Design and Darwinism

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, Design

DAEWINISM.

ItEV. JAMES CAIIMIOHAEL, M.A.,

(Jf^dar lyf the Vhartk of llm Aicemitm, UimntUm).

^ DESIGN"

AND

DAEWINISM

BY

REV. JAMES CARMICHAEL, M.A.,

(Rector of the Church of the Ascension, Hamilton),

M(^.

HUNTER, ROSE & COMPANY.

1880.

^ ^"^OO.IL^.

HarT«r« Collate hihrmry

Qift of
Mi^^ Mary B. IJatc^f.pd

PREFACE.

This treatise, containing the main matter
preached in a course of sermons, is published in
answer to a written congregational request.
Knowing, how many there are in every com
munity, who cannot believe, that the Darwinian
hypothesis is a bold denial of Divine Design
in Nature, I have endeavoured in these pages
to make that assertion clear. There is little
original in the treatise ; but I can honestly say,
that it is the legitimate oflFspring, of not a few
years of patient study, spent over the leading
writers on both sides of the question.

JAMES CAKMICHAEL.

Ascension Rectory,

Hamilton, 1st March, 1880.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

'' How do you know," an Arab was once asked,
" that there is a God ? " " In the same way/' he
replied/' that I know, on looking at the sand,
when a man or beast has crossed the desert — ^by
his footprints in the world around me." * "The
argument from design," writes John Stuart Mill,
'^ is an argument of a really scientific character
which does not shrink from scientific tests, "t
^' It must always be the main strength of Natural
Theism."!

BIBLICAL RECORD.

And so, as if to carry out the views of the dist-
ant Arab and nearer Englishman, the great Bible,
or Book, begins : " In the beginning — God."
There seems a natural stop at the sacred name
which forms the key-note of the whole Revela-
tion. '*In the beginning, God created the heavens
and the earth. And God saw everything that

* Elements of ReUgion— Liddon, 56. f Theism- Mill, 38. $ 26.

6 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

X

He had made and behold it was very good." There
is no jar, or discordant voice, in the whole of the
record as to Design, as to the great God-mind
working on the lines of a plan. It does admit a
principle of development from lowly things to
lofty — indeed it is based on one ; and it is capa-
ble of admitting, if needs be, a principle of Divine
selection ; but it is the development and selection
of a God-mind, not of hypothetical laws resulting
in a series of unforeseen results, or accidents. It
is the develoi)ment of an architect's plan ; not the
unforeseen growth of a mighty building out of a
pile of granite and a heap of mortar. In short,
Genesis stakes everything on Divine Design, and
it does this with one clear, distinct, unbroken
voice, which is upheld by the great united chorus
of every Biblical writer, down to the voice of St.
John the Divine.

paley's definition of design.

Now what is the meaning of the word Design^
which Mill states '* is the main strength of Natu-
ral Religion ? "

" If in crossing a heath," writes Paley, " I
knocked my foot against a stone, and asked

t)ESIGN AND DARWINISM. 7

* how did that come there ? ' I might answer
'that it was always there.' But if instead of
knocking my foot against a stone, I knocked it
against a watch, would it be reasonable to say
that the watch was always there ? Certainly not.
I would only have to open it, to see that it was
mechanically formed, and put together for a pur
pose — namely : to produce motion ; that the motion
might take note of time — in other words, that the
watch was made with a design, and consequently
must have had a designer — the Watchmaker.

'* Now," writes Paley, " everything in Nature is
like that watch — everything. In leaf and plant,
and root, and stem ; in wing, and bill, and claw,
and feather; in eye, and ear, and hand, and
heart ; in rush of air, and ripple of water, and
heat of fire; in blush of rose, and brown of
heather, and green of moss — everything is like
that watch. Everything shows design, and im-
plies a designer— God."

IS paley's argument capable of proof ?

Is Paley right ? Are there really forms of life,
SO exquisite in design, that, like Paley's watch
they become vocal, and cry out " unforeseen con-

8 DESIGN ANB DARWINISM.

tingencies never made me : I am not the child of
disguised accident, I am the legitimate off-
spring of an intelligent mind ? " For a defined
and student-like answer we would refer to Paley's
*' Natural Theology," the Duke of Argyle's
" Reign of Law," and, strange to say, the works
of Mr. Wallace and Mr. Darwin. The latter
gentleman whilst conscientiously endeavouring to
destroy the theory of Divine design, as generally
received, has really done more, unconsciously,
to re-assert it and prove it, than any living writer.

THE TESTIMONY OF DARWIN's ORCHIDS AS TO DESIGN.

Take, for instance, the following cases de-
scribed by Mr. Darwin in his earnest and match-
less language — the case of bees obtaining pollen
from orchids.

It is an ascertained fact, that bees living
amongst certain flowers carry from plant to plant,
or convey within a plant, the mysterious pollen,
which undoubtedly transmits plant life. This is
peculiarly true of the contact of these insects with
the Great Orchid Family — so remarkable for
the structure and beauty of its flowers and their
exquisite fragrance.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 9

One branch of this great family (the Coryan-
thes} is formed, not unlike a drinking fountain.
The upper part of the flower is composed of two
exquisitely made horns, which secrete a sweet
limpid fluid. This fluid drops into the lip of the
flower; which is shaped like a bucket, and keeps
drop, drop, — dropping; until the bucket is nearly
full ; but, lest it should overflow, there is a waste-
pipe to carry off* the overplus of the fluid. Now
this is in itself a marvel of floral mechanism; but
the main wonder has yet to come, "for the
most ingenious man if he had not witnessed what
takes place could never have imagined what pur-
pose all these parts serve." *

These orchids are choice morsels for bees to
feed on, and they flock to them in thousands.
As they crowd into the flowers to sip the liquid,
or gnaw off* the ridges above the bucket, they
constantly tumble into it, and become thorough-
ly drenched. Unable to use its wings for flight,
a bee will creep through the waste-pipe ; and, as it
does so, it comes in contact with the pollen,
which adheres to its wet back, and is carried
either to the same flower, or another, and becomes
the channel of fertilization. Now the marvellous,

* Origin of Species, 155.

lO DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

and almost miraculous wonder is, that fertiliza-
tion depends on the bee creeping through the
waste-pipe, "We must therefore believe/' writes
Mr. Darwin, "that the fluid is secreted and is
collected in the bucket, for the sake of wetting
the insects' wings, and thus compelling them, to
creep through the passage."^'

Take some other cases of Mr. Darwin's orchids.

The Catasetum, which is exclusively, a male
flower, requires the transportation of the pollen
to the female plant in order that seed may be
produced. It is formed differently from the
Coryanthes, for the pollen is not placed^ in such
a position that it could adhere either to the back
or wings of a bee visitor. How then is the pol-
len transferred to the bee 1 It appears that this
plant is peculiarly sensitive to touch. As the
bees feed on its luscious lip, some one bee is sure
to touch two curved, tapering horns, which touch,
transmits a vibration to a certain membrane,
which, in turn, is instantly ruptured ; thereby set-
ting free a spring, by which the pollen mass is
shot forth in an arrow-shaped form, which adheres
by a blunt but excessively adhesive point, to the

♦ Fertilization of Orchids, 175-6.
Origin of Species, 154.

IDESIGK AND DARWINISM. 11

back of the bee. Then comes the marvel of all
marvels. After the bee has finished its meal in
the male flower, it, sooner or later, visits a female
plant. Here it begins to feed afresh, and whilst
" standing in the same position " in the female
plant that it did in the male, the pollen-bearing
end of the arrow is inserted into the opening
(stigma) of the pistil, and the mass of pollen is
left on its sticky surface. ^^

Mr. Darwin states, that after experimenting on
fifteen flowers, of three species, he discovered
that no moderate degree of violence, on any part
of the flower except on the curved, tapering
horns, caused the expulsion of the pollen. The
bee, must touch the horns ; to receive the pollen^
but the slightest touch of the insect, given to the
horns, ensures its reception. In one case, Mr.
Darwin caused the shot to be fired, by touching
the horns with a bristle ; in five other specimens,
the gentle touch of a fine needle was necessary.
In one variety he discovered, that some horns
were not very sensitive, and required a measure
of force ; but the reason was explained by the
further discovery, that, that peculiar plant was

" FertiUzation of Orchids, 179-180.
The Origin of Species, 155.

12 DESIGN AND DARWINISM,

visited, by strong and powerful insects, whose
slightest, touch would be comparatively a violent
one.*

In the genera, " Mormodes Ignea," we find an
equally exquisite evidence of Design. The insect
lights on the lip of the flower, and proceeds to
gnaw or suck the bases of the petals swollen with
sweet fluid. The weight and movements of the
insect disturb the lip, and the bent underlying
summit of the column ; and the latter ; pressing
on a hinge, causes the ejection of the pollen,
which infallibly strikes the head of the insect and
adheres to it. Mr. Darwin placed his gloved
finger on the summit of the lip, with the tip just
projecting beyond the margin, and by moving his
finger gently, he says " that it was really beautiful
to see how instantly the pollen was projected up-
wards, and how accurately its sticky surface struck
my finger and firmly adhered to it/^'t

A person lifting up Mr. Darwin's work on
orchids, from a bookseller's counter, and running
his eyes over it, might well fancy from its langu-
age, that it was written ; to prove the doctrine of
Divine Design in Nature. The object of the
work, he says, is to show the contrivances by

* Fertilization of Orchids, 187. t Ifndy 216.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 13

which orchids are fertilized, and the book abounds
with the following expressions : " Beautiful con-
trivances," " curious contrivances/' " complex
mechanism/' '' pretty adaptation/' " perfection of
contrivance/' '• numerous contrivances/' " elabo-
rate contrivances/' "mechanism of the movement/'
and a host of like expressions. And yet, in spite
of these, Mr. Darwin tells us in the preface, that
one object of the work is to show "that trifling
detail of structure " may be viewed otherwise
than " as the result of direct interposition of the
Creator," namely; as the result of "secondary
laws,"* to which we shall see hereafter, the Creator
had nothing to say. For a full exposure of this
strange inconsistency between object and langu-
age, reference may be made to the Duke of
Argyle's " Reign of Law/'

Leaving Mr. Darwin's orchids, we will notice
another beautiful instance of Design, mentioned
by Paley,t and used by McCosh \ and other
writers.

In the early stages of telescope making, the
makers were sorely puzzled because, work how

* Introduction to Fertilization of Orchids, 2.

t Natural Theology, cap. I.

X Christianity and Positivism, p. 9.

14 DESIGN AND DAKWINISM.

they would, the pencils of light, in passing through
the glass lenses, were separated into different
colours, tinging the edges of the object as if they
were viewed through a prism. At last DoUond
began his experiments, and arrived at the two
following facts : — first. That light fell from heaven
on the human eye, just as in the case of the tele-
scope, with all this trouble of mixed colouring ;
but, secondly, that as the light passed through
the combined fluids of the eye the difl&culty was
remedied before it reached the bottom of the eye.
'' Now," said DoUond, " if I can only imitate, in
the telescope, these fluids, I will perfect what Sir
Isaac Newton gave up in despair, and what Euler
and Klingenstierna failed to accompUsh," and as
a result, he made an object glass of crown and
flint glasses, which, through their counter-active
powers, took the place of the eye fluids, and per-
fected the telescope.

Now, here is a case where advanced science, as
a designer, has been flung back on God as a
designer, and the conclusion is irresistible. If the
achromatic telescope of Dollond, bears on it the
marks of a mind, working out a design (and who
would dare deny it), none the less does the human
eye, which was the parent of the telescope, bear

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 15

on it the marks of a mind carrying out a design
also.

A careful study of this argument from Design,
as to a working, active God, is well worth the
time and attention of the young, thoughtful minds
of the day. Such a study, ever increasing in its
area, would show the earnest student that, design
is only bounded by the bounds of life ; that from
lowliest microscopic Algae up to noblest plant ;
from torpid Amoeba, up to Man himself ; from
beast and bird, and fish and fowl, and leaf and
flower, goes forth one loud testimony to God, as
the Creator : the testimony, eloquent, lasting and
faithful, which throws itself into the shape of the
old-fashioned words —

" He made us, and not we ourselves."

POPULAK MISCONSCEPTIONS AS TO RECENT SCIENTIFIC

DISCOVERIES.

In spite, however, of all this, there seems to be
a vague notion abroad, that, within the last few
years, there have been some grand discov-
eries in the Science of Nature, as well as in other
sciences, which, only for the eflfects of prejudice,
would overthrow the very basis of Keligion itself.^

♦ Dr. Alex. Johnson (McGill University), "Science and Religion," p. 7.

16 DESION AND DARWINISM.

This vague notion would be dispelled to-morrow,
if sensible men would only keep before them, the
diflference between a supposition and a fact.
There have been no scientific discoveries made
within the last few years, subversive of religion —
not one ; but several presumptions, and supposi-
tions, and speculations have been made public
within the last few years, that if they could only
be lifted out of the cloud-land of assumption and
soUdified into hard facts — if, in a word, they
could be proved, would certainly be subver-
sive of religion, as generally received. There is
unquestionably an assault made on the doctrine
of Design, by a series of hypothetical assumptions,
which, sometimes speaking in the dogmatic lan-
guage of ascertained fact, has boldly endeavoured
to elevate the working of Disguised Accident
into the position so long held by Divine Design.

DARWINISM ONLY A HYPOTHESIS.

And this is essentially true of what is popu-
larly called Darwinism. Tliere is a popular and
wide-spread idea, that Mr. Darwin has made some
wonderful scientific discoveries that it is impos-
sible to contradict, and that these discoveries are
steadily undermining all old notions, as to God's

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 17

work in connection with Design and Creation.
Now, a careful study of Mr. Darwin's work, on
the " Origin of Species," will prove to the student
that Mr. Darwin never has claimed to be a dis-
coverer. His great work, he tells us, is the re-
sult of speculation on that mystery of mysteries,
the origin of the species.**^ He tells us that it is
composed of some " general conclusions," drawn
from speculations, and illustrated with " a few
facts," and that '* he is well aware " that scarcely
a single fact is discussed in the volume, against
which other facts cannot be adduced, often appar-
ently leading to conclusions directly opposite to
those at which he has aiTived.t Throughout the
whole book he never resigns the hypothetical idea,
except where, in the ardour of describing his illus-
trative facts, he here, and there; seems to take for
granted the reality of his hypothesis. But, as a
rule, the deductions from his illustrations are put
hypothetically. Thus, the female selection of
beautiful male birds, he tells us ; " might " pro-
duce a marked eflfect during thousands of genera-
tions,! and a structure even as perfect as an eagle's
eye ^^mighf have been formed through the power
of Natural Selection.§ Hence Mr. Huxley,|| who

^— —— ^i— ^i^— ^ ■ ■ I ■ ■■ ■ ■■■■■ !■ I ll.a ■ ■■■III ■ I I il.l ■ • ■■■»■■ M I...!. ■I—I ■ !■ —i^l— ^i^^

♦P. 1. tP. 2. $ Origin of Species, 70. §P. 145. || Lay Sermons,
2

18 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

does his best to support Darwinism, says '' that
we have no right to call it even a theory, because
a theory implies 'substantial speculation,'" where-
as "Darwinism," he says, "has not advanced to
the rank of a theory; it is a hypothesis," which
means, a system formed on some principle, which
has not yet been proved.

THE DARWINIAN HYPOTHESIS.

Mr. Darwin's hypothesis looks charming to the
eye of the careless reader, and not a few who are
more careful, study it with an under-current feel-
ing, that, although it is novel, it is not wholly
irreconcileable with the Divine record. But a more
careful study, a due weighing of Mr. Darwin's
own words, soon dissipates this desirable idea.

His great work is that on the " Origin of
Species." Species, previous to Lamarck, were
regarded by naturalists, as a succession of indi-
viduals, reproducing and perpetuating themselves.
Lamarck, however, taught, that all species, including
man, were descended from inferior organizations,
stretching back to original forms ; and it is this
idea of Lamarck's that Mr. Darwin has made the
basis of his hypothesis.

Mr. Darwin agrees with Lamarck as to the

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 19

variability of species, but has grafted on to the
Lamarckian theory, the Darwinian hypothesis of
Natural Selection. He distinctly teaches, that the
Creator moulded one, or a few forms of life, and
that, from so simple a beginning, endless forms,
most beautiful and most wonderful, have been,
and are being evolved.* The process of this
evolution begins wdth what he calls "the struggle
fer existence." *'Life," he says, "is so prolific
that it has to be checked *by destruction.' " t The
agents of destruction in plant life, are overcrowd-
ing and insects ; in animal life, want of food; the
fierceness of preying animals, climatic changes
and epidemic diseases,! In this struggle, the
stronger, or those who possess anything peculiarly
favourable in their organization, must overcome
the weaker; the weaker die out, and the stronger
are preserved. " This preservation of favourable
variations, and the destruction of unfavourable
variations," Mr. Darwin calls Natural Selection.§
Now, how does this suppositious. Natural Se-
lection, work ? Mr. Darwin takes for granted
that it is governed by a law, incessantly ready
for action. II Whenever this law sees a profitable

♦ Origin of Species, 429. f 52. t ^* § Origin of Species, 63.

11 49.

20 DESIGN AKD DARWINISM*

or useful variationj it preserves it in the struggle
of life, and hands it on through generations.*
The result of this Natural Selection is, that each
creature, selected and preserved, tends to be-
come more and more improved,t and this im-
provement inevitably leads, slowly, and at long
intervals of time,| to the gradual advancement of
the organization of the greater number of living
beings throughout the world. § In other words,
the law of Natural Selection, working in and out
of the deadly battle-field of life, has, at various
periods, produced perfectly new species, to run
their strong race of plant and animal being.

WHERE NATURAL SELECTION CLASHES WITH DESIGN.

Now there seems at first sight, nothing incon-
sistent with the general story of Creation, as re-
corded in Genesis, in this hypothesis ; provided, that
the author would admit, that the law of Natiu^al
Selection was a law ordained by God, and directed
by Him in its general working. Mr. Darwin can-
not consistently say, that as a scientific man, he
does not care to deal with the supernatural aspect
of this question ; for he does deal with it, very

♦66. t63. +97. §85. ||97.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 21

boldly; throughout thewholeof his work on species.
It is then perfectly fair to ask, does Mr. Darwin,
when he speaks of the law of Natural Selection,
intend his readers to understand, that he is speak
ing of a law of God ? A law instituted, controlled
and guided by that same Creator, that, he tells us,
breathed life into the original parental forms of
all plant and animal being ? Let Mr. Darwin him-
self answer in his own words.

In his work on the Variation of Animals and
Plants under Domestication, he takes for granted,
that no sensible person would believe, that God
ordained the variations of the crop and tail feath-
ers of the pigeon, or the variations of the frame,
and mental qualities of the dog. '' But," he says,
*' if we give up the principle in one case, no sha-
dow of reason can be assigned for the belief, that
variations, which have been the groundwork
through Natural Selection of the most perfectly
adapted animals in the world, man included, were
intentionally and specially guided'''''

Again, speaking against the idea that the de-
tail of structure was made for the good of its pos-
sessor, he says : " Some believe that many struc-

• VoL a. 615-616.

22 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

tures have been created for the sake of beauty,
to delight men or the Creator, or for the sake of
mere variety, such doctrines, if true^ would he
absolutely fatal to my theory.'''^

Again. "Some authors maintain that organic
beings have been formed in many ways for the
sake of mere variety, almost like toys in a shop,
but such a view is incredible.'' \

Again. " Nothing at first can appear more dif-
ficult to believe, than that the more complex organs
and instincts have been perfected, w()* bymeans supe-
rior to, though analogous with human reason, but
by the accumulation of innumerable slight varia-
tions, each good for the individual possessor. "J

Again. " How inexplicable on the theory of
Creation, is the occasional appearance of stripes
on the shoulders and legs of the horse genus and
their hybrids. "§

Again. ^^Itis so easy to hide our ignorance under
such expressions as " the plan of creation " " unity
of design,'' <§c.||

Again. " But do they (certain naturalists) be-
lieve that at innumerable periods in the earth'shis-
tory, certain elemental atoms have been com-

♦ Origin of Species, 159, f 154. X 404, § 416. |! 422,

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 23

manded suddenly to flash into living tissues ? Do
they believe that at each supposed act of creation,
one individual or many were produced ? "*

Again. '' Under a scientific point of view, but
little advantage is gained by believing, that new
forms are suddenly developed in an inexplicable
manner from old and widely different forms, over
the old belief in the creation of species from the
dust of the earth/'t

Again. "Species are produced by slowly acting
and still existing causes, and not by miraculous
acts of creation."!

Now what conclusions ; have we a fair right to
arrive at, from these quotations ?

1. That the widespread variations of animal
and plant life, man included, are not the result of
intention or guidance. They exist without inten-
tion or foresight, and are consequeutlj accideniaL^
r. 2. That if it could be proved, that beauty, had
been designedly called into being, it would destroy
the theory of Natural Selection.

3. That the highest organs, and instincts ; have
not been perfected by a mind, superior to the
human mind, but by repeated variations.

♦ Origin of Species, 423. t 424. t 427.

g Accident — that which happens unforeseen, chance,

24 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

4. That the use of such expressions ^^plan of
creation,'' ^^ unity of design,'' are marks of ignor-
ance.

6. That living tissues, or individuals were not
called into being by creative acts.

6. That species are not the result of miraculous
acts of creation.

Now it is easy for some advocates of Darwin-
ism to say that the law of Natural Selection, as
defined by Mr. Darwin, is in some sense, a God
ordained law, and directed by Him in its general
working ; but it is impossible to prove it, in the
face of these assertions.

If God had called into active power, the law of
selection, then that law would have been part of
His "design," and a marked . instrument in the
"plan of creation." But Mr. Darwin tells us,
that the use of the words " plan of creation " or
" unity of design " are marks of ignorance. In
other words, there is no " plan of creation," there
is no " unity of design " in the Darwinian hypo-
thesis. The favourable point in the variation
selected, is never a designed point. It is favourable
simply through chance, or luck, or fortune, or
accident, and it is selected by the hypothetical
law, because a lucky chance has made it what it is.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 25

Thus the Darwinian hypothesis, as elaborated
by Mr. Darwin, is a bold, earnest, yet surely a
conscientious blow, aimed with closed hand, at the
generally received view of divine design in crea-
tion. " Design " and *' Natural Selection " are
antagonistic principles that, according to Mr.
Darwin, cannot be reconciled. If Natural Selec-
tion, as defined by Mr. Darwin, proves trium-
phant, it can only be so on, the ruins of Divine
Design.

HUXLEY, VOGHT, BUCHNER, ON THE ANTAGONISM.

And that this is the view of Mr. Darwin's lead-
ing disciples, is very apparent from their written
words, words, that express conclusions; that the
writer has never seen contradicted by Mr. Dar-
win.

Mr. Huxley in his "Lay Sermons," writes as fol-
lows : " When I first read Mr. Darwin's . book,
that which struck me most forcibly was, that Tele-
ology (Design), as commonly understood, had
received its death blow at Mr. Darwin's hands.
For the teleological argument runs thus : ' An
organ is fitted to perform a function or purpose,
therefore it was specially constructed to perform
that function.' This is precisely what Darwin

26 DESIGN AND DAKWINISM.

denies with regard to plants and animals. If we
apprehend the spirit of the Origin of Species
rightly, then nothing can be more entirely and
absolutely opposed to Design in Nature than the
Darwinian hypothesis."*

Mr. Haeckel in his latest work entitled *' The
Evolution of Man," states : " The gist of Darwin's
theory is the simple idea : that the struggle for
existence in Nature, evolves new species without
design, just as the will of man produces new
varieties in cultivation with design."!

Now if Mr. Darwin believed, that the law of
Natural Selection was in any sense, directed and
guided by God, and part of a divine plan ; surely
for the sake of his many readers, he ought to have
answered these unmistakable criticisms, and as-
serted, or proved their injustice. But even in the
latest edition of the work, thus reviewed by Mr.
Huxley, the reader can find no denial of the truth
of the criticism.

Neither can he find a denial of the awful words
of Carl Voght *' that Darwin's theory has turned
the Creator out of doors ; as it does not leave the
slightest room for the agency of such a Being ; "|
or Buchner's ; that it is an "atheistic theory" based

* Lay Sermons, 330. + Vol 1, 96. $ Lectures on Man, VoL ii, p. 260,

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 27

on " accidental operations/'^^ or Haeckelst '' that
the service rendered to science by Darwin is, that
he has been successful in teaching the mechanical
(as opposed to designed) production of vegetable
and animal organisms." The writer has before
him the latest American edition of the sixth cor-
rected English edition of " The Origin of Species/'
and Mr. Darwin remains silent through its pages,
under, what to the ears of many must sound, these
awful imputations. In the preface, he gives a
table of thirty additions and corrections, and a
short history of foreign editions, but not one word
as to the fact, that his sentiments and expressions
have been unfairly dealt with,by Huxley, Voght, or
Biichner. Indeed, he speaks of Prof. Huxley, as
" one of the highest authorities " and his consult-
ing friend,| and in his preface to " The Descent
of Man," he speaks in like laudatory strains of
Voght and Biichner. §

THE MAIN OBSTACLES TO THE RECEPTION OF

DARWINISM.

\st. Design.
Mr. Darwin honestly admits, '* that there is

* Lectures on Darwinism, Vol. i, 125. f History of Creation, p. 20.
Ij: Origin of Species 79, § Descent of Man, preface, 1, 4.

28 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

scarcely a single point that he has made, on which
facts cannot be adduced, often apparently leading
to conclusions directly opposite to those at which
I have arrived."* His foremost diflSculty how-
ever, is unquestionably Design, which meets him
everywhere.

Natural Selection, for instance, cannot reason-
ably account for Neuter Insects, powerless to pro-
pagate their kind, and consequently unable to trans-
mit acquired modifications of structure or instinct
to their progeny. \ And yet. Neuter Ants bear on
them the marks of elaborate design, are divided
into well defined castes, and are invaluable as
builders of the nest, providers of food, nurses and
soldiers, because fitted and formed to carrv out
these functions.^ Of course Mr. Darwin endeavours
to open the mystery by his magical key of Natural
Selection, but he freely confesses, " that it is only
natural that people should think, that he has an
overwhelming confidence in his hypothesis, when
he does not admit ; that such wonderful and well
established facts at once annihilate his theory. "§

The same may be said .on the subject of the
structure of the Eye. '* To suppose," he says,

* Origin of Species, 2. f 229. X Encly. Brit, "An^" vol. ii. 95.

§231,

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 29

''that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances,
etc., could have been formed by Natural Selec-
tion, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest
degree''* He then enters into his speculation,
which takes this shape : — He supposes that '* a
nerve once became sensitive to light ; that over
this grew a thick layer of transparent tissues,
with spaces filled with fluid, and that this layer
kept continually changing in density, thickness,
distance and form." He further supposes that
'* Natural Selection (which he practically makes
a sentient being), intently watched^ and carefully
preserved, each variation, and that this watching
and preservation went on for millions of years,
until at long last a perfect eye was formed, "t

Now, admitting this process, the question at
once arises, were these tissues, and spaces, and
layers put together to give perfect sight or not 1
Mr. Darwin distinctly teaches "No," and Mr.
Huxley, in commenting on the process of nerve
development, states that " it works on the princi-
ple that the eye was not made to see." J

How, then, does Mr. Darwin account for the
marvellous eye of the Silurian Trilobite ? Mr.

Darwin states that " the Cambrian Trilobites are

<—■■■-■■•■ ■ ...

♦ 143. t Origin of Species, 144-46. t 330.

30 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

descended from some one crustacean, which must
have lived long before the Cambrian age/' ♦ But
these Cambrian rocks are admitted by Mr. Dar-
vrin to be the most ancient of Paloeozoic rocks ; t
so that this *'one" supposititious ''crustacean''
must have survived the wreck and ruin of
the fiery Azoic Age : and, Adam-like, in com-
pany with his crustacean Eve, have started Trilo-
bitic life on the barren sand of the Paloeozoic
time. But such a transfer of Azoic animal life to
the Paloeozoic time is opposed to the whole voice
of geology. The only representative of animal
being is Dr. Dawson's Protozoa, the Eozoon
Canadense, found in the lower Laurentian of the
Azoic age.J The Azoic rocks are naturally bar-
ren of life, handing us on presumptive sea weeds
and hypothetical animalculee ; but, with the ex-
ception of Eozoon, contain no fossils. §

The Trilobite {Paradoxides Harlani), eighteen
inches in length, appears suddenly, and fully
formed in the primordial period of the Paloeozoic
age, and the species runs its mighty race to the
close of the Carboniferous period. And, as it runs
that race, it carries with it from its first appear-

286. + Gloasary, 431. % Nature and Bible— Dawson, 120.

§ Dana's Geology, 76.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 31

aixce to its close the same exquisitely designed eye,
one variety having four hundred facets, and an-
other, renowned for its size, six thousand. Five
hundred varieties of the Tribolite lived in the
cotirse of the Paloeozoic time ;* and as far as the
testimony of geology is concerned, the eye of the
earliest, was as perfectly developed as the eye of
the latest

"Sight," says John Stuart Mill, ''being a fact,
not previous but subsequent to the putting to-
gether of the organic structure of the eye, de-
mands, that the antecedent idea of it, and not
sight itself, must be the eflScient cause. But this
at once marks the origin as proceeding from an
intelligent vdll/'t

It is little wonder, in the face of such natural
antagonism to Mr. Darwin's " nerve theory," that
he should have written these manly words : " To
arrive at a just conclusion regarding the formation
of the eye, with all its marvellous, yet not abso-
lutely perfect characters, it is indispensible that
the reason should conquer the imagination; but I
have felt the diflBculty far too keenly to be sur-
prized at others hesitating to extend the principle
of Katural Selection to so startling a length." J

*252. tThree£8BayBonBeligion-MiU,172. ::: Origin of Species, 146.

32 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

How far Mr. Darwiii himself, has submitted his
imagination to reason, in his nerve theory, is worth
thinking over.

The same diflSculty meets Mr. Darwin in the
case of the electric organs of such fish as the
Torpedo and Gymnotus. He tells us that '' it is
impossible to conceive by what graduated steps
these wondrous organs have been produced.*
Organs of such tremendous power that Faraday's
experiments on a Gymnotus, forty inches in
length, resulted in a calculation, that, at each
medium discharge, the animal emitted as great a
force as the highest charge of a Leyden battery
of fifteen jars, exposing three thousand, five
hundred square inches of coated surface." Under
the law of Natural Selection one would expect
that all these electric fishes would be specially
related to each other; but this, Mr. Darwin
states, "is far from the case, nor does geology
at all lead to the belief that most fishes formerly
possessed electric organs, which their modified
descendants have now lost." ^ Hence, Mr.
Darwin openly gives up any attempt to explain
how these marvellously designed organs, plainly

* Origin of Species, 160. + 151.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 33

fitted for a special purpose, have been de-
veloped in each separate group of fishes/^

Now it is mainly, because of this deadly conflict
between Divine Design and undesigned Natural
Selection, or Accident, that Darwinism remains
to-day, what it was at the beginning, an hypo-
thesis. It is weak, and likely to remain weak,
because it denies all design in nature, and through
denying Design, makes the Being that Mr. Dar-
win allows created the first speck of living jelly,
a God ; not worthy of the name.

IL

THE OBSTACLE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF NATURAL

SELECTION.

Mr. Darwin stakes the main work of the de-
velopment of life on Natural Selection. "In effect,"
he says, " give me a struggle for existence ; give
me the weak and strong taking part in that
struggle ; give me the weak going to the wall,
and I do not require Design to account for any-
thing."

Now it is admitted that there is evil and sor
row, and a struggle in the world ; and it is also

151.

34 DESIGN AND DABWINISM.

admitted, that there is only one theory which
attempts to account for it, namely, the BibUcal
theory. That theory teaches; first, an original
perfect Design, permeating everything ; secondly,
the dislocation of that Design, and as a conse-
quence, trouble, and sorrow, and struggling ; and
thirdly, the gradual restoration of Design, and its
future completion and perfection. But this theory
teaches something more ; it teaches what we see
worked out before our eyes every day ; that in
the struggle for existence arising from dislocation,
there is a power which might well be called '' the
law of Natural Protection,'' which steps right into
the struggle for existence, and instead of select-
ing the strong, constantly selects the weak, in
order that it may preserve, and retain, and keep
them alive.

In the brute creation, the weak are constantly,
preserved by the instinct, bravery, and strength
of a powerful parentage. You may easily steal
the weak and sickly whelp of the tiger while
the mother is absent ; but will you dare to steal
it, with the raging form of the powerful beast
crouching over it, and with the roar of the male
tiger sounding through the jungle. It is not, in
this and countless other cases, a question of the

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 35

strength or weakness of the cub, it is the ques-
tion of the united physical power and instinct of
parentage, combined against you through the
whole of the brute creation, and determined to
resist you to the very death, before they, the
strong, will alloV the weak to perish.

And even in the Adaptation of animals to their
conditions of life, we see evidences of this law of
Natural Protection over the weak, spite of all
Mr. Wallace's efforts to explain it away.* In the
tawny colour of the lion, that roams over sandy
deserts; in the white bear, that lives amongst
eternal snows ; in the yellow leaf, that is made
the home of the yellow insect ; in the soft, green
leaf, the home of the soft, green caterpillar ; in
the leaf so like a butterfly that you cannot tell,
in passing, which is leaf and which is fly ; in the
brown, rusty, bare twig that has sticking to it the
brown, rusty, living creature, that looks at you
as you pass, and that, if it could, might laugh at
you, for the success of its mimicry which preserves
it from your touch.

And unquestionably the same rule as to the
protection of the weak, must have been exercised
over Man himself. If we adopt the theory of

* Wallace on Natural Selection.

36 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

evolutionists, the First Man becomes a ' trying
puzzle. The law of evolution could not give us
a perfect man, so mentally endowed, as to be able
to gather around him those weapons of defence
and means of protection, which would have made
him strong to resist the physically' stronger. He
must have been a lonely, solitary creature, sur-
rounded by deadly foes in the animal world, and
with climate and opportunities of obtaining food,
suited to his new conditions, all against him.
Midst the remorseless fury of the battle for ex-
istence, and under the law of Natural Selection,
which selects the strong and rejects the weak, he
ought to have been literally crushed out against
the wall. But he, weak amidst the strong, sur-
vived and peopled a world.

Explain it also how you will ; as civilization
and education advances, the hypothetical law of
Natural Selection is driven out before them every
where. Even in lowest life, the hungry cry of a
starving child, gives energy to the foot of a strong
made father in his hunt for food, and many a war
path, has been tracked through lonely forests, as
the strong came to the rescue of the weak, to win
back a stolen child, or save unharmed a timid girl.
The weak would always go the wall, save for the

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 37

law, which brings the strength of love, or the
strength of muscle, or both combined to the rescue
of the weak ; so that the weak is as the strong,
the dwarf is in one sense a giant, and the defence-
less, irresistible.

And this is still more apparent under the
highest teaching of education and civilization.
There is a mighty power in the world, ever in-
creasing, which only lives to protect the weak. A
power that tends the sick, and builds the hospital,
and trains the nurse, furnishes the free medicinOi
and provides the ablest skill. A power, that lingers
in tender ministrations over the poorest of the
poor, the weakest of the weak, the most loath-
some of the diseased. A power that teaches us
that evil is to be remedied by love and gentleness
and pity ; that the weak are not of necessity to
die of weakness, or the poverty-stricken to die in
a ditch, because of poverty, or climate, or want of
food ; or through uncared for debility and wretch-
edness. You may call this power what you will;
Christianity, Morality — anything; but it exists
and works, and the wider its area and the stronger
its strength, the less room remains for the work-
ings of a presumptive — Natural Selection which
only exists to crush out the weak, and enable the

38 DESIGN AND DAEWINISM.

hand of man to snatch from the hand of woman,
the last crust, that fairly divided might preserve
the lives of both.

III.

THE OBSTACLE OF CHANGELESS SPECIES.

Mr. Darwin admits that in microscopic life, the
Ehizopods and Infusoria, " have remained for an
enormous period in nearly their present stata" *
This seems to the writer to have been a slip of Mr.
Darwin's pen, for the sentence would surely read
more correctly if it ran ** have remained for an
enormous period wholly unchanged^ Fossils of
Ehizopods have been foimd in the Lower Silurian
era,t possibly the magnesian limestone of the Pots-
dam period are formed out of their remains, and
the chalk of the Cretaceous period is made mostly
from their minute calcareous shell. \ The Horn-
stone of the Devonian period, is made up of mi-
croscopic organisms of the same families as exist
to day, just as beautiful, perfect and finished in
design, as the living objects that we behold in our
microscopic studies. §

Mr. Darwin explains this crucial point by assum-
ing that lowly forms have been preserved through

* Origin of Species, 99. t Dana, 85. t Dana, 191. § Dana, 109.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 39

inhabiting "confined stations" where they have
been subject to "less severe competition," or, that
in some cases, a high organization would be of no
service, and that differences might never have
arisen for natural selection to act on.* But surely,
the ocean bottom, the great home of Rhizopod life
can scarcely be described as "a confined station,"
and if the telegraphic plateau, between Ireland
and Newfoundland, supports a continuous bed of
stone, a thousand miles in breath, formed out of
Rhizopod remains, t it seems hardly fair to assimie
that Rhizopod life was subject to a "less severe
competition" than larger organisms. Neither is
the presumption just, that lower life, because it is
minute, is devoid of a comparatively high organi-
zation. Mr. Darwin admits that the Eozoon, of
the lower Laurentian, is a "highly organized"
member of the group of Protozoa, J whilst the
Rotatoria or Rotifera, which Ehrenberg and Du-
jardin claim to be Infusoria, possess an organi-
zation of the highest order.

The history and existence of Diatomaceae, are
also hard points for Darwinism to explain. Raben-
horst enumerates four thousand of these exquisite

♦ Origin of Species, 99-100. t Dana, 265.

t Origin of Species, 287 ; Dawson's " Nature and Bible," 120..

♦O DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

organisms of vegetable microscopic life, and Pro-
fessor Smith states, that the progeny of a single
frustule would amount to 1,000,000,000, in a
single month; so that the generations of a diatom
in a few months far exceed in number the gene-
ration of man, during the longest and wildest cal-
culation of the existence of the race. Now fossil
diatoms have been found in the clay slates of the
lowest Silurian, by Mr. A. Bryson ; they abound
in the lower strata of the Tertiary formation, and
the fossil genera and species are in all respects to
the most minute details identical with the numer-
ous living representatives of their class^

This changelessness of form Mr. Darwin would
explain by tlie theory, that diatoms were not
worth changing, or that differences never arose
for Natural Selection to work on. But how then
are we to account for the fact, of the wide spread
variety of this form of life in geological ages, and
of a like and identical variety at this present
moment. In fact Mr. Darwin's idea of the change-
lessness of form arising from worthlessness or
otherwise, in the history of Diatomaceae, and

♦ Encycl. Brit. " Diatomacese," O'Meara, vol 7, 171.
Dana's Geology, 210.
Microscopic Objects, Wood, 108»
The Microscope, Carpenter, 326-32$.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 41

above all in Rhizopodian history, places him in
direct antagonism with his pupil Mr. HaeckeL
For Haeckel begins his generations of life with a
Khizopod — the primordial Amoeba ; and his
whole theory is based on the supposition that
primordial Rhizopodian life has undergone deve-
lopment and selection, as distinctly as the higher
grades of living organisms.* Thus Mr. Darwin
teaches that Rhizopod life is practically worthless,
consequently unchangeable, and Mr. Haeckel
makes it the foundation of all change. There is
another, and an older theory worth thinking over,
that Rhizopods, Diatomacese, etc., are unchanged,
because God designed they should be unchanged.
Mr. Darwin does not devote much thought to
the renowned moUusk, the Lingula. He admits
that the geological Lingula of the lower Silurian,
" does not diflfer materially from living (existing)
species,"t but he does not notice this antagonistic
point as carefully as others. The fact is, that the
Lingula of the lower Silurian is the unchanged
Lingula of the Permian period, and the Lingula of
both ages is practically the same Lingula, that to-
day clings to the rocks of the Indian Archipelago. J

* Evolution of Man, vol. 1, p. 141. + Origin of Species, 286,

X Dana, 81 ; Figuer, 176.

42 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

The same may be said of the Diseina, Rhyncho-
nella, Crania, Nautilus. These genera of long
lineage, reach through all time from the beginning
•of Ufe, and furnish an irresistible argument against
Natm*al Selection, through the changelessness of
their organizations.

IV.

THE OBSTACLE OF GEOLOGY.

There is no question but that geology is incon-
sistently handled by evolutionists. Whenever it
can be of use to Mr. Darwin he uses it as an
.authority. '* Karity, as geology tells us," he says,
" is the precursor to extinction."* '' How largely
;extinctionhas acted in the world's history, geology
plainly declares. "t ''Nor does geology at all
lead to the belief that most fishes formerly pos-
sessed electric organs/'J On the other hand, where
at comes down with the force of a sledge hammer
on the absence of intermediate links between
fossiliferous species, then geology is attacked all
^long the line. Mr. Darwin says, '' for my part
I look at the geological record as a history of the
world, imperfectly kept, written in a changing

* Origin of Species, «5. t 103. $ 16L

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 43

dialect ; of this history we possess the last volume
alone, relating only to two or three countries.
Of this volume, only here and there a short
chapter has been preserved, and of each page,
only here and there, a few lines."*

All that he has written, however, against the
geologic record cannot explain reasonably the
startling fact, that the universal loss is that of
links between species. Given fossil A, and fossil
C, presumed to be the result of fossil A's evolu-
tionary power, where is fossil B, the intermediate
link? Where are the ten thousand times ten
thousand links that, if Natural Selection be true,
must have united the lowlier parent and higher
child ? The supposed links are almost all lost,
whilst the forms of life that they are presumed to
have united, are found imbedded in the rocks, per-
fect as if carved by the hand of a cunning workman.
Thus Paloeontology is the avenger on the track
of the evolutionist. Science, practical, with fossil
in hand, contradicts science, hypothetical, with
theories in head.

* Origin of Species, 289.

44 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

V.

THE MAMMALIAN PERIOD OBSTACLE.

Mr. Darwin has written two singularly inter-
esting chapters, on the dispersion of plants and
animals during the Glacial period, or the Mam-
malian Age of the final geologic time. But he
has failed to notice a fact connected with this
age, which seems to tell with tremendous force
against the whole hypothesis of development.
Instead of the number of species and individuals
having increased since that period, they have de-
creased.* Instead of the species developing into
greater, stronger, nobler forms, they have de-
creased in size, and power, and stature. The
existing elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, ox,
elk, tiger, lion, deer, horse, hyena, bear, are in-
ferior in every way to their gigantic forefathers.
Mammalian culmination was in the Post Tertiary
period, and Mammalian degradation seems to
have been the rule since then.

♦ Dana, 230.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 45

VI.

OBSTACLE FROM CHAOS OF EVOLUTIONARY OPINION.

'* You cannot stay the onward progress of the
evolutionary theory," is a common remark. We
might ask, which theory ? following our question
with a concise list of such opinions.

Mr. Darwin believes in a Creator who created
forms, out of which Natural Selection evolved
everything.

Messrs. Haeckel, B'uchner and Voght believe in
'' spontaneous generation," as the Alpha ; in
natural selection, as the Omega of life.

Mr. Herbert Spencer believes in '' an inscrutable,
unintelligent, persistent Force," which lies
outside the region of thought.

Mr. Huxley denies indignantly that he is " a
materialist;" but he writes so like one that it is
very hard to refrain from classing him with
Haeckel, etc., on the question of Natural
Selection.

46 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

Mr. Wallace agrees with Mr. Darwin up to the
creation of man, but teaches that the Creator
came into action in the creation of man's
body.

Mr. Mivart avails himself of Natural Selection,
but teaches that God made man's soiU.

Kolliker, though an evolutionist, teaches that the
development of the human race from the ani-
mal kingdom, as read by Darwin and Haeckel,
does not represent the truth.

Voght, formerly endorsed wholesale, Darwin's
" Origin of Species;" he now states that '' it is
impossible to prove an ancestral series of de-
velopment further back than apes," and he
assails Haeckers theory, ''that man is the
grand result of Primitive Protozoa, develop-
ing into Primitive Gastrea, and Gastrea into
Primitive Worms, and Worms into Radiates,
Molluscs, Articulates and Vertebrates." The
desertion of Voght from the Haecklian School
is a sore blow to German evolutionism.

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 47

PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS.

The object of the writer has been that of bring-
ing before his readers the following facts.

1. The hypothetical character of Darwinism.

2. The palpable assault it makes on the doc-
trine of God's Design in the perfecting of species.

3. That judged as a hypothesis, it is open to
grave objections from practical science, the ex-
perience of life, and from the contradictions of its
highest apostles.

That these three points are well worth the care-
ful consideration of those who give a general,
though perhaps, not a student-like approval to
Darwinism must be apparent to all. The roughly
expressed opinion of the collegian, "that Darwin
had knocked Moses as high as a kite " is the gen-
eral opinion of hundreds whose study of the hypo*
thesis has been very limited and altogether one-
sided. But such is not the opinion of some of
the ablest scientific writers of the day ; and it is
only honest, and fair, before men express opin-
ions favourable to views, that boldly assail the
Design and Providence of God's work, that they

48 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

should read both sides of such a tremendous ques-
tion, fraught as it is with such awful consequences.
That there are two scientific sides to the question
is bravely admitted by Mr. Darwin, with his char-
acteristic honesty, and bitterly admitted by Mr.
Haeckel with his characteristic bluntness, as may
be seen from the following quotations :

"I am well aware," writes Mr. Darwin, ''that
scarcely a single point is discussed in this volume
on which facts cannot be adduced, often appar-
ently leading to conclusions directly opposite to
those at which I have arrived." (Darwin's Origin
of Species, page 2.)

*' With ^few illustrious exceptions/' writes Mr.
Hackel, " most physiologists have paid very little
attention to the theory of descent, and to this day
some of their most renowned leaders look on this
most important biological theory as ' an unproved
and baseless hypothesis. ' " (Haeckers Evolution of
Man, 3rd edition, 1876, Vol. i, page 166. Apple-
ton, N. Y.)

Such are the confessions of the great evolu-
tionary leaders. Confessions that are substanti-
ated as '' good confessions," by the following quo-
tations from two of Mr. Darwin's earnest oppo-
nents : Dr. Dawson, Principal of McGill College,

DESIGN AND DARWINISM. 49

Montreal ; and Dr. Dania, Professor of Geology
and Natural History in Yale College.

Dr. Dawson, whose name is mentioned by Mr.
Darwin as an authority on the subject of Eozoon,^
and whose reputation as a geologist is fast assum-
ing the highest European recognition, thus speaks
oft the hypothetical laws of Darwinism. After
sAwing how they dispense with the action of
Divine Power ; and conflict with Revelation on
the subject of man, etc., he says : "But for these
applications of it, the Darwinian hypothesis would
be a harmless toy for philosophical biologists to
play with.t It rests merely on analogy, and on
its power to explain easily a great variety of phe-
nomena, provided its pi^emises are granted "I

The opinion of Professor Dana, to whom Mr.
Darwin refers as "the highest authority "§ on
Crustaceans, is well worth consideration.

" Geology afibrds no support to the hypothesis
that species have been made from pre-existing
species, and suggests no theory of development
by natural causes. "||

**It has no facts sustaining the notion that man
was made through the gradual progress or im-

* Origin of Species, 287.

t Nature and Bible, 142. t 144. § 338. |1 Dana's Geology, 258.

50 DESIGN AND DARWINISM.

provement of some of the apes, and much less
does it favour the hypothesis, that the whole
system of animal life is nothing but a growth
from one, two, or more original species, one
changing into or evolving another through a
method of development, as supposed in the devel-
opment hypothesis." ^

''Geology testifies to the fact, that plants Aid
animals have come into existence in a long sftc-
cession of species. It demonstrates the oneness in
plan and purpose of all nature, and thereby the
oneness of the Author. It points to boundless
wisdom in every step of progress, and with in-
creasing distinctness as the era approaches when
man should appear and receive the Divine com-
mand, " subdue and have dominion." But it di-
rects to no cause of the origin of species, but the
Cause of causes,

THE INFINITE GOD:'^

* Dana's Geology, 259.

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