Number of ridges, 9.

Fig. 6.—Elephas planifrons. Lower jaw, left side, with first and
second (antepenultimate and penultimate) true molars. The first
tooth is much worn; shows about six plates; enamel transverse with
little crimping. The penultimate has nine ridges and a small heel, or
eight and a double heel; the two front ridges barely touched. The
ridges have few points, the fourth having only five. (Vide E. insignis,
Plate XVIII. fig. 7).—B.M.

Length of front molar, 6° in. Greatest width, 2°8 in. Length of penultimate,
8: in. Width at fourth ridge, 2°8 in.

Fig. 7.—E£. planifrons. Left side of lower jaw, with last molar very
old. All the first half of the grinding ridges worn out. Very great
expansion of the plates. Three mental foramina outside.—B.M.

Length of molar, 10°2 in. Greatest width, 4° in.

Fig. 8.—E. planifrons. A magnificent typical specimen, consisting
of a fragment of the lower jaw with whole length of penultimate true
molar; the anterior fang exposed; the three first ridges on this fang
gone by wear; eight other ridges, making eleven ridges and a heel;
enamel very thick; plates wide apart; much cement; few points ;
three mental foramina.—B.M.

Height of jaw to alveolar margin, outer side, 86 in. Greatest thickness,
64 in. Length of molar, 1271 in. Width at fourth ridge, 36 in. Greatest
width, 3°8 in.

Fig. 9.—Elephas planifrons. A fragment of last lower molar, left
side, intended to show the large digitations and few points of the
species. It has the three last ridges and a heel; points very distinct,

12 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

and enamel very thick; ridges very low; resembles Plate XVIII. A.
fig. 1.—B.M.

Fig. 10.—E. planifrons. Lower (upper in MS.) jaw, left side, with
penultimate and last molar. The whole of the penultimate much worn ;
the two front ridges worn out; has eight ridges and a very small heel.
The tooth is very broad for its length; has a great abundance of
cement; the enamel is very thick; figured for the remarkable fact of
there being no crimping whatever, only a little flexuosity, and no
mesial expansion. Last tooth is quite untouched by wear.—B.M.

Length of penultimate, 7° in. Width of ditto behind, 3-7 in. Length of first
five ridges of last tooth, 56 in. Width at third plate, 3°7 in. Height of fifth
plate unworn, 3°8 in.

IB eGt) DIOL

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Hlephas planifrons. Antepenultimate milk molar
of upper jaw, with four ridges; drawn of natural size. Fig. 1 6 shows
a vertical section of same tooth.

Fig. 2.—E. planifrons. Section of second milk molar, upper jaw, right
side. It has six main ridges, and back talon and front heel. The four
front ridges are touched by wear; great quantity of cement and thick
enamel. Resembles the third milk molar in Plate VI. figs. 4 and 5,—B.M.

Length, 3°8 in. Greatest width, 2°3 in.

Fig. 5.—(None in the plate).

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—H. planifrons. First true molar, upper jaw, much
worn, showing five ridges and a heel remaining ; two ridges probably
gone.—B.M.

Length, 5-2 in. Width, 2°8 in.

Fig. 5.—E. planifrons. Fragment of upper jaw with first and penul-
timate true molar. The first molar is that numbered as fig. 4. The
penultimate has eight ridges and a front heel. The specimen is broken
behind, but the artist in the drawing has repaired the eighth ridge
and added a little. Another first true molar in Plate VI. fig. 5 (See
also note 2, page 7).

Length of penultimate, 8°in. Width, 3: in.

Fig. 5 a.—L. planifrons. Is a distinct specimen from fig. 5. It is a
most valuable palate specimen, showing entire the penultimate or second
true molar on either side. On the left side the cavity for the last molar
is seen. The penultimate has eight distinct ridges and a front and
back heel; all the ridges are more or less worn; the points are few and
large, and the enamel thick. Has all the characteristic marks of £.
planifrons. Specimen in Mr. W. Ewer’s collection.

Length of left molar, 7°5 in. Width in front at third plate. 3:2 in. Width at
last or eighth ridge, 2°6 in. Interval between teeth in front, 38°2 in. Inter-
val behind, 5-4 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—£. planifrons. Penultimate true molar zn situ in
upper jaw of a large animal. Tooth has eight main ridges.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. planifrons. This is a beautiful little spe-
cimen of right side of lower jaw, containing the second milk molar.
It shows a very small front splent, with six main ridges and a small
heel limited to the inner two-thirds of the width of the last plate. Has
exactly the same number of ridges as the corresponding tooth in young
African Elephant (six main plates), but is a larger and broader tooth.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 15

The first three plates are worn. The specimen also shows at b the
fang-holes of the first milk molar.—B.M.

Length, 6:2. Height to alveolar margin in front, 3:2 in. Ditto behind, 2°7 in,
Greatest thickness, 2°6 in. Length of second milk molar, 2°4 in. Greatest width
of crown at fourth ridge, 1:4 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a. Hlephas planifrons.—Left side of lower jaw.
This is a superb specimen. It displays three teeth in situ, viz. in the
posterior extremity the last milk molar ; in front of it the penultimate
milk molar (0), nearly worn out, and emerging from below the latter a
small vertically succeeding premolar (c). The third or last milk molar
has seven main ridges, with a double front heel and a small splent
behind ; the four front ridges are worn; it is broader behind than in
front; the reverse in the upper.—B.M.

Length of last molar, 4:4 in. Width at second ridge, 1-8 in. Width behind
(greatest), 2-4 in. Length of small premolar, 1: in. Width behind, -8 in.; does
not show the ridges.

Fig. 9.—Elephas planifrons. Shows at ¢ the penultimate premolar.
It is considerably smaller in all its dimensions than the antepenulti-
mate milk molar (fig. 1 a), drawn to the same scale. It is of a roundish
form, and shows no distinct indication of ridge-divisions. It was,
therefore, of small importance, functionally, in the economy of the
species.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Elephas planifrons. This is an invaluable
specimen. Proved by its size and development to be the first true
molar, lower jaw, left. Shows seven main ridges and a small ridge in
front; no heel behind, or only a very small one; is broader behind
than in front; the five first ridges are worn; enamel very thick with
mesial expansion ; few points to the plates; much cement. The most
interesting point is the third premolar (d) in front zn situ. The back
part of it only seen; it had not protruded through the jaw. Shows a
last plate of three points and a small heel.—B.M.

Length of fragment of jaw, 8°in. Height to alveolar margin, 5-9 in.; greatest
width, 4-4 in.; greatest height to crown behind, 6°8 in. Length of the first true
molar, 6°7 in.; width in front, 2°3 in.; greatest width behind at fourth-ridge,
2°6 in. Length of premolar fragment, 1‘in.; height of crown, 1°5 in.; width, 1: in.

Fig. 11—Elephas planifrons. Last premolar (6) vertically divided
through the middle, the anterior portion being wanting. Although
partly emerged, it is still embedded in the alveolus and intact, while
the tooth behind it is well worn. It is of comparatively small size,
but presents distinct indications of two transverse ridges terminating in
the thick digitations characteristic of the species. This figure refers to
the same specimen as fig. 10, but is drawn on a larger scale.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Elephas planifrons. This appears to be the last
true molar, lower jaw, right side; has ten main plates, with a front
plate and heel; is apparently of a small sized individual; has the
enamel straighter in the bend than usual; ridges low.—B.M.

Length, 10°in. Width in front, 3°5 in.; ditto behind, 2°9 in. Height of crown
at seventh plate, 4° in.

Fig. 13.—EHlephas planifrons. ower jaw, left side, with last true
molar entire; crown not figured; very thick enamel plates reclined ;
considerable mesial expansion; points in the back plates few; in the
front plates a good deal of crimping; shows about thirteen ridges and a

B

14

heel, or possibly fourteen.

FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Resembles very much an unfigured speci-

men in H. F.’s collection (See note, No. 3).!—B.M.

Length of molar, 12°7 in.; width, 3°6 in. ; height at tenth ridge. 4°5 in.

Fig. 13 a.—Hlephas Hysudricus. (Has no connection with fig. 13. Is
misnamed HL. planifrons on plate.) It is the last molar, right side, lower
jaw. Has a peculiar slew or twist in the wear, in front from the inside
out, and behind from the outside inwards. Is an enormous tooth. Shows
the anterior fang in section, only one or two plates gone; enamel very
thick and plaited; mesial expansion. Has ten plates and a heel_—B.M.

Length of tooth, 11:3 in.; width in front, 3°9 in. ; in middle, 4°4 in.
Height of jaw to crown of molar behind, 9° in.

alveolar margin, 9° in.
thickness of Jaw, 6°3 in.

1 The following notes refer to unfigured
specimens of Hlephas planifrons :—

1.—The most characteristic specimen
of this species consisting of the last
molar, upper jaw, has not been figured.
Its measurements are: extreme length,
1l‘in.; width in front at second ridge,
3°7 in.; ditto at eighth ridge, base, 3°8
in.; ditto at eighth ridge, near apex,
2°4in.; height at eighth ridge, measured
from reflection of euamel plates below,
4:8 in. Number of principal ridges
twelve, with a front ridge and heel.
This tooth resembles very much in wear
Mr. Ewer’s specimen, Pl. xi. fig. 1,
and H. F.’s specimen, Pl. xii. fig. 5.
Of the 12 plates composing it, the first
eight are touched by wear. The front
subordinate ridge is joined on by a neck
or reduplication of enamel to the first
principal ridge. The enamel is very
thick. There is a good deal of crimp-
ing in the first three ridges, but no great
amount of mesial expansion. The points
are few in number, there being only six
which are worn into round rings to the
seventh ridge. A comparison of this tooth
with the last upper molar of Hlephas

Hysudricus is as follows :
E. planifrons EB, Hysudricus

Extreme length of Inches Inches
last upper molar 11:0 11:0
Width in front at
2nd ridge F 37 3-4
Width at 8thridge 2-4 3°3
Heightat8thridge 48 5-4

2.—A superb specimen of the lower
jaw in H. F.’s collection. The specimen
has the left molar entire; of the right,
only the first eight ridges remain; all the
ridges on to the heel are worn. Enamel
very thick with beautifully marked me-
sial expansion, forming a sharp loop.
The back loop of one plate nearly in
contact with the front lamina of the next
ridge! Is a most beautiful and charac-
teristic specimen. The beak, although
broken, projects sufficiently to prevent
the ramus from resting on its lower sur-

Height to
Greatest

face. The diastemal ridges are not
raised as in EL. antiquus (EF. meridionalis
in note of date about 1846, see note,
p-. 28), but form a broad flat beak (not
sharp and narrow, as in E. insignis)
which projects downwards as in the
African Elephant, although it is more
abruptly bent down, shorter and flatter,
something as in H. primigenius. In this
respect the specimen is more perfect
than Pl. xi. fig. 2. The molars are
nearly parallel in front, and diverge
afterwards. There are three outer men-
tary foramina, and one on the inside.
The backmost foramen begins below the
front fang of the molar; the two others
are on the same sloping line in front.
Extreme length, 21:6 in. Height to
alveolus, 7°5 in. Greatest width, 7:7 in.
Interval between teeth in front, 3°8 in.
Width of diasteme, just below the be-
ginning of the symphysis, 3°d in.
Length of the left molar, 11:0 in. ; width
at third ridge, 29 in.; greatest width in

| the middle, 3°3 in.; height of 8th plate,

3:0 in.; number of plates, 13 and a heel.

3.—Specimen of the entire last lower
molar, right side, contained in a mutilated
lower jaw. This magnificent specimen
shows the entire length of the tooth, and
a small portion of the penultimate in
front of it. The seven anterior ridges
are touched by wear. The enamel is
very thick with a mesial expansion and
somewhat crimped. The sixth ridge
shows six annular dises; the seventh
only five points. The tooth is very
broad ; much cement; the last plate or
heel is an oblique splent of only three
or four irregularly placed points. The
fang projects behind it. The tooth in
its direction curves much outwards, and
is very nearly of the same width from
back to front.

Extreme length of last molar, 11-8 in.
Extreme width at sixth ridge, 3-9 in.
Height at eleventh plate, 4°6 in. Number
of principal ridges 14, and a small heel
of three points.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 15

Jee) DUE Ts\e

Elephas Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.) From the valley of the
Nerbudda. Probably a female, from small size of tusks. This
specimen was presented to the Museum of the United Service In-
stitution by Major Orlando Felix, and was received by him with other
Nerbudda specimens, from Lieut.-Colonel Ouseley. It was chiselled
out by Dr. Falconer, and determined by him to be a new species. In
a letter to Lieut.-Colonel Ousely, Dr. F. writes thus: ‘It is probably
the most perfect specimen of a fossil elephant’s cranium in Europe.
The species is especially interesting from the form of the cranium,
which is so grotesquely constructed that it looks the caricature of
an elephant’s head in a periwig. I have named the species LH. Nama-
dicus, after the Nerbudda river, the Namadus of Ptolemy.’ There is a
very similar specimen in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Extreme length from occipital bosses to molar surface, 29°8 in. Extreme width
of occiput, 30°0 in. From plane of occipital bosses to tip of nasals, 17-4 in. From
bottom of fossa of bosses to tip of nasals, 12:9 in. From bottom of bosses to
anterior margin of frontal bulge, 10°5 in. Depth of occipital fossa below the plane
of the bosses, 7°5 in. Length of crista galli-like plate, 11-2 in. Greatest con-
traction of brow between the temporals, 20-0 in. Projection of frontal bulge
above plane of forehead, 2°7 in. From anterior margin of orbit to occipital bosses,
24°8 in. Width of deep occipital fossa, 5-6 in. Transverse extent nasal opening,
15°0 in. Vertical height of nasal at sides, 5°3 in. Width of brow between
middle of orbits, 20:0 in. Width between tips of posterior orbital processes, 25:0
in. Antero-posterior diameter right orbit, 6-2 in. Width of base of muzzle at
contraction of the sub-orbitaries, 10°8 in. Interval between outside of maxillaries,
10-1 in. Vertical diameter sub-orbitary foramen, 31 in. From auditory foramen
to anterior margin of orbit, 14:0 in. Transverse diameter, right tusk, 2°9 in.
Vertical diameter of right tusk, 2°5 in. Depth of temp. fossa from ear (foramen
auditor.) to frontal margin of fossa at contraction, 13°3 in. Interval across
the occipital condyles, 9°7 in. Antero-posterior diam. left condyle, 4°6 in.
Transverse, 3°2 in. Antero-posterior diam. occipital foramen, 3°0 in. Transverse
diameter occipital foramen, 3°6 in, From anterior margin occipital hole to
posterior of surface palate, 13°9 in. Length of palate from niche to diasteme,
about 84 in. Width of base of skull at posterior end of zygoma, 26:2 in.
Width between ridge of pterygoids, 9:1 in. Height of pterygoid ala of sphenoid
above Vidian hole, 10-0 in. Length of articular surface for lower jaw, 5:1 in.
Across articular surface for lower jaw, 3°3 in. Length of remaining portion left
molar, 7°5 in. Width of remaining portion left molar, 3°7 in. N.B.—Twelve
plates in this extent. Width of palate in front (between molars), 2°8 in. Width

‘behind, 4:1 in.!

1 Memorandum upon the Nerbudda Fossil Eiephant, India House specimen.

Corse’s
Measurements of the sixth or last ilephas Assam, large Hilephas Elephas
+ rece specimen ys se
True Grinder iad recent Beit, Mus.| dticus primigen.
Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches

Length of the eleven anterior
plates measured near the
base ‘ , ‘ 8:1 a7 5.6 (etl 4°5

Width or thickness of the
ivory core, third plate, one
inch above the base : 0°45 (0-2 suc 4:5

Width or thickness of the
ivory core, fifth plate, one
inch above the base : 0°5 0-2 mee 0°35 0°3

16

FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Peay DOUG 1B,

Figs. 1, 2, and 3.—Elephas Namadicus.
same skull as figured in Pl. XII. A.

Three different views of
The molars are less perfect than

Memorandum upon the Nerbudda Fossil Elephant—continued.

Measurements of the sixth or last | Plephas
True Grinder an
dicus
Inches
Width or thickness of the
lyory core, eighth plate,
one inch above the base 0.55
Width or thickness of the
ivory core, eleventh plate,
one inch above the base 0°5
Average thickness of enamel
plates : : : 0:2
Height of enamel plate,
tenth ridge. 75

Greatest width of tooth, at
fourth plate. 5 .

Corse’s
Assam, large Hlephe s Elephas
recent specimen ane primigen.
Brit. Mus.

Inches Tnches Inches Inches

0:2 0°35

0:2 0°25 Ee

Ol 600 0715

74 as 4:8 6:2

paG 30 3°5 An

The specimen is upper jaw, right side,
with the last grinder of which the eleven
anterior plates remain; there must have
been several more behind, from the great
height of the last plate. On comparing
the section with that of the #. Hysu-
dricus and existing Indian species, it is
at once seen to differ from the former in
the extreme height of the plates, from
their slight amount of thinning upwards
and their nearly vertical direction. They
are as straight and vertical as in the
Mammoth. There is besides no loop
about the middle of the tooth plates, in
the enamel and comparatively thin
crusta. It is assuredly different from
the E. Hysudricus. Compared with
the existing species, the ivory is very
much thicker, with no curve towards the
apex; the enamel plates are very much
thicker also. The crown of the plates
resembles very much the last tooth of
Corse’s big head in the transverse di-
rection of the plate ribands, and in the
excessive amount of crimping or fine
plaiting of the enamel. From the
measurement given it will be seen,
however, that the enamel and ivory in
thickness indicate a wide difference,
which is further borne out by the ver-
ticality of the plates. Having seen
nothing among the existing teeth of a
range of difference at all approaching
this, I am compelled to consider the
species, as far as my present information
goes, as distinct. There is no possibility
of considering it a variety of L. Hysu-
dricus. I call it therefore provisionally
Elephas Namadicus (from the Greek
name of the Nerbudda ‘Namadus’). It

was found along with Hippopotamus,
Buffalo, &e., in the Nerbudda. There
must have been at least nine or ten
plates more, and it would rank in place
between the existing Indian elephant
and the E. Hysudricus--
Thus, L. primigenius,

E. Indicus,

FE). Namadicus,

E. Hysudricus,

E. planifrons, &c.

The inferred distinctness of species
is further borne out by the excessive
width of palate in the other Nerbudda
specimen, seven inches behind. The
Perim species is probably the same.

N.B.——Prinsep, in the Journal of the
Asiat. Society of Bengal, vol. iii. p. 585,
describes and figures the lower jaw, one
side nearly entire, ofa fossil Elephant from
the Nerbudda, which he states to be so
like the existing Asiatie Elephant, judg-
ing from a comparison with a jaw in the
Caleutta Museum, that it was impos-
sible to distinguish them, although it
may be confidently distinguished from
the E. primigenius. The figure shows
about fifteen or sixteen plates in wear,
and at least seven more behind, or
twenty-three to twenty-four in all. The
rami, however, as sketched by Prinsep;
are much more apart than in the Asiatic
species generally. Dimensions: length,
113 in., width in the middle, 33 in.;
transverse diameter of jaw at coronoid
dise, 6 in., and girth of jaw in front of
coronoid, 24 in.

This in all probability belongs to the
Elephas Namadicus, as also the prodigi-
ously large humerus at the India House.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 17

in the corresponding specimen in the Museum of the Asiatic Society
of Bengal.

Fig. 4.—Elephas Hysudricus. This fragment of skull, which is
probably female, and is but very slightly concave on the forehead,
yields very few good measurements. The figure is chiefly given for
the form. It has two small tusk sheaths; the tusks are broken off
near the base of the nucleus, and show only a thin plate. Only one
orbital foramen, very large. This specimen is very remarkable in
the molars having so few plates, only eight to the first true molar and
no heel.—B.M.

Length of penultimate molar, 5-2 in.; width, 2°3 in. The penultimate entirely
in germ shows eleven plates. Extreme length of the fragment, 28-5in. Length
from occiput to tip of nasals, 18-0 in.; width of nasal opening, 12-5 in.; width of
brow across orbits, 21°6 in. Interval between the teeth in front, 2°1 in.; interval
at niche of palate, 3°8 in.; diameter of the right tusk, 2°5 in.

Puate XII. C.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Hlephas Namadicus. A small fragment of lower
jaw, with three plates of what is probably the first true molar.—B.M.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Hlephas Namadicus. Lower jaw, left side. This
specimen contains the third milk molar well worn and the first true
molar in germ.—B.M.

Extreme length, 12°56 in. Height at alveolus, 4:1, Thickness of jaw behind,
4:0 in. Length of anterior molar, 5-2 in.; width, 1:8 in. Number of plates
remaining, 7.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—H. Namadicus. Young lower jaw, right side, with
third milk molar, which has ten ridges and a heel. The crimped
character of Hlephas antiquus! is well shown. <A small vertebra is
attached to the ramus.— B.M.

Length of fragment, 11:0 in. Height at alveolus, 4:8 in. Thickness behind,
4:0 in. Length of third milk molar, 5°5 in.; width, 1:9 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—E. Namadicus. Right lower jaw of adult, con-
taining last molar with twenty plates and a heel. The specimen shows
two mentary foramina. The broken coronoid portion of the ramus
shelves more out than in L. antiquus,? and the mentary foramina are
placed higher. Presented by C. Frazer, Esq.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 23°6 in. Height at alveolus, 9°2 in. Length of
the molar partly concealed and chiselled, 14:7; width, 3:11 in. Width of jaw
behind, 8:0 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. Namadicus. Adult lower jaw of large size.
The specimen does not show the beak distinctly, and is more obtuse
there than in #. antiquus.3 The number of outer mentary holes is
uncertain, as in H. antiquus* there is no inner hole. Presented by
C. Frazer, Esq., and described in Journ. Asiat. Soc.—B.M.

Extreme length, right side, 20°5 in. Expansion of rami, 24° in. Height of jaw at
beginning of alveolus, 10: in. Length of right molar, 14:in. Width, 3-7 in. Number
of plates remaining about 15. Greatest width of jaw, 8°1 in.

1¢Klephas meridionalis’ in original | land, is dwelt on in the memoir on
notes, written about 1846. The close | Elephants, invol. ii. See also note, p. 23.
resemblance of the H. Namadicus from 2 See last note.
the Nerbudda to the &. antiquus of the 3 See note 1.
oyster beds of Norfolk coast, in Eng- 4 See note 1.

18 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Elephas Hysudricus. Lower jaw, left side, with
first true molar which has ten plates, with a small heel and front ridge.
It is excessively like Plate VII. fig. 11, which is the penultimate of EZ.
Hysudricus. The specimen is very remarkable as it is believed to have
come not from the Sewalik hills, but from the valley of the Nerbudda ;
the mineral condition, however, is very hard, unlike the Nerbudda
specimens. Presented by C. Frazer, Hsq.—B.M.

Length of molar, 8° in. Width, 2°6 in. Height at 8th plate, 4-2 in.

PratTe XI D.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Namadicus. Beautiful specimen of lower
jaw, left side, containing the first true molar with thirteen ridges, and
a heel and front ridge, fifteen ridges in all.— B.M.

Extreme length, 16°2 in. Height at alveolus, 6°3 in. Length of molar, 7:4 in.
Width, 2-2 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—E. Namadicus. Lower jaw, right side. This is
a little larger than the last specimen, and contains the first true molar
with about thirteen ridges. All these specimens show two highly-
placed mentary foramina. Part of the molar is concealed behind. A
portion of the third milk molar is seen in front.—B.M.

Extreme length, 19°5 in. Height at alveolus, 6-4 in. Length of molar, 7'3 in.
Width, 2°5 in. Width of jaw behind, 6:4 in.

Figs. 3 and 38 a.—. Namadicus. Lower jaw, left side. This is a
most beautiful specimen, containing the second true molar. The.
alveolus of the last tooth is shown behind. It contains about fifteen
plates, twelve to thirteen of which remain. ‘The whole length of the
tooth is present. It narrows very much in front. N.B.—Another
specimen of same jaw, opposite side, not figured, is exactly similar.—
B.M.

Extreme length, 13°6 in. Length of molar, 10°2 in. Width at middle, 3°3 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Elephas antiquus.! Lower jaw, left side, with first
true molar. This tooth is a beautiful specimen; shows twelve to
thirteen ridges, with front ridge and heel. It narrows excessively in
front and behind, like fig. 8 of H. Namadicus ! The crimping, &c., are
also exactly alike.-—B.M.

Length of molar, 8° in. Width at middle, 2°6 in. Width in front, 1°3 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Elephas antiquus.? Last? molar of upper jaw,
right side, showing sixteen ridges and a small heel, much worn. Speci-
men belonging to the Canterbury Museum and labelled ‘2 Tooth of
Mammoth, Kent.’

Length, 10°8 in. Width, 3:3 in. Extreme height, 6: in.

PLATE XIII.

Figs. 1, 1a, and 1 6.—Elephas Namadicus. Fragment of upper jaw,
right side, containing eleven plates of the 6th molar or last true
grinder. Fig. 1 a shows well the crimping of the enamel, and fig. 1

1 Misnamed ‘ F. meridionalis’ on plate, | Museum. See also note, page 23.
but corrected by Dr. F. in copy of ‘ Fauna * See last note.
Antiqua Sivaleusis,’ belonging to British

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 19

shows a longitudinal vertical section of the tooth. Presented by C.
Frazer, Esq., to India House.—B.M.

Length, 7-9 in. Width behind, 2°5 in, Width in front, 4°2 in. Height anteriorly,
2:in. Height posteriorly, 8-4 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Hlephas Namadicus. Palate with sixth or last
molar on both sides. Presented by C. Frazer, Esq.—B.M.

Length of fragment of grinding surface of molar of right side, 7°3 in. Greatest
breadth posteriorly, 3: in. Length of fragment of left side, 6°9 in. Width posteriorly
atfirst plate, 2°6in. Width at fifth plate, 3-8 in. Width of palate posteriorly, 5°3 in.
Width of palate anteriorly, 4:9 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Hlephas Namadicus. Fragment of upper true molar
with six plates; enamel crimped.

Length of fragment, 4°2 in. Width at second plate, 2°9 in. Width of posterior
plate, 2°in. Greatest height, 6:1 in.

Puate XIII. A.
Lower Jaws of Elephants viewed from above.

Fig. 1.—Elephas primigenius. Old. One mentary foramen inside
and three outside. Right true molar has thirteen plates, and measures
9-4 in. in length, and 3°6 in. in width.

Fig. 2.—E. primigenius. Young. Contains the antepenultimate or
first true molar on either side with twelve ridges, and a small heel and
front ridge, all of which, except the posterior talon, are affected by wear.
The plates are very fine. The tooth is not so broad relatively to the
length as in other specimens. The discs of wear form closely com-
pressed transverse bands, with attenuated plates of enamel. Some of
these plates differ from the ordinary type of the Mammoth in exhibiting
a certain amount of irregular crimping, but in no degree approaching
that seen in the Indian Elephant, this character concurring with a less
than ordinary width of crown. The penultimate true molar is seen in
germ behind. ‘There is one inner mentary foramen on either side.
A Rhine specimen from Dr. Kaup.

Extreme length of jaw, 16°8 in. Extreme expansion behind, 16: in. Height to
broken condyle, 12°5 in. Height to alveolus, 4-7 in. Thickness of jaw at middle,
4:8 in. Length of molar, 5-4 in. Width, 2-2 in,

Fig. 3.—E. primigenius. English fossil specimen, with two last
true molars on either side. In the last left molar there are eighteen
plates in 7-7 inches. The jaw has a short beak, and one inner mentary
foramen on either side. In this, as in figs. 1 and 2, representing the
jaw at different ages, it is to be noted that the opposite lines of molars
are more or less convergent instead of being parallel, or nearly so, as
laid down by Cuvier.—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 23°6 in. Divergence of rami behind, 21:3 in. Height at

alveolus, 7°2 in. Greatest width of jaw, 6°3 in. Breadth of condyle, 10°3 in. Width
of last molar, 2°8 in.

Fig. 4.—Elephas antiquus.? Lower jaw with penultimate and last true
molars on either side. The last molar is very perfect and has seventeen
plates, of which the nine anterior ones only are worn. Only six plates of

1 Another lower jaw of E. primigenius, | in front and one inside. It is yery
not figured, from Siberia, contains the | circular in outline in front.
last molar only, very much worn. It| Extreme length, 22°5 in. Height to
has thirteen plates in 8°9 in., is very | condyle, 18-7 in.
narrow, and has hardly any crimping. 2Misnamed ‘ £. meridionalis’ in Plate.
It has one large outer mentary foramen | See notes pages 18 and 23.

20 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

the penultimate are seen. No mentary foramen. Specimen in Geological
Society’s Museum. (Reproduced in Plate IX. of vol. ii.)

Extreme length of jaw, 26°in. Divergence of rami, 24'5 in. Height at alveolus,
. 2in. Height to broken condyle, 16°3 in. Breadth of ascending ramus, 11° in.

Thickness of] Jaw, 7 in. Length of anterior molar, 3°9 in, Width, 3° in. Length of
last molar, 12:in. Width in front, 3:1 in. Number of plates 18.

Fig. 5.—Elephas antiquus.1 Fragment of lower jaw with first true
molar on either side. The number of plates is twelve, with a heel.
There is no mentary foramen inside. This specimen formerly belonged
to the Earl of Aylesbury, but is now in B.M. (Vide Pl. XIV. A. fig. 7).

Length of right ramus, 14°56 in. Height, 5-1 in. Length of right molar, 6°7 in.
Width, 2°3 in.

Fig. 6.—Elephas Indicus. Existing Indian Elephant. Specimen from
Malacca in Museum of Asiatic Society. The jaw contains the last
molar on either side. The number of plates is twenty-two or twenty-
three, of which the eleven anterior are worn.

Extreme length of jaw, 19°3 in. Height of condyle, 18°4 in. Breadth of ascend-
ing ramus, 9° in. Thickness of jaw, 5°2 in. Length of molar, 10°4 in. Width, 2°9 in.

Fig. 7.—Elephas Hysudricus. Same specimen as figured in Pl. VIII.
fig. 4. The description and measurements have been already given.—
B.M.

Fig. 8.—Hlephas Africanus. Young lower jaw with two molars
( third milk and first true) on left side, and with first true molar and
alveolus of third milk molar, right side. The antepenultimate true
molar has seven ridges and a back and front talon. From Museum of
Asiatic Society.

Piate XIII. B.

Lower jaws of elephants in profile. The numbers correspond to the
eight specimens figured in Pl. XIII. A. In these figures, which repre-
sent the groups Loxodon and Huelephas, the back of the symphysis is
seen to be a prolongation of the inferior margin into which the diastemal
ridges descend with great obliquity and also to be attenuated towards
the apex, to terminate in an obtuse point.

Fig. 1.—Llephas primigenius. Showing three outer mentary
foramina.

Fig. 2.— EH. primigenius. With two outer mentary foramina on left
side. ‘There were four on right side.

Fig. 3.—E. primigenius. Two outer mentary foramina.

Fic. 4.—E. antiquus.2 Two outer mentary foramina on left side.

Fig. 5.—E. antiquus.? Three outer mentary foramina on left side.

Fic. 6.—E. Indicus. Five outer mentary foramina on left side.

Fic. 7.—KH. Hysudricus. One small outer mentary on left side.
(See ‘also Pl. VIII. fig. 4.)

Fig. 8.—. Africanus. Three outer mentary foramina on left side.

PLaTE XIV.
Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Elephas antiquus.4 Second milk molar, lower
jaw, left side, with six ridges and a front and back heel, from Grays, in

Essex.—B.M.
Length, 2°4 in. Width, 13 in,

1 Misnamed ‘ Elephas meridionalts’ in 3 See note 1.
Plate. See notes pages 18 and 23. * See note 1.
2 See last note.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 21

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Elephas antiquus.' Second upper right milk
molar, with six ridges and a heel, from Grays, in Hssex.—B.M.
Length, 2°4 in. Width, 1°3 in.

Bigs, 3 and 3 a.—E. primigenius, probably (sic). Small milk molar:
9 ridges.

Fie. 4.—EKlephas Africanus. Lower jaw of young animal with pre-
antepenultimate (a), antepenultimate (b), and penultimate milk molars
on both sides. The right penultimate molar has six plates and a heel.
This is the interesting specimen figured and described by De Blainville.

Length of jaw, 9°7 in. Length of penultimate right milk molar, 2°3 in. Width,
‘9 in,

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Elephas Africanus. Penultimate right lower
molar, with eight ridges and a heel. The ridges are broad, and the
fangs supporting the five posterior ridges are confluent.

Length, 7-4 in. Width of crown, 24 in. Height of crown at eighth plate,
3-4 in,

Fig. 6.—Elephas priscus. Mutilated fragment of penultimate
lower molar, left side, from the brick-earth deposits of the valley of the
Thames. Shows only the entire discs of five partially worn ridges.
The outline of the discs corresponds very closely in form with those of
the posterior ridges of the larger specimen from Gray’s Thurrock,
shown in fig. 7. There is the same mesial angular expansion, and a
still greater tendency to the discs assuming a crescentic form. The
mutilated state of the specimen renders its identification somewhat
doubtful, but it is inferred to belong to H. priscus.—No. 18,966 B.M.

Length, 5°in. Width, 3°in. Height behind, 2°8 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Elephas priscus. This is a most interesting spe-
cimen from Gray’s Thurrock, purchased from Mr. Ball, of last lower
molar, left side, containing eight ridges, heel inclusive. It is slightly
concave on the outside, and convex on the inner side. A small portion
of the anterior end—two plates, perhaps—is broken off. The fangs of
the whole of the anterior part remain attached. ‘The seven anterior
plates are worn down to wide discs; the hind talon has also begun to
wear. Is excessively like African Elephant in lozenge-shaped expan-
sion, and in the thickness of the enamel lamelle. The rhomb form is
not so sharply defined in the discs of wear, but the greatest expansion
is at the centre, where there is a tendency to an outlying loop (Vide
fis 5). Besides the great expansion, this tooth differs from all true
E. antiquus specimens in the lowness of the crown ridges (Vide Pl.
XIV. A., passim, and especially fig. 8). If not a separate species, is a
very marked variety.—No. 39,370 B.M.

Fig. 7 b.—Longitudinal section of same molar of E. priscus. Shows
the closest relation to the existing African Elephant (PI. II. fig. 4 },) in
all that relates to the relative proportions of the alternate layers of
ivory, enamel, and cement, and in the cuneiform character of the
ridges.2 (R eproduced i in Plate VII. of vol. 11.)

Length of molar, 7°8 in. Width of crown at first plate, 2°35 in.; at ‘second,

2°6 in.; at third, 2°75 in.; at fourth, 2°8 in. ; at fifth, 2°7 in.; at sixth, 2°45 in.
at seventh, 1°8 in.; at talon, 1:3in. Height at seventh plate, 2°5 in. Tapani

‘Misnamed Elephas meridionalis in | and E. Africanus are considered in de-
Plate. See notes pages 18 and 23, tail in Dr. F.’s Memoir on Fossil Ele-
*'The differences between H. priscus | phants.

22 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

of first plate at the middle, °8 in.; of second, ‘95 in.; of third plate, 85 in.; of
fourth, -75 in.; of fifth, -7 in.; of sixth, *6 in.; of seventh, °5 in.

Fig. 8.—Elephas planifrons. A very fine and characteristic speci-
men of the last upper molar, right side. Was found in contact with
the lower jaw specimen, fig. 9. Shows about eight or nine ridges and
a heel; the three first ridges worn out. The enamel is very thick,
with irregular lozenge-shaped expansion, and a loop in the middle. The
plates stand high in relief from the cement. The denticles are very
few and thick, the last ridge showing only three crown plates very low,
the Jast being but 24 inches high.—B.M.

Length of molar, 10: in. Width of crown, 3°5 in. Height behind, 2°65 in.

Fig. 9.—£lephas planifrons. Last lower molar, right side. Is very
valuable from having been found in contact with the upper molar
(fig. 8). Shows only eight ridges and a heel. The plates are very
thick and low. The sixth ridge shows only four denticles. In this
and the last figure the discs of wear form transverse bands, which are
broader, fewer in number, and wider apart than in the Indian Elephant ;
the bounding edges of enamel are sometimes nearly parallel; in other
cases they show a slight angular expansion, or throw out a salient loop
(or outlying) tubercle near the middle.-—B.M.

Length of molar, 9°5 in. Width of crown, 3°5. Height of crown at sixth
ridge, 3° in.

Fig. 10.—Elephas planifrons. Fragment of lower jaw, with ante-
penultimate and penultimate milk teeth in situ.'—B.M.

PuaTe XIV. A.
Molars of Elephas antiquus.?

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Second upper milk molar, right side, from Kent,
with five plates. Specimen in Canterbury Museum.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Third upper milk molar, right side. Has about
ten plates. Specimen from Southwold, in Museum of Geological
Society.

Length, 5°5 in. Width, 2°3in, Height, 2°8 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Third milk molar, upper jaw, left side. Has ten
plates and a heel.—B.M.

Length, 6° in. Width, 2°2in. Height, 3°5 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—First true molar, upper jaw, right side. Eight
plates. From Southwold. Geol. Soc. Mus.

Length, 55 in. Width, 2°6 in. Extreme height, 4°8 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—-Last true mclar, upper jaw, right side. Has
fourteen plates and a heel, well crimped. From forest bed, Ostend,
Norfolk. Green collection.—No. 16,229 B.M.

Length, 10° in. Width, 3-4 in. Height, 6°5 in.
Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Third milk molar, lower jaw, right side, imperfect.

1 In the plate this specimen is desig- ? Erroneously designated Elephas me-
nated E. Hysudricus, but this is doubt- | r7diona/is on plate. The error is corrected
_Jess an error, as the figure is referred to | in Dr. F.’s handwriting in the copy of
as that of molar of E. planifrons in | the ‘Fauna Antiq. Sival.’ belonging to
Dr. F’s Memoir on Fossil Elephants, | the British Museum. See also note,
vol. il. page 23.

DESCRIPTION

Has seven well crimped plates.

OF PLATES. 23

Specimen is from Suffolk, and was

presented by Dr. Cooke to Geol. Soc. Mus. (No. 8,411).

Length, 4°2 in.

Width, 2°1, in.

Height, 3° in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Third milk molar, lower jaw, right side, from

Kent; not quite perfect behind.
and well crimped.
molar (Vide Pl. XIII. A. fig. 5).

Length, 5:4 in.

Width, 2° in,

Is narrow in front, broader behind,
Proves Lord Aylesbury’s specimen to be first true

Height behind, 2°5 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—First true molar, lower jaw, right side; embedded

in fragment of jaw.
Length of molar, 8°3 in.

Has twelve plates.—No. 18,967 B.M.
Width, 2°5 in.

Height, 4°2 in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Fragment of lower jaw, right side, with portions of
two last molars. The plates are enormously higher than in the Hlephas

priscus from Grays.

The specimen is believed to be from Rome,

from Cardinal Gualteri’s collection.—B.M.
Length of anterior molar (imperfect), 4° in. Width, 3-in. Length of last molar,

7 in. Height of section, 7°3 in.

Number of plates remaining, 9.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—This is probably a second true molar, lower jaw,

right ride.
No. 19,844 B.M.
Length, 10° in.

Width, 2°5 in.

Has twelve plates and a heel, five of the plates worn.—

Height, 6° in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Last molar, lower jaw, left side, with fifteen to

sixteen plates and a heel.
to Mr. Bowerbank.

Portion in front gone.

It was brought from Saffron Walden by Mr.

Specimen belonging

Sampson Hancock, and presented to the Mathematical Society at Dover,
in whose collection it remained until its dissolution. It then passed
into the hands of Mr. J. S. Bowerbank, who has known the specimen
for about thirty years. (MS. Note on Plate, March 22nd, 1858.) Re-

produced in Plate IX. of vol. ii.
Length, 12-3 in.
Figs. 12 and 12 a.

Only the eleven posterior plates are present.

and bent.—B.M.
Length, 10-5 in.

Width, 3: in.
Last lower molar, right side, from Happisburgh.

Width, 3:4 in.

Height, 5° in.
Plates very crimped

Height, 5°7 in.

Figs. 13 and 13 a.—Last lower molar, left side; fourteen plates

remaining, but some in front missing.

Via Appia, Rome.—B.M.

collection.
Length, 11° in.

From Cardinal Gualteri’s

Width, 3°4 in,

PuaTE XIV. B.!

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas meridionalis.

Plan- and side-view of the

penultimate or second upper milk molar. It is a germ-specimen,

1 Great confusion has existed with
regard to this plate, which I hope to
have succeeded in now clearing up. In
the published plate (xiv. B.), figs. 1 to
9 and 11 to 16 are said to belong to £.
meridionalis, and figs 10, 17, and 18, to
E. antiquus. While the plates of the
‘ Fauna’ were passing through the press

Dr. Falconer became satisfied that he |

had committed a mistake in making the
fossil remains of the fluviatile beds of
the Thames valley identical with the ex-
tinct Elephant of the Vald’Arno, instead
of the fossil remains of the ‘Crag.’ In
his memoir on British Fossil Elephants,
written ten years later (1857), but not
published until after his death, he says
that although convinced that the ‘Crag’

24 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

without fangs, and a good deal rolled. The crown is composed of six
principal ridges, besides front and back talons. It was compared with the
corresponding tooth of E. (Loxodon) planifrons, which it resembles
very closely, but it has a broader crown. The dimensions are :—

Length, 2°6 in. Width of crown at first plate, 115 in. Width of crown behind,
1-4in. Height of crown at fifth ridge, 1°55 in.

The corresponding tooth of £. (Hueleph.) antiquus and of EH. primi-
genius yields normally eight transverse plates. The precise origin of
the specimen is not recorded; but it is supposed to have belonged to
Mr. Samuel Woodward, and to have been derived from the Norfolk
coast. Norwich Museum, No. 11.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Elephas meridionalis. Another example of the
same tooth, a penultimate upper milk molar, right side, discovered in
the Norwich Crag at Easton, Suffolk, by Captain Alexander. It pre-
sents six ridges, well advanced in wear. Norwich Museum. The di-
mensions are :—

Length, 24 in. Width in front, 1:0 in. Width behind, 1-6 in.

Figs. 3 and 8. a.—Elephas meridionalis. Another well-worn penulti-
mate milk molar, probably of the lower (?) jaw, right side. It is of a
larger size than the others, but shows the same number of plates,
namely six, with talons. It is very broad in the crown relatively to
the length. The discs of the ridges are very wide, like the Italian
specimens. This molar belonged to the collection of Mr. Samuel
Woodward; it is now in the Norwich Museum. It is heavy and
dark-coloured, and bears fresh patches of marine incrustation, and
may have come from the ‘ oyster-bed’ of Mundesley and Happisburgh.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Elephas meridionalis.
The crown is worn, and comprises eight

the lower jaw, left side.
ridges.

The ends and sides of the crown are partly injured.

The last milk molar of

In

mineral condition it is black and heavy, but free from patches of

marine incrustation.

been procured from the coast (Norwich Museum, No. 10).

dimensions are :—

Length of crown, 3-9 in.
sixth ridge, 2°0 in.

Width of crown in front, 1:4 in,
Height of crown at seventh ridge, 2°1in.

It is supposed by Mr. Samuel Woodward to have

The

Width of crown at

molars were identical with those of E.
meridionalis, he had, in order to prevent
confusion, continued in the subsequent
plates the nomenclature adopted in the
earlier ones, intending to give a full ex-
planation of the whole in the letter-
press, and he concludes as follows :—* I
beg leave to explain now that all the
plates bearing the name of FE. meridion-
alis in the “ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,”
including the outline figures of crania in
Plate xlii., belong to E. antiquus, while
those that bear the latter name belong to
E. (Loxodon) meridionalis. In the descrip-
tions which follow they will be cited as
such,’—Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., August,
1865, p. 281. According to this correc-
tion, all the figuresin Plate xiv. B., except
10, 17, and 18, should belong to E. anti-
quus, although mostly from the Crag

and some even from the Val d’Arno!
The correction, moreover, is incom-
patible with the description and identifi-
cation of every figure in Plate xiv. B.,
given in a subsequent part of the same
memoir, and extracted above, according
to which every figure in the plate, with
the single exception of fig. 16, belongs
to E. meridionalis. The fact is that the
descriptions in Dr. F.’s memoir on Ele-
phant were taken, in 1857, from a proof
copy of the plate, in which all the figures
were designated E.antiquus, but that in the
plate as published in 1847, Dr. F. had
actually corrected the designations of
most of the figures.

The proof copy has been deposited in
the Library of the Geological Depart-
ment of the British Museum.—[ Ep. ]

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 25

The ‘ridge-formula’ in these specimens yields the same ciphers as
are found to hold in the Italian specimens; and they agree in the
other characters of a broad crown, with low ridges and thick plates of
enamel.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A finely preserved entire
specimen of the antepenultimate or first true molar, lower jaw, left side,
composed of eight principal ridges, with front and back talons. The
six anterior ridges are worn. The discs of the first three ridges are
wide and open, but irregularly indented, with a tendency to mesial
expansion, and surrounded by margins of thick enamel, which is
vertically channelled externally, and slightly crimped; the posterior
ridges show the apices of six or seven digitations ; the interspaces filled
with cement between the ridges are open, and the ridges well apart.
The dimensions are :—

Length of crown, 5°3in. Width in front, 1°6in. Width behind, 2°3in. Height
of the seventh plate, 2°5 in.

One of the distinctive characters of the species, namely, the low
height of the crown in reference to the breadth, is well exhibited.
The specimen is dark-colonred and heavy, from ferruginous infiltration,
It was discovered at Mundesley, and belonged to Mr. 8. Woodward
(Norwich Museum, No. 8).

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Elephas meridionalis. Another left lower ante-
penultimate true molar of a larger individual, and more advanced in
wear. ‘The crown presents a front talon and eight ridges, all of them
worn; the discs are wide and open, and the vallecular interspaces
are also wide; the enamel edges thick, and in some of the plates
disposed to slight crimping, with irregular angular expansion. The
annular dises of the seventh ridge are of large size. This tooth bears
the large anterior fang. It is a very characteristic specimen of L.
meridionalis. ‘The dimensions are :—

Leneth of crown, 55 in. Width of crown at second ridge, 2°2 in. Width of
crown behind, 2°65 in. Height of crown at seventh ridge, barely worn, 2:0 in.

The specimen is hard, heavy, and dark-coloured, and is marked as
having come from Mundesley (Norwich Museum, No. 7).

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A fragment comprising
the anterior two-thirds of the penultimate or second true molar of the
lower jaw, right side. It includes seven worn ridges. The discs of
wear are wide, and separated by broad bands of cement; the rings of
the digitations are large; the plates of enamel are thick, with angular
flexures and deep channelling on the outer surface, but free from
crimping. The specimen is black and heavy, and bears patches of
marine incrustation. The dimensions are :—

Extreme length, 5-2in. Width of crown at second ridge, 2°3in. Width of
crown at seventh ridge, 2°9 in.

No note was taken of the height of the last ridge. The specimen is
without fangs, and, although distinctly of H. meridionalis, the number
of ridges to the entire crown is not shown. This also belonged to Mr.
S. Woodward, and is now in the Norwich Museum (No. 13), It has
all the mineral appearance of the Mundesley and Happisburgh beds.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Elephas meridionalis. The anterior portion of a
lower right molar, comprising the remains of six well-worn ridges. It
is figured to show the angular flexures that are sometimes seen when

26 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

the plates are ground down low. The side view, fig. 8 a, exhibits the
thickness of the enamel. This specimen is too mutilated to fix its serial
position with confidence. It is heavy and dark from iron impregnation,
and corresponds with the fragments from Mundesley and Happisburgh,
Norwich Museum, No. 18.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Elephas meridionalis. The posterior two-thirds of
the crown of a lower molar of the right side. It is inferred to bea
penultimate, but without certainty, and may be the last true molar.
The crown shows six well-worn discs and a posterior talon; there are
no fangs; the enamel is very thic, with large rings to the digitations ;
the discs are somewhat angularly expanded, and separated by wide
interspaces of cement. This is best shown by the side view, fig. 9 a.
From being worn low down, the plates exhibit a greater tendency to
crimping than is usual. The specimen is dark and heavy, and bears
fresh patches of marine incrust:tion. It is one of Woodward’s specimens,
probably from the ‘ Oyster-Led’ (Norwich Museum, No. 14). ‘The
dimensions are :—

Length, 5°3in. Width of crown at second ridge, 8-2in. Width of crown at
fourth ridge, 3:1 in.

This is a characteristic fragment of KH. meridionalis.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A specimen in Dr.
Buckland’s collection from the Val d’Arno. It is figured to demonstrate
how exactly the English specimens agree with the Italian form, as may
be seen by comparing figs. 8 and Y with fig. 10. The fragment of
lower jaw, although mutilated, shows well the long symphysis, and the
gradual inclination of the diasteme into the beak.—B.M.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Elephas meridionalis. 'The posterior portion of
a last lower molar of the right side, including six discs of wear and the
back talon. The discs are broad, the interspaces of cement the same,
and the enamel plates are very thick, with deep external vertical
channelling, but without crimping. The specimen is black, heavy, and
bears patches of marine incrustation, indicative of its having been
procured from the ‘Oyster-bed.’ From Woodward’s collection (Norwich
Museum). The dimensions are :—

Length, 5‘6in. Width of crown in front, 2°8in. Width of crown behind,
3°1 in.

This is also a characteristic specimen of HE. meridionalis.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A very notable fragment
of the posterior end of a last lower molar, comprising two discs of wear
and a talon. The crown is ground down low, the interspaces of cement
are very wide, and the annular discs of the digitations are so thick as
to approach the character of the worn ridges of some of the Stegodons.
The dimensions are :—

Length of the fragment, 2°7in. Width of crown, 4:2 in.

A solitary digitation is situated at the outer side of one of the valleys.
It bears the appearance of a Mundesley specimen.

Figs. 13 and 13 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A mutilated fragment of
a very old upper molar, formerly in the collection of the late Dr.
Mantell, and now in the collection of the British Museum (Old
Paleontol. Cat. No. 7,456), comprising the remains of ten discs of wear,
ground down nearly to their common base. The central discs exhibit
a certain amount of open crimping. The specimen is also remarkable

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 27

for the breadth of the crown; it is understood to have been derived
from the ‘ Oyster-bed’ of Mundesley or Happisburgh. The dimensions
are :—

Length of crown, 8:2 in. Width, 4°3 in.

I regard it as being of H. meridionalis.—H.F. 1857.

Figs. 14 and 14 a.—-Elephas meridionalis. The crown of a fine last
upper molar, left side, of a very old animal, and in an advanced stage
of wear. There are nine ridges remaining, the first five of which are
ground down into transverse discs; the posterior four exhibit rings that
are not confluent. There is a talon behind enveloped by cement. In
front of the first remaining disc there is a broad depressed surface of
ivory, indicating the position of two or three worn-out discs in front.
The discs are expanded, with a slight tendency to a crescentic bend,
the cornua being bent forwards. The plates of enamel are very thick,
and deeply channelled exteriorly, so that there is a spurious appearance
of crimping on that surface; but the edges in contact with the cores of
ivory are unplaited. The specimen in its mineral condition is black
and heavy. It is understood to have belonged to Woodward (Norwich
Museum, No. 10). The dimensions are :—

Length of crown, 9°2in. Width of crown at second remaining ridge, 3°6 in.

The antero-posterior convexity of the grinding surface determines
the tooth to be an upper molar. (Reproduced in Plate VIII. of vol. ii.)

Figs. 15 and 15 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A very remarkable
fragment of upper molar, of enormous width. It is worn down close to
the base, the grinding surface being somewhat convex from front to
rear. The remains of seven discs of wear are visible. They are
irregularly expanded, and the surrounding plates of enamel are thick
and deeply channelled on the outer surface, but with only a very slight
amount of crimping. The specimen is dark and heavy, and patched
over with fresh marine incrustations. From Happisburgh (Norwich
Museum, No. 13). The dimensions are :—

Length of the fragment, 5-4in. Width of crown, 4:9 in.!

Figs. 16 and 16 a.—Elephas antiquus. ‘The same plate, XIV. B., con-
tains a representation, fig. 16, of an entire upper molar, comprising from
sixteen to seventeen ridges within an extent of eleven inches. Only
three of the anterior ridges are worn, the rest being intact. I now
regard it as a molar of KH. (Euelephas) antiquus, and not of F.
meridionalis.’—H.F. 1857. (Norwich Museum.) Believed to be the
last true molar, upper jaw, right side, from its triangular form and the
way in which the ridges fall off in height very rapidly behind.

Height at fourth plate, 68in. Height at posterior ridge, 2°8in. Width of
crown in front, 3°8 in.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Elephas meridionalis. A Val d’Arno lower
molar of the same age, from Dr. Buckland’s collection in the Oxford
Museum, crown side.

Length of crown, 10°in. Width of crown, 3°4in. Height of crown, 5: in.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Elephas meridionalis. ‘The finest detached
molar of this species that has come under my observation is a specimen
which was discovered in the ‘‘ Mammalliferous Crag” on the Thorpe
Road, near Norwich, by Mr. Prestwich. The authority of so eminent
and accurate a geologist is a sufficient guarantee for the locality and

28 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

the formation. It is now lodged in the Museum at Norwich, and is the
specimen which first convinced me many years ago that the “ Crag ”
yielded a species of Elephant entirely distinct from the Mammoth and
from E. antiquus. It is represented, one-third of the natural size, by
figs. 18 and 18 a of Pl. XIV. B., under the misnomer already explained,
of Elephas antiquus, in the “ Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis.” It is the last
true molar, lower jaw, right side, showing eleven principal ridges, an
anterior talon, and a back talon limited to a single thick digitation.
The first five ridges are slightly worn, the rest being intact. The fangs
are broken off, but the definition of the anterior large fang is distinctly
traceable. The cement over the surface generally has been decomposed
or denuded, and is replaced by a crust of Crag matrix, of a very rusty
appearance, filling the interspaces. The anterior talon thins off from
the outside inwards, and is considerably narrower than the first ridge,
of which the inner edge is broken. The apices of the ridges, from the
second to the fifth inclusive, are all more or less fractured, and the
digitations present very thick enamel. The sixth, seventh, and eighth
ridges show each about four thick digitations ; the ninth and tenth from
four to five, converging; and the eleventh four digitations, the inner-
most of which is fractured. The definition of the base of the crown
behind is a little damaged, but nothing is wanting. The dimensions
are :—

Extreme length of crown, 11:25in. Width of crown in front, 3°3 in. Width at
fifth ridge, where the crown is broadest, 3°8in. Extreme height of ridge, 4°8 in.
Width of ninth ridge, 3°5in. Height of ninth ridge, 4°6 in.

‘From these dimensions it is apparent that, in a length of 114 inches,
there are eleven ridges, with talons, and the seven ridges from the
fourth to the tenth inclusive, measured along the inner wall of the
crown, yield a length of fully 7 inches, being an average of one plate
io an inch, and fully equal to the expansion of the ridges in the African
Elephant, or in EF. (Loxodon) planifrons. The terminal divisions of
the ridges form stout irregular cylinders, as thick as the little finger,
while in the Mammoth they are more slender and quill-shaped. The
digital lobes of the ridges in EL. meridionalis are so massive and distinct
that they have occasionally been figured and described as being of

Mastodon. —H.F. 1857. (Reproduced in Plate VIII. of vol. 11.)

PEATE DOVE

Elephas insignis! (Fale. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills.
This is the most remarkable of all the Indian fossil Elephants. The
cranium is as singular and grotesque in construction as that of the
Dinotherium giganteum.

The cranium is seen to differ remarkably from that of EL. Ganesa
(Plates XXI. and XXII.) notwithstanding that the molars of the two
species agree so closely. That of KH. insignis is flattened at the top,
elongated from side to side and singularly modified, so as to bear an
analogy to the cranium of Dinotherium giganteum, while that of L.
Ganesa does not differ much from the ordinary type of the Elephants.
(See also Plates XLII, XLIII., XLIV., and XLV.) —Specimen is not in
B.M.

1 This is one of the forms included under Mastodon Elephantoides by Clift. See
notel, p. 41.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 29

Biya DOW

Fig 1.—Elephas insignis. Broken cranium, oblique antero-lateral
view. Left orbit, &e., gone. This head is very cubical in form, is old,
very concave in front and vertically; teeth broken. Interval between
incisive sheaths deep. Notusks. A black specimen in Cautley’s collec-
tion.—B.M.

Extreme length from occiput to surface of molars, 26-in. Depth of brow from:
occiput to upper margin of nasal opening, 5°5 in. Antero-posterior diameter of orbit,
odin, Width of incisive sheaths at orbitary foramina, 11-4 in. From occipital
to brow between middle of orbits, 17° in.

Fig. 2.—Lateral view of same skull, as shown in fig. 4, showing
zygomatic arch.—B.M.

Fig. 3.—Posterior view of same skull, asin Plate XVII. figs. 1 and 2,
showing occiput, occipital foramen, and condyles.—B.M.

Fig. 4.—Palate view of skull with last upper molars, from a speci-
men in H. F.’s collection, the same as shown in fig. 2.—B.M.

Length of palate to commencement of diastemal ridges, 10-in. Length of
molar, 9'4in. Number of plates 10, and a heel; probably two plates dropped
out in front. Interval between molars in front, 1:9 in.; interval behind, 3-in.
Height of pterygoids to palate, 10°in. Length of articulating surfaces for condyles
of lower jaw, 5'4in.; width, 2°6in. Transverse diameter of right tusk, 3°65 in.
Length of zygomatic arch, 14°3in. Length of temporal fossa, 9°in.; width of
temporal fossa from pterygoids to maxillary surface, 7°8 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of orbits, 6°3 in.

IP TATE, OVE

Figs. 1 and 2.—Klephas insignis. Anterior and lateral view of
cranium, same as represented in Plate XVI. fig. 3.—B.M.

Extreme length from occipital bulge to plane of molars, 23°in. From occipital
bulge to broken tips of incisives, 24°in. Extreme width of occiput, 25°5in. Width
of brow at post-orbitaries, 24-4in. Greatest contraction of brow between tem-
porals, 18'in. From occipital plane to tip of nasals, 7-°9in. Width of naso-
maxillary opening, 11°3in. Depth of opening at wings, 3:2in. Contraction of
incisives at orbitary foramen, 12°2in. Vertical height of orbit, 5°3in. From
oceipital condyles to anterior end of palate, 22°in. From anterior margin of
occipital to posterior surface of palate, 12°in. Length of palate to commence-
ment of diasteme, 11‘8in. Height from sphenoid to tip of pterygoids, 9-8 in.
Width of palate posteriorly between molars, 3°2in. Width of palate in front,
2°8in. From posterior surface of pterygoid to extremity of molar, 5'lin. Height
from occipital condyles to middle of brow between the orbits, 20°Sin. Distance
between the outer margins of the occipital condyles, 7-2in. Vertical diameter
of occipital condyles, 2°8 in. Transverse diameter of occipital condyles (length
of one), 38°8in. Transverse diameter of occipital foramen, 2°9in. Vertical
diameter of occipital foramen, 2°in. From occiput to anterior margin of orbit.
15 6 in.

Figs. 3 and 4.—£. insignis. Anterior and lateral view of another
cranium. Both zygomatic arches are missing, and the left side of the
cranium is deficient. Shows the great.length of the incisive sheaths.—
B.M.

Prate XVIII.

Fig. 1.—Elephas insignis. Very young skull.—B.M.
Fig. 2.—-Elephas insignis. Young skull with milk dentition.—B.M.
Fig. 3.—Elephas insignis. Skull of a middle-aged individual.—B.M.
Fig. 4.—Elephas insignis. Lower jaw with two (second and third)
true molars. The specimen comprises only the right side, with symphysis
C

30 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

and beak. The left side has been restored in outline. The ascending
ramus is broken off.—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5a.—E. insignis. Lower jaw, left side, with ascending
ramus, but condyle broken off. Contains portion of last true molar.
Fig. 5 a@ is a view of inner surface, with large opening for nutritious
artery.—B.M.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—F. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw, left side,
of smaller individual, including ascending ramus and condyle.—B.M.

Vie. 7.—Elephas planifrons. Fragment of lower jaw with portions
of two true molars.—B.M.

PuaTe XVIII. A.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas planifrons. Last molar, lower (upper in
MS.) jaw, left side. An enormous specimen in H. F.’s collection.
Enamel very thick and denticies few. Hight plates. Is very like fig. 9
of Plate XI., and fig. 8 of Plate XIV.—B.M.

Length, 10°4in.; width, 4*1in.; height, 3-2 in
Figs. 2 and 2 a.—ZH. planifrons. Last lower molar, right side. A
‘very large specimen; enamel very thick; plates low; has a great fang
in front; true type of large HE. planifrons. This specimen is figured
in a former plate (XI. 5).—B.M.

Length, 10°5 in. Width, 4:2 in. Height, 3°2in. Height of plate where broken
behind, 3°8 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a. ~Elephas insignis. Lower jaw containing on either
side a molar with twelve ridges and a heel, the first six ridges worn ;
nine denticles to the seventh “ridge ; one lar eve outer mentary foramen,
none inside.—B.M.

Length of jaw, 20°in. Height at alveolus, 9° in. Length of molar, 12-2 in
Width of molar, 3°5 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—ZL. insignis. Lower jaw, right side, with symphysis,
but ascending ramus broken off. Contains two molars im situ; four
ridges to first and seven to second; plates very deep. Edge of diasteme
sharp; no mentary foramen shown.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment of jaw, 18:2 in. Height at alveolus, 6-6 in. Greatest
width, 6.6 in. Width of anterior molar, 3°4 in. Oflast molar, 3°5 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. insignis. Lower jaw, left side, containing last
molar with eleven ridges and a heel of two points; the seven ridges in
front are worn; plenty of cement. One large mentary foramen.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 19° in. Height at alveolus, 7:4 in. Greatest
width, 7°4 in. ‘Length of Paola 11:3 in. Width in front, 4° in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Mastodon Sivalensis. ower jaw. Very indistinct
specimen ; teeth utterly worn out; enamel gone. One mentary fora-
men outside. Shows well the non- -divergence of the rami behind.—B.M.

Height of jaw to alveolus, 8° in. Teneth | of molar, 8°5 in. Interval between
molars in front, 2°8 in. Interval between molars behind, 2°8 in.

HACE, NOLEN

Figs. Land 1 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of upper jaw containing
first (b) and second milk molars, in situ. The second milk molar shows
six ridges.—B.M.

Its length is 2°7 in., and greatest width, 1:6 in. It closely corresponds with a
specimen in the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, 31

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—E. insignis. Third milk molar, upper jaw, 7 situ,
in same young skull as fig. 1. Length, 4°8 in.—B.M.

fig. 3.—LH. insignis. Vertical section of third milk molar, in situ,
in a very young cranium, which also contains first and second milk
molars (fig. 1) and penultimate tusk on left side—B.M.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—H#. insignis. Fragment of skull, showing palate,
with two molars on either side; the first (third milk) molars well worn.
The first true molar has seven ridges and a heel.—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of upper jaw with two
molars. Very similar to specimen of /. insignis (Pl. XXIV. fig. 6).
The molars are first and second true.-—B.M.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—H#. insignis. Portion of fine head with two back
molars. A small piece only of the front tooth remaining. The last
tooth has eleven ridges and a heel and a great abundance of cement;
the five front ridges are worn. The fossa between the tusk-sheaths is
very deep and narrow, as in the other specimens of this species, an
outward twist in the sheaths marking the curvature of the tusks.—B.M.

Length of the two teeth, 12°5in. Length of last tooth only, 11-in.; width, 3-8 in.
Interval between teeth in front, 1:2 in. Interval at niche behind, 4:7 in. Height
of pterygoids to palate, 10°4 in.

Fig. 7.—E. insignis. Transverse section of young tusk in situ, in
same cranium as figs. 1, 2, and 5.

PATHE NCD Xe AG

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Hlephas insignis. Fragment of upper jaw with
two molars; the front one much worn; the last has seven ridges.
Very doubtful whether they are the second and third milk molars, or
the third milk and first true molar ; in all probability the latter.—B.M.

Length of front tooth, 3:6 in. Width, 1:8 in. Length of back tooth, 5:5 in,
Width, 2°7 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—#H. insignis. Portion of small head, showing palate
with two last molars on both sides. The front tooth has seven ridges,
all worn but the last; the last has eleven ridges and a front and back
heel, and its plates are very compressed, showing nine to ten denticles.
—B.M.

Length of penultimate, 6°6 in. Width, 3:1 in. Length of last tooth, 11°83 in,
Width, 3°4 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—H#. insignis. Portion of very large skull. In this
splendid specimen some of the characteristic marks of the species are
shown, and especially the enormous height of the pterygoids, which are
10-2 inches from the Vidian hole to the summit, wrap over the maxil-
laries, and run up forming a very strong crested ridge into the base of
the orbit. Posteriorly, they form a flat disc-like surface, 3:8 inches
broad. There are also the indications of very deep trunk fossa. The
last left molar has nine ridges and a heel; a portion in front has dropped
out. The corresponding tooth on right side is very imperfect.—B.M.

Length of last molar, 10°7 in. Width at fifth ridge, 4: in. Interval between
teeth in front, 2°5 in. Interval between teeth behind, 4:5 in. Length of palate,
from niche to commencement of diasteme, 12°3 in. Height of pterygoids, 10-2 in,
Width of pterygoids outside, 9°56 in. Width of flattened surface of pterygoids,
3°8 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—E. insignis. This, though mutilated, is a superb
and characteristic specimen of the skull. It shows the concavity of the

c 2

32 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

brow, and the great depth of the trunk fossa. In this respect it
resembles Mastodon Sivalensis, but there is no great divergency
of the tusks, as in that species. The tusks are small and _ nearly
cylindrical. The front tooth, very fine, has eight main ridges and a
front and back heel; the back tooth entirely in germ, shows ten plates,
the hindmost reversed, and the ridges like compressed plates.—B.M.

Length of anterior molar, left side, 9°7 in. Width at second ridge, 3°65 in.
Interval in front between the molars, 2°6 in. Interval between the molars behind,
36 in. Length of palate from niche to diasteme, 9°7 in. Depth of trunk fossa,
8-2 in.!

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Elephas bombifrons. Portion of skull showing
palate with two teeth on either side. The front tooth has six ridges;
the back one nine ridges and a front and back heel, only one ridge
worn. The teeth have a great quantity of cement and the enamel is
roughly fluted. These are characters of /. bombifrons rather than of
E. insignis, as the figure is designated in the plate. The back tooth is
very narrow behind, and so it is in H. bombifrons. The specimen
resembles Pl. XXIX. fig. 2.—B.M.

Length of front tooth, left side, 7-2 in. Width, 3°6 in. Length of back molar,
11‘1 in. Width, 4:2 in.

PLATE XX.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with
two milk molars (second and third).—B.M.

Figs. 2 and 2a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with milk
molar (third). The tooth has seven ridges and a front talon.—B.M.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with second
and third milk and first true molars. The first and last teeth are im-
perfect.—B.M.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—E. insignis. Lower molar (second true ?) with ten
ridges, five front ridges worn; ten denticles in fourth ridge from back.
—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw including
ascending ramus, with portion of back molar.—B.M.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw containing
second true molar with nine ridges and front and back heel; not at all
worn.—B.M.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw containing
last true molar, with twelve or thirteen ridges, the five front ridges
worn.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with last true
molar containing about twelve ridges, of which only the three front
ridges are worn; the greater part of the tooth still in germ. (Re-
produced in Plate V. of vol. 11.)

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with (second?
true) molar; ten ridges, or nine ridges and a back talon. Fragment of
another tooth in front. Specimen in Geol. Soc. Museum. For further
description see Pl. XX. A. fig. 6.

IPGATE XOX AG

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Ganesa (Fale. and Caut.). From the
Sewalik hills. Lower jaw with first and second true molars. Proved to
be so by fig. 2. A most remarkable jaw, very high in front and with

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 33

very divergent rami behind; diastemal edges very sharp; two outer
mentary foramina on right side. The front tooth much worn ; has five
ridges and a heel; the last’ tooth has eight ridges. Nothing else like
this in the collection.—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 18°5 in. Height at alveolus, 8:5 in. Width of jaw in
front, 4° in. Width of jaw behind, 5:8 in.! Length of front tooth 5-lin. Width,
2:7 in. Length of last tooth, 9°3 in. Width, 3-2 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Klephas Ganesa. Portion of lower jaw with left
penultimate lower molar. The jaw in this specimen is also very high
and narrow in front, and low behind. The tooth has seven ridges
and a heel. Behind it is seen a portion of the last molar.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 14:5 in. Height at alveolus, 8°3in. Height behind, 5:8 in.
Width in front, 3°3in. Width behind, 6°6in. Length of molar, 9°2in. Width at
back, 3:in.

Fig. 3.—EHlephas insignis. Fine specimen of lower jaw, including
ascending ramus. ‘Two outer mentary foramina. Second and third ?
true molars.

Figs. 4 and4 a.—H#. insignis. Fragment of anterior portion of lower
jaw. Is the only specimen that shows a beak entire to the tip. Is
very like the large specimen containing a molar with great number of
plates (Vide Plate XVIII. A. fig. 3).—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw with last
molar, imperfect. The latter has eight plates remaining ; seven denticles
to the second (distinct) ridge.

Length of fragment, 16-in. Length of eight plates of last molar, 8-1 im. Width
in front, 3°lin. Width behind, 3°65 in.

Fig. 6.—E. insignis? Fragment of lower jaw with second (third ?)
true molar. The plates show seven to eight points. This is the
specimen described by Clift in the Geological Transactions. It is very
like E. insignis. It is also represented in Plate XX. figs. 6 and 6 a.—
Geol. Soc. Museum.

Length of fragment, 19°in. Height at alveolus, 6-6 in. Length of molar, 12: in.
Width in front, 3°2in. Width in the middle, 3°6in. Length of fragment of
anterior tooth, 4°2in. Width, 2°65 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. insignis. Fragment of lower jaw, right side,
with first true molar nearly worn out, and six ridges of second molar.
The plates are very high and there is much cement. The teeth are
very broad in relation to the jaw, as compared with #. Ganesa in fig. 1.
This is a beautiful specimen from Baker’s collection.—B.M.

Length, 14-7in. Height, 7-7in. Width in front, 3°5in. Width behind, 6-7 in.
Length of front molar, 4°6in. Width, 2°7in. Length of back fragment, 5:3 in,
Width, 3 in. e

PuateE XXI.

Elephas Ganesa (Fale. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills, in Colonel
Baker’s collection. Large skull, with fragment of left incisive in situ,
and corresponding fragment of right incisive detached. The incisive
alveoli are remarkably elongated, as in H. primigenius. The plane of
the incisives is continuous with that of the frontal, but with a tendency
to obliquity forwards. The skull is very imperfect on right side. PI.
XXI. gives a front view one-fifth of the natural size, and Pl. XXII. figs. 1
and 2, give a lateral and palate view of the same skull. Compare with
skull of H. insignis, Pl. XV.—B.M. The dimensions are as follows :—

34 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Length of cranium from gecipital protuberance to the end of incisive, left side
(four feet exactly), 48°in. From occipital condyles to left side, 39°in. From
occipital condyles to anterior border of molar alveolus, 26°5in. Vertical height
from condyles to sinciput, 24°5in. Diameter across the occipital condyles, 9°2 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of left condyle, 5-1in. Transverse diameter of right
condyle, 3°85in. Transverse diameter of occipital foramen, 3-0in. Antero-posterior
diameter of occipital foramen, 3:1in. From the surface occipital bulge plane to
anterior entire margin of naso-maxillary sinus, 19°lin. Semi-diameter of widest
part of occipital (making total of occiput, 29°2in.), 146in. Semi-diameter
(transverse) of naso-maxillary sinus (entire diameter restored, estimated 16: in.),
79in. Interval between naso-maxillary sinus and post-orbital margin of frontal,
4:55 in. Mesial width across forehead from post-orbital process to inner mar-
gin of incisive, left side, 13:1 in. (Width of forehead at this part restored,
26°25 in.) From tip of post-orbitary process to surface of occipital, 17°75 in.
From tip of incisives outside to post-orbitary process, 30°75in. Length of
Incisive to margin of naso-maxillary sinus, 31l-in. Depth of zygomatic fossa, 4-25
in. Estimated width of cranium between middle of zygomatic fossee, 19° in.
Height from lower margin of auditory foramen to the summit of sinciput, 18° in.
Depth or height of cranium from the posterior margin of molar alveolus (back
part of palate) to the summit of sinciput, 32°in. Depth from posterior and upper
margin occipital foramen to posterior margin molar alveolus, 9°5in. Height of
the orbit, 8-78 in. Length of anterior portion of the palate, from anterior end of
molar alveolus to tip of incisive, 16-in. Transverse diameter, left incisive at tip,
11‘5in. (Estimated width of both incisives at tip, 24-in.) Vertical diameter of
left incisive at tip, 10°6in. Vertical height of sub-orbitary foramen, left, 3°85 in.
Width of incisive at contraction below sub-orbitary foramen, 10°75 in. Width of inci-
sive sheath at sub-orbitary foramen, 7°5in. (Estimated width of both incisive sheaths
at sub-orbitary foramen, 21°5in.) Interval between the posterior molars, anterior
end (width of palate in front), 2°7in. Interval behind, 3°25 in. Length of right
molar (backmost), 11°9in. Width of right molar in front, 4°05 in. Width of right
molar behind, 5:in. Vertical height from posterior outer margin of molar alveolus
to post-orbitary process, 21‘in. Interval between outer surfaces of the molars at
fifth ridge from front, 12°6 in. Antero-posterior diameter auditory foramen,
1-15in. Transverse diameter auditory foramen, 1-in. Estimated height of occiput
at restoration from lower surface of condyles to sinciput, 24°5in. Length of left
tusk outside the incisive sheath, measured along lower surface, 10 ft. 6in. Length
of left tusk, inside sheath, 2ft. 3in. to 2ft.4in. Estimated total length, 12 ft.
9in. Total length of head from occipital protuberance to tip of tusk, 4 ft.+
10 ft. Gin. =14} ft. Length of right tusk, 10 ft. 8}in. Interval between the tusks
at emergence from incisive sheath, 6:in. Interval between the tusks at nearest
approximation, at 33 ft. from incisive, 3°5in. Divergence at tips, 5 ft. 3}in. as
restored. Height of versed sine of curve from tip to incisive border, right side,
23°in. Height of versed sine of curve, from tip to incisive border, left side, 23: in.
Vertical diameter left tusk (14° in. from base) where greatest, 9°in. Transverse
diameter, left tusk, at ditto, 7-9in. Girth of left tusk, at ditto, 26° in.

PuatTeE XXII.

Fig. 1.—Hlephas Ganesa. Lateral view of large skull figured in
Pl. XXI.—B.M.

Fig. 2.—H. Ganesa. Palate view of same skull. The right in-
cisive is seen in section. ‘The posterior true molar is seen on either
side of palate. It has ten plates and a heel behind, and a small talon
in front; the hind heel has few denticles; the four front ridges are
worn. ‘The alveoli are parallel as in the Mammoth.—B.M.

Fig. 3.—E. Ganesa. Sketch showing restoration of skull, with
tusks, of L. Ganesa, profile view, one-thirteenth of natural size.

PuaTe XXIII.
Fig. 1—EHlephas Ganesa. Sketch showing restoration of skull, with

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 35

tusks, of EH. Ganesa, oblique antero-lateral view, one-thirteenth of
natural size.
Fig. 2.—Ditto, ditto, front view.

PLATE XXIV.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Hlephas Ganesa. Fragment of right upper jaw
with first true molar. The tooth has six ridges and a heel; five ridges
worn. From Baker’s collection.

Length of molar, 5-1 in. Width in front at second ridge, 25 in. Width behind,
3° in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—E. Ganesa. Fragment of upper jaw aith second ?
true molar presenting seven ridges.

Length of molar, 7°5 in. Width in front, 3:1 in. Width behind, 3:4 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—H. Ganesa. Upper jaw, right side, with three
ridges of first true molar, and entire penultimate. The latter has seven
ridges and a heel; no cement; plates unworn. CloseJ]v resembles H.
insignis.—B.M.

Length of penultimate molar, 9 in. Width, 4

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—H. Ganesa. Fragment of last molar, upper jaw,
right side. Fangs confluent; six ridges and a heel; discs of wear
very large; the last ridge has seven denticles.—B.M.

Length of molar, 9°2 in. Width, 4-2 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—H. Ganesa. Fragment of upper last? molar, right
side, very large; shows six ridges, or five anda heel, very compressed ;
nine denticles on fourth ridge.—B.M.

Length of molar fragment, 7-4 in, Width, 4:3 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Elephas insignis. 'This is a very instructive speci-
men, consisting of the palate, with penultimate and antepenultimate
true molars on both sides, from an animal of medium size. The ante-
penultimate has seven ridges, all worn but the last, and a small heel.
The penultimate or second true molar is entirely in germ; it consists
of eight main ridges and a front ridge, but has no heel. This is a cha-
racteristic type of true H. insignis, with the ridges very high and com-
pressed. There are about ten points or denticles to the fifth ridge of
the penultimate tooth, this being about the average; this tooth has no
cement between the plates, only matrix. The front, or antepenulti-
mate, tooth has plenty of cement. There are small tusks on both sides.
Compare with Plate XIX. 5.

Length of antepenultimate, 6°8 in. Width, 3-2 in. Length of penultimate,
8:5 in. Width, 3°65 in.

IPGATE SOD V) At

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Ganesa. Fragment of skull with palate
and back molars on both sides. This is a most remarkable specimen.
I have called it H. Ganesa (H. F.), and it much resembles the molar
of the big Ganesa specimen (Plate XXII. fig. 2) in form and in the
compression of the ridges, but the ridges are few.!—B.M.

1 Another specimen of Mr. Cunliffe’s | with two last molars on both sides ia
in Geological Society, not figured, is | sééz. The front tooth has four plates,
also very remarkable, Shows the palate | much worn and very crimped. The

36 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Length of back molar, 9:7 in. Width, 3°8 in. Width of palate in front, 2° in.
Width behind, 2°8 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Elephas insignis. Small broken head. This
is a’very remarkable specimen. The teeth, although small, are assuredly
the first and second true molars. The front tooth has six ridges and a
heel; the penultimate has only seven ridges and a large heel, with a
distinct talon in front; all the ridges of the front tooth worn; very
little cement; plates deep. The tusks, if any, have dropped out; two
large sub-orbitary foramina.—B.M.

Extreme length of skull, 18:in. Length of incisives, 15°8 in. Width between
orbits measured to lachrymal tubercle, 7°8 in. Contraction of muzzle at suborbi-
taries, 11°9 in.” Width of muzzle at tip, 9°2 in. Width between outer surfaces of
maxillaries at the back molar (beginning), 8°-4in. Length from diasteme to tip of
tusk-sheaths, $-°3in. Depth from pterygoid to front, 14°7 in. Length of anterior
molar, 4°9 in. Width, 2:7 in. Width of palate between front molars anteriorly,
1°5 in. Ditto behind, 2-2 in. Length of penultimate molar, 7-4 in. Width,
3° in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—E. insignis. Lower jaw, with first and second
true molars. Five ridges remaining of front molar; other molar has
twelve main ridges and a heel. Besides the characters shown in the
figure, the diastemal portion is very much flattened in front of the an-
terior molar. This remarkable specimen is in the Museum of the Col-
lege of Surgeons; the drawing is taken from a cast.

Extreme length of fragment of jaw, 24: in. Height to alveolus, 9° in. Width
of jaw in front, 4°8 in. Width behind, 75 in. Length of ascending ramus, 12:8
in. Length of front molar, 5°in. Width, 3:5 in. Length of last molar, 11°65 in.
Width, 4: in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Hlephas Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.). From the
Nerbudda. Small head with two molars 7n situ; one worn, but the back
one in germ; probably the first and second true molars. The right
tusk is present; is very large for size of head; is nearly circular in
outline, and diverges greatly in front. The tusk-sheaths are long, as in
E. Indicus and E. primigenius. The brow-ridge, &c., are exactly as
in the large head of HL. Namadicus (Plate XII. A.). The space between
the tusk-sheaths is very shallow, as in H. planifrons. Is probably a
young male head.—B.M.

Extreme length from broken occiput to broken incisive, 29: in. From groove of
brow to tip of nasals, 6-1 in. Across nasal opening, 12°5 in. Height of nasal
opening at sides, 3°6 in. Width of muzzle (incisive sheaths) at orbital foramen,
13:in. From top of incisive sheath at fissure to diasteme, 9°8 in. Antero-poste-
rior diameter of left orbit, 5-9 in. Transverse diameter of right tusk, 3°6 in.; ver-
tical, nearly the same. Width of palate in front, 1°6 in. Width of palate behind,
2:7 in. Width of front tooth, 2°6 in.

IWATE OXOVe

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Ganesa. Lower jaw, with last lower
molar. Shows two mentary foramina on either side; is very sharp in

last tooth has ten ridges, or nine and a Length of anterior molar, 4:5 in.
large heel; only the two front ridges | Width, 4:in. Length of last molar (very
are worn; the tooth is very convex from | much curved), 10°4 in. Greatest width,
back to front, and the ridges are very | 3°9 in. Interval between front teeth,
high and convex across, with a large | 1:9 in. Interval behind at niche of
quantity of coment. Looks very like (!) | palate, 4°5 in.

the E. bombifrons fragment, Pl. xxix.
fig. 4.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 37

front at diasteme, and high with an edge; ascending ramus is inclined
forward and does not shelve out. Molar has seven or eight ridges re-
maining, but is imperfect in front; enamel very much crimped (Vide
Plate XXV. A. fig. 2).—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 19°3 in. Height to alveolus, 8° in. Thickness in front,
4-1 in. Thickness behind, 6°3 in. Length of right molar, 8-9 in. Width at
middle, 4°7 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Elephas bombifrons (Fale. and Caut.). From the
Sewalik hills. Fragment of lower jaw, showing the united symphysis,
parallel rami, and three large mentary foramina on outside. Only a
fragment of last molar seen on both sides.—B.M.

Extreme length, 17°3 in. Height to alveolus, 7°8 in. Width of jaw in front,
3°6 in. Width of jaw behind, 6:1 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—E. bombifrons. Magnificent specimen of lower
jaw; fault in jaw; two large mentary foramina; beak very thick ;
right molar has nine ridges and a heel; enamel very thick; hardly any
cement.—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 23°6 in. Height to alveolar margin, 9° in. Thickness
in front, 4°2 in. Thickness behind, 8°3 in. Length of right molar, 129 in.
Greatest width at fifth ridge, 4:4 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Elephas insignis. Lower jaw, partly distorted by
pressure, and containing two molars on either side. The anterior
(first true) molar is entire, though mutilated, and has seven ridges and
a large heel. The back (second) molar is fragmentary.—B.M.

Extreme length of Jaw, 15° in. Height to alveolus, 5°8 in. Thickness in front,
3°) in. Thickness behind, 5°5 in. Length of front molar, left side, 6-5 in. Width
at middle, 2°5 in.

PEATE ExOwVvis clu

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Ganesa (Fale. and Caut.). Fragment of
lower jaw, thick behind, with last lower molar, showing seven ridges
and a heel, and great crimping, but: no characteristic feature.—B.M.

Length of right molar, 8°8 in. Greatest width, 3°8 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—H. Ganesa. Fragment of lower jaw, very old,
with last molar much worn. Resembles Plate XXYV. fig. 1—B.M.

Height of jaw at alveolus, 7°8 in. Length of right molar, 10-2 in. Width,
4: in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—E. Ganesa. A dumpy, small-sized lower jaw,
with imperfect molar ;_ seven ridges remaining ; the back ridges curved
and much crimped.

Length of molar, 8-4 in. Width behind, 3:8 in. Width in front, 3°4 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a—E. Ganesa. This little lower jaw is very remark-
able in being high and narrow; the ascending ramus is much bent
forward. It contains three teeth, one in front worn out; a second with
seven ridges and a heel, and a third in germ.—B.M.

Extreme length of jaw, 18'4in. Height to alveolus, 6-in. Height at front tooth,
2-5 in. Height behind, 4: in. Length of ramus (antero-post.), 8°7 in. Length
of front tooth, 2°56 in. Length of second tooth, 5:2 in.; width in front, 2° in. ;
width behind, 2:3 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. Ganesa. Angle of lower jaw, left side, with
portions of ascending and horizontal rami, and posterior five and a half
ridges of last irue molar—B.M.

Length of fragment of molar, 7-in. Width, 3°9. in.

38 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—E. Ganesa. Portion of lower jaw, left side, with
fragment of last true molar, showing anterior 9 ridges.
Length of tooth fragment, 9°3 in.; greatest width, 3°8 in.
Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. Ganesa. Lower jaw, right side, with last molar.
Shows the back part of the tooth, on to the anterior large fang. —B.M.

Length of fragment of jaw, 18'in. Length of fragment of tooth, 8:5in.; width,
3°3 in.

PLaTe XXVI.

Elephas bombifrons (Fale. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills.
Anterior view of large head.—B.M.

Extreme length from occipital to broken incisive, 34°2 in. Length from occi-
pital to commencement of diasteme, 32°2 in. Occiput to tips of nasals, 16:2 in.
Middle of naso-maxillary fissure, 14°7in. Semi-diameter of brow at the post-
orbitary, 12°2 in. Width of brow at post-orbitary, 24-4 in. Width of muzzle at
contraction near orbitary foramen, 16°8 in. Width of inter-incisive fossa, 5°3 in.;
depth of fossa below incisive sheaths, 6-in. Greatest contraction of brow, 13°3 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of orbit, 6°-in. Width of palate in front, 2°in. Width
of palate at middle, 4°5in. Width of palate behind, 4°6in. Height of pterygoid,
11:2in. Transverse diameter of left tusk, 3°3 in.

PuaTe XXVIII.
Elephas bombifrons (Fale. and Caut.). Very fine and perfect skull,

anterior view. Four other views of same skull are given in Plate
XXVIII. This head is very marked; it is convex from oeciput to
front and also across, and is very narrow at the temporal contraction.
The bounding ridges sweep round by a bold curve into the post-
orbitary processes, as in J. meridionalis. There is a deep furrow
between the tusks. The nasal opening for the trunk is above the
line (or nearly so) of the post-orbitary processes of the frontal bone.
Above the infra-orbitary foramen on the right side there is another
smaller opening. (On a proof copy of the plate this species is designated
Elephas intermedius, or Mastodon Elephantoides of Clift.)—B.M.

Extreme length from occiput to broken incisives, 27°in. From occipital condyles
to anterior border of alveolus of molar, 23:2in. Vertical length of head from broken
condyle to tip of occiput, 17°7in. Greatest width of occiput, 25°5in. Interval
between auditory foramina, 21°5in. From anterior margin occipital foramen to
the posterior surface palate, 14:in. Length of palate from niche to the downward
bend of tusk-sheaths, 12°5 in. Interval between outer surface of teeth, behind, 9°8 in.
Int. between outer surf. teeth, infront, 9°in. Length of right molar, 10:-2in. Width
in front of molar, 3°7 in. Width behind, 3-4in. Interval between molars, in front, 1* in.
Interval behind, extremely divergent, 4°2in.; number of ridges 9 and aheel, 8 front
worn. From occiput (middle) to tip of nasals, 13°8 in. Width of brow across post-
orbitary processes, 22-4in. Greatest contraction temporal fossa, 10°8in. Trans-
verse diameter nasal opening, 11°3in. Depth of nasal opening at sides, 2°5in. In-
terval between middle of orbits, 19°5in. Vertical height of orbit, 46 in. Height
from posterior surface palate to the middle of bulge of frontal, 23°5 in. From the
anterior margin orbit to surface of occiput, 20°in. Width across incisive sheaths
at base, 12°5in.; interval between, about middle, 2°8in. Depth of fossa between
inc. sh., 4: in. Vertical diameter left tusk, 3°6in. Transverse diameter of left
tusk, 3°3in.

Puate XXVIII.
Fig. 1.—Hlephas bombifrons. Lateral view of same skull, as figured
in Plate XX VII.—B.M.
Fig. 2.—E. bombifrons. Palate view of same skull, showing sections of
tusks, and last? true molar on either side, with 9 ridges and a heel ;

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 39

the 8 front ridges worn. The interval between the molars in front is
very narrow ; behind they are extremely divergent.—B.M.

Fig. 3.—E. bombifrons. Antero- lateral view of same skull, with large
infra-orbitary foramen.—B.M.

Fig. 4.—E. bombifrons. Posterior view of same skull, showing occi-
put, occipital foramen and condyles, and pterygoids.—B.M.

Fig. 5.—E. bombifrons. Detached specimen of occiput.—B.M.

Greatest width, 25-in. Vertical height,“ 17-2in. Diameter across occipital
condyles, 7°5in. Transverse diameter of occipital foramen, 2*5in. Vertical
diameter of occipital foramen, 2°4 in.

PuaTE XXIX.

Fig. 1.—Elephas bombifrons. Broken cranium, palatal surface,
with lass true molar on either side, that on the right side presenting
8 ridges and a heel, and very fine.—B.M.

Bhom anterior margin of occipital foramen to niche of palate, 14-in. Width of
skull across oceipital foramen, 8:in. Length of palate from niche to commencement
of diasteme, 10°7in. W idth of palate between molars in front, 2°in. Width
behind, 3° in. Length of right molar, 10-in. Width of other molar, 4: in.
Width of incisive sheaths at muzzle, 13: in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Z£. bombifrons. Broken cranium with last? true
molar on either side of palate. The right molar has 8 ridges, of which
the five anterior ones are much worn. The molars are approximated
in front, and very divergent behind (Vide Plate XIX. A., 5).—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a. —Second milk molar, upper jaw, left side of Hlephas
insignis. (Misnamed LZ. bombifrons on Plate.)

Figs. 4 and 4a.—E. bombifrons. Upper last true molar, right side.
This is a beautiful specimen, with a continuous transverse heel in '
front; 8 plates remaining ; the points are very numerous; no mesial
division. The tooth is convex across (See note to Plate XXIV. A., 1.)
—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9°in. Width in front, 4:in.; width behind, 3-7 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—E. bombifrons. Portion of upper jaw with a mag-
nificent fragment of the last upper molar, right side, very large, discs
very wide; shows 7 ridges anda heel. Very like the Ganesa speci-
men formerly in India House collection.—B.M. ?

Length of fragment of molar, 10°4in. Width in front, 3°8in. Width behind,
3°8 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—E. bombifrons. A magnificent palate specimen,
with portion of cranium and last molar, right side, showing 9 ridges
and a heel.—B.M.

Length of last molar, 10‘°9in. Width in front, 3:°8in, Width behind, 3:8 in,
Greatest width in middle, 4°3 in.

1S DOMIDE ING

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—#. bombifrons. A mutilated lower jaw, short
and thick in its build, with what is probably the third milk molar,
and having the first true molar appearing in germ behind. The
milk molar shows 6 ridges and a heel. Baker’s collection.—B.M.

Thickness of jaw in front, 2°8in. Thickness of jaw behind, 5-in. Height at
alveolus, 5'in. Length of anterior tooth, 4:in. Width, 2° in.

Figs. 2and 2 a.—E. bombifrons. Fragment of lowerjaw, right side, with
what is certainly the first true molar, showing 7 ridges and a heel; all the

40 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

ridges worn but the last; the two first worn out; a long sloping
diasteme ; two outer mentary foramina.—B.M.

Height of jaw to alveolus, 7-in. Thickness in front, 3°4in. Thickness behind,
6°in. Length of molar, 6°4in. Width in front, 2°3in. Width behind, 2-9 in,

Figs. 3 and 3a.—E. bombifrons. Portion of lower jaw, left side,
with one large outer mentary foramen, and penultimate true molar,
showing 7 ridges and a large heel.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment of jaw, 15°in. Height to alveolus, 7°3in. Length
of molar, 85 in., Width in front, 2°8 in. Width behind, 3-2 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 .a.—E. bombifrons. Fine specimen of anterior portion
of lower jaw, both rami with symphysis. Contains the penultimate
true molar of either side, with 7 ridges and a heel. Shows also the
commencement of the last tooth behind, and proves the tooth (fig. 2)
to be the first true molar. Jaw is deficient on both sides behind the
penultimate.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 14:3 in. Height to alveolus, 7: in. Thickness behind, 7: in.
Interval between rami in front, 2°7 in. Interval behind, 3°3in. Length of right
molar, 8'in. Width in front, 2°9in. Greatest width, 3°4 in.

Fig. 5.—E. bombifrons ? Fragment of molar, from lower jaw, right
side, with four ridges.—B.M.

Length, 5°8in. Width, 4°5 in.

Fig. 6.—E. bombifrons ? Fragment of molar with three ridges and

a heel. ‘ Doubtful what figs. 5 and 6 are.—H.F.
Length, 4°4in. Width, 4°65 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. bombifrons. Portion of lower jaw, with molar
showing 7 ridges, counting the last; no heel; another tooth in germ
behind; is apparently the first true molar, with the second, or penul-
timate, coming behind it.—B.M.

Length of anterior molar, 65in. Width, 2°7 in.

Figs. 8 and 8a.—E. bombifrons. Lower jaw, right side, of a small
variety, but old. It is figured chiefly for its small size. The tooth is
certainly the last molar ; it is wide behind and very thick; the discs of
wear are peculiar.—Specimen in Geol. Soc. Museum.

Height of jaw to alveolus, 7°5in. Width behind, 6°5 in. Width in front, 4°5 in.
Length of tooth, 7°8in. Width behind, 3: in.

PrAth SOC:

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of anterior half of
second milk molar, of left lower jaw, with two ridges and a front talon.
Length of fragment, 1-7 in. Extreme width, 1°4in. Height, 1-2 in.

Figs. 2 and 2. a.—Elephas Ganesa. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, with the third milk molar entire, presenting 7 ridges and a
heel.

Length, 46 in. Width in front, 1-4in. Width behind, 2-2 in.

Fig. 3.—E. Ganesa. Fragment of lower jaw, with three molars
(second and third milk, and posterior 5 ridges of first true).

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—EH. Ganesa. Fragment of lower jaw, right side,
with fifth or penultimate molar, presenting 8 ridges.

Length, 7:25in. Width in front, 3-1lin, Width behind, 2:9 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—LHlephas bombifrons. Fragment of lower jaw, right

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 41
side, showing third milk molar with 5 ridges and an anterior and
posterior talon. The three anterior ridges are worn into a common
disc.

Length, 3°6in. Width in front, 1-4in. Width behind, 1-8 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Elephas bombifrons. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, ‘with the antepenultimate or first true molar, presenting 7 ridges
and a heel.—B.M.

Length of molar, 5:9 in.
ridge, 2°7 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—E. bombifrons. Last molar, lower jaw, left side,
presenting 9 ridges and a heel; 3 front ridges abraded. ss M.

13'4in. Extreme breadth of crown, 4:21 Breadth at
Breadth of grinding surface, 3-2 in. Hthais height,

Width in front, 2°lin. Width at antepenultimate

Extreme length,
posterior ridge, 3°2 in.
6-4 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, with portions of penultimate and last true molars. Shows 4 ridges
and a large posterior talon of penultimate, and 3 ridges and anterior
talon of last molar. Two large outer mentary foramina.—B.M.

Length of grinding surface of penultimate, 6°3in. Extreme breadth posteriorly,
37 in, Breadth across anterior ridge, 3°2 in.

PLATE XXX.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Elephas Cliftii! (Fale. and Caut.). Mastodon
E lephantoides of Clift. Palate, with third upper milk molar, and the
three anterior ridges of the antepenultimate or first true molar? The
third milk molar is entire on one side, but worn down to the common
base of ivory, so that the divisions of the crown have entirely dis-
appeared, leaving no certain data for determining the ridge formula.
Behind it the three anterior ridges of the antepenultimate true molar
are seen 7n situ, the posterior half being broken off. The plane of the
palate, on to the diasteme, is very flat. The mesial line of division of
the ridges in first true molar is not very distinct. This very interest-
ing specimen was brought from Ava by Colonel Burney, and presented
to the British Museum.

Extreme leneth of fragment, 10°6 in. Length of anterior tooth, 3:3 in. Width,
2°in. Length of second tooth, 3:in. Width, 3-4 in. Interval between teeth in
front, 3°2 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—E, Cliftii. This is the first or antepenultimate

E. (Stegodon) Cliftii; and the lower jaw
specimen, Plate xxxyili. fig. 2 (also MV.

Elephantotdes, Clift), is referred to EF.
Stegodon) insignis. The specimens re-

1 Mr. Clift, in his excellent memoir,
includes the Ava fossil Proboscideans
under two species, Mastodon latidens
and Mastodon Elephantoides. In the

‘Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis, the for-
mer name is retained for the speci-
mens of the Tetralophodon type, figured
by Mr. Clift in the Geol. Trans., vol. ii.
2nd ser., Plate xxxvii. figs. 1 and 4;
Plate xxxviii. fig. 1; and Plate xxxix.
figs. 1, 2, and 8. Of the others, the pa-
late specimen, Plate xxxyvi. (Mastodon
latidens, Clift), together with the de-
tached molar, Plate xxxyiii. fig. 6 (Masto-
don Elephantotdes, Clift), are referred to

garded by him as of his MZ. Hlephantotdes
being here considered to belong more
properly to the genus E/ephas, it became
necessary to resort to another specific
designation. Hence the origin of £.
(Stegodon) insignis.—H.F.

? Inthe Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons (Cat. No. 664) is another
fine palate specimen of £, Cliftii with
the penultimate and last true molars on
both sides.

42 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

true molar, upper jaw, left side, entire, detached, and beautifully pre-
served. It has six ridges and a small hind talon. The tooth is nearly
oblong. The enamel is somewhat fluted, and there is very little
cement. There is very little convexity of the tooth across, and no
distinct indication of the mesial dividmg le. There are as many as
eleven to twelve denticles or points. The tooth is compressed and
angular in front, and the three front ridges are worn. This tooth is
also represented by fig. 6 of Plate XXXIX. of Mr. Clift’s Memoir
(Geol. Trans., vol. ii., 2nd series). It is there described as Mastodon
Elephantoides, under which title Mr. Clift included specimens referred
by Dr. Falconer to two distinct forms.! Its elephantine affinities are
indicated by the absence of a longitudinal line of division along the
crown, and by the great number of points that enter into the composi-
tion of the ridges.—Cast in B.M.
Length, 6:1 in. Width in front, 3-in. Width behind, 3°3 in.

Figs. 3 and 8 a.—Elephas Cliftii. Superb palate specimen contain-
ing the penultimate true molar zm situ on both sides. The tooth is
proved to be the penultimate by its large dimensions, and by the cir-
cumstance that two or three ridges of another tooth (third true molar)
is seen behind it.2 The crown ridges are all more or less worn and
partly damaged by fracture, but enough remains to show that the tooth
was composed of six ridges and a hind talon. The palate is very flat,
and the teeth on either side (in the erect position of the skull) slope
upwards from without inwards. The teeth have very little cement.
The diastemal ridges are wide apart. The right ridge shows the tusk-
sheath; there is very little verticality of the tusk. The slope of grind-
ing surface from without inwards is a mastodontoid character, which is
very notably seen in Mr. W. Ewer’s specimen of M. Sivalensis (Plate
XXXIV. fig. 1). In the Hlephas insignis the tendency of the grinding
surface is to shelve upwards from the inside outwards, being the reverse
of what holds in #. Cliftii.8 This very important specimen is from
Burmah, and is now in the Museum of the Geological Society. It is also
represented by Clift in Plate XXXVI. of his Memoir in the Geological
Transactions, vol. ii., 2nd series. The remaining portion of the upper
jaw containing the last true molar is believed to be in the Museum of
the Asiatic Society of Bengal (See antea, p. 114).

Extreme length of specimen, 19°in. Width of jaw at middie of molar, 8: in., doubled
=16'in. Length of anterior molar, 8:2 in. Width, 4: in. Width of palate in
front, 2°5 in. Width of palate between diastemal ridges, 4°8 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 6.—Klephas Clifii. A fragment of the penulti-
mate molar, upper jaw, right side, with five ridges, shown also in
section (fig. 45). Made out approximately to be #. Cliftii. Cement
in moderate quantity.— B.M.

Length, 6°6 in. Width, 3°8 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—#. Cliftit. Last true molar, lower jaw, left side,
consisting of eight ridges and a talon. Five ridges are touched by
wear, and the two anterior ridges are nearly worn out. The anterior
large fang has been absorbed, but the portion of crown sustained by it

1 See note 1, page 41. | upper molars is as markedly from the

2 See note 2, page 41. inside outwards and upwards, as it is the

3 In Col. Farquhar’s specimen of the | reverse from outside inwards in Masto-
Indian Elephant, the plane of wearin the | don Sivalensis.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 43

remains. ‘The six posterior ridges have their fang elements confluent
into a continuous plate or shell, thus maintaining the elephantine
affinity indicated by the crown characters. The crown is very flat;
the points are large and few in number, and there is no very distinct
mesial dividing line, but little cement. This magnificent specimen was
brought from Burmah by Col. Burney, and presented by him to the
British Museum.
Length, 12°7 in. Width at middle, 4°5 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Mastodon latidens ' (Clift). Fragment of lower
jaw, left side, with last or third true molar. This is one of the most
enormous Specimens ever seen, the greatest girth over the molar being
no less than 27°5 inches. There is one mental foramen; no appear-
ance of tusk. The molar has five ridges and a double heel; the points
are very large, and the discs of wear very broad; the mesial line of
division is distinct; there is no cement. ‘The plane of wear in front
shelves from the inside out. There is a very similar specimen in the
Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Extreme length of fragment, 16:2 in. Height of jaw at anterior end of
alveolus, 10°2 in. Greatest thickness, 6°8 in. Length of molar, 11°3 in. Greatest
width, 4°5 in.

PuaTE XXXI.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.— Mastodon latidens. Upper milk molar.—B.M.
Length, 2°7 in. Width, 2°4 in.
Figs. 2 and 2 a.—WM. latidens. Upper milk molar (third ?).—Castin B.M.
Length, 3°8 in. Width, 2°6 in.
Figs. 5 and 3 a.—WM. latidens. Fragment of upper jaw, right side,
with two molars (third milk and first true ?).—B.M.
Length of posterior molar, 5°6 in. Width, 2°9in. Length of anterior molar,
3°7 in. Width, 2°6 in.
Figs. 4 and 4 a.—WM. latidens. Portion of palate, with two upper
molars left side.—B.M.
Length of anterior tooth, 3-9 in. Width, 2°8 in. Length of posterior tooth,
4-2 in. Width, 3:4 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—WM. latidens. Fragment of upper molar.—Cast in
B.M.
Length of fragment, 3:4 in. Width, 4:2 in.
Figs. 6 and 6 a.—M. latidens. Upper true molar, very perfect.—B.M.
Length, 8:5 in. Width, 4°5 in.
Figs. 7 and 7 a.—WM. latidens. Fragment of lower molar with fang.
—B.M.
Length, 5°in. Width, 3-3 in. Length of crown fang, 5:3 in.
Figs. 8 and 8 a— MW. latidens. Lower molar well worn.—B.M.
Length, 6:4 in. Width, 3°3 in. Height of crown fang, 6:4 in.
Mastodon latidens, like the M. longirostris of Eppelsheim, presents a
Dinotherian type, in so far as the crowns of the molar teeth are con-
cerned; and in this respect it contrasts with MW. S’valensis and M.
Arvernensis, in which the molars have a hippopotamoid type. In MW.
latidens the crown is broad, the mammille are thicker in proportion

1 See note 1, page 41.

44 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

to their height; the ridges are less elevated, and consist of a greater
number of coronal points, and the valleys are more open and trans-
verse (or interrupted only by an insignificant number of warty tuber-
cles) than in M. Sivalensis.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Mastodon Perimensis (Fale. and Caut.). From
Perim Island. Portion of upper jaw, right side, with molar, present-
ing characters similar to those of M/. Sivalensis and M. Arvernensis.
—B.M.

Length, 6°3 in. Width, 3°3 in.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—M. Perimensis. Portion of lower jaw, left side,
with penultimate and last true molars. Presented by Miss Pepper to
B.M.

Length of anterior molar, 4:8 in. Width, 2°6 in. Length of fragment of
posterior molar, 2°1 in. Width, 2°8 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Fragment of lower jaw, with molar.
Length of tooth, 8-4 in. Width, 3°6 in.

PLATE XXXII.

Mastodon Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.). From the Sewalik hills;
anterior view. Three other views of same cranium in Plate XXXII.
The brow is a little crushed between the temporals. The left tusk-
sheath is present, the right is withered; there is distortion of the
tusk-sheaths in consequence. There is an enormous and _ peculiar
projection of the lips of incisive anterior end of naso-maxillary fissure,
so as to project over the trunk, or inter-incisive fossa. This fossa is
very deep, enormously so. The depressions for the condyles of the
lower jaw are very vaulted. There are two infra-orbitary foramina on
the right side. The grinders are very much worn. On the left side
there would be five ridges, with a very complicated heel-series. Pos-
teriorly, the teeth show well the peculiar characters of Mastodon
Sivalensis.—B.M. (Reproduced in Plate X.)

Extreme length from occipital bulge to tips of incisives, 28°3 in. Width of occiput,
22°4 in. Height of occiput from plane of condyles, 19:0 in. Interval between
outer edge of condyles, 66 in. Vertical diameter of occipital condyle, 4:0 in.
Transverse diameter occipital condyle, 2°7 in. Width of base of occiput, 21:0 in.
Transverse diameter occip. foram. 2°9 in. Vertical diameter occip. for. 2°5in. From
occiput to broken tips of nasals,14-0in. From occiput to anterior margin of orbit,
21:0 in. From anterior margin nasal opening to the tips of the incisive, 14:0 in.
Width of brow between post-orbitary processes, 25°56 in. Width at contraction
between temporals, 11°6 in. Width of naso-maxillary (trunk) opening, 12:0 in.
Depth of naso-max. op., lateral, 3-0 in. Vertical diameter orbits (nearly circular),
4°3 in. Transverse diameter orbits, 4°3 in. Interval between orbitary processes
of one orbit, 2°7 in. Width of forehead at anterior margin of orbit, 20°6in. Con-
traction of muzzle at orbitary foramen, 13°0 in. Depth of trunk fossa below brow,
9°8 in. Greatest interval between zygomatic arches, 22-0 in. From base of
zygomatic to top of occiput, 20°56 in. Depth of anterior orbitary process of
maxillary, 4:5 in. Height of skull from palate to top of occiput, 25°0 in. From
posterior surface condyles to posterior surface palate, 16°0 in. From pterygoid
processes to anterior margin of palate, 12°2in. Height of pterygoid, 10°3in. Distance
from molar to posterior surface of pterygoid, 4:2 in. Width of pterygoid above, 6:0
in. Width of pterygoid below, 7°5 in. Width of fissure (between pterygoids), 2°3
in. Length of palate at middle, 9°6in. Width of palate between molars in front,
2:8 in. Width of palate between molars behind, 2°6 in. Length of left molar, 7°8
in. Width of left molar in front, 3:2 in. Width of left molar behind, 3°3 in.
Length of articulating condyles for lower jaw, 4°8 in. Greatest width of condyles
for lower jaw, 30 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 45

Pirate XXXII. .

Fie. 1.—Mastodon Sivalensis. Lateral view of same skull as is
figured in Plate XXXII. Shows temporal fossa and left zygomatic
arch entire.—B.M.

Fig. 2.—Palate view, showing palate, one molar on each side, both
zygomatic arches entire, occipital condyles, &c. Same cranium as fig. 1.
—B.M.

Fig. 3.— Occipital view of same cranium, showing occipital condyles
and foramen, pterygoids, &c.—B.M.

Fig. 4.—Lateral view of another cranium of M. Sivalensis, with
lower jaw in situ. The left zygomatic arch is broken away.—B.M.

PATH eNexeXVE

Fig. 1.—Mastodon Sivalensis. Portion of skull showing palate with
two molars on either side, the posterior molar on right side imperfect.
In this specimen there are two large orbitary foramina and there is
only a tusk on the right side; the left tusk-sheath is withered. The
tusk-sheaths are very divergent, with an enormous deep trough
between, and there is great concavity of the brow, as in H. insignis.
The teeth diverge anteriorly, as in Mastodon Ohioticus, but in a
less degree. The molars are excessively like Smith’s specimen of the
last molar upper jaw, right side, of Mastodon Arvernensis (Plate
XXXVI. fig. 8). The slope of grinding surface from without inwards
is very notably seen (see Plate XXX. fig. 3). The anterior molar of
both sides is worn, but shows four ridges with a heel, the ridges so
advanced in wear as to exhibit the characteristic alternating discs of
wear, so remarkable in this species. The last molar is perfect, except
the heel ridge, on the left side. The front ridge is barely touched by
wear, while the four back ridges are intact. The drawing does not
show the characters very perfectly. The front ridge has two confluent
ridges on the inside and two on the outside, to the inner of which the
intermediate pillar is attached, joming on with the innermost large
point of the third ridge. This third ridge shows but one thick point
on the inner division and two on the outer, with the termediate pillar
connecting the outer division of the third with the inner division of
the fourth ridge, and so with the last ridge. This diagonal connection
of the posterior surface of the outer division with the anterior surface
of the inner points of the next following ridge cause in wear the
alternate-like discs of detrition, which characterize the teeth of Mas-
todon Sivalensis. The same kind of arrangement holds in Smith’s spe-
cimen of Mastodon Arvernensis. The points in M. Sivalensis are very
high and obtuse, and the apex of the ridges is high as compared with
the specimen in Mr. W. Ewer’s collection. (See also antea, p. 117.)

Length of two molars, right side, 9:2 in. Length of front molar, left side, 4°7
in.; width, 2°8 in. Length of last left molar minus heel, 6°4 in.; width, 3°0 in.
Interval between teeth in front, 3°4 in.; interval between teeth aT DAT calit,
Height of enamel crown, 2°3 in. Height of inner mammilla of second ridge, 1°8
in. Length of palate from niche to diasteme, 9:0 in. Antero-posterior diameter right
tusk, 3:0 in.; transverse, 2°7 in. Width of base of muzzle at orbitary forame on,
14-0 in. Interval between the middle of the orbits, 19°2 in. Antero-posterior
diameter or height of left orbit, 4°8 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—M. Sivalensis. Fr agment of upper jaw with molar
presenting six ridges, with same characters asin fig. 1. The two anterior
ridges only are touched by wear. The tooth is now cut into sections.
—B.M.

D

46 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.— WM. Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw with portion
of molar, four ridges and part of a fifth —B.M.
Extreme length, 5-4 in. Breadth in front, 2°5 in.
Figs. 4 and 4 a—WM. Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, with
three ridges of a molar.—B.M.
Figs. 5 and 5 a.—M. Sivalensis. Fragment of molar.—B.M.

PEATE XXOCVe

Figs. 1 and 1 a—Mastodon Sivalensis. Fine specimen of lower
jaw, with one molar on either side. A portion of the right ramus
deficient, but restored in the drawing. The teeth show well the
alternating discs of wear characteristic of the species, and two outer
mentary foramina.— B.M.

Fig. 2.— Mastodon longirostris (Kaup), from Eppelsheim; lower
jaw in outline, profile view; from a cast.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Mastodon Andium (Cuv.). Perfect lower jaw of
an adult with two last molars in situ, from Buenos Ayres. The
anterior tooth confirms what is shown by the Canterbury specimen
(Plate XL. fig. 15) respecting the penultimate. It is in an advanced
stage of wear, but exhibits distinctly the discs of three ridges. The
crown is nearly rectangular in form; the dimensions being 5*1 in. in
length, 2°35 in. of width in front, and 8: in. behind. The posterior
tooth, which is the last or third true molar, has the crown composed of
four principal ridges, and a complex sub-triangular heel of several
points. The three anterior ridges are partly worn and exhibit well the
characteristic complex trefoil discs of wear. The two posterior ridges
are intact, and the sinuous hollows between them. show the very
considerable layer of cement which is present in a greater quantity in
this than in any other species of true Mastodon. The dimensions of
this tooth are about 8 in. in length by 3°5 in. of width in front,
whence it narrows gradually towards the posterior end.—B.M.

Fig. 4.—Mastodon Ohioticus (Blumb.), from North America. Fine
specimen of lower jaw with two last molars, viewed from above. The
anterior or penultimate tooth consists of three ridges separated by trans-
verse uninterrupted valleys; all the ridges are slightly affected by wear.
The posterior tooth consists of four main ridges and a subordinate talon
ridge; all untouched by wear.—B.M.

Fig. 5.—M. Ohioticus. Profile view of same jaw. One large
and one small mentary foramen.—B.M.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Dinotherium Indicum (Fale.). Superb fragment
of lower jaw, left side, with molars, brought from Perim Island by Miss
Pepper. The specimen contains nearly the whole of the adult series of
five molars in situ. The contour of the body of the jaw is shown in
the most perfect state of preservation, the fossil having fortunately been
mineralized by means of a very hard siliceo-ferruginous infiltration.
But it has evidently been long rolled about on the sea-beach as a
boulder, so that the crowns of the whole series of molars have been
hammered off nearly level with the alveolar margin of the jaw; the
curtace of the fossil is jet black, and almost all of the matrix has been
cleared away, probably by the long-continued action of the sea, which
has given it a semi-vitreous polish. Patches of recent marine shells
are also found on the surface. The symphysis of the jaw is broken off
about 24 in. in front of the anterior premolar, and the bone is truncated

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 47

behind exactly opposite the point where the coronoid margin of the
ramus begins to rise up, the fracture passing through the middle of the
last molar, the anterior ridge of which is visible in situ in the jaw.
A detailed description of the points of distinction between this fossil and
the Dinotherium giganteum of Kaup is given in the memoir on Perim
Island fossils —B.M.

Length of fragment, 17: in. Length of four front teeth, 13°5 in. Length of first
premolar, 3°5 in. Width of first premolar behind, 2°2in. Length of second premolar,
2°9in. Width of second premolar behind, 2°6 in. Length of third orfirst true molar,
4-in. Width behind, 2°8 in. Length of fourth tooth (second true molar), 3-9 in.
Width, 3-5 in. Depth of jaw to alveolar margin at the second premolar, 9-2 in.
Depth at third tooth or first true molar, 87 in. Width of jaw at second pre-
molar, 51 in. Width at middle of fourth tooth, 6-4in. Distance between the
upper margin of mentary foramen and alveolus of first premolar, 3°6 in. Distance
from inferior margin to first premolar, 4°75 in.

PLaTeE XXXVI.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Mastodon Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw with
(second) milk molar.
Length of tooth, 2°6 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—M. Stvalensis. Fragment of upper jaw with two
milk molars. (Second and third).—B.M. .
Length of anterior tooth, 2°6 in. Width, 1:8 in. Length of posterior tooth, 4° in.

Width, 2°3 in.
Figs. 3 and 3 a.—M. Sivalensis. Portion of upper jaw, with frag-
ment of molar. (First or second true m.).—B.M.
; Length of fragment of crown, 4: in. Width,2-9 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—M. Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw, with
second? true molar, presenting five ridges, with alternately disposed
crown mammille.—B.M.

Length of molar, 5°6 in. Width, 2-9 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—M. Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw, with
penultimate true molar. Five ridges and a hind talon._-B.M,
Length of molar, 6°5 in. Width, 2:9 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—WMastodon Sivalensis. Last molar, upper jaw,
left side in plan and profile. It has six ridges and a hind talon, and in
this respect it differs from both M/. Arvernensis and M. longirostris, but
it most resembles the former in so far as the alternate disposition of the
crown mammillz is concerned. The complexity of pattern is even
greater than in the English Crag Mastodon.—Cast in B.M.

Length of tooth, 7°8 in. Width, 3°3 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Mastodon Arvernensis, or the English Crag Mas-
todon. Left upper jaw of a calf, with the last milk molar beautifully
preserved 7m situ, and the remains of the empty alveolus of the pe-
nultimate milk molar in front of it. The crown is composed of four
ridges with a front and hind talon, and a well-pronounced basal
‘bourrelet.’ The three anterior divisions are more or less worn,
especially along the inner side; the last ridge is nearly intact. The
ridges are connected by one or two stout conical mammille, interrupt-
ing their transverse continuity, and alternating with the divisions of
the main ridges. The vertical furrowing of the enamel at 0 and c,

D 2

48 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

presenting the appearance of a reeded column or of a number of cords
pressed close together, is remarkable. This character is not present in
the corresponding young molars of Mastodon longirostris, Pl. XL. fig. 6,
in which the enamel is irregularly wrinkled but never presents the
symmetrical fluting observed in the ‘Crag’ Mastodon. This dif-
ference indeed is sufficient to distinguish the young teeth of the two
species. Discovered in the ‘Crag’ at Postwick by Mr. Wigham, and
figured by Lyell, ‘Manual of Elementary Geology,’ 5th ed. 1859,
p-. 166, fig. 1338.

Length of tooth, 2°9 in. Width anteriorly, 1:7 in. Width posteriorly, 1:8 in.
Width of grinding surface, 1:2 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Mastodon Arvernensis. Last true molar, upper
jaw, right side, composed of five ridges with an anterior talon, and a
strong back talon. The crown isobscurely divided longitudinally by a
shallow cleft along its axis. Deep clefts or valleys intervene between
the ridges; but the valleys, instead of being transverse, are interrupted
in the middle by one or more large accessory conical mammille,
interposed between the ridges and alternating with the outer and inner
divisions. This is the famous Whittingham tooth forming the frontis-
piece of Mr. W. Smith’s ‘Strata Identified,’ and of which a woodcut
(reversed) is given in Owen’s ‘ British Fossil Mammalia,’ p. 276.

Length of tooth, 7°in. Width, 2°9 in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Mastodon Arvernensis. Another specimen of last
true molar, upper jaw, left side. This is Captain Alexander’s specimen
dredged up between Southwold and Easton, and of which there is a
cast in the Museum of the Geological Society. The specimen is very
black with a sandy matrix and no vertical pillarmg. The crown con-
sists of five ridges and a heel ridge of four points. The anterior edge
is broken. The enamel is very thick. There are three sub-alternate
mammille in the first valley. The second and third ridges are very
closely approximated, with but one intermediate mammilla. The third
and fourth are wide apart with three mammille in the valley. The
fourth and fifth have but one intermediate mammilla.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Mastodon longirostris. Antepenultimate true
molar, upper jaw. From Eppelsheim. Cast in B.M.

Length, 4°56 in. Width, 2°6 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Mastodon longirostris. Penultimate true molar
from Eppelsheim. Cast in B.M.

Extreme length, 5-4 in. Width anteriorly, 3° in. Width posteriorly, 3°3 in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—WMastodon longirostris. Last true molar, upper
jaw. Shows five ridges and a talon. The crown is broader, and the
mammille thicker in proportion to their height, than in M. Arvernensis.
The ridges also are less elevated, and consist of a greater number of
coronal points. The valleys are either entirely open and transverse, or
interrupted only by an insignificant number of warty tubercles. From
Eppelsheim. Cast in B.M.

Length, 9° in. Width, 3-8 in.

Figs. i8 and 13 a.—Mastodon longirostris. Last true molar, upper
jaw, presenting some characters as fig. 12. From Eppelsheim. Cast
in B.M, :

Length, 6°8 in. Width, 29 in,

DESCRIPTION

OF PLATES. 49

PLATE XXXVII.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Mastodon Sivalensis.

Portion of lower jaw, right

side, with first (wv) and second milk molars.—B.M.

Length of fragment of jaw, 4°7 in.

posterior border of second milk molar, 2°1 in.
Length of second milk molar, 1°8 in.

Greatest breadth, °4 in.
isis

Figs. 2 and 2 a—WM. Sivalensis.

Greatest breadth, 2°6 in.

Height opposite
Length of first molar, “6 in.
Greatest width,

Portion of lower jaw, left side,

with symphysis and two outer mentary foramina, and containing first

(x) and second milk molars.—B.M.

Length of symphysis (oblique), 2° in. From first molar to anterior margin of

symphysis, 2°5 in.
Length of second molar, 1-9 in.

Length of anterior or first molar, °4 in.
Greatest width, 1°2 in.

Greatest width, -4 in.
Length of fragment of

jaw, 6°6 in. Greatest breadth, 2°1 in. Height at anterior margin of second molar,

WB) tel

Figs. 3 and 5a.—WM. Sivalensis.

Portion of lower jaw, right side,

with symphysis and third milk, and fragment of fourth, or first true,

molars.!—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12° in.
width of fragment, 3°8 in.
Length of third molar, 3°5 in.

Length of symphysis (ant. post.), 44 in. Greatest
Height at posterior margin of third molar, 4°2 in.
Greatest width, 2° in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—M. Sivalensis.

Fragment of lower jaw, left side,

with first ? true molar, imperfect anteriorly.—B.M.

Breadth of jaw, 57 in.
Width, 3-2 in.

Figs. 5 and 5a.—M. Sivalensis.

portion of true molar well worn.
wear.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—M. Sivalensis.

Height, 5-4 in.

Length of tooth (imperfect), 8° in.

Fragment of lower jaw with
Shows well the alternate discs of

Fragment of lower jaw, left side,

with penultimate ? true molar, imperfect behind.2—B.M.

Width of fragment of jaw, 6°1 in.
tooth, 6°in. Width, 3°2 in.

Figs. 7 and 7a.—M. Sivalensis.

Height, 6:1 in.

Length of fragment of

Fragment of lower jaw, right

side, with last true molar, much worn, and imperfect in front.—B.M.

Length of molar (imperfect), 8°4 in.

1 Tn the Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons (Cat. No. 669) is a beautiful
specimen of ramus of right lower jaw
of a young M. Stvalensis, with the third
milk and first true molar. The anterior
tooth is a little broken and worn out in
front; it shows six dises of wear and a
large talon ridge. The talon and 4 last
ridges are quite distinct, the 5th and
6th are worn out, and probably an
anterior talon was included with front
ridge. This would make 6 ridges and
a back and fronttalon, or 8 in all. The
tooth has little cement, the ridges are
low, and there is great plaiting of the
enamel plates in wear. Length of tooth,
4:2in.; width at last big ridge, 2:4 in.;
width at fourth ridge, 2°05 in.; width
at second ridge, 1°9in. The posterior
tooth has 5 emerged ridges with a talon
in front, extending only from the outside,

Width, 3: in.

half way across, but thick. The rest of
the tooth is concealed. The two front
ridges and talon are slightly touched by
wear. Width of tooth at first ridge,
2°2in. Width at second, 2°3in. Length
from middle of first ridge to middle of
fifth (excluding talon), 3°in. The third
ridge shows 11 little points. No. 670
is the left side of the same jaw with
corresponding teeth. The mentary for-
amen is very much in advance of the
fourth tooth, and placed low.—H.F.

2 Another specimen of left lower jaw
of M. Sivalensis, with what is probably
the penultimate true molar, is in the
Museum of the Royal College of Sur-
geons (Cat. No. 690). It has four trans-
verse ridges and a heel of two points,
not 5 ridges as stated in catalogue.
Length of tooth, 5:9 in.; width at first
ridge, 2°4in.; at fourth, 2°6 in—H.F.

50 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 8 and 8a.—WM. Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, left side,
containing a very perfect specimen of the last lower molar. The
alternate disposition of the mammille of the crown is finely exhibited.
Cast in B.M.

Length of tooth, 8°8in. Width, 2-9 in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Mastodon Arvernensis. Fragment showing pos-
terior half of the last inferior true molar. The mammille form two
alternate rows as in MW. Sivalensis, each ridge being composed of a
pair of points. From a cast in Museum of Geological Society.

Length of fragment of tooth, 5-6in. Width, 3.8 in.

Puate XXXVIII.

Mastodon Perimensis (Fale. and Caut.), from Perim Island.
Front view of skull. Other views of same skull are given in Plate
XXXIX. figs. 1, 2, and 3.

This cranium is in many respects singularly perfect, although it has
_ suffered from a crushing force, which has forced in the temples, so as
to have contracted to a few inches the inter-temporal portion of the
forehead. The ascending ramus of the lower jaw on either side is
én situ with the coronoid process and condyle, and, what is more
remarkable, the greater part of the hyoid bone lies upon the
sphenoid. The atlas also was found attached to the condyles. The
teeth are completely hammered down to the margin of the alveoli.
The most remarkable character of all about this head is the low height
of the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, which are very little higher
than the condyles, and the comparatively little elevation of the condyles
above the palate. The interval between the plane of the lower surface
of the condyles and that of the palate is only 5 inches, the height of the
occiput being 22 inches. This is very much asin the North American
Mastodon, and even more so, so that the plane of the grinder does not
differ much from that of the condyles, thus showing a tendency in the
direction of Dinotherium and the Trilophodon Mastodon Ohioticus.
The pterygoids rise with a sharp posterior border, and do not spread
out into a flap over the posterior border of the maxillary. They are
not rugous as M. Ohioticus, nor are they so far (proportionally) ex-
tended behind. There are two large palatine foramina near the end
of the molar. The molars (allowing perhaps for some distortion from
pressure) run parallel, and do not at any rate diverge in the remark-
able way exhibited by M. Ohioticus; perhaps they are less divergent
even than in M. Sivalensis. The palate looks long. On either side
are two molars, the penultimate and last true. The tusks exhibit an
oval outline on section. Both zygomatic arches are entire. Presented
by Captain Fulljames to B.M.

Extreme length from occiput to broken incisives, 27’in. From posterior surface
of occipital condyles to commencement of diasteme, 25°5in. Extreme width of
occiput, 20°in. Height of occiput from condyles, 22°2in. From occiput to
broken tips of nasals, 13:in. From tips of incisives (anterior end of nasal open-
ing) to commencement of diasteme, 14°5 in. Width of nasal opening (approximate)
9-8in.; antero-post. diameter of nasal opening, 4°3in. Hstimated width of brow
at post. orbitaries, 19°in. Width of brow at middle of orbits, 15°in. Width of
inter-incisive fossa, 2°2in. Depth of inter-incisive fossa, 3-4in. Contraction of
muzzle at orbitary foramen, 11°6in. Vertical diameter of right orbit, 4°8 in.
From the auditory foramen to the anterior border of the orbit, 16°5. Transverse

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

diameter of left tusk, 29 in.
Width across the condyles, 7°6 in.
transverse diameter of condyle, 2°5 in.

post. diameter of occipital foramen,
2°9 in.

USE tal.

penultimate, 4-4 1n.; width, 3-1 in.

Length of two broken molars (surface), 11°7 in.

Length of back molar, 7:4 in. ;
Width of palate between anterior molars, 1°6in.

51

Vertical diameter of left tusk (approximate), 4° in.
Antero-post. diameter of condyle, 3°5 in. ;

Vertical height of condyle, 2°6 in. Antero-
2-8 in. ;
From anterior border of occipital foramen to niche of palate, 10°9 in.
From niche of palate to beginning of diasteme, 12°7 in.
above the body of the sphenoid, 5:5 or 6° in.

transverse diameter of occipital foramen,

Height of the pterygoids
Width of outer surface of pterygoids,
Length of anterior or
width, 3:2 in.
Width of palate, behind, 3°d in.

PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1.—Aastodon Perimensis.

Lateral view of same skull as figured

in Plate XXXVIII., described above.—B.M.

Fig. 2.—Mastodon Perimensis.
Fig. 3.—Mastodon Perimensis.

head, three different views.

Palate view of same skull.—B.M.
Occipital view of same skull.—B.M.
Figs. 4, 5, and 6.—Mastodon Sivalensis.

Fragment of small black

The specimen is very perfect in form,
without crushing, so far as it goes.

that of the frontal ina slightly rounded manner.

The plane of the occiput meets
The ligamentary

depression is placed about the middle of the occiput, and is not deeply
marked, consisting of a dividing crest, separating two diverging pits,

having a heart- shaped outline.
and from base to top.
M. Perimensis.
occiput) is inclined to be sharp.
bosses as in Elephant.

M. Ohioticus.

“The occiput is slightly convex across
The condyles do not project backwards as in
The posterior boundary of the temple (edge of
There is no tendency to occipital
The occiput in some respects resembles that of
There is a very obtuse convexity or boss on the middle

of the forehead between the temples.—B.M.

Greatest width of occiput (the half doubled) 22- in.

surface of condyles, 17° in.
Interval across the condyles, 7:1 in.

Height of occiput from

Contraction of brow between the t temporals, 11°8 in.
Antero-post. diameter of left condyle, 4:1 in.

Transverse diameter of left condyle, 2°5 in.

Fig. 7.—Mastodon Sivalensis.

a cast in B.M.

Fragment of upper jaw with two
. molars, broken end of incisives, and anterior portion of zygoma.

From

PuatTe XL.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Mastodon latidens.

with two ridges.—B.M.

Second? upper milk molar

Length, 1:9 in. ; width, 1-4 in.?

Figs. 2 and 2a.—M. latidens.

four ridges.—B.M.

Third? upper milk molar with

Length, 3°in.; width, 1°8 in.

1 In the Museum of the Royal College
of Surgeons is the left side of the upper
jaw of a young Mastodon latidens con-
taining the first and second milk molars.
The anterior tooth is about 1-in. long
and ‘8 in. wide, and has two ridges with
a heel. The main ridge is transverse ;
the anterior one is an obtuse cusp.

The tooth is oval, the sharp end being |

The second milk molar is 2° in
It has three

in front.
long by about 1- 5 in. wide.
main transverse ridges and a small
bourrelet ridge in front, and a_ heel
ridge behind. It expands very widely
in the direction of the orbit. A vertical
section shows something like the enamel
of another small tooth, 3 “ineh long.—H.F.

52 FAUNA: ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—WM. latidens. Upper molar (first true ?) with four
ridges and back and front heel.—B.M.
Length, 4° in.; width, 2°3 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—M. Perimensis. Fragment of upper molar showing
two ridges and part of a third. The valleys are transverse, but are
interrupted in the middle by an accessory lobule in front of and behind
each ridge, and the outer termination of each ridge is bounded by a
large mammilla, exactly as in Mastodon latidens.—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5a. MM. Perimensis. Fragment of lower jaw with
portion of true molar, presenting a similar arrangement of mammille
to that noted under fig. 4.

Length of fragment of molar, 5:4 in. ; width, 32 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Mastodon longirostris. Fragment of right lower
jaw of young calf showing the series of three milk molars in situ. The
third milk molar is nearly intact; the four ridges of which it is com-
posed are seen to be transverse, compressed, and composed of a number
of little points; the valleys are open, with the exception of a tubercle
in the first, and two or three minute tubercles in the last valley, which
in no way interrupt their transverse continuity. The back talon formsa
low transverse free ridgelet as in the Mastodon latidens of India. The
enamel is irregularly wrinkled, but exhibits no vertical fluting, as in
M. Arvernensis (See Plate XXXVI. fig. 7). The original specimen
from Eppelsheim was formerly in the Earl of Enniskillen’s collection,
but is now in B.M. It is also figured by Kaup (‘Oss Foss. de Darm-
stadt,’ Plate XX. fig. 2.)

Length of first tooth, 1:°2in. Width, ‘9 in. Length of second tooth, 1:8 in.
Width, 1°5in. Length of third tooth, 2°6in. Width, 2:1 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Mastodon angustidens. Third? milk molar upper
jaw, the crown consisting of three transverse ridges and an accessory
talon of two tubercles. A single tubercle juts out into each of the
hollows between the ridges alternately with the principal points,
accounting for the trefoil-shaped discs, which the worn teeth pre-
sent in this species, so different from the lozenge-shaped discs of J/.
Ohioticus. This specimen is from Mr. Edward Charlesworth’s collec-
tion, but there is no history as to its origin.—B.M.

Length of tooth, 2°8in. Width, 1°6in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a—WM. angustidens. _Antepenultimate or first true
molar, having the crown divided into three distinct ridges, with a small
back talon.

Length, 46in. Width, 2°6in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—WM. angustidens. Penultimate molar of upper
jaw, consisting of three ridges and a talon appendage of two tubercles
behind. The two anterior ridges are affected by wear; the last is
almost intact. The intervals, wide and deep, have only a single
mammilla connecting the ridges, about the middle. The crown is
very simple, each ridge consisting of two pairs of points. The tooth
has a strong impression in front, is narrow in front and widens behind.
The drawing is taken from a cast in B.M. The original specimen was
what Cuvier commenced his account of the species, and it is figured by

f=)
him in ‘ Divers Mastodontes,’ p. 255, and Plate I. fig. 4. The dimen-

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 53

sions correspond exactly with those of Lartet’s Gers specimen, viz. :
Length, 45 in. Width in front, 2-1in. Width behind, 2°6 in.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Mastodon Andium. 1 Fragment of upper true
molar. Presented by Lord Shelburne. Shows four ridges and portion
of a fifth.— B.M.

Length, 6: in. Width, 3-5 in.

Fig. 11.—M. Andium. Fragment of upper molar, with discs of three
ridges much worn.—B.M.

Length, 5°2in. Width, 3-2 in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—M. Andium. Last upper true molar with four.
ridges and a complicated heel—B.M.

Length, 6°8in. Width, 3°65 in.

Figs. 13 and 138 a.—M. Andium. Fragment of left lower jaw, with
second and third milk molars in situ. The specimen is broken at the
symphysis and coronoid process. From the relative size of the jaw and
the development of the teeth, the animal corresponded to a sucking
Indian elephant of about two years of age. The second milk grinder
is fully protruded, but had barely come into use, the two front ridges
being but slightly abraded. The third is in the state of an intact germ,
and although fully formed, it had not penetrated the gum when the
animal died. These teeth are both three-ridged, with a subordinate
crest in front, and a small bi-tubercular talon behind. They are exactly
alike in form, narrow in front, but broader backwards. The ridges, as
in M. angustidens, consist of two pairs of principal points, which
instead of being nearly simple, as in the latter species, are subdivided
into a vast number of superficial warty tubercles, which jut into the
valleys, forming a bridge or connection between the contiguous ridges,
and interrupting the transverse continuity of the valleys. In this
respect they more resemble the young teeth of M. longirostris. Specimen
from Buenos Ayres in B.M.

Length of fragment of jaw, 7°6in. Breadth, 2°7in. Height, 2°9in. Leneth of
second milk molar, 26in. Width, 1-4in. Length of third milk molar, 3:5 in.
Width, 1°7 in.

Figs. 14 and 14 a.—Mastodon Andium. Fragment of lower jaw
with last true molar, exhibiting four ridges and a complicated heel.
The three anterior ridges are touched by wear.

Length of tooth, 7°8in, Width, 3-2 in.

Figs. 15 and 15 a.—M. Andium. Greater portion of lower jaw, left
side, with the first and second true molars (penultimate and ante-
penultimate) zm situ, showing also the empty alveolus of the last true
grinder and of the third milk tooth. The ternary number holds in
the ridges, there being three collines in each tooth, with an aggregate
nest of tubercles in the intervals. There are no remains of cement.
The anterior tooth is somewhat worn, the discs taking the form of a
quadrifoil. This specimen is from Chili, and was presented to the
Museum at Canterbury by General Miller; there is a cast of it in the

in British Museum, not figured. Shows | between teeth behind, 3-4in. Length
palate with molars. | of last molar, left side, 8°75in.; width

Length of the anterior or inter-maxil- | in front, 3:75 in.; width behind, 3:26 in,
lary portion of palate, 15-in, Interval |

' Memorandum of head of M. Andium | between teeth in front, 4°4in.; interval
|

54 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

British Museum. It is of an age intermediate between the specimens
ficured in Plate XXXV. 3, and Plate XL. 13. It is very valuable,
and is believed to be at present unique in Europe.

Length of fragment of jaw, 15°in. Breadth, 4:3in. Height, 4:1in. Length of
first molar, 4:in. Breadth, 2°6in. Length of second molar, 5°din. Breadth,
PEL ( thas

Fig. 16.—Mastodon Ohioticus. Fragment of upper jaw, with three
ridges and fangs of last upper molar, also empty cavity in jaw for fang
of fourth ridge.—B.M.

Length, 5'lin. Width, 4*in. Height of crown and fang, 7: in.

Fig. 16 a.—M. Ohioticus. Last true molar, upper jaw, with four
main ridges and a heel; the first ridge only very slightly touched by
wear. In Mastodon Ohioticus the upper teeth are distinctly cleft
lengthwise into two divisions, each division being indistinctly composed
of a pair of confluent points. The plane of the tooth is oblique, sloping
from the outside, which is higher, to the inside, which is lower, and
this relation continues during the wear, the inside being the most worn.
The inner division, both anteriorly and posteriorly, throws off the
decurrent talon crests, but in the first two milk teeth the inner division
is smaller than the outer. Precisely the reverse is seen in lower jaw,
the inner ridge being the highest and remaining so during detrition,
while the outer is the lowest but least complex.—B.M.

Length, 7°3in. Width, 4:in.

Prats XI.

Tusks of Proboscidea.! Fragments and sections.
Figs. 1 and 1 a.— Twisted fragment.— B.M.

Length measured along great curvature, 40°in. Direct length or chord of cur-
vature, 28°in. Circumference at proximal end, 12°7in. Circumference at distal
end, 13:2 in.

Fig. 2.—B.M.

Length, 56°in. Circumference at proximal end, 13°65 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°2in. Circumference, 12°2in. Greatest diameter, 3°7 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°7in. Greatest diameter, 7'7in. Smallest diameter,
5° in.
Fig. 5.—B.M.

Greatest diameter, 9°8in. Smallest diameter, 7:2 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Fragment of tusk in socket.

Length of socket, 13°5in. Circumference of tusk, 6°2in. Breadth of incisive
alveolar margin, 6-2 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—B.M.

Length, 68°in. Circumference at proximal end, 11:in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 33°in. Circumference at smaller end, 16°5 in,

1 There is no evidence of any attempt | the plate (with the exception of figs. 6
made by Dr. Falconer to determine the | and 25) are collected in one place in the
species to which any of these specimens | British Museum.
belonged. All the specimens figured in |

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 55

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—B.M.
Length, 11°6in. Great diameter, 7°-4in. Small diameter, 5:9 in.
Figs. 10 and 10 a.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 12°4in. Circumference, 16°6 in.
Figs. 11 and 11 a.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 14°7in. Circumference at upper end, 21:2 in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—B.M.

_Length along great curvature, 23:in. Greatest circumference, 12°in, Least
circumference at tip, 4°8in.

Figs. 13 and 13 a.—B.M.
Length, 20°in. Greatest circumference, 17: in.
Figs. 14 and 14 a.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°7 in. Great diameter of section, 5:in. Smaller diameter
of section, 4°4 in.

Figs. 15 and 15 a.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 11‘8in. Greatest circumference, 11:6 in.

Figs. 16 and 16 a.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 7°8in. Greatest circumference, 9:2 in.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.— B.M.

Length, 96 in. Greatest cireumference, 7°8 in.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—B.M.

Length, 10°3in. Greatest cireumference, 13°65 in.

Figs. 19 and 19 a.—B.M.

Length, 9°2in. Circumference, 13°6 in.
Figs. 20 and 20 a.—B.M.
Length, 9° in. Circumference, 19:2 in.
Figs. 21 and 21 a.—Matrix with fragments of two tusks.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 22°5 in. Proximal end of left tusk, 5-1 by 4:1 in. Proximal
end of right tusk, 5°] by 4°8in. Distal end of left tusk, 3-9 by 3-in, Distal end
of right tusk, 4°3 by 4:2 in.
Figs. 22 and 22 a.—B.M.
Length, 14:5 in. Circumference, 13°65 in.
Figs. 23 and 23 a.—Fragment of jaw with alveolus of left tusk, and
part of right tusk.—B.M.

Length of fragment of jaw, 13°7in. Between external alveolar margins of
incisors, 20°4in. Great diameter of tusk, 6°7in. Lesser diameter of tusk, 5°7 in.

Fig. 24.—B.M.
Length of fragment of upper jaw, 14:2 in.
Figs. 25 and 25 a.—Unequal fragments of two tusks joined together.

Length of great fragment, 10-2in. Length of small fragment, 7-8in. Circum-
ference of great fragment, 16°in. Cireumference of smaller fragment, 15:3 in.

Puates XLII. and XLIII.
Anterior views of skulls of Proboscidea, restored, in outline.

Puates XLIV. and XLV.

Profile views of skulls of Proboscidea, restored, in outline.

56

FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

In these four plates! the skulls are classified, and are arranged 1n a
series forming a transition from one to the other, as follows : ?

J. TRILOPHODONTES.

1.—Dinotherium giganteum (after Kaup), with two large deflected

tusks in lower jaw.

2.—Dinotherium Indicum (not figured).

3.—Mastodon Tapiroides (not figured).

4.— Mastodon Ohioticus* (copied from American Phil. Transactions,
1838, vol. viii. Plate III., adding a tusk to lower jaw).

5.—Mastodon angustidens (De Blainville’s Ostéographie, Plate II1.).

6.—Mastodon Andium (British Museum specimen).

Il. TETRALOPHODONTES.
7.—Mastodon Perimensis (Indian collection, see Plates XXXVIITI.

and XXXIX.).

8.—Mastodon Sivalensis (Indian collection, see Plates XXXIL.,

XXXIIL, and XXXIV.).

9.—Mastodon Arvernensis (after Nesti, imperfect).
10.—Mastodon longirostris (after Kaup, imperfect).
11.—WMastodon latidens (not figured).

III. STeGopontTes.

12.—Elephas Cliftii, Clift’s specimen, very imperfect.
13.—Elephas bombifrons (Indian collection, see Plate XX VII.).

14.—Elephas Ganesa (Col.
Museum, see Plate XXI.).

1 Reproduced in vol. 11.

2 Note by Dr. F. in 1857.—‘ The views
which we entertain were fully elucidated
in 1847 in the four plates of outline-
heads, from Plate xli. to xly. of the
“Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis,” where a
synopsis is given of all the species, fossil
and recent, then known. The forms
included under the nominal species of
M. angustidens of Cuvier, are there
ranged as four distinct species, viz. :—
M. (Triloph.) angustidens, M. (Triloph.)
Andium, M. (Tetraloph.) longirostris,
and M. (Tetraloph.) Arvernensis, The
only change which subsequent investiga-
tion on fresh materials has led us to
make is to transfer MW. Andiwm from the
subgenus Trilophodon into that of
Tetralophodon. In 1863, however, Dr.
F, expressed the opinion that M. Andiwm
would, after all, prove to belong to the
Trilophodon group (Memoir on Hlephas
Columbi in “ Nat. Hist. Rey.” 1863.)

3 Memorandum by Dr. F. on broken
head of Mastodon Ohioticus—‘ The
occiput forms a vertical plane, the con-
dyles being right under the base, and
not projecting behind. The crista gall
is not very large, and the lgamentary
depression is shallow with divergent

Baker’s huge cranium in British

lobes, broad above and narrow below.
The pterygoid alz of the sphenoid,
instead of overlapping the maxillaries
by a conical lamina, rise up in a rough
rugous stem, and are much behind the
last teeth, which are very divergent.
The pterygoids are low, but not more so
than (if so much as) in MW. Perimensis.
‘Extreme length of cranium from
occiput to incisive tips, 34:2in. Width
of brow at post orbitaries, 19°6 in. Width
at contraction of muzzle near sub-orbitary
foramen, 15°2in. Width of nasal open-
ing, 5'4in. Antero-posterior diameter
of orbit, 56in. From anterior margin
of orbit to occipital plane, 22-in. Width
across occipital condyles, 8-7in. From
anterior margin of occipital hole to niche
of palate, 11-5in. Height of the ptery-
goid alae from Vidian hole, 8-5in. From
back of molar to edge of pterygoid, 4°2
in. Length of molar with four ridges
and a heel, 6-7 in. Width of palate in
front of penultimate teeth, 3°9 in. Width
behind, 3-9 in. Length of palate from
niche to diasteme, 13-in. Interval be-
tween diastemal ridges at commence-
ment, 4‘5in. Interval between tips of

| divergence, 5°6 in.!’

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

57

15 a.—Elephas insignis, old (Indian collection, see Plate ve) F
15 6.— Elephas insignis (Indian collection, see Plate XVII, fig 1).
15 e.—Elephas insignis, young (Indian collection, see Plate XVIII.

fig. 3).

IV. Loxopon res.

16.—Elephas planifrons (Indian collection, see Plate IX.).
17.—Elephas Africanus (recent head).
18.—Elephas priscus (not figured).

V. ELAsmopontes.!

19.—Elephas meridionalis ? (after Nesti).
20 a.—Elephas Hysudricus (Indian collection, see Plate IV.).
20 6.—Elephas Hysudricus, young (Indian collection, see Plate

VL).

21.—Elephas antiquus* (not figured).
22.—Elephas Namadicus (Indian collection, see Plate XII. A.).
23 a.—Elephas Indicus * (Dauntela var.).

1 The designation of E/asmodus having
been preoccupied by Sir Philip Egerton
for a series of fossil fish, Dr. F., in 1857
substituted the term Huwelephas for
Elasmodon.

?This is erroneously designated F.
antiquus in the plate (see note, page 23).
The illustration is taken from Nesti’s
figure. The skull is nearly perfect in
the frontal and occipital regions, con-
dyles, naxillaries, and molars, but im-

perfect in the facial portion, the border
of the nasal opening being broken, to-
gether with the terminal portion of the
incisive alveoli and zygomatic arches.
The line formed by the posterior border
of the vertex is transverse, the fossa
being overarched by a produced fold of
the vertex.

° Elephas meridionalis in Plate (see
note, page 23).

* Comparison between Mukna and Dauntela varieties of Elephas Indicus.

Extreme length of cranium
Width between zygomatics
Ditto

Greatest width of occiput

Width of nasal opening

Depth of ditto :

Width of tusk-sheaths

Narrow width of brow

Depth of orbit . j : :
Height from condyles to occiput .
Across condyles . : :

From condyles to tip of tusk-sheath : :
From ditto to anterior margin of molar alveolus .
From anterior margin occipital hole to posterior

border palate . :
Length of palate é :

Depth of head from condyles to frontal surface at

middle, opposite nasal opening

Height from diastemal surface to bulge of occiput

Length of condyloid surface
From ear-hole to top of occiput .

Length of anterior tooth, upper jaw

Width ditto ditto
Number of plates, about ten

post-orbitary processes :
Length from niche of occiput to tips of nasals

Mukna (big head). Dauntela.
Inches Inches
. : 5 40°5 41°5
5 : : 29°5 29°75
22°5 24-0
22°0 21:0
31:0 30°5
14:0 15:0
5°75 a7)
14°25 175
13°5 13°25
6°5 65
22°25 22:0
8°75 8°5
33°0 30°25
22°5 22°25
12-0 11°5
8:0 9°5
- 23°5 23°5
30°79 31°25
65 6°25
19:0 19°0
8:37
. : 2 30

} dropped out

58 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

23 b.—Elephas Indicus (Mukna var. ).
23 c.—Elephas Indicus (young).
24.—Elephas primigenius (Fischer’s drawing).

PuaTeE XLVI!

Figs. 1 to 11.—Atlases of Proboscidea.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 16°7 in. Between extreme
points of anterior articular surfaces, 8°5 in. Height, 9°3 in. Length of inferior
arch, under surface, 2°8 in.

Figs 2, 2 a, and 2 b.

Between extreme point of anterior articular surfaces, 8°6 in. Height, 8-7 in.
Length of inferior arch (inferiorly), 2°7 in. Height of orifice, 4°3 in. Breadth
of spinal canal, 3:2 in. Narrowest part, 21 in. Breadth of fossa for odontoid
process, 2°5 in.

Figs. 3, 3 a, and 3 5.

Between extreme points of anterior articular surfaces, 9°0 in. Height, 8:1in.
Height of orifice, 3°8 in. Breadth of odontoid fossa, 2°5 in. Breadth of spinal
canal, 3°8 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 14°8 in. Between extreme
points of anterior articular surfaces, 7°5 in. Height, 7-7 in. Length of inferior
arch (below) antero-posterior, 2°5 in. Great diameter of vertebral foramen, 1°2 in,
Length of superior arch (antero-posterior), 32 in.

Fig. 5.
Height, 7°7 in.
Fig. 6.
Between extreme points of anterior articular surfaces, 7°8 in. Height, 6°6 in.
Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 0.
Between extreme points of transverse processes, 14°7 in. Between extreme

points of anterior articular surfaces, 8°7 in. Height, 7-6 in. Antero-posterior
of lower arch (inferiorly), 2°6 in.

Fig. 8.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 17:4 in. Height, 8°6 in,

Comparison between Mukna and Dauntela—continued.
Mukna (big head). Dauntela.
4 ’ Inches Inches
Length of anterior tooth, lower jaw . ; O°. anpeeeee
Width ditto ditto => 387 yf Sopeates

Length of lower jaw from tip to posterior edge at

middle of height ‘ : : é 22°5 25°
Height of jaw to alveolus. : ; é 65 6:5
Thickness of jaw (diam.) 4 5 j 637 6°
Height of condyles : ; g . : ; 20° : 18:
Height to coronoids. : 5 : : : 15°5 . 12°5
Antero-posterior diameter lea : : ‘ : 13°5 ; 10°26
Interval between condyles, inside : : 5 14: . 14:
Ditto ditto outside : 4 ; 5 21:5

The plates of teeth in the Mukna | the British Museum, except where the
variety slope greatly backwards and are | contrary is stated. Except in a few in-
excessively and finely crimped ; those of | stances, no attempt was made by Dr. F. to
Dauntela are much less crimped. determine the species of Proboscidean to

‘The specimens figured in Plates | which the bone belonged.
xlyi. to lyi. inclusive, are mostly in

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 59

Fig. 9.

Between extreme points of anterior articular surfaces, 7°8 in. Height, 7-7 in.

Fig. 10.

Between extreme points of anterior articular surfaces, 10-4 in. Height, 10: in.
Length antero-posterior of superior arch, 3°6 in. Length antero-posterior of
inferior arch, 31 in.

Fig. 11.

Between extreme points of anterior articular surfaces, 9°2 in. Height, 6-9 in.
Antero-posterior of superior arch, 2°8 in. Antero-posterior of inferior arch,
2°1 in.

Fig. 12.—Basilar process of occipital bone with condyles and foramen
magnum of a Proboscidean.

Between extreme points of occipital condyles, 10:0 in. Vertical diameter of
condyle, 4:5 in.- Transverse diameter of foramen magnum, 3°5 in. Vertical
diameter of foramen magnum, 3:1 in.

Puate XLVII.
Axes and other vertebree of Proboscidea.
Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Axis.

Length of body inferiorly, including the odontoid, 6:0 in. Breadth of body
posteriorly, 65 in. Height of the posterior surface of body, 5:1 in. Height
of spinal canal, 2°6 in. Breadth of spinal canal, 2°2 in. Height of upper surface
of spine from inferior surface of the body, posteriorly, 10°6 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of spinal platform, 4°5 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.— Axis.

Length of body inferiorly, including the odontoid, 7:4 in. Breadth of body
posteriorly, 6°8 in. Height of posterior surface of body, 6°3 in. Height of spinal
canal, 2°8 in. Breadth of spinal canal, 2°8 in. Height of upper surface of spine
from inferior surface of the body posteriorly, 13°5 in. Antero-posterior diameter
of spinal platform, 5:3 in. Between extreme points of transverse processes, 12° in,

Figs. 3 and 3 a.— Axis.

Length of body, 4°6 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 4°5in. Height of body,
4°5 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Axis.

Length of body, 6-8 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 6°38 in. Height of body,
5:7 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Axis.

Length of body, 6-4 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 55 in. Height of body,
5°3 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.— Axis.

Length of body, 4-0 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 4:4 in. Height of body,
3°6 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.— Axis.

Length of body, 6:3 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 7:0 in. Height of body,
6:0 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Axis.

Length of body, 56 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 64 in. Height of body,
5°5 in,

Figs. 9 and 9 a,—Axis.

Length of body, 6°0 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 6.3 in.

Fig. 10.—Eight vertebre conjoined. They are the posterior cervical

and anterior dorsal.

60 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 11.—Fragment of dorsal vertebra.

Height of posterior surface of body, 5-6 in. Breadth of posterior surface at
inferior angles of costal pits, 5°6 in. Length of body inferiorly, 2°7 in.

Fig. 12.—Dorsal vertebra.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 12°7 in. Height of body
1-4

posteriorly, 55 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 6°7 in. Length of body
inferiorly, 2°8 in.

Fig. 15.—Dorsal vertebra.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 13°2 in. Height of body
posteriorly,.5°6 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 6-2 in. Length of body
inferiorly, 3°1 in.

Fig. 18 a.—Dorsal vertebra.

Between extreme points of transverse processes, 14° in. Height of body
posteriorly, 6°7 in. Length of body inferiorly, 3°7 in.

Fig. 14.—Lumbar vertebra.

Height of body posteriorly, 5: in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 55 in. Length
of body inferiorly, 3° in. Between extreme points of transverse processes, 8°5 in.

Fig. 15.—Lumbar vertebra.

Height of body posteriorly, 3-7 in. Breadth of body posteriorly, 4:2 in. Length
of body inferiorly, 3°2 in. Between extreme points of transverse processes, 6°5 in.

Fig. 16.—Portion of sacrum, comprising three upper sacral vertebra
and portion of a fourth.

Length of fragment, 13°3 in. Length of three upper sacral vertebrae, 10°2 in.
Between extreme points of transverse processes, 10°4 in. Height of body (upper,
right), 3°5 in. Transverse of body (upper), 61 in.

PuatTe XLVIII.

Bones of anterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Figs. 1, la, and 1 6.—Elephas Namadicus, from the Nerbudda.
Upper end of shaft, and articulating extremity of left humerus.

Length of fragment, 29°6 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 14°4 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of great tuberosity, 12°2in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head (articular surface), 11°8 in. Transverse diameter, 8°-in. Smallest trans-
verse diameter of shaft in centre, 10°3 in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of
shaft, in centre, 3°7 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—E. Namadicus. Fragment of shaft and
upper articulating extremity of united radius and ulna, left side.
Specimen formerly in United Service Museum.

Extreme length, 40°in. Extreme width below sigmoid cavity in fig. 2 @, 10: in.
Depth from upper and back part of olecranon to anterior angle of sigmoid cavity,
fig. 2 6, 14°5 in.

Figs. 3, 38 a, and 3 b.—Fragment of shaft and upper end of left
humerus of a Proboscidean.

Length of fragment, 18°8 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 12-2 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of great tuberosity, 11: in.

Fig. 4.—Upper articulating end of left humerus.

Length, 13°56 in. Transverse diameter, 10°5 in, Antero-posterior diameter of
great tuberosity, 11: in.

Fig. 5.—Upper articulating end of left humerus.

Length of fragment, 18:2 in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 13-in. Antero-
posterior diameter of great tuberosity, 10°5in. Antero-posterior diameter of articular
surface of head, 9°8 in. Transyerse diameter of articular surface of head, 6:4 in.

on

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 61

Fig. 6.—Upper articulating end of left humerus.

Length, 13: in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 12° in. Antero-posterior
diameter of great tuberosity, 10°5 in.

Fig. 7.—Upper articulating end of right humerus.

Length, 15-in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 12°7 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of articular surface, 9:2 in. Transverse diameter of articular surface, 7°d in.

Fig. 8.—Upper articulating end of left humerus.

Length, 11-6 in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 9° in. Antero-posterior
diameter of great tuberosity, 8°5 in.

Fig. 9.—Upper articulating end of right humerus.

Length, 9°5 in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 9°5 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of great tuberosity, 95 in. Antero-posterior diameter of articular
surface, 7-9 in. ‘Transverse diameter of articular surface, 6:2 in.

Fig. 10.—Upper articulating end of left humerus.

Length, 11:4 in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 9:4 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of great tuberosity, 7°7 in. Antero-posterior diameter of articular surface,
6-8 in. Transverse dianeter of articular surface, 5°5 in.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface of
left humerus.

Length of fragment, 21:5 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external
eondyloid ridge, 11:in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 9°5 in. Smallest antero-
posterior diameter of trochlear surface, 4:4 in. Circumference at broken extremity,
18°7 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 b.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface
of left humerus.

Length, 14°3 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 10-2 in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 8°6 in. Smallest antero-posterior
diameter of trochlear surface, 4°1 in.

Figs. 13, 15a, and 15 b.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface
of right humerus.

Length, 17:3 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 12° in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 9°3 in. Smallest antero-posterior
diameter of trochlear surface, 4°7 in.

Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 b.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface
of left humerus.

Length, 14° in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 14:7 in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 11-9 in. Smallest antero-posterior
diameter of trochlear surface, 4:4 in.

Fig. 15.—Lower articulating end of left humerus.

Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid ridge, 13: in.
Breadth of trochlear surface, 10° in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of troch-
lear surface, 4°5 in.

Fig. 16.—Lower articulating end of left humerus.

Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid ridge, 9° in. Breadth
of trochlear surface, 7°3 in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of trochlear sur-
face, 3°3 in.

Fig. 17.—Lower articulating end of right humerus.

Length, 13°5 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 11: in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 9°8 in. Smallest antero-posterior dia-
meter of trochlear surface, 5: in.

Fig. 18.—Lower articulating end of left humerus.
Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid ridge, 9:7 in,
E

62 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Breadth of trochlear surface, 8'5 in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of troch-
lear surface, 3°5 in.

Fig. 19.—Lower articulating end of right humerus.

_ Length, 15° in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 12°4in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 9°7 in. Smallest antero-posterior
diameter of trochlear surface, 4° in.

Fig. 20.—Lower articulating end of right humerus.

Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid ridge, 12° in.
Breadth of trochlear surface, 9°6 in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of troch-
lear surface, 4°7 in.

Fig. 21.—Lower articulating end of right humerus.

_Length, 15-7 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including external condyloid
ridge, 12°4 in. Breadth of trochlear surface, 10°1 in. Smallest antero-posterior
diameter of trochlear surface, 4°3 in.

Figs. 22, 22 a, and 22 6.—Upper end of shaft and articular surface
of united radius and ulna, left side.

Length, 22:4 in. Width of upper end or head (fig. 22 a), 7-4in. Depth (fig. 22 6),
10°5 in.

Figs. 23 and 23 b6.—Upper end of shaft and articular surface of
united radius and ulna, right side.

Length, 17: in. Width of upper end or head, 7°5 in. Depth (0), 12°2 in.

Fig. 24.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna, right side.

Width of upper end or head, 9°6 in. Depth, 12-7 in.
Fig. 25.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna, left side.
Width of upper end or head, 7° in. Depth, 10°8 in.

Fig. 26.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna, left side.
Width, 7°8in. Depth, 10-2 in.

Fig. 27.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna, left side. °
Width, 6-8 in. Depth, 10° in.
Fig. 28.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna, left side.
Depth to internal angle of ulna, 10°7 in.

Figs. 29 and 29 a.—Upper articular surface of radius and ulna,
right side.
Length, 12°5 in. Depth to internal angle of ulna, 11°3 in.

PLATE XLIX.

Bones of anterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Fig. 1.—Fragment of right scapula, showing spine, glenoid
cavity, &e.

Length of fragment, 22°7 in. Breadth of fragment (greatest), 13:in. Greatest
height of spine above infra-spinous fossa, 7°2 in. Greatest diameter of glenoid
cavity, 7°5 in. Lesser diameter of glenoid cavity, 5° in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of right scapula, showing spine and
glenoid cavity.

Length of scapula, 31-in. Breadth of fragment, 11:2 in. Height of spine,
7°5 in.

Fig. 3.—Fragment of right scapula, including glenoid cavity.

Length of fragment, 14: in. Greatest diameter of glenoid cavity, 6°6 in. Lesser
diameter of glenoid cavity, 3°6 in

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 63

Figs. 4 and 4 }.—Fragment of right scapula, including glenoid
cavity.

Length of fragment, 14°8 in. Greatest diameter of glenoid cavity, 9°4 in.
Lesser diameter of glenoid cavity, 5°5 in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 b.—Upper end of shaft and articular head of
right humerus.

Extreme length, 22: in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 9°7 in. An-
tero-posterior of great tuberosity, 8°5 in. Antero-posterior of articular surface of
head, 7°3 in. Transverse surface of head, 4°2in. Smallest transverse diameter of
shaft, 4°77 im. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of shaft, 3°2 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 b.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface of
left humerus.

Length, 17°6 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including condyloid ridge,
12: in. Transverse diameter of trochlea, 93 in. Smallest antero-posterior diam.
of trochlea, 4°2 in.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 6.—Lower end of shaft and articular surface of
left humerus.

Length, 14: in. Breadth of inferior extremity, including condyloid ridge, 10: in.
Transverse diameter of trochlea, 8°6 in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of
trochlea, 4°3 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, and 8 6.—Upper articulating extremity of left radius and
ulna.

Length, 19-2 in. Breadth of sigmoid cavity, 9°7 in. Depth or greatest oblique
diameter from before backwards (@), 12°9 in.

Fig. 9.—Lower end of right radius and ulna. ”

Length, 14: in. Width of united extremities, 11-in. Width of ulna, 7°3 in.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Lower end of left radius and ulna.

Length, 12°5 in. Width of united extremities, 114 in. Width of ulna, 6:2 in.
Width of radius, 4°6 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a@—Lower end of right radius and ulna. This
specimen is from Perim Island.

Extreme length, 14:2 in. Width of conjoined ends, 10° in. Width of ulna, 4:6 in.
Width of radius, 6° in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Lower end of right radius and ulna.

Length, 10-4 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 6°3 in.

Figs. 13 and 13 a.—Lower end of left ulna.
Length, 135 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 5-9 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of inferior extremity, 5°3 in.
Figs. 14 and 14 a.—Lower end of right ulna.
Length, 8°5 in. Breadth of inferior end, 6-4 in, Antero-posterior diameter of
inferior end, 5°6 in.
Fig. 15.—Lower end of right radius and ulna. The radius is to
right of figure.
Length, 12:2 in. Breadth of conjoined extremities, 10° in.
Fig. 16.—Lower end of right radius and ulna.
Breadth of conjoined extremities, 9°4 in. Breadth of ulna, 5°5 in. Breadth of
radius, 4°3 in.
Fig. 17.— Lower end of right ulna.
Breadth, 5:3 in.
Fig. 18.—Lower end of right ulna.
Breadth, 6°2 in.
E 2

64 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 19.—Lower end of right radius.
Length, 11:8 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 6°4 in.
Fig. 20.—Lower end of left radius.
Breadth, 4:2 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5°8 in.
Fig. 21.—Lower end of right radius.
Breadth, 5:5 in.
Fig. 22.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth, 5°6 in.
Fig. 23.—Lower end of right radius.
Breadth, 3:9 in.
Fig. 24.—Lower end of right radius.
Breadth of inferior extremity, 4°3 in. Extreme length, 8°8 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of inferior extremity, 5-2 in.
Fig. 25.—Lower end of left ulna.
Length, 10°5in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 5°8 in. Antero-posterior diam.
of inferior extremity, 5:4 in.
Fig. 26.—Lower end of left radius.
Breadth, 3:4 in.
Fig. 27.—Lower end of left radius.
Length, 17:7 in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 4° in.
Fig. 28.—Lower end of left radius.
Breadth, 4°8 in.
Fig. 29.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth of inferior extremity, 5-3in. Antero-posterior of inferior extremity, 4°3 in.
Fig. 30.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth, 4°8 in.
Fig. 31.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth, 5-5 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5:5 in.
Fig. 82,—Lower end of right ulna.
Breadth, 4° in.
Fig. 33.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth, 7-1 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4'4 in,
Fig. 34.—Lower end of right ulna.
Breadth, 7* in. Antero-posterior diameter, 6° in.
Fig. 35.—Lower end of left ulna.
Breadth, 7-1 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 64 in.
Fig. 36.—Lower end of right ulna.

Breadth, 7-4 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 6°8 in.

Puate L.
Bones of anterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Fig. 1.—Lower end of right radius and ulna, with bones of carpus
(semilunar, trapezoid, os magnum and unciform) and metacarpus
(second, third, and fourth).

Length of fragment of ulna, 10°9 in. Length of fragment of radius, 9:2 in.
Breadth of semilunar, 4°7 in. Vertical diameter of semilunar in centre, 2°5 in.
Vertical diameter of trapezoid, 2°6 in. Transverse diameter of trapezoid, 3:2 in.
Transverse diameter of os magnum, 3: in, Vertical diameter of os magnum, 2-9 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 65

Transverse diameter of unciform, 4:in. Vertical diameter of unciform, 3° in.
Length of second metacarpal, 4:5 in. Breadth of second metacarpal, 2°5 in.
Length of third metacarpal, 4°2 in. Breadth of third metacarpal, 33 in. Length
of fourth metacarpal, 2°5 in. Breadth of fourth metacarpal, 2°5 in. Breadth of
inferior extremity of radius, 4°8 in. Breadth of inferior extremity of ulna, 7° in.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 26.—Lower end of left ulna (a), with bones of
carpus (scaphoid (1), semilunar (2), cuneiform (3), pisiform (4), tra-
pezium (5), trapezoid (6), os magnum (7), and unciform (8) ), and
middle metacarpal (9).

Breadth of lower extremity of ulna, 55 in. Vertical diameter of scapkoid,
5:1 in. Artero-posterior diameter of scaphoid, 3-9 in. Transverse diameter of
scaphoid, 2:1 in. Vertical diameter of semilunar, 2°9 in. Antero-posterior dia-
meter of semilunar, 5°2in. Transverse diameter of semilunar, 5°6 in. Vertical
diameter of cuneiform, 2°8 in. Antero-posterior diameter of cuneiform, 4°7 in,
Transverse diameter of cuneiform, 7° in. Vertical diameter of pisiform, 5:3 in.
Transverse diameter of pisiform, 3°4in. Antero-posterior diameter of pisiform,
2-1in. Vertical diameter of trapezium, 3°7 in. Transverse diameter of trape-
zium, 4°6 in. Antero-posterior diameter of trapezium, 3°3 in. Vertical diameter
of trapezoid, 2:3 in. Transverse diameter of trapezoid, 3°3 in. Antero-
posterior diameter of trapezoid, 3°5in. Vertical diameter of os magnum, 3:1 in.
Transverse diameter of os magnum, 3°2in. Antero-posterior diameter of os mag-
num, 4°8in. Vertical diameter of unciform, 3°3in. Transverse diameter of unci-
form, 5-in. Antero-posterior diameter of unciform, 4°3in. Transverse diameter of
medius metacarpal, 2°7in. Antero-posterior diameter of medius metacarpal, 4° in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Right scaphoid.
Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Left scaphoid.

Length, 5°6 in. Breadth, 3°8 in. Thickness, 2°6in.
Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Left seaphoid.
Length, 4°9 in. Breadth, 4:1 in. Thickness, 2°3 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 2°8 in. Breadth, 5:3 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5:in.
Figs. 7, 7a, and 7 b.—Left semilunar.

Height, 2°8in. Breadth, 4:°2in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°6 in.
Figs. 8, 8 a, and 8 b.—Right semilunar.

Height, 25in. Breadth, 4-4in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°5 in.
Figs. 9, 9a, and 9 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 2°7 in. Breadth, 4°4in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°5 in.
Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 3:in. Breadth, 54in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5-8 in.
Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 2°7in. Breadth, 44in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°8 in.
Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Left semilunar.

Height, 2‘7in. Breadth, 46in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4:2 in.
Figs. 13, 13 a, and 13 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 3° in. Breadth, 5°5in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5° in.
Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 b.— Left semilunar.

Height, 2°2 in. Breadth, 4°3in. | Antero-posterior diameter, 4:2 in.
Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 6.—Right semilunar.

Height, 2°6in. Breadth, 4°8 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5:1 in,
Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 6.—Right cuneiform.

Height, 2°lin. Transverse diameter, 53in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°3 in.

66 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Right cuneiform.

Height, 1-7in. Transverse diameter, 4°8in. Antero-posterior diameter, 3°3 in.
Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 6.—Right cuneiform.

Height, 2°6in. Transverse diameter, 5°Sin. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°4 in.
Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 6.—Right cuneiform.

Height, 2°8in. ‘Transverse diameter, 6°4in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4:4 in.
Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 6.—Right cuneiform.

Figs. 21, 21 a, and 21 6.—Left cuneiform.

Height, 2°5in. Transverse diameter, 5°2in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°3 in.

Figs. 22 and 22 a.—Left pisiform.

Height, 5:3 in. Breadth, 3°5 in. Thickness, 2°3 in.
Figs. 23 and 23 a.—Left pisiform.

Height, 5°1 in. Breadth, 2°8 in. Thickness, 2° in.
Figs. 24 and 24 a.—Left pisiform.

Height, 4°6 in. Breadth, 3° in. Thickness, 2° in.

Figs. 25 and 25 a.‘ Figured by mistake. Ought to have been

erased.’—[ H.F. ]

Figs. 26, 26 a, 26 6, and 26 c.—-Left trapezoid.

Height, 2°5 in. Breadth, 3° in.

Antero-posterior diameter, 4:1 in.

Figs. 27, 27 a, 27 b, and 27 c.—Right trapezoid.

Height, 2°5 in. Breadth, 3°2in.

Antero-posterior diameter, 4°3 in.

Puate LI.

Bones of anterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Figs. 1, la, 16, 1c, and 1 d.—Left os magnum.

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2b, 2c, and 2 d.—Left os magnum.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5°3 in,

Transverse, 3°6 in. Vertical, 4:4 in.

Figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 8c, and 3 d.—Left os magnum.

Antero-posterior diameter, 51 in.

Transverse, 8°8in. Vertical, 4°4 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4c, and 4 d.—Left os magnum.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5:2 in.

Transverse, 8°3in. Vertical, 4°4 in.

Figs. 5,5 a, 56, 5c, and 5 d.—Right os magnum.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5°6 in. Transverse, 4°3 in.
Figs. 6, 6a, 60, 6 ¢, and 6 d.—Left os magnum.

Antero-posterior diameter, 64 in.

Transverse, 5°8in. Vertical, 5:7 in.

Figs. 7, 7a, 7 6, and 7 c.—Right unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 4°7 in.

Transverse, 4'4in. Vertical, 4°7 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, 86, and 8 c.—Left unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5°6 in.

Transverse, 5° in. Vertical, 5:1 in.

Figs. 9, 9a, 9 6, and 9 c.—Left unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5: in.

Transverse, 4°6 in. Vertical, 3°8. in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 106, and 10 ¢.—Right unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 5:2 in,

Transverse, 5° in. Vertical, 4:7 in.

Figs. 11, 11 a, 11 6, and 11 ¢.—lLeft unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 4°7 in.

Transverse, 4°5in. Vertical, 4°2 in.

ee —— Se

eS | Se

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 67

Figs. 12, 12 a, 12 6, and 12 c.—Left unciform.

Antero-posterior diameter, 4° in, Transverse, 3°6 in. Vertical, 3-5 in.
Figs. 13, 18 a, and 13 6.—Left pollex metacarpal.
Length, 5:2in. Height of posterior surface, 3°8in. _ Breadth ditto, 2°3 in.
Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 6.—Right index metacarpal.

Length, 8°3 in. Breadth of posterior surface, 2°9 in.

Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 b.— Left index metacarpal.
Length, 6°8in. Height of posterior surface, 3°3in. Breadth ditto, 2° in.
Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 6.—Left index metacarpal.

Length, 6-9in. Height of posterior surface, 43in. Breadth ditto, 2°6 in.
Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Right medius metacarpal.

Length, 7°8 in. Height of posterior surface, 4° in, Breadth ditto, 2°8 in.
Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 6.—Right medius metacarpal.
Length, 8:5in. Height of posterior surface, 4°9in. Breadth of ditto, 3°8 in,
Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 6.—Right medius metacarpal.

Length, 8'6in. Height of posterior surface, 4°8in. Breadth of ditto, 3-4 in.
Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 6.—Right medius metacarpal.

Length, 10°in. Height of posterior surface, 5'in. Breadth of ditto, 4:6 in.
Figs, 21, 21 a, and 21 b.—Left annular metacarpal.

Length, 7-lin. Height of posterior surface, 3°9in. Breadth of ditto, 3-4 in.
Figs. 22, 22 a, and 22 b.—Left annular metacarpal.

Length, 8-in. Height of posterior surface, 3'8in. Breadth of ditto, 3°5 in.
Figs. 28, 23 a, and 23 6.—Left annular metacarpal.

Length, 7:3in. Height of posterior surface, 3°6in. Breadth of ditto, 3: in.
Figs. 24, 24 a, and 24 6.—Right minimus metacarpal.

Length, 6°in. Height of posterior surface, 2‘9in. Breadth of ditto, 2°6 in.
Figs. 25, 25 a, and 25 6.—Right minimus metacarpal.

Length, 7'4in. Height of posterior surface, 4-1in. Breadth of ditto, 4-4 in.
Figs. 26, 26 a, and 26 6.—Left minimus metacarpal.

Length, 7:°3in. Height of posterior surface, 3°6in. Breadth of ditto, 3-7 in.
Figs. 27, 27 a, and 27 6.—Right medius first phalanx.

Length, 4°3in. Height of posterior surface, 2°6in. Breadth of ditto, 3-9 in.
Figs. 28, 28 a, and 28 b.—Left annular first phalanx.

Length, 4-in. Height of posterior surface, 2°6in. Breadth of ditto, 3°6 in.
Figs. 29, 29 a, and 29 6.—Right medius metacarpal.

Length, 3°7in. Height of posterior surface, 2°3in. Breadth of ditto, 3:3 in.

Figs. 30, 50a, and 30 b.—Left medius metacarpal.
Length, 2°7in. Height of posterior surface, 1:8in. Breadth of ditto, 2°6 in.

PEATE M Elle

Bones of posterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Fig. 1.—Head, neck, and great trochanter of left femur.

Length of fragment, 20°in. Breadth of upper extremity, including great tro-
chanter, 15°7 in. Antero-posterior diameter of head, 7°5in. Transverse diameter
of broken extremity, 7°5in. Antero-posterior diameter of broken extremity, 3°6 in.

68 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 2,—Head, neck, and great trochanter of right femur.

Length, 17°5in. Breadth of upper end, 15-in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 7: in.

Fig. 3.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of right femur.

Length, 17-in. Breadth of upper end, 12-in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 6° in.

Fig. 4.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of right femur.

Length, 18°3in. Breadth of upper end, 13:in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 6°6 in.

Fig. 5.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of left femur.

Length, 15:in. Breadth of upper end, 11:°3in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head (imperfect), 6: in.

Fig. 6.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of right femur.

Length, 14°3in. Breadth of upper end, 14°7 in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 6°4 in.

Fig. 7.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of right femur.

Length, 18-in. Breadth of upper end, 12°in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 6°4 in.

Fig. 8.—Head, neck, and great trochanter of left femur.

Length, 13:in. Breadth of upper end, 15°in. Antero-posterior diameter of
head, 7°2 in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, 9b, and 9 c.—Lower end of right femur with articu-
lating surface.

Length, 17-6in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9:in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 8-5in. Ditto, externally, 8°d in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 10 6, and 10 c—Lower end of right femur with arti-
culating surface.

Length, 21:'4in. Transyerse diameter of lower end, 8°3in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 8°6in. Cireumference at fractured end, 13°7 in.

Figs. 11, 11 a, 11 6, and 11 c.—Lower end of right femur with arti-
culating surface.
Length, 13: in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9°4 in.
Figs. 12, 12 a, 12 b, and 12 c.—Lower end of left femur with arti-
culating surface.

Length, 13°7in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9°2in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 9°6in. Ditto, externally, 8-5in. Transverse diameter of
rotular surface, 4:°2in. Height in centre of ditto, 4:1 in.

Figs. 18, 15 a, 13 b, and 13 c.—Lower end of right femur with arti-
culating surface.

Length, 11-5in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 7°9in. Antero-posterior
diameter externally, 7-lin. Transverse diameter of rotular surface, 3°7 in.
Height in centre of rotular surface, 3°6 in.

Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 6.— Lower end of left femur, with articulating
surface.

Length, 14: in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 7°7 in.

Fig. 15.—Lower end of right femur with articulating surface.

Length, 17:in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9°6in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 10°4 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 69

Fig. 16.—Lower end of left femur with articulating surface.

Length, 86in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 8-3in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 7°8in. Ditto, externally, 7-1in. Transverse diameter of
rotular surface, 3°8 in. Height in centre of rotular surface, 3°8 in.

Fig. 17.—Lower epiphysis of left femur.

Transverse diameter, 8° in. Transverse diameter of rotular surface, 3°7 in.
Vertical diameter of rotular surface in centre, 3°8 in.

Fig. 18.—Lower articulating surface of right femur.

Length, 9°3 in. Transyerse diameter, 8-2 in. Antero-posterior diameter in-
ternally, 9°8in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 8-4in. Transverse dixmeter
of rotular surface, 3°8in. Vertical diameter of rotular surface in centre, 4°1 in.

Fig. 19.—Lower articulating surface of right femur.

Length, 13° in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9° in. Antero-posterior
diameter, externally, 8: in.

Fig. 20.—Lower end of left femur.

Length, 11l:in. ‘Transverse diameter of lower end, 7: in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 7-lin. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 6-4in. Trans-
verse diameter of rotular surface, 3°lin. Vertical diameter of rotular surface in
centre, 3°8 in.

Fig. 21.—Lower end of left femur.

Transverse diameter, 8°7 in. Antero-posterior diameter internally, 8°7 in.
Antero-posterior diameter externally, 7-9 in. Transverse diameter of rotular sur-
face, 4:1in, Vertical diameter of rotular surface in centre, 4°1 in. :

Fig. 22.—Lower end of right femur.

Length, 15-4in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 10°3 in.

Fig. 23.—Lower end of right femur.

Length, 11‘5in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9:2 in Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 9'4in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 83 in. Trans-
verse diameter of rotular surface, 4: in. Vertical diameter of rotular surface,
4-6 in.

Fig. 24.—Lower end of right femur.

Length, 10°8 in. ‘Transverse diameter of lower end, 8*1 in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 8°3in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 75in. Trans-
verse diameter of rotular surface, 4°2 in. Vertical diameter of rotular sur-
face, 4°1 in.

Fig 25.—Lower end of right femur.

Length, 11:in. Transverse diameter of Iower end, 8° in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 8:°3in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 7-6in. Height
of rotular surface, 3°7 in.

Fig. 26.—Lower end of right femur.

Transverse diameter of lower end, 9°5in. Antero-posterior diameter internally,
9:8in. Ditto, externally, 8°7 in.

Fig. 27.—Lower end of left femur.

Length, 11-2 in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 10°in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 10-1 in. Ditto externally, 9: in. Transverse diameter of
rotular surface, 5-1 in. Vertical diameter of rotular surface, 5° in.

Fig. 28.—Lower end of right femur.

Length, 135in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 9'4in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 106in. Ditto externally, 9-2 in.

70 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 29.—Lower end of left femur.

Length, 11‘'4in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 8:8in. Antero-posterior
diameter internally, 9°2in. Ditto externally, 7-6in. Transverse diameter of
rotular surface, 3°7 in. Vertical diameter of rotular surface in centre, 4° in.

Fig. 80.—Lower end of left femur.

Length, 15°in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 7°5 in.

IPE IOIOUL

Bones of trunk and posterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Fig. 1.—Fragment of pelvis, right side, showing acetabulum.
Length of fragment, 19'in. Great diameter of acetabulum 7-in. Lesser ditto,
6:5 in.
Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of pelvis showing acetabulum.
Length of fragment, 17: in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 6: in.

Fig. 3.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.

Length of fragment, 15°in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 7'6in. Lesser
ditto, 7°4 in.

Fig. 4.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.

Length of fragment, 17-in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 8:2in. Lesser
ditto, 7°6 in.

Fig. 5.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.

Length of fragment, 13°7in, Great diameter of acetabulum, 6:in. Lesser
ditto, 541m.

Fig. 6.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.

Length, 14° in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 7: in. Lesser ditto, 6°8 in.

Fig. 7.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.

Length, 16-2in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 7°5in. Lesser ditto, 7: in.

Fig. 8.—Fragment of pelvis, showing acetabulum.
Length, 18:in. Great diameter of acetabulum, 7°3in. Lesser ditto, 6°9 in.

Fig. 9.—Head, neck, and upper part of shaft of right femur.

Length of fragment, 35°5in. Breadth of upper extremity, including great tro-
chanter, 13:in. Antero-posterior diameter of articular surface, 71in, Smallest
transverse diameter, 5°6in. Antero-posterior diameter of shaft, 3-5 in.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Head of femur.

Greater diameter, 8:5 in. Lesser ditto, 7°8 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Lower end of right femur and articular surface
of Elephas primigenius.

Length of fragment (longer than the figure), 34°in. Breadth of lower end, 7:2 in.
Antero-posterior diameter internally, 7-9 in. Ditto externally, 66in. Height of
rotular surface in centre, 3°2in. Breadth of ditto, 3:1 in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Lower articulating end of right femur.

Breadth of lower extremity, 10°7 in.

Fig. 13.—Lower end of right femur of Klephas antiquus, from Walton
in Essex.

Breadth, 10:in. Antero-posterior diameter internally, 9°5in. Ditto externally,
8:8in. Height of rotular surface in centre, 4:1 in. Breadth of ditto, 4°4 in.

Figs. 14 and 14 a.—Upper end of left tibia.

Length of fragment, 10°7 in. Transverse diameter of upper end, 9°65 in.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 5°6 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 71

Figs. 15 and 15 a.—Upper end of right tibia.

Length, 13°5in. Transyerse diameter of upper end, 9°7in. Greatest antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 7°3 in.

Figs. 16 and 16 a.—Upper end of right tibia.

Length, 156in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity (imperfect), 9°3 in.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 7: in.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Upper end of right tibia.

Length, 12°7 in. Transyerse diameter of upper extremity, 8°2 in.
Fig. 18.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 9°7 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 7°3 in.

Fig. 19.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 9°6 in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 6°8 in.

Fig. 20.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
8 PP 5 5
Transverse diameter, 6°8 in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 5: in,

Fig. 21.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 7'4in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 5-2 in.

Fig. 22.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 7°3 in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 5°7 in.

Fig. 25.—Upper articulating surface of left tibia.

Transverse diameter, 8: in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 6°5 in.

Fig. 24.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 7°8in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 6° in.

Fig. 25.—Upper articulating surface of left tibia.
Transverse diameter, S* in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 5°5 in,

Fig. 26.—Upper articulating surface of left tibia.
Transverse diameter, 10: in. Greatest antero-posterior ditto, 7°2 in.

Figs. 27 and 27 a.—Upper end of left tibia.
Length, 9°6in. Transverse diameter of upper surface, 9°4in. Greatest antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 7: in.
Fig. 28.—Upper articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 7°4 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 6° in.
Fig. 29.—Upper articulating surface of left tibia.
Transverse diameter, 8-7 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 5°6 in.

Fig. 30.—Upper articulating surface of left tibia.
Transverse diameter, 10°in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 6°5 in.
Fig. 31.—Lower articulating surface of left tibia.
Transverse diameter, 8°7in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 6°7 in.
Figs. 32 and 32 a.—Lower end of left tibia.
Length of fragment, 9°5in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 6°9in. Antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 5:3 in.
Figs. 53 and 33 a.—Lower end of right tibia.
Length, 7°7in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 7°7in. Antero-posterior
diameter of ditto, 6:1 in.
Figs. 84 and 34 a.—Lower end of left tibia.

Length, 10°7in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 6'5in. Antero-posterior
diameter of ditto, 4°8 in,

72 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 35 and 35 a.—Lower end of right tibia.

Length, 7-5in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 7:7 in. Antero-posterior
diameter of ditto, 6° in.

Figs. 86 and 36 a.—Lower end of right tibia.

Length, 10°7in. Transverse diameter of lower end, 5°6in. Antero-posterior
diameter of ditto, 4° in.

Fig, 87.—Lower articulating surface of right tibia.

Transverse diameter, 7°3 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5°4 in.
Fig. 388.—Lower articulating surface of right tibia.

Transverse diameter, 6°1 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5:3 in.
Fig. 39.—Lower articulating surface of left tibia.

Transverse diameter, 6°4 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°5 in.
Fig. 40.—Lower articulating surface of left tibia.

Transverse diameter, 6:2 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 5-4 in.
Fig. 41.—Lower articulating surface of right tibia.

Transverse diameter, 6°65 in. Antero-posterior diameter, 4°9 in.

Fig. 42.—Lower articulating surface of right tibia.
Transverse diameter, 7° in.

Puate LIV.

Bones of posterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 1l:in. Height of cuboid surface, 2°6in. Breadth of ditto, 4°2 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Left caleaneum.

Length, 10°-lin. Height of cuboid surface, 2°6in. Projection of caleaneum,
52in. Breadth of cuboid surface, 4°2in. Length of fibular surface, 4°2 in.
Breadth of ditto, 2°3 in.

Figs. 38, 3 a, and 3 b.—Left caleaneum.

Length, 9°8in. Height of cuboid surface, 2°8in. Breadth of ditto, 3°9 in.
Projection of heel, 4°9 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 6.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 9°5in. Height of cuboid surface, 3°-lin. Breadth of ditto, 3-9 in.
Projection of heel, 5°3 in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 6.—Right caleaneum.
Length, 8°8 in. Projection of heel, 5:5 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 9°in. Height of cuboid surface, 2:7 in. Breadth of ditto, 3-5in. Pro-
jection of heel, 5-5 in.

Figs. 7, 7a, and 7 b.—Left calcaneum, imperfect.

Length of fragment, 8-lin. Height of cuboid surface, 2°7in. Breadth of
ditto, 3°3 in. :

Figs. 8, 8a, and 8 b.—Left calcaneum.

Length, 76in. Height of cuboid surface, 3:2 in. Breadth of ditto, 2°2in. Pro-
jection of heel, 4:9 in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 b.—Right caleaneum.
Length, 7°7 in. Projection of heel, 4°8 in.
Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.—Left caleaneum.
Length, 84in. Height of cuboid surface, 2-l1in. Breadth of ditto, 3:2 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 85 in.

Projecti

on of heel, 4°7 in.

Height of cuboid surface, 2°5 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Left caleaneum.

Length, 7°8 in.

Projection of heel, 4°5 in.

Figs. 18, 13 a, and 13 b.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 8°7 in.

Projecti

on of heel, 5:1 in.

Height of cuboid surface, 1°8 in.

Figs. 14, 14 a, and i4 b.—Left calcaneum.

Length, 8:1 in.

Projecti

on of heel, 4°7 in.

Height of cuboid surface, 2°3 in.

Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 6,—Right caleaneum.

Length, 8:3 in.

Projecti

Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 6.—Right calcaneum

on of heel, 4°8 in.

imperfect.

Length of fragment, 7 7 in.

3°6 in.
3:8 in.

Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Right caleaneum of Dinotherium.
Lencth, 13:in.

Breadth of ditto, 2.1 in.

Projection of heel, 6:8 in.

Breadth of ditto, 2°8 in.
Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Left astragalus.

Figs.
Figs.
Figs.
Figs.
Figs.
Figs.
Figs.

Figs.

19 and 19 a.— Right astragalus.
Length, 6°3 in. Breadth, 7: in.

20 and 20 a.—Left astragalus.
Length, 4°6 in.
21 and 21 a.—Left astragalus.
Length, 4°4 in.
22 and 22 a.—Left astragalus.
Length, 5°5 in.
23 and 23 a.—Right astragalus.
Length, 5:5 in.
24 and 24 a.—Left astragalus.
Length, 4°7 in.
25 and 25 a —Right astragalus.
Length, 5:2 in.
26 and 26 a.—Right astragalus.
Length, 5: in. Breadth, 6°3 in.

. 27 and 27 a.—Left astragalus.
Length, 5:3 in.
. 28 and 28 a.—Right astragalus.
Length, 4°3 in,

Figs. 29 and 29 a.—Left astragalus.

Length, 5:1 in.

Height of cuboid surface, 2°2 in.

Height of cuboid surface, 3°Lin.
Projection of heel, wanting epiphysis, 3°6 in.

Breadth, 4°7 in.
Breadth, 4°7 in.
Breadth, 6°4 in.
Breadth, 6:4 in.
Breadth, 5°7 in.

Breadth, 5:4in,

Breadth, 6°3 in.
Breadth, 4°8 in.

Breadth, 5°45 in,

Thickness, 4°4 in,

Thickness, 3°5 in.

Thickness, 2°8 in.

Thickness, 3°8 in.

Thickness, 4°4 in.

Thickness, 3°4 in.

Thickness, 3°6 in.

Thickness, 3°5 in.

Thickness, 4° in.

Thickness, 3° in.

Thickness, 3°5 in.

Breadth of ditto,

Breadth of ditto,

Breadth of ditto,

Breadth of ditto,

73

34 in,

3°4 In.

3:4 in.

lin.

of Mastodon Ohioticus,

Breadth of ditto,
Length of fibular surface,

Length of fibular surface, 4-6 in.

74 "FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 80 and 30 a.—Right astragalus.

Length, 5:5 in. Breadth, 6°5 in, Thickness, 4° in.
Figs. 31 and 31 a.—Left astragalus.

Length, 5°3 in. Breadth, 6°4 in. Thickness, 4°1 in.

Prawn ive

Bones of posterior extremity of Proboscidea.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, and 1 c.—Left caleaneum.

Length, 9°5 in. Height of cuboid surface, 2°2in. Breadth of cuboid surface,
4:in. Projection of heel (from posterior border of surface for astragalus to most
projecting part of calcaneal tuberosity) oblique, 6-2in. Projection direct, 3: in.
Height from lower surface to astragalar surface (ext.),6°3in. Breadth of fibular
surface, 2°5in. Length of fibular surface, 4-°2in. Length of astragalar surface,
4-7in. Breadth of astragalar surface 2-7 in.

Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2 c.—Left caleaneum of Klephas antiquus, from
Grays in Hssex.
Figs. 3, 3a, 3b, and 3 c.—Right caleaneum.

Length, 8:in. Height of cuboid surface, 2°2in. Breadth of ditto, 3-4in. Pro-
jection of heel (direct), 4-2in. Height externally, 4:9 in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Patella of Elephas antiquus from Grays in Essex.
Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Patella.
Length, 6°6 in. Breadth, 5:5 in. Thickness, 4°1 in.
Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Patella.
Length, 5: in. Breadth, 4°5 in. Thickness, 4° in.
Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Patella. .
Length, 5-2 in. Breadth, 4°4 in. Thickness, 3°3 in.
Figs, 8 and 8 a.—Patella.
Length, 5°6 in. Breadth, 4:4 in. Thickness, 3°4in.
Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Patella.
Length, 4°6 in. Breadth, 3°7 in. Thickness, 2°9 in.
Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 b.—Left ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 4°3 in. Breadth, 4°5 in. Thickness, 2°in.
Figs. 11, lla, and 11 6.—Left ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 4°4 in. Breadth, 4:8 in. Thickness, 1°8 in.
Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Left ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 4° in. Breadth, 3:8 in. Thickness, 1:9 in.
Figs. 138, 13 a, and 13 6.—Left ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 3°8 in. Breadth, 4°7 in. Thickness, 1°7 in.
Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 6.—Right ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 3°9 in. Breadth, 4°4 in. Thickness, 2:1 in.
Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 6.—Right ecto-cuneiform bone.
Height, 3°8 in. Breadth, 4:2 in. Thickness, 2-1 in.
Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 6.—Right index metatarsal.
Length, 5‘1in. Height of posterior surface, 3:in. Breadth of ditto, 2:1 in.
Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Right index metatarsal.
Length, 5°in. Height of posterior surface, 2°5in. Breadth of ditto, 1°7 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 75

Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 ).—Left medius metatarsal.

Length, 4:5in. Height of posterior surface, 1‘8in. Breadth of ditto, 2°3 in.
Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 6.—Right index metatarsal.

Length, 5-2in. Height of posterior surface, 2°6 in. Breadth of ditto, 1-7 in.
Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 6.—Left medius metatarsal.
Length, 5-6in. Height of anterior articular surface, 2°6in. Breadth of ditto, 2-din.
Figs. 21, 21 a, and 21 b.—Left medius metatarsal.

Length, 5°5in. Height of posterior surface, 2°4in. Breadth of ditto, 2°2 in.
Figs. 22, 22 a, and 22 6.—Left medius metatarsal.

Length, 5'in. Height of posterior surface, 2°7 in. Breadth of ditto, 2°1 in.
Figs. 23, 23 a, and 23 b.—Right medius metatarsal.

Length, 55in. Height of posterior surface, 3°1in. Breadth of ditto, 2°4 in.
Figs. 24, 24 a, and 24 b.—Left annularis metatarsal.

Length, 4:3in. Height of posterior surface, 2°-4in. Breadth of ditto, 1-7 in,
Figs. 25, 25 a, and 25 6.—Left annularis metatarsal.

Length, 5:in. Height of posterior surface, 2°7in. Breadth of ditto, 2°5 in.
Figs. 26, 26 a, and 26 b.—Right index first phalanx.

Length, 3°5in. Height of posterior surface, 2°8 in. Breadth of ditto, 3-3 in,
Figs. 27, 27 a, and 27 b.—Right index first phalanx.

Length, 2°8 in.

Figs. 28, 28 a, and 28 6.—Right index first phalanx.

Length, 2°2in. Height of posterior surface, 1-7 in. Breadth of ditto, 1-9 in.
Fies. 29, 29 a, and 29 6.—Right index first phalanx.

Length, 2°9in. Height of posterior surface, 2°lin, Breadth of ditto, 2°8 in.
Figs. 30, 30 a, and 30 6.—Left index first phalanx.

Length, 3-3in. Height of posterior surface, 2°5in, Breadth of ditto, 3-2 in.
Figs. 31, 31a, and 31 6.—Right index first phalanx.

Length, 2°5in. Height of posterior surface, 2:in. Breadth of ditto, 2°4 in.
Figs 32, 32 a, and 32 6.—Right medius first phalanx.

Length, 2°3in. Height of posterior surface, 1°6 in. Breadth of ditto, 2-1 in.
Figs. 33, 33 a, and 33 6.—Left annularis first phalanx. :

Length, 2°7in. Height of posterior surface, 2°1in. Breadth of ditto, 2°5 in.
Figs. 34, 34a, and 34 6.—Right annularis first phalanx.

Length, 3:lin. Height of posterior surface, 2°2in. Breadth of ditto, 2°4 in.
Figs. 85, 35 a, and 35 6.—Left annularis first phalanx.

Length, 3°5in. Height of posterior surface, 2°3 in. Breadth of ditto, 2-9 in.
Figs. 36, 36 a, and 36 b.—Right annularis first phalanx.

Length, 4*in. Height of posterior surface, 2°9in. Breadth of ditto, 3-in.

PrLate LVI.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 16, and 1e.—Elephas Namadicus. Lower end of right
femur with articulating surface. From the Valley of the Nerbudda
River. This is the specimen figured by Dr. Spilsbury, in Journ. As.
Soc., vol. x. p. 626, Plate A. fig. 3.—B.M.

Transverse diameter of inferior extremity, 10°7 in. Antero-posterior diameter of
inner surface of ditto, 11‘5in. Antero-posterior diameter of outer surface of ditto,

76 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

9-7 in. (from posterior margins of respective condyles to anterior margins of rotular
surface.) Length of rotular surface (in centre), 5°5in. Breadth of rotular surface
(in centre), 5°6 in. Circumference at commencement of fractured portion 13 in. above
inferior articular surface, 22° in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Hlephas Namadicus. Lower end of right tibia,
with articular surface ; from the Nerbudda.— B.M.

Greatest transverse diameter of inferior extremity, 7-4in. Greatest antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 6-lin. Projection downwards of the internal mal-
leolus, 1:4in. Circumference at broken end 9 in. above inferior surface, 12°6 in.

Figs. 3 and 38 a.—Elephas Namadicus, Upper end of right radius ;
from the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Greatest transverse diameter, 6°2in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 3°8 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4 b.—Elephas Namadicus. Dorsal. vertebra ; from
the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Height of body, anteriorly, 5-8in. Breadth of body, anteriorly, 5-6in. Length
of body, inferiorly, 2°4in. Spinal canal, height, anteriorly, 2°in. Spinal canal,
breadth, anteriorly, 3°in. Between extreme points of transverse processes, 12°8 in.
Anterior costal surface, height, 2°6 in. Anterior costal surface, breadth, 1-8 in.

Fig. 5.—Elephas Namadicus. Veit femur in three fragments. This
figure is copied from an illustration of Mr. J. Prinsep’s description of
a fossil found by Dr. Spilsbury in the Nerbudda Valley, near Nar-
sinhpoor (Journ. As. Soc., Aug. 1834, vol. ii. p. 896, Plate XXIV.
fig.3). The dimensions of the femur, while it remained whole and at-
tached to the rocky matrix, were as follows:—

Greatest length, 63:in. Circumference of the head, 27-in.; diameter of ditto,
8:°75in. Breadth from tip of great trochanter to inner edge of head, 18*in. Cir-
cumference of shaft at centre, 19°in. Breadth of condyles, 11: in.

Fig. 6—Elephas Namadicus. Fragments of right femur. The epi-
physis of the head is lost, but its place is shown by a dotted line. This
ficure is copied from the same scurce as the last. (Journ. As. Soc., vol. iil.
Plate XXIV. figs. 9 and 10. Fig. 6a. is lower end of the left femur
represented in fig. 5, and not of that in fig. 6, as might be inferred trom
dotted line in Plate.

Fig. 7.—Elephas Namadicus. Humerus; copied from the illustra-
tion of a paper by Dr. Spilsbury in Journ. As. Soc., June 1837, vol.
vi. p. 487, Plate XXX. fig. 1.

Fig. 8.—Elephas Namadicus. Bonesof pelvis with acetabulum, copied
from same source as fig. 7. (Plate XXX. figs. 5 and 6.)

Fig. 9.—Elephas Namadicus. Lower jaw, with molar incomplete at
left side. This specimen is also copied from an illustration of Mr. J.
Prinsep’s description of a fossil found by Dr. Spilsbury in the Nerbudda
Valley (Journ. As. Soc., Nov. 1833, vol. ii. p. 583, Plate XX. fig. 1).
The jaw is inverted in the drawing.

Length of tooth, 11°5in. Breadth, 3°5in. Length of grinding surface, 8°5 in.
Girth of jaw-bone, 24:in. Probable length from chin to condyle, 26° in.

A description of the locality where the Nerbudda fossils were found, with sec-
tional drawings, will be found in the paper above referred to.

Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of molar showing
four plates. The specimen is remarkable as coming from the Valley
of the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Length of molar, 4‘7in. Greatest breadth, 3-lin. Height of fragment, 6-in,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 77

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Elephas insignis. Fragment of molar, remark-
able as coming from the Valley of the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Length of fragment of grinding surface, 2°5in. Breadth of tooth at centre of
that fragment, 3° in.
Figs. 12 and 12 a—Elephas ? Fragment of molar containing
about nine plates; from the Nerbudda.—B.M.
Length, 5:2in. Breadth, 2:3 in.
Figs. 13 and 13 a.—Elephas ? Fragment of lower jaw, con-
taining portion of molar with about seven plates; from the Nerbudda.

Length of fragment of jaw, 11°3in. Greatest breadth of ditto, 5-2in. Height
opposite posterior border of molar, 4°5in. Length of tooth, 5%in. Greatest
breadth of ditto, 2°7 in.

Figs. 14, 14 a, and 14 b.— Elephas
six plates; from the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Length, 6-4in. Breadth, 4:1 in.

? Fragment of molar with

Pruate LVI.

Fig. 1.—Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) Paleindicus. (Fale. and
Caut.) Almost entire skull, viewed from above, with zygomatic arches
complete. Specimen from the Nerbudda in B.M. It shows well the
great saliency of the sagittal crest. There is a finer specimen in the
Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Fig. 1 a.—Lateral view of same skull, showing cavity of orbit, &c.
The great projection of the orbit above the plane of the frontal, charac-
teristic of the species, is well seen.

Fig. 1 b.—Same skull, palatine view, showing three molars, the fur-
thest back intact, the two next ground down; also the three premolars
on one side, and two on the other.

Fig. 1 ¢.—Occipital view of same skull, showing condyles and
foramen magnum, and the great saliency of the occipital crest.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—H. Paleindicus. Portion of upper jaw, right side,
with three molars.—B.M.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—H. Palaindicus. Portion of lower jaw, with
teeth.—B.M.

Fig. 4. —H. Paleindicus. Fragment of canine.—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—H. Paleindicus. Anterior portion of jaw with
alveoli of four incisors. The diameter of the alveoli of the central in-
cisors is much less than that of the external incisors—a fact which
refutes De Blainville’s opinion that the Nerbudda Tetaprotodon is
identical with the living African species. In the latter the middle in-
cisors are the largest.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—H. Paleindicus. Portion of lower jaw, with
grinders (three molars and two premolars) worn down.—B.M.
Figs. 7 and 7 a.—H. Paleindicus. Portion of lower jaw, with
two molars.—-B.M.
F

18 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 8.—H. Paleindicus. Lower canine.—B.M. .

Fig. 8 a.—H. Paleindicus. Transverse section of canine, of ovoid
shape.

Fig. 9.—H. Paleindicus. Last lumbarvertebra. Anterior view.—B.M.

Fig. 9a.—H. Paleindicus. Last lumbar vertebra. Viewed from above.

Fig. 9 0.—H. Paleindicus. Last lumbar vertebra. Lateral view.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 10 b, and 10 e.—Hippopotamus ( Hexaprotodon ) Irava-
ticus (Fale. and Caut.), from Ava. Anterior portion of the lower jaw,
different views. Shows the six incisor teeth characteristic of the sub-
genus.—B.M.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—ZH. Iravaticus. Fragment of jaw with alveoli, &e.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Namadicus. From
the Nerbudda. Anterior portion of lower jaw, showing the six
incisors.

Puate LVIII.

Fig. 1.—Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.),
from the Nerbudda. Lower jaw, viewed from above, showing molars,
canines, and siz incisors. —B.M.

Fig. 1 a.—Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Namadicus. Right lateral
view of same specimen.

Fig. 2.—H. Namadicus. Lower jaw, viewed from above. Showing
molars and premolars complete on left side, with portions of both canines
and of right outer incisor; also alveoli of five remaining incisors.—

B.M.
Fig. 2 b.—H. Namadicus. Lateral view of same specimen.

Fie. 3—H. Namadicus. Fragment of lower jaw viewed from above,
showing molars and premolars on one side, and portions of left canine
and all six incisors. —B.M.

Fig. 38 b.—H. Namadicus. Lateral view of same specimen.

Fig. 4. Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) Paleindicus. Fine specimen
of skull, incomplete; upper surface showing the zygomatic arches, and
the great prominence of the sagittal ridge. There is a still more perfect
specimen in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.—B.M.

Fig. 4 a.— Hippopotamus ( Tetraprotodon) Paleindicus. Lateral view
of same specimen, showing the great projection of the orbit above the
plane of the frontal.

Fig. 4 b.— Hippopotamus ( Tetraprotodon) Paleindicus. Palatine view
of same specimen, showing the three molars on both sides, well ground
down, and the left posterior premolar.

Figs. 5, 5 a, 5 b, and 5 c.—Hippopotamus Palwindicus. Four
different views of first dorsal vertebra.—B.M.

Fig. 6.—H. Paleindicus. Head, neck, and upper portion of shaft
of left femur, anterior view.—B.M.

Fig. 6 a.—H. Paleindicus. Posterior view of same specimen.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 79

Fig. 66.—H. Palwindicus. Same specimen viewed from above.

Fig. 7.—H. Paleindicus. Lower end of shaft, with articulating
extremity, of femur, posterior view.—B.M.

Fig. 7 a.—H. Palwindicus. Posterior view of same specimen.
Fig. 7 b.-—H. Paleindicus. Same specimen viewed from below.

Figs. 8, 8a, and 8b.—H. Paleindicus. Upper end of tibia. Anterior,
posterior, and upper views.—B.M.

Bias. 9. 9a, 90, and 9c.—H. Paleindicus. Entire tibia. Anterior,
posterior, upper and lower views.—B.M.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 10, and 10 c.—H. Paleindicus. Entire radius. An-
terior, posterior, upper and lower views.—B.M.

Prats LEX.

Fig. 1.—Aippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis. (Fale. and Caut.)
Fine specimen of entire skull from the Sewalik hills. Upper surface,
showing the zygomatic arches, sagittal crest, and muzzle. The hollow
between the muzzle and the zygomatic arch is remarkably abrupt, and
the occipital crest is very elevated.—B.M.

Fig. 1 a—H. Sivalensis. Palatine view of same specimen, showing
the three molars and four premolars, well ground, and the alveoli of
the canines and s’x incisors. The line of molars is seen to curve
slightly outwards towards the front and also behind. ‘The space be-
tween the most advanced molar and the canine is much shorter than
in the existing animal. There is a deep fissure in front between the
incisive bones.

Fig. 1b.—H. Sivalensis. Lateral view. The orbit projects but
slightly above the plane of the frontal, and in this respect the species
contrasts remarkably with that of the H. Palwindicus, Plate LVI. fig.
la, and Plate LVIII. fig. 4a. The orbit is also much more advanced
than in the existing Hippopotamus, and this accounts for the abrupt
hollow between the muzzle and zygomatic arch. The incisors, drawn
in outline, are seen to curve downwards.

Fig. 2.—H. Sivalensis. Another specimen of cranium, upper surface.
The right zygomatic arch is imperfect; the nasal sutures are more dis-
tinct than in fig. 1—B.M.

Fig. 2a.—H. Sivalensis. Palate view of same specimen, showing
three molars and four premolars on either side. Posteriorly the molar
lines curve less out than in fig. 1, and the teeth are somewhat less
worn.

Fig. 3.—H. Sivalensis. Another specimen of cranium, upper sur-
face. Both zygomatic arches are imperfect.—B.M.

Fig. 3a.—H. Sivalensis. Palate view of same specimen, showing
three molars and four premolars on either side. The teeth are less
ground than in figs. 1 and 2. The trefoil wear of the coronals of each
pair of collines is well seen.

Fr 2

80 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

PLATE LX:

Fig. 1.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of posterior portion of skull ;
upper surface; showing occipital ridge and left zygomatic arch.—B.M.

Fig. 1 a.—Under surface of same specimen.

Fig. 1 b.—Lateral view of same specimen.

Fig. 2.—H. Sivalensis. Fine specimen of cranium, with occipital
ridge, and nasal sutures distinct, and both zygomatic arches intact.—

B.M.

Fig. 2. a.—Lateral view of same specimen, showing lower jaw 7
situ. The slight elevation of the orbit above the plane of the frontal
is also seen.

Fig. 2 b.—Posterior view of same specimen, showing occipital ridge,
condyles, and foramen magnum.

Fig. 3.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of posterior part of another skull
with both zygomatic arches.—B.M.

Fig. 3a.—Palatine view of same specimen, showing posterior and
part of middle molar, on either side.

Fig. 3 6.—Lateral view of same specimen.
Fig. 3 c.—Occipital, or posterior, view of same specimen.

o
Fie. 4.—H. Sivalensis. Another specimen of cranium deficient in
muzzle and right zygomatic arch ; upper surface. :

o

Fig. 4 a.—Palatine view of same specimen, showing three molars and
one premolar, on either side, much worn.

Fig. 4 b.—Lateral view of same specimen, showing the slight ele-
vation of the orbit.

Fig. 4 c.—Posterior, or occipital, view of same specimen.

Puate LXI.

Fig. 1.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of young skull, showing muzzle ;
under surface showing molars and canines and alveoli of premolars.—
B.M.

Fig. 1 a—Upper surface of same specimen.
Fig. 1 d.—Same specimen; lateral view.

Fig. 2.—Hippopotamus Sivalensis. Skull, imperfect; palatal view.
—B.M.

Fig. 2 a.—Lateral view of same specimen.

Fig. 8.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, right side, viewed
from above. The molar line is seen to curve outwards, both in front
and behind, as in the upper jaw.

Fig. 3 a.—Lateral view of same fragment. The condyle, coronoid
process, and the descending process are broken off. The lower margin
is straight.

Figs. 4 and 4. a.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, upper and
lateral surface. The alveolar ridge on right side is very perfect, and

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 81

shows three molars and three premolars, with a portion of the canine.
The condyle, coronoid process, and descending process are wanting.
The lower margin is straight:—B.M.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—H. Sivalensis. Lower jaw, more perfect ; viewed
from above and also laterally. The alveolar ridges on both sides are
perfect, and comprise three molars and three premolars, and also the
alveolus of a fourth premolar. Both canines are broken off; but the
right one is tolerably perfect, and is seen to curve back slightly at its
tip. The incisive ridge is perfect, but the teeth are wanting. The
width across the muzzle from the outer side of one canine alveolus to
that of the other is greater, and the width of the jaw over the penulti-
mate false molar is less, than in H. amphibius. The condyle, coronoid
process, and descending ramus are wanting. The lower margin is

straight.—B.M.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—H. Sivalensis. Lower jaw, viewed from above and
also laterally. The posterior molars on both sides are wanting; but
the two anterior molars and three premolars, on either side, and the two
canines and s7z incisors are present. The space between the anterior
premolar and the canine is very contracted. The right canine is very
perfect. The anterior angle of the jaw below the canines is more
abrupt, and the depth of the body of the jaw more regular, than in H.
amphibius. The coronoid process is present, but the condyle and
descending portion are wanting. The coronoid process is not projected
so much forward as in H. amphibius.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment showing symphysis of
lower jaw, with canines and incisors remarkably perfect. The hori-
zontal direction of the szx incisors and the peculiar curve of the canines
upwards and slightly backwards are well seen. The incisors are of nearly
equal dimensions, and the two central ones are not larger, as in J.
amphibius; they are cylindrical, and inclined outwards at an obtuse
angle to the plane of the grinding surface; their ends are truncated.
They are much larger than in the specimen shown in fig. 6, so that the
animal was probably an adult male.—B.M.

Fig. 8.—H. Sivalensis. Large descending process of ramus of lower
jaw, detached. This remarkable appendage for the attachment of the
masseter and temporal muscles, peculiar to the genus, is even more
developed than in H. amphibius; it is less tapering and more deep and
massive in its proportions; the posterior margin is more round, and
the anterior, which in H. amphibius is curved and pointed forwards, is
here blunt and unmarked by any peculiarity of form. ‘The process is
inclined outwards, and its outer surface is as marked for the reception
of muscles as in the living Hippopotamus.—B.M.

Fig. 9.—H. Sivalensis. Another specimen of descending process of
ramus of lower jaw.

Fig. 10.—Anterior portion of palate, with s/x incisors, and with
three premolars on right side, and two on left.— B.M.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Anterior portion of palate with canine and twa
premolars ; viewed from above, and also laterally.—B.M.

82 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

PuatTeE LXII.

Fig. 1.—Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis. Left side of
lower jaw, viewed from above, with three molars and the three pos-
terior premolars. The trefoil wear of the coronals of each pair of
collines is well seen. The fragment is broken off in front of the second
premolar. The drawing shows the descending process of the jaw.

Fig. 2.—H. Sivalensis. Right side of lower jaw, with three molars
and four premolars. The specimen is remarkable as showing the first
or foremost premolar, which in most of the specimens is wanting. The
canine is absent, but the three right incisors are present. The teeth
are less worn than in fig. 1, the posterior molar being intact.—B.M.

Fig. 3.—H. Sivalensis. Left side of lower jaw, viewed from above,
showing the two anterior molars, and a portion of the third or posterior
molar; also the four premolars, the fourth or posterior one being very
small. Both the molars and premolars are well ground, so that the
animal was probably old, The specimen also shows the canine tooth
broken off, and the alveoli of the three left incisors.—B.M.

Fig. 4.—H. Sivalensis. Anterior margin of lower jaw, showing the
six incisors, all about the same size, with the two canines incomplete.
—B.M.

Fig. 4a.—H. Sivalensis. Vertical section from side to side through
anterior portion of lower jaw, with sections through the six incisors
and two canines, showing the relative position of their alveoli—B.M.

Fig. 5.—H. Sivalensis. Premolar from lower jaw.—B.M.
Fig. 6.—H. Sivalensis. Premolar from lower jaw.—B.M.

Figs. 7, 7a, and 7 b.—H. Sivalensis. Upper canine deeply grooved
along posterior surface and obliquely truncated in front. The trans-
verse section (7 b) presents a reniform outline.—B.M.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of upper canine with
truncated anterior extremity and reniform outline on section.—B.M.

Figs. 9 and 9a.—H. Sivalensis. Fragment of upper canine, with
truncated anterior extremity and reniform outline on section.

Fig. 10.—H. Stvalensis. Lower canine, curved upwards and slightly
backwards at tip. The point obliquely truncated on its posterior
surface. The form of the tooth is such as to present a pyriform outline
when cut across.—B.M.

Fig. 11.—Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) Paleindicus. Fragment of
lower jaw, right side, with three molars and the three posterior pre-
molars. The hindmost molar is intact; those in front are moderately
worn. The fourth or hindmost premolar is very small—deciduous.
— bv.

Fig. 12.—H. Paleindicus. Fragment of lower jaw, with three
molars and three posterior premolars. The teeth are more ground
than in fig. 11.

Figs. 13 and 13 a.—Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) major. Upper
canine, obliquely truncated at front, with cordate outline on section.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 83

Figs. 14 and 14a.—Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) amphibius.
Upper canine, truncated in front, with reniform outline on section.

Fig. 15.—Merycopotamus dissimilis. (Fale. and Caut.) Lower jaw,
right side, with three molars, four premolars, portion of canine, and
alveoli of incisors. The teeth exhibit a ruminant-like pattern of wear
in the crown which is characteristic of the genus.

Fig. 16.—Merycopotamus dissimilis. Lower jaw, right side. Larger
specimen than fig. 15, with three molars, fourth molar, and canine.
The alveoli of three anterior premolars and three incisors are seen.
—B.M.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Merycopotamus dissimilis. Molars showing well
the rugous surface of the enamel, the basal cingulum, and the rumi-
nant-like pattern of wear characteristic of the genus—B.M.

Fig. 18.—Merycopotamus dissimilis. Molar.

Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 6.—This tooth was found in the Kalowala
Pass by Capt. (now Sir Proby) Cautley, and is figured by Royle in
‘Tlustrations of Botany of the Himalayah Mountains’ (vol. ii. Plate
III. figs. 12, 18, 14, and 15), as the tooth of an Anthracotherium. In
several of Dr. Falconer’s published papers reference is made to the oc-
currence of Anthracotherium among the Sewalik fossils (See Synopsis
of Sewalik Fossils, in Journ. As. Soc., vol. iv. p. 706, and first paper
on Monkey, Geol. Trans., vol. v. 2nd series, p. 503 ; and also note, p. 88.)
The specimen, however, is not named on the Plate, and differs from
Anthracotherium.—B.M.

Puate LXIII.

Vertebre of Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Seven cervical vertebre in position, viewed an-
teriorly and laterally.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 26.—Atlas. Upper, lower, and anterior views.
—B.M.

Figs. 3, 3a, and 36.—Atlas. Upper, lower, and lateral views.—

B.M.

_ a 4, 4a, and 46.—Atlas. Upper, lower, and anterior views.—-
Figs. 5, 5a, 56, and 5¢.—Axis. Four different views.—B.M.
Figs. 6, 6a, 66, and 6c.—Axis. Four different views.—B.M.
Figs. 7, 7a, 76, and 7¢.—Axis. Four different views.—B.M.
Figs. 8 and 8 a.— Axis. Anterior and lateral views.—B.M.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Axis. Anterior and lateral views.—B.M.
Figs. 10 and 10 a.—Axis? Upper and lateral views.—B.M.

Figs. 11, lla, and 11 6.—Sixth ? cervical vertebra. Upper, lower,
and lateral views.—B.M.

Figs. 12, 12a, and 12 6.—Third cervical vertebra. Upper lower,
and lateral views.—B.M.

84 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

PiaTe LXIV.
Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis.

Figs. 1 to 12.—Vertebre, mainly dorsal and lumbar. Fig. 1 is a
cervical vertebra; fig. 2 is the 5th cervical; fig. 3 is an anterior (1st?)
dorsal; fig. 4 is the second dorsal; fig. 5 is the fourth dorsal; fig.
6 is the second dorsal; fig. 7 is the fifth dorsal; fig. 8 is the seventh
dorsal; fig. 9 is the fourth and fifth dorsals, united, with a fragment
of rib on each side; fig. 10 is the eighth dorsal; and figs. 11 and 12
are lumbar vertebre.—B.M.

Figs. 18, 13 a, 14, and 14a.—Bones of sacrum, different views.—
B.M.

Figs. 15, 15a, and 150.—Sacrum. Anterior and lateral view.—
B.M.

Fig. 16.—Fragment of ilium.—B.M.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Portion of pelvis, showing acetabulum. Two
different views.—B.M.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Portion of pelvis, showing acetabulum. Two
different views.—B.M.
PuiaTte LXV.
Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis. Bones of the anterior
extremity.
Figs. 1, 1 a, and 16.—Fragment of scapula, three different views,
showing spine, upper margin, and glenoid cavity.—B.M.
Figs. 2 and 2a.—Fragment of scapula, less perfect, showing spine
and glenoid cavity. —B.M.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Fragment of scapula with spine and glenoid cavity.
—B.M.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Fragment of scapula with spine and glenoid cavity.
—B.M.

Fig. 5.—Glenoid cavity of scapula.—B.M.

Figs. 6 to 8.—Three specimens of upper articulating extremity of
humerus; three views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Shows the bones of the elbow joint, the lower end
of the humerus, and the upper end of the radius and ulna.—B.M.

Figs. 10 to 13.—Show four different specimens of lower end of
humerus; three views of each specimen.—B.M.

_ Figs. 14 and 15.—Two fragments showing upper articulating end of
ulna; two views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 16, 16 a, 166, and 16 ¢.—Single bone of fore-arm, nearly per-
fect.—B.M.

Figs. 17 and 17 «.—Upper end of fore-arm.—B.M.
Fig. 18.—Lower end of fore-arm.—B.M.

Figs. 19 and 19 a—Lower end of radius and ulna, with bones of
carpus :—a. scaphoid; 6. semilunar; ¢. cuneiform; d. pisiform in

a

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, 85

outline ; e. trapezium in outline; f trapezoid in outline; g. os magnum
in outline; h. cuneiform in outline.—B.M.

Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 4.—Lower end of radius and ulna.—B.M.

Fig. 21.—Carpal bones in situ :—a. scaphoid; 6. semilunar in out-
line ; c. cuneiform; /. trapezoid in outline; g.os magnum ; h. cuneiform.

Figs. 22 to 26.—Carpal bones detached; three views of each.
Fig. 22.—Right scaphoid.—B.M.

Fig. 23.—Right semilunar.

Fig. 24.—Right cuneiform.—B.M.

Fig. 25.—Right os magnum.—B.M.

Fig. 26.—Right cuneiform.

Figs. 27 to 832.—Metacarpal bones and phalanges.—B.M.

Figs. 33, 33 a, and 33 6.—Lower end of united radius and ulna,
right side. This specimen is remarkable, as being from Ava.—B.M.

PuaTe LXVI.
Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Sivalensis. Bones of posterior
extremity.
Figs. 1, 1 a, 1b, and 1 c.—Left femur, entire. —B.M.
Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Upper end of left femur.—B.M.
Figs. 3, 8 a, and 38 b.—Upper end of right femur.—B.M.

Figs. 4, 5, and 6.—Three fragments showing lower end of femur ;
three views of each specimen.—B.M.

Figs. 7, 8, and 9.—Three patelle; two views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 10, 11, and 12.—F ragments showing upper extremity of tibia ;
three views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 138, 18 a, 13 5, and 13 c.—Entire tibia.—B.M.

Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17.—Fragments showing lower end of tibia ;
three views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Lower end of tibia and fibula, with bones of
tarsus :—a. astragalus; c. caleaneum ; ¢. scaphoid.

Figs. 19 and 19 a.—Calcaneum.—B.M.
Figs. 20 to 25.—Bones of tarsus, detached.—B.M.
Figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24.— Represent different specimens of

astragalus; three views of each.
Figs. 25, 25 a, and 25 b.—Left cuboid bone.
Figs. 26, 26 a, 26 6, 27, and 27 a.—Metatarsal bones.—B.M.

Puate LXVII.

Merycopotamus dissimilis. (Fale. and Caut.)

Fig. 1.—Var. major. Upper surface of cranium, the anterior portion,
or muzzle, broken off.—B.M.

86 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 1 a.—Uateral view of same specimen. The orbit is not elevated
above the plane of the frontal.

Fig. 1 6.—Palatine view of same specimen, showing three molars and
one premolar. The absence of the trefoil wear of the coronals is to be
noted. Each pair of collines takes a crescentic form outwards, not un-
like that of ruminants, and the grinding surface slopes outwards, as in
the description given by Cuvier of Hippopotamus minutus.*

Fig. 1 c.—Posterior or occipital view of same specimen.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2b.—WM. dissimilis (var. major). Imperfect cranium
including muzzle. Lateral, upper, and palatal views. —B.M.

Figs. 3, 3a, and 3 b.—WM. dissimilis (var. major). Cranium ; upper,
palatine, and lateral views, showing three molars, four premolars, and
canines. The second left and first right premolars have dropped out.
The left canine is seen to be remarkably curved downwards, first out-
wards and forwards, and then slightly backwards.—B.M.

Figs. 4,4 a, 4b, and 4¢.—M. dissimilis (var. major). Lower jaw,
right side; outer, upper, and inner views. The alveoli of three in-
cisors and first three premolars are empty ; the three molars and fourth
premolar are present, but, excepting hindmost molar, are well worn ;
the canine is curved upwards and outwards and slightly backwards at
the tip; it is pear-shaped on section, as in Hipp. Sivalensis. The de-
scending process is well seen, and is separated from the horizontal ramus
by a considerable indentation. The anterior extremity of the horizontal
ramus is much more oblique than in H. Sivalensis, and the junction of
the lower with the anterior margin, corresponding to the lower end of
the symphysis, is marked by a distinct tuberosity or projection down-
wards (7). One large mentary foramen is seen on outer surface below
the fourth molar, and between this and the canine the bone is deeply
channelled; the molar ridges are almost parallel, and there is very little
widening of the symphysial portion of the jaw. The great peculiarity
of the jaw is the general slenderness of its proportions and the inequality
of its depth. From the descending process it first becomes deeper, and
then it gradually diminishes towards the symphysis. In Hipp. Sivalensis
the jaw is straight, thick, and massive, as in Plate LXI. 3, 4, 5.—B.M.

Figs. 5,5 a, and 5b.—WM. dissimilis (var. minor?). Cranium; upper,

1 «Jn the true molars of the Meryco-
potamus, the inner demi-cones are simply
convex, and the two grooves on the outer
ares form a deep external depression, at
the bottom of which is the convex ridge.
The antero-posterior cleft, instead of
being straight, as in the Hippopotamus,
forms two bends convex inwards, and
thus the symmetrical pattern of the
Hippopotamic molar is converted into
the double-crescentic are of the Rumi-
nant molar. The cement at the bottom
of the valleys is thinner than in the
Ruminants ; the enamel is as rugose as
in the Giraffe or Sivathere; but the

strong ragged ridge along the inner half
of the base of the crown forms the chief
distinction between the molars of the
Merycopotamus and those of the Rumi-
nant. The teeth in the lower jaw make
a similar approximation to the Rumi-
nant type, but the anterior and posterior
primary divisions are separated by a
wider cleft; the last molar has a third
hinder lobe; the lower molars are im-
planted by two roots. The forms, pro-
portions, and relative position of the
canines and incisors closely accord with
the Hippopotamic type of these teeth.’
Owen's ‘Odontography,’ i. 566.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 87

palatine, and lateral views. The left zygomatic arch is almost complete;
the right is absent. The molars, premolars, and right canine are well
seen ; the incisor ridge is mutilated. ‘The molar ridges are parallel ;
the whole jaw tapers forward, and there is no widening of its anterior
extremity, and no abrupt angle between the line of the jaw and the
zygomatic arch.—B.M.

Fig. 6.—M. dissimilis (var.minor?). Lower jaw, right side, com-
prising the horizontal and part of the ascending ramus, with the ex-
panded disc below. The three molars are in situ. The premolars
have dropped out, but their alveoli are seen. The canine is also in
situ, but broken off. The molars in the original exhibit well the rugous
surface of the enamel, with the basal cingulum and the ruminant-like
pattern of wear on the crown which are characteristic of the genus,
which is nearly allied to Anthracotherium in the teeth. The colline
apices of the molars are more widely separated than in other Hippo-
potami. The specimen from which this figure is taken is in the
Museum of the Asiatic Society at Calcutta (Sewalik series, No. 246),
and is described by Dr. Falconer in the Catalogue of the Museum.
—Cast in B.M.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 b.—M. dissimilis (Var. minor ?). Fragment of lower
jaw, right side, with molars and premolars in situ. The alveoli of the
canine and three incisors are seen in the broken surface in front. The
ascending ramus and descending process are broken off. The large
mentary foramen and deep channel in front are very distinct.—B.M.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—WM. dissimilis. Fragment of anterior portion of lower
jaw, left side, with very perfect canine.

Piate LXVIII.
Figs. 1 to 18.—Merycopotamus dissimilis.

Figs. 1 and 2.—Two fragments of pelvis with acetabulum; two
views of each.—B.M.

Figs. 3, 38a, and 3 b.—Upper end of right femur.—B.M.
Figs. 4, 4a, 4b, and 4 c.—Lower end of femur.—B.M.
Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 b.—Upper end of tibia. —B.M.

Figs. 6, 6a, 6 5, and 6 c.—Fragment of caleaneum.—B.M.
Figs. 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, and-7 d.—Calcaneum.—B.M.

Figs. 8, 8a, 8 b, and 8 c.—Calcaneum.—B.M.

Figs. 9, 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9 d.— Astragalus. —B.M.

Fig. 10.—Calcaneum and astragalus in situ..

Figs. 11 and 12.—T wo specimens of upper end of humerus; three
views.—B.M.

Figs. 13, 13 a, 13 b, 13 ¢c, and 13 d.—Lower end of humerus.—B.M.

Figs. 14, 14 a, 146, and 14 c.—Four different views of radius of
Merycopotamus dissimilis—B.M.

Fig. 15.—Fragment of occiput, showing condyles and occipital crest.
—B.M.

Fig. 16.—Fragment of lower jaw.

88 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Lower jaw, anterior portion, both sides, showing
absence of any widening of symphysis.—B.M.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Incisive ridge.—B.M.
Figs. 19, 19a, 196, and 19 c.—Hipp. Sivalensis. Calcaneum.—B.M.
Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 b.—Hipp. Sivalensis. Astragalus. —B.M.

Fig. 21.—Hipp. Sivalensis. Calecaneum and astragalus, placed in
situ.

Figs. 22 and 22 a.—Anthracotherium Silistrense. Molars in Museum
Geol. Soc.

Figs. 23 and 23 a.—Anthracotherium Silistrense. Molars in Museum
Geol. Soc.

Fig. 24.—Anthracotherium Velaunum. Molars in Mus. Geol. Soc.
Fig. 25.—Anthracotherium Velaunum. Molars in Mus. Geol. Soc.

The Anthracotherium, like the closely allied Merycopotamus, formed
a link connecting the Hippopotamus with the Ruminants. The molars,
however, depart less from the Hippopotamic type than in Meryco-
potamus.*

PuLatTe LXIX.

Figs. 1, la, 16, and 1 e.—Sus giganteus (Fale. and Caut.). Upper,
palatal, lateral, and occipital views of skull. The zygomatic arches
are perfect. There are three molars on either side, and also the last
premolar. The specimen is broken off in front of the last premolar.
‘The extreme distance between the zygomata is much greater than in
Sus scrofa. The sub-orbital foramina are large, and the bone is deeply
channelled in front. From the Sewalik hills.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 11‘7 in. Between the most distant points of the zygomata,
8°5 in. Between the post-orbital processes, 5'1in. Least breadth of cranium
between temporal fosse, 1:-lin. Height of occipital facet from lower border of
occipital foramen, 6°5in. Height of occipital foramen, -9in. Breadth of ditto,
l-in. Breadth of occipital condyle, 1:3in. From lower border of occipital foramen
to posterior border of palate, 3°8in. Height of cranium at sub-orbital foramen
from palate, 3:1in. Breadth of ditto superiorly, 2°4in. Least breadth of occipital
facet, 3°5in. Width of posterior nares, *7in. Length of three true molars, 3:2 in.
Of ditto, including last premolar, 3°7in. Width of palate, posteriorly, 1:7in. Of
ditto, anteriorly, 1-5in. Greatest breadth of alveoli, 1-3in. Height of posterior
nares, 1‘7in. Greatest diameter of orbit, 1-7 in.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 2 b.—Sus giganteus. Fragment showing anterior
portion of skull broken off about the line of the sub-orbital foramina.
Upper, lateral, and palatine views. The three molars and two last pre-
molars are well seen, and are less ground than in fig. 1.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9°in. Width superiorly at sub-orbital foramen, 2°2 in.
Height, from palate, 4:in. Length of three true molars, 3°7in. Of ditto, including

two last premolars, 5-1 in. Width of palate posteriorly, 1-6 in. Of ditto, anteriorly,
1:4in. Greatest width of alveoli, 1:3 in.

1 Dr. F. was at one time inclined to | rium Velaunum; that is to say, he mis-
regard the Merycopotamus as identical | named his specimen from imperfect ma-
in genus with the Anthracotherium Ve- | terials. I havehadthe twoheadschiselled
launum of Cuvier. On Dec. 6, 1848, he | out,and intend describing them underthe
wrote thus to Capt. Cautley: ‘What do | name of a new genus Merycopotamus
you think! Our Hippo. dissimilis is iden- | (merico, from the resemblance of the
tical in genus with Cuvier’s Anthracothe- | teeth to those of a Ruminant).’

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES, 89

Figs. 8, 3 a, and 3 6.—Sus giganteus. Cranium. Upper, palatal, and
lateral views. The right zygoma is imperfect, and the left is almost
absent; but, in other respects, the cranium is more perfect than in figs.
1 or 2. There are three molars and three premolars on either side.
The incisive alveoli and the tuberosity and alveolus of the right
canine are also present.— B.M.

Length of fragment, 14°3in. Width of cranium superiorly at sub-orbital fora-
men, 1‘8in. Height of ditto from palate, 3:3in. Length of canine tuberosity,

4-in. Length of molar series, 5-6in. Length of three true molars, 3°5in. From
posterior border of palate to anterior margin of incisive alveolus, 7‘6in. From
posterior border of palate to posterior angle of incisive foramen, 8:7in. Diasteme

between canine and external incisor, 1-in. Width of palate posteriorly, 1:2 in.
Ditto between canines, 2:in. Greatest width of alveoli, 1:2 in.

Fig. 4.—Sus giganteus. Lower jaw, right side. The ascending
ramus is mostly absent. Shows three molars and three premolars, with
canine and incisive alveoli.

Length of fragment, 11‘5in. Height of horizontal ramus, 2:in. Thickness of
ditto, 1:-7in. Length of symphysis superiorly, 3°3in. Length of three true molars,
3°5in. Length of ditto, with three posterior premolars, 5-in. Interval between
first and second premolars, ‘9in. Interval between second premolar and canine,
1:5in. Between canine tuberosities, 3°9in. Width between molars posteriorly,
15in. Between ditto anteriorly, 1-7 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Sus scrofa (var. Indicus).
lower jaw, not fossil. Upper and lateral views.
natural size.—B.M.

Entire skull, with
One-third of the

PLATE LXX.

Figs. 1 and la.—Sus (Hippohyus) Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.).!
Cranium. Upper and palatal views. Except that the zygomatic arches
are absent, the specimen is very perfect. Shows three molars and two
last premolars on either side, with alveoli of canines and six incisors.
The sub-orbitary and incisive foramina are well marked.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 9°2in. From post. plane of occipital condyles to
anterior margin of incisive alveolus, 9°in. From lower border of occipital foramen
to post. border of palate, 2°3in. From post. border of palate to posterior border of
incisive foramen, 5-4in. Width of palate between second molars, 1-lin. Width of

ditto between inner margins of canine alveoli, 1-05 in.
anterior angles of middle incisive alveoli, ‘7 in.
Length of the three true molars, 2°7 in. Dias-

Length of the molar series, 4°3 in.

1 «Jn this extinct genus of quadrupeds
from the Himalayan tertiary deposits,
the dental formula shows incisors <=
and corresponds with that of the Chero-
potamus in the number of canines, pre-
molars and molars; but the true molars
have a more complex crown, approaching
nearer to those of the typical Suid@ in
the depth and number of the secondary
enamel folds. Each upper true molar
has its crown cleft by the common or
primary crucial valleys, the transverse
one passing somewhat obliquely from
within forwards and outwards. Hach of
the four principal lobes is subdivided,
not by a vertical central depression,

Width of ditto between
Greatest width of alveoli, ‘8 in.

but by a fold penetrating its anterior
and posterior margins. The enamel at
first shows additional minor plications,
but is worn down to the simpler pattern
above described; the outer lobes are
convex externally. The first premolar
is very small and simple, separated by
an interval of its own breadth from the
second; both this and the third have
transversely compressed crowns; the
fourth has a sub-trihedral crown. The
Hippohyus equalled in size the Chero-
potamus, but exhibits as strong a ten-
dency towards the Hippopotamoid family
as that does towards the plantigrade
Carnivora. —Owen’s ‘Odontography,’ vol.
1. p. 562.

90 : FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

tema between first and second premolars, ‘2in. Length of incisor ridge on one
side, 15in. Breadth of nasal ridge at sub-orbital foramina, 1-2in. Between post-
orbital processes, 2°5 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Sus Hysudricus (Fale. and Caut.). From Sewalik
hills. Anterior portion of skull broken off about sub-orbitary foramina.
Shows three molars and three premolars and canine in situ.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 5°7in. Height from palate opposite sub-orbital foramen,
2:2in. Length of three true molars, 1°8in. Length of ditto and three posterior
premolars, 3°3in. Diastema between first and second premolars, ‘lin. Length of
whole molar series, 4° in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Sus Hysudricus. Lower jaw. The ascending
ramus and the incisive and canine alveoli are absent. Shows three
molars and four premolars.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 6°4in. Height of jaw opposite second molar, 2° in.
Length of three molars, 3°in. Ditto of entire molar series, 5:3 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4 b.—Sus giganteus. Superior, palate, and side
views of cranium. The specimen is imperfect and mutilated. Pos-
teriorly it is broken off behind the orbit. Anteriorly it is also frac-
tured in front of the first molar, but the anterior fragment is joined on.
The specimen shows the two anterior molars and the third molar in
germ.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 8-in. Length of palate, 5'5in. Height from palate at sub-
orbital foramen, 1:8 in. Width of cranium superiorly at ditto ditto, 1-in. Length
of exposed molar series, 3'in. Of first and second molars, 1'4in. Between first
premolar and external incisor, “6 in. Between first premolar and internal incisor,
1-4in. Width of palate posteriorly, *8 in. Width of palate between canines,
1°3 in.

Fig. 5.—Sus giganteus.—Lower jaw, showing three molars and three
premolars on either side. The lett canme and the alveolus are also
seen. The incisive alveoli are imperfect.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 12°in. Length of three true molars, 3°8in. Of
ditto with two premolars, 5:in. Distance between canine and second premolar,
1:‘9in. Width of symphysis between external margins of canine alveoli, 3-4 in.
Length of symphysis, 5-2 in.

Fig. 6.—Sus giganteus. Imperfect specimen of lower jaw. Shows
the molars and premolars on right side, and the premolars and canine
alveolus on left; also the incisor alveoli.—B.M.

Length of fragment. 7:4 in. Height of ramus, 2*lin. Width of ramus, 1:4 in.
Length of symphysis, 28 in. Width between external alveolarmargins of canines,
2°8in. Alveolar margin of four incisors, 1°2 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Sus giganteus. Lower jaw, showing three molars,
four premolars, canine, and three incisors. The last or posterior
molar is intact. The ascending ramus is absent.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 10°in. Depth of ramus at anterior margin of third molar,
2:in. Width of ditto, 1-4in. Length of symphysis, 2°8in. Between external
alveolar margins of canines, 2°3 in. Length of three posterior premolars and three
true molars, 4.9in. Of three true molars, 3°2in. Between first and second pre-
molars, ‘5 in. Between first premolar and canine, ‘3in. Alveolar margin of three
incisors, 1°3 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Sus giganteus. Another specimen of lower jaw,
with molars, premolars, and canine on both sides; also the incisor
alveoli. The third or last molar is only partly ground. The ascend-
ing ramus is absent. From the Nerbudda.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 10:1, in. Depth of ramus at anterior margin of last molar,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 91

2°in. Width of ditto, 1:2in. Length of symphysis, 3°5in. Between external al-
veolar margins of canines, 2°7in. Length of three last premolars and three true
molars, 5°5in, Length of true molar series, 3-1 in. Between first and second pre-
molars, ‘6in. Between first premolar and canine, ‘Sin. From anterior margin of
canine alveolus to mesial line, 1-5 in. Width between rami posteriorly, 1:5 in.

Pirate LXXI.
Fig. 1.—Sus (Hippohyus) Sivalensis. Left half of palate, natural

size, showing three molars, three posterior premolars, and the alveoli of
the first premolar, canine, and three incisors. The third or hindmost
molar is not at all ground.—B.M.

Extreme length of palate, 6°3 in. Length of first molar, °6 in.; of second, -95in. ;
of third, 1:15in. Width of first molar, ‘6in.; of second, ‘Sin.; of third, °8 in.
Length of third premolar, *5 in. ; of fourth, -5in. Width of third premolar, -4 in. ;
of fourth, ‘5 in. ; between canine and first premolar, °6 in.

Fig. 2.—Sus (Hippohyus) Sivalensis. Second and third molars,
imperfect.—B.M.

Length of fragment of second molar, °55in.; of third, 1-45in. Greatest width of
third posteriorly, °73 in.

Fig. 3.—Sus (Hippohyus) Sivalensis. First and second true molar
and portion of fourth premolar.—B.M.

Length of first true molar, ‘5 in. ; of second ditto, 1-in. Width of first true molar,
45 in. ; of second, ‘63 in.

Fig. 4.—Sus (Hippohyus) Sivalensis. Fourth premolar and first and
second true molars.—B.M.

Length of first molar, *55 in. ; of second, ‘85 in.

Fig. 5.—Sus Hysudricus. Three true molars and third and fourth
premolars, upper jaw, left.—B.M.

Length cf third premolar, °5 in.; of fourth ditto, -5in.; of first molar, ‘6 in.; of
second, 8in.; of third, 1‘lin. Width of third premolar, °35 in. ; of fourth, -53 in. ;
of first molar, ‘55 in.; of second, ‘66in.; of third, -7 in.

Fig. 6.—Sus Hysudricus. Three molars and three posterior pre-
molars, lower jaw, left. The last molar is imperfect.—B.M.

Length of second premolar (at alveolar ridge), -45in.; of third, -45 in.; of fourth,
‘din. ; of first molar, *55in.; of second, *7in. Width of fourth premolar, -35in. ;
of first molar, -43 in. ; of second, °53 in.

Fig. 7.—Sus Hysudricus. Second and third true molars, upper jaw,
right.—B.M.

Length of second molar, ‘65in.; of third, ‘85in. Width of second molar, °7 in.
Extreme width of third molar anteriorly, -7 in.

Fig. 8.—Sus Hysudricus. Second and third true molars, well worn.
—B.M.

Length of second molar, *73in.; of third, 1-4in. Width of second, ‘6in.; of
third anteriorly, °65 in.

Fig. 9.—Sus Hysudricus. Canine, four premolars, and first and
second molar, upper jaw, right.—B.M.

Length of first premolar, or retained milk molar, ‘4in.; of second, ‘5in.; of
third, *5in.; of fourth, °45 in. ; of first molar, ‘6 in. ; of second, ‘65 in.

92 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 10.—Sus Hysudricus. Three molars, and two posterior pre-
molars, lower jaw.—B.M.

Length of last premolar, ‘5 in.; of first molar, 5 in. ; of second, 66 in. ; of third,
l-in. Width of last premolar, °35in.; of first molar, ‘4in.; of second, ‘5in.; of
third ditto anteriorly, °d in.

Fig. 11.—Sus Hysudricus. Symphysis of lower jaw, with four pre-
molars on left side, and second and third on right.—B.M.

Distance between inner margins of second premolars, 1‘3in. Length of second
premolar, *45 in. ; of third, ‘5in.; of fourth, °d in.

Fig. 12.—Sus giganteus. Three true molars, upper jaw, left. ‘The
first is imperfect.—B.M.

Length of first molar, °65 in. ; of second, l‘in.; of third, 1:6in. Width of first
molar, ‘75 in; of second, ‘9in.; of third anteriorly, 1-in.

Fig. 13.—Sus giganteus. Second and third true molars, upper jaw,
right; large and perfect—B.M.

Length of second molar, 1°4in.; of third, 2:2 in. Width of second molar, ‘8 in. ;
of third ditto, 1:1 in.

Fig. 14.—Sus giganteus. Lower jaw, right side, showing canine,
four molars, and first two true molars. The second true molar is not
at all ground down, and the third has not appeared.

Distance between canine and first premolar, -36in. Length of first premolar,
36 in.; of second, *5in.; of third, -5in.; of fourth, -5in.; of first molar, °84 in. ;
of second, 1-25in. Width of first molar, *7 in.; of second, ‘8 in.

Fig. 15.—Sus giganteus. Lower jaw, right side, with first, second,
and third true molars, all well ground.—B.M.

Length of first molar, *55in.; of second, *95in.; of third, 1°8 in. Width of first
molar, *55in.; of second, *7 in.; of third, *7 in.

Fig. 16.—Sus giganteus. Last premolar and first molar, upper
jaw.—B.M.

Length of last premolar, *7in.; of first molar, -93in. Width of last premolar,
‘S8in.; of first molar posteriorly, ‘9 in.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Sus giganteus. Anterior portion of lower jaw,
showing canine and incisive alveoli. The outer incisor on both sides
has dropped out; the two inner incisors and the canines are present ;
the latter are broken off.—B.M.

Distance between outer margins of outer incisive alveoli, 2:1 in.; between outer
margins of middle ditto, 1°6 in. ; antero-posterior diameter of middle incisor, ‘36 in. ;
of inner ditto, °4 in.

Figs. 18 and 18 a.—Sus giganteus. Symphysis of lower jaw, with
six incisors very perfect. The canines are broken off.—B.M.

Length of symphysis measured inferiorly, 2°6 in. Distance between outer mar-
gins of outer incisors, 2°in.; between outer margins of second premolars, 1°8 in.
Width of three incisors on one side, 1°2 in.

Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 b.—Sus giganteus. Fragment of canine,
slightly compressed and grooved on each side.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 24 in.; great diameter, 1:15 in.; lesser diameter, ‘8 in.’

1 Description by Dr. Falconer of Fossil | specimen, consisting of a mass of bones
Remains of Suide from the Sewalik | cemented together by clay-marl and
Hills, in the Museum of the Asiatic | crossing each other in every direction :
Society of Bengal. the principal object being the lower jaw,

No. 317. Sus——? Conglomerated | nearly entire, of a Sus, exposed so as to

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

RiATH LE XCX TT.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. (Fale. and Caut.)
Mutilated cranium, anterior part, showing

From the Sewalik hills.
The specimen is so worn that the

lateral, upper, and palate surfaces.
teeth are scarcely distinguishable. The upper surface of the skull is

broad and flat.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 17*in. ; height posteriorly, 9°7 in.; height anteriorly, 8° in. ;
greatest breadth at anterior angles of orbits, 10°6 in.; depth of nasal notch, 6: in. ;
height of nasal notch anteriorly, 5:5 in.

In 1847 Dr. Falconer noted that R. platyrhinus partakes of the
characters of both &. leptorhinus (sic) and R. tichorinus, and on the 9th
of August, 1860, he made the following note :—

‘Examined Baker's large skull of the Sewalik Rhinoceros platyrhinus in B.M.
The molars are in fine condition, six on either side. The last true molar only just
touched by wear. The last t. m. exactly like Rh. hemitechus, in having a pos-
terior basal funnel-shaped pit! while the penultimate and antepenultimate t. m.
and the penultimate and antepenultimate milk m. have each three distinct fossettes,
as in Rhinoceros tichorhinus! the vertical ridges of the anterior side very well
pronounced in three valleys. Had two large incisors above and four below: of the
latter, the two outer big ; the two inner small, as in the existing Indian Rhinoceros.’

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Fragment showing
posterior part of cranium, with foramen magnum, occipital condyles
and crest, portion of right zygomatic arch, and condyle of lower jaw.

—B.M.

Length of fragment, 10°6 in.; height
occipital foramen to summit of occipital
aboye, 8:4 in.; ditto below, 13:2 in.
of ditto, 2° in.

Between extreme points of occip. condyles, 5:3 in.

of occipital facet from lower margin of
crest, 12°in. Breadth of occipital facet

Height of occipital foramen, 2°5in.; breadth

Least width of

cranium, 3°3in. Breadth of condyle of lower jaw, 6°7 in.; ditto of ascending ramus,

6° in.
3°3 In.

Fig. 3.—Lhinoceros platyrhinus.

Between inner angles of glenoid facets, 2°5in. Depth of zygomatic process,
g g I ys P

Fragment of skull, upper jaw,

with molar ridge, and large sub-orbital foramen.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 13-2in. From root of molar origin of zygoma to sub-orbital

foramen, 7°5 in.
veoli, 2°8 in.

Length of molar series, 10°8 in.

Greatest breadth of molar al-

show the two horizontal rami with the |

remains more or less of seven molars on
either side, the bases of both canines

and more or less of the six incisors. |

The specimen is still much covered with
matrix; the four premolars on the left
side show part of their crowns; on the
right side the first premolar is close to

the canine; the true molars are well |

worn; the canine on the left side shows
a part of the tooth bending outwards,
but the apex broken off. The other
bones are so much covered by matrix as
to be undeterminable.

No. 318. Sus ? Fragment com-
prising the posterior part of upper max-
illa right side, containing the two last
teeth in situ; the penultimate is well
worn, showing a very complex pattern
of crown ; the last molar is half worn.

| No. 319. Sus——? Fragment of
| lower jaw, right side, comprising pos-
terior part of horizontal ramus, broken
across horizontally near the base of the
| teeth, and containing the last two mo-
| lars, the penuliimate well worn with
| very flexuous enamel ; the Jast molar in
+ germ and of very large size.
| No. 320. Mutilated fragment com-
prising part of the last true molar, much
| broken and cemented with matrix.

No. 321. Fragment comprising the
posterior part of horizontal ramus lower
| jaw right side, containing the two last
teeth im situ; they are in the same con-
| dition of wear as No. 319, but consi-
derably smaller.

No. 54 (from Perim Island). Lower
| jaw, left side, fragment containing

merely the last molar of Sus Hysudricus ?

G

94 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Fig. 4, 4a, 4), and 4c.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Fragment show-
ing anterior portion of lower jaw, with symphysis and four anterior
molars, and a portion of fifth; also a small inner and large outer
incisor on both sides. —B.M.

Length of fragment, 13°5in. Breadth of symphysis, 5:7 in. Length of sym-
physis inferiorly, 7-in. Depth of jaw, 47 in. Thickness of jaw, 3°3in. Length of
four anterior molars, 7°4in. Between anterior premolar and external incisive al-
veolus, 3°lin. Between incisive alveoli, -6in. Width between molars posteriorly,
4-in.; ditto anteriorly, 3°4in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 6.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Small fragment of
lower jaw, with two molars.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 6°7in.; greatest depth, 5-7 in.; Thickness, 3-2; length of
molar, 3:lin.; breadth, 1:7 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Fragment of molar.—B.M.

Length, 2°3in. Width, 3-4 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Molar.

Length, 3-2in.; breadth, 2°8in.; height of crown, 3°1 in.

Prats LX XII.

Figs. 1, la, 1b, and 1e.—Rhinoceros Palwindicus. (Fale. and Caut.)
Mutilated specimen of cranium. The zygomatic arches and the anterior
portion of the palate are broken off. On the right side the three true
molars and three posterior premolars are present; on the left there are
three molars and oné premolar. All the teeth are much worn. The
upper surface of the skull is very concave.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 21°8in. Height of occiput (imperfect) from basilar process,
8-lin. From occipital surface to posterior border of palate (imperfect), 12°5 in.
Between mastoid angles, greatest diameter of occiput, 9°in. Transverse diameter
of occipital foramen, 1°9 in. Vertical ditto, 1°3in. Breadth of cranium at anterior
orbital angles, 8°7in. Between anterior angles of orbital margin, 3°9in. Between
sub-orbital foramina (posterior border), 4°8 in. Chord of nasal notch, 4-5 in. Length
of three true molars, 6"1 in. Length of three posterior premolars, 5-in. Width of
palate between posterior molars, 2°2in. Ditto between second premolars, 2°6 in.
Greatest width of alveolus, 2°8in. Length of palatine notch, 64 in. Width of
ditto, 2°in.

Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2e.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.),
from the Sewalik hills. Tolerably perfect specimen of cranium. The
upper part of the occiput and the left zygoma are absent. The left
maxilla shows three molars and three premolars, and also the alveolus
of the first premolar. The teeth are well worn; the palate is narrow.
The upper surface of the cranium is concave, and the tip of the nasal
shows the gibbosity of the base of a very large horn. The species was
evidently unicorned.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 22°5 in. From posterior plate of occipital condyles
to anterior margin of first premolar, 20-4in. From lower border of occipital fora-
men to posterior border of palate, 11:9in. Length of molar series, 11‘1in. Length
of three true molars, 5°8in. Width of palate between posterior molars, 2°5 in.
Width of palate at anterior angle of first premolars, 2-°2in. Greatest width of al-
veoli, 2°6in.. Length of palatine notch, 5°3in. Width of ditto, 1‘9in. Between
inner angles of articular surfaces for lower jaw, 3°2in. Between most distant
points of zygomatic processes, 13-7 in. Depth of zygomatic fossa, 3:1in. Height of
occiput (imperfect) from lower border of occipital foramen, 9: in. Between outer
angles of occipital condyles, 4°8in. Between mastoid angles, or greatest transverse
diameter of occiput, 86 in. Breadth of occipital foramen, 1‘7in. Height of ditto,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 95

1-9in. Breadth of cranium at anterior orbital angle, 8°3 in. Between posterior
borders of sub-orbital foramina, 5-2in. Between anterior angle of orbital margin
and posterior border of sub-orbital foramen, 4°7 in. Breadth of rostrum, 2:8 in.

Figs. 8 and 3 a.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis. Fragment of skull, com-
prising upper jaw, portion of orbit and prolongation of nasals for
horn.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 14-8in. From anterior angle of orbit to tip of nasal pro-
tuberance, 9°8in, From concavity of nasal notch to tip of ditto, 6°8 in,

Puate LXXIV.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, and 1 e—Rhinoceros Palwindicus. Very perfect
specimen of cranium, with both zygomatic arches entire. Shows two
molars and two posterior premolars on either side. The third molar is
still in germ. ‘The palate is deficient in front—B.M.

Length of cranium (fragment), 18°2in. Between most projecting points of zy-
gomata, 9°8in. Breadth of occiput (behind the auditory foramina), 6-1in. Least
breadth of cranium (between the temporal fossze), 3-4in. Breadth of cranium at
anterior orbital angles, 5°3 in. From anterior margin of second premolar to pos-
terior border of pterygoid process, 9°7in. Length of palatine fissure, 3°7 in. Dis-
tance between the internal angles of the glenoid facets, 3°in. Length of alveolar
margin of exposed molars, 6"lin. Between external alveolar margins of last ex-
posed molars, 6-4in. Between external alveolar margins of anterior molars, 3-7 in.
Height of cranium from alveolar margin at anterior margin of third molar, 6:1 in.
Width of palate anteriorly, 2°3 in. ; ditto, posteriorly, 2°3 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2b, and 2 e.—Rhinoceros Palewindicus. Skull of a
larger and older animal than fig. 1. Both zygomatic arches are defi-
cient, and the portion in front of the fourth premolar is also broken

off—B.M.

Length of fragment, 20-1 in. From lower margin of occipital foramen to posterior
border of palate, 12°2in. From ear (anterior margin) to sub-orbital foramen,
13°5in. From ditto to anterior angle of orbit, 10°6 in. Height of occipital facet
from lower margin of occipital foramen to occipital crest, 7°‘7in. Height of era-
nium at anterior angle of orbit from alveolar border, 7-2in. Height of occipital
foramen, 1:2in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2in. Between internal angles of glenoid
facets, 3°3in. Width of palate posteriorly and anteriorly, 3-1in. Between ex-
treme points of external alveolar borders of molars, 10°in. Least breadth of cra-
nium (between temporal fosse), 4:3 in. Breadth of cranium at anterior orbital
angles, 8°5in. From centre of occipital crest to posterior border of nasal notch,
16°7in. Length of alveolar border of three true molars, 6°5 in. Breadth of alveoli,
3°2 in.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Lhinoceros Palwindicus. Fragment of lower jaw,
left side, with four posterior molars.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 15°8 in. Length of alveolar border of molars, 8:3 in.
Breadth of ascending ramus, 6°in, Depth of jaw anteriorly, 3:1 in. Thickness of
ditto, 3°2in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Rhinoceros Paleindicus. Fragment of symphysis
of lower jaw, with incisive alveolar ridge and large outer left incisor.
I>.

Between external alveolar borders of incisive alveoli, 4:5in. Length of existing
portion of symphysis, 4*4in. Interval between anterior premolar and incisive al-
veolus, 2°6in. Greatest thickness of alveolus, 1:7 in. Great diameter of incisor,
1:3in. Lesser diameter of ditto, l-lin. Length of tusk (projection), 1°9 in.

Fig. 5.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis. Portion of cranium, showing palate
with molar ridges and nasal projections. The portion behind the

second molar is broken off.—B.M.
GQ

96 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Length of fragment, 14-8 in. Width of palate between second molars, 2°3 in.
Width of palate between first premolars, 1-6in. Length of four premolars and
first and second molar series, 8° in. Length of four premolar series, 4-9 in. Sup-
posed depth of nasal notch, 66 in. Breadth of cranium between anterior angles of
orbit, 7-7 in. Between external alveolar borders posteriorly, 7°3 in. Between ditto
anteriorly, 2°5 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw,
with symphysis and five anterior molars.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9-4in. Length of existing portion of symphysis, 3°1in.
Length of molar series, 77-in. Width between the posterior molars, 2°7in. Be-

tween anterior ditto, 2-in. Greatest depth of jaw, 3°6in. Thickness of ditto,
2:in.

PLATE LXXYV.

Fig. 1—Rhinoceros Paleindicus. Fragment of upper jaw, left side,
with three true molars.

Length of first molar, 2-in.; of second, 2°15 in.; of third along anterior edge,
8-lin. Width of first molar, 3-in.; of second, 3-2in.; of third along anterior
edge, 2°9 in.

Fig. 2.—Rhinoceros Paleindicus. Fragment of lower jaw, with
three true molars and fourth premolar.—B.M.

Length of fourth premolar, 1°8 in. ; of first molar, 2°15 in.; of second, 2-2 in.; of
third, 2-2in. Width of fourth premolar, 1°35 in. ; of first molar, 1-3 in.; of second,
1-4in.; of third, 1:3 in.

Fig. 3.—Rhinoceros Paleindicus.—Fragment of lower jaw, with
four molars.—B.M.

Length of first tooth, ‘65 in.; of second, 1:3in.; of third, 1-75in.; of fourth,
1-75 in.

Fig. 4.—Rhinoceros Paleindicus. Premolar tooth detached.—No.
09,648 B.M.

Length along outer edge, 2°5in. Width of grinding surface anteriorly, 2°5 in.

Fig. 5.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw, right side,
with three true molars and third and fourth premolar.—B.M.

Length of third premolar, 1-6 in.; of fourth ditto, I-5 in.; of first molar, 1-75 in.;
of second ditto, 2-in.; of third ditto along outer edge, 2°3in. Width of third
premolar, 2°3 in.; of fourth ditto, 2-6 in.; of first molar, 2°6 in.; of second ditto,
2-6in.; of third ditto along anterior edge, 2°5 in.

Fig. 6.—Rhinoceros Sivalensis. Lower jaw, right side, with second,
third, and fourth premolars, and first and second true molars.—B.M.

Length of second premolar along outer edge, 1:2in. ; ot third premolar at centre
of grinding surface, 1-2in.; of fourth ditto, 1-7in.; of first molar, 1-6 im.; of
second ditto, 1-°9in. Width of second premolar, -75in.; of third ditto, 1-0in.;
of fourth ditto, 1:15in.; of first molar, 1°3in.; of second ditto, 1:36in. Width
between anterior angles of second premolars, 2-4 in.

Fig. 7.—Rhinoceros Sondaicus (recent). Upper jaw, right side, with
fourth premolar and three true molars.

Length of fourth premolar, 1-55in.; of first molar, 1‘6in.; of second, 1-9 in. ;
of third along outer edge, 2-1 in.

Fig. 8.—Rhinoceros Sondaicus (recent). Lower jaw, right side, with
third and fourth premolars and three true molars.

Length of third premolar, 1-2 in. ; of fourth, 1‘5in.; of first molar, 1°6in.; of
second, 1‘8in.; of third, 1-7 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 97

Fig. 9.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Upper jaw, right side, with third
and fourth premolars and three true molars. The first true molar is ~
imperfect.—B.M.

Length of third premolar, 1-6 in. ; of fourth ditto, 1-8 in.; of fragment of first
molar, extreme, 1-5in.; of second molar, 1-9in.; of third ditto along outer edge,
2-2in. Width of third premolar, 2°7in.; of fourth ditto, 2-8 in.; of second molar,
2-9in.; of third ditto along anterior edge, 2°55 in.

Fig. 10.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Lower jaw, right side, and sym-
physis, containing very large outer and small inner incisor of both sides,
second, third, and fourth premolars, and first two true molars of right
side.—B.M.

Length of second premolar, -7in.; of third ditto, 1:4 in.; of fourth ditto,
1°65 in. ; of first molar, 1-46 in. ; of second ditto, 2-in. Width of second premolar,
45 in.; of third ditto, °85in.; of fourth ditto, 1-1 in.; of first molar, 1-05in.; of
second ditto, 1:2in. Width between second premolars, 3°5 in. ; ditto between outer
margins of external incisors, 3°65in. Oblique width of external incisor, 1°5 in.
Thickness externally of ditto, oblique, ‘7 in. Length of exserted portion along outer
edge, 2:1 in.

Fig. 11.—Rhinoceros platyrhinus. Penultimate true molar upper
jaw, right side, detached, but shattered. Fig. 11 a.—Ditto, ditto, re-

stored.—B.M.
Fig. 12.—Last true molar upper jaw, right side—B.M.
Fig. 13.—Rhinoceros (Acerotherium?) Perimensis (from Perim Island).
Fragment of lower jaw, with three true molars and first premolar.
Length of first true molar, 1:15in.; of second, 1:4 in.; of third, 1°5 in,

Fig. 14.—Rhinoceros Perimensis. Premolar tooth, detached.
Fig. 15.—Rhinoceros Perimensis. Molar, detached and shattered.

Fig. 16.—Rhinoceros Perimensis. Molar, detached and shattered.

Phare DX XVI,

Divers Indian Fossil Species of Rhinoceros.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Fragment of left humerus, near upper end, from
the Niti Pass—B.M.
Length of fragment, 5‘9in. Breadth, 3-5in. Greatest thickness of fractured
surface, 2°3 in.
Fig. 2.—Fragment of left humerus, near upper end, from the Niti
Pass.
Length of fragment, 5-2 in.; greatest breadth, 5-2 in.; thickness, 2°3 in.

Fig. 3.—Upper extremity and portion of shaft of left radius, from the
Niti Pass.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 6-in.; greatest antero-posterior diameter of superior arti-
cular surface, 2°5in. Transverse diameter of perfect portion, 2-l1in. Transverse
diameter of shaft at fractured portion, 2:lin. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto,
1-din.

Fig. 4.—Upper extremity and portion of shaft of tibia, from the
Niti Pass.—B.M.

Length from anterior margin of the crista tibie to posterior border of articular
surface, 4°8in. Breadth of inner condyloid fossa, 2°6 in. Antero-posterior diam. of
inner condyloid fossa, centre, 2°3 in.

$8 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 5, 5a, 56, and 5 c—Scaphoid bone of carpus, left side, from
the Niti Pass.—B.M.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 2°2 in. Greatest transverse ditto, 3°3 in.
Greatest vertical, 2°6 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 b.—Fragment of scapula, including glenoid cavity
and coracoid process, from the Niti Pass—B.M.

Length of fragment, 5‘8in. Height of glenoid cavity, 29 in. Greatest breadth
of ditto, 2°-4in. Height of ecoracoid process above glenoid cavity, 1°6 in.

Figs. 7, 7a, 70, and 7¢.—First phalanx, from the Niti Pass.—
No. 39,654 B.M.

Length (superiorly), 1:3in. Transverse diameter of posterior surface, 2° in.
Vertical ditto, l-in. Transverse diameter of anterior surface, 1-7 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, 8b, and 8 ¢.—Second phalanx, from the Niti Pass.
—B.M.

Length between centres of articular surfaces, 1‘lin. Greatest breadth, 2°6 in.
Breadth of posterior articular surface, 1-8in. Breadth of anterior articular ditto,
1:6in. Height of posterior articular surface, °8 in.

Fig. 9.—Fragment of bone of Rhinoceros, from the Niti Pass.

Length of fragment, 1:‘7in. Breadth, 1-2 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 .—Fragment of lower end of femur, from the
Niti Pass.—B.M.

Antero-posterior diameter internally, 66in. Length of rotular surface ditto,
4-3in. Length of rotular surface in centre, 2°8in. Breadth of ditto in centre of
height, 2°8 in.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Fragment of head of humerus from Beloo-
chistan.

Length of fragment, 6°4 in. Breadth of upper extremity, 3°5in. Smallest
antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 2°6 in. Greatest diameter of head (articular sur-
face), 2°7in. Length of crest of great tuberosity, 5-9 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Fragment of lower end of right radius,
from Beloochistan.

Breadth of inferior articular surface, 3°3in. Length of ridge dividing seaphoid
and semilunar surfaces, 1*4in. Breadth of scaphoid surface, 1°8 in. Breadth of
semilunar ditto, 1° in.

Figs. 18, 18 a, 186, and 13 e.—Scaphoid of right carpus, from
Beloochistan.

Antero-posterior diameter, 2°9 in. ; transverse, 3:4 in.; vertical, 2°8 in.

Figs. 14 and 14 a.—Fragment of adult lower jaw of Rhinoceros Peri-
mensis, horizontal ramus, containing three true molars.—Col. Fulljames.

Length of fragment, 15°9 in. Depth of ramus, 4°5in. Thickness, 3: in. Length
of three true molars, 7°9 in.

Figs. 15 and 15 a.—Fragment of horizontal ramus of lower jaw of
Rhinoceros Perimensis, containing three true molars, which agree
closely with those of Kaup’s Acerotherium incisivum.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°5 in. Depth of ramus, 5-2 in. Thickness, 2°1 in.
Leneth of three true molars, 7: in.

Figs. 16, 16a, and 16 Upper articulating extremity of femur of
Rhinoceros Perimensis.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 84in. Breadth of upper extremity, including great tro-
chanter, 9'1in. Diameter of articular surface of head, 4: in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 99

Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Metacarpal bone (medius) of Rhinoceros
Perimensis.

Extreme length, 7°7in. Smallest transverse diameter of shaft, 2-2in. Breadth
of posterior articular surface, 1:9in, Height of ditto, 1:9 in.

Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 b.—Astragalus of Rhinoceros from the Ner-
budda Pass.—B.M.

Breadth of tibial surface, 3:in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter, 1:7 in.

Breadth of scaphoid surface, 1:°9in. Greatest breadth of cuboid surface, ‘9 in.
Height of seaphoid surface, 1°8in. Height of cuboid surface, 2° in.

Figs. 19, 19 a, 19 6, and 19 c.—Scaphoid bone of carpus of Rhino-
ceros.

Figs. 20, 20 a, and 20 b.—Head of humerus.
Figs. 21, 21 a, and 21 6.—Lower extremity of right radius.

PuatTe LXXVII.

Bones of Anterior Extremity of divers Fossil Indian Species of
Rhinoceros.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 0, and 1 c.—Humerus, radius, and ulna zn situ. This
specimen was described and figured by Messrs. Baker and Durand in
the Journ. As. Soc. for August 1836, vol. v. p. 498, Plate XVII. figs.
land 2. The humerus is perfect, with the exception of the deltoid
crest. The length of the humerus exceeds that of any of the existing
species of Rhinoceros. Its thickness, in proportion to the length of
the bone and the development of the articulating pulley, are inter-
mediate between the Sumatra and Indian species. The breadth at the
condyles is nearly in the same proportion as that of the Indian Rhino-
ceros. The length of the radius in proportion to the femur is a little
less than in the Indian, and somewhat in excess of the small Sumatra
species.—B.M.

Length of humerus from upper articular surface to lower surface of inner con-
dyle, 17:°3in. Extreme length of humerus, 21:in. Greatest width of humerus at
termination of deltoid crest, 6°3in. Greatest width of humerus at upper extre-
mity, 6-2 in. Greatest oblique diam. of humerus at lower extremity, 7:8 in.
Greatest ant. posterior diam. of upper extremity, 6°3in. Greatest ant. post. diam.
of lower extremity, 5°in. Circumference of shaft beneath deltoid crest, 11:5 in.
Diameter of upper articular surface, 4:2 in. Width of lower articular surface, 4:6
in. Length of radius, 15°5in. Width of upper extremity of ditto, 4-8in. Probable
width of lower extremity of ditto, 4°8in. Length of ulna (olecranon broken),
19°3in. Width of conjoined lower surfaces of radius and ulna, 6°6in. Circum-
ference round centre of conjoined shafts, 11-7 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2 6, and 2 c.—Humerus, with strongly-developed deltoid
erest. This specimen also is described and figured by Messrs. Baker
and Durand, Journ. As. Soc., vol. v. p. 499, Plate XVIL. fig. 5.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°2in. Width including deltoid crest (upper extremity),
8:in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 6-lin. Length of deltoid crest, 8-2 in.
Greatest width of lower extremity, 7-in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto
internally, 4°6in. Width of lower articular surface, 4-4 in.

Figs. 3, 8a, and 3 6b,—Fragment of head of humerus.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°5in. Width of upper extremity, including deltoid crest,
79 in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 5:in. Length of deltoid crest, 8°6 in.
Diameter of articular surface of head, 36 in.

100 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 6.—Fragment of lower end of humerus, with arti-
culating surface.

Length of fragment, 10:-4in. Width of lower extremity, d°4 in, Antero-pos-
terior of lower extremity internally, 4°7 in.

Figs. 5, 5a, and 5 6.—Fragment of lower end of humerus, with arti-
culating surface.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9°2 in. Width of lower extremity, 5°3 in. Antero-posterior
diam. of lower extremity internally, 4°3 in.

Fig. 6.—Upper articulating surface of ulna, with upper end of
radius. The tip of the olecranon is broken off.—B.M.

Width of articulating surface, 4°3 in. Chord of sigmoid cavity, 2:4 in.

Fies. 7, 7 a, 7b, and 7 c.—Upper end of ulna, with entire radius.—
B.M.

Extreme length of conjoined radius and ulna, 15°3in. Length of radius from
upper surface to styloid process, 11°3in. Width of upper extremity of radius,
4-in. Width of lower extremity of radius across epiphysial line, 4:in. Cireum-
ference of radius in centre of shaft, 5°5 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, and 8 ).—Fragment of radius, with lower articulating
surface.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9°4 in. Circumference of shaft at fractured extremity, 6-7 in.
Width of lower articular surface, 3°6 in.

Figs. 9, 9a, 9, and 9 c.—Fragment of ulna, with lower articulating
surface.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°2in. Greatest width of lower articular surface, 2° in,
Least transverse “diameter of shaft of tibia, 2°7 in.

Puate LXXVIII.

Bones of Posterior Extremity of divers Fossil Indian Species of
Rhinoceros.

Figs. 1, 1a, and 1 .—Femur of fossil Rhinoceros from the Sewalik
hills. The figures are cepied from drawings by Messrs. Baker and
Durand, in the Journ. Asiatic Soc. for Aug. 1836, vol. v. p. 499.
The specimen was found in close proximity to the humerus and radius,
Plate LXXVIL., fig. 1, so that there could be no doubt that it belonged
to the same animal. It is perfect except at the lower part of the great
trochanter. The fossil has a greater development in its anterior, and a
somewhat less development of its posterior, extremity, than in the Indian
Rhinoceros, but the difference is not excessive. The third trochanter
also differs from the existing species, as figured in Cuvier’s ‘ Oss. Foss.,’
in not possessing the double point, for it has a single well-defined
ascending process, without any sign of the bicuspid termination.

Length from head to bottom of inner condyle, 24°5in.; from head to bottom
of third trochanter, 17°7in. Breadth from head to most. salient point of great
trochanter, 10°6 in. Breadth across condyles, 6°82in. Diameter of articulating

head, 4°65in. Antero- ~posterior diameter of inner condyle, 8°45 in. ; antero- -pos-
terior diameter of outer, 6°35 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Mutilated fragment of upper end of femur.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 115in. Width across third trochanter, 6 in.
Circumference below third ‘trochanter, 9°5 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 101

Figs. 3, 3 a, 36, and 3 c—Tibia and fibula conjoined.—B.M.

Extreme length of tibia, 16°9in. Extreme length of fibula, 16-in. Extreme
transverse diameter of upper extremity of tibia, 6-1in. Extreme antero-posterior
diameter of upper, including tuberosity, 7-in. Extreme width of lower articular
surface, 3°8 in. Extreme antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 3°-lin. Least circum-
ference of shaft of tibia, 9-1 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 46, and 4 c.—Fragment of tibia almost perfect.—B.M.

Extreme length, 13°6in. Least circumference of shaft, 8- in.

Figs. 5, 5a, and 5 6.—Fragment of tibia, including lower articulating

surface.—B.M.

Length of fragment of tibia, 11‘8in. Width of inferior articular surface, 3°4 in.
Least circumference of shaft, 8:1 in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Patella.—B.M.
Height, 4:1 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Patella.

Height, 4:7 in. Width of articulating surface, 4°in. Height of ditto, 2°9 in.

Figs. 8, 8 a, and 8 6.—Bones of tarsus (calcaneum, scaphoid, cuboid,
and three cuneiforms) with index and medius metatarsals. The cal-
caneum and scaphoid do not belong to the remainder.—B.M.

Greatest width of seaphoid, 3:lin. Greatest width of cuboid, 2°in. Greatest
width of external cuneiform, 2°3in. Greatest width of middle ditto, 1°3 in.
Greatest width of inner ditto, 1:°9in. Greatest width of upper articular surface
of medius, 2°35in. Greatest width of upper extremity of index, 1°75 in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 6.—Calcaneum.—B.M.

Extreme length, 55in. Height, 3-4in. Width, 2:8 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 b.—Calcaneum.

Extreme length, 6°5in. Height, 2°9in, Width, 3:9 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Calcaneum.—B.M.

Extreme length, 5°Sin. Height, 3°lin. Width, 3:4in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 b—Astragalus—B.M.

Width of anterior articular surface, 3°in. Greatest width of cuboid seoment of
ditto, 1-in. Width of trochlea, 3-6 in. Antero-posterior diam. of trochlea in centre,
2° in. Greatest height, 2°8 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter internally,
3°6 in.

Figs. 15, 18 a, and 13 6.—Astragalus.

Width of anterior articular surface, 3°-4in. Greatest width of cuboid segment
of ditto, l-lin. Width of trochlea, 3°3in. Antero-posterior diam. of trochlea in
centre, 2°in. Greatest height, 2°6 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter in-
ternally, 3°5 in.

Prats LXXIX.

Bones of Anterior and Posterior Extremities of divers Fossil Indian
Species of Rhinoceros.
Figs. 1, 1 a, 1b, and 1 ¢—Left scaphoid bone of carpus.—B.M.

Height, 2°5in. Width of inferior articular surface, 2°9in. Greatest antero-
posterior diameter, 2°6 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, and 2 c.—Left scaphoid of carpus.—B.M.
Greatest height, 2°6in. Antero-posterior diameter, 2°35in. Width of inferier
articular surface, 2°7 in.
Figs. 3, 3a, and 3 6.—Unciform bone of carpus.— B.M.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of upper surface, 2°! in.

102 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 46.—Unciform bone of carpus.—B.M.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of upper surface, 2°2 in.
Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 6.—Unciform bone of carpus.—B.M.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of upper surface, 1°6 in.
Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.—Trapezoid bone of carpus.
Antero-posterior diameter of upper articular surface, 1-4 in.
Figs. 7, 7a, and 7 b.—Left index metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°5in. Width of shaft in centre, 1-7 in. ‘A
Figs. 8, 8 a, and 8 6.—Right index metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°5in. Width of shaft in centre, 1-5 in.
Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 6.—Left index metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°6in. Width of trapezoid surface, 1-1in. Width of shaft in
centre, 1°6 in.
Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 b.—Left medius metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 7°2in. Greatest width of shaft, 2°3 in.
Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 ).—Left medius metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 7°3in. Extreme width of shaft, 2°3 in.
Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Left medius metacarpal bone.—No. 39,655
B.M.

Width of surface for os magnum, 2°in. Width of surface for os unciforme,
l‘in. Width of shaft, 2° in.

Figs. 13, 13 a, and 13 6.—Left annularis metacarpal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°5in. Width of shaft in centre, 1°7 in.
Figs. 14, 14a, and 14 6.—Left annularis metacarpal bone.— B.M.
Extreme length, 6°38 in. Width of facet for unciform, 15in. Width of shaft
in centre, 1°5in. Width of distal articular surface, 1°65 in.
Figs. 15 and 15 a.—Index and medius metatarsal bones conjoined.
b. Index. c. Medius.—B.M.

Extreme length of index, 6:5 in. Extreme length of medius, 7°5in. Width of
index shaft at centre, 1:°3in. Width of medius shaft at centre, 2°3 in. :

Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 6.—Right index metatarsal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°95in. Width of shaft in centre, 1°25 in.

Figs. 17, 17 a, and 17 6.—Right medius metatarsal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6°5in. Width of shaft in centre, 1°9 in.

Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 ?.—Left medius metatarsal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6-7 in. Width of shaft in centre, 2°05 in.

Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 b.—Left annularis metatarsal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 5-6 in. Width of shaft in centre, 1:4 in.

Figs. 20, 20 a, 20 6, 20 c, and 20 d.—Medius metatarsal bone.—B.M.
Extreme length, 6:1in. Width of shaft in centre, 2°3 in.

Figs. 21, 21 a, and 21 6.—Calcaneum.—B.M.

Extreme length, 5‘8in. Extreme height, 2.9 in. Extreme width, 3°6 in.
Figs. 22, 22 a, 22 6, and 22 c.—Cuboid bone.—B.M.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter of upper surface, 1-8in, Greatest width of
ditto, 2°35in. Greatest height, 3: in.

Figs. 23, 23 a, 23 b, and 23 c.—Cuboid bone.

_Greatest antero-posterior diameter of upper surface, 165in. Greatest width of
ditto, 2°in, Greatest height, 2°75 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 103

PuaTe LXXX.

Chalicotherium Sivalense (Fale. and Caut.).

Figs. 1, la, 16, and 1 c.—Anterior half of an adult head, with the
upper and lower jaws in natural apposition, and exhibiting the greatest
portion of the dental series of both jaws. The greater part of the
cranium proper is absent. ‘The specimen demonstrates the very re-
markable fact that the Chalicotherium Sivalense was entirely destitute
of incisor teeth in either jaw. ‘The intermaxillary bones are perfect to
their tips, and consist of slender slips of bone converging to a sharp
point; they show that no incisor teeth could have existed in the upper
jaw at any period of the animal’s age. The anterior portion of the
lower jaw is perfect to the alveolar edge. A detached canine is seen
on either side, but the intervening space is without a vestige of incisors,
and is contracted in correspondence with the convergence of the
intermaxillary bones, and sloped off to a fine edge. The upper jaw
is also destitute of canines, or of any trace of canine alveoli; but
the lower jaw contains two canines, as shown in figs. 1@ and 13,
the crowns of which are thick, cuneiform, and somewhat triangular,
and slightly inclined forwards, with a blunt apex. The specimen
shows three premolars and the first true molar; the two back molars
are absent. The characters of the molars are better seen in figs. 3
and 4, and are described in great detail in Dr. F.’s memoir on Chali-
cotherium.

This beautiful specimen was originally in the Dadoopoor collection
of Messrs. Baker and Durand, and is now in the Museum of Marischal
College, Aberdeen. Cast in B.M. Its dimensions are as follows :—

Length of intermaxillary bone of right side, 3:in. Greatest depth of ditto,
‘4in. Length of three premolars and first molar, 2°6in. Length of three premo-
lars, 1:8in. Breadth of fragment opposite last premolar, 3°2in. Breadth of pa-
late ‘5 in. in front of anterior premolar, 1°5 in. Breadth of palate 1:2 in. in front of
anterior premolar, 1-lin. Height of fragment of maxillary bone from alveolar
border (right side), 2°5in. Length of fragment of maxillary bone on right side,
3'9in. Greatest breadth of anterior nares, 1:3in. Extreme length of fragment
of lower jaw, 5°5in. Length of symphysis, 3-lin. Depth of horizontal ramus at
posterior border of first molar, 16in. Greatest thickness of ramus at ditto, -8 in.
Interval between the horizontal ramus at ditto, l-in. Breadth of lower jaw at
posterior border of symphysis, 2.2in. Least breadth of symphysis, 1‘lin. From
posterior border of symphysis to narrowest part of symphysis, 1:‘9in. Between
alveolar border of canines, 1:°2in. Breadth of incisive margin, *9in. Width of
palate posteriorly between first molars, 1:3in. Length of first premolar, upper
Jaw, right side, ‘Sin. Length of second premolar ditto, °55in. Length of third
premolar (greatest) ditto, -7in. Length of first molar ditto, -95in. Breadth
of first molar ditto, 1:03 in. Breadth of third premolar ditto, -9in. Breadth of
second premolar ditto, ‘76in. Breadth of first premolar ditto, -53in. Length of
three premolars and first molar, 2°8in. Length of three premolars, 1°8in. Be-
tween opposed margins of canine and first premolar, -9in. Between anterior
margin of first premolar and incisive margin, 1-7in. Length of first premolar,
lower jaw, ‘5in. Length of second premolar, ditto, ‘6in. Length of third premo-
lar, ditto, *8in. Length of first molar, ditto, 1:0in. Breadth of first molar, ditto,
‘6in. Breadth of third premolar, ditto, ‘5in. Breadth of second premolar, ditto,
-43in. Breadth of first premolar, ditto, °3in, Length of crown of canine, ‘45 in.
Breadth of crown of canine, *8 in.

Fig. 2.—Chalicotherium Sivalense. Upper jaw, right side, with part
of orbit, three true molars and last premolar. The muzzle seems
to have fined off rather abruptly in front of the molar protuberances,

104 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

and the orbit to have been more forward on the face and more
depressed below the brow than in Anoplotherium commune. The
upper surface of the sub-orbitary canal is seen opening behind the
anterior angle of the orbit, the floor of which seems to have extended
behind the post-orbitary processes. —B.M.

This specimen is also figured as Anoplotherium Sivalense in the Pro-
ceedings Geol. Soc., No. 98, 1848, Plate II. fig. 2.

Figs. 3 and 8 a.—Chalicotherium Sivalense. Worizontal and lateral
view of left upper jaw, comprising the three true molars and three
premolars. The true molars, and especially the two last, are enormously
large in comparison with the other teeth, or with the dimensions of the
head. If found isolated, they would seem suitable to an animal
approaching the size of Rhinoceros, whereas the anterior part of the
lower jaw and the muzzle do not reach the dimensions of the Indian
Tapir. The outer surface of the molars presents both vertically and
horizontally the double chevron or W form of Anoplotherium, but
with this difference, that the surface of the re-entering angles is more
inclined inwards. The characters of the teeth in this specimen are
minutely described in the memoir on Chalicotherium.

This specimen is also figured in the Proceedings Geol. Soc. No. 98,
1843, Plate II. fig. 1—-B.M.

Figs. 4 and 4a.—Chalicotherium Sivalense. Fragment comprising
the left half of the lower jaw from the angle on to the commencement
of the symphysis of an individual which was not quite full grown,
containing three true molars and the last premolars, with the empty
alveoli of the first two premolars. The last premolar is fully pro-
truded, but unworn; the last molar is in the germ state. The
characters of the teeth in this specimen are minutely described in the
memoir on Chalicothertum.—B.M.

The dimensions of the specimen are as follows :—

Extreme length of fragment, 6°8in. Greatest depth of ramus, 2‘lin. Greatest
thickness (towards symphysis), l:-lin. Depth of ramus at anterior margin of
third premolar, 1-5in. Length of alveolus of second premolar, ‘55in. Breadth
of alveolus of ditto, °35in. Length of third premolar, -7in. Breadth of ditto,
‘din. Length of first molar, ‘8in. Breadth of ditto, -5in. Length of second
molar, 1:2in. Breadth of ditto, °65in. Length of third molar, 1‘5in. Breadth
of ditto, *65 in,

Puate LXXXI.

Figs. 1, la, and 1b.—Kquus Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.). Cra-
nium. Upper, palate, and lateral views. The specimen is broken off
transversely in front of the second premolar. The three true molars
and two back premolars on the right side are well preserved. The
left alveolar ridge is mostly deficient.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 15:in. Between extreme points of zygomata, 8:lin. Be-
tween anterior angles of the orbits, 6-2in. Breadth of nasal ridge at sub-orbital
foramen, 2°*7in. Height of cranium from palate at ditto, 3°3in. From anterior
angle of orbit to nasal notch, 6-in. Great diameter of orbit, 2°6in. Lesser dia-
meter of orbit, 1:°9in. Depth of zygomatic fossa, 1:‘8in. Greatest width of era-
nium at root of zygomata, 45in. Height of cranium from base of occipital to
summit of sagittal crest, 3°6in. From lower border of occipital foramen to pos-
terior border of palate, 8°5in. Length of three true molars, 3:lin. Length of
two posterior premolars, 2°2in. Width of palatine notch, 1-9 in. Width of
palate posteriorly, 3°3in. Width of palate anteriorly, 2-5in. Width of alveoli,
1-2 in,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 105

Figs. 2, 2a, and 2b.—Equus Sivalensis. Fragment comprising
posterior portion of skull, broken off in front in a line with anterior
angles of zygomatic arches. Shows occipital foramen, crest, condyles,
and posterior roots of zygomata.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 7°5in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of
occipital foramen to summit of occipital crest, 4:8 in. Between inferior angles of
occipital crest, 4°7 in. Breadth of cranium between roots of zygomata, 3-7 in.
Length of ridge of occipital condyle, 1:7 in. Height of condyle (greatest), 2°1 in.
Between inner margins of condyles, 1-5in. Height of occipital foramen, 1°6 in.

Fig. 3.—Kquus Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw, with whole
series of six molars.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 9°3in. Height of fragment (length of molar), 4:1 in.

Length of molar series, 77 in. Length of three true molars, 3°-4in. Breadth of
alveoli, 1°3 in.

Fig. 4.— Equus Sivalensis. Fragment of horizontal ramus of lower
jaw with whole series of six molars.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 11‘in. Depth of jaw at anterior border of fourth premo-

lar, 36in. Width of ditto, 1°2in. Length of molar series, 7‘8in. Length of
three true molars, 3°7 in.

Figs. 5,5 a, 56, and 5c.—Kquus Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.),
from the Nerbudda Valley. The occipital condyles and foramen and
the left zygomatic arch are very perfect; also the whole series of six
molars on left side. The specimen is broken off in front of first
(permanent) premolar on left side; from this the line of fracture passes
obliquely across the palate and through the middle of the hindmost
right premolar. ‘The three right true molars are present. The right
zygomatic arch is absent.—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 17°6in. From lower border of occipital foramen
to posterior border of palate, 9°6in. Greatest breadth of eranium at roots of zy-
gomatie processes, 441n. Between extreme points of zygomata, 7-9 in. Between
anterior angles of orbits, 6°in. Height of cranium from palate at fractured
extremity, 3°6 in. Great diameter of orbit, 2°8 in. Lesser diameter of orbit,
18in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of occipital foramen, 4-2 in.
Between inferior angles of occipital facet, 4:1 in. Depth of zygomatic fossa, 1°7 in.
Width of palatine notch, 1:7in. Width of palate posteriorly, 3-in. Width of
palate anteriorly, 2°7in. Width of alveoli, 1-lin. Length of molar series, 7: in.
Length of true molars, 3°3 in.

Fig. 6.—Equus Namadicus. Fragment of left upper jaw comprising
whole molar series.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 9°2in. Length of molar series, 7*-in. Length of three
true molars, 3°2in. Breadth of alveoli, 1:2 in.

Fig. 7.—Equus Namadicus. Fragment of left lower jaw with entire
molar series. The fracture exposes the fang of the last true molar.—

B.M.

Length of fragment, 12°7in. Depth of jaw at anterior border of fourth pre-
molar, 3°8in. Width, 1-2in. Length of molar series, 8°-in. Length of three
true molars, 3°8 in.

Puate LXXXII.

Fig. 1.— Equus Sivalensis. Upper jaw, right side, with entire molar
series. —B.M.

Length of third molar, 1:16in. Breadth of ditto, 1:03in. Length of second
molar, 1:16in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2in. Length of first molar, 1:16in. Breadth

106 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

of ditto, 1°23 in. Length of third premolar, 1-23in. Breadth of ditto, 1-3 in.
Length of second premolar, 1°33in. Breadth of ditto, 13in. Length of first
premolar, 1‘7in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2 in.

Fig. 2.—Lower jaw, right side, with entire molar series.

Length of third molar, 1:26in. Breadth of ditto, 6 in. Length of second
molar, 1°2in. Breadth of ditto, *7in. Length of first molar, 1:°2in. Breadth of
ditto, ‘Sin. Length of third premolar, 1:3in. Breadth of ditto, -8in. Length
of second premolar, 1°26in. Breadth of ditto, *83in. Length of first premolar,
1-45in. Breadth of ditto, °73in. Length of molar series, 7°65in. Length of
three true molars, 3°55 in.

Fig. 3.—Equus Sivalensis. Fragment of upper jaw, right side, with
three true molars and two posterior premolars.—B.M.

Length of third molar, 1:25in. Breadth of ditto, 1:05in. Length of second
molar, l‘in. Breadth of ditto, 1:15in. Length of first molar, -‘9in. Breadth
of ditto, 1:13in. Length of third premolar, 1:15in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2 in.
Length of second premolar, 1:2in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2 in. Length of molar
series (first premolar wanting), 5-45 in. Length of three true molars,.3°16 in.

Fig. 4.—Equus Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, including right
horizontal ramus, with three anterior molars, milk dentition, and sym-
physis with outer incisor and alveoli of middle and inner incisors on
either side.

Length of fragment, 9°3in. Length of milk molar series, 4:15in. Interval
between first milk molar and external incisive alveolus, 3°75in. Between central
points of inner alveolar border of external incisors, 13in. Length of third
milk molar, 1°45in. Breadth of ditto, :56in. Length of second milk molar,
1:25in. Breadth of ditto, -6in. Length of first milk molar, 1-5in. Breadth of
ditto, °63in. Length of crown of external incisor, °53in. Breadth of crown of
ditto, *35in. Length of alveolus of middle incisor, 55 in. Length ditto of internal
ditto, °55in. Between posterior angles of last milk molars, 2°16 in. Between
anterior angles of anterior milk molars, 1:2 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Equus Sivalensis. Fragment, comprising anterior
part of upper and lower jaws in almost natural apposition. Shows six
incisors and two small canines in both jaws; also the two front pre-
molars on one side of lower jaw.—B.M.

Between posterior angles of external incisors of lower figure in 5 a, 1-9in.
Length of crown of three incisors of one side, 1-2in. Between anterior edge of
mental foramen and anterior edge of canine, 2-4in. Between anterior edge of
mental for. and posterior edge’of ext. incisors, 2°9in. Diastema between canine and
exterior incisor, ‘4in. Diastema between canine and anterior edge of first pre-
molar, 3°3in. Length of anterior premolar, 1:°35in. Breadth of ditto, ‘6 in.
Length of external incisor, ‘5 in. Length of middle ditto, -45in. Length of
internal ditto, *35 in. Between posterior angles of exterior incisors of upper
jaw in fig. 5a, 2°2 in. Length of three incisors of one side, 1°8in. Diastema be-
tween anterior premolar and canine, 3-2 in. Height of first premolar, 3° in.
Length of external incisor, ‘8 in. Length of middle ditto, Sin. Length of in-
ternal ditto, °75 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.— Equus Sivalensis. Fragment comprising an-
terior portion of palate, with six upper incisors and two rudimentary
canines.—B.M.

Between posterior angles of external incisor alveoli, 2°-45in. Between external
alveolar margins of canines, 2*lin. Between canine and external incisor, ‘4 in.
Breadth (extreme) of incisor series, 2°8in. Breadth of three incisors (oblique),
1:75in. Length of crown of external incisor, -7in. Breadth of ditto, -45in.
Length of crown of middle incisor, °65in. Breadth of ditto, -46in. Length of
erown of internal incisor, ‘56in. Breadth of ditto, ‘5 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 107

Fig. 7.— Equus Namadicus, from the Nerbudda. Fragment of upper
jaw, right side, with entire molar series.—B.M.

Length of molar series, 7°05 in. Length of three true molars, 3-2 in. Length
of third molar, 1:15in. Breadth of ditto, -9in. Length of second molar, 1:05 in.
Breadth of ditto, 1-lin. Length of first molar, ‘96in. Breadth of ditto, 1-05 in.
Length of third premolar, 1-15in. Breadth of ditto, 1:15in. Length of second
premolar, 1:16in. Breadth of ditto, l:lin. Length of first premolar, 1°55 in.
Breadth of ditto, 1:0 in.

Fig. 8.—Equus Namadicus. Fragment of lower jaw, left side, with
entire molar series.—B.M.

Length of molar series, 7°93 in. Length of three true molars, 3°76 in. Length
of third molar, 1-°2in. Breadth of ditto, -5in. Length of second molar, 1:2 in.
Breadth of ditto, 65in. Length of first molar, 1:°25in. Breadth of ditto, °7 in.
Length of third premolar, 1:2in. Breadth of ditto, -°7in. Length of second pre-
molar, 1*3in. Breadth of ditto,*73in. Length of first premolar, 1°55 in. Breadth
of ditto, ‘66 in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 6.—Equus Paleonus (Fale. and Caut.), from
the Nerbudda. Fragment of anterior portion of palate, with six in-
cisors and two small canines. Presented by C. Frazer, Esq.—B.M.

Between inner alveolar margins of canines, 1-lin. Diastema between canine
and external incisor, *8in. Between posterior angles of external incisors, 1°7 in.
Length of three incisors of one side, 1-6in. Length of external incisor, ‘6in. Length
of middle ditto, -65in. Length of internal ditto, ‘56in. Length of alveolus of
canine on left side, °4in. Breath of ditto, °3 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.—Hquus Paleonus. Fragment of anterior
portion of lower jaw, with six incisors.—B.M.

Breadth across posterior margin of external incisive alveolus of left side,
2'4in. Length of three incisors of one side, 1°45in, Length of broken end of
external incisor, ‘45in. Length of crown of middle incisor, ‘Sin. Length of
crown of internal ditto, °4 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Equus Paleonus. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, milk dentition.—B.M.

Length of third milk molar, grinding surface, 1°3in. Breadth of ditto, -36 in.
Length of second milk molar, grinding surface, 1:15in. Breadth of ditto, -4 in.
Length of first milk molar, grinding surface, 1:2in. Breadth of ditto, -4 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 b.—Fossil Hquus, from the Irrawaddi. Frag-
ment of lower jaw, comprising symphysis and six incisors.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 4-4 in. Between external angles of external incisors, 2:4 in.
Length of three incisive alveoli of one side, 1°5 in.

Fig. 138.—Hippotherium Antilopinum (Fale. and Caut.), from the
Sewalik hills. Fragment of upper jaw, left side, with entire series of
six molars.—B.M.

Length of molar series, 5"3in. Length of three true molars, 2°36in. Length
of third molar, ‘8in. Breadth of ditto, -55in. Length of second molar, -85 in.
Breadth of ditto, *76in. Length of first molar, *8in. Breadth of ditto, -85 in.
Length of third premolar, ‘93 in. Breadth of ditto, ‘86 in. Length of second pre-
molar, ‘96 in. Breadth of ditto, -95 in. Length of first premolar, 1-25 in.
Breadth of ditto, *83in. Height of second premolar, 2°15in. Height of first pre-
molar to origin of fangs, 1°4 in.

Fig. 14.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, with three premolars and portion of first true molar.—B.M.

Length of three premolars, 3*1in. Length of three premolars and first molar (frag-
ment), 4:1in. Remaining portion of diastema, 1°8 in. Length of first molar
(fragment), ‘8in. Breadth of ditto, 55 in. Length of third premolar, -96 in,

Breadth of ditto, -6in. Length of second premolar, ‘96in. Breadth of ditto,
*55in, Length of first premolar, 1:05in. Breadth of ditto, -5 in.

108 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 b.—HHippotherium Antilopinum. Symphysis of
lower jaw, with fragments of six incisors.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 2°2in. Breadth at anterior angles of canines, 1°6 in.
Length of fragments of three incisors of one side, 95 in.

Fig 16.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Portion of skull, with palate.
Shows three true molars and third (permanent) premolar on both sides,
and portion of second premolar on right side.—B.M.

Length of three true molars, 2°5in. Length of three true molars, including
last premolar, 3°36 in. Width of palate posteriorly, 2*in. Width of palate be-
tween third premolars, 1°9in. Length of third molar, °85in. Breadth of ditto,
‘75in. Length of second molar, ‘8in. Breadth of ditto, *85in. Length of first
molar, ‘8in. Breadth of ditto, ‘9in. Length of third premolar, ‘9in. Breadth
of ditto, *9 in.

Fig. 17.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Portion of molar, showing
plication of enamel.—B.M.

Leneth of fragment, *75in. Breadth, -45 in.

Fig. 18.—Hippotherium <Antilopinum. Molar, with characteristic

plication of the enamel, like that shown in fig. 19.1
Length of grinding surface, ‘85in. Greatest breadth of ditto, *85 in.

Fig. 19.—Hippotherium gracile (of Europe). Molar, with charac-
teristic plication of enamel.

Greatest length of grinding surface, 1:03 in. Greatest breadth of ditto, ‘975 in.

Puate LXXXIIL.

Figs. 1 to 11.—Equus and Hippotherium.
Figs. 1, 1 a, 1, and 1 e.—Atlas.—B.M.

Extreme width, 4°5in. Length of inferior arch, 1-4in. Height of spinal canal
anteriorly, 1-5 in. Width of ditto, 1°7 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2 b, and 2 c.—Axis.—B.M.

Extreme length of body, 4:1in. Length of spinal platform in centre, 2°5 in.
Width across posterior articular processes, 2°8 in.

Figs. 3, 3 a, 3b, and 3 c.—Cervical vertebra.—B.M.

Extreme length of body, 4-4in. Between extremities of oblique processes,
4-5in. Width between posterior oblique processes, 2°6 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 40, and 4 c.—Cervical vertebra. —B.M.
Extreme length between extremities of oblique processes, 4*in. Width of
spinal platform in centre, 17 in.
Figs. 5, 5 a, 5b, and 5 c.—Cervical vertebra.— B.M.
Extreme length of body, 4°3 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, 6b, and 6 e.—Dorsal vertebra.—B.M.

Length of spme (fractured), 6°5in. Length of body, 2:2in. Width between
transverse processes, 3°8 in.

Fig. 7.—Portion of pelvis, showing acetabulum.—B.M.
Chord of acetabulum, 2°4 in.

1 This specimen somewhat resembles | and described by Dr. Falconer in same
that figured by Messrs, Baker and Durand | volume, p. 58.
in Journ. As. Soc., vol. iv., Plate xlv.,

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 109

Fig. 8.—Portion of pelvis, showing acetabulum and thyroid foramen.
—B.M.

Chord of acetabulum, 2° in. Diameter of thyroid foramen (anterior portior),
2°3 in.

Figs. 9, 9a, and 9 6.—Lower end of humerus and upper end of
radius and ulna zn s’tu.u—B.M.

Width of lower end of humerus, 3°1in. Width of upper end of radius, 3-2 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of lower end of humerus internally, 3°4 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 106, and 10 c.—Fragment of lower articulating extre-
mity of femur.—B.M.

Width of lower extremity of femur, 2°9in. Antero-posterior diameter of femur
externally, 3°2in. Width of rotular surface, 1°5 in.
Figs. 11, 11 a, 11 0, and 11 ¢—Lower end of femur.—B.M.
Width of lower end, 3°5 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 b.— Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon) Iravaticus.
Lower end of radius.—B.M.
Width of lower end, 2°8in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 1°7 in. °

Figs. 15, 18a, 138 6, and 13 c.—Second cervical vertebra or axis.
Species undetermined. From Col. Baker’s collection.—B.M.

Extreme length of body (fractured), 5-5 in. Width of odontoid surface, 3:2 in.
Width between outer edges of posterior articular surfaces, 3°5 in.

Figs. 14, 14a, 145, and 14c¢c.—Fragment of lower end of femur.
Species undetermined.—B.M.

Cireumference above rotular surface, 8°in. Width of rotular surface, 1-5 in.

Puate LXXXIV.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Equus Sivalensis. Upper articulating extremity,
and portion of shaft of ulna.—B M.

Width of radial articular surface, 3:°2in. Chord of sigmoid cavity, 1°55 in.
From apex of olecranon to anterior edge of sigmoid cavity, 5:7 in.

Figs. 2, 24,26, and 2 c.—Equus Sivalensis. Upper end and por-
tion of shaft of ulna.—B.M.

Width of radial articular surface, 3-lin. Circumference at lower fractured ex-
tremity, 5°2 in.

Figs. 38, 38 a, and 3b.—Hquus Sivalensis. Fragment of lower end of
radius. — B.M.

Width of inferior articulating surface, 2°8in, Greatest antero-posterior dia-
meter, 1°5 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 46, and 4c.—Hquus Sivalensis. Metacarpal bone.
Entire shaft and lower articulating surface.—B.M.

Extreme length, 10°in. Width of upper articular surface, 2:1in. Width of
lower, 1°8in. Circumference of shaft in centre, 4:1 in,

Figs. 5, 5a, and 5b—-Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment of
upper end of radius.—B.M.

Width of upper articulating surface, 2°5 in.

Figs. 6, 6a, and 6b.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment of

lower end of radius.—B.M.
Width of lower articular surface, 1°85 in.
H

110 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 7, 7a, and 7b.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment of
lower end of radius with bones of car pus.—B.M.
Width of inferior articulating surface of radius, 2°1 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a. —Hippotherium Antilopinum. Lower end of radius,
with bones of carpus, and portion of metacarpus.

Figs. 9, 9a, 9b, and 9¢c.—Hippothertum Antilopinum. Metacarpal
bone.—B.M.

Extreme length, 8'8in. Width of upper articular surface, 1-5in. Width of
lower articular ‘surface fractured, 1°5in. Circumference in centre of shaft, 3°2 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 106.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment
of metacar pal bone; lower end broken off.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 8:1 in. Width of articular surface of middle metacarpal,
1:65 in. Width of articular surface of left metacarpal, -4in. Width of articular
surface of right ditto, °36 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. First phalanx.—
B.M.

Length, 29in. Greatest width of upper articular surface, 1:7 in. Greatest
width of lower ditto, 1°3 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, 12, and 12 e.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Second
phalanx.—B.M.

Length, 1:5 in. Greatest width of upper articular surface, 1-4in. Greatest
width of lower ditto, 1°25 m.

Figs. 18, 13a, 136, 13, and 13 d—Radius of fossil Equus from
the Nerbudda, entire —B.M.

Greatest length of radius, 11°4in. Width of upper articular surface, 2°7 in.
Width of lower articular surface, 2°15 in. Circumference of shaft in centre, 5° in.

Figs. 14, 14a, and 14 6.—Shaft of radius of fossil Equus from the
Nerbudda. The articulating extremities are imperfect.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 10°7in. Circumference of shaft in centre, 4°3 in.

Figs. 15, 15 a, z

shaft with articulating extremity of radius.—B.M.
Width of upper articulating surface, 2°45 in.

Figs. 16, 16 a, and 16 b.—Equus from the Niti Pass. Fragment of

lower end of tibia.

Upper end of

Width of lower surface, 1°9 in.

Figs. 17 and 17 a.—Equus from the Niti Pass. Astragalus —B.M.

Width of trochlea, 1°45in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 1-3 in. Width
of scaphoid surface, 1-7 in.

Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 6.—Equus from the Niti Pass. Os magnum
of carpus.—B.M.

Transverse diameter, 1-4in. Antero-posterior diameter, 1:15 in.
centre, °7 in.

Figs. 19, 19 a, and 19 b.—Hquus from the Niti Pass. Third or un-
cual phalanx.—B.M.

Width of articular surface, 1:55 in. Probable antero-posterior diameter, 2°1 in.

Figs. 20 and 20a.—Kquus. Metatarsal bone from Sewalik hills.
—-B.M. No. 17,828.

Extreme length, 11:1 in. Width of upper articular surface, 2-in. Width of
lower ditto, 1:8 in. Circumference at middle of shaft, 4:4 in.

Fig. 21.—Equus. Metatarsal bone from Sewalik hills—B.M.

Circumference in centre of shaft, 3°8 in.

Thickness in

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 111

Puate LXXXV.

Figs. 1, la, 1b, le, and 1d.—Equus Sivalensis. Entire femur,
with both articulating extremities —B.M.

Extreme length, 15°6 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, including
trochlea, 4°6in. Antero-posterior diameter of posterior segment of great trochlea,
19in. Transverse diameter of articular surface, 2°5in. Antero-posterior dia-
meter of articular surface, 2‘1in. Smallest transverse diameter of shaft, 1°8 in.
Smallest antero-posterior diameter of shaft, 1-°9in. Transverse diameter of lower
extremity, 3°6in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 3°6 in. Height of rotular
surface in centre, 24in. Height of external condyle above neck of femur, 18 in.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 2b.—Kquus Sivalensis. Upper end of shaft of
femur, with upper articular extremity.

Length of fragment, 6°8in. Breadth of upper extremity, 4°3in. Transverse
diameter of articular surface, 2°2in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 19 in.

Figs. 3, 8a, 3b, and 3 c.—Hquus Sivalensis.—Entire tibia.—B.M.

Extreme length, 14-5 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 3:5 in.
Transverse diameter of shaft (smallest), 1:7 in. Antero-posterior diameter of shaft
(smallest), 1:2 in. Transverse diameter of lower extremity, 8°in. Length of
ridge dividing articular fossee, 2°4 in.

Fig. 4.—Lower end of tibia and astragalus of Equus in situ, resto-
ration.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 6.—Calcaneum of Hquus Sivalensis.—B.M.

Length, 5-8in. Projection of heel, 3-2in. Greatest breadth, 2-lin. Greatest
height, 1-9 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.—Astragalus of Hquus Sivalensis—B.M.

Length (greatest), 2°5in. Height (greatest), 1°9in. Breadth of scaphoid
surface, 2°lin. Breadth of trochlea (tibial surface), 1:7in. Antero-posterior
diameter of trochlea in centre, 1°41in.

Figs. 7, 7 a, 7b, and 7 c.—Metatarsal bone of Equus Sivalensis.

Extreme length, 11:5 in. Antero-posterior diam. of shaftin centre, 1:2in. Trans-
verse of shaft ditto, 1-3in. Transverse of upper extremity, 2-in. Antero-pos-
terior of ditto, 1:7in. Transverse of lower articular surface, 1°8in. Greatest
antero-posterior of lower articular surface (in centre), 1°65 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, 8b, and 8 c.—First phalangeal bone posterior extremity
of Hquus Sivalensis—B.M.

Length superiorly, 3‘lin. Transverse diam. of posterior extremity, 2°] in.
Vertical of ditto, 1:3 in. Transverse of anterior articular surface, 1‘5in. Vertical
of ditto, °9 in.

Figs. 9, 9a, and 9b.—Hippotherium Antilopinum. Fragment of
shaft of tibia with lower articulating extremity.—B.M.

Length, 5:in. Breadth of inferior articular surface, 2-4in. Length of ridge
dividing articular fossze, 1°8 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.-—Astragalus of Hippotherium Antilopinum.
—B.M.

Length, 2-in. Breadth of scaphoid surface, 1:‘6in. Breadth of tibial surface,
13in. Length of tibia (in centre), 1-2 in.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanx of //ippo-
therium Antilopinum.—B.M.
Length of whole figure, 15°3 in,
H 2

112 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 12, 12a, 126, and 12 ¢.—Metatarsal bone of Hippotherium
Antilopinum.—B.M.

Length, 10'4in. Smallest transverse diameter of shaft, 1-in. Smallest antero-
posterior diameter of shaft, -9 in. Transverse of upper extremity, 16in. An-
tero-posterior of ditto, 1-4in. Transverse of lower extremity, 1-4in. Antero-
posterior of lower central ridge, 1-2 in.

Figs. 13, 13 a, 136, and 13 c.—Portion of metatarsal bone and first
two phalanges of Hippotherium Antilopinum.—B.M.

Transverse diameter of inferior extremity of metatarsal, 1-5in. Length of first
phalanx, 2°7in.; of second, 1°5in. Antero-posterior diameter of lower extremity
of metatarsal, 1: in.

Figs. 14, 14a, and 146.—First phalanx of posterior extremity of
Hippotherium Antilopinum.—B.M.

Length, 3-1in. Transverse diameter of posterior extremity, 1‘6in. Vertical
diameter of ditto, ‘9in. Transverse diameter of anterior extremity, 1*3in. Ver-
tical diameter of anterior extremity, °6 in.

Figs. 15, 15 a, and 15 b.—Second phalanx of posterior extremity of
Hippotherium Antilopinum.—DB.M.

Length, l-in. Transverse of posterior extremity, 1-5 in. Vertical of ditto,
l‘in. Transverse of anterior extremity, 1°3in. Vertical of ditto, °7 in.

Figs. 16, 16a, and 166.—Last phalanx of posterior extremity of
Hippotherium Antilopinum.—B.M.

Length of fragment, 1:6in. Greatest breadth, 1°8in. Height, 1-in.

Fig. 17.—-Lower end of tibia and astragalus of Hippotheriwm Anti-

lopinum, restored.
Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 6.—Calcaneum of Hippotherium Antilopinum.
Greatest length, 4° in. i

Prats LXXXVI.

Figs. 1, la, 1b, and 1¢—Camelus Sivalensis. (Fale. and Caut.)
Mutilated fragment of cranium broken off in front through the first
true molar. The great elevation of the sagittal and occipital crests,
the development of the temporal fossee, and the advanced position and
prominence of the orbits, are to be noted. The orbits also are elon-
gated from before backwards, instead of being circular or elongated
vertically as in the existing Camel—B.M. (See Memoir on Camel,
Asiatic Res., vol. xix.) ;

Height of occipital facet, 4°2 in. Width between extreme parts of occipital con-
dyles, 3°in. Height of for. magnum, 1-5in. Width of ditto, 1-3in. Between
pariet. occipital angles, 4°3in. From lower angle of for. magnum to posterior bor-
der of last molar, 6°lin. Width of palate between anterior angles of last molars,
2°8in. Width across widest part of cranial cavity, 4°7in. Between external aud.
canal and posterior border of orbit, 4°8in. Antero-posterior diameter of orbit,
27in, Vertical diameter of ditto, 1:7in. Width across at posterior extremity of
zygomatic arches, 8'4in. Width across at posterior angles of orbits, 9° in.

Figs. 2, 2a, and 2b.—Camelus Sivalensis. Fragment of cranium
showing palate with series of true molars on both sides. The specimen
also shows the extreme depth of the maxillary which leads to the
arched appearance in the nose of the Camel.—B.M.

Length of true molar series, 4°8in. Width of palate between posterior angles
of last molars, 3°2in. Width of palate between anterior angles of anterior mo-
lars, 2° in.

Fig. 3.—Camelus Sivalensis. Skull and lower jaw. Both jaws are

—

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 113

locked together, but the anterior and posterior extremities with the
upper surface of the skull are wanting. The animal was young, its
last permanent molars not being completely developed, and the third
milk molar being still in position. The general character is that of the
present Camel; the form of maxillaries, thickness of lower jaw and ex-
ternal appearance of the teeth corresponding as closely as two skulls of
one species would do. The position of the sub-orbitary foramen, how-
ever, is rather higher up on the maxillary, and the tapering of the
lower jaw is less than in the existing Camel. This specimen is also
figured in ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. Plate XX. fig..8.—B.M.

Length of molar series (including two last premolars), 6°2in. Length of three
true molars, 4°8in. Height of ramus of lower jaw opposite last molar, 2°7 in.
Thickness of ramus of lower jaw opposite last molar, 1°35in. Length of molar
series of lower jaw (including last premolar), 6°3 in. Length of true molar of lower
jaw, ditto, 5°6 in.

Figs. 4 and 4a.—Camelus Sivalensis. Cranium including occiput
and nasal bones. The great width and massiveness of the cranium as
compared with the muzzle are well seen, and also the antero-posterior
elongation of the orbit.—B.M.

Antero-posterior diameter of orbit, 2°3in. Height of ditto, 1‘6in. Between
anterior angle of orbit and sub-orbital foramen, 2°3in. Length of first and second
true molars, 2°6in. Widest part of cranial box, 37 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Camelus Sivalensis. Lower jaw, which on the
right side, with the exception of the condyle and coronoid process, is
almost perfect. Fragments containing molars of upper jaw are still in
apposition at some places. The specimen shows four incisors on the
left side; the third right incisor is wanting. ‘The wear of the teeth
and the flattened surface of the fourth or pointed incisor show that the
animal must have been of considerable age. ‘This specimen is also
figured in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. Plate XX. fig. 4, a larger
quantity of matrix containing remains of upper jaw being there still
adherent.—B.M.

Between outer margins of canines, 2°5in. Between outer margins of first pre-
molars, 2°lin. Diastema between canine and first premolar,*7in. Length of
the molar series, 5:‘9in. Diastema between first and last premolar, 3-in. Length
of the three true molars, 4°9in. Length of symphysis, 5°3in. Interval between
rami opposite last molars, 2°6 in.

IBN) IP.OO-OVOE
Camelus Sivalensis.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Palate with molar series on both sides imperfect.
That on the right side is most complete, and contains the penultimate
and last deciduous molar and the two first true molars —B.M.

Length of molar series, 4:9in. Length of penultimate milk molar, 4 in.
Length of last deciduous molar, 1‘3in. Length of first true molar, 1°6 in. Length
of second true molar, 1:9 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of upper jaw, left side, containing three
true molars.—B.M.

Length of true molar series, 4-9in. Length of first molar, 1-3in. Length of

second ditto, 1-6in. Length of third ditto, 1-9in. Width of grinding surface of
first true molar, 1°1 in.

Figs. 3 and 3a.—Fragment of upper jaw, left side, showing the

114 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

second and third true molars. This specimen isalso figured in ‘ Asiatic
Researches,’ vol. xix. Plate XXI. figs. 12 and 13.—B.M.

Length of second true molar, 1°65 in. ; of third ditto, 2° in.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Fragment of upper jaw, containing third and fourth
premolars.—B.M.

Length of third premolar, °85in.; of fourth, -95 in.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Fragment of horizontal ramus of lower jaw, con-
taining three true molars and fourth premolar.—B.M.

Length of molar series of lower jaw, 5°7in. Length of true molar ditto, 4:7 in.
Length of fourth premolar, 0°9in. Length of first molar, 1-2in. Length of second
ditto, 1-4in. Length of third ditto, 2-1in. Length of last lobe of third molar, *6in.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Fragment of lower jaw, right side, with ascending
ramus, condyle, and coronoid process, and containing last molar. The
jaw exhibits remarkable differences from the jaw of the existing Camel.
It more resembles the lower jaw of Ox, Deer, or Antelope, but is shown
to be of Camel by the heel or step on the posterior ascending margin,
which is the generic mark of a Camel. In the existing Camel the
ascending ramus rises at nearly a right angle to the line of jaw; it has
considerable breadth antero-posteriorly, and its coronoid process is
short, straight, and massive. In the fossil the ascending ramus is as
oblique as in the Ox; it has no excess of breadth antero-posteriorly,
and the coronoid process is long, slightly curved back, and slender.
The condyle also has a much longer transverse diameter, its proportions
are more slender, and the depression on its upper margin much deeper
than in the existing Camel. The condylcs, however, are not nearly so
slight and narrow as in the Ox and Buffalo. ‘This specimen is also
figured in ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. Plate XX. figs. 6 and 7.—B.M.

Length of last molar, 2°25in. Length of last lobe of ditto, °7 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Fragment of horizontal ramus of lower jaw, con-
taining fourth premolar, and the two first and a fragment of third true
molars.—B.M.

Length of fourth premolar, ‘85in. Length of first molar, 1:'4in. Length of
second ditto, 1°8in. Length of fragment of third ditto, 16 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Fragment of horizontal ramus of lower jaw, con-
taining penultimate and last milk molars and first true molar.—B.M.

Length of penultimate milk molar, ‘6in. Length of last milk molar, 1°7 in.
Length of last lobe of ditto, *7in. Length of first true molar, 1-6 in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Symphysis of lower jaw with series of six incisors.
The fourth incisor, or canine, on left side, also seen.— B.M.

Chord of the incisor series, 2°65in. Length of first incisor, °7in. Length of
second ditto, °73in. Length of third ditto, ‘6 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.—Symphysis of lower jaw with alveoli of
six incisors and two canines (fourth incisors).—B.M.

Width between outer margin of external incisive alveoli, 1:8in. Width between
outer margin of canine ditto, 1:7 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 @.—Symphysis of lower jaw with six incisors and
two canines (fourth incisors).—B.M.

Chord of incisor series, 1-55in. Width between canine alveoli, 1‘5in. Length
of tirst incisor, 0'5in. Length of second ditto, 0°55in. Length of third or ex-
ternal, 0°65 in.

.

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DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 115

Pirate LXXXVIIL.
Vertebre of Camelus Sivalensis.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, and 1°¢.—Atlas with portion of axis adherent to
lower end.—B.M.

Length of lower arch of atlas, 2°6in. Length of upper ditto, 3-lin. Extreme
length of atlas, 4-4in. Between outer margin of posterior articular processes,
3°6 in,

Figs. 2, 2 a, 2b, 2c, and 2 d.—Third cervical vertebra.—B.M.

Greatest length of body, 7-7in. Height of spinal canal posteriorly, 1° in.
Width of spinal canal citto, 1-3 in.

Figs. 8, 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3d.—Fourth cervical vertebra.—B.M.

Length of body, 7-8in. Length of spinal platform, 5-5in. Length between
extremities of oblique processes, 8°5in. Between extremities of inferior trans-
verse processes anteriorly, 4°6 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 46, 4c, and 4 d.—Fifth cervical vertebra.—B.M.

Greatest length of body, 6°9in. Width of spinal canal anteriorly, 1:1 in.
Height of spinal canal anteriorly, 1-in. Between outer margins of vertebral fora-
mina, 1°95in. Diameter of vertebral foramen, 0°4in. Probable width across
transverse processes, 3°8 in.

Figs. 5, 5a, 5 b, and 5 c.—Cervical vertebra imperfect.—B.M.

Length of fragment of body, 3°9in. Height of spinal canal posteriorly,
1-2in. Width of spinal canal ditto, 1:2 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, 6b, and 6 c.—Cervical vertebra.—B.M.

Greatest length of body, 4-65in. Height of spinal canal posteriorly, 1°3 in.
Width of spinal canal ditto, 1°5 in.

PuaTeE LXXXIX.

Bones of anterior extremity of Camelus Sivalensis.

Fig. 1.—Scapula, almost perfect.—B.M.

Length of scapula, 22-in. Width at narrowest part, 3°2in. Height of coracoid
process, 2°3in. Greatest projection of spine, 1°6 in.

Fig. 2.—Glenoid cavity of scapula.

Greater diameter, 2°6in. Lesser ditto, 2°3 in.

Figs. 3,3 a, and 3 b.—Head of humerus, with double bicipital groove.
—B.M.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 5‘in. Greatest transverse ditto, 4°6 in.
Chord of double bicipital groove, 3: in.

Fig. 4.—Head of humerus, with double bicipital groove-—B.M.

Greatest antero-posterior diameter, 46in. Greatest transverse ditto, 3-6 in.
Chord of double bicipital groove, 2°7 in.

Figs. 5, 5a, and 5 6.—Lower end of humerus, with articular surface.
—B.M.

Transverse diameter of inferior articular surface, 3°6 in. Antero-posterior dia-
meter internally of inferior extremity, 4-in. Length of fragment, 7:1 in.

Figs. 6, 6a, and 66.—Lower end of humerus and upper end of
conjoined radius and ulna 7m s¢tw.—B.M.

Width of inferior articular surface of humerus, 3:3 in. Width of superior arti-
cular surface of radius, 3°45 in,

116 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 b.—Portion of shaft and lower articulating ex-
tremity of conjoined radius and ulna.—B.M.

Width of conjoined lower extremity of radius and ulna, 2°9 in. Circumference
of conjoined shafts at fractured extremity, 5°9in. Length of fragment, 7-3 in.

Figs. 8, 8a, 8 5, and 8 e.—Lower end of conjoined radius and ulna,
with carpal and metacarpal bones.—B.M.

Extreme width of lower conjoined articular surface of radius and ulna, 3°8in.
Greatest antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 2°1in. “Extreme length of fragment of
metacarpal, 14°55 in. Width of upper articular surface of metacarpal, 3°3 in.
Greatest transverse diameter of shaft at centre, 1°8in. Least antero-posterior
diameter of shaft at centre, 1°4 in.

Fig. 9.—Lower end of radius and ulna with bones of carpus.—
B.M.
Greatest length of pisiform, 2°lin. Height, 2:in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 106, and 10 c.—Bones of carpus.—B.M.

Figs. 11 and 11 a.—Fragment of upper end of metacarpal bone.—B.M.

Length, 12°in. Width of upper articular surface of ditto, 2;°9in. Greatest
transverse diameter at centre of shaft, 1-6in. Least antero-posterior diameter at
centre of shaft, 1°3 in.

Figs. 12,12 a, 126, and 12c.—Lower articulating extremity of meta-
carpal bone, deeply fissured—B.M.

Extreme length of fragment, 5‘6in. Interval between articular surfaces, *5 in.
Greatest width of articular surface, 1°85in. Greatest antero-posterior of articu-
lar surface in centre, 1‘9in. Circumference of shaft at fractured extremity, 5:9 in.

Figs. 13, 15 a, 13 6, and 18 ¢.—First phalanx and: sesamoid bone.—
B.M.

Length of first phalanx, 3°9in. Width of proximal articular surface, 1°6 in.
Greatest width of distal surface, 15in, Length of articular surface of sesamoid
bone, l‘in. Width of articular surface of sesamoid bone, °7 in.

Figs. 14, 14 a, 14 6, and 14 ¢.—First phalanx.—B.M.

Length of first phalanx, 4*in. Width of upper articular surface, 1:‘9in. Width
of lower articular surface (greatest), 1-6 in.

PLATE XC.

Bones of posterior extremity of Camelus Sivalensis.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Fragment of head of femur.—B.M.
Antero-posterior diameter of great trochanter, 2°9 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.— Articulating surface of head of femur.—B.M.
Diameter of articulating surface, 2°5 in.
Figs. 3, 3a, 36, and 3c.—Fragment of lower end of femur with
condyles.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 6°6in. Width of lower extremity, 4:8 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4 .—Fragment of lower end of femur.—B.M.

Transverse diameter of lower extremity, 3-8 in. Width of rotular surface, 2-2in.
Height of rotular surface in centre, 2°7 in.

Figs. 5, 5a, and 5 6.—Fragment of lower end of femur.

Width of lower extremity, 4:6in. Width of rotular surface in centre, 1°6in.
Height of rotular surface in centre, 2°6 in.

ee

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 117

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6.—Patella.—B.M.
Length, 3°7in. Width, 2°9in. Width of articular surface in centre, 1:4 in.

Figs. 7, 7 a, 76, and 7 c.—-Entire tibia.—B.M.

Extreme length of tibia, 16°7in. Extreme width of upper articular surface,
3°6in. Width of inferior articular surface posteriorly, 2°3in. Circumference of
shaft below crest, 6° in.

Figs. 8, 8 a, 8b, 8c, and 8 d.—Calcaneum and cuboid.—B.M.

Extreme length of caleaneum, 6°7in. Projection of caleaneal process, 4°3 in.
Greatest height, 3-lin. Height of cuboid, 2-°2in. Greatest width superiorly,
1‘7in. Antero-posterior diameter, 1°5 in.

Fig. 9.—Tarsal bones, conjoined. a. caleaneum; 6. astragalus; c.
scaphoid ; d. internal cuneiform; e. external cuneiform.—B.M.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 100, 10 c, and 10 d.—Astragalus.—B.M.

Extreme antero-posterior diameter, 3°4in. Width of anterior articular surface,
2:3in. Width of cuboid segment of ditto, ‘9in. Width of trochlea, 2:1 in. Height,
1:95 in.

Fig. 11.—Astragalus.—B.M.

Extreme height, 2°8in. Width of anterior articular surface, 1:8in. Width of
euboid segment of ditto, 6 in. Width of trochlea, 1-6in. Height of astragalus,
1°56 in.

Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Upper extremity of metatarsal bone.—B.M.

Extreme width of upper articular surface, 2°2in, Antero-posterior diameter in
centre of upper extremity, 1°8 in.

Figs. 13, 18 a, and 13 b.—Metatarsal bone, entire; lower end deeply
fissured.—B.M.

Length, 16-in. Width of upper articular surface, 2°3in. Width of each of
lower articular surfaces, 1:3in, Interval between them, -35in. Antero-posterior
diameter of each, 1-5in. Greatest transverse diameter of shaft in centre, 1:46 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 1°3 in.

Figs. 14, 14a, 146, and 14c¢. First phalanx.—B.M.

Length, 4:in. Width of proximal surface, 155in. Width of distal articular
surface, 1°45 in.

Figs. 15, 15 a, 15 6, and 15 c.—Second phalanx.—B.M.

Extreme length, 2-4 in. Width of upper articular surface, l‘in. Extreme
width of distal ditto, 1:15 in.

Prats, XCI.

Sivatherium giganteum (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills.
(See antea, p. 247.) Splendid specimen of cranium, anterior view, from
Sir Proby Cautley’s collection in British Museum. A full description
of this specimen, with measurements, will be found in the Memoir on
Sivatherium (See ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix. p. 1).—B.M.

PuaTe XCII.
Sivatherium giganteum.
Figs. 1, 1a, 16, and 1 c.—Four different views of same cranium as
figured in Plate XC.—B.M.

Figs. 2 and 2a.—Fragment of cranium showing orbit and temporal
fossa, basilar process of occipital, depressions for condyles of lower
jaw, &c. This is the same specimen as is figured in Plate A. fig. 3,
under which the dimensions will be found.—B.M.

118 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

[Plate XCII. completes the series of published plates. Copies
of the seventeen plates which follow, and which I have de-
signated by letters (A. to R.), were found among Dr. Falconer’s
papers, or have been furnished by Mr. Ford, the artist and litho-
graphic engraver. These plates had been executed on stone,
and proof impressions struck off, but the plates were never
published, and unfortunately the stones were destroyed during
Dr. Falconer’s absence in India. These seventeen plates have
been deposited in the library of the Geological Department
in the British Museum, and from them several of the specimens
in the Museum have been named. Through the kindness of
Mr. Davies, I am enabled to give the British Museum Catalogue
number for each of the specimens figured, so that there will
be no difficulty in referring to the originals. |

PLATE A.

Figs. 1, la, 1b, and 1le.—Sivatherium giganteum. Cranium of
female, with perfect series of six molars on either side. ‘The specimen
is broken off in front of the molar ridges.—B.M. No. 39,523.

From anterior margin of foramen magnum to alveolus of first molar, 16: in.
From anterior to posterior side of last molar, 8°25 in. Width of skull between
borders of auditory foramina, 9°3 in. From the anterior margin of auditory foramen
to the rear molar, 69 in. Extreme length of fragment, 19°7 in. Height of
occiput, 6°5 in. Breadth of occiput, 9°5 in. Length of molar series, 8°5 in. Length
of true molat series along alveolar border, 4:11 in. Length of premolar series
along alveolar border, 4°4 in. Between anterior premolars, 24 in. Between
posterior molars, 4:3 in. Length of palate in mesial line from anterior edge of
first premolar to palatine notch, 6°10 in. Length from lower border of foramen
magnum to palatine notch, 9°5 in. Probable width across external orbital angles,
12°in. Length of orbit, 3-2 in. Length between auditory process and posterior
border of orbit, 6°5 in. Probable height at posterior border of palate in mesial -
line, 6°5 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Portion of cranium of Sivatherium giganteum, found
by Col. Colvin in the lower hills below and west of Nahun. The
specimen is valuable, though it has no teeth, from having the occiput
very entire, and from its proving the accuracy of Dr. Falconer’s
assumptions, made before the specimen was found, and based on exami-
nation of the original head (Plate XCI.), that the animal had four
horns with bony cores, as this has the offset of one of the back branched
horns very clearly marked, and suitable to which a large flat horn was
found in Capt. Cautley’s collection, fig. 4. The parts appear slightly
distorted from the occurrence of a shift. This specimen is figured and
described by Col. Colvin in the Jour. As. Soc., Feb. 1837, vol. vi.
p- 152. It is also figured in Royle’s ‘ Illustrations of the Botany of the
Himalayah Mountains,’ vol. ii., Plate VI. fig. le.

This specimen was presented by Col. Colvin to the Museum of the
University of Edinburgh, where it now is. Its dimensions are as
follows :—

Length from occipital crest to anterior margin of base of anterior horn-core (on
right side), 14:2 in. Between extreme points of occipital crest (imperfect), 16°2

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 119

in. Between extreme points of occipital condyles (external angles), 6:1in. From
the basilar surface, between the occipital condyles to occipital crest, 7°5 in. Height
of occipital foramen, 1°9 in. Breadth of occipital foramen, 1°8 in. Greatest
breadth of upper surface of occipital condyle, 2° in. From occipital crest to
posterior border of posterior core, 1:2 in. Breadth of cranium beneath posterior
core (distance between outer margins of roots of posterior cores), 12°1 in. Extreme
distance between fractured extremities of posterior cores, 21°56 in. Transverse
diameter of posterior core before its expansion, 5°8 in. Transverse diameter of
root of posterior core, 8°4 in. Thickness of core before expansion, 3:1 in. Great
diameter (transverse) of posterior branch, 2°5 in. Thickness (vertical diameter)
of posterior branch, 1°6 in, Chord of are between the origin of posterior branch
and occipital crest, 3:1 in. Thickness of stem (thickest part) of core, 3°6 in.
Circumference of core before expanding, 15°8 in. Antero-posterior diameter of
broken end of anterior core, 4:1in. Greatest transverse diameter of broken end
of anterior core, 8°2 in. Diameter of base of anterior core, 4°9 in. Breadth of
cranium beneath anterior cores (at foramen orbitale lacerum), 5°3 in. Between
inner margins of articular surfaces of occipital condyles superiorly, 1°77 in. Height
of fossa for insertion of ligam. nuche, 3°8 in. Base of fossa for insertion of ditto,
6-4 in. Groove between condyles, inferiorly, :45 in. Between outer margin of
condyles (inferiorly) immediately behind parieto-occipital crest, 2°7 in. From
grooves behind occipital condyles, inferiorly, to floor of fossa for ligam. nuchee,
3°7 in.

Fig. 3.—Sivatherium giganteum. Fragment of cranium, showing
forehead, orbits, and cores of anterior horns. This is the same specimen

as figured in Plate XCII. figs. 2 and 2 a.—B.M.

Antero-posterior diameter of orbit, 4:in. Height of orbit, 2°7 in. Width of
malar bone, 2°7 in. Width between anterior angles of orbit, 11°2 in. Width be-
tween outer margins of orbital cornua, 12° in. Long diameter of fractured end of
right horn, 5°18in. Short or transverse diameter of right horn, 3°10 in. Probable
width between mastoid processes, 16° in.

Fig. 4.—Sivatherium giganteum. Fragment from middle of posterior
horn. This specimen was in Sir Proby Cautley’s collection, and was
found to correspond to the posterior horn-core in Col. Colvin’s specimen.
—B.M. No. 39,525.

Length following curvature, 21: in. Circumference at lower attachment, 18: in.
Breadth at offset, 8-1 in. Length of offset at base, 5°in. Width of offset at base,
4-6in. Breadth at fractured upper extremity, 6°8 in. Greatest thickness at upper
extremity, 2°3 in.

Fig. 5.—Sivatherium giganteum. Fragment from apex of posterior
flattened horn.—B.M. No. 39,524.

Extreme length, 10°6 in. Breadth at base, 84 in. Thickness (extreme),
1°8 in.

Annes

Sivatherium giganteum.—Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Fragment of atlas,
comprising lower arch.—B.M. No. 39,526.

Extreme length of fragment, 8°3 in. Antero-posterior diameter of lower arch,
371 in.
Fig. 2.—Atlas, very perfect.—B.M. No. 39,527.
Extreme breadth, 8°3 in.
Figs. 3, 3 a, 3b, and 3 c.—Axis.—B.M. No. 89,528.

Extreme length, including odontoid process, 7°6 in. Extreme breadth of anterior
articular surface, 5°7 in. Length of spinal platform, 5°2 in. Height of spinal
canal, posteriorly, 1°7 in. Breadth of spinal canal, posteriorly, 1°7 in.

120 . FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh
cervical vertebre in situ.
Length of conjoined vertebree, 27°4 in.

Fies. 5, 5a, 5b, and 5c.—Sixth cervical vertebre.—B.M. No.
16,225.

Extreme length of body, 5°8 in. Height of spinal canal, posteriorly, 1:3 in.
Width of spinal canal, ditto, 1-6 in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, 66, and 6 c.—Cervical vertebra.—B.M. No. 18,173.

Extreme length of body, 6:1 in. Between outer margins of anterior articular
processes, 7°6 in.

Figs. 7, 7a, 76, and 7c¢c.—Seventh cervical vertebra—B.M. No.
15,707. ;

Extreme length of body, 61 in. Width of spinal canal, 2°5 in.

Figs. 8, 8 a, and 8 6.—First dorsal vertebra. It resembles that of the
British elk.

Extreme length of body, 4-5 in, Width across transverse processes, 8°1 in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 b.—Dorsal vertebra.—B.M. No. 17,078.
Extreme length of body, 4:7 in. Extreme width across transverse processes,
AAD:
Fig. 10.—Four dorsal vertebra in situ.
Length of conjoined vertebree, 13°8 in.

Figs. 11 and 11 a@.—Lower end of tibia, with bones of tarsus. a.
tibia; 0. fibular element; c. astragalus; d. caleaneum; e. cuboid; /f.
scaphoid.—B.M. No. 39,529.

Length of fibular element, 2°6 in. Height of fibular element (@), 1:3 in.
Length of fragment of os calcis (lower edge), 5: in. Height of fragment to fibular
surface, 3°3 in. Width of trochlea of astragalus (¢), 3:-1in. Length of astragalus
internally, 4:2 in. Length of scapho-euboid (inferiorly), 2-1 in. Length of ento-
cuneiform (superiorly), 1-1 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 0.—Phalanx (first?) of posterior extremity.
—B.M. No. 39,530.

Extreme length, 51 in. Width of upper articular surface, 2°56 in. Width of
lower articular surface, 2°2 in.

Figs. 13, 13 a, 13 6, and 13 c.—Phalanx (second ?) of posterior ex-
tremity.—B.M. No. 15,805.

Extreme length, 2°6in. Width of upper articular surface, 2:2 in. Width of
lower articular surface, in centre, 2° in.

PLATE C,

Sivatherium giganteum. Bones of anterior extremity.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Fragment of sternum.—B.M.
Length of fragment, 14°8 in. Greatest depth, 5°5in. Greatest width, inferior
end, 4°2in. Greatest width, upper end, 33 in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of scapula, showing glenoid cavity and
coracoid process. —B.M. No. 36,680.

Length of fragment, 11-8in. Great diameter of glenoid cavity, 4-4 in. Lesser
diameter of glenoid cavity, 3:3in. Elevation of coracoid process above glenoid
cavity, 1‘8in. Breadth of scapula towards neck, 4:4 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 121

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Glenoid cavity, and coracoid process of scapula.—
B.M. No. 89,531.

Length of fragment, 6°in. Great diameter of glenoid cavity, 4:8in. Lesser
diameter of glenoid cavity, 4:in. Elevation of coracoid process above glenoid
cavity, 1°8 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, 4b, and 4c.—Humerus entire. The dimensions almost
(not quite) agree with B.M. No. 39,688.

Length of humerus, 20°2in. Breadth of upper extremity, 8-4in. Greatest
ant.-posterior diam. of upper extremity, 7°7 in. Great diameter of articular surface
of head, 5-5in. Lesser diameter of articular surface of head, 5-2in. Breadth of
inferior extremity, 7°2in. Antero-posterior diameter, internally, 55 in. Breadth
of inferior articular surface, 6°2in. Smallest antero-posterior diameter of inferior
articular surface, 2°2in. Smallest transverse diameter of shaft, 3°Sin. Smallest
antero-posterior diameter of shaft, 3°3 in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 b.—Upper half of humerus with double bicipital
groove.—B.M. No. 39,532.

Length of fragment, 10°in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 6°3 in.
Antero-posterior diameter greatest of ditto, 7'8in. Greatest diameter of articular
surface of head, 5-in. Lesser diameter of articular surface of head, 4:°6in. Cir-
eumference at broken extremity, 11: in.

Figs. 6, 6 a, 6 b, and 6 c.—Radius and ulna conjoined ; entire length.
—B.M. No. 39,534.

Length of united radius and ulna, 30°2in. Length of radius, 25:8in. Width
of radius above articular surface, 7-4in. Chord of sigmoid cavity, 3-lin. From
anterior edge of sigmoid cavity to posterior border of olecranon, 10-8in. Depth
of olecranon, 5°5in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 6:.1in. Breadth of inferior
articular surface, 5°5 in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 3°6 in.
Transverse diameter of centre of shaft, 4:5in. Antero-posterior diameter of centre
of ditto, 2°5 in.

Fig. 7—Upper articular surface of conjoined radius and ulna.—
B.M. No. 89,535.

Length of radius, 10°8in. Width of articular surface above, 7-2in. Width of
upper extremity, 8°3in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter of articular surface,
3°6 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Lower end of conjoined radius and ulna, with
bones of carpus and upper end of metacarpal bone.

Transverse diameter of scaphoid (1), 1-9 in.; height of ditto, 1-6 in. Transverse
diameter of semilunar (2), 2°1 in. ; height of ditto, 1-8 in. Transverse diameter of
euneiform (3), 1:4 in.; height of ditto, 1°8 in. Transverse diameter of united
trapezium, trapezoid, and os magnum (5), 2°3 in.; height of ditto, 1:4 in.
Transverse diameter of unciform (6), 1:9in.; height of ditto, 1:4 in. Breadth
of inferior extremity of radius and ulna conjoined, 5°3 in. Breadth of upper
extremity of metacarpal bone, 4°65 in.

Fig. 9.—Carpal bones, viz., scaphoid (1), semi-lunar, cuneiform (3),
os magnum (5), and unciform (6).

Height of scaphoid, 2*lin.; breadth of ditto, 1-7in. Height of semilunar,
2-4in.; breadth of ditto, 2°3in. Height of cuneiform, 2:6in.; breadth of ditto,
24in. Height of os magnum, 1:7in.; breadth of ditto, 3-lin. Height of os
unciforme, 2*in.; breadth of ditto, 2-lin. Antero-posterior diameter of os mag-
num, 3°d5in. Antero-posterior diameter of os unciforme, 2°9 in. ie

Figs. 10 and 12.—First row of carpal-bones, viz., scaphoid (1), semi-
lunar (2), and cuneiform (3).

Antero-posterior of scaphoid, 3:4 in. Antero-posterior of semilunar, 2-2 in,
Antero-posterior of cuneiform, 2°5 in.

122 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 11 and 13.—Second row of carpal bones, viz., os magnum (5)
and unciform (6).
Fig. 14.—Phalanges of anterior extremity, restored.

Figs. 15, 15 a, 156, and 15 c.—Right metacarpal bone.-—B.M. No.
39,533.

Length of right metacarpal, 13-7in. Breadth of superior articular surface,
4-7in. Greatest antero-posterior of ditto, 2°7in. Breadth of inferior articular
surface, 4°7in. Breadth of a single trochlea, 2°2in. Antero-posterior diameter of
a single trochlea measured along ridge, 2°4 in.

Figs. 16, 16 a, 16 6, and 16 c.—First phalanx.—B.M. No. 39,541.

Length between articular surfaces, 46in. Transverse diameter of posterior
articular surface, 2°3in. Height of posterior articular surface in centre, 1°6 in.
Transverse diameter of anterior articular surface, 2°3in. Height of anterior arti-
cular surface in centre, 1°4 in.

Figs. 17, 17 a, 17 b, and 17 c.—Second phalanx. —B.M. No. 39,542.

Length, 2°4 in. Transverse diameter of posterior articular surface, 2-4 in.
Height of posterior articular surface measured along ridge, 1‘5in. Transverse
diameter of anterior articular surface, 2°5in. Height of anterior articular surface,
2°5 in.

Figs. 18, 18 a, and 18 b.—Hoof-bone.

Length, 5-2in. Height, 25in. Breadth, 2°3in. Length of articular surface,
1:9in. Breadth of articular surface, 1-9 in.

Prats:
Bones of posterior extremity of Stvatherium giganteumn.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Fragment of upper end of femur, with articular
surface. san M. No. 89,545.

Length of fragment, 7-4in. Breadth of upper extremity including the troch-
anter, 7°5in. Antero- Caeterior diameter of greater trochanter, 3°6in. Antero-
posterior diameter of articular surface of head, 3: in. Transverse diameter of arti-
cular surface of head, 3°8 in.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 6.—Fragment of upper end of femur with articular
surface.

Length of* fragment, 8-4 in. Antero-posterior diameter of great trochanter,
4-in.

Figs. 3, 3a, and 36.—Lower end of femur, with condyles and
articular surface.—B.M. No. 59,546.

Length of fragment, 9°6in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 64in. Antero-
posterior diameter internally, 86 in. Antero-posterior diameter externally, 6° in.
Height of rotular surface in centre, 4:1in. Breadth of rotular surface in centre,
2-9 in.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4b.—Fragment of lower end of femur, showing
articular surface.—B.M. No. 59,547.

Breadth of inferior extremity, 76in. Height of rotular surface in centre,
4-7 in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, 5b, and 5 c.—Entire tibia.—B.M. No. 17,072.

Extreme length of tibia, 20°3in. Breadth of upper extremity, 6°in. Antero-
posterior diameter of upper extremity, 3:°5in. Breadth of inferior extremity,

4‘6in. Antero- -posterior diameter of ditto, 3°2in. Breadth of shaft (smallest),
2-7in. Antero-posterior diameter of shaft (ditto), 1:9 in.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 123

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 6,—Proximal end of tibia, with articular surface.
—B.M. No. 18,452.

Length of fragment, 9°5 in. Breadth of upper extremity, 6°8 in. Antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 3°8 in.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 6.—Proximal end of tibia, with articular surface.
—B.M. No. 16,611.

Breadth of upper extremity, 7-1in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 4° in.

Figs. 8, 8 a, and 8 6.—Distal half of tibia, with lower articular sur-
face.—B.M. No. 39,548.

Length of fragment, 9°5in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 5:in. Antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 3-in.

Figs. 9, 9 a, and 9 6.—Distal end of tibia, with lower articular sur-
face.—B.M. No. 39,549.

Length of fragment, 7: in. Breadth of inferior extremity, 5°in. Antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 2°6 in.

Fig. 10.—Calcaneum and astragalus, zn situ, restored.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Astragalus.—B.M. No. 16,998.

Length of astragalus, extreme, 4°9in. Breadth of ditto, 3-4in. Height of ditto,
2-4 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, and 12 6.—Calcaneum, imperfect.—B.M. No. 39,543.

Length of fragment, 8°2in. Projection of heel, 6-2in. Breadth of calcaneal
tuberosity, 2°9in. Height of calcaneal tuberosity, 2°8 in.

Figs. 13, 13 a, 13 56, 18 ¢, and 18 d.—Scapho-cuboid bone.—B.M.
No. 59,544.

Breadth of scapho-cuboid bone, 4:9in. Greatest antero-posterior diameter,
5'in. Greatest height, 3-4in. Breadth of astragalar surface, 3°6in. Breadth of
calcaneal ditto, 1:3in. Breadth of cuneiform ditto, 1‘5in. Breadth of metatarsal
ditto, 1-8 in.

PuiaTE E.
Camelopardalis Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.).

Figs. 1,1 a, 1 6,1 ¢, and 1 d.—Third cervical vertebra of fossil giraffe,
from the Sewalik hills. The elongated character of the vertebra shows
that the animal had a columnar neck, and the fact that the transverse
processes are provided with foramina for the vertebral arteries shows
that it was not a camel. The complete synostosis of the upper and
lower articulating surfaces, the strong relief of the ridges, and the depth
of the muscular depressions, indicate that the animal was an adult,
which had long attained its full size.

A note of this specimen, by Captain (now Sir Proby T.) Cautley,
appeared in the Journ. As. Soc. for July 1838, vol vil. p. 658, and a
detailed account was afterwards communicated to the Geological So-
ciety of London by Dr. Falconer and Captain Cautley, an abstract of
which appeared in the ‘Proceedings,’ No. 98. In the latter com-

munication the measurements and drawings of the specimen are given.
—B.M. No. 39,747.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of second cervical vertebra of Camelo-
pardalis Sivalensis, from Perim Island. The right margin of the drawing
shows the mesial longitudinal ridge under the side of the body, and the
left margin is the ridge of the spinous process. The process pointing

124 - FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

downwards on the left side is the inferior oblique process. The cup-
shaped articulating surface for the head of the third cervical vertebra
is well seen.

This specimen was in the collection of fossils brought from Perim
Island by Captain Fulljames, and was described and figured by Dr.
Falconer in the Quarterly Journal of the Geol. Soc., vol. i. Plate XIV.
fig. 5.—B.M. No. 39,748.

Length of fragment, 4:9 in. Height of body posteriorly, 2°56 in. Greatest
breadth posteriorly between remains of transverse processes, 3*lin. Height of
the spinal canal, 1-4in. Height of the broken surface of the spine above inferior
margin of body, 5'4in. Vertical diameter of articulating cup, 2°1in. Transverse
diameter of ditto, 2°1 in.

Figs. 8 and 3 a.—R. humerus, head wanting.—-B.M. No. 39,749.

Length of humerus wanting upper head, 17°7in. Breadth of inferior extremity,
5-2in. Antero-posterior diameter of inferior extremity, 4°3in. Breadth of arti-
cular surface of inferior extremity, 4°8in. Breadth of upper extremity, 4*1in.
Circumference at smallest part of shaft, 7-9 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b.—¥Fragment of shaft of left radius and ulna.—
B.M. No. 17,130.

Length of fragment, 85 in. Greatest diameter, 3: in. Smaller ditto, 2:1 in,
Great diameter of ulna at upper extremity, °7 in. Thickness of ditto, °6 in.

Figs. 5, 5 a, and 5 6.—Radius and ulna, restored.

Figs. 6, 6 a, and 6 b.—Metacarpal bone, fragment including upper
end.—B.M. No. 39,750.

Length of fragment, 18°7 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 3°7 in.
Antero-posterior diameter of upper extremity, 2°3 in. Transverse diameter of
centre of shaft, 2-4 in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 1°8 in.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Fragment of shaft of metacarpal bone.—B.M. No.
39,751.

Length of fragment, 6°8 in. Transverse diameter of shaft, 2°3 in. Antero-
posterior diameter of ditto, 1°3 in.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Fragment of shaft of metacarpal bone.—B.M. No.
17,129.

Length of fragment, 4:2 in. Transverse diameter of shaft, 2: in. Antero-posterior
diameter of ditto, 2° in.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Fragment of shaft of metacarpal bone, near lower
end.—B.M. No. 17,131.

Length of fragment, 3:9 in. Transverse diameter of shaft at lower extremity,
2°8 in. Antero-posterior ditto at upper ditto, 1°5 in.

Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 b.—Entire metacarpal bone, restored.

Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—First cervical vertebra, imperfect.—B.M.
No. 39,746.

Length of fragment, 4:2 in. Height of body posteriorly, 3°3 in.; breadth of
ditto, 2°8 in. Between extremities of transverse processes, 6° in. Between inner
angles of posterior articular processes, 2°in. Length of posterior articular surface,
2°1 in.; breadth of ditto, 1:2 in. Height of spine above inferior margin of body,
64 in. Height of spinal canal, 1-4 in.; breadth of ditto, 1:6 in.

Figs. 12, 12 a, 12 6, and 12 c.—Left metatarsal bone of Sivatherium
giganteum.—B.M. No. 39,752.

Length of left metatarsal, 16:4 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity,
3°8 in. Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 3°3 in. Transverse diameter of lower

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. : 125

extremity, 4: in. Transverse diameter of a single trochlea, 1°9 in. Antero-posterior
diameter measured alongst ridge of trochlea, 2°2 in. Transverse diameter of shaft,
2-1in. Antero-posterior ditto, 2°1 in.

Figs. 15, 13 a, and 13 6.—Fragment of upper end of metatarsal bone
of Sivatherium giganteum.—B.M. No. 39,753.

Length of fragment, 7-2 in. Transverse diameter of upper extremity, 4°1 in,
Antero-posterior diameter of ditto, 3°8 in.

Puate F.

Bramatherium Perimense (Fale.), from Perim Island. A large and
peculiar ruminant, nearly equalling the Sivatherium in size, but essen-
tially different. The plate represents fragments of the bones of the
anterior and posterior extremities. A description of two fragments
of the left upper jaw, including the entire series of upper grinders,
will be found in the memoir on Perim Island fossils. (Journ. Geol. Soc.,
July, 1845). The specimens figured in this plate were brought from
Perim Island by Captain Fulljames.

Figs. 1, la, and 1b.—Fragment of lower end of humerus, with
articular surface.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of upper end of ulna, with olecranon and
sigmoid cavity.

Figs. 3, 5 a, and 3 6.—Fragment of lower end of radius and ulna.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4 b.—Fragment.-of lower end of radius and ulna.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Fragment comprising portion of shaft and distal
extremity of metacarpal bone.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Fragment comprising distal articulating extremity
of metacarpal bone.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7 b.—Fragment of upper end of femur.

Figs. 8, 8 a, 8b, 8c, and 8d.

Figs. 9, 9 a, 9 6, 9c, and 9 d.—Astragalus.

Figs. 10, 10 a, 10, 10.c, 10 d, and 10 e—Astragalus,

Calcaneum.

PiatTE G.
Bos Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.), from the Nerbudda.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Fragment of cranium, showing forehead, occiput,
occipital condyles, and foramen magnum ; portion of right horn and core
of left horn. The specimen shows well the flat square forehead, the height
being about equal to the breadth. The horns are attached to the ex-
tremity of the highest salient line of the head. The horn-cores spread
out horizontally, with a slight arch upwards and concavity below. The
section of the horn-core shown in fig. 1 b. is much more circular than
in the Gour or Gayal or than in Bos Paleindicus.

This specimen is in the British Museum (No. 39,760).

Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2 ¢.—Bos Namadicus. Four different views of
I

rl

126 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

cranium, including orbit, nasal bones, and palate, and four posterior
molars on either side. The forehead is mutilated and the horn-cores
are broken off.—B.M. No. 39,758.

Bos Paleindicus (Fale. and Caut.), from the Nerbudda.

Figs. 3 and 3 a.—Fragment of cranium, including orbits, horn-cores,
frontal and occipital, on both sides.—B.M. No. 39,716.

Vig. 4.—Fragment of cranium, showing occiput, foramen magnum,
condyles, and horn-cores.—B.M. No. 39,717.

Figs. 5 and 5a.—Fine specimen of cranium, showing occiput, condyles,
and foramen magnum, portion of right horn and left horn-core, both
orbits, palate, and four posterior molars. The upper surface of the
frontal is arched. The horn-cores spread out more horizontally, and
with a less inclination upwards than in the existing wild buffalo, and
are slightly concave anteriorly and convex behind. In these respects
it differs from the existing wild buffalo, and so far as the horizontal
offset is concerned, it approximates to the Gayal, from which, however,
it differs in the flattened form of the horns and in every other respect.
These characters are so constant that there can be little doubt that the
species is distinct from the existing wild buffalo.—B.M. No. 39,759.

Fig. 6 —Fragment showing anterior portion of upper jaw, with in-
termaxillary bones.—B.M. No. 59,715.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Fragment of horn, broken off at tip, and of a com-
pressed form. Fig. 7 a shows the flattened form of the horn, as seen
at section. This, as well as the fragment represented in fig. 6, have
been found to belong to a skull in the British Museum (No. 39,715), to
which they are now attached. (See postea, p. 134.)

Length, 33:5 in. Greatest diameter, 6°5 in. Least ditto, 3°25 in.

Prats HH.

Hemibos triquitriceras. (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills.

Figs. 1 and 1 @.—Cranium, including both orbits and horn-cores,
occiput, nasals, palate, and entire molar series on both sides.—B.M.
No. 39,584.

Length of fragment, 18:2 in. Great diameter of core, 4° in. Breadth of cranium
at post. angles of orbits, 87 in. Great diameter of orbit, 2°7 in. Length of molar
series, 5-4 1n. Length of three premolars, 23 in. Width of palate anteriorly and
posteriorly, 2°9 in. Height of cranium from middle of palate, 4°2 in. Breadth
of ditto in front of premolars, 4° in.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Another fine specimen of cranium, showing occipital
condyles and foramen, palate and five back molars on either side, both
horn-cores, and a portion of right horn. The remarkable triangular
form of the horn-core is well shown.—B.M. No. 16,411.

Length of fragment, 14°4 in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of
occipital foramen to summit of occipital crest, 4*8 in. Between extreme points of
occipital crest, 8°8 in. Breadth of cranium beneath cores, 4°6 in. Breadth of
cranium at post. angles of orbits, 8-8 in.» Length of core from roughness on frontal
bone, 11:3 in. Base of the triangular core ant. surface (at origin), 3-9 in. Base of
the triangular core ant. surface (at broken end), 3: in. Diameter of occipital

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 127

condyle, 2°6 in. Height of occipital foramen, 1°5 in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2 in.
Greatest diameter of orbits, 2°5 in. From lower border of occipital foramen to pos-
terior border of palate, 6-2 in. Length of true molar series, 3°2 in. Length of
two posterior premolars, 1:3 in. Width of palate posteriorly and anteriorly,
28 in. Width of alveoli, 1:3 in.

Figs. 8 and 3a.—Fine specimen of cranium, showing orbits and
horn-cores, but no horns, nasals, palate with entire molar series (on
left side), nasal and intermaxillary bones almost complete. Presented
by Colonel Colvin.—B.M. No. 28,109.

Length of fragment, 17: in. Breadth of cranium between posterior angles of
orbit, 88 in. Between most projecting points of maxillary bones, 5:7 in. Breadth
at intermaxillaries, 3°5in. Breadth of two nasal bones, 1-9 in. Length of molar
series, 6°3 in. Length of three true molars, 3°3 in. Breadth of alveoli, 1:2 in.
Width of palate, 3:1 in.

Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4.—Very perfect specimen of cranium, showing
horn~ cores, orbits, occipital foramen and condyles, palate, and Entire
molar series on either side. Probably a female —B. M. No. 16,173.

Length of fragment, 13°7 in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of
occipital foramen to occipital crest, 3°8 in. Breadth of cranium beneath cores,
3°8 in. Breadth of ditto at posterior angles of orbits, 7°6 in. Height of occipital
foramen, 1-4in. Breadth of ditto, 1:2 in. Diameter of occipital “condyle, 2° in.
From lower border of occipital foramen to posterior border of palate, 5-9 in. Length
of three true molars, 3-2 in. Length of two posterior premolars, 1°4 in. Width
of palate, 3° in. Breadth of aly an 1:2 in. Great diameter of orbits, 2°8 in.
Lesser diameter of ditto, 2°5 in. Diameter of core at root, 2°3 in.

Prater I.

Bos (Amphibos) acuticornis (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills.

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, and 1c.—Fine specimen of cranium, showing palate
and molar series, occiput, orbits, and horn-cores, but without horns.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Fragment of cranium with both horns, perfect to
the tips. The direction of the horns is more upright and less hori-
zontal than in Hemibos triquitriceras. The horns are rounded on their
anterior surface and flattened behind, and taper to a point—B.M.
No. 39,560.

Haiween mastoid angles, 8°5in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of
occipital foramen, 4°4in. Between external angles of condyles, 4-3in. Diameter of
condyle, 2:2in. Height of occipital foramen, 1°4in. Breadth of occipital foramen,
1:3in. Breadth of cranium beneath the cores, 4°5in. Breadth of cranium in
front of the cores, 7°5 in. Length of cores along great curvature, 27:in. Between
tips of cores, 33-6 in. Antero- posterior diameter of core (inner surface), 3°4 in.
Circumference of core at root, 12°in. Between nearest points*of base of cores,
2°8 in.

Figs. 3, 3a, 36, and 3 c—Another specimen of cranium, with palate
and entire series of six molars, occiput, both orbits, and horn-cores.—

B.M. No, 39,564.

Length of fragment, 17:4 in. From posterior plane of occipital condyles to anterior
margin of molar series, 13°7in. Length of molar series, 5-4in. Length of three
true molar teeth, 3:°3in. Breadth of alveoli, l-lin. Width of palate ‘posteriorly 4
2-8in. Between external angles of occipital condyles, 4°5 in. Height of occipital
facet from lower border of foramen magnum, 4°3in. Height of occipital foramen,
1-4in. Between mastoid angles, 7-2in. Width of cranium beneath cores, 3° 7in.

3etween most projecting points of maxillary bones, 5:8 in, Breadth opposite
sub-orbital foramina, 41 in. Least width of nasal bones, 1:4 in. Great diameter of
orbit, 2°8 in.

£2

128 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

PLATE K,

Felis cristata (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik hills. This fossil
Tiger forms the subject of a special memoir (‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol.
a b.G) 5

Figs. 1, la, 16, and 1c¢.—Four different views of an imperfect
specimen of the cranium, from Mr. W. Ewevr’s collection. The left
maxillary bone with the teeth is absent, but this portion was found
after the drawing was made, and has been added to the specimen in the
British Museum (No. 15,902). The specimen shows well the great
prominence of the sagittal crest, whence the specific name is derived,
also the relative shortness of the facial portion of the head, the great
height of the occipital, and the horizontal outline of upper surface of
cranium.

Figs. 2, 2a, 2b, and 2¢.—Another specimen of the cranium with
the alveolar ridges almost perfect. The anterior portion of the palate
with the incisors is broken off. The canine, two false molars, the car-

nassier, and tuberculous teeth well seen.—B.M. No. 37,133.

Figs. 3, 8a, and 3 $6.—Mutilated fragment of posterior portion of
cranium.—B.M. No. 37,134.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 46.—Mutilated fragment of anterior portion of
cranium and face, showing the left orbit entire, the palate, and the series

of teeth on both sides.—B M. No. 37,155.

Prat J:

Hyena Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.)—Fossil Hyena from the Se-
walik hills. Unfortunately no description of this fossil was ever
published, and no account of it is to be found among Dr. Falconer’s
notes. This species, however, is no doubt that designated Hyana
Sivalensis by Messrs. Baker and Durand in the brief description given
by them in the Journal of the Asiatic Society for October 1835, vol. iv.
p. 569. Their description is accompanied by drawings of a remark-
ably perfect specimen of the skull, with the lower jaw 7m situ.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Fragment of anterior portion of right side of palate,
with canine, and incisor teeth.—B.M. No. 39,718.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2b—Fragment of anterior portion of cranium,
showing canine and incisors in very perfect state-—B.M. No. 16,583.

Figs. 3, 3a, and 3 6.—Another fragment of anterior portion of palate
with three incisors.—B.M. No. 89,719.

Fig. 4.—Dental series, right side, consisting of canine anteriorly,
three false molars, the two posterior of which are very large. A very
large carnivorous tooth with a small tubercle within and in front,
and a small back or fifth molar, placed transversely at the back of the
palate.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Fragment of upper jaw, left side, containing hind-
most false (or third) molar, large carnivorous tooth or fourth molar,
and small back or fifth molar, placed transversely at the back of the
palate —B.M. No. 34,140

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 129

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Fragment of upper jaw, right side, containing three
false molars, large carnivorous tooth with its internal tubercle, and a
portion of the fifth or small back molar.—B.M. No. 37,137.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Fragment of upper jaw, right side, with hindmost
false or third molar, and large carnivorous tooth with its internal

tubercle. —B.M. No. 37,139.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.— Fragment of upper jaw, right side, with two pos-
terior false molars, and large carnivorous tooth with internal tubercle.

—B.M. No. 37,138.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Large carnivorous tooth with internal tubercle

detached.—B.M. No. 15,413.

Fig. 10.—Dental series of Hywna, left side, comprising canine,
three false molars (two back ones large), large carnivorous tooth with
internal tubercle in front, and small back molar placed transversely at
back of palate.

PLATE M.

Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Hyena Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, right
side, very perfect, containing carnivorous molar and two backmost false
molars.—B.M. No. 16,565.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Hyena Sivalensis? Fragment of lower jaw, left
side, containing three incisors, one canine, three false molars, and one
large carnivorous molar. Belongs to an undetermined feline animal

(Hyena ?).—B.M. No. 16,655.

Figs. 8 and 3 a.—Hyena Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, left
side, with canine and three false molars.—B.M. No. 16,584.

Figs. 4 and 4 a.—Hyena Sivalensis. imperfect fragment, lower jaw,
right side, with two incisors, canine, and three false molars.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Hyena Sivalensis. Imperfect fragment, lower jaw,
left side, containing canine, three false molars, and large carnivorous
molar. Large mental foramen corresponding to front false molar.—

B.M. No. 39,731.

Figs. 6 and 6 a.—Hyena Sivalensis ? Fragment of anterior portion,
lower jaw, right side, containing two incisors, canine, and two anterior

false molars. (An. Felis ?)—B.M. No. 16,585.

Figs. 7 and 7 a.—Hyena Sivalensis? Crushed fragment, lower jaw,
left side, containing carnivorous molar and two back false molars.
(An. Felis ?)—B.M. No. 37,140.

ement of lower jaw, right

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Hyena Sivalensis? Frag
side, containing two posterior false molars, and large bicuspid carnivo-
rous false molar.—B.M. No. 16,578.

Fig. 9.—Hyena Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw, right side, con-
taining three false molars and large canine. Large mentary foramen
corresponding to front false molar.

130 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Pate IN.

Drepanodon (Machairodus) Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.), or fossil Dre-
panodon, from the Sewalik hills. No description of this fossil was ever
published, but the Sewalik specimens are referred to by Professor Owen
in ‘ British Fossil Mammalia,’ pp. 178,179, and also in ‘ Odontography,’
vol. i. p. 491. A brief description of it is also given by Dr. Falconer
in his ‘Notes on the Fossil Felis spelaa of the Mendip Hills.’

Figs. 1, 1 a, 16,and 1 ¢e.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Fragment of pos-
terior portion of skull, showing occipital condyles, foramen magnum,
and prominent sagittal crest.—B.M. No. 39,278.

Fig. 2.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Mutilated specimen of cranium,
including facial portion, but no distinct evidence of teeth.—B.M. No.
39,729.

Figs. 3 and 8 a.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Fine fragment of upper
jaw, right side, with apparently the first or deciduous dentition. The
crown of the canine is broken off, but what remains is seen to be flat,
and very finely serrated along the posterior edge, like a shark’s tooth.
The tooth evidently bore the same proportion to the molar series as
does the canine of the Felis megantereon of Bravard (Vide Owen,
Brit. Fos. Mam. p. 178).—B.M. No. 16,350.

The following note, from Dr. Falconer’s Note-book, dated October 2,
1858, probably referred to this specimen and to that represented
in fig. 5 :—

‘In the Sewalik Machairodus the right upper carnassier is formed with a very
thin blade. The anterior lobe is damaged, but judging from what remains it
would seem to have been two-lobed. The middle lobe is thin and pointed; but
neither the anterior lobe nor the middle one bears the slightest indication of
an internal tubercle. If ever there, it is gone. Owen describes it as being there,
** but less developed than in the normal species of Fdid@.” The posterior lobe is
nearly horizontal and very trenchant; in fact, the tooth is compressed and sharp-
edged. All the points rise. The length of the crown is:75 inch. There is an
interval between the carnassier and canine of 0°8in., part of which has been arti-
ficially rubbed down, but there is not the least indication of a fang-pit or fang.
(Owen says there is, and that it is single-fanged and simple!) There is a distinct
show of a double fang, fore and aft, of a tubercular ina line with the sectorial,
behind it. The breadth of the canine atits base is 0°5in. It is very compressed.
The posterior concave edge is finely serrated. (Owen says that both edges are
distinctly serrated.) ’

Figs. 4and 4 a.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw with
three premolars, the last being the sectorial. Professor Owen refers to
this specimen in the following description :—

‘A portion of the lower jaw of a larger Machairodus, from the Sewalik range,
shows the begmning of the characteristic downward extension of the symphysis, and
the depression on the outside of the ramus for the lodgment of the long upper
eanine. The molar series, which consists, as in the typical Felines, of three pre-
molars, the last being the sectorial tooth, has a longitudinal extent of two inches ;
the second molar slightly overlaps the third, which has an antero-posterior extent
of eleyen lines. This portion of jaw indicates a species of Machairodus as large
as the Jaguar; if most probably belongs to an adult of the same species as the
one indicated by the instructive portion of the upper jaw.’ (Fig. 3). (Owen, Brit.
Foss. Mam. p. 179).

B.M. No. 16,557.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 131

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Drepanodon Stvalensis. Fragment of upper jaw,
containing two anterior molars. ‘The first is simple, singled-fanged
and very small, The second is the carnassial or sectorial tooth. Its
crown is more compressed, its trenchant margins sharp. See descrip-

tion of fig. 4. —B.M. No. 39,730.

Figs. 6 and 6 a—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Lower jaw, right side,
more perfect than fig. 4, and containing the incisors as well as the
canine and three molars. ‘The downward projection of the symphysis,
and the depression for the upper canine, are well seen.—B.M. No.
16,573.

Figs. 7 and 7a.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Another specimen of
lower jaw, right side, containing three molars and alveolus of large
canine.—B.M. No. 16,537.

Figs. 8 and 8 a.—Drepanodon Sivalensis. Fragment of lower jaw,

with three molars.—B.M., No. 16,554.

Prarn ©:

Ursus (Hyenarctos) Sivalensis (Fale. and Caut.), from the Sewalik
hills. The fossil Bear of the Sewalik hills forms the subject of a dis-
tinct memoir (‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix.). Its chief peculiarities
are to be found in the teeth, which are constructed more after the
type of the higher Carnivora than any other described species of the
genus. .

Figs. 1, 1 a, 1 6, and 1 c.—Superb specimen of cranium. The three
rear molars are perfect on one side, and but little damaged on the other.
Both canines are present, and that of the right side is enfire. The
alveoli of the two false molars and three incisors on either side are dis-
tinct, although the teeth are wanting. The only considerable deficien-
cies are in the posterior and lower parts of the occiput, both zygomatic
arches, and in the lower end of the nasals, where a fissure extends
across the face, on both sides towards the orbits. Fig. 1 a shows the
dental series on right side, of natural size.

This specimen is described in detail in the memoir already referred
to, in the ‘ Asiatic Researches,’ vol. xix.—B.M. No. 39,721.

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Ursus Sivalensis. Greater part of the body of the
lower jaw, broken off where the canine protrudes, and also deficient in
the coronoid and articulating processes. There are indications of six
molars, of which the two first premolars and the rear tubercular molar
have dropped out. The third premolar is distinctly three-lobed. ‘The
antepenultimate or carnassier is chiefly remarkable for its length. The
penultimate or first tubercular is broader for its length and less com-
plicated with tubercles than what is general in the genus. Fig. 2a
shows the dental series of the natural size.

Further details of this specimen are given in the memoir on Ursus
above referred to.—B.M. No. 59,722.

Figs. 3, 3. a, 3b, 8c, and 3d.—Ursus Sivalensis. Second cervical
vertebra or axis.—B.M. No. 37,143,

132 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4 6.—Ursus Sivalensis. Radiusandulna. Greater
portion of shafts and lower articulating extremity. From Messrs.
Baker’s and Durand’s collection. B.M. Nos. 39,725-6.

Figs. 5, 5a, 56, 5c, and 5d.—Ursus Sivalensis. Specimen of
femur, very perfect.—B.M. No. 89,723.

Figs. 6, 6a, 66, 6c, and 6d.—Ursus Sivalensis. Distal end of
metacarpal bones.—B.M. No. 87,147.

Figs. 7, 7 a, and 7b.—Ursus Sivalensis. Fragment of phalanx.

Fig. 8.—Ursus Namadicus (Fale. and Caut.). Portion of upper
jaw with four molars of a smaller species of Bear, from the Nerbudda,
represented of the natural size. The rear molar is much more elon-
gated from before backwards than in the Sewalik species. —B.M. No.
39,720.

Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Ursus Namadicus. Tibia of Bear, from the Ner-
budda, presented by C. Frazer, Esq.—B.M. No. 39,727.

Fig. 10.—Right femur of Ursus speleus, from College of Surgeons,
fizured for comparison.

Jee Nai) 12.

Fossil Otters, from the Sewalik hills.

Figs. 1, la, 16, and 1e.—Lutra Paleindica (Fale. and Caut.).
Beautiful specimen of cranium with alveolar ridges very perfect. The
zygomatic arches are absent. Shows the alveoli of three incisors on
either side, the outer one being slightly Jarger than the two inner ones.
Outside the three incisors is the alveolus of a large canine, followed by
the alveoli of four small molars, and last of all by the carnassier and
tubercular, the latter greatly developed.—B.M. No. 87,151,

Figs. 2 and 2 a.—Lutra Paleindica. Beautiful specimen of lower
jaw, left side, including ascending rainus. Shows a portion of canine
and of three small molars, the crowns of which are broken off. Behind
there is a large carnassier, very perfect; and last of all is the alveolus
of the tubercular, which is small in comparison to that of the upper

jaw.—B.M. No. 37,152.

Figs. 3 and 8a.—Lutra Indica. Two views of skull, upper and
lateral, of existing Indian Otter.

Figs. 4, 4a, and 4b6.—Enhydriodon ferox.! A new fossil genus of
otter from the Sewalik hills. Three views of cranium, probably female,
much mutilated. Shows on right side the posterior of the two false
molars, the carnassier and the tubercular. The anterior premolar,
which is deciduous, is wanting. The remarkably square form of the
carnassier is well seen.—B.M. No. 87,153.

Figs. 5 and 5 a.—Enhydriodon ferox. Fine specimen of anterior
portion of cranium of an old individual, with very perfect alveolar
ridges. Shows on either side the alveolus of a large outer incisor,
which evidently served as a subsidiary canine. ‘The middle incisors
are not only wanting, but the alveoli are completely filled up and
obliterated. The canines, which are broken across, are seen to be very

! Subsequently designated Exhydriodon Sivalensis.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 133

large, and were evidently of great strength and massiveness. All trace
of the first molar, which is very small and deciduous, has disappeared.
The second molar has two fangs, and is encircled by a rugged basal
ridge. The carnassier is very remarkable, and presents the prominent
feature of the genus. It is nearly square, instead of being triangular,
as in both Lutra and Enhydra; and instead of the cusps and trenchant
ridges of Lutra, or the flattened inequalities of Enhydra, the coronal
lobes are developed into cervical mammille, somewhat like those of the
Mastodon. A more detailed description of this tooth will be found in
Dr. Falconer’s memoir on ‘Enhydriodon.’ Behind the carnassier,
the tubercular is seen 7n situ.—B.M. No. 37,155.

Figs. 6,6 a, and 6b.—Enhydriodon ferox. Fine specimen of ante-
rior portion of cranium of a young and probably female individual.
Shows three incisors on either side, the two inner of which are very
much compressed laterally, so that their antero-posterior diameter is
three times that of their width. The outer incisors are remarkably
large, as are also the canines. The left canine has dropped out, leaving
a large oval alveolus; the right canine is seen in section. Behind the
canine, on either side, is an extremely small empty alveolus of the first
deciduous molar. Then comes the bicuspid second molar, the peculiar,
square, mammillated carnassier, and the tubercular.—B.M. No. 87,154.

Prat @:
Carnivora, from the Sewalik hills.

Figs. 1, 1 a, and 1 6.—Skull, showing palate and teeth, of a fossil
species of Canis? from the Sewalik hills.1—B.M. No. 40,183.

Figs. 2, 2 a, and 2 b.—Skull, showing palate and alveoli of entire
denta! series of a fossil species of Canis ? from the Sewalik Hills —B.M.
No. 37,150.

Fig. 3.—Fragment of palate, right side, with two posterior molars of
fossil Canis ?—B.M. No. 40,180.

Figs. 4, 4a, 46, and 4c—Ursitarus Sivalensis. Very perfect
cranium and face of a species of Ratel from the Sewalik hills. This
appears to be the specimen of fossil ‘ Gulo’ described by Messrs. Baker
and Durand, in the Journ. As. Soc., vol. v. p. 582, and figured in Plate
XXVII. fig. 5, of the same volume.—B.M. No. 40,184.

Puate R,

Fossil Remains of Birds from the Sewalik hills.
Figs. 1 and 1 a.—Cervical vertebre of a bird.—B.M. No. 23,105.
Figs. 2, 2a, 26, 2c, and 2 d.—Lower end of tibia. —B.M. No.
39,732.
Figs. 3, 8 a, 3b, and 3 c.—Lower end of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,735.
Figs. 4, 4 a, and 4 b.—Lower end of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,737.

1 Another specimen belonging to Dr. | lection in the British Museum. Along
Falconer, and labelled by him ‘Skull of | with the skull are portions of the femur,
fossil Canis, from Sewalik hills, has, | tibia, and bones of the foot.
since his death, been added to the col-

K

134 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Figs. 5, 5a, 5b, and 5 c.—Lower end of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,784.
Fig. 6.—Lower end of tibia of a bird, recent.

Figs. 7, 7a, and 7 b.—Fragment of wing-bone.—B.M. No. 39,740.
Figs. 8, 8a, 8b, and 8 c.—Fragment of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,738.
Figs. 9 and 9 a.—Upper end of metatarsal bone.—B.M. No. 39,741.
Figs. 10, 10 a, and 10 6.—Fragment of wing-bone.—B.M.No. 39,744.
Figs. 11, 11 a, and 11 6.—Fragment of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,748.
Figs. 12 and 12 a.—Fragment of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,739.

Figs. 13, 13 a, 15 6.—Fragment of ditto.—B.M. No. 39,742.

Figs. 14, 14a, and 14 b.—Fragment of tarso-metatarsus.—B.M. No.
39,736.

Figs. 15, 15 a, 15 b, 15 ¢, and 15 d.—Phalanx of large bird.—B.M.
No. 59,733.

[Among Dr. Falconer’s papers were also found numerous outline
sketches on tracing paper of Sewalik fossils, &c., belonging to the Rumi-
nantia and Reptilia, intended for the Fauna, but which had never been
engraved. These tracings have been pasted on sheets of paper, and
deposited with the seventeen unpublished plates in the Library of the
Geological department of the British Museum. They are as follows :— ]

A. RUMINANTIA.

Sheet 1.—Four views of skull of European bison, recent.
Sheet 2.—Four views of skull of Indian bison, recent.

Sheet 3.—Four views of skull of wild Indian buffalo, recent.
Sheet 4.—Four views of skull of Bubalus brachycerus, recent.
Sheet 5.—Skull of Bos primigenius, for comparison.

Sheet 6.—Restoration of head of Bos Palewindicus, including anterior
portion of face and horn, figured in Plate G. figs. 6 and 7.

Sheet 7.—Fragment of horn of Amphibos acuticornis.

Length of fragment along great curvature, 18-2 in. Chord of lesser curvature,
11‘8 in. Great diameter at larger end, 3°7 in. Thickness at ditto, 2°7 in. Cir-
cumference at smaller end, 8: in.

Sheet 8.—Skull of Amphibos acuticornis (See antea, p. 127), including
fragments of both horns and both orbits, but greater part of face defi-
cient.—B.M. No. 56,666.

Length of fragment, 10-1 in. Between mastoid angles, 65 in. Between ex-
ternal angles of condyles, 3°8 in. Breadth of cranium beneath cores, 4:1 in.
Breadth of cranium in front of cores, 64in. Breadth of cranium between posterior
angles of orbits, 7°7 in. Height of occipital facet from lower border of occipital
foramen, 3°7 in. Diameter of condyle, 2° in. Height of occipital foramen, 1°2 in.
Breadth of ditto, 1-2 in. Diameter of orbits, 2°3 in. Length of three true molars,
3:2 in. Width of alveoli, 1:1 in. Width of palate, 2°9 in. Diameter of core at
root (greatest), 2°7 in. Circumference of ditto, 8° in.

' Sheet 9.—Figs. 1 to 38, and fig. 4. Two specimens of portion of
skull of Hemibos triquitriceras (See antea, p. 126). Fig. 4 includes

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 135

the orbit, palate, and molars, but the posterior portion of the skull is
broken off. Its dimensions are as follows :—

Length of fragment, 14°3 in, Length of three true molars, 3°3 in. Length of
three true molars and last premolar, 4: in. Breadth of alveoli, 1:2 in. Width of
palate posteriorly, 2°3 in. Between mastoid angles, 6°2 in. Breadth of cranium
beneath cores, 4° in. Breadth of cranium between posterior angles of orbits, 7°3 in.
Breadth of cranium between most projecting points of maxillary bones, 5:3 in.
Height of occipital facet from lower border of foramen magnum, 41 in. Great
diameter of orbit, 2-4 in. Great diameter of root of core, 3-1 in. Thickness of
ditto, 2*7in. Length of fragment of core, 6:2 in.

Sheet 10.—Portion of skull of Bos Stvalensis.

Length of fragment, 12°7 in. Breadth of cranium behind orbits, 8°7in, Breadth
of cranium between posterior angles of orbits, 10°-4 in. Width of alveoli, 1:1 in.
Width of palate posteriorly, 3°5 in. Diameter of orbit, 2°5 in. Height of cranium
from palate in front, 7-4 in.

Sheet 11.—Antilopide. Figs. 1, 2, and 5 represent the skull of
Antilope Palewindica (Falc.), No. 39,594 in B.M. This is the skull
described and figured by Captain Baker in the Journ. As. Soc., vol.
xt pe. 110.

Sheets 12 to 18.—Represent numerous fossil remains of Antilopide,
Cervide, &c.

B. REptIiLia.

Sheet 1.—Crocodilus bombifrons. Fossil Crocodile, from the Sewalik
hills. Ten figures, illustrating different portions of the skull. Figs. 1
and 2 correspond to British Museum Spec., No. 39,795; figs. 5 and
6 to B.M., 39,796; and figs. 8 and 9 to B.M. 39,797.

Sheet 2.—Crocodilus bombifrons. Other specimens of the skull.
Figs. 1 and 2 correspond to British Museum Spec., No. 39,799; figs.
3 and 4 to B.M., 39,800; figs. 5, 6, and 7 to B.M., 39,801; and figs.
8, 9, and 10 to B.M. 39,798.

Sheet 3.—Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) crassidens. (Fale. and Caut.)
Fossil Crocodile from the Sewalik hills. Five specimens are figured of
different portions of the skull; four of which correspond to specimens
in the British Museum, Nos. 16,218, 39,802, 59,803, and 359,804.

Sheet 4.—Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) Leptodus. (Fale. and Caut.)
Fossil Crocodile from the Sewalik hills. Four different specimens of
cranium, which correspond to the specimens in the British Museum,
Nos. 7,453, 39,805, 39,806, and 39,807.

Sheet 5.—Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) Gangeticus. Fossil Crocodile
from the Sewalik hills, identical with modern Gavial. Three specimens

of different portions of skull, which correspond to the following catalogue
numbers in the British Museum, viz., 36,647, 39,809, and 39,810.

Sheet 6.—Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) Gangeticus. Five specimens
of different portions of cranium and jaws, four of which correspond to
the following catalogue numbers in the British Museum, viz., 36,726,
39,808, 39,811, and 39,812.

Sheet 7.—Crocodilus (Leptorhynchus) Gangeticus. Portion of cra-
nium, vertebre, and other parts of skeleton. Correspond to British
Museum numbers, 17,006, 39,811 a, 59,813, 39,814, 39,815, 59,816,
and 39,818.

136 FAUNA ANTIQUA SIVALENSIS.

Sheet 8.—Skull and jaws of Crocodile. .

Sheet 9.—Colossochelys Atlas (Falc. and Caut.), from the Sewalik
hills. Different specimens of episternal bones.

Sheet 10.—Colossochelys Atlas. Entosternal and xiphosternal bones,
margin of carapace, &c.

Sheet 11.—Colossochelys Atlas. Portions of carapace.

Sheet 12.—Colossochelys Atlas. Humerus, fragments showing upper
and lower ends, &c.

Sheet 13. — Colossochelys Atlas. Specimens showing ulna, pubes,
ischium, femur, &c.

Sheet 14.—Colossochelys Atlas. Foot bones.

Sheet 15.—Fossil Emyde, from the Sewalik hills. Portions of carapace.

Sheet 16.—Fossil Emyde, from the Sewalik hills. Carapace.

Sheet 17.—Fossil Hmyde, from the Sewalik hills. Carapace.

Sheet 18.—Fossil E’mys tecta, from the Sewalik hills, identical with
the existing species. Two specimens are figured corresponding to Nos.
39,837 and 17,435 in the British Museum catalogue.

Sheet 19.—Fossil Trionyx, from the Sewalik hills and the Nerbudda.

Sheet 20.—Fossil Trionyx, from the Sewalik hills.

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