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I 


THE    DIAL 


Semi-Monthly  Journal  of 


Literary  Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


VOLUME  XVII. 


JULY  i,  1894,  TO  DECEMBER  16, 1894 


CHICAGO: 

THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 
1894 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XVII. 

AFKICAJST  FOLK-LORE,  CURIOSITIES  OF Frederick  Starr .  261 

AMERICAN  HISTORY,  NEW  STUDIES  IN Francis  W.  Shepardson 380 

AMERICAN  LAW  REFORM,  PROBLEMS  OF Merritt  Starr 115 

AMERICAN  STAGE  FAVORITE,  AN 256 

BARTLETT'S  CONCORDANCE  TO  SHAKESPEARE  ....     Hiram  Corson 193 

BIRDS,  SOME  BOOKS  ABOUT Sara  A.  Hubbard 291 

BOOKS  OF  THE  FALL  OF  1894 143 

BRITISH  DIPLOMAT  IN  THE  ORIENT,  A Ernest  Wilson  Clement 92 

CANTERBURY  TALES  AS  POETRY,  THE Hiram  Corson 260 

CENTENNIALS,  LITERARY 371 

COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  ENGLISH  :  A  SUMMARY 249 

CONTINENTAL  LITERATURE,  A  YEAR  OF 51,  79 

CRERAR  LIBRARY,  THE 323 

DUTCH  INFLUENCE  UPON  AMERICA Francis  W.  Shepardson 61 

ECONOMIC  PRINCIPLES  NEWLY  STATED O.L.Elliott 118 

EDISON,  THE  LIFE  AND  WORK  OF 289 

u  EMINENT  SCOUNDREL  "  IN  LITERATURE,  THE 223 

ENGLISH  AT  AMHERST  COLLEGE John  F.  Genung 54 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA     .     .     .     Charles  Mills  Gayley 29 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  INDIANA      ....     Martin  W.  Sampson 5 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN  ....     Fred  N.  Scott 82 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA  .     .     .     .     L.  A.  Sherman 105 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA     .     .     Felix  E.  Schelling 146 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WISCONSIN  ....     David  B.  Frankenburger     ....  187 

ENGLISH  AT  WELLESLEY  COLLEGE Katharine  Lee  Bates 219 

ENGLISH  IN  A  FRENCH  UNIVERSITY 27 

ENGLISH  IN  THE  LOWER  SCHOOLS 3 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE,  THE  HISTORY  OF Frederic  Ives  Carpenter      ....  285 

ENGLISH  NOVELS,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne 263 

ETHICS,  SOME  RECENT  STUDIES  IN Frank  Chapman  Sharp       ....  196 

EVOLUTION,  THE  ANTIQUITY  OF David  Starr  Jordan 330 

FAITH,  EXTREMES  OF John  Bascom 156 

FAITH,  THE  ENLARGEMENT  OF John  Bascom 294 

FICTION,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne 121 

FROUDE,  JAMES  ANTHONY 251 

HAMERTON,  PHILIP  GILBERT 283 

HISTORY,  A  LIBRARY  OF A.  H.  Noll 152 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS,  1894 335,  383 

HOLMES,  OLIVER  WENDELL 215 

HOLMES,  ENGLISH  TRIBUTES  TO 252 

JAPAN  —  KOREA  —  CHINA 189 

JAPAN  OF  OLD,  THE  REAL Ernest  W.  Clement 258 

JUVENILE  BOOKS,  1894 339,388 

KARAKORAM  HIMALAYAS,  IN  THE 58 

LAKE  POETS,  THE Anna  B.  McMahan 293 

LEGISLATION,  UNCONSTITUTIONAL •     .     Harry  Pratt  Judson 62 

LINCOLN'S  COMPLETE  WORKS B.  A.  Hinsdale 33 

LITERATURE,  SIGNS  OF  LIFE  IN Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 11 

MANNERS,  AMERICAN Anna  B.  McMahan 375 

MENTAL  GROWTH  OF  MANKIND,  THE Frederick  Starr 117 

"MERE  LITERATURE"      .'; John  Burroughs 253 

MUSICIANS,  Two,  LETTERS  OF 8 

NAPOLEONIC  PICTURES,  MORE Ill 

NOVA  SCOTIAN  INDIANS,  FOLK  TALES  OF Frederick  Starr 14 

OLD  LIGHT  ON  THE  NEW  PATH,  THE Frederick  Starr 376 

ONE  STEP  SHORT S.  R.  Elliott 217 

PATER,  WALTER 84 

POETRY,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne 63 

PUBLIC  SERVANT,  A  GREAT Melville  B.  Anderson 86 

RAMBLES  AND  REFLECTIONS  OF  A  LOVER  OF  NATURE     Anna  B.  McMahan 13 

SAVE  ME  FROM  MY  FRIENDS Alexander  C.  McClurg 36 


IV. 


INDEX. 


SHERMAN  LETTERS,  THE B.  A.  Hinsdale 226 

SHORT  STORY,  THE  ART  OF  THE 183 

SOCIALISM,  THE  STRENGTH  AND  WEAKNESS  OF  ...     Edward  W.  Bemis 91 

SOCIOLOGY,  RECENT  STUDIES  OF C.  R.  Henderson 153 

STORIES,  A  CENTURY  OF William  Morton  Payne 332 

SUNBEAM  FROM  THE  THIRTEENTH  CENTURY,  A  .     .     .     C.  A.  L.  Richards 150 

SWING,  DAVID 217 

TEACHING,  THE  FREEDOM  OF 103 

"TELL  Us  A  STORY!" Jessie  Macmillan  Anderson      .     .     .  145 

THAXTER,  MRS.  CELIA 108 

THOREAU'S  LETTERS Louis  J.  Block 228 

"  THREE  DECKER,"  THE  RISE  AND  FALL  OF  THE   .     .     Walter  Besant 185 

TRAVEL,  SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  OF Alice  Morse  JSarle 39 

UNDERWOOD,  FRANCIS  H 85 

UNEMPLOYED,  THE  PROBLEM  OF  THE E.  W.  Bemis 331 

VIRGINIANS,  Two  GREAT B.  A.  Hinsdale 378 

WEALTH  AGAINST  COMMONWEALTH William  Henry  Smith 230 

WHITTIER,  THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF 327 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


NEW  YORK  TOPICS.     Arthur  Stedman 

Books,  The  Public  Appreciation  of.      W.  R.  K.  .  222 

Bryant  Centenary,  The.     Arthur  Stedman       .     .  107 

Bryant  Day  at  Knox  College.      W.  E.  S.  .     .     .  301 
Comparative  Literature,  A  Society  of.      Charles 

Mills  Gayley 57 

Comparative  Literature,  The  Proposed  Society  of. 

Albert  S.  Cook 110 

Comparative  Literature,  The  Proposed  Society  of. 

Willard  C.  Gore 287 

Cruelty,  The  Social  Distribution  of.  A.  W.  G.  .  326 
Ely,  Professor,  The  Trial  of.  R.  W.  Conant  .  109 
English  in  Southern  Universities.  J.  B.  Henneman  373 
English  Literature,  The  Study  of,  from  the  Stand- 
point of  the  Student.  Charles  W.  Hodell  .  148 
English,  The  Teaching  of,  in  Preparatory  Schools. 

John  M.  Clapp 222 

English  in  Preparatory  Schools.    Caskie  Harrison  286 
Ethics  in  Journalism — A  Warning  for  the  Unin- 
itiated.     William  C.  Lawton 288 

Fiske,  John,  and  the  California  Vigilants.  C.  Clark  255 

Hebrew  as  a  Sailor,  The.     Adolphe  Cohn  .     .     .  222 

Historian's  "  Literary  Style,"  An.    John  J.  Halsey  32 


.  .  .  .19,  44,  71,  96,  167,  201,  237,  301,  343,  390 
Illinois  University,  Dedication  and  Inauguration 

at  the.     T.  A.  Clark 342 

Italian  Novelists,  Contemporary.  G.  B.  Rose  .  7 
Learning,  The  "  Royal  Road  "  to.  W.  M.  Bryant  254 
Literature  in  Preparatory  Schools,  The  Study  of. 

Gertrude  H.  Mason 374 

"  Literature,  Mere,"  Mr.  Burroughs  on.     William 

M.  Salter 326 

Literature,  The  Teaching  of.  W.  H.  Johnson  .  56 
Literature,  The  Teaching  of,  Again.  Frederic 

Ives  Carpenter 85 

"  Literature,"  What  is  Meant  by  ?    W.  E.  Henry     326 
New  York  "  Nation,"  The,  and  its  "  College  An- 
archist."    C.  E.  S 

Provincial  Flag  of  Pennsylvania,  The.  F.  0.  Allen 
San  Francisco  Vigilantes  Again,  The.     W.  R.  K. 
Shakespeare  Library,  A  Working.     A.  J.  H. 
Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York,  The,  and  its 
"  Bankside  "  Shakespeare.    Appleton  Morgan 
"  Teaching,  The  Freedom  of."     Duane  Mowry    . 
Tennyson,  A  Memorial  to.     Annie  Fields  . 
Word  Unfitly  Spoken,  A.      W.  R.  K.    .     .     .     . 


110 

7 

286 
188 

57 
149 

57 
149 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


American  Philological  Association,  The.  J.  R.  S.  56 

Autumn.  Poem  by  John  Vance  Cheney  .  .  .  147 
Ballade  of  Books  Well  Bound.  Poem  by  Harry 

B.  Smith 73 

Bibliophile's  Library,  A  Modern.  W.  Irving  Way  129 

Books  for  the  Young 339,  388 

Bulgaria,  Papers  and  Magazines  of 45 

Carcassonne.  Poem  from  the  French  of  Gustave 

Nadaud,  by  Francis  F.  Browne 288 

Changeless  Bard,  The.  Poem  by  W.  P.  Trent  .  188 

De  Lisle,  Leconte 98 

English  Authors,  Older,  Thinned  Ranks  of  the  .  344 

Fiction,  Why  Alone  as  Serials  ? 73 

Freeman,  Edward  Augustus,  In  Memoriam.  Poem 

by  Arthur  J.  Evans 271 

Helmholtz,  Prof.  Hermann  von,  Death  of  .  .  .  169 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  Poem  by  Julia  C.R.  Dorr  303 

Inadequacy.  Poem  by  Edith  M.  Thomas  .  .  217 

Minor  Poets,  The  Prospect  for 203 


Newberry  Library,  John  Vance  Cheney  Elected 
Librarian  of  the 

Oxford,  Final  Honor  School  of  English  at       .     . 

Pater,  Walter.     Poem  by  Michael  Field    .     .     . 

Pater,  Walter,  The  Message  of 

Pearson,  Charles  Henry 

Publishing  House,  The  History  of  a       .... 

Reprints,  Garbled,  Protection  of  Authors  from    . 

San  Francisco,  Professor  M.  B.  Anderson's  Crit- 
icisms on . 

Scott  at  the  Close  of  his  Century 

Shelley  Memorial,  Unveiling  of  the 

Swinburne's  Memorial  Ode  on  the  Death  of  Le- 
conte de  Lisle,  Selections  from 

To  a  Sleeper  at  Rome.     Poem  by  Theodore  Watts 

"  Transfiguration."    Poem  by  Florence  Wilkinson 

Turkey,  Public  Instruction  in 

University  Extension,  A  Prophet  of 

Webster,  Augusta*    Poem  by  Alexander  H.  Japp 


270 
21 

129 

203 
21 

344 
73 

391 

]28 
239 

392 
73 
45 
20 
98 

203 


INDEX. 


v. 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS,  1894 160,  204 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 16,  41,  68,  94,  124,  158,  198,  233,  267,  296,  345 

BRIEFER  MENTION .;    .     .  19,  44,  70,  96,  127,  160,  200,  236,  269,  300 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY 20,  45,  72,  97, 128,  168,  202,  238,  270,  302,  343,  391 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 21,  46,  74,  130,  169,  205,  239,  271,  345,  392 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 21,  46,  74,  130,  205,  240,  271,  303,  392 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES  OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED. 


Abbott,  Charles  Conrad.     The  Birds  About  Us  .  291 

Aitken,  G.  A.     Works  of  Richard  Steele  ...  70 
Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey.     The  Story  of  a  Bad 

Boy,  holiday  edition 390 

Alexander,  W.  F.    Selected  Letters  of  Mendels- 
sohn    10 

Allen,  Joseph  Henry.     An  Historical  Sketch  of 

the  Unitarian  Movement 157 

Allingham,  William.     Varieties  in  Prose  .     .     .  13 

Andersen,  Hans,  Tales  from 339 

Anster,  John.     Goethe's  Faust,  Dodd,  Mead  & 

Co.'s  edition 385 

Aspects  of  Modern  Study 235 

Atherton,  Gertrude.     Before  the  Gringo  Came   .  333 
Austen,  Jane.     Pride  and  Prejudice,  holiday  edi- 
tion      337 

Ballou,  M.  M.     The  Pearl  of  India 299 

Bancroft,  H.  H.     The  Book  of  the  Fair     .     .     .  159 
Bangs,  John  Kendrick.     The  Water  Ghost  and 

Others 334 

Barker,  G.  F.  Russell.     Walpole's  Memoirs  of 

the  Reign  of  George  III 335 

Bartlett,    John.      A    Complete    Concordance    to 

Shakespeare     .           193 

Baylor,  Frances  Courtney.     Claudia  Hyde      .     .  123 
Beers,  Henry  A.     From  Chaucer  to  Tennyson     .  199 
Bent,  Theodore.    The  Sacred  City  of  the  Ethiop- 
ians    71 

Bible  Stories  for  the  Young 340 

Bibliographica 18 

Bikelas,  Demetrios.     Tales  from  the  JEge&n  .     .  334 

Bishop,  W.  H.     Writing  to  Rosina 338 

Bjornson,  Bjornstjerne.     A  Gauntlet     ....  128 

Black,  William.     Highland  Cousins 265 

Bliss,  Frederick  Jones.    A  Mound  of  Many  Cities  19 
Blossom,  Jr.,  Henry  M.    The  Documents  in  Evi- 
dence       44 

Bolles,  Frank.     From  Blomidon  to  Smoky      .     .  292 

Bolton,  Sarah  K.     Famous  Leaders  among  Men  342 
Booth,  Charles.     The  Aged  Poor  in  England  and 

Wales 154 

Booth  by,  Guy.     On  the  Wallaby 40 

Bosanquet,  Bernard.     The  Civilization  of  Christ- 
endom      196 

Bower,  Hamilton.  Diary  of  a  Journey  across  Tibet  39 

Boyesen,  H.  H.     Literary  and  Social  Silhouettes  95 

Boyesen,  H.  H.    Norseland  Tales 342 

Boyd,  Mrs.  Orsemus  B.    Cavalry  Life  in  Tent  and 

Field 234 

Bradford,  Amory  H.     The  Question  of  Unity     .  156 

Bradford,  Amory  H.     The  Sistine  Madonna  .     .  387 

Bridges,  Robert.     The  Growth  of  Love      .     .     .  386 
Brooks,  Elbridge  S.    The  Century  Book  for  Young 

Americans 340 

Brown,  Horatio  F.     Life  on  the  Lagoons  ...  68 

Browning,  Robert.     Asolando 300 

Bruce,  Wallace.     Wayside  Poems 387 


Bryant,  William  M.     A  Syllabus  of  Ethics    .     . 

Bryant,  William  M.  Ethics  and  the  New  Edu- 
cation   

Burnett,  Frances  Hodgson.     Piccino      .... 

Burt,  Mary  E.  Stories  from  Plato  and  Other 
Classic  Writers 

Butterworth,  Hezekiah.  The  Patriot  School- 
master   

Byron,  Lord.  Childe  Harold,  Handy  Volume 
edition 

Caine,  Hall.     The  Manxman 

Carus,  Paul.     Fundamental  Problems  .... 

Catherwood,  Mary  Hartwell.  The  Chase  of  Saint- 
Castin 

Champney,  Elizabeth  W.  Witch  Winnie  at  Shin- 
necock  .  

Chatelain,  Heli.     Folk-Tales  of  Angola      .     .     . 

Chatterbox  for  1894 

Child,  Theodore.     Wimples  and  Crisping  Pins    . 

Church,  A.  J.     Stories  from  English  History 

Church,  Samuel  Harden.     Oliver  Cromwell  . 

Clark,  J.  W.  Libraries  in  the  Mediaeval  and 
Renaissance  Periods 

Clark,  T.  M.     Building  Superintendence   . 

Cochrane,  Alfred.     The  Kestral's  Nest 

Cole,  Grenville  A.  J.     The  Gypsy  Road    .     .     . 

Collier,  William  Francis.  History  of  English 
Literature  ...  

Coman,  Katherine,  and  Kendall,  Elizabeth.  The 
Growth  of  the  English  Nation 

Commons,  John  R.  Social  Reform  and  the  Church 

Commons,  John  R.     The  Distribution  of  Wealth 

Conder,  Claude  R.  Maccabseus  and  the  Jewish 
War  of  Independence 

Conway,  Moncure  D.  Centenary  History  of  the 
South  Place  Society 

Conway,  Moncure  D.  The  Writings  of  Thomas 
Paine 

Conway,  William  M.  Climbing  and  Exploration 
in  the  Karakoram  Himalayas 

Coolidge,  Susan.     Not  Quite  Eighteen 

Cortina,  R.  D.     Spanish  Texts  for  Students  . 

Cotes,  Mrs.  Everard.     A  Daughter  of  To-day     . 

Cox,  Palmer.     The  Brownies  Around  the  World 

Coxe,  Brinton.  Essay  on  Judicial  Power  and  Un- 
constitutional Legislation 

Craddock,  Charles  Egbert.     His  Vanished  Star  . 

Crane,  Lauren  E.  Speeches  and  Addresses  of 
Newton  Booth 

Curzon,  George  N.     Problems  of  the  Far  East    . 

Davidson,  John.     Plays 

De  Amicis,  Edmondo.     Holland 

De  Gontaut,  the  Duchesse,  Memoirs  of       ... 

De  Me"neval,  Claude-Francois.  Memoirs  Illus- 
trating the  History  of  Napoleon  I.  .  .  .111, 

Dickens,  Charles.  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  holi- 
day edition 


198 

198 

388 

127 
341 

387 
264 
269 

333 

388 
261 
390 
386 
389 
71 

201 
19 
65 
41 

300 

199 
155 
119 

201 
126 
269 

58 
388 
128 
123 
339 

62 
123 

71 

189 
125 
383 
384 

199 
336 


VI. 


INDEX. 


Dickens,  Mary  Angela.  A  Valiant  Ignorance  .  122 
Dickson,  W.  K.  L.  and  Antonia.  The  Life  and 

Inventions  of  Thomas  Alva  Edison  ....  289 

Dictionary  of  National  Biography 201 

Dillon,  John  F.  Laws  and  Jurisprudence  of  En- 
gland and  America 115 

Discipleship:  The  Scheme  of  Christianity  .  .  .  295 
Dixon,  Miss  E.  Fairy  Tales  from  the  Arabian 

Nights 19 

Dobson,  Austin.  Eighteenth  Century  Vignettes, 

Second  Series 338 

Dobson,  Austin.  Old  English  Songs  ....  385 

Dodge,  Mary  Mapes.  The  Land  of  Pluck  .  .  340 

Dodge,  Mary  Mapes.  When  Life  is  Young  .  .  389 

Dolbear,  A.  E.  Matter,  Ether,  and  Motion  .  .  71 

Dostoievsky,  F.  Poor  Folk 124 

Doyle,  A.  Conan.  Micah  Clarke,  school  edition  236 

Doyle,  A.  Conan.  Round  the  Red  Lamp  .  .  .  332 
Drage,  Geoffrey.  The  Unemployed  .  .  .  155, 331 
Drake,  Samuel  Adams.  The  Making  of  the  Ohio 

Valley  States 381 

Dumas,  Alexandre.  The  Count  of  Monte  Cristo, 

Crowell's  edition 336 

Dumas,  Alexandre.  The  Napoleon  Romances, 

Little,  Brown,  &  Co.'s  edition 127 

Du  Maurier,  George.  Trilby 264 

Dunn,  George.  Red  Cap  and  Blue  Jacket  .  .  121 

Earle,  Alice  Morse.  Costume  in  Colonial  Times  269 

Earle,  Alice  Morse.  Diary  of  Anna  Green  Winslow  268 

Edwards,  George  Wharton.  P'tit  Matiuic  .  .  338 
Egleston,  Thomas.  Life  of  Major  General  John 

Paterson 380 

Ely,  Richard  T.  Socialism 91 

English  in  the  Secondary  Schools 71 

Erman,  Adolf.  Life  in  Ancient  Egypt  .  .  .  386 

European  Architecture 383 

Faber's  Hymns,  Crowell's  edition 387 

Farrar,  Canon.  Life  of  Christ  as  Represented  in 

Art 383 

Fasnacht,  G.  E.  Select  Specimens  of  the  Great 

French  Writers 160 

Fenn,  George  Manville.  First  in  the  Field  .  .  389 
Ferrier,  Susan,  The  Novels  of,  Dent's  edition  .  385 
Field,  Eugene.  Love  Songs  of  Childhood  .  .  390 
Finley,  John  H.  The  Public  Treatment  of  Pau- 
perism    300 

Firth,  C.  H.  Memoirs  of  Edmund  Ludlow  .  .  160 
Fiske,  John.  History  of  the  United  States  for 

Schools 198 

Fiske,  John.  The  War  for  Independence,  school 

edition 70 

Fitzgerald,  Edward.  The  Rubaiyat  of  Omar 

Khayyam,  Mosher's  edition 299 

Fitzgerald,  Percy.  The  Gilbert  and  Sullivan 

Operas 159 

Flammarion,  Camille.  Popular  Astronomy  .  .  386 

Forbes,  Archibald.  Czar  and  Sultan  ....  340 

Forster,  Francis.  Major  Joshua 122 

Fowler,  J.  K.  Recollections  of  Old  Country  Life  95 

Frederic,  Harold.  Marsena 333 

Frost,  William  H.  Wagner  Story  Book  .  .  .  340 

Fuller,  Anna.  Peak  and  Prairie 333 

Gamlin,  Hilda.  Life  and  Art  of  George  Romney  384 
Gandhi,  Virchand  R.  The  Unknown  Life  of 

Jesus  Christ 295 

Garland,  Hamlin.  Crumbling  Idols  ....  11 

Garnett,  Edward.  An  Imaged  World  ....  338 

Giddings,  Franklin  H.  The  Theory  of  Sociology  155 


Gilder,  Richard  Watson.     Five  Books  of  Song   . 

Gilkes,  Arthur  Herman.  The  Thing  that  Hath 
Been 

Gomme,  Alice  B.     Children's  Singing  Games 

Goodyear,  W.  H.     Renaissance  and  Modern  Art 

Gould,  George  M.  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Med- 
icine, Biology,  and  Allied  Sciences  .... 

Gould,  George  M.  The  Meaning  and  the  Method 
of  Life '  ,  ;  . 

Green  Carnation,  The 

Green,  Mrs.  J.  R.  Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth 
Century  

Griffis,  William  Elliott.     Brave  Little  Holland  . 

Gudeman,  Alfred.  Tacitus's  Dialogus  de  Orator- 
ibus 

Gunn,  John.     The  Sons  of  the  Vikings 

Hall,  John  R.  Clark.  A  Concise  Anglo-Saxon 
Dictionary 

Hall,  Tom.      When  Hearts  are  Trumps 

Harper's  Young  People  for  1894 

Harraden,  Beatrice.     Things  Will  Take  a  Turn 

Harris,  Frank.     Elder  Conklin 

Harris,  Joel  Chandler.     Little  Mr.  Thimblefin- 


300 

266 
201 
199 

43 

156 

266 

94 
61 


236 
68 
390 
388 
332 


ger 


Harte,  Bret.     The  Bell-Ringer  of  Angel's 

Healy,  George  P.  A.  Reminiscences  of  a  Portrait 
Painter 

Hearn,  Lafcadio.    Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan 

Heath,  Richard.     The  English  Peasant 

Henty,  G.  A.     In  the  Heart  of  the  Rockies    . 

Henty,  G.  A.     When  London  Burned  .... 

Henty,  G.  A.     Wulf  the  Saxon 

Heyse,  Paul.     Ghost  Tales 

Hinkson,  Katherine  Tynan.     Cuckoo  Songs    . 

Hinton,  Richard  J.     John  Brown  and  His  Men  . 

Hittell,  John  S.  A  History  of  the  Mental  Growth 
of  Mankind  in  Ancient  Times 

Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.  The  Last  Leaf,  holi- 
day edition 

Hope,  Anthony.     A  Change  of  Air 

Howells,  W.  D.     A  Traveller  from  Altruria .     . 

Howells,  W.  D.     Five  o'Clock  Tea 

Howells,  W.  D.  Their  Wedding  Journey,  holiday 
edition 

Howells,  W.  D.     The  Mousetrap 

Hudson,  William  Henry.  Introduction  to  the 
Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer  < 

Hufford,  Lois  G.  Essays  and  Letters  Selected 
from  the  Writings  of  John  Ruskin  .... 

Hughson,  Shirley  C.  The  Carolina  Pirates  and 
Colonial  Commerce 

Hugo,  Victor,  The  Romances  of,  Little,  Brown, 
&  Co.'s  edition 

Hunt,  Violet.     The  Maiden's  Progress  .... 

Hutton,  Laurence.     Portraits  in  Plaster     . 

Hutton,  Richard  Holt.  Criticisms  on  Contem- 
porary Thought  and  Thinkers 

Huxley,  Thomas  H.  Discourses  Biological  and 
Geological 

Huxley,  Thomas  H.     Man's  Place  in  Nature 

Irving,  Washington.  The  Sketch  Book,  Lippin- 
cott's  edition 

Irving,  Washington.  The  Sketch  Book,  "  Van 
Tassell "  edition 

Jacobs,  Joseph.     More  Celtic  Fairy  Tales 

Jacobs,  Joseph.     The  Fables  of  .ZEsop  .... 

James,  Henry.     Theatricals 

Jamison,  Mrs.  C.  V.     Toinette's  Philip      .     .     . 


389 
333 

267 
258 
155 
341 
341 
341 
387 
65 
297 

117 

336 
266 
154 
124 

338 
124 

158 
128 
381 

386 
265 
337 

17 

200 
43 

338 

336 
389 
387 
124 
388 


INDEX. 


Vll. 


Janvier,  Thomas  A.     In  Old  New  York    .     .     .  235 

Jenks,  Tudor.     Iniaginotions 339 

Jersey,  The  Countess  of.     Maurice,  or  the  Red  Jar  339 

Jessopp,  Augustus.     Random  Roamings     .     .     .  155 

Jewish  Question,  The 125 

.Johnson,  Bradley  T.     General  Washington    .     .  378 

Johnson,  Clifton.     The  Farmer's  Boy   ....  342 

Judson,  H.  P.     Europe  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  199 

Karoly,  Karl.     Raphael's  Madonnas      ....  385 

Kayserling,  M.     Christopher  Columbus      ...  95 

Keane,  T.  Prose  Tales  of  Alexander  Poushkin  .  124 
Keene,  John  Harrington.  Boys'  Own  Guide  to 

Fishing 389 

Keith,  Alyn  Yates.     A  Hilltop  Summer     .     .     .  387 

Kelly,  W.  J.     Presswork 237 

Kenealy,  Arabella.     Dr.  Janet  of  Harley  Street  266 

Keyser,  Leander  S.     In  Bird  Land  .....  292 

Kidd,  Benjamin.     Social  Evolution 154 

Kingsley,  Charles.  Hypatia,  holiday  edition .  .  336 
Kingsley,  Henry,  The  Novels  of,  Ward,  Lock, 

&  Bowdeu's  edition  .           300 

Knox,  Thomas  W.    Boy  Travellers  in  the  Levant  341 

Knox,  Thomas  W.     The  Lost  Army      ....  389 

La  Mara.     Letters  of  Franz  Liszt 8 

Landon,    Joseph.       Principles    and    Practice    of 

Teaching 18 

Lane-Poole,  Stanley.     Life  of  Sir  Harry  Parkes, 

K.C.B 92 

Lang,  Andrew.     Ban  and  Arriere  Ban  ....  63 

Lang,  Andrew.     Border  Ballads  ......  383 

Lang,  Andrew.     Cock  Lane  and  Common  Sense  126 

Lang,  Andrew.     St.  Andrews 96 

Lang,  Andrew.     The  Yellow  Fairy  Book  .     .     .  339 

Larminie,  William.  West  Irish  Folk-Tales  .  .  69 
Lamed,  J.  N.  History  for  Ready  Reference  .  152,  237 
Laurie,  S.  S.  Lectures  on  Language  and  Linguistic 

Method  in  the  School 17 

Layard,  G.  S.     Tennyson  and  His  Pre-Raphaelite 

Illustrators 337 

Lecky,  W.  E.  H.      The  Empire,  Its  Value  and 

Growth 70 

Lee,  Charles  Henry.    Arthur  Lee  as  Seen  in  His- 
tory    382 

Lee,  Fitzhugh.     General  Lee 379 

Lee- Warner,  William.    The  Protected  Princes  of 

India 201 

Lefevre,  Andre*.  Race  and  Language  ....  299 
LeGallienne,  Richard.  English  Poems  ...  65 
Leighton,  Robert.  Olaf  the  Glorious  ....  341 
Liddon,  Henry  Parry.  Life  of  Pusey  ....  297 
Lilly,  William  Samuel.  The  Claims  of  Chris- 
tianity    296 

Little,  George  T.     Bowdoin  College      ....  199 

Little,  W.  J.  Knox.    Sacerdotalism 156 

Lloyd,  Henry  Demarest.     Wealth  against  Com- 
monwealth   230 

Lummis,  Charles  F.    The  Man  Who  Married  the 

Moon 340 

Maccallum,  M.  W.  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King 

and  Arthurian  Story  from  the  XVIth  Century  42 

Maccunn,  John.     The  Ethics  of  Citizenship    .     .  233 

Mace,  W.  H.     Syllabus  on  American  History     .  44 

Mackay,  Eric.  Love  Letters  of  a  Violinist  .  .  387 
Mackintosh,  William.  The  Natural  History  of 

the  Christian  Religion 157 

Macpherson,  H.  A.,  Stuart- Wortley,  A.  J.,  and 

Saintsbury,  George.     The  Grouse      ....  200 

Magruder,  Julia.     The  Child  Amy 390 


Marshall,  Emma.    Kensington  Palace  in  the  Days 

of  Queen  Mary 389 

Masson,  Frederic.     Napoleon,  Lover  and   Hus- 
band         269 

Matthews,  Brander.     Vignettes  of  Manhattan     .  299 
May,  Joseph.     Letters  and  Sermons  of  Samuel 

Longfellow 267 

McCulloch,  Hugh,  Jr.     The  Quest  of  Heracles  .  68 
McLaughlin,  Edward  Tompkins.     Studies  in  Me- 
diaeval Life  and  Literature 41 

Mercer,  L.  P.    The  New  Jerusalem  in  the  World's 

Religious  Congresses 294 

Meredith,  George.    Lord  Ormont  and  His  Aminta  263 
Merriam,  Florence  A.    My  Summer  in  a  Mormon 

Village 94 

Meyer,  Isaac.     Scarabs 71 

Mitchell,  Langdon  Elwyn.     Poems 66 

Molesworth,  Mrs.     My  New  Home 388 

Molesworth,  Mrs.     Olivia 388 

Monroe,  Kirk.     The  Fur  Seal's  Tooth  ....  341 

Montbard,  Georges.     Among  the  Moors    ...  40 

Moore,  R.  W.     A  History  of  German  Literature  201 
Morris,  Mowbray.      Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson, 

Crowell's  edition 338 

Morton,  Frederick  W.     Woman  in  Epigram  .     .  298 

Muirhead,  J.  F.     Guide-Book  to  Canada  .     .     .  268 
Murray-Aaron,  Eugene.     The  Butterfly  Hunters 

in  the  Caribbees 389 

My  Paris  Note-Book 18 

Nichols,  Edward  L.  Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics 

and  Applied  Electricity 160,  237 

Nicholson,  J.  Shield.   Principles  of  Political  Econ- 
omy    118 

Nicolay,  John  G.,  and  Hay,  John.    Abraham  Lin- 
coln's Complete  Works 33 

Norton,  Charles  Eliot.     Orations  and  Addresses 

of  George  William  Curtis 86 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  M.  O.  W.     The  Reign  of  Queen 

Anne 335 

Oman,  John  Campbell.    The  Great  Indian  Epics  300 

Optic,  Oliver.     Brother  against  Brother    .     .     .  341 

O'Rell,  Max.     John  Bull  &  Co 268 

Oriental  Studies 300 

Osborn,  Grover  Pease.     Principles  of  Economics  120 

Osborn,  Henry  F.     From  the  Greeks  to  Darwin  330 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.     Polly 384 

Page,  Thomas  Nelson.     The  Burial  of  the  Guns  333 
Parker,  Gilbert.     A  Lover's  Diary  .....  67 
Pasquier,  Due  D'Audiffret.     The  Pasquier  Me- 
moirs        236 

Paull,  H.  B.,  and  Wheatley,   L.  A.      Grimm's 

Fairy  Tales 201 

Peard,  Frances  Mary.     The  Interloper       .     .     .  122 
Pennell,  Joseph.   Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughts- 
men    335 

Perry,  Nora.     Hope  Benham 388 

Pfleiderer,  Otto.     Philosophy  and  Development 

of  Religion 296 

Piatt,  Donn,  and  Boynton,  Henry  V.     General 

George  H.  Thomas 36 

Pickard,  Samuel  T.     Life  and  Letters  of  John 

Greenleaf  Whittier 327 

Plympton,  Miss  A.  G.     Penelope  Prig  ....  388 

Plympton,  Miss  A.  G.     Rags  and  Velvet  Gowns  342 

Pollard,  Alfred  W.     Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales  260 
Porter,  Rose.     About  Women:  What  Men  Have 

Said  .     .     . 298 

Porter,  J.  Hampden.     Wild  Beasts       ....  386 


Vlll. 


INDEX. 


Posse,  Baron  Nils.     Special  Kinesiology  of  Edu- 
cational Gymnastics 71 

Prince,  John  T.     Arithmetic  by  Grades     .     .     .  1,60 
Radcliffe,  Miss  A.  G.     Schools  and  Masters  of 

Sculpture 337 

Radford,  Lewis  B.   Thomas  of  London  before  His 

Consecration 298 

Rand,  Silas  Tertius.     Legends  of  the  Micmacs   .  14 
Rawnsley,  H.  D.     Literary  Associations  of  the 

English  Lakes 293 

Rhys,  Grace.     The  "  Banbury  Cross  "  Series  .     .  389 
Hinder,  Edith  Wingate.     Poems  and  Lyrics  of 

Nature .300 

Robertson,  Alexander.     Life  of  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi  70 

Robinson  Crusoe,  Macmillan's  edition    ....  390 

Robinson,  Rowland  E.     Danvis  Folk     ....  299 
Rogers,  Arthur  Kenyon.    The  Life  and  Teachings 

of  Jesus 295 

Roosevelt,  Theodore.   The  Founding  of  the  Trans- 

Alleghany  Commonwealths 382 

Ruskin,  John.     Letters  Addressed  to  a  College 

Friend 127 

Ruskin,  John.     Verona  and  Other  Lectures   .     .  69 

Rutherford,  Mildred.     American  Authors      .     .  234 

Sabatier,  Paul.     Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi      .  150 
Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin.     Paul  and  Virginia,  Ap- 

pletons'  edition 338 

Salt,  H.  S.     Animals'  Rights 296 

Samuel,  Mark.     The  Amateur  Aquarist    ...  19 

Samuels,  Adelaide  F.    Father  Gander's  Melodies  390 
Sanborn,  F.  B.    Familiar  Letters  of  Henry  David 

Thoreau 228 

Sanborn,  Kate.     Abandoning  an  Adopted  Farm  269 
Saunders,  Bailey.     Life   and  Letters   of  James 

Macpherson 158 

Scott,  Complete  Poetical  Works  of,  Crowell's  edi- 
tion      338 

Scudder,  Horace  E.    Childhood  in  Literature  and 

Art 384 

Seawell,  Molly  Elliot.     Decatur  and  Somers       .  342 

Seccombe,  Thomas.     Lives  of  Twelve  Bad  Men  223 

Shakespeare,  The  "  Ariel " 269,  386 

Shakespeare,  The  "  Temple  "  .     .     .     .      96,  269,  386 

Short  Story  Writing,  The  Art  of 183 

Shultz,  Jeanne.  Madeleine's  Rescue  ....  388 
Shuman,  Edwin  L.  Steps  into  Journalism  .  .  298 
Sienkiewicz,  Henryk.  Lillian  Morris  ....  334 
Simcox,  Miss  E.  J.  Primitive  Civilizations  .  .  376 
Small,  A.  W.,  and  Vincent,  G.  E.  An  Introduc- 
tion to  the  Study  of  Society 153 

Smith,  Charles.  Elementary  Algebra  ....  127 
Smith,  Goldwin.  Essays  on  Questions  of  the  Day  43 
Smith,  Harry  B.  Lyrics  and  Sonnets  ....  67 
Smith,  Mary  P.  Wells.  Jolly  Good  Times  To-day  389 
Society  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  Pub- 
lications of  the 390 

Spencer,  William  G.    System  of  Lucid  Shorthand  96 
Spofford,  Harriet  Prescott,  and   others.     Three 

Heroines  of  New  England  Romance     .     .     .  336 

Spofford,  Harriet  Prescott.     A  Scarlet  Poppy     .  334 

Stables,  Gordon.     To  Greenland  and  the  Pole    .  341 

Steel,  Flora  Annie.     The  Potter's  Thumb       .     .  122 

Steele,  Robert.     The  Story  of  Alexander  .     .     .  340 

Sterrett,  J.  Macbride.    The  Ethics  of  Hegel  .     .  197 

Stevens,  George  B.     The  Johannine  Theology    .  295 
Stevenson,  Robert  Louis,  and  Osbourne,  Lloyd. 

The  Ebb-Tide 122 

St.  Nicholas  for  1894     .     .  390 


Stoddard,  William  O.     Chris  the  Model  Maker .  389 

Stoddard,  William  O.     The  Captain's  Boat    .     .  389 

Straus,  Oscar  S.     Roger  Williams               *•  .  380 
Swift,  F.  Darwin;-   The  Life  and  Times  of  James 

the  First 200 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles.     Felise  ....  299 

Syle,  L.  DuPont.     From  Milton  to  Tennyson      .  70 
Tennyson,  Alfred.     Becket,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.'s 

edition 387 

Thiers,  Louis  Adolplie.    History  of  the  Consulate 

and  the  Empire,  Lippincott's  edition     .     .     .  335 
Thiers,  Louis  Adolphe.     History  of  the  French 

Revolution^  Lippincott's  edition 335 

Thompson,  Langdon  S.     Educational  and  Indus- 
trial System  of  Drawing 44 

Thorndike,  Rachel  Sherman.     The  Sherman  Let- 
ters     O     ......  226 

Thornton,  John.     Human  Physiology    ....  300 

Todd,  Mabel  Loomis.     Total  Eclipses  of  the  Sun  237 
Tolman,  W.  H.,  and  Hull,  W.  I.     Handbook  of 

Sociological  Information    .     .     ...     .    '.     .  155 

Tomlinson,  Everett  T.     The  Search  for  Andrew 

Field 341 

Torrey,  Bradford.     A  Florida  Sketch  Book   .     .  292 
Tourgue*nieff,  Ivan.     A  House  of  Gentlefolk  .     .  329 
Townsend,  Virginia.     Sirs,  Only  Seventeen    .     .  388 
Trollope,  Mrs.     Domestic  Manners  of  the  Amer- 
icans         375 

Trowbridge,  John.     Three  Boys  in  an  Electrical 

Boat * 341 

Turgenev,  Ivan.     Rudin 123 

Vaughan,  David  James.     Questions  of  the  Day  .  197 
Von  Weirsacker,  Carl.    The  Apostolic  Age  of  the 

Christian  Church 157 

Wake,  C.  Staniland.  Memoirs  of  the  International 

Congress  of  Anthropology 128 

Wallihan,  A.  G.     Hoofs,  Claws,  and  Antlers .     .  385 

Walton,  Alice.     The  Cult  of  Asklepios      .  "  .     .  269 

Waverley  Novels,  "  Dryburgh "  edition      .     .     .  237 

Webster,  Leigh.     Another  Girl's  Experience       .  388 
Weeks,  Stephen  B.     General  Joseph  Martin  and 

the  War  of  the  Revolution 381 

Wentworth,  G.  A.     First  Steps  in  Algebra     .     .  70 

Weyman,  Stanley  J.     My  Lady  Rotha      .     .     .  264 
Whitcomb,  Seldon  L.     Chronological  Outlines  of 

American  Literature 235 

White,  Eliza  Orne.     When  Molly  Was  Six    .     .  388 

Whitney,  Caspar  W.     A  Sporting  Pilgrimage     .  383 
Whittier,  John  G.,  Poetical  Works,  "  Cambridge  " 

edition 300 

Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas.     Timothy's  Quest,  holi- 
day edition 390 

Wilde,  Oscar.     Salome 12 

Winter,  William.     The  Life  and  Art  of  Joseph 

Jefferson 256 

Wood,  Mrs.  J.  W.    Dante  Rossetti,  and  the  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Movement 42 

Woods,  Margaret  L.     The  Vagabonds  ....  265 

Wright,  Mabel  Osgood.  The  Friendship  of  Nature  159 
Wright,  William  Aldis.    Letters  of  Edward  Fitz- 

Gerald 16 

Wyatt,  Marian  L.     A  Girl  I  Know 385 

Wylie,  James  Hamilton.    History  of  England  un- 
der Henry  the  Fourth »  127 

Yeats,  J.  B.     A  Celtic  Twilight 69 

Yellow  Book,  The 200 

Yonge,  Charlotte  M.    The  Cook  and  the  Captive  342 

Z.  Z.     A  Drama  in  Dutch 265 


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THE  DIAL 

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THE  DIAL,  315  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 


No.  193. 


JULY  1,  1894.          Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


ENGLISH  IN  THE  LOWER  SCHOOLS 3 

ENGLISH  AT  INDIANA   UNIVERSITY.     Martin 

W.  Sampson 5 

COMMUNICATIONS 7 

Contemporary  Italian  Novelists.     G.  B.  Rose, 
The  Provincial  Flag  of  Pennsylvania.   Francis  Olcott 
Allen. 

LETTERS  OF  TWO  MUSICIANS.    E.  G.  J.    .    .    .      8 

SIGNS  OF  LIFE  IN  LITERATURE.     Edward  E. 

Hale,  Jr 11 

RAMBLES   AND   REFLECTIONS   OF   A   LOVER 

OF  NATURE.    Anna  B.  McMahan 13 

FOLK -TALES    OF   NOVA    SCOTIAN    INDIANS. 

Frederick  Starr 14 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 16 

More  of  the  letters  of  FitzGerald. —  Language  and 
linguistic  methods  in  the  school.  —  Contemporary 
thought  and  thinkers. —  Teaching,  its  principles  and 
practices. —  Bibliography  in  its  historical  and  artistic 
aspects. —  Leaves  from  a  Parisian  note-book. 

BREEFER  MENTION 19 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 19 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  20 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 21 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  21 


ENGLISH  IN  THE  LOWER   SCHOOLS. 

The  recent  agitation  in  behalf  of  better  in- 
struction in  elementary  English,  now  so  prom- 
inent a  feature  of  educational  discussion,  may 
almost  be  said  to  date  from  the  publication,  a 
year  or  two  ago,  of  the  famous  Harvard  Re- 
port on  Composition  and  Rhetoric.  That  Re- 
port, at  least,  gave  to  the  reform  movement  its 
strongest  impulse,  and  made  a  burning  "  ques- 
tion of  the  day  "  out  of  a  matter  previously  little 
more  than  academic  in  its  interest.  The  sub- 
ject reached  a  larger  public  than  it  had  ever 


addressed  before,  and  this  new  and  wider  pub- 
lic was  fairly  startled  out  of  its  self-complacency 
by  the  exhibit  made  of  the  sort  of  English  writ- 
ten by  young  men  and  women  supposed  to 
have  enjoyed  the  best  preparatory  educational 
advantages,  and  to  be  fitted  for  entrance  into 
the  oldest  and  most  dignified  of  our  colleges. 
The  Report  was  more  than  a  discussion  of  the 
evils  of  bad  training ;  it  was  an  object-lesson 
of  the  most  effective  sort,  for  it  printed  many 
specimen  papers  literatim  et  verbatim,  and  was 
even  cruel  enough  to  facsimile  some  of  them 
by  photographic  process. 

The  seed  of  discontent  having  thus  been 
sown  broadcast,  the  field  was  in  a  measure  pre- 
pared for  the  labors  of  the  English  Conference 
named  by  the  Committee  of  Ten ;  and  the  re- 
port of  that  Conference,  made  public  at  the 
beginning  of  the  present  year,  has  kept  the 
question  of  English  teaching  as  burning  as 
ever,  if,  indeed,  it  has  not  fanned  the  flame 
into  greater  heat.  Not  only  the  educational 
periodicals,  but  also  many  published  in  the  in- 
terests of  general  culture,  and  even  some  of 
the  newspapers  —  in  their  blundering  way  — 
have  kept  the  subject  before  the  public.  Edu- 
cational gatherings  have  devoted  to  it  much  of 
their  attention,  and  it  has  been  taken  up  by 
the  pamphleteers,  notably  by  Professors  Gay- 
ley  and  Bradley  of  the  University  of  Califor- 
nia, whose  "English  in  the  Secondary  Schools  " 
we  take  pleasure  in  commending  as  both  prac- 
tical and  sane. 

The  English  Conference  of  which  mention 
has  been  made,  although  appointed  to  investi- 
gate secondary  education  only,  soon  found  that 
the  subject  of  English  is  a  unity,  and  felt 
obliged  to  make  its  recommendations  apply  to 
the  whole  course  of  training  below  the  college 
— to  the  work  of  twelve  years  instead  of  four. 
The  recommendations  made  for  the  first  eight 
years  we.re  substantially  as  follows :  For  the 
first  two  years,  elementary  story-telling  and 
the  description  of  objects  ;  for  the  next  four, 
the  use  of  reading-books,  the  beginnings  of 
written  composition,  and  a  certain  amount  of 
informal  grammar  ;  for  the  last  two  years,  for- 
mal grammar  and  reading  of  a  distinctly  liter- 
ary sort.  The  "  speller  "  is  to  be  discarded 
altogether,  and  the  "  reader  "  after  the  sixth 
year.  We  wish,  indeed,  that  the  Conference 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


had  gone  still  farther  in  the  latter  case  and  re- 
jected the  "  reader  "  altogether.  The  impor- 
tant principle  seems  to  be  that  nothing  but  lit- 
erature should  be  read  at  all,  and  the  "readers  " 
in  current  use  certainly  contain  much  matter 
that  cannot  by  any  courtesy  be  called  litera- 
ture. This  criticism  is  altogether  apart  from 
the  other  defect  of  scrappiness,  inherent  in 
the  plan  of  the  typical  reading-book.  Even 
"  Mother  Goose,"  as  Mr.  Horace  Scudder  has 
convincingly  argued,  is  a  sort  of  literature,  and 
there  is  no  lack  of  other  substitutes  for  the 
thin  and  innutritions  pabulum  of  the  graded 
(we  were  on  the  point  of  saying  degraded) 
books  called  "  readers  "  which  enterprising  pub- 
lishers have  forced  upon  several  generations  of 
over-complacent  school  authorities.  The  sug- 
gestion that,  as  far  as  possible,  complete  works 
should  be  studied,  is  of  fundamental  impor- 
tance, and  should  have  been  given  greater  em- 
phasis. The  following  recommendation  is  ad- 
mirable : 

"  Due  attention  should  be  paid  to  what  are  sometimes 
thoughtlessly  regarded  as  points  of  pedantic  detail,  such 
as  the  elucidation  of  involved  sentences,  the  expansion 
of  metaphors  into  similes  and  the  compression  of  similes 
into  metaphors,  the  tracing  of  historical  and  other  ref- 
erences, and  a  study  of  the  denotation  and  connotation 
of  single  words.  Such  details  are  necessary  if  the  pu- 
pil is  to  be  brought  to  anything  but  the  vaguest  under- 
standing of  what  he  reads,  and  there  is  no  danger  that 
an  intelligent  teacher  will  allow  himself  to  be  dominated 
by  them.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  that  in  these  early 
years  of  his  training  the  pupil  is  forming  habits  of  read- 
ing and  of  thought  which  will  either  aid  him  for  the 
rest  of  his  life,  or  of  which  he  will  by-and-by  have  to 
cure  himself  with  painful  effort." 

Upon  the  proportion  of  time  to  be  allotted 
English  in  the  first  eight  years,  no  definite  pro- 
nouncement is  made ;  but  it  should  be  greater 
rather  than  less  than  the  share  of  attention  given 
to  the  subject  during  the  high-school  years.  This 
share,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Conference,  should 
be  a  full  fourth  of  the  time  throughout  the  four 
years  of  work,  and  of  this  share  literature 
proper  should  get  rather  more  than  half,  the 
rest  being  given  to  composition,  rhetoric,  and 
grammar  of  the  historical  or  systematic  sort. 
The  demand  for  a  full  fourth  of  the  secondary 
school  period  does  not  seem  to  us  excessive,  and 
other  reforms  may  well  wait  until  the  justice 
of  this  claim  becomes  generally  admitted. 
Given  such  a  recognition  of  the  importance  of 
secondary  English,  the  accomplishment  of  its 
educational  purpose  must  follow  from  insist- 
ence upon  a  few  simple  and  well-understood 
principles  rather  than  from  any  new  devices  or 
startling  innovations  of  method.  The  Confer- 


ence rightly  emphasized  the  fundamental  im- 
portance of  requiring  good  English  in  all 
school  work,  whether  written  or  oral.  As  long 
as  slovenly  composition  is  allowed  to  pass  un- 
censured  in  mathematical  or  natural  science  ex- 
ercises, as  long  as  slovenly  speech  is  tolerated 
in  class  translations  from  foreign  languages,  the 
case  remains  hopeless.  This  is  the  root  of  the 
matter,  and  other  reforms  are  of  minor  import- 
ance. Theme-writing  in  the  English  classes 
is  useful,  but  written  exercises  in  all  the  classes 
must  be  treated  as  themes,  and  bad  English  in 
a  mathematical  paper  must  count  against  it  no 
less  than  bad  logic.  Teachers  should  also  avail 
themselves  to  the  utmost  of  the  invaluable  com- 
parative advantages  offered  by  the  study  of 
whatever  ancient  or  modern  languages  are  be- 
ing pursued  at  the  same  time  by  the  English 
student.  The  Conference  was  wholly  right  in 
asserting  that  "  the  best  results  in  the  teaching 
of  English  in  high  schools  cannot  be  secured 
without  the  aid  given  by  the  study  of  some 
other  language." 

As  for  the  study  of  English  literature  in  sec- 
ondary schools,  we  are  firmly  convinced  that  a 
historical  text-book  of  the  subject  should  be  in 
the  hands  of  every  student,  and  that  he  should 
frequently  recur  to  it  for  the  proper  correla- 
tion of  groups  and  the  chronological  develop- 
ment of  schools  and  forms.  Such  a  book  should 
be  used  sparingly,  and  for  certain  purposes 
only  ;  not,  for  example,  as  a  storehouse  of  cut- 
and-dried  critical  estimates.  There  has  been 
of  late  a  marked  tendency  to  get  along  with  the 
study  of  typical  works  of  the  great  periods,  just 
as  in  biology  there  has  been  a  tendency  to  con- 
fine the  work  to  study  of  a  few  typical  forms. 
But  the  average  student,  left  to  his  own  devices, 
will  not  master  the  classification,  in  the  one  case, 
or  the  chronology,  in  the  other ;  and  without 
the  indispensable  framework  of  bare  fact,  his 
special  studies  will  fail  to  come  into  proper  re- 
lation with  each  other,  and  will  lose  much  of 
their  significance. 

The  greater  part  of  the  work  done  in  English 
literature  must  of  course  consist  in  reading  as 
many  whole  pieces  of  literature  as  it  is  possible 
to  crowd  into  the  time  allotted.  Since  no  two 
classes  can  be  alike,  and  no  two  teachers  ought 
to  be  alike,  there  is  no  greater  mistake  than 
the  arrangement  of  a  Procrustean  course,  to  be 
followed  by  all,  and  repeated  year  after  year. 
Whether  the  annual  divisions  of  the  high-school 
work  be  based  upon  literary  periods  or  literary 
forms,  or  graded  according  to  difficulty  of  sub- 
ject-matter, there  should  be  within  each  year's 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


work  an  almost  unbounded  latitude  for  the  dis- 
play of  the  teacher's  individuality.  He  should 
be  free  to  read  as  much  as  he  chooses,  and  what 
he  chooses,  and  in  whatever  way  he  chooses. 
To  impose  rigid  methods  upon  the  secondary 
teacher,  or  to  select  for  him  the  texts  which 
he  shall  study  with  his  classes,  is  an  act  of  sheer 
and  utterly  unjustifiable  arrogance. 

To  sum  up,  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  the 
problem  of  secondary  education  in  English  re- 
duces itself  to  getting  teachers  who  know  good 
literature  and  care  for  it,  and  minimizing  to  the 
utmost  the  restrictions  placed  upon  their  work. 
Duplication  of  work  in  different  years  must  be 
avoided,  but  beyond  the  limits  set  with  this  ob- 
ject in  view  there  should  be  no  effort  made  to 
secure  uniformity,  both  because  every  attempt 
to  secure  it  costs  something  in  vitality,  and  be- 
cause there  is  no  good  reason  for  uniformity 
anyway.  Our  suggestions  doubtless  seem  tame 
in  comparison  with  the  brilliant  new  departures 
here  and  there  noisily  heralded,  but  radical  re- 
constructions appear  to  us  no  less  suspicious  in 
the  body  educational  than  in  the  body  politic. 
It  will  be  time  to  seek  for  the  "new  thing"  when 
we  have  done  all  that  is  possible  with  the  old. 


ENGLISH  AT  INDIANA  UNIVERSITY* 

A  year  ago  the  English  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana  was  completely  reorganized,  and 
four  men — a  professor,  an  associate  professor,  and 
two  instructors  —  were  appointed  to  carry  on  the 
work.  The  present  course  is  our  attempt  to  meet 
existing  conditions.  Each  department  must  offer 
a  full  course  of  study  leading  to  the  bachelor's  de- 
gree. Our  students  graduate  in  Greek,  in  Mathe- 
matics, in  Sociology,  in  English,  or  in  any  one  of 
the  dozen  other  departments,  with  the  uniform  de- 
gree of  A.B.  About  a  third  of  the  student's  time 
is  given  to  required  studies,  a  third  to  the  special 
work  of  the  chosen  department,  and  a  third  to  elect- 
ive studies.  The  department  of  English,  then,  is 
required  to  offer  a  four  years'  course  of  five  hours  a 

*  This  article  is  the  eleventh  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1) ;  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1) ;  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (  March  1(3); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
(April  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16)  ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1)  ;  and  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Pro- 
fessor Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16).  —  [Eon.  DIAL.! 


week ;  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  offers  considerably  more. 

The  English  courses  fall  into  three  distinct  nat- 
ural groups — language,  composition,  and  literature, 
— in  each  of  which  work  may  be  pursued  for  four 
or  more  years.  One  year  of  this  work  is  required 
of  all  students  ;  the  rest  is  elective.  With  two  ex- 
ceptions, all  our  courses  run  throughout  the  year. 

The  linguistic  work  is  under  the  charge  of  Asso- 
ciate Professor  Davidson.  The  elementary  courses 
are  a  beginning  class  in  Old  English  prose,  and  one 
in  the  history  of  the  language.  Then  follow  a  course 
in  Chaucer,  the  Mystery  Plays,  and  Middle  English 
romances  and  lyrics ;  an  advanced  course  in  Old 
English  poetry,  including  a  seminary  study  of  Bgo- 
wulf  ;  the  history  of  Old  and  Middle  English  liter- 
ature ;  and  a  course  in  historical  English  grammar, 
which  makes  a  special  examination  of  forms  and 
constructions  in  modern  prose.  In  these  classes  the 
intention  is  to  lead  the  student  into  independent  in- 
vestigation as  soon  as  he  is  prepared  for  it. 

In  composition,  the  work  is  as  completely  prac- 
tical as  we  can  make  it.  Writing  is  learned  by 
writing  papers,  each  one  of  which  is  corrected  and 
rewritten.  There  are  no  recitations  in  "  rhetoric." 
The  bugbear  known  generally  in  our  colleges  as 
Freshman  English  is  now  a  part  of  our  entrance  re- 
quirement, and  university  instruction  in  composition 
begins  with  those  fortunate  students  who  have  some 
little  control  of  their  native  language  when  a  pen  is 
between  their  fingers.  We  are  still  obliged,  how- 
ever, to  supply  instruction  to  students  conditioned 
in  entrance  English,  and  the  conditioned  classes 
make  the  heaviest  drain  upon  the  instructors'  time. 
The  first  regular  class  receives  students  who  write 
clearly  and  can  compose  good  paragraphs.  The  sub- 
jects of  the  year's  work  are  narration,  description, 
exposition.  In  the  next  year's  class,  an  attempt  is 
made  to  stimulate  original  production  in  prose  and 
verse.  A  certain  amount  of  criticism  upon  contem- 
porary writing  enters  into  this  course,  —  the  object 
being  to  point  out  what  is  good  in  (for  example) 
current  magazines  and  reviews,  and  thus  to  hold 
before  the  student  an  ideal  not  altogether  impos- 
sible of  attainment.  A  young  writer  confronted 
with  the  virtues  and  defects  of  Macaulay  and  De 
Quincey  is  likelier  to  be  discouraged  or  made  indif- 
ferent, than  inspired,  as  far  as  his  own  style  is  con- 
cerned. If  he  is  shown  wherein  a  "  Brief  "  in  THE 
DIAL  is  better  than  his  own  review  of  the  book,  he 
is  in  a  fair  way  to  improve.  And  so  with  sketches, 
stories,  and  even  poems.  Of  course  current  maga- 
zine writing  is  not  held  up  as  ideal  literature  ;  nor,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  the  production  of  literature  deemed 
a  possible  part  of  college  study.  The  work  in  this 
branch  of  English  is  rounded  off  by  a  class  for  stu- 
dents who  intend  to  teach  composition.  The  theory 
of  rhetoric  is  studied,  and  something  of  its  history ; 
school  texts  in  rhetoric  are  examined ;  and  finally  the  ' 
class  learns  the  first  steps  in  teaching  by  taking 
charge  of  elementary  classes. 

In  the  literary  courses  the  required  work  comes 
first.  Many  students  take  no  more  English  than  these 


6 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


prescribed  three  terms  of  five  hours  a  week ;  many 
others  continue  the  study ;  and  the  problem  has 
been  to  arrange  the  course  so  as  to  create  in  the 
former  class  the  habit  of  careful  and  sympathetic 
reading,  and  at  the  same  time  to  give  the  latter 
class  a  safe  foundation  for  future  work.  The  plan 
is  to  read  in  the  class,  with  the  greatest  attention 
to  detail,  one  or  more  characteristic  works  of  the 
authors  chosen  (Scott,  Shakespeare,  Thackeray, 
George  Eliot),  and  to  require  as  outside  work  a 
good  deal  of  rapid  collateral  reading.  This  class 
and  most  of  the  composition  classes  are  conducted 
by  Mr.  Sembower  and  Mr.  Harris,  who  will  be  as- 
sisted during  the  coming  year  by  one  or  two  addi- 
tional instructors. 

The  course  in  English  prose  style  begins  in  the 
second  year,  and  follows  the  method  of  the  late 
Professor  Minto.  Macaulay,  De  Quincey,  Carlyle, 
Ruskin,  and  Arnold  are  the  writers  taken  up. 
A  course  in  American  authors  finds  here  a  place. 
Then  comes  a  course  in  poetry  :  Coleridge,  Words- 
worth, Byron,  Shelley,  Keats,  Tennyson,  Browning. 
Complete  editions  of  all  the  poets,  except  the  last, 
are  used,  and  the  year's  work  is  meant  to  serve  as 
an  introduction  to  the  critical  reading  of  poetry.  A 
separate  course  of  one  term  in  metrics  accompanies 
the  poetry  course.  In  the  drama  there  is  a  full 
course  in  Shakespeare  and  other  Elizabethans  (which 
presupposes  the  first  year's  work  in  Shakespeare), 
and  also  a  course  in  classical  drama,  Greek  and 
French,  studied  in  translation.  The  dramatic  courses 
begin  with  a  discussion  of  Professor  Moulton's 
books  on  Shakespeare,  and  on  the  Greek  drama, 
and  then  take  up  independent  study  of  as  many 
plays  as  possible.  The  last  regular  course  is  the 
literary  seminary,  which  during  the  coming  year 
will  investigate,  as  far  as  the  library  will  allow,  the 
rise  of  romantic  poetry  in  England.  Special  re- 
search courses  are  arranged  for  students  who  wish 
to  pursue  their  English  studies.  It  may  be  added 
that  in  order  to  graduate  in  English,  work  must  be 
taken  in  each  of  the  three  groups  of  the  department. 

It  has  been  my  effort,  naturally,  to  arrange  the 
courses  in  a  logical  order,  advancing  from  the 
simple  to  the  more  difficult,  and  covering  as  wide 
a  range  as  is  consistent  with  thoroughness  ;  this  lat- 
ter quality  being  an  ideal  kept  always  in  view  — 
would  we  might  say  as  confidently,  in  reach.  And 
as  to  the  method  of  conducting  classes,  each  in- 
structor teaches  as  he  pleases ;  any  man's  best 
method  is  the  one  that  appeals  to  him  at  the  time. 

And  now,  as  to  that  vexed  question :  How  shall 
literature  be  taught  ?  Class-room  methods  vary  in 
the  department,  but  our  ultimate  object  is  the  same. 
The  aim,  then,  in  teaching  literature  is,  I  think,  to 
give  the  student  a  thorough  understanding  of  what 
he  reads,  and  the  ability  to  read  sympathetically 
•  and  understandingly  in  the  future.  If  we  use  the 
phrase  "  to  read  intelligently,"  we  name  the  object 
of  every  instructor's  teaching.  But  in  the  defini- 
tion of  this  ideal  we  come  upon  so  many  differences 
of  opinion  that  in  reality  it  means  not  one  thing 


but  a  thousand.  To  touch  upon  a  few  obsolescent 
notions, — to  one  teacher  it  meant  to  fill  the  student 
full  of  biography  and  literary  history;  to  another 
it  meant  to  put  the  student  in  possession  of  what 
the  best  critics,  or  the  worst  ones,  had  said  about 
the  artist  and  his  work ;  to  another  it  meant  mak- 
ing a  pother  over  numberless  petty  details  of  the 
text  (a  species  of  literary  parsing)  ;  to  another  it 
meant  harping  on  the  moral  purposes  of  the  poet 
or  novelist ;  anything,  in  short,  except  placing  the 
student  face  to  face  with  the  work  itself  and  acting 
as  his  spectacles  when  his  eyesight  was  blurred. 

The  negations  of  all  these  theories  have  become 
the  commonplaces  of -day, —  truisms  among  a  cer- 
tain class  of  teachers.  To  repeat  those  principles 
that  have  thus  become  truisms  of  theory  (not  yet 
of  practice  —  the  difference  is  profound),  we  have 
first  the  truth  that  the  study  of  literature  means  the 
study  of  literature,  not  of  biography  nor  of  literary 
history  (incidentally  of  vast  importance),  not  of 
grammar,  not  of  etymology,  not  of  anything  except 
the  works  themselves,  viewed  as  their  creators  wrote 
them,  viewed  as  art,  as  transcripts  of  humanity, — 
not  as  logic,  not  as  psychology,  not  as  ethics. 

The  second  point  is  that  we  are  concerned  with 
the  study  of  literature.  And  here  is  the  parting  of 
the  ways.  Granting  we  concern  ourselves  with  pure 
literature  only,  just  how  shall  we  concern  ourselves 
with  it  ?  There  are  many  methods,  but  these  methods 
are  of  two  kinds  only :  the  method  of  the  professor 
who  preaches  the  beauty  of  the  poet's  utterance, 
and  the  method  of  him  who  makes  his  student  sys- 
tematically approach  the  work  as  a  work  of  art, 
find  out  the  laws  of  its  existence  as  such,  the  mode 
of  its  manifestation,  the  meaning  it  has,  and  the  sig- 
nificance of  that  meaning, —  in  brief,  to  have  his 
students  interpret  the  work  of  art  and  ascertain 
what  makes  it  just  that  and  not  something  else. 
Literature,  as  every  reader  profoundly  feels,  is  an 
appeal  to  all  sides  of  our  nature ;  but  I  venture  to 
insist  that  as  a  study — and  this  is  the  point  at  issue 
— it  must  be  approached  intellectually.  And  here 
the  purpose  of  literature,  and  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing literature,  must  be  sharply  discriminated.  The 
question  is  not,  Apprehending  literature,  how  shall 
I  let  it  influence  me  ?  The  question  most  definitely 
is,  How  shall  I  learn  to  apprehend  literature,  that 
thereby  it  may  influence  me? 

As  far  as  class  study  is  concerned,  the  instructors 
must  draw  the  line  once  for  all  between  the  liking 
for  reading  and  the  understanding  of  literature. 
To  all  who  assert  that  the  study  of  literature  must 
take  into  account  the  emotions,  that  it  must  remem- 
ber questions  of  taste,  I  can  only  answer  impatiently, 
Yes,  I  agree  ;  but  between  taking  them  into  account, 
and  making  them  the  prime  object  of  the  study, 
there  is  the  difference  between  day  and  night.  It 
is  only  by  recognizing  this  difference  that  we  pro- 
fessors of  English  cease  to  make  ourselves  ridicu- 
lous in  the  eyes  of  those  who  see  into  the  heart  of 
things,  that  we  can  at  all  successfully  disprove 
Freeman's  remark  —  caustic  and  four-fifths  true  — 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


"  English  Literature  is  only  chatter  about  Shelley." 
As  a  friend  of  mine  puts  it :  To  understand  litera- 
ture is  a  matter  of  study,  and  may  be  taught  in  the 
class-room ;  to  love  literature  is  a  matter  of  char- 
acter, and  can  never  be  taught  in  a  class-room.  The 
professor  who  tries  chiefly  to  make  his  students  love 
literature  wastes  his  energy  for  the  sake  of  a  few 
students  who  would  love  poetry  anyway,  and  sacri- 
fices the  majority  of  his  class,  who  are  not  yet  ripe 
enough  to  love  it.  The  professor  who  tries  chiefly 
to  make  his  students  understand  literature  will  give 
them  something  to  incorporate  into  their  characters. 
For  it  is  the  peculiar  grace  of  literature  that  whoso 
understands  it  loves  it.  It  becomes  to  him  a  per- 
manent possession,  not  a  passing  thrill. 

To  revert  to  our  University  work  in  English,  we 
have  been  confronted  with  a  peculiar  local  condi- 
tion. Sometime  ago,  Professor  Hale  wrote  to  THE 
DIAL  that  the  students  of  Iowa  University  had  lit- 
tle feeling  for  style.  That  is  true  of  the  Indiana 
students  I  have  met.  But  the  lowans,  it  was  my 
experience,  were  willing  to  study  style  and  develop 
their  latent  feeling.  Widespread  in  Indiana,  how- 
ever, I  find  the  firm  conviction  that  style  is  un- 
worthy serious  consideration.  A  poem  is  simply  so 
much  thought;  its  "form-side,"  to  use  a  favorite 
student  expression,  ought  to  be  ignored.  And  of 
the  thought,  only  the  ethical  bearing  of  it  is  signifi- 
cant. Poetry  is  merely  a  question  of  morals,  and 
beauty  has  no  excuse  for  being.  The  plan  of  pro- 
cedure is  :  believe  unyieldingly  in  a  certain  philos- 
ophy of  life  ;  take  a  poem  and  read  that  philosophy 
into  it.  This  is  the  "thought-side"  of  literature. 
Our  first  year  has  been  largely  an  attempt  to  set 
up  other  aims  than  these. 

MARTIN  W.  SAMPSON. 

Professor  of  English,  Indiana  University. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


CONTEMPORAKY  ITALIAN  NOVELISTS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  was  surprised  to  read  in  the  leading  article  of  your 
issue  for  June  16  the  following  sentence:  "  It  is  a  little 
curious  that  Italy,  from  whom  we  have  reason  to  ex- 
pect much,  should  have  no  contemporary  writer  of  fic- 
tion deserving  mention  here." 

I  fear  that  the  writer  is  acquainted  only  with  such 
Italian  novels  as  have  been  translated  into  English.  If 
he  were  a  student  of  contemporary  Italian  literature  he 
could  hardly  have  made  such  a  statement.  In  point  of 
fact,  Italy  now  has  a  school  of  novelists  that  is  not  sur- 
passed by  that  of  any  other  country.  While  their  state 
of  society  is  very  similar  to  the  French  and  their  plots 
are  necessarily  of  the  same  somewhat  objectionable 
character,  and  while  they  are  fully  as  realistic,  yet  some- 
thing of  the  spirit  of  Dante  and  Petrarch,  something  of 
the  idealization  of  love  even  in  its  guiltiest  forms,  still 
clings  to  their  souls,  and  saves  them  from  the  cynicism 
of  the  French;  so  that  they  may  well  be  placed  above 
the  contemporary  French  school. 

Every  dog  has  its  day.     A  few  years  ago  it  was  the 


Russian  dog;  now  it  is  the  Spanish;  and  when  people 
get  tired  of  that,  the  Italian  will  doubtless  have  its  turn, 
and  everybody  will  be  raving  about  Italian  books  which 
are  now  passed  over  unnoticed. 

To  mention  the  able  Italian  novels  of  to-day  would 
take  too  long.  I  may  say,  though,  that  I  know  of  no 
contemporary  French  novel  equal  to  Fogazzaro's  "  Dan- 
iele  Cortis,"  the  story  of  the  struggle  of  two  noble  souls 
against  a  guilty  love,  a  struggle  in  which  they  came  out 
victors.  It  is  said  that  Fogazzaro  has  been  the  recipient 
of  very  many  letters  from  men  and  women  thanking  him 
for  saving  them  in  the  hour  of  temptation,  and  that  one 
famous  Italian  beauty  who  died  rather  than  yield  to  a 
guilty  passion  had  the  book  placed  in  her  coffin. 

Then,  to  go  to  the  other  extreme,  I  know  of  no  French 
novel  equal  in  its  way  to  that  marvellous,  perverse,  and 
perverting  book,  "  L'  Innocente,"  by  Gabriele  d'Annun- 
zio.  It  is  probably  impossible  to  find  in  any  language 
a  study  of  morbid  psychology  that  will  compare  with  it. 
Those  sentimentalists  who  think  that  the  infidelity  of 
the  husband  is  as  blamable  as  that  of  the  wife  should 
read  this  awful  book.  The  writer,  a  very  young  man, 
is  perhaps  the  most  highly  gifted  of  living  authors. 

It  is  probably  safe  to  say  that  the  writer  of  your  ar- 
ticle has  never  read  Rovetta's  "  Mater  Dolorosa,"  Mem- 
ini's  "Marchesa  d'Arcello,"  Roberti's  "L*  Illusione," 
Gentile's  "II  Peccato,"or  Sperani's  "Numeri  e  Sogni," 
or  he  would  have  written  differently.  n.  jj  ROSE 
Little  Rock,  Ark.,  June  20,  1894. 

[The  editorial  article  to  which  our  correspondent 
refers  dealt  with  its  subject  in  the  most  summary 
fashion,  and  attempted  to  name  only  a  very  few  of 
the  living  writers  of  fiction.  Probably  many  of  its 
readers  felt  aggrieved  at  the  omission  of  favorite 
names,  and  we  are  glad  to  afford  a  lover  of  the  new 
Italian  literature  this  opportunity  of  expressing  his 
particular  grievance.  But  we  still  think  that  no  one 
of  the  writers  mentioned  by  him  yet  occupies  a  suf- 
ficient space  in  the  field  of  literature  to  deserve 
being  classed  with  the  few  whom  we  singled  out. 
Even  the  work  of  the  young  poet  Sig.  d'Annunzio, 
remarkable  as  it  is,  has  the  fatal  defect  of  being 
morbid,  and  we  did  not  mention  it  for  the  same 
reason  that  would  have  prevented  us  from  mention- 
ing the  work  of  Guy  de  Maupassant,  had  he  still 
been  among  the  living.  To  call  the  former  "  the 
most  highly  gifted  of  living  authors  "  seems  to  us 
a  very  wild  bit  of  criticism. — EDR.  DIAL.] 


THE  PROVINCIAL  FLAG  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  )     , 

The  "  Pennsylvania  Gazette  "  of  January  12  and  April 
16,  1748,  gives  a  description  of  devices  which  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  says  (in  his  Autobiography)  that  he  fur- 
nished for  flags  for  the  "  Associators  "  of  1747,  in  Phil- 
adelphia. (  Vide  Sparks's  Franklin,  p.  146,  for  details.) 

No  mention  is  made  in  either  issue  of  the  color  of  the 
silks  upon  which  these  devices  were  painted.  Can  any 
reader  of  THE  DIAL  put  me  in  the  way  of  finding  out 
the  color  of  the  silk,  especially  that  of  the  flag  with  de- 
vice No.  1,  "  a  lion  erect,  a  naked  scimitar  in  one  paw, 
the  other  holding  the  escutcheon  of  Pennsylvania,  motto, 

Patna    •  FRANCIS  OLCOTT  ALLEN. 

314  Walnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  June  17,  1894. 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


Ejje 


ISoofcs* 


LETTERS  OF  Two  MUSICIANS.* 


To  the  musical  world  the  publication  of 
Liszt's  Letters  is  an  event  of  first-rate  import- 
ance ;  and  they  will  be  found,  in  the  main,  to 
fulfil  anticipation.  Their  critical  value  is  of 
a  high  order,  and  criticism  is  their  dominant 
note.  They  tell  us  something  of  Liszt  the  man 
and  much  of  Liszt  the  artist,  and  are  fairly 
rich  in  those  personal  allusions  and  judgments 
which  are  the  spice  of  productions  of  their 
class.  "  Spice,"  however,  is  hardly  the  right 
word  here,  for  Liszt,  when  speaking  of  others, 
is  too  amiable  to  be  pungent.  Though  a  true 
son  of  Pho3bus  Apollo,  there  were  no  poisoned 
shafts  in  his  quiver;  and  his  words  have  scarcely 
a  sting  even  for  Shelley's  "  stupid  and  malig- 
nant race,"  from  whom,  as  a  frequent  con- 
temner  of  beaten  paths,  he  had  some  provoca- 
tion. "  Whether  one  worries  a  bit  more  or  a 
bit  less,"  he  writes  to  Kbhler,  "it  is  pretty 
much  the  same.  Let  us  only  spread  our  wings 
'  with  our  faces  firmly  set,'  and  all  the  cackle 
of  goose-quills  will  not  trouble  us  at  all." 

As  Schlegel  divided  men  into  two  main 
classes  of  Platonists  and  Aristotelians,  so  Liszt 
seems  to  have  divided  them  into  the  fools  and 
the  non-fools ;  and  against  the  rock-ribbed 
Ehrenbreitstein  of  folly  he  resolved  to  waste 
no  sparrow-shot  in  the  shape  of  argument  or 
appeal.  The  unvexed  composer  wrote  to  Dr. 
Franz  Brendel,  an  active  polemic  in  the  lists  his 
friend  declined  to  enter : 

"  People  may  think  about  it  what  they  please,  but 
the  truth  is  that  I  do  not  bother  myself  about  fools  of 
any  species,  whether  German,  French,  English,  Russian 
or  Italian,  but  am  peacefully  industrious  in  my  seclu- 
sion here  (Rome).  'Let  me  rest,  let  me  dream,'  not 
indeed  beneath  blossoming  almond  trees,  as  Hoffman 
sings,  but  comforted  and  at  peace  under  the  protection 
of  the  Madonna  del  Rosario  who  has  provided  me  with 
this  cell." 

In  point  of  literary  charm,  Liszt's  letters 
generally  fall  short  of  Mendelssohn's  ;  and  the 
un-musical  reader  will  find  them  over-full  of 
the  caviare  of  musical  lore  and  technicality. 
Music  was  the  god  of  Liszt's  idolatry,  and  his 
devotions  left  him  little  time  or  concern  for 
what  he  may  have  thought  profaner  interests. 
His  letters  are  mostly  addressed  to  people  whose 

*  LETTERS  OF  FRANZ  LISZT.  Collected  and  edited  by  La 
Mara ;  translated  by  Constance  Bache.  In  two  volumes,  with 
portrait.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

SELECTED  LETTERS  OF  MENDELSSOHN.  Edited  by  W.  F. 
Alexander,  M.  A.  With  an  Introduction  by  Sir  George  Grove. 
"  The  Dilettante  Library."  New  York  :  Macmillan  &  Co. 


pursuits  and  interests  were  kindred  to  his  own 
— fellow-artists,  composers,  publishers,  critics, 
and  amateurs  of  music,  etc.;  and  one  notes  lit- 
tle to  indicate  that  his  sympathies  ever  left  for 
long  their  wonted  channel.  Sparing  in  his  cen- 
sures, he  bestowed  his  commendation  with  a 
free  hand.  In  1832  he  wrote  of  his  early  idol 
Pagan  ini : 

"  '  And  I  too  am  a  painter  ! '  cried  Michael  Angelo 
the  first  time  he  beheld  a  chef  d'auvre.  .  .  .  Though 
insignificant  and  poor,  your  friend  cannot  leave  off  re- 
peating those  words  of  the  great  man  ever  since  Paga- 
nini's  last  performance.  Rene",  what  a  man,  what  a  vio- 
lin, what  an  artist !  Heavens  !  what  sufferings,  what 
misery,  what  tortures  in  those  four  strings  !  " 

Of  Wagner  he  wrote  to  Belloni  in  1849  : 
"  Richard  Wagner,  a  Dresden  conductor,  has  been 
here  (Weimar)  since  yesterday.  That  is  a  man  of  won- 
derful genius,  such  a  brain-splitting  genius  indeed  as 
beseems  this  country, —  a  new  and  brilliant  appearance 
in  art." 

In  a  letter  to  Kohler,  in  1853,  he  tells  of 
the  "  several  Walhalla-dajs  "  recently  spent 
with  Wagner,  and  adds,  "  I  praise  God  for  hav- 
ing created  such  a  man."  Writing  to  Wilhelra 
von  Lenz  in  regard  to  the  latter's  book  on 
"  Beethoven  and  his  Three  Styles,"  Liszt  finely 
says : 

"  For  us  musicians  Beethoven's  work  is  like  the  pil- 
lar of  cloud  and  fire  which  guided  the  Israelites  through 
the  desert — a  pillar  of  cloud  to  guide  us  by  day,  a  pil- 
lar of  fire  to  guide  us  by  night,  '  so  that  we  may  pro- 
gress both  day  and  night.'  His  obscurity  and  his  light 
trace  for  us  equally  the  path  we  have  to  follow;  they 
are  each  of  them  a  perpetual  commandment,  an  infallible 
revelation." 

Proceeding  to  discuss  the  ground  idea  of  Lenz's 
book,  Liszt  continues : 

"  Were  it  my  place  to  categorize  the  different  peri- 
ods of  the  great  master's  thoughts,  as  manifested  in  his 
Sonatas,  Symphonies,  and  Quartets,  I  should  certainly 
not  fix  the  division  into  three  styles,  which  is  now  pretty 
generally  adopted  and  which  you  have  followed;  but 
simply  recording  the  questions  which  have  been  raised 
hitherto,  I  should  frankly  weigh  the  great  question  which 
is  the  axis  of  criticism  and  of  musical  sestheticism  at 
the  point  to  which  Beethoven  has  led  us  —  namely,  in 
how  far  is  traditional  or  recognized  form  a  necessary 
determinant  for  the  organism  of  thought  ?  —  The  solu- 
tion of  this  question,  evolved  from  the  works  of  Beet- 
hoven himself,  would  lead  me  to  divide  this  work,  not 
into  three  styles  or  periods, — the  words  style  and  period 
being  here  only  corollary  subordinate  terms,  of  a  vague 
and  equivocal  meaning,  —  but  quite  logically  into  two 
categories:  the  first,  that  in  which  traditional  and  rec- 
ognized form  contains  and  governs  the  thought  of  the 
master;  and  the  second,  that  in  which  the  thought 
stretches,  breaks,  recreates,  and  fashions  the  form  and 
style  according  to  its  needs  and  inspirations.  Doubtless 
in  proceeding  thus  we  arrive  in  a  direct  line  at  those 
incessant  problems  of  authority  and  liberty.  But  why 
should  they  alarm  us  ?  In  the  region  of  liberal  arts 
they  do  not,  happily,  bring  in  any  of  the  dangers  and 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


disasters  which  their  oscillations  occasion  in  the  polit- 
ical and  social  world;  for,  in  the  domain  of  the  Beau- 
tiful, Genius  alone  is  the  authority,  and  hence,  Dualism 
disappearing,  the  notions  of  liberty  and  authority  are 
brought  back  to  their  original  identity.  Manzoni,  in  de- 
fining genius  as  '  a  stronger  imprint  of  Divinity,'  has  elo- 
quently expressed  this  very  truth." 

It  is  well  known  that  Liszt  virtually  defrayed 
the  expenses  (about  60,000  francs)  of  the  Bonn 
monument  to  Beethoven  out  of  his  own  purse. 
The  contributions  had  flowed  in  very  meagerly, 
and  Liszt  impatiently  wrote  to  Berlioz,  "  such 
a  niggardly  almsgiving,  got  together  with  such 
trouble  and  sending  round  the  hat,  must  not 
be  allowed  to  help  towards  building  our  Beet- 
hoven's monument."  There  is  perhaps  a  shade 
of  sarcasm  in  his  letter  to  the  Bonn  committee  : 

"  As  the  subscription  for  Beethoven's  monument  is 
only  getting  on  slowly,  and  as  the  carrying  out  of  this 
undertaking  seems  to  be  rather  far  distant,  I  venture 
to  make  a  proposal  to  you,  the  acceptance  of  which  would 
make  me  very  happy.  I  offer  myself  to  make  up,  from 
my  own  means,  the  sum  still  wanting  for  the  erection 
of  the  monument,  and  ask  no  other  privilege  than  that 
of  naming  the  artist  who  shall  execute  the  work.  .  .  ." 

Writing  to  Brendel  (1854),  he  styles  Ru- 
binstein "  the  pseudo-Musician  of  the  Future." 
He  continues : 

"  He  is  a  clever  fellow,  possessed  of  talent  and  char- 
acter in  an  exceptional  degree,  and  therefore  no  one  can 
be  more  just  to  him  than  I  have  been  for  years.  Still 
I  do  not  want  to  preach  to  him  —  he  may  sow  his  wild 
oats  and  fish  deeper  in  the  Mendelssohn  waters,  and 
even  swim  away  if  he  likes." 

Of  Hans  von  Biilow  he  writes  to  Lessman : 
"  His  knowledge,  ability,  experience  are  astounding, 
and  border  on  the  fabulous.  Especially  has  he,  by  long 
years  of  study,  so  thoroughly  steeped  himself  in  the  un- 
derstanding of  Beethoven,  that  it  seems  scarcely  pos- 
sible for  any  one  else  to  approach  nearer  to  him  in  that 
respect." 

A  brief  note  to  Edvard  Grieg  indicates 
Liszt's  esteem  for  this  clever  leader  of  the 
Young  Northern  School : 

"  I  am  very  glad  to  tell  you  what  pleasure  it  has 
given  me  to  read  your  Sonata.  It  bears  testimony  to 
a  talent  of  vigorous,  reflective,  and  inventive  composition 
of  excellent  quality, — which  has  only  to  follow  its  natural 
bent  in  order  to  rise  to  a  high  rank.  .  .  ." 

Chopin's  genius  is  finely  characterized  in  a 
letter  to  Lenz  (1872)  : 

"  Let  us  reascend  to  Chopin,  the  enchanting  aristocrat, 
the  most  refined  in  his  magic.  Pascal's  epigraph,  '  One 
must  not  get  one's  nourishment  from  it,  but  use  it  as 
one  would  an  essence,'  is  only  appropriate  to  a  certain 
extent.  Let  us  inhale  the  essence  and  leave  it  to  the 
druggists  to  make  use  of  it.  You  also,  I  think,  exag- 
gerate the  influence  which  the  Parisian  salons  exercised 
on  Chopin.  His  soul  was  not  in  the  least  affected  by 
them,  and  his  work  as  an  artist  remains  transparent, 
marvellous,  ethereal,  and  of  an  incomparable  genius  — 
quite  outside  the  errors  of  a  school  and  the  silly  trifling 


of  a  salon.  He  is  akin  to  the  angel  and  the  fairy ;  more 
than  this,  he  sets  in  motion  the  heroic  string  which  has 
nowhere  else  vibrated  with  so  much  grandeur,  passion, 
and  fresh  energy  as  in  his  Polonaises,  which  you  bril- 
liantly designate  as  '  Pindaric  Hymns  of  Victory.'  " 

In  a  note  to  Schumann  (1839)  there  is  a 
playful  touch  worthy  of  Heine,  which  shows 
the  master  in  a  warmer  light  than  usual.  He 
says:  J, 

"  As  to  the  Kinderscenen,  I  owe  to  them  one  of  the 
greatest  pleasures  of  my  life.  You  know,  or  you  don't 
know,  that  I  have  a  little  gir.1  of  three  years  old,  whom 
everybody  agrees  in  considering  angelic  (did  you  ever 
hear  such  a  commonplace  ?).  Her  name  is  Blandine- 
Rachel,  and  her  surname  Moucheron.  It  goes  without 
saying  that  she  has  a  complexion  of  roses  and  milk,  and 
that  her  fair  golden  hair  reaches  to  her  feet — just  like 
a  savage.  She  is,  however,  tie  most  silent  child,  the 
most  sweetly  grave,  the  most  philosophically  gay  in  the 
world.  I  have  every  reason  to  hope  also  that  she  will 
not  be  a  musician,  from  which  may  Heaven  preserve 
her!" 

There  is  a  fine  ring  of  patriotic  pride  and 
wounded  dignity  in  a  letter  (1840)  to  Buloz, 
editor  of  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes."  That 
the  national  honor  paid  him  in  his  native  Hun- 
gary should  be  confounded  with  the  plaudits 
bestowed  on  an  artist  whose  art  lay  (as  Carlyle 
once  put  it)  in  "  making  a  Manx  penny  of  her- 
self," was  too  much  even  for  Liszt's  serenity ; 
and  he  wrote  to  the  offending  editor : 

"  In  your  Revue  Musicale  for  October  last  my  name 
was  mixed  iip  with  the  outrageous  pretensions  and  ex- 
aggerated success  of  some  executant  artists ;  I  take  the 
liberty  to  address  a  few  remarks  to  you  on  this  subject. 
The  wreaths  thrown  at  the  feet  of  Mesdemoiselles  Elssler 
and  Pixis  by  the  amateurs  of  New  York  and  Palermo 
are  striking  manifestations  of  the  enthusiasm  of  a  pub- 
lic ;  the  sabre  which  was  given  to  me  at  Pest  is  a  re- 
ward given  by  a  nation  in  an  entirely  national  form. 
In  Hungary,  sir,  in  that  country  of  antique  and  chiv- 
alrous manners,  the  sabre  has  a  patriotic  signification. 
It  is  the  special  token  of  manhood;  it  is  the  weapon  of 
every  man  who  has  a  right  to  carry  a  weapon.  When 
six  of  the  chief  men  of  note  in  my  country  presented 
me  with  it  amidst  the  acclamations  of  my  compatriots, 
whilst  at  the  same  moment  the  towns  of  Pest  and  Oeden- 
burg  conferred  upon  me  the  freedom  of  the  city,  and 
the  civic  authorities  of  Pest  asked  His  Majesty  for  let- 
ters of  nobility  for  me,  it  was  an  act  to  acknowledge 
me  afresh  as  a  Hungarian,  after  an  absence  of  fifteen 
years;  it  was  a  reward  of  some  slight  services  rendered 
to  Art  in  my  country;  it  was  especially,  and  so  I  felt  it, 
to  unite  me  gloriously  to  her  by  imposing  on  me  serious 
duties,  and  obligations  for  life  as  man  and  as  artist.  I 
agree  with  you,  sir,  that  it  was,  without  doubt,  going 
far  beyond  my  deserts  up  to  the  present  time.  There- 
fore I  saw  in  that  solemnity  the  expression  of  a  hope 
far  more  than  of  a  satisfaction.  Hungary  hailed  in  me 
the  man  from  whom  she  expects  artistic  illustriousness, 
after  all  the  illustrious  soldiers  and  politicians  she  has 
so  plentifully  produced.  As  a  child  I  received  from  my 
country  precious  tokens  of  interest,  and  the  means  of 
going  abroad  to  develop  my  artistic  vocation.  When 


10 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


grown  up,  and  after  long  years,  the  young  man  returns 
to  bring  her  the  fruits  of  his  work  and  the  future  of 
his  will,  the  enthusiasm  of  the  hearts  which  open  to  re- 
ceive him  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  frantic  dem- 
onstrations of  an  audience  of  amateurs.  In  placing 
these  two  things  side  by  side  it  seems  to  me  there  is 
something  which  must  wflund  a  just  national  pride  and 
sympathies  by  which  I  am  honored." 

While  somewhat  lacking,  perhaps,  on  the 
personal  side,  the  Letters  of  Liszt  make  an  ar- 
tistic biography,  of  rare  inner  truth  and,  form 
considered,  fulness.  The  editing  is  helpful  and 
thorough,  and  the  translation  acceptable.  At 
one  point  the  translator  "  misses  it "  rather 
oddly.  Writing  of  the  bringing  out  of  the 
"  Faust  Symphony  for  2  Pianofortes,"  Liszt 
went  on  to  say,  punning  (like  Homer,  he  sins 
once),  "None  the  less  .  .  .  bully  him  [Schu- 
berth  the  publisher]  into  action  with  '  Faust- 
Recht '  " —  meaning,  of  course,  with  club-law, 
law  of  might.  Miss  Bache  gravely  renders  it, 
in  parenthesis,  "  Faust  rights  or  Faust  justice  " 
— a  small  matter,  but  worth  mending.  There 
is  a  fine  portrait  of  Liszt,  and  the  work  resem- 
bles in  size  and  typography  the  Wagner-Liszt 
Letters. 

In  preparing  a  volume  of  Mendelssohn's  let- 
ters, the  editor,  Mr.  W.  F.  Alexander,  has 
made  a  fair  selection  and  an  excellent  transla- 
tion, and  Sir  George  Grove  has  added  an  In- 
troduction which,  like  the  annals  of  the  poor, 
is  "  short  and  simple."  Sir  George  tells  us, 
first,  that  he  was  asked  to  write  —  which  we 
should  have  taken  for  granted ;  and,  second, 
that  he  approves  of  both  author  and  editor  — 
which  will  be  gratifying  to  the  latter.  There 
are  thirty-three  letters  in  all,  sixteen  of  them 
addressed  to  the  writer's  relatives,  and  the  rest 
to  Zelter,  Moscheles,  Pastor  Schubring,  von 
Falkenstein,  Julius  Rietz,  and  other  friends 
and  acquaintances.  In  the  earlier  ones  there 
are  some  suggestive  glimpses  of  Goethe,  nota- 
bly in  an  account  of  a  family  dinner  at  the 
poet's.  Mendelssohn  says : 

"  I  found  him  outwardly  unchanged,  but  at  first  some- 
what silent  and  reserved;  I  fancy  he  must  have  wanted 
to  observe  me,  but  at  the  moment  I  felt  disappointed, 
and  thought  to  myself,  '  Now  he  is  always  like  that.' " 

Presently,  however,  the  talk  turning  on  the 
Weimar  "Women's  Association  "  and  the  Wei- 
mar women's  newspaper  —  matters  in  them- 
selves provocative  of  Teutonic  wit,  — 

"  The  old  man  all  at  once  became  jovial,  and  began 
to  quiz  the  ladies  about  their  philanthropy  and  their  in- 
tellect, also  about  their  subscriptions  and  their  visita- 
tions of  the  sick,  which  seemed  particularly  to  move  his 
wrath.  He  appealed  to  me  to  join  him  in  a  revolt 
against  these  things,  and,  when  I  would  not,  he  re- 


turned to  his  former  indifference,  but  at  last  he  became 
more  friendly  and  intimate  than  I  had  ever  known  him 
before.  It  was  beyond  everything  !  .  .  .  After  din- 
ner, he  all  at  once  began  to  hum,  «  Gute  Kinder  —  hiib- 
sche  Kinder  miissen  immer  lustig  sein  —  tolles  Volk,'  and 
his  eyes  grew  like  those  of  an  old  lion  just  falling  asleep. 
So  presently  I  had  to  play  to  him,  and  he  said  it  was 
very  strange  to  him  to  think  how  long  it  was  since  he 
had  heard  my  music,  and  meanwhile  great  advances 
had  been  made  and  he  knew  nothing  of  them." 

Goethe  seems  to  have  made  unsparing  drafts 
upon  his  young  friend's  abilities  —  both  of  ex- 
position and  execution.  Says  Mendelssohn  : 

"  In  the  morning  I  have  to  play  the  piano  to  him  for 
an  hour,  pieces  from  all  the  great  composers  arranged 
in  the  order  of  dates,  and  then  explain  to  him  how  mu- 
sic has  progressed  in  their  hands;  meanwhile  he  sits  in 
a  dark  corner,  like  a  Jupiter  Tonans,  and  his  old  eyes 
flash  fire.  About  Beethoven  he  was  indifferent.  But 
I  said  he  must  endure  some,  and  played  him  the  first 
movement  of  the  symphony  in  C  minor.  It  affected  him 
very  strangely.  First  he  said,  <  That  does  not  touch  one 
at  all,  it  only  astonishes  one.'  Then  he  murmured  to 
himself,  and  said  presently,  '  It  is  very  great,  it  is  wild ; 
it  seems  as  though  the  house  were  falling;  what  must 
it  be  with  the  whole  orchestra  ! ' ' 

Mendelssohn  was  in  Italy  in  1830-31  ;  and 
his  letters  from  thence,  especially  the  Roman 
ones,  show  how  fully  he  was  in  harmony  with 
his  new  surroundings.  Like  Goethe,  he  drank 
deep  of  the  cup  that  Italia  proffers  to  those  who 
understand  and  love  her,  his  descriptions  re- 
calling the  poet's  paradox  that  "  one  finds  in 
Rome  only  what  one  brings  there."  But  every- 
one, the  poorest,  finds  something  ;  and  the  bar- 
renest  /Sjnessburger^who  grunts  his  disapproval 
of  the  Pantheon  and  the  tomb  of  the  Scipios, 
relents  before  the  wicker-bound  Orvieto  and 
the  purple  figs  of  Spoleto.  Felix  Mendelssohn 
brought  to  Rome  a  mind  open  and  receptive 
to  the  best  she  had  to  offer.  The  traditions  of 
her  two-fold  past,  the  memorials  of  the  Em- 
perors and  the  Pontiffs,  alike  filled  him  with  a 
"  measureless  delight."  "  I  proceeded  with 
these  free  gifts  of  hers,"  he  says,  "  very  leis- 
urely." One  day  it  was  a  ramble  in  the  Forum 
or  on  the  Aventine,  the  next  a  visit  to  the  Bor- 
ghese  Gallery,  the  Capitol,  or  the  Vatican ; 
"  so  each  day  is  one  never  to  be  forgotten,  and 
this  sort  of  dallying  leaves  each  impression 
firmer  and  stronger."  Reading  now  for  the  first 
time  the  "  Italian  Journey,"  it  pleases  Mendels- 
sohn to  find  that  he  and  Goethe  reached  Rome 
on  the  same  day,  and  that  Goethe,  too,  went  first 
to  the  Quirinal  and  heard  a  requiem  there. 

"  He  says  also  that  at  Florence  and  Bologna  a  sort  of 
impatience  took  possession  of  him,  and  on  arrival  here 
he  felt  calm  again,  and,  as  he  calls  it,  well-knit  in  mind ; 
so  I  have  experienced  all  he  describes,  a  reflection 
which  pleases  me." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


11 


His  reverence,  however,  for  his  "  old  hero  " 
of  Weimar  results  in  no  mean  subservience  of 
opinion.  He  can  doubt  his  oracle  where  most 
men,  or  most  Germans,  would  incline  to  accept 
the  judgment  as  final.  So  when  Goethe  finds 
a  certain  Titian  "  meaningless  "  —  a  mere  set 
scene  or  elegantly-arranged  tableau,  in  the  style 
of  Veronese  —  Mendelssohn  says  : 

"  I  flatter  myself,  however,  that  I  have  found  a  deep 
significance  in  this  picture,  and  maintain  that  he  is  right 
who  sees  most  in  a  Titian,  for  the  man  was  simply  di- 
vine. He,  indeed,  found  no  opportunity  to  display  the 
whole  breadth  of  his  inspiration,  as  Raphael  did  here 
in  the  Vatican;  yet  one  can  never  forget  his  three  pic- 
tures at  Venice,  and  this  of  the  Vatican,  which  I  first 
saw  this  morning,  stands  in  a  line  with  them." 

Mendelssohn  waxes  wroth  over  the  Philis- 
tinism of  the  artists  he  saw  in  Rome  —  a  poor 
lot  mostly,  it  seems,  distinguished  as  a  class 
chiefly  by  eccentricities  of  dress  and  manners. 
The  chronic  delusion  that  fustian  coats,  long 
hair  and  loose  habits  make  the  painter,  was  rife 
with  these  degenerate  pittori,  and  their  chief 
professional  concern  was  to  find,  not  the  color- 
secret  of  Titian,  but  where  the  most  brandy 
was  to  be  had  for  the  least  money.  Mendels- 
sohn says : 

"  It  is  terrible  to  see  them  at  their  Cafd  Greco.  I 
seldom  go  there,  for  I  am  rather  afraid  of  them  and 
the  place  they  haunt.  It  is  a  small  dark  room  about 
eight  paces  wide;  on  one  side  it  is  permitted  to  smoke 
tobacco,  on  the  other  not.  They  sit  round  on  the  benches 
with  their  brigand- hats  and  their  big  bloodhounds;  their 
throats,  chins,  and  faces  are  entirely  covered  with  hair, 
and  they  pout-  out  dense  volumes  of  smoke  and  exchange 
incivilities  with  one  another  while  the  dogs  are  ex- 
changing their  insects.  A  necktie  or  a  frock-coat 
would  be  a  modern  weakness;  all  the  face  that's  left 
by  the  beard  is  concealed  by  their  spectacles;  they 
swill  their  coffee  and  discourse  of  Titian  and  Porde- 
none  as  though  these  persons  were  sitting  there  with 
beards  and  brigand-hats  like  themselves.  Their  busi- 
ness is  to  paint  sickly  madonnas,  ricketty  saints,  and 
effeminate  knights,  things  one  longs  to  dash  one's  fist 
through.  As  for  Titian's  picture  in  the  Vatican,  which 
you  ask  about,  these  infernal  critics  have  no  respect  for 
it.  According  to  them  it  has  neither  subject  nor  con- 
ception, and  it  never  occurs  to  one  of  them  that  a  mas- 
ter who  gave  laborious  days  of  love  and  reverence  to  a 
picture,  may  still  have  seen  as  far  as  they  can  through 
their  glistening  spectacles,  and  if  all  my  life  I  never 
contrive  to  do  anything  else,  I  am  resolved,  at  least,  to 
be  as  rude  as  I  can  to  people  who  have  no  respect  for 
the  great  masters;  that  will  be  one  good  work  accom- 
plished." 

The  many  who  know  Mendelssohn  only  through 
his  music  will  find  in  this  little  book  a  fair  test 
of  his  quality  as  a  letter- writer  —  a  character 
in  which  he  is  unusually  attractive.  The  vol- 
ume has  a  good  portrait. 

E.  G.  J. 


SIGNS  OF  LIFE  IN  LITERATURE.* 


There  are  in  Paris  during  the  Spring  of  the 
year  a  good  many  exhibitions  of  pictures  which 
trouble  the  soul  of  the  conscientious  lover  of 
the  arts.  Not  only  at  the  two  great  Salons  are 
there  generally  certain  alarming  manifestations, 
but  there  are  also  smaller  collections  gathered 
together  by  Independents,  Rosicrucians,  or  other 
such  persons,  in  which  the  wildest  gymnastics 
in  the  name  of  art  are  not  only  allowed  but  en- 
couraged. Dazed  and  antagonized  by  these 
indulgences,  the  feeling  of  many  an  ordinary 
and  honest  art-lover  must  be,  "  Almost  thou 
persuadest  me  to  be  a  Philistine."  Fortunately, 
however,  Paris  herself  furnishes  an  antidote  to 
any  such  despair,  in  the  annual  exhibition  of 
the  pictures  and  sculptures  entered  in  compe- 
tition for  the  Prix  de  Rome.  One  goes  to  these 
shameless  revelations  of  academic  horror,  and 
becomes  in  a  great  degree  reconciled  to  the  ex- 
istence of  new  notions  in  art,  however  extrava- 
gant. They  really  do  but  little  harm  (except 
to  their  ingenious  sponsors),  and  they  are  ex- 
tremely useful  in  keeping  up  a  healthy  circula- 
tion of  ideas. 

Now  I  am  not  familiar  with  any  evil  things 
in  literature  analogous  to  these  Prix  de  Rome 
exhibitions,  unless  perhaps  we  might  count  col- 
lege oratorical  contests  and  commencements. 
But  the  feeling  that  there  might  be  something 
worse  should  make  us  look  with  benignity,  if 
not  pleasure,  on  such  books  as  Mr.  Hamlin 
Garland's  "  Crumbling  Idols  "  and  Mr.  Oscar 
Wilde's  "  Salome."  Different  as  they  are  in 
all  other  points,  both  books  are  of  that  foam 
and  froth  of  literature  which  is  indicative  of 
true  life  and  action  somewhere,  which  is  itself 
shortly  blown  away  and  lost  to  sight  and  re- 
membrance. 

Mr.  Garland's  book,  we  are  informed  by  an 
unknown  sponsor,  is  "  a  vigorous  plea  for  the 
recognition  of  youth  and  a  protest  against  the 
despotism  of  tradition."  It  might  have  been 
added  that  it  is  an  assertion  of  the  necessity  of 
Americanism  in  American  Literature.  Surely 
these  things  are  very  good  things,  looked  at  in 
their  ordinary  light.  But  when  we  look  at  them 
in  Mr.  Garland's  light,  it  must  be  confessed 
that  the  feeling  is  not  one  of  approbation  but 
of  irritation.  One  is  led  to  inquire,  What 


*  CRUMBLING  IDOLS.  Twelve  Essays  on  Art.  By  Hamlin 
Garland.  Chicago  and  Cambridge :  Stone  &  Kimball. 

SALOME  :  A  Tragedy  in  One  Act.  Translated  from  the 
French  of  Oscar  Wilde.  Pictured  by  Aubrey  Beardsley.  Bos- 
ton :  Copeland  <k  Day. 


12 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


earthly  use  can  there  be  in  Mr.  Garland's  say- 
ing all  this  ?  For  the  main  points  in  Mr.  Gar- 
land's discourse  are  by  no  means  new.  He 
takes  Walt  Whitman's  thesis  as  to  a  native 
literature,  looks  at  it  in  the  light  of  the  expe- 
rience of  the  last  twenty-five  years,  and  puts 
forth  the  whole  thing  as  his  own  prophecy  for 
the  future. 

As  one  reads  "  Crumbling  Idols  "  it  comes 
more  and  more  strongly  to  mind  that  the  book 
is  a  sort  of  apology  for  existence  on  the  part 
of  its  author.  Now  Mr.  Garland  of  course  need 
make  no  such  apology.  "Main  Travelled  Roads" 
and  "  Prairie  Songs  "  are  reasons  enough  for 
anyone's  existing,  temporarily.  They  are  their 
own  excuse  for  being  :  no  one  doubted  the  fact, 
until  Mr.  Garland  set  himself  to  force  us  into 
admitting  it.  For,  unfortunately,  Mr.  Gar- 
land is  not  persuasive  :  he  is  bellicose,  obstrep- 
erous, blatant.  Nobody  could  possibly  agree 
with  him,  whatever  he  said. 

The  real  difficulty  seems  to  be  that  Mr.  Gar- 
land, being  himself  able  to  write  excellent  things 
of  a  certain  sort,  cannot  conceive  that  there 
can  be  anything  else  excellent  of  a  kind  totally 
different.  Feeling  himself  very  virtuous,  he 
becomes  enraged  that  anyone  else  should  ven- 
ture to  be  still  attached  to  cakes  and  ale.  Now 
this  is  all  wrong.  Literature  in  America  may 
never  come  to  anything  without  plenty  of  local 
color  and  provincialism  (to  use  Mr.  Garland's 
expressions),  but  it  will  never  be  a  great  liter- 
ature so  long  as  it  has  nothing  besides.  Mr. 
Garland  would  do  us  but  poor  service  if  he 
could  persuade  people  to  write  nothing  but 
"  local  novels." 

But  of  course  one  need  not  take  the  book 
very  seriously.  Mr.  Garland's  engrossing  fear 
seems  to  be  that  Americans  will  turn  their  en- 
tire attention  to  writing  "  blank- verse  tragedies 
on  Columbus  or  Washington,"  or  that  they  will 
"  copy  the  last  epics  of  feudalism."  Such  an 
apprehension  seems  to  have  very  slight  basis. 
It  is  probable  that  during  the  last  year  there 
have  been  thousands  of  what  Mr.  Garland  would 
call  "  local "  stories  written  by  young  America 
for  every  single  blank-verse  tragedy  or  epic  of 
feudalism  that  has  seen  the  light  this  side  the 
Atlantic.  Everybody  writes  "  local  "  stories 
nowadays  ;  it  is  as  natural  as  whooping-cough. 
There  is  no  need  of  encouragement :  to  tell 
the  truth,  a  little  restraint  would  do  no  harm. 
For,  even  with  the  best  of  intentions,  one  may 
write  a  "  local "  story  so  badly  that  it  will  be 
worse  than  a  blank-verse  tragedy  on  Washing- 
ton or  anybody  else, 


But  to  turn  from  such  serious  foolishness  to 
a  more  sprightly  trifler.  Mr.  Oscar  Wilde 
never  troubles  one  with  taking  himself  too  se- 
riously, and  the  history  of  "  Salome  "  is  Oscar 
Wilde  all  over.  It  was  written  in  French  and 
produced  in  Paris.  Desirous  then  of  favoring 
his  own  countrymen,  Mr.  Wilde  made  prepara- 
tion to  present  it  in  London.  In  this  worthy 
attempt,  however,  he  was  hindered  —  so  the 
papers  told  us  —  by  some  official  folly  which 
enraged  him  so  much  that  he  was  even  strongly 
tempted  to  stop  being  an  Englishman,  in  favor 
of  that  less  imbecile  people  across  the  Chan- 
nel. But  not  wishing  to  keep  his  anger  for- 
ever, Mr.  Wilde  finally  allowed  his  noble  friend 
Lord  Alfred  Bruce  Douglas  to  do  the  play  into 
English.  It  was  then  "  pictured,"  as  the  phrase 
is,  by  Mr.  Aubrey  Beardsley,  and  is  now  ready 
for  the  delight  of  a  somewhat  indifferent  world. 

Such  an  extraordinary  conjunction  of  affecta- 
tions is  ominous.  But,  strangely  enough,  there 
are  some  things  in  "  Salome  "  that  are  good. 
It  is  impossible  to  read  it  without  feeling  cu- 
riously moved  and  stirred.  The  careless  talk 
of  the  loungers  on  the  terrace,  the  soldiers  and 
the  Cappadocian,  is  good ;  the  squabbling  of 
the  Jews,  the  Pharisee,  the  Sadducee,  the  Naz- 
arene,  is  good.  So,  also,  is  Herod, —  indeed 
the  character  of  Herod  is  quite  the  best  con- 
ceived thing  in  the  play,  as  his  description  of 
his  treasure  is  the  best  written.  The  play  may 
well  have  been  very  effective  on  the  stage,  for 
there  is  a  constant  feeling  of  movement,  of  life, 
and  it  is  certainly  worth  reading  now  that  it  is 
published. 

With  all  this,  however,  the  play  is  wholly 
ephemeral.  Its  action  is  trivial  and  its  dia- 
logue affected.  Its  ideas,  and  its  language  too, 
are  extravagances,  without  much  more  founda- 
tion than  the  extravagances  of  Mr.  Hamlin 
Garland.  But  while  in  Mr.  Garland  we  have 
the  prophet  of  Literature  as  Life,  we  have  in 
Mr.  Wilde  the  follower  of  Literature  as  Art. 
Mr.  Garland  is  a  "  veritist,"  and  prefers  the 
fresh  novelties  of  nature.  But  Mr.  Wilde 
seeks  beauty,  in  art  and  art's  most  latent  sub- 
tleties. He  contrives  expressions  and  concep- 
tions of  the  most  curious  and  self-conscious 
refinement,  of  the  strangest  and  most  ultra- 
precious  distinction.  As  ever,  he  scorns  the 
ordinary,  the  every-day,  the  generally  pleasing, 
and  is  unremitting  to  attain  the  romantic 
beauty,  the  strange,  the  wonderful,  the  remote, 
the  reward  of  no  art  but  the  most  devoted,  the 
delight  of  no  taste  but  the  most  distinguished. 

As  suchj  his  work  lends  itself  eminently  to 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


13 


the  illustration  of  Mr.  Aubrey  Beardsley.  * 
Mr.  Aubrey"  Beardsley  receives  a  good  many 
hard  words  nowadays, — and  certainly  his  pic- 
tures are  strange  things,  more  affected  than 
Oscar  Wilde  himself,  and  more  remote  from 
obvious  apprehension.  What  one  is  first  in- 
clined to  criticise  in  Mr.  Beardsley  is  his  lack 
of  originality.  His  pictures  remind  us  of  al- 
most every  phase  of  art  that  has  ever  existed ; 
or,  at  any  rate,  of  every  phase  which  had  ever 
a  tinge  of  the  grotesque  or  the  trivial  in  its 
character.  From  the  bald  priestly  pictures 
mingled  among  Egyptian  hieroglyphics,  down 
to  the  graceful  frivolities  of  Willette  of  the 
Red  Windmill,  Mr.  Beardsley  seems  to  have 
laid  everything  under  contribution.  His  work 
seems  by  turns  one  thing  and  then  another  — 
Japanese,  Gothic,  Preraphaelite,  what  you  will. 
So  it  seems  at  first.  But  the  great  excellence 
is  that,  however  Protean,  Mr.  Aubrey  Beards- 
ley,  like  Satan  in  "  Paradise  Lost,"  is  always 
himself,  even  in  the  midst  of  his  disguises. 
Just  what  is  his  own  quality,  is  hard  to  say ; 
but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  it  exists,  and 
it  would  be  worth  somebody's  while  to  de- 
termine it  in  the  shifting  dazzle  of  his  influ- 
ences, —  to  fix  it  for  an  instant  for  us,  to  get 
its  true  character  and  flavor  unadulterated. 
But  whatever  be  his  quality,  it  is  eminently  in 
keeping  with  the  work  of  Mr.  Oscar  Wilde. 

Of  our  two  literary  eccentrics,  some  will  pre- 
fer Mr.  Wilde  and  some  Mr.  Garland.  If  they 
could  be  seized  each  with  an  admiration  for  the 
other,  it  would  have  an  excellent  effect  on  the 
work  of  both.  But  even  as  they  are,  they  are 
good  evidence  of  life  in  literature,  and  an  as- 
surance that  it  will  not  yet  awhile  harden  down 
into  utter  conventionalism. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 

*  Characteristic  of  author  and  artist  is  the  tribute  of  ad- 
miration which  we  see  in  the  portrait  of  the  former,  opposite 
page  24.  That  Mr.  Wilde  should  care  to  be  presented  to  the 
world  with  the  sensual  lips,  sodden  eyes,  and  double  chin, 
that  are  here  so  conscientiously  pictured,  is  a  somewhat  re- 
markable thing. 


RAMBLES  AND  REFLECTIONS  OF  A  LOVEII 
OF  NATUIIE.  * 


William  Allingham,  during  his  life,  was 
known  almost  exclusively  as  a  poet ;  but  a  three- 
volume  edition  of  "  Varieties  in  Prose,"  just 
published  by  his  wife,  proves  him  to  have  been 
a  delightful  prose  writer  as  well.  "  Patricius 
Walker  "  he  calls  himself  in  the  first  two  vol- 

*  VAHIKTI  us  IN  PKOSE.     By  William  Allingham.    In  three 
volumes.    New  York ;  Longmans,  Green,  $  Co, 


umes,  which  consist  of  "  Rambles "  through 
England,  Scotland,  and  Wales,  and  furnish  the 
opportunity  for  much  charming  description  of 
natural  scenery,  flavored  with  literary  and  ar- 
tistic comment  and  generalizations.  Few  ex- 
periences in  life  are  more  enjoyable  than  long 
and  leisurely  out-door  strolls  through  a  pleas- 
ing country,  with  a  chatty  companion  who  has 
an  eye  for  the  picturesque,  a  well-stored  mind, 
and  a  ready  fancy.  Something  of  the  same 
satisfaction  we  feel  in  these  books  ;  for  the  time 
being,  we  are  fellow-ramblers  with  Patricius, 
and  share  in  his  quiet  but  responsive  moods. 
He  calls  attention  to  much  that  would  have 
escaped  our  own  more  prosaic  eyes  and  minds  : 
while  the  physical  aspects  of  the  country  might 
have  been  apparent,  its  sentiment  and  associa- 
tions would  probably  have  continued  un re- 
vealed. For  example,  Winchester  is  perhaps 
not  specially  interesting  to  the  average  man, 
but  our  companion  recalls  that  it  was  here,  one 
Sunday  evening,  "  a  certain  young  poet — now 
forever  young,"  felt  and  sung  the  rich  sadness 
of  Autumn. 

"  Young  Keats 's  gaze  that  Sunday  evening  was  upon 
the  Winchester  stubble-fields  like  a  spiritual  setting-sun, 
and  left  them  lying  enchanted  in  its  fadeless  light.  .  .  . 
After  all,  it  is  permissible  to  believe,  the  poet  draws  the 
best  lot  from  Fortune's  urn.  Whom  could  he  envy  ? 
Not  alone  is  his  delight  in  life  the  keenest,  but  his  in- 
sight the  most  veracious.  Yet,  ah  me  !  how  thin-skinned 
he  is — how  open  to  suffering  —  how  sure  to  suffer,  in  a 
world  such  as  this  !  Is  it  partly  the  world's  fault  for 
being  such  a  world  ?  Was  Keats,  pensive  among  the 
sheaves,  a  happier  man  than  Hodge,  who  reaped  them, 
and  quaffed  his  ale-cup  at  the  harvest-home  ?  '  Hap- 
pier ' — what  is  happiness  1  Would  any  man  deliberately 
give  up  a  grain  of  his  intellect  or  sensibility  to  win  a 
lower  kind  of  happiness  than  he  was  born  capable  of  ? 
— escape  suffering  by  stupidity  ?  Here  truly  is  a  cat- 
echism of  questions,  and  food  for  meditation." 

We  get  very  close  to  our  companion's  idio- 
syncrasies, know  his  likes  and  dislikes,  and 
though  not  always  agreeing,  learn  to  expect 
something  spontaneous  and  entertaining  at  each 
step  of  the  way.  A  cathedral  service  on  a  Brit- 
ish Sunday  he  finds  a  great  resource,  and  "  the 
sermon  keeps  it  from  appearing  too  pleasant — 
a  set-off  against  the  music  and  the  architec- 
ture." As  an  easy  and  most  valuable  reform 
in  the  Church  of  England,  he  suggests  the  to- 
tal abolition  of  sermons  in  connection  with  the 
ordinary  service.  Modern  life,  whether  pub- 
lic or  private,  does  not  interest  him ;  it  is 
neither  romantic  nor  picturesque,  and  nothing 
arouses  his  indignation  more  than  to  see  an  old 
building  "  restored  "  (that  is,  defaced)  by  mod- 
ern hands.  Words  cannot  express  his  disgust 
at  what  he  calls  the  uglifiers  of  the  world.  He 


14 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


admits  that  such  an  evil  may  be  sometimes  ab- 
solutely unavoidable,  like  shaving  a  sick  man's 
head,  or  cutting  off  his  leg ;  but  ithe  necessity 
ought  to  be  clear  and  real,  not,  as  is  so  often 
the  case,  a  pretended  need,  generated  in  a  com- 
post of  stupidity,  weak  desire  of  novelty,  and 
some  kind  of  low  self-interest.  On  this  point 
he  says : 

"  The  world  is  not  ours  absol  utely,  or  any  part  of  it ; 
but  only  ours  in  trust.  We  have  '  a  user'  as  the  lawyers 
say,  and  that  without  prejudice  to  all  others,  born  or  to 
be  born.  Pray,  how  can  mortal  do,  in  a  common  way, 
worse  turn  to  mankind  than  by  permanently  lessening 
the  world's  beauty,  in  landscape,  in  architecture,  in  dress, 
in  (what  is  sure  to  go  with  the  rest)  manners,  tastes, 
sympathies  ?  An  evil  governor,  or  the  writer  of  a 
clever  vile  book,  perhaps  does  worse,  but  that  is  not  in 
a  common  way." 

But  we  prefer  to  quote  our  friend  when  he 
is  in  his  usual  more  serene  mood.  The  true 
poet's  power  of  seeing  the  beautiful  in  the  com- 
mon is  quickly  stirred  in  him.  This  is  what 
he  finds  in  an  idle  hour  at  the  little  railway- 
station  of  Wimbourne  Minster : 

"  Narrow  streets  hem  in  the  Minster.  I  first  reached 
the  market-place,  an  irregular  open;  and  then,  through 
bye-lanes,  a  pretty  field-path  on  the  west  side  of  the 
town,  where,  amidst  broad  meadows,  guarded  north  and 
south  by  heavily  wooded  slopes,  winds  the  tranquil 
Stour,  with  deep  pools,  where,  looking  into  the  trans- 
parent water,  I  could  see  some  of  the  inhabitants,  little 
pike  at  feed,  who  know  nothing  of  Wimbourne,  or  Dor- 
set, or  the  South  Western  Railways,  but  have  their  own 
towns  and  districts  and  lines  of  travelling.  Two  young 
ladies  came  along  the  path  from  the  town,  sat  down  on 
the  grassy  margin  close  to  an  island  or  promontory 
shaded  with  tall  green  withes,  and  began  to  read  un- 
known mysterious  books;  it  was  poetry,  I  felt  sure,  and 
finer  than  any  I  have  yet  seen  in  print.  Yet  could  I  have 
looked  over  their  shoulder  it  would  doubtless  have 
changed  into  — .  The  damsels  themselves  seemed,  in 
that  sunny  spring  meadow  by  the  clear  river,  more 
than  semi-celestial;  yet  already  their  features  have 
mingled  irrevocably  with  the  cloudy  past." 

Patricius  believes  firmly  in  the  educating 
power  of  fair  and  noble  landscape.  Even  the 
peasant,  who  does  not  consciously  notice  it,  is 
better  for  the  beauty,  as  he  is  better  for  the 
pure  air  he  unconsciously  breathes,  and  he 
would  soon  miss  both.  Yet  our  enthusiastic 
Nature-lover  is  forced  to  admit  that  even  the 
most  responsive  do  not  at  all  times  feel  Nature's 
charms.  Like  other  pleasures,  it  is  apt  to  evade 
too  eager  pursuit.  One  may  find  the  mountain 
or  the  cataract,  but  cannot  always  command 
the  mood  for  enjoying  them.  Often,  in  the 
fairest  scenes,  we  may  repeat  Coleridge's  line, 

"  I  see,  not  feel,  that  it  is  fair," 

and  unawares,  in  some  happy  hour  or  moment, 
"  reap  the  harvest  of  a  quiet  eye." 


Inspired  by  a  stroll  through  Devonshire  lanes, 
and  the  sight  of  Dean  Prior  where  Robert  Iler- 
rick  was  vicar  two  centuries  ago,  he  treats 
us  to  a  disquisition  011  Herrick's  poetry,  com- 
paring him  to  Martial,  and  calling  him  by 
names  less  harsh  than  are  sometimes  used. 
Robert  Herrick  is  a  name  that  echoes  pleas- 
antly, after  all,  and  he  can  drink  a  health  to 
the  "  half-disreputable  shade  "  who  was  so  un- 
like his  contemporary  brother-poet  and  brother- 
clergyman  whose  memories  are  also  revived  — 
the  "•  almost  too  respectable  vicar  of  Fugglc- 
ston,  near  Salisbury  —  George  Herbert !  " 

The  "  Rambles  "  come  to  an  end  with  the 
second  volume.  In  the  third  are  seven  Irish 
Sketches,  and  about  as  many  essays  on  various 
literary  themes,  all  agreeable  though  not  re- 
markable. Like  most  poets,  Mr.  Allingham 
seems  to  have  had  some  ambition  towards 
drama,  and  the  work  concludes  with  a  serio- 
comic play  in  one  act,  "  Hopgood  &  Go."  Be- 
ing far  inferior  to  the  rest  of  the  collection, 
it  might  better  have  been  omitted.  The  pub- 
lishers have  given  the  book  a  beautiful  dress, 
and  a  pleasing  photograph  of  the  author,  from 
a  drawing  by  his  wife,  serves  as  frontispiece. 

ANNA  B.  MCMAHAN. 


FOLK-TALES  OF  NOVA  SCOTIAN  INDIANS.* 


The  Algonkin  family  of  Indian  tribes  was 
one  of  the  most  widely  spread  in  America.  To 
it  belonged  tribes  so  different  as  the  Blackfeet 
of  the  far  West,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  and  the 
Ojibways  of  the  interior,  the  Delawares  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  New  England  Indians. 
To  it,  too,  the  Micmacs  of  Nova  Scotia  and 
Prince  Edward's  Island  belong.  The  Rev.  Silas 
Tertius  Rand — in  many  ways  a  remarkable  man 
— was  for  forty  years  or  more  a  missionary  to 
this  tribe.  Scholarly  in  his  tastes  and  pro- 
foundly interested  in  the  people  among  whom 
he  labored,  he  gathered  a  great  mass  of  mate- 
rial, both  linguistic  and  mythological,  of  much 
value.  Part  of  this  material  is  in  the  volume 
before  us.  It  contains  eighty-seven  stories,  of 
varying  interest  and  importance,  simply  told. 

There  is  already  considerable  Algonkin  folk- 
lore in  print.  Ojibway  legends  have  been  often 
studied  and  told  with  more  or  less  of  accuracy. 
Mr.  George  Bird  Grinnell  has  beautifully 
put  the  Blackfeet  Lodge-Tales  into  English. 

*  LEGENDS  OF  THE  MICMACS.  By  Silas  Tertius  Rand. 
(Wellesley  Philological  Publications.)  New  York :  Longmans, 
Greeu,  &  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


15 


Others  have  busied  themselves  with  other  tribes; 
and  Mr.  Charles  G.  Leland  has  given  us  in  his 
*'  Algonkin  Legends  of  New  England  " —  a 
wonderful  book  —  stories  from  the  Indians  of 
Maine  and  Nova  Scotia.  In  fact,  Mr.  Leland's 
book  contains  many  of  these  very  Micmac 
legends,  for  he  was  permitted  by  Mr.  Rand  to 
make  liberal  use  of  the  manuscript  of  these  in 
preparing  his  book.  Thus,  much  of  the  choic- 
est part  of  Mr.  Rand's  book  was  already  in 
print.  It  is,  however,  very  desirable  to  have — 
as  here — the  whole  collection  in  the  very  form 
in  which  it  was  gathered. 

The  reader  is  at  once  impressed  with  the 
profound  difference  between  the  best  of  these 
Micmac  tales  and  those  of  the  more  Western 
tribes  of  the  Algonkin  group  —  such  as  the 
Blackfeet.  They  are  more  massive  in  struct- 
ure, bolder  in  conception,  more  wild  in  spirit. 
This  is  true  only  of  those  which  are  plainly  un- 
touched by  modern  European  influence.  There 
are  some  stories  in  the  collection  which  are 
plainly  modifications  of  European  fairy-tales 
of  recent  introduction.  Most  of  this  latter 
class  betray  themselves,  but  are  interesting  as 
illustrations  of  myth-changes  due  to  new  con- 
ditions. 

Curious  heroes  figure  in  the  better  of  these 
stories :  giants,  magicians,  chenoo.  The  Al- 
gonkins  have  sorcerers,  and  medicine  and  magic 
were  realities  in  their  old  life ;  they  figure  in 
these  stories.  The  great  hero  is  Glooskap. 
He  is  a  mighty  magician,  kind  usually,  ready 
to  help  the  poor  and  punish  the  bad,  a  joker 
withal  whose  jokes  are  sometimes  rather  grim. 
He  knows  the  language  of  beast  and  bird,  he 
can  control  nature's  powers  (though  with  cu- 
rious limitations),  he  can  change  the  size  and 
form  of  himself  or  others.  Cheated  and  robbed, 
he  can  yet  overtake  his  spoilers  and  put  them 
to  confusion.  As  he  can  grant  fulfilment  of 
wishes,  he  is  much  sought  by  men ;  but  often, 
in  granting  their  desires,  he  shows  them  their 
folly  and  weakness.  Very  common,  too,  in 
Micmac  stories  is  it  to  hear  of  the  remarkable 
adventures  of  the  Rabbit.  He  is  cunning  and 
has  great  "  medicine  "  power,  but  he  is  hasty 
and  thoughtless,  often  putting  himself  into 
strange  predicaments,  although  he  usually 
comes  forth  the  victor.  But  most  curious  of 
all  the  curious  beings  in  Micmac  stories  are 
the  Chenoo  —  dreadful,  wild,  cannibalistic, 
with  heart  of  ice,  endowed  with  more  than  hu- 
man powers  for  both  good  and  ill,  but  seldom 
exercising  the  power.  Scarcely  anywhere  will 
we  find  a  more  beautiful  bit  in  folk-lore  than 


the  story  of  the  Chenoo  converted  by  kindness. 
His  savage  nature  is  tamed  by  love,  but  with 
the  change  comes,  necessarily,  death.  Some 
of  the  legends  are,  or  appear  to  be,  simple  nar- 
ratives of  real  events  —  battles,  incidents  of 
tribal  history :  in  some  of  these  there  is  no  im- 
probability in  the  narrative,  in  others  an  ele- 
ment of  magic  enters  in  which  weakens  our 
faith.  From  these  to  pure  hero  myths  is  not 
a  long  step.  The  modified  fairy-stories  of  Eu- 
rope, but  recently  introduced,  are  interesting. 
They  are  plainly  exotic,  but  they  often  have 
acquired  some  new  flavor  and  undergone  some 
curious  modification.  A  fair  example  is  the 
story  of  "  The  Magical  Food,  Belt,  and  Flute." 
The  widow's  stupid  son  Jack  goes  to  sell  a  cow 
to  get  money  for  the  rent ;  he  is  inveigled  into 
parting  with  it  for  an  apparent  trifle  —  a  tiny 
dish  with  a  bit  of  food  upon  it.  A  second  cow 
goes  for  a  belt,  and  a  third  one  for  a  flute. 
All  are  magical,  but  will  not  pay  the  rent,  and 
the  mother  is  in  despair.  Of  course  the  stu- 
pid boy  with  his  magical  treasures  gets  the  rent 
remitted,  seeks  his  fortune  and  marries  a  king's 
daughter. 

The  most  interesting  fact  in  these  Micmac 
stories  remains  to  be  stated.  In  many  points 
they  show  unquestionable  and  startling  resem- 
blance to  old  Scandinavian  sagas.  This  re- 
semblance has  been  well  stated  and  ably  dis- 
cussed by  Mr.  Leland,  to  whose  book  we  must 
refer  for  the  argument.  Sometime,  somehow, 
somewhere,  a  Scandinavian  influence  deep  and 
profound  has  come  into  the  life  and  thought  of 
the  olden  Micmacs ;  the  resemblance  is  too 
great  and  too  minute  to  be  of  no  significance. 
And  here,  curiously,  is  a  vital  matter,  so  far  as 
the  book  before  us  is  concerned.  The  late  Pro- 
fessor Horsford's  interest  in  Norse  settlement 
of  New  England  is  well  known.  Everyone  has 
heard  of  "  Norumbega  "  and  Professor  Hors- 
ford's belief  that  he  had  discovered  the  very 
site  of  that  "  city  of  the  past."  There  is  no 
doubt  that  it  was  the  Norse  strain  in  these  Mic- 
mac legends  which  led  him  to  purchase  Dr. 
Rand's  manuscripts  and  present  them  to  Welles- 
ley  College.  It  was  his  belief  that  "  traces 
of  the  Northmen  might  be  found  in  these 
Indian  tales,  and  that  the  language  of  the 
Micmacs  might,  upon  closer  study,  reveal  the 
impress  of  the  early  Norse  invaders.  In  this 
belief  he  helped  toward  the  publication  of  the 
material.  "  The  Legends  of  the  Micmacs  "  is 
the  first  of  the  "  Wellesley  Philological  Pub- 
lications." It  is  edited  by  Miss  Helen  L.  Web- 
ster, and  is,  we  hope,  only  the  forerunner  of  a 


16 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


valuable  series  of  volumes.  The  Library  of 
American  Linguistics  of  Wellesley  College  is 
rich  both  in  manuscripts  and  printed  material. 
Of  Mr.  Rand's  manuscripts  it  possesses  nearly 
all,  amounting  to  more  than  a  score  of  volumes 
upon  Micmac  and  Maliseet.  Of  his  printed 
works  it  has  a  fine  series  of  about  fifty  num- 
bers ;  of  the  Bible  in  various  Indian  languages 
it  has  a  notable  collection  ;  and  Major  Powell's 
private  collection  of  over  a  thousand  linguistic 
papers  and  books  is  in  its  keeping*  From  such 
a  wealth  of  matter  we  shall  expert  to  receive 
important  results.  A  second  volume  is  already 
in  preparation  ;  it  will  consist  of  grammatical 
material  from  the  Micmac  language.  Besides 
gathering  this  library  and  publishing  these  vol- 
umes, the  college  is  moving  toward  instruction 
in  American  Linguistics  and  Ethnology.  A 
beginning  has  been  made,  with  a  small  class, 
under  Miss  Webster.  Workers  in  anthropol- 
ogy everywhere  will  watch  the  growth  and  de- 
velopment of  this  promising  work  with  great 
interest.  FREDERICK  STARR. 


More  of  the 
Letters  of 
FitzGerald. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

If  there  are  in  the  English  language 
any  more  delightful  letters  than  those 
of  Edward  FitzGerald,  we  would  not 
at  this  moment  venture  to  name  them.  Cowper's, 
much  belauded  ;  Shelley's,  with  their  sweetness  and 
dignity  ;  Thackeray's,  with  their  boyish  exuberance 
— even  these  seem  less  attractive  when  one  is  per- 
mitted to  enjoy  the  intimacy  of  Omar's  translator. 
Lamb's  ? — but  "  comparisons  are  odorous."  Those 
who  already  have  the  "  Letters  and  Literary  Re- 
mains "  will  none  the  less  welcome  the  new  edition 
of  the  "  Letters  "  (Macmillan),  and  will  find  a  place 
for  them  upon  the  shelf,  for  divers  reasons.  First 
of  all,  they  are  prettily  published  in  two  "  Eversley  " 
volumes ;  second,  there  are  some  forty  hitherto  un- 
published letters  ;  third,  there  is  a  good  index  to  the 
whole.  If  these  be  not  sufficient  reasons,  we  know 
nought  of  logic.  The  happy  reader  will  of  course 
begin  by  picking  out  all  the  plums  (being  the  new 
letters)  —  if  we  may  apply  the  metaphor  to  a  pud- 
ding which  is  all  plums ;  he  will  then  read  the  old 
letters  over  again.  Last  of  all,  he  will  rejoice  (while 
impatient  of  delay)  at  the  announcement  of  Mr. 
William  Aldis  Wright,  the  editor,  who  promises  a 
wholly  new  volume  to  be  devoted  to  the  letters 
written  by  FitzGerald  to  Fanny  Kemble.  The  new 
letters  contained  in  the  present  edition  are  ad- 
dressed to  a  number  of  people.  Fully  half  of  them 
are  added  to  those  of  which  Professor  E.  B.  Cowell 
was  the  fortunate  original  recipient,  and  from  these 
are  the  following  selections.  Writing  in  1857,  Fitz- 


Gerald says :  "  In  truth  I  take  old  Omar  rather 
more  as  my  property  than  yours  :  he  and  I  are  more 
akin,  are  we  not  ?  You  see  all  [his]  Beauty,  but 
you  don't  feel  with  him  in  some  respects  as  I  do. 
I  think  you  would  almost  feel  obliged  to  leave  out 
the  part  of  Hamlet  in  representing  him  to  your  Au- 
dience, for  fear  of  Mischief.  Now  I  do  not  wish  to 
show  Hamlet  at  bis  maddest :  but  mad  he  must  be 
shown,  or  he  is  no  Hamlet  at  all.  G.  de  Tassy  eluded 
all  that  was  dangerous,  and  all  that  was  character- 
istic. I  think  these  free  opinions  are  less  danger- 
ous in  an  old  Mahometan,  or  an  old  Roman  (like 
Lucretius),  than  when  they  are  returned  to  by  those 
who  have  lived  on  happier  Food."  Two  years  later, 
after  telling  his  friend  of  a  great  bereavement,  he 
writes  :  "  Well,  this  is  so  :  and  there  is  no  more  to 
be  said  about  it.  It  is  one  of  the  things  that  rec- 
oncile me  to  my  own  stupid  Decline  of  Life — to  the 
crazy  state  of  the  world — Well — no  more  about  it. 
I  sent  you  poor  old  Omar,  who  has  his  kind  of  Con- 
solation for  all  these  Things.  I  doubt  you  will  re- 
gret you  ever  introduced  him  to  me.  ...  I  hardly 
know  why  I  print  any  of  these  things,  which  no- 
body buys ;  and  I  scarce  now  see  the  few  I  give 
them  to.  But  when  one  has  done  one's  best,  and 
is  sure  that  that  best  is  better  than  so  many  will 
take  pains  to  do,  though  far  from  the  best  that 
might  be  done,  one  likes  to  make  an  end  of  the 
matter  by  Print.  I  suppose  very  few  People  have 
taken  such  Pains  in  Translation  as  I  have  :  though 
certainly  not  to  be  literal.  But  at  all  Cost,  a  Thing 
must  live :  with  a  transfusion  of  one's  own  worse 
Life  if  one  can 't  retain  the  Original's  better.  Bet- 
ter a  live  Sparrow  than  a  stuffed  Eagle."  The  fol- 
lowing characteristic  bit  is  dated  1863  :  "  Oh  dear, 
when  I  do  look  into  Homer,  Dante,  and  Virgil, 
^Eschylus,  Shakespeare,  etc.,  those  Orientals  look 
silly  !  Do  n't  resent  my  saying  so.  Do  n't  they  ? 
I  am  now  a  good  [deal]  about  in  a  new  Boat  I  have 
built,  and  thought  (as  Johnson  took  Cocker's  Arith- 
metic with  him  on  travel,  because  he  shouldn't  ex- 
haust it)  so  I  would  take  Dante  and  Homer  with 
me,  instead  of  Mudie's  Books  which  I  read  through 
directly.  I  took  Dante  by  way  of  slow  Digestion : 
not  having  looked  at  him  for  some  years  :  but  I  am 
glad  to  find  I  relish  him  as  much  as  ever  :  he  atones 
with  the  Sea ;  as  you  know  does  the  '  Odyssey  '  — 
these  are  the  Men."  We  note  that  Mr.  Wright  has 
omitted  from  this  edition  (as  was  proper)  the  ref- 
erence to  Mrs.  Browning  which  gave  such  offence 
to  her  husband,  and  impelled  him  to  an  outburst  of 
temper,  which,  however  great  the  provocation,  must 
always  be  regarded  as  deplorable.  The  only  refer- 
ence to  Browning  in  the  present  edition  is  a  new 
one,  dated  1882,  and  with  it  we  end  our  extracts : 
"  Browning  told  Mrs.  Kemble  he  knew  there  was 
'  a  grotesque  side '  to  his  society,  etc.,  but  he  could 
not  refuse  the  kind  solicitations  of  his  Friends,  Fur- 
nival  and  Co.  Mrs.  K.  had  been  asked  to  join  :  but 
declined,  because  of  her  somewhat  admiring  him  ; 
nay,  much  admiring  what  he  might  have  done." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


Language  and  ^°  more  valuable  contribution  to  the 
Linguistic  Method  pedagogy  of  a  special  branch  of  edu- 
in  the  School.  cation  has  been  made  in  recent  years 
than  the  series  of  "  Lectures  on  Language  and  Lin- 
guistic Method  in  the  School,"  delivered  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge,  by  Prof.  S.  S.  Laurie,  of 
the  University  of  Edinburgh,  which  first  appeared 
in  1890,  and  a  new  edition  of  which  has  lately 
been  published  (James  Thin,  Edinburgh).  The 
new  edition  is  improved  in  several  respects.  The 
quantity  of  matter  has  been  increased  from  147 
pages  to  197  pages;  all  the  lectures  have  been  re- 
written in  part,  the  matter  has  been  rearranged 
with  a  view  to  make  the  volume  more  suitable  as 
a  text -book ;  and  a  lecture  on  the  teaching  of 
French  has  been  added,  as  well  as  a  supplement. 
In  no  other  way  can  the  scope  of  the  book  so  well 
be  given  as  to  present  the  heads  of  lectures.  "  Lan- 
guage the  Supreme  Instrument  in  Education "  ; 
"  The  Real  and  Formal  in  Language"  ;  "  Language 
as  a  Real  Study  Conveying  Substance  of  Thought" 
(three  lectures)  ;  "  Language  as  a  Formal  Study  "  ; 
"  Grammar  of  the  Vernacular  Tongue  "  ;  "  Lan- 
guage as  Literature  "  ;  "  Foreign  Tongues,  Latin  as 
Type  "  ;  "  Method  ot  Teaching  Latin  "  ;  "  Method 
of  Teaching  Foreign  Languages";  "Language  vs. 
Science  in  the  School."  These  lectures  are  all  marked 
by  that  clearness  of  thought  and  expression,  and  that 
completeness  and  balance  of  view,  which  are  so  char- 
acteristic of  their  author.  The  volume  opens  with 
this  suggestive  paragraph  :  "  Every  human  being  is 
educated  by  the  experiences  of  life.  The  experiences 
begin  very  early.  The  babe  at  its  mother's  breast 
is  receiving  impressions  for  good  or  for  evil  as  cer- 
tainly as  a  seed,  which  has  just  begun  to  sprout,  is 
already  absorbing  from  the  soil  what  is  to  make  it 
or  mar  it  as  a  vigorous  plant  of  its  kind.  There- 
after, as  the  child  walks  non  cequis  possibles  at  his 
mother's  side,  the  whole  world  of  nature  is  seeking 
to  form  him.  Earth  and  sky,  the  events  of  his  lit- 
tle life,  the  words  and  acts,  nay,  even  the  gestures, 
of  those  about  him,  are  all  busy  in  the  work  of  his 
education.  Unconsciously  at  first,  and  thereafter  con- 
sciously, he  is  organising  into  himself  the  vast  and 
infinite  material  of  outer  impression  and  inner  feel- 
ing. Every  human  being  undergoes  this  process  of 
education ;  and  it  is  not  at  all  a  question  whether 
he  is  to  be  educated  or  not,  but  simply  how  and  to 
what  end  he  is  to  be  educated."  A  passage  on  the 
meaning  and  influence  of  the  mother-tongue  is  also 
well  worth  quoting  :  "  Mind  grows  only  in  so  far  as 
it  finds  expression  for  itself  ;  it  cannot  find  it  through 
a  foreign  tongue.  It  is  round  the  language  learned 
at  the  mother's  knee  that  the  whole  life  of  feeling, 
emotion,  thought,  gathers.  If  it  were  possible  for  a 
child  or  boy  to  live  in  two  languages  at  once  equally 
well,  so  much  the  worse  for  him.  His  intellectual 
and  spiritual  growth  would  not  thereby  be  doubled, 
but  halved.  Unity  of  mind  and  of  character  would 
have  great  difficulty  in  asserting  itself  in  such  cir- 
cumstances. Language,  remember,  is  at  best  only 
symbolic  of  a  world  of  consciousness,  and  almost 


Contemporary 
Thought  and 
Thinkers. 


every  word  is  rich  in  unexpressed  associations  of 
experience  which  give  it  its  full  value  for  the  life 
of  mind.  Subtleties,  and  delicacies,  and  refinements 
of  feeling  and  perception  are,  at  best,  only  suggested 
by  the  words  we  use.  The  major  part  lies  deep  in 
our  conscious  or  half-conscious  life,  and  is  the  source 
of  the  tone  and  colour  of  language,  and  of  its  wide- 
reaching  unexpressed  relations.  Words,  accordingly, 
must  be  steeped  in  life  to  be  living  ;  and  as  we  have 
not  two  lives,  tut  only  one,  so  we  can  have  only  one 

language."  

Two  volumes  of  leaders  and  reviews 
written  for  the  London  "  Spectator  " 
by  Mr.  Richard  Holt  Hutton  have 
been  collected  under  the  title,  "  Criticisms  on  Con- 
temporary Thought  and  Thinkers"  (Macmillan). 
They  range  over  the  past  twenty  years,  and  include 
articles  upon  such  men  as  Carlyle,  Emerson,  Long- 
fellow, Dickens,  Mill,  Arnold,  Renan,  Maurice, 
Bagehot,  Darwin,  Stanley,  Church,  and  Newman. 
They  also  include  reviews  of  many  remarkable 
works,  such  as  Carlyle's  "  Reminiscences,"  Mr.  Les- 
lie Stephen's  Essays,  Mill's  "Autobiography,"  Mori- 
son's  "The  Service  of  Man,"  Dr.  Martineau's  "Types 
of  Ethical  Theory,"  and  some  of  Tennyson's  later 
poems.  The  papers  are  all  brief,  but  several  are 
often  devoted  to  the  same  subject.  There  are  groups 
of  four  each  upon  Carlyle  and  Dr.  Martineau,  of  . 
three  each  upon  Mill  and  Mr.  Stephen,  and  a  group 
of  no  less  than  eight  upon  Sir  John  Lubbock's  studies 
of  insect  life.  These  groups  produce  something  of 
the  effect  of  extensive  essays,  and  serve  to  make  the 
book  less  fragmentary  than  at  first  appears.  It  will 
be  seen  from  the  above  incomplete  enumeration  of 
topics  that  the  papers  touch  upon  a  wide  range 
of  subjects ;  it  might  almost  be  said  that  no  move- 
ment or  tendency  of  the  last  twenty  years,  having 
to  do  with  religious  philosophy  or  the  spiritual  life, 
escapes  the  author's  attention.  Mr.  Hutton's  stand- 
point and  the  solidity  of  his  culture  are  well  known 
to  thoughtful  readers,  and  to  such  only  do  these  vol- 
umes appeal.  He  is  a  journalist,  but  his  journalism 
is  so  dignified  as  to  make  the  name  almost  a  mis- 
nomer. His  position  upon  philosophical  and  relig- 
ious questions  —  and  with  him  the  two  are  almost 
one — is  ultra-conservative ;  he  is  entrenched  behind 
a  barricade  of  prejudices,  and  from  their  shelter  con- 
ducts a  skilfully  defensive  campaign.  One  must 
not  expect  from  him  anything  like  sympathetic  treat- 
ment of  such  men  as  Arnold  and  Renan,  for  ex- 
ample ;  the  spirit  of  such  men  seems  almost  wholly 
to  escape  him.  But  he  is  always  urbane,  or  nearly 
always.  In  the  case  of  Clifford,  indeed,  his  tem- 
per nearly  deserts  him,  but  then  Clifford  was  exas- 
perating at  times.  And  the  author  pays  for  his 
lapse  into  something  like  invective  by  allowing  him- 
self to  be  detected  in  such  puerile  reasoning  as  the 
following:  "If  Professor  Clifford's  theory  were 
worth  anything,  consciousness  would  develope  pari 
passu  with  the  organic  development  of  all  forms 
of  matter,  and  we  ought  to  have  as  much  con- 
sciousness behind  the  action  of  the  motor  nerves  as 


18 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


Teaching — 
Us  Principles 
and  Practice, 


behind  the  action  of  the  sensitive  neives,  as  much 
consciousness  of  the  growth  of  our  hair,  as  of  the 
flush  on  our  cheeks  or  the  music  in  ofir  ears."  We 
might  extract  equally  childish  passages  from  what 
is  said  upon  that  dangerous  subject  or  free  will  and 
moral  responsibility.  We  are  almost  jiempted  to  say 
that  Mr.  Hutton  is  too  good  a  writer  to  be  an  exact 
thinker.  His  rhetoric  is  doubtless  of  a  high  char- 
acter, but  his  fate  is  nevertheless  that  bf  far  cheaper 
rhetoricians :  he  is  entangled  in  the  Network  of  his 
own  verbiage.  Still,  he  has  a  point  of  view,  and 
those  who  wish  to  know  what  can  be  isaid  from  that 
point  of  view  upon  the  most  serious  aspects  of  mod- 
ern thought  cannot  do  better  than  read  these  vol- 
umes.   

Mr.  Joseph  Landon,  the  author  of 
"  Principles  and  Practice  of  Teach- 
ing" (Macmillan),  tells  us  in  his  pre- 
face that  his  work  is  "the  outcome  of  nearly  a  quar- 
ter of  a  century's  experience  as  lecturer  on  school 
management  in  a  training  college,  and  of  a  still  larger 
experience  as  a  teacher,  as  well  as  of  a  considerable 
amount  of  reading,  and  of  numerous  observations 
and  experiments  in  teaching  carried  out  at  various 
times  and  in  various  ways  " ;  and  the  work  itself 
amply  confirms  this  testimony.  He  has  produced, 
not  an  original  or  a  brilliant  book,  but  a  useful  one, 
well  thought  out,  solid,  and  methodical  from  cover 
to  cover.  He  adheres  to  the  tradition  in  including 
"  principles  "  as  well  as  "  practice  " ;  but,  as  he 
frankly  tells  us,  the  book  treats  the  subject  "  on  the 
art  side  rather  than  on  the  scientific  side,"  so  that 
it  may  be  of  as  thoroughly  practical  and  useful  a 
character  as  possible.  Still,  the  underlying  science 
he  has  carefully  kept  in  mind.  The  art  of  the  ex- 
perienced teacher — and  of  the  experienced  teacher 
of  teachers  —  is  apparent  in  the  minuteness  of  the 
discussion,  and  in  the  detail  with  which  the  analysis 
is  carried  out.  While  this  minutiae  and  detail  may 
commend  the  book  to  many  private  readers,  it  will 
not  conduce  to  its  popularity  as  a  text-book,  at  least 
in  the  United  States.  Like  all  the  new  books  of 
like  character,  this  one  emphasizes  the  study  and 
teaching  of  English.  Mr.  Landon  pronounces  the 
neglect  of  the  study  of  the  subject  in  England  "  aston- 
ishing" ;  and  he  fortifies  his  general  argument  with 
this  neat  quotation :  "  That  a  language  should  be,  as 
English  is,  so  apt  and  clear  in  expression  as  to  com- 
mend itself  to  almost  universal  use,  so  wide  and  full 
in  its  capacity  to  voice  high  thought  and  deep  feeling 
as  to  win  universal  acclaim,  and  yet  should  be  com- 
paratively worthless  for  the  training  of  Us  own  chil- 
dren, is  a  paradox  that  falls  below  the  dignity  of 
a  tolerable  joke." 

Bibliography  in  Sumptuousness  in  all  details  of  form, 
its  historical  and  paper,  type,  presswork,  and  illus- 
irtistic  aspects.  tration5S  characterizes  «  Bibliograph- 
ica,"  a  quarterly  magazine  of  bibliography  in  its 
historical  and  artistic  aspects,  issued  by  Messrs. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons  in  connection  with  Messrs. 
Kegan  Paul,  Trench,  Trubner  &  Co.  of  London.  The 


plan  of  publication  is  certainly  novel.  The  first 
number  made  its  appearance  early  in  April,  and  the 
last  will  be  issued  at  the  end  of  1896.  Subscrip- 
tions are  only  received  for  the  complete  set  of  twelve 
parts,  payable  yearly  in  advance.  Only  as  many 
sets  will  be  issued  as  are  subscribed  for  in  advance, 
and  subscribers  are  thus  guaranteed  against  broken 
sets  and  depreciation  in  value.  The  publishers  be- 
lieve that  an  opportunity  has  now  presented  itself 
to  give  to  those  interested  a  series  of  papers  by 
writers  of  authority  on  various  points  of  book-lore 
which  require  special  treatment,  without  being  of 
sufficient  importance  to  be  made  the  subject  of  sep- 
arate works.  A  special  feature  in  the  magazine 
will  be  the  admission  of  articles  in  French  as  well 
as  English.  In  Part  I.,  Mr.  W.  Y.  Fletcher  writes 
on  "  A  Copy  of  Celsus  from  the  Library  of  Gro- 
lier";  Mr.  Charles  I.  Elton  on  "Christina  of  Swe- 
den and  her  Books  ";  M.  Octave  Uzanne  on  "  La 
Bibliophile  Moderne ";  Mr.  E.  Gordon  Duff  on 
"  The  Stationers  at  the  Sign  of  the  Trinity  ";  Mr. 
Alfred  W.  Pollard  on  "The  Books  of  Hours  of 
Geoffroy  Tory ";  while  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  writes 
felicitously  about  "  Names  and  Notes  in  Books." 
Names  are  to  be  preferred  to  book-plates,  Mr.  Lang 
thinks,  and  he  finds  appropriate  and  inoffensive 
such  pointed  notes  as  that  written  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  on  a  fly-leaf  of  Maule's  "  History  of  the  Picts  ": 
"  Very  rare,  therefore  worth  a  guinea ;  very  sense- 
less, therefore  not  worth  a  shilling."  A  word  must 
be  added  in  commendation  of  the  decorative  ini- 
tials and  tail-pieces  specially  designed  by  Mr.  Lau- 
rence Housman.  To  the  individual  collector,  the 
librarian,  the  professional  bibliographer,  and  the 
book-lover,  if  not  to  the  general  reader,  "Biblio- 
graphica  "  will  not  make  its  appeal  in  vain. 

"My  Paris  Note -Book"  (Lippin- 
cott),  an  aftermath  of  memories  by 
that  amusing  quidnunc  who  set  us 
all  guessing  some  months  ago  with  his  "  An  En- 
glishman in  Paris,"  should  find  favor  with  lovers 
of  light  literature.  Like  its  predecessor,  the  book 
is  a  racy  medley  of  stories  and  pen-pictures  of  nota- 
ble people — Louis  Napoleon,  Renan,  Thiers,  Victor 
Emmanuel,  GreVy,  Simon,  de  Kock,  MM.  Erckmann- 
Chatrian,  de  Musset,  etc.  From  the  mass  of  quo- 
table matter  we  select  one  extract — a  caustic  news- 
paper hit  at  Thiers  :  "The  Minister  of  the  Interior 
is  no  doubt  the  man  who  in  a  given  time  can  '  spout ' 
the  greatest  number  of  words  and  '  squirt '  the 
largest  number  of  verbal  blue-bottles  upon  the  air. 
He  is,  moreover,  the  man  who  can  talk  for  the 
longest  period  without  taking  ti'ouble  to  think.  As 
a  rule,  one  idea  is  all-sufficient  for  him  ;  one  idea, 
and  a  tumbler  of  water  with  a  lump  of  sugar  in  it. 
With  these,  M.  Thiers  will  go  on  prating  for  twenty- 
four  hours  at  a  stretch,  like  the  skilful  wire-drawer 
who  from  an  ounce  of  metal  will  produce  twenty- 
four  leagues  of  wire."  The  book  is  a  capital  one 
for  dog-day  reading,  and  contains  a  good  many  odds 
and  ends  of  curious  information  withal. 


Leaves  from 
a  Parisian 
Note-Book. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


19 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Mr.  Mark  Samuel,  of  Columbia  College,  publishes 
"The  Amateur  Aquarist"  (Baker  &  Taylor  Co.),  a  lit- 
tle book  of  instructions  on  the  subject  of  aquaria.  The 
preface,  commendably  brief,  is  as  follows:  "A  collec- 
tion of  simply-expressed  suggestions  to  amateur  aquar- 
ists  is  all  this  book  claims  to  be.  Its  descriptions  are 
terse,  tried,  and  true."  The  book  gives  full  and  exact 
information  about  the  collection  of  fresh-water  fishes 
and  plants,  and  tells  how  they  are  to  be  kept  alive  and 
in  good  health.  It  is  simply  written  and  well  illustrated. 

What  is  described  as  a  "  first  series  "  of  "  Fairy  Tales 
from  the  Arabian  Nights  "  comes  to  us  with  the  imprints 
of  Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.  and  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  The  text  is  selected  from  Galland,  and  edited 
virginibus  puerisque  by  Miss  E.  Dixon,  of  Girton  College. 
There  are  fifteen  tales  in  this  volume,  among  them  be- 
ing the  seven  voyages  of  Sindbad,  whose  name  is  un- 
accountably printed  "  Sinbad."  The  illustrations  of  the 
book,  by  Mr.  J.  D.  Batten,  are  its  most  striking  feature, 
and  are  very  artistic,  particularly  the  five  full-page 
plates.  We  hope  that  there  will  be  as  many  more  se- 
ries of  this  work  as  there  are  "  Nights  "  to  fill  them. 
Among  books  for  the  young  not  one  in  a  hundred  de- 
serves such  hearty  commendation  as  this. 

We  quote  the  preface  of  Mr.  T.  M.  Clark's  "  Build- 
ing Superintendence  "  (Macmillan)  as  the  best  descrip- 
tion of  a  work  of  value  so  approved  that  it  has  now 
reached  its  twelfth  edition.  "  This  is  not  a  treatise  on 
the  architectural  art,  or  the  science  of  construction,  but 
a  simple  exposition  of  the  ordinary  practice  of  building 
in  this  country,  with  suggestions  for  supervising  such 
work  efficiently.  Architects  of  experience  probably  know 
already  nearly  everything  that  the  book  contains,  but 
their  younger  brethren,  as  well  as  those  persons  not  of 
the  profession  who  are  occasionally  called  upon  to  di- 
rect building  operations,  will  perhaps  be  glad  of  its 
help." 

Mr.  Frederick  Jones  Bliss,  in  "  A  Mound  of  Many 
Cities  "  (Macmillan),  describes  the  excavations  carried 
on  from  1890  to  1893  by  officers  of  the  Palestine  Ex- 
ploration Fund  at  Tell  el  Hesy,  a  mound  situated  in 
Judsea,  between  Hebron  and  Gaza.  The  Tell  in  ques- 
tion was  about  sixty  feet  high,  and  was  found  to  con- 
tain the  ruins  of  no  less  than  eight  cities,  in  superim- 
posed strata.  The  conjectural  chronology  of  these 
cities,  fairly  well  supported  by  the  evidence,  ranges 
from  about  1700  B.C.  to  400  B.C.  The  book  is  extra- 
ordinarily interesting;  hardly  less  so  to  the  general 
reader  than  to  the  archaeologist  and  historian. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  June  25,  1894. 

The  death  of  Howard  Seely  by  his  own  hand  at  the 
home  of  his  parents  in  Brooklyn  last  Friday  night  was 
a  severe  shock  to  his  many  friends  among  the  younger 
men  of  letters  in  this  city.  Only  a  few  of  them  knew 
that  he  was  subject  to  recurrent  attacks  of  insanity, 
especially  in  the  early  summer  of  each  year.  At  other 
times  he  preserved  a  cheerful  interested  manner  which 
endeared  him  to  all  who  knew  him.  Edward  Howard 
Seely,  Jr.,  to  give  his  full  name,  was  a  member  of  the 
Class  of  1878  at  Yale,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
in  literary  work,  becoming  one  of  the  editors  of  the 


"Yale  Literary  Magazine."  Two  years  later  he  grad- 
uated at  the  Columbia  law  school,  but  overstudy  brought 
on  attacks  of  nervous  prostration  and  he  was  obliged  to 
abandon  his  profession.  He  then  travelled  in  Texas 
and  through  the  Southwest,  and  thus  gained  the  mate- 
rial which  he  made  use  of  in  his  stories,  which  some- 
what resemble  in  scope  and  character  those  of  Mr. 
Owen  Wister.  Mr.  Seely's  first  volume,  "  A  Lone  Star 
Bo-peep,  and  Other  Tales  of  Texan  Ranch  Life,"  was 
published  in  1885,  and  has  been  followed  by  "  A  Ranch- 
man's Stories,""  A  Nymph  of  the  West,"  "The  Jonah  of 
Lucky  Valley,'1  and  one  or  two  others.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Authors  Club,  and  for  sometime  held  an  as- 
sistant-editorship on  the  newly-revived  "  Peterson's  Mag- 
azine," for  which  he  wrote  quite  freely. 

"The  Publisher's  Weekly"  prints  a  report  of  the 
proceedings  in  the  German  Reichstag  in  relation  to  the 
Copyright  treaty  with  this  country,  referred  to  in  my 
letter  of  May  1.  In  reply  to  the  petition  to  annul  the 
treaty  on  account  of  the  unfairness  of  the  Copyright 
Act  to  Germans,  the  Royal  Commissioner,  Dr.  Leh- 
mann,  "  advised  strongly  against  annulling  the  treaty,  as 
by  so  doing  the  branches  now  fully  protected  (music, 
art  works,  maps,  etc.)  would  again  fall  into  the  hands 
of  ruthless  plunderers  without  anything  being  gained 
for  authors  or  publishers  of  books.  He  hoped  that  lit- 
tle by  little  the  terms  of  contract  could  be  modified, 
and  felt  sure  that  Americans  themselves  would  realize 
more  and  more  the  weaknesses  of  the  Copyright  Act, 
for  which  so  many  had  made  so  brave  a  struggle,  sub- 
mitting to  the  restriction  of  the  unsatisfactory  clause 
only  because  without  it  the  whole  Copyright  question 
would  again  have  dropped  for  years.  After  a  short  de- 
bate, in  which  all  the  speakers  showed  a  remarkably 
full  knowledge  of  the  situation,  it  was  decided  to  refer 
the  proceedings  and  further  action  to  the  Reichskanzler." 
This  would  indicate  a  conciliatory  attitude  on  the  part 
of  the  German  government,  and  that  little  is  to  be  feared 
from  the  recent  aggressiveness  of  German  publishers. 

The  "  Overheard  in  Arcady  "  of  Mr.  Robert  Bridges, 
so  warmly  praised  by  your  reviewer,  has  reached  a  sec- 
ond edition,  of  which  the  Messrs.  Dent  &  Co.  of  Lon- 
don will  be  the  English  publishers.  The  American  pub- 
lishers of  this  book,  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
are  to  bring  out  in  book  form  the  lectures  recently  de- 
livered at  Oxford  by  Mr.  James  A.  Froude  on  the  Life 
and  Writings  of  Erasmus.  This  firm  will  also  publish 
in  America  Mr.  Gladstone's  translations  of  the  odes  of 
Horace. 

It  is  interesting  to  learn  that  Mr.  Theodore  Stanton, 
who  was  the  resident  commissioner  in  France  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  has  been  invited  to  prepare  the 
European  chapter  for  the  official  history  of  the  Fair  to 
be  published  by  the  Federal  government.  Among  the 
contributors  to  this  chapter  will  be  the  Hon.  Andrew  D. 
White,  American  minister  to  Russia,  and  Col.  Freder- 
ick D.  Grant,  ex-minister  to  Austria.  Mr.  Stanton  is 
also  busily  engaged  on  a  series  of  lectures  on  the  third 
French  republic,  which  are  to  be  delivered  at  Cornell 
University  and  later  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Some  of  the  friends  and  admirers  of  Walt  Whitman 
who  have  for  some  time  met  annually  at  Philadelphia 
on  the  occasion  of  his  birthday,  inaugurated  at  their 
last  meeting,  May  31,  a  Walt  Whitman  Fellowship, 
which  is  intended  to  be  international  in  character.  The 
purpose  of  the  association  is  not  entirely  literary,  but 
for  human  advancement  according  to  Whitman's  ideas. 
Dr.  Daniel  G.  Brinton,  of  Philadelphia,  has  been  chosen 


20 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


president.  Any  person  can  become  a  iiember  by  de- 
claring himself  such  to  the  secretary  and  upon  payment 
of  small  annual  dues. 

The  removal  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
from  1,  3,  and  5  Bond  street  to  72  Fiftlj  avenue,  where 
they  will  occupy  the  new  building  at  the(  northwest  cor- 
ner of  Fifth  avenue  and  Thirteenth  street,  is  in  har- 
mony with  the  uptown  movement  of  Ifew  York  pub- 
lishers. When  the  founder  of  the  house  —  Daniel  Ap- 
pleton — came  to  New  York  from  Boston)  in  1825,  he  be- 
gan the  importation  of  English  books  in  connection  with 
other  business  in  Exchange  Place.  The  book  business 
was  in  charge  of  his  oldest  son,  Willianj  Henry  Apple- 
ton,  the  present  head  of  the  firm,  who  has  well  earned 
his  title  as  the  Nestor  of  American  publishers,  occupy- 
ing as  he  does  in  this  country  a  place!  similar  to  that 
held  by  the  late  John  Murray  in  England.  After  a 
short  stay  in  Exchange  Place,  Daniel  Appleton  removed 
to  Clinton  Hall,  Beekman  street,  and  devoted  himself 
entirely  to  the  importation  and  sale  of  books.  In  1835 
William  H.  Appleton  was  sent  to  Loidon,  where  he 
founded  an  agency.  The  first  publishing  venture  of  the 
firm  was  a  little  32mo  book  called  "  Daily  Crumbs  from 
the  Master's  Table,"  issued  in  1831.  In  January,  1838, 
William  H.  Appleton  was  taken  into  partnership,  and 
the  firm  removed  to  200  Broadway.  In  1848  Daniel 
Appleton  retired,  and  W.  H.  Appleton  formed  a  part- 
nership with  his  brother,  John  Adams  Appleton.  Three 
other  sons  subsequently  became  partners  —  Daniel  Sid- 
ney, George  Swett,  and  Samuel  Francis.  The  business 
was  removed  from  200  Broadway  to  the  old  Society 
Library  building  at  Broadway  and  Leonard  street.  The 
next  removal  of  the  firm  was  to  443-5  Broadway. 
Later  a  building  was  erected  at  94  Grand  street,  corner 
of  Green,  and  occupied  for  some  years  until  a  change 
was  made  to  549-51  Broadway.  About  1880  Messrs. 
Appleton  removed  to  1,  3,  and  5  Bond  street.  Each 
one  of  these  periods  has  witnessed  some  increase  and 
development.  There  are  now  five  members  of  the  firm 
— Messrs.  William  H.  Appleton,  William  W.  Appleton, 
Daniel  Appleton,  Edward  Dale  Appleton,  and  D.  Sid- 
ney Appleton.  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


JjITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


A  new  work  by  General  Gordon  —  a  sort  of  journal 
written  at  Khartoum  —  is  soon  to  be  published. 

It  is  reported  that  Mr.  Howells,  during  his  European 
sojourn  this  summer,  will  make  a  thorough  study  of 
Holland. 

A  number  of  unpublished  letters  by  Poe  are  being 
edited  for  the  "  Century  Magazine  "  by  Professor  G.  L. 
Woodberry. 

Mr.  Charles  DeKay,  the  New  York  journalist  and 
poet,  has  been  appointed  Consul-General  of  the  United 
States  at  Berlin. 

The  Tennyson  memorial  at  Freshwater  is  to  be  an 
Ionic  cross  thirty-four  feet  high,  called  the  Tennyson 
Beacon.  It  has  been  designed  by  Mr.  John  L.  Pearson. 

The  uniform  limited  edition  of  Mr.  R.  L.  Stevenson's 
works  will  be  published  in  this  country  by  the  Scrib- 
ner's.  Mr.  Stevenson  has  just  completed  one  historical 
novel,  "  St.  Ives,"  and  is  well  along  with  another,  "  The 
Lord  Justice-Clerk." 

The  management  of  "  Public  Opinion  "  has  been  re- 
organized, and  new  features  will  be  added  to  that  already 


excellent  paper.  The  publishers  send  us  a  handsome 
Albertype  reproduction  of  the  photographs  of  fifty  well- 
known  American  writers,  grouped  upon  one  sheet. 

Professor  Herbert  Tuttle,  of  Cornell  University,  died 
recently  at  the  age  of  forty-seven.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  brilliant  of  our  historical  scholars,  his  chief 
work  being  a  history  of  Prussia,  not  completed.  He 
was  at  one  time  a  valued  contributor  to  THE  DIAL. 

The^Rev.  Stopford  A.  Brooke  will  give  a  course  of 
lectures  at  the  Lowell  Institute  in  the  autumn.  Apro- 
pos of  this  subject,  the  "  London  Literary  World  "  sup- 
plies an  anxious  correspondent  with  the  following  extra- 
ordinary information:  "The  Lowell  Lectures  are  anew 
foundation,  in  commemoration  of  the  late  James  Rus- 
sell Lowell,  and  in  connection  with  the  new  University 
at  Chicago.  Professor  Drummond  was  the  lecturer  last 
year,  and  his  course  formed  the  basis  of  '  The  Lowell 
Lectures  on  the  Ascent  of  Man,'  which  has  just  been 
published." 

A  writer  in  the  "  Revue  de  Paris  "  tells  the  following 
anecdote  of  Baudelaire:  "Passing  the  shop  of  a  coal- 
dealer  one  evening,  he  saw  the  proprietor,  in  a  back 
room,  seated  at  the  table  with  his  family.  He  seemed 
happy ;  the  cloth  was  white ;  the  wine  smiled  in  the  fla- 
gons. Baudelaire  entered.  The  dealer  came  towards 
him,  obsequious,  delighted  at  a  customer,  awaiting  or- 
ders. '  Is  that  yours,  all  that  coal  ?  '  he  asked.  The 
man  nodded  in  affirmation,  not  understanding.  '  And 
all  those  piles  of  wood  ?  '  The  man  assented  again, 
thinking  the  purchaser  undecided.  'And  that,  is  it 
coke  ?  is  that  charcoal  ?  Is  that  yours,  too  ?  '  Baud- 
elaire examined  carefully  all  the  heaped-up  merchand- 
ise ;  then,  looking  the  dealer  in  the  face :  <  What,  that 
is  all  yours  !  And  you  do  not  asphyxiate  yourself  ?  ' * 

The  Western  Reserve  University  has  conferred  the 
honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  upon  Professor  C. 
A.  Young,  Professor  Thomas  D.  Seymour,  and  Mr.  John 
Hay.  A  brief  Latin  address  was  given  in  each  case. 
Colonel  Hay  was  described  in  these  terms:  "  Johannis 
Hay,  vir  ingeniosus  et  liberalitate  sua  de  hac  universi- 
tate  optime  meritus,  in  rebus  publicis,  potissimum  in 
eis  quae  apud  exteras  nationes  administrandae  essent, 
acriter  et  diligenter  versatus  est.  Idem  per  multos 
annos  litteris  operam  dedit.  Mores  Hispanorum  felic- 
iter  descripsit.  Carmina  condidit  partim  rudem  et 
agrestem  populi  occidentalis  linguam  optime  imitantia, 
alia  summa  arte  expolita.  Quod  vitam  et  res  gestas 
Abrahami  Lincoln  descripsit  patriae  nostrae  beneficium 
dedit.  Ob  talia  merita  sumnais  honoribus  dignus  gradu 
amplissimo  Legum  Doctoris  ornatur." 

PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION  IN  TURKEY. 
The  Turkish  papers  are  publishing  some  statistics  to 
illustrate  the  great  progress  of  public  instruction  in 
Turkey  under  the  present  Sultan.  Since  his  accession 
the  increase  in  the  number  of  schools  is  estimated  at 
25,000,  said  to  be  attended  by  a  million  and  a  quarter 
scholars  of  both  sexes.  It  is  difficult  to  ascertain  what 
the  number  formerly  was,  but  there  is  no  doubt  the  in- 
crease is  great.  This  is  largely  due  to  the  measures 
taken  by  the  late  Sultans,  Abd  ul  Mejid  and  Abd  ul 
Aziz,  in  laying  the  foundation  of  a  Ministry  of  Instruc- 
tion, which  of  late  years  have  been  bearing  fruit.  The 
progress  is  also  greatly  due  to  the  successful  working 
of  the  reform  of  the  administration  of  pious  or  eccles- 
iastical foundations.  Thus,  not  only  have  numerous 
mosques  and  schools  been  founded,  particularly  in  con- 
nection with  the  large  immigration  of  refugees,  and  re- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


21 


ligious  fervor  aroused,  but  the  revenues  of  the  local 
religious  establishments  have  been  considerably  aug- 
mented. Formerly  education  in  the  country  districts 
was  very  backward,  particularly  for  girls,  as  parents 
did  not  value  it;  but  since  education  has  become  com- 
pulsory the  attendance  has  much  improved.  —  The 
Athenceum.  

CHARLES    HENRY   PEARSON. 

Mr.  Charles  Henry  Pearson,  the  author  of  "  National 
Life  and  Character,"  died  on  the  29th  of  May.  He 
was  born  in  1830,  became  a  fellow  of  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  in  1854,  and  held  this  place  until  1872,  when 
he  married,  and  emigrated  to  Australia.  In  1892  he 
returned  to  England.  He  was  the  author  of  numerous 
historical  works,  and  took  high  rank  as  an  educator. 
One  of  his  friends  writes  of  him  in  these  terms:  "He 
was  a  most  indefatigable  worker  his  whole  life  long. 
He  had  a  most  marvellous  memory,  and  a  most  rapid 
power  of  generalization  from  the  long  array  of  facts 
and  precedents  which  marshalled  themselves  spontan- 
eously before  his  mind  when  called  upon  to  pronounce 
judgment.  He  was  a  profound  classical  scholar,  but 
his  knowledge  of  modern  literature,  English  as  well  as 
Continental,  was  equally  remarkable.  He  was  acquainted 
with  most  of  the  modern  European  languages,  and  en- 
joyed Ibsen  and  Gogol  in  the  original  no  less  than  Vic- 
tor Hugo  and  Goethe.  As  a  newspaper  writer  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  the  possession  of  a  most  earnest 
and  trenchant  style,  which  he  was  able  at  will  to  vary 
with  the  most  racy  banter.  His  conversation  was  always 
striking  and  fascinating.  His  manner  seemed  at  first 
sight  somewhat  cold,  but  his  unruffled  exterior  concealed 
the  warmest  and  truest  of  hearts.  He  especially  de- 
lighted in  the  society  of  the  young,  and  he  would  spare 
no  pains  to  put  an  earnest  student  on  the  right  track. 
As  a  politician,  he  was  feared  by  his  political  opponents 
on  account  of  his  knowledge  and  intellectual  power;  he 
inspired  absolute  trust  and  confidence  in  his  own  party. 
He  was  regarded  by  both  sides  as  absolutely  incorrupt- 
ible."   

THE  FINAL  HONOR  SCHOOL  OF  ENGLISH  AT  OXFORD. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  New  York  "  Evening  Post " 
for  the  following  paragraph : 

Liberality  and  progress  have  made  two  great  strides 
in  the  University  of  Oxford.  A  last  attack  upon  the 
establishment  of  the  eighth  final  school,  the  "  Final 
Honour  School  of  English  Language  and  Literature," 
was  defeated  in  congregation  on  May  1,  when  the  form 
of  statute  establishing  the  new  school  was  promulgated, 
and  its  preamble  was  finally  adopted  by  120  placets 
against  46  non-placets.  The  details  of  this  statute  are 
now  open  to  amendment,  but  the  establishment  of  the 
school  is  assured.  The  preamble  adopted  runs  as  fol- 
lows: "  Whereas  it  is  expedient  to  establish  a  Final 
Honour  School  of  English  Language  and  Literature, 
the  University  enacts  as  follows."  This  school  must 
include  authors  "  belonging  to  the  different  periods  of 
English  literature,"  and  "  the  history  of  the  English 
language  and  the  history  of  English  literature."  Spe- 
cial subjects  "  falling  within  or  usually  studied  in  con- 
nection with  the  English  language  and  literature  "  are 
also  provided  for.  Candidates  must  have  studied  their 
authors  "  (1)  with  reference  to  the  forms  of  the  lan- 
guage, (2)  as  examples  of  literature,  and  (3)  in  their 
relation  to  the  history  and  thought  of  the  period  to 
which  they  belong."  The  study  of  Anglo-Saxon,  and 
of  the  relation  of  English  to  "  the  languages  with  which 


it  is  etymologically  connected,"  and  of  the  history  of 
English  literature,  is  made  the  centre  of  the  whole  school, 
and  a  board  of  at  least  twenty  examiners  is  provided 
for.  Their  duty  shall  be  "  to  see  that,  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, equal  weight  is  given  to  language  and  literature  " 
in  the  conduct  of  the  examination,  "  provided  always 
that  candidates  who  offer  special  subjects  shall  be  at 
liberty  to  choose  subjects  connected  either  with  lan- 
guage or  with  literature  or  with  both." 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

July,  1894  (First  List). 

America,  Australian  Impressions.  Miss  C.  H.  Spence.  Harper. 
American  Boy's  Ideal  Training.  Thomas  Davidson.  Forum. 
American  Protective  Association.     F.  R.  Coudert.     Forum. 
Baltimore  Social  Life.    Amy  Wetmore.    Southern  Magazine. 
Billroth,  Death  of  Professor.     Popular  Science. 
Bluestone  Industry,  The.    Illus.     H.  B.  Ingram.     Pop.  Set. 
Boston  and  Philadelphia,  Health  of.    J.  S.  Billings.    Forum. 
Carlyle's  Place  in  Literature.     Frederic  Harrison.     Forum. 
Co-Educated,  The.    Martha  F.  Crow.    Forum. 
Coinage,  A  New  System  of.    M.  D.  Barter.    Forum. 
Colonial  Weather-Service,  A.   Illus.    A.  McAdie.   Pop.  Sci. 
"  Conscience  Fund  "  of  the  Treasury.   F.  L.  Chrisman.  Lipp. 
Corporations  and  Trusts.  L.  G.  McPherson.  Popular  Science. 
Education,  Secondary.    Dial. 

English  at  Indiana  University.     M.  W.  Sampson.     Dial. 
Facial  Expressions,  Acquired.  Louis  Robinson.  Pop.  Science. 
Government's  Failure  as  a  Builder.    M.  Schuyler.    Forum. 
Harvard  and  Yale  Boat-Race.  Illus.  W.  A.  Brooks.  Harper. 
Hertz,  Heinrich.    H.  Bonfort.    Popular  Science. 
Kentucky  Whisky.    Illus.    W.  E.  Bradley.     Southern  Mag. 
Kiln-Drying  Hard  Wood.  0.  S.  Whitmore.   Popular  Science. 
Know-Nothings,  Career  of  the.    J.  B.  McMaster.    Forum. 
Latitude  and  Vertebrae.     D.  S.  Jordan.    Popular  Science. 
Literature,  Signs  of  Life  in.    E.  E.  Hale,  Jr.    Dial. 
Manly  Virtues  and  Politics.    Theodore  Roosevelt.    Forum. 
Mill-Girls.    Elizabeth  Morris.    Lippincott. 
Mitla,  Ruins  of.    Illus.    Evelyn  Steger.    Southern  Magazine. 
Montague,  Lady,  and  Bacteriology.    Popular  Science. 
Musicians,  Letters  of  Two.    Dial. 

New  England,  My  First  Visit.  Illus.  W.  D.  Howells.  Harper. 
Nova  Scotian  Indian  Folk-Tales.    Frederick  Starr.    Dial. 
Panama,  Up  the  Coast  from.    Illus.    W.  S.  Hale.     So.  Mag. 
President  at  Home,  The.    Illus.    H.  L.  Nelson.    Harper. 
Rambles  of  a  Nature-Lover.    Anna  B.  McMahan.    Dial. 
Research  the  Spirit  of  Teaching.     G.  S.  Hall.     Forum. 
Savagery  and  Survivals.    J.  W.  Black.    Popular  Science. 
Social  Insects'  Homes.    Illus.    L.  N.  Badenoch.    Pop.  Sci. 
Stage  as  a  Career.    R.  De  Cordova.    Forum. 
Storage  Battery  of  the  Air.    Alexander  McAdie.    Harper. 
Sunshine  in  the  Woods.  Illus.   B.  D.  Halsted.   Pop.  Science. 
U.  S.  Naval  Gun  Factory.    Illus.    T.  F.  Jewell.    Harper. 


LIST  or  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  embracing  50  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Climbing  and  Exploration  in  the  Karakoram-Hima- 
layas.  By  William  Martin  Conway,  M.A.  Illus.,  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  709.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $10. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Oliver  Cromwell:  A  History,  Comprising  a  Narrative  of 
his  Life,  with  Extracts  from  his  Letters  and  Speeches, 
and  an  Account  of  the  Affairs  of  England  during  his 
Time.  By  Samuel  Harden  Church.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
uncut,  pp.  524.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $>3. 


22 


THE    DIAL 


[July  1, 


Life  of  St.  Francis  of  Assisi.  By  Paul  Sabatier.  Trans- 
lated by  Louise  Seymour  Houghton.  8-yo,  pp.  448,  gilt 
top.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Life  of  John  Paterson,  Major-General  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army.  By  his  great-grandson,  Tkomas  Egleston, 
LL.D.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  293.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $2.50. 

Newton  Booth  of  California :  His  Speeches  and  Addresses. 
Edited  with  Introduction  and  Notes  by  Lauren  E.  Crane. 
With  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  521.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $2.50. 

Arthur  Lee,  LL.D.,  as  Seen  in  History,  1770-1781.  By 
Charles  Henry  Lee.  8vo,  pp.  60.  Richmond,  Va.:  J.  W. 
Randolph  &  Co.  50  cts. 

HISTORY. 

The  Protected  Princes  of  India.  By  William  Lee  War- 
ner, C.S.I.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  389.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $3. 

The  Empire  of  the  Tsars  and  the  Russians.  By  Anatole 
Leroy-Beaulieu ;  trans,  by  Ze'naide  A.  Ragozin.  Part  II., 
The  Institutions  ;  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  566.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $3. 

The  Carolina  Pirates  and  Colonial  Commerce,  1670-1740. 
By  Shirley  Carter  Hughspn.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  134.  Johns 
Hopkins  University  Studies.  Si. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
Theatricals :  Two  Comedies — Tenants,  and  Disengaged.  By 

Henry  James.    12mo,  uncut,  pp.  320.    Harper  &  Bros. 

$1.75. 
The  Operas  of  Gilbert  and  Sullivan.  Described  by  Percy 

Fitzgerald,  M.A.     Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  248.    The  J. 

B.  Lippincott  Co.    $1.25. 
Acting  and  Actors,   Elocution  and  Elocutionists:  A 

Book  about  Theatre  Folk  and  Theatre  Art.    By  Alfred 

Ayres,  author  of  "The  Orthoepist."     Illus.,  16mo,  gilt 

edges,  pp.  287.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 
History  of  German  Literature.  By  R.  W.  Moore.    Illus., 

8vo,  pp.  87.  Hamilton,  N.  Y.:  Colgate  University  Press. 

75  cts. 
Literary  and  Social  Silhouettes.    By  Hjalmar  Hjorth 

Boyesen.   With  portrait,  18mo,  pp.  218.   Harper  &  Bros. 

50  cts. 

POETRY. 

Balder  the  Poet,  and  Other  Verses.  By  George  Herbert 
Stockbridge.  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  98.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $1. 

Old  English  Ballads.  Selected  and  Edited  by  Francis  B. 
Gummere.  12mo,  pp.  380.  Ginn  &  Co.  $1.35. 

Prom  Milton  to  Tennyson:  Masterpieces  of  English  Po- 
etry. Edited,  with  Notes,  etc.,  by  L.  DuPont  Syle,  M.A. 
12mo,  pp.  467.  Allyn  &  Bacon.  $1. 

My  Garden  "Walk.  By  William  Preston  Johnson.  12mo, 
pp.  183.  New  Orleans  :  F.  F.  Hansell  &  Bro. 

FICTION. 
Cleopatra:    A    Romance.      By    Georg    Ebers,    author    of 

"Uarda";    trans,   by  Mary  J.  Safford.    In   two  vols., 

16mo.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Potter's  Thumb.    By  Flora  Annie  Steel.    12mo,  pp. 

351.    Harper  &  Bros.     $1.50. 
Maximilian  and  Carlotta:  A  Story  of  Imperialism.    By 

John  M.  Taylor.     Illus.,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  209.     G.  P. 

Putnam's  Sons.     $1.50. 
A  Prodigal  in  Love.    By  Emma  Wolf,  author  of  "  Other 

Things  Being  Equal."     12mo,  pp.  258.     Harper  &  Bros. 

$1.25. 
Bed  Diamonds.     By  Justin  McCarthy,  author  of  "Dear 

Lady  Disdain."   12mo,  pp.  409.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1. 
The  Dancing  Faun.     By  Florence  Fair.     16mo,  pp.  169. 

Roberts  Bros.     $1. 
The  Wedding  Garment:  A  Tale  of  the  Life  to  Come.    By 

Louis  Pendleton,  author  of  "  In  the  Wire-Grass."   16mo, 

pp.  246.    Roberts  Bros.    $1. 
An  Unofficial  Patriot.    By  Helen  H.  Gardener,  author  of 

"  Pushed  by  Unseen  Hands."    With  portrait,  12rao,  pp. 

349.    Arena  Pub'g  Co.     $1. 
A  Moral  Blot.    By  Sigmund  B.  Alexander,  author  of  "  Who 

Lies?"    12mo,  pp.  233.    Arena  Pub'g  Co.    $1. 
The  Mouse-Trap:  A  Farce.     By  William  Dean  Howells. 

Illus.,  24mo,  pp.  52.    Harper's  "  Black  and  White  Se- 
ries."   50  cts. 


NEW  VOLUMES  IN  THE  PAPER  LIBRARIES. 

Harper's  Franklin  Square  Library :  The  Husband  of  One 

Wife,  by  Mrs.  Venn  ;  8vo,  pp.  310.     50  cts. 
Bonner's  Choice  Series:  Invisible  Hands,  by  F.  Von  Zo- 

beltitz,  trans,  by   S.   E.   Boggs  ;   illus.,  12mo,  pp.  372. 

50  cts. 
Rand,  McNally's  Globe  Library:  The  Unknown  Life  of 

Jesus  Christ,  by  Nicolas  Notovitch  ;  12mo,  pp.  191.  25  cts. 
Lovell,  Coryell's  Series  of  American  Novels :  Struthers, 

and  The    Comedy  of  the  Masked  Musicians,  by  Anna 

Bowman  Dodd  ;  12mo,  pp.  312.     50  cts. 
Neely's  Library  of  Choice  Literature:  "  In  the  Quarter," 

by  Robert  W.  Chambers  ;  12mo,  pp.  314. —  The  Princess 

of  Alaska,  by  Richard  Henry  Savage  ;  12mo,  pp.  420. 

Each,  50  cts. 
Neely's  Popular  Library:   The  Major  in  Washington  City, 

Second  Series  ;  illus.,  12mo,  pp.  251.    25  cts. 

SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Man's  Place  in  Nature,  and  Other  Anthropological  Essays. 
By  Thomas  H.  Huxley.  12mo,  pp.  328.  D.  Appleton  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

Scarabs :  The  History,  Manufacture,  and  Religious  Symbol- 
ism of  the  Scarabseus.  By  Isaac  Mver,  LL.B.,  author  of 
"The  Qabbalah."  12mo,  pp.  177.  New  York  (641  Mad- 
ison ave.) :  Edwin  W.  Dayton.  $1.50. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

The  Lowell  Lectures  on  the  Ascent  of  Man.  By  Henry 
Drummond,  LL.D.  12mo,  pp.  346.  James  Pott  &  Co.  $2. 

Descipleship :  The  Scheme  of  Christianity.  By  the  author 
of  "The  King  and  the  Kingdom."  12mo,  pp.  232.  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1. 

BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE. 

The  First  Four  Books  of  Xenophon's  Anabasis.  Edited, 

with  notes,  etc.,  by  William  W.  Goodwin,  LL.D.,  and 

John  Williams  White,  Ph.D.   Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  290.   Ginn 

&  Co.    $1.65. 
Law  and  Theory  in  Chemistry:  A  Companion  Book  for 

Students.    By  Douglas  Carnegie,  M.A.    12mo,  uncut,  pp. 

222.     Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Practical  Botany  for  Beginners.    By  F.  0.  Bower,  D.Sc. 

16mo,  pp.  275.     Macmillan  &  Co.     90  cts. 
Primary  Geography.     By  Alex  Everett  Frye,  author  of 

"Child  and  Nature."     4to,  illustrated,  pp.  127.     Ginn  & 

Co.    75  cts. 
La  Petite  Fadette.    Par  George  Sand ;  abbreviated  and 

edited  by  F.  Aston-Binns,  M.A.   16mo,  pp.  136.   Heath's 

"  Modern  Language  Series."    30  cts. 

JUVENILE. 

Oscar  in  Africa.  By  Harry  Castlemon,  author  of  "  Rocky 
Mountain  Series."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  347.  Porter  & 
Coates.  $1.50. 

MISCELLANEO  US. 
The  Care  and  Feeding  of  Children :  A  catechism  for  the 

Use  of  Mothers  and  Children's  Nurses.     By  L.  Emmett 

Holt,  M.D.     12mo,  pp.  66.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.    50  cts. 
Bricks  for  Street  Pavements.     By  M.  D.  Burke,  C.E. 

New  edition,  with  a  paper  on  Country  Roads ;  8vo,  pp. 

108.    Robt.  Clarke  &  Co.    50  cts. 


EDUCATIONAL. 

Bingham  School  for  Boys,      Ashpvillp  N    P 

Established  in  1793.  rtCMlCVHIC,  IX.    \^>. 

1793.  MAJOR  R.  BINGHAM,  Superintendent.  1894. 


IMISS  GIBBONS'  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  New  York  City. 
***  No.  55  West  47th  st.    Mrs.  SARAH  H.  EMERSON,  Prin- 
cipal.   Will  reopen  October  4.    A  few  boarding  pupils  taken. 


TODD  SEMINARY  FOR  BOYS,  Woodstock,  111.  An  ideal  home 
*    school  near  Chicago.     Forty-seventh  year. 

NOBLE  HILL,  Principal. 

yOUNG  LADIES'  SEMINARY,  Freehold,  N.  J. 

Prepares  pupils  for  College.  Broader  Seminary  Course. 
Room  for  twenty-five  boarders.  Individual  care  of  pupils. 
Pleasant  family  life.  Fall  term  opens  Sept.  12,  1894. 

Miss  EUNICE  D.  SEW  ALL,  Principal. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


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26 


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JULY  16,  1894.         Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


ENGLISH  IN  A  FRENCH  UNIVERSITY  ....    27 

ENGLISH  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFOR- 
NIA.    Charles  Mills  Gayley 29 

COMMUNICATIONS 32 

An  Historian's  "  Literary  Style."    John  J.  Halsey. 

ABRAHAM     LINCOLN'S     COMPLETE     WORKS. 

B.A.Hinsdale 33 

SAVE    ME    FROM    MY    FRIENDS.    Alexander  C. 

McClurg 36 

SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  OF  TRAVEL.    Alice  Morse 

Earle 39 

Bowers's  Across  Tibet.  —  Montbard;s  Among  the 
Moors.  —  Boothby's  On  the  Wallaby.  —  Cole's  The 
Gypsy  Road. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 41 

Studies  in  mediaeval  life  and  literature.  —  Literary 
use  of  the  Arthurian  story  in  four  centuries. — A  new 
biography  of  Dante  Rossetti. —  An  Illustrated  Dic- 
tionary of  medicine,  biology,  and  allied  sciences. — 
Mr.  Goldwin  Smith  on  "Questions  of  the  Day." — 
Anthropological  essays  of  Professor  Huxley. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 44 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Sted man 44 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  45 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 46 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  46 


ENGLISH  IN  A  FRENCH  UNIVERSITY. 

The  proceedings  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Education,  held  in  Chicago  last  sum- 
mer, have  just  been  published  in  a  carefully- 
edited  volume  of  a  thousand  pages.  The  work 
is  an  almost  inexhaustible  storehouse  of  inform- 
ation and  comment  upon  most  subjects  of  cur- 
rent educational  interest,  and  ought  to  prove 
helpful  and  stimulating  in  the  highest  degree 
to  the  thousands  of  teachers  into  whose  hands 
it  will  come.  One  department  in  particular, 
that  devoted  to  the  subject  of  Higher  Educa- 
tion, is  noteworthy  for  the  breadth  and  schol- 
arly character  of  the  papers  and  discussions 
included.  There  are  addresses  by  Presidents 
Gilman,  Kellogg,  Raymond,  Low,  Angell,  Jor- 
dan, and  Keane,  by  Professors  Hale,  Shorey, 
West,  Wilson,  and  Sproull.  Upon  some  of 
these  addresses  we  commented  at  the  time  of 


the  Congress,  and  are  glad  to  see  that  perma- 
nent form  has  now  been  given  them.  But  our 
special  purpose  just  now  is  to  direct  attention 
to  the  paper  on  "  The  Study  of  English  Liter- 
ature in  French  Universities,"  prepared  for  the 
Congress  by  M.  Chevrillon  of  the  Lille  Fac- 
ulte  des  Lettres,  but,  owing  to  some  misunder- 
standing, not  read,  and  now  made  public  for 
the  first  time. 

Few  who  have  not  made  a  special  investiga- 
tion of  the  subject  have  any  idea  of  the  im- 
mense achievement  of  the  Third  French  Repub- 
lic in  the  reorganization  of  public  instruction. 
To  the  thinking  mind,  the  work  done  in  this 
direction  is  greater  and  more  significant  than 
the  work  of  political  or  of  military  or  of  social 
reorganization.  But  it  is  not  of  a  nature  to 
attract  public  attention,  and  is  practically  un- 
known outside  of  France.  M.  Chevrillon  gives 
us  an  amusing  illustration  of  the  attitude  of 
the  foreigner  in  this  matter : 

"  I  remember,  a  few  years  ago,  reading  an  article  in 
the  great  English  Philistine  paper  —  <  The  Daily  Tele- 
graph'—  in  wl  ich  it  was  said  that  the  great  majority 
of  French  people  thought  that  Shakespeare  was  a  lieu- 
tenant of  Wellington,  who  had  helped  him  to  win  the 
battle  of  Waterloo.  Now,  this  was  unfortunate,  as  not 
less  than  four  plays  of  Shakespeare  had  just  been  per- 
formed in  Paris.  But  the  prejudice  tinder  which  the 
writer  in  '  The  Daily  Telegraph '  was  laboring  is  per- 
fectly natural,  when  we  notice  that  a  nation  never  knows 
what  its  neighbor  is,  but  what  it  was  twenty  years  ago." 

This  closing  statement  is  only  too  true  when 
applied  to  knowledge  of  any  other  than  the 
spectacular  aspect  of  life  in  a  neighboring  coun- 
try, and  it  is  peculiarly  true  of  so  unobtrusive 
a  thing  as  education.  A  quarter  of  a  century 
ago,  when  the  French  nation  had  sunk  to  its 
lowest  level  in  the  degration  of  a  sham  impe- 
rialism, when  the  frenzied  populace  was  shout- 
ing "  a  Berlin  !  "  and  thought  the  Prussian 
capital  really  lay  just  across  the  Rhine,  the 
stricture  of  the  English  journalist  might  have 
been  taken  as  approximately  true  ;  to-day,  how- 
ever seriously  meant,  it  becomes  the  merest 
jest. 

Turning  now  to  the  specific  subject  of  M. 
Chevrillon's  article,  we  will  first  reproduce  his 
account  of  the  educational  position  of  English 
in  the  sixties. 

"  Twenty  or  thirty  years  ago,  French  boys  and  stu- 
dents wrote  better  Latin  verse  than  they  do  now,  but 
of  English  literature  they  knew  nothing,  except  the 


28 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


names  of  Shakespeare,  Milton,  and  Byron.  Our  great 
arch-critic,  M.  Sarcey,  says  that  they  made  fun  of  Taine 
at  the  Ecole  Normale  because  he  was  reading  English. 
Foreign  literatures  were,  indeed,  supposed  to  be  taught ; 
but  any  man  who  had  graduated  in  classics,  whether  he 
knew  English  or  not,  was  supposed  to  be  good  enough 
for  that  kind  of  work.  When  he  left  the  Ecole  Nor- 
male, after  a  course  of  studies  in  Plato  and  Aristotle, 
he  would  receive  notice  that  he  was  appointed  professor 
of  foreign  literatures,  and  had  to  begin  work  at  once. 
One  of  these,  I  believe,  it  was  who  was  complaining  of 
the  difficulties  of.  his  task.  '  What  a  language,'  he  said, 
'  English  is  to  pronounce  !  They  write  Boz  and  they 
pronounce  Dickens.'  M.  Ernest  Lavisse,  who  has  seen 
this  generation  of  professors  of  English  literature,  was 
telling  me,  the  other  day,  the  following  authentic  and 
typical  fact:  When  he  was  a  student  at  Nancy,  at  the 
faculty  of  letters  he  heard  a  lecture  on  the  literature  of 
England  in  the  sixteenth  century.  After  three-quarters 
of  an  hour  the  professor  had  exhausted  his  subject,  but 
his  time  was  not  up.  '  Gentlemen,'  he  said,  pulling  out 
his  watch, '  we  have  a  quarter  of  an  hour  yet.  We  have 
time  to  do  Shakespeare.'" 

Let  us  contrast  the  state  of  affairs  thus  hinted 
at  with  the  present  requirements  for  a  student 
of  English.  After  leaving  the  lycee,  he  regis- 
ters with  one  of  the  faculties,  and  begins  to 
specialize.  The  licence  and  the  agregation 
are  the  two  stages  of  the  work  now  before  him. 
The  lycee  has  given  him  the  baccalaureate  de- 
gree ;  the  licence  (which  means  two  years'  work) 
may  be  taken  as  fairly  equivalent  to  the  degree 
of  master  ;  and  the  agregation  (which  means 
two  years  or  more  of  further  work)  as  stand- 
ing for  the  German  or  American  doctorate. 
The  work  of  the  licence  candidate  is  thus  de- 
scribed : 

"  Side  by  side  with  the  classics,  he  may  take  up  En- 
glish or  German  literature,  philosophy,  history,  or  clas- 
sical philology.  Every  candidate  for  the  licence  has  to 
write  a  French  essay  on  French  literature,  a  Latin  es- 
say on  Latin  literature.  Then,  according  to  the  spe- 
cialty he  has  selected,  he  writes  papers  on  historical  or 
philosophical  subjects,  or  translations  from  French  into 
English  or  German,  or  from  English  or  German  into 
French.  The  viva  voce  examination  consists,  for  all  can- 
didates, in  questions  on  French,  Latin,  and  Greek  liter- 
ature, and  extempore  translations  from  the  classics ;  and 
for  those  of  the  candidates  who  make  English  a  special 
subject,  in  questions  on  English  literature,  and  transla- 
tions into  English  and  French  of  the  French  and  En- 
glish authors  on  the  programme." 

The  first  of  the  two  years  required  for  the 
licence,  the  student  works  at  the  university. 

"  During  this  first  year,  the  chief  purpose  of  the  En- 
glish professor  is  not  so  much  to  acquaint  him  with  the 
whole  field  of  English  literature  as  to  give  him  an  insight 
into  the  spirit,  the  genius,  of  English  literature,  and  to 
make  him  feel  the  artistic  element  in  the  great  writers. 
A  French  youth,  fresh  from  his  Tacitus,  his  Racine,  and 
his  Voltaire,  cannot,  unless  he  has  great  natural  talent, 
understand,  or  rather,  feel  at  once  Carlyle  or  Tennyson, 
whis  is  done  through  minute  translations,  the  aim  of 
Thich  is  not  to  acquaint  the  student  with  new  words  or 


new  constructions,  but  to  teach  him  how  to  find  those 
French  forms  that  will  best  express  something  of  the 
beauty  peculiar  to  the  original  English  text.  The  ten- 
dency is  thus  to  develop  the  artistic  sense  in  the  stu- 
dent, and  to  give  him  a  mastery  of  his  own  language. 
At  the  last  examination  for  the  licence,  at  Lille,  the  En- 
glish translation  being  Milton's  '  II  Penseroso,'  several 
candidates  were  dropped  who  had  understood  every 
word  and  the  literal  meaning  of  the  text,  but  it  was 
clear  from  their  translations  that  they  had  not  felt  the 
spirit  of  Milton's  poem,  or  had  failed  to  express  it." 

The  second  year  of  preparation  for  the  li- 
cence is  spent  in  absentia,  the  students  being- 
sent  to  England  for  twelve  months. 

"They  remain  correspondents  of  the  university;  that 
is  to  say,  they  have  to  send  papers  to  the  professors  of 
French,  Greek,  and  Latin,  thus  preparing  themselves 
for  those  general  parts  of  the  licence  which  are  demanded 
of  all  candidates  to  the  degree.  With  the  English  pro- 
fessor they  of  course  correspond  also,  and  the  main 
thing  that  he  requires  them  to  do  is  to  steep  themselves 
in  English  life  —  to  go  to  the  theatres,  sermons,  public 
meetings,  to  see  English  university  life,  to  make  English 
friends,  to  think  in  English,  to  assume  English  forms 
of  habit  and  prejudices — in  short,  for  one  year  to  throw 
off  the  Frenchman,  to  make  themselves  Englishmen,  and 
to  step  out  of  the  natural  limits  of  the  national  mind 
and  sensibility.  After  this  experience,  when  they  come 
back  to  France  and  settle  into  the  old  man  again,  they 
have  become  able  to  look  at  English  writers  from  the 
English  point  of  view." 

The  work  of  this  Wander jahr  is  perhaps  the 
most  admirable  feature  of  the  French  system. 
The  force  with  which  such  men  as  Montes- 
quieu and  Voltaire  brought  English  ideals  to 
bear  upon  French  thought  was  the  consequence 
of  the  protracted  visits  of  these  men  to  En- 
gland, and  much  may  be  expected,  in  the  way 
of  a  sympathetic  comprehension  of  English 
thought,  from  this  yearly  sending  of  picked 
men  from  the  French  faculties  to  England,  for 
the  purpose  of  studying  English  life  and  liter- 
ature upon  their  own  soil. 

The  work  of  the  agregation  is  essentially  the 
work  of  preparation  for  a  professorship  in  a 
government  lycee.  Since  the  number  of  candi- 
dates is  much  greater  than  the  number  of  places 
to  be  filled,  competition  becomes  keen  and  the 
tests  applied  are  very  severe.  A  new  list  of 
authors  and  works  is  prepared  each  year,  and 
every  candidate  for  the  agregation  has  fitted 
himself  for  examination  on  two  or  more  of  these 
lists.  A  specimen  programme  offered  by  M. 
Chevrillon  begins  with  "  Piers  Plowman  "  and 
ends  with  "  Richard  Feverel."  It  includes  works 
of  Spenser,  Greene,  Shakespeare,  Sir  Thomas 
Browne,  Pope,  Cowper,  Burke,  Byron,  Lan- 
dor,  and  Tennyson. 

"  By  their  fruits  ye  shall  know  them."  The 
fruits  of  this  system  are  found  in  such  works, 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


29 


now  rapidly  multiplying,  as  M.  Angelier's  vol- 
ume of  twelve  hundred  pages  on  the  work,  life, 
and  surroundings  of  Robert  Burns,  M.  Bel- 
jame's  work  on  English  men  of  letters  and  their 
public  in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  M.  Jus- 
serand's  book  on  English  wayfaring  life  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  M.  Chevrillon  claims  for 
the  study  of  English  that  it  opens  for  French 
students  — 

4t  a  vast  field  of  interesting,  often  passionating,  artistic 
literature,  instinct  with  the  loftiest  ideals,  with  the  deep- 
est human  sympathy ;  full  of  pathos,  of  feeling,  of  life ; 
full  of  the  sense  of  the  good,  of  the  righteous,  of  reli- 
gious earnestness,  as  ours  is  full  with  the  sense  of  the 
true  and  of  the  beautiful  —  one  of  the  most  powerful 
to  instill  into  a  young  mind  the  germs  that  will  develop 
upwards.  .  .  The  modern  novels  of  England,  the  pure, 
idealistic  utterances  of  a  Carlyle,  of  a  Tennyson,  of  an 
Emerson,  are  among  the  greatest  means  of  education 
of  the  present  time.  Of  course,  the  first  thing  for  a 
Frenchman  —  for  every  man  —  is  to  remain  in  contact 
with  his  own  race;  to  read  those  writers  of  the  past 
that  have  moulded  the  soul  and  mind  of  his  own  nation, 
and  those  writers  of  the  present  that  discuss  the  pro- 
blems which  the  people  of  his  own  blood  have  to  solve 
in  order  to  live  on  and  to  transmit  to  their  posterity 
the  national  inheritance.  But  when  he  has  done  that, 
let  him  turn  to  those  foreign  books  in  which  he  finds 
an  ideal,  a  philosophy,  an  aesthetics  —  views  of  life 
widely  different  from  those  which  prevail  in  the  French 
books  of  his  own  time.  The  national  ideal  will  then 
«ease  to  appear  to  him  as  a  central  one  toward  which 
the  whole  universe  ought  to  be  moved.  On  that  day 
when  he  becomes  able  to  enjoy  a  novel  of  Eliot  as  well 
as  a  novel  of  Flaubert  —  nay,  on  that  day  when  he  en- 
joys the  very  difference  between  the  two  types  of  novel 
— let  him  be  a  business  man  or  a  bourgeois,  he  is  a  man 
of  broader  culture,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word,  than 
the  scholar  who  devotes  his  life  to  the  study  of  the  da- 
tive case." 

It  is  the  spirit  of  M.  Chevrillon's  paper,  even 
more  than  the  matter,  that  makes  it  note- 
worthy, and  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  wish  that  a 
little  more  of  this  spirit  were  infused  into  the 
English  instruction  given  at  our  own  univer- 
sities. 


ENGLISH  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA* 


The  teaching  force  in  English  in  the  University  of 
California  consists  of  six  men:  three  instructors,  Messrs. 
Armes,  Syle,  and  Sanford;  an  assistant  professor,  Dr. 
A.  F.  Lange,  in  charge  of  the  courses  in  linguistics;  a 
professor  of  Rhetoric,  Mr.  C.  B.  Bradley;  and  a  pro- 

*  This  article  is  the  twelfth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1) ;  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 


fessor  of  the  English  Language  and  Literature,  who  is 
head  of  the  department.  For  the  year  1894-5  the  de- 
partment offers  thirty-one  courses.  Of  these,  twenty- 
four,  covering  seventy-five  hours  of  work  (slightly  more 
than  three  hours  a  week  each  for  half  the  year),  are 
designed  for  undergraduates,  and  seven  (of  two  hours 
a  week  each)  for  graduates.  There  are  in  the  univer- 
sity 1369  students,  of  whom  820,  attending  the  Acad- 
emic and  Technical  Colleges  in  Berkeley,  fall  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
English  department.  Last  year,  including  the  class 
of  317  Freshmen,  there  were,  during  the  first  term, 
sixty  per  cent  of  the  students  in  Berkeley  in  the  En- 
glish classes;  during  the  year  there  were  about  seventy 
per  cent.  The  total  enrollment  of  students  in  English 
courses  during  the  first  term  was  873,  of  whom  397,  or 
forty-eight  per  cent  of  the  students  in  Berkeley,  were 
taking  more  than  one  course  in  English. 

In  the  .consideration  of  University  work  in  any  line, 
four  things  must  be  taken  into  account:  the  specific  pre- 
paration with  which  students  enter,  the  equipment  and 
administration  of  the  department  in  question,  the  organ- 
ization of  studies,  and  the  methods  of  instruction  and 
investigation. 

In  the  matter  of  entrance  requirements  in  English 
the  University  has  adopted  an  increasingly  high  stand- 
ard. It  calls  for  a  High  School  course  of  at  least 
three  years,  at  the  rate  of  five  hours  a  week ;  and  it  ad- 
vocates, and  from  some  schools  secures,  a  four  years' 
course.  These  requirements  can  scarcely  be  described, 
as  in  the  fourth  article  of  this  series,  as  similar  to  those 
of  the  New  England  Association.  The  requirements  of 
that  Association,  so  far  as  they  go,  are  similar  to  those 
of  California;  but  they  do  not  go  more  than  two-thirds 
of  the  way  in  extent  or  in  stringency.  There  is  noth- 
ing, to  my  knowledge,  in  the  English  requirements  of 
other  universities  that  is  equivalent  to  our  course  in 
Greek,  Norse,  and  German  mythology  as  illustrated  by 
English  literature  (required  of  all  applicants  for  admis- 
sion), or  to  the  course  in  Arguments  and  Orations 
(hitherto,  three  of  Burke's)  or  to  the  course  in  English 
poetry  which  covers  some  twenty-five  of  the  longer  mas- 
terpieces. These  are  additional  to  the  usual  requirements 
in  essay,  drama,  and  narrative.  While  this  preparatory 
work  in  literature  is  generally  well  done,  the  work  in 
rhetoric  and  composition  is  not  yet  up  to  the  mark. 
Our  system  of  examining  and  accrediting  schools  is, 
however,  so  strict,  and  the  supervision  of  English  teach- 
ing in  the  schools  so  minute,  that  we  look  for  decided 
improvement,  within  a  reasonable  period,  in  the  matter 
of  composition.  The  department  does  not  content  itself 
with  requiring  a  satisfactory  test-composition  of  stu- 
dents at  matriculation;  for,  although  that  would  be  an 
easy  way  of  shifting  the  burden  from  the  University  to 
the  schools,  it  is  but  a  poor  substitute  for  the  pedagog- 
ical assistance  due  to  the  schools.  With  the  annual  ap- 
plication for  accrediting  in  English,  each  school  is  re- 
quired to  send  for  inspection  samples  of  compositions  and 
other  exercises  written  by  pupils  of  all  classes.  If  these 
samples  are  satisfactory,  the  school  is  visited  by  one  of 

(April  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16 );  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1)  ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16)  ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1 )  ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  and  English  at  Indiana  Uni- 
versity, by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1). —  [£DK. 
DIAL.] 


30 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


the  professors  of  English,  who  carefully  scrutinizes  the 
work  of  teachers  and  pupils.  The  department  is  con- 
servative in  accrediting;  and  English  is  generally  con- 
sidered to  be  the  most  difficult  study  in  the  curriculum 
of  the  schools  of  California.  Non-accredited  pupils  are, 
of  course,  subjected  to  the  usual  entrance  examination 
in  literature,  rhetoric,  and  composition.  In  addition  to 
this  labor. of  supervision,  the  professors  of  English  have 
recently  published  for  the  guidance  of  teachers  a  pam- 
phlet entitled  "  English  in  the  Secondary  Schools,"  out- 
lining the  preparatory  course,  indicating  the  proper  se- 
quence of  studies,  and  suggesting  methods  of  instruc- 
tion.* 

With  regard  to  the  equipment  and  administration  of 
the  department,  while  the  divisions  of  rhetoric,  lin- 
guistics, and  literature  and  criticism  are  severally  rep- 
resented by  Professor  Bradley,  Professor  Lange,  and 
myself,  and  while  each  of  the  instructors  is  held  re- 
sponsible for  a  certain  subject  and  certain  sections  of 
students,  it  is  the  policy  of  the  department  to  observe 
a  reasonable  Lehrfreiheit.  This  it  accomplishes,  first, 
by  maintaining  a  conservative  rotation  (say,  once  in 
three  years)  of  the  teachers  in  charge  of  courses  in- 
volving drill  and  routine;  and,  secondly,  by  encourag- 
ing each  teacher  of  preliminary  courses,  when  once  he 
has  his  prescribed  work  well  in  hand,  to  offer  at  least 
one  elective  higher  course.  Accordingly,  of  our  instruc- 
tors, Mr.  Armes  offers  the  courses  in  the  History  of  the 
Drama,  and  in  Nineteenth  Century  Poets;  Mr.  Syle  in 
Literature  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  and  Mr.  San- 
ford  in  Spenser,  and  in  the  Romantic  movement.  That 
the  same  man  should  teach  the  elements  of  style,  or  of 
literary  history,  or  should  correct  themes,  year  in  and 
year  out,  is,  even  though  texts  and  methods  be  varied, 
pedagogical  suicide.  The  plan  here  described  does 
much  to  counteract  the  insensibility,  or  disgust,  that 
frequently  attends  prolonged  indulgence  in  the  habit 
of  theme-correcting.  We  find  also  that  the  occasional 
conduct  of  preliminary  courses  acts  as  a  tonic  upon 
teachers  habituated  to  higher,  and  graduate,  courses. 
While  in  all  cases  the  specialty  is  still  pursued,  the  field 
of  information  is  widened,  methods  are  liberalized,  and 
the  zest  of  teaching  is  enhanced  by  the  adoption  of  the 
principle  of  Lehrfreiheit. 

The  administration  of  the  department  is  republican. 
Each  instructor  is  independent  within  his  sphere  of  ac- 
tivity. When,  as  in  the  matter  of  texts  or  methods, 
concerted  action  is  necessary,  the  decision  is  made  by 
the  instructors  concerned,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
head  of  the  department.  The  advisability  of  new  courses, 
the  scope  and  form  of  the  annual  announcement,  and 
matters  of  general  departmental  policy,  are  discussed 
at  the  appropriate  monthly  meeting  of  the  English  fac- 
ulty. Ordinarily,  and  primarily,  however,  the  depart- 
ment meets  as  a  Critical  Thought  Club.  The  purpose 
of  the  club  is  to  keep  abreast  of  recent  contributions  to 
comparative  literature,  philology,  aesthetics,  and  educa- 
tional theory.  The  field  of  reading  is  apportioned  among 
the  members,  and  informal  reports  are  had  on  books  and 
articles  bearing  in  any  way  upon  the  study  of  English. 

The  organization  of  studies  in  a  department  is  per- 
haps a  surer  index  of  the  purpose  of  instruction  than 
any  carefully  formulated  statement  of  aims.  The  En- 

*  Since  the  policy  of  issuing  departmental  monographs  on 
methods  of  secondary  instruction  is  perhaps  novel,  it  may  be 
well  to  say  that  teachers  in  the  public  schools  may  obtain 
copies  of  this  pamphlet  from  the  Recorder  of  the  University, 
Berkeley,  Cal.  Postage,  two  cents. 


glish  courses  are  classified  as  Preliminary  and  Higher. 
The  Preliminary  Courses,  whether  prescribed  or  elect- 
ive, are  prerequisite  to  all  advanced  work.  They  at- 
tempt to  furnish  (1)  the  principles  of  style  and  the  prac- 
tice of  written  and  oral  composition;  (2)  the  common- 
places of  literary  tradition;  and  (3)  a  synoptic  view  of 
English  literature  by  the  study  of  the  principal  authors. 
The  Higher  Courses  are  subdivided  in  the  usual  way, 
as  primarily  for  juniors  and  seniors,  and  primarily  for 
graduates. 

The  Preliminary  Courses  are  announced  as  Types  of 
English  Prose  Style,  Supplementary  Reading,  Practical 
Rhetoric,  English  Masterpieces,  General  History  of  En- 
glish Literature,  and  Argumentation.  The  first  is  re- 
quired, at  the  rate  of  four  hours  a  week  through  the 
year,  of  all  freshmen  in  the  academic  colleges;  the  sec- 
ond (one  hour  any  two  consecutive  terms)  of  non-clas- 
sical students  in  these  colleges.  The  third  and  the  fourth 
are  prescribed  in  the  Colleges  of  Chemistry  and  Agri- 
culture. All  other  English  courses  are  elective;  and  in 
the  Engineering  Colleges  English  is  altogether  elective. 
Of  prescribed  preliminary  courses,  that  in  English  Prose 
Style  aims  to  acquaint  the  student,  at  first  hand,  with 
the  features  and  elements  of  effective  workmanship  in 
prose-writing,  and  to  train  him  to  discern  the  salient 
qualities  of  any  well-marked  prose  style  presented  for 
his  consideration.  The  course  is  based  upon  the  direct 
study  of  selected  groups  of  authors.  The  course  entitled 
Supplementary  Reading  extends,  as  far  as  time  will  per- 
mit, the  acquaintance  of  the  student  with  the  Hellenic, 
Teutonic,  or  Romance  Epics,  or  other  classics  in  trans- 
lation. It  serves  as  an  introduction  to  the  common  and 
traditional  store  of  literary  reference,  allusion,  and  im- 
agery, and  as  a  basis  for  paragraph-writing.  This  year 
translations  of  the  Iliad,  the  Odyssey,  and  the  Beowulf, 
and  Morris's  Sigurd  the  Volsung,  have  been  studied. 
These  courses,  and  the  course  in  Practical  Rhetoric  for 
scientific  students,  in  general  serve  to  stimulate  con- 
structive effort  and  practical  skill  in  writing  pari  passu 
with  analytical  effort  and  the  acquisition  of  information. 
They  accordingly  include  first  the  weekly  exercise  in 
paragraph-writing,  written  in  the  class-room  upon  some 
topic  not  previously  announced  but  involving  acquaint- 
ance with  the  Supplementary  Reading  assigned  for  the 
week;  and,  secondly,  a  carefully  supervised  series  of  com- 
positions. Three  themes  have  been  required  each  term. 
The  supervision,  which  is  personal,  extends  to  methods 
of  using  the  Library,  of  securing  material  and  of  taking 
notes  in  scholarly  fashion,  to  limitation  and  definition 
of  subject;  to  construction  of  a  scheme  of  presentation 
in  advance  of  the  writing,  as  well  as  to  careful  criticism 
of  the  finished  work.  The  organization  and  develop- 
ment of  these  courses  is  in  large  measure  due  to  the 
exertions  of  Professor  Bradley,  to  whom  I  am  indebted 
for  the  details  of  this  description.  It  should  be  added 
that  essays  are  required  in  connection  with  all  work  in 
the  English  department.  The  course  in  English  Mas- 
terpieces for  scientific  students,  given  by  Mr.  Armes, 
involves  the  careful  reading  in  class  of  representative 
poems  and  essays  of  the  foremost  writers,  and  supple- 
mentary reading  out  of  class.  Of  elective  preliminary 
courses,  that  in  the  General  History  of  English  Litera- 
ture is  the  sine  qua  non  for  all  higher  work.  It  presents 
a  synoptical  view  of  English  literature  as  the  outcome 
of,  and  the  index  to,  English  thought  in  the  course  of 
its  development.  It  is  accordingly  based  upon  a  text- 
book of  English  history,  and  the  copious  reading  of  au- 
thors illustrative  of  social  and  literary  movements.  It 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


31 


runs  as  a  three-hour  course  throughout  the  Sophomore 
year,  and  involves  the  reading  by  each  student,  and  the 
discussion  in  class,  of  some  thirty  masterpieces.  The 
course  entitled  Argumentation  comprises  the  analysis 
of  masterpieces,  the  preparation  of  briefs,  and  the  de- 
livery of  arguments  exemplifying  the  use  of  the  syllo- 
gism and  the  exposure  of  fallacies.  It  must  be  preceded 
by  a  course  in  formal  logic,  and  is  introductory  to  a 
course  in  Forensics. 

The  Higher  Courses  for  undergraduates  are  grouped 
as  (1)  Rhetoric  and  the  Theory  of  Criticism:  four 
courses;  (2)  Linguistics:  four  courses,  including,  be- 
side grammar,  history,  and  criticism,  the  comparative 
study  of  the  Germanic  sources  of  English  culture,  and 
Germanic  philology;  (3)  The  Historical  and  Critical 
Study  of  Literature:  eleven  courses  in  chronological 
sequence,  by  (a)  periods,  (b)  authors,  (c)  literary  move- 
ments, (d)  the  evolution  of  types.  The  first  of  these 
groups  is  essential  to  the  other  two.  It  involves  the 
differentiation,  for  advanced  work,  of  rhetoric  into  its 
species  (Exposition,  including  methods  of  literary  re- 
search and  interpretation;  Forensics,  Narration,  etc.), 
and  an  introduction  to  the  comparative  and  aesthetic 
methods.  A  course  in  Poetics  outlines  the  theory  of 
art,  the  theory  and  development  of  literature,  the  rela- 
tions of  poetry  and  prose,  the  principles  of  versification, 
and  the  canons,  inductive  and  deductive,  of  dramatic 
criticism.  It  is  usually  accompanied  by  lectures  on  the 
..Esthetics  of  Literature.  This  course  is  followed  by  the 
Problems  of  Literary  Criticism:  a  comparative  inquiry 
into  the  growth,  technique,  and  function  of  literary  types 
other  than  the  drama.  The  attempt  is  made  to  arrive 
by  induction  at  the  characteristics  common  to  the  na- 
tional varieties  of  a  type,  and  to  formulate  these  in  the 
light  of  aesthetic  theory.  The  resulting  laws  are  ap- 
plied as  canons  of  criticism  to  English  masterpieces  of 
that  type.  The  method  has  been  described  by  a  former 
student  in  the  "Century  Magazine,"  Jan.,  1891.  The 
reading  and  discussions  are  guided  by  questions,  sug- 
gestions, and  reference  lists  —  part  of  a  manual  of  Lit- 
erary Theories  now  in  press.  For  lack  of  space  the 
courses  in  Linguistics  and  Literature  cannot  be  enum- 
erated. Students  making  English  their  principal  study 
must  include  in  their  elections  Exposition  or  Linguistics, 
Poetics,  Criticism,  and  the  intensive  study  of  at  least 
one  literary  master  or  one  literary  type.  For  the  teach- 
er's certificate  Linguistics  is  indispensable. 

The  courses  primarily  for  Graduates  have  a  two-fold 
aim:  First,  to  impart  information;  secondly,  and  prin- 
cipally, to  encourage  original  research.  This  differen- 
tiation by  purpose  is  necessarily  relative.  Under  the 
former  heading,  however,  falls  one  of  the  philological 
courses,  Old  Icelandic  (Lange).  Under  the  latter  falls 
another  philological  course,  First  Modern  English  (an 
investigation  into  the  orthographic,  phonetic,  and  syn- 
tactical changes  of  Sixteenth  Century  English  (Lange), 
and  various  literary  courses  which  may  be  classified  as 
aesthetic,  comparative,  and  critical.  The  course  in  the 
History  of  ^Esthetic  Theory,  which,  by  the  courtesy  of 
the  professor  of  philosophy,  is  at  present  in  my  hands, 
is  a  study  at  first  hand  of  the  principal  authorities  in 
esthetics,  and  of  the  literary  art  that  chiefly  influenced 
them.  The  course  may  be  said  to  deal  with  fundamen- 
tal literary  forces.  It  is  given  both  terms  and  extends 
through  three  years.  This  year  Plato  and  Aristotle  were 
studied  and  Plotinus  begun.  Next  year  we  shall  at- 
tempt to  come  down  to  Winckelmann.  The  year  after 
we  shall  begin  with  Kant.  The  courses  which  I  have 


called  comparative  deal  with  literary  movements.  They 
are  two  in  number:  The  Mediaeval  Spirit  as  related  to 
Art,  its  chief  exponents  in  English  literature  and  its 
modern  revivals  (Bradley) ;  and  The  Influence  of  Ger- 
many on  English  literature  of  the  eighteenth  and  nine- 
teenth centuries  (Lange).  A  purely  critical  course,  deal- 
ing with  literary  methods,  is  offered  by  Professor  Brad- 
ley, in  the  study  of  the  entire  production  of  some  author 
of  limited  scope. 

To  graduate  courses  of  information  and  of  research 
might  legitimately  be  added  courses  having  a  third  pur- 
pose :  the  encouragement  of  literary  creation.  We  have 
as  yet  none  such  in  the  University  of  California,  unless 
one  denominated  Special  Study,  under  which  we  an- 
nounce ourselves  ready  to  assist  and  advise  compe- 
tent graduates  in  approved  plans  of  work,  may  be  con- 
strued as  sufficient  for  the  emergency.  Academic  schol- 
arship does  not  look  with  favor  upon  the  attempt  to 
stimulate  or  foster  creative  production.  But,  if  char- 
ily advised,  sagaciously  circumscribed,  and  conducted 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  a  competent  critic, 
constructive  literary  effort  may  surely  find  a  place  in 
the  curriculum  of  an  exceptional  graduate, —  never,  of 
course,  unattended  by  other  study  with  informative  or 
disciplinary  purpose  in  view.  There  is,  nowadays,  no 
reason  why  genius  should  be  untutored  or  its  early  pro- 
ductions unkempt. 

With  regard  to  methods  of  instruction  no  stereotyped 
habit  obtains.  In  our  lower  classes  the  text-book  is  not 
always  used.  When  used  it  is  treated  as  a  guide,  not 
as  a  bible.  In  both  lower  and  higher  classes,  recitations, 
reports  on  reading,  discussion  of  topics,  informal  or  for- 
mal lectures,  interpretative  reading,  and  personal  con- 
ference prevail,  in  such  combination  or  with  such  pref- 
erence as  the  instructor  may  deem  wise.  Students, 
however,  are  always  put  to  work  on  the  masterpieces 
themselves. 

With  regard  to  methods  of  investigation,  we  believe 
that  a  certain  catholicity  of  attitude  —  not  inconsistent 
with  alertness  —  should  be  observed.  The  present  an- 
archy, sometimes  tyranny,  of  method  is  due  generally 
to  a  deficient  organization  of  studies;  and  that,  in  turn, 
to  an  incomprehensive  view  of  the  field.  Hence,  the 
uncertainty  of  aim  with  which  instruction  in  English  is. 
frequently  reproached.  This  lack  of  system  is,  how- 
ever, indicative  only  of  the  fact  that  literary  science  is. 
in  a  transitional  stage :  no  longer  static,  not  yet  organic,, 
but  dynamic.  The  study  of  literature  in  the  sentimen- 
tal, the  formally  stylistic,  or  the  second-hand-historical 
fashion,  is  out  of  date.  Scholars  in  philology — narrowed 
to  linguistics  —  have  set  the  new  pace  by  making  of 
their  branch  a  dynamic  study:  a  study  of  sources,  causes, 
relations,  movements,  and  effects.  Professors  of  liter- 
ature and  criticism  are  now,  as  rapidly  as  may  be,  adapt- 
ing dynamic  methods,  whether  historical  or  asthetic,  to 
their  lines  of  research.  But  each  is  naturally  liable  to 
urge  the  method  that  he  favors  or  thinks  that  he  has 
invented.  One,  therefore,  advocates  ethical  and  reli- 
gious exegesis,  another  sesthetic  interpretation,  another- 
comparative  inquiry,  another  the  historical  study  of 
style.  This  is  to  be  expected;  and  the  dynamic,  or  spo- 
radic, stage  of  literary  science  cannot  be  terminated  until, 
by  elimination,  attrition,  and  adjustment  of  results,  we 
are  ready  to  substitute  something  organic.  Hospitality 
to  ideas  and  conservative  liberality  of  method  will  hasten 
the  advent  of  systematic  investigation.  Even  now  there 
are  those  who  study  the  masterpiece,  not  only  in  genetic 
relation  to  author  and  type,  but  also  in  organic  relation/ 


32 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16 


to  the  social  and  artistic  movements  of  which  author 
and  type  are  integral  factors.  The  sum  of  the  methods 
of  any  literary  inquiry  in  any  college  course  should  be 
exhaustive  so  far  as  circumstances  permit.  The  exi- 
gencies of  time,  training,  and  material  are,  however, 
such  that  due  regard,  in  turn,  for  Historical  Criticism 
(linguistic,  textual,  genetic),  Technical  Criticism  (dis- 
tinctive of  the  type:  its  evolution,  characteristic,  and 
function),  and  Literary  Criticism  (ethical,  psychological, 
aesthetic)  can  rarely  be  observed  in  the  study  of  one  spec- 
imen with  one  class.  The  method,  moreover,  adapted 
to  one  author,  masterpiece,  or  type,  is  not  necessarily 
of  universal  applicability.  But  the  duty  of  the  English 
department  in  the  teaching  of  literature  is  fulfilled  if 
the  student,  after  mastering  the  prime  courses,  with 
their  appropriate  means  and  ends,  has  acquired  a  syn- 
optic view  of  literary  art  and  science,  an  organic  method 
of  study,  and  a  critical  sensitiveness  to  good  literature 

no  matter  in  what  intensive  spirit  it  be  approached. 

To  this  end,  it  is  essential  that  the  synthesis  of  the 
courses  and  the  methods  of  a  department  furnish  a  sys- 
tem. 

With  these  considerations  in  mind  it  is  evident  that 
the  attempt  to  limit  the  teaching  of  English  literature 
to  "  literary  history,  literary  aesthetics,  the  theory  and 
analysis  of  style,  versification,  and  rhetoric,  and  the  nec- 
essary philological  apparatus  "  would,  though  attract- 
ive in  its  apparent  simplicity,  end  in  formalism :  that  is, 
remand  the  science  to  its  static  stage.  But  the  limita- 
tion would  be  impossible.  For  form  and  thought  are 
as  inseparable  in  literature  as  in  life:  the  expression  is 
inherent  in  the  idea.  To  appreciate  the  art  of  Dis  Ali- 
ter  Visum  is  to  understand  the  ethics  of  Browning:  that 
is,  to  be  a  philosopher.  Sociological,  metaphysical,  and 
ethical  themes  are  within  the  function  of  the  belles- 
lettrist  as  soon  as,  emotionalized  and  clad  in  aesthetic 
form,  they  enter  the  field  of  letters.  Nay,  further,  the 
methods  of  the  laboratory,  chemical  or  biological,  are 
within  his  function  as  soon  as  their  adaptation  may  as- 
sist him  to  weigh  aesthetic  values  or  to  trace  the  devel- 
opment of  literary  organisms.  It  is,  consequently,  un- 
wise to  contemn  scientific  methods,  even  though  in  the 
hands  of  enthusiasts  they  appear  to  countervail  aesthetic 
interpretation  and  discipline.  Monomaniacs  are  forces 
in  periods  of  transition.  It  is  for  those  of  far  gaze  and 
patient  temper  to  compute  results  and  perform  the  syn- 
thesis. 

One  thing  is  certain:  that,  for  the  determination  of 
critical  principles  and  methods,  organized  effort  is  nec- 
essary. To  this  end  I  propose  the  formation  of  a  So- 
ciety of  Comparative  Literature,  the  general  scope  of 
which  will  be  indicated  hereafter.* 

CHARLES  MILLS  GAYLEY. 
Professor  of  the  English  Language  and  Literature, 
University  of  California. 


THE  "  Critic  "  Lounger  has  the  following  :  " '  Three 
years  ago,  in  London,  at  dinner,'  said  Chauncey  M.  De- 
pew  in  1890,  '  I  sat  beside  Robert  Browning,  the  poet. 
He  said  to  me,  "  Of  all  the  places  in  the  world,  the  one 
which  from  its  literary  societies  sends  me  the  most  in- 
telligent and  thoughtful  criticisms  upon  my  poetry,  is 
Chicago." '  And  this  was  six  years  before  the  Fair  had 
come  to  quicken  the  intelligence  and  refine  the  taste  of 
our  neighbors  beyond  the  Lake." 


*  Professor  Gayley's  communication  on  the  subject  referred 
to  will  appear  in  our  next  issue. — [£DR.  DIAL.] 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


AN  HISTORIAN'S  "LITERARY  STYLE." 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  an  article  in  "  The  Yale  Review  "  for  May,  enti- 
tled "  Historical  Industries,"  the  historian  Schouler  dis- 
cusses methods  of  writing  history,  and,  with  a  glow 
of  pride,  illustrates  from  his  own  experience.  Em- 
phasizing his  contention  that  a  writer  should  do  his 
work  in  absolute  independence  of  the  help  of  anyone, 
he  says: 

"  In  fine,  every  real  research,  where  I  have  published,  and 
every  page  of  composition,  has  been  my  own ;  and  having 
regularly  contracted  with  my  publishers  to  create  a  book,  in- 
stead of  hawking  about  its  manuscript  when  completed,  and 
having  always  been  permitted,  when  ready,  to  hand  my  copy 
to  the  printers,  without  submitting  it  to  any  mortal's  inspec- 
tion, I  have  pursued  my  own  bent,  in  shaping  out  the  task  as 
I  had  projected  it.  I  have  shown  my  manuscript  to  no  one  at 
all  for  criticism  or  approval ;  nor  have  I  received  suggestions, 
even  as  to  literary  style  and  expression,  except  upon  printed 
sheets  from  the  casual  proof-reader,  as  the  book  went  finally 
through  the  press." 

In  view  of  the  above  paragraph,  one  wonders  if  Mr. 
Schouler  has  not  forgotten  his  earlier  efforts,  before  he 
could  say  "  my  publishers."  As  one  turns  back  through 
the  five  volumes  of  that  very  useful  work,  "  Schouler's 
History  of  the  United  States,"  he  finds  such  illustra- 
tions of  "  literary  style  and  expression  "  as  the  follow- 
ing : 

"  The  high  horse  the  ruling  party  bestrode  for  the  internal 
discipline  of  the  Union  at  length  threatened  to  cast  it.  Of 
the  approaching  catastrophe  the  first  warning  came  from 
the  middle  section  of  the  country,  where  the  daring  exam- 
ple of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  bore  ripening  fruit."  (Vol. 
I.,  p.  444.) 

"In  the  fall  elections  of  these  New  England  States,  over 
which  political  excitement  ran  breakers,  Federalism  made 
more  tangible  profit  by  opposing  the  new  national  policy." 
(II.,  p.  184.) 

"  Less  submissive  was  the  strain  of  Boston.  The  old  cradle 
rocked  in  town  meeting  with  an  assemblage  of  tax-payers 
which  adjourned  over  one  night  to  complete  its  work.  Thomas 
H.  Perkins  serving  as  moderator."  (II.,  p.  191.) 

"In  1835  that  institution  [slavery]  was  growing  and  swell- 
ing, though  not  as  yet  so  large  as  to  rock  to  and  fro  and  agi- 
tate the  chamber  of  the  Constitution,  upon  whose  imprisoning 
walls  it  finally  broke."  (IV.,  p.  203. ) 

"A  man  whose  clear  intellect  and  sense  of  justice  needed 
no  swathe  of  citations  to  pierce  a  legal  principle  to  the  bot- 
tom." (IV.,  p.  232.) 

"  A  second  time  had  the  curtailed  monster  of  a  National 
Bank  suspended  payment,  crushing  by  its  fall  a  whole  heca- 
tomb of  minion  institutions  which  were  staggering  behind  ; 
its  drafts  dishonored  abroad  and  scandals  spreading  of  its 
ballooning  exploits  which  all  at  last  seriously  believed ."  ( I V . , 
p.  324.) 

"  A  man  whose  name  in  twenty  years  was  to  echo  down  the 
grooves  of  time."  (V.,  p.  112.) 

As  one  reads  these  and  similar  passages  from  the  pages 
of  this  useful  historian  —  who  may  be  characterized 
by  his  own  words  concerning  Jacob  Crowninshield  as  "  a 
man  of  ...  vivacity  bubbling  over  with  a  copiousness 
of  expression  which  irrigated  in  all  directions" — he 
is  led  to  regret  that  the  rule  of  not  submitting  man- 
uscript to  any  mortal's  inspection  has  been  so  rigidly 
maintained. 

JOHX  J.  HALSEY. 

Lake  Forest  University,  July  5,  1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


33 


ABRAHAM  LINCOLN'S  COMPLETE  WORKS.* 

The  editors  of  Abraham  Lincoln's  Complete 
Works  have  prepared  them  on  the  same  grand 
scale  as  their  Life  of  Lincoln.  They  had  ap- 
parently sought  to  collect  and  publish  every- 
thing extant  that  claims  Lincoln  for  its  author, 
at  least  in  the  period  after  he  reached  man- 
hood ;  and  if  anything  has  escaped  their  vigi- 
lant search  it  must  be  something  minute  and 
obscure  indeed.  No  other  great  American  has 
received  such  faithful  attention  from  an  editor, 
— neither  Washington,  nor  Franklin,  nor  Jef- 
ferson. The  result  is  1414  solid  octavo  pages 
of  the  most  diverse  material, — personal  letters, 
business  notes,  orders  on  shopkeepers,  frag- 
mentary memoranda,  party  resolutions  and  cir- 
culars, outlines  of  speeches  and  law  arguments, 
lectures,  love  letters,  remarks,  formal  addresses, 
telegrams,  state  papers,  etc.,  thousands  in  num- 
ber, all  presented  in  the  order  of  their  produc- 
tion. Much  of  this  matter  has  no  more  im- 
portance or  interest  in  itself  than  bushels  of 
similar  material  that  never  see  the  light ;  and 
the  only  reason  for  publishing  it  that  can  be 
assigned  is  its  authorship.  The  same  may  be 
said,  however,  of  the  complete  works  of  every 
other  great  man.  And  with  all  reasonable  de- 
ductions there  remains  in  Lincoln's  Works  a 
great  mass  of  matter  that,  for  the  illustration 
of  American  history,  is  second  to  none  in  ex- 
istence. For  Lincoln's  own  life  and  times,  and 
particularly  for  the  years  1860-1865,  the  vol- 
umes are  of  course  invaluable.  On  that  point, 
words  can  add  no  emphasis.  It  must  be  said, 
too,  that  many  of  the  documents  which  at  first 
seem  unimportant,  at  least  in  such  a  place, 
have  a  decided  personal  interest  and  value. 
For  instance,  here  are  scores  of  pages  filled 
with  telegrams  of  the  war  period,  many  of 
them  only  a  line  or  two  in  length,  that,  one 
might  at  first  think,  should  have  been  left  to 
sleep  in  the  ponderous  volumes  called  "  The 
War  of  the  Rebellion."  But  even  these  are 
often  characteristic,  and,  as  a  collection,  they 
exemplify  the  sleepless  vigilance  with  which 
the  President  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the 
Army  followed  the  events  of  the  war,  both  po- 
litical and  military.  Here  are  the  orders  re- 
prieving or  pardoning  soldiers  condemned  to 

*  ABRAHAM  LINCOLN'S  COMPLETE  WORKS.  Comprising  his 
Speeches,  Letters,  State  Papers,  and  Miscellaneous  Writings. 
Edited  by  John  G.  Nicolay  and  John  Hay.  In  two  volumes. 
New  York :  The  Century  Co.  (McDonnell  Brothers,  Chicago.) 


death  for  breach  of  military  duty,  that  were 
generally  so  unwelcome  to  the  officers  com- 
manding, but  that,  as  we  now  see,  detracted 
nothing  in  the  long  run  from  the  strength  of 
the  Republic.  Three  sentences  from  a  brief 
letter  written  to  Secretary  Chase,  May  13, 
1863,  will  show  that  Lincoln  knew,  not  merely 
the  operations  in  General  Roseerans's  com- 
mand at  that  time,  but  also  whose  was  the  per- 
sonal initiative  of  operations.  "  I  return,"  he 
says,  "  the  letters  of  General  Garfield  and  Mr. 
Flanders.  I  am  sorry  to  know  that  the  Gen- 
eral's pet  expedition  under  Colonel  Streight 
has  already  been  captured.  Whether  it  had 
paid  for  itself,  as  he  hoped,  I  do  not  know." 
We  remember  a  story  that  at  the  time  of  its 
currency  was  attributed  to  Secretary  Seward. 
It  was  to  the  effect  that,  at  the  opening  of  his 
administration,  Lincoln,  when  presented  with 
documents  for  his  signature,  would  require 
the  Secretary  to  read  them  to  him  in  full ;  as 
time  wore  on  and  burdens  multiplied,  Lincoln 
would  say,  "  Seward,  give  me  the  substance  of 
this  paper  ";  while  at  a  still  later  date  his  only 
request  was,  "  Where  do  you  want  my  name  ?  " 
These  volumes  are  hardly  in  accord  with  the 
spirit  of  this  story. 

There  is  no  better  place  than  these  volumes 
in  which  to  study  the  slow  but  steady  growth 
of  opinion  and  conviction  in  the  Northern  mind 
on  the  subject  of  slavery  for  the  period  that 
they  cover, — opinion  and  conviction,  we  mean, 
that  followed  the  lines  of  real  politics.  The 
first  utterance  found  on  the  subject  is  the  fol- 
lowing protest,  which  was  presented  to  the  Illi- 
nois House  of  Representatives,  March  3, 1837, 
and  signed  "  Dan  Stone  and  A.  Lincoln,  Rep- 
resentatives from  the  County  of  Sangamon." 

"  Resolutions  upon  the  subject  of  domestic  slavery 
having  passed  both  branches  of  the  General  Assembly 
at  its  present  session,  the  undersigned  hereby  protest 
against  the  passage  of  the  same. 

"  They  believe  that  the  institution  of  slavery  is  founded 
on  both  injustice  and  bad  policy,  but  that  the  promul- 
gation of  abolition  doctrines  tends  rather  to  increase 
than  abate  its  evils. 

"  They  believe  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
has  no  power  under  the  Constitution  to  interfere  with 
the  institution  of  slavery  in  the  different  States. 

"  They  believe  that  the  Congress  of  the  United  States 
has  the  power,  under  the  Constitution,  to  abolish  slavery 
in  the  District  of  Columbia,  but  that  the  power  ought 
not  to  be  exercised,  unless  at  the  request  of  the  people 
of  the  District. 

"  The  difference  between  these  opinions  and  those 
contained  in  the  said  resolutions  is  their  reason  for  en- 
tering this  protest." 

This  was  the  high-water  mark  of  what  would 
be  called  practical  anti-slavery  opinion  at  that 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


time.  To  remark  upon  the  interval  between 
March  3,  1837,  and  January  1,  1863,— only 
twenty-six  years,  as  measured  by  dates, —  is 
quite  superfluous. 

At  the  opening  of  his  public  career  Lincoln 
appears  to  have  been  a  believer  in  woman's  suf- 
frage. In  an  "announcement  of  political  views" 
published  in  a  newspaper  in  1836,  when  a  can- 
didate for  the  General  Assembly,  he  said  over 
his  signature : 

"  I  go  for  all  sharing  the  privileges  of  the  Govern- 
ment who  assist  in  bearing  its  burdens.  Consequently, 
I  go  for  admitting  all  whites  to  the  right  of  suffrage 
who  pay  taxes  or  bear  arms  (by  no  means  excluding  fe- 
males)." 

The  index  does  not  point  to  any  later  expres- 
sion of  opinion  on  the  subject. 

The  value  of  these  Works  does  not  consist 
alone  in  their  subject-matter.  Lincoln  has  not 
contributed  many  lessons  to  the  school  "  read- 
ers," or  declamations  to  the  "  speakers."  Yet 
his  style,  when  at  the  best,  will  bear  the  most 
careful  study.  His  diction  lacked  the  majesty 
of  Webster,  the  learning  of  Sumner,  the  finish 
of  Seward ;  but  he  excelled  them  all  on  occa- 
sions in  depth,  in  ability  to  find  the  way  to  the 
thought  and  feeling  of  unconventional  human 
nature,  and  in  the  insight  which  fits  the  word 
to  the  time  and  place.  In  his  popular  ad- 
dresses his  strength  lay  in  the  clear  and  direct 
statement  of  his  thought,  in  the  iteration  of  his 
main  ideas,  in  the  avoidance  of  all  superfluities 
of  meaning  and  expression,  in  the  homely  yet 
apt  illustration, —  all  vitalized  by  the  depth  of 
his  convictions.  For  the  peculiar  work  that  he 
was  called  to  do,  and  particularly  in  the  West, 
it  is  hard  to  imagine  a  happier  combination  of 
qualities.  His  good  humor  and  his  downright 
moral  seriousness  sprung  from  the  same  root. 
The  Cooper  Institute  address,  made  in  1860, 
shows  him  at  his  very  best  as  a  popular  ora- 
tor. Taking  as  a  text  some  words  that  Judge 
Douglas  had  uttered  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  the 
previous  autumn, —  "Our  fathers,  when  they 
framed  the  Government  under  which  we  live, 
understood  this  question  just  as  well,  and  even 
better  than  we  do  now," — he  proceeded  to  build 
up  an  argument  to  show  that  those  fathers  had 
occupied  the  very  ground  in  respect  to  the 
extension  of  slavery  on  which  he  then  stood, 
which  it  was  surely  difficult  for  intelligent  sin- 
cerity to  resist.  A  popular  orator  who  desires 
permanently  to  impress  the  public  mind  could 
hardly  find  a  better  model  to  study  than  this 
masterly  address.  Perhaps  it  is  not  going  be- 
yond the  proper  limits  of  a  review  like  this  to 


suggest  that  there  are  scores  of  politicians  prom- 
inent in  public  life  to-day  who  might  profitably 
make  that  choice. 

Lincoln's  best  qualities  appear  also  in  the 
joint  debates  with  Judge  Douglas,  held  in  1858, 
which  debates  are  here  reproduced  in  full  on 
both  sides.  Douglas  was  a  man  of  vigorous 
faculties,  a  practiced  stump  speaker,  popular 
in  Illinois,  the  politics  of  which  State  he,  more 
than  any  other,  had  long  controlled  ;  but  in  an 
evil  hour  for  his  reputation  he  accepted  Lin- 
coln's challenge  to  discuss  the  political  ques- 
tions of  the  day  before  the  people  of  the  State. 
We  now  see  Lincoln's  great  superiority  to  his 
long-time  antagonist  even  more  clearly  than 
the  hearers  of  those  debates  saw  it  at  the  time. 
On  his  nomination  for  Senator  by  the  Spring- 
field Convention,  June  16  of  that  year,  Lin- 
coln had  opened  his  address  with  the  following 
deliberate  and  weighty  declaration  : 

"Mr.  President  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention:  If 
we  could  first  know  where  we  are,  and  whither  we  are 
tending,  we  could  better  judge  what  to  do,  and  how  to 
do  it.  We  are  now  far  into  the  fifth  year  since  a  policy 
was  initiated  with  the  avowed  object  and  confident  prom- 
ise of  putting  an  end  to  slavery  agitation.  Under  the 
operation  of  that  policy,  that  agitation  has  not  only  not 
ceased,  but  has  constantly  augmented.  In  my  opinion, 
it  will  not  cease  until  a  crisis  shall  have  been  reached 
and  passed.  '  A  house  divided  against  itself  cannot 
stand.'  I  believe  this  Government  cannot  endure  per- 
manently half  slave  and  half  free.  I  do  not  expect  the 
Union  to  be  dissolved  —  I  do  not  expect  the  house  to 
fall  —  but  I  do  expect  it  will  cease  to  be  divided.  It 
will  become  all  one  thing,  or  all  the  other.  Either  the 
opponents  of  slavery  will  arrest  the  further  spread  of 
it,  and  place  it  where  the  public  mind  shall  rest  in  the 
belief  that  it  is  in  the  course  of  ultimate  extinction;  or 
its  advocates  will  push  it  forward  till  it  shall  become 
alike  lawful  in  all  the  States,  old  as  well  as  new,  North 
as  well  as  South." 

This  speech  was  made  four  full  months  be- 
fore Mr.  Seward  delivered  his  celebrated  "  irre- 
pressible conflict  "  speech  (Rochester,  October 
25,  1858)  in  which  he  declared  :  "  It  is  an 
irrepressible  conflict  between  opposing  and  en- 
during forces,  and  it  means  that  the  United 
States  must  and  will,  sooner  or  later,  become 
either  entirely  a  slaveholding  nation  or  entirely 
a  free-labor  nation.  Either  the  cotton  and  rice 
fields  of  South  Carolina  and  the  sugar  planta- 
tions of  Louisiana  will  ultimately  be  tilled  by 
free  labor,  and  Charleston  and  New  Orleans 
become  marts  for  legitimate  merchandise  alone, 
or  else  the  rye  fields  and  wheat  fields  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  York  must  again  be  surren- 
dered by  their  farmers  to  slave  culture  and  to 
the  production  of  slaves,  and  Boston  and  New 
York  become  once  more  markets  for  trade  in 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


35 


the  bodies  and  souls  of  men."  Lincoln's  words 
are  no  less  weighty  than  Seward's,  and  they 
attracted  less  attention  at  the  time  only  because 
Lincoln  then  occupied  an  obscure  station  as 
compared  with  Seward. 

Naturally,  Douglas  strove  to  make  the  most 
of  Lincoln's  frank  avowal  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion. In  the  joint  debates  he  demanded  to  know 
why  the  country  could  not  continue  half  free 
and  half  slave,  as  in  the  days  of  Washington 
and  the  other  fathers.  Lincoln  repeated  what 
he  had  said,  and  put  to  his  antagonist  a  tu 
quoque  which  he  never  answered. 

"  He  has  read  from  my  speech  in  Springfield  in  which 
I  say  that '  a  house  divided  against  itself  cannot  stand.' 
Does  the  Judge  say  it  can  stand  ?  I  do  n't  know  whether 
he  does  or  not.  The  Judge  does  not  seem  to  be  at- 
tending to  me  just  now,  but  I  would  like  to  know  if  it 
is  his  opinion  that  a  house  divided  against  itself  can 
stand.  If  he  does,  then  there  is  a  question  of  veracity, 
not  between  him  and  me,  but  between  the  Judge  and 
an  authority  of  a  somewhat  higher  character." 

At  this  distance  it  seems  amazing  that  men 
of  perspicacity  could  fail  to  see  the  truth  of 
what  Lincoln  and  Seward  asserted ;  but  we 
must  remember  the  dulling  effect  that  the  pe- 
culiar institution  had  on  the  insight  of  those 
who  were  subject  to  its  bondage.  In  an  un- 
fortunate hour,  Douglas,  to  show  his  inde- 
pendence of  the  jarring  discord  about  slavery, 
flaunted  the  declaration  on  the  floor  of  the  Sen- 
ate that  he  "  did  not  care  whether  it  was  voted 
up  or  voted  down  ";  and  he  never  wearied  of 
repeating  the  utterance.  Here,  too,  we  must 
remember  the  environment  of  Democratic  poli- 
ticians of  national  reputation  and  national  am- 
bition in  the  decade  1850-1860.  Judge 
Douglas  was  also  fond  of  making  another  dec- 
laration that  is  due  to  the  same  causes.  This 
one  involved  a  fallacious  assumption,  not  to 
speak  of  moral  obtuseness,  that  Lincoln  ex- 
posed in  his  speech  made  at  Cincinnati  Sep- 
tember 17,  1859.  He  is  addressing  for  the 
moment  a  real  or  imaginary  audience  of  Ken- 
tuckians. 

"  At  this  same  meeting  at  Memphis,  he  [Douglas] 
declared  that  in  all  contests  between  the  negro  and  the 
white  man,  he  was  for  the  white  man;  but  that  in  all 
questions  between  the  negro  and  the  crocodile,  he  was 
for  the  negro.  He  did  not  make  that  declaration  acci- 
dentally at  Memphis.  He  made  it  a  great  many  times 
in  the  canvass  in  Illinois  last  year  (though  I  do  n't  know 
that  it  was  reported  in  any  of  his  speeches  there;  but 
he  frequently  made  it).  I  believe  he  repeated  it  at 
Columbus,  and  I  should  not  wonder  if  he  repeated  it 
here.  It  is,  then,  a  deliberate  way  of  expressing  him- 
self upon  that  subject.  It  is  a  matter  of  mature  delib- 
eration with  him  thus  to  express  himself  upon  that 
point  of  his  case.  It  therefore  requires  some  deliberate 
attention. 


"  The  first  inference  seems  to  be  that  if  you  do  not 
enslave  the  negro  you  are  wronging  the  white  man  in 
some  way  or  other ;  and  that  whoever  is  opposed  to  the 
negro  being  enslaved  is,  in  some  way  or  other,  against 
the  white  man.  Is  not  that  a  falsehood  ?  If  there  was 
a  necessary  conflict  between  the  white  man  and  the  ne- 
gro, I  should  be  for  the  white  man  as  much  as  Judge 
Douglas;  but  I  say  there  is  no  such  necessary  conflict. 
I  say  that  there  is  room  enough  for  us  all  to  be  free, 
and  that  it  not  only  does  not  wrong  the  white  man  that 
the  negro  should  be  free,  but  it  positively  wrongs  the 
mass  of  the  white  men  that  the  negro  should  be  en- 
slaved; tlint  the  mass  of  white  men  are  really  injured 
by  the  effects  of  slave-labor  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fields 
of  their  own  labor. 

"But  I  do  not  desire  to  dwell  upon 'this  branch  of 
the  question,  more  than  to  say  that  this  assumption  of 
his  is  false,  and  I  do  hope  that  that  fallacy  will  not  long 
prevail  in  the  minds  of  intelligent  white  men.  At  all 
events,  you  ought  to  thank  Judge  Douglas  for  it.  It 
is  for  your  benefit  it  is  made. 

"The  other  branch  of  it  is,  that  in  a  struggle  be- 
tween the  negro  and  the  crocodile,  he  is  for  the  negro. 
Well,  I  do  n't  know  that  there  is  any  struggle  between 
the  negro  and  the  crocodile,  either.  I  suppose  that  if 
a  crocodile  (or,  as  we  old  Ohio  River  boatmen  used  to 
call  them,  alligators)  should  come  across  a  white  man, 
he  would  kill  him  if  he  could,  and  so  he  would  a  negro. 
But  what,  at  last,  is  this  proposition  ?  I  believe  that 
it  is  a  sort  of  proposition  in  proportion,  which  may  be 
stated  thus :  '  As  the  negro  is  to  the  white  man,  so  is 
the  crocodile  to  the  negro ;  and  as  the  negro  may  right- 
fully treat  the  crocodile  as  a  beast  or  reptile,  so  the  white 
man  may  rightfully  treat  the  negro  as  a  beast  or  reptile.' 
That  is  really  the  point  of  all  that  argument  of  his. 

"  Now,  my  brother  Kentuckians  who  believe  in  this, 
you  ought  to  thank  Judge  Douglas  for  having  put  that 
in  a  much  more  taking  way  than  any  of  yourselves  have 
done." 

At  this  distance  of  time  these  paragraphs 
may  not  seem  very  uplifting  to  the  mind  ;  but 
considered  with  reference  to  their  object,  it  is 
hard  to  see  how  they  could  have  been  improved. 
However,  Lincoln  did  say  many  things  that 
are  uplifting  which  it  is  not  necessary  here  for- 
mally to  point  out.  We  have  sometimes  won- 
dered at  the  extreme  frigidity  of  style  that 
marked  the  Emancipation  Proclamations.  It 
would  be  hard  to  compose  documents  more 
pragmatical  or  less  marked  by  felicity  of  phrase. 
How  unlike  they  are  to  the  pronunciamentos 
that  a  liberator  of  a  Latin  race  would  have  put 
forth  under  similar  circumstances.  The  only 
words  in  either  document  that  are  impressive 
in  themselves  form  the  last  paragraph  of  the 
second  Proclamation :  "  And  upon  this  act, 
sincerely  believed  to  be  an  act  of  justice  war- 
ranted by  the  Constitution  under  military  ne- 
cessity, I  invoke  the  considerate  judgment  of 
mankind  and  the  gracious  favor  of  Almighty 
God."  And  these  words,  or  at  least  the  more 
impressive  of  them,  were  contributed  by  Sec- 
retary Chase. 


36 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


These  Works  will  be  sure  to  find  their  way 
into  all  libraries,  public  and  private,  the  own- 
ers or  managers  of  which  make  any  pretension 
to  keeping  abreast  of  the  political  history  of 
the  country.  It  remains  only  to  speak  of  the 
admirable  manner  in  which  their  publishers 
have  brought  them  out,  and  of  the  excellent 
index  with  which  they  are  furnished. 

B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


SAVE- ME  FROM  MY  FRIENDS.* 

If  the  errors  and  uncertainty  of  history  are 
proverbial,  it  is  equally  certain  that  few  biog- 
raphies, however  conscientiously  written,  pre- 
sent a  truthful  and  complete  likeness  of  the 
man  whom  they  attempt  to  portray.  The  reader 
sees  the  man  through  the  bias,  be  it  admiration 
and  love,  or  indifference  and  prejudice,  of  the 
writer.  No  writer's  mind  is  an  entirely  trans- 
parent medium,  clear  and  unspecked  ;  but  the 
nearer  the  biographer's  mind  comes  to  this  con- 
dition (full  information  and  narrative  skill  be- 
ing assumed),  the  better  should  be  the  biog- 
raphy. At  first  we  naturally  think  that  the 
subject  of  the  biography  will  fare  best  at  the 
hands  of  a  friend  and  admirer ;  but  we  soon 
find  that  the  admirer  and  friend,  unless  con- 
trolled by  a  peculiarly  clear  judgment,  may 
really  injure  the  reputation  of  his  hero  more 
than  the  recognized  prejudice  of  another  writer. 
It  is  a  pity  to  be  compelled  to  say  that  Colonel 
Donn  Piatt's  Life  of  General  George  H.  Thomas 
is  an  example  of  the  injury  that  can  be  done  by 
the  indiscreet  friend  and  admirer. 

It  is  certain  that  up  to  the  time  of  the  ap- 
pearance of  this  Life  no  adequate  biography 
had  been  published  of  this  patriot  and  soldier 
who  had  achieved  so  much  for  his  country  and 
had  impressed  himself  so  strongly  upon  the 
minds  and  hearts  of  thousands  who  came  in 
contact  with  him.  The  field  was  comparatively 
unoccupied,  the  opportunity  a  fine  one ;  and 
many,  especially  among  the  soldiers  who  served 
under  General  Thomas,  will  turn  eagerly  to 
this  book,  hoping  it  may  at  last  make  known 
the  true  stature  of  the  hero  whom  they  love,  but 
whom  their  countrymen  are  still  sadly  ignorant 
of.  They  will  be  disappointed.  The  book  will 
not  spread  a  favorable  knowledge  of  General 
Thomas.  To  those  who  knew  him  it  will  not 
bring  increased  respect ;  to  those  who  did  not 

*  GENERAL  GEORGE  H.  THOMAS:  A  Critical  Biography. 
By  Donn  Piatt,  with  concluding  chapters  by  Henry  V.  Boyn- 
ton.  With  portrait.  Cincinnati :  Robert  Clarke  &  Co. 


know  him  it  cannot  bring  a  pleasant  impres- 
sion. Its  main  faults  can  be  summed  up  in  a 
sentence.  It  is  too  bitterly  partisan,  too  argu- 
mentative, too  discursive,  too  full  of  vitupera- 
tion of  others.  It  seems  as  if  written  quite  as 
much  to  discredit  others  as  to  exalt  Thomas. 
The  plan  of  knocking  down  all  who  stand 
around  your  hero  in  order  that  his  stature  may 
more  fully  appear  does  not  attract  the  sym- 
pathy of  the  reader,  and  does  not  meet  his 
sense  of  justice ;  on  the  contrary,  it  alienates 
and  offends  him.  A  simple  and  graphic  nar- 
rative of  General  Thomas's  career  and  of  his 
great  achievements,  which  shall  at  the  same 
time  fitly  describe  the  charm  of  his  personality 
and  the  loftiness  and  purity  of  his  character,  is 
all  that  is  needed  to  establish  his  fame  as  one 
of  the  greatest  men  our  country  has  produced. 
Such  a  book  still  remains  to  be  written. 

Were  Colonel  Piatt's  book  not  utterly  ruined 
by  its  constant  and  unjustifiable  partisanship, 
it  still  would  be  far  from  satisfactory.  It  is 
weak  and  faulty  in  almost  every  way,  and  te- 
dious by  reason  of  its  interminable  digressions 
upon  all  sorts  of  subjects  not  connected  with 
its  subject.  It  has  a  preface  of  ten  pages,  and 
an  introduction  of  twenty-three  pages,  the  sub- 
ject or  object  of  either  of  which  it  is  not  easy 
to  determine.  They  seem  to  have  absolutely 
no  connection  with  the  life  of  Thomas,  but 
weary  the  reader  with  disquisitions,  not  very 
lucid,  upon  all  sorts  of  irrelevant  subjects. 
Throughout  the  biography  this  tendency  to 
drop  the  narrative  and  indulge  in  philosophical 
and  argumentative  digressions  appears  to  an 
exasperating  extent.  Indeed,  the  reader  very 
soon  finds  to  his  regret  that  the  author  is  not 
a  narrator,  not  fitted  to  tell  the  simple  straight- 
forward story  of  a  life,  but  a  fighter,  a  contro- 
versialist, and  an  acrimonious  disputant.  He 
goes  out  of  his  way  to  discuss  every  man,  be 
he  statesman  or  soldier,  who  rose  to  high  dis- 
tinction during  the  war.  Grant,  Sherman,  and 
Sheridan  are  all  evil,  and  have  no  redeeming 
qualities ;  indeed,  in  one  place  they  are  summed 
up  as  "  That  trinity  of  incompetents."  Lin- 
coln, Stanton,  and  Chase  are  sometimes  right, 
but  more  often  wrong ;  and  yet  on  the  whole 
they  seem  to  have  the  author's  approval. 

There  may  be  many  bad  institutions  in  the 
country,  but  the  worst  of  all,  in  the  opinion  of 
Colonel  Piatt,  is  "  that  little  school  upon  the 
Hudson,"  West  Point,  which  is  "  popularly 
supposed  not  only  to  give  instruction  in  the 
so-called  art  of  war,  but  to  supply  through  such 
process  the  lack  of  brains  found  in  many  of  its 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


37 


graduates."  He  contends  that  it  is  impossible 
to  teach  the  art  of  war,  and  adds,  "  The  Al- 
mighty has  not  seen  fit  to  endow  its  [West 
Point's]  graduates  with  military  qualities,  to 
say  nothing  of  his  refusal  to  give  that  little 
school  the  monopoly  of  military  talent."  He 
asserts,  "  The  fact  is,  President  Lincoln  knew 
so  little  how  to  conduct  the  war  that  he  feebly 
left  the  entire  business  to  West  Point,  when 
he  could  as  well  have  given  it  to  an  orphan 
asylum  or  a  medical  college."  What  a  singu- 
lar power  of  reasoning  there  must  be  in  a  man 
who  can  write  so  sneeringly  of  West  Point, 
when  every .  man,  including  his  hero,  whom 
through  the  book  he  praises  as  a  soldier  on  the 
Union  or  the  Confederate  side  was  a  graduate 
of  West  Point !  He  is,  however,  in  despair 
about  this  "  little  school  "  to  the  end,  and  thinks 
"  were  war  to  be  declared  to-day,  our  govern- 
ment would  again  call  upon  the  cotton-breasted, 
full-stomached  young  men  of  West  Point  to 
leave  their  drill-rooms  and  be  great  generals 
by  the  grace  of  God  and  the  magic  of  a  com- 
mission." To  the  angry  man,  any  good  round 
epithet  is  as  useful  as  an  argument,  or  cer- 
tainly Colonel  Piatt  would  not  have  fallen  into 
the  absurd  error  of  giving  the  epithet  "full- 
stomached  "  to  the  young  men  of  that  school, 
where  constant  and  severe  physical  training 
has  eliminated  every  superfluous  pound  of  flesh, 
and  rendered  their  stomachs  as  flat  as  their 
backs.  West  Point  is  a  constant  irritation  to 
the  gallant  Colonel ;  and  whenever  it  or  its 
graduates  appear  throughout  his  book — which 
means,  of  course,  nearly  everywhere, — he  must 
go  out  of  the  way  to  have  a  tilt  at  it  or  them. 
And  yet,  after  all,  strange  to  say,  he  never 
once  hints  who  were  the  great  and  heaven- born 
soldiers,  uncontaminated  by  West  Point  train- 
ing, who  could  and  should  have  relieved  the 
West  Pointers  of  the  burden  of  commanding 
the  great  armies  and  ending  the  war. 

It  must  seem  strange  to  any  reader,  and 
almost  incredible,  that  in  this  ponderous  octavo 
volume  of  600  pages,  excluding  the  preface  and 
introduction,  the  story  of  the  life  of  General 
Thomas,  after  being  only  fairly  started,  is  at 
page  214  absolutely  dropped,  and  not  resumed 
again  until  page  452.  The  first  fifteen  pages 
of  this  digression  are  devoted  to  the  ill-doing  of 
the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  the  next  ninety- 
five  to  a  very  severe  review  of  Grant's  cam- 
paign against  Vicksburg.  Here  the  author 
encounters  another  officer  (strange  to  say,  also 
a  West  Pointer),  for  whom  he  has  a  great  ad- 
miration, in  the  person  of  William  S.  Rose- 


crans ;  and  although  he  is  writing,  or  profess- 
ing to  write,  the  life  of  General  Thomas,  126 
successive  pages  are  devoted  to  the  glorification 
of  Rosecrans.  The  whole  Chickamauga  cam- 
paign, with  Rosecrans  as  the  hero,  is  narrated 
and  analyzed  with  the  utmost  minuteness,  and 
is  styled  "  the  most  brilliant  achievement  of 
the  war,"  and  to  the  end  it  is  made  to  reflect 
only  glory  upon  Rosecrans.  This  is  a  curious 
dictum,  in  view  of  the  final  ending,  where  an- 
other had  to  step  in  and  by  his  own  unsup- 
ported efforts  save  Rosecrans 's  army,  and  his 
objective  point,  Chattanooga.  Undoubtedly 
there  is  much  to  admire  in  the  planning  and 
in  the  earlier  conduct  of  this  campaign  ;  but 
while  our  author  sees  everything  that  is  good 
and  brilliant,  he  has  little  or  no  comment  to  be- 
stow on  the  later,  but  no  less  noticeable,  errors 
and  mistakes.  It  would  be  difficult  for  Col- 
onel Piatt  to  explain  or  defend  the  sending  of 
McCook's  corps  to  Alpine,  where  he  was  not 
only  many  miles  away  from  any  supports,  but 
was  directly  exposed  to  overwhelming  masses 
of  the  enemy,  while  his  back  was  against  an 
almost  impassable  mountain  range.  If  we  grant 
that  his  appearance  there  was  an  effective  men- 
ace to  the  enemy,  it  cannot  be  granted  that  the 
orders  to  remain  there,  and  even  to  attack  the 
enemy,  could  have  come  from  anyone  but  a 
commander  who  was  utterly  deceived  as  to  the 
position  and  movements  of  the  enemy.  Had 
not  General  McCook  very  promptly  disobeyed 
those  orders  and  moved  his  trains,  artillery, 
and  troops  up  the  mountain  range  to  the  rear, 
a  disaster  would  probably  have  happened  which 
our  author  would  have  found  it  difficult  to  ex- 
plain. Fortune  favored  Rosecrans  in  the  ulti- 
mate concentration  of  his  scattered  forces  ;  but 
the  mistakes  on  the  field  were  numerous, — and 
what  shall  we  say  of  a  commander  who  abso- 
lutely becomes  panic-stricken,  and  deserts  the 
battle-field  early  in  the  morning  of  the  decisive 
day,  because  one  portion  of  his  army  has  been 
routed  by  overwhelming  numbers  and  driven 
back  while  the  remainder  is  stubbornly  main- 
taining its  position  ?  Whatever  else  is  expected 
of  a  commander,  it  is  expected  that  he  shall 
stay  by  his  army  while  there  is  a  possibility  of 
success.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  Rose- 
crans's  sudden  flight  to  the  rear  caused  the  dis- 
astrous panic  which  carried  the  right  wing  off 
the  field.  The  fact  that  he  was  gone  and  had 
left  no  orders  was  speedily  known  all  along  the 
line.  In  the  face  of  this  knowledge,  who  can 
blame  his  troops  and  his  commanders  for  fol- 
lowing him  ?  Had  McCook  not  known  that 


38 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


Rosecrans  had  gone  he  certainly  would  not  have 
left  the  field.  Deserted  by  his  commander-in- 
chief  and  the  right  wing,  which  he  had  demor- 
alized, Thomas  alone  never  thought  of  retreat, 
but,  without  orders,  stemmed  the  tide  of  utter 
defeat,  controlled  his  troops,  inspired  them  with 
invincible  courage,  won  the  field,  and  saved 
the  point  for  which  the  campaign  was  fought 
—  Chattanooga.  As  the  faithful  biographer 
of  General  Thomas,  Colonel  Piatt  surely  ought 
to  have  shown  all  this,  and  thus  have  done  jus- 
tice to  one  of  his  hero's  most  glorious  achieve- 
ments. But  at  the  time  he  is  too  much  en- 
grossed with  the  eulogy  and  defence  of  his  sec- 
ond hero,  Rosecrans,  and  so  fails  to  show  in 
bright  colors  one  of  the  greatest  acts  of  the 
man  whose  life  he  has  undertaken  to  write. 
But  the  great  facts  of  history  cannot  easily  be 
changed,  and  Thomas  is  and  always  will  be  the 
hero  of  that  field,  "  the  Rock  of  Chickamauga." 
He  alone  was  the  rock  which  stayed  the  course 
of  the  already  triumphant  enemy,  saved  the 
Union  army,  and  prevented  Braggs's  recap- 
ture of  Chattanooga. 

Colonel  Piatt  died  before  completing  the 
book,  and  from  this  point  on  the  story  is  con- 
tinued by  General  Boynton.  He  too  has  a  sec- 
ond hero,  and  devotes  sixty-six  pages  of  the 
biography  of  Thomas  to  the  gallant  leader  of 
the  Western  cavalry,  General  James  H.  Wil- 
son. This  story  is  an  interesting  one,  and  well 
worth  telling  at  even  greater  length  than  is 
here  given  to  it ;  but  it  does  not  properly  be- 
long in  a  biography  of  General  Thomas.  This 
story  could  well  justify  another  volume,  and 
should  some  day  be  so  told,  and  much  more  in 
detail. 

We  have  pointed  out  only  some  of  the  de- 
fects of  Colonel  Piatt's  work ;  but  there  are 
many  more.  He  gives  no  authorities,  but  al- 
ways leaves  the  reader,  in  a  volume  in  which 
he  constantly  opposes  the  statements  of  other 
writers,  to  take  his  word  for  his  statement  of 
controverted  points.  This  is  not  satisfactory 
in  either  history  or  biography.  Again,  one 
cannot  too  much  condemn  the  absurd  lengths 
to  which  he  carries  his  constant  arguments  and 
controversies.  Narrative  and  statements  of 
facts  are  well-nigh  lost  sight  of  in  the  innum- 
erable discussions.  The  proverbial  u  if's  "  of 
the  many  battle-fields  and  the  many  command- 
ers are  almost  interminably  dilated  upon.  Still 
worse,  the  work  is  evidently  very  hastily  and 
inconsiderately  thrown  together,  and  is  filled 
with  bad  writing.  We  take  to  illustrate  this 
four  sentences  from  four  successive  pages : 


"  William  S.  Rosecrans  prided  himself  in  deeds  that 
will  live  in  history  to  be  a  man  of  eminent  military 
genius."  [Page  196.] 

"  McClellan,  having  got  no  word  from  his  gallant 
subordinate,  naturally  believed,  for  McClellan,  that  he 
was  being  defeated,  and  idly  rested  in  his  tent  until  late 
in  the  day,  when  a  portion  of  Rosecrans's  command 
came  into  camp  through  Pegram's  works."  [Page  197.] 

"  We  have  no  access  to  the  response  that  Mr.  Stan- 
ton  did  not  make  of  record  other  than  in  a  nature  that 
was  strangely  bitter,  vindictive,  and  tenacious  in  its 
memory  of  insults."  [Page  198.] 

"  To  those  who  have  been  busy  in  egotistical  memoirs, 
letters,  and  addresses,  damning  General  Thomas  in  faint 
praise  by  saying  that  he  was  a  good  officer,  but  too  slow 
for  a  subordinate  and  too  cautious  for  an  independent 
command,  and  that  he  shrunk  from  all  responsibility, 
had  better  read  the  letter  he  addressed  General  Halleck 
on  that  occasion."  [Page  199.] 

When  four  such  unformed  sentences  appear  on 
four  successive  pages,  the  reader  can  imagine 
what  an  amount  of  atrociously  bad  writing  the 
600  pages  contain.  It  is  singular  that  the  pub- 
lishers have  not  had  such  a  manuscript  care- 
fully revised  for  the  correction  of  such  faults. 

If  our  article  were  not  already  too  long  it 
would  be  easy  to  point  out  many  misstatements 
in  the  book,  and  evident  contradictions  on  suc- 
cessive pages,  all  of  which  ought  to  have  been 
eliminated.  The  book  nowhere  does  justice  to 
the  splendid  personal  qualities  of  General  Tho- 
mas. Among  the  leading  generals  of  the  war, 
none  was  so  striking  in  personal  appearance. 
He  was  tall,  broad-shouldered  and  heroic  in 
stature,  extremely  dignified  in  bearing,  and 
with  a  countenance  unsurpassed  in  impressive 
manly  beauty.  The  expression  of  his  face  was 
at  once  commanding  and  kindly;  and  everyone 
who  came  in  contact  with  him  was  filled  with 
confidence  in  him,  and  with  admiration  and 
affection  as  well.  No  commander  in  history 
ever  impressed  his  officers  and  men  more  uni- 
versally with  confidence  and  esteem  ;  most  am- 
ple evidence  of  this  is  to  be  found  in  the  papers 
on  military  subjects  published  since  the  war  by 
the  various  commanderies  of  the  Loyal  Legion 
throughout  the  country.  It  was  said  of  him  by 
a  well-known  writer  just  at  the  close  of  the  war  : 

"  General  Thomas  is  the  purest  man  I  met  in  the 
army.  He  was  the  Bayard  of  our  army  — '  sans  peur, 
sans  reproche,' — and  I  have  endeavored  in  vain  to  find  a 
flaw  in  his  character.  His  character  is  free  from  every 
stain,  and  he  stands  forth  in  the  army  as  above  suspi- 
cion. He  has  gone  through  the  war  without  apparently 
exciting  the  jealousy  of  a  single  officer.  He  has  so  reg- 
ulated his  advancement  —  so  retarded,  in  fact,  his  pro- 
motion, that  when,  as  the  climax  to  two  years'  hard  ser- 
vice, he  fought  a  great  battle  and  saved  a  great  army, 
and  was  hailed  and  recognized  by  the  whole  country  as 
a  hero,  not  one  jealous  or  defeated  officer  was  found  to 
utter  dissent  to  this  popular  verdict." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


39 


Just  after  General  Thomas's  death,  in  an 
address  delivered  in  New  York,  W.  C.  Bryant 
said  of  hirn: 

"  When  I  contemplate  his  character,  and  compare  it 
with  that  of  the  generality  of  public  men,  it  seems  to 
me  as  if  I  were  transported  to  some  other  age  of  the 
world,  in  which  greater  and  better  men  were  produced 
than  are  brought  forth  by  the  mothers  of  to-day.  Gen- 
eral Thomas  was  one  of  that  class,  of  whom  Goethe 
speaks  somewhere  as  antique-minded  men  —  characters 
cast  in  that  noble  mould  which  those  who  are  fond  of 
dwelling  upon  modern  degeneracy  place  among  the 
years  that  are  never  more  to  return." 

No  one  who  reads  this  querulous  book  would 
get  an  idea  that  the  subject  of  the  biography 
was  a  man  who  could  elicit  such  eulogiums  as 

ese'  ALEXANDER  C.  McCLURG. 


SOME  RECEXT  BOOKS  OF  TRAVEL,.* 

The  "Diary  of  a  Journey  across  Tibet"  is,  the 
author  declares,  "  the  plain  unvarnished  diary 
kept  during  a  journey  across  Tibet  and  China, 
written  often  with  half-frozen  fingers  in  a  tent 
on  the  Chang,  or  by  a  flickering  light  in  Chi- 
nese rest-houses."  He  assures  his  readers  that 
the  book  lays  no  claim  to  literary  merit  or 
style  ;  but  his  readers  can  reply  that  it  has  the 
best  of  literary  merit,  and  the  greatest  desid- 
erata of  style  —  lucidity,  simplicity,  and  force 
of  expression.  If  the  manner  of  telling  is  good, 
the  matter  is  still  better,  being  novel  and  in- 
teresting. Much  discrimination  and  good  taste 
are  also  shown  in  the  information  given.  Cap- 
tain Bower  thus  writes  of  the  Tibetans : 

"  The  Kushok  rather  astonished  me  one  day  by  ex- 
pressing admiration  of  our  beards,  and  asking  if  we  had 
any  medicine  that  would  make  his  grow.  As  anything 
like  a  decent  beard  is  almost  unknown  in  Tibet,  I  should 
have  thought  a  hairless  face  would  have  been  more 
admired.  The  Lama  was  very  curious  to  know  if  we 
had  any  English  poisons.  Poisoning  is  very  prevalent 
in  Tibet.  If  one  offers  a  man  tea  he  generally  refuses 
it  unless  someone  first  drinks  some  in  his  presence;  and 
when  offering  anything  to  eat  or  drink,  a  Tibetan  in- 
variably ostentatiously  takes  some  in  order  to  show 
there  is  nothing  to  be  afraid  of.  We  were  asked  if 
gold,  pearls,  and  rubies  found  a  place  in  the  European 
pharmacopeia,  and  much  surprise  was  expressed  when 
Dr.  Thorold  assured  them  that  they  had  no  medicinal 

*  DIARY  OF  A  JOURNEY  ACROSS  TIBET.  By  Captain  Ham- 
ilton Bower.  With  Illustrations.  New  York :  Macmillan 
&Co. 

AMONG  THE  MOORS.  Sketches  of  Oriental  Life.  By  Georges 
Montbard.  New  York :  Imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

ON  THE  WALLABY  ;  or,  Through  the  East  and  Across  Aus- 
tralia. By  Guy  Boothby.  Illustrated  by  Ben  Boothby.  New 
York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  GYPSY  ROAD.  By  Grenville  A.  J.  Cole,  M.R.I.A., 
F.G.S.  Illustrated  by  Edmund  H.  New.  New  York :  Mac- 
millan &  Co. 


value.  The  Talai  Lama  is  regularly  dosed  with  medi- 
cines composed  of  those  ingredients,  so  there  is  little 
marvel  that  all  Talai  Lamas  die  young." 

The  Tibetans  are  not  so  very  many  years  be- 
hind the  English  in  medical  knowledge.  I  have 
seen  many  medical  prescriptions  in  use  in  En- 
gland and  America  a  century  ago,  of  which 
pearls,  coral,  and  rubies  formed  a  part ;  and 
we  know  that  in  Chaucer's  day  "  Gold  in  phis- 
ike  was  a  cordial."  It  is  a  curious  fact,  how- 
ever, that,  as  our  author  states,  every  Talai 
Lama,  the  head  of  the  Tibetan  government, 
dies  young.  A  Talai  Lama  would  come  of  age 
at  eighteen,  and  until  then  the  power  is  in  the 
hands  of  a  regent.  With  the  universal  preva- 
lence of  poisoning,  and  the  fact  that  the  power 
remains  with  the  regent  while  another  young 
Lama  is  growing  up,  it  is  not  difficult  to  see 
the  reason  of  their  deaths.  The  priests  find 
for  a  new  Lama  a  child  in  whom  the  spirit  of 
the  old  one  has  of  course  become  incarnate ; 
and  to  prove  this,  when  he  becomes  four  years 
old  he  identifies  his  royal  property,  and  then  is 
removed  to  a  monastery  —  where  he  remains 
till  his  convenient  and  timely  death. 

The  Tibetans  are  very  religious.  Every  man 
has  a  praying-wheel  in  his  hand,  which  he  con- 
tinually turns,  even  when  on  horseback.  Piles 
of  stones,  manes,  flags,  and  inscriptions,  all  of 
religious  meaning  or  mystic  significance,  are 
met  with  in  the  loneliest  spots.  The  differ- 
ences in  religion  form  a  great  drawback  to  the 
success  of  the  Tibetan  traveller's  caravan.  No 
Oriental  will  work  or  travel  unless  his  stomach 
is  full,  and  the  follower  of  one  religion  will  not 
eat  meat  killed  by  the  believer  of  another  faith. 
And  none  will  eat  aught  slain,  or  hallaled,  by 
a  heretic  European.  That  is,  they  will  not  pub- 
licly violate  their  vows ;  but  Captain  Bower 
adopted  the  expedient  of  sending  a  single  Mus- 
sulman out  to  bring  in  the  game  which  had 
been  shot,  when  the  pious  man  always  returned 
with  the  animal's  throat  cut  in  the  orthodox 
manner,  swearing  he  found  the  game  still  living. 
A  very  interesting  map  shows  the  traveller's 
profile  route,  much  of  it  above  the  level  of  the 
top  of  Mont  Blanc,  and  at  times  reaching  18,- 
760  feet  above  the  sea  level.  This  map  gives  a 
good  notion  of  the  Chang  or  great  Tibetan  pla- 
teau, the  highest  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  com- 
pared with  which  the  Pamirs,  called  the  Roof  of 
the  World,  sink  into  insignificance.  One  of 
the  most  interesting  features  of  the  country 
explored  was  the  vast  salt  lakes  which  lie  on 
elevations  much  greater  than  that  of  the  sum- 
mit of  Mont  Blanc.  The  observations  on  so- 


40 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


ciological  questions  —  especially  on  polyandry, 
which  prevails  in  Tibet,  and,  the  author  asserts, 
wisely  prevails, — the  illustrations  and  descrip- 
tions of  the  game  and  fowl  of  the  country,  are 
most  interesting. 

The  journey  through  Morocco  of  a  group  of 
artists  and  newspaper  correspondents  and  well- 
to-do  Englishmen  evolved  the  handsome  book 
"  Among  the  Moors."  The  author,  Georges 
Montbard,  is  both  writer  and  illustrator  ;  and 
through  a  phenomenal  use  of  descriptive  ad- 
jectives he  has  managed  to  endow  his  narrative 
of  this  much-travelled  region  with  a  certain 
amount  of  new  interest.  But  the  book  is  es- 
sentially from  an  artist's  standpoint ;  and  its 
sub-title,  "  Sketches  of  Oriental  Life,"  might 
better  read  "  Sketches  of  Oriental  Still  Life  " 
—  as  action  there  is  little,  and  dialogue  there 
is  none.  Its  chapters  consist  of  a  series  of  vivid 
and  often  voluptuous  descriptions  of  Moorish 
scenes,  such  as  Constant  and  Regnault  paint, 
and  are  rich  in  color-terms.  There  is  not  the 
slightest  attempt  at  any  sociological  or  ethno- 
logical research  or  information.  The  sense  of 
sight  is  the  only  one  appealed  to — except  that 
of  smell ;  for  the  various  Oriental  scents  and 
fumes  and  stenches — especially  the  latter — are 
dwelt  upon  with  much  minuteness,  plainness  of 
speech,  and  a  reeking  opulence  of  adjectives 
which  dims  that  of  the  color-terms.  The  sen- 
suousuess,  even  sensuality,  shown  in  the  Pref- 
ace, in  the  rhapsodic  description  of  the  vicious 
traits  and  alluring  persons  of  the  Semitic  wo- 
men, finds  but  rare  outlet  throughout  the  book, 
which  does,  however,  in  one  or  two  instances, 
sink  into  repelling  coarseness.  Still,  nothing 
odious  or  repulsive  seems  to  have  escaped  the 
author's  sight  and  note-book,  and  much  of  the 
cruelty,  filth,  disease,  and  degradation  are  dis- 
closed to  us.  But  many  of  the  descriptions  are 
also  exceedingly  beautiful  word-pictures,  though 
somewhat  cloying  in  their  continued  richness, 
and  sometimes  too  smoothly  unctuous.  The 
presentments  in  words  of  the  architecture  of 
the  country  far  excel  its  representations  by  the 
author's  pencil.  The  portraiture  of  Oriental 
race-types,  which  form  the  tail-pieces  of  all  the 
chapters,  are  the  most  interesting  and  pictur- 
esque illustrations  ;  and  in  spite  of  the  author's 
violent  invectives  against  the  camera,  these  are 
suspiciously  suggestive  of  dry  plates  and  posing, 
and  differ  wholly  in  method  from  his  other 
drawings.  The  frontispiece  is  a  portrait,  from 
a  drawing  by  Godefroy  Durand,  of  the  hand- 
some author — of  whom  it  may  be  said  that  he 
looks  precisely  as  one  would  expect  the  author 


of  such  a  book  to  look.  He  is  a  Burgundian, 
and  his  use  of  the  English  language  is  won- 
derful, showing  a  large  vocabulary,  great  fit- 
ness of  expression,  and  at  times  much  ingen- 
uity and  inventiveness.  I  quote  at  random  these 
passages : 

"  Here  is  a  file  of  camels,  the  first  we  have  met  as 
yet,  slouching  along  with  that  intolerable  jerking  of  the 
body,  that  pitching  insipid  movement  so  characteristic 
of  them.  Their  large  feet  make  no  sound  when  touch- 
ing the  ground ;  they  glide  on  with  big  strides,  stretch- 
ing their  long  necks,  with  the  undulating  motion  of  rep- 
tiles; their  hideous  heads,  with  big  flat  lips,  hover  over 
yours  before  you  begin  to  suspect  their  presence,  and 
they  leave  behind  them  strong,  acrid,  persistent  smells." 

Of  the  women  of  Fez  he  writes : 

"Most  of  the  women  are  handsome,  with  a  proud, 
savage,  attractive  beauty.  Their  attitudes  are  marked 
with  a  strange  suppleness  mixed  with  a  surprising  abrupt- 
ness, and  in  the  feline  movements  of  their  pose,  aston- 
ishingly graceful,  unconsciously  provocating,  there  is  a 
suggestion  of  voluptuous  fatigue.  Some  of  them,  their 
foreheads  entwined  with  sequins,  their  eyes  enlarged 
with  antimony,  their  eyelashes  and  eyebrows  darkened, 
their  brows  tattooed  with  blue,  stand  erect,  motionless, 
with  folded  arms,  fixed  eyes,  the  look  lost  in  space  .  .  . 
One  would  think,  to  see  them  thus  rigid  in  their  straight 
pose,  magnificently  attired,  they  were  mysterious  idols 
who  had  been  exposed  out  of  their  venerated  temples. 
Slim  young  girls  with  big  dark  eyes,  and  a  simple  silk 
kerchief  around  their  heads,  move  about  with  adder- 
like  flexibility,  and  their  long  loosened  tresses  flow  over 
their  shoulders.  Slaves  —  negresses  with  hard  profiles 
and  sombre  faces,  with  heavy  metal  rings  in  their  ears, 
clad  in  checked  garments  of  red  or  blue  squares  on  a 
white  ground,  their  waists  encircled  by  red  belts  —  are 
standing  by." 

It  always  seerns  ungracious,  and  sometimes 
unjust  and  malignant,  to  say  that  one  book 
constantly  suggests  another,  or  seems  modelled 
upon  a  predecessor ;  but  certainly  no  one  who 
has  read  Pierre  Loti's  "  Into  Morocco "  can 
fail  to  be  impressed  by  the  strong  reflection 
shown  in  this  book,  "  Among  the  Moors,"  of 
the  fascinating  pages  on  Moorish  life  by  the 
new  Academician.  The  topics  and  descriptions, 
even  the  expressions  and  phrases,  are  astonish- 
ingly similar  in  both  books.  Sometimes  the 
Burgundian  artist  excels  the  Frenchman,  but 
more  often  the  former's  pages  are  void  of  that 
nameless  intangible  charm  that  pervades  every- 
thing written  by  Pierre  Loti.  The  recent  books 
on  Morocco  by  De  Amicis  and  Stephen  Bon- 
sal  give  us  many  facts  and  phases  of  Mogreb 
life  on  which  both  Loti  and  Montbard  are  silent ; 
and  a  new  work  by  a  thoughtful  American  trav- 
eller, Dr.  Field—"  The  Barbary  Coast  "—well 
supplies  all  that  Montbard's  artist-regard  failed 
to  see. 

"  On  the  Wallaby  "  is  all  that  "  Among  the 
Moors  "  is  not.  The  story  of  Australian  travel 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


41 


is  told  in  a  rollicking,  familiar  way,  with  no  at- 
tempt at  fine  writing.  The  comfortable  methods 
of  the  Moorish  travellers  were  unknown  by  the 
two  Englishmen  who  made  their  journey  by 
steerage,  or  before  the  mast,  with  many  amus- 
ing adventures  and  ingenious  makeshifts.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  the  general  reader  is  not  so  ig- 
norant of  Australian  geography,  and  also  of 
Australian  slang,  as  was  one  reader  who  noted 
and  crossed  patiently  with  the  author  the  Dar- 
ling, Barren,  Newcastle,  Flinders,  Spear,  and 
other  Australian  rivers,  and  awaited  the  advent 
of  the  Wallaby,  only  to  discover,  after  finish- 
ing the  book,  that  a  small  and  carefully  con- 
cealed note  revealed  "  On  the  Wallaby  "to  be 
an  Australianism  for  "  on  the  march  " — a  term 
applied  to  persons  tramping  the  bush  in  search 
of  work.  The  book  is  certainly  a  most  valuable 
addition  to  our  knowledge  of  Australia  of  to- 
day, and  gives  us  wonderfully  vivid  though  sim- 
ply expressed  pictures  of  Australian  life.  Oc- 
casionally such  a  clear  description  as  this  of 
Barron  Falls  occurs : 

"  Imagine  yourself  standing  on  a  mass  of  rocks,  with 
jungle-covered  hills  rising,  on  either  hand,  a  thousand 
feet  above  your  head.  Imagine  yourself  overlooking  a 
river,  in  low  water,  perhaps  a  hundred  and  fifty  yards 
in  width,  rushing  headlong,  tearing,  racing  in  wildest 
confusion  to  hurl  itself  over  one  of  the  most  gigantic 
precipices  the  mind  of  mortal  man  can  conceive,  a  pre- 
cipice of  solid  rock  a  thousand  feet  or  more  in  height. 
Then  fancy  that  fall  of  water  crashing  with  the  roar  of 
a  mighty  ocean  —  a  roar  that  can  be  heard  many  miles 
away  —  deep  down  into  a  seething,  boiling  cauldron  of 
whitest  foam,  lying  small  as  a  half-crown  in  the  great 
abyss  below,  out  of  which  rises  continually  a  dense  mist 
holding  all  the  colors  of  a  king  opal.  Imagine  all  that, 
and  you  have  grasped  but  a  hundredth  part  of  its  beauty. 
Everything  resounds  with  the  force  and  majesty  of  the 
fall.  Its  thunder  is  awful;  its  grandeur  is  terrific.  It 
is  five  hundred  feet  higher  than  Niagara.  It  is  more 
than  that  —  it  is  surely  without  its  equal  on  the  face  of 
the  known  globe." 

On  the  Wallaby,  these  Englishmen  saw  much 
that  was  beautiful,  much  that  was  pathetic. 
More  than  once  they  were  in  great  danger.  In 
Windorah  —  "  bounded  on  three  sides  by  de- 
spair and  on  the  fourth  by  the  Day  of  Judg- 
ment "-  —  they  were  in  very  sore  straits.  But 
in  that  wild  country  they  found  as  a  fellow- 
traveller  a  young  and  comely  woman,  a  widow, 
with  her  baby  strapped  to  her  saddle,  camping 
in  the  lonely  bush,  and  hunting  for  work  as  a 
bushman,  searching  a  contract  to  set  poles. 
*'  Poor  little  kinchin,"  she  said  of  her  baby,  "  it 
aint  every  kiddie,  I  reckon,  as  has  to  have  the 
front  of  a  saddle  for  a  cradle." 

"The  Gypsy  Road  "  is  the  story  of  a  jour- 
ney over  a  thousand  miles,  made  by  two  bicy- 


clers on  their  wheels,  from  Krakow  to  Coblenz, 
through  part  of  Gralicia,  Hungary,  Moravia, 
and  Bohemia.  Though  told  in  a  vivacious  and 
intelligent  style,  and  though  seen  from  the  un- 
usual standpoint  of  the  roadway  instead  of  the 
railway,  and  on  two  wheels  instead  of  four,  the 
account  contains  little  that  is  novel  or  startling. 
All  the  world  is  now  close  at  hand,  and  Bohe- 
mia and  Hungary  have  recently  been  much 
written  about  —  for  instance,  in  the  sparkling 
pages  of  Menie  Muriel  Dowie.  Pliny  says, 
Nullus  est  liber  tarn  malus,  ut  non  aliquaparte 
prosit.  This  book  is  not  at  all  bad,  and  would 
certainly  prove  most  useful  to  intending  trav- 
ellers on  the  wheel  in  those  gypsy  lands.  The 
illustrations,  by  Edmund  H.  New,  are  suggest- 
ive, though  sketchy.  His  drawings  of  the  ini- 
tial letters  of  the  chapters,  of  the  cover,  and 
especially  of  the  title-page,  are  exceedingly 
clever  and  ingenious. 

ALICE  MORSE  EARLE. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 


Studies  in  The    la.te    Edward    Tompkins    Mc- 

Mediceval  Life  Laughlin,  of  Yale  University,  was  a 
and  Literature.  man  o£  unusuai  promise,  and  his 

early  death  removed  from  the  educational  ranks  a 
teacher  of  literature  having  no  touch  of  pedantry, 
and  singularly  endowed  with  the  power  of  impart- 
ing to  students  his  own  intense  sympathy  with  the 
beautiful  in  literary  art.  At  the  time  of  his  death, 
little  of  his  work  had  been  published — only  a  school 
text  of  "  Edward  II.,"  and  a  volume  of  selections 
from  the  English  critical  writers, — and  it  has  been 
left  to  the  pious  care  of  a  colleague  to  prepare  for 
publication  the  first  volume  of  McLaughlin's  own 
work.  This  volume  includes  half  a  dozen  "  Studies 
in  Mediaeval  Life  and  Literature"  (Putnam),  not 
altogether  finished  in  form,  yet  distinctly  deserving 
of  preservation.  Professor  Lounsbury's  editorial 
introduction  to  the  volume  gives  the  chief  facts  of 
interest  concerning  these  papers  and  concerning  the 
brief  life  of  their  author.  It  also  includes  some 
sensible  reflections  upon  the  subject  of  instruction 
in  English.  These  reflections  deal  with  "  the  easy 
process  "  of  "  turning  the  study  into  one  of  a  purely 
linguistic  character,  in  which  the  discussion  of  words 
will  take  the  place  of  the  discussion  of  literature." 
The  following  is  Professor  Lounsbury's  opinion  of 
such  methods,  and  we  need  hardly  say  that  it  has 
our  emphatic  approval :  "  This  is  a  cheap  though 
convenient  method  for  the  teacher  to  evade  the  real 
work  he  is  called  upon  to  perform,  and  while  it  may 
be  followed  by  some  incidental  advantages,  it  is 
almost  in  the  nature  of  a  crime  against  letters  to 
associate  in  the  minds  of  young  men.  at  the  most 
impressionable  period  of  their  lives,  the  writings  of 


42 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


a  great  author  with  a  drill  that  is  mainly  verbal  or 
philological."  The  first  of  the  six  studies  in  this 
volume  is  devoted  to  "  The  Mediaeval  Feeling  for 
Nature,"  the  author  taking  the  common  view  that 
such  feeling,  as  far  as  it  existed  at  all,  was  rudi- 
mentary and  chiefly  associated  with  those  aspects 
of  nature  which  directly  affect  the  comfort  or  well- 
being  of  the  individual.  We  must  confess  that  we 
have  never  been  quite  willing  to  accept  this  proposi- 
tion, supported,  as  it  must  be,  by  negative  evidence 
only.  It  takes  a  great  deal  of  negative  evidence  to 
prove  that  human  nature  undergoes  sensible  altera- 
tions from  age  to  age.  Even  the  author  seems  to 
have  had  his  doubts,  for  he  inserted  into  his  essay 
these  significant  sentences :  "  The  point,  however, 
should  be  observed  in  any  inquiry  into  the  reasons 
for  the  inadequateness  of  these  ages'  feeling  for  na- 
ture ;  that  many  latent  sympathies  may  never  have 
found  a  voice.  Many  through  the  centuries  before 
our  later  ease  of  publication  may  have  felt  the 
modern  sensations,  without  ever  thinking  of  putting 
them  into  words."  The  remaining  studies  in  this 
volume  are  devoted  to  u  Childhood  in  Mediaeval 
Literature,"  the  story  of  Abelard  and  Heloise,  the 
poems  of  Neidhardt  von  Reuenthal,  the  "  Frauen- 
dienst"  of  Ulrich  von  Liechtenstein,  and  the  "Meier 
Helmbrecht  "  of  Wernher  the  Gardener.  They  are 
all  interesting,  and  help  to  an  acquaintance  with  a 
literary  period  almost  absolutely  unknown  to  the 
general  reader  of  our  day. 

Literary  uses  of  "  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King  and 
the  Arthurian  story  Arthurian  Story  from  the  XVIth 
in  four  centuries.  Century"  (Macmillan)  is  the  title  of 
a  literary  study  by  Professor  M.  W.  Maccallum,  of 
the  University  of  Sydney.  The  title  is  not  exactly 
descriptive,  for  an  introduction  of  more  than  a  hun- 
dred pages  discusses  the  beginnings  and  the  earlier 
fortunes  of  the  Arthurian  tale ;  its  Celtic  proven- 
ance, its  treatment  by  the  chroniclers  and  romancers, 
its  transformations  when  touched  by  the  spirit  of 
chivalry,  and  the  forms  which  it  took  in  the  Ger- 
man epics,  the  English  ballads,  and  the  compilation 
of  Malory.  This  preliminary  matter  is  an  integral 
part  of  the  work,  and  in  many  respects  the  most 
interesting,  since  the  author  has  availed  himself  of 
the  results  of  recent  research,  such  as  that  under- 
taken by  Mr.  Nutt  and  Professor  Rhys.  Having 
thus  cleared  the  way,  Mr.  Maccallum  proceeds  to 
comment  upon  the  literary  uses  to  which  the  Ar- 
thurian material  was  put  during  the  sixteenth,  seven- 
teenth, and  eighteenth  centuries.  The  Elizabethan 
dramatists,  Hans  Sachs,  Spenser,  Milton,  and  Black- 
more,  are  among  the  writers  discussed  in  this  sec- 
tion of  the  work.  We  then  come  to  "  The  Romantic 
Revival,"  and  consider  the  impression  made  by  the 
Arthurian  legends  upon  minds  so  diverse  as  those 
of  Scott,  Heber,  Peacock,  Southey,  and  Words- 
worth. "  Tennyson's  Contemporaries  Abroad  "  and 
"  Tennyson's  Contemporaries  at  Home  "  are  the  sub- 
jects of  the  following  two  chapters ;  the  first  of 
them  deals  with  such  men  as  Quinet,  Immermann, 


and  Wagner,  to  mention  only  the  most  familiar 
names ;  the  second  discusses  Matthew  Arnold,  Mr. 
William  Morris,  Mr.  Swinburne,  and  many  others. 
Finally,  there  are  four  chapters  upon  the  Tenny- 
sonian  "  Idylls."  Our  enumeration  of  the  books 
and  authors  discussed  has  been  very  incomplete, 
and  no  one  not  a  specialist  in  the  subject  can  read 
Mr.  Maccallum's  work  without  being  impressed  to 
the  point  of  surprise  at  the  extent  to  which  the 
Round  Table  story  with  its  associated  legends  has 
furnished  poetical  material  for  the  writers  of  many 
centuries.  It  is  fortunate  that  the  facts  should  have 
been  thus  collected,  and  the  author  must  be  highly 
praised  for  the  attractive  and  scholarly  character  of 
his  work. — In  this  connection  we  will  make  belated 
mention  of  the  new  and  beautiful  edition  of  Malory 
that  came  to  us  some  months  ago.  It  has  the  im- 
print of  Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.,  and  is  the  most 
ambitious  publication  yet  attempted  by  that  house. 
There  are  to  be  two  thick  volumes,  of  almost  quarto 
dimensions,  only  the  first  having  yet  appeared  (Mac- 
millan). The  text  is  that  of  Caxton,  as  published 
in  1817  by  Southey.  Spelling  and  punctuation  alone 
have  been  modernized.  Professor  Rhys  contributes 
a  critical  and  historical  preface,  and  Mr.  Aubrey 
Beardsley  a  series  of  fantastic  illustrations  in  which 
his  imagination  runs  riot  more  unrestrainedly,  if  pos- 
sible, than  usual.  

When  Rossetti,  in  1845,  went  up  to 
A  new  biography  th  Academy  schools,  he,  with  the 

of  Dante  Rossetti.  J  .       ,          . 

other  candidates,  was  required  to  give 
his  name  to  the  keeper,  Mr.  Jones.  "  When  it  came 
his  turn,  Rossetti,  who  was  rather  proud  of  his  mel- 
lifluous designation,  greatly  amused  his  companions 
and  impressed  the  venerable  official  by  slowly  roll- 
ing out,  in  his  rich,  sonorous  tones,  '  Gabriel  — 
Charles — Dante — Rossetti ! '  '  Dear  me,  sir,'  stam- 
mered Mr.  Jones,  in  confused  amazement,  '  dear 
me,  sir,  you  have  a  fine  name ! "  A  fine  name 
Rossetti  undoubtedly  has,  and  in  a  sense  far  beyond 
any  implied  by  the  surprised  expression  of  the  Acad- 
emy official,  a  name  now  and  f orevermore  associated 
with  all  that  is  most  ardent  in  artistic  aspiration,  all 
that  is  most  beautiful  in  graphic  and  poetic  achieve- 
ment. The  above  anecdote  is  taken  from  Mrs.  J. 
W.  Wood's  book  entitled  "  Dante  Rossetti,  and  the 
Pre-Raphaelite  Movement"  (Scribner),  one  of  the 
best  books,  if  not  the  very  best,  yet  devoted  to  the 
life  and  work  of  the  great  painter-poet.  Until  Mr. 
Theodore  Watts  shall  be  moved  to  write  the  defini- 
tive biography  of  his  friend,  Mrs.  Wood's  book  will 
serve  admirably,  although  it  is  an  account  of  the 
painter  rather  than  of  the  poet  and  the  man,  and 
although  it  has  some  slight  defects  of  discursiveness 
and  turgidity,  and  such  an  occasional  inaccuracy  as 
the  quotation, 

"  0  Night,  Night,  Night !  art  thou  not  known  to  me  ?  " 
instead  of 

"  O  lonely  night,  art  thou  not  known  to  me  ?  " 
The  following  characterization  of  Rossetti's  work 
with  the   brush  may  be  taken  to  illustrate   Mrs. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


43 


Wood's  manner,  sympathy,  and  insight :  "  Here 
for  the  first  time  in  English  art  is  colour  supreme, 
triumphant,  as  in  Titian ;  form  ethereal  and  chas- 
tened, like  the  visions  of  a  Fra  Angelico ;  siibjects, 
rather  than  objects,  set  forth  in  so  direct  and  often 
crude  an  imagery  ;  not  figures  merely,  but  symbols ; 
fragments  of  human  history,  actual  and  urgent,  full 
of  problems  and  wonders,  weighty  with  meanings 
and  desires."  The  illustrations  of  this  beautiful 
book  are  deserving  of  particular  mention,  for  they 
include  the  first  engravings  thus  far  made  of  a  num- 
ber of  subjects.  Among  them  are  "  The  Boat  of 
Love  "  and  "  Our  Lady  of  Pity,"  belonging  to  the 
Corporation  of  Birmingham ;  "  The  Day-dream  " 
and  "  Pandora,"  belonging  to  Mr.  Watts  ;  and  the 
study  for  a  "  Head  of  Christ,"  belonging  to  Mr. 
Moncure  D.  Conway.  We  are  sorry  to  say  that  the 
chapter  on  "  Rossetti's  Poetry,"  excellent  as  far  as 
it  goes,  is  much  too  brief  to  be  adequate. 


An  illustrated  pic-  Dr.  George  M.  Gould  is  the  author 
aSfflS***  of  a  number  of  elementary  medical 
Allied  Sciences.  hand-books  that  have  found  popular 
favor.  Encouraged  by  his  success  in  this  direction, 
he  undertook,  some  years  ago,  the  preparation  of  a 
much  larger  and  more  ambitious  work  of  reference 
for  physicians,  and  the  result  of  his  labor  now  ap- 
pears in  a  quarto  volume  of  about  the  size  of  Web- 
ster's or  Worcester's  Dictionary.  The  work  is 
entitled  "  An  Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medicine, 
Biology,  and  Allied  Sciences"  (Blakiston).  There 
are  over  1600  double -column  pages  and  a  great 
many  cuts.  Dr.  Gould  and  his  assistants  have  gone 
through  an  enormous  mass  of  recent  scientific  lit- 
erature for  the  purpose  of  collecting  new  words 
and  definitions,  and  the  fact  that  the  work  is  thus 
brought  strictly  to  date  is  not  the  least  of  its  many 
claims  to  consideration.  The  term  "  allied  sciences" 
of  the  title  has  been  construed  liberally,  and  the 
book  is  almost  as  much  a  dictionary  of  biology, 
chemistry,  electricity,  or  microscopy  as  it  is  of  sur- 
gery, therapeutics,  materia  medica,  or  toxicology. 
Hence  we  think  it  particularly  important  to  say  that 
Dr.  Gould's  dictionary  belongs  with  the  standard 
reference  works  that  should  be  found  in  every  well- 
appointed  library.  It  is  far  more  than  a  manual 
for  the  specialist  in  medical  science.  The  work  is 
distinctly  encyclopaedic  in  character,  a  statement 
which  may  be  illustrated  in  many  ways,  but  by  none 
better  than  calling  attention  to  the  many  tables  that 
have  been  introduced.  A  few  of  the  most  note- 
worthy of  these  are  Bacteria  (30  pages),  Eponymic 
Diseases  (12  pages),  Eponymic  Operations  (30 
pages),  Parasites  (40  pages),  Stains  and  Tests  (40 
pages  each).  The  pronunciation  of  terms  is  indi- 
cated by  a  simple  but  adequate  phonetic  method. 
In  the  matter  of  spelling,  a  fairly  conservative 
course  has  been  taken.  The  typography  of  the  book 
is  very  attractive,  and  the  binding  plain  but  sub- 
stantial. Altogether,  the  work  is  one  of  which  Amer- 
ican scholarship  has  reason  to  be  proud. 


Mr.  Goidwin  Smith  Mr-  Goldwin  Smith  is  nothing  if  not 
on  "Questions  at  the  same  time  interesting,  conser- 
vative, and  partisan ;  and  in  all  three 
ways  his  reputation  is  well  maintained  by  his  vol- 
ume of  "  Essays  on  Questions  of  the  Day  "  (Mac- 
millan).  It  should  also  be  added  that  even  though 
unable  to  accept  many  of  Mr.  Smith's  versions  of 
history  and  economics,  the  reader  will  almost  always 
be  stimulated  by  the  author's  forcible  style.  In  the 
face  of  the  fall  in  the  value  of  silver  in  June,  1893, 
consequent  upon  the  action  of  the  Indian  govern- 
ment, it  is  quite  amusing  to  read  his  statement  that 
"  Gold  and  silver  are  two  commodities,  each  of  which 
has  its  value  settled  by  qualities  and  circumstances 
over  which  legislatures  have  no  control."  His  liking 
for  sweeping  and  misleading  generalizations  is  illus- 
trated in  his  claim  that  all  our  communistic  societies 
"  have  failed  utterly,  except  in  the  cases  where  the 
rule  of  celibacy  has  been  enforced."  Yet  in  an- 
other essay  he  quotes  from  Noyes  several  cases 
where  this  is  not  true.  He  might  add  the  famous 
and  prosperous  Amana  communities  of  Iowa,  where 
complete  family  life  prevails.  In  the  first  essay 
Mr.  Smith  pays  his  respects  to  socialists,  single 
taxers,  greenbackers,  strikers,  and  cooperators.  In 
his  second  essay  he  favors  disestablishment  in  Great 
Britain.  In  his  third,  he  makes  a  wry  face  over 
the  increasing  democracy  of  England,  and  longs  for 
our  constitutional  restrictions  on  the  power  of  the 
fffc^ple.  In  other  essays  he  opposes  prohibitory  legis- 
latioii,  woman  suffrage,  imperial  federation,  and 
Bo'me  rule,  and  accounts  for  Russian  opposition  to 
the  Jews.  The  rich  historical  reviews  which  intro- 
duce each  essay  seem  often  one-sided,  yet  they  ably 
correct  certain  tendencies  to  an  opposite  bias  that 
sometimes  appears  in  the  popular  thought  of  the 
day.  The  book  undoubtedly  expresses  the  conserva- 
tive thoughts  and  fears  of  a  very  influential  portion 
of  every  community. 


Anthropological  The  seventh  volume  of  Professor 
Essays  of  Huxley's  collected  essays  is  entitled 

Prof.  Hu^ey.         u  Man>s  place  in  Nature,  and  Other 

Anthropological  Essays  "  (Appleton).  The  contents 
include  the  three  essays  on  "  Man's  Place  in  Nature," 
first  published  in  1863,  two  ethnological  papers  of 
later  date,  and  the  discussion  of  "  The  Aryan  Ques- 
tion "  that  was  published  in  1890  in  "  The  Nine- 
teenth Century."  The  preface  to  this  volume  is 
brief  but  interesting.  The  author  admits  that  the 
first  three  essays  have  little  more  than  a  historical 
interest,  since  their  main  conclusions  have  now  be- 
come almost  the  commonplaces  of  accepted  scien- 
tific truth.  Referring  to  the  reception  given  them 
thirty  years  ago,  he  says  :  "  The  Boreas  of  criticism 
blew  his  hardest  blasts  of  misrepresentation  and  rid- 
icule for  some  years  ;  and  I  was  even  as  one  of  the 
wicked.  Indeed,  it  surprises  me,  at  times,  to  think 
how  anyone  who  had  sunk  so  low  could  have  since 
emerged  into,  at  any  rate,  relative  respectability." 
Although  the  essays  in  question  represent  what  is  now 


44 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


an  iiberwundener  Standpunkt,  they  are  still  valuable 
as  masterly  examples  of  scientific  exposition,  and 
the  moral  to  be  drawn  from  their  history  will  always 
be  useful.  Professor  Huxley  draws  this  moral  in 
the  following  eloquent  terms  :  "  To  my  observation, 
human  nature  has  not  sensibly  changed  during  the 
last  thirty  years.  I  doubt  not  that  there  are  truths 
as  plainly  obvious  and  as  generally  denied  as  those 
contained  in  '  Man's  Place  in  Nature  '  now  awaiting 
enunciation.  If  there  is  a  young  man  of  the  present 
generation  who  has  taken  as  much  trouble  as  I  did 
to  assure  himself  that  they  are  truths,  let  him  come 
out  with  them,  without  troubling  his  head  about  the 
barking  of  the  dogs  of  St.  Ernulphus.  Veritas prce- 
valebit  —  some  day  ;  and,  even  if  she  does  not  pre- 
vail in  his  time,  he  himself  will  be  all  the  better 
and  the  wiser  for  having  tried  to  help  her.  And 
let  him  recollect  that  such  great  reward  is  full  pay- 
ment for  all  his  labor  and  pains." 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  extension  department  of  the  University  of  the 
State  of  New  York  has  published  another  syllabus  on 
American  history,  by  Professor  W.  H.  Mace  of  Syra- 
cuse University.  This  forms  a  supplement  to  the  two 
prepared  by  him  last  year,  the  first  on  the  American 
revolution  and  the  second  on  the  American  constitution. 
Besides  the  careful  thought  shown  in  the  outline^pf 
events  during  the  periods  of  study,  the  value  olJ^e 
three  syllabuses  is  greatly  increased  by  adding  reprint)} 
of  original  documents  referred  to  in  the  lecture  notes. 
These  are  used  as  the  basis  of  further  study  ana  re- 
search and  are  specially  appreciated  by  home  students 
or  in  small  villages  where  historic  papers  are  difficult 
or  impossible  to  find.  As  in  all  the  syllabuses  issued 
by  this  department,  a  carefully  selected  bibliography 
is  given  at  the  end,  with  publishers'  names  and  prices 
of  books. 

Some  years  ago,  Mr.  Brander  Matthews,  we  think 
it  was,  published  a  very  clever  and  amusing  story  en- 
titled "The  Documents  in  the  Case."  The  story  was 
told  by  printing,  without  comment,  a  series  of  letters, 
telegrams,  advertisements,  bills,  etc.  Mr.  Henry  M. 
Blossom,  Jr.  has  taken  up  the  idea  and  carried  it  a  step 
farther,  for  the  story  told  by  "  The  Documents  in  Evi- 
dence "  (St  Louis  :  Buxton  &  Skinner)  must  be  read 
from  photographic  facsimiles  of  the  letters  exchanged 
by  the  principal  characters.  We  cannot  say  that  it  is 
much  of  a  story,  but  the  form  of  publication  is  calcu- 
lated to  attract  attention,  being  both  neat  and  novel. 

Mr.  Langdon  S.  Thompson  is  the  author  of  an  "  Ed- 
ucational and  Industrial  System  of  Drawing  "  (Heath) 
embodied  in  no  less  than  thirty  drawing-books  and  man- 
uals, and  accompanied  by  models,  colored  tablets,  and 
other  apparatus.  The  books  and  manuals  are  thus  div- 
ided: manual  training,  two;  free  hand  (primary  and  ad- 
vanced), ten;  model  and  object,  four;  aesthetic  and  me- 
chanical series,  seven  each.  The  entire  system  provides 
for  a  very  complete  course  of  instruction.  "  An  Ideal 
Course  in  Elementary  Art  Education  "  is  the  title  of  an 
explanatory  pamphlet  accompanying  the  books.  In  this 
pamphlet  Mr.  Thompson  discusses  not  only  his  own  sys- 
tem, but  also  the  philosophical  relations  of  art  to  the  gen- 
eral scheme  of  education. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  July  10,  1894. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  the  commemoration  ex- 
ercises iu  honor  of  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  Will- 
iam Cullen  Bryant's  birth  have  announced  that  they  will 
take  place  on  August  16,  instead  of  the  actual  date  of 
his  birth,  November  3,  for  the  better  convenience  of 
those  who  are  to  be  present.  The  house  at  Cumming- 
ton,  Mass.,  near  which  the  celebration  is  to  take  place, 
is  known  as  the  Bryant  Homestead.  It  is  not,  however, 
the  house  in  which  Bryant  was  born,  but  was  the  resi- 
dence of  his  maternal  grandfather,  to  whose  home  the 
Bryant  family  removed  when  the  poet  was  a  small 
child.  Bryant's  father  settled  in  Cummington  in  1789, 
ten  years  after  the  town's  incorporation,  and  the  birth- 
place of  the  poet  was  the  log  cabin  built  by  the  first 
settler  in  the  place.  It  was  composed  of  square-hewn 
logs,  and  it  disappeared  many  years  before  Bryant's 
death.  The  latter  purchased  the  present  Bryant  home- 
stead and  farm  in  1866,  and  built  the  house  now  occu- 
pied by  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Parke  Godwin,  at  that  time. 
The  homestead  itself  is  the  property  of  his  daughter, 
Miss  Bryant.  Mr.  Godwin  is  now  as  venerable  and 
striking  in  appearance  as  was  Bryant  himself,  and  will 
make  an  ideal  presiding  officer  for  this  important  occa- 
sion. His  noteworthy  discourses  at  the  commemorative 
meetings  in  honor  of  the  deaths  of  George  William 
Curtis  and  Edwin  Booth,  held  by  the  Century  and  Play- 
ers Clubs,  are  fresh  in  the  memory  of  all  New  Yorkers. 
He  is  perhaps  the  last  of  the  orators  of  the  old  school 
left  in  this  city.  Mr.  John  Howard  Bryant,  the  younger 
brother  of  Mr.  Bryant,  and  himself  a  poet  of  some  note, 
now  residing  at  Princeton,  111.,  will  attend  and  partici- 
pate in  the  Bryant  centennial. 

"  A  London  Rose,  and  Other  Rhymes,"  by  Mr.  Ernest 
Rhys,  already  mentioned  in  this  correspondence,  will 
shortly  be  published  by  Messrs.  Matthews  &  Lane,  of 
London,  and  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  of  New 
York.  Mr.  Rhys's  experiments  with  Kymric  measures 
in  English  verse  seem  to  be  quite  successful.  Among 
these  poems  and  ballads  of  Wales  is  an  old  favorite, 
"  The  Wedding  of  Pale  Bronwen,"  which  first  appeared 
in  the  New  York  "  Independent."  The  volume  also  in- 
cludes Mr.  Rhys's  fine  poem,  "  Chatterton  in  Holborn," 
which  makes  one  of  a  section  of  "  London  Rhymes." 

"  Pembroke,"  by  Miss  Wilkins,  continues  to  receive 
most  flattering  notices  in  the  English  reviews,  some  of 
which  declare  this  novel  to  be  the  author's  most  impor- 
tant effort  thus  far.  It  is  curious  to  observe  that  in  a 
list  of  the  seventeen  most  popular  books,  according  to 
June  sales  in  England,  given  by  the  London  "  Book- 
man," only  two  are  by  American  authors — "  Pembroke," 
and  "  Tom  Sawyer  Abroad,"  by  Mark  Twain. 

Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers  announce  two  new  novels 
by  authors  comparatively  unknown  to  this  country, 
"Music  Hath  Charms,"  by  V.  Munro  Ferguson,  and 
"  The  Maiden's  Progress  "  by  Violet  Hunt.  The  first 
of  these  deals  with  some  interesting  points  in  the  rela- 
tions of  the  young  men  and  women  of  to-day;  the  sec- 
ond is  evidently  reactionary  in  character,  as  it  is  in- 
tended to  show  the  dangers  which  may  be  encountered 
through  ignoring  the  conventions  and  conformities  of 
society.  Both  will  be  suitable  for  summer  reading. 

The  new  building  of  the  "  Cosmopolitan  Magazine  " 
at  Irvington-on-the-Hudson  is  progressing  rapidly,  Mr. 
John  Brisben  Walker  devoting  much  personal  attention 
to  its  construction.  It  will  be  a  handsome  affair,  de- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


45 


signed  in  the  popular  Italian  Renaissance  style.  It 
will  be  nearly  300  feet  long  and  75  feet  wide,  occupy- 
ing a  conspicuous  site  on  the  shore  of  the  Hudson.  The 
central  dome  of  three  will  be  surmounted  by  a  repro- 
duction of  one  of  the  World's  Fair  groups.  A  special 
siding  has  been  laid  down  from  the  railroad  which  runs 
below  the  building,  and  a  chute  or  tunnel  has  been 
constructed  from  the  basement  of  the  building  to  this 
siding  for  the  receipt  of  paper  and  ink  and  the  delivery 
of  magazines,  some  ten  carloads  of  which  go  out  each 
month.  The  saving  in  carting  and  transfers  made  in 
this  way  will  be  enormous.  The  building  is  situated  on 
the  old  Barney  estate,  Mr.  Walker  himself  having  taken 
up  his  residence  in  the  Barney  house.  He  now  expects 
to  remove  the  publishing  plant  from  New  York  to  Irv- 
ington  before  September  15.  Prof.  Arthur  Sherburne 
Hardy  will  remain  in  charge  of  the  New  York  editorial 
office.  I  notice,  by  the  way,  that  four  Smith  College 
girls  have  dramatized  Professor  Hardy's  "  Passe  Rose," 
and  that  a  performance  was  given  last  month  by  some 
of  the  students.  The  dramatization  of  this  novel  for 
the  professional  theatre  has  often  been  talked  of  here, 
and  may  yet  be  attempted.  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


TjITEKARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


The  historian  Gibbon,  who  died  in  1794,  will  be  the 
subject  of  a  celebration  in  the  autumn,  under  the  care 
of  the  Royal  Historical  Society. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Cupples,  the  Boston  publisher,  has  associ- 
ated with  himself  as  partner  Mr.  H.  W.  Patterson,  the 
style  of  the  new  firm  being  Cupples  and  Patterson. 

The  Walt  Whitman  Fellowship  has  elected  Mr.  Dan- 
iel G.  Brinton  president,  Mr.  Horace  L.  Traubel  secre- 
tary and  treasurer,  Messrs.  R.  G.  Ingersoll,  John  Bur- 
roughs and  others  vice-presidents. 

"  Le  Monde  Moderne,"  an  illustrated  monthly  of  the 
American  type,  will  begin  publication  next  November. 
Each  number  will  have  160  pages,  and  circa  100  illus- 
trations, and  will  be  sold  for  thirty  sous. 

The  "Letters  of  Franz  Liszt,"  reviewed  in  our  last 
issue,  was  credited  by  mistake  to  Messrs.  Longmans, 
Green  &  Co.  The  work  is  published  in  this  country  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons,  to  whom  we  make  our 
apologies. 

The  unpublished  letters  of  Lowell  written  to  Edgar 
Poe  during  the  years  1842-4,  to  appear  in  "  Scribner's 
Magazine  "  for  August,  will  prove  more  interesting  than 
most  of  such  correspondence,  not  only  on  account  of  the 
information  they  give  concerning  the  early  literary  in- 
terests and  ambitions  of  the  two  authors,  but  especially 
for  their  perfect  frankness  and  revelation  of  the  cordial 
personal  relations  that  marked  Lowell's  young  admira- 
tion for  Poe,  before  the  days  of  "  The  Fable  for  Critics." 

Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  are  about  to  publish  by 
subscription  a  two-volume  work  on  "  The  United  States 
of  America,"  edited  by  Professor  N.  S.  Shaler.  We 
quote  the  titles  of  a  few  specimen  chapters.  "  What 
Nature  Has  Done  for  the  West,"  by  Professor  Shaler  ; 
"  The  North  American  Indians,"  by  Major  J.  W.  Pow- 
ell; "The  Pacific  Coast,"  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Bancroft;  "Our 
Military  Resources,"  by  Colonel  T.  A.  Dodge  ;  "  Pro- 
ductive Industry,"  by  Mr.  Edward  Atkinson  ;  "  Educa- 
tion in  the  United  States,"  by  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris  ;  "  Sci- 
ence in  America,"  by  President  D.  C.  Gilman  ;  and 
"  American  Literature,"  by  Mr.  C.  D.  Warner. 


The  Columbian  Exposition  has  given  rise,  first  and 
last,  to  a  good  amount  of  poetry.  Just  a  year  ago  THE 
DIAL  published  (July  16,  '93)  Mr.  Gilder's  lines  entitled 
"  The  Tower  of  Flame,"  written  on  the  occasion  of  the 
burning  of  the  Cold  Storage  Warehouse,  with  its  tragic 
accompaniment  of  the  loss  of  the  lives  of  nearly  two- 
score  firemen.  Another  poet,  Miss  Florence  Wilkinson, 
now  commemorates  the  recent  more  spectacular  though 
happily  less  tragic  event  by  which  all  the  great  build- 
ings bordering  the  Court  of  Honor  were  obliterated 
almost  in  an  hour,  leaving  alone  the  colossal  gilded  fig- 
ure of  Columbia  standing  unscathed  amid  the  ruins. 

TRANSFIGURATION. 

(Jackson  Park,  July  5,  1894.) 

I. 

In  glimmering  solitude  she  lay,  a  melancholy  dream  ; 
The  golden  Goddess  gazed  no  more 
On  curious  crowds,  the  surge  and  roar 
Of  human  stream. 

About  her  vacant  palaces  the  lazy  lake-gull  flew  ; 
Her  carven  eagles  high  upraised, 
An  empty  vaunt,  where  no  one  gazed, 
Against  the  blue. 

Untrodden,  sloped  her  marble  steps  down  to  the  dim  lagoon ; 
Where  myriad  brilliances  had  quavered, 
Now  in  its  quiet  waters  wavered 
The  sickle  moon. 

A  buried  bourg  she  might  have  been,  forgotten  long  ago, 
Where,  'neath  deep  strata  of  the  soil, 
Still,  fluted  columns  wreathe  and  coil, 
Still,  statues  glow. 

II. 

But  one  midsummer's  night  she  woke  from  marble  dreams  of 

Greece, 

And  saw  the  ruin  men  had  done, 
Spoiling  her  temples,  one  by  one.  .  .  . 
Better  to  cease ! 

Once  more  to  draw  the  slavish  crowd  !  One  last  illumination ! 
To  let  the  elements  defend  her, 
And  snatch  her  palaces,  in  splendor, 
From  degradation ! 

A  Bacchanalian  reveller  she,  with  death  intoxicated ! 
Red-flushed  with  triumph  over  shame, 
She  wreathed  her  sculptured  halls  in  flame.  .  .  . 
The  people  waited. 

They  watched  the  wild  transfiguration,  standing  in  awe,  aloof ; 
They  saw  her  lurid  towers  crumble, 
They  heard  the  doom,  the  din,  the  rumble 
Of  ruining  roof. 

Her  soul  exhaled  in  fire  and  smoke,  fled  as  a  comet  flashes.  .  .  . 
But  still  the  golden  Goddess  stands, 
Outstretching  calm  Olympian  hands 
O'er  heaps  of  ashes. 

FLORENCE  WILKINSON. 


THE   PAPERS   AND   MAGAZINES    OF    BULGARIA. 

A  correspondent  of  "  Book  News,"  writing  from  Ber- 
lin, has  the  following  upon  the  recent  intellectual  devel- 
opment of  Bulgaria:  "  Within  this  little  territory,  until 
recently  almost  as  Oriental  in  character  as  any  of  the 
provinces  of  Asia  Minor,  are  now  published  seventy- 
three  newspapers  and  magazines,  not  including  two  in 
Constantinople,  and  one  in  Salonica,  devoted  to  Bulga- 
rian interests.  Of  these,  twenty-one  are  political,  and 
eight  are  official  organs,  either  of  the  central  or  provin- 
cial government.  Among  the  rest,  twelve  are  literary  or 
scientific  reviews,  three  are  judicial,  three  military,  one 
is  a  <  Home  Journal,'  and  one  is  a  '  Journal  of  Fash- 


46 


THE    DIAL 


[July  16, 


ion,'  published,  strange  to  say,  not  in  Sofia,  the  capital, 
but  in  the  little  town  of  Sevljevo,  deep  in  the  innermost 
fastnesses  of  the  Balkan  Mountains.  Of  the  political 
papers,  four  are  socialistic.  The  chief  organ  of  the  gov- 
ernment is  the  '  Swoboda '  (Freedom) ;  its  most  active 
opponent  is  the  '  Swobodno  Slovo '  (Free  Speech),  both 
published  in  Sofia.  The  Bulgarians  are  a  branch  of  the 
great  Slavic  race,  to  which  we  are  apt  to  attribute  a 
degree  of  intellectual  inactivity  amounting  almost  to 
torpor;  there  can  be  no  better  evidence  to  the  contrary 
than  this  sudden  awakening  of  popular  interest  in  af- 
fairs, under  the  happy  influence  of  a  few  years  of  com- 
parative freedom." 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

July,  1894  (Second  List). 

Allen,  William  V.    Albert  Shaw.    Review  of  Reviews. 

Antarctica.    Illus.    A.  W.  Greelv.     Cosmopolitan. 

"  A.  P.  A.,"  The.    W.  J.  H.  Traynor.    North  American. 

Battle-ship,  Evolution  of  a.    Illus.     Century. 

British  Politics.    Goldwin  Smith.    North  American. 

"Coxeyism."    Illus.    William  T.  Stead.    Eev.  of  Reviews. 

Egypt,  France  and  England  in.    Madame  Adam.    No.  Am. 

"  Fliegende  Blatter,"  The.    Illus.     Century. 

Gold  Export  and  Its  Dangers.     Social  Economist. 

"  Gresham  "  Law,  The.     Social  Economist, 

High  Buildings  in  England  and  America.     Chautauquan. 

Holy  Sepulchre,  Life  at  the.    North  American. 

Japan,  Justice  for.    B.  0.  Flower.    Arena. 

Kantian  Theism,  The.   C.  W.  Hodge,  Jr.    Presbyterian  Rev. 

Kossuth,  Louis.    Illus.    Madame  Adam.     Cosmopolitan. 

Lucretius.    R.  Y.  Tyrrell.    Atlantic. 

Mayor  and  the  City,  The.    H.  N.  Shepard.    Atlantic. 

Monetary  Reform  in  Santo  Domingo.    Atlantic. 

Monism  in  Arithmetic.    Hermann  Schubert.    Monist. 

Monometallism  and  Protection.    C.  S.  Thomas.    Arena. 

Moses  of  the  Critics.    W.  H.  Green.    Presbyterian  Review. 

Napoleonic  Medals,  Rare.    Illus.     Cosmopolitan. 

Occult  Science  in  Thibet.    Heinrich  Hensoldt.    Arena. 

Outdoor  Sports.    Illus.    J.  H.  Mandigo.     Chautauquan. 

Painting  at  the  Fair.    J.  C.  Van  Dyke.     Century. 

Philosophy  and  Industrial  Life.    J.  Clark  Murray.    Monist. 

Romanes,  George  John.    Paul  Carus.    Monist. 

Schubert,  Franz.    Antonin  Dvorak.     Century. 

Senate,  Attack  on  the.    C.  D.  Warner.     Century. 

Socialism  vs.  Protection.  '  Social  Economist. 

South  Carolina  Liquor  Law,  The.    North  American. 

"  Star  Spangled  Banner,"  The.    Illus.     Century. 

Universities  of  Italy.    F.  Martini.     Chautauquan. 

Whittier's  Religion.    W.  H.  Savage.    Arena. 

Woman's  Enfranchisement.    J.  L.  Hughes.    Arena. 


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1625-1672.  Edited,  with  appendices,  by  C.  H.  Firth,  M.A. 
2  vols.,  with  portrait,  8vo,  uncut.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $9. 

General  Washington.  By  General  Bradley  T.  Johnson. 
Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  338.  Appletons'  "  Great 
Commanders."  $1.50. 

REFERENCE. 

Illustrated  Dictionary  of  Medicine,  Biology,  and  Allied 
Sciences.  Including  the  pronunciation,  accentuation,  etc., 
of  the  terms  used.  By  George  M.  Gould,  A.M.,  M.D. 
( Based  upon  recent  scientific  literature.)  Large  8vo,  pp. 
1633.  P.  Blakiston,  Son  &  Co.  $10. 


GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Classical  Studies  in  Honour  of  Henry  Drisler.     Illus.,  8vo, 

pp.  310.    Macmillan  &  Co.    $4. 
Verona,  and  Other  Lectures.    By  John  Ruskin.    Illus.  from 

drawings  by  the  author,  8vo,  pp.  204.     Macmillan  &  Co. 

$2.50. 
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POETRY. 

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Three  Weeks  in  Politics.  By  John  Kendrick  Bangs,  au- 
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1894.] 


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47 


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THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1,  1894. 


Memoirs  Illustrating  the  History  of  Napoleon  I. 

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If  Napoleon  anywhere  took  off  the  mask,  it  was  in  the  seclusion  of  his  private  cabinet.  The  memoirs  have  been  republished 
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THE  DIAL 

Semi=Pl0ntf)l2  Journal  of  ILiterarg  Criticism,  JBigntssion,  anb  Information. 


No.  195. 


AUGUST  1,  1894.      Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


A  YEAR  OF  CONTINENTAL  LITERATURE.    I.  .    51 
DEATHS  OF  A  MONTH 53 

ENGLISH    AT    AMHERST    COLLEGE.     John    F. 

Genung 54 

THE  AMERICAN  PHILOLOGICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

J.  E.  S 56 

COMMUNICATIONS 56 

The  Teaching  of  Literature.     W.  H.  Johnson. 

A  Society  of  Comparative  Literature.    Charles  Mills 

Gayley. 
The  Shakespeare  Society  of    New  York    and    Its 

"  Bankside  "  Shakespeare.    Appleton  Morgan. 
To  the  Memory  of  Tennyson.     Annie  Fields. 

IN  THE  KARAKORAM  HIMALAYAS.    E.  G.  J.  .    58 

DUTCH   INFLUENCE  UPON  AMERICA.    Francis 

W.  Shepardson 61 

UNCONSTITUTIONAL     LEGISLATION.      Harry 

Pratt  Judson 62 

RECENT  POETRY.  William  Morton  Payne  ....  63 
Lang's  Ban  and  Arriere  Ban.— LeGallienne's  English 
Poems. — Mrs.  Hinkson's  Cuckoo  Songs. — Cochrane's 
The  Kestrel's  Nest.  —  Mitchell's  Poems.  —  Smith's 
Lyrics  and  Sonnets.  —  Parker's  A  Lover's  Diary.  — 
McCulloch's  The  Quest  of  Heracles.  —  Hall's  When 
Hearts  Are  Trumps. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 69 

A  favorite  book  about  Venice. — A  new  volume  of  es- 
says by  Mr.  Ruskin. — West  Irish  Folk-tales. — Lights 
and  shadows  of  a  Celtic  Twilight. — The  historian  of 
the  Council  of  Trent. —  Life  and  works  of  Richard 
Steele. — Value  and  growth  of  the  British  empire. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 70 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 71 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  72 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 74 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  74 


A    YEAR   OF  CONTINENTAL 
LITERATURE. 


In  "  The  Athenaeum  "  for  July  7  is  published 
the  annual  summary  of  literary  production  upon 
the  Continent  that  has  of  late  years  been  so 
important  a  feature  of  that  valuable  journal. 
There  are  twelve  articles  altogether,  devoted 
respectively  to  Belgium,  Bohemia,  Denmark, 
France,  Germany,  Greece,  Holland,  Hungary, 
Italy,  Poland,  Russia,  and  Spain.  For  some 
unexplained  reason,  Norway,  Sweden,  and  Por- 


tugal are  unrepresented  in  this  survey, —  an 
unfortunate  omission,  since  the  literary  import- 
ance of  those  countries  is  considerable,  and  since 
their  inclusion  would  have  made  the  review 
practically  complete.  Following  the  precedent 
of  last  year,  we  have  thought  it  desirable  to 
summarize  these  summaries  for  the  readers  of 
THE  DIAL,  reproducing  the  most  salient  of 
their  comments,  and  enumerating  the  more  im- 
portant of  the  works  discussed. 

M.  Joseph  Reinach,  who  makes  the  French 
contribution  to  this  symposium,  opens  the  dis- 
cussion by  presenting  a  classified  abstract  of  a 
year's  output,  representing  a  total  of  more  than 
eleven  thousand  publications  of  one  or  more 
volumes  each.  Medical  science  is  credited  with 
over  a  thousand  titles,  and  Catholic  theology 
with  nearly  that  number.  Education,  law,  his- 
tory, biography,  and  fiction  are  responsible  for 
something  like  half  a  thousand  each.  Russian 
grammar  foots  the  list  with  three  works.  It  is 
obviously  no  easy  task  to  single  out  from  this 
enormous  number  of  publications  the  few  that 
may  be  mentioned  in  a  brief  article.  M.  Rein- 
ach gives  first  place  to  "  the  altogether  excep- 
tional abundance  of  books  dealing  with  Na- 
poleon and  his  times."  Among  these  he  men- 
tions M.  Levy's  "  Napoleon  Intime,"  M.  F. 
Masson's  "  Napoleon  et  les  Femmes  "  and  "Na- 
poleon chez  Lui,"  and  the  memoirs  of  General 
Thiebault  and  Chancellor  Pasquier.  Among 
other  historical  works,  the  highest  rank  must 
of  course  be  given  to  the  two  posthumous  vol- 
umes that  complete  Renan's  "  Histoire  du  Peu- 
ple  d'Israel." 

"  They  exhibit  the  same  decisive  handling,  the  same 
lucid  historical  instinct,  as  ever;  more  than  ever  do  they 
display  the  same  wonderfully  luminous  style,  with  the 
brilliant  parallels  and  unexpected  collocations  which 
were  so  characteristic  of  Renan's  imaginative  and  fas- 
tidious literary  sense." 

Mention  is  also  made  of  M.  Lavisse's  "  Le 
Grand  Frederic  avant  1'Avenement,"  M.  Hano- 
teaux's  "  Histoire  du  Cardinal  de  Richelieu," 
and  M.  de  Mazade's  "  L'Europe  et  les  Neu- 
tralites."  Among  literary  studies  there  are 
volumes  on  Hugo  by  MM.  Bire  and  Mabilleau, 
a  biography  of  Alfred  de  Musset  by  Arvedfe 
Barine,  and  a  collection  of  posthumous  essays 
on  English  literature  and  philosophy  by  M.  J. 
Milsand.  In  fiction,  M.  Zola  leads  off  with 
"  Le  Docteur  Pascal,"  the  very  last  of  the 


52 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


seemingly  interminable  Rougon-Macquart  se- 
ries, ending  a  task  entered  upon  a  quarter-cen- 
tury ago,  and  pursued  with  unflagging  energy 
ever  since.  M.  Reinach  finds  nothing  else  that 
is  particularly  noteworthy  in  the  year's  fiction, 
although  he  gives  a  long  list  of  novels,  and  com- 
ments briefly  upon  a  number  of  them.  In 
poetry,  the  two  most  important  publications 
have  been  Hugo's  "  Toute  la  Lyre  "  and  M.  de 
Heredia's  "  Les  Trophees."  Of  the  former 
work  we  read : 

"  This  collection  of  separate  poems,  which  is  the  fit- 
ting sequel  to  the  former  series  issued  under  the  same 
title,  exhibits  every  side  of  Victor  Hugo's  genius.  He 
is  now  the  visionary  who,  in  spite  of  perpetual  struggle, 
believes  in  a  better  time  to  come  and  in  the  ultimate 
triumph  of  justice;  now  the  poet  whose  exquisite  sen- 
sibility comprehends  the  voice  of  nature  and  interprets 
it  unerringly,  singing  of  love  in  idyls  which  have  an  old- 
world  grace;  now  the  ironical  cynic  who  turns  all  to 
ridicule ;  now  the  sympathetic  painter  of  scenes  of  every- 
day life ;  now '  the  mouthpiece  of  the  people's  conscience,' 
as  he  called  himself,  the  singer  whose  stirring  and  ter- 
rible tones  pursue  with  fiery  impetuosity  all  who  had  to 
do  with  the  Coup  d'Etat,  represented  in  this  volume  by 
several  poems  whose  vengeful  spirit  might  well  have 
fitted  them  for  a  place  in  the  magnificent  pages  of  « Les 
Chatiments.'  It  is  surprising  that  these  verses  were  not 
collected  by  the  poet  in  his  lifetime,  for  in  vigor  of  in- 
spiration and  beauty  of  form  they  are  equal  to  any  he 
published;  but  what  is  far  more  amazing  is  the  wealth 
of  genius  that  could  hold  such  poems  in  reserve,  the 
gigantic  and  almost  appalling  productive  power  which 
has  made  it  possible  for  us,  even  after  we  had  grown 
familiar  with  so  many  immortal  masterpieces,  to  hear 
anew  the  splendid  sounds  of  the  poet's  lyre." 

The  German  article,  by  Hof  rath  Robert  Zim- 
mermann,  tells  at  relatively  great  length  a  story 
of  no  great  importance.  "  The  combat  between 
'  ancients  '  and '  moderns,' '  idealists  '  and  '  real- 
ists.' still  continues,"  he  tells  us.  One-fourth 
of  his  article  is  given  up  to  an  account  of  Herr 
Hauptmann's  new  play,  "  Hannele  Mattern's 
Himmelfahrt,"  which  we  should  judge  to  be  an 
exceptionally  dreary  composition.  It "  describes 
the  death-struggle  of  an  ill-treated  child  of  the 
proletariate,"  and,  we  are  further  informed, 
"  has  no  action  whatever."  Herr  Halbe's  "  Ju- 
gend  "  and  Herr  David's  "  Hagar's  Sohn  "  are 
two  other  plays  discussed  at  some  length.  Poetry 
in  Germany  seems  to  be  mostly  submerged  be- 
neath floods  of  verse.  The  figure  is  the  au- 
thor's, who  connects  poetry  with  fiction  by  an- 
other figure  equally  suggestive. 

"  If  lyric  poetry  resembles  a  flooded  plain,  from  which 
rise  but  a  few  peaks  on  which  perch  real  singing-birds, 
we  might  not  inaptly  compare  prose  literature  of  an 
imaginative  sort  to  a  sandy  plain  of  moderate  elevation, 
on  the  almost  endless  surface  of  which,  overspread  with 
vegetation,  are  scattered  here  and  there  a  few  erratic 
blocks  of  the  ancient  formation." 


The  "  Kleopatra  "  of  Dr.  Ebers  appears  to  have 
been  the  most  striking  novel  of  the  year. 

"  It  deals  with  the  romantic  life  of  the  last  queen  of 
the  Ptolemies,  so  full  of  changing  fate  and  advent- 
ures of  love;  but  it  is  not  the  rosy  morning  and  bright 
noonday  that  he  depicts,  but  instead  its  blood-red  sun- 
set and  tragic  end  in  the  gloom  of  a  mausoleum  built 
by  the  heroine  herself.  It  is  strange  that  the  author 
should  have  refrained  from  the  world-famous  duet  be- 
tween Antony  and  the  Armida  of  antiquity,  in  order  to 
begin  with  the  gloomy  concluding  scene  of  the  fifth  act 
of  the  tragedy." 

Other  works  of  fiction  are  Herr  Hopfen's 
"  Glanzendes  Elend,"  Herr  Sudermann's  "  Es 
War,"  and  Herr  Heyse's  short  story,  "  Melu- 
sine."  The  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the 
year's  production  seems  to  be  found  in  the 
numerous  memoirs  of  men  of  letters  that  have 
appeared.  The  period  of  literature  which  be- 
gan with  the  foundation  of  the  Empire  is  near- 
ing  its  close,  and  many  of  its  authors  are  tell- 
ing the  story  of  their  lives.  Among  these  nar- 
ratives are  those  of  Dr.  Ebers  and  Herr  Felix 
Dahn,  Herr  Hanslick's  "  Erinnerungen  aus 
Meinem  Leben,"  and  Herr  Fontane's  "  Meine 
Knabenjahre."  A  few  other  books  of  interest 
are  Herr  Baechthold's  life  of  Gottfried  Keller, 
a  volume  of  five  lectures  by  the  late  Bernhard 
ten  Brink,  two  additional  volumes  of  Prince 
Bismarck's  speeches,  and  a  work  upon  Dr.  Ib- 
sen's plays,  by  Herr  Emil  Reich. 

Dr.  Alfred  Ipsen,  writing  of  Danish  litera- 
ture, is  "  strictly  careful  not  to  mingle  it  with 
the  Norwegian,"  which  is  something  of  a  pity, 
since  Norwegian  literature,  as  well  as  Swedish, 
does  not  appear  in  the  "  Athenaeum  "  series  of 
articles.  The  number  of  books  produced  dur- 
ing the  year  in  Denmark,  Dr.  Ipsen  writes, 
"  Has  been  very  great — much  too  great,  indeed,  for  so 
small  a  nation,  as,  although  I  do  not  doubt  that  we  are 
one  of  the  nations  of  Europe  which  read  most,  still 
there  is  a  limit  to  what  even  we  can  consume.  And  be- 
sides what  our  own  authors  can  produce,  we  import  and 
translate  numbers  of  foreign  works  from  all  parts  of 
Europe,  from  France,  Kussia,  Germany,  and  England — 
even  some  from  Italy  and  Spain.  I  am  inclined  to  be- 
lieve that  with  our  small  market  we  introduce  more 
from  foreign  languages  than  the  English  people." 

A  movement  is  on  foot  to  check  this  general 
onslaught  upon  foreign  preserves  by  bringing 
Denmark  into  the  Convention  of  Berne.  This 
movement  has  not  yet  been  successful,  but  the 
Danish  literary  guild  has  organized  an  authors' 
union,  similar  to  those  established  last  year  in 
Sweden  and  Norway.  The  writer  of  this  ar- 
ticle gives  most  of  his  attention  to  historical 
works,  including  Librarian  Jorgensen's  book 
on  Chancellor  Griffenfeld  and  Librarian  Frid- 
ericia's  book  on  the  revolution  of  1660,  which 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


53 


largely  transferred  the  Danish  power  from  the 
nobility  to  the  king.  Another  work  of  great 
value  is  that  of  Herr  Troels  Lund,  who  has 
told  the  history  of  sixteenth  century  daily  life 
in  Denmark  at  great  length. 

"  In  vivid,  picturesque  language  he  depicts  the  cus- 
toms and  manners  of  the  nation.  He  follows  the  citizen 
of  that  half-civilized  century  through  all  the  changes  of 
his  life — from  the  cradle  and  nursery  to  the  school,  from 
the  school  to  the  shop  or  the  battle-field,  through  all 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  ceremonies  through  which  he 
had  to  pass,  to  the  grave.  It  is  only  natural  that  such 
a  work,  which  fills  the  empty  frames  of  political  history 
with  lifelike  pictures  of  people  as  they  were,  has  found 
warm  admirers  not  merely  in  Denmark,  but  also  in  Ger- 
many, where  it  seems  to  have  caused  a  revolution  in  the 
conventional  treatment  of  history  as  Staatsgeschichte." 

There  has  been  nothing  very  noticeable  in  Dan- 
ish belles-lettres,  unless  we  except  "  Solblom- 
ster,"  a  volume  of  poems  by  Herr  Michaelis.  But 
it  is  interesting  to  be  told  that  "  dry,  descript- 
ive realism  is  passing  out  of  favor,"  and  that 
"  there  is  a  search  for  ideals  of  a  higher  order." 
The  Belgian  literature  of  the  year,  in  both 
French  and  Flemish,  is  described  by  Professor 
Fredericq.  "  La  Jeune  Belgique  "  is  to  the  fore, 
represented  by  M.  Georges  Rodenbach,  whose 
"  Le  Voile"  has  been  performed  at  the  Theatre 
Francais,  and  M.  Georges  Eekhoud,  whose  "La 
Nouvelle  Carthage,"  a  study  of  modern  Ant- 
werpian  life,  has  been  awarded  the  quinquen- 
nial prize  of  five  thousand  francs  for  French 
literature  in  Belgium.  M.  Rodenbach  has 
also  published  "  Le  Musee  de  Beguines,"  a 
vivid  account  of  the  life  led  by  the  inmates  of 
the  famous  institution  of  Bruges.  Three  "mari- 
onette plays,"  by  M.  Maeterlinck,  are  entitled 
"  Alladine  et  Palomides,"  "  Interieur,"  and 
"  La  Mort  de  Tintagiles."  As  becomes  a 
country  that  has  done  so  much  for  the  produc- 
tion of  the  Wagnerian  music- dramas,  Belgium 
offers  us  "  L'Esthetique  de  Richard  Wagner," 
in  two  volumes,  by  M.  J.  G.  Freson,  and  a 
further  instalment  of  M.  Kufferath's  analytical 
studies.  A  few  other  works  are  the  conclud- 
ing volume  of  "  Belgique  Illustree,"  an  anony- 
mous book  about  Emile  de  Laveleye,  a  volume 
of  essays  by  that  writer,  and  Librarian  van  der 
Haeghen's  bibliography,  preliminary  to  his 
forthcoming  essay  upon  the  works,  of  the  great 
Erasmus.  In  Flemish  Belgium,  the  greatest 
sensation  of  the  year  has  been  M.  Cyriel 
Buysse's  "  Het  Recht  van  der  Sterkste,"  which 
"  furnishes  a  painful  and  repulsive  picture  of 
the  conditions  under  which  the  lives  of  beggars, 
thieves,  and  poachers  are  passed  on  the  Flem- 
ish countryside."  The  most  important  poet- 
ical publications  of  the  year  have  been  "  Clar- 


ibella,"  by  M.  Pol  de  Mont,  and  "  Verzen,"  by 
Mile.  Helene  Swarth.  A  succession  of  mono- 
graphs upon  the  towns  and  villages  of  Flem- 
ish Belgium  have  also  appeared. 

The  event  of  the  year  in  Holland,  according 
to  M.  Taco  de  Beer,  has  been  the  publication 
of  "  Majesteit,"  by  Heer  Couperus.  The  book 
seems  to  be  "  modern  "  in  the  morbid  sense,  as 
was  to  be  expected,  but  "  the  decorative  scen- 
ery is  done  in  so  good  a  style,  and  there  is  so 
much  aristocracy  introduced,  that  the  tale  is 
making  a  deep  impression."  Other  notable 
novels  are  Heer  Lapidoth's  "  Goetia,"  a  nihil- 
ist story,  Heer  Adema's  "  Thea,"  a  tale  of  oc- 
cultism, Heer  Slothouwer's  "  In  een  Groote 
Stad,"  "  a  picture  of  pessimism  and  melan- 
choly," and  Heer  Kops's  "Op  Leven  en  Dood," 
a  story  of  the  French  Revolution.  In  poetry, 
the  writer  claims  for  Holland  the  two  volumes 
already  named  under  Flemish  Belgium,  and 
Dr.  Roster's  "  Niobe,"  said  to  be  finished  in 
the  Tennysonian  manner.  Five  plays  are  chron- 
icled, all  of  which  "  tend  to  glorify  the  nervous 
youngster  who  claims  the  right  to  leave  labor 
to  others,  and  do  any  mischief  he  likes."  Sev- 
eral works  of  serious  aim  are  enumerated,  such 
as  Professor  Pierson's  "  Geestelijke  Vooroud- 
ers,"  or  studies  in  the  history  of  civilization. 
"  Literary  criticism  and  the  study  of  the  his- 
tory of  literature  are  extinct "  in  Holland,  ac- 
cording to  the  present  writer,  and  this  pessim- 
istic observation  is  in  keeping  with  the  tone  of 
his  entire  article.  We  reserve  for  our  next 
issue  a  summary  of  the  year's  literature  in 
Southern  and  Eastern  Europe. 


DEA  THS  OF  A  MONTH. 

August  Dillmann,  the  great  Semitic  scholar,  died  at 
Berlin  on  the  fourth  of  July,  at  the  age  of  seventy-one. 
Professor  Cheyne  writes  of  him  in  "  The  Academy  "  as 
follows:  "  Dillmann  and  Schrader  were  both  pupils  of 
Ewald,  and  carried  on  that  tradition  of  a  philological 
treatment  of  theological  documents  which  Ewald  him- 
self joined  with  Gesenius  to  initiate.  But  if  it  was  at  Gb't- 
tingen  that  Dillmann  caught  his  enthusiasm  for  the  study 
of  languages  and  of  the  Bible,  to  Tubingen  and  Berlin 
he  owed  a  full  scope  for  learned  labor.  Like  Schrader, 
he  was  induced  by  Ewald  to  take  up  Ethiopic;  his  Ethi- 
opic  Grammar  and  Dictionary,  and  his  edition  of  part 
of  the  Ethiopic  Old  Testament,  and  of  the  Book  of 
Enoch,  have  won  for  him  the  abiding  gratitude  of  stu- 
dents of  that  interesting  language.  Quite  lately  Dill- 
mann expressed  his  hope  of  revising  his  text  and  trans- 
lation of  Enoch.  Dillmann's  Old  Testament  commen- 
taries are  well  known.  His  restless  energy  in  bringing 
out  new  editions  of  them,  in  some  respects  thoroughly 
up  to  date,  was  a  perpetual  surprise  to  younger  scholars. 
The  study  of  Hexateuch-criticism  owes  much  to  him; 


54 


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[Aug.  1, 


and  if  it  was  provoking  to  some  of  his  opponents  that 
one  so  clear-sighted  could  not  join  them  in  their  revo- 
lutionary theories,  it  surprised  and  touched  them  when 
they  saw  him,  from  sheer  love  of  truth,  making  con- 
cessions which  seemed  to  them  next  door  to  complete 
surrender.  As  a  theologian,  he  held  the  cautiously  pro- 
gressive views  which  might  be  expected  from  a  disciple 
of  Ewald.  His  dissertation  on  prophecy  may  still  be 
read  with  instruction.  But  it  is  as  an  historical  scholar 
and  a  philologist  that  he  will  be  remembered." 

From  "  The  Academy  "  we  also  take  these  remarks 
upon  Sir  Austen  Henry  Layard,  who  died  on  the  fifth 
of  July,  at  the  age  of  seventy-seven :  "  He  was  born  in 
Paris,  and  educated  in  Italy,  which  country  he  always 
regarded  as  a  second  home.  When  little  more  than 
twenty  years  of  age  he  set  off  on  his  travels  to  the  East, 
the  account  of  which  is  contained  in  his  latest  book  — 
'  Early  Adventures  in  Persia,  Susiaua,  and  Babylonia,' 
including  a  residence  among  the  Bakhtiyari  and  other 
wild  tribes  before  the  discovery  of  Nineveh  (1887).  It 
was  from  Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe  that  he  received 
both  encouragement  and  pecuniary  means  to  excavate 
the  site  of  Birs  Nimrud,  near  Mosul,  in  1845.  His  dis- 
covery of  the  famous  Winged  Bulls  arrested  public  at- 
tention to  an  extent  that  has  been  granted  to  no  subse- 
quent archaeologist.  A  second  expedition,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  re- 
vealed the  library  of  Sardanapalus.  The  results  were 
published  in  two  portfolios  of  171  plates  (1848-53), 
under  the  title  of  '  Monuments  of  Nineveh,'  and  also 
in  a  succession  of  popular  volumes.  Oxford  was  the 
first  to  recognize  his  services  to  learning  by  conferring 
upon  him  the  degree  of  D.C.L.  at  the  Commemoration 
of  1848;  and  seven  years  later  he  was  elected  Lord 
Rector  of  the  University  of  Aberdeen.  Layard  now  en- 
tered upon  a  fresh  career  as  Radical  politician  and  Tur- 
cophile  diplomatist,  which  it  is  not  necessary  to  follow 
here.  But  we  must  not  pass  over  his  devotion  to  Italian 
art,  which  occupied  the  later  years  of  his  life.  Since 
1868  he  has  been  one  of  the  most  active  trustees  of  the 
National  Gallery;  and  he  had  formed,  in  his  palazzo  at 
Venice,  a  choice  collection  of  pictures  of  the  schools  of 
Northern  Italy,  under  the  guidance  of  his  friend,  the 
late  Signor  Morelli.  In  1868,  he  wrote,  for  the  Arun- 
del  Society,  an  account  of  the  Brancacci  Chapel  at  Flor- 
ence, and  of  the  painters  Masolino,  Masaccio,  and  Filip- 
pino  Lippi.  In  1887,  when  he  was  already  seventy 
years  of  age,  he  undertook  single-handed  a  revision  of 
Kugler's  '  Handbook  of  Painting,'  in  the  light  of  the 
most  recent  discoveries ;  and  yet  more  recently  he  wrote 
a  preface  to  the  English  translation  of  Morelli's  '  Ital- 
ian Painters.'" 

Charles-Marie  Leconte  de  Lisle,  the  leader  of  the 
Parnassiens  from  the  death  of  Gautier,  was  born  on  the 
Island  of  Reunion  October  23,  1818,  and  died  at  Paris 
on  the  seventeenth  of  July,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five. 
After  much  travel  in  his  early  years,  in  1846  he  took  up 
permanent  residence  in  Paris.  His  "  Poemes  Antiques," 
published  in  1852,  was  the  first  of  many  volumes  of 
verse.  He  also  made  numerous  translations  from  the 
Greek,  including  Theocritus,  Anacreon,  the  "Iliad," 
Hesiod,  ^Eschylus,  Sophocles,  and  Euripides.  In  1886 
he  succeeded  to  Hugo's  chair  in  the  Academy.  His 
original  verse  is  characterized  by  perfection  of  form 
and  rich  coloring,  and  reflects  a  pantheistic  mode  of 
thought.  He  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  the  greatest 
of  the  remaining  French  poets,  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  M.  Sully-Prudhomme. 


ENGLISH  AT  AMHERST  COLLEGE* 

No  study  in  our  American  colleges  is  so  directly 
and  practically  important  as  the  study  of  English ; 
yet  none  is  so  beset  with  problems  of  administra- 
tion and  method.  To  detail  all  of  these  would  take 
up  too  much  space  here ;  I  will  merely  indicate 
some  of  the  leading  ones,  to  the  solution  of  which 
the  teachers  of  English  at  Amherst  have  been  de- 
voting their  attention  during  the  last  dozen  years. 
There  is,  first  of  all,  the  question  what  to  do  with 
it  as  a  required  study.  For  the  old  idea  seems  a 
sound  one,  that  whatever  the  predominance  of  elect- 
ive studies,  English,  at  least  English  composition, 
should  he  required  of  all ;  that  is,  that  no  possibil- 
ity should  be  opened  for  any  student  to  gain  his  de- 
gree without  some  training  in  the  practical  use  of 
his  mother-tongue.  Yet  as  a  required  study  in  the 
midst  of  electives,  English  is  at  a  disadvantage  ; 
the  very  fact  that  it  is  compulsory  weights  it  with 
an  odium  which  in  many  colleges  makes  it  the  bug- 
bear of  the  course.  This  ill  repute  was  increased 
in  the  old-fashioned  college  course  by  the  makeshift 
way  in  which  time  was  grudged  out  to  it  in  the  cur- 
riculum. Under  the  name  of  "  rhetoricals,"  En- 
glish declamations,  orations,  and  essays  used  to  be 
sandwiched  in  where  some  little  crevice  opened  be- 
tween other  studies,  once  a  week  perhaps,  or  at  some 
irregular  hour  supposably  unavailable  for  anything 
else.  Now  every  teacher  knows  that  a  once-a-week 
study  cannot  be  carried  on  with  much  profit  or  in- 
terest ;  it  cannot  but  be  a  weariness  to  student  and 
instructor  alike.  It  finds  its  way  into  the  hands  of 
incompetent  and  inexperienced  teachers ;  it  has  to 
rank  as  the  Ishmael  among  the  studies. 

It  was  the  conviction  of  the  teachers  of  English 
at  Amherst  that  such  ill  repute  was  by  no  means  a 
necessary  accompaniment  of  their  department.  They 
believe  that  English,  if  granted  a  fair  chance,  could 
trust  to  its  own  intrinsic  value  and  interest  for  sur- 
vival, as  confidently  as  could  any  other  study.  I 
need  not  here  recount  the  history  of  their  quiet  and 
steady  work,  first  to  gain  a  fair  meed  of  time  for 
the  various  branches  of  their  department,  then  to 
obtain  recognition  for  it  as  an  elective  study  by  the 
side  of  other  electives,  finally  to  retain  the  proper 

*  This  article  is  the  thirteenth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1);  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (March  1C); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
( April  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16) ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1)  ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16)  ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1)  ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1 ) ;  and  English  at 
the  University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gay- 
ley  (July  16).— [EDB.  DIAL.] 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


55 


relation  and  balance  of  elective  and  required  study. 
All  this  came  about  so  naturally  as  to  seem  a  spon- 
taneous evolution  rather  than  what  it  actually  was, 
a  strenuous  and  determined  working  out  of  a  plan. 

The  best  name  by  which  to  characterize  the  work 
in  English  as  now  conducted  at  Amherst  is  labora- 
tory work.  Whatever  the  diversities  of  aim  and 
method  between  the  teachers,  in  this  respect  they 
are  at  one  :  each  of  their  courses  is  a  veritable  work- 
shop, wherein,  by  systematized  daily  drill,  details  are 
mastered  one  by  one,  and  that  unity  of  result  is  ob- 
tained which  is  more  for  practical  use  than  for  show. 
The  required  work  in  English,  which  is  all  under 
the  charge  of  Professor  Henry  A.  Frink,  has  to  do 
with  the  English  of  oral  expression.  It  consists  of 
two  terms  of  elocutionary  drill,  or  declamation,  in 
Freshman  year,  and  one  in  Sophomore  year ;  two 
terms  of  rhetoric,  carried  on  by  means  of  essays, 
exercises,  and  lectures,  in  Freshman  year ;  and 
three  terms  of  debates,  both  extemporaneous  and 
prepared,  in  Senior  year.  This  comprises  in  itself 
a  body  of  work  fully  as  large  as  obtained  in  the  old 
days  of  "  rhetoricals  ";  and  when  we  consider  the 
careful  emphasis  given  to  individual  drill  and  crit- 
icism, in  which  work  the  services  of  five  assistants 
are  employed,  we  may  well  regard  it  as  far  beyond 
the  average  of  the  old  courses  in  efficiency. 

In  the  elective  study  of  English,  each  college  year 
has  its  course  characteristic  of  the  year.  These 
courses,  in  the  way  in  which  they  supplement  each 
other,  form  a  natural  sequence ;  yet  they  are  inde- 
pendent of  each  other,  each  professor  being  supreme 
in  his  sphere,  to  plan,  carry  out,  and  complete,  ac- 
cording to  his  own  ideas.  A  trio  in  which  the  mem- 
bers work  side  by  side,  in  cooperation  rather  than 
in  subordination. 

The  elective  English  of  the  Sophomore  year,  un- 
der the  charge  of  the  writer,  centres  in  written  ex- 
pression, the  study  and  practice  of  rhetoric.  The 
rhetoric  thus  pursued  —  as  the  many  users  of  the 
writer's  text-books  throughout  the  country  need  not 
be  reminded  —  is  not  the  mere  broadened  study  of 
grammar ;  it  is  a  study  of  the  organizing  of  dis- 
course, from  the  choice  of  words  up,  as  a  real  au- 
thor must  seek  to  effect  it :  a  determinate  study,  in 
however  humble  way,  of  literature  in  the  making. 
Two  terms  of  work,  based  on  the  text-book  and  on 
the  "  Handbook  of  Rhetorical  Analysis,"  are  carried 
on  by  daily  recitations  and  written  exercises  ;  these 
latter,  invented  to  illustrate  in  succession  the  rhe- 
torical principles  under  consideration,  being  progres- 
sive in  character  and  requiring  as  they  advance 
more  originative  work  on  the  part  of  the  student. 
The  course  has  too  many  interesting  and  novel  fea- 
tures to  detail  here  ;  one  of  these,  which  has  proved 
very  profitable  and  interesting,  is  the  setting  up  in 
type  of  many  of  the  students'  written  productions 
and  the  reading  and  criticism  of  them  in  proof. 

The  third  term  is  devoted  to  the  writing  of  essays 
and  careful  individual  criticism  of  each  one  in  per- 
sonal interviews.  Each  man  in  the  class  presents 
an  essay  about  once  a  fortnight.  By  the  side  of 


this  work  there  is  carried  on,  as  time  and  numbers 
permit,  a  course  of  reading  and  discussion  of  the  lead- 
ing prose  writers ;  also  a  voluntary  English  semin- 
ary, after  the  manner  of  the  German  universities. 

In  the  Junior  year  begin  the  elective  classes  of 
Professor  Frink.  Two  hours  a  week  in  the  first  term 
are  devoted  to  the  study  of  logic,  and  two  hours  to 
a  progressive  and  systematic  course  of  Public  Speak- 
ing. The  work  of  this  foundation  term  takes  the 
form  of  debates,  study  and  analysis  of  American 
and  British  orations,  and  Shakespearean  readings. 
In  a  similar  manner,  public  speaking  is  continued 
through  the  second  term;  the  debates,  discussions, 
and  speeches  of  various  kinds  having  to  do  with 
the  rhetoric  of  oral  expression.  Much  stimulus  to 
these  studies  under  Professor  Frink  is  supplied  by 
the  numerous  prizes  offered  for  proficiency  in  the 
work  of  each  term.  Nor,  though  the  number  of 
men  concerned  and  the  extent  and  variety  of  the 
work  would  seem  to  necessitate  much  that  is  merely 
perfunctory,  is  this  work  anything  like  a  mere  rou- 
tine. The  industry  and  genius  of  Professor  Frink 
in  adapting  his  labors  and  interests  to  the  personal 
peculiarities  of  each  individual  precludes  that ;  and 
in  the  sunshine  of  such  friendly  relations  many  a 
man  finds  powers  awakened  that  he  had  not  sus- 
pected in  himself,  or  powers  that  were  running  wild 
ordered  and  steadied. 

With  the  third  term  of  the  Junior  year  begins, 
under  Professor  H.  Humphrey  Neill,  the  study  of 
English  literature.  Here  the  aim  is  to  do  with  a 
good  degree  of  thoroughness  whatever  is  done ; 
hence  familiarity  with  a  limited  number  of  the  great 
writers  is  sought,  rather  than  a  smattering  inform- 
ation about  many.  The  method  of  work,  as  in  the 
other  English  studies,  is  eminently  the  laboratory 
method;  and  this,  while  based  in  just  proportion 
on  facts  and  details,  is  so  aimed  as  to  get  at  the 
spirit  of  the  literature.  The  opening  term  of  the 
course  is  devoted,  in  part  through  text-books  and 
in  part  through  lectures  and  discussion  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  literary  criticism,  to  the  course  of  the  litera- 
ture down  to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  spe- 
cial attention  being  given  to  Chaucer,  Spenser,  Bacon, 
Milton,  and  Dryden.  Shakespeare  is  reserved  for 
a  special  term.  In  the  study  of  these,  dependence 
is  placed  not  so  much  on  reading  about  the  author 
as  on  familiarity  with  the  author  himself. 

With  the  beginning  of  the  Senior  year  the  stu- 
dents work  more  independently.  The  first  term  is 
devoted  to  the  prose  writers  of  the  eighteenth  and 
the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century ;  the  sec- 
ond to  the  poets  of  the  same  period.  Two  weeks 
are  given  to  the  study  of  each  author ;  and  on  each 
author  certain  members  of  the  class  read  extended 
and  carefully  studied  essays.  These  essays,  in  con- 
nection with  the  readings  and  topics  prescribed,  are 
made  the  basis  of  the  class  discussions  and  exam- 
inations. In  this  way  the  men  are  taught  to  form 
and  test  their  own  opinions.  In  the  third  term  of 
Senior  year  (the  fourth  of  the  course)  the  study  is 
Shakespeare.  A  minute  exegesis  of  one  or  two  of 


56 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


the  greatest  plays  is  given  by  means  of  lectures  and 
topics  for  reading.  In  addition  to  this,  four  other 
plays  are  studied  as  a  collateral  course  by  the  class, 
and  made  the  subject  of  written  examinations.  This 
Shakespearean  course  is  open  to  all,  whether  they 
have  elected  the  three  preceding  terms  or  not. 

A  special  course  is  also  given  to  a  few  who  in 
every  class,  having  pursued  the  course  of  the  three 
prescribed  terms,  wish  to  carry  their  literary  studies 
further.  It  consists  of  special  investigation  under 
the  direction  of  the  professor,  but  with  no  stated 
recitations. 

Such,  in  a  very  meagre  outline,  is  the  course  of 
English  study  at  Amherst.  To  pass  judgment  on 
it  is  for  others,  rather  than  for  us  who  conduct  it. 

JOHN  F.  GENUNG. 
Professor  of  Rhetoric,  Amherst  College. 


THE  AMERICAN  PHILOLOGICAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


This  well-known  body  of  American  scholars  has  com- 
pleted the  twenty-fifth  year  of  its  organization;  an  event 
which  in  Germany  would  probably  be  called  a  Jubildum, 
and  celebrated  accordingly.  The  Association,  however, 
remained  content  with  the  usual  annual  meeting,  which 
was  held  at  Williamstown,  Mass.,  beginning  on  July  10. 
An  unusually  large  number  of  members  were  in  attend- 
ance, and  the  papers  read,  to  the  number  of  two  dozen, 
were  well  received,  and  generally  worthy  of  the  occa- 
sion. Perhaps  as  interesting,  from  their  novelty,  as 
any,  were  the  paper  of  Professor  Wright,  of  Harvard 
University,  on  the  votive  tablet  to  Artemis  Anaitis  and 
Men  Tiamou,  recently  picked  up  in  a  Boston  curiosity 
shop,  and  now  in  the  Boston  Museum  of  Fine  Arts;  and 
that  of  Professor  Allen,  of  Harvard,  on  the  music  of 
the  hymn  to  Apollo  recently  discovered  by  the  French 
savans  at  Delphi,  and  transcribed  by  M.  Reinach  in 
modern  musical  notation.  The  hymn  as  thus  modern- 
ized was  sung  by  Professor  Sihler,  to  piano  accompani- 
ment, in  the  parlor  of  the  hotel  next  morning,  much  to 
the  entertainment  of  the  assembled  scholars. 

The  Association  was  handsomely  treated  by  the  Trus- 
tees and  Faculty  of  Williams  College.  President  and 
Mrs.  Carter  gave  a  noon  reception  and  luncheon  to  the 
members  on  Wednesday ;  after  which  the  majestic  sum- 
mit of  Greylock  was  reached  by  an  excursion,  which  ab- 
sorbed the  entire  afternoon,  but  well  repaid  all  fatigue 
incurred  by  affording  one  of  the  most  superb  mountain 
panoramas  in  New  England. 

At  one  of  the  sessions  a  resolution  was  adopted  ex- 
pressive of  the  Association's  sorrow  for  the  death  of 
Professor  W.  D.  Whitney,  and  its  sense  of  the  loss  thus 
sustained  by  American  scholarship.  Professor  Whitney 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Association,  and  its  first 
President,  and  has  always  remained  deeply  interested 
in  its  welfare.  It  was  also  resolved  to  hold  a  joint 
meeting  with  the  American  Oriental  Society  and  other 
similar  bodies,  at  Philadelphia,  in  the  Christmas  holi- 
days, to  unite  in  memorial  exercises  in  honor  of  Profes- 
sor Whitney.  This,  of  course,  will  not  supersede  the 
next  regular  annual  meeting,  which  will  be  held  at  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  July  9, 1895.  As  some  objection  was  made 
to  coming  so  far  "  West,"  on  the  ground  that  the  East- 
ern members  are  the  most  numerous  and  active,  it  seems 


especially  incumbent  on  members,  and  those  who  ought 
to  be  members,  living  in  the  Central  and  Western  States, 
to  rally  in  large  numbers  at  Cleveland  next  summer. 
Readers  of  THE  DIAL  will,  it  is  hoped,  aid  in  further- 
ing this  desirable  end.  J  R  S 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  TEACHING  OF  LITERATURE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Your  correspondent  who  asks,  in  THE  DIAL  of  June  1, 
"How  Shall  English  Literature  Be  Taught?"  sug- 
gests difficulties  which  meet  the  teacher  of  any  other 
literature,  as  well  as  of  English.  Those  difficulties  are 
less  serious  with  the  classical  teacher,  for  instance,  only 
because  his  pupils  are  compelled,  even  to  the  end  of  the 
college  course,  to  devote  so  large  a  portion  of  their  time 
to  purely  linguistic  study.  The  college  teacher  of  En- 
glish, however,  begins  with  pupils  who  can  read  their 
texts  at  sight,  as  far  as  merely  linguistic  difficulties  are 
concerned.  If  any  material  portion  of  the  time  be  given 
to  linguistics,  it  is  from  choice,  not  absolute  necessity. 
If  the  teacher  wishes  to  devote  the  time  to  "litera- 
ture," he  may  do  so.  But  what  is  "  literature  "  ?  "  The 
teacher  of  English  who  concerns  himself  with  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  his  text  soon  wanders  into  forbidden 
fields — and  lo!  the  dilettante,"  says  your  correspondent. 
Has  the  subject-matter,  then,  so  little  to  do  with  litera- 
ture that  it  can  be  ignored,  and  "  literature,"  not  simply 
some  one  or  more  aspects  of  the  same,  still  be  taught? 
It  would  be  interesting  to  see  a  detailed  argument  for 
such  a  position.  In  fact,  some  of  the  single  phases  of 
literary  study  cannot  be  adequately  treated  apart  from 
the  subject-matter.  Take  the  rhetorical,  for  instance, — 
what  is  responsible  for  the  wide  rhetorical  difference  be- 
tween Lowell's  "  Present  Crisis,"  "  Fountain  of  Youth," 
and  "  Commemoration  Ode  "  ?  between  the  Twenty-third 
Psalm  and  Whittier's  scathing  review  of  Carlyle's  "  Oc- 
casional Discourse  on  the  Negro  Question  "  ?  Simply 
the  subject-matter.  Will  any  teacher  attempt  to  con- 
sider these  specimens  of  literature  from  the  rhetorical 
standpoint,  and  leave  subject-matter  out  of  the  account  ? 

But  the  subject-matter  leads  into  "  forbidden  fields," 
we  are  told.  Why  forbidden  ?  Because  they  "  im- 
pinge more  or  less  "  upon  the  territory  of  other  chairs 
"  concerned  with  the  humanities  "  ?  Has  specialization 
gone  so  far,  then,  that  there  must  be  a  sort  of  "  Devil's 
lane "  between  my  field  and  that  of  each  of  my  col- 
leagues ?  Is  it  not  well,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  dif- 
ferent departments  should  impinge  upon  one  another 
here  and  there  ?  Let  us  not  give  the  pupil  an  impres- 
sion that  he  is  storing  various  compartments  of  his  brain 
with  materials  which  are  in  danger  of  explosion  in  case 
of  accidental  contact. 

Given  the  point  of  view  which  your  correspondent 
seems  to  take,  and  the  question  should  be,  not  how 
shall  English,  or  any  other,  literature  be  taught,  but, 
can  it  be  taught  at  all  ?  In  the  fulness  of  its  meaning, 
ninety-nine  in  every  hundred  of  those  of  us  who  are 
trying  must  humbly  answer  No  !  But  many  of  us  will 
prefer  to  work  toward  such  an  ideal,  even  at  the  risk 
of  "  poaching  "  on  the  territory  of  our  colleagues,  or  sub- 
jecting ourselves  to  that  dread  term  of  reproach,  "  di- 
lettante." w.  H.  JOHNSON. 

Denison  University,  Granville,  Ohio,  July  12,  1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


57 


A  SOCIETY  OF  COMPARATIVE  LITERATURE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Since  trustworthy  principles  of  literary  criticism  de- 
pend upon  the  substantiation  of  aesthetic  theory  by  scien- 
tific inquiry,  and  since  for  lack  of  systematic  effort  the 
comparative  investigation  of  literary  types,  species, 
movements,  and  themes  is  not  yet  adequately  prosecuted, 
I  should  like  to  call  the  attention  of  my  fellow-workers 
to  the  need  of  collaboration.  No  individual  can,  unaided, 
gather  from  various  literatures  the  materials  necessary 
for  an  induction  to  the  characteristic  of  even  one  literary 
type.  The  time  has  come  for  organization  of  effort.  An 
association  should  be  formed,  as  proposed  by  me  in  the 
last  issue  of  THE  DIAL,  for  the  comparative  investiga- 
tion of  literary  growths.  In  this  Society  of  Compara- 
tive Literature  (or  of  Literary  Evolution)  each  mem- 
ber should  devote  himself  to  the  study  of  a  given  type 
or  movement  in  a  literature  with  which  he  is  specially, 
and  at  first  hand,  familiar.  Thus,  gradually,  wherever 
the  type  or  movement  has  existed  its  evolution  and 
characteristics  may  be  observed  and  registered.  In 
time,  by  systematization  of  results,  an  induction  to  the 
common  and  therefore  essential  characteristics  of  the 
phenomenon,  to  the  laws  governing  its  origin,  growth, 
and  differentiation,  may  be  made.  The  history  of  na- 
tional criticism,  and  the  aesthetics  of  sporadic  critical 
theory,  are,  of  course,  interesting  subjects  of  study;  but 
to  adopt  canons  of  criticism  from  Boileau,  or  Vida,  or 
Puttenham,  or  Sidney,  or  Corneille,  or  even  Lessing  and 
Aristotle,  and  apply  them  to  types  or  varieties  of  type 
with  which  these  critics  were  unacquainted,  is  to  sit  in 
the  well  in  your  backyard  and  study  the  stars  through 
a  smoked  glass.  To  come  at  the  laws  which  govern 
the  drama,  for  instance,  it  is  not  sufficient  that  we  mod- 
ify by  generally  accepted  aesthetic  principles  the  canons 
of  a  school  of  dramatic  critics,  and  then  revise  the  re- 
sults in  the  light  of  our  inductions  from  the  drama  of 
the  charmed  Grasco  -  Roman  -  Celto  -  Teutonic  circle  in 
which  we  contentedly  expatiate.  The  specific  principles 
of  technical  (or  typical)  criticism  must  be  based  upon 
the  characteristics  of  the  type  not  only  in  well-known 
but  in  less-known  literatures,  among  aboriginal  as  well 
as  civilized  peoples,  and  in  all  stages  of  its  evolution. 
Arrangements  should  be  made  for  the  preparation  and 
publication  of  scientific  monographs  on  national  de- 
velopments of  the  drama.  The  comparative  formula- 
tion of  results  would  assist  us  to  corroborate  or  to  reno- 
vate current  aesthetic  canons  of  dramatic  criticism.  So, 

also,  with  other  types  —  lyric,  epic,  etc and  with  the 

evolution  of  literary  movements  and  themes.  Of  course 
the  labor  is  arduous,  and  the  limit  undefined.  But  the 
work  is  not  yet  undertaken  by  any  English  or  American 
organization,  or  by  any  periodical  or  series  of  publica- 
tions in  the  English  language.  The  members  of  this  So- 
ciety of  Comparative  Literature  must  be  hewers  of  wood 
and  drawers  of  water.  Even  though  they  cannot  hope 
to  see  the  completion  of  a  temple  of  criticism,  they  may 
have  the  joy  of  construction:  the  reward  of  the  phil- 
ologist. For  several  years  I  have  hoped  that  some 
one  else  would  set  this  ball  a-rolling.  If  the  idea  be  re- 
ceived with  favor,  I  intend  to  issue  a  detailed  statement 
of  the  purposes  and  plans  of  such  an  organization.  As- 
sistance and  criticism  from  those  whom  the  suggestion 
may  interest  are  respectfully  solicited. 

CHARLES  MILLS  GAYLEY. 
University  of  California,  Berkeley,  Cal.,  July  20,  1894. 


THE   SHAKESPEARE   SOCIETY   6F  NEW  YORK 

AND  ITS  "BANKSIDE"  SHAKESPEARE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

My  attention  is  called  to  a  letter  addressed  to  Dr. 
W.  J.  Rolfe,  which,  though  personal  and  not  literary 
in  character,  is  printed  in  the  department  of  "  Shakes- 
peariana  "  in  "  The  Critic  "  of  this  date. 

This  letter  is  signed  by  four  persons,  who  attach  to 
their  names  the  titles  of  offices  which  they  suppose  them- 
selves to  hold  in  The  Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York. 
Neither  of  these  four  persons  is  at  present  a  Trustee  of 
that  Society.  Only  one  of  them  has  even  a  colorable 
claim  to  membership  in  good  standing  therein,  and  one 
of  them  is  not  a  member  at  all.  Not  one  of  them  has 
been  present  at  a  meeting  or  council  of  that  Society  for 
two  years  last  past ;  and  not  one  of  them  has  ever  con- 
tributed one  cent  to,  nor  has  an  interest  to  the  amount 
of  one  cent  in,  the  twenty-nine  volumes  which  that  So- 
ciety has  published,  nor  in  the  eighteen  which  are  now 
leaving  its  press.  There  is  no  such  officer  as  "  Chair- 
man of  the  Executive  Committee  "  of  that  Society.  Its 
charter  provides  for  a  Recording,  and  for  an  Assistant- 
Recording,  Secretary,  and  for  a  Corresponding  Secre- 
tary (whose  duties  are  literary  only).  But  there  is  no 
officer  entitled  to  describe  himself  as  "Secretary  of  the 
New  York  Shakespeare  Society." 

No  attention  need,  therefore,  be  paid  to  the  perform- 
ances of  these  persons,  nor  to  any  statements  which  they 
may  see  fit  to  make  concerning  the  Shakespeare  Society 
of  New  York,  especially  to  their  statement  that  that 
Society  has  not  "  authorized  "  the  Supplementary  Vol- 
umes to  "  The  Bankside  Shakespeare,"  or  that  L.  L. 
Lawrence,  Clerk  of  the  Publication  Committee  of  that 
Society,  is  taking  subscriptions  for  those  volumes  with- 
out  authority.  APPLETON  MORGAN, 

President  of  the  Shakespeare  Society  of  New  York. 
21  Park  Row,  New  York,  July  14,  1894. 


TO  THE  MEMORY  OF  TENNYSON. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

As  I  believe  there  are  among  THE  DIAL'S  readers 
men  and  women  willing  to  contribute  to  the  proposed 
Tennyson  memorial,  I  trust  you  will  kindly  print  the 
following: 

Funds  are  being  received  for  the  erection  of  a  lofty 
granite  monolith,  in  the  form  of  an  lona  cross,  to  the 
memory  of  Alfred  Tennyson.  It  has  been  decided  to 
erect  the  memorial  on  the  highest  point  of  the  famous 
down  which  overlooks  the  western  end  of  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  the  spot  chosen  is  the  "  edge  of  the  noble 
down,"  which  Tennyson  loved  so  well,  and  where  he  al- 
most daily  walked.  The  permission  of  the  masters  of 
Trinity  House  has  been  granted  for  the  removal  of  the 
present  wooden  pile  known  to  mariners  as  the  Nodes 
Beacon,  and  the  erection  in  its  place  of  the  Tennyson 
Beacon.  As  a  land  and  sea  mark  visible  from  every 
point  for  many  miles,  the  beacon  cross  should  form  a 
conspicuous  and  fitting  memorial  to  the  poet. 

The  amounts  contributed  by  subscribers  to  the  fund 
will  not  be  published,  but  as  a  tribute  to  the  great  poet 
it  is  hoped  to  send  to  England  the  names  of  every  man 
and  woman  "  whose  life  has  been  touched  '  to  finer  is- 
sues '  by  the  poetry  of  Tennyson."  Subscriptions  may 
be  sent  to  Miss  Fay  Davis,  Secretary,  in  care  of  the  un- 
dersigned. AKNIE  FlELD8 

Manchester,  Mass.,  July  22,  1894. 


58 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


Eije 


Books. 


THE  KARAKORAM  HIMALAYAS.* 


Mr.  William  Martin  Conway's  "  Climbing 
in  the  Himalayas  "  is  decidedly  a  notable  book, 
and  at  all  points  a  worthy  shelf-companion  to 
Mr.  Whymper's  fine  work  on  the  Andes  issued 
two  years  ago.  Apart  from  its  scientific  in- 
terest as  the  record  of  an  important  geograph- 
ical enterprise,  it  presents  a  vivid  picture  of 
the  perils  and,  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  apprehen- 
sion, the  pleasures  of  mountaineering — a  form 
of  "  sport "  not  yet  seriously  affected  by  ath- 
letic faddists  on  this  side  the  water.  In  point 
of  illustration  the  volume  rather  surpasses,  to 
our  thinking,  even  the  best  of  the  many  beau- 
tiful books  of  travel  heretofore  issued.  The 
artist  is  Mr.  A.  D.  McCormick,  and  he  has 
throughout  treated  the  motives  furnished  him 
by  the  magnificent  scenery  of  the  Himalayas 
with  a  breadth  and  feeling  that  lift  his  work 
far  above  the  average  level  of  book  illustra- 
tion. As  these  plates  are  an  important  factor 
in  the  work,  forming  as  they  do  a  pictorial 
narrative  ancillary  to  the  text,  we  may  quote 
Mr.  Conway's  testimony  in  the  "  Alpine  Jour- 
nal "  as  to  their  descriptive  value  : 

"  I  was  careful  to  impress  on  McCormick  at  the  start 
that  I  wanted  no  topographical  accuracy  in  his  sketches 
—  only  the  rendering  of  the  impression  a  scene  made 
upon  him  in  light  and  color,  a  transfer  of  his  vision  of 
it  to  paper,  so  that,  if  possible,  I  might  learn  better  how 
to  see  the  hills  by  finding  out  how  he  saw  them.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  his  eye  was  so  true  to  form  that  truth- 
fulness of  form  was  a  part  of  his  normal  vision,  and 
whoever  looks  at  his  works  may  be  assured  that  they 
are  accurate  in  outline  and  mass  to  a  remarkable  de- 
gree. His  excellence  and  rapidity  as  a  draughtsman 
are  points  that  it  is  only  fair  that  I  should  emphasize, 
for  I  reaped  from  them  the  most  valuable  fruit." 

The  expedition  of  which  the  volume  is  the 
record  was  made  in  1892,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Eoyal  Geographical  Society,  the  Royal 
Society,  the  British  Association,  and  the  In- 
dian Government.  The  party  consisted  of  Mr. 
Con  way,  Lieutenant  Bruce  (5th  Gurkhas),  Mr. 
McCormick,  Lieut.-Col.  Dickin,  Mr.  Roude- 
bush,  Mr.  Eckenstein,  and  the  Swiss  guide,  M. 
Zurbriggen.  Starting  from  Abbottabad,  they 
went  to  Srinagar,  the  capital  of  Kashmir,  and 
thence  crossed  the  main  Himalaya  chain  by  the 
Burzil  Pass  to  Astor  and  Bunji  to  the  Indus 
Valley.  They  followed  the  road  to  Gilgit,  an 


*  CLIMBING  AND  EXPLORATION  IN  THE  KAKAKOKAM  HIM- 
ALAYAS. By  William  M.  Conway,  M.A.  Profusely  illus- 
trated. New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


important  British  frontier  station.  A  month 
was  spent  in  exploring  the  glaciers  at  the  head 
of  the  Bagrot  Valley  and  the  great  peaks  near 
Rakipushi  (25,500  feet).  Returning  to  Gil- 
git,  they  went  up  the  recently-annexed  Hunza- 
Nagyr  Valley  and  visited  the  towns  of  Hunza 
and  Nagyr.  From  Nagyr  two  long  expeditions 
were  made  into  the  snowy  region  to  the  south 
and  southeast,  before  advancing  to  Hispar,  at 
the  foot  of  the  longest  glacier  in  the  world  out- 
side the  polar  regions.  Here  dividing  into  two 
parties,  they  made  the  first  passage  by  Euro- 
peans of  the  Mushik  Pass,  and  the  first  defin- 
itely-recorded passage  of  the  Hispar  Pass,  the 
longest  known  pass  in  the  world.  Uniting  again 
at  Askole,  in  Baltistan,  they  marched  eastward 
up  the  Braldo  Valley  to  the  foot  of  the  great 
Baltoro  Glacier,  which  drains  what  is  probably 
the  greatest  mountain  group  in  the  world.  From 
this  glacier  valley  tower  K.  2  (28,250  feet), 
Gusherbrum  (26,378),  the  Hidden  Peak  (26,- 
480),  the  Golden  Throne  (23,600),  the  Bride 
(25,119),  and  Masherbrum  (25,676).  Forcing 
their  way  to  the  glacier  head,  where  they  camped 
for  two  nights  at  an  altitude  of  20,000  feet,  they 
climbed  Pioneer  Peak  (about  23,000  feet),  the 
highest  ascent  yet  authentically  made.  Return- 
ing to  Askole,  they  crossed  the  Skoro  Pass  to 
Shigar  and  Skardo,  whence  they  rode  up  the 
Indus  Valley  to  Leh,  the  capital  of  Ladak. 
They  went  thence  over  the  Zoji  Pass  to  Kash- 
mir and  returned  home  from  Srinagar  to  En- 
gland, after  an  absence  of  about  a  year,  84  days 
of  which  were  spent  on  snow  or  glacier. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  here  anything  like  a 
fair  epitome  of  the  story  of  this  tremendous 
journey,  and  we  must  content  ourselves  with 
a  few  extracts  serving  to  indicate  its  general 
drift  and  style.  Mr.  Conway  reached  Srin- 
agar on  April  3,  duly  prepared  to  enjoy  and  to 
celebrate  in  his  turn  the  oft-sung  beauties  of 
this  "Venice  of  Kashmir."  These  beauties 
seem  to  have  been  considerably  overpainted. 
Mr.  Conway  says,  unfeelingly : 

"  It  is  the  shabbiest  and  filthiest  Venice  imaginable, 
picturesque  no  doubt,  but  with  the  picturesqueness  of  a 
dirty  Alpine  village  —  a  mere  Zermath  extended  for 
miles  along  the  banks  of  a  big  sewer.  There  is  no  ar- 
chitecture visible  from  the  water  highway,  if  one  ex- 
cepts  the  fine  mosque  of  Shah  Hamadan,  a  second-rate 
Hindu  temple  or  two,  and  a  ruined  tomb-mosque.  The 
rest  is  a  mere  patchwork  of  crazy  wooden  houses  and 
ugly  palaces.  There  is  plenteous  interest  about  the  life 
on  the  river,  the  boats  and  barges,  the  cries  of  the 
rowers,  the  people  washing  by  the  dirty  shore,  the 
glimpses  up  foul  alleys  and  what  not;  but  there  is  no 
art  in  all  this,  only  materials  from  which  the  artist  can 
rend  forth  beauty  by  educated  skill." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


59 


Describing  the  New  Bazar,  one  of  the  stock 
sights  of  Srinagar,  Mr.  Conway  continues : 

"  Craftsmen  were  working  in  the  open  rooms  on  the 
ground  floor;  most  of  the  shops  were  upstairs.  We  were 
at  once  surrounded  by  a  crowd,  crying, '  I  sell  you  this  ! ' 
'  I  make  you  this  ! '  '  Come  and  see  my  worrk  ! '  '  You 
not  buy  from  me;  you  buy  from  other  man;  see  my 
things;  I  do  good  worrk;  this  is  my  shop  ! '  and  so  on. 
We  climbed  crazy  stairs  and  entered  a  small  room 
wherein  were  tables  covered  with  silver,  copper,  and 
brass  inlaid  with  gay  enamel.  The  dealer  and  his  friends 
stood  or  squatted  round;  no  one  in  particular  seemed 
to  own  the  shop.  .  .  .  We  visited  the  papier-machie 
man,  and  noticed  that  English  purchasers  were  steadily 
ruining  his  art  by  preferring  his  worst  designs.  He 
thought  to  capture  us  with  one  in  particular.  '  Last 
year  I  sold  great  many  of  these,  every  gentleman  one 
pair,  two  pairs,  mostly  devil  pattern — I  sold  great  many 
devil  pattern — devil  pattern  very  much  admired.'  Thus 
do  the  English  befoul  the  world's  art." 

As  the  writer  was  formerly  Professor  of  Art 
at  Liverpool  University,  his  testimony  as  to  the 
art  phase  of  the  spreading  "  Anglo-Saxon  con- 
tagion "  carries  some  weight.  John  Bull,  in 
fact,  holding  the  power  of  the  purse,  would 
seem  to  have  stimulated  the  once  slow  and 
scrupulous  artificers  of  the  Orient  into  a  "  pot- 
boiling  "  or  Birmingham  celerity,  with  not  the 
happiest  results  —  as  in  Japan,  where  art  is 
largely  sinking  into  a  trade  regulated  by  the 
demand  of  the  western  market. 

Leaving  Gilgit  on  May  10,  the  party  reached 
the  Hun/a  river  on  the  day  following,  and 
crossed  it  by  means  of  ajhula — a  sort  of  prim- 
itive suspension  bridge,  cleverly  enough  con- 
structed and  curiously  analogous  in  the  main  to 
the  complex  structures  at  Niagara  and  Brook- 
lyn. As  the  natives  let  these  bridges  get  into 
a  rotten  state  before  they  mend  them,  it  will 
be  seen  that,  as  the  author  feelingly  testifies, 
Sijhula  out  of  repair  is  "  about  as  nasty  a  thing 
for  a  landsman  to  cross  as  may  well  be  imag- 
ined." Mr.  McCormick  gives  a  view  of  the 
one  at  Dainyor,  a  giddy  affair  spun  like  a  cob- 
web over  a  gorge  that  might  shake  the  nerves 
of  a  Blondin.  Says  Mr.  Conway : 

"  Jhulas  are  formed  of  cables  of  twisted  birch  or  other 
suitable  twigs,  each  cable  having  a  diameter  of  from 
two  to  three  inches.  Three  of  these  cables,  hanging  in 
close  contact  side  by  side,  and  here  and  there  tied  to- 
gether, formed  the  floor  of  the  bridge.  There  'is  a 
hand-rope  at  a  suitable  level  on  each  side,  hanging  in  a 
similar  curve  to  that  of  the  floor  cable.  Each  of  the 
hand-ropes  is  formed  of  a  couple  of  cables  twisted 
round  one  another.  They  are  uncomfortable  things  to 
hold,  being  too  thick  to  grasp,  and  spiked  all  along  with 
the  sharp  projecting  ends  of  the  birch-twigs,  whose 
points  keep  catching  the  sleeve  at  awkward  moments. 
The  gaping  void  between  the  hand-ropes  and  the  floor- 
rope  is  interrupted  every  couple  of  yards  by  a  weak  tie, 
or  V,  of  twisted  withe,  fastened  to  the  hand-ropes,  and 


passing  under  and  partly  supporting  the  floor-rope.  At 
intervals  of  twelve  yards  or  so  there  is  a  horizontal 
cross-piece  of  wood,  firmly  tied  to  the  two  hand-ropes, 
to  keep  them  apart  and  to  prevent  them  from  spread- 
ing too  wide.  The  cross-pieces  are  about  at  the  level 
of  the  waist  of  a  man  standing  on  the  bridge.  These 
have  to  be  climbed  over  as  they  occur.  .  .  .  One  bridge, 
however,  was  new  and  strong,  and  the  novelty  of  the 
thing  was  exciting;  so  that  I  crossed  without  discom- 
fort, and  in  a  merely  inquisitive  frame  of  mind,  such  as 
one  might  have  on  a  first  occasion  of  dying.  To  be 
quite  truthful  it  should  be  added  that,  when  I  reached 
the  swiftest  part  of  the  current,  the  situation  was  none 
of  the  pleasantest;  for  the  deceived  eye  deluded  the 
imagination,  and  made  believe  that  the  water  was  stand- 
ing still,  and  the  bridge  itself  swinging  furiously  up- 
stream." 

Mr.  Conway  has  duly  brightened  his  pages 
with  descriptions  of  the  people  of  the  remote 
regions  visited.  Very  interesting  were  the  vil- 
lagers about  Hopar  in  northern  Kashmir,  a 
race  carrying  on  a  primitive  and  fairly  pros- 
perous agriculture,  though  still  living  in  a  state 
of  chronic  inter-tribal  or  inter-communal  war- 
fare. At  Hopar,  he  says, — 

"  We  wandered  leisurely  by  a  winding  path,  through 
fields  of  green  corn  and  blossoming  beans,  amongst  which 
there  was  a  quantity  of  mint  in  flower.  Here,  or  else- 
where, whenever  we  approached  women  or  children, 
they  bolted  away  from  us  or  tried  to  hide  themselves. 
If  their  houses  were  near  at  hand,  they  ran  for  them  like 
rabbits  into  their  holes.  If  a  familiar  shelter  was  too 
far  away,  they  hurried  into  the  cornfields  and  cast  them- 
selves down  amongst  the  corn,  by  which  they  were  com- 
pletely concealed.  These  people  have  the  habit  of  war 
deeply  ingrained.  A  stranger  in  their  fields,  who  is  not 
a  prisoner,  is  a  conqueror.  Their  attitude  towards  one 
who  travels  freely  amongst  them  is  thus  an  attitude  of 
fear,  which,  however,  is  easily  dispelled,  and  then  they 
become  the  friendliest  folk  in  the  world,  and  will  do 
anything  for  you." 

During  his  stay  Mr.  Conway  witnessed  an 
overt  act  of  tribal  hostility  which,  offering  a  fair 
casus  belli,  nearly  led  to  a  general  conflict. 

"  As  we  were  returning  through  the  fields  to  camp,  a 
man  rushed  frantically  amongst  the  growing  corn  and 
seized  two  kids.  He  broke  their  backs,  one  after  an- 
other, and  cast  the  carcasses  on  to  the  path.  His  act 
was  seen  by  the  owner  of  the  kids,  a  peasant  belonging 
to  the  next  village,  who  cried  aloud  and  summoned  his 
friends.  In  a  few  minutes  the  population  of  both  vil- 
lages came  together  and  drew  up  opposite  each  other, 
gesticulating  and  shouting  in  great  anger.  A  peasant 
war  seemed  on  the  point  of  breaking  out.  We  thus 
had  experience  of  the  moods  to  which  the  villagers  of 
these  parts  owe  their  strongly  battlemented  walls." 

Before  leaving  Hopar  accounts  had  to  be  set- 
tled with  the  natives  ;  and  the  author  gives  an 
amusing  description  of  his  dealings  with  the 
Raja's  Munshi — a  sort  of  local  expert  account- 
ant, the  ex  qfficio  representative  of  the  villagers 
in  the  arithmetical  battle  which  ensued.  As 
the  Munshi  —  a  transparent  humbug  in  point 


60 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


of  his  supposed  attainments  —  did  his  addition 
on  his  fingers  and  was  totally  incapable  of  mul- 
tiplication and  division,  there  was  much  "  hig- 
gling of  the  market  " —  as  Adam  Smith  says. 
"  Well,  what  have  I  to  pay  for  ?  " — began  Mr. 
Conway. 

"  '  There  is  dud,  atar,  gJii — yes,  and  there  is  wood  too.' 
'  How  much  atar  ? '  The  Munshi,  looking  hopeless  — 
«Oh  !  you  have  had  atar;  let  us  say  for  ten  rupees.' 
« Nonsense  !  How  much  ?  How  many  seers  ?  '  « Why, 
hazor,  these  are  poor  people,  and  have  little  atar ;  let 
us  say  eight  rupees  ! '  Habiba  and  the  Gurkhas  are 
called,  and  inform  me  of  the  exact  number  of  seers 
each  has  had.  '  Yes,  that  is  quite  right,'  says  the  Mun- 
shi. '  But  that  is  not  worth  eight  rupees.'  « Well,  how 
much  does  it  come  to,  hazor?  Tell  me,  for  I  do  not 
know.'  And  so  on.  '  Now  how  many  seers  of  milk  ? ' 
'  Well,  the  Khansama  knows ;  how  much  would  you 
say  ?  '  « Fifteen.'  <  All  right;  fifteen  is  right.'  " 

In  point  of  understanding  the  Hunshi's  clients 
seem  to  have  been  worthy  of  their  deputy,  lo- 
cal information  having  to  be  screwed  out  of 
them  piecemeal.  "  What  do  you  call  that  val- 
ley ?  "  Mr.  Conway  would  ask. 

" '  I  have  no  tongue.'  « That  valley — is  it  Bualtar  ? ' 
« Ah  !  Bualtar.'  « And  that  hill — is  it  Shaltar  ? '  '  Ah  ! 
Shaltar — Shaltar  i  Chish.'  '  Good  !  now  that  village — 
what 's  its  name  ? '  «  Ah  !  village.'  «  No.  Begin  again. 
The  name  of  that  is  Bualtar  ?  '  '  Ah  !  Bualtar.'  « And 
that  is  Shaltar  ?  '  « Ah  !  Shaltar.'  <  And  that  village 
—  what  is  it  ? '  « Ah  !  village.'  " 

Of  the  record  of  the  party's  mountaineering 
experiences,  which  takes  up  most  of  the  vol- 
ume, the  following  extracts  from  the  chapter 
on  the  "  Ascent  of  Pioneer  Peak  "  may  serve 
as  a  sample.  The  ascent  of  the  Peak  proper 
was  begun  on  August  25  from  "  Upper  Pla- 
teau Camp,"  a  point  at  which  an  altitude  of 
20,000  feet  had  already  been  gained.  The 
preceding  night,  says  Mr.  Conway,  was  bit- 
terly cold,  and  by  five  o'clock  Zurbriggen,  the 
Alpine  guide,  was  stirring,  and  began  prepara- 
tions for  the  journey. 

"  His  was  the  laborious  duty  of  preparing  a  warm 
drink  of  chocolate,  with  indifferent  spirit  to  burn,  and 
no  space  to  manoauvre  the  apparatus  in.  The  Russian 
lamp  began  to  roar  like  a  falling  avalanche ;  and,  while 
the  chocolate  was  cooking,  we  struggled  out  of  our  sleep- 
ing bags  and  into  our  boots,  and  wound  the  pattis  round 
our  legs,  first  greasing  our  feet  with  marmot  fat,  for 
protection  against  the  cold.  Every  movement  was  a 
toil.  After  lacing  a  boot,  one  had  to  lie  down  and  take 
breath  before  one  could  lace  the  next." 

Shortly  before  six  all  was  ready,  and  the  trav- 
ellers faced  the  long  snow  slope  stretching  be- 
tween them  and  the  ridge  along  which  the  rest 
of  the  way  was  to  lie. 

"  For  an  hour  we  plodded  steadily  upwards  in  the  bit- 
ter cold.  The  risen  sun  left  us  still  in  the  shadow,  and 
moment  by  moment  our  limbs  grew  colder  and  our 


strength  seemed  to  be  evaporating.  Gradually  the  se- 
vere exercise  warmed  our  bodies,  but  our  feet  lost  all 
sensation.  We  crunched  our  toes  inside  our  boots  with 
every  step,  and  stamped  our  feet  upon  the  ground ;  but 
nothing  gave  the  smallest  relief.  At  last  it  became 
necessary  to  halt  and  pull  off  our  boots,  to  bring  life 
back  to  our  feet  by  rubbing.  We  were  all  on  the  point 
of  being  frost-bitten,  and  only  saved  ourselves  by  the 
most  vigorous  measures.  During  our  halt  the  sun  came 
upon  us;  and  though  our  feet  were  numbed  for  the  rest 
of  the  day,  our  bodies  were  soon  far  too  hot  to  be  com- 
fortable. These  variations  between  biting  cold  and 
grilling  heat  are  one  of  the  great  impediments  to  moun- 
taineering at  high  altitudes  in  these  parts." 

After  a  quarter  of  an  hour's  walk  along  the 
ridge,  the  first  peak  (20,700  feet)  was  reached, 
and  the  second  peak  (21,350  feet)  after  a  rough 
scramble  through  rocks  and  over  hard  ice — in 
which  "  every  step  taken  "  had  to  be  cut  with 
the  axe  —  in  an  hour  and  ten  minutes.  This 
labor  of  step-cutting  Zurbriggen  found  infin- 
itely more  fatiguing  than  at  the  ordinary  Swiss 
levels.  The  rest  of  the  ascent  was  altogether 
monotonous — a  dogged  struggle  of  nearly  three 
hours,  with  axe,  rope,  and  alpenstock,  up  an 
arete  heavily  corniced  on  the  left,  so  that  the 
view  on  that  side  was  completely  shut  out. 

"  Our  advance  was  necessarily  slow,  and  the  terrible 
heat  which  the  burning  rays  of  the  sun  poured  upon  our 
heads  did  not  add  to  its  rapidity.  There  was  plenty  of 
air  upon  the  actual  ridge,  and  now  and  again  a  puff 
would  come  down  upon  us  and  quicken  us  into  a  little 
life;  but  for  the  most  part  we  were  in  the  midst  of  utter 
aerial  stagnation  which  made  life  intolerable.  I  heard 
the  click  !  click  !  of  Zurbriggen's  axe,  making  the  long 
striding  steps,  and  I  mechanically  struggled  from  one 
to  another.  I  was  dimly  conscious  of  a  vast  depth  down 
below  on  the  right,  filled  with  tortured  glacier  and  gap- 
ing crevasses  of  monstrous  size.  Sometimes  I  would 
picture  the  frail  ice-steps  giving  way,  and  the  whole 
party  falling  down  the  precipitous  slope.  I  asked  my- 
self upon  which  of  the  rocks  projecting  below  should 
we  meet  with  our  final  smash;  and  I  inspected  the 
schrunds  for  the  one  that  might  be  our  last  not  unwel- 
come resting-place.  Then  there  would  come  a  reaction, 
and  for  a  moment  the  grandeur  of  the  scenery  would 
make  itself  felt.  ...  At  length  the  slope  we  were 
climbing  became  less  steep.  To  avoid  a  larger  mass  of 
cornice  than  usual  we  kept  away  horizontally  to  the 
right,  and  presently  discovered  that  the  cornice  was  the 
actual  summit  of  the  third  peak  on  the  ridge.  We  held 
the  rope  tight  with  all  imaginable  precautions  whilst 
Zurbriggen  climbed  to  the  top.  He  found  a  firm  place 
where  all  could  cut  out  seats  for  themselves,  and  there 
at  2.45  P.  M.  we  entered  upon  well-earned  repose." 

The  victory  was  won,  for  the  halting-place  was 
the  top  of  Pioneer  Peak,  the  highest  point  yet 
authentically  reached  by  man. 

"  The  moment  we  looked  round  we  saw  that  the  peak 
we  were  on  was  the  highest  point  of  our  ridge.  Beyond 
it  was  a  deep  depression,  on  the  other  side  of  which  a 
long  face  of  snow  led  up  to  the  south  ridge  of  the  Golden 
Throne.  From  the  Throne,  therefore,  we  were  utterly 
cut  off.  Ours  was  a  separate  mountain,  a  satellite  of 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


61 


its  greater  neighbor,  whose  summit  still  looked  down 
upon  us  from  a  height  of  1,000  feet,  and  whose  broad 
extended  arms  shut  out  the  view  to  the  north-east  which 
I  so  ardently  desired  to  behold.  Framed  in  the  passes 
I  have  mentioned  there  were  glorious  mountain  pictures ; 
that  to  the  south,  looking  straight  down  the  great  Kon- 
dus  valley  and  away  over  the  bewildering  intricacy  of 
the  lower  Ladak  ranges  being  especially  fine,  and  ren- 
dered all  the  more  solemn  by  the  still  roof  of  cloud 
poised  over  it  at  a  height  of  25,000  feet.  When  one 
beholds  a  small  portion  of  Nature  near  at  hand,  the  ac- 
tion of  avalanches,  rivers,  and  winds  seems  tremendous, 
but  in  a  deep-extending  view  over  range  after  range  of 
mountains,  and  valley  beyond  valley,  Nature's  forces 
are  reduced  to  a  mere  trembling  insignificance,  and  the 
effect  of  the  whole  is  majestic  repose.  The  clouds 
seemed  stationary  above  the  mountain  kingdom;  not  a 
sound  broke  the  utter  stillness  of  the  air.  We  ceased 
to  pant  for  breath  the  moment  the  need  for  exertion  was 
withdrawn,  and  a  delicious  lassitude  and  forgetfulness 
of  past  labor  supervened  upon  our  over-wrought  frames." 

The  barometer,  standing  at  13.30  inches,  gave 
an  altitude  of  22,600  feet.  The  summit  of  the 
Golden  Throne,  towering  high  above  the  Peak, 
was  about  800  yards  away  horizontally,  and 
elevated  at  an  angle  of  25°.  "  We  were  there- 
fore," says  Mr.  Con  way,  "approximately,  1,100 
feet  below  it.  ...  If  the  G.  T.  S.  value  for 
the  height  of  K.2  is  correct,  the  Golden  Throne 
must  be  24,100  feet  high,  and  the  height  of 
Pioneer  Peak  is  over  23,000  feet."  Tracings 
taken  with  the  sphygmograph  of  the  author's 
and  M.  Zurbriggen's  pulse  showed  the  damag- 
ing effect  of  the  altitude.  "  Our  breathing  ap- 
paratus," says  Mr.  Con  way,  "  was  working  well 
enough,  but  our  hearts  were  being  sorely  tried, 
and  mine  was  in  a  parlous  state."  Further  climb- 
ing was  out  of  the  question — even  for  the  hardy 
Swiss,  who  owned  that  "  another  step  he  could 
not  cut.  All  recognized  that  the  greatest  we 
were  going  to  accomplish  was  done,  and  that 
thenceforward  nothing  remained  for  us  but 
downwards  and  homewards." 

The  total  result  of  the  expedition  can  be  es- 
timated from  the  present  volume,  and  from  the 
reports  and  scientific  memoranda  to  be  pub- 
lished separately,  with  maps,  in  the  coming 
autumn.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  of  Mr. 
Con  way  that  no  better  man  could  have  been 
chosen  either  as  leader  or  chronicler  of  the  ex- 
pedition. A  copious  author,  a  Fellow  of  the 
Society  of  Arts  and  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society,  the  Vice-President  of  the  Alpine  Club 
and  editor  of  "The  Alpine  Journal," his  name  is 
familiar  to  the  scientist  and  the  general  reader. 
We  can  point  to  no  more  readable,  solidly  in- 
forming, and  outwardly  attractive  book  of  trav- 
els than  "  Climbing  in  the  Himalayas." 

E.  G.  J. 


DUTCH  INFLUENCE  UPON  AMERICA.* 


The  making  of  history  is  a  gradual  process. 
There  are  occasional  wars,  or  political  or  social 
commotions  ;  but  the  every-day  life  of  the  peo- 
ple occupies  by  far  the  greater  part  of  the  years 
of  a  nation's  life.  Little  things  are  apt  to  pass 
unnoticed  ;  local  customs  change  ;  the  charac- 
ter of  a  community  is  altered ;  old  landmarks 
are  swept  away,  and  in  the  busy  rush  of  our 
American  life  a  new  generation  forgets  the 
old,  and  the  familiar  customs  of  the  fathers 
become  strange  to  the  children. 

The  writers  of  our  history  have  too  often 
been  content  with  a  recital  of  the  leading  events 
of  military  and  political  life,  or  have  confined 
their  attention  to  constitutional  discussions, 
neglecting  to  note  the  fact  that  the  develop- 
ment of  the  people,  in  their  social,  economic, 
and  industrial  conditions,  gives  the  substantial 
basis  to  the  nation's  strength,  and  that  much 
of  history  is  made  in  quiet  ways,  without  the 
scenic  effects  of  the  thunder-and-lightning  of 
warfare. 

But  when  once  the  writers  turned  their 
thought  to  the  people,  manifest  differences  ap- 
peared, strange  and  surprising  difficulties  ;  and 
various  methods  were  adopted  to  harmonize 
these  with  the  old  theory  that  the  American  peo- 
ple are  but  transplanted  Englishmen.  Douglas 
Campbell  stirred  up  a  great  deal  of  interest 
when  he  published  his  "  Puritan  in  England, 
Holland,  and  America,"  two  years  ago.  It  led 
to  the  examination  of  the  origin  of  certain 
features  of  American  institutions,  by  a  gentle- 
man who  has  but  recently  published  the  results 
of  his  study  in  "  Sources  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States  ";  and  it  no  doubt  stim- 
ulated Dr.  Griffis  to  reexamine  the  facts  of 
Dutch  history,  which  had  already  appealed  to 
him,  and  which  he  had  collected  into  readable 
form  in  a  pamphlet  of  his  own.  His  volume 
on  "  Brave  Little  Holland,  and  What  She 
Taught  Us  "  is  valuable  for  two  reasons,  cer- 
tainly :  it  puts  in  a  very  attractive  form  the 
story  of  the  growth  of  Holland,  and,  more  espe- 
cially, it  presents  many  new  and  important  con- 
siderations affecting  the  question,  Just  what 
influence  did  New  Netherlands  have  upon 
American  life,  and  how  large  an  increment  of 
population  was  thus  added  to  the  cosmopolitan 
colonies  ? 

The  claim  is  set  forth  that  the  foundations 
of  the  Empire  State  were  laid  by  the  Dutch, 

*  BRAVE  LITTLE  HOLLAND,  AND  WHAT  SHE  TAUGHT  Us. 
By  William  Elliott  Griffis.   Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


62 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


and  that,  notwithstanding  the  short  life  of  the 
colony  before  the  occupation  by  the  English 
in  1664,  impressions  had  been  made  which 
were  lasting,  so  that  when  New  York,  as  a 
State  of  the  American  Union,  formed  its  con- 
stitution and  developed  its  institutions,  the  pre- 
cedents from  the  monarchical  form  of  govern- 
ment of  England  were  disregarded  for  the 
principles  of  the  republic  across  the  sea.  De- 
tails are  given  in  illustration,  and  the  array  of 
claims  is  quite  imposing.  The  list  is  somewhat 
familiar  to  students,  but  it  goes  without  saying 
that  there  is  a  vast  deal  of  importance  in  the 
sentence : 

"  From  the  Dutch  system  they  [our  fathers]  borrowed 
the  idea  of  a  written  constitution,  a  Senate,  or  States- 
General,  the  Hague,  or  District  of  Columbia,  the  Su- 
preme Court  (with  vast  improvements),  the  land  laws, 
registration  of  deeds  and  mortgages,  local  self-govern- 
ment from  the  town  and  county  to  the  government  of 
governments  at  Washington,  the  common-school  sys- 
tem, freedom  of  religion  and  of  the  press,  and  many  of 
the  details  of  the  Dutch  state  and  national  systems." 

But  the  interest  of  the  volume  does  not  come 
from  this  grouping  of  claims  for  Dutch  influ- 
ence, so  much  as  from  the  many  chance  sug- 
gestions and  references  found  all  through  the 
chapters,  accounting  for  names  and  symbols, 
and  throwing  light  upon  peculiar  customs  or 
characteristics,  noticed  by  others,  but  not  so 
fully  explained.  No  one  can  read  the  little 
book  without  feeling  the  truth  of  what  is  said 
about  the  relations  existing  between  the  Dutch 
Eepublic  and  that  of  the  United  States  of 
America.  Following  the  story  of  the  one,  the 
impression  grows  that  when  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin declared,  "  In  love  of  liberty  and  bravery 
in  the  defense  of  it,  she  has  been  our  great  ex- 
ample," he  told  but  part  of  the  truth.  There 
must  have  been  the  influence  of  the  example 
of  a  republic  struggling  for  the  improvement 
of  constitutional  government,  and  there  must 
have  been  untold  and  hardly  described  influ- 
ences which  permeated  the  society  of  the  mid- 
dle colonies,  where  the  seven  thousand  Dutch 
made  their  homes,  weaving  into  the  life  of  the 
people  the  web  of  Dutch  character  and  Dutch 
ideas. 

Even  if  the  reader  be  one  of  those  who  con- 
tend that  there  was  no  influence  but  the  En- 
glish affecting  American  life  and  character  be- 
fore the  great  tides  of  immigration  began  to 
set  in,  there  will  be  positive  enjoyment  in  read- 
ing again  the  accounts  of  the  various  ways  in 
which  the  people  of  Holland  showed  their  sym- 
pathy for  the  American  cause  during  the  Rev- 
olution. Friends  were  scarce  enough  in  those 


times,  and  "  Brave  Little  Holland  "  should 
have  a  warm  place  in  our  hearts  for  her  ex- 
pressions of  friendship  then. 

There  is  a  lack  of  footnotes  and  references 
to  support  the  statements  of  the  text,  but  the 
book  was  not  written  for  students  and  histo- 
rians. The  story  is  put  in  simple  language  for 
the  young  folks  of  America,  and  the  author 
expresses  his  trust  that  by  the  book  a  deeper 
interest  may  be  awakened  in  the  little  country 
of  which  John  Adams  wrote  :  "  The  originals 
of  the  two  Republicks  are  so  much  alike,  that 
the  History  of  One  seems  but  a  Transcript 
from  that  of  the  other." 

FRANCIS  W.  SHEPARDSON. 


UNCONSTITUTIONAL  LEGISLATION.* 


Mr.  Coxe's  work  on  "Judicial  Power  and 
Unconstitutional  Legislation "  is  incomplete. 
He  planned  two  volumes,  the  first  to  contain  a 
history  of  the  relation  of  judicial  power  to  a 
superior  binding  rule  of  right,  the  second  to 
be  a  commentary  on  the  text  of  our  Constitu- 
tion and  devoted  to  establishing  the  thesis  that 
the  power  to  declare  acts  unconstitutional  and 
void  is  expressly  granted.  The  author  died 
leaving  the  second  volume  so  incomplete  that 
his  executors  did  not  feel  warranted  in  sending 
it  to  the  press.  The  first  volume,  therefore,  is 
the  one  before  us.  It  is  a  very  elaborate  dis- 
cussion of  cases  in  Roman  Law,  Canon  Law, 
English  Law,  and  Modern  Law,  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe,  as  well  as  in  the  American 
colonies  before  the  Revolution  and  in  the 
United  States  under  the  Articles  of  Confeder- 
ation. Cases  are  found  in  each  division  in 
which  a  court  held  a  specific  legislative  enact- 
ment void  because  repugnant  to  what  was  held 
to  be  a  superior  rule. 

These  scattered  cases,  however,  would  hardly 
have  sufficed  to  set  up  a  distinct  legal  prece- 
dent. What  doubtless  weighed  most  with  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1787  was  not 
precedent  at  all,  but  the  absolute  necessity  of 
the  situation  and  the  impracticability  of  any 
other  plan.  Under  the  Articles  of  Confedera- 
tion the  Congress  was  impotent  because  there 
was  no  means  of  bringing  its  will  to  bear  on  any 
individual  citizen.  The  legislation  of  the  sep- 
arate States  might,  and  not  infrequently  did, 
directly  nullify  acts  of  Congress  or  treaties  of 

*  AN  ESSAY  ON  JUDICIAL  POWER  AND  UNCONSTITUTIONAL 
LEGISLATION.  By  Brinton  Coxe,  of  the  Philadelphia  Bar. 
Philadelphia  :  Kay  &  Brothers. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


63 


the  United  States.  This  must  be  remedied  or 
the  Union  was  doomed.  Two  ways  were  sug- 
gested. One  was  for  a  Federal  veto  on  State 
legislation  ;  the  other  relegated  the  matter  to 
the  courts,  and  merely  provided  that  the  or- 
ganic law  of  the  nation  should  be  the  supreme 
law  of  the  land.  The  first  was  preventive  ;  the 
second  was  remedial.  The  latter  was  adopted, 
doubtless  as  being  less  objectionable  in  the  view 
of  those  who  would  be  opposed  to  great  cen- 
tralization. And  no  other  way  of  dealing  with 
the  difficulty  than  these  two  can  easily  be  im- 
agined. So  the  action  of  the  Convention  is 
easily  accounted  for. 

The  power  in  question  is  by  no  means  inher- 
ent in  a  written  constitution.  Switzerland  has 
such  a  constitution,  in  large  part  formed  after 
the  pattern  of  our  own.  But  by  that  instru- 
ment the  Swiss  judiciary  is  expressly  forbid- 
den to  pass  on  the  constitutionality  of  statutes. 
Nearly  every  nation  on  the  European  continent 
has  now  a  written  constitution.  But  in  none 
is  the  judicial  power  allowed  to  extend  to  con- 
stitutional questions.  The  reasons  for  this  jeal- 
ousy of  the  courts  are  partly  historical ;  the 
judges  have  always  been  in  a  more  or  less  de- 
pendent position.  At  the  same  time  the  Eu- 
ropean conception  of  the  nature  of  government 
is  radically  different  from  that  which  prevails 
here.  We  regard  court,  executive,  and  legis- 
lature, as  alike  merely  the  agents  of  sover- 
eignty, and  each  as  strictly  limited  by  specific- 
ally delegated  powers.  The  European  view  is 
substantially  that  of  England — and  that  is,  the 
omnipotence  of  the  legislature.  Such  varia- 
tions in  detail  as  exist  may  tend  to  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  executive,  as  is  the  case  in  the 
German  Empire.  But  the  historic  causes  which 
have  left  the  monarch  strong  have  not  acted  to 
add  power  to  the  courts.  They  still  hold  a 
subordinate  place. 

The  whole  question  has  a  new  interest  to  the 
American  student  of  political  science  in  the 
light  of  the  extraordinary  position  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  the  memorable  case  of  Juil- 
liard  vs.  Greenman.  That  ground  is  substan- 
tially this :  that  Congress  has  all  the  powers 
which  the  national  legislatures  of  foreign  sov- 
ereign and  civilized  governments  have  and  use, 
as  incidental  to  powers  identical  with  the  ex- 
press powers  given  to  our  Congress — provided 
only  that  such  powers  are  not  prohibited  to 
Congress  by  the  constitution. 

It  is  difficult  to  see  how  this  doctrine  does 
not  come  very  near  to  confounding  the  radical 
difference  between  the  European  and  American 


views  of  government.  It  certainly  stops  little 
short  of  vesting  in  Congress  the  English  par- 
liamentary omnipotence.  And  if,  as  Mr.  Coxe 
suggests,  Congress  were  to  enact  that  the  Su- 
preme Court  should  under  no  circumstances 
declare  a  Federal  statute  unconstitutional,  so 
long  as  the  decision  in  Juilliard  vs.  Greenman 
remains  law  the  court  would  certainly  be  bound 
to  accept  such  supposed  enactment  as  valid. 
And  that  at  one  blow  would  destroy  the  coor- 
dinate independence  of  the  judiciary.  Is  not 
the  decision  in  Juilliard  vs.  Greenman,  then, 
in  effect  a  grave  menace  to  the  very  power  of 
the  court  which  we  have  come  to  regard  as  one 
of  the  strongest  bulwarks  of  constitutional  free- 
dom? 

In  the  light  of  these  considerations,  the  ques- 
tion of  judicial  power  as  related  to  unconstitu- 
tional laws  is  worthy  of  careful  and  renewed 
attention.  It  lies  at  the  very  heart  of  the  vital 
distinction  which  we  have  been  accustomed  to 
make  between  the  State  and  the  government  of 

the  State. 

HARRY  PRATT  JUDSON. 


RECENT  POETRY.* 


Mr.  Lang's  recent  "  rally  of  fugitive  rhymes  " 
consists  mostly  of  trifles,  but  trifles  of  the  exquisite 
sort  that  he  almost  alone  knows  how  to  throw  off. 
Of  the  small  number  of  wholly  serious  poems  in- 
cluded, the  place  of  honor  must  be  given  —  as  in- 
deed it  is  in  the  volume  —  to  "A  Scot  to  Jeanne 
d'Arc."  Happily,  it  is  not  too  long  to  quote. 

"  Dark  Lily  without  blame, 

Not  upon  us  the  shame, 
Whose  sires  were  to  the  Auld  Alliance  true, 
They,  by  the  Maiden's  side, 
Victorious  fought  and  died, 
One  stood  by  thee  that  fiery  torment  through, 
Till  the  White  Dove  from  thy  pure  lips  had  passed, 
And  thou  wert  with  thine  own  St.  Catherine  at  the  last. 

*  BAN  AND  ARRIERE  BAN.  A  Rally  of  Fugitive  Rhymes. 
By  Andrew  Lang.  New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

ENGLISH  POEMS.  By  Richard  LeGallienne.  Boston :  Cope- 
land  &  Day. 

CUCKOO  SONGS.  By  Katharine  Tynan  Hinkson.  Boston : 
Copeland  &  Day. 

THE  KESTREL'S  NEST,  AND  OTHER  VERSES.  By  Alfred 
Cochrane.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

POEMS.  By  Langdon  Elwyn  Mitchell.  Boston:  Hough- 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

LYRICS  AND  SONNETS.  By  Harry  B.  Smith.  Chicago : 
The  Dial  Press. 

A  LOVER'S  DIARY.  Songs  in  Sequence.  By  Gilbert  Parker. 
Chicago  :  Stone  &  Kimball. 

THE  QUEST  OF  HERACLES,  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  By  Hugh 
McCulloch,  Junior.  Chicago :  Stone  &  Kimball. 

WHEN  HEARTS  ARE  TRUMPS.  By  Tom  Hall.  Chicago  : 
Stone  &  Kimball. 


64 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


"  Once  only  didst  thou  see 

In  artists'  imagery, 

Thine  own  face  painted,  and  that  precious  thing 
Was  in  an  Archer's  hand 
From  the  leal  Northern  land. 
Alas,  what  price  would  not  thy  people  bring 
To  win  that  portrait  of  the  ruinous 
Gulf  of  devouring  years  that  hide  the  Maid  from  us  ! 

"  Born  of  a  lowly  line, 

Noteless  as  once  was  thine, 
One  of  that  name  I  would  were  kin  to  me, 
Who,  in  the  Scottish  Guard, 
Won  this  for  his  reward, 
To  fight  for  France,  and  memory  of  thee 
Not  upon  us,  dark  Lily,  without  blame, 
Not  on  the  North  may  fall  the  shadow  of  that  shame. 

"  On  France  and  England  both 

The  shame  of  broken  troth, 
Of  coward  hate  and  treason  black  must  be  ; 
If  England  slew  thee,  France 
Sent  not  one  word,  one  lance, 
One  coin  to  rescue  or  to  ransom  thee. 
And  still  thy  Church  unto  the  Maid  denies 
The  halo  and  the  palms,  the  Beatific  prize. 

"  But  yet  thy  people  calls 
Within  the  rescued  walls 
Of  Orleans ;  and  makes  its  prayer  to  thee ; 
What  though  the  Church  have  chidden 
These  orisons  forbidden. 

Yet  art  thou  with  this  earth's  immortal  Three, 
With  him  in  Athens  that  of  hemlock  died, 
And  with  thy  Master  dear  whom  the  world  crucified." 

It  seems,  according  to  Mr.  Lang's  notes,  that  Jeanne 
d'Arc  led  a  Scottish  force  at  Lagny,  that  she  her- 
self declared  her  portrait  to  have  been  made  by  a 
Scottish  archer,  and  that  two  Langs  (or  Lains)  were 
in  the  French  service  about  1507.  All  of  which 
afford  excellent  reasons,  if  any  were  needed,  why 
a  fin  de  dix-neuvieme  siecle  Scot  should  have  paid 
this  beautiful  tribute  to  the  Maid  of  Orleans.  Be- 
fore turning  to  Mr.  Lang's  lighter  verse,  we  must 
find  room  for  this  characteristic  erratum  concern- 
ing the  sonnet  "Britannia": 

"  Reader,  a  blot  hath  escaped  the  watchfulness  of  the  set- 
ter-f orth :  if  thou  wilt  thou  mayst  amend  it.  The  sonnet  on 
the  forty-fourth  page,  against  all  right  Italianate  laws,  hath 
but  thirteen  lines  withal :  add  another  to  thy  liking,  if  thou 
art  a  Maker ;  or,  if  thou  art  none,  even  be  content  with  what 
is  set  before  thee.  If  it  be  scant  measure,  be  sure  it  is  choicely 
good." 

But  how  could  a  man  who  is  a  Maker  let  such  a 
thing  escape  him  ?  The  sonnet  called  "  Gallia,"  at 
least,  is  correct  in  scheme,  and  is  worth  reproducing 
because  of  the  abbreviated  verse  so  rarely  employed 
by  English  sonneteers. 

"  Lady,  lady  neat 

Of  the  roguish  eye, 

Wherefore  dost  thou  hie, 
Stealthy,  down  the  street, 
On  well-booted  feet  ? 

From  French  novels  I 

Gather  that  you  fly 
Guy  or  Jules  to  meet. 

"Furtive  dost  thou  range 
Oft  thy  cab  to  change ; 

So ;  at  least,  't  is  said : 
Oh,  the  sad  old  tale 
Passionately  stale, 

We  've  so  often  read !  " 


This  is  something  of  a  tour  de  force,  although  less 
so  than  the  Frenchman's  sonnet-epitaph  for  a  young 

SM:  "Fort 

Belle, 
Elle 
Dort. 
Sort 
Frele, 
Quelle 
Mort! 

"  Rose 
Close, 
La 
Brise 
L'a 
Prise." 

In  "  The  Restoration  of  Romance"  and  "The  Tour- 
ney of  the  Heroes  "  we  have  two  poems  in  celebra- 
tion of  the  Haggard  -  Stevenson  -  Doyle  -  Weyman 
school  of  fiction.  Mr.  Lang,  as  he  has  often  let  us 
know  before,  does  not  like  novels  that  lead  to  soul- 
searching,  and  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward  is  his  bete 
noire.  The  second  of  these  poems  is  a  spirited  bal- 
lad in  which  Ivanhoe,  Hereward,  Gotz,  Porthos,  and 
others,  do  battle  with  a  motley  crowd  of  such  mod- 
erns as  Felix  Holt  and  Silas  Lapham  and  David 
Grieve.  The  fight  is  soon  narrowed  down,  until, 

"  At  length  but  two  are  left  on  ground,  and  David  Grieve  is 

one. 

Mafoy,  what  deeds  of  derring-do  that  bookseller  hath  done  ! 
The  other,  mark  the  giant  frame,  the  great  portentous  fist ! 
'Tis  Porthos !  David  Grieve  may  call  on  Kuenen  an  he  list." 

But  why  should  David  call  on  Kuenen  ?  That  might 
have  been  Robert  Elsmere's  refuge,  but  Friar  Tuck 
settled  him  before  he  had  time  to  call  upon  any  sort 
of  patron  saint.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  Porthos 
remains  in  possession  of  the  field.  There  are  a 
number  of  personal  tributes  in  Mr.  Lang's  volume, 
and  from  that  written  "For  Mark  Twain's  Jubilee  " 
we  make  one  inimitable  extract. 

"  How  many  and  many  a  weary  day, 
When  sad  enough  were  we,  '  Mark's  way ' 

(Unlike  the  Laureate's  Mark's) 
Has  made  us  laugh  until  we  cried, 
And,  sinking  back  exhausted,  sighed, 

Like  Gargery,  Wot  larx ! " 

One  looks  askance  at  a  group  of  poems  described  as 
"  written  under  the  influence  of  Wordsworth,"  but 
the  following  example  will  show  that  it  is  only  Mr. 
Lang's  f-f-fun : 

"  Mist,  though  I  love  thee  not,  who  puttest  down 

Trout  in  the  Lochs  (they  feed  not,  as  a  rule, 

At  least  on  fly,  in  mere  or  river-pool 
When  fogs  have  fallen,  and  the  air  is  lown, 
And  on  each  Ben,  a  pillow  not  a  crown, 

The  fat  folds  rest),  thou,  Mist,  hast  power  to  cool 

The  blatant  declamations  of  the  fool 
Who  raves  reciting  through  the  heather  brown. 

"  Much  do  I  bar  the  matron,  man,  or  lass 

Who  cries  '  How  lovely  ! '  and  who  does  not  spare, 

When  light  and  shadow  on  the  mountain  pass, — 
Shadow  and  light,  and  gleams  exceeding  fair, 

O'er  rock,  and  glade,  and  glen, —  to  shout,  the  Ass, 
To  me,  to  me  the  Poet,  '  Oh,  look  there ! '  " 

But  we  must  leave  something  for  readers  of  the 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


book  itself,  and  will  close  with  a  few  lines  inscribed 

"The  Unknown  Correspondent,  who, 

With  nndefatigable  pen, 
And  nothing  in  the  world  to  do, 
Perplexes  literary  men," 

and  to  whom  is  addressed  this  solemn  adjuration : 
' '  0  friends  with  time  upon  your  hands, 

O  friends  with  postage  stamps  in  plenty, 
0  poets  out  of  many  lands, 

0  youths  and  maidens  under  twenty, 
Seek  out  some  other  wretch  to  bore, 

Or  wreak  yourselves  upon  your  neighbours, 
And  leave  me  to  my  dusty  lore, 
And  my  unprofitable  labours !  " 

Mr.  Richard  LeGallienne's  volume  of  "  English 
Poems  "  opens  with  some  lines  "  to  the  reader,"  from 
which  we  make  this  quotation : 

"  O  shall  we  hear  an  English  song  again  ! 
Still  English  larks  mount  in  the  merry  morn, 
And  English  May  still  brings  an  English  thorn, 
Still  English  daisies  up  and  down  the  grass, 
Still  English  love  for  English  lad  and  lass  — 
Yet  youngsters  blush  to  sing  an  English  song  !  " 

We  should  not  call  attention  to  these  verses  if  they 
were  not  obviously  intended  to  provide  the  collec- 
tion with  a  keynote,  and  if  the  poems  that  follow 
seemed  to  bear  out  the  suggested  claim.  But  the 
quality  of  Mr.  LeGallienne's  work  seems  to  us  any- 
thing but  distinctively  English.  If  it  reminds  us  of 
one  poet  more  than  of  another,  Rossetti  is  the  man ; 
and  we  can  never  think  of  Rossetti  as  other  than 
an  exotic  in  the  English  garden  of  song.  The  fol- 
lowing lines  on  "  The  House  of  Venus  "  will  illus- 
trate our  meaning: 

"  Not  that  Queen  Venus  of  adulterous  fame, 
Whose  love  was  lust's  insatiable  flame  — 
Not  hers  the  house  I  would  be  singer  in 
Whose  loose-lipped  servants  seek  a  weary  sin : 
But  mine  the  Venus  of  that  morning  flood 
With  all  the  dawn's  young  passion  in  her  blood, 
With  great  blue  eyes  and  unpressed  bosom  sweet. 
Her  would  I  sing  and  of  the  shy  retreat 
Where  Love  first  kissed  her  wondering  maidenhood, 
And  He  and  She  first  stood,  with  eyes  afraid, 
In  the  most  golden  house  that  God  has  made." 

This  is  charming  verse,  but  its  inspiration  is  not  ex- 
actly English.  The  first  half  of  Mr.  LeGallienne's 
book  is  given  up  to  "  Paolo  and  Francesca,"  a  poem 
in  Spenserian  stanza ;  "  Love  Platonic,"  a  group  of 
poems  having  the  common  motive  suggested  by  their 
title ;  and  "  Cor  Cordium,"  another  group  similarly 
linked  together.  These  three  divisions  of  the  book 
are  apparently  intended  (we  quote  from  a  recent 
English  critic)  "  to  contrast  three  phases  of  sexual 
affection :  passion  overleaping  social  law,  passion  re- 
strained by  social  law,  and  passion  sanctioned  by 
social  law."  The  idea  is  a  good  one,  and  the  parts 
of  the  trilogy  are  well  contrasted.  Our  own  selec- 
tion shall  be  taken,  not  from  these  groups,  but  from 
the  miscellaneous  portion  of  the  book,  and  is  enti- 
tled "  Sunset  in  the  City." 

"  Above  the  town  a  monstrous  wheel  is  turning, 

With  glowing  spokes  of  red, 
Low  in  the  west  its  fiery  axle  burning ; 
And,  lost  amid  the  spaces  overhead, 
A  vague  white  moth,  the  moon,  is  fluttering. 


"Above  the  town  an  azure  sea  is  flowing, 

'Mid  long  peninsulas  of  shining  sand, 
From  opal  unto  pearl  the  moon  is  growing, 
Dropped  like  a  shell  upon  the  changing  strand. 

"  Within  the  town  the  streets  grow  strange  and  haunted, 

And,  dark  against  the  western  lakes  of  green, 
The  buildings  change  to  temples,  and  unwonted 
Shadows  and  sounds  creep  in  where  day  has  been. 

"  Within  the  town,  the  lamps  of  sin  are  flaring, 

Poor  foolish  men  that  know  not  what  ye  are ! 
Tired  traffic  still  upon  his  feet  is  faring  — 
Two  lovers  meet  and  kiss  and  watch  a  star." 

Mr.  LeGallienne's  work  is  very  uneven,  but  is  prom- 
ising at  its  best.  He  is  still  a  minor  poet,  but  is  pos- 
sibly in  the  chrysalis  stage  of  development  into  some- 
thing better. 

Mrs.  Hinkson's  "  Cuckoo  Songs"  are  mostly  sim- 
ple lyrics  and  ballads,  versified  Irish  legends,  and 
mediaeval  aspects  of  religious  emotion. 
"  A  small  monotonous  song  I  sing, 

My  notes  are  faint  and  few, 
Like  his  whose  coming  wakes  the  Spring, 
Cuckoo  !    Cuckoo !  " 

"  The  Resurrection  :  a  Miracle  Play,"  is  the  most 
pretentious  and  perhaps  the  best  of  these  pieces. 
"  God's  Bird  "  is  a  pretty  conceit,  and  may  be  taken 
for  our  illustration. 

"Nay,  not  Thine  eagle,  Lord, — 

No  golden  eagle  I, 

That  creep  half-fainting  on  the  sward, 
And  have  not  wings  to  fly. 

"  Nor  yet  Thy  swallow  dear, 

That,  faring  home  to  Thee, 
Looks  on  the  storm  and  hath  no  fear, 
And  broods  above  the  sea. 

"  Nor  yet  Thy  tender  dove, 

Meek  as  Thyself,  Thou  Lamb ! 
I  would  I  were  the  dove,  Thy  love, 
And  not  that  thing  I  am ! 

"  But  take  me  in  Thy  hand, 

To  be  Thy  sparrow,  then ; 
Were  two  sparrows  in  Holy  Land, 
One  farthing  bought  the  twain. 

"  Make  me  Thy  sparrow,  then, 
That  trembles  in  Thy  hold  ; 
And  who  shall  pluck  me  out  again, 
And  cast  me  in  the  cold  ? 

"  But  if  I  fall  at  last, 

A  thing  of  little  price, 
If  Thou  one  thought  on  me  hast  cast, 
Lo,  then  my  Paradise !  " 

A  defective  sense  of  rhythm  is  manifest  in  most  of 
these  "  Cuckoo  Songs,"  marring  what  would  often 
otherwise  have  been  an  effective  bit  of  lyric. 

In  the  season  which  is,  at  least  theoretically,  one 
of  rest,  relaxation,  and  recuperation,  one  might  do 
worse  than  heed  the  voice  of  the  summer  philoso- 
pher who  persuades  us  to  join  him  in  his  rustic  re- 
treat with  such  arguments  as  these  : 

"  Here  the  sleek  shorthorns  in  the  shade 

Crop  clover  by  the  gate, 
Without  (thank  heav'n)  a  dairymaid 

Who,  tossed  by  savage  Fate, 
Comes  our  weak  intellect  to  vex, 

Like  D'Urbervilian  Tess, 
With  sombre  riddles  of  the  sex, 

Far  too  abstruse  to  guess. 


66 


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[Aug.  1, 


"  When  the  spruce  chaffinch  twitters  clear, 

Amid  the  apple  bloom, 
No  social  problems  bore  my  ear, 

No  prophecies  of  gloom  ; 
And  when  the  sparrows  in  the  eaves 

Salute  the  morning  haze, 
I  catch  among  the  ivy  leaves 

No  word  of  Ibsen's  plays." 

These  stanzas  are  extracted  from  "  The  Kestrel's 
Nest,  and  Other  Verses,"  by  Mr.  Alfred  Cochrane, 
a  volume  of  vers  de  societS  which  we  do  not  hesitate 
to  place  among  the  best  of  its  class — with  the  work 
of  Mr.  Dobson,  Mr.  Locker,  and  Mr.  Lang.  Which 
position  we  proceed  to  defend  by  these  lines  from 
"  Omnia  Vincit ": 

"  Love,  I  said  in  my  wisdom,  Love  is  dead, 
For  all  his  fabled  triumphs  —  and  instead 
We  find  a  calm  affectionate  respect 
Doled  forth  by  Intellect  to  Intellect. 

"  Yet  when  Love,  taking  vengeance,  smote  me  sore, 
My  Siren  called  me  from  no  classic  shore  ; 
It  was  no  Girton  trumpet  that  laid  low 
The  walls  of  this  Platonic  Jericho. 

"  For  when  my  peace  of  mind  at  length  was  stole, 
I  thought  no  whit  of  Intellect  or  Soul ; 
Nay !  I  was  cast  in  pitiful  distress 
By  brown  eyes  wide  with  truth  and  tenderness." 

Another  example  may  be  taken  from  the  stanzas 
"  To  Anthea,"  which  illustrate  a  form  of  self-abase- 
ment not  uncommon  among  lovers. 

"  My  taste  in  Art  she  hailed  with  groans, 
And  I,  once  charmed  with  bolder  tones, 
Now  love  the  yellows  of  Bume- Jones : 

But  then,  She  likes  them. 
My  tuneful  soul  no  longer  hoards 
Stray  jewels  from  the  Empire  boards  ; 
I  revel  now  in  Dvorak's  chords  : 

But  then,  She  strikes  them. 

Our  age  distinctly  cramps  a  knight ; 
Yet,  though  debarred  from  tilt  and  fight, 
I  can  admit  that  black  is  white, 

If  she  asserts  it. 
Heroes  of  old  were  luckier  men 
Than  I  —  I  venture  now  and  then 
To  hint  —  retracting  meekly  when 

She  controverts  it." 

What  could  be  more  delicious  in  its  humor  than 
"The  Ballade  of  Classical  Music"  — 

"  What  time  the  string  quintette  is  long, 

And  concert  chairs  grow  hard,  may  be, 
While  strange-named  fiddlers,  going  strong, 
Have  nt»t  yet  finished  '  Movement  3,' 

"  Think  not  our  saddened  air  ennui, 
Others  have  this  dejection  had  ; 
We  do  but  with  the  poet  agree, 
And  still  sweet  music  makes  us  sad  "  — 

with  its  "  Envoy  " — 

"  Be  merciful,  fair  devotee, 

The  Lett  motiv,  which  makes  you  glad, 
Sometimes  the  novice  fails  to  see, 

And  still  sweet  music  makes  us  sad." 

One  complete  poem — "  Upon  Lesbia,  Arguing  " — 
must  end  our  extracts. 

"  My  Lesbia,  I  will  not  deny, 

Bewitches  me  completely ; 
She  has  the  usual  beaming  eye, 


And  smiles  upon  me  sweetly : 
But  she  has  an  unseemly  way 
Of  contradicting  what  I  say. 

"  And,  though  I  am  her  closest  friend, 

And  find  her  fascinating, 
I  cannot  cordially  commend 

Her  method  of  debating  : 
Her  logic,  though  she  is  divine, 
Is  singularly  feminine. 

"  Her  reasoning  is  full  of  tricks, 

And  butterfly  suggestions ; 
I  know  no  point  to  which  she  sticks, 

She  begs  the  simplest  questions ; 
And,  when  her  premises  are  strong, 
She  always  draws  her  inference  wrong. 

"  Broad,  liberal  views  on  men  and  things 

She  will  not  hear  a  word  of ; 
To  prove  herself  correct  she  brings 

Some  instance  she  has  heard  of ; 
The  argument  ad  hominem 
Appears  her  favorite  stratagem. 

' '  Old  Socrates,  with  sage  replies 
To  questions  put  to  suit  him, 
Would  not,  I  think,  have  looked  so  wise 

With  Lesbia  to  confute  him  ; 
He  would  more  probably  have  bade 
Xantippe  hasten  to  his  aid. 

"  Ah  !  well,  my  fair  philosopher, 

With  clear  brown  eyes  that  glisten 
So  sweetly,  that  I  much  prefer 
To  look  at  them  than  listen, 
Preach  me  your  sermon  :  have  your  way, 
The  voice  is  yours,  whate'er  you  say." 

We  commend  this  masterly  study  to  those  inter- 
ested in  the  comparative  psychology  of  the  sexes. 

The  "  Poems  "  of  Mr.  Langdon  Elwyn  Mitchell 
are  grave,  thoughtful,  and  refined.  While  never 
rising  to  great  altitudes,  they  exhibit  mastery  of 
material,  and  the  restraint  of  one  who  recognizes 
his  limitations.  They  have,  for  the  most  part,  a 
healthy  objectivity  that  removes  them  as  far  as  pos- 
sible from  the  mere  Hirngespinnst  of  most  amateur 
writers  of  verse.  Mr.  Mitchell  can  paint  a  quiet 
picture  or  give  expression  to  a  passing  mood  with 
much  command  of  subtle  verbal  effect.  For  a  pic- 
ture, let  us  take  these  lines  : 

"  There  is  an  old  town  by  the  sea, 
That  lies  alone  and  quietly. 
Behind,  the  sand-dunes  bleak  and  gray 
Stretch  to  the  low  hills  away  ; 
Before,  the  ripple  laps  and  calls, 
Running  along  the  weedy  walls  ; 
Like  crescents  pale,  on  either  side 
The  silver  sands  receive  the  tide  ; 
And  from  the  winding  streets  you  see 
The  great  green  waters  of  the  sea." 

And  for  a  mood,  these  verses,  that  follow  upon  the 
highly  poetical  description  of  an  autumn  day : 

"  And  my  deep  heart  within, 
Like  a  calm  lake,  reflects  the  golden  scene, 
Distinct  in  all  its  glory,  e'en  to  where 
The  distant  hills  loom  up  in  the  warm  air, 
Melting  in  silvery  haze. 

"  How  sweet,  how  good 
It  is  to  be  reborn  into  this  mood 
Of  natural  ending :  to  be  satisfied 
With  the  world's  age,  and  ebb  of  its  great  tide. 
Too  often  do  we  fall  from  such  content ; 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


67 


Estranged  from  our  own  nature,  wryed  and  bent, 

As  saplings  in  the  forest  by  the  snow, 

Heavily  fallen,  and  which  never  grow 

Erect  again  ;  —  Life  falls  on  us  e'en  so  ! 

And,  wrenched  at  heart  too  rudely,  we  become 

Like  those  whose  spirits,  fading  on  the  gloom 

And  bitterness  of  things,  see  naught  to  please 

Where  others  find  a  blessedness  or  ease  ; 

Whom  nothing  satisfies  :  nor  love,  nor  mirth  ; 

Not  clouds,  and  not  the  sun's  bright  looking  forth  ; 

Not  Life  !  —  forever  sliding  into  change  ; 

Not  Death  !  —  for  death 's  unnatural  and  strange. 

Not  with  the  stillness,  and  not  with  the  stream, 

Are  such  content :  —  they  feed  upon  a  Dream, 

And  waking  from  it  hunger  ceaselessly ; 

Their  heaven  a  desire,  eternity 

Of  vain  desire." 

The  list  of  poets  that,  by  virtue  of  birth  or  long 
residence,  may  be  claimed  by  Chicago  is  not  a 
lengthy  one,  but  it  at  least  claims  respectful  consid- 
eration. It  includes  the  names  of  B.  F.  Taylor  and 
H.  N.  Powers,  of  Mr.  Block,  Mr.  Horton,  Mr. 
Field,  and  Mr.  McGaffey,  of  Miss  Harriet  Monroe, 
Miss  Amanda  Jones,  and  Miss  Blanche  Fearing. 
To  this  list  the  name  of  Mr.  Harry  B.  Smith  must 
now  be  added,  and  his  privately-printed  collection 
of  "  Lyrics  and  Sonnets  "  takes  a  high  place  among 
the  works  of  his  fellow-singers.  The  first  impres- 
sion made  by  this  volume  is  of  unusual  range.  The 
serious  tone  is  dominant — so  much  so  that  it  would 
seem  to  preclude  exercises  in  lighter  vein — yet  when 
we  near  the  end  of  the  collection  we  come  upon 
some  vers  de  societe  and  a  group  of  semi-humorous 
songs  of  a  bibliophile.  Perhaps  the  best  of  these 
"  bookish  ballads  "  is  the  "  Editio  Princeps,"  of 
which  one  stanza  may  be  given. 

"  The  contents  of  this  work  are  found 

In  new  editions  lately  dated, 
Uncut,  gilt  tops,  good  type,  well  bound, 

And  admirably  illustrated. 
But  connoisseurs  give  these  no  heed  ; 

To  own  such  things  they  've  no  ambition ; 
For  though  they  're  good  enough  to  read, 

They  are  not  like  a  first  edition." 

We  must  find  room,  also,  before  turning  to  Mr. 
Smith's  more  thoughtful  verse,  for  one  of  the  stanzas 
addressed  "  To  My  Old  Pipe  (if  I  had  one)." 

"  Old  pipe,  't  is  true  thou  hast  seen  better  days, 

Thou  'rt  shabby  and  much  worn ; 
Thou  art  malodorous.    My  lady  says 

Thou  art  not  to  be  borne. 
And  yet 't  is  true  that  thou  hast  served  me  well 

Despite  thy  gruesome  mien. 
No  one,  save  I,  thy  master,  e'er  can  tell 

How  faithful  thou  hast  been. 
(One  little  thing  this  sentiment  debars  — 

I  only  smoke  cigars.)  " 

The  author,  when  serious,  is  very  serious  indeed, 
often  falling  into  a  vein  of  religious  sentiment  that 
recalls  the  accent  of  Clough.  That  poet  might  easily 
have  penned  the  following  quatrain  : 

"  'Twas  Doubt  that  solved  the  riddles  of  the  past, 
Slew  Error's  faiths,  red-handed  and  uncouth. 
This  will  perfect  the  souls  of  men  at  last : 
Men  must  be  doubters  ere  they  see  the  truth." 

The  note  is  still  graver  in  such  a  poem  as  "  The 
Fortunate  Ones  " : 


"  Are  not  the  dead  God's  favorites  after  all  ? 

Is  death  the  goal  ?    At  least  they  are  at  rest 

Whom  the  great  mother  lulls  upon  her  breast 
To  sleep  in  silence.    Not  for  them  the  brawl 

And  tumult  that  are  life's  when  life  is  best ; 

For  where  is  living  one,  however  blest, 
Into  whose  chalice  bitter  drops  ne'er  fall  ? 
If  the  sad  echo  of  an  anguished  cry 

That  ever  haunts  the  minds  that  darkly  grope 

Speaks  truth, —  if  man  clings  to  a  shadowy  hope, 
His  Maker's  likeness  only  born  to  die, — 

Still  are  the  dead  God's  favorites,  mocked  no  more 

By  a  poor  faith  we  cling  to  and  adore 
Like  helpless  slaves  of  chance.    At  rest  they  lie." 

Among  Mr.  Smith's  sonnets,  the  most  noteworthy  are 
the  group  upon  Egyptian  themes  and  the  "Shake- 
speare." The  latter  has  already  done  duty  as  a  pre- 
face to  the  author's  comedy  of  the  player-poet,  and 
we  reproduce  it  here  as  an  example  of  his  best  work. 

"  0  soul  of  mine,  thou  farest  in  strange  ways 
On  thy  mind- journey  ;  meadows  sunlit  bright 
Thou  traversest  where  variant  flowers  delight 

And  lure  aside ;  in  grey  mysterious  haze 

Thou  wand'rest  phantom-led  thro'  many  a  maze ; 
Thou  bravest  rivers  rolling  with  swift  might, 
Lingerest  on  little  hills  of  graceful  height ; 

In  stately  woods  thou  dreamest  happy  days, 

Until  a  lonely  mountain-top  is  won, 
Font  of  the  streams  and  mother  of  the  vales, 

Whose  verdant  slope  all  Elfland  plays  upon, 
On  whose  fair  brow  Truth's  star  faints  not  nor  pales, 

Whence  in  the  noontide  eagles  seek  the  sun, 
Where  in  the  moonlight  sob  the  nightingales." 

The  sestet  of  this  sonnet,  while  not  absolutely  fault- 
less, is  deserving  of  very  high  praise. 

"  A  Lover's  Diary  "  is  a  sequence  of  over  a  hun- 
dred sonnets,  recording  the  various  modulations  of 
the  lover's  mood.  Such  a  work  naturally  challenges 
comparison  with  "  The  House  of  Life  "  and  "  Son- 
nets from  the  Portuguese,"  and  these  works  have 
but  to  be  named  to  make  it  clear  how  far  Mr. 
Parker  has  fallen  short  from  such  achievement  as 
they  denote.  In  spite  of  the  true  and  tender  sen- 
timent that  runs  like  a  golden  thread  through  the 
fabric  of  his  weaving,  and  in  spite  of  the  happy 
phrases  and  exquisite  single  verses  that  occasionally 
reward  the  reader,  the  general  level  of  this  series 
of  poems  is  bardly  above  the  commonplace.  In  this 
case,  as  in  so  many  others,  facility  seems  to  have 
been  the  successful  foe  of  that  concentration  of  feel- 
ing demanded  by  the  sonnet  form.  We  quote  one 
of  the  best  of  the  pieces  : 

"  It  is  enough  that  in  this  burdened  time 

The  soul  sees  all  its  purposes  aright. 

The  rest  —  what  does  it  matter  ?    Soon  the  night 
Will  come  to  whelm  us,  then  the  morning  chime. 
What  does  it  matter,  if  but  in  the  way 

One  hand  clasps  ours,  one  heart  believes  us  true  ; 

One  understands  the  work  we  try  to  do, 
And  strives  through  Love  to  teach  us  what  to  say  ? 
Between  me  and  the  chilly  outer  air 

Which  blows  in  from  the  world,  there  standeth  one 

Who  draws  Love's  curtains  closely  everywhere, 
As  God  folds  down  the  banners  of  the  sun. 

Warm  is  the  place  about  me,  and  above 

Where  was  the  raven,  I  behold  the  dove." 

We  have  called  these  poems  sonnets,  although  they 
depart  (as  the  above  example  shows)  from  the  or- 


68 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


thodox  form.  But  as  long  as  Shakespeare's  sonnets 
go  by  that  name,  there  will  be  warrant  for  the  lib- 
erty we  have  taken. 

Mr.  McCulloch's  "  The  Quest  of  Heracles,  and 
Other  Poems,"  includes  classical  idyls,  sonnets,  and 
a  few  miscellaneous  pieces.  The  rhymed  couplet 
and  the  terza  rima  are  the  forms  chiefly  favored  in 
the  longer  poems,  and  are  used  with  graceful  pre- 
cision, although  hardly  with  display  of  poetic  en- 
ergy. The  following  sonnet  is  a  fair  sample  of  this 
writer's  work : 

"  Fain  would  I  journey  from  these  barren  lands 
Where  I  was  born,  unto  the  magic  isles 
Of  tropic  seas,  where  Winter  kindlier  smiles 
Than  doth  the  Summer  of  our  northern  strands. 
And  I  would  wander  on  the  golden  sands 
Of  tropic  rivers,  reaching  miles  on  miles 
Thro'  orchid-bowers,  where  the  sun  beguiles 
Our  hearts  with  scattered  gifts  from  lavish  hands. 
Then  Homer  to  the  Old  World  carries  me 
In  hollow  ships  across  the  crested  main  ; 
And  Chaucer  shows  each  April-haunted  lane 
Of  England.    Spenser  gives  enchanted  sea, 
His  summer  woods,  and  purple  pageantry, 
While  Dante  guides  me  through  the  world  of  pain." 

"  When  Hearts  Are  Trumps "  is  a  collection  of 
trifles,  by  turn  sentimental  and  jocose.  They  are 
lamentably  lacking  in  finish,  and  not  always  in  good 

taste. 

"  Why  was  it  always  my  fate  to  endure  ?  " 

will  not  do  for  the  closing  verse  of  a  sonnet,  and 
"  She 's  accustomed  to  sitting  on  rocks  in  the  glen  ; 
She  is  also  accustomed  to  sitting  on  men," 

will  not  do  for  the  closing  couplet  of  any  kind  of 
a  jingle  that  is  expected  to  be  taken  seriously.  We 
are  not  sure  that  "  When  You  Are  Rejected  "  will 
do,  either ;  but  we  leave  that  question  for  our  read- 
ers to  decide. 

"Don't  say, 
'  Good  day,' 

Then  grab  the  door  and  slam  it. 
Be  quite 
Polite : 
Go  out,  and  then  say,  ' it ! '  " 

The  neatest  thing  we  have  found  in  the  volume  is 
"  A  Drop  Too  Much  ": 

"  I  praised  her  hair,  I  praised  her  lips, 

She  looked  up  with  surprise  ; 
I  bowed  to  kiss  her  finger-tips, 
And  then  she  dropped  her  eyes. 

"  I  said  love  ruled  the  world,  that  1 
Adored  her ;  called  her  '  Nan.' 
She  merely  looked  a  little  shy, 
And  then  she  dropped  her  fan. 

"  I  took  the  hint,  and  at  her  feet 
I  knelt  —  yes,  quite  absurd  ; 
But  oh,  my  fond  heart  wildly  beat 
To  hear  her  drop  a  word. 

"  I  told  her  all :  my  talents  few, 

My  direful  lack  of  pelf. 
(We  all  have  erred. )     She  said  '  Ahem,' 
And  then  dropped  me  myself." 

A  word  of  praise  should  be  given  to  the  dainty 
dress  given  by  the  publishers  to  this  and  the  two 
preceding  volumes. 

WILLIAM  MOKTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


Amid  the  multitude  of  books  about 
A  favorite  book  Venice,  «  Life  on  the  Lagoons,"  by 

about  Venice.  '        .  °  ' 

Mr.  Horatio  r .  Brown,  well  deserves 
the  new  and  fuller  edition  just  given  it  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  It  represents  minute  investiga- 
tion and  a  well-nigh  complete  acquaintance  with  the 
history  and  customs  of  that  city  of  many  vicissitudes. 
Every  fact  is  verified  by  painstaking  research,  in 
museum  and  library,  from  architect  and  gondolier. 
Here  is  no  mere  "  afterglow  "  of  European  travel, 
but  all  that  long  residence  and  daily  familiarity 
with  picturesque  scenes  can  give  to  the  scholar. 
The  author's  faults  are  all  on  the  side  of  diffuseness 
and  breadth.  We  feel  that  with  a  threefold  point 
of  view  —  the  historical,  the  archaeological,  and  the 
artistic  —  he  is  wittingly  attempting  the  work  of  a 
Lanciani,  a  Symonds,  and  a  Howells  or  Hopkinson 
Smith,  all  in  one  volume.  We  are  even  slightly  an- 
noyed to  find  so  able  and  conscientious  a  writer  go- 
ing so  widely  afield.  While  he  nobly  proves  his 
own  versatility,  he  leaves  the  reader  uncertain  as  to 
his  real  object.  The  title,  "  Life  on  the  Lagoons," 
is  itself  misleading.  One  recalls,  at  so  poetic  a  title, 
the  roseate  hues  and  warmth  of  the  "  pink  "  city, 
and  scarcely  forgives  the  writer  for  the  matter-of- 
fact  and  prosaic  method  of  treatment  apparent  in 
the  opening  chapters  especially.  The  two  points 
open  to  criticism  are  alike  due  to  the  book's  com- 
prehensiveness. It  is  scarcely  to  be  expected  that 
a  couple  of  dozen  topics,  ranging  from  banks  and 
ferros  to  villottes,  should  be  woven  together  into  a 
consistent  whole.  And  if  such  a  collection  of  odd 
sketches  is  necessarily  fragmentary,  it  is  likely  also 
to  be  deficient  in  that  indefinable  and  peculiarly 
Venetian  quality,  atmosphere.  The  first  paper  — 
we  will  not  say  chapter,  the  sketches  are  so  evi- 
dently written  with  no  aim  at  continuity — is  a  pre- 
cise condensation  of  all  Venetian  history,  which  the 
author  "  trusts  may  prove  useful "  to  visitors.  The 
papers  following,  "  The  Gondola,"  "  The  Traghetti," 
"  A  Gondolier's  Bank,"  "  Sails  and  Sail-making," 
reveal  an  almost  technical  accuracy,  and  from  the 
very  novelty  of  their  separate  treatment  are  inter- 
esting as  well  as  "  useful."  Perhaps  the  nearest 
approach  to  color  is  in  the  pages  descriptive  of  All 
Souls'  Day  and  popular  superstitions.  Information, 
pressed  down  and  running  over,  is  occasionally  en- 
livened by  a  gleam  of  quaint  humor ;  as  when  the 
author  drolly  says,  "  Dreams  are  so  important  in 
the  conduct  of  life,  and  it  is  so  dangerous  to  lose  one, 
that  this  belief  may  in  part  account  for  the  univer- 
sal custom  of  sleeping  with  the  outer  shutters  closed." 
The  illustrations  of  the  book  are  either  too  few  or 
too  many,  according  as  it  is  viewed  as  a  descriptive 
sketch-book  or  a  collection  of  information.  In  the 
latter  case,  they  do  not  illustrate  as  well  as  the  dia- 
grams, though  it  would  doubtless  be  considered  a 
manifest  absurdity  to  print  a  book  about  Venice, 
however  learned  or  scholarly,  without  pictures  of  a 
gondola,  San  Giorgio,  and  the  bathers  at  Lido. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


69 


West  Irish 
Folk-Tales. 


The  two  earlier  volumes  of  "  The 
Camden  Library  "  (Elliot  Stock,  Lon- 
don) dealt  with  the  Antiquities  and 
Curiosities  of  the  Exchequer,  and  the  Sculptured 
Signs  of  London.  The  third  number  contains  a  very 
good  collection  of  "West  Irish  Folk-Tales,"  by  Will- 
iam Larminie.  The  field  of  Irish  folk-lore  is  but 
little  worked,  and  a  large  part  of  the  work  already 
done  lacks  definiteness  and  scientific  value.  Mr. 
Larminie's  work  appears  to  be  accurate  and  pains- 
taking. His  stories  at  times  approach  those  of  Ger- 
many, at  other  times  those  of  the  Highland  Scotch. 
He  believes  that  they  show  influence  of  two  or  more 
ethnic  streams  —  presenting  a  curious  mixture  of 
the  domesticity  of  the  Teutonic  and  the  wildness  of 
the  Gaelic  races.  This  peculiarly  wild  character — 
emotional,  variable,  explosive, — is  shown  repeatedly 
in  the  stories.  Very  conspicuous  in  the  style  is  that 
remarkable  involution  where  subordinate  and  sub- 
subordinate  matter  is  introduced  into  the  narrative 
until  one  is  almost  in  despair  of  ever  again  finding 
the  "thread  of  the  story."  Certain  set  passages  re- 
cur in  story  after  story,  and  certain  stock  incidents 
appear  again  and  again.  Thus,  "  she  smothered 
him  with  kisses  and  drowned  him  with  tears :  she 
dried  him  with  the  finest  cloths  and  with  silk,"  is 
a  favorite  passage.  These  "  runs  "  are  frequently 
in  mysterious  language,  incomprehensible  now  and 
perhaps  always  meaningless.  Besides  comparisons 
pointed  out  by  the  author,  others  might  be  men- 
tioned. Thus,  the  incident  of  the  hunter  who  kills 
a  raven,  whose  red  blood  staining  the  white  snow 
leads  him  to  vow  that  he  will  never  marry  a  woman 
"  whose  head  was  not  as  black  as  the  bird's  wing, 
and  her  skin  as  white  as  the  snow  and  her  cheeks 
as  red  as  the  blood,"  recurs  in  American  Indian 
folk-lore.  The  decision  of  the  girl-wife  as  to  whether 
a  foal  belongs  to  the  mare  or  the  horse  suggests  that 
in  Chatelain's  Angola  Tale  of  "  The  Lawsuit  of  Leop- 
ard and  Antelope."  Mr.  Larminie  urges  the  im- 
portance of  writing  down  folk-lore  in  the  Gaelic 
language,  and  gives  specimens  in  Gaelic  phonetically 
spelt.  

The  new  volume  by  Mr.  Ruskin,  en- 
titled "  Verona  and  Other  Lectures," 
is  published  in  this  country  by  Messrs. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  In  order  to  secure  copyright 
under  the  American  law,  the  type  has  been  reset ; 
and  we  mention  this  fact  mainly  for  the  purpose  of 
calling  attention  to  the  remarkable  way  in  which 
the  mechanical  features  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  own  edi- 
tions have  been  imitated.  Typography,  paper,  and 
binding  all  follow  so  closely  the  books  issuing  from 
Mr.  George  Allen's  establishment  that  one  has  to 
look  twice  before  realizing  that  he  has  to  do  with 
an  American  imitation.  As  long  as  the  objection- 
able clause  of  our  copyright  law  remains,  we  shall 
have  to  put  up  with  imitations  ;  and  thanks  are  due 
to  any  publisher  who  will  copy  so  well  a  good  En- 
glish edition.  The  difference  between  a  good  copy 
and  a  poor  one  is  well  illustrated  by  a  comparison 


A  new  volume 
of  Essays  by 
Mr,  Ruskin. 


of  this  volume  with  the  volumes  in  which  Professor 
Huxley's  "  Collected  Essays  "  are  now  issuing  from 
the  American  press.  The  contents  of  this  volume 
(which  Mr.  Collingwood  edits)  are  five  lectures 
dating  from  1870  to  1885.  The  first  and  most  gen- 
erally interesting  is  a  talk  about  "  Verona  and  Its 
Rivers."  It  touches  not  only  upon  the  history  and 
art  of  the  beautiful  city  of  the  Adige,  but  also  upon 
the  importance  of  properly  controlling  the  rivers 
of  Italy,  in  avoidance  of  the  havoc  wrought  by 
freshets  and  for  increase  of  the  fruitfulness  of  the 
soil.  Of  the  other  lectures,  one  is  a  sort  of  supple- 
ment to  "  Aratra  Pentelici,"  and  two  were  intended 
for  a  new  volume  of  "Our  Fathers  Have  Told  Us." 
The  editor  explains  just  how  these  latter  two  were 
to  fit  into  the  scheme  of  the  work  as  originally 
planned.  The  remaining  lecture,  "  The  Story  of 
Arachne,"  is  a  brief  address  to  students  at  Wool- 
wich, made  in  1870.  If  we  are  to  have  an  extract, 
it  may  as  well  come  from  this  lecture,  and  the  clos- 
ing passage  is  now  not  without  a  certain  timeliness. 
"I  have  some  workmen  myself,  and  have  had,  for 
many  years,  under  me.  Heaven  knows  I  am  not 
independent  of  them  ;  and  I  do  not  think  they  either 
are,  or  wish  to  be,  independent  of  me.  We  depend 
heartily,  and  always,  —  they  upon  my  word,  and 
upon  my  desire  for  their  welfare  ;  —  I,  upon  their 
work,  and  their  pride  in  doing  it  well,  and,  I  think, 
also,  their  desire  tc  do  it  well  for  me.  Believe  me, 
my  friends,  there  is  no  such  thing  as  independence 
till  we  die.  In  the  grave  we  shall  be  independent 
to  purpose, — not  till  then.  While  we  live,  the  de- 
fence and  prosperity  of  our  country  depends  less 
even  on  hearts  of  oak  than  on  hearts  of  flesh ;  on 
the  patience  which  seeks  improvement  with  hope 
but  not  with  haste ;  on  the  science  which  discerns 
what  is  lovely  in  character  and  honorable  in  act ; 
and  on  the  Fine  Art  and  tact  of  happy  submission 
to  the  guidance  of  good  men,  and  the  laws  of  na- 
ture, and  of  heaven." 

Lights  and  Mr-  J-  B-  Yeate's  "A  Celtic  Twi- 

shadows  of  a  light "  (Macmillan)  is  a  pretty  book 

Celtic  Twilight.  Of  gome  two  hundred  pages,  contain- 
ing twenty  brief  tales  and  sketches  written  mostly 
for  "The  National  Observer."  Most  of  the  stories 
were  told  Mr.  Yeats  by  one  Paddy  Flynn,  a  "  little 
bright-eyed  old  man  who  lived  in  a  leaky  and  one- 
roomed  cabin  in  the  village  of  Ballisadore  "  •  —  the 
most  "  gentle,"  that  is  the  most  faery,  place  in 
County  Sligo.  So  full  was  Paddy's  head  of  the  lore 
of  dhouls  and  fairies,  water-horses,  kelpies,  house- 
ghosts,  and  the  like  local  hobgoblins,  that  he  was 
more  than  suspected  of  being  a  little  uncanny  him- 
self. It  was  whispered  about  that  he  had  "  strange 
sights  to  keep  him  cheerful  or  to  make  him  sad  "; 
and  he  owned  that  he  had  once  seen  the  banshee — 
"  down  there,"  as  he  said,  "  by  the  water,  batting 
the  river  with  its  hands."  That  Paddy's  vision  on 
this  occasion  was  artificially  quickened  seems  prob- 
able. Like  many  of  the  "  finest  pisanthry  in  the 
world,"  he  had  a  liking  for  potheen ;  and,  indeed, 


70 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


his  death  was  brought  about  by  the  gift  of  a  large 
bottle  of  it.  The  sight  of  so  much  liquor,  says  the 
author  quaintly,  "  filled  him  with  a  great  enthusiasm, 
and  he  lived  upon  it  for  some  days,  and  then  died." 
Death  kindly  closed  his  eyes  to  the  fact  when  the 
potheen  was  nearly  exhausted.  Mr.  Yeats  filled  his 
note-book  with  Paddy's  tales  and  sayings,  and  re- 
produces them  with  good  effect  in  the  present  vol- 
ume. Besides  the  folk-lore,  there  are  some  amus- 
ing character  sketches  —  notably  "  The  Last  Glee- 
man,"  being  the  account  of  one  Michael  Moran,  a 
blind  beggar  and  ballad-singer,  and  the  admitted 
rector  of  his  class  in  Dublin.  "  He  was  not  much 
to  look  at,  with  his  coarse  frieze  coat  with  its  cape 
and  scalloped  edge,  his  old  corduroy  trousers  and 
great  brogues,  and  his  stout  stick  made  fast  to  his 
wrist  by  a  thong  of  leather  ;  and  he  would  have 
been  a  woeful  shock  to  the  gleeman  Maclonglinne 
could  that  friend  of  kings  have  beheld  him  in  pro- 
phetic vision  from  the  pillar  stone  at  Cork."  Yet 
Michael  was  a  true  gleeman,  being  poet,  jester,  and 
newsman  of  the  people.  In  the  morning  his  wife  or 
a  neighbor  would  read  the  newspaper  to  him  until 
interrupted  with,  ''  That'll  do  —  I  have  me  medita- 
tions "  ;  and  he  would  sally  forth  duly  inspired  for 
the  day's  store  of  jest  and  rhyme.  We  subjoin  a 
specimen  of  his  lighter  improvisation: 

"  In  Egypt's  land  contagious  to  the  Nile, 

King  Pharaoh's  daughter  went  to  bathe  in  style. 

She  tuk  her  dip,  then  walked  unto  the  land  ; 

To  dry  her  royal  pelt  she  ran  along  the  strand. 

A  bulrush  tripped  her,  whereupon  she  saw 

A  smiling  babby  in  a  wad  o'  straw. 

She  tuk  it  up,  and  said,  with  accents  mild, 
'  Tare-an'-agers,  girls,  which  av  yez  owns  the  child  ?  '  " 

The  book  is  fresh  and  amusing,  and  it  is  beautifully 
made  and  printed. 


The  historian  -  Alexander  Robertson's  Life 

of  the  Council  of  Fra  Paolo  Sarpi,  the  heroic  and 
of  Trent.  learned  Venetian  friar  (1552-1623), 

is  interesting  and  timely.  The  long-decreed  monu- 
ment to  Fra  Paolo  has  recently  been  unveiled  in 
Venice,  and  his  body,  after  two  centuries  of  con- 
cealment, has  found  an  honored  resting-place  in  the 
church  of  the  Campo  Santo  on  the  island  of  San 
Michele.  There  are  many  tributes  from  eminent 
pens  to  the  worth  and  learning  of  Fra  Paolo.  Gib- 
bon calls  him  "  the  incomparable  historian  of  the 
Council  of  Trent,"  and  Galileo  owned  him  "  My 
father  and  my  master."  As  a  metaphysician,  says 
Macaulay,  "  he  anticipated  Locke  ";  and,  he  adds, 
"what  he  did,  he  did  better  than  anybody."  In 
Walton's  "  Life  of  Sanderson  "  we  find  the  Bishop 
quoted  as  lamenting  a  lost  opportunity  of  seeing 
"  one  of  the  late  miracles  of  general  learning,  pru- 
dence, and  modesty,  Sir  Henry  Wotton's  dear  friend 
Padre  Paolo  ...  a  man  whose  fame  must  never 
die  till  virtue  and  learning  shall  become  so  useless 
as  not  to  be  regarded."  Dr.  Robertson's  Life  of 
Fra  Paola  Sarpi  (published  by  Thomas  Whittaker  ) 
is  compact  and  readable,  and  it  contains  portraits 
and  a  fac-simile  of  a  letter  of  Fra  Paolo's. 


A  new  volume  of  the  "  Mermaid  " 
Life  and  works  -  (imported  by  Scribner)  is  de- 

of  Richard  Steele.  -i^-rT-i        10  IT 

voted  to  Kichard  oteele,  and  edited 
by  Mr.  G.  A.  Aitken,  of  all  persons  the  most  com- 
petent for  such  a  task.  In  this  case  we  have,  not 
the  "  best  plays,"  but  all  the  plays  of  our  author — 
that  is,  the  four  comedies,  and  the  fragments  of  two 
others,  first  printed  by  Nichols  in  1809.  We  have 
also  a  surprise  in  the  shape  of  two  plates  instead  of 
the  one  that  has  been  the  rule  in  this  series,  Colley 
Gibber  being  the  subject  of  the  second.  Mr.  Ait- 
ken's  introduction  is  lengthy,  and  is  here  and  there 
indebted  to  his  exhaustive  biography  for  such  phrases 
and  sentences  as  were  found  convenient  for  use. 


value  and  In  "The   Empire,  Its   Value    and 

growth  of  the  Growth  "  (Longmans  ),  an  inaugural 
British  Empire.  address  delivered  last  year  at  the 
Imperial  Institute,  Mr.  W.  E.  H.  Lecky  briefly  dis- 
cusses the  vexed  question  of  the  utility  to  England 
of  her  dependencies.  The  issue  is  clearly  presented, 
and  the  broader  reasons  pro  and  con  are  fairly  stated. 
Mr.  Lecky  is  plainly  no  friend  to  the  plan  of  gradu- 
ally paring  down  British  domain  to  the  sweet  simpli- 
city of  two  islands ;  and  he  combats  the  views  of 
Cobden  and  Mill  and  the  Manchester  School  gener- 
ally with  his  usual  force.  The  little  book  may  be  read 
through  at  a  sitting,  and  it  will  repay  the  reading. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Two  recent  classical  texts  are  a  revised  edition  (Ginn) 
of  Professors  Goodwin  and  White's  "  Anabasis "  (the 
first  four  books),  and  Cicero's  "  Laelius,"  edited  by  Mr. 
E.  S.  Shuckburgh,  and  revised  for  American  use  by  Mr. 
Henry  Clark  Johnson  (Macmillan).  Among  modern  lan- 
guage texts  we  have  "  A  Preparatory  German  Reader  " 
(Ginn),  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Van  Daell;  George  Sand's  "La 
Petite  Fadette  "  (Heath),  edited  by  Mr.  F.  Aston- 
Binns;  and  the  whole  of  Schiller's  «  Wallenstein  "  (Holt) 
in  a  very  attractive  volume  edited  by  Professor  W.  H. 
Carruth.  The  notes,  illustrations,  and  other  apparatus 
of  this  latter  text  indicate  careful  and  judicious  selec- 
tion from  the  vast  amount  of  material  upon  which  an 
editor  of  "  Wallenstein  "  must  draw. 

We  note  the  receipt  of  two  excellent  grammar-school 
text-books.  Mr.  G.  A.  Wentworth's  "  The  First  Steps 
in  Algebra  "  (Ginn)  is  opportune  at  a  time  when  it  really 
looks  as  though  the  much-needed  educational  reform  of 
the  lower  grades  were  impending.  One  of  the  first 
steps  of  that  reform  will  be  to  put  elementary  algebra 
and  geometry  into  the  seventh  and  eighth  grades,  and 
Mr.  Wentworth's  book  is  just  the  sort  of  help  that  is 
needed.  Mr.  John  Fiske's  "The  War  of  Independ- 
ence" (Houghton)  appears  in  the  "Riverside  Litera- 
ture "  series,  and  makes  the  best  kind  of  supplementary 
reading  for  boys  and  girls  struggling  with  United  States 
history. 

"From  Milton  to  Tennyson"  (Allyn  &  Bacon),  by 
Mr.  L.  DuPont  Syle,  is  a  volume  of  selected  master- 
pieces followed  by  an  almost  equal  volume  of  notes.  It 
is  intended  for  high-school  and  possibly  for  college  use. 
The  selection  of  texts  is  good,  and  the  notes  are  help- 
ful, although  an  occasional  exhibition  of  irrational  pre- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


71 


judice  on  the  part  of  the  writer  does  not  conduce  to  con- 
fidence in  his  judgment.  Shelley,  in  particular,  is  made 
the  subject  of  his  spleen,  and  Mr.  Swinburne,  for  stat- 
ing the  perfectly  obvious  fact  that  Shelley  was  the  first 
of  English  lyrists,  is  promptly  classed  with  humorists 
of  the  Hosea  Bigelow  type.  Even  innuendo  is  not 
wanting,  as  in  the  reference  to  Shelley's  "  religious  (?) 
philosophy." 

Mr.  Lauren  E.  Crane  has  edited  the  speeches  and  ad- 
dresses of  Newton  Booth  of  California  (1825-1892), 
and  they  are  now  published  in  a  handsome  volume,  with 
introduction,  notes,  and  a  portrait.  Their  author  was 
Governor  of  California  from  1871  to  1873,  and  after- 
wards represented  that  State  in  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate. His  political  speeches  are  patriotic  in  tone,  and 
discuss  a  great  variety  of  local  and  national  questions. 
Two  of  his  lectures  are  entitled  "  Charles  James  Fox," 
and  "  Morals  and  Politics."  Some  newspaper  and  mag- 
azine articles  are  also  published.  The  book  is  issued 
by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Baron  Nils  Posse's  "  The  Swedish  System  of  Educa- 
tional Gymnastics  "  was  first  published  four  years  ago, 
and  has  now  i  cached  a  third  edition.  For  its  present 
issue  the  book  has  been  rewritten  and  otherwise  elabor- 
ated, besides  being  provided  with  a  new  and  formidable 
title,  "  The  Special  Kinesiology  of  Educational  Gym- 
nastics" (Lee  &  Shepard).  The  general  aim  of  this 
system  is  to  secure  a  harmonious  and  symmetrical  de- 
velopment of  the  entire  body.  The  text  is  very  fully 
illustrated,  and  the  book  is  thus  adapted  for  the  work 
of  self-instruction. 

Mr.  A.  E.  Dolbear's  book  on  "Matter,  Ether,  and 
Motion  "  (Lee  &  Shepard)  has  reached  a  second  edi- 
tion, and  the  author  has  taken  occasion,  not  only  to  re- 
vise the  original  text,  but  to  add  some  new  chapters. 
As  a  popular  exposition  of  fundamental  physical  prin- 
ciples, the  work  will  do  well  enough,  but  confidence  in 
the  author's  judgment  is  a  little  shaken  by  the  way  in 
which  he  toys  with  the  vagaries  of  spiritualism  and 
telepathy,  and  suggests  that  the  ingenious  speculations 
of  the  non-Euclidean  geometers  may  be  subject  to  ex- 
perimental confirmation. 

Mr.  Samuel  Harden  Church's  "Oliver  Cromwell" 
(Putnam)  is  an  octavo  of  more  than  five  hundred  pages. 
The  author  claims  to  have  taken  a  middle  course  be- 
tween Hume's  severe  treatment  of  the  subject  and  Car- 
lyle's  somewhat  extravagant  hero-worship.  He  has  de- 
voted six  years  to  the  work,  and  has  collected  a  large 
library  of  Cromwellian  literature.  "  I  have  written  my 
book  not  as  a  biographical  sketch,"  he  says,  "  but  as  a 
narrative  or  study  which  aims  to  present,  with  sufficient 
detail,  the  formation  of  the  commonwealth  and  its 
strange  paradox  of  the  permanent  establishment  of  civil 
and  religious  liberty  through  a  Dictator  who  respected 
no  law,  in  working  out  England's  salvation,  but  the  law 
of  necessity;  and  this  for  a  nation  whose  fortunes  are 
happily  and  inseparably  linked  with  the  forms  of  pop- 
ular monarchy."  The  work  is  thoughtful  and  pains- 
taking, readable  rather  than  brilliant. 

Mr.  Isaac  Meyer  is  the  author  of  a  monograph  on 
"Scarabs"  (New  York:  E.  W.  Dayton),  or  to  repro- 
duce in  full  the  sub-title  of  the  work,  "  the  history,  man- 
ufacture, and  religious  symbolism  of  the  Scarabseus  in 
ancient  Egypt,  Phoanicia,  Sardinia,  Etruria,  etc.:  also, 
remarks  on  the  learning,  philosophy,  arts,  ethics,  psy- 
chology, ideas  as  to  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  etc.,  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  Phcenicians,"  etc.  Mr.  Meyer's  work 


seems  to  be  a  very  thorough  and  scholarly  study  of  the 
subject.  His  remarks  upon  the  modern  forgeries  of 
scarabs  are  particularly  interesting,  as  well  as  profitable 
to  the  would-be  amateur  Egyptologist. 

In  "  The  Sacred  City  of  the  Ethiopians  "  (Longmans), 
Mr.  Theodore  Bent  records  the  results  of  an  expedition 
into  Abyssinia  undertaken  last  year,  and  extending  over 
a  period  of  four  months.  Mrs.  Bent  accompanied  and 
acted  as  photographer  for  the  expedition,  which  proved 
highly  fruitful  of  archaeological  results.  The  objective 
point  of  the  expedition  was  Aksum,  the  ancient  capital 
of  Ethiopia.  Mr.  Bent  predicts  that  the  work  of  inves- 
tigation thus  begun  will  eventually  "  place  before  our 
view  a  vast,  powerful,  and  commercial  empire — an  em- 
pire which  extended  its  discoveries  to  parts  of  the  world 
which  are  only  now  being  rediscovered,  and  possessing 
a  commerce  which  supplied  the  ancient  world  with  its 
most  valued  luxuries."  The  book  is  of  great  interest. 

The  booklet  on  "  English  in  the  Secondary  Schools," 
mentioned  in  our  last  number,  is  a  quasi-official  publi- 
cation of  the  University  of  California.  It  is  interest- 
ing both  for  the  practical  and  wholesome  character  of 
the  suggestions  made  by  Professors  Gayley  and  Brad- 
ley, its  authors,  and  because  it  illustrates  a  new  method 
of  bringing  the  university  influence  to  bear  upon  the 
lower  schools.  Other  departments  of  the  University 
are  about  to  follow  the  lead  thus  taken,  and  issue  simi- 
lar special  monographs.  The  English  pamphlet  may 
be  had  from  the  Recorder  of  the  Faculties  at  Berkeley. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  July  S6,  1894. 

The  chief  event  of  the  month  in  the  literary  world  is 
of  course  the  publication  in  the  "  Century  Magazine  " 
of  the  first  instalment  of  the  Poe-Griswold  correspond- 
ence. The  existence  of  these  papers  has  been  known 
to  a  number  of  people  for  many  years,  but  all  efforts  to 
persuade  the  late  Dr.  George  H.  Moore,  their  custodian, 
to  allow  them  to  be  inspected,  failed  utterly.  It  was 
understood  that  Dr.  Moore,  who  was  Griswold's  literary 
executor,  intended  to  publish  selections  from  them  him- 
self, but  if  this  were  his  intention,  it  was  never  fulfilled. 
Dr.  Moore  having  died,  Griswold's  son,  Mr.  William 
M.  Griswold,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.,  was  appointed  ad- 
ministrator of  his  father's  estate,  and  in  this  way  was 
able  to  recover  the  papers.  Nearly  everybody  who  has 
written  about  Poe  since  Griswold's  death  has  applied  in 
vain  to  Dr.  Moore  for  their  use.  The  instalment  in 
the  August  number  of  the  "  Century  "  comprises  a  num- 
ber of  Poe's  own  letters,  and  letters  to  him  from  John 
P.  Kennedy,  T.  W.  White,  proprietor  of  the  "  Southern 
Literary  Messenger,"  Nathaniel  Beverly  Tucker,  au- 
thor of  "  The  Partisan  Leader,"  J.  K.  Paulding,  Charles 
Anthon,  and  James  E.  Heath. 

The  correspondence  chiefly  relates  to  the  period  of 
Poe's  connection  with  the  "  Messenger."  An  interest- 
ing feature  is  the  picture  given  of  publishing  conditions 
in  New  York  at  that  time.  A  New  York  firm  having 
declined  a  volume  of  Poe's  "  Messenger  "  tales  in  1836, 
Paulding,  who  acted  as  his  agent,  was  constrained  to 
write  him  that  "  it  would  afford  me  much  pleasure  to 
have  proposed  the  publication  of  your  book  to  some 
one  [other]  respectable  Bookseller  of  this  city.  But 
the  truth  is,  there  is  only  one  other  who  publishes  any- 
thing but  School  Books,  religious  works,  and  the  like, 


THE   DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


and  with  him  I  am  not  on  terms  that  would  make  it 
agreeable  to  me  to  make  any  proposition  of  this  nature, 
either  in  my  own  behalf  or  that  of  another."  I  presume 
the  other  firm  referred  to  was  that  of  Messrs.  Wiley  & 
Putnam.  The  Poe  correspondence  is  illustrated  with 
selected  drawings  by  Mr.  Sterner,  made  for  the  forth- 
coming complete  edition  of  Poe's  works  to  be  published 
by  Messrs.  Stone  &  Kimball. 

Another  notable  feature  of  the  August  "  Century  " 
is  an  article  on  "  Conversation  in  France "  by  Mme. 
Blanc  Bentzon.  In  the  September  number  there  will 
be  an  interesting  study  of  "  School  Excursions  in  Ger- 
many," by  Dr.  J.  M.  Rice,  author  of  several  important 
studies  of  schools  in  American  cities,  recently  published 
in  the  "  Forum."  Dr.  Rice  visited  Germany  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  part  in  a  typical  excursion  which  is 
here  described.  It  consisted  of  a  tour  of  two  weeks, 
on  foot  or  by  rail,  through  the  country  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, which  had  been  the  particular  study  of  this  party 
of  school  children  for  the  preceding  term.  Students  of 
pedagogy  accompany  these  excursions  and  observe  their 
effect  upon  the  children.  The  thorough  identification 
of  localities  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  Luther's  hymn 
was  sung  by  them  in  the  room  in  which  it  was  written. 

A  new  novel  by  "  Maarteu  Maartens  "  will  be  printed 
serially  in  "  Harper's  Bazar  "  during  the  first  part  of 
1895.  The  author,  Mr.  J.  M.  W.  van  der  Poorten 
Schwarz,  has  removed  his  residence  from  "  Kasteel 
Lunenburgh,"  Neerlangbrock,  to  the  Chateau  de  Zuy- 
lestein,  near  Leersum,  also  in  Holland.  In  a  recent  let- 
ter to  an  American  friend,  he  expressed  himself  as  much 
gratified  by  the  tender  of  honorary  membership  in  the 
Authors  Club  of  New  York  lately  made  to  him.  He 
considered  it  "  a  delicate  and  kindly  compliment  "  which 
gave  him  much  encouragement.  Mr.  van  der  Poorten 
Schwarz  is  just  thirty-five  years  old,  and  not  thirty- 
eight,  as  stated  in  various  biographical  articles. 

Mr.  James  Ford  Rhodes  is  spending  the  summer  at 
Rye  Beach,  N.  H.,  busily  engaged  on  the  third  volume 
of  his  "  History  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Com- 
promise of  1850,"  which  the  Messrs.  Harper  now  expect 
to  publish  during  the  coming  season. 

"  George  Mandeville's  Husband,"  a  novel  just  about 
to  be  published  by  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  is  de- 
cidedly reactionary  in  character  in  so  far  as  it  touches 
upon  the  woman  question,  and  indeed  it  touches  upon 
little  else.  Its  author  apparently  has  become  disgusted 
with  advanced  views  on  this  subject.  The  downtrodden 
husband  of  a  "  woman  of  mind  "  expresses  himself  in 
advice  to  their  daughter  as  follows : 

"  'Never  breakfast  in  bed,  Rosina,  unless  you're  actually 
ill,'  he  would  often  say ;  '  it 's  the  first  step  on  the  downward 
path.' 

" '  No,  father.' 

"  '  Of  course  your  mother  is  an  exceptional  woman.  She 
may  do  things  that  wouldn't  look  well  in  an  ordinary  mor- 
tal.' 

" '  Yes,  father.' 

"  '  And  never  wear  a  dressing-gown  out  of  your  own  room. 
Put  on  decent  clothes  as  soon  as  you  step  out  of  your  bath.' 

'"Yes,  father.'" 

The  author  is  a  well-known  English  writer  who  has  as- 
sumed a  pseudonym. 

Preparations  for  holiday  books  go  on  apace.  Messrs. 
Lovell,  Coryell,  &  Co.  will  issue  this  fall  a  handsome 
edition  of  "  The  Last  Days  of  Pompeii "  with  views  of 
the  excavations,  landscapes,  and  reproductions  of  fa- 
mous paintings.  The  same  firm  will  also  publish  an 
edition  de  luxe  of  Mrs.  Oliphant's  "  Victorian  Age  of 


English  Literature,"  with  portraits  of  the  principal 
writers  considered.  Mrs.  Oliphant's  articles  now  ap- 
pearing in  the  "  Century  Magazine,"  which  deal  with 
"  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne,"  will  be  published  as  a 
holiday  book  with  this  title.  The  publishers  have  ex- 
erted themselves  to  insure  a  beautiful  piece  of  book- 
making.  The  work  in  the  wood  engravings  is  not  likely 
to  be  exceeded  this  year,  if  at  all,  as  it  seems  as  nearly 
perfect  as  possible.  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


TjITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


Mr.  Gladstone's  translation  of  the  Odes  and  "Car- 
men Sseculare  "  of  Horace  will  be  published  in  Septem- 
ber or  October  next. 

Mr.  T.  Wemyss  Reid,  editor  of  the  "  Speaker,"  and 
author  of  "  Charlotte  Bronte,  a  Monograph,"  and  other 
good  books,  has  been  knighted  by  the  Queen. 

The  last  work  on  which  the  late  Sir  Henry  Layard 
was  engaged  was  the  condensation  of  his  "  Early  Ad- 
ventures "  into  one  volume,  of  which  he  had  just  finished 
the  revision. 

Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  have  in  press  for  imme- 
diate publication  a  complete  edition  of  the  poetical  works 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  two  volumes,  illustrated,  with 
introduction  by  Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton. 

The  literary  historian  Herr  Heinrich  Diintzer,  who 
celebrated  last  week  his  eighty-first  birthday,  has  com- 
pleted an  exhaustive  monograph  on  J.  II.  Merck,  who 
exercised  such  a  remarkable  influence  on  the  develop- 
ment of  Goethe's  genius. 

Professor  Fiske  is  lecturing  at  Oxford  this  summer 
on  "  Virginia  and  Her  Neighbors,"  and  will  repeat  the 
course  before  the  Lowell  Institute  next  year.  Eventu- 
ally, the  lectures  will  make  a  new  volume  in  the  author's 
history  of  America. 

In  "  The  Bookman's  "  lists  of  books  most  in  demand 
at  the  chief  bookselling  centres  of  the  United  Kingdom, 
Professor  Drummond's  "  The  Ascent  of  Man  "  and  Mrs. 
Caffyn's  "  A  Yellow  Aster  "  run  almost  neck-and-neck. 
Out  of  the  thirteen  lists,  seven  are  headed  by  the  for- 
mer and  five  by  the  latter  work. 

The  Fe*libres  are  going  to  indulge  in  more  elaborate 
fetes  this  year.  They  are  to  begin  at  Lyons  on  the  9th 
of  August,  and  to  finish  at  the  fountain  of  Vaucluse  on 
the  15th  of  August.  On  Saturday,  the  llth,  the  Com- 
£die  Franchise  will  act  "  CEdipe  Roi,"  and  on  Sunday, 
the  12th,  "  Antigone,"  at  the  Roman  theatre  at  Orange. 

Professor  Maspdro's  great  work  on  "  Les  Origines," 
treating  of  Egypt  and  Chaldsea,  will  appear  some  time 
in  the  autumn,  simultaneously  in  Paris,  London,  and 
New  York.  It  will  consist  of  over  eight  hundred  pages, 
copiously  illustrated  with  drawings  and  maps  made  ex- 
pressly for  the  work.  The  English  translation,  edited 
by  Professor  Sayce,  will  be  published  by  the  S.  P.  C.  K. 

It  is  interesting  to  learn  that  Lionardo  da  Vinci's 
"Codice  Atlantico,"  which  contains  1,750  writings  and 
drawings  by  this  celebrated  man,  is  at  last  to  be  pub- 
lished, presumably  by  private  subscription,  in  35  parts, 
each  containing  40  heliotype  plates  of  reproduction,  to- 
gether with  a  double  transcription  of  the  text  and  notes. 
The  entire  work  will  be  printed  on  special  handmade 
paper.  U.  Hoepli  is  the  publisher  who  has  been  en- 
trusted with  this  great  Italian  work. 

Italy  will  have  a  Tasso  celebration  April  25  of  next 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


73 


year,  the  tercentenary  of  the  poet's  death.  A  new  life 
of  Tasso  is  being  written  for  this  occasion  by  Professor 
Angelo  Solerti,  of  Bologna.  This  book  will  embody 
the  valuable  matter  contained  in  some  500  documents 
hitherto  unpublished,  and  will  be  illustrated  with  pho- 
togravures of  all  the  portraits  of  which  copies  can  be 
obtained,  besides  other  interesting  memorials.  Profes- 
sor Solerti  is  also  preparing  a  new  and  critical  edition 
of  the  minor  poems  of  Tasso,  of  which  two  volumes 
have  been  already  published. 

The  Toronto  "  Week  "  has  the  following  screed  from 
an  enraged  correspondent :  "  Sir  —  Can  you  or  any  of 
your  numerous  readers  inform  me  how  it  is  that  Amer- 
ican daily  and  weekly  papers  are  allowed  to  be  carried 
and  called  in  our  streets  by  newsboys  ?  It  is  most  of- 
fensive to  my  ideas  of  the  fitness  of  things  to  have  the 
low-class  papers  of  Detroit,  Buffalo,  and  Chicago  flouted 
in  the  streets  of  Toronto.  It  is  bad  enough  to  have  our 
second-class  booksellers'  shops  slopping  over  with  the 
trash  that  proceeds  from  the  low  American  daily  and 
weekly  press,  without  having  it  stuck  under  our  noses 
at  every  corner  of  the  street." 

The  "  Athenjeum  "  furnishes  the  following  note: 
"  That  '  Hamlet '  has  been  more  variously  treated  and 
ill  treated  than  any  other  Shakespearean  play  we  all 
know,  but  it  will  be  news  to  our  readers  that  the  Ham- 
let-Problem as  the  Germans  call  it,  is  shortly  to  figure 
in  the  courts  of  law.  The  bone  of  contention  is  the  pri- 
ority of  a  certain  ingenious  analysis  of  Hamlet's  char- 
acter. Herr  H.  Tiirck,  a  well-known  Shakespearean 
scholar,  maintains  that  he  propounded  it  first,  whilst 
Professor  Kuno  Fischer  claims  the  priority  of  its  excog- 
itation. In  consequence  of  this  literary  squabble,  Herr 
Tiirck  has  placed  the  '  Hamlet-Problem  '  in  the  hands 
of  a  lawyer.  It  will  occupy  the  law  courts  at  Munich, 
Professor  Kuno  Fischer's  remarks  having  appeared  in  a 
Bavarian  paper." 

The  George  William  Curtis  Memorial  Committee 
publish  the  following  statement:  "  The  committee  has 
unanimously  voted  to  raise  a  fund  of  $25,000,  to  be  de- 
voted in  part  to  the  procurement  and  erection  of  an  appro- 
priate artistic  monument  in  the  city  of  New  York,  as  a 
permanent  record  of  the  outward  presence  of  Mr.  Cur- 
tis, and  in  part  to  the  foundation  and  endowment  of  an 
annual  course  of  lectures  upon  the  duties  of  American 
citizenship  and  kindred  subjects,  under  the  title  of  the 
'Curtis  Lectureship,'  or  some  similar  designation,  the 
lectures  delivered  in  such  course  to  be  annually  pub- 
lished for  distribution.  The  details  of  these  two  fea- 
tures of  the  memorial  will  be  determined  and  announced 
by  the  committee  hereafter.  The  committee  is  now 
ready  to  receive  subscriptions  to  the  fund  required, 
which  subscriptions  should  be  addressed  to  Mr.  William 
L.  Trenholm,  treasurer,  No.  160  Broadway,  New  York." 

WHY  FICTION  ALONE  AS  SERIALS  ? 

Mr.  Walter  Besant,  in  a  recent  number  of  "  The  Au- 
thor," raises  an  interesting  question  as  to  why  matter 
for  serial  publication  in  periodicals  should  be  limited  to 
fiction,  and  suggests  that  "  editors  do  not  as  yet  recog- 
nize the  fact  that  an  extremely  attractive  serial  may  be 
made  of  a  subject  not  belonging  to  fiction  at  all.  For 
instance,  many  volumes  of  poetry  are  run  through  va- 
rious magazines  first.  I  would  run  them  through  one 
magazine  only.  « Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  new  volume  of 
verse  will  be  commenced  in  the  January  number  of  the 
"  New  Year  " ;  it  will  run  through  twelve  months  and  will 
be  published  in  volume  form  in  November.'  Would  not 


such  an  announcement  be  attractive  ?  Or  this:  'Pro- 
fessor Dowden's  new  work  on  Shakespeare  is  nearly 
completed.  It  consists  of  twelve  chapters,  and  is  to  run 
through  twelve  numbers  of  the  "  Cheapside  "  magazine; 
it  will  then  be  published  in  the  autumn  books  of  Messrs. 
Bungay.'  Does  anyone  pretend  that  the  comparatively 
wide  circulation  of  the  magazine  would  not  assist  the 
author  in  disseminating  his  teaching  and  the  publisher 
in  afterwards  distributing  the  book  ?  " 

TO  A  SLEEPER  AT  ROME. 

(For  the  unveiling,  by  Edmund  Grosse,  of  the  American  memorial  bust 
to  the  poet  Keats  in  Hampstead  Parish  Church,  July  16,  1894.) 

Thy  gardens  bright  with  limbs  of  gods  at  play  — 
Those  bowers  whose  flowers  are  fruits,  Hesperian  sweets 
That  light  with  heaven  the  soul  of  him  who  eats, 

And  lend  his  veins  Olympian  blood  of  day  — 

Were  only  lent,  and,  since  thou  couldst  not  stay, 
Better  to  die  than  wake  in  sorrow,  Keats, 
Where  even  the  Siren's  song  no  longer  cheats  — 

Where  Love's  long  "  Street  of  Tombs  "  still  lengthens  grey. 

Better  to  nestle  there  in  arms  of  Flora, 
Ere  Youth,  the  king  of  Earth  and  Beauty's  heir, 

Drinking  such  breath  in  meadows  of  Aurora 
As  bards  of  morning  drank,  ./Egean  air, 

Woke  in  Eld's  lonely  caverns  of  Ellora, 
Carven  with  visions  dead  and  sights  that  were  ! 

—  Theodore  Watts,  in  The  Athenceum. 


A   BALLADE    OF   BOOKS    WELL   BOUND. 

From  tattered  volumes,  old  and  sere, 

Some  friends  I  have  evolve  delight ; 
The  shabbiest  the  most  prized  appear 

By  antiquarians  erudite. 

These  think  me  a  Philistine  wight 
For  choosing  bindings  of  the  best ; 

Yet  to  my  taste  I  have  a  right, — 
I  like  to  see  my  friends  well  drest. 

I  love  the  antique  and  the  queer, 

The  curious,  quaint,  and  recondite ; 
I  own  the  spell  of  Elzevir, 

The  charm  of  pages  Aldine  bight ; 

Yet  why  should  age  and  dirt  invite  ? 
Their  beauty  is  not  manifest ; 

Let  modern  art  put  them  to  flight, — 
I  like  to  see  my  friends  well  drest. 

Eve  and  Le  Gascon  are  too  dear ; 

I  cannot  have  them  —  would  I  might ! 
But  Bedford,  Michel,  and  Riviere 

Have  wrought  me  leathern  marvels  bright. 

The  armor  of  the  bravest  knight 
Should  shine  the  brightest  on  his  breast. 

No  moth,  no  rust,  my  books  shall  blight, — 
I  like  to  see  my  friends  well  drest. 

ENVOY. 

Friend,  wouldst  thou  fain  in  sorry  plight 
Behold  a  loved  and  honored  guest  ? 

In  goodly  garb  I  'd  have  him  dight, — 
I  like  to  see  my  friends  well  drest. 

— From  "  Bookish  Ballads"  by  Harry  B.  Smith. 


PROTECTION  OF  AUTHORS  FROM  GARBLED   REPRINTS. 

Judge  Dallas,  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court,  sit- 
ting in  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania,  recently 
made  a  decision  of  much  importance  to  authors.  It  was 
occasioned  by  a  garbled  and  incomplete  report  of  Pro- 
fessor Drummond's  lecture  on  "  The  Ascent  of  Man," 
published  in  Philadelphia.  The  question  involved  was 
not  copyright,  but  the  right  of  an  English  author  to  pro- 
tection against  reprints  that  misrepresent  the  character 
of  his  works.  We  print  the  significant  parts  of  Judge 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1, 


Dallas's  decision:  "  It  appears  that  the  defendant  has 
published,  and  to  a  considerable  extent  has  sold,  a  book 
purporting  to  contain  certain  Lectures  delivered  by  the 
plaintiff,  which  in  fact  does  not  present  those  Lectures 
correctly,  but  with  additions  and  omissions  which  essen- 
tially alter  the  productions  of  the  author.  This  is  sought 
to  be  justified  by  the  averment  that  the  lectures  in  ques- 
tion had  not  been  copyrighted,  and  that  their  author 
had  dedicated  them  to  the  public. 

"  The  subject  of  copyright  is  not  directly  involved. 
The  complainant  does  not  base  his  claim  to  relief  upon 
the  statute,  but  upon  his  right,  quite  distinct  from  any 
conferred  by  copyright,  to  protection  against  having  any 
literary  matter  published  as  his  work  which  is  not  ac- 
tually his  creation,  and,  incidentally,  to  prevent  fraud 
upon  purchasers.  That  such  right  exists  is  too  well  set- 
tled, upou  reason  and  authority,  to  require  demonstra- 
tion, and,  although  it  is  equally  well  established  that  an 
author  may,  by  dedication  of  any  product  of  his  pen  to 
the  public,  irrevocably  abandon  his  title,  yet  in  this  case 
the  fact  relied  on  by  the  defendant  to  support  his  asser- 
tion of  dedication  wholly  fails  to  vindicate  the  publica- 
tion complained  of. 

"  The  defendant's  book  is  founded  on  the  matter  which 
has  appeared  in  the  '  British  Weekly,'  and  if  that  mat- 
ter had  been  literally  copied,  and  so  as  not  to  misrep- 
resent its  character  and  extent,  the  plaintiff  would  be 
without  remedy;  but  the  fatal  weakness  in  the  defend- 
ant's position  is,  that,  under  color  of  editing  the  author's 
work,  he  has  represented  a  part  of  it  as  the  whole,  and 
even  as  to  the  portion  published  has  materially  departed 
from  the  reports  which  he  sets  up  in  justification." 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

August,  1894  (First  List). 

Anarchists,  Punishment  of.    Henry  Holt.    Forum. 

Birds,  Nocturnal  Migration  of.    Popular  Science. 

Church  Communion  Tokens.    Alice  M.  Earle.    Atlantic. 

Carnot.  Sadi.    M.  Henry  Minaud.     Chautauquan. 

Cats,  Un-cared  for.    Charles  H.  Webb.    Lippincott. 

Chinese  Shops.    Will  Clemens.    Lippincott. 

College  Graduates  and  Public  Life.    T.  Roosevelt.    Atlantic. 

Consular  Service,  Evils  of  Our.   A.  H.  Washburn.    Atlantic. 

Continental  Literature,  A  Year  of.    Dial. 

Crime,  Increase,  and  Positivist  Criminology.  H.C.Lea.  Forum. 

Dutch  Influence  upon  America.    F.  W.  Shepardson.    Dial. 

Egypt,  Ancient,  The  Poetry  of.     Chautauquan. 

English  at  Amherst.    J.  F.  Genung.    Dial. 

English  Mines  and  Miners.    S.  P.  Cadman.    Chautauquan. 

Feminine  Phases.    Thomas  S.  Jarvis.    Lippincott. 

Form  and  Life.    M.  Georges  Pouchet.    Popular  Science. 

Government  Publications,  Distribution  of.    Pop.  Science. 

Hand- Writing  and  Character.    W.  Preyer.     Chautauquan. 

Harrison,  Mrs.  Burton.    Caroline  W.  Martin.   Southern  Mag. 

Horsemen,  Professional.    H.  C.  Merwin.    Atlantic. 

Journalism,  Chapters  in.    G.  W.  Smalley.    Harper. 

Karakoram  Himalayas,  In  the.    Dial. 

Laboratory  Mind-Study.  G.S.Hall  and  E.W.Scripture.  Forum. 

Lowell's  Letters  to  Poe.     Scribner. 

Monmouth.    Illus.    Julian  Ralph.    Harper. 

Moral  Training.    John  Dewey.    Popular  Science. 

Newport.     Illus.     W.  C.  Brownell.     Scribner. 

Norway  Coast,  The.    Illus.    G.  C.  Pease.    Harper. 

Photography  of  Colors.     M.  Lazare  Weiller.     Pop.  Science. 

Poetry,  Recent.    William  Morton  Payne.    Dial. 

Preachers,  Pay  of.     H.  K.  Carroll.    Forum. 

Rain-Making.    Fernando  Sanford.    Popular  Science. 

Stonewall  Jackson.    Illus.    W.  W.  Scott.    Southern  Mag. 

Toadstools  and  Mushrooms,  Edible.    Illus.    Harper. 


LJST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  embracing  60  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Memoirs  Illustrating  the  History  of  Napoleon  I.  from 
1802  to  1815.  By  Baron  Claude-Francois  de  Me"neval ; 
edited  by  his  grandson,  Baron  Napoleon  Joseph  de  Me*n- 
eval.  Vols.  I.  and  II.;  illus.,  12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.  Per  vol.,  $2. 

HISTORY. 

History  of  Modern  Times :  From  the  Fall  of  Constantinople 
to  the  French  Revolution.  By  Victor  Duruy  ;  trans., 
with  notes,  etc.,  by  Edwin  A.  Grosvenor.  12mo,  pp.  540. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.60. 

Judas  Maccabseus  and  the  Jewish  War  of  Independence. 
By  Claude  Reignier  Conder,  LL.D.  New  edition,  illus., 
12mo,  uncut,  pp.  218.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Christianity  and  the  Roman  Government :  A  Study  in 
Imperial  Administration.  By  E.  G.  Hardy,  M.A.  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  208.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Recollections  of  Old  Country  Life :  Social,  Political,  Sport- 
ing, and  Agricultural.  By  J.  K.  Fowler  ("  Rusticus"), 
author  of  "Echoes  of  Old  Country  Life."  Illus.,  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  235.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $3. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Cock  Lane  and  Common-Sense.  By  Andrew  Lang.  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  357.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $2.25. 

An  English  Anthology  from  Chaucer  to  Tennyson.  Se- 
lected and  Edited  by  John  Bradshaw,  M.A.  Fourth  edi- 
tion ;  12mo,  pp.  509.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Essays  and  Letters  Selected  from  the  Writings  of  John 
Ruskin ;  with  introductory  interpretations  and  annota- 
tions. Edited  by  Mrs.  Lois  G.  Hufford.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  pp.  441.  Ginn  &  Co.  $1.10. 

Grimm's  Fairy  Tales  and  Household  Stories.  Trans,  by 
Mrs.  H.  B.  Paull  and  L.  A.  Wheatley.  12mo,  gilt  top, 
pp.623.  Warne's  "  Chandos  Classics."  $1. 

Scenes  from  the  Persse  of  ^Eschylus.  By  the  Rev.  F.  S. 
Ramsbotham,  M.  A.  16mo.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
50  cts. 

Stories  from  Plato  and  Other  Classic  Writers.  By  Mary  E. 
Burt,  author  of  "  Literary  Landmarks."  Illus.,  12mo, 
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POETRY. 
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The  Ebb  Tide:  A  Trio  and  Quartette.  By  Robert  Louis 
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Outlaw  and  Lawmaker.  By  Mrs.  Campbell-Praed,  author 
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Major  Joshua.  By  Francis  Forster.  12mo,  pp.  326.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.  $1. 

Poor  Folk.  By  F.  Dostoievsky ;  trans,  by  Lena  Milman. 
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Between  Two  Forces :  A  Record  of  a  Theory  and  a  Pas- 
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$1.25. 

David  and  Abigail.  By  B.  F.  Sawyer,  author  of  "  Lucile." 
12mo,  pp.  360.  Arena  Pub'g  Co.  $1.50. 

A  Modern  Magdalene.  By  Veriia  Woods,  author  of  "  The 
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The  Hon.  Stanbury  and  Others.  By  Two.  16mo,  uncut, 
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Rand,  McNally's  Rialto  Series:  His  Will  and  Hers,  by 
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1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


75 


Bonner's  Choice  Series:  Yet  She  Loved  Him,  by  Mrs. 
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Neely's  Library  of  Choice  Literature:  The  Disappear- 
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Hagemann's  Traveller's  Library:  The  Queen  of  Ecuador, 
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TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

The  Fairest  of  the  Fair.  By  Hildegarde  Hawthorne.  Illus., 
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$1.25. 

On  and  Off  the  Saddle :  Characteristic  Sights  and  Scenes 
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nard  Rutgers.  Illus.,  lOmo,  pp.  201.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $1. 

SCIENCE. 

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mittee. 8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  375.  Chicago :  The  Schulte 
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Studies  in  Forestry :  Being  a  Short  Course  of  Lectures  on 
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Human  Physiology.  By  John  Thornton,  M.A.,  author  of 
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On  Double  Consciousness.  By  Alfred  Binet.  12mo,  pp. 
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THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  1,  1894. 


GOULD'S 

ILLUSTRATED  DICTIONARY 

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STONE  &  KIMBALL'S  BOOKS. 

THE  EBB-TIDE.    A  Story  of  Adventure  in  the  South  Seas.     By  ROBERT  LOUIS  STEVENSON 

and  LLOYD  OSBOURNE.    16mo,  204  pages,  cloth.    Price,  $1.25  net. 

"It  is  one  of  those  vividly  picturesque  reproductions  of  strange,  boldly-marked,  exceptional  aspects  of  life  in  the  sketching  and  coloring  of 
which  Mr.  Stevenson  has  no  superior — probably  no  equal— among  contemporaneous  writers."  —  New  York  Commercial  Advertiser. 

"  There  is  a  great  deal  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  and  plainly  very  little  of  Lloyd  Osbourne  in  '  The  Ebb  Tide,'  which  bears  their  names  con- 
jointly."— Detroit  Journal.  


EUGENE  FIELD. 

THE  HOLY  CROSS  AND  OTHER  TALES.     With  dec- 
orations by  L.  J.  RHEAD.  Second  edition.   16mo,  192  pages. 
Cloth,  $1.25  net. 
"  In  some  of  his  more  serious  work  Mr.  Field  reminds  one  of  certain 

French  writers  of  short  stories  —  of  Copp^e  frequently,  and  sometimes 

even  of  Maupassant. "—  The  Critic. 

JOAQUIN  MILLER. 

THE  BUILDING  OP  THE  CITY  BEAUTIFUL.  A  Ro- 
mance. Second  edition.  16mo,  192  pages.  Cloth,  $1.50  net. 
"It  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  prose  poems  of  our  times,  and  alone 

would  give  the  author  a  permanent  place  in  literature." —  The  Arena. 

NORMAN  GALE. 

A  JUNE  ROMANCE.    Second  edition.    With  a  title-page 
and  tail-piece  designed  by  BASIL  JOHNSON.     Printed  on 
antique  paper  at  the  Rugby  Press.     Price,  $1.00. 
Mr.  Gale  is  best  known  in  America  as  the  author  of  "  Orchard  Songs," 
and  "  A  Country  Muse."    His  prose,  however,  is  much  thought  of  in 
England,  and  the  first  edition  of  "A  June  Romance,"  although  issued 
in  1892,  is  now  very  scarce  and  valuable.    In  this  new  form  it  ought  to 
find  a  large  and  ready  sale. 

LOUISE  CHANDLER  MOULTON. 

ARTHUR  O'SHAUGHNESSY:  His  Life  and  his  Work, 
with  Selections  from  his  Poems.  With  a  portrait  by 
AUGUST  F.  JACCACI.  18mo,  $1.25.  Also  50  copies  on  hand- 
made paper,  $3.50. 

Dr.  RICHARD  GARNBTT,  of  the  British  Museum,  writes  on  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  book  :  "  I  am  delighted  to  hear  of  it.  It  is  a  thing 
which  I  have  often  said  ought  to  be  done  —  must  be  done,  in  fact  —  if 
O'Shaughnessy  is  to  keep  the  place  he  deserves  among  the  poets  of  his 

EDGAR  ALLAN  POE. 

COMPLETE  WRITINGS.    Edited  by  EDMUND  CLAKENCE 
STEDMAN  and  Professor  GEORGE  EDWARD  WOODBERRY. 
With  many  portraits,  some  of  which  are  here  published  for 
the  first  time,  facsimiles,  and  so  forth,  and  pictures  by  AL- 
BERT EDWARD  STERNER.    In  ten  volumes.    Printed  on 
specially  made  paper.  16mo.  Deckeled  edges.  Price,  $15.00 
in  sets  ;  or  separately,  $1.50  per  volume. 
Also  a  large-paper  edition,  limited  to  250  sets  for  America, 
with  a  series  of  eight  illustrations  by  AUBREY  BEARDSLEY, 
and  a  signed  etching  by  Mr.  STERNER,  not  included  in  the 
small-paper  edition  — proofs  of  all  the  pictures  printed  on 
India  paper.  Ten  volumes,  on  hand-made  paper.  8vo.   Price, 
$50.00  per  set.     f  In  preparation. ) 


HAMLIN  GARLAND. 

CRUMBLING  IDOLS.  Twelve  Essays  on  Art,  dealing 
chiefly  with  Literature,  Painting,  and  the  Drama.  16mo, 
$1.25  net. 

A  collection  of  some  of  Mr.  Garland's  essays,  which  attracted  so 
much  attention  on  their  appearance  in  magazine  form.  They  are  on  va- 
rious topics:  "New  Fields  of  Art,"  "The  Future  of  Fiction,"  "The 
Drift  of  the  Drama,"  "The  Influence  of  Ibsen,"  "Impressionism  in 
Painting,"  "Local  Color  in  Fiction,"  "Literary  Centers  and  Literary 
Masters,"  and  so  forth.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  book  is  a  vigorous  plea 
for  the  recognition  of  youth,  and  a  protest  against  the  despotism  of 
tradition. 

GEORGE  SANTAYANA. 

SONNETS  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  16mo,  90  pages.  Buck- 
ram, $1.25  net. 

"  None  of  the  recent  graduates  (Harvard)  who  have  attempted  verse 
— not  even  Mr.  Woodberry — shows  such  an  easy  mastery  of  poetic  num- 
bers as  this  Spaniard,  to  whom  English  rhythm  is  so  native,  and  at  the 
same  time  so  expressive  of  high  thought." — Springfield  Republican. 

GILBERT  PARKER. 

PIERRE  AND  HIS  PEOPLE.    Stories  of  the  Northwest. 

A  new  edition.    Printed  at  the  University  Press  on  laid 

paper.    18mo,  $1.25.     (In preparation.) 

"  He  has  the  right  stuff  in  him.   He  has  the  story-teller's  gift.  When 
you  lay  down  the  book  the  salient  scenes  and  incidents  and  characters 
remain  with  you  —  they  are  so  vivid  and  picturesque."  —  St.  James 
Gazette. 
A  LOVER'S  DIARY.  Songs  in  Sequence.    Frontispiece  by 

WILL  H.  Low.    16mo,  148  pages.    Cloth,  $1.25  net. 

"  To  be  reminded  of  them  (the  early  masters)  by  a  sonneteer  of  to- 
day, as  I  am  by  Mr.  Parker,  is  a  poetic  enjoyment  which  is  not  often 
vouchsafed  to  me."  — Mr.  Richard  Henry  Stoddard. 

BLISS  CARMAN. 

LOW  TIDE  ON  GRAND  PRE.    A  Book  of  Lyrics.    Sec- 
ond edition.    With  cover  design  by  GEORGE  H.  HALLO- 
WELL.     16mo,  132  pages.    Cloth,  $1.00  net. 
"  What  pleases  us  most  in  Mr.  Carman's  verse,  aside  from  the  per- 
sonal, lyrical  charm,  is  its  daring  yet  perfectly  legitimate  romance, 
which  takes  many  forms  of  beauty,  quaint,  tender-hued,  often  curiously 
novel  in  both  conceit  and  expression." —  The  Independent. 

TOM  HALL. 

WHEN  HEARTS  ARE  TRUMPS.    Verses.     With  deco- 
rations by  WILL.  H.  BRADLEY.    18mo,  $1.25  net. 
"  Anyone  who  has  an  ear  for  rhythm  and  a  heart  for  poesy  will  find 
many  a  treat  between  these  pages.    Mr.  Hall  is  a  poet  not  to  be  despised, 
and  one  day  he  will  probably  do  some  great  work,  as  these  verses  evi- 
dence that  he  can."  —  New  Orleans  Picayune. 


THE   CHAP-BOOK. 

A  Miniature  Magazine  and  Review.    Published  semi-monthly.    Price,  5  cents.    $1.00  per  year. 
The  Publishers  beg  to  announce  tha 
"  Pierre  and  His  People,"  "  A  Lover's  7 
the  title  of  "  DREAMS  OF  TO-DAY,' 
JOY,"  is  among  the  forthcoming  contributions  to  THE  CHAP-BOOK. 

"  It  would  be  quite  impossible  to  overlook  the  delightfully  unassuming  and  perfectly  dressed  little  semi-monthly  publication  of  Messrs.  Stone 
&  Kimball,  entitled  'The  Chap-Book.'"— The  Independent. 

Sold  by  all  Booksellers.    Sent,  post-paid,  by  the  Publishers, 

STONE  &  KIMBALL,  Caxton  Building,  Chicago. 


78 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16,  1894. 


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No.  196.        AUGUST  16,  1894.     Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


A  YEAR  OF  CONTINENTAL  LITERATURE.   II.    79 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  MICHIGAN. 

Fred  N.  Scott 82 

WALTER  PATER 84 

FRANCIS  H.  UNDERWOOD 85 

COMMUNICATIONS 85 

The  Teaching  of  Literature,  Again.    Frederick  Ives 
Carpenter. 

A  GREAT  PUBLIC  SERVANT.  Melville  B .  Anderson    86 

THE  STRENGTH  AND  WEAKNESS  OF  SOCIAL- 
ISM.   Edward  W.  Bemis .     .    91 

A  BRITISH  DIPLOMAT  IN  THE  ORIENT.  Ernest 

W.  Clement 92 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 94 

Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth  Century. — Pleasing  Pic- 
tures of  a  Mormon  Village. — Literary  and  Social  Sil- 
houettes.— Jewish  Influence  in  American  Discovery. 
— Recollections  of  English  Country  Life. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 96 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 96 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    .  .    97 


A   YEAR  OF  CONTINENTAL 
LITERATURE. 

ii. 

Resuming  the  survey  begun  in  our  last  is- 
sue of  the  year's  literary  production  upon  the 
European  continent,  we  will  first  turn  to  the 
Commendatore  Bonghi's  report  of  Italian  let- 
ters. The  death  of  Adolfo  Bartoli,  the  liter- 
ary historian,  appears  to  have  been  the  most 
important  event  of  the  year.  He  "  was  largely 
instrumental  in  introducing  a  method  of  crit- 
icism which,  in  more  respects  than  one,  was 
new  to  Italy."  He  found  many  followers  in  his 


work,  and  the  way  is  gradually  being  prepared, 
in  the  author's  view,  "  for  a  full  and  elaborate 
history  of  Italian  literature  conceived  upon  a 
more  comprehensive  scale  than  anything  that 
is  yet  in  existence."  Signer  d'Annunzio's  last 
novel,  "  II  Trionfo  della  Morte,"  is  the  most 
important  work  of  fiction  mentioned.  "  The 
triumph  of  death  in  this  case  is  due  to  a  lover 
who  ends  his  career  by  killing  his  mistress  and 
himself."  Final  judgment  upon  the  work  is 
thus  rendered : 

"  The  whole  book  seems  to  me  false  and  exaggerated, 
and  I  must  confess  that  I  found  the  perusal  of  its  five 
hundred  pages  an  irksome  task.  Nevertheless  there 
are  fine  passages  in  it,  for  Signer  d'Annunzio  possesses 
a  real  talent  for  description,  and  he  occasionally  strikes 
the  note  of  passion  with  a  ring  of  sincerity.  The  mor- 
ality of  the  book  is  anything  but  wholesome;  it  shows 
the  influence  of  Zola  on  every  page." 

Signora  Serao,  who  is  the  favorite  authoress 
with  the  novel-reading  public,  has  published 
two  volumes  of  tales  and  sketches.  In  poetry, 
Signor  Carducci  has  published  nothing,  but 
his  "  evolution  "  has  "  been  made  the  subject 
of  a  discreetly  successful  book  by  a  young  man 
named  Panzini."  We  are  further  told  that 
"  bad  poets,  as  usual,  abound,  although  the 
newspapers  tell  a  different  tale.  But  news- 
papers, whether  political  or  literary,  as  a  rule 
merely  reproduce  in  their  criticisms  the  pub- 
lisher's advertisements,  which  are,  of  course, 
extravagantly  laudatory."  None  of  the  poets 
of  the  year  "  is  quite  equal  to  a  journey  across 
the  Alps,  except  perhaps  Alfredo  Baccelli. 
.  .  .  His  style  is  refined,  his  language  well 
chosen,  and  his  subjects  interesting.  His  book 
is  called  '  Vittime  e  Rebelli,'  and  I  should  be 
inclined  to  rank  it  above  any  other  contribution 
to  the  poetry  of  the  year."  In  history,  the 
writer  calls  for  more  art  and  less  matter,  com- 
plaining that  we  get  nothing  but  documents 
and  special  researches.  "  In  this  department  of 
literature  the  book  of  the  year  was  undoubt- 
edly the  collected  edition  of  the  letters  of  Col- 
uccio  Salutati,  a  celebrated  philologist  and 
statesman  of  the  fourteenth  century,  brought 
out  by  the  historical  Institute."  Finally,  men- 
tion is  made  of  the  newly  organized  Society  of 
French  Studies  in  Italy,  which,  by  encourag- 
ing a  wider  acquaintance  with  French  litera- 
ture, will  make  things  uncomfortable  for  the 
too  obvious  plagiarist  and  imitator. 


80 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


Don  Juan  F.  Riano  gives  much  interest  to 
the  story  of  the  literary  year  in  Spain.  That 
country  is  fortunate  in  the  possession  of  acad- 
emies that  are  willing  "  to  undertake  the  pub- 
lication of  costly  works  not  likely  to  have  a 
large  circulation."  The  Academy  of  History, 
for  example,  has  superintended  the  issue  of 
several  important  works,  and  the  Academia 
Espanola  has  published  "  La  Filologia  Castel- 
lana,"  by  Count  de  la  Vinaza,  and  the  "  Teatro 
Complete  de  Juan  de  la  Encino,"  besides  con- 
tinuing its  monumental  edition  of  Lope  de 
Vega,  and  its  "  Antologia  de  Poetas  Hispano- 
Americanos."  Columbus  and  the  Melilla  af- 
fair have  been  the  most  "  actual "  subjects  of 
historical  writing  during  the  year.  The  most 
important  contribution  to  the  former  is  Senor 
Castelar's  "  Colon,"  while  the  latter  has  called 
forth  many  books  and  pamphlets.  A  work 
upon  "  La  Toma  de  Granada,"  by  Senor  Da- 
valos  y  Lerchundi,  calls  for  the  following  in- 
teresting note : 

"  Ever  since  the  capture  of  Granada  on  the  2d  of 
January,  1492,  the  Royal  Maestranza  has  celebrated 
that  event  by  meeting  in  the  Bibarambla,  and  other 
squares  in  Granada,  for  the  purpose  of  celebrating  a 
mock  tournament,  jousting  and  tilting  with  canas.  On 
the  2d  of  January  last,  which  happened  to  be  the  quar- 
ter-centenary of  the  conquest  of  that  city  as  well  as  that 
of  the  discovery  of  the  New  World,  the  master  riders 
of  Granada  decided  that,  instead  of  holding  the  anti- 
quated tournament,  a  prize  should  be  offered  to  the  best 
composition  in  prose  or  verse  recording  the  taking  of 
Granada.  This  the  above-mentioned  writer  has  accom- 
plished in  a  creditable  manner,  at  the  same  time  giving 
the  names  and  particulars  of  the  titled  nobility,  prelates, 
and  knights  who  appended  their  signatures  to  the  ca- 
pitulation." 

Among  works  of  a  belletristic  character,  men- 
tion is  made  of  "  Margaritas,"  a  volume  of 
poems  by  Senor  Li  meres ;  "  Torquemada  en 
la  Cruz,"  a  novel  by  Senor  Perez  Galdos  ;  and 
"  Origin  del  Pensamiento  "  and  "  El  Maes- 
trante,"  novels  by  Senor  Palacio  Valdes.  Two 
important  dramas,  the  "Mariana"  of  Senor 
Echegaray  and  the  "  Dolores  "  of  Senor  Felin 
y  Codina,  have  been  performed  during  the  year, 
and  have  disputed  for  the  dramatic  prize  of  a 
thousand  dollars. 

"  At  last  the  Academy  by  a  majority  of  votes  de- 
cided in  favour  of  Echegaray,  a  decision  which  the  dis- 
appointed party  resented,  a  somewhat  fierce  polemic  in 
the  newspapers  of  Madrid  being  the  consequence." 

The  author  concludes  with  these  remarks  upon 
the  general  literary  situation  : 

"  The  demand  for  books  is  great  and  constant,  and 
authors  and  publishers  are  making  efforts  to  supply  it, 
no  matter  how:  the  consequence  is  that  all  is  in  con- 
fusion, and  anarchy  prevails  in  every  branch  of  litera- 
ture, some  few  still  holding  tenaciously  to  the  old  school 


with  slight  modifications,  whilst  others  (and  they  are 
unluckily  the  greater  number)  follow  no  school  and 
recognize  no  rule  whatever.  No  wonder  then  if  Zola's 
novels  and  Count  Tolstoy's  lucubrations  are  the  fashion 
of  the  day." 

Professor  S.  O.  Lambros  writes  of  literary 
Greece,  and  tells  as  long  a  story  as  was  to  be 
expected  of  so  small  a  country.  He  begins 
with  a  summary  of  "  Mycena3  and  the  Mycen- 
aean Culture,"  by  Christos  Tsuntas,  the  most 
important  publication  of  the  year.  The  mem- 
oirs of  Spyridon  Pilikas  and  Alexander  Rhan- 
gabe  are  of  much  historical  value.  Kleon 
Rhangabe,  a  son  of  the  diplomatist  just  men- 
tioned, is  the  author  of  "  Poems  of  Sorrow," 
the  most  important  verse  of  the  year.  Fiction 
is  represented  by  "  Our  Athens,"  a  social  novel 
by  Nicolas  Spandonis  ;  "  The  Prime  Minister," 
a  political  romance  by  G.  Vokos  ;  and  volumes 
of  tales  by  Constantine  Passajiannis,  Deme- 
trius Hatzopulos,  and  the  late  Constantine 
Krystallis. 

"  Tobacco  Juliet,"  a  novel  by  Zsigmond 
Justh,  is  the  best  Hungarian  novel  of  the  year, 
according  to  Herr  Leopold  Katscher  : 

"  In  this  book  Justh,  who  is  at  the  head  of  the  more 
distinguished  Hungarian  realists  of  our  day,  presents  a 
picture,  equally  ideal  and  natural,  of  plain,  simple  coun- 
try life.  Truth  is  here  turned  into  fiction  in  a  manner 
strongly  resembling  Tolstoy's,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to 
say  that  the  author  has,  by  this  latest  work  of  his, 
reached  the  front  rank  of  Hungarian  fiction." 

A  long  list  of  other  novels  is  given,  but  their 
authors  are  practically  unknown  outside  of 
Hungary.  The  same  remark  may  be  made  of 
the  poets,  of  whom  Gybzb  Dolmady,  with  his 
patriotic  songs,  Erno  Erodi,  with  his  monody 
on  Kossuth,  and  Jenb  Heltai,  with  his  Kipling- 
like  lyrics,  are  singled  out  for  honorable  men- 
tion. The  following  remarks  are  of  general 
interest : 

"  Of  the  many  lives  of  Kossuth  which  have  appeared 
the  best  is  the  one  written  by  Lajos  Hentaller.  Of 
course,  Jdkai's  jubilee  (his  seventieth  birthday,  which, 
by  the  way,  was  celebrated  in  the  most  enthusiastic 
manner  throughout  the  country)  has  also  called  forth 
various  biographical  publications.  The  first  ten  vol- 
umes of  the  hundred-volume  edition  of  this  master's 
novels  (about  two  thousand  copies  of  which  at  201.  have 
been  subscribed  for)  have  just  been  issued." 

Gebauer's  "  Historical  Grammar  of  the  Bo- 
hemian Language "  is  described  by  Mr.  V. 
Tille  as  "  the  most  important  [Bohemian]  pub- 
lication of  the  past  twelve  months."  The  first 
part  only  has  appeared,  but  others  will  soon 
follow.  Mr.  Tille  gives  most  of  his  attention 
to  belles-lettres,  which 

"  are  from  year  to  year  becoming  more  subject  to  the 
new  ideas  which  have  for  some  time  stirred  all  European 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


81 


literature,  and  are  symptoms  of  a  deep  intellectual  rev- 
olution. Their  influence  is  most  conspicuous  in  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  younger  generation." 

In  poetry,  there  are  volumes  by  Vrchlicky, 
Machar,  Dvorak,  and  others  ;  in  fiction,  many 
interesting  things.  Two  novels  are  thus  char- 
acterized : 

"  V.  Mristfk  strives  to  describe  in  his  novel  '  Santa 
Lucia '  the  struggle  for  existence  and  the  impressions 
of  a  poor  student  in  Prague.  But  the  leading  ideas 
grow  misty,  and  the  want  of  a  skilful  hand,  which  could 
bring  order  into  the  multitude  of  scenes  and  characters, 
is  sorely  felt.  Much  the  same  thing  may  be  said  with 
regard  to  F.  A.  Simacek's  '  Two  Loves.'  Life  amongst 
the  superior  and  inferior  employes  on  country  estates 
and  in  sugar  manufactories  is  minutely  and  ably  de- 
scribed ;  still  the  leading  idea  of  the  whole,  the  new  at- 
tachment of  an  official  who  had  been  engaged  for  many 
years  to  another  girl,  and  the  conflicts  of  his  conscience, 
is  touched  upon  only  in  its  outward  phases,  reminding 
the  reader  of  many  old  similar  romantic  types,  and 
forming  merely  a  frame  for  details  of  life  well  worked 
out." 

The  following  bit  of  information  is  particularly 
welcome : 

"  At  last  a  few  competent  writers  are  beginning  to 
bestow  some  pains  upon  literature  for  children.  A  for- 
eigner can  hardly  conceive  with  what  trash  Bohemian 
children  nsed  to  be  supplied  by  writers,  male  and  fe- 
male, and  how  hopeless  the  search  for  a  good  chil- 
dren's book  was.  Only  quite  lately  an  improvement 
has  been  noticeable,  and  last  year  two  particularly  nice 
books  appeared  —  an  illustrated  Bohemian  history  by 
Dolensky,  under  the  supervision  of  Professor  Rezek, 
of  Prague  University,  and  '  Old  Bohemian  Historical 
Tales,'  by  Jirdsek." 

Two  or  three  noteworthy  historical  works, 
one  play,  one  book  of  poems,  several  novels, 
and  a  considerable  quantity  of  Kosciuszko  lit- 
erature, are  the  leading  features  of  Dr.  Adam 
Belcikowski's  report  of  Polish  letters.  The 
poems  are  by  A.  Asnyk,  "the  most  remarka- 
ble Polish  poet  of  the  day,  at  once  a  finished 
artist  and  a  deep  thinker."  The  play  is  K. 
Zalewski's  "  What  Mean  You  by  It  ?  "  having 
"  for  its  subject  an  ethical  question,  which  the 
author  answers  in  somewhat  pessimistic  fashion, 
viz.,  whether  an  honorable  deed  completed  in 
obedience  to  the  dictates  of  conscience  is  ap- 
preciated by  the  world  or  not."  Of  the  works 
of  fiction  mentioned,  five  seem  to  be  of  excep- 
tional interest.  "  Emancipation,"  by  B.  Prus, 
deals  with  the  "  woman  question."  "  Naphtha," 
by  Maciejowski,  "  describes  with  uncommon 
energy  and  much  spirit  the  life  of  the  great 
contractors  and  the  poor  workmen  in  a  Gali- 
cian  petroleum  bed."  "The  Two  Poles,"  by 
E.  Orzeszko,  is  a  psychological  romance  of  two 
young  people  who  love  one  another,  but  who 
"  separate  because  they  perceive  that  the  dif- 


ference between  their  ideas  and  their  views  of 
the  world  is  so  great  that  they  could  find  no 
happiness  in  living  together."  "  There  Am  I," 
by  A.  Krechowiecki,  is  upon  the  theme  "  that 
an  artist  cannot  attain  to  intellectual  ripeness 
so  long  as  he  has  not  through  suffering  and 
higher  feelings  reached  a  moral  equilibrium." 
Finally,  the  "  Mechesy  "  of  Gawalewicz,  which 
has  made  "  a  great  stir,"  is  thus  described : 

"  The  plot  turns  upon  the  marriage  of  a  young  lady 
belonging  to  the  nobility  with  the  son  of  a  banker  of 
Jewish  extraction.  The  bride  finds  herself  so  strange 
and  uncomfortable  in  her  novel  surroundings  that  she 
separates  from  her  husband,  although  she  sees  and  ac- 
knowledges his  many  merits.  The  dt/serted  husband 
seeks  in  his  turn  to  get  rid  of  the  stamp  of  his  origin 
by  developing  a  great  activity  as  a  patriot." 

The  absence  of  Sienkiewicz  from  the  list  of  the 
year's  novelists  is  conspicuous. 

The  latest  of  the  nations  to  enter  into  the 
literary  comity  of  Europe  shall  be  the  subject 
of  the  last  of  these  summaries.  M.  Paul  Mil- 
youkov  writes  of  Russian  literature  in  the  phil- 
osophical spirit,  and  his  account  is  of  much  in- 
terest, although  few  important  works  are  men- 
tioned. The  most  important,  perhaps,  is  "  The 
Turning  Point,"  by  Boborikin,  a  novel  not  yet 
completed,  which  reflects  the  successive  phases 
of  Russian  thought  during  the  past  half-cen- 
tury. The  great  social  discussion  of  the  pres- 
ent in  Russia  is  between  the  "  peasantists  "  and 
the  "  Marxists." 

"  While  '  peasant  ism '  puts  its  faith  exclusively  in  the 
character  and  <  spirit '  of  the  people,  '  Marxism  '  rests  all 
its  hopes  on  '  institutions  ' ;  while  the  former  is  inclined 
to  regard  the  fundamental  principles  of  national  life  as 
primordial  and  immutable,  the  latter  believes  in  the 
necessity  of  social  evolution;  and,  lastly,  while  the  for- 
mer limits  its  practical  programme  to  social  reforms  by 
the  people,  the  latter  is  ready  to  join  in  the  bourgeois 
demand  for  political  reforms  for  the  people." 

This  discussion  is  voiced  in  many  current  pub- 
lications. Among  the  many  books  named  by 
the  writer,  only  two  others  appear  of  sufficient 
interest  to  be  mentioned  here.  One  is  Alex- 
ander Veselovsky's  study  of  Boccaccio,  and  the 
other  is  Count  Tolstoy's  "  The  Kingdom  of 
God  is  Within  You."  Veselovsky,  we  are  told, 
"  is  at  once  the  greatest  authority  on  the  liter- 
ature of  the  Middle  Ages  and  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  representatives  of  the  comparative  his- 
torical method  in  literature."  Of  Count  Tol- 
stoy's work,  already  put  into  English,  a  sum- 
mary is  given,  ending  with  the  following  sug- 
gestive statement: 

"It  is  scarcely  necessary  on  this  occasion  to  add  that 
the  sphere  of  influence  of  Tolstoy's  ideas  grows  nar- 
rower every  year." 


82 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


ENGLISH  AT  THE   UNIVERSITY 
OF  MICHIGAN* 


For  the  collegiate  year  1894-95,  the  University 
of  Michigan  announces  twenty-one  courses  in  En- 
glish and  rhetoric.  Ten  are  courses  in  literature, 
historical  or  critical ;  five  are  in  linguistics ;  and 
six  are  in  rhetoric  and  composition.  There  is  the 
usual  division  into  courses  which  may  and  courses 
which  must  be  taken  by  those  who  intend  to  grad- 
uate, but  with  us  the  requirements  differ  for  the 
different  degrees.  Candidates  for  the  engineering 
degrees,  and  for  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science 
in  chemistry  or  biology,  are  let  off  with  a  single 
course  in  composition.  Candidates  for  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Letters  must  take  two  courses  in 
composition,  besides  one  in  literature  and  one  in 
linguistics.  All  others  are  required  to  elect  two 
courses  in  composition.  The  work  is  in  charge  of 
four  men  :  a  professor  of  English  and  rhetoric,  who 
is  head  of  the  department ;  a  junior  professor  of 
English,  an  assistant  professor  of  rhetoric,  and  an 
instructor  in  English  composition.  In  addition  to 
this,  the  regular  force,  there  are  two  graduate  stu- 
dents who  devote  a  part  of  their  time  to  teaching 
composition  or  reading  essays. 

The  number  of  students  who  elected  courses  in 
English  the  past  year,  not  allowing  for  names  counted 
twice,  was  1198.  To  this  number  should  perhaps 
be  added  110  applicants  for  work  in  composition 
for  whom  provision  could  not  be  made.  The  dis- 
tribution of  the  elections  was  as  follows :  In  mod- 
ern literature,  225  ;  in  Old  and  Middle  English 
literature,  and  linguistics,  252  ;  in  rhetoric  and  com- 
position, 721. 

In  considering  the  various  courses  in  English,  it 
will  be  convenient  to  follow  the  division  I  have 
used  above  ;  that  is,  into  modern  literature,  Old  and 
Middle  English,  and  linguistics,  rhetoric,  and  com- 
position. The  first  is  the  province  of  Professor 
Demmon,  who  is  head  of  the  department ;  Profes- 
sor Hempl  is  in  charge  of  the  second ;  and  the  bur- 
den of  the  rhetoric  and  composition  work  falls  upon 

*  This  article  is  the  fourteenth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1);  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
( April  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16)  ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1) ;  English  at  the 
University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley 
(July  16) ;  and  English  at  Amherst  College,  by  Professor  John 
F.  Genung  (Aug.  1).— [EDK.  DIAL.] 


the  shoulders  of  the  instructor  (Mr.  Dawson),  the 
two  assistants,  and  myself. 

In  modern  literature,  the  department  offers  a  be- 
ginning course  and  three  seminary  courses,  asso- 
ciating with  the  latter  ancillary  lectures  in  criticism 
and  the  history  of  the  drama.  The  beginning  course, 
in  charge  of  Professor  Hempl,  is  a  general  intro- 
duction to  the  subject.  It  is  a  three-hour  course, 
running  through  one  semester.  In  this,  a  text-book 
is  used  to  furnish  a  historical  outline,  and  very  brief 
quizzes  are  given  upon  it.  Most  of  the  time  in 
class  is  taken  up  by  the  presentation  of  reports  by 
some  half-dozen  members  of  the  class  to  whom  the 
lesson  of  the  day  had  previously  been  assigned  for 
special  study  in  the  University  library.  The  object 
of  these  reports  is  to  bring  the  student  into  direct 
contact  with  the  literature  and  to  familiarize  him 
somewhat  with  critical  methods  and  the  leading 
books  on  the  subject. 

The  seminary  courses  are  conducted  by  Professor 
Demmon,  and  aim  to  give  the  student  an  intimate 
first-hand  acquaintance  with  representative  mas- 
terpieces. To  secure  admission  to  this  advanced 
work  is  somewhat  difficult,  since  at  least  five  pre- 
scribed courses  must  precede,  and  there  is  some  sift- 
ing even  of  those  who  are  technically  qualified. 
Professor  Demmon  offers  a  seminary  in  English 
literature,  another  in  American  literature,  and  a 
Shakespeare  seminary.  The  programme  of  work 
is  as  follows :  At  the  beginning  of  the  semester,  each 
member  of  the  class  is  assigned  a  masterpiece  and 
asked  to  prepare  upon  it  a  comprehensive  biograph- 
ical and  critical  essay.  He  is  also  expected  to  present 
at  some  time  during  the  semester  a  critique  of  an  essay 
by  a  fellow-member.  As  soon  as  his  task  is  assigned, 
he  begins  reading  upon  it  in  the  seminary  rooms  con- 
nected with  the  library,  with  the  assistance  of  refer- 
ences prepared  by  Professor  Demmon.  If  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Shakespeare  course,  he  has  the  oppor- 
tunity of  using  the  McMillan  Shakespeare  collection 
of  3500  volumes.  When  the  work  is  under  way,  each 
section  of  the  seminary  (a  section  containing  about 
twelve  students)  meets  every  week  in  a  two-hour  ses- 
sion. The  first  hour  is  spent  in  listening  to  the  essay 
and  the  critique,  and  the  second  hour  in  an  extempor- 
aneous discussion  of  the  work  in  hand.  Each  mem- 
ber is  called  upon  in  turn,  and  says  what  the  spirit 
moves  him  to  say.  He  makes  report  upon  what  he 
has  read,  or  agrees  or  disagrees  with  the  judgments 
of  the  essayist  or  the  critic,  or  advances  individual 
appreciations  of  the  work.  When  all  opinions  have 
been  aired — and  generally  some  little  fencing  takes 
place  over  nice  points  of  criticism — there  is  usually 
time  for  a  summing-up  of  the  arguments  and  a  dis- 
cussion of  a  special  question  or  two  by  the  conduc- 
tor of  the  seminary.  Both  in  the  selection  of  master- 
pieces and  the  conduct  of  the  classes,  the  aim  is  to 
supply  the  necessities  rather  than  the  luxuries  of 
literature.  For  literary  fads  and  vagaries  there  is 
neither  time  nor  inclination.  The  student  finds  in 
the  seminary  courses  the  best  that  English  and 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


83 


American  literature  have  to  offer.  If  he  goes  no 
further,  he  has  already  travelled  far ;  if  he  con- 
tinues his  studies  after  leaving  the  University,  he 
will  know  at  least  the  chief  landmarks  of  the  coun- 
try he  is  to  traverse. 

With  reference  to  the  work  in  Old  and  Middle 
English,  Professor  Hempl  has  kindly  written  out  for 
me  the  following  statement : 

"  My  work  may  generally  be  designated  as  lin- 
guistic ;  but  some  of  the  undergraduate  courses  are 
necessarily  only  linguistic  in  a  simple  and  practical 
way,  and  consider  also  the  literary  side  of  what  is 
read.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the  two  courses  in 
Middle  English — each  twice  a  week  for  half  a  year, 
the  second  devoted  mostly  to  Chaucer.  There  is 
also  an  elementary  course  in  Old  English,  which, 
as  well  as  the  course  in  Early  Middle  English,  is 
required  of  candidates  for  the  degree  of  B.L. 

"  Advanced  study  of  Old  English  is  provided  for 
in  three  courses,  each  half  a  year:  Old  English 
poetry  twice  a  week ;  phonology  and  morphology, 
three  times  a  week ;  syntax,  twice  a  week. 

"  In  historical  English  Grammar  a  general  sur- 
vey is  made  of  the  subject,  and  the  students  are 
given  some  practice  in  methods  of  investigation  by 
being  required  to  trace  in  English  literature  the  de- 
velopment of  various  idioms,  especially  such  as  are 
often  impugned. 

"  In  alternate  years  a  course  is  offered  in  pres- 
ent-spoken English.  The  students  have  been  set 
to  study  their  own  speech  and  that  of  those  about 
them,  and  have  gathered  numerous  facts  of  interest 
as  to  American  English.  But  the  course  has  been 
more  fruitful  in  opening  their  eyes  to  the  real  state 
of  so-called  '  standard  English,'  and  in  removing 
prejudice  and  establishing  a  more  reasonable  basis 
of  judgment  in  dealing  with  matters  of  speech-usage. 
It  also  appears  that  a  quicker  and  clearer  insight 
into  general  linguistic  facts  and  principles  may  be 
obtained  by  such  a  study  of  one's  native  speech  (pro- 
vided various  forms  and  stages  of  it  be  represented 
by  members  of  the  class)  than  can  be  had  from  a 
study  of  foreign  languages.  Alternating  with  this 
course  from  year  to  year  is  a  course  in  general 
phonetics." 

Of  the  six  courses  which  fall  under  the  division 
"  Rhetoric  and  Composition,"  four,  each  for  one 
semester,  have  for  their  main  object  the  cultivation 
of  good  writing ;  though  one  of  the  four,  known  as 
the  Science  of  Rhetoric,  combines  with  a  large 
amount  of  practice  a  small  amount  of  instruction  in 
theory.  In  addition  to  these,  there  are  two,  one 
for  graduates  and  one  for  undergraduates,  which 
deal  with  rhetoric  in  its  scientific  aspects.  For  the 
required  Freshman  work,  there  is  provided  this  year 
a  two-hour  course  in  paragraph-writing  under  Mr. 
Dawson  and  an  assistant.  As  in  other  large  uni- 
versities, this  part  of  the  work  presents  peculiar 
difficulties.  The  big  classes  are  about  as  hetero- 
geneous as  they  well  can  be,  most  of  the  students 
writing  crudely,  some  execrably,  and  only  a  few  as 


well  as  could  be  wished.  These  differences  call  for 
differences  of  treatment,  yet  it  is  impossible  with 
our  present  teaching  force  to  give  adequate  atten- 
tion to  individuals  or  to  distinguish  grades  of  pro- 
ficiency. The  most  that  can  be  done  is  to  put  in 
a  section  by  themselves  the  Engineering  students, 
whose  performances  in  prose  are  often  at  the  out- 
set of  a  quite  distressing  character. 

The  course  in  paragraph-writing  is  followed  by 
a  two-hour  elective  course  in  theme-writing  under 
Mr.  Dawson ;  and  this  by  a  three-hour  course,  con- 
ducted by  myself.  The  latter  is  required  of  all  ex- 
cept the  engineers  and  candidates  for  the  degree 
of  B.S.  in  chemistry  and  biology.  It  must  be  pre- 
ceded by  a  course  in  psychology  or  logic,  and  hence 
is  usually  taken  in  the  second  semester  of  the  Soph- 
omore year  or  the  first  semester  of  the  Junior  year. 
An  advanced  course  in  composition  completes  the 
list  of  practical  courses.  For  those  who  wish  to  sup- 
plement practice  by  theory,  there  is  a  course  in  the 
principles  of  prose  style,  and  a  graduate  seminary 
course  in  which  the  evolution  of  rhetoric  is  traced 
from  Aristotle  to  the  present  time. 

It  will  appear,  I  hope,  from  this  outline,  that  the 
work  in  composition  is  intended,  first  and  foremost, 
to  be  practical.  The  aim  is  not  to  inspire  students 
to  produce  pure  literature,  if  there  be  any  such 
thing,  or  even  to  help  them  to  acquire  a  beautiful 
style.  If  we  can  get  them  first  to  think  straight- 
forwardly about  subjects  in  which  they  are  genu- 
inely interested,  and  then,  after  such  fashion  as  na- 
ture has  fitted  them  for,  to  express  themselves 
clearly  and  connectedly,  we  have  done  about  all  we 
can  hope  to  do.  Perhaps  the  other  things  will  then 
come  of  themselves.  In  trying  to  accomplish  these 
ends,  I  have  been  accustomed  in  my  own  work  to 
aim  at  three  essentials :  first,  continuity  and  regu- 
larity of  written  exercises  ;  second,  much  writing, 
much  criticism,  and  much  consultation ;  third,  adapt- 
ation of  method  to  the  needs  of  the  individual  stu- 
dent. To  secure  the  first,  the  student  is  made  to 
write  frequently  and  at  regularly  recurring  periods, 
and  is  encouraged  to  write  at  set  hours  regardless 
of  mood  or  inspiration.  The  second  point  I  may 
be  permitted  to  illustrate  by  saying  that  I  have 
read  and  re-read  this  year  something  over  3000 
essays,  most  of  them  written  by  a  class  of  216 
students.  The  third  essential  seems  to  me  the  most 
important  of  the  three.  That  the  instructor  should 
somehow  lay  hold  of  the  student  as  an  individual 
is,  for  successful  composition  work,  simply  indis- 
pensable. This  was  the  secret  of  the  older  method 
of  instruction,  such  as  that  of  Edward  Channing, 
described  by  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Hale  in  "  My  College 
Days": 

"  You  sat  down  in  the  recitation-room,  and  were  called 
man  by  man,  or  boy  by  boy,  in  the  order  in  which  you 
came  into  the  room;  you  therefore  heard  his  criticism 
on  each  of  your  predecessors.  «  Why  do  you  write  with 
blue  ink  on  blue  paper  ?  When  I  was  young,  we  wrote 
with  black  ink  on  white  paper;  now  you  write  with  blue 
ink  on  blue  paper.'  <  Hale,  you  do  not  mean  to  say 


84 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


that  you  think  a  Grub  Street  hack  is  the  superior  of 
John  Milton  ? '  " 

I  think  all  teachers  of  composition  will  feel  that 
Ned  Channing's  method  was  good,  and  will  under- 
stand very  well  how  it  happened  that  Hale  and  his 
seatmates  "  came  out  with  at  least  some  mechanical 
knowledge  of  the  mechanical  method  of  handling 
the  English  language."  But  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  in  the  larger  universities  the  day  of  small 
and  cosy  classes  is  long  past.  Now  the  hungry  gener- 
ations tread  us  down.  We  hardly  learn  the  names 
and  faces  of  our  hundreds  of  students  before  they 
break  ranks  and  go  their  ways,  and  then  we  must 
resume  our  Sisyphaean  labors.  Is  there  no  way  in 
which  we  can  return  to  the  Arcadian  methods  of 
those  early  days  ?  For  my  part,  I  think  there  is 
a  way,  and  a  very  simple  one :  Increase  the  teach- 
ing force  and  the  equipment  to  the  point  where  the 
instructor  can  again  meet  his  students  as  individ- 
uals, and  can  again  have  leisure  for  deliberate  con- 
sultation and  personal  criticism.  As  Professor  Ge- 
nung  has  well  said,  the  teaching  of  composition  is 
properly  laboratory  work.  If  that  is  true,  why 
should  it  not  be  placed  on  the  same  footing  as  other 
laboratory  work  as  regards  manning  and  equip- 
ment ?  I  confess  that  I  now  and  then  cast  envious 
eyes  upon  our  Laboratory  of  Chemistry,  with  its 
ten  instructors  and  its  annual  expenditure  of  ten 
thousand  dollars,  and  try  to  imagine  what  might  be 
done  in  a  rhetorical  laboratory  with  an  equal  force 
and  a  fraction  of  the  expenditure.  Nor  is  the  com- 
parison absurd.  The  amount  of  business  which 
needs  to  be  done  in  order  to  secure  dexterity  in  the 
use  of  language  is  not  less  than  that  which  is  needed 
to  secure  dexterity  in  the  manipulation  of  chemicals. 
The  student  in  composition  needs  as  much  personal 
attention  as  the  student  in  chemistry.  The  teacher 
of  composition,  if  he  is  to  do  his  work  without  loss 
of  time  and  energy,  and  if  he  is  to  secure  the  ben- 
efit which  comes  from  constant  variation  in  meth- 
ods of  instruction,  needs  all  the  mechanical  helps 
which  he  can  devise.  He  needs,  for  example,  con- 
veniences for  the  collection,  the  distribution,  and  the 
preservation  of  the  written  work.  He  needs  a  set 
of  "  Poole's  Index,"  not  in  a  far-off  library,  but  at 
his  elbow.  He  needs  a  card-catalogue,  revised  daily, 
with  thousands  of  subjects  of  current  interest  espe- 
cially adapted  to  the  uses  of  his  class.  He  needs  a 
mimeograph  and  a  typewriter ;  possibly  he  needs  a 
compositor  and  a  printing-press.  Above  all  (and  I 
do  not  mean  to  include  these  among  the  mechan- 
ical aids)  he  needs,  not  one  or  two,  but  a  score,  of 
bright,  active,  enthusiastic  young  assistants  to  share 
his  arduous  labors  with  him..  Under  these  Utopian 
conditions — perhaps  not  wholly  Utopian  after  all— 
the  teacher  of  composition  could  no  longer  pose  as  a 
martyr,  and  so  might  miss  the  sympathy  he  has 
been  so  long  accustomed  to ;  but  I  believe  that  on 
the  whole  he  would  be  a  happier  man,  and  I  am  cer- 
tain that  in  the  end  he  would  do  a  vast  deal  more 
of  good  in  the  world. 


In  running  over  the  list  of  courses  offered,  it  will 
doubtless  be  noticed  that  the  department  does  not 
announce  many  which  are  exclusively  for  graduate 
students.  This  must  not  be  taken  to  imply,  how- 
ever, that  provision  for  such  students  is  not  made. 
As  a  fact,  there  is  always  a  considerable  body  who 
are  pursuing  advanced  work  in  English.  Many  go 
into  undergraduate  courses  and  there  find  what  is 
suited  to  them.  But  for  a  large  proportion  special 
advanced  courses  are  arranged,  as  they  are  needed, 
after  consultation  with  the  student.  These  are  ob- 
viously too  variable  in  character  to  be  enumerated 

here-  FRED  N.  SCOTT. 

Assistant  Professor  of  Rhetoric  at  the  University  of  Michigan. 


WALTER  PA TER. 

English  prose  could  have  suffered  no  heavier  loss 
than  that  of  Walter  Pater,  who  died  suddenly  at 
Oxford  on  the  thirtieth  of  July.  He  was  born  in 
London  on  the  fourth  of  August,  1839,  and  was 
thus  within  a  few  days  of  completing  his  fifty-fifth 
year.  His  life  was  that  of  the  typical  scholar,  out- 
wardly uneventful.  Educated  at  Canterbury  and 
Oxford,  he  took  his  degree  in  1862,  and  was  elected 
to  a  fellowship  at  Brasenose.  Since  then  he  has 
occupied  various  offices  in  that  college.  His  works 
are  as  follows:  "The  Renaissance"  (1873),  "Ma- 
rius  the  Epicurean  "  (1885), a  Imaginary  Portraits  " 
(1887),  "Appreciations"  (1890),  and  "Plato  and 
Platonism  "  (1893).  A  series  of  articles  on  the 
French  cathedrals,  in  course  of  publication  in  one 
of  the  English  reviews,  will  probably  add  a  sixth 
volume  to  the  definitive  edition  of  his  works.  "Ma- 
rius  the  Epicurean "  was  reviewed  by  the  late  H. 
N.  Powers  in  THE  DIAL  for  August,  1885  ;  "  Im- 
aginary Portraits"  in  September,  1887  ;  "Appre- 
ciations "  by  the  Rev.  C.  A.  L.  Richards  in  June, 
1890  ;  and  "  Plato  and  Platonism  "  by  Professor 
Paul  Shorey  in  April,  1893.  The  five  volumes  of 
Pater's  works  constitute  one  of  the  choicest  treasures 
of  English  prose.  Great  as  is  their  value  considered 
merely  as  so  much  criticism  of  art,  literature,  and 
life,  they  have  a  still  greater  value  as  masterpieces 
of  literary  expression.  It  would  hardly  be  too  much 
to  claim  that  since  the  deaths  of  Matthew  Arnold 
and  Cardinal  Newman,  at  least,  Pater  has  been  the 
greatest  of  English  prose-writers,  just  as  Tennyson 
was  for  so  many  years  the  greatest  of  English  poets. 
"  Marius  the  Epicurean  "  is  a  classic  if  there  ever 
was  one,  and,  what  is  more,  it  bore  so  manifestly 
the  sign  and  seal  of  artistic  excellence  that  it  won 
instant  recognition  as  a  classic  from  all  competent 
critics.  The  four  "  Imaginary  Portraits  "  of  the 
volume  that  soon  followed  are  akin  to  "  Marius  " 
in  their  method  and  aim.  In  the  two  volumes  of 
essays,  art  and  literature  receive  attention  about 
equally,  and  both  of  these  great  subjects  are  han- 
dled with  equal  mastery.  The  grace,  the  insight, 
the  subtle  discrimination,  and  the  delicate  art  dis- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


85 


played  in  these  collections  are  almost  beyond  praise. 
As  for  the  "  Plato  and  Platonism,"  we  cannot  do 
better  than  quote  from  our  own  pages  the  dictum 
of  the  foremost  American  Platonist,  that  "  it  has 
the  rare  distinction  of  being  right  and  just  through- 
out," that  "  it  is  the  first  true  and  correctly  pro- 
portioned presentation  of  Platonism  that  has  been 
given  to  the  general  reader." 


FRANCIS  H.   UNDERWOOD. 

Francis  H.  Underwood,  born  in  Enfield,  Mass., 
on  the  twelfth  of  January,  1825,  died  at  Leith, 
Scotland,  on  the  seventh  of  August.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  Amherst,  taught  school  for  a  while,  and 
then  practised  law.  He  became  literary  adviser  for 
the  house  of  Phillips  and  Sampson,  and  was  one  of 
the  founders  of  "  The  Atlantic  Monthly,"  being  as- 
sociated with  Lowell  in  its  editorship.  From  1859 
to  1870  he  served  as  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court 
at  Boston.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Boston 
school  board  for  thirteen  years.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  St.  Botolph's  and  Papyrus  Clubs. 
Since  1885  he  has  lived  in  Europe,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  year  1892-93.  He  succeeded  Mr. 
Harte  at  Glasgow  as  United  States  Consul,  and  was 
appointed  to  a  similar  post  at  Edinburgh  (Leith) 
only  last  year.  He  wrote  biographies  of  Long- 
fellow, Whittier,  and  Lowell,  and  expected  to  com- 
plete this  quartette  of  famous  New  Englanders  by 
a  biography  of  Dr.  Holmes.  These  biographies  are 
reminiscential  rather  than  critical,  and  in  this  char- 
acter are  of  great  value.  His  latest  writings  were 
"The  Poet  and  the  Man  "  (a  second  and  still  more 
intimate  study  of  Lowell),  and  the  first  volume  of 
a  projected  series  on  "  The  Builders  of  American 
Literature."  During  the  period  of  his  Scottish  con- 
sulate, he  lectured  frequently  upon  subjects  con- 
nected with  American  literature,  and  also  contrib- 
uted to  the  English  reviews.  Other  publications 
were  a  "  Handbook  of  English  Literature,"  a  "  Hand- 
book of  American  Literature,"  a  series  of  musical 
stories  called  "  Cloud  Pictures,"  and  a  novel  called 
"  Lord  of  Himself."  His  most  important  book,  pub- 
lished in  1892,  and  reviewed  in  THE  DIAL  for  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1893,  was  "  Quabbin,  the  Story  of  a  Small 
Town,  with  Outlooks  upon  Puritan  Life."  It  would 
be  difficult  to  set  too  high  the  interest  (as  well  as 
the  historical  value)  of  this  picture  of  a  Massachu- 
setts town  early  in  the  century.  We  said  of  it  upon 
its  appearance  :  "  So  careful  and  detailed  an  ex- 
hibit of  a  community,  of  its  outer  and  inner  life, 
has  seldom  been  attempted,  and  never  more  suc- 
cessfully made.  To  the  descendants  of  Pilgrims 
and  Puritans  the  work  is  dedicated,  and  they,  at 
least,  cannot  read  it  without  being  thrilled  to  the 
inmost  fibre  by  its  sympathetic  delineation  of  their 
ancestral  past,  for  New  England  is  Quabbin  very 
much  as  Freiligrath  declared  Germany  to  be  Ham- 
let." 


C  OMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  TEACHING  OF  LITERATURE,  AGAIN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  certain  amount  taken  for  granted  goes  to  the  un- 
derstanding of  any  utterance;  and  in  the  discussion  of 
current  topics  in  public  prints  a  certain  point  of  view, 
once  assumed,  is  usually  understood  and  respected.  Mr. 
W.  H.  Johnson  of  Denison  University,  who  objects  to 
my  distinctions  and  strictures  directed  to  certain  phases 
of  the  current  discussion  in  THE  DIAL  on  the  teaching  of 
literature,  seems  to  me  to  disregard  these  obvious  rules. 

The  question  under  discussion  is  concerned  with  the 
organization  of  the  teaching  of  literature  in  English  in 
the  higher  institutions  of  learning  in  America.  The  dif- 
ficulties suggested  by  me  occur  to  the  mind,  I  think, 
solely  in  considering  this  particular  question.  In  sec- 
ondary institutions,  or  for  the  independent  and  excep- 
tional teacher,  they  obviously  have  little  weight.  Now 
my  intention  was  to  state  the  difficulty  somewhat  para- 
doxically, and  not  without  a  feeling  for  the  lurking  irony 
of  the  logic  of  the  argument.  Mr.  Johnson  writes  ad- 
mirably of  the  essential  inseparableness  of  subject-mat- 
ter and  form  in  matters  of  art,  and  we  all  applaud.  But 
this  is  also  elementary,  while  at  the  same  time  the  gist 
of  the  real  difficulty  resides  precisely  in  this  point.  How 
far,  from  the  psychological  or  pedagogical  point  of  view, 
does  the  teacher  of  literature  need  to  go  in  the  exposi- 
tion of  the  subject-matter  of  his  text  ?  The  extreme 
in  one  way,  the  extreme  of  license,  is  well  exemplified 
in  the  condition  of  things  a  few  years  ago  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Indiana,  as  revealed  by  Professor  Sampson's 
moving  account  in  a  recent  number  of  THE  DIAL.  The 
reaction  from  the  other  extreme  is  voiced  in  the  modern 
appeal  for  the  teaching  of  "  mere  literature  "  again.  It 
is  perhaps  well  to  understand  the  dangers  on  either  side, 
as  it  is  also  well  to  attempt  to  define,  to  really  define, 
what  the  teaching  of  literature  in  English  from  estab- 
lished chairs  actually  comprehends.  Is  it  literary  folk- 
lore and  rudimentary  monuments  of  speech  in  gen- 
eral ?  is  it  the  theory  and  history  of  criticism  and  the 
various  sciences  and  tentative  laws  of  literary  aesthetics  ? 
is  it  the  old-fashioned  literary  history  ?  is  it  psychology 
and  sociology  studied  in  the  documents  which  record  the 
long  imagination  of  the  race  ?  is  it  a  miscellaneous  and 
emotional  "  ethics  "  ?  is  it  solidly  philology  in  the  Ger- 
man sense  ?  What  is  it  ?  After  all,  perhaps  it  would 
not  be  a  bad  thing  frankly  to  retain  in  every  university 
one  professorship  at  least  of  Things  in  General  as  In- 
terpreted in  the  Emotional  and  Imaginative  Records  of 
the  Race.  I  for  one  believe  it  would  not  be  a  bad 
thing,  if  the  right  occupant  for  the  chair  could  always 
be  found.  Only,  of  course,  there  are  other  dangers,  and 
the  thing  should  be  understood. 

The  pupil,  as  pupil,  I  take  it,  has  really  no  concern 
with  these  distinctions.  Mr.  Johnson's  metaphor  from 
explosives  is  pretty,  and  one  enjoys  the  sarcasm  of  it; 
but  has  it  anything  to  do  with  the  case  ? 

If  our  universities  insist  on  specializing  in  every  direc- 
tion, let  it  be  done  orderly  and  with  understanding;  and 
if  there  is  to  be  a  department  of  Omuiana  let  it  be  rec- 
ognized as  such.  But  from  organizers  and  theorists,  at 
one  extreme  or  the  other,  let  us  save  the  real  study  of 
literature,  namely,  the  actual  and  enthusiastic  reading, 
after  whatever  method,  of  the  great  masterpieces,  by  the 
college  student.  FREDERIC  IVES  CARPENTER. 

Chicago,  August  8,  1894. 


86 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


Nefo  Books. 


A  GREAT  PUBLIC  SERVANT.* 

The  editor  of  these  welcome  volumes,  much 
as  he  merits  our  gratitude  for  opening  to  us  so 
much  good  literature,  is  hardly  to  be  ranked 
among  those  who  practice  that  eternal  vigil- 
ance which  is  the  price  of  accuracy.  I  have 
prepared  a  rather  formidable  list  of  misprints, 
wrong  dates,  misquotations,  and  other  editorial 
oversights,  and  my  list  is  not  exhaustive.  There 
is  no  room  for  these  things  here  ;  but  my  notes 
are  at  the  service  of  the  editor  or  the  publisher. 
These  beautiful  volumes  are  uniform  with  the 
edition  of  Lowell's  Letters  recently  issued  by 
the  same  publishers,  beside  which,  both  as  to 
form  and  as  to  contents,  they  are  in  every  way 
worthy  to  find  a  place  on  the  bookshelf. 

There  is  something  impressive  in  the  very 
titles  of  the  several  papers  and  addresses  here 
collected ;  they  inspire  confidence  in  the  Re- 
public by  suggesting  the  moral  foundations 
upon  which  alone  free  institutions  can  rest 
down,  and  by  reminding  us  of  the  worth,  the 
beauty,  the  dignity  of  the  American  character 
at  its  best.  Curtis  is  gone,  and  we  are  sure 
of  him.  While  he  lived  we  seemed  to  discern 
in  him,  through  the  dust  of  party  conflict  and 
the  fog  of  prejudice,  the  outlines  of  a  singu- 
larly high  and  symmetrical  manhood.  Now 
that  the  fog  is  lifted  and  the  dust  laid,  we  per- 
ceive him  to  be  of  loftier  height  and  more  ideal 
proportions  than  we  had  thought.  Himself  the 
eulogist  of  so  many  approved  American  wor- 
thies —  of  Sumner  and  Phillips,  of  Sedgwick 
and  Garfield,  of  Bryant  and  Lowell,  and  of 
Washington,  —  he  can  afford  to  await  the  fu- 
ture eulogist  who  shall  inscribe  his  name  upon 
the  same  "  eternal  bead-roll."  His  fame  as  a 
great  public  character  at  length  is  safe, 

"  Safe  from  the  wolf's  black  jaw,  and  the  dull  ass's  hoof." 

George  William  Curtis  was,  in  the  words 
applied  by  Edmund  Burke  to  his  son,  "  born 
to  be  a  public  creature."  His  training  for  public 
affairs  was,  however,  entirely  different  from  that 
of  most  American  politicians.  For  the  first 
thirty-two  years  of  his  life  his  road  led  him 
through  the  most  flowery  and  inviting  fields  of 
literature.  He  had  ample  time  for  study  and  for 

*  ORATIONS  AND  ADDRESSES  OF  GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS. 
Edited  by  Charles  Eliot  Norton.  In  three  volumes.  Volume 
I.,  On  the  Principles  and  Character  of  American  Institutions 
and  the  Duties  of  American  Citizens,  1856-1891 .  Volume  II., 
Addresses  and  Reports  on  the  Reform  of  the  Civil  Service  of 
the  United  States.  Volume  III.,  Historical  and  Memorial 
Addresses.  New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers. 


wide  and  select  reading ;  he  enjoyed  opportu- 
nities unequalled,  at  least  in  America,  for  inti- 
macy with  literary  people ;  and  he  knew  how 
to  profit  by  the  advantages  of  leisurely  travel. 
He  received  also  a  somewhat  careful  business 
training.  He  became  known  as  the  author  of 
some  dainty,  almost  euphuistic,  novels,  notes 
of  travel,  and  satirical  sketches  of  society.  In 
all  this  there  was  no  prophecy  of  the  future 
politician  and  reformer. 

In  1853  Mr.  Curtis  associated  himself  with 
C.  F.  Briggs  and  Parke  Godwin  in  the  editor- 
ship of  "  Putnam's  Magazine,"  the  most  prom- 
ising literary  periodical  in  America  before  the 
founding  of  "  The  Atlantic  Monthly  ";  and  in 
October,  1853,  he  first  took  his  seat  in  the 
"Easy  Chair"  of  "Harper's  Monthly,"  the 
original  occupant  of  which  was  Donald  G. 
Mitchell.  Curtis  was  preeminently  a  man  of 
poetic  tastes,  artistic  temperament,  and  literary 
aptitudes  ;  and  if  any  man  of  his  times  might 
reasonably  have  devoted  himself  exclusively  to 
a  career  of  letters,  he  was  the  man.  But  those 
were  the  darkest  hours  of  the  conflict  against 
the  extension  of  slavery,  and  Curtis  had  in  him 
something  of  the  strain  of  Milton  and  of  Roger 
Williams.  He  could  not  soar  "  in  the  high 
reason  of  his  fancies,  with  his  garland  and  sing- 
ing-robes about  him,"  so  long  as  that  "•  troubled 
sea  of  noises  and  hoarse  disputes  "  resounded 
in  his  ears.  One  of  the  most  deeply-felt  and 
touching  passages  in  all  Curtis's  orations  is 
that  in  which  he  describes  the  coming  of  Wen- 
dell Phillip's  first  and  only  client,  on  the  mem- 
orable October  afternoon  in  1835. 

"As  the  jail-doors  closed  upon  Garrison  to  save  his 
life,  Garrison  and  his  cause  had  won  their  most  power- 
ful and  renowned  ally.  With  the  setting  of  that  Octo- 
ber sun  vanished  forever  the  career  of  prosperous  ease, 
the  gratification  of  ordinary  ambition,  which  the  genius 
and  the  accomplishment  of  Wendell  Phillips  had  seemed 
to  foretell.  Yes,  the  long-awaited  client  had  come  at 
last.  Scarred,  scorned,  and  forsaken,  that  cowering  and 
friendless  client  was  wronged  and  degraded  humanity. 
The  great  soul  saw  and  understood"  (III.,  277). 

Twenty  years  later  the  same  client  interrupted 
Curtis's  fine  dream  of  a  career  like  that  of  Irv- 
ing. He  also  understood  and  obeyed.  From 
that  moment,  politics — by  which  I  understand 
the  application  of  morality  and  reason  to  public 
affairs — became  the  chief  business  of  his  life. 
He  became  a  public  creature.  In  the  last  of 
his  memorial  addresses,  that  upon  Lowell,  he 
applauds  the  fine  insight  of  his  old  friend,  C. 
F.  Briggs,  in  remarking  "  that  Lowell  was  nat- 
urally a  politician,  and  a  politician  like  Milton 
—  a  man,  that  is  to  say,  with  an  instinctive 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


87 


grasp  of  the  higher  politics,  of  the  duties  and 
relations  of  the  citizen  to  his  country,  and  of 
those  moral  principles  which  are  as  essential 
to  the  welfare  of  states  as  oxygen  to  the  breath 
of  human  life  "  (III.,  374).  It  can  hardly  be 
disputed  that  Briggs  would  have  shown  still 
finer  insight  in  saying  this  of  Curtis.  For  while 
the  remark  is  eminently  true  of  Lowell  as  a 
thinker  and  as  a  writer,  he  was  of  too  impa- 
tient a  temper  to  illustrate  the  duties  of  the 
citizen  in  his  daily  life,  as  did  Curtis.  In  say- 
ing this  I  would  not  be  understood  as  dispar- 
aging Lowell,  whose  political  service  was  equal 
to  his  great  political  sagacity.  But  Curtis's 
sense  of  his  own  political  duty  prompted  him 
to  carry  the  knowledge  of  the  higher  politics 
into  that  lower  politics  which  is  called  "  prac- 
tical." He  became  a  political  editor ;  he  at- 
tended the  primary  ;  he  was  regularly  a  dele- 
gate to  political  conventions,  state  and  national ; 
he  was  for  many  years  Chairman  of  the  Repub- 
lican Committee  of  his  county ;  he  accepted 
the  labors  of  the  chairmanship  of  the  first 
Civil  Service  Commission,  in  which  capacity 
he  determined  the  lines  along  which  that  re- 
form has  since  proceeded ;  and  he  was,  from 
its  inception  in  1881  until  his  death  in  1892, 
the  laborious  President  of  the  National  Civil- 
Service  Reform  League.  This  may  faintly 
suggest  the  enormous  scope  of  his  self-sacrific- 
ing political  services.  His  public  spirit  led 
him  to  accept  other  offices,  —  none  of  them,  I 
think,  offices  of  emolument,  all  of  them  offices 
of  trust  and  honor, — such  as  that  of  Regent  of 
the  University  of  the  State  of  New  York,  which 
he  held  for  many  years ;  and  that  of  President 
of  the  Metropolitan  Museum.  All  these  mul- 
tifarious duties  he  performed  with  pains  and 
punctuality.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add 
that  he  was  never  in  the  ordinary  sense  either 
an  office-seeker  or  an  office-holder. 

The  contents  of  these  three  volumes  group 
themselves  readily  into  several  great  classes, 
which  indicate  the  chief  preoccupations  of  the 
author's  mind.  The  first  class  consists  of  those 
addresses  delivered  before,  during,  and  after 
the  war,  the  object  of  which  was  the  awaken- 
ing of  the  conscience  of  the  nation  touching  the 
monstrous  injustice  of  slavery,  and,  later,  the 
assurance  of  fair  treatment,  civilly  and  educa- 
tionally, to  the  freedman.  The  second  class  is 
made  up  of  the  addresses  advocating  woman 
suffrage,  and  defending  the  right  of  women  to 
the  same  education  as  men.  The  third  class 
is  well  characterized  by  the  title  of  one  of  the 
addresses  :  "  The  Spirit  and  Influence  of  the 


Higher  Education."  The  fourth  class  com- 
prises all  the  reports  and  addresses  relating  to 
the  Reform  of  the  Civil  Service.  The  fifth 
class  consists  of  the  historical  and  memorial 
addresses.  The  first  three  classes  of  addresses 
are  contained  in  Volume  I.,  the  fourth  fills  Vol- 
ume II.,  and  the  fifth  Volume  III.  The  ora- 
tions upon  Sumner  and  Phillips,  in  the  last 
volume,  should  be  read  in  connection  with  the 
first  six  addresses  of  Volume  I. 

The  first  address  in  Volume  I.  is  Curtis's 
answer  to  the  appeal  which  the  client  of  Wen- 
dell Phillips  had  made  in  turn  to  him.  It  is 
an  oration  before  the  literary  societies  of  Wes- 
leyan  University,  delivered  in  August,  1856, 
in  the  heat  of  the  great  Presidential  campaign 
and  of  the  struggle  for  the  rescue  of  bleeding 
Kansas,  and  only  ten  weeks  after  the  dastardly 
assault  upon  Sumner.  In  that  hour  there  could 
be  but  one  subject  for  Curtis :  "The  Duty  of  the 
American  Scholar  to  Politics  and  the  Times." 
How  severe  the  inward  struggle  had  been  be- 
tween the  promptings  of  genius  and  the  claims 
of  duty,  we  do  not  yet  know, —  probably  we 
shall  never  know.  But  this  oration  shows  de- 
cisively that  genius  had  wheeled  into  line  with 
duty.  Speaking  as  a  young  man  to  young  men, 
as  a  scholar  to  scholars,  he  throws  all  the  noble 
ardor  of  his  nature  into  this  powerful  appeal, 
and  compels  them  to  face  squarely  the  grave 
question  of  the  hour,  rehearses  the  shameful 
history  of  American  slavery,  points  out  the 
momentous  issues  of  the  present  struggle,  and 
calls  upon  generous  youth  to  obey  the  call  of 
duty  in  the  spirit  of  John  Milton  and  Joseph 
Warren. 

"  Gentlemen,  the  scholar  is  the  representative  of 
thought  among  men,  and  his  duty  to  society  is  the  ef- 
fort to  introduce  thought  and  the  sense  of  justice  into 
human  affairs.  He  was  not  made  a  scholar  to  satisfy 
the  newspapers  or  the  parish  beadles,  but  to  serve  God 
and  man.  While  other  men  pursue  what  is  expedient 
and  watch  with  alarm  the  flickering  of  the  funds,  he  is 
to  pursue  the  truth  and  watch  the  eternal  law  of  jus- 
tice "  (I.,  14). 

Reprinted  in  the  "  Weekly  Tribune,"  this  speech 
went  to  every  farm-house  in  the  Northland,  and 
it  had  further  circulation  as  a  pamphlet.  Later 
orations  of  Curtis  are  chaster  in  style,  more 
classic  in  form,  riper  in  political  wisdom,  more 
quotable,  more  what  you  will ;  but  none  prob- 
ably was  more  effective  in  its  time,  none  more 
historically  noteworthy.  Mr.  Norton  does  not 
go  beyond  the  mark  in  saying :  "  It  helped  to 
define  the  political  ideals,  and  to  confirm  the 
political  principles,  of  the  educated  youth  of 
the  land"  (I.,  2). 


88 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


The  next  oration,  entitled  u  Patriotism,"  was 
delivered  in  the  following  year  at  several  col- 
leges, and  was  likewise  widely  circulated.  Dur- 
ing the  year  which  had  intervened,  Buchanan 
had  become  President  and  the  Dred  Scott  de- 
cision had  been  rendered.  Patriotism,  he  ar- 
gued, is  simply  fidelity  to  the  American  idea 
—  the  sentiment  of  human  liberty.  In  reply 
to  the  specious  charge  that  the  harborers  of 
fugitive  slaves  were  law-breakers,  he  had  no 
difficulty  in  showing  that  laws  are  of  two  kinds, 
— "Those  which  concern  us  as  citizens,  and 
those  which  affect  us  as  men."  The  former 
we  obey,  even  when  they  are  unjust,  for  "  in 
themselves  they  have  no  moral  character  or  im- 
portance." The  latter,  when  unjust,  "  God 
and  man  require  of  you  to  disobey."  As  times 
were,  such  words  as  these  were  deeds.  For 
such  words  Sumner  had  been  struck  down  ;  by 
deeds  which  were  the  logical  outcome  of  such 
words,  John  Brown  was  soon  to  become  the 
immortal  Winkelreid  of  the  anti-slavery  cause. 
On  the  very  day  on  which  John  Brown  was 
taken  at  Harper's  Ferry,  Curtis  delivered  at 
Plymouth  Church  his  address  on  "  The  Pres- 
ent Aspect  of  the  Slavery  Question."  Two 
months  later,  when  John  Brown's  soul  had  just 
begun  its  eternal  march,  Curtis  repeated  the 
address  in  Philadelphia.  The  whole  power  of 
the  police  force  of  Philadelphia,  aided  by  the 
armed  friends  of  Curtis,  was  scarcely  sufficient 
to  prevent  him  from  being  mobbed.  As  it  was, 
paving  stones  and  vitriol  were  hurled  through 
the  windows.  Even  in  December,  1860,  after 
the  election  of  Lincoln,  an  engagement  with 
Curtis  to  deliver  a  lecture  on  Thackeray  in 
Philadelphia  had  to  be  cancelled,  on  account 
of  fear  of  mob  violence.  Such  was  the  temper 
of  the  people  of  the  City  of  Brotherly  Love  at 
the  very  time  of  the  investment  of  Fort  Sum- 
ter !  Small  wonder  that  the  Slave  Power  was 
arrogantly  confident. 

During  those  years  the  constant  habit  of  pub- 
lic speaking,  conversance  with  public  affairs, 
and  no  doubt  also  the  stress  and  excitement  of 
those  trying  times,  had  rapidly  matured  the 
mind  and  strengthened  the  style  of  Curtis.  His 
logic  becomes  more  cogent,  his  tone  more  states- 
manlike, his  phrase  more  trenchant.  There  are 
terse,  curt  dicta  that  remind  one  of  Burke : 
"  A  wrong  does  not  become  a  right  by  being 
vested  "  (I.,  85).  There  is  something  of  Burke, 
too,  in  comparisons  like  the  following :  "In 
great  emergencies  men  always  rise  to  cardinal 
principles,  as,  in  sailing  out  of  sight  of  land, 
the  mariner  looks  up  and  steers  by  the  sun  and 


stars"  (I.,  103).  But  he  takes  care  to  make 
no  sacrifice  of  matter  for  decorative  effect.  The 
soft  light  of  his  poetic  genius,  which  shines  in 
the  memorial  addresses,  is  converted,  in  the 
argumentative  ones,  into  a  lantern  to  light  the 
road.  No  man  is  happier  in  showing  up  the 
specious  arts  by  which  the  people  are  made  to 
believe  a  lie.  His  kindly  eye  is  keen  to  de- 
tect the  weak  points  in  the  enemy's  armor,  and 
his  gentle  hand  is  sure  at  the  rapier-thrust. 
With  what  consummate  art  he  expresses,  as 
early  as  1862,  the  judgment  of  history  upon 
Stephen  A.  Douglas :  "  The  parties  were  in 
earnest.  Yet  he  could  not  be  in  earnest,  for 
he  was  only  playing  for  the  presidency.  '  "  The 
mills  of  God!  "  —  there  are  no  mills  of  God,' 
he  smiled  and  said ;  and  instantly  he  was  caught 
up  and  politically  ground  to  powder  between 
the  whirring  millstones  of  liberty  and  slavery  " 
(I.,  117).  There  is  a  shrewd  characterization 
thrown  off  with  the  quiet  elegance  native  to  the 
author  of  the  "  Easy  Chair." 

It  would  be  easy  to  multiply  indefinitely  these 
illustrations,  as  it  would  be  delightful  to  follow 
him  through  all  the  addresses  of  that  time. 
They  are  "  thoughts  that  breathe  and  words 
that  burn."  But  to  go  into  such  details  would 
be  far  beyond  the  scope  of  this  article.  I  have 
spoken  particularly  of  the  earlier  addresses, 
because  of  their  double  interest  in  illustrating 
the  great  choice  of  Curtis's  life  and  in  recall- 
ing a  heroic  period  of  our  history.  Some  of 
the  later  addresses  are  doubtless  intrinsically 
more  valuable  :  they  are  more  moderate  in  tone, 
chaster  in  style,  solider  in  substance,  fruitier 
in  flavor,  more  weighted  with  experience, —  in 
short,  they  have  the  qualities  that  assure  per- 
manence. 

Of  the  Memorial  Addresses  I  will  not  speak, 
further  than  to  say  that  they  exhibit  the  sure- 
ness  of  touch,  the  intimacy  of  knowledge,  the 
selection  of  matter,  and  selectness  of  phrase, 
which  mark  the  classic.  The  addresses  upon 
Sumner,  Phillips,  Bryant,  and  Lowell  would 
live,  even  were  their  quality  less  fine,  because 
they  are  sketches  of  eminent  men  from  the 
hand  of  an  intimate  friend.  But  they  will  be 
read  for  themselves  and  for  Curtis.  To  Gen- 
eral Sedgwick  he  did  not  stand  so  near.  There 
is  no  evidence  that  they  had  met ;  but  the  ad- 
dress commemorative  of  him,  though  slighter, 
is  of  fascinating  interest.  The  centennial  ora- 
tions upon  Concord  fight  and  Burgoyne's  defeat 
will  continue  to  have  for  Americans  something 
more  than  the  charm  of  Macaulay's  essays  upon 
Clive  and  Frederick.  No  writer  has  given  us 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


more  vivid  and  inspiring  battle-pictures ;  and 
in  Curtis  the  motive  and  end  of  it  all  are  always 
present, — the  human  heart-beat  is  heard  above 
the  roar  of  the  guns,  the  human  hope  shines 
through  the  battle-smoke. 

There  are  two  addresses  which  are  more 
creditable  to  his  courage  in  avowing  and  de- 
fending his  convictions  and  to  his  chivalry  in 
the  advocacy  of  unpopular  causes,  than  to  his 
reputation  as  a  statesmanlike  leader  of  opinion. 
I  refer  to  the  pleas  for  woman  suffrage.  He 
makes  very  plain,  indeed,  the  justice  of  admit- 
ting woman  to  "  the  same  position  with  men 
so  far  as  property  rights  and  remedies  are  con- 
cerned," and  this  necessarily  includes  the  right 
to  vote  upon  local  concerns.  It  is  unfortunate 
for  this  great  and  inevitable  reform  that  so  dis- 
tinguished and  eloquent  an  advocate  should 
have  mixed  it  up  with  a  larger  question,  and 
that  he  should  have  defended  both  with  argu- 
ments that  seem  to  be  borrowed  from  the  wo 
men.  What  the  cause  really  needed  was  a 
man's  logic  and  a  statesman's  moderation  ;  and 
here  Curtis  missed  a  great  opportunity.  To 
begin  with,  he  all  along  assumes,  and  even 
roundly  asserts,  that  the  fact  that  a  thing  is  a 
novelty  is  "  a  presumption  in  its  favor  "  (I., 
182).  That  does  not  remind  one  of  Burke! 
To  compel  women  to  do  military  service  would 
be  a  novelty  ;  but  would  Curtis  have  admitted 
the  presumption  to  be  in  its  favor  ?  Then  he 
constantly  speaks  of  men  and  women  as  sep- 
arate social  classes  ;  indeed,  this  grotesque  use 
of  the  word  class  will  be  found,  I  believe,  to 
carry  nearly  the  whole  weight  of  the  argument. 
This  would  be  delightfully  feminine  if  it  were 
not  so  misleading.  A  sense  of  the  danger  of 
class  legislation  prompted  men  to  restore  the 
ballot  to  the  late  rebel  leaders.  But  the  very 
men  who  performed  this  act  of  justice  refuse 
the  ballot  to  women.  If,  then,  one  class  of 
men  with  the  ballot  is  likely  to  be  unjust  to 
another  class  without  it,  "  how  much  truer  is 
it  that  one  sex  as  a  class  will  be  unjust  to  the 
other."  "  Woman  "  is  some  far-off  object  of 
oppression,  like  the  negro  or  the  Hindoo,  to 
whom  "  man  "  will  be  more  unjust  than  to  his 
political  enemies  or  to  an  alien  race.  But  when 
we  leave  off  speculating  about  the  class  "  wo- 
man "  and  the  class  "  man,"  and  look  at  men 
and  women,  we  perceive  that  in  actual  life  men 
and  women,  outside  of  Amazonia,  are  never 
separate  classes,  but  that  every  social  class  in- 
cludes both  sexes. 

'  The  woman's  cause  is  man's :  they  rise  or  sink 
Together,  dwarf'd  or  godlike,  bond  or  free." 


Had  Curtis  read  his  Burke  to  better  purpose 
he  would  never  have  beclouded  a  political  and 
social  discussion  by  the  introduction  of  meta- 
physical considerations,  concerning  which  Burke 
cried  :  "  I  hate  the  very  sound  of  them  !  "  He 
would  not  have  accused  men,  as  he  does  by 
implication  (I.,  219),  of  constant  audacity, 
tyranny,  and  inhumanity  toward  women,  — 
i.  e.,  toward  their  mothers,  sisters,  sweethearts, 
wives,  and  daughters.  He  would  hardly  have 
imagined  that  he  had  conclusively  refuted  the 
theory  of  the  virtual  representation  of  women, 
by  adverting  to  the  illusory  nature  of  that  the- 
ory in  the  case  of  the  British  Colonies.  Nor 
would  he  have  asserted  in  the  New  York  Con- 
stitutional Convention  that  the  action  of  that 
Convention  in  withholding  the  ballot  from 
women  was  an  injustice  as  monstrous,  an  incon- 
sistency as  gross,  as  would  be  the  disfranchise- 
ment  of  the  county  of  Richmond,  from  which 
Mr.  Curtis  was  a  delegate.  Finally,  he  would 
certainly  have  been  more  guarded  in  assuming, 
as  he  repeatedly  does,  that  the  ballot  is  one  of 
the  natural  political  rights  of  women,  not  see- 
ing that  by  such  an  assumption  he  begs  the 
whole  question.  The  most  ardent  follower  of 
Rousseau  would  scarcely  deny  that  a  natural 
political  right,  if  such  a  thing  there  be,  must  be 
something  good  both  for  the  individual  and  for 
the  community.  I  do  not  say  that  the  partici- 
pation of  shop-girls  in  the  quadrennial  scramble 
for  office,  and  the  voting  of  ballet-dancers  "  in 
blocks  of  five,"  would  not  be  a  good  thing :  I 
merely  point  out  that  Curtis  begs  the  question. 

In  the  discussion  of  this  grave  question  Cur- 
tis loses  his  usual  sense  and  balance.  This  is 
very  likely  not  his  fault ;  there  seems  to  be  a 
certain  fallacious  glamour,  a  something  more 
than  natural,  in  the  atmosphere  of  this  agita- 
tion,— "  airs  from  heaven  or  blasts  from  hell," 
that  bereave  people  of  their  senses,  and  impel 
them  to  indulge  in  "  wild  and  whirling  words." 
Under  the  platform  of  the  woman-suffrage  con- 
vention, as  under  the  platform  at  Elsinore, 
there  lurks  a  ghost  that  cries  "  Swear  !  "  to  him 
who  shrinks  from  complicity  with  the  over- 
strained declarations  of  the  place. 

The  contents  of  the  second  volume,  consist- 
ing entirely  of  addresses  and  reports  on  the  re- 
form of  the  Civil  Service,  are  of  a  far  more 
serious  and  statesmanlike  character.  This  vol- 
ume is  at  present  most  timely.  One  hazards 
little  in  asserting  that  there  is  no  other  book 
comparable  to  it  for  doctrine  and  discipline  in 
right  political  action  at  the  present  time.  In 
the  anti-slavery  addresses  we  are  dealing  with 


90 


[Aug.  16, 


one  who  is  in  the  formative  stage  of  early  man- 
hood. Working  under  the  guidance  of  great 
and  inspiring  leaders,  —  Garrison,  Phillips, 
Sumner,  Lowell,  Beecher, —  he  plants  himself 
impregnably  upon  the  rock  of  fundamental 
morality.  It  was  really  a  simple  question,  as 
questions  of  duty  always  are ;  he  clearly  saw 
the  solution  ;  and  he  could  bring  to  bear  upon 
his  hearers  all  his  mental  equipment,  all  his 
spiritual  elevation,  all  the  force  of  ardent  con- 
viction. In  the  woman-suffrage  addresses  he 
is  doing  what  he  believes  to  be  his  duty  ;  he  is 
honestly  taking  his  oath  in  obedience  to  the 
mandate  of  the  ghost.  In  the  commemorative 
addresses  he  is  more  purely  reminiscential,  de- 
scriptive, and  decorative.  He  is  following  his 
genius  in  pronouncing  the  fitting  word  upon 
a  great  public  occasion,  in  recounting  the  life 
and  services  of  some  one  of  the  great  men  he 
had  known,  in  celebrating  the  Puritan  char- 
acter, or,  what  is  almost  equivalent,  in  recall- 
ing the  great  words  and  deeds  of  the  founders 
of  American  liberty.  But  after  the  settlement 
of  the  issues  of  the  Civil  War,  Curtis  finds 
himself  suddenly  confronted  by  a  public  evil 
scarcely  less  insidious  and  gigantic  than  negro 
slavery.  His  old  masters  have  fallen  away  : 
he  himself  is  no  longer  distinctively  a  young 
man ;  he  is  surrounded  by  generous  youth, 
awake  to  the  danger,  eager  for  the  struggle, 
and  needing  only  a  leader.  Almost  from  the 
first  the  chief  advocate  of  Civil-Service  Reform, 
he  lived  to  be  its  chief  agent ;  and,  in  order  to 
be  both,  he  had  to  become  the  political  philos- 
opher of  the  Reform.  It  is  in  the  last  capac- 
ity that  this  volume  presents  him  to  us. 

The  first  of  these  addresses  was  delivered  as 
long  ago  as  1869 ;  the  last,  entitled  "  Party  and 
Patronage,"  was  read  (but  not  by  the  author) 
at  the  meeting  of  the  National  Civil-Service 
Reform  League  in  1892,  only  four  months  be- 
fore his  death.  He  had  been  occupied  with 
the  subject  for  a  quarter  of  a  century.  When 
his  name  first  became  identified  with  the  Re- 
form, it  had  been  advocated  in  Congress  by 
one  member,  Mr.  Jenckes,  and  before  the  pub- 
lic by  two  weekly  papers,  "  The  Nation,"  ed- 
ited by  Mr.  Godkin,  and  "  Harper's  Weekly," 
edited  by  Mr.  Curtis.  "  To  the  general  pub- 
lic it  was  necessary  to  explain  what  the  Civil 
Service  was,  how  it  was  recruited,  what  the 
abuses  were,  and  why  and  how  they  were  to 
be  remedied"  (II.,  173).  Our  politics  had 
reached  a  stage  when,  in  his  own  vigorous 
phrase,  "  Servility  to  party  takes  the  place  of 
individual  independence  of  action  "  (II.,  492). 


Curtis  was  in  every  way  admirably  fitted  for 
the  leadership  that  fell  to  him.  The  breadth 
of  his  historical  reading,  and  especially  his  ac- 
curate studies  in  American  history,  enabled 
him  to  see  the  reform  of  the  enormous  evils  re- 
sulting from  the  spoils  system, — a  system  grow- 
ing out  of  the  unconstitutional  diversion  of 
patronage  from  the  President  to  the  members 
of  Congress, —  to  be  "  but  another  successive 
step  in  the  development  of  liberty  under  law  " 
(II.,  488).  The  great  oratorical  and  persuasive 
powers  of  Curtis, — his  skill  in  winning  the  good- 
will of  his  audience  before  introducing  the  moral 
consideration, — made  him  the  Wendell  Phillips 
of  this  movement.  His  patience,  his  firmness, 
his  humor,  his  urbanity,  his  knowledge  of  pol- 
itics, were  all  brought  into  play.  But  what 
gave  his  advocacy  of  the  cause  most  weight  was 
the  well-known  loftiness  of  his  character.  For 
example,  in  the  address  at  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Washington,  Curtis,  referring  to  the 
air  of  American  patriotism  about  the  hallowed 
spot,  says :  "  To  breathe  it,  charged  with  such 
memories,  is  to  be  inspired  with  the  loftiest 
human  purpose,  to  be  strengthened  for  the  no- 
blest endeavor"  (III.,  183).  When  Curtis 
speaks  thus,  those  acquainted  with  his  life  know 
that  this  is  not  mere  sentiment  with  him  ;  but 
that  he  is  himself  fired  with  this  inspiration 
and  energized  with  this  strength.  Like  the 
anti-slavery  movement,  this  reform  is  essen- 
tially a  moral  one,  and  it  was  indispensable 
that  it  should  find  a  leader  without  fear  and 
without  reproach.  Curtis's  chief  effective- 
ness and  value  as  a  public  teacher  are  due  to 
the  high  ground  he  takes,  to  his  magnanim- 
ity to  opponents,  to  the  fairness  of  his  argu- 
ments, to  the  public  confidence  in  his  absolute 
truthfulness,  and  to  the  fact  that  he  never 
makes  appeal  to  the  selfishness  of  men.  Per- 
haps young  Americans  will  owe  more,  in  the 
long  run,  to  his  steady  opposition  to  the  blind, 
partisanship  against  which  Washington  warned 
us,  than  to  any  of  his  specific  public  services. 
Himself  a  party  man,  he  was  strong  enough  to 
make  himself  (to  borrow  his  own  words  con- 
cerning the  true  function  of  the  press)  preem- 
inently "  the  voice  of  the  patriotic  intelligence 
and  public  spirit  which,  even  while  accepting 
a  party  name,  rejects  a  party  collar  "  (I.,  311). 
From  the  year  1880  until  the  year  of  his 
death,  Curtis  prepared  thirteen  addresses  upon 
Civil-Service  Reform,  all  but  the  first  two  of 
which  were  given  as  Presidential  addresses  at 
the  successive  annual  meetings  of  the  National 
Civil-Service  Reform  League.  These,  in  their 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


way,  are  of  unequalled  interest,  embodying  as 
they  do  a  history  of  the  progress  of  the  Re- 
form from  year  to  year,  sober  criticisms  of  the 
conduct  of  presidents  and  public  officials,  and 
a  whole  arsenal  of  arguments  and  illustrations 
making  for  the  reform.  Literary  style  and 
finish  are  here,  of  course,  distinctly  subordin- 
ated to  substance  and  matter ;  and  yet  there 
are  perhaps  no  more  signal  illustrations  than 
some  of  these  addresses  of  the  strength  and 
chastity  of  Curtis's  later  style.  Among  his 
other  titles  to  honorable  remembrance  is  the 
respect  he  always  exhibited  for  the  English 
language.  In  a  time  when  the  relaxation  of 
moral  standards  seemed  to  mirror  itself  in  the 
vulgarity  of  newspaper  diction,  Curtis  kept  his 
tongue,  like  his  heart  and  conduct,  pure  and 
undefiled.  The  example  of  taste  and  high 
breeding  he  sets  in  this  particular  should  not 
be  without  its  influence. 

Curtis  will  have  a  place  in  our  literature  on 
the  one  hand  with  the  elegant  essayists,  on  the 
other  with  those  orators  who  have  been  great 
public  characters.  Kant  is  said  to  have  des- 
pised oratory  as  too  rhetorical,  too  much  af- 
fected by  feeling,  too  much  the  art  of  making 
the  worse  appear  the  better  reason.  But  what 
would  he  have  said  of  the  orator  who  employed 
his  gracious  gift  always  in  the  service  of  jus- 
tice and  humanity ;  who,  in  a  time  of  bitter 
partisanship,  never  flattered  an  unworthy  pre- 
judice ;  and  who  never  flinched,  for  clamor 
and  calumny,  from  championing  an  unpopular 
cause  ?  Such  a  man  has  his  function  no  less 
than  the  philosopher  who  coldly  analyzes  the 
final  principles  of  things.  Such  a  man  has  his 
place  beside  the  statesman  and  the  hero  ;  and 
when  we  enumerate  the  men  who  have  rendered 
eminent  public  service,  the  noble  leader  in  the 
Civil-Service  Reform  will  be  named  along  with 
Alexander  Hamilton,  with  Samuel  Adams,  with 
Wendell  Phillips,  and  with  Charles  Sumner. 
MELVILLE  B.  ANDERSON. 


THE  STRENGTH  AND  WEAKNESS  OF 
SOCIALISM.* 

The  distinctive  feature  of  Dr.  Ely's  new  work 
on  Socialism  lies  in  bringing  together  for  the 
first  time  within  the  same  covers  both  the  fair- 
est and  most  appreciative  treatment  of  the 
strength  of  socialism  and  of  its  weaknesses.  In 
the  emphasis  laid  upon  practicable  and  much- 

*  SOCIALISM.  An  Examination  of  its  Nature,  its  Strength, 
and  its  Weakness  ;  with  Suggestions  for  Social  Reform.  By 
Richard  T.  Ely.  New  York  :  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 


needed  social  reforms,  and  the  discrimination 
between  the  sphere  of  state  and  of  private,  of 
monopolistic  and  of  competitive  business,  this 
work  is  likely  to  prove  the  most  useful  of  all 
works  on  the  subject. 

Professor  Ely  most  clearly  shows  how  he  and 
other  social  reformers  can  stand  side  by  side 
with  the  socialists  in  the  treatment  of  monop- 
olies of  situation,  such  as  gas,  street  and  steam 
railways,  the  electric  light,  telephone  and  tele- 
graph, and  in  factory  legislation  in  its  widest 
meaning,  without  holding  at  all  with  the  social- 
ists as  to  the  desirability  or  practicability  of 
collective  management  of  most  manufacturing 
and  commercial  enterprises.  Never  before  has 
so  strong  a  sympathizer  with  most  of  the  truly 
noble  socialist  ideals  criticised  so  keenly  the 
methods  proposed  for  their  realization  or  the 
over-confidence  in  human  nature  revealed  by 
their  authors.  Recognizing  the  value  of  social- 
ism in  its  arousing  of  the  social  conscience  and 
the  exposure  of  existing  abuses,  Professor  Ely 
admits  that  if  the  present  tendency  to  the  forma- 
tion of  trusts  shall  continue  until  each  industry 
is  monopolized,  then  public  management  may 
have  to  come  ;  but  he  wisely  holds  that  we  can- 
not yet  be  sure  that  the  trust  idea  will  go  so  far. 
A  fuller  treatment  of  this  subject,  however, 
might  well  have  been  given  ;  and  the  classifica- 
tion of  such  industrial  types  as  artificial  mon- 
opolies, instead  of  as  monopolies  of  large  capi- 
tal, which,  so  far  as  they  go,  are  as  natural  as 
any  other,  might  be  criticised. 

Our  author  speaks  of  the  "  hesitation  and 
timidity  "  which  is  apt  to  attend  collective  ac- 
tion, though  elsewhere  he  holds  that  this  is  less 
important  in  monopolies  of  situation  than  the 
advantages  in  such  of  public  operation.  The 
most  serious  objections  to  socialism  he  finds  in 

"  the  tendencies  to  revolutionary  dissatisfaction  which 
it  would  be  likely  to  carry  with  it;  the  difficulties  in 
the  way  of  the  organization  of  several  important  fac- 
tors of  production  under  socialism,  notably  agriculture; 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  determining  any  standard  of 
distributive  justice  that  would  be  generally  acceptable, 
and  at  the  same  time  would  enlist  the  whole-hearted 
services  of  the  most  gifted  and  talented  members  of 
the  community;  and,  finally,  the  danger  that  the  re- 
quirements of  these  persons  engaged  in  higher  pur- 
suits would  be  underestimated,  and  the  importance  of 
those  occupations  which  contribute  most  to  the  advance- 
ment of  civilization  should  fail  to  secure  adequate  ap- 
preciation." 

His  dissent  from  the  tenets  of  socialism  is  also 
shown  in  his  belief  that  the  wastes  which  he 
fully  admits  in  the  true  competitive  field  of  in- 
dustry are  "  counterbalanced  by  the  gains  aris- 
ing from  competition,  such  as  alertness  and  the 


92 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


free  exercise  of  one's  powers  by  active  efforts 
to  meet  wants  as  they  arise." 

Occupying  so  conservative  a  position,  it  is 
noteworthy  how  vigorously  our  author  cham- 
pions social  reforms  in  the  line  of  factory  and 
sanitary  legislation,  public  ownership  of  what 
I  call  monopolies  of  situation,  and  the  recogni- 
tion of  our  duty  to  serve  the  humanity  about 
us  and  our  state  and  city  with  our  wealth  and 
talents.  He  truly  holds  that  the  longer  we 
delay  these  moderate  and  really  conservative 
reforms,  the  farther  will  we  have  to  go  along 
untried  and  uncertain  paths  in  order  to  meet 
the  fast  rising  discontent  of  the  masses. 

A  few  years  ago,  when  the  reviewer  enjoyed 
the  privilege  of  listening  to  Professor  Ely's  first 
courses  of  lectures  in  America,  many,  as  now, 
called  him  a  radical  and  a  socialist ;  but  he 
then  said,  what  this  book  confirms,  that  the 
time  would  come  when,  if  his  suggestions  for 
social  reform  in  the  interest  of  true  conserva- 
tism were  not  heeded,  the  mass  of  men  would 
be  driven  past  him  into  such  radical  views  as 
would  make  his  seem  conservative.  Such  a 
result  has  already  come  ;  for  although  the  au- 
thor now  holds  substantially  the  economic  posi- 
tion he  did  then,  many,  on  reading  the  second 
and  third  parts  of  the  present  noteworthy  book, 
will  be  surprised  to  find  how  conservative  Pro- 
fessor Ely  now  appears,  beside  the  rising  tide 
of  socialistic  thought  about  us.  To  those  who, 
like  the  reviewer,  are  agnostics  as  to  our  remote 
social  future,  but  prefer  steady  and  peaceful 
evolution  toward  a  greater  equality  of  oppor- 
tunity for  all  for  the  development  of  individ- 
uality and  manhood,  rather  than  a  damming  of 
the  current  until  destruction  must  attend  its 
ultimate  and  inevitable  sweep  onward,  the  les- 
sons of  Professor  Ely's  chapters  on  social  re- 
form seem  well  worth  heeding. 

EDWARD  W.  BEMIS. 


A  BRITISH  DIPLOMAT  IN  THE  ORIENT.* 

Sir  Harry  Parkes  was  a  household  name  in 
China  and  Japan,  both  to  foreigners  and  na- 
tives. To  most  Europeans  the  man  was  best 
and  familiarly  known  as  "  Sir  Harry ";  by 
Chinese  he  was  called  "  Pa  Hia-li  "  and  "  Pa 
Tajin  "  —  names  which  might  well  have  been 
as  awe-inspiring  and  perhaps  even  as  terrify- 


*  THE  LIFE  OF  SIB  HARRY  PARKES,  K.C.B.,  sometime  Her 
Majesty's  Minister  to  China  and  Japan.  By  Stanley  Lane- 
Poole,  author  of  "  Life  of  Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe." 
In  two  volumes.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 


ing  as  was  that  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Leon 
among  the  Saracens.  The  story  of  the  life  of 
Sir  Harry  Parkes  has  been  interestingly  told 
by  Stanley  Lane-Poole,  who  treats  of  his  ca- 
reer in  China  and  Siam,  and  Frederick  V. 
Dickins,  who  treats  of  that  in  Japan  and  Ko- 
rea. This  composite  biography  reads  like  a 
novel ;  but  on  disputed  points  of  policy  it  is 
a  work  of  special  pleading,  the  conclusions  of 
which  must  not  be  too  freely  accepted. 

Though  the  schooling  of  Harry  Parkes,  on 
account  of  the  straitened  circumstances  of  the 
family,  was  limited,  "his  education  really 
opened  on  the  decks  of  men-of-war,  in  the 
council-chambers  of  plenipotentiaries,  and  on 
the  field  of  battle,"  where  he  gained  a  wide 
knowledge  of  men  and  of  affairs.  His  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage  of  action  in  the  Orient 
was  in  1842  at  Nanking.  To  this  place  Im- 
perial Commissioners  of  China  "  had  at  last 
condescended  to  come,"  impelled  by  fear  of  a 
British  army  and  men-of-war,  "with  full 
powers  from  the  Son  of  Heaven  to  treat  for 
peace  "  with  those  "  outer  barbarians." 

"  In  the  midst  of  this  pomp  and  pageantry  of  court 
and  war,  a  slim  fair-haired  boy  with  eager  young  face 
and  vivid  blue  eyes  was  formally  presented  to  the  Im- 
perial Commissioners.  It  was  thus  that  Harry  Parkes 
at  the  age  of  fourteen  took  his  place  in  a  great  histor- 
ical scene.  From  this  day  for  more  than  forty  years 
there  were  few  events  in  the  history  of  British  rela- 
tions with  the  Far  East  in  which  he  did  not  play  a  con- 
spicuous part ;  till  the  lad  who  carried  '  chops  '  and  dis- 
patches for  Sir  Henry  Pottinger  at  Nanking  in  1842 
ended  his  busy  and  eventful  life  in  1885,  in  the  high  sta- 
tion of  Her  Majesty's  Minister  to  the  Court  of  Peking." 

As  Interpreter  at  Amoy,  Foochow,  Shanghai, 
and  Canton,  Parkes  showed  "  ability,  tact,  and 
ready  fluency  in  the  language."  He  early  be- 
came convinced  that  "  all  mandarins  are  like 
eels,"  and  that  the  only  way  of  dealing  with 
these  delusive  officials  was  by  means  of  "  firm 
persistence."  In  1855,  as  Secretary  to  Sir  John 
Bowring,  who  was  sent  to  Bangkok  to  nego- 
tiate a  treaty  with  the  King  of  Siam,  he  was 
entrusted  with  the  duty  of  carrying  home  the 
documents  for  the  Queen's  ratification.  When 
he  returned  to  China,  he  was  made  Acting 
Consul  at  Canton  ;  and  afterwards,  when  that 
city  was  captured  by  the  British,  he,  facile 
princeps  of  a  commission  of  three,  was  "•  prac- 
tically Governor"  of  the  place.  In  1860,  as 
an  interpreter  for  Lord  Elgin,  he  accompanied 
that  commander  on  the  march  to  Peking.  In 
this  duty — whether  in  dealing  with  the  Chinese 
coolies,  or  in  capturing  "almost  single-handed  " 
the  Peh-tang  fort,  or  in  negotiating  with  the 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


93 


wily  and  slippery  officials, —  he  displayed  his 
characteristic  energy,  courage,  and  cleverness. 
But  even  Harry  Parkes  was  once  duped  by 
horrible  treachery.  In  a  pretended  negotiation 
for  peace,  he  and  a  few  companions,  though 
under  the  protection  of  a  flag  of  truce,  were 
seized  and  conducted  in  triumph  to  Peking. 
Cruel  treatment  in  prison  for  twenty-one  days 
seemed  only  the  prelude  of  certain  death.  The 
order  for  their  execution  was  actually  issued  by 
the  Chinese  Emperor ;  but  a  friendly  manda- 
rin "  succeeded  in  getting  the  captives  out  of 
Peking  by  order  of  the  Prince  of  Kung  [Peace 
Commissioner]  barely  a  quarter  of  an  hour 
before  the  Emperor's  messenger  arrived."  Six- 
teen days  after  the  release,  a  British  Embassy 
for  the  first  time  took  up  its  quarters  in  the 
city  of  Peking. 

In  1862  Parkes  attained  the  unique  distinc- 
tion of  being  made  a  K.C.B.  at  the  early  age 
of  thirty-four ;  and  in  1865  he  was  appointed 
Minister  to  Japan.  His  career  in  Japan  ex- 
tended over  eighteen  years  (1865-1883),  and 
covered  the  "  Eestoration,"  or  "  Eevolution," 
of  1868,  with  its  subsequent  marvellous  trans- 
formations in  social  and  political  affairs.  One 
writer  has  said  that  "  the  history  of  Sir  Harry's 
career  in  Japan  was  the  history  of  Japan." 
His  policy  in  this  country,  as  well  as  in  China, 
has  been  the  cause  of  much  criticism,  both  fav- 
orable and  unfavorable,  which,  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, has  been  tinged  by  national  predilections 
and  rivalries.  His  biographer  speaks  of  the 
Yedo  Court  as  "  terrorized  by  the  American 
envoy,  Townsend  Harris,  into  compliance  with 
his  demands,"  and  adds  :  "  It  is  not  too  much 
to  say  that  to  Harris's  ill-advised  and  selfish 
policy  were  due  many  of  the  troubles  that  at- 
tended the  emergence  of  Japan  from  her  long 
isolation."  Americans,  on  the  other  hand,  de- 
fending with  spirit  their  own  representatives, 
have  been  unsparing  in  their  denunciations  of 
the  "  British,  brutish,"  domineering  policy  self- 
ishly employed  against  Japan,  China,  and  other 
Asiatic  nations.  An  Englishman,  Professor 
Basil  Hall  Chamberlain,  writes  : 

"  Sir  Harry  was  always  a  stanch  supporter  of  his 
country's  commercial  interests,  and  a  believer  in  the 
'  gun-boat  policy '  of  his  master,  Lord  Palmerston.  His 
outspoken  threats  and  occasional  fits  of  passion  earned 
for  him  the  dread  and  dislike  of  the  Japanese  during 
his  sojourn  in  Japan.  But  no  sooner  had  he  quitted 
Tokyo  than  they  began  to  acknowledge  that  his  high- 
handed policy  had  been  founded  in  reason." 

A  high  Japanese  official  once  remarked  :  "  Sir 
Harry  Parkes  was  the  only  foreigner  in  Japan 
whom  we  could  not  twist  round  our  little  finger." 


And  the  Rev.  William  Elliot  Griffis,  D.D.,  in 
"  The  Mikado's  Empire,"  gives  this  apprecia- 
tive American  judgment : 

"  It  was  the  English  Minister,  Sir  Harry  Parkes,  who 
first  risked  his  life  to  find  the  truth;  stripped  the  Sho- 
gun  of  his  fictitious  title  of  '  Majesty ' ;  asked  for  at 
home,  obtained,  and  presented  credentials  to  the  Mi- 
kado, the  Sovereign  of  Japan;  recognized  the  new  Na- 
tional Government,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of  true 
diplomacy  in  Japan." 

But  it  is  at  least  certain  that,  however  much 
Sir  Harry  may  have  accomplished  in  obtaining 
the  imperial  signature  to  the  treaties,  and  in 
assisting  indirectly  and  recognizing  the  unifi- 
cation of  the  government,  he  and  subsequent 
British  Ministers  to  Japan  have  doggedly  pre- 
vented the  revision  of  those  same  treaties, 
which  still  hold  Japan,  in  spite  of  her  forty 
years  of  wonderful  progress,  in  an  unreasona- 
ble thraldom. 

In  1883  "the  great  British  Minister  in  Ja- 
pan "  received  promotion  to  the  position  of 
Minister  to  China,  and  returned  to  the  scene 
of  his  early  achievements.  In  Peking,  into 
which  he  had  once  been  carried  prisoner  in  a 
cart,  and  where  he  had  languished  in  the  com- 
mon jail,  he  was  received  with  honor  at  the 
Imperial  Court.  The  principal  event  of  his 
term  in  this  office  was  the  negotiation  of  a 
treaty  with  Korea,  to  which  country  also  he 
became  Minister.  The  new  positions  entailed 
unceasing  routine  labor,  not  only  for  the  sub- 
ordinates, but  also  for  the  chief,  who,  though 
he  had  often  accused  himself  of  "  indolence  " 
and  "  apathy,"  was  a  hard  worker,  always 
'•'•opera  inter  talia  primus  "  Early  in  1885  a 
fever  seized  him  ;  and  in  April  of  that  year 
death  came,  less  from  fever  than  from  over- 
work, to  the  distinguished  diplomat  whose  en- 
tire service  had  been  in  the  Orient.  He  has 
since  been  honored  with  a  marble  bust  in  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  and  in  Shanghai 
with  a  marble  statue,  "  the  first  public  statue 
in  the  metropolis  of  European  China." 

Apart  from  the  biographical  interest,  the 
great  value  of  these  two  volumes,  and  espe- 
cially of  that  part  relating  to  Japan,  is  in  the 
search-lights  thrown  upon  contemporaneous  his- 
tory in  the  Orient.  In  fact,  the  private  cor- 
respondence of  Sir  Harry  during  his  life  in 
Japan  was  so  scanty  that  Mr.  Dickins  was 
compelled  to  be  less  biographical  than  histor- 
ical, and  to  give  the  results  of  his  own  obser- 
vations and  studies.  We  may  not  yet  be  ready 
to  accept  all  his  inferences  ;  but  we  are  forced, 
by  the  vigor  of  his  arguments,  to  give  careful 


94 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


consideration  to  the  disputed  points.  It  rather 
startles  us,  for  instance,  to  read  this  icono- 
clastic statement : 

"  The  so-called  Restoration  of  1868  has  been  com- 
pletely misunderstood  by  most  recent  writers  on  Japan ; 
it  was  no  Restoration,  but  a  Revolution,  that  gave  the 
Mikado  a  power  he  had  never  previously  possessed." 

And,  in  connection  with  the  ante-Revolution 
outbreaks,  or  "  Revolutionary  Preludes,"  as 
Dr.  Murray  aptly  calls  them  in  "  The  Story  of 
Japan,"  Mr.  Dickins  upholds  a  theory  which 
investigation  tends  more  and  more  to  establish  : 
that  "  there  never  was  any  intelligent  opposi- 
tion to  foreign  intercourse  on  the  part  of  the 
Japanese  ";  and  that  the  joi,  or  anti-foreign, 
spirit  of  Satsuma,  Choshiu,  Tosa,  and  even 
Mito,  was  only  a  popular  slogan  with  which  to 
stir  up  the  clans  in  hostility  against  the  Sho- 
gun.  It  is  a  curious  coincidence  that  at  the 
present  time  a  similar  spirit  of  hostility  to  for- 
eigners is  revived  by  the  radical  opposition  to 
the  Government.  Thus  "  history  repeats  it- 
self," even  in  Japan.  And  while  the  present 
seems  a  critical  period  in  the  history  of  that 
country,  and  constitutional  government  and 
representative  institutions  are  there  undergoing 
a  severe  test,  there  is  occasion  not  merely  for 
anxiety,  but  also  for  hope.  As  Mr.  Dickins  has 
well  expressed  it,  "  There  is  a  silent  strength 
underlying  the  sound  and  fury  of  Japanese  pol- 
itics which  will  enable  the  country  to  weather 
much  worse  storms  than  any  that  threaten  it." 
It  may  be  confidently  predicted  that  during 
the  coming  years  Japan  will  continue  in  a  rapid 
course  of  progress,  and  that  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury will  see  yet  more  wonderful  transforma- 
tions and  developments  in  civilization  than 
those  watched  with  great  interest  by  Sir  Harry 
Parkes.  ERNEST  WILSON  CLEMENT. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 


Town  Life  in          The  attempt  of  a  brave  woman  to 
the  fifteenth  carry  on  worthily  any  great  work 

entrusted  to  her  by  her  husband  when 
he  lays  it  down  at  death's  inexorable  summons  can 
hardly  fail  to  command  our  respectful  sympathy 
and  interest.  Still  more  should  this  be  the  case 
when  the  woman  is  the  widow  of  such  a  man  as 
the  late  John  Richard  Green,  and  the  great  work 
is  a  study  of  life  in  the  English  towns  of  the  fif- 
teenth century.  When  the  possibility  of  such  a 
thing  as  American  cities  was  not  so  much  as  dreamt 
of,  and  while  the  English  royalty  and  nobility  were 
exterminating  each  other  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses, 
the  commoners  of  the  English  towns  were  learn- 


ing lessons  of  self-government,  and  engaging  for 
the  sake  of  commercial  and  municipal  liberties  in 
obscure  and  tedious  struggles,  which,  though  hith- 
erto overlooked  by  historians,  are  far  more  impor- 
tant factors  in  the  growth  of  the  nation  than  the 
tragic  fate  of  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster. 
In  the  first  volume  of  "  Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth 
Century"  (Macmillan),  Mrs.  Green  treats  of  the 
industrial  and  commercial  revolutions  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  of  the  townspeople  and  their  com- 
mon life,  and  of  their  struggles  with  the  king,  the 
feudal  lord,  or  the  church,  for  enfranchisement  and 
for  independent  government.  In  her  second  vol- 
ume, the  author  treats  of  subjects  more  abstruse  and 
more  open  to  discussion,  such  as  the  relation  of  in- 
ternal traffic  to  free  trade  and  protection,  the  gen- 
eral organization  of  labor,  the  position  of  the  guild 
towards  the  hired  worker,  the  attitude  of  the  mu- 
nicipality to  the  industrial  system,  and  of  the  cap- 
italist to  the  town  councillor.  Mrs.  Green  thinks 
she  has  found  an  explanation  for  the  position  of  the 
"  communitas  "  side  by  side  with  the  "  cives,"  and 
rejects  the  theory  of  an  early  triumph  and  rapid 
decay  of  democratic  government,  while  she  attrib- 
utes great  importance  to  the  growth  of  the  common 
council.  Even  if  one  does  not  agree  with  the  au- 
thor's conclusions,  or  even  accept  all  of  her  data  as 
unimpeachable,  one  must  acknowledge  that  her  ar- 
duous labors  in  a  comparatively  new  field  have  not 
been  in  vain,  and  that  her  book  will  incite  the  se- 
rious student  of  municipal  history  to  new  efforts  in 
the  search  for  truth.  Perhaps  there  never  was  a 
time  when  it  was  so  important  for  Americans  to 
make  a  thorough  study  of  all  the  problems  of  mu- 
nicipal government  and  of  all  the  various  solutions 
that  have  been  proposed. 

Pleasing  The  perusal  of  Florence  A.  Merriam's 

pictures  of  a  "  My  Summer  in  a  Mormon  Village  " 

Mormon  village.  (Houghton)  leads  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  advantages  of  Utah  as  a  summer  resort 
(and  not  in  a  matrimonial  way  only)  are  yet  unap- 
preciated. Miss  Merriam  assures  us  that  the  cli- 
mate, which  is  that  of  the  dry  elevated  region  be- 
tween the  Rockies  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  known 
as  "  The  Great  Basin,"  is  unsurpassed.  Utah  and 
Arizona,  having  this  basin  climate,  are,  she  thinks, 
the  natural  sanitariums  of  the  continent,  far  excel- 
ling the  Adirondacks,  Florida,  and  California,  in 
elevation,  dry  ness,  and  recuperative  effect.  Cer- 
tainly it  would  be  hard  to  picture  anything  pleas- 
anter  than  Miss  Merriam's  particular  "  Mormon 
village,"  a  typical  one,  it  seems,  belonging  to  a  line 
of  closely  connected  settlements  in  the  valley  be- 
tween the  Wasatch  and  the  Great  Lake.  Hilly 
streets  bordered  with  fragrant  locusts  under  which 
run  mountain  brooks  (in  lieu  of  prosaic  gutters), 
cool  low  stone  houses  set  well  back  in  shrubby  yards, 
vine-clad  piazzas,  delightful  old  overgrown  orchards 
with  their  shady  lanes  and  slow-ripening  fruit,  form 
an  ensemble  charming  to  the  fancy  these  sweltering 
days.  One  is  not  surprised  to  learn  that  "  children 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


95 


were  everywhere,"  and  that  each  house,  the  hum- 
blest, had  its  baby.  One  local  patriarch, —  an  ex- 
bishop  —  boasted  no  less  than  sixty-three  of  these 
little  olive  branches.  The  author  was  gratified  one 
day  by  a  sight  of  this  notable  anti-Malthusian  as  he 
stood  in  the  garden,  gravely  wagging  his  gray  beard 
in  the  shrubbery,  and  looking,  we  should  fancy,  un- 
commonly like  an  elderly  Satyr.  Altogether  Miss 
Merriam's  picture  of  the  Latter-Day  Saints  is  more 
favorable  than  that  usually  drawn  ;  and  she  seems  to 
have  seen  nothing  of  the  woe-begone  men,  listless 
bedraggled  women,  and  squalid  children,  described 
by  most  pilgrims  to  Mormondom.  The  book  is 
brightly  written,  with  plenty  of  local  color  and  char- 
acter sketching,  and  with  some  discussion  of  the 
doctrine  and  present  practice  of  the  "  Saints." 
There  is  a  pretty  frontispiece  illustration. 


Literary 
and  Social 
Silhouettes. 


Mr.  H.  H.  Boyesen's  "  Literary  and 
Social  Silhouettes "  (Harper)  are 
brief  essays,  which,  to  the  number 
of  a  dozen  or  more,  fill  a  most  companionable  pocket 
volume.  The  social  element  of  the  book  is  found 
mainly  in  the  studies  of  German  and  American 
women,  and  the  capital  paper  on  "Philistinism."  Lit- 
erature gets  more  attention  than  society,  however, 
and  is  illustrated  by  such  sketches  as  "  The  Hero 
in  Fiction,"  "America  in  European  Literature," 
and  "  Some  Stray  Notes  on  Alphonse  Daudet."  In 
"  My  Lost  Self "  we  have  an  account  of  the  im- 
pressions of  a  long-exiled  Norwegian  upon  a  visit  to 
his  native  land.  Mr.  Boyesen  records  the  curious 
fact  that  he  found  himself  taken  for  a  foreigner 
by  his  fellow-countrymen,  and  that  his  Norwegian 
had  taken  upon  itself  an  English  accent.  We 
are  bound  to  speak  well  of  the  essay  on  "Amer- 
ican Literary  Criticism,"  for  does  it  not  describe 
THE  DIAL  as  "  distinguished  for  its  broad-minded 
impartiality  and  scholarship  "  ?  The  gentle  satirical 
vein  that  streaks  many  of  these  papers  gives  them 
flavor  and  zest,  even  when  it  verges  upon  cynicism. 
The  author  makes  mild  sport  of  himself  no  less  than 
of  others,  as  appears  in  a  few  sentences  devoted 
to  his  own  novels  :  "  I  marvel,  in  retrospect,  that 
a  humane,  kind-hearted  man  (as  I  believe  I  am) 
could  have  heaped  up  so  much  gratuitous  misery. 
.  .  .  A  fiendish  ingenuity  assisted  me  in  inventing 
distressing  situations,  from  which  there  seemed  no 
issue  possible  except  death  by  frost  or  fire,  or  a  long 
self-imposed  martyrdom  of  sorrow  and  suffering." 


Jewish  influence 
in  American 
discovery. 


There  seems  to  be  no  end  of  the 
changes  to  be  rung  upon  the  theme 
of  Christopher  Columbus.  We  had 
thought  that  the  flood  of  "  Columbian  literature  " 
had  fairly  subsided  at  last ;  but  it  seems  not.  In  a 
compact  volume  of  some  200  pages,  entitled  "  Chris- 
topher Columbus "  (Longmans),  Dr.  M.  Kayser- 
ling  re-tells  the  story  from  a  novel  and  not  uninter- 
esting standpoint.  The  question  of  Jewish  partici- 
pation in  Columbus's  discoveries  has  already  been 
propounded,  but  it  has  never  before  been  fully  dis- 


cussed. It  is  to  this  question,  primarily,  that  Dr. 
Kayserling  devotes  the  present  volume,  basing  his 
narrative  upon  recent  exploration  of  Spanish  ar- 
chives and  libraries.  He  tells  the  story  of  the  serv- 
ices rendered  to  Columbus  by  wealthy  Jews,  sketches 
the  dramatic  history  of  the  Marranos  or  "  secret 
Jews,"  and  makes  it  pretty  clear  throughout  that 
the  race  had  a  good  deal  to  do  with  things  maritime 
in  the  palmy  days  of  the  Spanish  and  the  Portu- 
guese navies.  We  own  that  (despite  the  Phoenicians) 
a  Jewish  sailor  has  hitherto  appeared  to  us  in  the 
light  of  a  roc  or  a  hippogriff — the  rarest  kind  of  a 
rara  avis,  in  fact,  and  almost  contra  naturam. 
Imagination  balks  at  the  notion  of  a  son  of  Abra- 
ham bestriding  a  yard-arm,  or  having  anything 
whatever  to  do  with  a  ship — except,  indeed,  in  the 
way  of  a  bottomry  bond.  But  now  comes  Dr.  Kay- 
serling and  shows  that  with  Columbus's  armada  there 
were  "  several  men  of  Jewish  stock,"  including  the 
fleet-physician ;  and  he  even  offers  some  evidence 
that  the  man  who  first  shouted  "  Land  ho  !  "  (or  its 
Spanish  equivalent)  from  the  deck  of  the  "  Pinta  " 
was  an  "  'Ebrew  Jew."  The  Doctor's  narrative  is 
readable,  and,  in  its  way,  informing;  and  it  is 
smoothly  translated  by  Professor  Charles  Gross  of 
Harvard  College.  The  documents  embodied  in  the 
text  are  printed  in  extenso  in  the  Appendix,  and 
form  an  element  of  considerable  interest. 

Recollections  Mr-  J-  K-  Fowler's  "  Recollections 

of  English  of  Old  Country  Life"  (Longmans) 

country  life.  reminds  one  not  a  little  of  that  cap- 

ital book  "The  Memories'of  Dean  Hole."  The  laugh 
is  not  quite  so  merry  or  the  manner  so  taking  as 
that  of  the  incomparable  Dean  ;  but  the  book  is 
full  of  good  stories  and  curious  odds  and  ends  from 
the  memory  of  a  typical  English  country  gentleman 
— "  one  of  the  olden  time,"  we  fancy.  Of  course 
the  "  sporting  parson  "  figures  pretty  largely  in  Mr. 
Fowler's  jottings.  There  is  a  good  story  of  one 
notable  shoot  of  this  variety — a  rector  in  the  north, 
whose  horsemanship  justly  made  him  the  dulce  de- 
cits  of  his  rough-riding  Yorkshire  parishioners.  "  His 
rectory-house,"  says  the  author,  "  was  on  a  hill  about 
a  mile  distant  from  the  church,  which  was  also  on 
a  hill,  with  a  valley  between  them.  The  rector  often 
rode  to  church,  sometimes  across  country,  putting 
his  horse  up  at  one  of  the  farmers'  stables  near  the 
church,  and  the  parishioners  assembled  in  the  church- 
yard, waiting  for  his  advent,  would  watch  his  pro- 
gress from  the  rectory  with  keen  relish,  expressing 
themselves  enthusiastically  as  one  fence  after  the 
other  was  safely  negotiated.  One  of  them  would 
say,  '  He  's  safely  over  the  single  ';  another,  '  Now 
he 's  at  the  double  ';  '  Yes,  he 's  all  right ';  '  What  '11 
he  do  at  the  rails  ?  "  '  He  's  well  over  ';  —  and  the 
last  thing  he  jumped  was  the  churchyard  wall,  sav- 
ing his  time  by  three  minutes."  Mr.  Fowler  ranges 
at  random  over  topics  social,  political,  sporting,  and 
agricultural,  and  his  book  is  informing  as  well  as 
amusing.  There  are  several  illustrations,  including 
a  portrait. 


96 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  welcome  series  of  pamphlets  issued  by  the  Open 
Court  Publishing  Co.,  and  known  as  the  "  Religion  of 
Science "  library,  appear  bi-monthly.  The  issue  for 
July  is  divided  into  two  "  half-numbers,"  one  of  which 
is  a  new  edition  of  M.  Alfred  Binet's  important  studies 
"  On  Double  Consciousness,"  and  the  other  a  reprint  of 
sundry  articles  from  "  The  Open  Court,"  upon  the  gen- 
eral subject  of  "  The  Nature  of  the  State,"  all  by  Dr. 
Paul  Carus,  the  learned  editor  of  "  The  Open  Court  " 
and  "  The  Monist." 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  touches  nothing  that  he  does  not 
adorn,  and  his  historical  monograph  upon  "  St.  Andrews  " 
(Longmans)  gives  an  unexpected  charm  to  the  dusty  an- 
nals of  the  old  Scotch  university  town.  "  Very  many  per- 
sons yearly  visit  St.  Andrews,"  the  author  observes,  and 
some  of  these,  he  adds,  "  may  care  to  know  more  of 
that  venerable  town  than  can  be  learned  from  assiduous 
application  to  golf."  Mr.  Lang  himself  shows  unex- 
pected and  praiseworthy  restraint  in  putting  next  to 
nothing  about  golf  into  these  pages.  The  town  of  Wal- 
lace and  Bruce  and  the  Black  Douglas  is  certainly  not 
devoid  of  picturesque  and  romantic  interest,  and  Mr. 
Lang's  account,  enforced  by  Mr.  T.  Hodge's  tasteful 
pictures,  is  likely  to  make  the  future  annual  influx  of 
summer  visitors  larger  than  ever. 

Mr.  Herbert  Spencer  has  just  published  "  A  System 
of  Lucid  Shorthand  "  (Apple ton),  devised  fifty  years  ago 
by  his  father,  William  George  Spencer,  and  left  in  man- 
uscript up  to  the  present  time.  The  present  publica- 
tion results,  Mr.  Spencer  tells  us,  "  from  the  conviction, 
long  since  formed  and  still  unshaken,  that  the  Lucid 
Shorthand  ought  to  replace  ordinary  writing."  He 
claims  for  it  great  brevity,  and  greater  legibility  than 
belongs  to  ordinary  longhand.  The  book  is  a  very  thin 
one,  and  the  system  correspondingly  simple.  It  ought 
not  to  take  long  for  anyone  to  master  the  system  suf- 
ficiently to  determine  whether  he  is  likely  to  find  it 
practically  useful. 

"  The  Study  of  the  Biology  of  Ferns  by  the  Collodion 
Method  "  (Macmillan),  by  Mr.  George  F.  Atkinson,  is 
a  text-book  for  advanced  students  of  biology,  beauti- 
fully printed,  and  illustrated  from  original  drawings. 
Mr.  F.  O.  Bowers's  "  Practical  Botany  for  Beginners  " 
(Macmillan)  is  also  a  laboratory  manual  for  students,  de- 
scribing a  variety  of  typical  plant-forms,  and  packed  with 
practical  instructions.  The  "  Introduction  to  Elementary 
Practical  Biology"  (Harper)  of  Mr.  Charles  Wright 
Dodge  is  designed  for  high-school  and  college  students, 
is  a  larger  book  than  either  of  the  preceding,  and  in- 
cludes both  plant  and  animal  types.  We  ought  also  to 
mention  in  this  connection  Mr.  Charles  H.  Clark's  ad- 
mirable treatise  on  "  Practical  Methods  in  Microscopy  " 
(Heath).  The  multiplication  of  such  text-books  as  these 
marks  a  highly  significant  advance  in  our  methods  of 
science  teaching. 

Two  more  volumes  ( making  seven  in  all )  of  the 
"Temple"  Shakespeare  have  been  published  (Mac- 
millan). "  Love's  Labour's  Lost "  has  for  its  frontispiece 
a  pretty  etching  of  Anne  Hathaway's  cottage,  while 
"  Much  Ado  about  Nothing  "  gives  us  a  similar  view  of 
Trinity  Church  at  Stratford.  Mr.  Israel  Gollancz  sup- 
plies the  critical  apparatus,  as  usual,  and  takes  good 
heed  not  to  make  it  in  the  slightest  degree  formidable. 
For  a  play-a- volume  edition,  this  one  comes  very  close 
to  perfection. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  August  12,  1894. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  will  publish  in  about  three 
weeks  "  A  New  and  Complete  Concordance,  or  Verbal 
Index,  to  Words,  Phrases,  and  Passages  in  the  Dra- 
matic Works  of  Shakespeare,  with  a  Supplementary 
Concordance  to  the  Poems,"  by  John  Bartlett,  A.M., 
Fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
It  is  difficult  to  express  the  imposing  character  of  this 
work  in  a  few  words,  more  especially  in  view  of  its  hav- 
ing been  accomplished  by  one  person.  The  Concord- 
ance is  a  large  quarto  volume,  containing  almost  two 
thousand  pages,  closely  though  plainly  set  in  small  type. 
As  an  exhibition  of  patient  industry  and  scholarship  it 
probably  has  not  been  exceeded  in  this  country.  Mr. 
John  Bartlett  is  of  course  known  the  world  over  by  his 
"  Familiar  Quotations,"  of  which  the  ninth  revised  edi- 
tion, representing  many  thousands  of  copies  sold,  was 
published  in  1891.  There  has  been  no  figure  more  fa- 
miliar than  his  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  for  half  a  century. 
He  was  born  in  Plymouth  in  1820,  removing  to  Cam- 
bridge and  entering  the  publishing  business  about  1836. 
He  succeeded  to  the  management  of  his  firm  in  1849, 
and  held  this  position  for  ten  years.  Mr.  Bartlett 
served  in  the  U.  S.  Navy  during  the  Civil  War,  and 
afterwards  became  connected  with  the  firm  of  Messrs. 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co.,  reaching  the  senior  partnership 
in  1878.  He  took  up  his  work  on  the  Concordance 
shortly  after  the  publication  of  the  "  Globe  "  edition  of 
Shakespeare  in  1875,  the  first  cheap  complete  edition 
of  the  dramatist.  He  has  steadily  worked  on  it  during 
most  of  the  daylight  hours  ever  since.  The  appearance 
of  the  revised  edition  of  the  "Globe"  Shakespeare,  still 
published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan,  in  1891,  necessitated 
a  certain  amount  of  additional  work.  This  was  finished, 
and  the  Concordance  is  now  ready  to  be  placed  upon 
the  market.  It  will  be  sold  regularly  through  the  book- 
sellers, these  publishers  not  being  engaged  in  the  sub- 
scription business,  and  not,  I  understand,  believing  in 
that  method  of  sale.  Mr.  Bartlett  says  in  his  Introduc- 
tion: "Apart  from  the  merit  of  presenting  the  latest 
and  most  approved  text,  now  the  standard  with  scholars 
and  critics,  the  plan  of  this  Concordance  to  the  Dra- 
matic Works  of  Shakespeare  is  more  comprehensive  than 
that  of  any  which  has  preceded  it,  in  that  it  aims  to 
give  passages  of  some  length  for  the  most  part  inde- 
pendent of  the  context."  The  work,  he  adds,  is  made 
more  nearly  complete  by  the  inclusion  of  select  exam- 
ples of  certain  auxiliary  verbs,  of  various  adjectives  in 
common  use,  and  of  pronouns,  prepositions,  interjections, 
and  conjunctions. 

The  first  volume  of  Mr.  John  Codman  Ropes's  "  Story 
of  the  Civil  War  "  is  now  passing  through  the  Knicker- 
bocker Press,  and  will  be  published  at  the  end  of  Sep- 
tember by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  This  work 
will  deal  less  with  accounts  of  battles  and  sensational 
episodes  generally  than  has  been  the  case  with  some  of 
its  predecessors,  and  will  treat  of  the  conflict  in  a  more 
critical  and  judicial  spirit  than  has  been  usual.  "  The 
Story  of  the  Civil  War  "  has  been  in  preparation  for 
Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons  for  several  years,  and  the  author 
has  supplied  his  publishers  with  a  regularly  printed  vol- 
ume instead  of  the  usual  manuscript,  it  being  his  custom 
to  put  his  work  in  type  and  have  it  printed,  before  hand- 
ing it  over  for  publication,  in  order  that  he  may  see  it 
in  print  and  that  absolute  accuracy  may  be  secured. 

Mr.  Moncure  D.  Con  way  is  making  a  brief  visit  to 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


the  States,  during  the  intermission  of  his  duties  at  the 
South  Place  Chapel,  London.  He  is  passing  a  month  or 
two  on  the  Massachusetts  coast,  and  after  a  brief  rest 
will  complete  his  editorial  labors  on  "  The  Writings  of 
Thomas  Paine,"  the  third  and  fourth  volumes  of  which 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Putnam's  Sons  during  the 
coming  season.  Mr.  Conway  will  continue  his  discourses 
at  South  Place  Chapel  next  winter,  it  now  being  twenty- 
one  years  since  he  first  became  connected  with  the  or- 
ganization which  meets  there. 

That  band  of  young  Arcadians,  the  Rhymers'  Club 
of  London,  to  whom  several  references  have  been  made 
in  this  correspondence,  has  just  published  through  Messrs. 
Elkins  &  Lane,  of  London,  and  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.  of  New  York,  "  The  Second  Book  of  the  Rhymers' 
Club."  I  have  never  seen  the  first  book  of  the  Rhymers' 
Club,  if  such  there  be.  The  present  volume  is  composed 
of  poems  presumably  written  for  the  meetings  of  the 
Club.  They  are  signed  by  Messrs.  Ernest  Dowson,  Ed- 
win J.  Ellis,  G.  A.  Greene,  Arthur  Cecil  Hillier,  Lionel 
Johnson,  Richard  LeGallienne,  Victor  Plarr,  Ernest 
Radford,  Ernest  Rhys,  T.  W.  Rolleston,  Arthur  Sy- 
inons,  John  Todhunter,  and  W.  B.  Yeats,  who  make  up 
this  company  of  troubadors.  The  names  of  Richard 
LeGallienne,  W.  B.  Yeats,  and  Ernest  Rhys,  "  Rhys 
the  Rhymer,"  as  his  friends  playfully  call  him,  are  best 
known  to  American  ears,  but  doubtless  we  shall  know 
more  of  all  of  them  ere  long. 

Mr.  Gilbert  Parker  has  been  contributing  some  inter- 
esting comments  on  life  in  the  United  States  to  the  "  In- 
dependent," of  this  city.  He  will  revisit  this  country 
in  the  fall,  being  now  hard  at  work  on  a  new  novel  at 
his  Harpenden  home.  I  remember  that  we  were  dis- 
cussing present  tendencies  of  fiction  last  winter,  and 
that  I  referred  to  various  expeditions  to  different  parts 
of  the  world  on  the  part  of  novelists  in  search  of  fresh 
material.  The  question  arose  as  to  whether  the  liter- 
ary results  of  these  tours  had  been  commensurate  with 
the  expectations  of  those  who  made  them.  Mr.  Parker 
replied  by  saying  that  if  a  novelist  goes  forth  for  re- 
portorial  purposes  and  writes  immediately  after  he  has 
visited  a  country,  it  seemed  to  him  that  he  would  write 
pretty  largely  as  a  tourist.  Mr.  Parker  believed  that 
a  man  could  not  write  as  well  of  a  thing  when  he  was 
very  close  to  it,  as  when  he  has  obtained  distance  and 
perspective  of  memory.  He  himself  had  travelled  a 
great  deal,  but  he  had  never  kept  a  diary  regularly,  and 
he  always  believed  that  the  things  which  were  really 
worth  remembering  printed  themselves  upon  the  mem- 
ory and  upon  the  eye,  and  that  in  due  time  they  would 
come  up  and  fall  into  their  proper  places  in  one's  work. 
Mr.  Parker  did  think  that  the  most  unfortunate  thing 
for  any  author  to  undertake  is  to  go  "  fiction-stalking." 

Now  that  the  "  Athenaeum "  has  declared  that  the 
last  volume  of  stories  by  our  most  promising  young 
writer  has  the  "  common  defects  in  American  stories  of 
feebleness  in  motive  and  unsatisfactoriuess  in  the  con- 
clusion," it  would  seem  to  be  a  good  time  to  consider  a 
few  of  the  reasons  for  the  overshadowing  of  our  home 
novelists  by  the  rising  school  of  British  romancers,  and 
this  I  shall  try  to  do  in  another  letter. 

ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


A  VOLUME  of  selections  from  Mr.  John  Burroughs, 
edited  by  Miss  M.  E.  Burt,  and  entitled  "Little  Nature 
Studies  for  Little  People,"  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Ginn  &  Co. 


TjITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 

"  The  Religion  of  India,"  by  Professor  Hopkins,  is  in 
the  press  of  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 

Mr.  Marion  Crawford's  "  Saracinesca  "  novels  have 
been  translated  into  German  under  the  title  of  "  Eine 
Romische  Fiirotenfamilie." 

Dr.  E.  E.  Hale  is  reported  as  saying  that  he  once 
gave  throughout  the  West  "a  lecture  on  sleep,  with 
illustrations  by  the  audience." 

The  first  volume  of  M.  Jusserand's  "  Histoire  Litte'r- 
aire  du  Peuple  Anglais  "  has  just  appeared  in  Paris. 
Three  volumes  will  complete  the  work. 

Professor  F.  N.  Scott,  of  Ann  Arbor,  has  prepared  a 
circular  of  questions  upon  disputed  points  of  English 
usage,  which  he  will  send  to  anyone  interested  in  the 
subject  who  will  take  the  trouble  to  answer  the  questions. 

Mr.  George  Meredith's  new  novel,  "Lord  Ormont 
and  his  Aminto,"  will  be  published  in  America  by  the 
Scribners  about  the  middle  of  August.  Another  new 
story  by  Mr.  Meredith,  entitled  "  The  Amazing  Mar- 
riage," will  be  published  serially  in  "  Scribner's  Maga- 
zine," beginning  in  an  early  number. 

Professor  Edward  Dowden  is  preparing  two  volumes 
of  selections  from  Wordsworth  for  the  "  Athenaeum 
Press  "  series.  A  similar  selection  from  Tennyson  will 
be  edited  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Van  Dyke.  Other  vol- 
umes soon  to  appear  in  this  series  are  Carlyle's  "  Sartor 
Resartus,"  edited  by  Professor  McMechan,  and  selections 
from  Herrick,  edited  by  Professor  Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr. 

New  editions  of  standard  authors  seem  likely  to  be 
a  notable  feature  of  the  Fall  book  trade.  Messrs. 
Frederick  Warne  &  Co.  will  have  a  new  edition  of 
Scott's  novels,  the  "  Edinburgh  "  Waverley  in  twelve  and 
twenty-five  volumes  12mo;  of  Shakespeare,  the  "Lans- 
downe  Handy  Volume  "  edition,  in  six  pocket  volumes ; 
and  of  Pope's  Homer,  with  Flaxman's  outline  illustra- 
tions. 

We  have  received  the  first  two  issues,  dated  May  and 
June,  of  a  new  sixteen-page  monthly  entitled  "  Shake- 
speare," and  stated  to  be  "  The  Journal  of  the  Edwin 
Booth  Shakespeare  League."  The  periodical  presents 
an  interesting  Shakespearian  miscellany,  and  these  num- 
bers give  excellent  portraits  of  Mr.  Irving  and  Dr.  Fur- 
ness.  It  is  very  attractively  printed,  and  decidedly  de- 
serving of  success. 

We  have  received  the  first  fourteen  numbers  of  "  Le 
Module,"  a  semi-monthly  publication  of  M.  H.  Laurens, 
6  Rue  de  Tournon,  Paris.  Each  issue  of  this  work  con- 
sists of  four  plates  of  original  designs  or  sketches  suit- 
able for  working  up  by  artists,  professional  or  amateur. 
There  is  a  great  variety  of  subjects,  landscapes,  figure- 
pieces,  monograms,  subjects  for  china-painting,  etc.  The 
only  text  is  that  printed  upon  the  covers. 

Owners  and  collectors  of  book-plates  in  America  will 
be  interested  in  the  announcement  of  an  exhibition  of 
these  plates,  to  be  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Grolier 
Club,  New  York,  October  4-20,  to  which  they  are  in- 
vited to  contribute  specimens.  Particulars  may  be  had 
by  addressing  the  Secretary,  Mr.  Charles  Dexter  Allen, 
P.  O.  Box  925,  Hartford,  Conn.  A  work  on  American 
Book-plates,  by  Mr.  Allen,  with  many  illustrations,  is 
to  be  published  this  fall  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co. 

"  Euphorion  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  "  Zeitschrift  fiir 
Literaturgeschichte,"  published  at  Bamberg.  It  is  in- 
tended to  embrace  the  whole  field  of  literary  research 


THE    DIAL 


[Aug.  16, 


from  the  close  of  the  middle  ages  to  the  present  time, 
and  will  comprise  essays  of  a  general  character,  special 
studies,  important  contributions  in  the  form  of  letters, 
diaries,  archival  documents,  texts,  criticisms,  and  biblio- 
graphical communications.  Although  chiefly  German, 
the  periodical  will  be  somewhat  international  in  char- 
acter, and  will  include  brief  reports  on  American,  En- 
glish, Russian,  Hungarian,  and  other  foreigh  literatures. 

LECONTE  DE  LISLE. 

Mr.  Arthur  Symons  writes  of  the  late  Leconte  de 
Lisle  in  these  terms:  "Never  was  a  poet  more  actually 
or  more  fundamentally  a  scholar;  and  his  poetry  both 
gains  and  loses,  but  certainly  becomes  what  it  is,  through 
this  scholarship,  which  was  not  merely  concerned  with 
Greece  and  Rome,  but  with  the  East  as  well — a  scholar- 
ship not  only  of  texts,  but  of  the  very  spirit  of  antiquity. 
That  tragic  calmness  which  was  his  favorite  attitude 
towards  life  and  fate ;  that  haughty  dissatisfaction  with 
the  ugliness  and  triviality  of  the  present,  the  pettiness 
and  unreason  of  humanity;  that  exclusive  worship  of 
immoral  beauty ;  that  single  longing  after  the  annihilat- 
ing repose  of  Nirvana,  —  was  it  not  the  all-embracing 
pessimism  (if  we  like  to  call  it,  for  convenience,  by 
such  a  name)  which  is  the  wisdom  of  the  East,  modi- 
fied, certainly,  by  a  temperament  which  had  none  of  the 
true  Eastern  serenity  ?  In  spite  of  his  theory  of  im- 
passibility, Leconte  de  Lisle  has  expressed  only  himself, 
whether  through  the  mouth  of  Cain  or  of  Hypatia;  and 
in  the  man,  as  I  just  knew  him,  I  seemed  to  see  all  the 
qualities  of  his  work;  in  the  rigid,  impressive  head,  the 
tenacity  of  the  cold  eyes,  the  ideality  of  the  forehead, 
the  singularly  unsensuous  lips,  a  certain  primness,  even, 
in  the  severity,  the  sarcasm,  of  the  mouth.  Passion  in 
Leconte  de  Lisle  is  only  an  intellectual  passion;  emo- 
tion is  never  less  than  epical ;  the  self  which  he  expresses 
through  so  many  immobile  masks  is  almost  never  a 
realizable  human  being,  who  has  lived  and  loved.  Thus 
it  is,  not  merely  that  all  this  splendid  writing,  so  fine 
as  literature  in  the  abstract,  can  never  touch  the  multi- 
tude, but  that  for  the  critic  of  literature  also  there  is 
a  sense  of  something  lacking.  Never  was  fine  work  in 
verse  so  absolutely  the  negation  of  Milton's  three  re- 
quirements, that  poetry  should  be  simple,  sensuous,  and 
passionate." 

A   PROPHET    OF   UNIVERSITY   EXTENSION. 

We  make  the  following  extract  from  one  of  the  let- 
ters of  Sidney  Lanier  in  the  August  issue  of  "  The  At- 
lantic Monthly."  Among  the  many  "  prophetic  voices  " 
concerning  University  Extension,  we  know  of  none  quite 
so  clear  and  sure  as  this. 

"During  my  studies  for  the  last  six  or  eight  months 
a  thought  which  was  at  first  vague  has  slowly  crystal- 
lized into  a  purpose,  of  quite  decisive  aim.  The  lec- 
tures which  I  was  invited  to  deliver  last  winter  before 
a  private  class  met  with  such  an  enthusiastic  reception 
as  to  set  me  thinking  very  seriously  of  the  evident  de- 
light with  which  grown  people  found  themselves  receiv- 
ing systematic  instruction  in  a  definite  study.  This 
again  put  me  upon  reviewing  the  whole  business  of  Lec- 
turing, which  has  risen  to  such  proportions  in  our  country, 
but  which,  every  one  must  feel,  has  now  reached  its 
climax  and  must  soon  give  way  —  like  all  things  —  to 
something  better.  The  fault  of  the  lecture  system  as 
at  present  conducted — a  fault  which  must  finally  prove 
fatal  to  it  —  is  that  it  is  too  fragmentary,  and  presents 
too  fragmentary  a  mass — indigesta  moles  —  of  facts  be- 
fore the  hearers.  Now  if,  instead  of  such  a  series  as  that 


of  the  popular  Star  Course  (for  instance)  in  Philadelphia, 
a  scheme  of  lectures  should  be  arranged  which  would 
amount  to  the  systematic  presentation  of  a  given  subject, 
then  the  audience  would  receive  a  substantial  benefit, 
and  would  carry  away  some  genuine  possession  at  the 
end  of  the  course.  The  subject  thus  systematically 
presented  might  be  either  scientific  (as  Botany,  for  ex- 
ample, or  Biology  popularized,  and  the  like),  or  domes- 
tic (as  detailed  in  the  accompanying  printed  extract 
under  the  '  Household  '  School),  or  artistic,  or  literary. 

"  This  stage  of  the  investigation  put  me  to  thinking 
of  schools  for  grown  people.  Men  and  women  leave 
college  nowadays  just  at  the  time  when  they  are  really 
prepared  to  study  with  effect.  There  is  indeed  a  vague 
notion  of  this  abroad;  but  it  remains  vague.  Any  in- 
telligent grown  man  or  woman  readily  admits  that  it 
would  be  well  —  indeed,  many  whom  I  have  met  sin- 
cerely desire — to  pursue  some  regular  course  of  thought ; 
but  there  is  no  guidance,  no  organized  means  of  any 
sort,  by  which  people  engaged  in  ordinary  avocations 
can  accomplish  such  an  aim. 

"  Here,  then,  seems  to  be,  first,  a  universal  admission 
of  the  usefulness  of  organized  intellectual  pursuit  for 
business  people;  secondly,  an  underlying  desire  for  it 
by  many  of  the  people  themselves ;  and  thirdly,  an  ex- 
isting institution  (the  lecture  system)  which,  if  the  idea 
were  once  started,  would  quickly  adapt  itself  to  the  new 
conditions. 

"  In  short,  the  present  miscellaneous  lecture  courses 
ought  to  die  and  be  borne  again  as  Schools  for  Grown 
People." 


MRS.  PEARY. 


CMY  ARCTIC 
JOURNAL. 

"  We  do  not  know  which  to  admire  the  most,  Mrs.  Peary's 
delightfully  entertaining  story  or  the  wonderful  pictures  which 
are  reproduced  from  her  camera."  —  Boston  Herald. 
Price    ........    $2.00. 

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1793. 


MAJOR  R.  BINGHAM,  Superintendent. 


1894. 


MISS  GIBBONS'  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS,  New  York  City. 
No.  55  West  47th  st.    Mrs.  SARAH  H.  EMERSON,  Prin- 
cipal.   Will  reopen  October  4.    A  few  boarding  pupils  taken. 

TTODD  SEMINARY  FOR  BOYS,  Woodstock,  III.  An  ideal  home 
'  school  near  Chicago.  Forty-seventh  year. 

NOBLE  HILL,  Principal. 

VOUNG  LADIES'  SEMINARY,  Freehold,  N.  J. 

1  Prepares  pupils  for  College.  Broader  Seminary  Course. 
Room  for  twenty-five  boarders.  Individual  care  of  pupils. 
Pleasant  family  life.  Fall  terra  opens  Sept.  12,  1894. 

Miss  EUNICE  D.  SEWALL,  Principal. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


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THE  DIAL,  315  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 


No.  197.    SEPTEMBER  1,  1894.    Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


THE  FREEDOM  OF  TEACHING 103 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  NEBRASKA. 

L.  A.  Sherman 105 

THE  BRYANT  CENTENARY.    Arthur  Stedman  .    .  107 
THE  TRIAL  OF  PROFESSOR  ELY.    E.  W.  Conant  110 

COMMUNICATIONS Ill 

The  Proposed  Society  of  Comparative  Literature. 
Albert  S.  Cook. 

The  New  York  "  Nation  "  and  Its  "  College  Anarch- 
ist." C.E.S. 

MORE  NAPOLEONIC  PICTURES.    E.G.J..    .    .  Ill 

PROBLEMS     OF    AMERICAN    LAW    REFORM. 

Merritt  Starr 115 

THE  MENTAL  GROWTH  OF  MANKIND.    Fred- 
erick Starr 117 

ECONOMIC  PRINCIPLES  NEWLY  STATED.   O.L. 

Elliott 118 

Nicholson's  Principles  of  Political  Economy. —  Com- 
mons's Distribution  of  Wealth. — Osborne's  Principles 
of  Economics. 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .121 
Dunn's  Red  Cap  and  Blue  Jacket. —  Forster's  Major 
Joshua. —  Miss  Peard's  The  Interloper. —  Miss  Dick- 
ens's  A  Valiant  Ignorance. — Miss  Steel's  The  Potter's 
Thumb. — Stevenson's  and  Osbourne's  The  Ebb-Tide. 
— Mrs.  Cotes's  A  Daughter  of  To-day. —  Miss  Crad- 
dock's  His  Vanished  Star. —  Miss  Baylor's  Claudie 
Hyde. — Turgenev's  Rudin. — Ponshkin's  Prose  Tales. 
—  Dostoievsky's  Poor  Folk. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 124 

Howells  and  James  as  comedy  writers. — John  David- 
son, Scotch  Dramatist. —  A  commendable  discussion 
of  the  "  Jewish  Question." — Mr.  Andrew  Lang  as  a 
ghost-hunter. — History  of  the  South  Place  Society  of 
London. —  Dumas's  Napoleon  Romances. — Early  let- 
ters of  Mr.  Ruskin. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 127 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  128 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 130 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  130 


THE  FREEDOM  OF  TEACHING. 

The  trial  for  heresy  has  become  of  late  years 
so  common  an  incident  in  theological  circles 
that  a  new  case,  unless  marked  by  distinctive 
features  of  a  sensational  character,  would  now 
attract  little  or  no  attention  outside  of  the 
church  organization  directly  concerned.  We 
have  also  been  provided  with  the  amusing  spec- 
tacle, particularly  in  the  South,  of  professors 
in  sectarian  institutions  of  learning  brought  to 
book  for  their  failure  to  teach  an  astronomy 
or  a  geology  or  a  biology  in  accordance  with 
certain  theological  tenets  based  upon  a  strictly 
literal  interpretation  of  the  Scriptures.  But  it 
has  been  reserved  for  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin to  offer  the  first  example,  to  our  knowl- 
edge, of  a  trial  for  heresy  in  which  theology 
has  no  part.  To  hale  a  public  teacher  of  science 
before  an  investigating  committee,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examining  his  opinions  and  pronounc- 
ing upon  their  orthodoxy  from  a  purely  scien- 
tific standpoint,  is  a  procedure  so  novel,  and, 
we  may  add,  so  startling,  that  one  may  well 
pause  to  consider  its  significance,  and  the  pos- 
sible consequences  of  an  extension  of  the  prin- 
ciple thus  involved. 

Before  discussing  the  subject,  it  may  be  well 
to  recapitulate  the  facts.  Some  weeks  ago,  the 
Wisconsin  State  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction, Mr.  Wells,  published  in  a  New  York 
journal  a  communication  upon  the  subject  of 
Professor  Ely,  Director  of  the  School  of  Eco- 
nomics at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  This 
communication,  which  was  headed  "  The  Col- 
lege Anarchist,"  charged  Professor  Ely  with 
the  justification  of  strikes  and  the  practice  of 
boycotts.  He  was  reported  to  have  entertained 
and  consulted  with  a  walking-delegate,  abetted 
a  strike  in  a  printing-office  at  Madison,  threat- 
ened to  withdraw  his  custom  unless  it  were 
made  a  union  office,  and  to  have  said  in  con- 
versation that  union  men  should  be  employed 
in  preference  to  non-union  men,  that  only  cranks 
had  conscientious  scruples  against  joining  un- 
ions. His  books,  assumed  to  represent  his  teach- 
ings, were  described  as  containing  "  utopian, 
impracticable,  [and]  pernicious  doctrines,"  and 
as  furnishing  "  a  seeming  moral  justification  of 
attacks  upon  life  and  property." 


104 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


Allowing  for  the  obvious  animus  of  this  com- 
munication, the  charges  made  do  not  seem  to 
have  been  very  formidable.  To  entertain  a 
walking-delegate  may  be  questionable  as  a  mat- 
ter of  taste,  but  hardly  comes  in  the  category 
of  heinous  social  offences.  And  we  do  not 
know  that  a  man  is  to  be  condemned  outright 
for  wishing  to  have  his  printing  done  in  a  union 
office.  As  for  the  other  charges,  it  may  be  said 
that  there  are  strikes  and  strikes,  that  second- 
hand reports  of  conversation  are  vague  and 
readily  colorable,  and  that  the  perniciousness 
of  Professor  Ely's  doctrines,  which,  as  Mr. 
Wells  himself  admits,  "  only  the  careful  stu- 
dent will  discover,"  is  obviously  not  to  be  made 
the  subject  of  an  off-hand  pronouncement.  But 
Professor  Ely's  accuser,  by  virtue  of  his  posi- 
tion at  the  head  of  the  State  Department  of 
Public  Instruction,  making  him  ex  officio  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Eegents  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity, could  not  well  be  ignored ;  and,  in 
consequence  of  his  charges,  a  committee  of  in- 
vestigation was  appointed,  before  which  Pro- 
fessor Ely  and  his  accuser  were  summoned. 
The  "  trial "  was  set  for  the  twentieth  of  Au- 
gust. As  a  preliminary,  the  committee  had 
laid  down  the  general  principle  that  the  inves- 
tigation should  not  go  outside  the  personal 
charges  made  against  Professor  Ely,  and  his 
actual  teachings  as  an  instructor  in  the  Uni- 
versity. When  the  committee  met  for  its  in- 
vestigation, Superintendent  Wells  failed  to 
appear,  but  was  represented  by  a  lengthy  com- 
munication, of  which  the  substance  was  that 
his  opinion  of  Professor  Ely's  teachings  was 
based  mainly  upon  Professor  Ely's  books,  and 
that  to  rule  those  books  out  of  the  investiga- 
tion was  to  deprive  the  accuser  of  the  only 
available  means  of  substantiating  his  charges, 
as  far  as  these  related  to  the  university  teach- 
ing of  the  Professor  of  Economics.  In  the 
meanwhile,  Professor  Ely  had  made  public  de- 
nial of  the  personal  charges,  accompanying  the 
denial  with  this  stinging  comment :  "  The  man 
who  makes  these  charges  against  me  is  well 
known  to  his  neighbors  as  a  politician  of  the 
meaner  sort,  who,  too  small  to  appreciate  the 
most  important  trust  ever  committed  to  him, 
betrayed  it  in  his  insensate  love  of  notoriety." 
This  denial  Professor  Ely  repeated  before  the 
committee ;  and  Superintendent  Wells,  in  an- 
other communication,  admitted  that  he  was 
unable  to  produce  evidence  in  support  of  the 
charges  reflecting  upon  Professor  Ely's  char- 
acter as  a  citizen.  With  this  episode,  and  some 
further  elaboration  of  the  controversial  amen- 


ities already  illustrated,  the  proceedings  prac- 
tically collapsed ;  and  at  last  accounts  Super- 
intendent Wells  was  studying  Professor  Ely's 
books  for  the  purpose  of  making  out  his  case 
on  the  score  of  economic  heterodoxy. 

Since  trials  for  heresy  are  almost  the  order 
of  the  day,  it  was  perhaps  hardly  natural  to 
expect  that  they  would  remain  confined  to  the 
domain  of  theology.  If  they  are  to  seek  other 
territories  and  other  victims,  there  is  no  doubt 
that  political  science  offers  a  promising  field 
for  the  heresy-hunter.  The  irritant  quality  of 
political  discussion  is  well  known,  and  its  ca- 
pacity for  inflaming  the  passions  is  hardly  ex- 
ceeded by  that  of  theological  controversy  itself. 
Political  or  economic  principles  are  often  at- 
tacked and  defended  in  a  spirit  of  partisan  bit- 
terness which  might  prove  instructive  to  the 
polemics  of  Catholicism  and  Protestantism,  and 
from  which  Arians  and  Athanasians  might  have 
taken  useful  hints.  Hence  we  are  not  surprised 
that  a  professor  of  political  science  should  at 
last  have  been  brought  to  book  in  the  good  old 
theological  fashion,  although  it  is  of  course 
deeply  to  be  regretted  that  any  field  of  science 
should  suffer  invasion  from  the  spirit  of  intol- 
erance, that  any  attempt  should  be  made  to  im- 
pose opinions  upon  men  whose  only  aim  in  life 
is  to  form  rational  opinions  of  their  own  and 
to  help  others  in  the  hard  struggle  for  truth. 

We  are  not  particularly  concerned  to  defend 
Professor  Ely's  economic  views.  There  is  not 
a  little  justice  in  the  charge  that  his  books  are 
"  innocent  of  clear-cut  thought."  He  is  a  fa- 
cile writer,  and  an  exceptionally  diffuse  one. 
His  phraseology  is  often  vague  and  bewilder- 
ing, if  not  actually  misleading.  In  reading 
his  books,  one  gets  the  impression  that  the  most 
permanent  facts  of  political  science  have  some- 
how gone  into  solution,  and  that  there  is  little 
prospect  of  a  new  crystallization.  These  char- 
acteristics are  shared  with  many  other  writers 
of  the  so-called  "  new  school "  of  economics, 
but  they  are  unusually  prominent  in  Professor 
Ely's  writings.  Nor  do  we  doubt  that  his  doc- 
trines have  a  general  socialistic  trend,  however 
ingeniously  he  may  narrow  the  definition  of 
socialism  for  the  purpose  of  escaping  its  stigma, 
or  urge  that  there  are  far  more  radical  socialists 
than  himself.  We  do  not  believe  that  true  so- 
cial progress  is  always  to  be  sought  along  the 
lines  that  he  suggests,  or  that  the  principles 
of  "  orthodox "  economic  science  are  by  any 
means  as  badly  discredited  as  he  insinuates. 

But  all  this  is  beside  the  real  question  at  is- 
sue. That  question  is  nothing  less  than  whether 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


105 


university  teaching  shall  be  fettered  or  free. 
The  great  principle  of  Lehrfreiheit  is  involved 
in  this  episode  of  the  trial  of  Professor  Ely, 
and  no  one  who  has  Yi  realizing  sense  of  the  vast 
importance  of  defending  that  principle  from 
attack  can  take  long  in  judging  of  this  partic- 
ular case.  We  do  not  hesitate  to  characterize 
as  an  outrage  the  arraignment  of  Professor 
Ely  before  a  committee  charged  with  investi- 
gating the  soundness  of  his  scientific  teaching. 
It  is  an  indignity  which  he  is  justified  in  resent- 
ing, and  which  every  teacher  in  the  United 
States  should  resent  with  him.  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position  on  account  of 
his  scholarly  reputation.  That  reputation  has 
not  sensibly  altered  in  quality  during  his  pres- 
ent incumbency,  while  it  has  noticeably  grown 
with  his  widened  opportunities.  Those  respon- 
sible for  his  appointment  presumably  had  their 
eyes  open,  and  knew  what  his  reputation  was. 
The  position  of  a  teacher  of  Professor  Ely's 
experience  should  be  practically  unassailable, 
and  he  should  be  absolutely  free  to  do  his  own 
work  in  his  own  way.  The  time  for  examina- 
tion and  investigation  is  before  appointments 
are  made,  or  during  what  may  be  called  the 
years  of  apprenticeship,  the  first  two  or  three 
years  of  work,  in  which  a  man  and  those  re- 
sponsible for  him  find  out  whether  he  has  hit 
his  vocation  or  missed  it.  That  the  beginner 
should  be  appointed  from  year  to  year,  and  upon 
probation,  is  both  natural  and  necessary ;  that 
the  man  who  has  once  won  his  professional 
spurs  should  be  subject  to  any  such  chances  is 
monstrous.  Only  for  some  offence  of  the  gross- 
est sort,  only  for  something  far  more  serious 
than  the  worst  that  has  ever  been  alleged 
against  Professor  Ely,  would  any  board  of  ed- 
ucational trustees  be  justified  in  questioning 
the  tenure  of  a  duly  appointed  teacher  of  expe- 
rience and  reputation. 

For  what  is  the  alternative, —  the  fatal  ad- 
mission once  made  that  teaching  is  to  be  con- 
trolled by  boards  of  regents  and  superintend- 
ents of  education  ?  There  is  but  one  possible 
answer  to  this  question.  Official  history,  offi- 
cial science,  and  official  philosophy  will  take 
the  place  of  a  teaching  based  upon  untram- 
melled research  and  the  unbiased  pursuit  of 
truth.  Such  a  course  can  only  spell  inefficiency, 
hypocrisy,  stagnation.  "  Der  Wahrheit  ist  die 
Atmosphare  der  Freiheit  unentbehrlich,"  says 
Schopenhauer  in  his  vigorous  onslaught  upon 
the  official  philosophy  prevalent  among  the  Ger- 
man universities  in  his  time.  Peculiarly  in  our 
own  country,  with  a  democracy  that  has  not 


yet  learned  the  natural  limitations  of  all  de- 
mocracies, that  still  childishly  assumes  the 
voice  of  the  people  to  be  the  voice  of  God  even 
in  matters  only  to  be  judged  of  by  the  trained 
intellect,  is  such  a  warning  needed.  The  au- 
thorities of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  how- 
ever excellent  their  intentions,  and  however 
worthy  their  official  zeal,  have  set,  in  this  trial 
of  a  public  teacher  of  science,  an  example  of 
the  most  unfortunate  character,  an  example 
only  too  likely  to  be  followed  elsewhere,  and 
which,  in  assailing  the  principle  of  Lehrfrei- 
heit, assails  intellectual  advancement  itself  in 
one  of  its  most  fundamental  conditions. 


ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  NEBRASKA* 

The  study  of  English  as  rhetoric  and  composition, 
and  as  English  literature  and  philology,  is  com- 
pletely differentiated  in  the  University  of  Nebraska. 
Writing  is  taught  on  the  theory  that  constant  tech- 
nical practice  is  necessary,  but  practice  in  the  de- 
velopment and  adjustment  of  meaning  in  the  mind 
as  well  as  in  appropriate  and  effective  statement. 
In  other  words,  not  facility  with  the  media,  of  ex- 
pression, not  automatism  in  phrasing  merely,  but 
organic,  completed  communication,  in  both  matter 
and  manner,  is  the  aim  of  the  study.  As  contribu- 
tive  to  this  end,  work  in  oral  composition  or  public 
speaking — not  required,  but  elected  very  generally 
by  the  students  at  some  period  in  their  course  —  is 
arranged  for  and  emphasized  by  the  department 
head.  Of  thirteen  hundred  students  in  attendance 
last  year,  almost  the  entire  number,  excepting  spe- 
cials, and  including  nearly  eight  hundred  young  men 
and  women  in  college  courses,  were  under  rhetorical 
instruction  of  some  kind.  One  professor,  two  instruct- 
ors, and  one  assistant  are  exclusively  responsible  for 
this  work.  As  a  division  of  the  general  subject  and 
of  university  instruction,  this  department  is  known 

*  This  article  is  the  fifteenth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1) ;  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1) ;  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
(April  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16) ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1 ) ;  English  at  the 
University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley 
(July  16) ;  English  at  Amherst  College,  by  Professor  John  F. 
Genung  (Aug.  1 ) ;  and  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan, 
by  Professor  Fred  N.  Scott  (Aug.  16).—  [EDK.  DIAL.] 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


as  the  Department  of  English.  The  Department  of 
English  Literature,  on  the  other  hand,  confines  itself 
to  instruction  in  literature  proper,  including  both  the 
earlier  as  well  as  the  latest  forms  of  development, 
with  recognition  of  linguistic  relations  and  differ- 
ences between.  The  work  begins  in  the  second  year 
of  residence,  with  Anglo-Saxon  and  Early  English. 
In  this  study  there  are  four  exercises  a  week  through- 
out the  year.  The  class  is  drilled  daily  from  the 
start  in  writing  forms,  until,  after  reading  fifteen 
or  twenty  pages  of  prose,  and  practically  mastering 
the  verb-groups  and  inflections,  it  is  ready  to  begin 
poetry.  The  most  imaginative  parts  of  the  "  Genesis  " 
and  the  "  Exodus  "  are  then  used  as  an  introduction, 
and  by  the  middle  of  December  "  Bedwulf  "  is  begun. 
This  poem  is  studied  almost  wholly  as  literature,  and 
by  the  end  of  March  has  been  read  to  the  extent  of 
2000  lines  or  over.  By  making  the  study  literary 
and  not  philologic,  there  is  no  difficulty  in  keeping 
up  the  enthusiasm  of  the  class,  and  for  three  years 
only  one  student  has  been  dropped  from  the  roll  on 
account  of  inability  to  carry  the  work.  From  April 
to  the  end  of  the  year  the  class  reads  Middle  En- 
glish, —  generally  in  Morris's  "  Specimens,"  with 
such  illustration  and  appropriation  of  historical  prin- 
ciples as  can  be  gained  by  two  months'  companion 
study  of  Lounsbury 's  "  History."  By  this  year's  work 
the  student  gets  a  general  idea  of  the  development 
of  the  literature  and  language  to  Chaucer,  as  also 
a  clear  appreciation  of  the  fundamental  forms  and 
modes  of  sentiment  in  Teutonic  poetry. 

The  study  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Early  English  is 
prescribed  in  but  two  of  the  eight  groups  of  under- 
graduate work.  It  is  followed  by  a  general  survey 
of  English  literary  development  from  Chaucer  to 
Tennyson,  three  exercises  a  week  through  two  sem- 
esters. This  subject  is  taken  by  nearly  all  the  stu- 
dents at  some  point  in  the  course,  being  required  in 
six  out  of  the  eight  groups.  Here  students  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon  studies  of  the  year  preceding,  as 
also  from  the  classical  and  the  philosophical  courses, 
are  put  at  work  along  with  men  from  the  industrial 
sections,  from  the  scientific,  the  agricultural,  and 
the  electrical  engineering  groups  of  study.  Of  the 
hundred  and  twenty  members  of  a  given  class  thus 
made  up,  more  than  two-thirds  are  without  literary 
traditions  or  taste  or  training,  or  interest  in  pure 
literature  of  any  sort.  The  theory  of  the  work  done 
with  this  class  is  simply  that  students  in  college 
have  generally  not  yet  taste  for  the  best  literature, 
or  prepared  capacity  to  appropriate  its  aesthetic 
meaning,  but  must  have  both  aroused  or  enabled 
in  them  at  the  outset.  To  do  this  a  month  is  de- 
voted to  inductive  exercises  in  discriminating  poetic 
or  emotional  terms  and  phrases  from  prosaic,  and 
in  interpreting  metres,  figures,  and  force.  It  is 
steadfastly  believed  that  the  study  of  literature  as 
literature  is  impossible  to  minds  insensible  to  the 
inner  differences  between  prose  and  poetry,  and 
blank  to  aesthetic  challenge  or  suggestion.  More- 
over, experience  with  the  work  has  not  proved  the 
existence  of  minds  so  blank  or  insensible  as  not 


to  yield,  along  with  others  of  better  traditions  or 
training,  to  the  influence  of  such  first  culture,  or 
less  completely  and  readily  than  they.  Students 
from  the  so-called  classical  or  literary  groups  do 
not  prove  superior,  either  in  aptness  or  preparation, 
after  the  opening  and  quickening  of  the  sensibili- 
ties, to  those  from  the  technical  courses  of  study. 
Last  year  a  University  Browning  Club,  conceived 
and  planned  wholly  from  among  pupils  under  in- 
struction, was  organized  and  put  in  operation  upon 
a  permanent  basis.  But  the  young  men  and  wo- 
men projecting  it  and  having  it  in  charge  were  from 
the  scientific  rather  than  the  literary  side  of  the  class 
in  question.  Indeed,  the  success  of  all  later  courses  in 
the  department  is  found  to  be  largely  dependent  upon 
the  interest  aroused  in  the  first  month's  study.  The 
attention  of  teachers  yet  troubled  about  getting  their 
classes  interested  in  literature  is  invited  to  the  re- 
sults from  this  manner  of  opening  the  year.  It  must 
not  be  imagined  that  the  work  here  done  has  been 
in  any  way  the  result  of  expert  teaching,  for  the 
tutor  in  charge  is  but  a  recent  graduate,  not  yet 
strong  in  handling  college  classes.  It  is  demon- 
strated that,  with  perfected  instruction,  out  of  a 
hundred  average  students  fit  to  carry  work  above 
secondary  grades,  practically  and  positively  a  full 
hundred  appreciative  and  even  enthusiastic  readers 
of  best  literature  may  be  made.  When  a  class  has 
learned  to  read  literature  as  literature,  with  true 
aesthetic  discernment  of  its  spiritual  quality,  it  will 
go  forward  of  its  own  momentum.  When  it  is  all 
agog,  even  to  the  last  member,  over  "  Lycidas  "  or  the 
"  Adonais,"  teaching  becomes  merely  guidance,  sug- 
gestion, is  no  longer  dogmatic  exposition  or  author- 
ity. It  is  neither  just  nor  necessary  to  allow  col- 
lege credit  for  reading  vernacular  masterpieces,  just 
as  for  Sophocles  or  Terence,  even  should  consider- 
able attention  be  given  to  the  notes.  The  mere 
reading  should  be  taken  for  granted,  as  also,  — 
when  enabled  and  attained, — the  higher  experiences 
from  the  reading.  Credit  should  not  be  entered 
upon  the  books  of  a  college  for  such  higher  expe- 
riences, but  only  for  knowledge  gained  or  culture 
won  at  first  hand.  But  on  the  strength  of  interest 
aroused  beforehand  the  college  pupil  may  be  led  to 
do  work  that  will  make  him  a  life-long  interpreter 
of  aesthetic  literature,  or  at  least  save  him  from 
skepticism  concerning  its  pretensions. 

The  work  of  this  general  survey,  when  fairly 
begun,  consists  in  class  study  of  Chaucer,  Spenser, 
Milton,  Shelley,  Wordsworth,  and  Browning.  There 
is  accompanying  study  of  biographies  and  general 
literary  history,  including  evolution  of  new  princi- 
ples, with  systematic  library  readings,  and  prepara- 
tion of  notes,  in  a  hundred  representative  authors. 
No  further  work  in  this  department  is  prescribed. 
There  are  elective  courses  in  advanced  Anglo-Saxon 
and  philology,  Browning,  Tennyson, —  in  conjunc- 
tion with  systematic  criticism, —  American  Litera- 
ture, Old  Testament  poetry,  and  theory  of  literary 
teaching.  Shakespeare  is  made  a  subject  by  itself, 
being  given  in  a  first-year  course  on  simple  princi- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


pies  of  everyday  interpretation,  in  second-year  work 
of  a  more  advanced  and  systematic  character,  and 
finally  in  third-year  seminary  interpretation  and  re- 
search. There  is  also  seminary  work  through  two 
semesters  in  the  development  of  literature,  given  last 
year  in  the  evolution  and  history  of  character  hints 
in  poetry  and  fiction,  and  of  certain  other  fundamen- 
tal modes  of  imagination.  In  all  there  are  twenty- 
two  semester  courses  offered  by  the  department, 
with  an  enrollment  last  year  of  something  over 
three  hundred  and  fifty  names.  The  work  is  car- 
ried by  one  professor,  one  tutor,  and  an  assistant. 
The  energy  of  the  department  has  been  largely  de- 
voted for  some  years  to  the  effort  of  securing  the 
same  definiteness  and  sureness  of  results  in  litera- 
ture for  all  minds  as  have  been  reached  in  other 
subjects.  Such  success  as  has  been  attained  has 
been  emulated  among  the  high  schools  of  our  State, 
and  to  a  degree  worthy  at  least  of  mention  here. 
Several  of  the  accredited  schools  have  begun,  at 
their  own  instance,  to  do  the  preliminary  work  of 
the  survey  class,  and  so  well  as  to  establish  their 
ability  to  fit  for  college  work  in  literature  just  as 
in  Greek,  mathematics,  and  the  sciences.  In  fact, 
they  have  demonstrated  that  the  proper  place  to 
open  the  mind  to  the  inspiration  of  literature  is  in 
the  secondary  schools,  and  not  the  college.  Some 
fifteen  teachers  of  English  in  our  fifty-five  accredited 
academies  and  high  schools  will  do  the  preliminary 
work  of  our  survey  course  this  year,  and  will  do  it 
essentially  as  well  as  we.  It  is  our  intention  to  recog- 
nize the  quality  of  the  work  by  admitting  their  pu- 
pils to  immediate  instruction  in  literature,  by  the  de- 
vice of  an  advanced  division,  upon  entrance.  Withal, 
the  benefit  of  such  training  to  those  students  who 
never  go  up  to  college  is  hardly  to  be  estimated. 

L.  A.  SHERMAN. 

Professor  of  English  Literature,  University  of  Nebraska. 


THE  BRYANT  CENTENARY. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

"O  Master  of  imperial  lays  ! 

Crowned  in  the  fulness  of  thy  days ; 

One  heart  that  owned  thy  gracious  spell 

Thy  reverend  mien  remembers  well ; 
"  For  mine  it  was,  ere  fell  the  snow 

Upon  this  head  of  long  ago, 

My  modest  wreath  to  intertwine 

With  richer  offerings  at  thy  shrine. 
"  A  guest  upon  that  day  of  days, 

How  leapt  my  heart  to  hymn  thy  praise ! 

Yea,  from  that  hour  my  spirit  wore 

A  high  content  unknown  before." 

So  read  Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe,  with  clear  musical 
voice,  from  the  low  platform  in  the  Bryant  maple  grove 
at  Cummington,  while  the  many  invited  guests  beside 
her,  and  the  assembled  thousands  in  front,  hung  breath- 
lessly upon  her  words.  Of  all  that  vast  company,  per- 
haps five  thousand  in  number,  I  do  not  think  that  more 
than  one  (Mr.  Parke  Godwin)  was  present  on  the  occa- 
sion, thirty  years  before,  to  which  she  made  this  allu- 
sion in  her  poem.  It  was  the  Bryant  Festival  at  the 


Century  Club  of  New  York  to  which  she  referred,  held 
in  honor  of  the  poet's  seventieth  birthday,  and  at  which 
George  Bancroft  presided  as  president  of  the  club,  and 
Emerson  and  Mrs.  Howe  were  the  principal  invited 
guests.  That  distinguished  company  also  included  Bay- 
ard Taylor,  George  H.  Boker,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes, 
Thomas  Buchanan  Read,  Christopher  P.  Cranch,  Rich- 
ard H.  Dana,  Jr.,  William  M.  Evarts,  and  Richard 
Henry  Stoddard,  all  of  whom  read  poems  or  made 
speeches,  besides  the  brilliant  galaxy  of  artists  for  which 
the  Century  Club  has  always  been  noted,  among  them 
Huntington,  Durand,  La  Farge,  Bierstadt,  Gifford,  Ken- 
sett,  J.  Q.  A.  Ward,  Whittredge,  Hennessy,  and  Brown. 
The  volume  containing  the  exercises  of  that  occasion  is 
before  me  as  I  write,  and  among  the  numerous  por- 
traits shown  is  a  photograph  of  Mrs.  Howe  in  1864. 
Time  has  indeed  whitened  her  hair  and  deepened  the 
lines  of  her  face,  but  the  firm,  thoughtful  brow  and 
poetic  mouth  are  unchanged. 

Mrs.  Howe's  first  appearance  in  the  morning  at  Cum- 
mington, and  the  singing  of  her  "  Battle  Hymn  of  the 
Republic  "  by  the  company,  had  been  the  occasion  of  a 
spontaneous  burst  of  applause  not  equalled  during  the 
day ;  but  her  reading  of  her  poem  in  the  afternoon  was 
marked  by  a  quieter,  if  more  intense,  demonstration. 

It  was  somewhat  by  accident  that  the  writer  found 
himself  among  the  invited  guests  of  the  Bryant  Cen- 
tenary at  Cummington,  Mass.,  on  August  16,  held  in 
honor  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  poet's 
birth  at  that  place.  How  to  describe  the  many  events 
of  the  journey  there  and  of  the  day  itself,  in  one  short 
letter,  is  somewhat  puzzling.  While  the  programme  of 
exercises  was  carried  out  with  complete  success,  and 
while  the  speakers  were  distinguished  and  their  re- 
marks worthy  of  the  occasion,  yet  it  was  what  might 
be  called  the  accessories  of  the  celebration  which  most 
impressed  one  visitor. 

When  I  saw  an  announcement  last  spring  that  the 
centenary  of  Bryant's  birth  (November  3,  1794)  was 
to  be  celebrated  next  November  at  Great  Barrington, 
Berkshire  county,  Mass.,  I  was  somewhat  surprised,  for 
Bryant  was  born  in  Cummington,  in  Hampshire  county, 
and  only  practiced  law  for  a  few  years  at  Great  Bar- 
rington, soon  giving  up  the  profession  and  leaving  the 
place  through  disgust  at  being  non-suited  because  of 
some  technical  neglect  of  a  case  on  his  part.  Then  last 
month  the  announcement  was  made  that  the  day  of  birth 
would  be  anticipated  for  the  better  convenience  of  those 
who  were  to  be  present,  and  that  the  celebration  would 
be  held  at  Cummington.  I  then  realized,  what  was 
probably  the  fact,  that  the  Cummington  people  did  not 
intend  to  be  robbed  of  their  town's  distinction  as  the 
birthplace  of  the  poet.  Their  committee,  under  the 
leadership  of  Wesley  Guruey,  Lorenzo  H.  Tower,  and 
Mrs.  Henrietta  S.  Nahmer,  the  secretary,  took  active 
steps  to  ensure  a  successful  affair.  Mr.  Parke  Godwin 
presided.  He  was  introduced  by  Mr.  Tower,  who  is 
librarian  of  the  library  founded  by  Mr.  Bryant  at  Cum- 
mington, and  who  made  an  address  to  which  I  shall 
again  refer.  Mr.  Godwin  spoke,  and  was  followed  by 
Edwin  R.  Brown,  of  Elmwood,  111.,  a  native  of  Cum- 
mington, selected  for  this  reason  and  because  of  his  per- 
sonal friendship  with  John  Howard  Bryant,  only  sur- 
viving brother  of  William  Cullen,  and  himself  a  poet, 
also  a  resident  of  Elmwood.  Mr.  Brown  delivered  the 
memorial  address,  a  scholarly  production,  which  held 
the  close  attention  of  the  audience  for  over  an  hour. 
Mr.  John  Howard  Bryant,  who  carries  his  eighty-seven 


108 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


years  with  a  nervous  yet  delicate  vigor,  read  "  A  Mon- 
ody "  on  the  death  of  his  brother.  Then  came  the  sing- 
ing of  Mrs.  Howe's  "  Battle  Hymn,"  and  an  intermis- 
sion for  refreshments. 

In  the  afternoon,  besides  Mrs.  Howe's  poem,  there 
were  addresses  by  John  Bigelow,  Charles  Dudley  War- 
ner, Charles  Eliot  Norton,  Rev.  John  W.  Chadwick,  and 
President  G.  Stanley  Hall  of  Clark  University.  Con- 
troller James  H.  Eckels  was  also  called  on  for  a  speech, 
and  Mr.  John  Howard  Bryant  recited  another  poem, 
"  At  Eighty-Seven." 

Cummington  lies  on  the  crest  and  at  the  foot  of  a  hill 
in  western  Hampshire  county,  which  is  itself  surrounded 
by  an  amphitheatre  of  similar  hills.  The  nearest  rail- 
way station  on  the  east  is  distant  some  thirteen  miles, 
and  stations  on  the  west  and  north  are  distant  twenty 
miles.  It  is  the  centre  of  what  are  called  the  "  hill 
towns  "  of  Hampshire  county,  a  region  quite  distinct 
from  the  Berkshire  district  made  famous  by  the  mem- 
ory of  Hawthorne,  Herman  Melville,  and  Miss  Sedg- 
wick.  To  reach  Cummington  from  any  direction,  you 
must  go  over  a  hill, —  Goshen  hill  on  the  east,  from 
Northampton,  where  Cable  lives,  or  Lightning  Bug  hill 
on  the  north,  from  Ashfield,  where  Curtis  spent  his  sum- 
mers for  so  many  years,  and  where  Charles  Eliot  Nor- 
ton now  has  his  summer  abode.  The  Bryant  houses  are 
near  the  top  of  Cummington  hill,  the  old  homestead 
where  the  poet  was  brought  up  being  two  or  three  hun- 
dred feet  below  the  other  house,  and  it  was  near  the 
homestead  that  the  exercises  were  held. 

A  relative  of  the  Bryant  family  and  myself  took  an 
early  start  on  the  "  electric  "  from  Northampton  to  the 
stage  terminus,  the  afternoon  before  the  celebration, — 
and  it  was  well  for  us  that  we  did  so.  We  established 
ourselves  in  the  stage  a  full  half-hour  before  the  horses 
were  attached,  and  found,  to  our  surprise,  that  more 
than  twice  the  people  it  would  carry  were  waiting  to 
take  it  as  it  was  driven  out.  Most  of  these  people  were 
obliged  to  seek  private  conveyances  or  wait  over  until 
the  next  morning.  Then  followed  a  dreary  three  hours' 
pull  up  Goshen  hill,  two  horses  having  to  do  the  work 
of  four.  We  arrived  at  Cummington  in  time  to  take 
supper  and  to  attend  a  children's  concert  at  the  village 
church.  There  was  a  local  orchestra  of  four  or  five 
pieces,  and  a  chorus,  both  of  which  also  took  part  in 
the  exercises  next  day;  and  there  were  recitations  from 
Bryant's  poems  and  compositions  by  the  children,  all 
under  the  management  of  a  tireless  young  lady  resident. 
Looking  at  the  children,  as  they  were  grouped  in  the 
front  pews,  I  was  struck  by  the  preponderance  of  pure 
New  England  types,  such  a  collection  of  which  I  had 
not  seen  in  twenty  years,  or  before  familiar  districts  in 
New  England  were  invaded  by  foreign  immigration. 
So  I  was  not  surprised  next  day  to  learn  from  Mr. 
Tower's  admirable  address  that  "  the  town  is  still  one 
of  pure  New  England  stock,  and  out  of  two  hundred 
voters  only  three  are  not  of  American  birth.  ...  It 
is  still  a  farming  community,  as  it  was  a  hundred  years 
ago,  and  the  farmers  win  a  scanty  living  from  rebellious 
soil."  To  me,  this  children's  concert,  with  its  manifes- 
tation of  the  pure  native  stock,  was  the  most  interest- 
ing feature  of  the  Bryant  Centenary. 

Something  of  the  same  showing  was  evident  next  day, 
at  the  exercises.  Many  driving  parties  came  over  from 
the  now  fashionable  towns  of  Berkshire,  but  the  society 
people  were  practically  lost  in  the  mass  of  village  peo- 
ple, numbers  of  whom  had  driven  thirty  or  forty  miles 
and  camped  out  over  night  on  the  way.  And  such  "  old, 


old,  old,  old  ladies,"  and  men,  too,  as  there  were  among 
them,  with  deep  lines  of  toil  and  narrow  living  cut  into 
their  faces.  There  were  fashions  a  great  deal  older 
than  those  of  the  revived  1830  type,  and  there  were 
hats  worn  by  some  old  men  which  no  words  of  mine 
could  describe.  Squalling  babies  were  occasionally  in 
evidence,  and  people  on  the  outskirts  of  the  crowd  could 
have  heard  but  little  of  the  speakers'  remarks,  although 
they  stood  through  the  proceedings  with  eyes  glued  on 
the  more  distinguished,  and  even  on  the  less  distin- 
guished, occupants  of  the  platform.  Among  the  former, 
in  addition  to  the  speakers,  were  Miss  Julia  S.  Bryant, 
the  daughter  of  William  Cullen  Bryant,  and  many  mem- 
bers of  the  Bryant  family,  Miss  Sarah  Orne  Jewett,  and 
Mrs.  Kate  Upson  Clark.  A  feature  of  the  celebration 
was  the  singing  of  the  bard-like  John  W.  Hutchinson, 
the  last  of  the  Hutchinson  family,  who  stirred  the  au- 
dience with  his  rendering  of  Mrs.  Howe's  hymn  and 
with  some  of  his  old-time  songs. 

The  residents  of  Cummington  covered  themselves 
with  credit  in  all  their  arrangements  for  the  Centenary. 
The  disposition  of  the  platform  and  seats  rising  up  the 
slope  of  a  small  elevation  in  the  grove,  the  plain  but 
bountiful  collation  for  the  two  hundred  guests  of  the 
committee,  and  the  convenience  for  stabling  probably 
five  times  the  number  of  horses  ever  collected  in  the 
town  before,  were  perfect  in  every  respect.  All  but  the 
special  guests  of  the  committee  brought  their  provisions 
with  them,  and  the  sight  of  several  thousand  people 
picnicking  in  the  grove  was  something  to  be  remem- 
bered. After  the  exercises  I  walked  along  "  the  rivu- 
let "  (the  subject  of  Bryant's  poem  of  that  name)  which 
runs  by  the  old  homestead,  and  down  the  hill  to  the 
monument  which  marks  the  sight  of  his  birthplace. 
Looking  about  the  wide  amphitheatre  of  hills  which 
stretch  away  on  every  side,  in  the  evening  glow  of  a 
perfect  summer's  day,  it  was  not  difficult  to  guess  the 
inspiration  of  "  Thanatopsis."  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


MRS.  CELIA  THAXTER. 


Mrs.  Celia  Thaxter  died  at  her  home  at  Appledore, 
Isles  of  Shoals,  the  evening  of  August  26,  at  the  age 
of  fifty-eight.  A  daughter  of  Thomas  B.  Laighton,  of 
Portsmouth,  she  was  born  June  29, 1836,  in  that  town. 
When  an  infant,  her  father  became  a  lighthouse-keeper 
upon  White  Island,  and  there  the  child  spent  her  first 
eleven  years.  Her  family  then  moved  to  Appledore, 
where  she  lived  for  the  remainder  of  her  life.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen  she  married  Levi  Thaxter,  who  is  de- 
scribed as  "  a  cultivated  man  who  preferred  this  quiet 
spot  to  the  noisy  world."  Mrs.  Thaxter's  first  vol- 
ume of  poems  appeared  in  1872.  It  was  followed 
by  «  Driftwood  "  (1879), "  Poems  for  Children  "  (1883), 
"  The  Cruise  of  the  Mystery  and  Other  Poems  "  (1886), 
and  "Idyls  and  Pastorals  "  (1887).  Mr.  Stedman  fit- 
tingly says  of  her  verse  that  it  gives  us  "  the  dip  of  the 
sea-bird's  wing,  the  foam  and  tangle  of  ocean,  varied 
interpretations  of  clambering  sunrise  mists  and  evening's 
fiery  cloud  above  the  main."  She  was  peculiarly  happy 
as  a  writer  of  verse  for  children.  In  prose,  a  pretty 
volume  called  "  Among  the  Isles  of  Shoals  "  was  widely 
read ;  and  her  latest  work,  "  An  Island  Garden "  (re- 
viewed in  THE  DIAL  a  few  months  ago),  has  been  re- 
ceived with  an  exceptional  degree  of  cordiality,  bestowed 
upon  the  text  quite  as  much  as  upon  Mr.  Childe  Has- 
sam's  exquisite  illustrations. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


109 


THE  TRIAL  OF  PROFESSOR  ELY. 
(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Madison,  Wis.,  August  25,  1894. 

The  Wisconsin  State  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction, Mr.  O.  E.  Wells,  has  done  for  Professor  R. 
T.  Ely,  of  the  State  University,  a  like  service  to  that 
which  Professor  Patton  rendered  Professor  Swing. 
Whatever  Mr.  Wells's  intention  may  have  been,  the 
only  result  can  be  to  intrench  more  strongly  than  ever 
the  man  he  has  attacked,  while  at  the  same  time  giving 
him  an  instant  national  prominence  which  could  in  the 
usual  course  of  things  come  only  as  the  long  result  of 
time  and  labor.  Professor  Ely  has  the  great  advantage 
of  being  the  first  sociological  heretic  to  be  brought  to 
book ;  the  first  of  a  long  line  to  come — if  we  are  to  be- 
lieve the  charges  and  insinuations  which  have  been  lately 
going  the  rounds,  that  the  increasing  boldness  of  radi- 
cal socialism,  and  even  of  anarchy  itself,  is  in  a  large 
measure  due  to  encouragement  in  high  places.  He  will 
have  the  further  satisfaction  of  not  being  obliged  to 
pose  as  a  sociological  martyr  also;  for  to  be  a  religious 
martyr  is  not  half  bad  in  these  latter  days,  while  to  be 
suspected  of  favoring  strikes  and  anarchy  butters  no 
professor's  parsnips. 

Professor  Ely  has  very  likely  felt  that  his  affliction, 
though  it  endure  but  for  a  moment,  is  more  chastening 
than  providential;  yet  he  may  well  congratulate  him- 
self that  Providence  chose  such  a  very  feeble  rod  of 
chastisement  as  Mr.  Wells.  No  man  could  teach  and 
write  so  much  as  Professor  Ely  without  laying  himself 
open  to  skilful  attack  at  some  unguarded  point;  but  Mr. 
Wells  has  succeeded  simply  in  furnishing  in  his  own  per- 
son another  brilliant  illustration  of  the  madness  which 
goes  before  the  destruction  of  the  gods. 

In  "  The  Nation  "  of  New  York,  of  July  12,  when  the 
public  excitement  over  the  railroad  strike  was  at  its 
height,  there  appeared  a  letter  signed  O.  E.  Wells,  and 
bearing  the  somewhat  startling  heading  "  The  College 
Anarchist."  The  letter  was  a  column  in  length,  but 
the  gist  of  it  is  as  follows:  First,  "that  there  is  a  sort 
of  moral  justification  for  the  attack  on  life  and  prop- 
erty based  on  a  theory  which  comes  from  the  colleges, 
lecture-rooms,  and  latterly  from  the  churches,  and  is 
supported  by  the  teaching  and  practice  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Wisconsin."  Secondly,  Professor  Ely  entertained, 
and  was  in  frequent  consultation  with,  a  certain  "  walk- 
ing-delegate "  during  a  strike  which  occurred  in  Madi- 
son in  the  beginning  of  the  present  year.  Third,  Pro- 
fessor Ely  threatened  to  take  his  printing  from  a  certain 
firm  unless  they  employed  union  men.  Fourth,  Pro- 
fessor Ely  declared  that  "  a  dirty,  dissipated,  unmar- 
ried, unreliable,  and  unskilled  tramp,  if  a  union  man, 
should  be  employed  in  preference  to  an  industrious,  skil- 
ful, trustworthy,  non-union  man  who  is  the  head  of  a 
family."  Fifth,  "  Only  a  careful  student  will  discover 
the  Utopian,  impracticable,  or  pernicious  doctrines  [of 
Professor  Ely's  books],  but  their  general  acceptance  will 
furnish  a  seeming  moral  justification  for  attacks  on  life 
and  property  such  as  the  country  is  already  becoming 
so  familiar  with." 

To  the  Regents  of  the  Wisconsin  State  University 
all  this  was  "  mighty  interesting  reading,"  especially  as 
the  newspapers  all  over  the  country  were  soon  in  full 
cry.  It  was  "  important  if  true,"  and  it  did  not  take 
the  Honorable  Board  long  to  appoint  a  committee  of 
three,  which  should  summon  accuser  and  accused  to  ap- 
pear in  their  august  presence  and  elucidate  things.  After 


two  postponements,  all  parties  concerned  were  finally 
gotten  together  in  the  Law  Building  of  the  University 
on  the  evening  of  August  21,  each  of  the  opposing  par- 
ties being  represented  by  a  lawyer.  After  considerable 
preliminary  sparring  between  the  lawyers,  it  became 
evident  that  the  policy  of  the  plaintiff  was  one  of  delay 
and  of  readiness  to  back  out  on  any  decent  pretext.  Mr. 
Wells,  having  accomplished  his  object  in  spreading  his 
accusations  broadcast,  seemed  not  to  be  greatly  inter- 
ested in  the  investigation.  The  defence  filed  an  em- 
phatic denial  of  each  and  every  charge  contained  in  the 
accusations,  in  order.  Then  appeared  the  weakness  of 
the  plaintiff's  case.  Although  the  letter  begins  by  first 
attacking  Professor  Ely's  teachings,  then  his  personal 
acts,  and  finally  his  writings,  the  lawyer  for  Mr.  Wells 
made  every  possible  effort  to  ignore  all  the  first  part 
and  confine  the  inquiry  to  the  last  count  only;  namely, 
the  writings.  At  last  they  were  forced  to  confess  that 
Mr.  Wells  could  not  possibly  testify  anything  about  the 
teaching,  because  he  had  never  heard  a  single  lecture 
by  Professor  Ely,  and  had  not  even  read  the  only  one 
of  the  Professor's  books  which  is  prescribed  as  part  of 
the  university  course.  Thus  the  first  and  most  impor- 
tant part  of  the  attack  fell  flat. 

Much  against  the  wish  of  the  plaintiff,  the  charges 
referring  to  Professor  Ely's  personal  acts  was  next  , 
taken  up ;  and  the  reason  of  the  reluctance  became  man- 
ifest as  soon  as  the  testimony  of  witnesses  was  taken. 
Every  charge  under  the  third  and  fourth  counts  was 
flatly  contradicted,  and  showed  conclusively  that  Mr. 
Wells  had  either  carelessly  or  maliciously  taken  mere 
street  gossip  as  a  basis  of  his  very  serious  public  accusa- 
tions, without  taking  the  trouble  to  ascertain  the  truth. 
The  proceedings  were  enlivened  by  several  sharp  ver- 
bal scrimmages  between  the  two  lawyers  and  the  com- 
mittee, to  the  great  delight  of  the  audience. 

At  this  point,  and  at  the  desire  of  the  plaintiff,  an  ad- 
journment of  three  days  was  interposed  to  give  him  time 
to  recover  breath,  and  to  collect  all  the  damning  ex- 
tracts which  he  could  find  in  Professor  Ely's  works. 
Thus  far  the  investigation  had  been  a  farce;  but  now 
we  were  promised  something  very  serious.  The  second 
hearing  was  attended  by  a  still  larger  audience,  includ- 
ing many  ladies;  but  Mr.  Wells  was  not  in  it.  He  had 
had  enough. 

Under  such  circumstances  it  would  probably  have  oc- 
curred to  a  fair-minded  man  that  a  great  wrong  had 
been  done  Professor  Ely,  and  that  the  least  reparation 
possible  was  a  full  retraction  and  ample  apology.  But 
Mr.  Wells  thought  otherwise.  He  regarded  it  as  a  fit- 
ting opportunity  to  send  another  long  letter  to  the  com- 
mittee, in  which  he  refused  to  be  present  at  the  inves- 
tigation any  further,  on  the  plea  of  having  been  so 
advised  by  friends  because  of  some  applause  that  had 
occurred  at  the  opening  of  the  trial,  and  because  of 
"  restrictions  "  imposed  by  the  committee.  He  reiterated 
several  of  his  exploded  charges,  in  the  face  of  the  fact 
that  they  had  been  disproved,  and  then  proceeded  to 
consider  the  main  point,  viz.,  the  socialistic  character  of 
Professor  Ely's  writings.  The  latter  part  of  the  letter 
was  therefore  the  total  residuum  of  this  formidable  at- 
tack which  had  called  forth  so  much  comment  from  the 
press.  It  was  chiefly  an  exposition  of  the  impression 
produced  by  their  perusal  upon  the  mind  of  the  reader; 
i.  e.,  Mr.  Wells's  mind.  He  found  this  to  be  very  bad. 
He  endeavored  to  support  his  impressions  by  a  few  quo- 
tations, which,  isolated  from  their  connection,  might 
easily  assume  to  a  willing  eye  the  outlines  of  a  cloven 


110 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


foot.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  almost  any- 
thing could  be  deduced  from  any  author  by  this  ex- 
tremely naive  method  of  exegesis ;  but  when  the  quota- 
tions were  afterward  read  by  the  defence  in  their  proper 
connection,  the  disingenuousness  of  the  method  became 
apparent. 

That  was  the  end  of  Wells.  The  defence  now  had 
the  easy  and  pleasant  task  of  repelling  his  last  feeble 
attacks,  by  quotations  from  Professor  Ely's  works,  by 
the  oral  testimony  of  his  former  students  now  teachers 
in  other  institutions,  and  by  many  written  assurances  of 
high  regard  which  had  been  received  from  prominent 
men.  Against  the  "  impressions  "  which  Mr.  Wells's 
mind  received  from  a  perusal  of  Professor  Ely's  works 
were  opposed  the  scholarly  criticisms  and  endorsements 
of  President  Adams  of  Wisconsin  University,  President 
Andrews  of  Brown,  Professor  Small  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  Dr.  Shaw,  editor  of  "  Review  of  Reviews," 
Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Federal  Commissioner,  and 
others.  All  this  cloud  of  witnesses,  while  admitting 
differences  of  opinion  in  matters  of  detail,  united  in  em- 
phatically endorsing  Professor  Ely,  and  in  repelling  all 
insinuations  that  there  was  in  his  teachings,  writings, 
or  personal  influence  anything  leaning  toward  or  pro- 
vocative of  anarchy  in  the  slightest  degree.  On  the  con- 
trary, he  has  always  deprecated  strikes  and  boycotts  as 
resulting  in  more  harm  than  good  to  the  cause  of  Labor. 

Finally,  Professor  Ely,  being  sworn,  testified  that  to 
his  knowledge  he  had  never  even  seen  the  walking-dele- 
gate whom  he  was  accused  of  entertaining,  nor  had  he 
consulted  with  any  walking-delegate  whatsoever. 

The  committee  is  to  make  its  formal  report  to  the 
Board  of  Regents,  whose  next  meeting  comes  on  the 
eighteenth  of  September;  but  there  can  be  little  doubt 
what  that  report  will  be.  Dogberry  complained,  "  O, 
that  I  had  been  written  down  an  ass."  Poor  old  Dog- 
berry !  If  he  only  could  have  been  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Wisconsin  !  R  w  CONANT. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

THE  PROPOSED  SOCIETY  OF  COMPARATIVE 

LITERATURE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  confess  I  have  less  confidence  than  Professor  Gay- 
ley  seems  to  have  in  the  study  of  the  literature  of  sav- 
age tribes  as  affecting  present  canons  of  criticism. 
Literature,  as  we  know  it  and  are  interested  in  it,  is  es- 
sentially a  product  of  culture.  What  primarily  concerns 
us  is  the  literature  of  the  Aryan  peoples,  and  among 
them  the  literature  which  has  been  tinctured  by,  if  it  is 
not  a  product  of,  the  civilizations  of  Greece  and  Rome. 
Among  the  latter  I  include  the  Scandinavian,  and  of 
course  the  oldest  English.  Among  non-Aryan  peoples, 
the  Hebrews  have  profoundly  influenced  all  modern  Oc- 
cidental literature;  and  among  non-European  civiliza- 
tions belonging  to  the  Aryan  branch,  we  may  fairly  in- 
clude the  Hindoos,  as  represented  by  Sanskrit,  and  to 
some  extent  by  more  modern  literature.  If  to  these  we 
add  the  Finnish  Kalevala,  and  a  few  folk-songs  which 
may  lie  beyond  the  Aryan  pale,  we  have  a  corpus  which, 
in  my  opinion,  it  would  be  well  to  master  first,  before 
prosecuting  too  far  our  researches  into  the  drama  of 
the  Papuans,  or  the  epic  of  Dahomey.  There  may  well 
be  societies  of  comparative  literature,  I  grant;  but  I 
conceive  that  our  most  pressing  need  in  this  country  at 


present  is  to  understand  the  English  literature,  and 
those  most  nearly  allied  to  it,  and  that  this  object  may 
be  more  directly  subserved  than  by  devoting  too  large 
a  portion  of  our  leisure  to  the  literature  of  the  South 
Sea  islands.  ALBERT  S.  COOK. 

Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  August  16,  1894. 


THE  NEW  YORK  "NATION"  AND  ITS 
"COLLEGE  ANARCHIST." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Now  that  the  charge  against  Professor  Ely  has  been* 
exploded  and  proved  to  have  come  from  a  breechless 
cannon,  hurting  most  the  meddlesome  one  who  foolishly 
or  recklessly  touched  it  off,  one  beholding  the  vanishing 
smoke-cloud  may  well  ask  how  it  is  that  so  much  smudge 
and  racket  should  have  come  about  so  needlessly.  The 
responsibility  for  the  accusation  and  trial  of  Dr.  Ely 
must  be  divided,  it  seems,  between  Mr.  Wells,  the  Su- 
perintendent of  Public  Instruction  of  Wisconsin,  and 
"The  Nation"  of  New  York;  the  one  having  written 
the  letter  containing  the  charges,  and  the  other  having 
printed  it  with  the  title  of  "  The  College  Anarchist " 
and  endorsed  and  followed  it  up  editorially.  Surely 
such  charges  and  such  an  epithet  could  be  justified, 
if  at  all,  only  by  the  most  ample  and  unequivocal  evi- 
dence of  their  truthfulness.  The  word  "anarchist," 
as  applied  to  a  college  professor,  is  about  the  most  in- 
jurious that  could  be  chosen;  hardly  less  damaging,  at 
the  present  time,  than  the  term  ex-murderer  or  horse- 
thief.  It  is  worse,  really,  than  to  call  a  lawyer  a  shys- 
ter, a  physician  a  quack,  or  a  clergyman  a  mountebank. 
These  have  the  world  before  them ;  if  a  public  stigma 
is  placed  upon  their  name  in  one  place,  they  can  go  to 
another  region  and  begin  anew.  But  a  college  profes- 
sor has  at  best  but  few  openings,  and  a  reproach  or 
doubt  clinging  to  him  in  one  quarter  is  pretty  certain 
to  follow  him  elsewhere  and  effectually  check  his  career. 
These  considerations  show  how  serious  was  the  moral,, 
and  presumably  the  legal,  responsibility  assumed  in  call- 
ing Professor  Ely  "  The  College  Anarchist,"  and  will 
cause  the  public,  particularly  members  of  Dr.  Ely's 
profession,  to  look  with  interest  for  whatever  of  repara- 
tion may  be  accorded  him.  Even  though  he  may  have 
gained  rather  than  lost  by  the  unjust  attack  upon  him, 
the  principle  involved  is  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  those 
who  might  be  equally  innocent  yet  not  so  strong  or  able 
to  defend  themselves  so  successfully.  Words  are  dan- 
gerous things,  and  the  injury  they  may  do  is  often  irre- 
parable. The  word  "anarchist"  is  coming  to  be  used 
a  little  too  freely  in  modern  economic  discussion,  re- 
minding one  unpleasantly  of  the  religious  "  heretic  "  or 
the  political  "  suspect "  of  not  so  very  long  ago.  We 
have  had,  perhaps,  almost  too  much  of  the  "  College 
Anarchist,"  the  "  Anarchist  Governor,"  the  "  Anarchist 
Preacher,"  etc.  Sinister  epithets  are  no  better  argu- 
ments than  brickbats  are.  They  ill  become  a  dignified 
and  influential  journal,  least  of  all  one  whose  mission  in 
part  is  to  raise  the  standard  of  journalistic  ethics.  Such 
are  not  the  examples  of  amenity  and  justice  by  which 
the  manners  and  morals  of  journalism  are  to  be  im- 
proved- C.  E.  S. 

Chicago,  August  28,  1894, 


MR.  THEODORE  STANTON  has  been  engaged  in  Paris 
during  the  last  year  in  preparing  a  series  of  lectures  on 
the  Third  French  Republic,  which  he  will  deliver  before 
the  Wisconsin  State  University. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


Eije 


MORE  XAPOL,EONIC  PICTURES.* 


Neither  the  flight  of  time  nor  the  growing 
urgency  of  current  questions  seems  to  abate 
public  curiosity  concerning  Napoleon.  In  view 
of  the  multiplicity  of  books  on  the  Emperor 
and  of  the  temptations  held  out  for  the  last 
half  century  to  write  them,  it  is  rather  remark- 
able that  one  of  the  fullest,  freshest,  and,  in 
point  of  narrative,  most  trustworthy  accounts, 
the  "Memoirs  of  the  Baron  de  Meneval,"  should 
appear  at  this  late  day.  Few  readers,  certainly, 
are  likely  to  accept  the  writer's  exaggerated 
estimate  of  his  hero  ;  none,  on  the  other  hand, 
will  question  the  exceptional  worth  of  his  evi- 
dence as  to  facts.  "  An  honorable  and  a  truth- 
ful man  whose  lips  were  never  stained  with  a 
lie  " — as  M.  Thiers  testified  in  the  French  Par- 
liament—  Meneval  was  for  years  (1802-15) 
Napoleon's  private  secretary,  his  close  friend, 
and  a  member  of  his  household.  He  knew  the 
Emperor  as  few  were  privileged  to  know  him  ; 
and  it  is  a  fact  to  be  weighed  that  although 
custom  accorded  Meneval  the  valet's  prover- 
bially fatal  degree  of  intimacy,  Napoleon  re- 
mained in  his  eyes  a  hero  to  the  end.  "  Faith- 
ful to  his  master  till  the  grave,"  observes  his 
editor,  "  he  sought  always  and  everywhere,  with 
a  complete  conviction  and  the  most  absolute 
good  faith,  to  defend  the  memory  of  this  great 
man."  Unhappily  for  the  defender,  the  changed 
standards  of  a  later  day  have  wrought  disas- 
trously with  the  Emperor's  title  to  greatness. 
The  Alexanders  and  Tamerlanes,  men  whose 
genius  for  destruction  filled  the  rude  ideal  of 
their  contemporaries  and  made  the  soil  they 
touched  a  Golgotha,  no  longer  engross  history  ; 
and  the  glory  of  the  victor  of  Marengo  and 
Austerlitz  is  happily  paling  before  that  of  the 
Colberts  and  Turgots,  real  patriots  whose  goal 
was  the  solid  prosperity  of  their  countrymen. 
In  view  of  the  actual  verdict  of  time,  there  is 
a  strain  of  pathos  in  Meneval's  prediction  that 
this  "  common  arbitrator "  would  justify  his 
estimate  of  his  master.  He  says  : 

"  The  revelations  which  time  will  bring  will  show 
Napoleon  raised  on  the  summit  of  greatness  by  means 
of  which  morality  approves;  they  will  show  him  free 
from  all  baseness,  straightforward,  magnanimous,  ex- 


*  MEMOIRS  ILLUSTRATING  THE  HISTORY  OF  NAPOLEON  I. 
From  1802  to  1815.  By  Baron  CLAUDE-FRANCOIS  DE  MENE- 
VAL, Private  Secretary  to  Napoleon.  Edited  by  his  Grand- 
son, Baron  NAPOLEON  JOSEPH  DE  MENEVAL.  With  Portraits 
and  Autograph  Letters.  In  three  volumes.  New  York :  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 


empt  from  low  passions,  endowed  with  every  kind  of 
courage,  constantly  occupied  with  the  care  of  ameliorat- 
ing the  condition  of  humanity,  and  finally  moved  by  the 
noble  ambition  to  have  desired  to  make  of  France  the- 
most  glorious  and  the  most  prosperous  of  nations;  am- 
bition too  great,  perhaps,  in  a  worn-out  society,  for  the1 
rejuvenation  of  which  time  as  well  as  the  constancy  of 
fortune  were  lacking  to  him." 

Meneval  might  well  have  given  his  memoir 
Chancellor  Pasquier's  sub-title,  "A  History  of 
My  Time,"  the  book  being  really  a  continuous 
historical  narrative,  interspersed  with  pen  pic- 
tures and  anecdotes  of  Napoleon  and  his  en- 
tourage. The  stories  of  the  Emperor  serve 
mostly  to  illustrate  his  private  character,  rather 
than  to  depict  him  as  the  soldier  and  the  ruler  ; 
and  here  nothing  is  related  of  which  the  writer 
was  not  "  an  eye-witness  or  the  direct  deposi- 
tary." Familiar  historical  facts  are  passed 
over  or  but  briefly  touched  upon,  save  when  the 
writer  is  able  to  furnish  fresh  light,  or  where 
his  version  differs  materially  from  the  one  ac- 
cepted. The  tragic  story,  for  instance,  of  the 
Due  d'Enghien  is  graphically  re-told  with  some 
considerable  additions  as  to  Napoleon's  per- 
sonal share  and  degree  of  culpability  in  the 
matter.  Meneval  was  a  fairly  good  hand  at  a 
portrait.  His  characterizations  of  leading  per- 
sonages— Talleyrand,  Fouche,  Murat,  Moreau, 
the  members  of  the  Bonaparte  family,  Mme. 
de  Stael,  Mme.  de  Recamier,  and  many  others 
— are  clear  and  pithy  ;  and  a  propos  of  these 
portraits  we  may  cite  in  passing  blunt  Marshall 
Lannes's  summary,  approvingly  quoted  by  the 
author,  of  the  wily  Bishop  of  Autun : 

"  He  used  to  say  of  Talleyrand's  impassiveness  that 
if  he  were  to  receive  a  kick  in  his  seat  of  honor  his  face 
would  not  betray  the  event,  and  summed  him  up  in  this 
saying,  which  is  perhaps  strictly  true,  if  expressed  in 

somewhat  too  military  language :  '  It 's  a  lot  of mud 

in  a  silk  stocking.' " 

Opening  with  a  brief  retrospect  of  his  early 
life,  Meneval  passes  on  to  the  date  of  his  en- 
trance (April,  1802)  into  Napoleon's  Cabinet, 
as  the  actual,  though  at  first  not  the  titular,  suc- 
cessor of  Bourrienne,  who  was  already  in  dis- 
favor. Meneval  was  present  at  the  latter's  final 
dismissal — which  was  certainly  abrupt  enough  : 

"The  Consul  said  to  him  in  a  severe  tone  of  voice: 
'  Give  any  papers  and  keys  which  you  have  of  mine  to 
Me'neval,  and  withdraw.  And  never  let  me  see  you 
again.'  After  these  few  words  he  went  back  to  the 
council,  slamming  the  door  violently  behind  him." 

Meneval's  opinion  of  his  predecessor's  cele- 
brated memoirs  deserves  attention  : 

"  I  do  not  think  that  Bourrienne  was  the  author  of  the 
memoirs  published  under  his  name.  I  met  him,  in  1825, 
in  Paris,  and  he  told  me  that  he  had  been  asked  to  write 
against  the  Emperor:  '  In  spite  of  all  the  wrong  he  did 


112 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


me,'  he  added,  '  I  could  never  make  up  my  mind  to  do 
so.  My  hand  would  wither  rather.'  .  .  .  His  entire 
cooperation  in  this  book  consisted  in  some  stray  incom- 
plete notes  which  were  worked  out  by  certain  profes- 
sional writers.  These  writers,  whose  names  are  men- 
tioned, had  to  make  up  for  the  insufficiency  of  these 
notes  by  their  own  researches,  and  with  the  help  of  ma- 
terials supplied  by  the  publisher." 

Meneval  ascribes  Bourrienne's  consent  to  the 
use  of  his  name  to  the  enfeeblement  of  his  fac- 
ulties, and  to  the  financial  straits  which  made 
him  at  the  time  accessible  to  the  temptations 
of  the  publisher.  Allowing,  however,  all  pos- 
sible weight  to  the  writer's  candor  and  oppor- 
tunities, his  limitation  of  Bourrienne's  collab- 
oration to  "  some  stray  incomplete  notes  "  seems 
too  patent  an  understatement  to  need  disproof. 
Meneval's  first  impressions  of  Napoleon  were 
most  favorable : 

"  He  spoke  of  my  studies  and  of  Palissot  [the  satir- 
ist and  in  the  writer's  youth  the  doyen  of  French  litter- 
ateurs] with  a  kindness  and  a  simplicity  which  put  me 
entirely  at  my  ease,  and  showed  me  how  gentle  and 
simple  this  man,  who  bore  on  his  forehead  and  in  his 
eyes  the  mark  of  such  imposing  superiority,  was  in  his 
private  life." 

The  portrait  of  the  First  Consul  as  the  writer 
then  saw  him  is  thus  traced : 

"  Napoleon  was  at  that  time  moderately  stout.*  He 
was  of  middle  height  (about  five  feet  two  inches),  and 
well  built,  though  the  bust  was  rather  long.  His  head 
was  big  and  the  skull  largely  developed.  His  neck  was 
short  and  his  shoulders  broad.  The  size  of  his  chest 
bespoke  a  robust  constitution,  less  robust,  however,  than 
his  mind.  His  legs  were  well  shaped,  his  foot  was  small 
and  well  formed.  His  hand,  and  he  was  rather  proud 
of  it,  was  delicate  and  plump,  with  tapering  fingers.  His 
forehead  was  high  and  broad,  his  eyes  grey,  penetrating, 
and  wonderfully  mobile;  his  nose  was  straight  and  well 
shaped.  His  teeth  were  fairly  good,  the  mouth  perfectly 
modelled,  the  upper  lip  slightly  drawn  down  toward  the 
corner  of  the  mouth,  and  the  chin  slightly  prominent.  His 
skin  was  smooth  and  his  complexion  pale,  but  of  a  pal- 
lor which  denoted  a  good  circulation  of  the  blood.  His 
very  fine  chestnut  hair,  which,  until  the  time  of  the  ex- 
pedition to  Egypt,  he  had  worn  long,  cut  square  and 
covering  his  ears,  was  clipped  short.  The  shape  of  his 
face  and  the  ensemble  of  his  features  were  remarkably 
regular.  In  one  word,  his  head  and  his  bust  were  in  no 
way  inferior  in  nobility  and  dignity  to  the  most  beauti- 
ful bust  which  antiquity  has  bequeathed  to  us.  ... 
When  in  a  good  humor,  or  when  anxious  to  please,  his 
expression  was  sweet  and  caressing,  and  his  face  was 
lighted  up  by  a  most  beautiful  smile.  Amongst  famil- 
iars his  laugh  was  loud  and  mocking.  .  .  .  My  portrait 
of  Napoleon  would  be  incomplete  did  I  not  mention  the 
hat,  without  trimming  or  lace,  which  was  ornamented 
by  a  little  tri-color  cockade,  fastened  with  a  black  silk 
cord,  and  the  grey  surtout  which  covered  the  simple 
uniform  of  colonel  of  his  guard.  This  hat  and  this 
surtout,  which  became  historical  with  him,  shone  in  the 

*  A  lady  who  saw  him  in  1795,  speaks  of  Napoleon  as  "  the 
thinnest  and  queerest  being  I  ever  met  ...  so  thin  that  he 
inspired  pity."  (Stendhal.) 


midst  of  the  coats  covered  with  gold  and  silver  embroid- 
ery which  were  worn  by  his  generals  and  the  officers  of 
his  household." 

This  simplicity  of  dress  was  really  a  matter  of 
choice  and  not  of  affectation — as  is  sometimes 
charged.  Meneval  relates  that,  pending  the 
arrival  of  Marie  Louise  in  France,  the  Emperor 
yielded  to  the  entreaties  of  the  princess  Pauline, 
an  acknowledged  authority  in  matters  of  taste, 
and  ordered  a  magnificent  suit,  loaded  with  lace 
and  embroidery,  to  grace  the  coming  event. 
The  finery,  however,  was  worn  but  once,  and 
was  then  laid  aside  for  the  plain  habit  of  or- 
dinary days. 

Readers  fond  of  the  minuter  espials  of  biog- 
raphy will  not  find  Meneval's  narrative  want- 
ing. There  are  many  curious  details  as  to  the 
Emperor's  domestic  life  and  his  personal  hab- 
its. Of  that  virtue  which  is  "  next  to  godli- 
ness "  we  learn  that  he  had  his  full  share : 

"  He  took  frequent  baths.  He  used  to  brush  his  arms 
and  his  broad  chest  himself.  His  valet  finished  by  rub- 
bing him  very  vigorously  on  the  back  and  shoulders.  He 
formerly  used  to  be  shaved,  but  for  a  long  time,  that  is 
to  say  since  1803,  he  had  shaved  himself — after  he  had 
changed  his  valet.  A  small  mirror  was  held  before  him, 
and  turned  as  required.  He  then  used  to  wash  himself 
with  a  great  quantity  of  water  in  a  silver  basin,  which 
from  its  size  might  have  been  taken  for  a  vat.  A  sponge 
dipped  in  eau  de  cologne  was  passed  over  his  hair,  and 
the  rest  of  the  bottle  was  poured  over  his  shoulders. 
.  .  .  His  allowance  for  dress  had  at  first  been  fixed  at 
60,000  francs;  he  reduced  this  amount  to  20,000  francs, 
all  included.  He  was  fond  of  saying  that  with  an  in- 
come of  12,000  francs,  and  a  horse,  he  should  have  all 
he  wanted." 

Like  M.  Levy,  Meneval  is  at  some  pains  to 
show  that  Napoleon  possessed — as  he  probably 
did  —  a  fair  share  of  the  domestic  virtues,  be- 
ing an  affectionate  husband  and  father,  and 
the  best  of  sons  and  brothers.  Among  his  many 
engaging  pictures  of  the  Emperor's  home  life 
there  is  one  that  seems  especially  attractive 
and  characteristic.  Ever  bent  on  the  game  or 
the  reality  of  war,  Napoleon  had  some  little 
manoeuvre-pieces  made  —  bits  of  wood  of  dif- 
ferent lengths  and  colors,  representing  regi- 
ments and  divisions — with  which  he  would  try 
new  military  evolutions  and  combinations,  set- 
ting them  up  on  the  floor  to  gain  a  larger  field 
for  the  mimic  campaign.  Sometimes  his  son, 
the  little  King  of  Rome,  would  surprise  him 
occupied  with  these  pieces  and  working  out  be- 
forehand one  of  those  brilliant  coups  which  so 
often  turned  the  scale  in  favor  of  the  French 
arms. 

"  The  child,  lying  on  the  floor  at  his  side,  pleased  with 
the  color  and  the  form  of  these  manoeuvre  pieces  — 
which  reminded  him  of  his  toys — would  at  each  instant 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


113 


touch  them  with  his  hand  and  disturb  the  order  of  bat- 
tle at  a  decisive  moment  just  when  the  enemy  was  about 
to  be  beaten.  But  so  great  was  Napoleon's  presence  of 
mind,  and  his  affection  for  his  son,  that  he  did  not  allow 
himself  to  be  disturbed  by  the  disorder  into  which  the 
child  had  thrown  his  strategical  combinations,  and  con- 
tented himself,  without  manifesting  any  impatience,  with 
putting  the  pieces  back  into  their  right  order.  His  pa- 
tience and  kindness  for  his  child  were  inexhaustible." 

In  this  connection  Meneval  tells  a  touching 
story  of  the  Empress  Josephine.  She  had 
begged  as  a  favor  to  have  the  King  of  Rome 
taken  to  her,  and  Napoleon  yielded,  despite 
the  jealous  opposition  of  Marie  Louise,  who 
feared  the  ascendancy  which  a  woman  who  had 
once  been  so  loved  by  her  husband  might  still 
retain  over  him.  Describing  the  meeting,  Men- 
eval says  : 

"  The  excellent  Princess  could  not  restrain  her  tears  at  the 
sight  of  a  child  who  recalled  such  painful  memories  and 
the  privation  of  a  happiness  which  Heaven  had  refused  to 
her.  She  embraced  him  with  transports.  She  seemed  to 
take  pleasure  in  the  illusion  produced  by  the  thought  that 
she  was  lavishing  her  caresses  on  her  own  child.  She 
never  wearied  of  admiring  his  strength  and  beauty,  and 
could  not  detach  herself  from  him." 

For  this  wronged  woman  Meneval  has  nothing 
but  kindness,  though  he  faintly  approves,  on 
political  grounds,  of  Napoleon's  resolution  to 
put  her  aside.  He  was  an  eye-witness  of  the 
painful  scene  immediately  following  the  cere- 
mony that,  as  he  says,  "  unloosened  the  bonds 
of  a  union  which,  had  Josephine  been  fruitful, 
would  have  lasted  as  long  as  their  lives  ": 

"  The  Emperor  re-entered  his  study,  sad  and  silent, 
and  let  himself  fall  on  the  sofa  where  he  usually  sat,  in 
complete  depression.  He  remained  there  some  mo- 
ments, his  head  leaning  on  his  hand,  and  when  he  rose 
his  face  was  distorted.  Orders  for  the  departure  to 
Trianon  had  been  given  in  advance.  When  it  was  an- 
nounced that  the  carriages  were  ready,  Napoleon  took 
his  hat  and  said,  '  Me"neval,  come  with  me  ! '  I  followed 
him  up  the  little  winding  staircase  which  communicated 
between  his  study  and  the  Empress's  apartment.  Jose- 
phine was  alone,  and  seemed  wrapped  in  the  most  pain- 
ful reflection.  The  noise  we  made  in  entering  attracted 
her  attention,  and  springing  up  she  threw  herself  on  the 
Emperor's  neck,  sobbing  and  crying.  He  pressed  her 
to  his  breast,  kissing  her  over  and  over  again,  but  in  the 
excess  of  her  emotion  she  had  fainted.  I  ran  to  the 
bell  and  summoned  help.  The  Emperor,  wishing  to 
avoid  the  sight  of  a  grief  which  he  was  unable  to  as- 
suage, placed  the  Empress  in  my  arms  as  soon  as  he  saw 
she  was  coming  back  to  consciousness,  ordered  me  not 
to  leave  her,  and  withdrew  rapidly  by  the  drawing- 
rooms  of  the  ground  floor,  at  the  door  of  which  his  car- 
riage was  waiting.  After  the  Emperor's  disappearance, 
women  who  entered  laid  her  on  a  couch  and  did  what 
was  necessary  for  her  recovery.  In  her  confusion  she 
took  my  hands  and  earnestly  prayed  me  to  tell  the  Em- 
peror not  to  forget  her,  and  to  assure  him  of  an  affec- 
tion which  would  survive  any  and  every  event.  It 
seemed  to  be  difficult  for  her  to  allow  me  to  depart,  as 


if  my  departure  would  break  the  last  tie  by  which  she 
was  connected  with  Napoleon." 

Josephine,  says  Meneval,  "had  an  irresist- 
ible attraction." 

"  She  was  not  a  woman  of  regular  beauty  (she  had 
that  grace  which  is  more  beautiful  than  beauty's  self, 
as  our  good  La  Fontaine  used  to  say);  she  had  the 
soft  abandon,  the  supple  and  elegant  movements,  the 
graceful  negligence,  of  Creole  women.  Her  temper  was 
always  even.  Good  and  kind,  she  was  affable  and  in- 
dulgent to  everybody  without  exception  of  persons.  She 
was  not  a  woman  of  superior  intellect,  but  her  exquisite 
politeness,  her  great  familiarity  with  society  and  court 
life  and  their  innocent  artifices,  always  taught  her  at  a 
moment's  notice  what  to  say  and  do." 

Lacking  the  subtler  charms  of  the  wife  she 
supplanted,  Marie  Louise  had  in  full  measure 
the  attractions  inseparable  from  youth  and 
health.  The  author  sketches  her  as  she  ap- 
peared to  him  on  her  arrival  in  France : 

"  Marie  Louise,  then  in  the  splendor  of  her  youth, 
had  a  bust  of  perfect  regularity.  The  bodice  of  her 
dress  was  longer  than  used  to  be  worn  at  the  time, 
which  added  to  her  natural  dignity,  and  contrasted  very 
well  with  the  ugly,  short  bodices  of  our  ladies.  Her 
face  was  flushed  with  the  journey  and  by  her  nervous- 
ness. Pale  chestnut  hair,  silky  and-  abundant,  framed 
a  fresh  full  face,  over  which  eyes,  full  of  sweetness, 
spread  a  charming  expression.  Her  lips,  which  were 
rather  thick,  recalled  the  type  of  the  Austrian  ruling 
family,  just  as  a  slight  convexity  of  the  nose  is  the  char- 
acteristic of  the  House  of  Bourbon." 

Meneval's  post  was  no  sinecure.  The  Em- 
peror's prodigious  activity  grew  with  the  ob- 
stacles put  in  his  way,  and  taxed  the  strength 
of  his  secretary  to  the  utmost.  Night  and  day 
he  was  bound  to  the  wheel  of  that  restless,  ever- 
scheming,  and,  in  its  final  conceptions,  vaguely- 
defined  ambition.  Says  Meneval : 

"  It  often  happened  that  I  would  hand  him  some  doc- 
ument to  sign  in  the  evening.  '  I  will  not  sign  it  now,' 
he  would  say, '  be  here  to-night  at  one  o'clock,  or  at  four 
in  the  morning;  we  will  work  together.'  On  these  oc- 
casions I  would  have  myself  waked  some  minutes  before 
the  appointed  hour.  As,  in  coming  down  stairs,  I  used 
to  pass  in  front  of  the  door  of  his  apartment,  I  used  to 
enter  to  ask  if  he  had  been  waked.  The  invariable 
answer  was,  'He  has  just  rung  for  Constant,'  and  at  the 
same  moment  he  used  to  make  his  appearance,  dressed 
in  his  white  dressing-gown,  with  a  Madras  handkerchief 
round  his  head.  When,  by  chance,  he  had  got  to  the 
study  before  me,  I  used  to  find  him  walking  up  and 
down  with  his  hands  behind  his  back,  or  helping  him- 
self from  his  snuff-box,  less  from  taste  than  from  pre- 
occupation, for  he  only  used  to  smell  at  his  pinches,  and 
his  handkerchiefs  were  never  soiled  with  the  snuff. 
His  ideas  developed  as  he  dictated,  with  an  abundance 
and  a  clearness  which  showed  that  his  attention  was 
firmly  riveted  to  the  subject  with  which  he  was  dealing; 
they  sprang  from  his  head  as  Minerva  sprang,  fully 
armed,  from  the  head  of  Jupiter.  .  .  .  Napoleon  used 
to  explain  the  clearness  of  his  mind,  and  his  faculty  of 
being  able  at  will  to  prolong  his  work  to  extreme  limits, 
by  saying  that  the  various  subjects  were  arranged  in 


114 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


his  head,  as  though  in  a  cupboard.  <  When  I  want  to 
interrupt  one  piece  of  work,'  he  said, '  I  close  the  drawer 
in  which  it  is,  and  open  another.  The  two  pieces  of 
business  never  get  mixed  up  together,  and  never  trouble 
or  tire  me.  When  I  want  to  rest,  I  close  up  all  the 
drawers,  and  then  I  am  ready  to  go  off  to  sleep.' " 

We  should  be  sorry  if  the  foregoing  extracts, 
selected  chiefly  for  their  graphic  quality  and 
separableness  from  the  context,  should  convey 
the  impression  that  the  book  before  us  is  a 
mosaic  of  chit-chat  and  haphazard  portraiture. 
We  recall  no  memoir  of  the  Napoleonic  period 
which  is  less  open  to  the  charge  of  "•  scrappi- 
ness  "  and  triviality.  Meneval  was  a  serious, 
retiring,*  even  a  melancholy  man  —  many  de- 
grees removed  from  the  mere  court  quidnunc. 
His  bias  in  Napoleon's  favor  was  pronounced ; 
but,  allowing  for  this,  his  political  and  personal 
reflections  are  calm  and  penetrating,  and  they 
are  the  ripened  fruit  of  his  later  years.  We 
have  alluded  to  his  version  of  the  d'Enghien 
tragedy  —  one  of  the  darkest  stains  on  Napo- 
leon's career.  The  pith  of  the  matter,  as  com- 
monly understood,  and  the  defense  offered  by 
Meneval,  can  be  briefly  stated.  In  1803-4, 
Bonaparte,  justly  alarmed  and  enraged  by  the 
royalist  plots  against  his  life,  resolved  to  deal 
his  enemies  a  blow  that  should  effectually  check 
such  enterprises  for  the  future.  The  blow  de- 
cided on  was  the  execution  of  one  of  the  royal- 
ist princes,  and  the  victim  selected  was  the  Due 
d'Enghein,  the  last  of  the  Condes,  a  known 
leader  of  the  emigres,  and  a  supposed  sharer 
in  the  murderous  attempt  of  Cadoudal  and 
Pichegru.  That  the  arrest  of  d'Enghien,  then 
living  at  Ettenheim,  in  Baden,  would  involve 
a  flagrant  breach  of  the  law  of  nations,  gave 
no  pause  to  the  imperious  will  of  the  First  Con- 
sul. On  the  night  of  March  15,  1804,  d'En- 
ghien was  seized  at  Ettenheim  by  French  gen- 
darmes, haled  over  the  frontier  to  Strasburg 
and  thence  to  the  castle  of  Vincennes,  where 
he  was  tried  by  court  martial,  found  guilty, 
sentenced,  and  put  to  death,  all  during  the 
night  of  March  20,  and  the  early  morning  of 
March  21.  His  request  to  see  the  First  Con- 
sul might  possibly  have  been  granted  by  his 
judges ;  but  Savary,  a  devoted  tool  of  Napo- 
leon, who  had  been  put  in  charge  of  the  platoon 
detailed  for  the  execution,  roughly  interposed 
in  the  debate,  and  led  his  prisoner  away  to  the 
castle-moat,  where  he  was  shot,  with  a  summary 
barbarity  worthy  of  the  days  of  the  Terror. 

*  In  a  note  on  Fleury  de  Chaboulon's  Memoirs,  Napoleon 
says  :  "  Mineral  and  Fain  lived  in  such  a  retired  way  that 
there  were  chamberlains  who,  after  four  years'  service  in  the 
palace,  had  never  seen  them." 


Broadly  viewed,  the  murder  (or,  to  use  the 
common  euphemism,  the  execution)  of  d'En- 
ghien seems  the  only  logical  outcome  of  the 
affair  from  the  beginning.  The  extraordinary 
preliminary  step ;  the  trial  before  a  tribunal 
certain — as  Meneval  admits — to  convict ;  the 
selection  of  Savary  and  his  obvious  conviction 
of  his  duty ;  the  swiftness  and  secrecy  of  the 
entire  proceedings  —  all  point  to  the  fact  that 
the  unfortunate  Prince  was  doomed  from  the 
first,  and  that  Napoleon  was  his  judge.  It  is 
admitted  that  had  d'Enghien  been  taken  on 
French  soil,  or  in  battle,  his  sentence,  while 
severe,  would  have  been  legal.  Taken  as  he 
was  on  the  soil  of  a  country  with  which  France 
was  on  the  friendliest  terms,  it  was  murder. 
Meneval's  chief  defense  of  his  master  is  that, 
expecting  a  final  request  from  his  prisoner  for 
an  audience,  he  meant  to  exercise  clemency. 
He  knew  that  conviction  was  certain  ;  but  he 
took  measures  —  not,  as  is  generally  held,  to 
prevent  —  but  to  assure  the  Prince's  request 
for  an  interview  reaching  him.  These  meas- 
ures, according  to  Meneval,  were  thwarted  by 
the  following  singular  (we  are  inclined  to  add, 
suspicious)  incident,  the  facts  of  which,  how- 
ever, whatever  our  interpretation  of  them  may 
be,  the  relator's  character  for  veracity  does  not 
permit  us  to  doubt.  Pending  d'Enghien's  trial, 
Napoleon  ordered  his  Secretary  of  State,  Maret, 
to  write  in  his  name  to  the  Councillor  of  State, 
Real,  directing  the  latter  "  to  go  to  Vincennes, 
and  to  personally  examine  the  Due  d'Enghien, 
and  then  to  come  and  report  the  result  of  this 
examination  to  him,  Napoleon."  The  fateful 
letter  reached  Real's  house  at  ten  o'clock  on 
the  evening  of  the  trial :  but  Real,  suffering 
from  unusual  fatigue,  had  gone  to  bed,  after 
having  peremptorily  "  forbidden  his  valet  to 
wake  him  before  five  in  the  morning,  no  matter 
what  message  might  be  sent  to  him"  The  next 
morning  M.  Real  received  the  letter,  dressed 
with  all  speed,  and  hastened  to  Vincennes  — 
too  late.  "  On  the  way  he  met  Col.  Savary, 
who  informed  him  that  the  Due  d'Enghien's 
execution  had  taken  place." 

Meneval,  with  other  panegyrists  of  Napo- 
leon, failed  to  see  or  was  loth  to  admit  that  his 
hero,  like  Bacon  and  Marlborough,  strongly  ex- 
emplified the  truth  that  great  mental  gifts  by  no 
means  imply  corresponding  moral  ones.  Napo- 
leon's character  was  strangely  inconsistent,  and 
even  intellectually  it  presents  contradictions. 
His  marvellous  genius  for  appreciating  and 
shaping  special  facts  and  situations  was  coupled 
with  the  feeblest  incoherence  of  general  policy  ; 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


115 


and  his  dreams  of  the  future,  where  we  can  di- 
vine them,  were  so  vague,  fantastic,  and  gran- 
diose as  almost  to  warrant  the  doubt  sometimes 
cast  upon  his  sanity  during  his  later  years. 
What  was  Napoleon's  final  goal — the  consum- 
mation he  had  in  view  and  toward  which  he 
strove  and  planned  ?  Has  anyone  yet  answered 
the  question  explicitly  ?  Could  Napoleon  him- 
self have  answered  it?  The  good  Meneval's 
response,  touching  the  "  ameliorating  the  con- 
dition of  humanity,"  and  other  benign  Napo- 
leonic aims,  seems,  in  the  light  of  recorded 
deeds,  scarcely  satisfactory.  Nor  can  we  ad- 
mit that  the  crimes  of  a  man  who  sacrificed  to 
his  own  ends,  with  appalling  indifference,  the 
lives,  liberties,  and  happiness  of  scores  of  thou- 
sands, are  in  the  faintest  degree  redeemed  by 
his  half-dozen  putative  bourgeois  virtues. 

It  remains  to  add  that  the  publishers  of  this 
important  work  have  given  it  the  setting  it  de- 
serves ;  and  we  venture  to  say  the  edition  will 
bear  comparison  with  the  concurring  French 
and  English  ones.  The  good  work  of  the  trans- 
lator, Mr.  Robt.  H.  Sherard,  calls  for  a  word 
of  praise. 


E.  G.  J. 


PROBLEMS  OF  AMERICAN  LAW  REFORM.* 


Judge  Dillon's  entertaining  and  suggestive 
book  on  "  The  Laws  and  Jurisprudence  of  En- 
gland and  America  "  has  many  great  excel- 
lences, though  it  is  not  without  some  striking 
defects  of  style.  It  is  a  revision  of  a  series 
of  lectures  to  the  law  students  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity on  "  Our  Law  in  its  old  and  in  its  new 
home — England  and  America."  It  deals  with 
the  sources  and  development  of  our  law,  and 
with  its  qualities  and  tendencies  as  now  admin- 
istered. Although  the  form  of  cursory  oral  lec- 
tures is  preserved,  yet  Judge  Dillon  evidently 
kept  in  his  eye  several  other  sorts  of  men,  among 
whom,  plainly,  were  the  lawyers,  the  guild  of 
professors  and  learned  men,  the  court -room 
audience  to  whom  he  for  many  years  talked  as 
judge,  and  the  greater  audience  of  the  plain 
people  to  whom  he  was  wont  to  speak  on  the 
Fourth  of  July.  The  book  is  technical  without 
being  obscure,  learned  in  a  somewhat  general 
way,  concrete  and  practical ;  and  throughout  it 
is  inflated  by  a  florid  eloquence  and  an  ampli- 
tude of  quotation  and  literary  allusion  in  which 
the  author  delights,  and  from  which  he  cannot 
always  restrain  himself.  Judge  Dillon  has  evi- 

*THE  LAWS  AND  JURISPRUDENCE   OF   ENGLAND  AND 
AMERICA.   By  John  F.  Dillon.   Boston  :  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 


dently  modelled  his  style  after  Dr.  Johnson ; 
and  his  learning  is  of  the  stucco  and  decorative 
order,  rather  than  of  the  solid  and  structural. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  work  he  seeks  to  in- 
terest his  students  by  excursions  into  the  an- 
tiquities of  the  law,  the  ancient  degrees  and 
ceremonies  of  the  English  lawyers,  descriptions 
of  Westminster  Hall  and  of  the  Inns  of  Court, 
and  the  like.  He  then  didactically  explains 
the  development  of  the  judicial  system  of  the 
United  States,  the  adoption  of  our  written  con- 
stitutions, with  their  rationale,  limitations,  and 
guarantees. 

In  the  last  five  lectures  he  takes  up  his  real 
theme,  the  development  of  our  law  by  the  au- 
thority of  judicial  precedent ;  or,  in  other 
words,  the  rule  that  a  decision  by  a  court  of 
competent  jurisdiction,  in  a  question  of  law 
directly  involved  in  the  case  before  it,  is  (until 
overruled  by  the  same  or  a  superior  court) 
binding,  not  only  in  that  case,  but  in  all  sub- 
sequent cases  in  which  that  question  is  involved. 
To  this  doctrine  we  owe  the  accumulation  of 
some  eight  thousand  volumes  of  the  best  law 
in  the  world.  And  Judge  Dillon  concedes  that 
if  these  eight  thousand  volumes  (together  with 
sundry  other  thousand  volumes  of  statutes  and 
text-books)  were  only  all  studied  by  our  lawyers 
and  legislators,  they  would  scarcely  need  to 
take  a  step  in  the  dark.  But  our  author  rec- 
ognizes that  the  legislatures  have  never  done 
this  to  any  great  extent ;  that  even  the  judges 
are  now  beginning  to  lose  something  of  the  stu- 
dious habits  which  aimed  to  keep  these  books 
in  mind  ;  and  that  as  the  courts  and  report-fac- 
tories go  on  turning  out  precedents  at  the  rate 
of  upwards  of  a  hundred  volumes  a  year,  even 
the  lawyers — most  patient  of  men — are  likely  to 
be  overwhelmed,  and  lose  their  studious  habits 
ere  long.  Judge  Dillon  therefore  maintains  that 
the  time  has  come  for  a  systematic  restatement 
of  the  body  of  our  statutory  and  case  law. 

Judge  Dillon  is  by  nature  a  progressive  man 
and  a  reformer ;  he  is  at  the  same  time  a  lover 
of  learning  and  a  diplomat.  Even  forty  years 
of  experience  in  the  legal  profession,  twenty 
of  which  have  been  passed  at  the  bar  and 
twenty  upon  the  bench,  have  not  sufficed  to 
extinguish  his  native  tendencies.  They  have, 
however,  developed  in  him  to  an  unusual  degree 
the  conviction  that  the  reformation  of  the  law  is 
best  to  be  accomplished  by  conserving  the  fruits 
of  our  legal  development,  and  by  securing,  first 
of  all,  an  adequate  re-statement  of  the  law  as 
it  exists  to-day,  omitting  all  that  has  been  re- 
pealed or  overruled,  and  all  that  has  become 


116 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


obsolete.  He  is  therefore  among  the  most  prac- 
tical of  law  reformers.  Many  years  ago  Tocque- 
ville  pointed  out  that  the  effect  of  a  lawyer's 
experience  is  to  render  him  conservative,  and 
that  in  America  the  legal  profession  constitutes 
both  the  real  aristocracy  and  the  bulwark  of 
the  state.  These  ideas  are  strikingly  illustrated 
in  the  conservative  and  patriotic  tone  of  Judge 
Dillon's  addresses,  and  the  moderate  and  care- 
ful limits  within  which  he  advocates  legal  re- 
forms. In  his  argument  for  a  re-statement 
of  the  law,  he  avoids  the  breakers  upon  which 
most  schemes  of  law  reform  have  already  gone 
down.  He  sums  up  his  views  in  the  following 
words : 

"  There  inevitably  comes  a  stage  in  the  legal  history 
of  every  people  when  its  laws  become  '  so  voluminous 
and  vast '  that  an  authoritative  and  systematic  re-com- 
pilation or  re-statement  of  them  is  necessary,  to  the  end 
that  they  may  be  accessible,  and  of  (to  use,  in  default 
of  a  better,  Bentham's  uncouth  but  expressive  word) 
cognoscible  bulk,  if  not  to  those  who  are  governed  by 
them,  at  least  to  those  whose  business  it  is  to  advise  con- 
cerning them,  and  to  those  whose  duty  it  is  to  administer 
and  apply  them."  (P.  269.) 

This,  indeed,  is  the  real  lesson  of  Judge  Dil- 
lon's book.  At  the  same  time  he  does  not  fall 
into  the  common  error  of  the  advocates  of  a 
code,  that  of  recommending  the  remodelling  of 
our  law  after  the  Roman  or  civil  code.  He  in- 
sists that  his  purpose  is 

"  To  delineate  the  characteristics  and  to  exhibit  the  ex- 
cellences of  our  legal  system  as  it  now  exists,  with  a  view 
to  show  that  for  the  people  subject  to  its  rule  it  is,  with 
all  its  faults,  better  than  any  Roman  or  any  other  alien 
system.  It  is  an  argument,  intended  to  be  so  earnestly 
and  strongly  put  as  to  amount  to  a  protest,  against  the 
Conlinentalization  of  our  law.  I  have  a  profound  con- 
viction of  the  superiority  of  our  system  of  law,  at  least 
for  our  people;  but  I  know  that  this  estimate  is  not  so 
fully  and  firmly  held  by  the  body  of  lawyers  and  law 
teachers  as  I  think  it  ought  to  be.  I  have  therefore 
thought  it  a  fitting,  if  not  needful,  aim  to  inspire  on  the 
part  of  the  profession  a  more  thorough  appreciation 
of  it." 

What  Judge  Dillon  favors  is  the  re-statement 
and  gradual  codification  of  our  law,  in  a  code 
which  should  be  the  natural  outgrowth  and  ex- 
pression of  our  law  as  it  is  ;  i.  e.,  it  should  be 
truly  an  American  code,  and  not  an  imitation 
of  any  Continental  code. 

The  special  points  of  superiority  of  the  com- 
mon law  over  the  civil  law, — namely,  the  decis- 
ion and  settlement  of  the  law  only  upon  ques- 
tions actually  arising  and  duly  argued  and  de- 
liberated, the  jury  system,  the  careful  develop- 
ment of  the  law  of  evidence,  the  supreme  value 
of  the  American  system  of  written  constitutions 
setting  definite  limits  to  the  departments  of 


Government,  and  the  independence  of  the  ju- 
diciary in  maintaining  the  limits  set  by  the  Con- 
stitution, —  are  set  forth  in  a  way  to  re-con- 
vince both  the  practical  man  and  the  student 
of  institutions.  Students  of  the  latter  class 
are  apt  to  find  their  most  abundant  materials 
and  the  most  learned  and  scholarly  treatment 
of  them  in  the  Continental  systems,  and  are  apt 
to  overlook  the  substantial  and  permanent  ad- 
vances made  at  home.  Judge  Dillon  thinks, 
and  shows,  that  this  is  simply  another  case  of 
the  far-away  field  which  looks  green,  compared 
with  the  brown  and  rusty  look  of  the  field  at 
our  feet.  Yet  none  the  less  does  he  perceive 
the  defects  in  our  laws,  both  of  system  and  of 
administration.  Indicating  some  of  these  de- 
fects, he  says : 

"  Most  of  our  appellate  courts  are  crowded  with  causes, 
and  the  effect  upon  the  judges  is  that  they  too  often 
feel  it  to  be  an  ever-pressing,  paramount,  all-absorbing 
duty  to  clear  the  docket.  This  mistakenly  becomes  the 
chief  object  to  be  attained,  —  the  primary  instead  of  a 
quite  subordinate  consideration.  In  the  accomplishment 
of  this  end,  the  judges  are  as  impatient  of  delay  as  was 
the  wedding-guest  in  the  Rime  of  the  Ancient  Mariner. 
Added  to  this,  a  majority  of  the  appellate  judges  gen- 
erally reside  elsewhere  than  at  the  capital  or  place 
where  the  courts  are  held,  and  the  desire  is  constantly 
felt  to  bring  a  laborious  session  to  an  end  as  speedily  as 
possible,  in  order  that  they  may  rejoin  their  families 
and  do  their  work  in  the  fatigue-dress  of  their  libraries, 
rather  than  under  the  necessary  restraints  of  the  term. 
They  begrudge  the  time  necessary  for  full  argument  at 
the  bar.  They  dislike  to  hear  counsel  at  length.  They  pre- 
fer to  receive  briefs.  As  a  result,  two  practices  have 
grown  up  too  generally  throughout  the  country,  which 
have,  as  I  think,  done  more  to  impair  the  value  of  judicial 
judgments  and  opinions  than  perhaps  all  other  causes 
combined.  The  first  is  that  the  submission  of  causes 
upon  printed  briefs  is  favored,  and  oral  arguments  at  the 
bar  are  discouraged,  and  the  time  allowed  therefore  is 
usually  inadequate.  On  this  subject  I  hold  very  strong 
opinions ;  but  also  hold  that  no  opinion  can  be  too  strong. 
As  a  means  of  enabling  the  court  to  understand  the 
exact  case  brought  thither  for  its  judgment,  as  a  means 
of  eliciting  the  very  truth  of  the  matter  both  of  law 
and  fact,  there  is  no  substitute  for  oral  argument. 
None  ! 

"  The  other  practice  among  some,  I  fear  many,  of  our 
appellate  courts  which  injuriously  affects  our  case-law 
is  the  practice  of  assigning  the  record  of  causes  submitted 
on  printed  arguments  to  one  of  the  judges  to  look  into  and 
write  an  opinion,  without  a  previous  examination  of  the 
record  and  arguments  by  the  judges  in  consultation.  This 
course  ought  to  be  forbidden,  peremptorily  forbidden,  by 
statute.  What  is  the  most  difficult  function  of  an  ap- 
pellate court  ?  It  is,  as  I  think,  after  the  record  is  fully 
opened  and  the  argument  understood,  to  determine  pre- 
cisely upon  what  point  or  points  the  judgment  of  the 
case  ought  to  rest.  This  most  delicate  and  important 
of  all  judicial  duties  ought  always  to  be  performed  by 
the  judges  in  full  conference  before  the  record  is  deliv- 
ered to  one  of  their  number  to  write  the  opinion  of  the 
court;  which,  when  written,  should  be  confined  to  the 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


11T 


precise  grounds  thus  pre-determined.  In  respect  to 
oral  arguments,  the  time  allowed  therefore,  the  willing- 
ness to  hear  counsel,  and  full  conferences  among  the 
judges  in  the  presence  of  each  other  prior  to  decision  or 
assigning  the  record  to  a  judge  to  write  the  opinion,  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  is  a  model  for 
every  appellate  tribunal  in  the  country." 

A  stronger  argument  for  the  consolidation  of 
our  Supreme  Court  could  not  be  desired.  We 
wish  that  this  book  might  be  in  the  hands  of 
all  our  judges,  and  especially  in  the  hands  and 
hearts  of  the  present  Commissioners  for  the 
Revision  of  the  Illinois  Statutes. 

MERRITT  STARR. 


THE  MENTAL  GROWTH  OF  MANKIND.* 

Mr.  John  S.  Hittell  has  presented  in  four 
handsome  and  impressive  volumes  his  "  His- 
tory of  the  Mental  Growth  of  Mankind  in  An- 
cient Times."  The  idea  underlying  this  work 
is  excellent.  To  successfully  develop  it  would 
be  the  achievement  of  genius.  To  say  that  the 
author  fails  is  not  severe  criticism,  for  most 
men  would  fail.  The  scope  of  the  work  is  out- 
lined in  a  series  of  introductory  questions  oc- 
cupying several  pages.  These  questions  are 
suggestive,  and  the  final  ones  are  :  "  Has  the 
Celt  any  natural  fitness  for  free  government  ? 
Is  he  superior  to  the  Teuton  in  delicacy  of  sen- 
timent ?  Are  the  nations  of  Southern  Europe 
superior  to  those  of  the  North  in  artistic  genius  ? 
Are  those  of  the  North  superior  in  mental  and 
physical  energy  ?  "  Having  propounded  these 
and  many  other  queries,  our  author  says  :  "  To 
these  questions,  which  have  never  been  an- 
swered satisfactorily,  I  shall  offer  replies,  which, 
however  weak  they  may  be  in  many  points,  will 
yet,  I  hope,  contribute  a  little  to  the  stock  of 
historical  truth."  One  naturally  feels  some 
surprise  when  he  fails  to  find  any  of  these  final 
questions  answered. 

The  author  coins  words  when  he  needs  them. 
To  this  we  have  no  objection,  but  we  do  wish 
he  would  not  give  new  meanings  to  old  words. 
He  discusses  the  three  culture  stages,  Savag- 
ism,  Barbarism,  Civilization  ;  but  he  uses  the 
terms  in  his  own  way. 

The  four  volumes  treat  of  Savagism,  Heathen 
Barbarism,  Judea  and  Greece,  Rome  and  Early 
Christianity.  The  volume  on  Savagism  is  in- 
teresting,— but  does  not  Tylor  cover  the  same 
ground  as  well,  or  better  ?  Some  chapters  are 

*  A  HISTORY  OF  THE  MENTAL  GROWTH  OF  MANKIND  IN 
ANCIENT  TIMES.  By  John  S.  Hittell.  In  four  volumes. 
New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


weak.  The  discussion  regarding  the  Primi- 
tive Family  is  particularly  unsatisfactory.  Has 
Hittell  really  read  Bachofen  ?  In  his  appen- 
dix we  read :  "  Bachofen,  who  was  the  first  to 
call  attention  to  the  subject,  has  but  little  to 
interest  readers  who  are  familiar  with  later 
writers,  such  as  Lubbock  and  Lippert."  If  our 
author  has  read  Bachofen,  he  deserves  notice 
for  having  performed  a  feat  which  few  have 
done.  But  he  certainly  has  not  read  Starcke. 
Nowhere  has  he  made  a  citation  from  the  great 
Dane's  work,  certainly  the  most  important  of 
the  many  discussions  in  this  subject.  In  this 
connection  it  is  curious  to  read  :  "  Other  works 
worthy  of  attention  are  Lubbock's  '  Origin  of 
Civilization,'  which  gives  a  good  summary  of 
Morgan's  ideas,  Starcke's  '  Primitive  Family,* 
and  Lippert's  '  Kulturgeschichte  '  and  '  Ges- 
chichte  der  Familie.'  "  There  is  no  apparent 
realization  on  our  author's  part  of  the  fact  that 
Starcke  is  the  exponent  of  ideas  somewhat  un- 
like his  own  or  of  the  authors  cited. 

The  Aztecs  are  discussed  in  Volume  II., 
upon  "Heathen  Barbarism."  Morgan's  "An- 
cient Society  "  is  quoted,  but  his  other  writings 
are  apparently  unknown,  and  the  romantic  views 
of  past  and  unscientific  writers  are  usually  pre- 
sented. Bandelier,  unquestionably  the  most 
cautious  and  critical  authority  upon  the  Aztecs, 
is  neither  cited  nor  mentioned.  The  value  of 
the  discussion  is  at  once  evident. 

Were  we  to  spend  time  in  picking  out  here 
and  there  the  small  slips  and  careless  argu- 
ments of  the  four  volumes,  we  should  justly  be 
accused  of  trifling.  The  author  intends  to  be 
judicial  and  fair,  but  is  dogmatic  both  in  thought 
and  expression.  His  partiality  for  the  Greeks 
is  marked  ;  his  dislike  of  the  Romans  is  equally 
plain.  The  very  word  Christianity  is  a  chal- 
lenge to  him.  Committed  to  evolution,  filled 
with  admiration  for  Kulturgeschichte,  optim- 
istic in  all  human  affairs,  Hittell  is  delightedly 
conscious  that  the  present  is  better  than  any 
past,  that  our  race  is  better  than  all  other  races, 
that  life  is  improving,  and  that  the  future  is  a 
time  for  still  higher  achievement. 

We  have  criticised  :  we  might  criticise  still 
more ;  but  we  admire  the  earnestness  shownr 
the  extensive  reading  displayed,  and  the  sug- 
gestiveness  of  the  work.  To  find  out  what  con- 
tribution each  culture  stage  and  each  great 
nation  has  made  to  the  sum  total  of  human 
progress,  is  surpassingly  important.  This  work 
is  an  honest  effort,  fairly  successful,  to  do  this. 
As  such  we  welcome  it. 

FREDERICK  STARR. 


118 


[Sept.  1, 


ECONOMIC  PRINCIPLES  NEWLY  STATED.* 


Professor  Nicholson's  "  Principles  of  Political 
Economy,"  his  preface  tells  us,  has  grown  up  out  of 
the  class-room  use  of  Mill,  and  from  the  need  of 
recasting  Mill's  statements  in  the  light  of  modern 
conditions  and  established  modifications  of  the  clas- 
sical theory.  This  fact  has  determined  the  order 
and  general  content,  and,  in  a  highly  complimentary 
sense,  the  work  is  an  annotated  Mill.  Professor 
Nicholson,  however,  is  by  no  means  a  mere  editor. 
The  point  of  view  and  the  essential  positions  are 
those  of  Adam  Smith  ;  and  of  the  economy  of  Adam 
Smith,  Mill  is  justly  taken  as  the  classic  expounder. 
But  Professor  Nicholson  is  himself  a  trained  and 
vigorous  thinker,  and  his  treatment  is  fresh  and  dis- 
passionate. Although  frankly  conservative,  he  has 
restated  the  English  economy  in  full  view  of  the 
criticisms  of  the  "  younger  generation  of  economists," 
to  whom  he  is  inclined  to  concede  not  a  little.  Com- 
pared with  Marshall,  the  book  is  avowedly  reaction- 
ary ;  but  it  is  also  less  original  and  less  vital. 

Professor  Nicholson's  excellent  judgment  is  shown, 
to  cite  examples,  in  his  brief  exposition  of  methods 
(pp.  18-20),  in  his  analysis  of  labor  (pp.  75-86, 
the  treatment  of  moral  activities  excepted),  in  his 
criticisms  of  Mill's  propositions  regarding  capital 
(pp.  98  sqq.),  and  in  his  exposition  of  the  law  of 
population  and  criticism  upon  Mill's  deductions  from 
Malthus  (pp.  164,  169,  175  sqq.).  His  conserva- 
tism on  minor  points  is  exemplified  by  his  attitude 
toward  the  attempt  to  establish  small  farms  in 
England  (146,  149),  and  by  his  condemnation  of 
judicial  rents  as  applied  to  Ireland  (316, 317).  Pro- 
fessor Nicholson's  exposition  of  Value  is  reserved 
for  the  second  volume ;  but  the  discussion  is  antici- 
pated by  a  heated  criticism  of  the  notion  that  util- 
ity can  be  measured  by  price.  For  the  Austrian 
nomenclature  the  author  has  bare  tolerance,  although 
he  intimates  that  the  "extreme  limits  of  popular 
phraseology  and  comprehension"  have  long  been 
.passed  (7). 

In  the  matter  of  definition,  Professor  Nicholson 
reaffirms,  with  some  asperity,  the  rigid  boundaries 
of  the  classical  school.  He  acknowledges,  indeed, 
the  influence  of  religion,  art,  morality,  and  other 
forces,  upon  the  nature  and  causes  of  the  wealth 
-of  nations,  concedes  that  wealth  must  be  considered 
with  reference  to  human  wants,  and  admits  that 
there  can  be  no  complete  isolation  of  economic  phe- 
nomena; but  — 

"  The  economist  regards  man  as  a  being  who  pro- 
duces, distributes,  exchanges,  and  consumes  wealth,  and 

*  PRINCIPLES  OF  POLITICAL  ECONOMY.  By  J.  Shield  Nich- 
olson, M.A.,  D.Sc.,  Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  the 
University  of  Edinburgh.  Volume  I.  New  York  :  Macmil- 
lan  &  Co. 

THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  WEALTH.  By  John  R.  Commons, 
Professor  of  Economics  and  Social  Science  in  Indiana  Univer- 
sity. New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

PRINCIPLES  OF  ECONOMICS.  By  Grover  Pease  Osborne. 
Cincinnati :  Robert  Clarke  &  Co. 


considers  him  as  a  member  of  society,  one  of  the  ob- 
jects of  which  is  to  deal  with  wealth  "  (13).  "  The  econ- 
omist fixes  his  attention  on  wealth,  and  only  considers 
other  social  factors  as  far  as  they  appreciably  affect 
wealth;  as  in  every  other  science  minor  causes  are  neg- 
lected. .  .  .  Political  economy  classifies  and  explains 
certain  social  facts,  and  discovers  their  laws  and  re- 
lations, just  as  the  natural  sciences  deal  with  phenom- 
ena of  a  different  order.  Thus,  starting  with  private 
property  and  freedom  of  competition  as  existing  facts, 
we  may  discover  certain  laws  of  rent,  profit,  and  wages ; 
but  whether  this  distribution  of  the  nation's  wealth  is 
morally  just  or  unjust,  is  relegated,  together  with  the 
question  wherein  justice  consists,  to  ethics  "  (14). 

Political  economy  may  consider  the  influence  and 
powers  of  governments,  trades  unions,  and  other 
groups  and  authorities,  in  altering  this  hypothetical 
distribution ;  it  may  point  out  the  objects  govern- 
ments have  had  in  mind  in  this  regard  and  the  dif- 
ficulties in  the  way  of  attainment ;  it  may  consider 
possible  reforms,  etc.  "  Discussions  on  Socialism 
and  similar  topics  have  a  didactic  value  in  that  they 
make  clear  by  way  of  contrast  the  meaning  of  pres- 
ent institutions  and  methods." 

So  far  as  mere  definition  is  concerned,  there  seems 
to  be  little  difference  among  economists.  Even 
the  most  wayward  of  the  "  younger  generation  " 
recognize  the  value  of  isolation  and  separation  for 
purposes  of  analysis.  But  Professor  Nicholson's 
cautions  against  passing  from  the  economic  to  the 
ethical  must  be  taken  in  view  of  his  definition  of 
sociology  as  an  "  aspiration,"  and  his  evident  sat- 
isfaction (ethically  speaking)  with  the  existing  or- 
der of  things.  Obviously,  if  ethics  are  to  be  rig- 
orously excluded  from  economics,  there  can  be  no 
pertinence  in  the  question,  "  What  scheme  of  dis- 
tribution is  economically  best  ?  "  Yet  Professor 
Nicholson  would  create  a  sort  of  economic  ethic, 
and  answer,  as  Adam  Smith  did,  That  which  en- 
forces the  greatest  possible  production  of  wealth. 
And,  in  general,  if  the  author  will  not  discuss  the 
ought,  he  contrives  to  let  us  know  what  he  thinks 
of  other  people's  oughts.  He  may  not  say  whether 
the  "  greatest  happiness"  theory  is  ethically  correct 
or  not,  but  if  he  were  to  doff  the  economic  and  put 
on  the  ethical  ermine  he  would  point  out  that  "max- 
imum freedom  "  is  at  least  as  attractive  as  "  great- 
est happiness." 

"  For  my  own  part  I  should  not  care  to  regard  equal- 
ity of  distribution,  even  if  it  could  be  shown  to  be  both 
practical  and  also  productive  of  maximum  happiness, 
as  the  ultimate  goal  of  human  progress.  Human  ener- 
gies, activities,  and  ambitions  are  not  to  be  satisfied  with 
a  dead  level  of  placid  content.  .  .  .  Even  on  the  ver- 
bal question,  I  submit  that  the  distribution  which  ad- 
mits of  the  greatest  liberty  may  be  more  properly  de- 
scribed as  economic  than  that  which  aims  at  greatest 
utility"  (233). 

But  political  economy  is  a  positive  science,  and  has 
to  try  to  discover  the  real  causes  which  have  been 
and  still  are  at  work,  as  regards  the  distribution  of 
wealth,  and  deduce  the  consequences. 

"  We  have  to  explain  the  nature  and  effects  of  the 


.1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


119 


institution  of  private  property,  and  describe  and  account 
for  various  species  of  income.  Rents,  wages,  and  profits 
are  as  definite  facts  as  any  treated  of  in  the  physical 
sciences." 

Professor  Nicholson's  analysis  of  private  property, 
and  of  freedom  of  competition  and  contract,  is  not 
especially  profound  or  luminous,  but  it  explains 
how,  in  his  view,  ethical,  biological,  and  other  con- 
siderations, are  so  foreign  to  economic  discussion. 
The  possibility  of  change  in  the  methods  of  pro- 
duction, distribution,  consumption,  the  possibility  of 
doing  away  with  poverty,  for  example,  is  what 
makes  economics  so  fascinating  to  the  "  younger 
generation."  To  Professor  Nicholson  things  are 
practically  unalterable,  or  at  least  change  so  slowly 
and  imperceptibly  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  pos- 
itive nature  of  the  science.  He  does  not  merely 
start  with  private  property  and  free  competition. 
The  permanence  of  competition  and  private  prop- 
erty, the  persistence  of  the  virtue  of  selfishness,  the 
adequacy  of  existing  methods  of  distribution — these 
are  the  facts  which  make  an  appeal  to  ethics  so  fu- 
tile. Mill  had  held  to  a  sharp  distinction  between 
the  laws  of  Production  and  those  of  Distribution, 
the  former  partaking  of  the  character  of  physical 
laws,  the  latter  being  a  matter  of  human  institution 
only,  and  subject  to  radical  change  even.  This  dis- 
tinction Professor  Nicholson  vigorously  combats. 
As  to  the  progressive  betterment  of  society  through 
the  gradual  evolution  of  the  altruistic  motives,  he 
announces  his  disagreement  with  Professor  Mar- 
shall, and  holds  with  Stuart  that  "  were  public 
spirit,  instead  of  private  utility,  to  become  the  spring 
•of  action  in  the  individuals  of  a  well-governed  state, 
I  apprehend  it  would  spoil  all"  (86). 

"  For  my  own  part,  in  the  main,  I  follow  the  older 
writers  in  thinking  that  the  great  majority  of  people 
will  do  most  good  to  the  public  by  minding  their  own 
business  "  (85). 

"  Common-sense  morality,  altogether  apart  from  the 
sanctions  of  positive  law,  suffices  with  the  great  mass 
of  a  nation  to  enforce  the  fulfilment  of  what  are  pro- 
nounced to  be  the  ordinary  obligations  of  social  life; 
but  from  the  point  of  view  of  common  sense,  a  man  who 
does  any  work  for  a  less  price  than  his  services  will 
command  is  considered  either  an  enthusiast,  or  a  fool,  and 
if  he  has  others  dependent  upon  him,  the  condemnation 
is  more  severe.  The  minister  of  religion  and  the  min- 
ister of  politics,  the  teacher,  the  physician,  the  lawyer,  the 
author,  and  the  artist,  one  and  all — if  we  take  the  average 
type — need  the  spur  of  self-interest  to  surmount  the  or- 
dinary drudgery  of  their  calling.  Being  ordinary  men 
and  not  brutes,  they  are  on  various  occasions  moved  by 
other  impulses,  just  as  a  few  of  their  extraordinary  fel- 
lows are  constantly  so  moved.  When,  however,  Chris- 
-tianity  itself,  dispassionately  regarded  by  the  economist, 
finds  its  earthly  support  in  earthly  rewards  and  honors, 
how  can  it  be  expected  or  maintained  that  a  substitute 
for  self-interest  can  be  found  for  the  ordinary  business 
of  life  ?  The  appeal  to  history  is  still  more  decisive, 
as  showing  that  the  main-spring  of  economic  progress 
has  been  economic  interest"  (81,  82). 

Even  the  abolition  of  slavery  has  been  due,  not  to 
philanthropy  and  Christian  (altruistic)  principles, 


but  to  economic  interest :  "  It  was  the  discovery, 
not  that  Christ  had  proclaimed  the  equality  of  men, 
but  that  freedom  and  rewards  were  more  efficient 
than  slavery  and  punishments  in  calling  forth  the 
energies  of  labor."  So  profit-sharing  and  other 
forms  of  cooperation  are  justified  by  the  increased 
efficiency  of  labor. 

In  the  concluding  chapter,  on  Economic  Utopias, 
the  aims  of  modern  socialism  are  condemned,  and 
its  success  heralded  as  the  death-blow  to  individual 
liberty,  self-reliance,  independence,  and  enterprise. 
And  this  condemnation,  in  due  measure,  is  visited 
upon  all  efforts  which  tend  to  break  down  the  prin- 
ciple of  competition  or  to  substitute  the  altruistic 
for  the  economic  motive.  It  is  only  fair,  however, 
to  note  Professor  Nicholson's  conservatism  : 

"  I  do  not  mean  to  assert  that  governments  and  so- 
cieties have  no  industrial  functions,  nor  did  Adam  Smith 
nor  any  of  the  great  economists  who  have  lauded  the 
benefits  of  freedom  and  exposed  the  weakness  of  gov- 
ernments. But  it  is  desirable  to  emphasize  most  that 
which  is  most  apt  to  be  forgotten,  and  in  these  days  no 
one  is  likely  to  forget  that  the  state  and  trades-unions 
and  cooperative  societies  have  power  for  good"  (432). 

Professor  Commons's  treatise  on  "  The  Distribu- 
tion of  Wealth  "  is  not  easy  reading.  It  bristles 
with  the  new  nomenclature,  and  its  analysis  is  in- 
tricate and  exhaustive,  and  not  always  helped  out 
by  the  mathematical  figures  and  formulae.  Thus, 
the  diagram  on  page  147,  where  one  side  of  a  paral- 
lelogram represents  one  do.se  of  capital  and  labor, 
the  opposite  side  the  quantity  of  product  produced 
by  the  marginal  dose,  and  the  base  the  total  num- 
ber of  doses,  seems  to  strain  geometry  quite  to  the 
breaking  point.  These,  however,  are  accidental 
features,  partly  due  to  the  difficulty  of  the  subject 
and  partly  to  the  unsettled  condition  of  economic 
terminology.  For  the  work  itself  is  one  of  the  best  re- 
sults of  the  American  renaissance  in  pure  economics. 
It  is  thorough  in  investigation  and  modest  but  straight- 
forward in  deduction.  It  nowhere  departs  from 
the  rigid  character  of  a  scientific  treatise,  yet  it  has 
none  of  the  painful  exclusiveness  with  which  Pro- 
fessor Nicholson  finds  it  necessary  to  hedge  about 
the  term  economic.  Professor  Commons  does  not 
seem  to  be  aware  that  ethical  considerations  are 
uneconomic.  There  is  no  appeal  to  sentiment,  no 
squinting  Utopia-ward,  but  a  profounder  analysis 
of  the  nature  of  social  and  legal  rights,  and  a  clearer 
interpretation  of  the  tendencies  of  modern  civiliza- 
tion. 

After  a  preliminary  discussion  of  Value,  setting 
forth  the  Austrian  theory,  and  a  brief  analysis  of 
Cost  and  Price,  the  subjects  taken  up  in  detail  are. 
The  Factors  in  Distribution,  Diminishing  Returns 
and  Rent,  and  Diminishing  Returns  and  Distribu- 
tion. Land  is  defined  as  that  which  furnishes  room 
and  situation,  the  Ricardian  conception  of  the  "  orig- 
inal and  indestructible  powers  of  the  soil "  being  re- 
jected. 

"  Not  land,  but  capital,  embodies  the  forces,  energies, 
and  material  of  nature  "  (29).  "  Soil  is  capital,  and  its 


120 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


returns  are  governed  by  the  same  law  as  that  which 
governs  returns  from  machinery  "  (137). 

Personal  abilities  and  business  privileges  are  not  to 
be  classed  as  capital. 

"  Capital,  strictly  defined,  apart  from  individual  abil- 
ities, has  become  the  dominating  instrument  in  the  pro- 
duction of  wealth.  ...  It  is  the  ownership  of  capital 
rather  than  the  possession  of  abilities  that  has  impor- 
tant bearings  on  the  social  problems  of  wages,  interest, 
and  profits  "  (44). 

The  law  of  diminishing  returns  is  shown  to  be  uni- 
versal, applying  to  manufactures  not  less  than  to 
agriculture.  The  law  of  rent  is  extended  to  in- 
clude the  monopoly  privileges  of  patents,  copyrights, 
trade-marks,  franchises,  and  good-will,  but  not  cap- 
ital (157, 161).  The  familiar  no-rent  agricultural 
land  of  the  "  older  generation  of  economists  "  dis- 
appears, and  with  Adam  Smith  we  again  include 
rent  in  expenses  of  production  (221).  President 
Walker's  theory  of  the  laborer  as  the  "  residual 
claimant "  is  effectually  disposed  of,  and  monopoly 
privileges  fall  heir  to  the  coveted  position.  One  of 
the  clearest  pieces  of  analysis  in  the  book  is  that 
of  the  law  of  wages,  and  of  the  relative  influence 
of  the  standard  of  living  and  of  the  laborer's  con- 
trol over  the  supply  of  labor  in  determining  wages 
(174-181). 

The  most  interesting  discussion,  because  most 
closely  touching  current  social  problems,  is  that  which 
deals  with  Law  and  Rights.  The  discussion  is  based 
on  the  theory  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  government : 
"the  all-powerful  factor  in  the  distribution  ef  wealth 
is  the  sovereignty  of  the  government" — a  theory 
which  Professor  Nicholson  virtually  denies.  All 
rights  considered  by  political  economy — of  persons 
and  of  property — are  legal  rights.  "  Government 
creates,  defines,  and  enforces  these  rights." 

"  The  place  of  law  in  political  economy  is  a  subject 
which  has  received  from  English  economists  no  atten- 
tion at  all  commensurate  with  its  far-reaching  impor- 
tance. .  .  .  The  English  economists  have  taken  the 
laws  of  private  property  for  granted,  assuming  that 
they  are  fixed  and  immutable  in  the  nature  of  things, 
and  therefore  needed  no  investigation.  But  such  laws 
are  changeable  —  they  differ  for  different  peoples  and 
places,  and  they  have  profound  influence  upon  the  pro- 
duction and  distribution  of  wealth"  (59).  "  There  are 
in  society  two  lines  of  economic  activity,  the  voluntary 
activity  of  individuals  and  associations,  and  the  com- 
pulsory activity  of  governments.  The  first  is  the  field 
of  free  competition  and  self  interest;  the  one  hitherto 
solely  treated  by  the  English  economists.  The  second 
is  the  field  of  coercion,  —  of  force  "  (61). 

"  Private  self-interest  is  too  powerful,  or  too  ignorant, 
or  too  immoral  to  promote  the  common  good  without 
compulsion.  The  common  wants  of  society  —  justice, 

roads,  military  defence,  etc can  be  supplied  only  by 

compulsory  contributions  from  individuals,  and  compul- 
sory administration  of  government"  (61). 

Personal  rights  are  life,  liberty,  employment,  and 
marriage.  The  right  to  life  is  primary  and  funda- 
mental, and  this  means  not  merely  the  right  to 
protection  against  violence  but  to  a  share  of  the  so- 


cial product  equal  to  the  minimum  of  subsistence. 
"  And  this  is  what  the  State  has  done  in  two  ways, 
through  slavery  and  poor  relief ;  the  first  for  the 
slave  and  serf,  the  second  for  the  freeman  "  (66). 

It  is  rather  startling  to  have  the  right  to  employ- 
ment defined  not  merely  as  a  legal  right,  but  as  one 
in  effect  already  recognized  by  the  State.  But  it 
is  only  a  more  intelligent  and  higher  application  of 
the  right  to  live.  Professor  Commons  insists  upon 
the  personal  rights  of  freedom  of  movement  and 
freedom  of  industry.  And  "  freedom  of  contract 
is  the  essential  right  of  freedom  in  industry."  But 

"  The  skilled,  the  intelligent,  the  educated,  the  gifted, 
laborers,  those  in  whom  intellectual  and  moral  qualities 
predominate,  are  benefited  by  the  freedom  of  contract; 
for  the  unskilled,  the  unorganized,  the  redundant  labor- 
ers, those  whose  marginal  utility  is  low,  freedom  of 
contract  offers  no  help"  (75).  "Though  the  slave  was 
compelled  to  work,  he  never  suffered  from  that  terrible 
evil  of  the  modern  laborer,  lack  of  work.  With  the 
coming  of  freedom,  the  laborer  was  divorced  from  his 
means  of  livelihood,  and  now  that  all  available  land  has 
become  private  property,  and  all  capital  is  private  prop- 
erty, the  propertyless  man  is  a  dependent  when  work 
is  plenty,  and  a  vagabond  when  work  is  slack"  (79). 

"  The  right  to  work,  for  every  man  that  is  willing,  is 
the  next  great  human  right  to  be  defined  and  enforced 
by  law  "  (80). 

"  The  right  to  employment  is  simply  a  new  applica- 
tion, under  modern  conditions,  of  the  old  right  to  free- 
dom of  industry.  Free  industry  meant  essentially  the 
right  to  free  access  to  nature  for  the  production  and  ac- 
quisition of  wealth.  .  .  .  But  to-day  freedom  of  indus- 
try is  no  boon  except  to  the  wealthy  capitalist.  .  .  . 
The  great  mass  of  the  people  must  remain  wage-and- 
salary-receivers.  Consequently,  the  only  way  in  which 
these  people  can  get  access  to  nature  for  production  is 
through  the  recognition  of  the  right  to  employment " 
(80,  81). 

The  first  recognition  of  this  right  is  that  "wages, 
hours  of  labor,  conditions  of  work,  are  to  be  adju- 
dicated by  the  courts."  But  this  solves  only  the 
easier  half  of  the  problem.  "  The  most  difficult 
part  for  solution  is  that  involuntary  idleness  which 
attacks  both  employer  and  employee,  and  closes  fac- 
tories as  a  result  of  industrial  crises  and  depres- 
sions." Professor  Commons  does  not  flinch  from 
the  legitimate  conclusion  —  the  right  of  the  unem- 
ployed to  have  work  furnished  by  the  government. 
A  thousand  hands  will  be  held  up  in  horror,  but 
when  the  heavens  have  fallen  it  will  be  found  that 
Professor  Commons  has  advanced  the  whole  ques- 
tion to  a  higher  plane  of  discussion  than  it  has  hith- 
erto occupied.  He  has  no  cheap  and  ready  expe- 
dients for  working  out  so  difficult  a  problem  ;  but 
he  has  forecast,  as  Mr.  Kidd  has  so  brilliantly  done, 
the  line  of  social  and  economic  evolution  for  the 
coming  century. 

Mr.  Grover  Pease  Osborne's  book,  "  Principles 
of  Economics,"  is  strictly  unacademic.  The  author 
is  widely  read,  he  is  an  intelligent  and  acute  ob- 
server, and  his  maxims  and  deductions  are  mainly 
sound  and  wholesome.  Yet  he  professes  to  be  ad- 
dressing an  audience  nine  out  of  ten  of  whom  re- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


121 


gard  political  economy  as  the  "  science  of  free-trade 
or  protection "  !  Such  an  audience  could  not  be 
supposed  to  be  familiar  with  modern  economic  rea- 
soning, nor  capable  of  much  sustained  economic  anal- 
ysis, and  the  author  has  strictly  humored  his  audi- 
ence. He  has  departed  somewhat  from  the  ordin- 
ary terms  of  political  economy,  which  enables  him, 
among  other  things,  to  escape  from  the  rigid  limit- 
ations of  accurate  definition.  The  difficult  question 
of  Value  is  reduced  to  simplicity  by  making  a  new 
term  of  utility,  which  is  straightway  confused  with 
value-in-use.  ''Capital"  is  the  most  misleading 
term  in  political  economy,  and  so  we  have  a  discus- 
sion of  the  "  Economical  Use  of  Produced  Wealth." 
The  necessity  of  the  constant  employment  of  labor 
is  enforced,  but  labor-unions  and  strikes  are  classed 
together  as  causes  of  idleness,  and  cooperation  is 
mildly  recommended.  If  we  can  regard  Mr.  Os- 
borne's  book,  not  as  an  independent  exposition  of 
economic  principles,  but  as  a  commentary  on  some 
standard  treatise,  we  shall  do  most  justice  to  the 
wealth  of  fresh  illustration  and  the  suggestiveness 
of  many  of  the  positions  advanced. 

O.  L.  ELLIOTT. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


The  author  of  "  Red  Cap  and  Blue  Jacket "  is 
unknown  to  us,  but  he  is  one  of  those  who  will  clearly 
have  to  be  reckoned  with.  By  the  publication  of  this 
book  he  at  once  takes  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of  our 
recent  tellers  of  tales.  At  first  sight,  his  affinities 
seem  to  be  with  such  writers  as  Mr.  Stanley  Wey- 
man  and  Dr.  Conan  Doyle,  and  his  mastery  of  the 
romance  of  adventure  is  quite  equal  to  theirs.  But 
there  is  another  element,  lacking  in  them,  to  which 
much  of  Mr.  Dunn's  success  must  be  attributed.  It 
is  the  element,  if  we  may  so  express  it,  that  comes 

*  RED  CAP  AND  BLUE  JACKET.  A  Story  of  the  Time  of 
the  French  Revolution.  By  George  Dunn.  New  York :  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

MAJOR  JOSHUA.  A  Novel.  By  Francis  Forster.  New 
York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  INTERLOPER.  A  Novel.  By  Frances  Mary  Peard. 
New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

A  VALIANT  IGNORANCE.  By  Mary  Angela  Dickens.  New 
York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

THE  POTTER'S  THUMB.  A  Novel.  By  Flora  Annie  Steel. 
New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  EBB-TIDE.  By  Robert  Louis  Stevenson  and  Lloyd 
Osbourne.  Chicago :  Stone  &  Kimball. 

A  DAUGHTER  OF  TO-DAY.  By  Mrs.  Everard  Cotes  (Sara 
Jeannette  Duncan  J.  New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

His  VANISHED  STAR.  By  Charles  Egbert  Craddock.  Bos- 
ton: Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

CLAUDIA  HYDE,  By  Frances  Courtenay  Baylor.  Boston : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &,  Co. 

RUDIN.  By  Ivan  Turgenev.  Translated  from  the  Russian 
by  Constance  Garnett.  New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

THE  PROSE  TALES  OF  ALEXANDER  POUSHKIN.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Russian  by  T.  Keane.  New  York :  Macmillan 
&Co. 

POOR  FOLK.  Translated  from  the  Russian  of  F.  Dostoiev- 
sky by  Lena  Milman.  Boston :  Roberts  Brothers. 


from  humanistic  culture,  and  adds  to  the  universal 
appeal  of  romantic  charm  a  special  appeal  to  those 
who  can  appreciate  the  subtle  qualities  that  elevate 
mere  fiction  into  literature.  Mr.  Blackmore,  at  his 
best,  illustrates  this  happy  combination  of  attributes; 
as  does  also  Mr.  Stevenson,  in  a  certain  degree. 
Even  the  slight  discursive  element  in  Mr.  Dunn's 
book  adds  to  its  attractiveness,  for  it  derives  from 
the  best  literary  tradition.  We  do  not  seriously 
object  to  the  irrelevant  pages  of  Fielding  or  the 
rambling  method  of  Thackeray,  because  we  feel 
ourselves  in  the  presence  of  a  master,  and  the  rich- 
ness of  the  mind  excuses  the  waywardness  of  its  out- 
pourings. It  is  something  of  this  feeling  that  makes 
us  unwilling  to  miss  the  least  significant  of  Mr. 
Dunn's  pages,  for,  if  they  do  not  always  contribute 
to  advance  the  story,  they  always  provide  something 
good  in  itself.  It  must  not  be  imagined  from  the 
above  that  our  author's  digressions  are  very  numer- 
ous, very  long,  or  very  far-fetched.  They  clearly 
do  not  produce  the  effect  of  padding,  and  that  is 
enough  to  justify  them.  We  quote  one  of  them  as 
a  good  specimen  of  the  author's  easy  style. 

"  In  the  present  refined  and  philanthropic  age  pugil- 
istic encounters  are  justly  reprobated,  and  a  minute  de- 
scription of  one  would  not  be  tolerated  except  in  the 
pure  pages  of  a  Transatlantic  newspaper.  And,  as  a 
former  Mayor  of  Dublin  used  to  put  out  the  gas  when 
members  of  the  Council  began  to  exhibit  the  usual 
symptoms  of  Home  Rule,  so  a  prudent  and  scrupulous 
author  will  wrap  in  obscurity  the  degrading  details  of 
such  a  scene.  Nowadays,  personal  hostilities  being  out 
of  vogue  —  a  cheering  indication  of  social  progress  — 
people  blacken  each  others'  characters  instead  of  each 
others'  eyes,  —  an  easy  process,  involving  no  bleeding 
except  that  of  the  pockets;  and  we  may  hopefully  look 
forward  to  the  time  when  parliamentary  language,  in 
the  present  revised  signification  of  the  term,  will  de- 
mand neither  pistolary  nor  epistolary  amends.  The  as- 
certained fact  that  hard  names  break  no  bones  is  one 
of  the  most  brilliant  discoveries  of  this  enlightened  age." 

The  following  pretty  conceit  is  one  of  the  many  pas- 
sages that  remind  us  of  Mr.  Blackmore's  manner : 
"  Bell  then  accompanied  Sibylla  to  her  carriage,  and 
the  two  young  ladies  exchanged  kisses — a  part  of  fem- 
inine ritual  rarely  omitted,  however  tepid  may  be  the 
affection  lodged  within  feminine  bosoms.  For  a  kiss  is 
a  species  of  counterpart,  ranging  over  the  diapason  of 
feeling,  from  the  insipidity  of  the  octave  and  the  coun- 
terfeit harmony  of  the  fourth  to  the  melting  sweetness 
of  the  third,  which  only  the  mating  of  male  and  female 
lips  may  compass." 

The  scene  of  "  Red  Cap  and  Blue  Jacket "  is  first 
laid  (for  a  brief  prologue  only)  in  one  of  the  South 
Sea  Islands,  and  the  time  is  late  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  scene  then  shifts  to  a  village  in  Scot- 
land, whence  sundry  of  the  characters  are  trans- 
ported to  Paris.  They  reach  the  French  capital  in 
the  midst  of  the  Terror,  and  the  Revolutionary 
episodes  that  follow  make  the  most  exciting  part 
of  the  book.  The  character  of  Andrew  Prosser, 
the  Scotch  pedagogue,  who  finds  that  revolution  in 
practice  is  very  different  from  what  it  has  appeared 


122 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


in  theory,  and  who  discovers  that  even  the  tyranny 
of  the  Hanoverians  may  have  its  good  points,  is  one 
of  the  best  things  that  have  been  done  in  fiction  for 
many  a  day.  The  faults  of  the  book  are  slight — a 
touch  of  the  melodramatic  here  and  there,  and  a 
reticence  in  the  prologue  that  seems  to  have  been 
designed  for  the  express  purpose  of  perplexing  the 
reader  (which  is  always  bad  art),  and  which  mis- 
leads him  completely  until  he  is  well  along  in  the 
story. 

Mr.  Forster's  "Major  Joshua"  is  essentially  a 
study  of  two  types  of  character  —  that  of  the  su- 
premely selfish  man  for  whom  the  book  is  named, 
and  that  of  the  woman  who  has  never  been  taught 
the  meaning  of  love,  and  whose  awakening  to  its 
power  may  be  likened  to  the  freeing  of  a  spring 
freshet  in  some  mountain  valley.  Both  types  are 
considerably  exaggerated,  and  no  abnormal  condi- 
tions of  training  or  environment  would  make  them 
quite  probable  ;  but  the  author  has  made  them  seem 
as  real  as  possible,  and  has  carried  out  his  design 
consistently  and  forcibly.  Aside  from  these  two 
studies,  the  interest  of  the  story  is  slight ;  but  a  far 
duller  book  would  be  redeemed  by  two  or  three 
such  episodes  as  that,  for  example,  in  which  the 
Major  finds  consolation  for  his  rejection  in  an  un- 
usually good  dinner,  and  in  which  the  satisfied  gour- 
met comes  to  think  unregretfully  of  the  disappoint- 
ment of  the  suitor. 

Mrs.  Peard  is  too  experienced  a  writer  of  novels 
to  produce  a  poor  story,  and  one  may  take  up  "  The 
Interloper  "  confident  of  entertainment  and  a  mod- 
erate degree  of  excitement.  Besides  these  qualities, 
he  will  find  much  nice  discrimination  of  character, 
and  a  pleasant  equable  manner  of  narration.  The 
story  is  French,  and  a  criminal  trial  furnishes  it 
with  a  climax.  The  closing  chapters,  however,  are 
the  least  satisfactory,  and  the  real  charm  of  the 
book  is  to  be  sought  in  its  picture  of  the  intimate 
life  of  a  Tourangian  chateau. 

Heredity  is  the  main  theme  of  "  A  Valiant  Ig- 
norance," the  latest  work  of  the  talented  grand- 
daughter of  Charles  Dickens.  Although  this  hobby 
has  been  ridden  nearly  to  death  of  late,  particularly 
by  the  women,  it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  conse- 
quences of  an  inherited  predisposition  to  criminal- 
ity are  powerfully  presented  in  the  book  before  us. 
Incidentally,  we  may  remark  that  the  grotesquely 
inaccurate  attribution  of  "  nastiness  "  to  the  writings 
of  Dr.  Ibsen  does  not  come  with  the  best  of  grace 
from  a  writer  whose  strength  is,  after  all,  but  a  re- 
flection from  that  master  of  dramatic  analysis.  Aside 
from  its  treatment  of  the  central  idea,  which  is  so 
relentlessly  worked  out  as  to  be  rather  impressive, 
the  book  is  neither  interesting  nor  exactly  whole- 
some. Most  of  the  characters  are  fairly  repulsive, 
and  those  that  are  not,  with  a  single  exception,  must 
be  described  as  unsympathetic.  The  writer  has 
tipped  her  pen  with  wormwood,  and  her  work  is  not 
a  fair  transcript  of  life,  not  even  of  the  artificial 
and  empty  life  of  London  society.  It  is  pieced  out 


to  conventional  dimensions  by  the  trivial  episodes 
and  the  drawing-room  chatter  to  which  too  many 
of  our  novelists  have  recourse. 

We  all  remember  the  thrill  of  gratitude  with 
which  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's  first  stories  of  India 
were  received,  and  the  eagerness  with  which  we 
awaited  further  transcripts  of  that  mysterious  life 
which  he  alone  seemed  to  have  the  power  to  inter- 
pret in  terms  at  once  intelligible  to  the  heart  and 
the  intellect.  For  it  was  not  merely  a  sensation 
that  they  supplied;  it  was  rather  the  revelation  of 
a  hitherto  dumb  civilization.  No  one  before  him 
had  made  us  so  vividly  to  realize  the  almost  unfath- 
omable gulf  between  oriental  and  occidental  modes 
of  thought,  or  the  fact  that  life  in  the  far  East  is 
in  some  respects  more  complex  than  that  which  is 
our  own  inheritance.  The  facts  have  been  so  hope- 
lessly distorted  by  missionaries  and  other  biased  or 
superficial  observers  that  the  Hindoo,  in  our  popu- 
lar consciousness,  is  roughly  lumped  with  idolatrous 
barbarians  in  general,  with  bushmen  and  South  Sea 
islanders.  Mr.  Kipling  did  not  a  little  to  adjust 
our  ethnological  perspective,  and  richly  deserved 
our  thanks  for  the  instruction.  We  are  inclined  to 
think  that  the  instruction  is  bettered  by  the  work 
of  a  newer  writer,  the  woman  who  gave  us  first 
"  Miss  Stuart's  Legacy,"  then  a  volume  of  tales 
"From  the  Five  Rivers,"  and  who  now  gives  us  a 
stronger  book  than  either  of  those.  Mrs.  Steel  has 
an  eye  for  the  picturesqueness  of  Indian  life  and  a 
sense  of  its  psychological  differentiations.  She  knows 
also  the  Anglo-Indian  and  his  ways,  and  never  for- 
gets that  in  spite  of  his  imperious  grasp  and  firm 
guidance  he  remains  a  purely  extraneous  element 
in  the  civilization  of  British  India.  "  The  Potter's 
Thumb  "  is  a  very  remarkable  book.  The  narra- 
tive is  not  as  lucid  or  as  symmetrically  put  together 
as  it  ought  to  be  (although  in  this  respect  it  offers 
a  marked  improvement  upon  "  Miss  Stuart's  Leg- 
acy "),  but  it  displays  an  insight  unsurpassed  by  the 
best  of  Mr.  Kipling's  work,  and  a  rich  careful  color- 
ing that  makes  that  writer's  brilliant  impressionism 
seem  relatively  ineffective.  Artistically,  the  best 
feature  of  the  work  is  to  be  found  in  its  use  of  the 
symbolism  suggested  by  the  title.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  figures  in  literature — this  similitude  between 
the  shaping  of  the  potter's  clay  and  the  making  of 
man  from  the  dust  of  the  earth  —  and  one  of  the 
most  beautiful.  We  are  constantly  reminded,  in 
reading  the  story,  of  such  well-remembered  lines  as 
the  Tentmaker's 

"  What  I  did  the  Hand  then  of  the  Potter  shake  ?  " 
or  of  Rossetti's 

"  Of  the  same  lump  (as  it  is  said) 
For  honour  and  dishonour  made, 
Two  sister  vessels," 

and  haunted  by  other  suggestions  of  the  sort,  more 
vaguely  evoked.  Yet  this  symbolism  is  not  ob- 
truded, or  made  too  much  of  in  any  literal  way. 

In  writing  "  The  Ebb-Tide,"  Mr.  Stevenson,  with 
the  collaboration  of  Mr.  Osbourne,  has  once  more 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


123 


proved  the  possibility  of  getting  along  without  the 
feminine  element,  of  making  a  story  so  interesting 
that  the  reader  forgets,  until  he  rubs  his  eyes  in 
amazement  after  perusal,  that  love  has  not  appeared 
or  even  been  suggested  as  a  motive.  Instead  of  a 
"  hankering  after  some  person  of  the  opposite  sex," 
to  borrow  a  phrase  of  which  Mr.  Robert  Buchanan 
once  made  unhappy  use,  "The  Ebb-Tide  "  gives  us 
hankerings  after  gold  and  revenge.  It  is  a  South 
Sea  story,  like  "The  Wrecker,"  and  its  characters 
are  a  precious  trio  of  disreputables,  driven,  as  a 
last  resort,  to  piracy  and  the  attempted  murder  of 
the  fourth  character,  an  eccentric  fanatic  who  fishes 
for  pearls  upon  an  isolated  atoll.  This  fourth  char- 
acter does  not  seem  to  us  well  realized,  but  the  three 
others  are  admirably  delineated  with  their  respect- 
ive and  skilfully  differentiated  weaknesses  and  in- 
iquities. One  does  not  often  find  in  the  pages  of  a 
book  men  as  thoroughly  alive  as  the  vicious  and 
vulgar  cockney,  the  passionate  and  besotted  sea- 
captain,  and  the  decayed  gentleman  whose  better 
impulses  usually  turn  out  to  be  nothing  more  than 
velleities — all  three  united  in  the  vagrant  estate  of 
the  beach-comber,  for  the  purposes  of  this  ingenious 
and  highly  entertaining  fiction. 

Miss  Elfrida  Bell  is  a  young  woman  with  aspi- 
rations, born  to  the  uncongenial  conditions  that  ob- 
tain in  rural  Illinois.  She  breaks  her  birth's  invi- 
dious bar,  and  goes  to  Paris,  where  she  becomes  an 
art  student  in  a  famous  atelier,  and  acquires  eman- 
cipated views  and  a  lofty  scorn  of  plodding  Philis- 
tine humanity.  Art  does  not  smile  upon  her,  and 
so  she  turns  to  literature,  removing  her  abode  to 
London.  She  develops  an  enormous  capacity  for 
pose,  gleefully  rejects  a  number  of  devoted  admirers, 
alienates  her  best  friends,  and  finally,  in  a  fit  of 
pique,  puts  an  end  to  her  useless  existence.  The 
delineator  of  her  career,  Mrs.  Everard  Cotes,  calls 
her  "A  Daughter  of  To-day,"  an  ascription  not  to 
be  admitted  as  truthful  in  any  general  or  typical 
sense.  Such  characters  are  doubtless  to  be  found 
among  the  by-products  of  so  unsettled  and  feverish 
a  civilization  as  just  now  happens  to  be  ours,  but 
they  are  in  no  sense  characteristic  of  its  deeper  aims 
and  energies.  The  author  does  violence,  too,  in 
more  than  one  instance,  to  the  probabilities  of  even 
such  a  study  of  morbid  development.  But  she  has 
told  the  story  with  a  certain  crisp  animation,  re- 
lieved by  humorous  touches ;  and  these  qualities 
make  it  interesting  in  episodes,  if  not  attractive  as 
a  whole. 

Miss  Murfree  is  a  novelist  wise  enough  to  limit 
production  in  the  interests  of  patient  and  careful 
workmanship;  and  she  has  her  reward.  While 
there  is  nothing  new  in  "  His  Vanished  Star,"  there 
is  complete  mastery  of  the  old  material,  and  a  suffi- 
cient differentiation  of  incident  to  nullify  any  pos- 
sible charge  of  mere  self-repetition.  Here,  as  in 
earlier  books,  she  succeeds  in  so  charging  with  poetic 
energy  the  description  of  natural  phenomena  as  to 
maintain  the  high  position  won  by  her  ten  or  twelve 


years  ago.  Nothing  better  of  the  sort  is  to  be  found 
in  contemporary  American  literature.  Nor  does  her 
sympathy  with  the  rough  Tennessee  mountaineers 
whom  she  knows  so  well  fail  in  any  respect ;  the 
picturesqueness  of  their  primitive  society  and  the 
rude  pathos  of  their  sequestered  lives  appeal  to  us 
as  powerfully  as  they  did  when  "  In  the  Tennessee 
Mountains  "  was  published.  The  almost  impass- 
able gulf  between  such  people  and  those  produced 
by  our  bookish  and  sophisticated  civilization  is  made 
startlingly  clear,  and  at  the  same  time  a  sort  of 
sympathetic  bridge  is  provided  by  means  of  which 
we  may  after  a  fashion  mingle  in  feeling  and  thought 
with  these  untaught  dwellers  in  the  mountain  fast- 
nesses. We  have  noticed  a  few  false  notes  in  the 
style  of  this  novel  —  such,  for  example,  as  the  fre- 
quent use  of  the  word  "  stellular  "  where  "  stellar  " 
would  have  done  as  well,  or  better ;  or  the  conceit 
embodied  in  the  description  of  dynamite  as  a  "  co- 
gent compound," — and  the  propriety  of  the  inci- 
dent that  gives  the  book  its  name  may  be  questioned, 
since  no  new  star  or  nova  brilliant  enough  to  attract 
general  attention  has  been  recorded  for  many  years ; 
but  these  are  trifling  matters  to  set  against  the  posi- 
tive achievement  of  the  book  in  characterization,  con- 
struction, and  literary  form. 

"  Claudia  Hyde  "  is  a  love  story  of  the  sweet, 
wholesome,  old-fashioned  type,  refreshing  as  an 
ozone-laden  sea-breeze  that  purifies  the  air  from 
malarious  exhalations.  Such  a  book,  welcome  at 
any  time,  is  doubly  so  in  an  age  when  the  art  of  fic- 
tion has  fallen  so  largely  into  the  hands  of  sensa- 
tionalists, when  morbid  tales  of  the  "  Dodo  "  and 
"Yellow  Aster"  and  "  Heavenly  Twins  "  sort  "have 
the  cry,"  and  when  popular  success  seems  to  await 
the  most  slovenly  compositions,  provided  only  they 
overstep  the  modesty  of  nature,  scoff  at  the  conven- 
tionalities, and  ignore  the  fine  reticence  which  is 
the  last  and  best  achievement  of  literary  art.  "  Clau- 
dia Hyde  "  tells  of  the  wooing  of  a  Virginian  gentle- 
woman by  an  English  gentleman,  makes  of  the  tale 
a  sweetness  long  drawn  out,  sustains  the  interest  by 
many  a  subtle  touch,  and  leaves  the  reader  with  a 
sense  that  somehow  love  has  been  once  more  set  upon; 
her  rightful  pedestal,  after  having  been  temporarily 
cast  down  by  lewd  fellows  of  the  baser  sort.  The 
book  has  no  ambitious  aim,  it  struggles  with  no 
problem,  it  has  no  moral  except  the  everlasting  one 
of  the  purifying  and  exalting  influence  of  a  noble 
passion ;  it  is  simply  a  piece  of  satisfactory  work- 
manship, embodying  a  lofty  ideal  of  character,  ap- 
pealing to,  and  calculated  to  strengthen,  the  deeper 
and  better  parts  of  our  nature. 

A  group  of  translations  from  the  Russian  claims 
some  attention,  and  will  be  made  the  subject  of  our 
closing  remarks.  It  is  with  peculiar  satisfaction 
that  we  greet  the  promise  of  a  new  translation  of 
Tourgue'nieff,  undertaken  by  Mrs.  Constance  Gar- 
nett.  It  is  to  be  made  directly  from  the  Russian, 
and  will  include  the  six  longer  novels,  with  intro- 
ductions by  "  Stepniak."  "  Rudin,"  which  has  just 


124 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


appeared,  reads  well  in  the  new  version,  and  the 
author  of  the  Introduction  calls  it  "  as  near  an  ap- 
proach to  the  elegance  and  poetry  of  the  original  as 
I  have  ever  come  across."  We  have  compared  it 
with  the  anonymous  English  translation  that  ap- 
peared in  "  Every  Saturday "  more  than  twenty 
years  ago,  and  the  comparison  is  to  the  advantage 
of  the  newer  version.  Still,  there  are  phrases  in 
the  earlier  that  do  not  appear  in  the  later  transla- 
tion, which  is  a  suspicious  circumstance.  The  eth- 
ics of  translation  demand  scrupulous  accuracy  in 
nearly  all  cases,  and  certainly  in  the  case  of  the  su- 
preme masterpieces  of  literary  art.  It  is  an  offence 
beyond  forgiveness  to  omit  a  phrase  or  even  a  word 
of  Tourgue'nieff  without  some  note  explanatory  of 
the  circumstances.  The  Introduction  does  not  over- 
state the  case  of  Tourgue'nieff  in  saying  that  "  as  an 
artist,  as  master  of  the  combination  of  details  into 
a  harmonious  whole,  as  an  architect  of  imaginative 
work,  he  surpasses  all  the  prose  writers  of  his  coun- 
try, and  has  but  few  equals  among  the  great  novel- 
ists of  other  lands."  We  are  sorry  to  find  the  ab- 
surd spelling  "  Turgenev  "  given  new  currency  by 
this  edition.  It  is  also  unsatisfactory  to  learn  that 
only  translations  of  the  longer  novels  are  contem- 
plated. What  we  need  in  English,  even  more  than 
those,  is  an  absolutely  complete  translation  of  the 
shorter  tales  and  sketches.  At  present,  those  who 
want  to  read  "  Assja,"  "  Spring  Floods,"  "  Punin 
and  Baburin,"  "  First  Love,"  "  The  Song  of  Tri- 
umphant Love,"  "  A  Lear  of  the  Steppe,"  and  all 
the  others,  must  pick  them  up  here  and  there.  Even 
"  Faust,"  that  marvellous  example  of  psychological 
insight,  that  piece  of  art  absolutely  without  flaw,  is 
only  to  be  found  in  English  in  the  magazines  —  a 
poor  translation  appearing  in  "  The  Galaxy  "  many 
years  ago,  a  better  one  in  "  The  Fortnightly  Re- 
view," for  last  July. 

The  work  whose  performance,  in  the  case  of 
Tourgue'nieff,  seems  so  desirable,  has  just  been  done 
for  Poushkin  by  Mr.  T.  Keane,  whose  translation 
of  the  "  Prose  tales  "  of  that  writer  fills  a  stout  and 
handsomely-printed  volume.  The  longest  and  most 
important  of  these  tales,  "  The  Captain's  Daughter," 
has  often  been  translated ;  the  others  are  less  fa- 
miliar. Of  these  others  there  are  eight,  some  of 
them  mere  sketches,  but  one,  "  Doubrovsky,"  almost 
equal  in  length  and  interest  to  "The  Captain's 
Daughter."  One  cannot  help  contrasting  the  purely 
romantic  art  of  Poushkin  with  the  finished  realism 
of  Tourgue'nieff,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  realize  that 
the  two  men  were  hardly  more  than  one  generation 
apart. 

Dostoieffski  is  in  some  respects  closely  akin  to 
Tourgue'nieff,  a  relation  made  particularly  apparent 
by  "  Poor  Folk,"  which  Miss  Lena  Milman  has  now 
for  the  first  time  put  into  English.  In  this  delicate 
piece  of  work,  with  its  simple  story  and  its  poignant 
pathos,  we  hardly  recognize  the  Dostoieffski  of 
"  Crime  and  Punishment."  It  was  the  author's  first 
tale,  written  at  the  age  of  twenty-three.  When  the 


critic  Bielinski  had  read  the  manuscript  of  this 
story,  he  is  reported  to  have  exclaimed  to  the  trem- 
bling author :  "  Do  you  comprehend,  young  man, 
all  the  truth  that  you  have  described  ?  No !  at  your 
age,  that  is  quite  impossible.  This  is  a  revelation 
of  art,  an  inspiration,  a  gift  from  on  high."  The 
enthusiasm  was  fairly  justified  by  the  work.  Mr. 
George  Moore,  who  writes  an  introduction  for  the 
present  translation,  makes  this  interesting  comment : 
"  '  Poor  Folk  '  challenges  comparison  with  Tour- 
(  gue'nieff.  I  mean  that  we  ask  ourselves  if  it  is  as 
perfect  as  Tourgue'nieff ;  that  it  is  not  goes  without 
saying.  For  is  not  Tourgue'nieff  the  greatest  artist 
that  has  existed  since  antiquity  ?  The  form  is  not 
so  pure,  the  divination  is  not  so  subtle,  the  touch  is 
heavier.  When  we  turn  to  Balzac  we  see  that  it  has 
not  the  eagle  flight  of  his  genius.  The  subject  is 
not  grasped  and  torn  with  such  fierce  talons.  Bal- 
zac is  to  Tourgue'nieff  what  Michel  Angelo  is  to  a 
great  Greek  sculptor,  more  complete  and  less  per- 
fect. Dostoieffski,  in  this  story,  may  be  not  in- 
aptly compared  to  one  of  the  Florentine  sculptors, 
— Delia  Robbia,  for  instance.  A  certain  coarseness 
of  texture  alone  seems  to  me  to  separate  it  from 
work  of  the  very  highest  class."  The  Vicomte  de 
Vogue1  says  of  "  Poor  Folk  ":  "  Into  this  tender  pro- 
duction Dostoieffski  has  poured  his  own  nature,  all 
his  sensibility,  his  longing  for  sympathy  and  devo- 
tion, his  bitter  conception  of  life,  his  savage,  piti- 
able pride."  We  do  not  need  to  further  commend 
a  work  that  has  elicited,  from  critics  so  widely  sep- 
arated in  time  and  place,  such  substantially  unani- 
mous tributes  of  praise. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


After  having  brought  to  a  successful 

Howells  and  James  market   the    more   kindly  flowers    of 
as  Comedy  writers.       .  .  .    .  J 

his  proper  imagining,  the  man-or-let- 
ters  of  to-day  is  very  apt  to  turn  some  little  atten- 
tion to  the  cultivation  of  blue  roses.  They  grew 
well  in  England  once,  these  wonders,  though  'twas 
a  good  while  ago.  In  the  fifty  years  from  Lilly  to 
Shirley  the  Drama  seemed  a  most  natural  product. 
But  nowadays  the  case  is  very  different:  everyone 
tries  his  hand,  although,  unfortunately,  no  one  suc- 
ceeds any  too  well.  Tennyson,  Browning,  Swin- 
burne, Longfellow,  and  who  not,  have  produced  inter- 
esting specimens  ;  but  while  each  new  plant  has  gen- 
erally a  certain  charm,  none  of  them  are  very  hardy. 
There  are  not  a  few  varieties, —  the  modern  classic, 
the  strictly  closet  drama,  the  historical  play,  the 
society  comedy.  Some  are  pretty  for  a  season ; 
some  can  be  pressed,  and  so  keep  a  pale  beauty  for 
a  longer  time ;  but  none  show  signs  of  any  great 
vitality.  Among  other  workers  in  these  flowery 
fields  are  Mr.  Howells  and  Mr.  James.  As  for  the 
former,  without  attempting  any  very  great  things, 
he  has  certainly  made  a  delightful  success  in  a  little 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


125 


species  peculiarly  his  own.  His  farces,  which  have 
been  appearing  in  "  Harper's  Magazine  "  during  the 
last  ten  years,  are  now  coming  out  in  the  Harper's 
"  Black  and  White  Series."  "  Five  O'Clock  Tea  " 
and  "  The  Mousetrap  "  are  hardly  the  best  of  these 
fantasies,  but  still  they  are  characteristically  good, 
and  it  will  doubtless  be  a  pleasure  to  many  to  see 
them.  Whatever  else  may  be  said,  it  will  be  allowed 
that  the  action  is  usually  amusing  and  ingenious, 
that  the  characters  are  remarkably  consistent  and 
natural,  and  that  the  farces  read  as  well  as  they  act 
and  vice  versa.  Somewhat  more  ambitious  than 
these  charming  miniatures  is  the  recent  departure 
of  Mr.  James.  "  Theatricals  "  (Harper)  contains 
two  of  four  comedies  which,  as  we  learn  from  a  note, 
were  written  for  representation  under  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances which  never  came  to  fulfilment.  Not 
unnaturally,  then,  the  reader  starts  at  a  great  dis- 
advantage ;  and  to  begin  anything  by  Mr.  James 
with  a  handicap  gives  one  but  a  sorry  chance.  One 
must  be  content,  however,  as  the  author  cheerfully 
remarks,  to  get  such  comfort  as  one  can, — namely, 
in  this  case,  a  good  deal  of  amusement  from  the 
dialogue,  joined  with  a  wonder  if,  supposing  the 
comedies  had  been  presented,  one  could  have  fol- 
lowed the  action  and  got  any  idea  of  the  characters. 
It  is  not  hard  to  give  a  notion  of  these  plays  of  Mr. 
James.  Imagine  any  of  his  stories  with  everything 
but  the  conversation  cut  out,  and  you  will  have 
something  not  unlike.  To  read  them  is  rather  more 
like  an  exacting  game  than  one  relishes  at  this 
time  of  the  year;  indeed,  it  may  almost  be  won- 
dered if  the  game  will  be  worth  the  candle  at  any 
season.  The  dialogue  has  the  usual  ultra-delicate 
flavor,  the  action  (where  one  discovers  it  from  the 
enigmatic  utterances)  is  usually  preposterous,  and 
as  to  the  characters,  so  far  as  one  ventures  to  infer, 
they  are  extraordinarily  conventional  and  colorless. 
In  a  word,  the  plays  have  an  interest,  of  course; 
but  Mr.  James's  other  work  has  so  much  more  that 
one  can  hardly  fancy  that  they  will  ever  be  great 

favorites.  

"  An  Unhistorical  Pastoral ;  A  Ro- 

mantic  Farce'  Bruce>  A  Chronicle 
Play  ;  Smith,  A  Tragic  Farce ;  and 
Scaramouch  in  Naxos," — this  on  the  title-page,  with 
a  frontispiece  by  Aubrey  Beardsley,  is  but  an  om- 
inous welcome  to  the  reader  of  Mr.  John  David- 
son's "  Plays  "  (Stone  &  Kimball).  And  yet  when 
one  turns  beyond  it  is  not  as  bad  as  one  might  fear. 
Our  author,  it  is  true,  would  seem  to  be  one  of  the 
modern  band  of  younger  poets,  and  his  work  has 
many  marks  of  end  o'  the  century  affectation.  But 
still,  here  and  there,  and  in  some  of  the  plays  not 
infrequently,  come  snatches  of  very  lovely  verse  — 
notes  of  that  same  fresh  and  pure  quality  that,  it 
often  seems,  was  last  heard  in  England  in  the  plays 
and  poems  of  the  Elizabethans.  That  strange  de- 
licious atmosphere  that  one  knows  so  well,  one  feels 
again  at  times  in  Mr.  Davidson's  plays ;  and  it  is  a 
pleasure  to  find  the  strain  in  work  that  is  done  to- 
day. It  is  a  curious  minglement,  the  preciosities 


of  our  own  time  and  the  natural  birdlike  utterance 
of  three  hundred  years  ago.  One  is  tempted  to  ask 
which  is  the  natural  Davidson — a  decadent  who  has 
caught  the  trick  of  Elizabethan  utterance,  or  an 
Elizabethan  who  has  come  too  late.  Whichever  he 
be,  he  has  written  some  exquisite  poetry,  which  may 
to  great  advantage  be  looked  to,  although  in  some 
cases  the  poetry  is  in  hiding,  like  a  bunch  of  violets 
growing  behind  a  lumber-pile.  For,  unfortunately, 
this  happy  figured  speech  of  our  older  poets  degen- 
erates with  fearful  ease  into  the  most  tedious  and 
prolix  verbiage ;  and  Mr.  Davidson  has  not  always 
been  able  to  distinguish  in  his  own  work  between 
one  and  the  other.  It  must  be  confessed  that  there 
are  many  arid  tracts  in  his  kingdom.  And  another 
point  worth  mentioning  is  that,  as  one  reader  might 
say,  our  author  has  a  strange  sense  of  humor ;  or, 
as  another  might  say,  no  sense  of  humor  at  all.  In 
a  writer  of  farces  (among  other  things)  this  is 
hardly  to  the  advantage  of  the  reader.  Some  of 
Mr.  Davidson's  humors  are  not  merely  stupid, — 
they  are  simply  marvellous,  and  remind  us  again,  but 
by  no  means  so  pleasantly,  of  the  Elizabethans,  of 
interpolated  comic  scenes.  One  must  certainly  pick 
and  choose  with  Mr.  Davidson  :  if  one  pick  rightly, 
one  has  an  excellent  reward  ;  if  wrongly,  one  is  much 
bored.  "  An  Unhistorical  Pastoral "  and  "  Scara- 
mouch in  Naxos  "  contain  most  frequently  passages 
of  fine  quality,  and  the  reader  will  do  well  to  take 
them  first.  The  volume  is  one  of  those  nice  speci- 
mens of  book-making  produced  by  Elkin  Matthews 
and  John  Lane  of  London,  and  in  Chicago  by  Stone 
&  Kimball.  It  is  pleasant  to  see  such  pretty  books, 
and  to  handle  them,  even  if  the  inside  be  not  the 
finest  thing  in  the  world. 


A  commendable         While.   the    author    °f.    "The    Jewi«h 

discussion  of  the  Question  "  (Harper)  is  very  much  in 
Jewish  Question,  earnest,  his  pages  are  commendably 
free  from  the  acrimony  usually  imported  into  the 
discussion.  The  tone  of  the  book  throughout  is  so- 
ber and  liberal,  and  the  author  takes  up  the  cudgels 
for  the  Chosen  People  with  a  breadth  of  view  and 
a  candor  as  to  the  flaws  in  his  own  case  worthy  the 
imitation  of  those  who  disagree  with  him.  Oddly 
enough,  he  opens  with  a  denial  that  there  is  a  Jew- 
ish Question  at  all  —  that  is,  a  definite  one  capable 
of  exact  statement.  Now  it  seems  to  us  that  there 
is  and  has  been  from  time  immemorial  a  Jewish 
Question,  and  that  the  Jew  himself,  with  his  extra- 
ordinary fealty  to  the  spirit  of  archaic  tribal  law 
and  tradition,  is  primarily  responsible  for  it.  The 
observation  of  Tacitus,  who  speaks  of  the  Jews  as 
hostile  to  all  races  but  their  own  (adversus  omnes 
olios  hostile  odium),  measurably  holds  good  to-day ; 
as  does  that  of  Spinoza,  who  says  that  the  racial 
solidarity  of  the  Jews,  despite  their  disorganized  or 
dispersed  condition,  "  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  when 
we  consider  how  they  separate  themselves  from  all 
other  nationalities  in  a  way  to  bring  upon  them- 
selves the  hatred  of  all."  Racial  exclusiveness,  an 
arrogated  racial  superiority,  lies  at  the  root  of  the 


126 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


Jewish  Question  and  keeps  it  alive.  So  long  as  the 
Jew,  broadly  speaking,  maintains  in  his  daily  deal- 
ings one  code  for  the  Gentile  and  another  for  his 
brethren ;  so  long  as  he  refuses  to  blend  socially 
with  the  people  about  him,  making  it  a  point  of 
duty  to  remain  essentially  a  stranger  within  the  gates 
that  shelter  him,  so  long  will  there  be  a  Jewish 
Question.  It  is  easily  shown  that  the  Question  loses 
definiteness  precisely  in  proportion  as  the  Jew,  shak- 
ing off  the  superstition  of  his  fathers,  fuses  with  the 
people  around  him  and  becomes  something  more 
than  a  quasi-citizen  with  a  quasi-patriotism.  In  the 
United  States  there  is  no  Jewish  Question — or  there 
is  at  most  only  an  inchoate  one.  To  impute  anti- 
Semitism  to  Gentile  jealousy  is  sheer  nonsense:  It  is 
not  the  finer  superiorities  of  the  Jew  that  rouse  the  ire 
of  the  Gentile,  nor  is  it  the  Spinozas,  the  Mendels- 
sohns,  the  Heines,  or  even  the  Rothschilds,  that  are 
responsible  for  the  existence  of  the  Jew-baiter.  The 
true  glory  of  Israel,  the  inspired  thoughts  and  winged 
words  of  her  poets  and  sages,  is  a  part  of  the  com- 
mon glory  of  humanity ;  and  humanity  does  not 
grudge  the  splendor  of  the  flame  that  makes  its 
own  light  the  brighter.  In  the  volume  before  us 
the  writer  discusses  severally  the  "  Mission  of  the 
Jews,"  their  status  during  and  influence  upon  the 
Middle  Ages,  "  Hebraic  Societies,"  "  Money  and  the 
Jews,"  and  he  closes  with  a  review  of  M.  Leroy- 
Beaulieu's  notable  work,  "  Israel  chez  les  Nations." 
The  book  shows  learning  and  acumen,  and  should 
not  be  neglected.  

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  seems  to  have  a 
penchant  for  strange  titles.  In  a  re- 
cent  issue  of  THE  DIAL  was  reviewed 
his  "  Ban  and  Arriere  Ban,"  a  sheaf  of  fugitive 
rhymes ;  and  now  comes  a  volume  of  prose  quaintly 
entitled  "  Cock  Lane  and  Common  Sense  "  (Long- 
mans). The  book  is  not,  what  the  reader  may  guess 
it  to  be,  a  belated  version  of  Dr.  Johnson's  ghost- 
hunt — though  some  space  is  given  to  that  venerable 
tale.  It  is  largely  a  compilation  of  the  (to  some 
minds)  fascinating  order  of  narratives  known  as 
"ghost  stories  " — though  to  secure  a  place  in  Mr. 
Lang's  anthology  the  story  must  be,  not  a  piece  of 
acknowledged  fiction,  but  an  attested  "occurrence," 
and  a  matter  of  actual  belief  on  the  part  of  the  wit- 
nesses. Besides  the  stories  proper,  spirit  rappings, 
hypnotic  phenomena,  magic,  demoniac  affections,  sec- 
ond sight,  and  other  pleasantly  "  creepy  "  matters, 
are  discussed,  with  learning  and  acumen,  and,  we 
need  scarcely  add,  with  some  humor.  Humor,  how- 
ever, this  time  by  no  means  supplies  the  dominant 
note.  Mr.  Lang  is,  or  seems  to  be,  thoroughly  in 
earnest  —  the  scientific,  slightly  skeptical,  curious 
investigator.  Struck  by  the  constant,  wide-spread, 
and  well-attested  recurrence  of  the  abnormal  phe- 
nomena in  question,  and  believing  that  the  explana- 
tions hitherto  offered  are  often  absurd,  seldom  plaus- 
ible, and  never  scientifically  conclusive,  he  urges 
that  here  is  a  subject  worthy — not  of  the  cheap  ridi- 
cule often  bestowed  on  it — but  of  serious  and  impar- 


tial investigation.  While  "Common  Sense  "  figures 
in  Mr.  Lang's  title,  he  freely  disclaims  in  his  pre- 
face any  bias  in  favor  of  that  boastful  and  overrated 
quality.  "  Common  sense,"  he  sharply  observes, 
"  bullied  several  generations  till  they  were  positively 
afraid  to  attest  their  own  unusual  experiences." 
He  might  have  added  that  common  sense,  having 
discredited  itself  often  enough  by  deriding  Coper- 
nicus, spurning  Columbus,  scouting  Watt,  Steven- 
son, and  Fulton,  refuting  Berkeley  by  grinning  and 
kicking  posts,  etc.,  ought  now  to  be  convinced  of  its 
fallibility  in  matters  out  of  its  range  ;  in  short,  that 
it  ought  by  this  time  to  have  gained  common  sense 
enough  to  confine  itself  to  common  speculations. 
As  to  the  objectivity  (to  risk  a  contradiction  in 
terms)  of  the  phenomena  he  cites,  Mr.  Lang  re- 
mains a  sturdy  skeptic  up  to  his  closing  pages,  where 
he  faintly  admits  that  while  "the  undesigned  co- 
incidences of  testimony  represent  a  great  deal  of 
smoke,"  "proverbial  wisdom  suggests  a  presump- 
tion in  favor  of  a  few  sparks  of  fire."  We  suspect 
that  the  "  fire  "  will  always,  on  investigation,  turn 
out  to  be  of  a  subjective  and  hallucinatory  nature, 
and  that  the  spectral  noumena  will  continue,  as 
heretofore,  to  elude  the  clutches  of  the  keenest 
spook-hunter.  The  essays,  thirteen  in  number,  are 
reprinted  from  leading  English  reviews,  and  they 
contain  a  great  deal  of  curious  and  suggestive  matter. 

History  of  the  In  a  neat  volume  of  180  odd  pages, 
South  Place  Society  entitled  "  The  Centenary  History  of 
of  London.  the  gouth  place  gociety  »  (London  : 

Williams  &  Norgate),  Mr.  Moncure  D.  Conway 
sketches  the  story  of  a  small  but  distinguished  fra- 
ternity honorably  known  for  its  zeal  in  the  cause  of 
civil,  religious,  and  intellectual  liberty.  Rooted  in 
no  fixed  theological  creed,  and  adopting  as  a  body 
no  set  of  opinions  that  could  fetter  its  members,  the 
society  has  endeavored  throughout  its  career  "  to 
study  carefully,  and  keep  abreast  of,  the  growing 
knowledge  of  the  world,  at  whatever  cost  to  tradi- 
tional opinions  or  prejudices ;  to  do  this  in  a  spirit 
of  tolerance  no  less  than  of  sincerity."  The  organi- 
zation was  founded  in  London  by  an  American,  El- 
hanan  Winchester — "  a  true  forerunner,"  Mr.  Con- 
way  thinks,  "  of  Channing,  Emerson,  and  Theodore 
Parker."  Winchester,  who  was  by  a  touching  in- 
cident led  to  give  up  his  early  Calvinism  for  Uni- 
tarianism,  sailed  for  England  in  1797,  where  he 
was  well  received  by  Priestley,  Price,  John  Wesley, 
and  others.  His  doctrines  were  still  under  the  En- 
glish penal  laws  ;  but  he  at  once  began  preaching, 
and  his  congregations  rapidly  outgrew  their  chapels. 
It  was  a  time  of  spiritual  ferment,  and  the  dissent- 
ers and  the  Anythingarians  of  all  shades  and  de- 
grees of  nonconformity  who  flocked  to  the  fold  of 
the  liberal  American  shepherd  soon  had  to  build  for 
him  the  Parliament  Court  Chapel,  in  Artillery  Lane ; 
and  there  the  South  Place  Society  was  organized, 
February  14,  1793.  Mr.  Conway  gives  a  rather 
full  account  of  Winchester  and  of  his  more  impor- 
tant successors  —  notably  William  Johnson  Fox,  a 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


127 


really  eminent  man.  Fox  was  a  member  of  Par- 
liament, a  fearless  though  a  distinguishing  radical, 
a  noted  Anti-Corn-Law  leader,  the  founder,  with 
Mill  and  Dr.  Brabant,  of  "The  Westminster  Re- 
view," and  the  close  friend  of  the  chief  English 
literati  of  the  day.  "  He  gave,"  says  the  author, 
"  the  first  welcome  to  the  Martineaus ;  and  he  first 
recognized  the  genius  of  Tennyson,  and  over  Rob- 
ert Browning's  youthful  work  cried  Eureka !  " 
Carlyle  said  of  him  that  "  his  eloquence  was  like 
opening  a  window  through  London  fog  into  the  blue 
sky  " — adding,  however,  "  I  went  away  feeling  that 
Fox  had  been  summoning  these  people  to  sit  in 
judgment  on  matters  of  which  they  were  no  judges 
at  all."  Mr.  Conway  was  himself  for  twenty-one 
years  the  incumbent  at  South  Place  Chapel ;  and 
his  account  of  the  Society,  based  on  four  discourses 
given  by  him  in  1893,  may  be  taken  to  be  as  accu- 
rate as  it  is  lively  and  sympathetic.  There  are  a 
number  of  portraits,  together  with  an  interesting 
copy  in  facsimile  of  the  first  draft  of  Sarah  Flower 
Adams's  fine  hymn,  "  Nearer,  my  God,  to  Thee." 


Dumas^s 
Napoleon 
Romances. 


Under  the  general  title  of  "  The  Na- 
poleon Romances,"  Messrs.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  have  added  six  vol- 
umes to  their  neat  library  edition  of  the  romances 
of  Alexandre  Dumas.  The  works  translated  for 
this  set  of  volumes  are  "  Les  Blancs  et  les  Bleus," 
"  Les  Compagnons  de  Jdhu,"  "  Les  Louves  de 
Machecoul,"  and  "  Les  Freres  Corses."  These  works 
make  a  tolerably  connected  series,  and  there  is  no 
doubt  that  a  reader  may  get  from  them  an  exceed- 
ingly vivid,  as  well  as  a  fairly  accurate,  impression 
of  the  Napoleonic  period  of  French  history.  In 
saying  this,  we  do  not  need  to  take  the  author  as 
seriously  as  he  took  himself,  in  these  words,  for  ex- 
ample :  "  We  shall  soon  have  covered  an  immense 
period  with  our  stories :  between  the  '  Countess  of 
Salisbury '  and  the  '  Count  of  Monte  Cristo  '  lie  five 
centuries  and  a  half ;  and  we  are  bold  enough  to 
think  that  concerning  those  five  centuries  and  a 
half  we  have  taught  France  more  history  than  any 
historian."  The  present  translation  is  in  most  re- 
spects satisfactory.  We  note,  however,  that  in  many 
instances  proper  geographical  names  appear  in  their 
French  spelling,  as  Sagonte  for  Saguntum,  Cannes 
for  Cannae,  Perouse  for  Perugia,  and  Genes  for 
Genoa.  These  are  curious  lapses  for  anyone  suf- 
ficiently familiar  with  French  to  translate  at  all. 

The  "  Letters  Addressed  to  a  Col- 

Early  letters  j          Fri      d  d      •        th    years  1840- 

ofMr.Ruskin.  -,o^»i       HT      T   i       -r>      i-  i 

1845,  by  Mr.  John  Ruskm,  are  pub- 
lished in  this  country  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co., 
although  the  imprint  of  the  book  is  that  of  Mr.  George 
Allen,  the  author's  own  (we  might  almost  say  pri- 
vate) English  publisher.  As  a  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  intellectual  development, 
these  letters  are  of  course  interesting,  for  they  show 
us  at  how  early  a  stage  certain  principles  of  criticism 
had  become  a  fixed  part  of  his  creed.  They  are 


also  interesting  as  showing  that  Mr.  Ruskin's  ac- 
tivities when  just  out  of  college  were  quite  as  mul- 
tifarious as  they  were  in  later  years.  Absolutely, 
the  letters  have  slight  value,  for  they  merely  give 
crude  expression  to  some  of .  the  ideas  that  later 
found  much  more  adequate  presentation.  They  in- 
clude an  essay  on  the  question  "  Was  there  death 
before  Adam  fell,  in  other  parts  of  creation  ? " 
which  recalls  the  disputations  of  the  schoolmen. 
That  sort  of  thing,  at  least,  Mr.  Ruskin  outgrew, 
and  definitely,  before  he  was  much  older.  His  en- 
thusiasm for  Turner  appears  more  than  once,  as 
when,  speaking  of  a  book  concerning  which  his 
opinion  had  been  asked,  he  says  :  "  I  have  not  seen 
the  book  you  speak  of,  but  if  it  praises  Turner  un- 
qualifiedly you  may  trust  to  it."  The  whole  of  Mr. 
Ruskin's  Turnerian  creed  is  in  the  following  pas- 
sage :  "He  is  the  epitome  of  all  art,  the  concentra- 
tion of  all  power ;  there  is  nothing  that  ever  artist 
was  celebrated  for  that  he  cannot  do  better  than 
the  most  celebrated.  He  seems  to  have  seen  every- 
thing, remembered  everything,  spiritualized  every- 
thing in  the  visible  world ;  there  is  nothing  he  has 
not  done,  nothing  he  dares  not  do ;  when  he  dies, 
there  will  be  more  of  nature  and  her  mysteries  for- 
gotten in  one  sob,  than  will  be  learned  again  by  the 
eyes  of  a  generation." 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Three  reading-books  for  primary  schools  attest  the 
growing  desire  to  provide  children  with  a  better  sort  of 
pabulum  than  they  have  been  accustomed  to.  "  Fairy 
Tales  for  Little  Readers"  (Lovell),by  Miss  Sarah  D. 
Burke,  gives  simple  paraphrases  of  five  familiar  nursery 
classics.  Miss  Sarah  E.  Wiltse's  selection  of  "  Grimm's 
Fairy  Tales  "  (Ginn)  includes  "  stories  illustrating  kind- 
ness to  animals  and  the  unity  of  life  in  a  variety  of  con- 
ditions. "  A  more  ambitious  undertaking  is  that  of  Miss 
Mary  E.  Burt,  whose  "  Stories  from  Plato  and  Other 
Classic  Writers  "  (Ginn)  are  taken  from  Hesiod,  Homer, 
Ovid,  Pliny,  and  others,  and  retold  in  the  simplest  of 
language.  These  stories  have  stood  the  test  of  repeated 
use  by  the  author,  and  are  particularly  to  be  commended 
to  kindergarten  and  primary  school  teachers. 

The  "  Elementary  Algebra  "  written  by  Mr.  Charles 
Smith  and  revised  by  Mr.  Irving  Stringham  (Mac- 
millan) is  designed  to  render  less  abrupt  "  the  transi- 
tion from  the  traditional  algebra  of  many  of  our  sec- 
ondary schools  to  the  reconstructed  algebra  of  the  best 
American  colleges."  The  book  constitutes  "  a  rounded 
course  in  what  may  be  called  the  newer  elementary  al- 
gebra, and  includes  the  subject-matter  specified  by 
nearly  all  American  colleges  as  the  requirement  for  ad- 
mission." A  book  of  far  more  elementary  mathemat- 
ics is  Miss  Florence  N.  Sloane's  "  Practical  Lessons  in 
Fractions "  (Heath),  following  the  inductive  method, 
and  accompanied  by  "fraction  cards,"  a  device  of  the 
writer,  used  with  marked  success  in  her  own  teaching. 

The  first  volume  of  Mr.  James  Hamilton  Wylie's 
"  History  of  England  under  Henry  the  Fourth  "  (Long- 
mans) was  published  ten  years  ago.  It  has  just  been 
reissued,  iu  connection  with  a  second  volume,  which  now 


128 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


first  sees  the  light.  A  third  volume,  completing  the 
work,  is  promised  for  next  year.  The  volumes  already 
published  show  that  the  labor  involved  in  the  work  has 
been  of  great  magnitude,  and  the  result  is  in  accord- 
ance with  the  methods  of  the  best  modern  scholarship. 
The  chronicle  is  too  thickly  crammed  with  notes  to  be 
easily  readable,  but  the  author's  style,  when  it  takes  the 
form  of  plain  narrative,  has  an  honest  directness  that 
is  at  least  engaging. 

Mrs.  Lois  G.  Hufford's  "  Essays  and  Letters  Selected 
from  the  Writings  of  John  Ruskin  "  (Ginn)  is  intended 
for  use  as  a  reading-book  in  secondary  schools.  It  in- 
cludes the  two  "  Sesame  and  Lilies  "  lectures,  "  Unto 
this  Last,"  six  letters  from  "  Fors  Clavigera,"  and  a 
part  of  "The  Queen  of  the  Air."  It  is  supplied  with 
notes  and  introductory  matter,  the  latter  appreciative 
and  judicious  in  the  main.  While  we  know  of  no  liv- 
ing writing  of  prose  better  fitted  for  school  reading 
than  Mr.  Ruskin,  and  while  we  are  in  hearty  sympathy 
with  the  general  purpose  of  this  book,  we  cannot  regard 
as  wise  the  inclusion  of  such  matter  as  the  chapters  on 
what  Mr.  Ruskin  (but  no  one  else)  fancies  to  be  polit- 
ical economy.  High  school  students  are  too  young  to 
discriminate  between  the  ethical  wheat  and  chaff  of 
"  Unto  this  Last,"  and  loose  thinking  upon  economic 
questions  is  about  the  last  thing  that  should  find  encour- 
agement in  these  days. 

One  of  the  most  substantial  contributions  to  knowl- 
edge that  have  resulted  from  the  Chicago  Congresses 
of  1893  is  the  handsome  volume  (Schulte)  which  con- 
tains the  "  Memoirs  of  the  International  Congress  of 
Anthropology,"  edited  by  Mr.  C.  Staniland  Wake.  The 
papers  are  classified  under  physical  anthropology,  ar- 
chaeology, ethnology,  folk-lore,  religions,  and  linguistics. 
Two  supplementary  papers  are  printed  in  the  German 
language.  Among  the  authors  are  Messrs.  Franz  Boas, 
Carl  Lumholtz,  W.  H.  Holmes,  D.  G.  Brinton,  Alice  C. 
Fletcher,  J.  C.  Fillmore,  Stephen  D.  Peet,  Cyrus  Adler, 
and  M.  Jastrow,  Jr.  Mrs.  Nuttall's  paper  on  "  The 
Mexican  Calendar  System  "  is  to  appear  as  a  separate 
monograph,  and  is  consequently  not  here  included. 

"  A  Gauntlet "  (Longmans)  is  the  title  given  by  Mr. 
Osman  Edwards  to  his  translation  of  Herr  Bjornson's 
"  En  Hanske."  It  is  curious  that  the  social  dramas  of  this 
great  writer  should  have  remained  so  long  untranslated, 
in  view  of  the  vogue  of  the  similar  productions  of  Dr. 
Ibsen.  Both  writers  are  at  their  best  in  their  earlier 
and  more  poetical  works,  but  the  pictures  of  society  to 
which  their  later  years  have  been  devoted  constitute 
the  most  striking  dramatic  manifestation  of  the  present 
day.  Between  the  two  it  is  hard  to  choose,  but  in  this 
newer  field  Herr  Bjornson  is  at  least  the  equal  of  his 
famous  contemporary,  while  a  comparison  of  their  ear- 
lier work  shows  him  to  be  distinctly  the  greater  artist. 
The  subject  of  "  En  Hanske  "  has  become  somewhat  in- 
sistent in  recent  literature,  and  it  is  well  to  remember 
that  the  discussion  was  practically  started  by  the  pub- 
lication of  this  drama. 

Mr.  R.  D.  Cortina  publishes  a  series  of  paper-cov- 
ered texts  for  students  of  the  Spanish  language.  This 
"  Serie  de  Cortina  "  now  includes  "  Despuds  de  la  Llu- 
via  el  Sol ,"  a  prose  comedy  in  one  act  by  an  unnamed 
writter;  "El  Indiano,"  a  prose  comedy  in  three  acts 
adopted  from  Garcia  de  la  Vega ;  and  "  Amparo,"  a  story 
from  Seiior  Enrigue  Pe'rez  Escrich.  The  latter  two 
publications  give  the  Spanish  text  with  the  English 
translation,  a  page  of  the  one  facing  a  page  of  the  other. 
Mr.  Cortina  has  supplied  all  these  texts  with  notes. 


[LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


Mr.  Thomas  J.  Wise  has  just  begun  publication,  in 
the  pages  of  "  The  Athenaeum,"  of  his  "  Bibliography 
of  the  Works  of  Robert  Browning."  It  will  afterwards 
be  extended,  and  issued  in  parts  to  subscribers. 

Mr.  Shad  well,  of  Oriel  College,  will  select  from  Wal- 
ter Pater's  papers  such  matter  as  he  thinks  it  advisable 
to  publish.  It  is  also  proposed  that  several  of  Pater's 
friends  prepare  a  memorial  volume  from  their  remin- 
iscences. 

The  Prussian  Academy  of  Sciences  has  granted  to 
Professors  Zeller  and  Diels  $2,000  for  continuing  the 
publication  of  the  writings  of  the  commentators  of  Aris- 
totle. Professor  Zeller  took  leave  of  his  classes  at  the 
University  of  Berlin  on  August  2  with  a  speech  in  which 
he  said  that  his  health  had  always  been  so  good  that  in 
his  110  semesters  he  had  never  missed  his  lectures  for 
a  single  week. 

Messrs.  Charles  L.  WTebster  &  Co.  will  at  once  pub- 
lish "  Max  O'Rell's "  new  book,  « John  Bull  &  Co.," 
which  deals  with  "  the  great  colonial  branches  of  the 
firm,  Canada,  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  South  Af- 
rica." If  we  may  judge  of  the  whole  book  from  the 
Australian  chapter,  which  we  read  the  other  day  in  "  La 
Revue  de  Paris,"  the  author  has  abated  nothing  of  the 
wit,  the  shrewdness,  and  the  lively  intelligence  charac- 
teristic of  his  earlier  writings. 

Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  will  publish  early  this 
month  a  collection  of  the  poems  of  Mr.  Francis  How- 
ard Williams,  of  Philadelphia,  author  of  the  novel  "  At- 
man,  or  Documents  in  a  Strange  Case,"  several  lyric 
dramas,  and  of  a  remarkable  story  entitled  "Boscosel," 
published  in  "The  Septameron"  in  1888.  Mr.  Will- 
iams's  volume  of  verse  will  be  called  "  The  Flute- 
Player,  and  Other  Poems,"  and  while  containing  a  few 
pieces  which  have  already  appeared  in  the  magazines, 
will  be  chiefly  composed  of  unpublished  poems  from 
this  poet's  portfolio. 

The  public  library  at  Los  Angeles,  Cal.,  recently  pur- 
chased a  number  of  French  books,  including  the  works 
of  M.  Jean  Richepin.  A  local  clergyman  of  the  Meth- 
odist persuasion  got  wind  of  the  affair,  and  delivered  a 
sermon  attacking  the  librarian  (a  woman,  by  the  way), 
and  containing  this  fervent  supplication  :  "  O  Lord, 
vouchsafe  Thy  saving  grace  to  the  librarian  of  the  Los 
Angeles  City  Library  and  cleanse  her  of  all  sin  and 
make  her  a  woman  worthy  of  her  office."  The  librarian 
has  promptly  brought  suit  for  damages  against  the  of- 
fending preacher. 

SCOTT  AT  THE  CLOSE  OF  HIS  CENTURY. 
Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton  thus  writes  of  Scott 
in  his  preface  to  the  new  edition  of  the  latter's  poems: 
"  In  looking  back  over  this  century,  which  is  now  so 
near  its  close,  there  is  none  among  its  conspicuous  fig- 
ures of  pleasanter  aspect  than  that  of  Scott;  and  of  all 
the  men  who  have  lived  during  its  course  there  is  not 
one  who  has  contributed  more  largely  to  the  pleasure 
of  its  successive  generations.  This  is  a  great  eulogy; 
no  man  could  desire  a  better.  To  amuse  men  ration- 
ally, to  give  them  wholesome  entertainment,  is  to  do 
them  a  great  service ;  and  to  do  this  through  a  lifetime 
more  successfully  than  any  one  else,  is  to  be  worthy  of 
lasting  gratitude.  This  is  what  Scott  did  for  our  fath- 
ers, and  has  done  for  many  of  us,  and  will  continue  to 
do  for  many  of  our  children.  At  this  moment,  more 
than  sixty  years  after  the  last  of  his  novels  was  written, 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


129 


two  popular  editions  of  them  are  in  course  of  publica- 
tion ;  while  his  poems,  ninety  years  after  the  '  Lay  of 
the  Last  Minstrel '  was  first  published,  are  still  the  de- 
light of  youthful  readers,  and  still  charm  readers  of  all 
ages  by  the  interest  of  their  animated  narrative,  the 
ease  of  the  versification,  and  the  manliness  of  their 
spirit.  .  .  .  Let  us  be  grateful  for  such  a  gift.  There 
is  space  even  on  the  narrow  shelves  of  the  immortals 
for  books  such  as  his.  Shakespeare,  Milton,  Words- 
worth may  rest  on  a  higher  shelf,  but  Scott  will  be 
nearer  at  hand  for  the  multitude  of  readers,  and  his  vol- 
umes will  require  more  frequent  re-binding." 

WALTER   PATER. 

(July  30,  1894.) 

The  freshness  of  the  light,  its  secrecy, 
Spices,  or  honey  from  sweet-smelling  bower, 
The  harmony  of  time,  love's  trembling  hour 
Struck  on  thee  with  a  new  felicity. 
Standing,  a  child,  by  a  red  hawthorn-tree, 
Its  perishing,  small  petals'  flame  had  power 
To  fill  with  masses  of  soft,  ruddy  flower 
A  certain  roadside  in  thy  memory  : 
And  haply  when  the  tragic  clouds  of  night 
Were  slowly  wrapping  round  thee,  in  the  cold 
Of  which  men  always  die,  a  sense  renewed 
Of  the  things  sweet  to  touch  and  breath  and  sight, 
That  thou  didst  touch  and  breathe  and  see  of  old, 
Stole  on  thee  with  the  warmth  of  gratitude. 

—Michael  Field  in  "  The  Academy." 

A  MODERN  BIBLIOPHILE'S  LIBRARY. 
Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  tells  us  in  one  of  his  books  that 
if  fortune  made  him  the  possessor  of  one  volume  of  ex- 
cessive value,  he  should  hasten  to  part  with  it.  And 
yet  in  Mr.  Gosse's  library  are  many  books  of  "  exces- 
sive value,"  which,  in  "  their  redolent  crushed  Levant," 
no  "  Bonanza  King,  with  millions  in  his  bank,"  could 
restore  if  lost  or  destroyed.  From  a  list  originally 
started  for  insurance  purposes,  Mr.  Gosse  was  encour- 
aged by  the  solicitation  of  friends  to  make  a  catalogue 
of  his  collection  which  should  serve  a  double  purpose. 
"  The  silliest  people  who  collect  books  might  be  consid- 
ered benefactors  to  their  species  if  they  only  would  cat- 
alogue their  collections,"  said  Mr.  Falconer  Madan  to 
Mr.  Gosse ;  and  his  catalogue  is  really  a  benefaction  for 
all  book-lovers.  Mr.  Austin  Dobson  provides  it  with 
this  cheerful  Epilogue: 

"  I  doubt  your  painful  Pedants  who 
Can  read  a  Dictionary  through  ; 
But  he  must  he  a  dismal  dog 
Who  can 't  enjoy  this  Catalogue !  " 

It  is  not  given  to  many  collectors  of  books  to  number 
so  many  poets  and  men  of  letters  among  his  friends  as 
does  Mr.  Gosse ;  hence  few  collections  embrace  so  many 
volumes  calculated  to  excite  the  greed  of  the  biblio- 
maniac. There  is  a  matchless  set  of  Edward  FitzGer- 
ald's  books,  those  privately-printed  Dramas  of  Calderon, 
"  freely  translated,"  the  first  "  Rubaiyat,"  and  the  rest, 
nearly  all  of  which  are  presentation  copies,  and  some 
of  which  are  enriched  with  the  translator's  notes  in  au- 
tograph. There  is  also  a  notable  collection  of  "  Restora- 
tion Dramatists,"  in  which  department  Mr.  Gosse's  li- 
brary has  "  no  rival,  public  or  private  " ;  and  another 
special  department,  rich  in  such  books  as  Mr.  William 
Morris's  "  The  Defence  of  Guenevere  "  (1858) — "  rub- 
bishy minor  verse,"  Mr.  Gosse  pere  called  it  —  the 
mere  enumeration  of  a  few  items  of  which  might  make 
a  bibliomaniac  green  with  envy.  If  "  an  affecting  and 
chronic  want  of  pounds  "  has  precluded  Mr.  Gosse  from 
purchasing  "  the  white  elephants  of  bibliography,"  the 


same  distressful  condition  has  not  stood  in  the  way  of 
his  forming  valuable  friendships. 

" '  Book  against  book.'     '  Agreed,'  I  said : 

But 't  was  the  trick  of  Diomed ! 

—  And  yet,  in  Fairy-land,  I  'm  told, 

Dead  leaves  —  as  these  —  will  turn  to  gold. 

Take  them,  Sir  Alchemist,  and  see ! 

Nothing  transmutes  like  sympathy." 

Thus  does  Mr.  Dobson  inscribe  a  copy  of  his  "  At  the 
Sign  of  the  Lyre,"  «  To  E.  W.  G."  And  many  another 
tome  in  Mr.  Gosse's  library  bears  poetical  inscriptions 
from  his  "  Neighbor  of  the  near  domain,"  and  from  many 
another  friend, — inscriptions  that  are  destined  never  to 
see  the  light  outside  the  pages  of  this  catalogue.  Many 
of  these  inscriptions  are  reproduced  in  facsimile.  A 
facsimile  of  a  letter  from  Matthew  Arnold,  acknowl- 
edging the  authorship  of  his  Rugby  prize  poem,  "  Alaric 
at  Rome";  and  another  of  Tennyson's  poem,  "The 
Throstle,"  possess  a  melancholy  interest.  And  so  does 
the  volume  of  Rossetti  "  Relics," —  which  comprehends 
among  other  items  a  set  of  pages  from  "  The  Germ," 
containing  the  story  of  "  Hand  and  Soul,"  with  frequent 
corrections  in  Rossetti's  handwriting;  a  corrected  proof 
of  the  Sonnet  on  the  Mulberry  Tree  planted  by  Shake- 
speare and  felled  by  the  Rev.  E.  Gastrell, 

" deaf  drudge,  to  whom  no  length  of  ears 

Sufficed  to  catch  the  music  of  the  spheres !  " 

and  the  first  draft  of  the  "  Czar  Alexander  II."  sonnet, 
the  text  of  which  differs  in  almost  every  line  from  that 
first  published  in  "  Ballads  and   Sonnets,"  and  which 
may  therefore  be  quoted  here: 
"From  him  did  forty  thousand  Serfs,  endow'd 
Each  with  six  feet  of  death-claim'd  soil,  receive 
Rich  lifelong  freeborn  land,  whereon  to  sheave 
Their  country's  harvest.    Who  to-day  aloud 
Demand  of  Heaven  their  Father's  blood, —  sore  bow'd 
With  tears  and  thrilled  with  wrath ;  and  burn  to  achieve 
On  every  guilty  head  without  reprieve 
All  torment  by  his  edicts  disallow'd. 
He  stayed  the  knout's  red-ravening  fangs ;  and  first 
Of  Russian  traitors  his  own  murderers  go 
White  to  the  tomb.    While  he, —  laid  foully  low 
With  limbs  red-lopp'd,  with  blood-clogg'd  brain  which  nursed 
The  Nation's  charter, —  from  fell  Nihil  flown 
No  Nought  finds  now, —  a  witness  at  God's  Throne." 

Nearly  all  the  introuvables  of  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  are 
in  this  precious  collection,  many  with  brief  inscriptions 
by  their  author;  also  a  complete  set  of  those  by  Mr. 
Robert  Louis  Stevenson, — booklets  that  are  almost  un- 
known beyond  the  circle  of  his  literary  friends,  and 
would  bring  their  weight  in  five-pound  notes  if  offered 
for  sale.     These  were  printed  by  the  author's  stepson, 
Mr.  S.  L.  Osbourne,  and  are  as  limited  in  the  number 
of  their  pages  as  in  the  number  of  copies  printed.    One 
of  the  booklets  is  entitled  "  Not  I,  and  Other  Poems  " 
(1881),  and  the  last  poem,  reprinted  from  the  catalogue, 
with  apologies  to  Mr.  Gosse,  states  that 
"  The  pamphlet  here  presented 
Was  planned  and  printed  by 
A  printer  unindented, 

A  bard  whom  all  decry. 
"  The  author  and  the  printer, 

With  various  kinds  of  skill, 
Concocted  it  in  Winter 

At  Davos  on  the  Hill. 
"  They  burned  the  nightly  taper  ; 

But  now  the  work  is  ripe. 
Observe  the  costly  paper, 
Remark  the  perfect  type." 

W.  IRVING  WAY. 


130 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1, 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

September,  1894  (First  List). 

Acting.    Richard  Mansfield.    North  American. 
Administrative  Law,  American.  Ernst  Freund.  Political  Sci. 
Africa,  The  Study  of.    C.  C.  Adams.     Chautauquan. 
Aerial  Navigation.    H.  S.  Maxim.    North  American. 
Bar  Harbor.    Illus.    F.  Marion  Crawford.     Scribner. 
Battle-Songs.    Laura  A.  Smith.    Lippincott. 
Bells,  Foreign.    W.  Shaw-Sparrow.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Cane  Sugar  Industry,  The.    Illus.     Southern  Magazine. 
Catholicism  and  Apaism.    Bishop  Spalding.    No.  American. 
Church  Choir  and  Organ.    C.  A.  Richmond.     Chautauquan. 
Economic  Principles  Newly  Stated.    O.  L.  Elliott.    Dial. 
English  at  the  University  of  Nebraska.  L.  A.  Sherman.  Dial. 
Fiction,  Recent.    William  Morton  Payne.    Dial. 
Greek  Vase  Paintings.    Illus.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Head-Lines.    W.  T.  Lamed.    Lippincott. 
Heroine,  Evolution  of  the.    H.  H.  Boyesen.    Lippincott. 
Home-Life  in  India :  Child  Marriages  and  Widows.    Forum. 
Human  Horses.    W.  R.  Furness.    Lippincott. 
Hunting  in  England.    Illus.    C.W.Whitney.    Harper. 
Ice  Age  in  New  York.    T.  M.  Prudden.    Harper. 
Income  Tax,  The.     Charles  W.  Buck.     Southern  Magazine. 
Law  Reform,  Am.,  Problems  of.    Merritt  Starr.    Dial. 
Monopolies,  Capitalistic.    J.  W.  Jenks.    Political  Science. 
Napoleonic  Pictures.    E.  G.  J.    Dial. 
New  York,  The  City  and  State  of.    Political  Science. 
Parliament  of  Religions,  Echoes  of  the.    Forum. 
Physicians,  Pay  of.     George  F.  Shrady.    Forum. 
Poverty,  Modern.    W.  H.  Mallock.    North  American. 
Scotland,  Peasantry  of.    W.  G.  Blaikie.    North  American. 
Scotland  Yard,  New.    Illus.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Southern  Art.    Illus.    Wm.  Sartain.     Southern  Magazine. 
Tapestry  of  the  New  World.    Illus.     Scribner. 
Tarahumari  Life.    Illus.    Carl  Lumholtz.    Scribner. 
Teaching,  The  Freedom  of.    Dial. 

"Thanatopsis,"  The  Origin  of.    J.  W.  Chadwick.    Harper. 
Universities  in  France.    Ch.  V.  Langlois.    Political  Science. 
Venetian  Fetes.    Illus.    F.  Cooley.     Chautauquan. 
West  Virginia.    Illus.    Julian  Ralph.    Harper. 


IJIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  embracing  50  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 
London  and  the  Kingdom:  A  History  Derived  Mainly 

from  the  Archives  at  Guild-Hall.  By  Reginald  R.  Sharpe, 

D.C.L.    In  3  vols.    Vol.  L,  with  frontispiece,  8vo,  pp. 

566.    Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.    $3.50. 
A  History  of  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages.    By  Ernest 

F.  Henderson,  A.B.    12mo,  uncut,  pp.  437.    Macmillan 

&Co. 


Centenary  History  of  the  South  Place  Society:  Based 
on  Four  Discourses  Given  in  the  Chapel  in  May  and  June, 
1893.  By  Moncure  D.  Conway,  M.A.  Illus.,  12mo,  un- 
cut, pp.  186.  London :  Williams  &  Norgate.  $2. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 
The  Life  and  Letters  of  James  MacPherson.    By  Bailey 

Saunders.    With  portrait,  12mo,  pp.  327.    Macmillan  & 

Co.    $2.50. 
Masters  of  German  Music.    By  J.  A.  Fuller  Maitland. 

Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  289.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography.    Edited  by  Sidney 

Lee.  Vol.  XXXIX.,  Morehead-Myles ;  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp. 

452.    Macmillan  &  Co.    $3.75. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Literary  Associations  of  the  English  Lakes.  By  Rev. 
H.  D.  Rawnsley.  In  2  vols.,  12mo,  uncut.  Macmillan 

&  Co.    $4. 


Letters  Addressed  to  a  College  Friend  During  the  Years 
1840-1845.  By  John  Ruskin.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  210. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.50. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer. 
With  a  Biographical  Sketch.  By  William  Henry  .Hud- 
son. 12mo,  pp.  234.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Yellow  Book:  An  Illustrated  Quarterly.  Vol.  II., 
July,  1894  ;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  363.  Copeland  &  Day.  $1.50. 

The  Great  Indian  Epics,  the  Stories  of  the  Ramayana  and 
the  Mahabharata.  By  John  Campbell  Oman,  author  of 
"  Indian  Life,  Religious  and  Social."  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 
pp.  231.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Libraries  in  the  Mediaeval  and  Renaissance  Periods : 
Being  the  Rede  Lecture,  delivered  June  13,  1894.  By  J. 
W.  Clark,  M.A.  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  62.  Macmillan 
&Co.  $1. 

The  Temple  Shakespeare :  Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  and 
Love's  Labour's  Lost.  With  Prefaces,  etc.  By  Israel  Gol- 
lancz,  M.A.  Each  with  frontispiece,  16mo,  gilt  top,  un- 
cut. Macmillan  &  Co.  Each,  45  cts. 

Grimm's  Fairy  Tales.  Edited  by  Sara  E.  Wiltse,  author 
of  "Stories  for  Kindergartens."  Part  I.,  illus.,  12mo, 
pp.  237.  Ginn  &  Co.  45  cts. 

POETRY. 

A  Book  of  Song.    By  Julian  Sturgis.     Sq.  12mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  73.    Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.    $1.75. 
Songs  from  Dreamland.  By  May  Kendall,  author  of  "  From 

a  Garret."    16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  136.    Longmans, 

Green,  &  Co.    $1.75. 
The  Universal  Name;  or,  One  Hundred  Songs  to  Mary. 

Selected  and  arranged  by  Mrs.  E.  Vale  Blake.   12mo,  pp. 

149.    C.  W.  Moulton.    $1. 

FICTION. 

The  Napoleon  Romances.  By  Alexander  Dumas.  In  6 
vols.,  comprising  The  Companions  of  Jehu,  The  Whites 
and  the  Blues,  The  She- Wolves  of  Machecoul,  and  The 
Corsican  Brothers.  Each  vol.  illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.  Boxed,  $7.50. 

Music  Hath  Charms.  By  V.  Munro-Ferguson,  author  of 
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Out  of  Step.  By  Maria  Louise  Pool,  author  of  "  Dally." 
12mo,  pp.  300.  Harper  &  Bros.  $1.25. 

Dr.  Janet  of  Harley  Street.  By  Arabella  Kenealy.  12mo, 
pp.  340.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1. 

Vashti  and  Esther:  A  Story  of  Society  To-day.  12mo,  pp. 
271.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1. 

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12mo,  pp.  220.  New  York:  Merrill  &  Baker.  $1. 

A  Change  of  Air.  By  Anthony  Hope,  author  of  "  The  Pris- 
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The  Maiden's  Progress :  A  Novel  in  Dialogue.  By  Violet 
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The  Garroters.  By  W.  D.  Howells.  Illus.,  18mo,  pp.  90. 
Harper's  "  Black  and  White  Series."  50  cts. 

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12mo,  pp.  364.    50  cts. 
Rand,  McNally's  Rialto  Series:  The  Red  Sultan,  by  J. 

MacLaren  Cobban ;  12mo,  pp.  313.    75  cts. 
Rand,  McNally's  Globe  Library :  The  House  of  the  Wolf, 

by  Stanley  J.  Weyman  ;  12mo,  pp.  250.     50  cts. 
Putnam's  Hudson  Library:  Love  and  Shawl-Straps,  by 

Annette  L.  Noble,  author  of  "  Uncle  Jack's  Executors  "; 

12mo,  pp.  291.     50  cts. 
Bonner's  Choice  Series:  Two  Gentlemen  of  Hawaii,  by 

Seward  W.  Hopkins ;  illus.,  12mo,  pp.  303.    50  cts. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Climbing  in  the  British  Isles.  By  W.  P.  Basket  Smith, 
M.A.  Vol.  I.,  England ;  illus.,  16mo,  pp.  162.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Book  of  the  Fair.  By  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft.  Parts 
12,  13,  and  14.  Each,  illus.,  imp.  4to.  Chicago:  The 
Bancroft  Co.  Per  part,  $1. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


131 


SOCIAL  AND  POLITICAL  STUDIES. 

The  Ills  of  the  South ;  or,  Related  Causes  Hostile  to  the 
General  Prosperity  of  the  Southern  People.  By  Charles 
H.  Otken,  LL.D.  12mo,  pp.  277.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.50. 

The  Evolution  of  Modern  Capitalism :  A  Study  of  Ma- 
chine Production.  By  John  A.  Hobson,  M.A.,  author  of 
"Problems  of  Poverty."  12mo,  pp.  383.  Chas.  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Representation  and  Suffrage  in  Massachusetts,  162O- 
1691.  By  George  H.  Haynes,  Ph.D.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  90. 
Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies.  50  cts. 

SCIENCE. 

Discourses,  Biological  and  Geological:  Essays,  by 
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The  Evolution  of  Worlds  from  Nebulae.  By  Lee  Parker 
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ing Co. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

The  Footprints  of  the  Jesuits.  By  R.  W.  Thompson,  au- 
thor of  "The  Papacy  and  the  Civil  Power."  With  por- 
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Bible,  Science,  and  Faith.  By  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Zahm,  C.S.C., 
author  of  "Sound  and  Music."  12mo,  pp.316.  Balti- 
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The  Unknown  Life  of  Jesus  Christ:  From  a  Recently  Dis- 
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Paul. 

Short  Comparative  Grammar  of  English  and  German, 
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Elementary  Algebra  for  the  Use  of  Preparatory  Schools. 
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An  Introduction  to  French  Authors:  Being  a  Reader  for 
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The  Gate  to  the  Anabasis.  With  Notes,  etc.,  by  Clarence 
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132 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1,  1894. 


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An  Enterprising  Scholar, 

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Tante  Catrinette, 

By  KATE  CHOPIN. 

The  New  Storm  and  Stress  in  Germany, 

By  KUNO  FRANCKE. 

Rus  in  Urbe, 

By  EDITH  M.  THOMAS. 

From  the  Reports  of  the  Plato  Club, 

By  HERBERT  AUSTIN  AIKINS. 

Philip  and  His  Wife.     XXVI.— XXIX. 

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A  Reading  in  the  Letters  of  John  Keats, 

By  LEON  H.  VINCENT. 


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An  account  of  the  everyday  life  of  the  Chinese  people 
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DOUGLAS,  Keeper  of  the  Oriental  Books  and  Manu- 
scripts in  the  British  Museum;  Professor  of  Chinese 
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Published  in  connection  with  Dent  &  Co.,  of  London. 


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THE    DIAL 


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138 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  1G, 


T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.'s   New   Publications, 

New  Editions,  and  New  Styles  of  Binding. 

September,  1894. 


CROMWELL'S 


ILLUSTRATED  LIBRARY. 


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The  Al ham  bra  and  Sketch  Book. 

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<  DICTIONARY  OF  PROSE  QUOTATIONS. 

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(  TOM  BROWN'S  SCHOOL  DAYS. 


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j  IVANHOE.  ) 

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JADAMBEDE.|ELIOT- 

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HUGHES. 


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(LAST  OF  THE  BARONS. 

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(  TOILERS  OF  THE  SEA. 

}  THREE  MUSKETEERS.     DUMAS. 

1 NINETY-THREE.     HUGO. 

(  DISCOURSES  OF  EPICTETUS. 

(  MEDITATIONS  OF  MARCUS  AURELIUS. 

f  ORIGIN  OF  SPECIES.  | 

|  DESCENT  OF  MAN.      f  DARWIN- 


LYTTON. 


HUGO. 


A  complete  library  of  forty  volumes,  comprising  some  of  the  best  works  of  literature. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


139 


T.  Y.  CROWELL  &  CO.'S  NEW  PUBLICATIONS,  ETC.  —  CONTINUED. 
HANDY  VOLUME  CLASSICS. 

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NEW  VOLUMES  ADDED  THIS  SEASON. 


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BYRON. 

FAVORITE   POEMS. 
American  authors. 


Selected   from  English  and 


LIGHT  OF  ASIA.     By  Sir  EDWIX  ARNOLD. 


NATURE.     Addresses    and    Lectures.     By    RALPH 

WALDO  EMERSON. 
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ERSON. 

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(         SMITH. 

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1  LALLA  ROOKH.     By  THOMAS  MOORE. 

(  SESAME  AND  LILIES.     By  JOHN  RUSKIN. 

1  CROWN  OF  WILD  OLIVE.     By  JOHN  RUSKIN. 

(  THE  ABBE  CONSTANTIN.  By  LUDOVIC  HALEVY. 

j  PAUL  AND  VIRGINIA.     By  BERNARDIN  DE  ST. 

(      PIERRE. 

t  IDYLLS  OF  THE  KING.    By  ALFRED  LORD  TEN- 

•3        NYSON. 

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|  EVANGELINE.     By  H.  W.  LONGFELLOW. 
(  LUCILE.     By  OWEN  MEREDITH. 


fTALES  FROM   SHAKESPEARE, 
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By  CHARLES 


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L       DET. 

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GOLDEN  FEATHER.   By  author  of  «  Mehaleh,"  etc. 


GONE.     By  KATHERINE  S.  MACQUOID. 

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MY   SOLDIER   KEEPER.     By  CLIVE   PHILLIPPS- 


WOLLEY. 

SAVED  BY  THE  SKIN   OF   HIS   TEETH. 
HELEN  SHIPTON. 

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"  Laddie." 

THE  VICTORY  OF  OUR  FAITH.     By  ANNA  ROB- 
ERTSON BROWN,  Ph.D. 


140 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


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READE. 

THE  COUNT  OF  MONTE  CRISTO.  2  vols.  By 
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lation. 

CRANFORD  AND  COUSIN  PHILLIS.  By  Mrs. 
GASKELL. 

THE  DATA  OF  ETHICS.     By  HERBERT  SPENCER. 

THE  DESCENT  OF  MAN.    By  CHARLES  DARWIN. 

DICTIONARY  OF  PROSE  QUOTATIONS.  By 
ANNA  L.  WARD. 

DISCOURSES  OF  EPICTETUS.  Translated  by 
GEORGE  LONG. 

EMERSON'S  ESSAYS.  First  and  Second  Series  in 
1  vol. 

HENRY  ESMOND.     By  WILLIAM  M.  THACKERAY. 

HISTORY  OF  A  CRIME.  By  VICTOR  HUGO.  Trans- 
lated by  HUNTINGTON  SMITH. 

THE  HOLY  ROMAN  EMPIRE.    By  JAMES  BRYCE. 


THE  LAST  OF  THE  BARONS.    By  Lord  LYTTON. 

THE  LIFE  OF  CHRIST.  By  FREDERICK  W.  FAR- 
RAR.  With  notes. 

MEDITATIONS  OF  MARCUS  AURELIUS.  Trans- 
lated  by  GEORGE  LONG. 

MOSSES  FROM  AN  OLD  MANSE.  By  NATHAN- 
IEL HAWTHORNE. 

THE  NEWCOMES.     By  WILLIAM  M.  THACKERAY. 

NINETY-THREE.  By  VICTOR  HUGO.  Translated 
by  HELEN  B.  DOLE. 

ORIGIN  OF  SPECIES.     By  CHARLES  DARWIN. 

OTHER  WORLDS  THAN  OURS.  By  RICHARD 
A.  PROCTOR. 

PENDENNIS.     By  WILLIAM  M.  THACKERAY. 

THE  SCARLET  LETTER.  By  NATHANIEL  HAW- 
THORNE. 

THE  THREE  MUSKETEERS.  By  ALEXANDRE 
DUMAS.  Complete  and  accurate  translation. 

TWICE  TOLD  TALES.  By  NATHANIEL  HAW- 
THORNE. 


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ARNOLD. — THE  LETTERS  OF  MATTHEW  ARNOLD.  Edited 
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AUSTEN. —  PRIDE  AND  PREJUDICE.  By  JANE  AUSTEN. 
With  90  Illustrations  by  HUGH  THOMSON.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  gilt, 
uniform  with  " Cranford,"  "Shakespeare's  England,"  "Our  Vil- 
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***  Also  an  Edition  de  Luxe,  limited,  on  hand-made  paper.   Super 
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BALFOUR.—  THE  SENILE  HEART.  Its  Symptoms,  Se- 
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l'2mo. 

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CHURCH.— STORIES  FROM  ENGLISH  HISTORY.  By  the 
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ART.  By  FREDERIC  W.  FARRAR,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  8.,  Archdeacon  and 
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HOLM. —  GREEK  HISTORY  FROM  ITS  ORIGIN  TO  THE  DE- 
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ILLINGWORTH  —  PERSONALITY,  DIVINE  AND  HUMAN. 
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LUBBOCK  —  TsE  USE  OF  LIFE.  By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
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MAZZINI. —  ESSAYS  OF  JOSEPH  MAZZINI,  CHIEFLY  POLIT- 
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SCHREIBER.—  ATLAS  OF  CLASSICAL  ANTIQUITIES.  By 
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STEEL.— TALES  OF  THE  PUNJAUB.  By  Mrs.  F.  A.  STEEL, 
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WUNDT. —  LECTURES  ON  HUMAN  AND  ANIMAL  PSYCHOL- 
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ALLEN. —  American  Book  Plates.  A  Guide  to  their 
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BALDWIN Mental  Development  in  the  Child  and  the 

Race.  By  J.  MARK  BALDWIN,  Stuart  Professor  of  Ex- 
perimental Psychology,  Princeton.  In  2  vols.  Vol.  I., 
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BARTLETT A  New  and  Complete  Concordance,  or 

Verbal  Index  to  Words,  Phrases,  and  Passages  in  the 
Dramatic  Works  of  Shakespeare.  With  a  Supplementary 
Concordance  to  the  Poems.  By  JOHN  BARTLETT,  A.M., 
author  of  "Familiar  Quotations,"  etc.  In  1  vol.  4to, 
pp.  1900.  Half  morocco,  in  box,  $14.00,  net. 

CATTELL. —  A  Course  in  Experimental  Psychology. 
By  J.  McKEEN  CATTELL,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Experi- 
mental Psychology  in  Columbia  College. 

CLARK. — Architect,  Owner,  and  Builder  before  the  Law. 
By  T.  M.  CLARK,  Fellow  of  the  American  Institute  of 
Architects.  Square  8vo. 

COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  BIOLOGICAL  SE- 
RIES. Edited  by  HENRY  FAIRFIELD  OSBORN,  Da 
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Volumes  Nearly  Ready. 

From  the  Greeks  to  Darwin.    By  HENRY  F.  OSBORN. 
Amphioxus  and  the  Ancestry  of  the  Vertebrates.    By  AR- 
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COMEY. — A  Dictionary  of  Chemical  Solubilities.  In- 
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CRAWFORD Love  in  Idleness.     With  numerous 

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TheEalstons.  A  Sequel  to  "  Katharine  Lauderdale."  With 
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DE  VERE Selected  Poems  of  Aubrey  De  Vere.  Ed- 
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EMERSON History  of  the  English  Language.     By 

OLIVER  FARRAR  EMERSON,  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and 
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EURIPIDES The  Alcestis  of  Euripides.  Edited, 

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KAROLY. — Raphael's  Madonnas  and  other  Great  Pic- 
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McCURDY. —  History,  Prophecy,  and  the  Monuments. 
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NICHOLS. —  A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics  and 
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PAULSEN.' — Character  and  Historical  Development  of 
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With  an  Introduction  by  N.  M.  BUTLER,  Professor  in 
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RUSSELL. —  Weather  and  Flood  Forecasting  Methods. 
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SALT. — Animal  Rights  Considered  in  Relation  to  Social 
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SMITH. —  Essays  on  Questions  of  the  Day,  Political 

and  Social.  By  GOLDWIN  SMITH,  D.C.L.,  author  of  "  The 

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Sketch  of  the  Political  History  of  England. 

VIOLLET  LE  DUC.— Construction.  Translated  by 
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WINTER The  Life  and  Art  of  Edwin  Booth.     By 

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Journal  0f  3Lttetarg  &rfttn0m,  IKscttggfon,  ano  Enformatton. 


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No.  198.   SEPTEMBER  16,  1894.   Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

.  143 


BOOKS  OF  THE  COMING  SEASON     .... 

"  TELL  US  A  STORY !  "    Jessie  Macmillan  Anderson  145 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYL- 
VANIA.   Felix  E.  Schelling 146 

AUTUMN  (Poem).    John  Vance  Cheney 147 

COMMUNICATIONS 148 

The  Study  of  English  Literature  from  the  Standpoint 

of  the  Student.     Charles  W.  Hodell. 
A  Word  Unfitly  Spoken.     W.  R.  K. 
"The  Freedom  of  Teaching."    Duane  Mowry. 

A  SUNBEAM  FROM  THE   THIRTEENTH   CEN- 
TURY.    C.  A.  L.  Richards 150 

A  LIBRARY  OF  HISTORY.    A.  H.  Noll    .    .    .    .  151  , 

RECENT   STUDIES  IN  SOCIOLOGY.     C.  R.  Hen- 
derson    153 

Small  and  Vincent's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  So- 
ciety.— Howells's  A  Traveler  from  Altruria. — Kidd's 
Social  Evolution. —  Booth's  The  Aged  Poor  in  En- 
gland and  Wales. — Giddings's  Theory  of  Sociology. — 
Jessopp's  Random  Roamings. — Heath's  The  English 
Peasant. —  Druge's  The  Unemployed. —  Commons's 
Social  Reform  and  the  Church. — Tolman  and  Hull's 
Handbook  of  Sociological  Information. 

EXTREMES  OF  FAITH.    John  Bascom 156 

Little's  Sacerdotalism. —  Gould's  The  Meaning  and 
Method  of  Life.— Bradford's  TheiQuestion  of  Unity. 
— Allen's  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Unitarian  Move- 
ment.— Weirsacker's  The  Apostolic  Age  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church. —  Mackintosh's  Natural  History  of  the 
Christian  Religion. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 158 

Macpherson  and  the  Ossianic  Poetry. — A  Help  to  the 
student  of  Herbert  Spencer. —  The  Savoy  operas  and 
their  authors. —  More  numbers  of  the  Book  of  the 
Fair. —  Books  about  Nature. —  New  French  reading- 
books. 

BRIEFER  MENTION *  ...  160 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS 160 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 167 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  168 
TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS    .  .  169 


BOOKS  OF  THE  COMING  SEASON. 

Several  pages  of  the  present  issue  of  THE 
DIAL  are  devoted  to  a  classified  list  of  publish- 
ers' announcements  for  the  coming  fall.  In  com- 
menting upon  the  similar  lists  of  six  months  and 
a  year  ago,  we  expressed  our  surprise  and  grati- 
fication at  the  fact  that  the  publishing  trade 
should  have  been  so  little  affected  by  the  de- 
pression so  general  during  the  past  year  in 
commercial  circles.  The  list  of  announcements 
published  by  us  last  spring  was  even  longer  than 
any  previous  showing  made  at  that  season  of 
the  year.  It  is  of  course  true,  as  we  then  re- 
marked, that  the  publishing  trade,  as  far  as  its 
announcements  are  concerned,  is  slow  to  exhibit 
the  effects  of  a  diminished  demand.  The  pub- 
lications of  any  given  season  are  well  under  way 
six  months  before  the  public  hears  of  them,  and 
many  of  them  are  arranged  for  a  year  or  more 
in  advance.  Some  shrinkage  might  therefore 
reasonably  have  been  expected  in  the  list  for 
the  coming  season,  and  it  is  a  matter  of  peculiar 
gratification  to  us  to  note  the  fact  that  not  only 
is  there  no  such  falling-off,  but  that  the  list 
shows  a  marked  increase  over  any  published  in 
a  previous  year.  A  close  examination,  more- 
over, discloses  more  than  the  usual  number 
of  very  important  and  expensive  works,  with 
at  least  the  usual  number  of  books  of  unques- 
tionable and  serious  interest.  If  the  effect  of 
a  period  of  commercial  depression  is  to  thus 
stimulate  to  unwonted  exertions  the  trade  of 
the  publisher,  it  cannot  be  regarded  as  an  evil 
wholly  unmixed.  That  such  is  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent the  case,  appears  quite  clear  when  the 
mind's  eye  scans  the  shelves  that  a  bookish 
imagination  will  at  once  fill  with  the  volumes 
now  promised  for  early  issue. 

Of  all  the  books  now  announced,  the  great- 
est interest  probably  attaches  to  the  long  prom- 
ised and  impatiently  awaited  letters  of  Mat- 
thew Arnold,  which  have  been  edited  by  Mr. 
G.  W.  E.  Russell.  This  book  will  occupy  a 
place  in  the  literature  of  the  year  similar  to 
that  occupied  last  year  by  the  letters  of  James 
Russell  Lowell.  As  next  in  interest,  we  may 
mention  Mr.  Samuel  T.  Pickard's  authorized 
biography  of  Whittier,  which  will  also  include 
many  of  the  poet's  letters.  Several  other 
"  lives  and  letters  "  are  promised,  among  them 


144 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Edwin  Booth,  by  his  daughter  ;  Lucy  Larcom, 
by  the  Rev.  D.  D.  Addison  ;  Erasmus,  by  Mr. 
J.  A.  Froude  ;  and  the  late  Dean  of  St.  Paul's, 
by  an  editor  unnamed.  Biographies  whose 
titles  make  no  special  mention  of  letters  are 
Mr.  Edward  Gary's  George  William  Curtis, 
Mr.  William  Winter's  Joseph  Jefferson,  and 
Mr.  E.  S.  Purcell's  Cardinal  Manning,  prom- 
ised for  last  year,  but  unavoidably  delayed. 
On  the  other  hand,  letters  without  biographies 
are  promised  for  Thoreau  by  Mr.  F.  B.  San- 
born,  for  Emily  Dickinson  by  Mrs.  Mabel 
Loomis  Todd,  and  for  General  Sherman  and 
his  brother,  Senator  John  Sherman.  Literary 
history  and  criticism  are  to  be  enriched  by  Mr. 
Barrett  Wendell's  "  William  Shakespeare," 
Mr.  J.  Churton  Collins's  "  Essays  and  Stud- 
ies," Mr.  O.  F.  Emerson's  "History  of  the 
English  Language,"  Mr.  Horace  E.  Scudder's 
"  Childhood  in  Literature  and  Art,"  Miss  Vida 
E.  Scudder's  "  The  Life  of  the  Spirit  in  Mod- 
ern English  Poets,"  Mr.  W.  E.  Simonds's  "An 
Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English  Fiction," 
Mr.  George  Saintsbury's  "  Corrected  Impres- 
sions," and  a  translation  of  M.  Jusserand's 
new  study  of  English  life  and  literature  in  the 
times  of  Langland.  Mr.  Selden  L.  Whitcomb's 
"  Chronological  Outlines  of  American  Litera- 
ture "  we  expect  to  find  a  very  useful  work. 

In  poetry  and  fiction,  it  has  been  our  expe- 
rience that  announcements  are  fragmentary, 
and  that  many  of  the  best  books  of  every  sea- ' 
son  come  almost  unheralded.  The  poetry 
already  promised  includes  new  volumes  by  Mr. 
Aldrich  and  Miss  Thomas ;  Mr.  Lee-Hamil- 
ton's "Sonnets  of  the  Wingless  Hours" ;  a  reis- 
sue, with  additions,  of  Mr.  Gilder's  poems ;  and 
Mr.  Stedman's  "  Victorian  Anthology,"  which 
is  sure  to  take  place  immediately  among  the 
standard  works  of  its  class.  The  most  im- 
portant books  of  fiction  in  sight  are  "  Trilby," 
by  Mr.  Du  Maurier ;  "  The  Ealstons,"  by 
Mr.  Crawford  ;  "  Highland  Cousins,"  by  Mr. 
Black ;  "  The  Vagabonds,"  by  Mrs.  Margaret 
L.  Woods  ;  "  The  Chase  of  St.  Castin,  and 
Other  Tales,"  by  Mrs.  M.  H.  Catherwood ; 
"Philip  and  His  Wife,"  by  Mrs.  Margaret 
Deland;  "  Coeur  d'Alene,"  by  Mrs.  M.  H. 
Foote ;  "  Tales  of  the  Punjaub,"  by  Mrs.  F. 
A.  Steel ;  "  A  Bachelor  Maid,"  by  Mrs.  Bur- 
ton Harrison  ;  "  When  All  the  Woods  are 
Green,"  by  Dr.  S.  Wier  Mitchell ;  "  Eound 
the  Red  Lamp,"  by  Dr.  Conan  Doyle  ;  "  A 
Flash  of  Summer,"  by  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford ; 
and  a  new  volume  of  short  stories  from  the 
Polish  of  Henryk  Sienkiewicz. 


A  few  important  historical  works  must  find 
mention.  We  are  to  have  a  history  of  the 
United  States  by  President  E.  Benjamin  An- 
drews, and  a  history  of  the  Civil  War  by  Mr. 
John  C.  Ropes.  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  in 
his  "  The  Founding  of  the  Trans- Alleghany 
Commonwealths,"  will  make  another  excursion 
into  his  favorite  field  of  investigation.  A  vol- 
ume of  historical  essays  by  Mr.  Frederic  Har- 
rison will  be  awaited  with  interest,  as  will 
also  Professor  von  Hoist's  lectures  on  "  The 
French  Revolution  tested  by  the  Career  of  Mira- 
beau,"  and  two  posthumous  volumes  by  Profes- 
sor Freeman,  one  upon  "Western  Europe  in  the 
Fifth  Century,"  the  other  a  last  instalment 
of  the  colossal  but  fragmentary  history  of 
Sicily.  A  translation,  in  six  volumes,  of  Herr 
Duncker's  "  Geschichte  des  Alterthums,"  is 
one  of  the  most  ambitious  of  enterprises  in  the 
department  of  historical  publication.  Even 
more  ambitious  is  the  promised  facsimile  re- 
print, in  no  less  than  fifty-four  volumes,  of 
"  Les  Relations  des  Jesuites,"  that  important 
source  of  the  raw  material  of  American  history. 

The  most  attractive  announcement  in  class- 
ical study  is  the  volume  of  lectures  on  Latin 
poetry,  delivered  upon  the  Turnbull  founda- 
tion by  Professor  R.  Y.  Tyrrell.  A  certain 
adventitious  interest  of  course  attaches  to  Mr. 
Gladstone's  new  translation  of  Horace,  also 
promised  for  early  publication.  Mr.  Thomas 
Davidson  will  have  a  book  on  "  The  Educa- 
tion of  the  Greek  People."  Since  we  are 
upon  the  subject  of  education,  we  may  men- 
tion Professor  Paulsen's  history  of  the  Ger- 
man universities,  and  call  attention  to  the 
unusual  activity  of  the  producers  of  educa- 
tional treatises,  manuals,  and  texts.  These 
are  so  numerous,  and  of  so  high  a  character, 
that  selection  would  be  invidious.  But  our 
readers  will  be  interested  to  learn  that  THE 
DIAL'S  papers  upon  the  teaching  of  English  in 
the  American  universities  are  to  be  edited  for 
publication  in  book  form. 

Of  the  hundreds  of  announcements  in  other 
departments,  our  space  forbids  the  selection 
of  more  than  a  very  few  titles.  Two  great 
works  of  reference,  Mr.  John  Bartlett's  Shake- 
spearian Concordance  and  "  The  Century 
Cyclopaedia  of  Names,"  cannot  go  unnoticed. 
Among  illustrated  holiday  books,  Mr.  Karoly's 
"  Raphael's  Madonnas  and  Other  Great  Pic- 
tures," and  Walpole's  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  George  III.,"  assume  special  prominence. 
Two  new  editions  of  Omar  Khayyam  are  also 
promised.  "  The  Art  of  the  American  Wood- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


145 


Engraver,"  by  Mr.  P.  G.  Hamerton,  with  forty 
signed  artists'  proofs  on  India  paper,  is  a 
sumptuous  work  that  will  be  eagerly  awaited. 
The  new  edition  of  Poe,  in  ten  volumes,  to  be 
edited  by  Mr.  Stedman  and  Professor  Wood- 
berry,  will  supply  a  long-felt  want.  Among 
books  of  travel,  Messrs.  Allen  and  Sachtleben's 
"Across  Asia  on  a  Bicycle,"  Mr.  Lafcadio 
Hearn's  "  Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan,"  and 
Mrs.  Bishop's  "  The  Hawaiian  Archipelago  " 
promise  rich  entertainment  for  those  who  like 
to  visit  foreign  parts  without  leaving  home. 
Finally,  we  will  mention  "The  Religions  of  Ja- 
pan," by  the  Rev.  W.  E.  Griffis ;  and  a  new 
translation,  with  many  plates,  of  the  Egyptian 
"Book  of  the  Dead,"  for  which  we  are  to  thank 
the  industrious  scholarship  of  Dr.  Charles  H. 
S.  Davis.  And  with  these  random  selections 
we  think  we  have  sustained  our  preliminary  con- 
tention that  the  list  of  announcements  for  the 
season  is  even  richer  than  the  list  of  its  prede- 
cessors in  its  promise  of  entertainment,  instruc- 
tion, and  helpfulness. 


"TELL   US  A  STORY!" 

Kant  was  not  the  first  to  mark  out  Time  and  Space 
as  categorical  imperatives  in  man's  sense-perception  of 
the  external  world.  Carlyle  was  not  the  first  to  see  that 
Time  and  Space  are  for  our  eyes  the  garments  of  spir- 
itual mysteries.  Lessing  was  not  the  first  to  write  a 
sharp  division  between  the  Arts  of  these  two  lords  of 
our  imagination,  shutting  up  Sculpture  to  the  Beauty  of 
Color  and  Form,  which  Space  can  give  us  without  Time; 
allowing  to  Poetry  the  Beauty  of  Movement  and  Suc- 
cessive Moments. 

These  masters  of  analysis  we  anticipated  when  we 
were  infants.  We  found  out  that  our  cradle  stood  in 
a  nursery,  and  the  nursery  in  a  house,  and  the  house  in 
a  yard ;  that  things  happened  and  were  over,  and  to-days 
rolled  into  yesterdays.  We  felt  the  mystery  of  Time 
and  Space,  when  we  so  loved  the  little  girl  in  Grandma's 
stories,  who  lived  over  in  England,  and  was  really 
"  Mamma,  when  she  was  a  little  girl."  We  saw  that  there 
was  one  Beauty  of  Rest  and  another  of  Motion,  when 
the  horse  in  the  park  statuary  did  not  quite  satisfy  us, 
because  he  never  put  his  other  two  feet  down,  like  that 
other  most  fascinating  horse  that  "  brought  the  good 
news  from  Ghent  to  Aix  " : 

"  I  sprang  to  the  stirrup,  and  Joris,  and  he  ; 
I  galloped,  Dirck  galloped,  we  galloped  all  three  ; 
'  Good  speed ! '  cried  the  watch,  as  the  gatebolts  withdrew  ; 
'  Speed  ! '  echoed  the  wall,  to  us  galloping  through ; 
Behind  shut  the  postern,  the  lights  sank  to  rest, 
And  into  the  midnight  we  galloped  abreast." 
That  was  the  start.     And  the  finish  !  — 
"  Then  I  cast  loose  my  buff  coat,  each  holster  let  fall, 
Shook  off  both  my  jackboots,  let  go  belt  and  all, 
Stood  up  in  the  stirrups,  leaned,  patted  his  ear, 
Called  my  Roland  his  pet-name,  my  horse  without  peer  ; 
Clapped  my  hands,  laughed  and  sang,  any  noise,  bad  or  good, 
Till  at  length  into  Aix  Eoland  galloped  and  stood  !  " 


But  clear  as  is  this  distinction  between  the  statue  and 
the  poem  —  felt  by  a  child,  analyzed  by  a  Lessing, — 
must  it  be  absolute  ?  Must  a  picture  be  all  repose,  and  a 
story  all  movement  ?  Must  a  picture  never  suggest  a, 
story,  and  a  story  never  stay  for  a  picture  ?  These  are 
the  burning  questions  that  divide  Mr.  Whistler  from 
Mr.  J.  G.  Brown,  Mr.  Howells  from  Mr.  Stevenson. 

Mr.  John  C.  Van  Dyke,  in  a  paper  in  a  recent  num- 
ber of  "  The  Century  "  on  Painting  at  the  World's  Fair, 
says  that  the  wish  for  narrative  even  in  a  picture  makes 
the  difference  between  the  Teutonic  and  the  Latin  races. 
The  Italians  and  French,  he  claims,  can  observe  directly. 
The  Germans  and  English  must  get  at  Form  and  Color 
by  the  medium  of  Thought.  Pictures,  to  please  them, 
must  tell  a  story.  If  among  them  comes  a  man  that 
can  paint  a  "  field  of  waving  grain  with  a  blue  sky  over 
it,"  "  he  is  afraid  to  let  it  stand  as  a  harmony  of  blue 
and  gold.  He  puts  it  to  the  title  of 

'  the  happy  autumn  fields, 
And  thinking  of  the  days  that  are  no  more.'  " 

Isn't  it  just  the  reverse  of  this  that  people  are  com- 
plaining of,  in  Mr.  Howells  ?  If  the  "  harmony  in  blue 
and  gold  "  was  really  a  picture,  but  was  made  to  sug- 
gest a  story  to  please  people  that  prefer  poetry  to  paint- 
ing, Mr.  Howells's  "  Rise  of  Silas  Lapham,"  though  given 
out  as  a  story,  is  really  a  series  of  sketches  of  certain 
types  in  the  city  of  Boston,  made  to  please  people  that 
prefer  analysis,  which  is  literary  sketching,  to  a  narra- 
tive of  events. 

There  are  plenty  of  artists  that  lose  faith  in  the  pub- 
lic ever  seeing  the  picture  they  saw  from  the  day  they 
chose  the  subject  to  the  day  of  the  finished  painting. 
There  are  plenty  of  delicious  jokes  about  the  artists'  wives 
selling  these  pictures  to  romantic  old  gentlemen  by  nam- 
ing them  "  His  Mistake  "  or  "  It  Might  Have  Been." 

But  has  the  story-teller  a  like  temptation  to  pass  off 
his  wares  as  belonging  to  another  art  ?  If  most  people 
prefer  narrative  to  picturesqueness,  has  he  not  a  clear 
path  to  a  fairly  gained  audience  ? 

Right  here  comes  in  the  difference  that  tells.  The 
number  of  men  and  women  that  have  had  a  little  train- 
ing in  the  technique  of  story-writing  is  to  the  number 
of  those  that  have  had  similar  training  in  painting  as  a 
hundred  to  one.  Almost  all  our  schools,  in  their  liter- 
ary departments,  give  the  more  advanced  students  hints 
of  the  methods  by  which  this  or  that  "  touch  "  may  be 
given.  It  is  much  easier  to  teach  how  to  describe  than 
how  to  narrate;  for  description  is  a  critical,  artificial 
process,  compared  with  narration,  which  must  be  spon- 
taneous, the  knack  of  it  not  easily  to  be  imparted. 

So  it  is  that  in  an  advanced  civilization,  there  are 
enough  writers  and  readers  trained  to  methods  of  liter- 
ary picturesqueness  to  keep  our  best  magazines  full  of 
"stories"  which  are  really  pictures;  while  the  masses 
of  the  people,  secretly  or  openly,  flee  to  second-rate 
periodicals  with  stories  that  have  no  "  style  "  at  all,  but 
that  have  the  action  that  belongs  to  a  story.  And  the 
few  far-sighted  and  honest  critics,  revolting  against  the 
cheap  dialect-and-other  methods  of  word-painting,  are 
lamenting  the  days  of  good  Sir  Walter,  and  are  loud  in 
praise  of  the  rare  stories  like  "  Trilby." 

Well  !  In  a  year  or  two,  according  to  the  Persian 
proverb,  "  this,  too,  shall  pass."  And  when  the  maga- 
zines shall  have  published  their  present  supply  of  genre 
sketches,  they  will  be  found  responding  to  the  growing 
clamor  of  the  children  at  bedtime,  and  the  children  of 
a  larger  growth, — "  Tell  us  a  STORY  !  " 

JESSIE  MACMILLAN  ANDERSON. 


146 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
PENNSYLVANIA  .* 

There  is  a  well-known  story  in  the  "  Autobiogra- 
phy of  Benjamin  Franklin,"  in  which  the  author 
informs  us  how  he  anticipated  the  advice  of  Dr. 
Johnson  for  the  acquisition  of  "•  an  English  style, 
familiar,  but  not  coarse,  and  elegant,  but  not  osten- 
tatious," by  giving  "  his  days  and  nights  to  the 
study  of  Addison."  With  so  sagacious  a  recogni- 
tion of  the  value  of  English  as  a  part  of  practical 
education  from  the  founder  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  it  is  not  surprising  that  English  has 
from  colonial  times  held  a  position  of  recognized 
importance  at  the  University ;  although  it  is  only 
within  the  last  decade  and  a  half  that  that  position 
has  been  defined,  with  its  relations  to  the  other 
courses  of  the  curriculum. 

The  Department  of  English  at  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  concerned 
with  four  subjects :  (1 )  Composition,  (2 )  English 
Literature,  (3)  English  Language  and  Philology, 
and  (4)  Forensics.  Of  these,  (1)  and  (4)  are  con- 
fined to  undergraduates,  the  others  extend  to  grad- 
uate courses.  Whether  for  good  or  bad,  we  make 
comparatively  little  of  Forensics,  beyond  care  exer- 
cised incidentally  in  reading  aloud  and  in  opportu- 
nities offered  for  declamation  by  students  of  the 
lower  classes.  Elective  and  voluntary  courses  in 
speaking  and  debate  follow  in  junior  year  ;  but  the 
chief  practice  of  our  students  in  these  subjects  is 
derived  from  the  exercises  of  their  literary  socie- 
ties. There  is  an  opinion  prevalent  at  the  Univer- 
sity that  it  is  perhaps  well  that  "  elocution  "  be  not 
too  professionally  taught ;  but  that  the  character 
of  the  individual  should  be  developed  in  his  utter- 
ance rather  than  overwhelmed  with  the  oratorical 
mannerisms  to  which  special  teaching  sometimes 
leads.  , 

In  composition  work  we  set  before  the  student 
one  simple  aim — the  plain  and  unaffected  use  of 
his  mother  tongue ;  and  we  believe  that  the  short- 

*  This  article  is  the  sixteenth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1);  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  16) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (  March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
( April  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16) ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1)  ;  English  at  the 
University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley 
(July  16) ;  English  at  Amherst  College,  by  Professor  John  F. 
Genung  ( Aug.  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  by 
Professor  Fred  N.  Scott  (Aug.  16)  ;  and  English  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Nebraska,  by  Professor  L.  A.  Sherman  (Sept.  1). 
—  [EDR.  DIAL.] 


est  way  to  facility  of  expression  in  writing  is  con- 
stant practice,  and  a  practice  unaffected  and  free 
from  false  conceptions  of  the  purpose  of  such  prac- 
tice. With  this  in  view,  every  Freshman  in  the 
University  writes  two  or  three  themes  a  week ; 
Sophomores  and  Juniors,  except  those  hopelessly 
given  over  to  technology,  at  least  one  a  week ; 
whilst  in  Senior  year  the  subject — except  as  indi- 
rectly represented  in  the  papers  of  the  "  semina- 
ries "  or  study-classes  in  literature — remains  op- 
tional. All  of  this  work  is  carefully  superintended 
by  the  instructors  in  charge  ;  every  composition  is 
read — occasionally  before  the  class  or  a  section  of 
it, — corrected,  annotated,  if  need  be  handed  back 
to  be  rewritten,  the  faults  explained  with  the  prin- 
ciples involved,  the  personality  of  the  writer  stud- 
ied as  far  as  possible,  his  abilities  trained  and 
directed.  In  the  assignment  of  themes  there  is  an 
endeavor  to  avoid  subjects  which  can  be  read  up 
and  crammed  for  the  occasion,  although  the  stu- 
dent is  kept  in  continual  touch  with  good  English 
style  by  required  collateral  reading.  The  study  of 
Rhetoric  is  developed  out  of  the  reading  and  com- 
position work ;  and,  although  systematized  by  ref- 
erence to  a  text-book,  is  not  studied  as  a  thing 
apart  from  daily  practice. 

And  now  as  to  the  study  of  English  literature, 
which  we  confine,  except  for  a  brief  estimate  of  the 
historical  values  of  other  products,  entirely  to  the 
range  of  what  is  known  as  "  the  literature  of  pow- 
er." English  literature  forms  a  part  of  the  require- 
ment for  entrance  to  college,  and  is  involved  in  the 
reading  and  instruction  of  Freshman  year,  although 
there  subsidiary  to  the  more  immediate  claims  of 
the  drill  in  composition.  In  Sophomore  year  the 
special  study  of  literature  begins,  continuing  until 
graduation  in  periods  from  two  to  five  and  six 
hours  a  week  according  to  the  course  elected.  I 
omit  any  enumeration  of  courses,  as  this  may  be 
readily  gleaned  by  the  curious  from  the  catalogues 
and  bulletins  of  the  University. 

In  our  method  of  work  we  endeavor  to  follow 
some  such  course  as  this :  Our  first  task  is  to  teach 
the  student  to  observe  literary  phenomena  ;  to  have 
him  read,  never  more,  however,  than  he  can  ab- 
sorb ;  to  let  him  prove  by  written  and  oral  exercise 
that  he  has  read,  and  also  to  demand  from  the  first 
that  he  formulate  in  words  his  impressions  of  his 
reading.  These  impressions  are  crude  to  a  degree, 
and  bear  to  his  mature  work  precisely  the  relation 
which  the  antics  he  performs  in  the  gymnasium 
bear  to  applied  physical  activity.  But  we  esteem 
it  no  small  thing  to  have  trained  a  boy  to  think  on 
something  for  himself.  The  authors  chosen  for 
these  earlier  exercises  are  those  least  distantly  re- 
moved from  the  student's  modes  of  daily  thought. 
They  are  modern,  and  writers  in  prose ;  as  the 
problem  is  greatly  simplified  by  the  elimination  of 
a  strange  or  unusual  medium,  and  the  allowances 
which  must  be  made  for  historic  environment. 

When  the  student   has  begun   to   note  literary 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


147 


phenomena  with  some  degree  of  ease,  we  direct  his 
attention  to  the  relation  subsisting  between  the  va- 
rious phenomena  noted,  still  demanding  that  he 
increase  his  data  by  constant  reading  of  literature 
and  frequent  exercises  such  as  those  noted  above. 
We  are  now  prepared  for  that  orderly  exposition 
of  the  relation  of  literary  phenomena  which  we 
call  the  history  of  Literature.  This  history  should 
proceed,  as  far  as  possible,  from  the  more  familiar 
to  the  less  familiar  ;  and  for  this  reason  we  arrange 
the  courses  in  the  history  of  more  recent  periods  to 
precede  such  periods  as  that  of  Chaucer  or  of  Shake- 
speare. We  aim  to  have  such  courses  deepen  the 
impression  of  the  student  by  a  minuter  attention  to 
the  relations  of  things,  by  seeking  out  the  begin- 
nings of  various  modes  of  literary  thought  and 
tracing  their  development  in  the  light  of  contempo- 
rary conditions.  Nor  is  this  all.  We  require  the 
student  to  keep  himself  in  daily  touch  with  the 
writings  of  those  authors  that  form  the  subject- 
matter  of  the  lectures,  and  to  submit  the  results  of 
his  reading  in  frequent  "  seminary  meetings  "  for 
correction  and  general  discussion  among  his  fel- 
lows. Thus  we  arrive  at  the  beginning  of  Senior 
year  with  that  training  in  the  perception  of  the 
qualities  and  relations  of  literary  products,  and 
that  general  knowledge  of  the  course  of  their  de- 
velopment, which  alone  can  render  the  study  of 
organic  and  aesthetic  detail  practicable.  In  Senior 
year  the  whole  subject  is  approached  again  from 
these  points  of  view  in  the  study  of  poetics,  the  his- 
tory of  criticism  and  aesthetics,  the  "  seminary  "  or 
literary  workshop,  continuing  as  in  previous  years. 
We  insist  that  all  talk  about  theories,  aesthetic, 
philosophical,  or  other,  which  the  student  may  not 
investigate  for  himself  by  actual  reference  to  the 
authors  in  question,  be  banished  from  our  work. 
In  conclusion  of  the  undergraduate  work  in  En- 
glish literature,  we  feel  that  the  study  holds  a  pe- 
culiar position  from  its  capabilities  in  developing 
the  taste  and  artistic  discernment,  its  liberalizing 
influence  in  broadening  the  student's  views  of  life 
and  man,  its  enormous  weight  against  utilitarian- 
ism, and  its  power  in  giving  us,  when  properly 
taught,  the  very  essence  of  the  now  all  but  de- 
throned humanities. 

The  Philology  of  English  holds  a  recognized  and 
important  place  in  the  undergraduate  courses  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  although  we  have 
not  seen  the  necessity  of  making  the  sight  reading 
of  "  Beowulf  "  a  requirement  for  entrance  to  col- 
lege, as  some  of  our  radical  friends  would  have  it. 
The  reading  and  philological  study  of  Old  and 
Middle  English,  especially  Chaucer,  is  offered  to 
undergraduates  in  the  form  of  elective  courses  ex- 
tending through  Junior  and  Senior  year,  whilst  a 
brief  practical  course  in  the  history  of  the  English 
language  is  a  required  study  for  all  Freshmen. 
Neither  in  Literature  nor  in  Philology  do  we  set 
undergraduates  to  what  is  sometimes  called  in  the 
English  of  catalogues  "original  research,"  prefer- 


ring to  devote  these  years  to  the  laying  of  such 
foundation  stones  as  we  may,  rather  than  to  the 
amateurish  collection  of  unimportant  literary  data 
or  the  perfunctory  compilation  of  unnecessary  in- 
dices. 

The  graduate  courses  in  English  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Pennsylvania  are  confined  to  Literature  and 
Philology.  Under  the  latter  is  included  not  only 
the  Philology  of  English  but  the  intensive  study  of 
literary  products  of  Old  and  Middle  English,  con- 
ducted by  means  of  lecture  and  seminary,  with 
carefully  superintended  original  investigation  on 
the  part  of  the  student.  In  literature  too,  while 
the  subject  is  treated  in  lectures  and  by  discussion 
from  the  historical  as  well  as  the  organic  and  aes- 
thetic point  of  view,  it  is  the  duty  of  each  student 
pursuing  English  as  his  major  subject  to  determine 
upon  some  definite  literary  period,  movement,  or 
writer,  for  special  study  and  investigation,  and  later 
to  choose  some  theme  within  the  range  of  this 
special  field  for  his  thesis.  The  graduate  theses  in 
English,  as  in  all  other  departments  of  the  Univer- 
sity, must  be  submitted  to  the  Faculty  of  Philoso- 
phy, and  upon  acceptance  published. 

FELIX  E.  SCHELLING. 

Professor  of  English  Literature,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 


AUTUMN. 


Through  scarlet  arches  and  dusk  corridors 
She  moves,  faint  perfumes  at  her  queenly  feet, 
And  plaintive  voices  calling  at  her  side. 
Her  grandeur  blanches,  passes.     Autumn,  she 
With  colors  of  the  cloud,  the  rose,  the  bird, 
Woven  in  her  leaves,  sweet-flushed  as  Love  herself, 
She  too  shall  fade  away;  and  where  she  was 
Shall  be  low  fluttering  pulses,  vanishings, 
And  solemn  shadow,  weight  of  frost  and  rain. 
Already  do  the  trees,  those  giant  flowers, 
The  blossoms  of  the  gods,  from  their  bright  tops 
Begin  to  shed  the  splendor,  and  look  down 
In  silent  wonder  on  the  wealth  they  wore, 
Gleaming  below.     The  maple  that  doth  wake 
His  own  glad  sunshine,  make  his  own  fair  day, 
Begins  to  darken;  wailing  haunts  the  wind, 
Strange  wailing  from  the  lowlands;  on  the  hill 
Slow  spreads  the  fatal  gray.     Yea,  Autumn,  all 
Of  loveliness,  for  whom  strong  Beauty  wrought 
Till  she  could  do  no  more, —  she  too  must  go. 
She  passes;  and  to  listening  hearts  she  sings, 
She  and  her  maids,  their  tresses  backward  blown, 
Shining  under  the  wind :  — 

These  colors,  memories  are  they, 

The  past  this  beauty  wore  ; 
These  splendors  wove  the  charm  of  May, 

They  all  were  in  the  summer's  golden  store. 

They  dwelt,  they  shone,  and  passed  away  ; 

All,  all  have  been  before: 
'Tis  but  the  glamour  of  the  day, 

The  glory  of  the  day,  that  is  no  more. 

JOHN  VANCE  CHENEY. 


148 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  STUDY  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  FROM 

THE  STANDPOINT  OF  THE  STUDENT. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  readers  of  THE  DIAL  have  been  interested  dur- 
ing the  past  few  months  in  the  series  of  articles  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  in  our  large  Universities.  These 
have  given  the  standpoint  of  the  teacher.  But  that  of 
the  student  may  be  of  no  less  interest.  And  as  I  am  just 
completing  my  student  life  in  that  department,  after 
the  regular  preparatory,  college,  and  graduate  work, 
I  wish  to  present  a  few  thoughts  from  this  other  side. 

The  favored  methods,  scientific  or  other,  of  secondary 
schools  do  not  invariably  bear  fruit  in  a  thorough  cul- 
ture. But  wide  reading  in  good  books,  not  necessarily 
classics,  is  absolutely  indispensable  in  forming  a  good 
taste  for  reading,  and  for  exciting  an  interest  in  the 
study  of  literature;  it  is  a  sub-conscious  preparation  for 
the  conscious  activity  of  the  matured  mind.  I  say  sub- 
conscious advisedly;  for  the  young  student  has  a  direct 
interest  in  the  good  and  beautiful  in  what  he  is  reading, 
and  is  influenced,  whether  he  knows  it  or  not,  by  his  in- 
terest; but  once  urge  him  to  give  conscious  articulation  to 
his  opinions,  and  to  dissect  his  sentiments,  and  the  charm 
of  his  reading  is  decreased.  Then  his  primitive  interest 
must  be  supplanted  by  something  further.  The  later 
process  of  studying  the  isolated  fact  is  good  in  its  time ; 
but  if  premature,  it  causes  the  student  to  regard  his 
study  of  literature  as  a  de-naturalizing,  unbeautifying 
process,  and  he  will  look  in  later  years  with  a  horrified 
remembrance  on  the  classics  that  suffered  such  a  pro- 
cess at  the  hands  of  his  teachers. 

I  wish  to  speak  of  an  objection  to  the  study  of  liter- 
ature, which,  as  it  meets  every  student,  must  be  met  by 
the  teacher.  As  the  student  enters  his  second  or  third 
year  in  college  he  is  confronted  by  lines  of  elective  study. 
He  is  called  on,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  shape  the  growth 
of  his  own  mind.  He  is  eager  to  make  the  best  of  his 
college  course ;  he  wishes  to  choose  wisely,  that  he  may 
make  the  most  of  himself.  Nine  students  out  of  ten  in 
this  situation  say  to  themselves  on  first  thought:  "  I  can 
study  literature  for  myself  after  leaving  college ;  I  must 
not  let  work  that  can  be  accomplished  then  stand  in  the 
way  of  what  must  be  done  now  or  not  at  all ;  the  study 
of  literature  would  be  delightful,  but  it  would  require 
a  good  deal  of  time,  and  under  the  circumstances  would 
be  an  indulgence."  This,  I  repeat,  is  the  thought  of 
many  students  at  the  critical  moment  of  their  college 
lives.  I  must  take  for  granted  that  many  readers  of 
THE  DIAL  have  already  answered  this  objection  for 
themselves.  Yet  it  is  an  objection  that  the  teacher  must 
carefully  answer  to  those  who  enter  at  all  on  his  elect- 
ive work, —  not  with  an  ex-cathedra  answer,  but  the 
silent,  satisfactory  answer  of  skilfully  conducted  work. 
As  the  Latin  and  Greek  classics  were  made  the  instru- 
ments of  culture  by  the  instructors  of  English  youth 
during  the  past  centuries,  so  our  English  classics,  with 
less  intervention  of  the  merely  technical,  can  be  made  the 
instruments  of  culture  for  the  American  youth.  These 
English  classics  were,  primarily,  the  education  of  James 
Russell  Lowell;  and  they  must  be  the  education  of  the 
American  Chaucers  and  Miltons  and  Wordsworths  who 
will  yet  come.  Let  the  teacher  convince  the  student  of 
this,  as  every  good  teacher  of  literature  does,  and  he 
will  have  the  choicest  students  of  the  college  in  his  elect- 
ive courses. 


The  student,  in  consequence,  makes  certain  require- 
ments of  his  teacher  in  this  department.  He  expects  a 
living,  cultured  personality,  not  a  fact-hopper  warranted 
to  grind  and  sift  a  certain  quantum  of  knowledge  in 
a  given  period  of  recitation  hours.  The  life  in  the 
teacher  which  adds  real  zest  to  the  study  is  helpful  in 
any  line;  personal  enthusiasm  can  modify  even  a  prop- 
osition in  Euclid,  though  the  fact  that  the  "  sum  of  the 
angles  of  a  triangle  is  equal  to  two  right  angles  "  may  be 
demonstrated  by  an  automaton.  But  to  the  successful 
teaching  of  literature,  such  life  is  absolutely  indispens- 
able ;  for  the  study  of  literature  is  more  directly  a  study 
of  life  in  its  wide  relations,  and  life  only  can  interpret 
life.  The  teacher  needs  natural  and  manly  sentiments 
and  thoughts,  not  technical  apparatus;  and  these  can 
find  origin  only  in  the  essential  character. 

The  student  also  has  his  opinions  as  to  what  the  teach- 
er's purpose  with  a  student  should  be.  It  is  an  almost 
universal  trait  of  young  minds  to  rebel  against  being 
reduced  to  a  means.  They  are  still  idealists  in  life; 
nothing  presents  itself  to  them  as  more  worthful  than 
their  own  life  and  its  prospects.  Hence,  while  they  are 
willing  to  do  almost  any  amount  of  work  for  their  own 
growth,  they  are  very  slow  to  make  of  themselves  stones 
for  the  temple  of  learning.  They  are  still  possessed  by 
the  thought  that  a  whole  is  greater  than  its  parts — that 
the  individual  life  is  greater  than  learning;  they  are 
still  in  what  some  lament  as  a  state  of  primitive  egoism. 
The  successful  teacher  must  adapt  himself  to  this  state 
of  the  young  mind.  He  must  bring  some  real  contribu- 
tion to  that  self-treasured  life ;  he  must  make  the  stu- 
dent feel  that  he  considers  that  life  worth  working  for, 
and  must  shape  his  methods  and  choice  of  masterpieces 
to  that  end.  And  to  do  this,  the  student  must  be  made 
to  feel  that  he  is  a  man,  or  at  least  has  the  promise  of 
manhood;  that  his  natural  sentiments  are  right  in  gen- 
eral, and  need  training  and  direction,  rather  than  nox- 
ious weeds  to  be  extirpated  and  replaced  by  flowers 
transplanted  from  the  teacher's  mind.  Thus  the  pur- 
suit of  his  own  ambition  and  his  natural  interest  in  good 
reading  will  lead  him  on  to  the  most  serious  efforts  for 
a  literary  education. 

Facts  leave  us,  faculties  never.  No  student  who  has 
reached  the  junior  year  doubts  this.  He  has  forgotten 
the  tables  for  compound  numbers,  he  is  unable  to  name 
the  figures  of  speech.  But  he  knows  that  he  himself, 
his  essential  manhood,  in  its  intellectual  and  moral  as 
well  as  its  physical  self,  has  been  developing  thews,  has 
gained  power  to  grapple  with  problems  of  much  more 
importance.  He  even  goes  at  times  to  the  dangerous 
extreme  of  nonchalance  for  fact.  In  his  studies,  includ- 
ing his  study  of  literature,  he  will  appreciate  an  effort 
on  the  part  of  the  teacher  to  form  proper  tastes  and 
develop  powers  of  doing  within  him.  He  will  travel 
laboriously  through  disjointed  facts  of  literary  history 
and  literary  origins  with  an  inward  protest;  but  he  will 
eagerly  labor  for  the  literary  taste  which  he  sees  can 
interpret  whatever  literature  is  presented  to  it;  for  he 
is  really  anxious  to  get  that  invaluable  secret  of  which 
Mr.  Edward  Dowden  speaks  —  the  interpretation  of 
one  good  book,  and  by  it  the  power  over  many.  Hence 
he  will  be  ready  to  study  that  in  literature  which  has 
essential  worth,  but  will  be  less  moved  by  historical, 
technical,  or  other  adventitious  interest.  He  will  wel- 
come his  Shakespeare,  but  care  little  for  Shakespeare's 
antecedents.  He  will  care  less  for  origins  than  for  life. 
And  so  the  great  treasure  for  which  his  teacher  will 
ever  be  held  in  grateful  remembrance  will  be  the  sound 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


149 


judgment  and  sympathetic  heart  so  necessary  for  en- 
trance into  the  kingdom  of  intellectual  and  moral  life. 
I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  attacking  the  in- 
vestigation of  the  historical  and  adventitious.  I  simply 
speak  from  the  standpoint  of  the  growing  young  mind. 
Once  let  it  arrive  at  its  proper  maturity,  and  it  will  see 
these  things  in  their  right  relations  and  work  for  them 
accordingly.  But  let  no  teacher  hasten  this  time  unad- 

visedly>  CHARLES  W.  HODELL. 

Shady  Side  Academy,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  Sept.  12,  1894. 


A  WORD  UNFITLY  SPOKEN. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Many  of  your  readers  besides  the  personal  friends  of 
Professor  Ely  must  have  read  with  satisfaction  the  let- 
ter in  your  issue  of  Sept.  1,  headed  "The  New  York 
'  Nation '  and  Its  '  College  Anarchist.' "     The  writer  is 
clearly  very  much  in  earnest,  and  he  does  his  theme  jus- 
tice so  far  as  he  chooses  to  go.     He  omits,  however,  to 
note  a  material  point  upon  which  he  as  well  as  others 
who  have  canvassed  the  matter  might  well  have  en- 
larged in  the  interests  of  sanity  and  precision  in  current 
economic  discussion.     It  is  surely  high  time  that  news- 
papers which  assume   to  instruct  people  and  even  to 
speak  ex  cathedra  on  social  questions  should  themselves 
grasp  such  elementary  facts  as  that  "  socialist  "  and 
"  anarchist "  are  not  interchangeable  terms  of  political 
philosophy.     To  urge  this  is  certainly  not  to  stickle  for 
any  metaphysical  nicety  of  definition.    Whatever  social- 
ism may  mean,  it  does  not  mean  anti-socialism;  and  to 
style  a  man  of  Dr.  Ely's  views  an  "  anarchist "  is  to  be- 
tray a  looseness  of  thinking  and  a  vagueness  of  element- 
ary conceptions  not  very  consistent  with  special  preten- 
sions to  accuracy.     No  friend  of  "  The  Nation  "  will 
willingly  admit  that,  in  the  case  in  point,  it  stooped  to 
the  methods  of  "  The  Rowdy  Journal,"  and  called  Pro- 
fessor Ely  "  anarchist,"  instead  of  socialist,  simply  be- 
cause the  former  term  is  the  more  abusive  and  vitriolic 
of  the  two.     We  prefer  to  ascribe  the  use  of  the  unfor- 
tunate epithet  to  passing  inadvertence  rather  than  de- 
liberate scurrility.    Inadvertence,  however,  in  a  journal 
of  standing,  may  prove  to  be  a  serious  matter  to  the 
victim  of  it.     One  does  not  expect  much  in  the  way  of 
technical  precision  from  the  ordinary  newspaper,  which 
is  admittedly  made,  like  the  razors  in  the  ballad,  "  to 
sell."     Neither  its  readers  nor  its  victims  take  its  epi- 
thets in  other  than  a  very  Pickwickian  sense ;  but  when 
a  journal  like  "  The  Nation  "  styles  this  or  that  teacher 
or  preacher  an  "  anarchist,"  the  public  justly  assumes 
that  it  means  to  characterize  and  not  merely  to  abuse 
him — in  short,  that  it  means  what  it  says.    For  instance, 
when  the  good  people  of  Wisconsin  learned  through  its 
columns  that  the  Director  of  the  School  of  Economics 
in  their  State  University  was,  presumably,  moulding  the 
young  gentlemen  in  his  charge  into  embryo  Mosts  and 
Bakounines,  they  promptly  proceeded  to  investigate  him. 
Probably  the  next  cry  of  "  Wolf  !  "  from  the  same  quar- 
ter will  receive  less  attention.     To  lump  socialists  and 
anarchists  together,  as  is  sometimes  done,  on  the  ground 
that  both  schools  are  dissatisfied  with  existing  civil  ar- 
rangements, seems  a  poor  quibble.     The  classification 
simply  makes  a  socialist,  or  an  anarchist,  or  both,  of 
every  man  of  us  whom  nature  has  favored  with  the  nor- 
mal capacity  for  thinking  and  feeling.    Even  the  hardiest 
exponent  of  newspaper  "  cocksureness  "  would  hesitate 
to  rank,  say,  Professor  Huxley  with  the  "dangerous 
classes";  yet  we  find  him  saying:  "Even  the  best  of 


modern  civilizations  appears  to  me  to  exhibit  a  condi- 
tion of  mankind  which  neither  embodies  any  worthy 
ideal  nor  even  possesses  the  merit  of  stability.  I  do 
not  hesitate  to  express  the  opinion,  that,  if  there  is  no 
hope  of  improvement  of  the  condition  of  the  greater 
part  of  the  human  family.  ...  I  should  hail  the  ad- 
vent of  some  kindly  comet,  which  would  sweep  the  whole 
affair  away,  as  a  desirable  consummation."  If  there  be 
anything  in  the  writings  of  even  our  "  College  Anarch- 
ist "  savoring  more  strongly  of  the  gospel  of  discontent 
than  this,  I  have  failed  to  see  it.  w.  R.  K. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Sept.  4-.  1894. 


"THE  FREEDOM  OF  TEACHING." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  editorial  in  your  last  issue  discussing  the  recent 
heresy  trial  in  our  State  University,  and  incidentally 
the  freedom  of  teaching,  meets  my  cordial  approval  in 
the  main.  I  cannot  agree,  however,  that  it  is  an  "  out- 
rage "  to  question  the  teaching  of  any  person  employed 
by  the  State  in  a  proper  case.  Indeed,  I  believe  it  to 
be  the  paramount  duty  of  the  board  of  management  of 
every  educational  institution  to  know  that  no  instruc- 
tion is  given  subversive  to  the  power  which  employs  it. 
To  decline  to  do  this,  the  governing  body  would,  in  my 
judgment,  be  recreant  to  the  important  trust  reposed 
in  it.  I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  that  there  should 
be  any  attempt  at  dictation  on  the  part  of  governing 
boards.  No  teacher  worthy  the  name  would  tolerate 
that.  But  I  insist  that  teachers  of  whatever  experience 
should  not  "be  practically  unassailable,"  and  should  not 
"  be  absolutely  free  to  do  their  own  work  in  their  own 
way."  In  other  words,  I  hold  that  teachers,  like  all  the 
rest  of  the  great  army  of  the  employed,  should  be  al- 
ways accountable  to  some  authority  or  power  greater 
than  they,  yet  freely  granting  to  them  the  largest  lati- 
tude and  freedom  in  matters  of  detail  and  routine.  I 
hold  that  in  matters  in  which  the  State  is  concerned, 
the  State,  through  its  appropriate  officers,  ought  to  be, 
as  a  matter  of  right,  consulted.  So  in  the  sense  here 
indicated  there  should  be  a  supervisory  power  and  con- 
trol somewhere,  not  to  interfere  with  "  untrammelled 
research  and  the  unbiased  pursuit  of  truth,"  but  to  make 
impossible  the  instruction  and  advocacy  of  the  wild  and 
untried  theories,  systems,  and  notions  of  mere  partisans, 
whose  erudition  is  not  above  suspicion.  We  want  the 
fullest  freedom  of  teaching.  But  let  that  teaching  be 
always  subject  to  the  scrutiny  of  the  power  which  em- 
ploys it,  not  for  the  purpose  of  unreasonably  placing; 
the  brakes  on  intellectual  progress,  not  to  hamper  meth- 
ods of  teaching,  not  to  prevent  the  right  of  personal  in- 
vestigation of  any  question,  but  because  there  should  be 
accountability  to  some  authority.  I  feel  certain  that 
in  this  position  I  am  sustained  by  many  members  of  the 
teaching  profession.  DUANE  MOWRY. 

Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Sept.  12,  1894. 

[The  question  at  issue  in  the  editorial  referred 
to  is  precisely  that  of  what  constitutes  a  "proper 
case  "  for  State  interference.  Such  interference,  we 
contended,  would  only  be  justified  by  an  "  offense  of 
the  grossest  sort."  The  time  for  inquiry  and  vigil- 
ance is  when  a  man's  appointment  to  an  important 
university  post  is  in  question ;  that  time  is  past,  except 
for  some  extraordinary  emergency,  when  he  has  be- 
gun to  perform  the  duties  of  his  professorship. — 
EDR.  DIAL]. 


150 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Nefo 


A  SUNBEAM  FROM  THE  THIRTEENTH 
CENTURY.  * 


M.  Paul  Sabatier's  «  Life  of  St.  Francis  of 
Assisi  "  is  not  an  easy  volume  to  review.  The 
author  confesses  that  it  was  hard  to  write.  The 
translator  would  perhaps  acknowledge  that 
it  was  hard  to  put  into  English.  If  Gallic 
measure  and  precision  seemed  unsuited  to 
the  expression  of  expansive  Italian  emotion, 
perhaps  certain  delicate  shades  of  French 
sentiment  were  difficult  to  transfer  into  their 
English  equivalents.  Some  question  of  rival 
editions  is  said  to  have  hurried  the  translator's 
pace  and  allowed  small  opportunity  of  revis- 
ion. We  have  not  the  original  at  hand,  but 
there  must  be  something  wrong  on  page  445, 
where  several  most  legendary  authorities  are 
said  to  "  sin  only  by  excessive  critical  scru- 
ples." The  context  suggests  that  for  "  sin 
only  "  we  should  read  "  hardly  err."  A  single 
such  lapse  may  be  forgiven  in  so  long  a  labor. 
Mrs.  Houghton's  English  is  in  the  main  clear 
and  simple,  telling  the  story  without  compelling 
attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  a  translation. 

M.  Sabatier  is  not  a  novice  in  the  art  of  bi- 
ography. His  masterly  volume  upon  St.  Paul, 
a  few  years  since,  prepared  a  welcome  in  ad- 
vance for  any  of  its  author's  subsequent  writ- 
ing. There  is  a  wide  gap  between  the  first 
century  and  the  thirteenth,  between  the  Apos- 
tle to  the  Gentiles  and  the  founder  of  the  Fran- 
ciscans ;  but  each  period  and  each  character 
unfolds  its  secrets  under  one  method  of  labo- 
rious investigation,  sound  judgment,  and  sym- 
pathetic vision.  The  author  looks  out  of  his 
own  eyes  and  suffers  no  mists  of  tradition  to 
befog  him.  Yet  he  is  no  iconoclast.  He  rev- 
erences the  essential  humanity  of  his  heroes. 
They  may  be  shadowed  by  the  hood  of  the 
monk  or  transfigured  by  the  halo  of  saint  or 
apostle,  but  they  are  still  men,  to  be  helped 
•down  from  their  pedestals  and  restored  to  life 
and  motion. 

It  is  not  strange  if  they  seem  cramped  at 
first,  and  if  they  limp  a  little.  M.  Sabatier  is 
less  clear  and  logical  in  his  narrative  than  we 
could  desire.  It  is  not  always  easy  to  see  how 
far  he  is  leading  us.  Perhaps  his  position 
makes  him  cautious  and  induces  him  partially 
to  veil  his  results.  Perhaps,  in  protracted  grop- 

*THE  LIFE  OF  ST.  FRANCIS  OF  ASSISI.  By  Paul  Sabatier. 
Translated  by  Louise  Seymour  Houghton.  New  York: 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


ing  among  mediaeval  chronicles,  he  has  blunted 
the  edge  of  his  French  instinct  for  form  and 
order,  or  perhaps  he  has  approximated  too 
closely  to  the  nature  of  his  subject.  St.  Francis 
was  a  great  heart  rather  than  a  logical  intelli- 
gence. He  had  the  "  vision  "  rather  than  the 
"  faculty  "  divine.  Shall  we  say  that  his  bi- 
ographer seems  rather  to  feel  him  than  pre- 
cisely to  comprehend  or  clearly  interpret  him  ? 
After  all,  M.  Sabatier  cannot  be  expected  to 
be  altogether  of  the  thirteenth  century.  His 
book  attracts  and  vexes  you.  You  love  the 
writer  and  are  out  of  patience  with  him  through 
alternate  pages  and  paragraphs.  He  inserts  a 
parenthetic  moral  or  rhapsody  in  the  midst  of 
a  dispassionate  examination  of  contemporary 
authorities.  You  are  not  in  the  mood  for  it 
and  resent  the  abrupt  transition. 

M.  Sabatier  has  critically  dealt  with  his  am- 
ple materials.  He  tells  us  that  few  lives  in 
history  are  so  abundantly  provided  with  docu- 
ments as  that  of  St.  Francis.  They  consist  of 
his  well  authenticated  writings  ;  of  contempo- 
rary or  early  memoirs  ;  of  numerous  papers  of 
Cardinal  Ugolini  (afterwards  Gregory  IX.), 
the  man  who,  "  without  perhaps  excepting  St. 
Francis,  most  profoundly  fashioned  the  Fran- 
ciscan institutions  ";  of  pontifical  bulls  relating 
to  the  order  during  the  critical  years  of  its  in- 
fancy ;  of  chronicles  penned  by  its  first  asso- 
ciates, including  that  volume  of  fairy  tales,  the 
Fioretti,  in  which  we  behold  things  not  as  they 
were  but  as  they  seemed  to  that  imaginative 
and  childlike  generation  ;  and  of  other  records 
by  those  not  connected  with  the  order,  but 
brought  within  the  range  of  its  founder's  magic 
influence,  writings  which  still  "  vibrate  with 
enthusiasm,"  while  often  "  absolutely  fantastic  " 
as  to  the  details  which  they  relate. 

The  first  life  of  St.  Francis,  by  Thomas  of 
Celano,  is  a  party  pamphlet,  to  be  entitled 
"  The  Legend  of  Gregory  IX."  It  was  written 
soon  after  the  death  of  its  subject,  in  the  midst 
of  an  eager  struggle  between  those  members 
of  the  Franciscan  order  who  wanted  only  what 
St.  Francis  had  wanted,  and  those  who  were 
bent  on  remoulding  his  work  into  closer  har- 
mony with  the  ecclesiasticism  of  the  period. 
At  least  five  years  before  his  death  the  Papacy 
had  prevailed ;  the  laic  and  popular  elements 
of  the  work  had  been  suppressed  ;  Francis  had 
been  gently  set  aside  from  any  practical  con- 
trol of  affairs,  and  transfigured  into  a  remote 
glory  as  saint  and  founder.  Twenty  years 
later  Thomas  of  Celano,  becoming  better  in- 
formed of  the  meaning  of  the  struggle,  wrote 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


151 


a  revised  and  corrected  biography,  in  which, 
however,  the  strife  of  factions  still  occupies  the 
foreground,  "  history  becomes  the  vehicle  of  a 
thesis,  and  instead  of  a  poem  we  have  a  cleverly 
constructed  catalogue." 

The  memoir  of  the  "  Three  Companions," 
the  near  associates  of  the  founder  through  the 
formative  period  of  the  order,  is  very  precious, 
and  though  in  its  present  condition  but  a  mu- 
tilated fragment,  is  still  "  the  finest  piece  of 
Franciscan  literature."  The  legends  of  the 
Fioretti  convey  the  spirit  of  the  saint,  and 
"  while  charming  as  literature,  are  not  value- 
less as  history."  You  smile  at  the  incidents 
and  inhale  with  gratitude  the  atmosphere. 
Such  things  never  happened,  perchance,  yet 
the  coloring  is  vivid  and  true.  Better  than 
any  cool  daylight  is  the  light  that  never  was 
on  sea  or  land. 

It  was  in  1260,  a  generation  after  the  death 
of  St.  Francis,  that  St.  Bonaventura,  in  the 
supposed  interest  of  his  order,  prepared  a  new 
biography.  It  was  voluminous  but  lifeless,  a 
compilation  with  a  purpose,  meant  to  steer  a 
safe  middle  course  between  "  the  Scylla  of 
Yes  and  the  Charybdis  of  No,"  and  so  satisfy 
at  once  the  Zealots  of  the  old  Rule  and  the 
Liberal  Constructionists  who  had  explained  it 
away  into  something  quite  different  from  the 
intention  of  St.  Francis.  This  biography  was 
declared  the  one  authorized  version,  and  all 
other  lives  were  ordered  to  be  destroyed  as 
unofficial  and  conflicting.  From  these  varied 
sources,  with  many  sidelights  from  other  quar- 
ters, M.  Sabatier  has  constructed  his  picture. 
It  is  a  portrait  by  an  impressionist  of  a  winning 
and  simple  and  wise-hearted  lover  of  mankind. 

That  was  his  distinction.  The  hero  of  Charles 
Lamb's  tragedy  of  "  John  Woodvil "  describes 
himself  as  "  in  some  sort  a  general  lover." 
Being  asked  to  specify  "  What  is  it  you  love  "  ? 
he  answers  — 

"  Simply  all  things  that  live, 
From  the  crook'd  worm  to  man's  imperial  form 
And  God-resembling  likeness.    The  poor  fly 
That  makes  short  holiday  in  the  sun-beam 
And  dies  by  some  child's  hand.    The  feeble  bird, 
With  little  wings,  yet  greatly  venturous 
In  the  upper  sky.    The  fish  in  the  other  element 
That  knows  no  touch  of  eloquence." 

That  was  St.  Francis.  He  loved  simply  all 
things  that  live.  They  were  his  brothers,  his 
sisters, — from  the  insects,  the  birds,  the  fishes, 
to  the  wolf  of  the  Appenines  or  the  hardly  less 
predatory  inhabitant  of  the  Umbrian  plain. 
Nay,  to  him  sun,  moon,  and  stars  were  of  the 
one  great  family,  and  He  that  made  them  was 
loved  no  less  simply  and  naturally  than  they. 


And  just  here  the  life  of  Francis  becomes  ob- 
scure, and  to  men  of  colder  frame  and  less  child- 
like spirit,  scarcely  intelligible.     What  gush- 
ing nonsense  all  that  talk  about  his  brother, 
the  sun  —  those  sermons  to  the  birds  and  the 
fishes,  the  rabbits  and  the  wolves !     It  is  com- 
paratively easy  to  guess  at  the  processes  of  a 
large  intellect,  but  who  can  trace  and  measure 
the  pulse-beats  of  a  great  throbbing  heart? 
Even  in  his  lifetime  those  nearest  to  him  mis- 
conceived and  misinterpreted  him.    They  were 
dull  as  the  disciples  about  our  Lord.     They 
meant  to  echo  him,  but  lost  the  key  and  changed 
the  tone.    They  refracted  his  white  light  even 
in  transmitting  and  reflecting  it.     He,  a  spir- 
itual troubadour,  "  God's  juggler," gay  as  a  min- 
strel, soaring  and  singing  as  a  lark,  went,  "  in 
a  rapture  of  love,  from  cottage  to  cottage,  from 
castle  to  castle,  preaching  absolute  poverty," 
absolute  freedom  from  wordly  care,  nothing  for 
self,  everything  for  others  ;  and  the  sweet  dar- 
ing strain  charmed  the  ear  and  touched  the 
soul,  but  perplexed  the  timid  judgment.  "  That 
buoyant  enthusiasm,  that  boundless  idealism, 
could  not  last."    The  order  was  open  to  every- 
one ;  and  everyone,  after  the  manner  of  men, 
fashioned  it  in  his  own  likeness  and  wore  his 
rue  with  a  difference.     For  the  unsystematic 
mind  of  St.  Francis  had  been  averse  to  any 
elaborate  organization.     He,  and  those  drawn 
to  him  in  spirit,  undertook  the  simplest  follow- 
ing of  Jesus,  the  reproduction  of  that  holy  life 
under  the  changed  conditions  of  their  time.    It 
was  a  monastic  age,  and  the  pallor  of  the  clois- 
ter touched  even  the  healthiest  cheek.     It  was 
an  ascetic  age,  and  it  was  hard  to  escape  its 
influence  and  not  despise  and  maltreat  the  body 
in  the  interest  of  the  soul.     It  was  an  eccle- 
siastical age,  and  it  was  hard  to  see  that  the 
laity  were  indeed  the  Church,  and  the  clergy 
but  its  working  officials.     It  was  a  dogmatic 
age,  and  men  lived  under  a  pressure  of  author- 
ity that  cramped  all  independent  thinking.  But 
in  spite  of  his  time,  not  by  virtue  of  an  extra- 
ordinary intellect  but  of  a  great  heart,  hardly 
conscious  of  his  departure  from  the  mood  of 
his  period,  Francis  went  out  for  himself  into  a 
large  liberty,  and  sought  to  enfranchise  others. 
His  Rule  was  little  more  than  a  brief  extract 
from  the  words  of  Jesus  in  the  Gospels.    Catch 
that  spirit,  he  seemed  to  say,  and  all  the  rest 
will  follow.    It  was  enough  indeed  for  him,  and 
for  those  who  stood  nearest  him.     But  pres- 
ently the  dense  environment  encroached  upon 
this  first  childlike  simplicity.     The  mood  and 
fashion  of  the  age  stole  over  it.    The  little  un- 


152 


THE    DIAL 


worldly  group  of  brothers  were  speedily  com- 
pacted into  a  drilled  group  of  mendicants.  The 
Rule,  which  the  worn  saint  with  his  dying 
breath  conjured  the  brethren  never  to  change 
by  gloss  or  comment,  soon  was  authoritatively 
interpreted  into  more  definite  conclusions,  and 
subtly  explained  away,  with  wire-drawn  dis- 
tinctions between  the  founder's  counsels  and 
his  commands,  "  until  poverty,  as  St.  Francis 
understood  it,  became  a  memory."  Men  "  for- 
got the  freshness,  the  Italian  gayety,  the  sunny 
poetry  "  of  his  conception.  Admiring,  rever- 
ing, canonizing  him,  they  thought  to  give  body 
and  force  to  his  somewhat  vague  and  ineffect- 
ive dreams.  They  magnified  and  distorted  the 
image  of  their  saint.  They  lost  sight  of  what 
he  was,  and  praised  him  for  what  he  was  not 
and  never  sought  to  be.  They  made  dull  prose 
out  of  all  his  poetry.  The  institution  grew  as 
the  impulse  which  originated  it  dwindled.  There 
was  a  new  order  in  the  Roman  Church,  a  new 
saint  on  the  Roman  Calendar ;  but  the  fine 
dream  of  St.  Francis  had  been  dissipated.  It 
had  fled  to  the  limbo  of  dreams  that  were 
dreamed  too  soon,  of  fond  ideals  of  which  the 
world  was  still  unworthy.  Meanwhile,  the  peo- 
ple, with  their  unsophisticated  hearts,  cherished 
the  memory  of  the  dreamer,  loved  this  "  gen- 
eral lover,"  and  so  came  dimly  to  know  him,  to 
love  and  know  him  as  the  chiefs  of  his  order 
never  loved  or  knew.  The  popular  imagina- 
tion of  Italy  retains  his  image,  while  grave  his- 
torians, biased  by  preconceptions,  unfamiliar 
with  childlike  genius  touched  with  heavenly 
radiance,  have  fumbled  over  their  records  and 
missed  the  meaning  of  such  gracious,  guileless 
sainthood.  M.  Sabatier,  by  sheer  sympathy  of 
spirit,  has  caught  the  clue,  and  put  it  into  his 
reader's  hands.  If  its  windings  seem  some- 
times obscure  and  labyrinthine,  it  is  yet  well 
worth  their  following.  For  character  of  this 
large-hearted  sort  is  rare.  The  pilgrims  that 
are  minstrels,  the  saints  that  can  laugh  and 
sing,  the  indiscriminate  lovers  of  God  and  man 
and  every  living  thing  in  earth  and  heaven, 
are  a  scant  company — a  precious  possession  of 
the  race,  not  to  be  forgotten  through  the  ages. 
The  mitred  bishops  and  the  hooded  doctors 
pass,  and  the  dust  settles  upon  their  footprints. 
But  Love,  the  buoyant,  wayward,  blundering 
child,  goes  singing  on  his  way,  and  is  immor- 
tal. 

St.  Francis,  in  an  age  "  when  men  had  all 
the  vices  except  triviality  and  all  the  virtues 
save  moderation,"  when  Nature  was  a  realm  of 
magic,  and  all  imaginations  were  peopled  with 


visions  of  heaven  and  hell,  was  "  not  born  with 
nimbus  and  aureole."  He  could  say  with  the 
chief  Captain,  "  With  a  great  sum  obtained  I 
this  freedom."  At  his  own  grave  cost  he  en- 
tered upon  his  mission.  He  was  a  man  of  the 
people,  yet  at  home  with  the  privileged  classes. 
He  was  loyal  to  the  Church,  which  he  persisted 
in  beholding  in  its  evangelical  ideal,  while  im- 
patient with  the  actual  faltering  reality.  He 
was  a  poet-prophet,  no  mere  founder  of  an  or- 
der. He  claimed  from  the  Papacy  the  privi- 
lege of  owning  nothing,  which  proved  to  be 
more  than  the  Roman  Curia  could  grant.  The 
poverty  he  sought  and  sang  was  not  a  disabil- 
ity but  a  power, —  the  bird's  careless  freedom 
on  its  bough,  the  flower's  fragrant  joy  in  the 
sunshine.  The  religion  of  the  time  could  con- 
ceive of  no  such  glad  liberty.  It  brooded  over 
its  own  soul,  and  sadly  shrivelled  from  inac- 
tion. It  tried  to  love  God  without  serving  man, 
and  found  in  a  God  so  loved  a  Moloch,  stern 
and  awful.  St.  Francis  caught  the  secret  of 
Jesus.  He  gave  himself  to  the  right  hand  and 
the  left,  gave  his  best  to  the  neediest.  His  aim 
was  to  awaken  love  by  loving,  and  transform 
character  through  self -consecration.  It  was  an 
innocent,  a  beneficent,  a  Christlike  aim.  Such, 
however,  was  the  unripeness  of  the  time  that 
his  work  was  wrested  from  his  hands  and 
warped  from  his  purpose.  It  was  an  effort 
after  an  ideal  even  now  unattained,  for  while 
"  the  Revolution  made  us  all  kings,  neither  the 
Revolution  nor  the  Reformation  was  able  to 
make  us  all  priests."  That  is  the  task  that 
lies  before  the  leader  of  souls  to-day,  and  M. 
Sabatier  has  bravely  forwarded  it. 

C.  A.  L.  RICHARDS. 


A  LIBRARY  OF  HISTORY.* 


To  the  present  writer,  as  doubtless  to  most 
literary  workers,  the  need  of  an  encyclopedia 
of  purely  historical  information  has  long  been 
apparent ;  and  he  once  began,  in  a  somewhat 
desultory  way,  to  collate  material  for  a  work 
of  that  nature.  He  proceeded  far  enough  to 
learn  something  of  the  amount  of  labor  involved 
in  such  a  work,  and  thus  to  appreciate  the  ex- 
tent of  this  labor  when  performed  by  another. 
A  cursory  glance  at  the  first  two  volumes  of 

*  HISTORY  FOB  READY  REFERENCE,  from  the  best  Histo- 
rians, Biographers,  and  Specialists.  By  J.  N.  Lamed.  With 
numerous  historical  maps  from  original  studies,  and  drawings 
by  Alan  C.  Reiley.  In  five  volumes.  Sold  only  by  subscrip- 
tion. Volume  I.,  A  to  Elba.  Volume  II.,  Eldo  to  Grea. 
Springfield,  Mass.:  The  C.  A.  Nichols  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


153 


Mr.  J.  N.  Larned's  "  History  for  Ready  Ref- 
erence and  Topical  Reading  "  is  sufficient  to 
discover  that  they  represent  years  of  patient 
labor  and  exhaustive  study.  That  Mr.  Lamed 
is  President  of  the  American  Library  Associa- 
tion and  Superintendent  of  the  Buffalo  Public 
Library  implies  that  he  has  had  unsurpassed 
facilities  for  carrying  out  to  a  satisfactory  con- 
clusion his  conception  of  a  cyclopedia  and 
index  of  history.  The  work  is  not  a  mere  dic- 
tionary of  dates.  It  recognizes  history  as  em- 
bracing far  more  than  chronology  or  narratives 
of  events.  In  its  preparation  the  entire  field 
of  historical  literature  has  been  laid  under  con- 
tribution. The  articles  are  composed  of  ex- 
tracts from  recognized  historical  experts,  to 
whom  due  credit  is  given.  References  are 
freely  given  by  which  the  study  of  the  various 
topics  can  be  still  further  extended.  Abund- 
ant opportunity  is  found  to  judge  of  the  edit- 
or's discriminating  judgment  and  critical  skill 
in  an  examination  of  the  following  important 
articles  in  the  first  two  volumes,  ranging  from 
twenty  to  two  hundred  pages  in  length  :  Amer- 
ica ;  American  Aborigines  ;  Athens  ;  Austria  ; 
Balkan  and  Danubian  States  ;  Barbary  States ; 
Canada ;  China ;  Christianity  (down  to  the 
tenth  century)  ;  Education  ;  Egypt ;  England ; 
Florence ;  France ;  and  Germany.  The  editor's 
only  original  contribution  to  either  of  these  vol- 
umes is  a  historical  review  of  Europe,  covering 
seventy-four  pages.  This  is  sufficient,  how- 
ever, to  illustrate  his  ability  to  handle  lucidly 
a  complex  subject. 

It  is  difficult  to  give  in  brief  space  a  clear 
idea  of  the  comprehensiveness  of  the  work.  But 
it  is  partially  indicated  by  the  fact  that,  the 
above-named  important  papers  being  set  aside, 
each  volume  contains  about  eight  hundred  sub- 
jects fully  treated,  though  in  length  varying 
from  a  single  paragraph  to  several  pages  ;  and 
about  twenty-four  hundred  titles  introduced  as 
cross  references.  Biographical  and  geograph- 
ical names  are  thus  treated.  The  wide  scope 
of  the  work  is  further  indicated  by  its  treat- 
ment of  such  subjects  as  Education  (an  im- 
portant review  of  the  history  of  education 
brought  down  to  include  the  University  Ex- 
tension movement),  Electrical  Discovery,  Fac- 
tory Legislation,  Debt  Legislation,  and  Civil 
Service  Reform  in  England  and  America ;  by 
its  giving,  in  extenso,  the  constitutions  of  thir- 
teen existing  nations,  as  well  as  cross  references 
to  at  least  ten  others  ;  and  by  explaining  many 
terms  of  historical  significance  (e.g.  "  Bossism," 
"  Sherman's  Bummers,"  "  Contraband,"  and 


"  Creole  "),  for  whose  origin  and  meaning  fu- 
ture generations  will  undoubtedly  inquire.  Ap- 
parently the  editor  is  more  willing  to  incur  the 
fault  of  including  too  much  than  too  little. 

The  two  volumes  now  ready  are  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  three  others  at  intervals  of  about  three 
months.  The  paging  is  continuous  throughout 
the  volumes.  The  work  has  reached  page  1564. 
The  maps,  supplied  by  Alan  C.  Reiley,  are  new 
and  valuable.  A>  H.  NOLL. 


RECENT  STUDIES  IN  SOCIOLOGY.* 


The  table  of  contents  of  the  "  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Society,"  by  Professors  Small  and  Vin- 
cent, is,  to  a  student  of  sociology,  a  most  appetiz- 
ing menu.  Here  we  find  discussed,  in  pure  and 
strong  English,  the  origin  and  scope  of  sociology, 
the  natural  history  of  society,  social  anatomy,  phy- 
siology, pathology,  and  psychology.  By  Descriptive 
Sociology  the  authors  mean  "  the  organization  of  all 
the  positive  knowledge  of  man  and  of  society  fur- 
nished by  the  sciences  and  sub-sciences  now  desig- 
nated or  included  under  the  titles  Biology,  Anthropol- 
ogy, Psychology,  Ethnology,  Demography,  History, 
Political  and  Economic  Science,  and  Ethics."  By 
Statical  Sociology  is  meant  "  a  qualitative  and  ap- 
proximate account  of  the  society  which  ought  to  be. 
Social  Statics  is,  in  brief,  social  ethics."  It  is  de- 
clared that  a  distinction  should  be  made,  in  the 
interest  of  clearness  of  thought  and  of  practical 
efficiency,  between  Statical  and  Dynamic  Sociology. 
This  last  "  proceeds  to  investigate  means  of  employ- 
ing all  the  available  forces  of  society  in  the  interest 
of  the  largest  human  welfare."  The  present  vol- 
ume does  not  attempt  to  go  beyond  Descriptive  So- 
ciology. It  is  a  "  laboratory  guide  "  for  sociological 
observation  and  investigation.  It  directs  attention 
upon  significant  facts  and  to  the  essential  relations 


*  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  SOCIETY.  By  A. 
W.  Small  and  G.  E.  Vincent.  New  York  :  American  Book 
Company. 

A  TRAVELER  FROM  ALTRURIA.  By  W.  D.  Howells.  New 
York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

SOCIAL  EVOLUTION.  By  Benjamin  Kidd.  New  York :  Mac- 
millan  &  Co. 

THE  AQED  POOR  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES.  By  Charles 
Booth.  New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

THE  THEORY  OF  SOCIOLOGY.  By  Franklin  H.  Giddings. 
Philadelphia :  American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social 
Science. 

RANDOM  ROAMINGS.  By  Augustus  Jessopp.  New  York : 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  ENGLISH  PEASANT.  By  Richard  Heath.  London: 
T.  Fisher  Unwin. 

THE  UNEMPLOYED.  By  Geoffrey  Druge.  New  York: 
Macmillan  &  Co. 

SOCIAL  REFORM  AND  THE  CHURCH.  By  John  R .  Commons. 
New  York  :  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 

HANDBOOK  OF  SOCIOLOGICAL  INFORMATION  WITH  ESPE- 
CIAL REFERENCE  TO  NEW  YORK  CITY.  By  W.  H.  Tolman 
and  W.  I.  Hull.  New  York  :  The  City  Vigilance  League. 


154 


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[Sept.  16, 


of  facts  to  each  other.  The  reading  of  Book  One 
will  require  the  closest  attention  of  trained  students. 
In  Book  Two,  "  The  Natural  History  of  a  Society," 
we  have  an  account  of  the  growth  of  a  city  from 
the  time  a  single  settler  took  his  homestead  on  the 
prairie,  through  the  stages  of  village  and  town  and 
the  transition  stage,  to  the  hour  when  a  highly  com- 
plex commercial  centre  conies  into  existence.  Every 
statement  is  illustrated  by  concrete  examples.  The 
effort  is  made  to  hold  attention  to  social  reality,  just 
as  in  a  physical  or  biological  laboratory  the  teacher 
seeks  to  keep  the  student's  eyes  fastened  upon  the 
matter  of  investigation.  In  the  later  Books  the  au- 
thors return  to  exposition  of  social  doctrine.  With- 
out slavish  imitation  of  Schaffle,  we  have  here  the 
essential  elements  of  his  exposition  for  the  first  time 
in  intelligible  English ;  but  there  is  original  treat- 
ment with  local  illustrations.  In  this  work  we  have 
the  pioneer  text-book  for  college  classes  and  begin- 
ners in  sociology.  It  does  not  claim  to  offer  con- 
tributions to  the  science,  and  yet  so  clear  an  expo- 
sition of  so  complicated  a  subject  may  legitimately 
be  regarded  as  an  actual  addition  to  the  discussion. 
The  chapter  on  the  scope  of  sociology  will  provoke 
a  debate  which  will  promote  the  settlement  of  the 
vexed  question  of  the  place  of  sociology  in  the  cir- 
cle of  the  sciences  and  in  a  course  of  study. 

The  romance  of  Mr.  Howells,  "  A  Traveler  from 
Altruria,"  belongs  in  the  same  general  category  with 
Plato's  "  Republic,"  More's  "Utopia,"  Campanella's 
"  City  of  the  Sun,"  and  Bellamy's  "  Looking  Back- 
ward." Every  man  creates  for  himself  a  picture 
of  a  future  perfect  society  in  his  imagination,  but 
once  in  many  years  some  poetic  mind  embodies  the 
vision  in  a  description.  No  harm  is  done,  so  long 
as  the  dream  is  not  seriously  regarded  as  a  working 
programme  to  be  carried  out  in  details.  Fortunately 
these  visions  are  contradictory,  and  one  illusion  cor- 
rects another.  This  prophetic  spirit,  hovering  over 
those  who  toil  along  the  dusty  way  of  pain-bought 
progress,  cheers  the  pilgrims  and  keeps  up  heart- 
courage  for  the  journey  and  the  strife.  This  seems 
to  be  the  social  function  of  those  who  write  novels 
and  romances.  The  humiliating  contrast  between 
our  own  ideals  and  conduct  awakens  the  conscience 
and  sets  us  upon  immediate  correction  of  obvious 
evils.  Mr.  Howells's  Altrurian  traveller  leaves  us 
angry  at  his  rebukes,  but  reflecting  on  our  deeds. 
Not  in  vain  has  he  visited  this  green  earth ;  not 
in  cruelty  and  wrath  has  he  rudely  shocked  our 
apathetic  complacency. 

In  Mr.  Benjamin  Kidd's  "  Social  Evolution  "  we 
have  a  work  whose  popular  form,  earnest  spirit,  and 
bristling  paradox  insure  a  wide  reading.  Buckle 
taught  that  the  intellectual  factor  is  dominant  in 
social  progress,  and  that  morality  is  stationary. 
Draper  represented  that  religion,  as  embodied  in  the 
Church,  was  the  foe  of  advance.  Marx  and  many 
other  socialists  look  to  materiah'stic  and  economic 
interests  for  their  revolutionary  forces.  Here  is  a 
writer  who  regards  the  intellectual  factor  as  a  sub- 


ordinate element,  religion  as  the  mainspring.  But 
the  teachers  of  religion  must  beware  of  the  Greeks 
who  bring  such  gifts,  for  religion  is  not  "  rational," 
it  is  distinctly  "irrational."  The  doctrine  is  so 
startling  that  it  must  be  stated  in  the  author's  own 
words  (pp.  185-186)  : 

"  The  most  essential  conclusions  to  which  we  have 
been  led  .  .  .  are  as  follows.  First,  that  the  process 
of  social  development  which  has  been  taking  place,  and 
which  is  still  in  progress  in  our  Western  civilization,  is 
not  the  product  of  the  intellect,  but  that  the  motive  force 
behind  it  has  had  its  seat  and  origin  in  that  fund  of  al- 
truistic feeling  with  which  our  civilization  has  become 
equipped.  Second,  that  this  altruistic  development,  and 
the  deepening  and  softening  of  character  which  has  ac- 
companied it,  are  the  direct  and  peculiar  product  of  the 
religious  system  on  which  our  civilization  is  founded. 
Third,  that  to  science  the  significance  of  the  resulting 
process  of  social  evolution,  in  which  all  the  people  are 
being  slowly  brought  into  the  rivalry  of  existence  on 
equal  conditions,  consists  in  the  single  fact  that  this 
rivalry  has  tended  to  be  thereby  raised  to  the  highest 
degree  of  efficiency  as  a  cause  of  progress  it  has  ever 
attained.  The  peoples  affected  by  the  process  have  been 
thereby  worked  up  to  a  state  of  social  efficiency  which 
has  given  them  preponderating  advantages  in  the  strug- 
gle for  existence  with  other  sections  of  the  race.  .  .  . 
The  intellect  continues  to  be  a  most  important  factor  in 
enabling  the  system  to  which  the  individual  belongs  to 
maintain  its  place  in  the  rivalry  of  life;  but  it  is  no 
longer  the  prime  factor." 

These  positions  will  not  be  read  without  strong 
protests.  The  author  emphasizes  the  radical  and 
inevitable  conflict  between  social  and  individual 
interests.  But  the  other  side  of  social  progress  is 
slightly  treated :  the  increase  in  numbers  and  sat- 
isfactions in  society  as  it  exists ;  the  improved  con- 
dition even  of  paupers  and  criminals ;  and  the  fact 
that  all  this  advance  is  due  to  that  social  order  which 
gives  security  to  the  weak.  It  is  not  altogether 
"  irrational "  for  the  strong  and  rich  to  serve  the 
commonwealth,  since  in  its  prosperity  alone  they 
are  prosperous.  And  as  for  the  weakest  members 
of  society,  they  owe  existence  itself  to  this  progress. 
Other  questions  naturally  arise.  Will  society  con- 
tinue to  obey  an  "  irrational  "  impulse  ?  If  the 
sanction  of  an  order  cannot  be  found  in  human  life 
itself,  whence  can  it  originate  ?  Is  it  a  wise  use  of 
language  to  call  that  alone  "  rational "  conduct  which 
secures  the  immediate  individual  satisfaction  ?  Was 
the  death  of  Socrates  "  irrational  "  ?  Was  the  hero- 
ism of  those  who  fell  at  Gettysburg  insane?  Can 
there  be  a  permanent  conflict  between  reason  and 
conscience,  intellect  and  altruism  ?  Many  such  prob- 
lems and  paradoxes  will  present  themselves  to  the 
reader  of  this  interesting  and  suggestive  book. 

Mr.  Charles  Booth  gives  the  world  another  mon- 
umental study  of  the  depressed  classes,  in  a  work 
entitled  "  The  Aged  Poor  in  England  and  Wales." 
The  object  of  this  book  is  "  to  make  more  possible 
and  profitable  a  study  of  the  six  hundred  and  forty- 
eight  separate  lessons  in  administration  which  the 
conduct  of  the  Poor  Law  Unions  of  England  and 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


155 


Wales  affords."  We  have  here  something  more  than 
a  careful  and  complete  description  of  facts.  The 
method  of  collecting  the  material  is  very  instructive. 
The  causal  relations  between  the  facts  of  depend- 
ence in  old  age  and  the  domestic,  economic,  educa- 
tional and  ecclesiastical  conditions  are  distinctly 
brought  out.  The  various  results  of  the  diverse 
methods  of  administration  are  disclosed  and  tabu- 
lated. The  book  is  more  than  a  political  study,  more 
than  an  economic  study;  it  is  a  social  study.  The 
entire  social  system,  so  far  as  it  bears  on  the  prob- 
lem of  the  aged  poor,  is  analyzed,  and  its  working 
explained  by  reference  to  fundamental  and  univer- 
sal social  forces.  It  is  a  truly  sociological  method, 
fruitful  and  comprehensive.  Mr.  Booth  is  a  busi- 
ness man  who  has  the  outlook  of  the  man  of  science. 
He  gives  means  and  time  to  the  pursuit  of  social 
inquiries.  We  stand  in  need  of  such  men  in  this 
country.  If  our  National  Conference  of  Charities 
and  Corrections  could  secure  the  services  of  such  a 
man  its  lame  and  imperfect  inquiries  into  the  facts 
of  out-door  relief  could  in  a  few  years  be  set  for- 
ward to  satisfactory  condition.  A  few  illustrations 
of  results  may  be  set  down.  Taking  a  census  of  a 
single  day  in  1892  : 

"  While  only  5  per  cent,  of  the  population  are  paupers, 
taking  all  ages  together,  and  not  half  of  that  proportion 
taking  the  active  years  of  life  alone,  the  rate  is  about 
10  per  cent,  between  60  and  65,  20  per  cent,  between 
65  and  70,  30  per  cent,  between  70  and  75,  and  not 
much  less  than  40  per  cent,  over  75." 

These  figures  would  be  confirmed  by  the  similar 
inquiry  of  Dr.  Victor  Bohmert  in  seventy-seven  Ger- 
man cities.  To  see  the  full  force  of  such  statistics 
we  must  separate  the <k  working  classes  "  from  others, 
and  then  we  find  that  amongst  these  and  small 
traders  "the  rate  of  pauperism  for  all  over  65  is 
not  less  than  40  to  45  per  cent."  That  means  that 
nearly  half  the  working  people  of  England  must 
look  forward  to  public  support  if  they  reach  old  age. 
It  is  such  facts  as  these  which  demand  some  better 
method  of  providing  for  the  last  years  of  life  than 
any  hitherto  discovered. 

Professor  Giddings,  whose  transfer  to  the  chair 
of  Sociology  in  Columbia  College  marks  distinct 
progress  in  the  new  study,  gives  us,  in  his  work  on 
"The  Theory  of  Sociology,"  a  brief  sketch  of  "the 
theoretical  positions  that  will  be  more  fully  described 
and  defended  in  a  work  on  the  Principles  of  Sociol- 
ogy, which  is  now  well  advanced  towards  comple- 
tion." This  treatise,  which  embodies  the  substance 
of  previous  publications,  discusses  the  sociological 
idea,  the  promise,  problems,  and  method  of  sociology. 
It  is  of  exceeding  interest  to  all  students  who  are 
seeking  to  define  the  field  of  sociological  investiga- 
tion. 

In  "  Random  Roamings,"  by  the  Rev.  Augustus 
Jessopp,  we  have  the  leisurely  description  of  a  culti- 
vated Anglican  clergyman  who  finds  time  to  inves- 
tigate the  archaeology,  history,  and  contemporary 
conditions  of  rural  England.  The  aristocratic  clergy- 


man's point  of  view  is  by  no  means  concealed  in 
the  chapters  on  "A  Scheme  for  Clergy  Pensions" 
and  "  Something  about  Village  Almshouses."  He 
feels  like  patronizing  the  poor,  and  is  not  sanguine 
about  free  schools. 

"  The  English  Peasant,"  by  Mr.  Richard  Heath, 
is  a  book  of  a  different  kind,  written  by  a  man  with 
the  descriptive  powers  of  an  artist  and  the  sympa- 
thies of  a  modern  layman,  deeply  religious  but  not 
sectarian.  The  author  has  travelled  on  foot  over 
much  of  England,  and  delivers  the  testimony  of  an 
eye-witness.  He  can  appreciate  the  value  of  free 
schools,  of  agricultural  trades-unions,  of  voluntary 
efforts  of  church  and  chapel,  of  kindly  patronage 
of  rich  squires,  and  of  the  narrow  and  fanatical,  but 
morally  earnest,  denominational  preachers. 

The  able  Secretary  of  the  English  Labor  Com- 
mission gives  the  public  in  a  volume  of  277  pages 
a  complete  survey  of  contemporary  schemes,  Brit- 
ish and  Continental,  for  caring  for  the  unemployed. 
The  services  of  trades  unions,  labor  bureaus,  news- 
papers, labor  colonies,  municipal  agencies,  and  many 
associations,  are  here  described  and  their  relative 
values  weighed.  The  book  should  be  read  by  those 
who  will  this  winter  have  to  face  the  problems  of 
want  in  our  cities. 

Professor  John  R.  Commons  has  collected  several 
papers  on  the  relation  of  the  church  to  social  re- 
forms into  a  neat  volume,  which  he  entitles  "  Social 
Reform  and  the  Church."  He  urges  that  the  mighty 
emotional  forces  of  religion  should  be  utilized  for 
the  amelioration  of  human  life  on  this  planet.  Pau- 
perism, politics,  temperance  movements,  municipal 
monopolies,  and  proportional  representation  are  dis- 
cussed from  this  standpoint. 

The  "  Handbook  of  Sociological  Information  " 
prepared  by  the  City  Vigilance  League  of  New  York 
will  furnish  a  convenient  list  of  books  and  articles, 
and  accounts  of  typical  beneficent  institutions  in  the 
metropolis.  In  preparing  the  bibliography,  the  edit- 
ors have  sought  the  assistance  of  specialists  in  many 
lines  of  investigation  and  experience.  It  is  not  in- 
tended to  be  a  complete  bibliography,  but  a  selected 
list  for  immediate  use  of  busy  social  leaders. 

The  works  here  noticed  are  typical  of  the  various 
methods  by  which  the  study  of  society  is  to  be  ad- 
vanced. We  need  the  broad  study  of  fundamental 
principles  revealed  in  historical  investigation,  the 
minute  study  of  contemporary  facts  in  a  limited 
field,  and  even  the  inspiring  ideals  of  romance.  It 
is  important  to  determine  the  limits  of  each  special 
social  science,  and  the  theory  of  the  relation  of 
science  to  art.  It  is  also  essential  to  progress  that 
all  the  conscious  and  unconscious  experiments  of  so- 
ciety be  investigated  and  their  results  revealed.  This 
investigation  may  yield  a  fragmentary  product  and 
yet  be  conducted  by  a  scientific  method.  It  is  some- 
times objected  to  sociology  that  its  ability  to  direct 
social  action  falls  far  short  of  completeness.  But 
this  is  true  of  each  special  social  science,  even  of 


156 


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[Sept.  16, 


those  whose  simple  character  made  an  earlier  de- 
velopment possible.  Sociological  literature  shows 
the  effort  to  consider  all  the  facts  of  all  classes,  an 
attempt  at  coordination  of  all  factors  in  thought  and 
in  practical  action.  Most  of  the  works  here  exam- 
ined are  "  sociological "  only  so  far  as  they  supply 
fragments  of  raw  material  for  scientific  treatment. 

C.  R.  HENDERSON. 


EXTREMES  OF  FAITH.* 


Mr.  Knox  Little's  treatise  on  Sacerdotalism  is  a 
book  chiefly  fitted  to  interest  those  in  the  Church 
of  England  who  are  striving  to  maintain  and  re- 
store its  current  beliefs  and  usages,  and  those  who 
would  subject  them  to  the  modification  of  advanc- 
ing thought.  The  controversy  lies  in  a  single  Church 
between  a  conservative  and  a  radical  or  reformatory 
tendency.  The  interest  of  the  book,  outside  of  this 
narrow  relation,  is  in  leading  the  liberal  mind  to  a 
more  cheerful  recognition  of  the  great  variety  of 
ways  in  which  a  true  spiritual  development  is  open 
to  men.  The  book  is  very  positive  and  exact  in  its 
belief,  and  yet  one  feels  that  this  force  of  assertion 
and  precision  of  method  simply  express  the  idiosyn- 
crasies of  a  certain  class  of  minds  —  idiosyncrasies 
which  we  do  well  to  respect,  and  well  to  disregard. 
The  author  is  a  warm  advocate  of  sacerdotalism. 
"I,  my  dear  friend,  as  you  know,  am  a  sacerdotalist 
from  head  to  heel.  It  is  difficult  for  me  to  under- 
stand how  a  Christian  can  be  anything  else  "  (page 
2).  Some  of  the  points  included  in  sacerdotalism 
are  given  in  the  preface :  "  There  are  objective  truths 
which  must  never  be  forgotten — the  fact  of  the  vis- 
ible church,  the  truth  of  a  spiritual  succession  of  the 
ministry,  the  necessary  office  of  bishops,  the  real 
functions  of  the  priesthood,  the  effectual  force  of 
sacraments,  the  practical  value  of  the  penitential 
system"  (p.  x.).  The  book  is  made  up  of  four  let- 
ters on  Confession  and  Absolution ;  Fasting,  Com- 
munion and  Eucharistic  Worship  ;  the  Real  Pres- 
ence and  the  Eucharistic  Sacrifice ;  the  Apostolic 
Ministry.  As  the  volume  is  drawn  out  by  the  pres- 
ence in  the  Church  of  England  of  a  strong  tendency 
to  regard  these  beliefs  as  outworn,  it  is  necessarily 
controversial.  This  contention  is  but  a  small  por- 
tion of  that  universal  conflict  which  lies  between  the 

*  SACERDOTALISM.  By  W.  J.  Knox  Little,  M.A.  New 
York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  MEANING  AND  THE  METHOD  OF  LIFE.  By  George  M. 
Gould,  A.M.,  M.D.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  QUESTION  OF  UNITY.  Edited  by  Amory  H.  Brad- 
ford, D.D.  New  York  :  The  Christian  Literature  Co. 

AN  HISTORICAL  SKETCH  OF  THE  UNITARIAN  MOVEMENT 
since  the  Reformation.  By  Joseph  Henry  Allen,  D.D.  New 
York :  The  Christian  Literature  Co. 

THE  APOSTOLIC  AGE  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  CHURCH.  By 
Carl  Von  Weirsacker.  Translated  by  James  Millar,  B.D. 
New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  RELIGION. 
By  William  Mackintosh,  M.A.,  D.D.  New  York :  Macmillan 
&Co. 


old  and  the  new.  The  more  coherent  and  consist- 
ent temper  may  be  found  with  those  who  maintain 
the  old,  but  the  more  profoundly  penetrative  and 
constructive  thought  is  with  those  who  see  and  seek 
the  new.  The  reader  will  find  in  the  volume  an 
earnest  and  comparatively  compact  statement  of  the 
attitude  of  those  who  cling  to  the  old,  walk  in  it, 
and  live  by  it.  The  defense  is  essentially  that  of 
the  more  conservative  branch  of  the  Tractarians, — 
that  the  Thirty-nine  Articles  are  directed  against  the 
abuses,  not  the  uses,  of  the  earlier  forms  of  belief. 

There  is  a  very  striking  contrast  between  the 
attitude  of  mind  indicated  in  this  volume,  and  that 
which  gave  rise  to  the  one  on  "  The  Meaning  and 
the  Method  of  Life."  The  author  of  "  Sacerdotal- 
ism "  adheres  tenaciously  —  many  would  say  ser- 
vilely—  to  the  positions  in  faith  which  have  long 
been  held.  The  author  of  "The  Meaning  and 
Method  of  Life  "  goes  forth  quite  by  himself,  and 
in  a  path  in  which  very  few  are  likely  to  follow 
him.  A  discrepancy  so  wide  as  this  seems  to  re- 
flect discredit  on  human  faculties.  Reason  is  not 
nearly  so  dominant  —  oftentimes  least  dominant, 
when  thought  to  be  most  dominant  —  in  the  action 
of  mind  as  the  forms  of  discussion  seem  to  imply. 
We  fling  and  catch  the  ball  in  groups,  but  each 
group  has  its  own  ball  and  its  own  game.  "The 
Meaning  and  the  Method  of  Life  "  is  a  book  not 
easily  read,  nor  will  it  reward  most  minds  for  the 
labor.  The  author  regards  matter  as  eternal  and 
of  infinite  extension.  It  makes  no  revelation  of  any 
supreme  intelligence.  Life,  personified  as  a  single 
energetic  and  intelligent  agent,  is  in  contention  with 
these  physical  conditions,  and  slowly  subjects  them 
to  itself.  This  often  baffled  but  steadily  conquer- 
ing intelligence  is  God,  whose  struggles  and  vic- 
tories we  share.  "  The  God  we  see  daily  at  work 
all  over  the  globe  is  primarily  and  essentially  Life  " 
(p.  15).  The  difficulties  and  ills  and  blessings  of 
the  world  lie  along  the  pathway  of  this  slow  evolu- 
tion of  life.  Here  is  found  the  promise  of  victory. 
These  ideas  are  capable  in  their  treatment  of  much 
poetry  and  pathos,  and  these  the  author  liberally 
bestows  on  them.  His  convictions  are  as  positive 
as  if  half  the  human  race  stood  by  his  side.  Many 
of  the  principles  by  whose  aid  he  so  boldly  inter- 
prets the  world  are  sound,  but  he  grades  the  facts 
to  them  rather  than  ascends  and  descends  by  means 
of  them,  and  winds  in  and  out  in  fellowship  with 
the  infinitely  variable  things  about  him. 

The  third  volume  in  our  list,  "  The  Question  of 
Unity,"  is  made  up  of  an  expression  of  opinion  by 
leading  men,  chiefly  in  the  Presbyterian,  Congre- 
gational, Episcopal,  and  Baptist  churches,  concern- 
ing Christian  Unity.  These  opinions  were  called 
out  by  a  paper  of  Dr.  Shield  on  the  Historic  Epis- 
copate— a  discussion  of  a  possible  unity  of  churches 
on  the  basis  of  the  Chicago-Lambeth  Articles.  The 
writers  agree  quite  generally,  both  as  to  the  great 
desirability,  and  also  as  to  the  present  impossibility, 
of  Church  Unity.  The  trouble  would  seem  to  be 


1894.] 


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157 


that  the  notion  of  Church  Unity,  secured  on  the 
basis  of  a  creed  narrowed  and  sifted  in  its  terms, 
is  embarrassed  by  precisely  the  same  difficulty  which 
has  given  rise  to  existing  divisions  —  to-wit,  attach- 
ing too  much  relative  importance  to  the  intellectual 
formulae  of  faith.  A  unity  restored  by  a  new  form- 
ula, a  unity  resting  on  a  formula,  is  of  very  secondary 
moment.  The  intellectual  discussions  and  dissen- 
sions of  the  past  have  played  a  part  in  the  devel- 
opment of  Christian  thought.  They  cannot  be 
wiped  out.  Farther  consideration  is  as  likely  to 
extend  and  deepen  divisions  as  to  efface  them.  The 
evil  does  not  lie  in  these  discrepancies  of  thought, 
but  in  the  false  position  given  to  them.  Unity  is 
before  the  Church,  not  behind  it.  It  is  to  be  found 
in  its  action,  in  the  objects  it  pursues,  and  not  in 
its  speculations.  Of  the  papers  in  this  volume,  Dr. 
Ecob's  seems  to  us  the  most  faithful  and  just.  He 
discards  a  unity  of  creeds,  and  counsels  a  unity  of 
effort.  Those  who  urge  a  formal  unity  in  faith, 
will  find  that  they  are  simply  reviving  old  conflicts ; 
blowing  the  ashes  off  the  burning  embers. 

Our  fourth  volume  is  "  An  Historical  Sketch  of 
the  Unitarian  Movement."  Unitarianism  stands, 
and  has  stood  from  its  origin,  quite  as  much  for  a 
movement  as  for  a  faith.  It  has  not  so  much  ex- 
pressed a  new  type  of  faith,  of  belief,  as  a  disposi- 
tion to  secure  a  new  liberty  —  changeable  and  per- 
sonal terms  in  belief.  It  has  at  no  time  been  able 
to  restrain  its  own  movement,  and  settle  down  in 
firm  outlines  of  faith.  Many  would  regard  this  in- 
capacity to  say  anything  final,  as  its  weakness ; 
others,  more  justly,  would  accept  it  as  its  chief  ex- 
cellence. This  characteristic  of  free  movement  gives 
to  its  history  wide  affiliations  and  a  less  definite 
outline.  The  work  before  us  is  a  comprehensive 
and  concise  tracing  of  that  movement  of  which  mod- 
ern Unitarianism  is  the  most  distinct  expression. 
Wherever  the  correction  of  reason  begins  to  find  its 
way  freely  in  Christian  faith,  elements  allied  to 
Unitarianism  make  their  appearance.  The  history 
is  thoroughly  interesting,  and  the  more  so  in  its 
later  portions  as  dealing  with  events  with  which  the 
author  has  been  personally  familiar.  It  will  give 
pleasure  and  instruction  to  all  who  look  on  this  gain 
of  thoughtfulness  in  religion  as  truly  regenerative. 

"  The  Apostolic  Age  "  is  the  product  of  liberal, 
earnest,  thoughtful  scholarship.  After  a  brief  dis- 
cussion of  the  Resurrection  and  the  first  collective 
action  of  the  Church,  it  dwells  chiefly  on  the  Apos- 
tle Paul,  his  calling,  his  theology,  and  the  churches 
founded  by  him.  As  the  work  emanates  from  a 
very  independent  and  therefore  self-confident  mind, 
it  needs  to  be  read  with  something  like  the  same 
breadth  of  view  and  freedom  of  interpretation. 
Studied  in  this  temper,  it  is  well  fitted  to  give  clear- 
ness, accuracy,  and  mastery  to  our  apprehension  of 
the  apostolic  age.  As  we  cease  to  accept  an  author- 
itative and  conventional  rendering  of  the  Biblical 
narrative  —  whose  wise  study  must  give  us  almost 
exclusively  our  knowledge  of  the  facts  in  the  early 


history  of  the  Church — we  must  put  in  its  place  the 
mutual  correction  of  many  considerations,  and  the 
reciprocal  outlook  of  diverse  minds.  If  we  fail  of 
this,  we  shall  find  ourselves  substituting  for  the 
somewhat  blind  consensus  of  the  Church  the  impres- 
sions which  happen  to  have  come  uppermost  in  a 
single  person.  The  volume  is  not  so  much  argu- 
mentative as  presentative,  and  is  liable,  in  its  posi- 
tive and  confident  movement,  which  has  the  advan- 
tage of  directness  and  simplicity,  to  sweep  along 
unduly  those  of  less  scope  of  knowledge.  As  a 
thoughtful  book,  it  calls  for  a  thoughtful  handling. 
The  style  is  somewhat  obscure. 

The  author  of  "  The  Natural  History  of  the  Chris- 
tion  Religion"  expresses  his  purpose  and  method 
very  distinctly : 

"  In  few  words,  let  it  here  be  said,  summarily,  that  the 
negative  or  <  destructive  '  criticism  which  we  propose  to 
direct  against  orthodox  Christianity  is  based  on  the  anti- 
supernatural  view  of  the  divine  government,  and  that 
our  positive  but  undogmatic  construction  of  Christianity 
is  based  on  the  teaching  of  Jesus.  In  this  section,  we 
shall  seek  to  define  and  to  defend  the  anti-supernatural 
view,  and  to  draw  the  inferences  in  regard  to  dogma 
which  seem  to  flow  from  it.  In  several  of  the  follow- 
ing sections  we  shall  seek  to  show  that  the  doctrine 
of  Jesus  is  the  doctrine  of  the  absolute  religion,  or  of 
that  form  of  religion  which  answers  to  the  religious 
idea;  and,  also,  that  the  path  by  which  Jesus  was  led 
to  his  great  discovery  was  by  the  way  of  historical  de- 
velopment. In  the  remaining  sections,  we  shall  en- 
deavor to  trace  the  steps  by  which  the  dogma  in  its  ca- 
nonical form  grew  up  out  of  the  doctrine  and  the  life  of 
Jesus"  (p.  19). 

This  purpose  is  pursued  very  fully.  There  is  noth- 
ing to  object  either  to  the  intention  or  spirit  of  the 
work.  The  labor  is  undertaken  in  behalf  of  truth 
as  the  author  conceives  it,  and  is  carried  forward  in 
an  earnest,  and  also,  so  far  as  the  conditions  of  the 
effort  will  allow,  in  a  constructive  temper.  It  is  by 
no  means  made  up  of  simply  destructive  criticism. 
Those  who  share  the  author's  disbelief  in  the  super- 
natural will  be  likely  to  find  in  the  book  much  that 
will  strengthen  them.  It  proceeds  on  the  ground, 
not  only  that  miracles  do  not,  but  that  they  cannot, 
happen.  It  is  sustained  throughout  by  the  assump- 
tion that  the  instruction  of  science  is  complete  and 
final  on  this  point.  So  strong  an  a  priori  position 
— h  priori  in  reference  to  most  of  the  grounds  and 
proofs  of  faith — must  necessarily  close  the  mind  to 
the  considerations  which  sustain  the  supernatural. 
If  science,  with  explicit  proof,  precludes  the  super- 
natural, there  is  an  end.  There  is  much  antecedent 
work  which  needs  to  be  well  done  before  this  book 
can  fairly  enter  on  its  undertaking.  We  need  to 
know  what  we  mean  by  science, —  the  breadth  of 
the  ground  covered  by  it,  the  nature  and  force  of  its 
affirmations  touching  the  natural  and  supernatural. 
We  need  to  know  exactly  what  we  mean  by  the  su- 
pernatural, and  the  relation  of  the  miracle  to  it. 
The  connection  of  the  miracle,  in  the  form  in  which 
we  either  accept  it  or  reject  it,  with  the  physical  and 
spiritual  mechanism  of  the  world,  must  also  be  dis- 


158 


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[Sept.  16, 


tinctly  put.  If  we  assume  it  to  be  an  arbitrary 
ab-extra  act,  we  have  thrown  it  out  in  advance. 
What  we  mean  by  philosophy  as  contrasted  with 
science,  and  what  it  has  to  say  as  to  the  ultimate 
terms  of  the  universe,  must  also  be  present  with  us. 
These  inquiries,  which  are  preliminary  to  most  of 
what  the  author  has  written,  will,  we  believe,  en- 
tirely turn  his  position,  and  leave  it  untenable.  A 
strictly  and  exclusively  natural  world  is  unmanage- 
able to  thought.  Reason,  in  its  own  supernatural 
relations,  must  be  saved  in  order  that  the  world,  as 
a  product  of  thought,  may  remain  to  us.  Fatalism 
is  a  gulf  in  which  all  things  finally  go  down.  Ideas 
involved  in  the  above  points  are  treated  briefly  in 
the  second  chapter.  As  they  are,  however,  so  fun- 
damental as  to  determine  the  value  of  most  that  is 
to  follow,  they  demand  a  much  more  searching  pre- 
sentation. The  governing  power  of  the  universe 
must  —  so  it  seems  to  us  —  be  at  once  natural  and 
supernatural.  The  two  elements  must  hold  each 
other  in  equal,  even,  constant  interpoise.  The  au- 
thor destroys  the  truly  greater  notion  by  swinging 
the  world  forcefully  over  to  the  side  of  physical 
law;  as  if  the  physical  world  could  stand  by  itself, 
or  hold  in  itself  its  own  tendencies.  The  author's 
contention  is  chiefly  successful  as  directed  against  a 
crass  notion  of  the  supernatural.  The  work  is  able, 
candid,  and  instructive;  one  that  calls  out  much 
assent  and  dissent. 

These  books  collectively  indicate  how  wide  are 
the  yet  unexplored  fields  of  spiritual  thought,  and 
the  very  diverse  conclusions,  therefore,  which  must 
still  crown  our  quests.  We  are  very  slow  to  accept 
our  wealth  as  wealth,  and  tear  it  into  fragments  in 
our  analysis  of  it.  JoHN  BASCOM> 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

Macpherson  While  the  Ossian  problem  has  proved 

and  the  Ossianic  much  knottier  than  the  Rowley  prob- 
lem, competent  critics,  on  both  sides 
of  the  Tay,  have  pretty  generally  put  down  "  Os- 
sian "  Macpherson  as  an  impostor.  Some  of  them, 
zealous  for  the  honor  of  literature,  have  even  re- 
gretted that  Dr.  Johnson's  oak  twig,  "  six  feet  long, 
with  a  knob  as  big  as  an  orange,"  was  not  put  to 
its  intended  use.  The  case,  however,  is  admittedly 
one  in  which  there  is  still,  to  quote  Sancho  Panza, 
"  a  great  deal  to  be  said  on  both  sides."  We  do  not 
ourselves  believe  that  Macpherson  was  all  impostor, 
and  that  his  work  was,  as  his  harsher  critics  allege, 
a  mere  patchwork  of  plagiarisms  and  forgeries. 
The  first  Ossianic  fragments,  the  ones  shown  by 
Macpherson  to  «  Douglas  "  Home  in  1759,  and  pub- 
lished in  1760,  were  probably  actual  translations 
from  Gaelic  originals  of  considerable  antiquity ;  and 
it  was  in  all  likelihood  the  prodigious  and  unex- 
pected vogue  of  these  early  pieces,  backed  by  the 
patriotic  importunities  of  the  Edinburgh  literati, 
that  started  the  ambitious  tutor  on  his  career  of  de- 


ception. While  Macpherson  in  his  longer  poems 
flagrantly  abused  the  poet's  and  the  translator's 
license,  inserting  long  passages  of  his  own,  supply- 
ing chasms,  and  omitting  and  shortening  incidents, 
there  can  now  be  little  doubt  that  even  these  poems 
have  a  basis,  however  frail,  of  genuineness.  Later 
researches — notably  those  of  the  Highland  Society's 
committee  in  1805,  and  of  Dr.  Waddell  in  1875 — 
tend  to  show  that  the  "  epic  "  ("  foolishly  so  called,'* 
as  Gray  properly  said)  of  "  Fingal "  consists  largely 
of  fragments  and  episodes  for  which  there  were  au- 
thentic originals.  Macpherson's  ascription,  how- 
ever, of  his  originals  to  a  Gaelic  bard  of  the  third 
century  seems,  aside  from  its  antecedent  incredibil- 
ity, fairly  thrown  out  of  court  by  the  verdict  of  the 
best  Gaelic  scholars,  that  the  language  of  Ossian  is 
a  modern  and  mutilated  form  of  Erse  that  did  not 
exist  five  hundred  years  ago.  Caledonian  faith, 
however,  where  Caledonian  honor  is  concerned,  is 
strong;  and  it  may  be  that  there  are  still,  as  even  Mr. 
Gosse  admits,  "  some  persons  north  of  the  Tay  who 
indulge  the  pleasing  supposition  that  Fingal  fought 
and  Ossian  sang."  It  has  remained  for  Mr.  Bailey 
Saunders,  the  author  of  a  comely  volume  entitled 
"The  Life  and  Letters  of  James  Macpherson" 
(Macmillan),  to  give  a  full  biographical  account  of 
the  translator  (or  fabricator,  if  the  reader  please) 
of  the  "  misty  songs  of  Ullin,"  and  to  review  the 
whole  controversy  in  a  really  critical  and  liberal 
spirit.  The  facts  of  Macpherson's  life,  hitherto 
vaguely  known,  really  form,  or  should  form,  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  dispute ;  for,  as  Mr.  Saunders 
justly  observes,  the  question  of  authenticity  largely 
turns  on  his  actual  proceedings,  and  his  personal 
character  and  attainments.  In  the  present  volume, 
which  is  in  itself  an  altogether  charming  piece  of 
biography,  the  reader  will  find  an  exhaustive  account 
of  Macpherson,  and  of  the  controversy  of  which  he 
was  the  central  figure.  A  number  of  extracts  from 
the  Ossianic  poems  are  given,  and  there  is  a  fine 
portrait,  after  Romney,  of  Macpherson. 

A  help  to  the  ^e  ta^e  pleasure  in  calling  attention 

student  of  to  Professor  William  Henry  Hud- 

Herbert  Spencer.       son>s  compact  «  Introduction   to   the 

Philosophy  of  Herbert  Spencer  "  (Appleton).  The 
need  of  a  simplified  outline-map  of  Mr.  Spencer's 
complex  system  has  often  occurred  to  us,  and  Pro- 
fessor Hudson  is  the  first,  we  think,  to  meet  it  sat- 
isfactorily. No  better  book  could  be  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  tyro  about  to  face  the  difficulties  of 
the  Synthetic  Philosophy,  nor  can  we  point  to  one 
more  likely  to  prevent  him  turning  back  disheart- 
ened before  his  unsentimental  journey  is  fairly  be- 
gun. Professor  Hudson  has  not  attempted  an  ex- 
haustive or  a  critical  exposition;  still  less  does  he 
hold  out  to  the  student  any  illusory  hopes  that  his 
book  is  a  royal  road  that  does  away  with  the  need 
of  a  first-hand  study  of  Mr.  Spencer  himself,  or 
even  renders  such  first-hand  study  a  light  and  easy 
task.  Still,  he  modestly  claims,  "  something  may 
be  done  to  smooth  the  way  for  untrained  and  un- 


1894.] 


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159 


wary  feet,"  and  to  make  the  approach  to  the  Syn- 
thetic Philosophy  "less  thorny  and  toilsome  than  it 
would  otherwise  be."  The  beginner  may  be  helped 
to  a  general  conception  of  Mr.  Spencer's  ground- 
idea,  and  to  a  knowledge  of  its  genetic  history  ;  and 
he  may  be  shown  its  relation  to  current  intellectual 
tendencies,  and  its  influence  upon  current  practical 
problems.  It  is  fair  to  say  that  Professor  Hudson, 
unlike  too  many  expositors,  performs  rather  more 
than  he  promises.  Possessed  of  a  clear  and  agree- 
able style,  he  has  succeeded  admirably,  where  feas- 
ible, in  smoothing  the  asperities,  without  losing  the 
sense,  of  the  Derby  philosopher's  rather  alarming 
phrase  and  terminology ;  and  he  has  added,  more- 
over, a  good  deal  in  the  way  of  citation  and  orig- 
inal comment  and  illustration,  that  will  commend 
his  book  to  more  advanced  Spencerians.  Of  the 
lighter  citations,  it  is  worth  while  to  note  in  passing 
Goldwin  Smith's  pregnant  witticism  on  the  world- 
famous  formula  of  evolution — a  point  where,  in  the 
matter  of  style  at  least,  Mr.  Spencer  may  fairly 
claim  to  have  out-Kanted  Kant  himself.  "The 
universe,"  observed  Mr.  Smith,  "  must  have  heaved 
a  sigh  of  relief  when  this  explanation  of  her  pro- 
cesses was  given  to  an  astonished  world  through  the 
cerebration  of  a  distinguished  thinker."  Perhaps 
Mr.  Smith,  like  some  others,  thinks  the  reduction 
of  the  phenomena  of  the  universe  to  a  single  dy- 
namic principle  more  satisfactory  as  a  proof  of  Mr. 
Spencer's  powers  of  generalization  than  as  a  solu- 
tion qua  solution.  Professor  Hudson  discusses  in 
separate  chapters  "  Spencer's  Earlier  Work,"  "  The 
Synthetic  Philosophy,"  "The  Spencerian  Sociology" 
(considered  chiefly  in  its  logical  connection  with 
the  general  scheme),  "The  Ethical  System,"  and 
"  The  Religious  Aspects  of  the  Synthetic  Philos- 
ophy." A  chronological  list  of  Mr.  Spencer's  works 
is  appended,  and  there  is  a  biographical  sketch  that 
should  prove  specially  welcome  to  American  readers. 

Few  in  their  generation  have  added 

SSSSl  more  to " the  world's  stock  of  harm- 

less  pleasures  "  than  those  cheery 
inseparables,  Messrs.  Gilbert  and  Sullivan ;  and  we 
are  glad  to  find  their  lives  and  performances  so  well 
chronicled  in  Mr.  Percy  Fitzgerald's  "  The  Gilbert 
and  Sullivan  Operas"  (Lippincott).  The  book  is 
not  too  big,  and  it  gives  what  most  readers  will  ask 
of  it.  Mr.  Fitzgerald  has  collected  about  every- 
thing worth  knowing  of  the  Savoy  operas,  authors, 
and  players,  and  his  book  is  a  pretty  and  acceptable 
souvenir  of  the  days  when  "Patience"  and  "Pin- 
afore "  were  sung,  quoted,  whistled,  and  barrel- 
organed  from  unique  popularity  into  relative  dis- 
use. A  separate  chapter  is  given  to  the  history 
and  analysis  of  each  opera,  and  criticism,  musical 
and  dramatic,  is  duly  mingled  with  quotation  and 
stage  gossip  and  anecdote.  Mr.  Fitzgerald's  abili- 
ties as  a  dramatic  writer  are  well  known.  He  clearly 
explains  the  rationale  of  the  Gilbertian  play,  and 
pays  a  just  tribute  to  the  genuine  quality  of  Mr.  Sul- 
livan's music  —  really  good  music  in  its  way,  crisp, 


More  numbers 
of  the  Book  of 
the  Fair. 


spontaneous,  wholesome,  and  seldom  savoring  of  the 
"  Varieties  "  and  the  Cafe  Chantant.  It  is  amus- 
ing to  learn  that  the  early  bent  of  the  composer  of 
"  Little  Buttercup  "  was  strongly  in  the  direction 
of  oratorio.  There  are  many  illustrations,  most  of 
them  portraits  of  well-known  Savoy  Thespians  in 

favorite  roles.        

"  The  Book  of  the  Fair  "  (Bancroft 
Co.),  which  we  have  more  than  once 
had  occasion  to  commend,  is  making 
rapid  progress.  Parts  twelve  to  sixteen,  inclusive, 
are  now  issued,  leaving  but  nine  more  to  complete 
the  work.  The  first  of  these  five  parts  concludes 
the  description  of  the  Agricultural,  Horticultural,  and 
Forestry  exhibits,  and  starts  the  chapter  on  "  Mines, 
Mining,  and  Metallurgy."  This  subject  is  con- 
cluded in  the  second  part,  and  the  Fisheries  Build- 
ing is  taken  up.  Some  of  the  plates  well  illustrate 
the  characteristic  and  genial  decoration  of  that 
charming  structure.  In  the  third  of  these  parts 
comes  the  Transportation  Building,  with  its  loco- 
motives, palace  cars,  and  other  objects  of  interest. 
A  fine  plate  of  the  Viking  Ship  occurs  in  this  con- 
nection. The  Columbus  Caravels,  the  U.  S.  Battle- 
ship, and  the  Moving  Sidewalk  also  find  illustration 
here.  The  subject  of  Transportation  is  thus  carried 
through  the  fourth  part  and  into  the  fifth,  where  it 
finally  gives  place  to  "The  Live  Stock  Department." 
Many  fine  portraits  of  horses,  sheep,  and  cattle  ac- 
company this  chapter.  Anthropology  is  next  taken 
up,  and  there  the  tale  ends  for  the  present.  The 
plates  that  go  with  these  chapters  are,  we  need 
hardly  repeat,  exceptionally  fine  examples  of  pho- 
tographic process,  and  the  selection  of  subjects  is 
admirably  judicious  and  comprehensive.  We  shall 
await  with  interest  the  concluding  instalments  of 
this  praiseworthy  publication. 

The  changing  seasons,  the  birds,  the 
flowers,  the  trees,  sea  and  shore,  are 
themes  which  never  fail  to  inspire 
the  pen  of  the  true  nature-lover.  A  dainty  little 
volume  of  short  papers  on  such  themes,  by  Miss 
Mabel  Osgood  Wright,  comes  with  the  title  "  The 
Friendship  of  Nature"  (Macmillan).  The  writer 
has  a  sympathetic  eye  and  touch  for  every  face  that 
nature  wears  in  her  New  England  home.  Begin- 
ning with  "  A  New  England  May-Day  "  and  "  When 
Orchards  Bloom,"  these  graceful  sketches  reflect 
the  changing  aspects  of  the  blooming  and  the  wan- 
ing year,  and  convince  us  that  the  author,  though 
writing  prose,  is  a  true  poet  in  the  Emersonian  sense, 
namely,  in  the  power  to  see  the  miraculous  in  the 
common. — From  the  same  publishers  comes  another 
delightful  book  with  nature  for  a  theme,  but  with 
considerable  of  the  human  interest  added,  "  The 
Garden  that  I  Love,"  by  Mr.  Alfred  Austin.  Poet, 
story-teller,  and  gentle  humorist,  as  Mr.  Austin  has 
frequently  shown  himself  to  be,  he  shines  in  all 
three  characters  in  this  volume.  A  brother  and  a 
sister  in  an  old  English  country-house,  with  their 
guests — the  "  Poet,"  who  recites  dainty  verses,  and 


160 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


"  Lamia,"  a  brilliant  young  woman  with  a  rich  con- 
tralto voice,  who  sings  them  —  are  the  personages 
in  this  setting  of  "  The  Garden,"  where  from  May 
to  November  all  is  light  and  bloom  and  fragrance. 
The  charm  of  the  text  is  increased  by  the  illustra- 
tions, .which  are  many  and  choice. 

"  Select    Specimens    of    the    Great 

French  Writers  in  the  17th>  18th> 

and  19th  Centuries,"  edited  by  M. 
G.  E.  Fasnacht  (Macmillan),  is  one  of  the  best 
French  reading-books  with  which  we  are  acquainted. 
It  has  the  great  merit  of  being  large  enough  to  pre- 
sent extracts  of  considerable  length,  and  to  allow 
the  teacher  wide  latitude  in  its  use.  The  selections 
are  all  from  the  "  Great  Writers  who  tower  head 
and  shoulders  above  their  contemporaries."  With 
each  writer  appears  a  selection  of  "  appreciations  " 
from  the  best  French  critics,  and  the  whole  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  historical  sketch  of  French  literature, 
abridged  from  MM.  Vinet  and  Faguet.  There  are 
nearly  six  hundred  pages  of  rather  small  type. — A 
much  smaller  reading-book,  intended  for  beginners, 
is  Mr.  A.  N.  Van  Daell's  "  Introduction  to  French 
Authors"  (Ginn).  It  includes  simple  pieces  in 
prose  and  verse  from  nineteenth  century  writers,  a 
resume  of  French  history,  based  upon  a  book  by  M. 
Lavisse,  and  a  sketch  of  the  government  of  the  pres- 
ent Republic.  There  is  also  a  vocabulary,  so  that 
the  book  may  be  used  before  the  dictionary  pur- 
chasing stage  has  been  reached. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Dr.  John  T.  Prince  is  the  author  of  a  new  system  of 
"  Arithmetic  by  Grades  "  (Ginn),  which  is  differentiated 
into  a  "  Teachers'  Manual "  and  eight  booklets  for  the 
uses  of  the  pupil,  corresponding  to  the  accepted  grading 
of  lower  school  work.  The  special  features  of  the  sys- 
tem, besides  the  above  differentiation,  are  a  careful 
gradation  of  work,  frequent  reviews,  a  great  amount 
and  variety  of  oral  work  and  problems,  and  the  practi- 
cal character  of  most  of  the  examples.  The  books  for 
the  seventh  and  eighth  grades  introduce  a  small  amount 
of  elementary  work  in  algebra  and  geometry,  a  partic- 
ularly praiseworthy  feature  of  the  series. 

"  A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics  and  Applied  Elec- 
tricity," edited  by  Professor  Edward  L.  Nichols,  is  to 
consist  of  two  volumes,  the  first  of  which  is  now  pub- 
lished (Macmillan).  The  sub-title  of  this  instalment  is 
a  "  Junior  Course  in  General  Physics,"  and  it  is  the  work 
of  Messrs.  Ernest  Merritt  and  Frederick  J.  Rogers. 
All  the  persons  named  are  teachers  at  Cornell  Univer- 
sity. This  first  volume,  intended  for  beginners  (in  the 
college  sense)  gives  explicit  directions  for  work,  to- 
gether with  demonstrations  and  occasional  elementary 
statements  of  principles.  The  forthcoming  volume  will 
take  more  for  granted.  The  use  of  this  work  presup- 
poses some  knowledge  of  physical  principles,  as  well  as 
of  analytical  geometry  and  the  calculus. 

"  The  Memoirs  of  Edmund  Ludlow,  Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral  of  the  Horse  in  the  Army  of  the  Commonwealth  of 


England,  1625-1672,"  edited  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Firth,  comes 
to  us  in  two  volumes,  with  the  beautiful  typography  of 
the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press  (Macmillan).  Ludlow's 
"  Memoirs  "  were  first  published  in  1698-9.  The  title- 
page  of  the  original  edition  pretends  that  the  work  was 
printed  at  Vevay,  in  Switzerland,  but  this  pretence  is 
disproved  by  contemporary  evidence.  They  have  been 
several  times  reprinted — in  1721, 1751, 1771,  and  1807. 
"  The  justification  of  the  present  edition  lies  in  the  fact 
that  it  is  the  first  to  restore  a  number  of  passages  sup- 
pressed by  Ludlow's  editor,  and  the  first  containing  crit- 
ical and  explanatory  notes,  and  adding  the  letters  of 
Ludlow." 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL,  BOOKS. 


Following  our  annual  custom,  we  give  herewith  a 
list  of  the  books  that  are  announced  for  publication  in 
this  country  during  the  present  season.  The  publishers 
have  responded  freely  and  promptly  to  our  requests  for 
information,  and  probably  few  if  any  important  omis- 
sions will  be  found.  The  avalanche  of  material  has 
been  sifted  and  the  list  of  titles  classified  and  arranged 
with  the  greatest  care ;  and  though  errors  in  such  work 
are  of  course  inevitable,  it  is  believed  that  these  are  in- 
significant, and  due  to  meagre  or  misleading  informa- 
tion. The  books  in  the  list  are  presumably  all  new 
books  —  new  editions  not  being  included  unless  having 
new  form  or  matter.  The  fulness  and  comparative  ex- 
cellence of  the  list  are  matters  for  general  congratula- 
tion, and  some  comments  upon  its  more  interesting  fea- 
tures may  be  found  in  the  leading  editorial  article  of 
this  issue.  

HISTORY. 

Continental  History,  a  series  including:  France  Under  the 
Regency,  by  James  Breck  Perkins ;  The  Eve  of  the  French 
Revolution,  by  E.  J.  Lowell ;  The  First  Napoleon,  by  John 
C.  Ropes ;  The  Dawn  of  Italian  Independence,  by  William 
R.  Thayer  (2  vols.) ;  The  Reconstruction  of  Europe,  by 
Harold  Murdock ;  per  vol.,  $2  ;  the  set,  boxed,  $12.— 
Side  Glimpses  from  the  Colonial  Meeting  House,  by  Will- 
iam Root  Bliss. — Following  the  Greek  Cross,  memories  of 
the  Sixth  Army  Corps,  by  Gen.  T.  W.  Hyde,  with  por- 
traits. (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

History  of  the  United  States,  by  E.  Benjamin  Andrews,  D.D., 
2  vols.—  The  Mogul  Emperors  of  Hindostan,  by  Edward 
S.  Holden,  LL.D.,  illus.  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  Story  of  the  Civil  War  in  America,  by  John  Codman 
Ropes,  3  vols.,  illus.,  with  maps,  etc.,  per  vol.,  $1.50. — 
Social  England,  from  earliest  times  to  the  present  day,  by 
various  writers,  edited  by  H.  D.  Traill,  D.C.L.,  6  vols., 
$3.50. — New  vols.  in  the  "  Story  of  the  Nations  "  series. — 
The  Story  of  the  Crusades,  by  T.  S.  Archer  and  C.  L. 
Kingsford ;  The  Story  of  Venice,  by  Alethea  Wiel ;  each, 
1  vol.,  illus.,  $1.50.— The  Winning  of  the  West,  Vol.  III.: 
The  Founding  of  the  Trans- Alleghany  Commonwealths, 
1784-1790,  by  Theodore  Roosevelt,  $2.50.  (G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons. ) 

The  Marquis  de  La  Fayette  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution, 

with  some  account  of  the  attitude  of  France  toward  the 

War  of  Independence,  by  Charlemagne  Tower,  Jr.,  2  vols. 

— Henry  of  Navarre  and  the  Religious  Wars,  by  Edward  T. 

Blair,  profusely  illus. — Colonial  Days  and  Dames,  by  Anne 

Hollingsworth  Wharton,  limited  edition  de  luxe.     ( J.  B. 

Lippincott  Co. ) 
A  History  of  the  United  States  Navy,  Vol.  II.,  1775  to  1894, 

by  Edgar  S.  Maclay,  A.M.,  illus.,  $3.50.     (D.  Appleton 

&Co.) 
Mediaeval  Europe,  800  to  1300  A.D.,  by  Prof.  Ephraim  Emer- 

ton.  —  A  History  of  Greece,  by  Prof.  P.  V.  N.  Myers. 

(Ginn  &  Co.) 

The  Jesuit  Relations,  limited  edition,  in  exact  facsimile  from 
originals,  54  vols.,  per  vol.,  $2.50.  (George  P.  Humphrey.) 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


161 


Short  History  of  English  Commerce,  by  W.  Cunningham,  D.D. 
—Stories  from  English  History,  by  Rev.  Alfred  J.  Church. 
— The  Meaning  of  History,  and  other  historical  pieces,  by 
Frederic  Harrison. — Western  Europe  in  the  Fifth  Century, 
by  E.  A.  Freeman. — Greek  History  from  its  Origin  to  the 
Destruction  of  the  Independence  of  the  Greek  People,  by 
Adolf  Holm,  4  vols. — Handbook  of  European  History,  by 
Arthur  Hassall. — The  British  Fleet,  the  growth,  achieve- 
ments, and  duties  of  the  Navy  of  the  Empire,  by  Com- 
mander Robinson,  R.  N.,  illus. —  History,  Prophecy,  and 
the  Monuments,  by  J.  F.  McCurdy,  Vol.  I.,  To  the  Fall  of 
Samaria,  $3.  i  Mat-mill ;m  &  Co.) 

The  French  Revolution  Tested  by  the  Career  of  Mirabeau.  a 
series  of  lectures  by  Dr.  H.  Von  Hoist,  2  vols.,  with  por- 
trait, $3.50.  (Callaghan  &  Co.) 

History  of  Antiquity,  by  Prof.  Max  Duncker,  in  6  vols.,  $30. 
(Chas.  H.Sergei  Co.) 

A  History  of  the  Commonwealth  and  the  Protectorate,  by 
Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner,  M.A.,  Vol.  I. —  Records  of  the 
Infantry  Militia  Battalions  of  the  County  of  Southampton, 
from  1757  to  1894,  by  Col.  G.  H.  Lloyd- Verney,  with  por- 
traits, $10.  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Edwin  Booth,  recollections  by  his  daughter,  Edwina  Booth 
Grossmann,  with  Booth's  letters  to  her  and  to  his  friends, 
illus.,  $3.  (Century  Co.) 

Lucy  Larcom,  life,  letters,  and  diary,  by  Rev.  Daniel  D.  Ad- 
dison,  with  portrait. — George  William  Curtis,  by  Edward 
Gary,  with  portrait,  Si. 25.—  The  Life  of  Frances  Power 
Cobbe,  by  herself,  illus.,  2  vols. —  Bishop  Andrewes,  by 
Rev.  R.  L.  Ottley,  with  portrait,  $1. — Life  and  Letters  of 
John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  by  Samuel  T.  Pickard,  2  vols., 
illus.  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

Three  Score  Years  and  Ten,  by  W.  J.  Linton,  with  portrait, 
$2. —  Life  and  Letters  of  Erasmus,  by  James  Anthony 
Froude,  $2.50.  —  William  Shakspere,  a  study  of  Eliza- 
bethan Literature,  by  Barrett  Wendell,  $2.—  The  Life  of 
Charles  Loring  Brace,  chiefly  told  in  his  own  letters,  edited 
by  Emma  Brace,  with  portraits.  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Our  Presidents,  1789-1894,  by  George  Bancroft,  John  Fiske, 
and  others,  with  portraits  on  steel  and  other  illustrations. 
( D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Ruf  us  King-comprising  his 
letters,  speeches,  etc.,  edited  by  Charles  K.  King,  M.D., 
5  vols.,  Vol.  II.,  $5. — The  Life  and  Genius  of  Jacobo  Ro- 
busti,  called  Tintoretto,  by  Frank  Preston  Stearns,  illus. 
— Napoleon,  by  Alexandre  Dumas,  trans,  by  John  B.  Lar- 
ner.  —  Lives  of  Twelve  Bad  Men,  original  studies  of  emi- 
nent scoundrels,  by  various  hands,  edited  by  Thomas  Sec- 
combe,  illus.  ( G-  P.  Putnam's  Sons. ) 

Life  of  Henry  Edward  Manning,  Cardinal  Archbishop  of 
Westminster,  by  Edmund  Sheridan  Purcell,  2  vols.,  illus. 
— Biographies  of  Atterbury,  Bunyan,  Goldsmith,  Johnson, 
and  Pitt,  by  Lord  Macaulay,  50  cts. — Life  and  Letters  of 
R.  W.  Church,  late  Dean  of  St.  Paul's.— Life  of  Sir  A.  C. 
Ramsay,  by  Archibald  Geikie,  F.R.S.,  illus. — Life  and  Art 
of  Joseph  Jefferson,  together  with  some  account  of  his 
ancestry,  etc.,  by  William  Winter,  illus.,  $2.25.  —  Life 
of  Swift,  by  Henry  Craik,  C.B.,  new  edition  in  2  vols., 
with  portraits. — More  Memories  of  Dean  Hole,  by  the  Very 
Rev.  S.  Reynolds  Hole,  $2.25.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Napoleon  at  Home,  the  daily  life  of  the  Emperor  at  the  Tuil- 
eries,  by  Frederick  Masson,  2  vols.,  illus.  by  de  Myrbach. 
— Napoleon  and  the  Women  of  his  Court,  by  Frederick  Mas- 
son,  illus. — Around  a  Throne  :  Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  her 
friends  and  favorites,  by  K.  Waliszewski,  2  vols.  (J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co. ) 

Arthur  O'Shaughnessy,  his  life  and  work,  with  selections 
from  his  poems ;  by  Louise  Chandler  Moulton,  with  por- 
trait, $1.25.  (Stone  &  Kimball.) 

Life  and  Inventions  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  by  W.  K.  L.  Dick- 
son  and  Antonia  Dickson,  with  250  illustrations,  $5. —  Fa- 
mous Leaders  Among  Men,  by  Sarah  K.  Bolton,  illus., 
$1.50.  (T.  Y.  Crowell&Co.) 

Memoirs  of  the  Verney  Family  during  the  Civil  War,  compiled 
by  Lady  Verney,  Vol.  III.,  illus. —  Life  of  Edward  Bou- 
veriePusey,  D.D.,  by  Henry  Parry  Liddon,  D.D.,  edited  by 
Rev.  J.  O.  Johnston,  Vol.  III.  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

Character  Studies,  with  some  personal  recollections,  by  Fred- 
erick Saunders.  (Thomas  Whittaker.) 

Memoir  of  Henry  Jacob  Bigelow,  A.M.,  M.D.,  with  portraits, 
$3.  (Little,  Brown,  &  Co.) 

The  Empress  Euge"nfe,  by  Pierre  de  Land,  trans,  from  seventh 
French  edition,  $1.25.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 


Napoleon,  Lover  and  Husband,  trans,  from  the  French  of 
Frederic  Masson  by  J.  M.  Howell,  with  5  gravure  plates, 
$1.50.  (Merriam  Co.) 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Chronological  Outlines  of  American  Literature,  by  Selden  L. 
Whitcomb,  with  preface  by  Brander  Matthews.  —  Essays 
of  Joseph  Mazzini,  trans,  from  the  Italian,  edited  by  Bol- 
ton King,  M.A.,  illus.  —  English  Prose,  selections,  with 
critical  introductions  by  various  writers,  edited  by  Henry 
Craik,  Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  each  $1.50. — Syriac  Literature, 
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with  numerous  illustrations.  —  The  Hulsean  Lectures  for 
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Simonds.  —  The  Literary  Study  of  the  Bible,  by  R.  G. 
Moulton. —  Coleridge's  Principles  of  Poetry,  edited  by  A. 
J.  George.  ( D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. ) 

Meditations  in  Motley,  a  bundle  of  papers  imbued  with  the 
sobriety  of  midnight,  by  Walter  Blackburn  Harte.  (Arena 
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chapter  of  Bibliography,  by  W.  A.  Clouston,  with  30  fac- 
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Co.) 


162 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Pancoast's  Representative  Literature,  the  historical  and  crit- 
ical parts,  modified  and  somewhat  amplified.  (Henry 
Holt  &  Co.) 

POETRY. 

Unguarded  Gates  and  Other  Poems,  by  Thomas  Bailey  Al- 
drich. —  English  and  Scottish  Popular  Ballads,  part  IX., 
edited  by  Prof.  Francis  J.  Child,  edition  de  luxe,  $5. — Nar- 
ragansett  Ballads,  with  Songs  and  Lyrics,  by  Caroline 
Hazard. — A  Victorian  Anthology,  selected  and  edited  by 
E.  C.  Stedman,  uniform  with  the  "  Cambridge  "  Longfel- 
low, $2.  —  Poems,  New  and  Old,  by  William  Roscoe 
Thayer,  $1. —  In  Sunshine  Land,  by  Edith  M.  Thomas, 
illus.,  $1.50.  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

Five  Books  of  Song,  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  illus.,  $1.50. 
(Century  Co.) 

A  June  Romance,  by  Norman  Gale,  1st  American  edition, 
$1. — Poems  of  Paul  Verlaine,  trans,  by  Gertrude  Hall, 
illus.,  $1.25. — Sonnets  of  the  Wingless  flours,  by  Eugene 
Lee-Hamilton,  $1. — Lincoln's  Grave,  by  Maurice  Thomp- 
son, $1. — Sonnets  and  Other  Poems,  by  George  Santayana, 
second  edition,  $1.25. — When  Hearts  are  Trumps,  by  Tom 
Hall,  $1.25.  (Stone  &  Kimball.) 

Madonna  and  Other  Poems,  by  Harrison  S.  Morris,  illus., 
$2.—  Early  English  Ballads,  with  200  illustrations,  4  vols., 
$5.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Translation  of  the  Odes  of  Horace,  and  the  Carmen  Saeculare, 
by  Wm.  E.  Gladstone. —  Select  Poems  of  Sidney  Lanier, 
edited,  with  notes,  etc.,  by  Morgan  Callaway,  Jr.,  Ph.D. 
(Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Wayside  Poems,  by  Wallace  Bruce,  illus.  (Harper  &  Bro- 
thers. ) 

The  End  of  Elfinland,  by  Jane  Barlow,  illus.  (Macmillan  & 
Co.) 

Fe"lise,  a  book  of  lyrics,  chosen  from  the  works  of  Algernon 
Charles  Swinburne,  limited  edition  on  handmade  paper, 
$1.  — The  Growth  of  Love,  by  Robert  Bridges,  $1.50. 
(Thomas  B.  Mosher,  Portland,  Me.) 

A  London  Rose  and  Other  Rhymes,  by  Ernest  Rhys,  $1.50. 
—A  Little  Child's  Wreath,  by  Elizabeth  Rachel  Chapman, 
$1.25.— Eighteenth  Century  Vignettes,  second  series,  by 
Austin  Dobson,  illus.  in  photogravure,  $2.  (Dodd,  Mead, 
&Co.) 

American  Song,  a  collection  of  representative  American 
poems,  with  critical  studies  of  their  writers,  edited  by  A. 
B.  Simonds. —  Verses  and  Flyleaves,  by  Charles  Stuart 
Calverley. —  Imitations  of  the  Beautiful,  by  Madison  J. 
Cawein,  $1.50. —  The  Flute  Player,  and  other  poems,  by 
Francis  H.  Williams,  $1.— A  Patch  of  Pansies,  by  J.  Ed- 
mund V.  Cooke,  $1. —  Vashti,  by  John  Brayshaw  Kaye, 
$1.25. — Songs  from  the  Woods  of  Maine,  by  Julia  H.  May. 
(G.P.Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  White  Tzar,  and  Other  Poems,  by  Henry  Bedlow,  illus., 
$2.50.  (J.  SelwinTait&Sons.) 

Back  Country  Poems,  by  Sam  Walter  Foss,  illus.,  $1.50.— 
Because  I  Love  You,  a  collection  of  love-poems,  edited  by 
Anna  E.  Mack,  $1.50.  (Lee  &  Shepard.) 

Poems  of  General  W.  H.  Lytle,  with  a  memorial  by  W.  H. 
Venable,  LL.D.,  with  steel  portrait,  $1.25.  (Robt.  Clarke 
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FICTION. 

Trilby,  by  George  du  Maurier,  illus.,  $1.75.  —  Highland 
Cousins,  by  William  Black,  illus. —  On  Cloud  Mountain, 
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Sweet  Clover,  a  romance  of  the  White  City,  by  Clara  Louise 
Burnham,  $1.25.— The  Chase  of  Saint  Castin  and  Other 
Tales,  by  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood,  $1.25.— Philip  and 
his  Wife,  by  Margaret  Deland,  $1.25.— Cceur  d'Alene,  by 
Mary  Hallock  Foote,  $1.25.  — The  Story  of  Lawrence 
Garth,  by  Ellen  Olney  Kirk.  (Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

The  Ralstons,  by  F.  Marion  Crawford,  2  vols.,  illus.,  $2.  — 
The  novels  of  Susan  E.  Ferrier,  6  vols.,  illus. — The  Vaga- 
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Lilian  Morris  and  Other  Stories,  by  Henryk  Sienkiewicz, 
trans,  by  Jeremiah  Curtin,  illus.  by  E.  H.  Garrett,  $1.25. 
—Centuries  Apart,  by  Edward  T.  Bowve",  illus.,  $1.50. 
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Writing  to  Rosina,  by  William  Henry  Bishop,  illus.,  $1.  — 
P'tit  Matinic'  and  Other  Monotones,  by  George  Wharton 
Edwards,  illus.,  $1.25.— A  Bachelor  Maid,  by  Mrs.  Burton 
Harrison,  illus.,  $1.25. — When  All  the  Woods  are  Green, 
by  Dr.  S.  Weir  Mitchell,  with  portrait,  $1.50.  (Century  Co.) 


Pomona's  Travels,  by  Frank  R.  Stockton,  illus.  by  A.  B. 
Frost,  $2.  —  Polly,  by  Thomas  Nelson  Page,  new  edition, 
illus.  by  Castaigne,  $1.50.  —  A  new  volume  of  stories  by 
Thomas  Nelson  Page,  $1.25.- — Henry  Kingsley's  novels, 
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Recollections  of  Geoffrey  Hamlyn,  2  vols.;  per  vol.,  $1. 
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Round  the  Red  Lamp,  by  A.  Conan  Doyle,  $1.50. —  A  Flash 
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cett,  $1.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Matthew  Austin,  by  W.  E.  Norris,  $1. — Mr.  Jervis,  by  Mrs. 
B.  M.  Croker,  $1.— The  Spell  of  Ursula,  by  Effie  Adelaide 
Rowlands,  $1.— The  Old,  Old  Story,  by  Rosa  Nouchette 
Carey,  $1.— Under  Fire,  by  Capt.  Charles  King,  U.  S.  A., 
$1.25.  —  Poppsea.  by  Julien  Gordon,  $1. —  The  Despotic 
Lady,  by  W.  E.  Norris,  $1.—  By  Reef  and  Palm,  South 
Sea  Island  stories,  by  Louis  Becke,  with  introduction  by 
Lord  Pembroke,  75  cts.  —  In  Market  Overt,  by  James 
Payn.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

"Ploughed"  and  Other  Stories,  by  L.  B.  Walford.— The 
People  of  the  Mist,  an  African  story,  by  H.  Rider  Hag- 
gard, illus.  (Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

Quiet  Stories  from  an  Old  Woman's  Garden,  by  Alison  Mc- 
Lean. (F.  Warne&Co.) 

Sea  and  Land  Stories,  10  vols.  of  semi-sensational  short  sto- 
ries by  leading  English  novelists ;  each  with  frontispiece, 
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Helen  B.  Dole,  illus.,  $1.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 

A  Saint,  by  Paul  Bourget,  trans,  by  Katherine  P.  Wonneley, 
illus.,  $1. — A  Monk  of  the  Aventine,  trans,  from  the  Ger- 
man, by  Helen  Hunt  Jackson,  $1.  —  A  Child  of  the  Age, 
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That  House  in  Bloomsbury,  by  Mrs.  Oliphant,  $1.25.— Kitty 
Alone,  by  S.  Baring  Gould,  $1.25.  — At  the  Ghost  Hour, 
four  ghost  stories  from  the  German  of  Paul  Heyse.  com- 
prising :  The  House  of  the  Unbelieving  Thomas,  Fair  Ab- 
igail, Mid-Day  Magic,  The  Forest  Laugh ;  each  in  1  vol., 
illus.,  50  cts. — Samantha  Among  the  Colored  Folk,  being 
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— Lessor's  Daughter,  by  Mrs.  Andrew  Dean,  50  cts.  — 
Found  and  Lost,  by  Mary  Putnam- Jacobi,  50  cts.  —  Peak 
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Maurus  Jokai. — Quits,  by  the  Baroness  Tautphoeus,  Leon- 
ora edition,  2  vols.,  $2.50. — lola,  the  Senator's  Daughter, 
a  story  of  ancient  Rome,  by  Mansfield  L.  Hillhouse.  (G. 
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Marie,  by  Laura  E.  Richards,  50  cts. — Narcissa,  and  In  Ver- 
ona, two  stories  of  New  England  life,  by  Laura  E.  Rich- 
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The  Man  from  Oshkosh,  by  John  Hicks,  ex-minister  to  Peru, 
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The  Birth  of  a  Soul,  by  Mrs.  A.  Phillips.  (Rand,  McNally 
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Pierre  and  His  People,  tales  of  the  far  north,  by  Gilbert  Par- 
ker, new  edition,  enlarged,  $1.25.  (Stone  &  Kimball.) 

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Evelyn  E.  Green  and  others,  $1.  —  Greater  Love,  and 
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75  cts. —  Before  the  Gringo  Came,  by  Gertrude  Atherton, 
$1.— A  Seventh  Child,  by  John  Strange  Winter,  $1.  ( J. 
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Chili  and  the  Southern  Seas,  by  Guy  Boothby,  illus.,  $1.50. 
—  The  Dead  Gallant,  together  with  The  King  of  Hearts, 
by  Outram  Tristram,  illus.,  $1.50.  —  Winning  a  Wife  in 
Australia,  by  E.  Donnison,  illus.,  $1.25. — The  Rajah's  Sec- 
ond Wife,  by  Headon  Hill,  illus.,  $1.25. —Seven  Little 
Australians,  by  Ethel  S.  Turner,  illus.,  $1.  —  Honey  of 
Aloes  and  Other  Stories,  by  Nora  Vynne,  $1. —  A  Sunless 
Heart,  $1.  (Ward,  Lock,  &  Bowden.) 

ART  AND  Music. 

The  Art  of  the  American  Wood-Engraver,  letterpress  by 
Philip  Gilbert  Hamerton,  40  signed  artists'  proofs  on  India 
paper,  $40.  —  Musicians  and  Music  Lovers,  by  W.  F.  Ap- 
thorp,  $1.50.  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


163 


Pen  and  Pencil  Sketches,  by  Henry  Stacy  Marks,  R.  A.,  with 
4  photogravures  and  124  facsimile  illustrations,  2  vols.,  $8. 
( J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

John  Russell,  R.A.,  the  "  prince  of  crayon  portrait  painters," 
by  George  C.  Williamson,  with  introduction  by  Lord  Ron- 
ald Gower,  F.S.A.,  illus.  —  The  Life  of  Christ  as  Repre- 
sented in  Art,  by  Frederic  W.  Farrar,  D.D.,  illus. — Amer- 
ican Book-Plates,  a  guide  to  their  study,  with  examples, 
by  Charles  Dexter  Allen,  illus.  —  Handbook  of  Artists' 
Materials  and  their  Uses,  by  A.  P.  Laurie,  illus. — Modern 
Book  Illustration,  by  Joseph  Pennell. — Studies  in  Modern 
Music,  second  series,  by  W.  H.  Hadow.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

Schools  and  Masters  of  Sculpture,  by  A.  G.  Radcliffe,  illus., 
$3. —  Raphael's  Sistine  Madonna,  by  Dr.  Mombert,  illus. 
with  photogravures.  ( D.  Appleton  &  Co. ) 

Portraits  in  Plaster,  from  the  collection  of  Lawrence  Hutton, 
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(Harper  &  Bros.) 

TRAVEL,  ADVENTURE,  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Across  Asia  on  a  Bicycle,  by  Thomas  G.  Allen,  Jr.,  and  Wm. 
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A  Corner  of  Cathay,  studies  from  life  among  the  Chinese, 
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Erman,  trans,  by  H.  M.  Tirard,  illus.— Australia,  by  Miss 
Shaw.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  Borderland  of  Czar  and  Kaiser,  notes  on  both  sides  of 
the  Russian  frontier,  by  Poultney  Bigelow,  illus.  (Har- 
per &  Bros.) 

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The  Pearl  of  India  (Ceylon),  by  M.  M.  Ballou,  $1.50.— 
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vols.,  $4. — A  Florida  Sketch-Book,  by  Bradford  Torrey, 
$1.25.  —  Danvis  Folks,  by  Rowland  E.  Robinson,  $1.25. 
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Three  Years  of  Arctic  Service,  by  Gen.  A.  W.  Greely,  new 
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the  Equator,  by  Edward  Whym per,  new  edition,  illus.,  $4. 
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new  edition,  2  vols.,  illus.,  $5.  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

From  Edinburgh  to  the  Antartic,  by  W.  G.  Burn  Murdoch, 
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illus. — Studies  of  Nature  on  the  Coast  of  Arran,  by  George 
Milner,  illus.  ( Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. ) 

John  Bull  &  Co.,  the  Great  Colonial  Branches  of  the  Firm, 
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The  Land  of  the  Almighty  Dollar,  by  H.  Panmure  Gordon, 
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ess of  Buckingham  and  Chandos,  illus.,  $3.50. — Domestic 
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trations, $4.  ( Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. ) 

Society  in  China,  an  account  of  everyday  life  of  the  Chinese 
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Colleges.— The  Book  of  Psalms,  books  II.  and  III.,  edited 
by  Rev.  A.  F.  Kirkpatrick,  D.D.— Cambridge  Greek  Tes- 
tament for  Schools  and  Colleges,  the  Epistle  to  the  Phil- 
lipians,  edited  by  Rev.  H.  C.  G.  Moule,  M.A.  (Macmil- 
lan &  Co.) 

Odes  and  Epodes  of  Horace,  edited,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  by  Prof.  Clement  Lawrence  Smith.— Freytag's  Dok- 
tor  Luther,  edited,  with  notes  and  introduction,  by  Frank 
P.  Goodrich,  Ph.D.— Morceaux  Choisis  de  Paul  Bourget, 
edited  by  A.  N.  van  Daell.— The  Roman  Pronunciation  of 
Latin,  why  and  how  we  use  it,  by  Prof.  Frances  E.  Lord. 

—  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Classical  Philology,  by  Dr. 
Alfred  Gudeman,  second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. — 
Fables  and  Rhymes  for  Beginners,  by  John  G.  Thompson 
and  Thomas  E.  Thompson,  illus.— Sartor  Resartus,  edited, 
with  introduction  and  notes,  by  Professor  Archibald  Mac- 
mechan. — A  Book  of  Elizabethan  Lyrics,  selected  and  ed- 
ited, with  notes,  by  Professor  F.  E.  Schelling. — Selections 
from  Herrick,  edited,  with  notes,  by  Prof.  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
— Tacitus,  Dialogus  de  Oratoribus,  edited  by  Prof.  C.  E. 
Bennett.  —  Colloquia  of  Erasmus,  edited  by  Victor  S. 
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ties, a  series  of  papers  by  some  twenty  leading  professors 
of  English  which  have  appeared  in  "The  Dial." — Les- 
sons in  Chemistry  for  Common  Schools,  by  G.  P.  Phenix. 

—  Physical  Laboratory  Manual,  by  H.  N.  Chute.— Induc- 
tive Course  in  Physics  for  Grammar  Schools,  by  F.  H. 
Bailey.— A  Brief  History  of  Chemistry,  by  F.  P.  Venable. 

—  A  Laboratory  Course  in  Experimental  Psychology,  by 
Dr.  E.  C.  Sanford.— De  Foe's  Robinson  Crusoe,  edited  for 
schools  by  Kate  Stephens.  —  Irving's  Dolph  Huyliger, 
edited  for  schools  by  Kate  Stephens. — Stories  of  Old 
Greece,  by  Emma  M.  Firth. — Animal  Life,  nature  stories 
for  young  readers,  by  Florence  M.  Bass.—  Lessons  in  the 
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mereien,  with  notes,  etc.,  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Van  der  Smissen. 

—  Gerstacker's  Germelhausen,  with  notes  by  Prof.  Carl 
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Primer. — Dano-Norwegian  Grammar,  by  P.Groth. — Fleurs 
de  France,  a  collection  of  modern  French  stories,  with  notes 
by  C.  Fontaine.—  Zola's  La  Debacle,  edited,  with  notes, 
by  Prof.  B.  W.  Wells.— Verne's  Le  Tour  du  Monde  en 
Quatre-Vingts  Jours,  with  notes  by  Prof.  A.  H.  Edgren. 

—  Hugo's  Ruy  Bias,  with  introduction  and  notes  by  Prof. 
Samuel  Garner.     ( D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. ) 


164 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Lectures  Faciles  pour  1'Etude  du  Franc.ais,  by  Paul  Bercy. — 
Simples  Notions  de  Francois,  by  Paul  Bercy.—  Conversa- 
tion des  Enfants,  by  Chas.  P.  Croquet. — The  French  Lan- 
guage, by  Prof.  Alfred  Sardou,  Part  I. — Partir  a  Tiempo, 
a  Spanish  comedy  in  one  act,  by  Don  Mariano  Jose"  de  Larra, 
edited  by  A.  W.  Herdler. —  Les  Historiens  Frangais  du 
XIXe  Siecle,  with  notes  by  C.  Fontaine,  B.L. —  Prelimin- 
ary French  Drill,  by  Prof.  A.  de  Rougemont. — El  Final  de 
Norma,  by  Dr.  Pedro  A.  de  Alar§on,  with  notes  by  R. 
Cortina,  A.M. — La  Chant  du  Cygne,  by  Georges  Ohnet. — 
Le  Buste,  by  Edmond  About. — French  Pronunciation,  by 
Jean  Peiffer. —  Progressive  Drill  Books,  by  Jean  Peiffer. 
—  Cartes  de  Lecture  Franchise  pour  les  Enfants  Ame'ri- 
cains,  by  Misses  Gay  and  Garber.  (William  R.  Jenkins.) 

The  Grammar  School  Course  of  Physics  followed  in  the 
"  Cambridge  experiment,"  by  Prof.  Edwin  H.  Hall. — New 
annotated  edition  of  Hugo's  Hernani,  prepared  by  Prof. 
G.  M.  Harper.  (Henry  Holt  &  Co.) 

A  Primer  of  Psychology,  by  Prof.  George  T.  Ladd,  75  cts. 
(Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Irving's  Sketch-Book  and  The  Alhambra,  student's  editions, 
edited  by  William  Lyon  Phelps,  A.M.,  each,  $1.25.  (G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons. ) 

The  Anticipatory  Subjunctive  in  Greek  and  Latin,  a  chapter 
of  comparative  syntax,  by  Wm.  Gardner  Hale,  50  cts. 
(University  Press  of  Chicago.) 

Preparatory  Physics,  a  short  course  in  the  Laboratory,  by 
William  J.  Hopkins,  illus.  —  The  Teaching  of  Physical 
Exercises,  by  F.  J.  Harvey. — College  Histories  of  Art,  a 
series  comprising :  A  History  of  Painting,  by  John  C.  Van 
Dyke ;  A  History  of  Architecture,  by  Prof.  A.  D.  F. 
Hamlin ;  and  A  History  of  Sculpture,  by  Profs.  Allan 
Marquand  and  A.  L.  Frothingham,  Jr.  ;  each,  1  vol.,  illus. 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

Waymarks  for  Teachers,  by  Sarah  L.  Arnold,  $1. —  Beacon 
Lights  of  Patriotism,  by  Henry  B.  Carrington,  U.S.A.,  72 
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Method  in  Reading,  first  book,  by  Prof.  Edward  G.  Ward, 
38  cts. —  Manual  of  Instruction  for  Teachers  of  Rational 
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POLITICS,  SOCIOLOGY,  AND  LAW. 

Essays  on  Questions  of  the  Day,  Political  and  Social,  by  Gold- 
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The  American  Commonwealth,  by  the  Right  Hon.  James 
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tional Law,  by  Prof.  Westlake. —  Architect,  Owner,  and 
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of  Industry,  by  Prof.  Monger,  trans,  by  Mary  E.  Tanner. 
— Animal  Rights  Considered  in  Relation  to  Social  Progress, 
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Wealth  Against  Commonwealth,  by  Henry  D.  Lloyd.  (Har- 
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The  Southern  States  of  the  American  Union,  considered  in 
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Insurance,  Fire,  Marine,  and  Life,  by  Charles  F.  Beach,  Jr., 
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F.  I.  C. — Practical  Reflections  on  Isaiah,  by  the  author  of 
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Heroes  of  Israel,  by  William  G.  Blaikie,  D.D.,  illus.,  $1.50. 
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1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


165 


SCIENCE  AND  NATURE. 

Mental  Development  in  the  Child  and  the  Race,  by  J.  Mark 
Baldwin,  2  vols. —  From  the  Greeks  to  Darwin,  by  Henry 
F.  Osborn.  —  Amphioxus  and  the  Ancestry  of  the  Verte- 
brates, by  Arthur  Willey,  illus.  —  A  Dictionary  of  Chem- 
ical Solubilities,  by  A.  M.  Comey. —  Magnetism  and  Elec- 
tricity, by  Andrew  Gray,  M.A.  —  The  Book  of  the  Rose, 
by  Rev.  A.  Foster-Melliar,  illus.  —  Wundt's  Lectures  on 
Human  and  Animal  Psychology,  trans,  by  J.  E.  Creighton 
and  E.  B.  Titchener. — Wild  Animals  in  Captivity,  or,  Or- 
pheus at  the  Zoo,  by  J.  E.  Cornish,  illus.— The  Theory  of 
Light,  by  Thomas  Preston,  M.A.,  second  edition,  revised. 
— The  Planet  Earth,  an  astronomical  introduction  to  geog- 
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Theoretical  Chemistry,  by  Prof.  Nernst,  trans,  by  Charles 
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$1.25.— Riverby,  by  John  Burroughs,  $1.25.— Land  Birds 
and  Game  Birds  of  New  England,  by  Henry  D.  Minot, 
illus.  —  The  Silva  of  North  America,  by  Charles  Sprague 
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of  Japan,  by  Charles  Sprague  Sargent,  illus.  ( Houghton, 
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The  Diseases  of  Personality,  by  Th.  Ribot,  new  edition,  re- 
vised, 75  cts. — Post-Darwinian  Questions,  by  Prof.  G.  J. 
Romanes,  edited  by  Prof.  C.  Lloyd  Morgan.  (Open 
Court  Publishing  Co. ) 

Twenty-five  Years  of  Scientific  Progress,  a  series  of  lectures 
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MECHANICS  AND  ENGINEERING. 

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culations for  Engineering  Structures,  by  T.  Claxton  Fid- 
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by  F.  B.  De  Gress,  M.E. —  The  Practical  Management  of 
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MEDICINE  AND  HYGIENE. 

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A  History  of  Epidemics  in  Great  Britain,  by  Charles  Creigh- 
ton,  M.D.,  Vol.  II.  —  The  Senile  Heart,  by  George  W. 
Balfour,  M.D. — Physiology  for  Beginners,  by  Michael  Fos- 
ter, M. A.,  and  L.  E.  Shore,  M.A. — Text-book  of  Anatomy 
and  Physiology  for  Nurses,  compiled  by  Diana  Clifford 
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Wiedersheim,  trans,  by  H.  M.  Bernard,  revised  by  G.  B. 
Howes,  D.Sc.,  illus. —  A  Text-book  of  Physiology,  by 
Michael  Foster,  new  edition,  abridged  and  revised  from 
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REFERENCE. 

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ions ;  each,  $2  ;  the  set,  boxed,  $10.  (Houghton,  Mifflin 
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Evolution  of  Whist,  by  W.  Pole,  F.  R.S.     (Longmans, 

Green,  &  Co.) 
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and  E.  C.  Howell,  $1.    (Roberts  Bros.) 
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per &  Bros.) 
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M.D.    (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
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&Co.) 

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vols.,  each  with  frontispiece  portrait  and  numerous  full- 
page  illustrations,  each  $1.75. — Astor  Library  of  standard 
literature,  8  new  vols.,  each  75  cts.  (T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.) 


166 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Cabinet  edition  of  Poets,  including  Burns,  Bret  Harte,  Long- 
fellow, Tennyson,  etc.,  each  with  portrait,  $1. —  Tuscan 
Cities,  by  W.  D.  Howells,  uniform  with  his  novels,  $1.50. 
— Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Whittier,  Cambridge  edi- 
tion, uniform  with  the  Cambridge  Longfellow,  with  por- 
trait, $2.  —  New  Handy-Volume  edition  of  Whittier's 
poems,  4  vols.,  with  portraits,  boxed,  $5.  (Houghton,  Mif- 
flin  &  Co.) 

The  Canterbury  Tales,  edited  by  A.  W.  Pollard,  2  vols.— 
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G.  C.  Macaulay,  $1.25. — A  new  and  complete  edition  of 
the  works  of  Robert  Browning,  9  vols.,  with  notes,  etc. — 
Pride  and  Prejudice,  by  Jane  Austen,  illus.  by  Hugh  Thom- 
son, $2.25. —  Selected  Poems  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  uniform 
with  the  "  Dryburgh"  edition  of  the  Waverley  novels. — 
Selected  Poems  of  Aubrey  De  Vere,  with  introduction  by 
George  E.  Woodberry. —  Homer's  Iliad,  edited  in  accord- 
ance with  modern  criticism,  by  Arthur  Platt,  M.A. — New 
volumes  in  the  Popular  edition  of  Dickens  :  Little  Dorrit 
and  Bleak  House  ;  each,  illus.,  $1.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
Thiers's  History  of  the  French  Revolution,  new  edition,  illus. 
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lations, uniform  with  the  Ashburton  edition  of  his  works, 
3  vols.,  $7.50. — The  Works  of  Laurence  Sterne,  edited  by 
George  Saintsbury,  illus.,  6  vols.,  $G. —  Burns's  Complete 
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on  wood,  2  vols.,  $4.     ( J.  B.  Lippineott  Co.) 
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Authors,  a  series  containing  half-hour  readings  from  stan- 
dard authors,  12  vols.,  in  a  case,  $7.50.— The  Lansdowne 
Handy  Volume  Shakespeare,  on  India  paper,  b'  vols. — Al- 
bion Edition  of  the  Standard  Poets,  new  vol.:  Iliad  and 
Odyssey,  trans,  by  Pope,  illus.,  $1.50.     (F.  Warne  &  Co.) 
Moliere's   Dramatic   Works,   trans,  by   Katherine   Prescott 
Wormeley,  Vols.  III.  and  IV.,  $1.50  per  vol. —  Catherine 
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ley, $1.50.     I  Roberts  Bros. ) 

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$7.50. —  Masterpieces  of  English  Literature,  a  new  series 
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page  plates,  boxed,  $2.50.  ( Estes  &  Lauriat) . 
Paul  and  Virginia,  by  Bernardin  de  Saint-Pierre,  illus.  by  Le- 

loir.     ( D.  Appleton  &  Co. ) 
Hypatia,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  illus.  by  W.  M.  Johnson,  2  vols. 

(Harper  &  Bros.) 

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by  Edward  Fitzgerald,  limited  edition  on  hand-made  paper. 
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Monte  Cristo,  by  Alexandre  Dumas ;  The  Three  Musket- 
eers, by  Alexandre  Dumas,  with  new  introduction  by  his 
son  ;  Scott's  Complete  Poetical  Works,  with  introduction 
by  Charles  Eliot  Norton  ;  Milton's  Complete  Poetical 
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Italy,  by  Madame  DeStael,  new  translation,  illus.,  2  vols., 
$2.  (J.  B.  Lippineott  Co.) 

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in  Missal  style,  new  edition,  boxed,  $2. — Our  Colonial 
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[Owing  to  the  great  length  of  this  list,  and  the  large  num- 
ber of  titles  remaining  for  "Books  for  the  Young,"  it  is 
found  necessary  to  carry  the  latter  category  over  to  our  next 
issue.—  EDR.  DIAL.] 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


167 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  September  8,  1894. 

The  publication,  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  of 
a  new  and  handsome  edition  of  Mrs.  Trollope's  amus- 
ing impressions  of  American  life,  first  issued  in  1832, 
recalls  to  mind  her  friendship  with  an  American  lady, 
the  writer's  ever-youthful  grandmother,  the  late  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  C.  Kinuey.  Their  acquaintance  began  at 
Florence  in  the  early  fifties,  whither  Mrs.  Kinney  re- 
moved with  her  husband  at  the  expiration  of  his  term 
as  American  minister  at  Victor  Emmanuel's  court. 
There  they  found  the  Brownings,  the  Trollopes,  Hiram 
Powers,  and  a  number  of  other  literary  and  artistic 
celebrities  then  resident  in  Florence.  Mrs.  Kinney,  in 
addition  to  her  more  formal  literary  work,  preserved  a 
record  of  her  Florentine  experiences  in  a  journal,  por- 
tions of  which  are  incorporated  in  her  as  yet  unpub- 
lished autobiography.  Various  anecdotes,  descriptions, 
and  characterizations  of  the  group  are  given  which  can- 
not see  the  light  these  many  years.  There  is,  however, 
a  lively  little  passage  concerning  Mrs.  Trollope  and  her 
"  Domestic  Manners  of  the  Americans  "  which  will  bear 
present  quotation. 

"  'Mrs.  Trollope,'  says  ray  journal,  'is  another  of  these 
off-hand  writers  ;  but  certainly,  in  spite  of  this,  a  remarka- 
ble one.  having  published  one  hundred  volumes.  What  are 
they  ?  Novels,  and  they  sell !  In  her  first  book  of  travels 
she  served  up  us  Americans  with  piquant  sauce  ;  but  we  for- 
give her  ;  for,  as  her  speculations  in  the  West  fell  to  naught, 
so  did  the  froth  of  her  ill-humor  evaporate.  Besides,  she 
now  [in  1 855]  affects  Americans  greatly,  as  she  does  cards  and 
other  amusements  :  she  finds  tongues  in  green-ones,  sermons 
in  grave-ones,  and  good  in  every  one,  f.  e.,  good  subjects  for 
pen  portraits.  The  old  lady  lives  freely,  and  has  free  means 
to  live  on,  thanks  to  her  wits,  or  her  industry.'  At  the  date 
I  wrote  that,  Mrs.  Trollope  was  an  unbeliever  in  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  and  indeed  in  any  future  state  ;  had  been  all 
her  life  a  materialist.  Soon  after,  as  she  was  nearing  80,  her 
mind  became  uneasy  on  religious  subjects,  and  she  became 
convinced  of  a  soul  through  the  doing  and  teachings  of  the 
so-called  Spiritualist,  Daniel  Home." 

Almost  everyone  will  now  agree  with  Prof.  Harry 
Thurston  Peck,  the  editor  of  this  edition  of  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope's book,  that  it  was  written  with  an  honest  purpose, 
and  not  of  malice  aforethought,  and  that  its  unfavora- 
ble survey  of  our  conditions  at  that  time  was  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  most  of  the  period  of  her  residence 
here  was  passed  in  "  a  little,  raw,  backwoods  settlement, 
the  Ultima  Thule  of  civilization,  among  men  who  drank 
whiskey,  chewed  tobacco,  and  kept  their  hats  on  in  her 
parlor,  and  among  women  who  entered  her  house  unin- 
vited, and  who  habitually  spoke  of  her  as  '  the  English 
old  woman.' "  And  yet,  her  extensive  literary  labors 
were  all  performed  after  this  period. 

The  death  of  Mrs.  Edward  L.  Youmans,  a  "  figure 
of  the  past  "  in  our  own  literary  circles,  has  passed 
almost  without  comment  here.  She  had  been  spending 
the  summer  as  usual  at  Ridgefield,  Conn.,  and  died 
there  on  August  29,  after  a  short  illness.  Some  of 
those  who  attended  her  funeral  at  that  place  were 
Prof.  John  Fiske,  Mr.  John  Bigelow,  Mr.  Donald  G. 
Mitchell,  and  Dr.  Henry  M.  Field  of  the  "  Evangelist." 
Among  her  more  intimate  friends  may  be  included  Dr. 
Titus  Munson  Coau,  who  first  met  her  in  his  boyhood, 
when  she  was  the  wife  of  Chief  Justice  William  L. 
Lee,  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  to  which  place  she  sailed, 
after  an  extremely  romantic  courtship,  in  1849,  and 
was  there  married,  Mr,  Lee  having  preceded  her.  Dr. 
Coan  tells  me  that  she  was  a  favorite  in  the  small  but 


refined  and  cultivated  circle  (if  American  and  English 
society  at  Honolulu,  attracting  all  who  knew  her  by 
her  great  social  charm  and  personal  vivacity.  On  the 
death  of  Judge  Lee,  she  returned  to  New  York  in 
1857,  and  a  few  years  afterward  married  the  late  Pro- 
fessor Youmans.  As  already  mentioned  in  this  cor- 
respondence, Professor  and  Mrs.  Youmans  were  for 
many  years  prominent  in  New  York  literary  circles, 
and  their  home  in  the  old  Haight  house  was  the  resort 
of  the  group  of  which  Mrs.  Anne  Lynch  Botta  was  a 
central  figure.  Since  her  husband's  death,  in  1887, 
Mrs.  Youmans  has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  affairs 
of  the  XlXth  Century  Club,  a  social-literary  organiza- 
tion for  men  and  women. 

Philadelphia  ten  years  ago  was,  I  fear,  a  byword 
among  Boston  and  New  York  writers  as  a  city  practi- 
cally destitute  of  literary  impulse  and  production.  Mr. 
Boker,  Dr.  Furness,  and  Mrs.  Davis  were  then,  as  two 
of  them  are  now,  active  contributors  to  American  schol- 
arship and  literature  ;  but  there  seemed  to  be  no  pros- 
pect of  any  succession.  It  was  about  this  time  that  a 
small  band  of  literary  enthusiasts,  most  of  them  en- 
gaged in  material  occupations,  began  to  assemble  and 
encourage  each  other  in  efforts  to  overcome  the  exist- 
ing inertia.  Among  them  were  the  late  Charles  Henry 
Liiders  and  John  A.  Henry,  S.  Decatur  Smith,  Jr., 
Francis  Howard  Williams,  Charles  Leonard  Moore,  and 
two  or  three  others.  The  first  fruits  of  this  literary 
comradeship  were  two  thin  little  volumes  of  verse,  "  A 
Duet  in  Lyrics,"  by  Messrs.  Morris  and  Henry,  and 
"  Hallo,  My  Fancy  ! "  by  Messrs.  Liiders  and  Smith. 
Later  on,  these  gentlemen  formed  themselves  into  the 
Pegasus  Club,  of  which  I  have  written  in  a  former  let- 
ter. Gradually  the  impulse  extended  itself,  and  besides 
those  mentioned,  Miss  Repplier,  Mr.  R.  H.  Davis,  and 
Mr.  Owen  Wister  have  won  new  laurels  for  the  city 
which  was  really  the  birthplace  of  American  letters. 

The  text  of  this  little  sermon  on  literary  Philadelphia 
is  based  on  the  advance  sheets  of  Mr.  Harrison  S.  Morris's 
forthcoming  volume,  "  Madonna  and  Other  Poems,"  to 
be  published  by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company  next  month. 
This  is  the  first  collective  edition  of  his  poems,  and  con- 
tains those  which  he  wishes  to  preserve  in  permanent 
form.  There  are  reminiscences  of  Keats  and  Lowell  in 
some  of  the  poems,  but  they  strike  original  notes  in  the 
main,  and  the  volume  is  marked  by  a  sustained  eleva- 
tion of  tone  somewhat  unusual  in  first  books  of  poetry. 
The  title  piece,  "  Madonna,"  which  readers  of  the  "  Cen- 
tury Magazine  "  will  remember,  a  fine  mediaeval  ballad 
entitled  "A  Garden  Quest,"  "To  a  Comrade"  (John 
A.  Henry), "  Winds  and  Leaves,"  and  sonnets  to  Homer, 
Walt  Whitman,  and  Thoreau,  may  be  marked  for  spe- 
cial notice.  There  is  also  a  section  of  landscape  verse, 
in  which  Mr.  Morris  excels. 

It  is  announced  that  Mr.  F.  Marion  Crawford,  hav- 
ing acquired  a  fine  piece  of  property  near  Hanover, 
N.  H.,  his  wife's  birthplace,  will  shortly  erect  upon  it 
"  a  magnificent  summer  residence  "  commanding  an  ex- 
cellent view  of  the  Connecticut  river  for  miles.  He  will 
hereafter  spend  his  summers  in  this  ideal  retreat,  which 
is  some  fifty  miles  north  of  Mr.  Kipling's  home  at  Brat- 
tleboro',  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  It  is 
due  west  of  Lake  \Vinnipeseogee,  and  is  a  short  distance 
from  the  Shaker  village  at  Lebanon.  I  have  observed 
that  Mr.  Crawford  has  always  asserted  his  American 
citizenship,  in  spite  of  his  foreign  birth  and  residence. 
The  place  of  his  birth  cannot  well  be  changed,  but  he 
evidently  intends  to  become  a  resident  of  his  country  in 
fact  as  well  as  in  theory.  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


168 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


The  "  Revue  de  Paris  "  has  secured  as  serials  the  new 
novels  of  MM.  Daudet,  Bourget,  and  Hale'vy.  Their 
respective  titles  are  "  Quinze  Ans  de  Mariage,"  "  Une 
Idylle  Tragique,"  and  "  Deux  Jeunes  Filles." 

We  are  glad  to  learn  that  Judge  Gayarre",  the  ven- 
erable historian  of  Louisiana,  who  has  been  seriously  ill 
during  the  summer,  is  now  restored  to  his  usual  health. 
Judge  Gayarre*  will  be  ninety  years  old  on  the  fifth  of 
next  January. 

THE  DIAL'S  articles  on  the  Teaching  of  English  in 
American  Colleges  and  Universities  have  aroused  a  hope- 
ful degree  of  interest  in  this  important  subject,  and  this 
will  be  continued  by  the  publication  of  the  articles  in 
book  form,  by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

Dr.  Elliott  Coues,  who  has  nearly  completed  his  new 
edition  of  "  Pike's  Expedition,"  has  just  returned  from 
a  canoe  trip  of  over  four  hundred  miles  to  the  sources 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  He  reports  finding  many  im- 
portant facts  and  interesting  items  that  will  be  added 
to  his  extensive  notes. 

We  have  been  awaiting  with  much  interest  the  arrival 
in  this  country  of  three  distinguished  English  men  of 
letters,  Dean  Hole,  Dr.  Conan  Doyle,  and  the  Rev.  Stop- 
ford  Brooke,  who  have  all  been  announced  for  lectures 
during  the  autumn.  We  now  learn  that  Dr.  Brooke 
has  been  compelled  by  illness  to  postpone  his  visit. 
The  other  two,  however,  may  be  expected  at  an  early 
date,  and  will  appear  under  the  management  of  the  vet- 
eran Major  Pond.  Dr.  Doyle  will  be  entertained  soon 
after  his  arrival  by  the  Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Chi- 
cago. 

In  response  to  frequent  inquiries  we  wish  to  say  that 
the  volume  of  "  Proceedings  of  the  International  Con- 
gress of  Education  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion" may  be  purchased  from  Dr.  N.  A.  Calkins,  124 
East  Eightieth  street,  New  York,  for  two  dollars  and 
fifty  cents.  We  may  also  mention  the  fact  that  the  fa- 
mous "  Report  of  the  Committee  of  Ten  "  has  been  re- 
published  on  behalf  of  the  National  Educational  Asso- 
tion  by  the  American  Book  Co.,  808  Broadway,  New 
York,  from  whom  it  may  be  had  for  the  nominal  price 
of  thirty  cents. 

Thomas  Dunn  English,  M.D,  LL.D.,  the  author  of 
the  once  popular  song  "Ben  Bolt"  (interest  in  which 
has  recently  been  revived  by  Du  Maurier's  story  of 
"  Trilby  ")  still  lives  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  is  now  com- 
pleting his  second  term  in  Congress.  "  Ben  Bolt "  was 
written  in  1843.  At  the  request  of  many  friends,  the 
poet's  daughter,  Miss  Alice  English  has  collected  and 
edited,  for  publication  by  private  subscription,  about 
240  of  his  poems.  The  volume  will  be  entitled  "  The 
Select  Poems  of  Dr.  Thomas  Dunn  English,"  and  will 
not  include  the  "  Battle  Lyrics  "  published  by  Messrs. 
Harper  &  Brothers  several  years  since. 

The  encouraging  prospects  of  the  book  trade,  shown 
in  the  unexpectedly  profuse  announcements  of  Fall  books 
in  this  issue  of  THE  DIAL,  are  confirmed  by  a  New 
York  publisher,  Mr.  J.  Selwin  Tait,  who  summed  up 
the  situation  in  a  recent  interview:  "I  think  that  pub- 
lishers generally  feel  that,  accident  aside,  they  have  be- 
gun a  period  of  prosperity  which  will  last  them  through 
the  century.  The  period  of  depression  through  which 
we  have  passed  has  not  been  an  unmixed  evil  for  the 
publishing  business,  since  it  has  resulted  in  the  clearing 
out  of  enormous  stocks  of  standard  publications  held  by 


bankrupt  concerns,  the  result  of  the  reckless  manufac- 
ture of  previous  years." 

The  "  Athenaeum  "  states  that  the  slab  that  is  to  cover 
the  grave  of  Robert  Browning  in  Westminster  Abbey 
is  almost  completed,  and  will  be  sent  to  England  quite 
shortly  from  Venice.  Owing  to  the  limitations  of  the 
allotted  space,  it  was  not  easy  for  Mr.  Barrett  Brown- 
ing to  decide  upon  a  design.  The  gravestone  will  be 
of  Oriental  porphyry,  of  which  the  poet  was  particularly 
fond.  It  was  difficult  to  find  a  piece  sufficiently  large, 
but  finally  Mr.  R.  B.  Browning  met  with  one  at  Rome. 
It  has  been  put  into  a  frame  of  Siena  marble,  and  the 
whole,  though  rich,  is  of  the  greatest  simplicity,  and  in 
accordance  with  what  would  have  been  the  poet's  taste. 
The  inscription  will  consist  of  only  the  name  and  date 
of  birth,  with  an  English  rose  at  the  head  and  a  Flor- 
entine lily  below. 

Mrs.  Augusta  Webster,  the  news  of  whose  death  was 
cabled  on  the  sixth  of  this  month,  occupied  an  hon- 
orable position  among  the  minor  Victorian  poets.  A 
daughter  of  Admiral  Davies,  and  born  about  1840,  she 
made  her  first  appearance  in  literature  under  the  nom 
de  guerre  of  "  Cecil  Home,"  publishing  two  or  three 
novels.  Her  first  volume  of  poems  was  the  "  Dra- 
matic Studies  "  of  1865,  which  appeared  in  her  own 
name.  Other  volumes  of  verse  were  "  A  Woman  Sold 
and  Other  Poems  "  (1866),  "Portraits"  (1870),  "The 
Auspicious  Day"  (1872),  "Disguises"  (1880),  and 
translations  of  the  "  Prometheus  Bound  "  of  ^Eschylus 
and  the  "  Medea  "  of  Euripides.  A  volume  of  selec- 
tions from  her  poems  appeared  last  year. 

The  Comte  de  Paris,  who  died  in  exile  in  London  on 
the  eighth  of  September  at  the  age  of  fifty-six,  belongs 
rather  to  politics  than  to  letters,  yet  Americans  should 
not  be  forgetful  of  the  fact  that  he  served  in  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  as  an  aide-de-camp  of  McClellan,  and 
that  his  "  History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America  "  is  one 
of  the  most  substantial  and  meritorious  accounts  of 
that  great  subject  that  have  yet  been  written. 

The  eighth  of  this  month  also  brought  the  sad  news 
that  Professor  Helmholtz  had  succumbed  to  a  second 
stroke  of  paralysis,  just  as  he  was  fairly  recovering 
from  the  first  stroke  of  some  weeks  ago.  Baron  Her- 
mann Ludwig  Ferdinand  von  Helmholtz,  to  give  him 
his  full  title,  was  born  at  Potsdam,  August  31,  1821, 
and  had  thus  completed  his  seventy-third  year.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Berlin,  and  took  his  degree  in 
1842.  His  dissertation  upon  the  nervous  system  of  the 
Invertebrata  was  followed  in  1843  by  a  memoir  on  Pu- 
trefaction, and  that  by  a  series  of  physiological  papers. 
In  1847  he  read  before  a  learned  society  of  Berlin  his 
epoch-making  paper  on  "  The  Conservation  of  Force." 
In  1848  he  was  made  an  assistant  in  the  Anatomical 
Museum  of  Berlin,  and  in  1849,  Professor  Extraordi- 
nary of  Physiology  in  the  University  of  Konigsberg. 
In  1851  he  invented  the  ophthalmoscope,  and  began 
his  investigations  in  electrodynamics.  His  promotion 
to  a  regular  professorship  in  the  University  followed 
in  1852,  and  his  inaugural  address,  upon  the  subject  of 
sensations  and  their  physical  basis,  outlined  the  doc- 
trines which  were  to  be  further  developed  in  his  great 
works  upon  Light  and  Sound.  In  1855  he  became  a 
professor  at  Bonn,  and  in  1858  at  Heidelberg.  This 
latter  year  also  gave  the  world  his  great  memoir  on 
Vortices.  The  treatise  on  Physiological  Optics  was 
published  in  sections  between  1856  and  1866,  while 
1862  was  the  date  of  the  equally  important  "  Tonemp- 
findungen."  In  1871  he  went  back  to  Berlin,  this 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


169 


time  as  Professor  of  Physics.  His  last  quarter-century 
was  one  of  untiring  activity,  and  witnessed  the  produc- 
tion of  memoirs  too  numerous  to  be  here  specified. 
His  visit  to  America  last  year,  and  his  participation  in 
the  Electrical  Congress  at  Chicago,  are  events  fresh  in 
the  memory.  His  name  is  the  greatest  in  nineteenth- 
century  physical  investigation  ;  one  of  the  greatest, 
also,  in  mathematics  and  physiology. 

Another  German  scholar,  Heinrich  Karl  Brugsch,  died 
on  the  tenth  of  the  month.  He  was  born  in  1827  in 
Berlin.  His  interest  in  Egyptology,  which  remained 
almost  undivided  throughout  his  life,  began  when  he 
was  a  student  of  twenty  at  the  gymnasium.  He  first 
visited  Egypt  in  1853.  The  following  year  he  became 
Keeper  of  the  Egyptian  Museum  at  Berlin.  After- 
wards he  became  a  professor  at  Gottingen,  and  in  1869 
went  to  Egypt  and  succeeded  M.  Mariette  as  custodian 
of  the  Boulak  collections.  His  works  include  a  widely- 
read  "  History  of  Egypt,"  and  numerous  contributious 
to  Egyptian  philology,  archaeology,  and  literature. 


TOPICS  ix  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

September,  1894  (Second  List). 

Addison,  the  Humorist.     M.  0.  W.  Oliphant.     Century. 

Agnosticism,  The  Roots  of.    James  Seth.    New  World. 

Animals,  Humanity  to.    Albert  Leffingwell.    Arena. 

Animism  and  Teutonic  Mythology.    New  World. 

Arctic  Temperatures  and  Exploration.     Popular  Science. 

Barberries.    Illus.    F.  LeRoy  Sargent.    Popular  Science. 

Books  of  the  Coming  Season.     Dial  (Sept.  16.) 

City  School  Administration.  A.  P.  Marble.  Educational  Rev. 

City  School  Playgrounds.     Illus.    J.  A.  Riis.     Century. 

Charities  of  New  York,  The.     Social  Economist. 

Chicago  Strike  of  '94,  The.    W.  B.  Harte.     Arena. 

Chinese  Music.    Mary  A.  Simms.    Music. 

Color  at  the  Far  North.    F.  W.  Stokes.     Century. 

Composite  Photographs.    Illus.    McClure's. 

Discipline,  Formal.    B.  A.  Hinsdale.    Educational  Review. 

Dredging  on  the  Pacific  Coast.     Overland. 

Dust,  The  Work  of.    P.  Leonard.    Popular  Science. 

Education,  Scientific.    H.  E.  Armstrong.    Pop.  Science. 

English  in  the  Univ'y  of  Penn.  F.  E.  Schelling.  Dial  (Sept.16.) 

Faith,  Extremes  of.    John  Bascom.    Dial  (Sept  16.) 

Foods  in  the  Year  2000.     H.  J.  W.  Dam.    McClure's. 

German  School  Excursions.     Illus.     J.  M.  Rice.     Century. 

Gorman  Law,  The.     Social  Economist. 

History,  A  Library  of.    A.  H.  Noll.    Dial  (Sept.  16.) 

Humming  Birds  of  Chocorua.    Frank  Bolles.    Pop.  Science. 

Lilienthal's  Flying  Machine.    Illus.    McClure's. 

Minerology,  The  New.    G.  Perry  Grimsley.    Pop.  Science. 

Municipal  Reform.    Thomas  E.  Will.    Arena. 

Music  and  Education.    E.  M.  Wakefield.    Music. 

Music  in  Norway.    A.  Von  Ende.    Music. 

Niagara,  Commercial  Power  Development  at.    Pop.  Science. 

Oregon  Campaign  of  '94.    E.  Hoper.     Overland. 

Pre-natal  Influence.    M.  Louise  Mason.    Arena. 

Pulque,  the  Drink  of  Mexico.    Illus.     Overland. 

Religion,  Universal.    J.  W.  Chadwick.    New  World. 

Resurrection  of  Jesus,  The.    Albert  ReVille.    New  World. 

Saint  Francis  of  Assisi.   C.  A.  L.  Richards.    Dial  (Sept.  16.) 

San  Francisco,  Early  Journalism  in.     Illus.     Overland. 

Sociology,  Recent  Studies  in.  C.R.Henderson.  Dial  (Sept.  16.) 

Whitman,  Walt,  Religion  of.    M.  J.  Savage.    Arena. 

/~)F  INTEREST  TO  AUTHORS  AND  PUBLISHERS:  The 
^•^  skilled  revision  and  correction  of  novels,  biographies,  short  stories, 
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advice  ;  the  compilation  and  editing  of  standard  works.  Send  your  MS. 
to  the  N.  Y.  Bureau  of  Revision,  the  only  thoroughly-equipped  literary 
bureau  in  the  country.  Established  1880  :  unique  in  position  and  suc- 
cess. Terms  by  agreement.  Circulars.  Address 

Dr.  TITUS  M.  COAN,  70  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


A  NEW  BOOK  BY  MAX  O'RELL. 

(Ready  September  19.) 

JOHN  BULL  &  CO. 

The  Great  Colonial  Branches  of  the  Firm,  Canada, 

Australia,  New  Zealand,  and 

South  Africa. 

By  MAX  O'RELL,  author  of  "John  Bull  and  his  Island," 
"  Jonathan  and  his  Continent,"  "  A  Frenchman  in  Amer- 
ica," etc. 

Max  O'Rell's  latest  book  is  a  much  more  ambitious  piece  of  work 
than  anything  which  he  has  previously  done.  It  is  often  reminiscent  of 
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173 


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174 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16, 


Little,  Brown,  and  Company's  Announcement 

OF 

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THREE   HEROINES   OF   NEW   ENGLAND 

ROMANCE. 

I.   Priscilla,  by  HARRIET  PRESCOTT  SPOFFORD. 
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III.   Martha  Hilton,  by  LOUISE  IMOGEN  GUINEY. 
With  notes  on  the  towns  in  which  they  lived,  and  about 
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LILLIAN  MORRIS,  and  Other  Stories, 

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THE  ROMANCES  OF  ALEXANDRE 
DUMAS. 

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III.   The  She- Wolves  of  Machecoul  and  the  Cor= 
sican  Brothers.    2  vols. 

With  12  etchings  and  photogravures,  and  12  half-tone 
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HOPE  BENHAM. 

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of  a  Condemned. 

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THE    DIAL 


175 


HOUGHTON,  MlFFLIN  &  COMPANY. 


THE  CHASE  OF  SAINT  CASTIN,  and 
Other  Tales. 

By  MARY  HARTWELL  CATHERWOOD,  author  of  "  The 
Lady  of  Fort  St.  John,"  «  Old  Kaskaskia,"  etc.  16mo, 
$1.25. 

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bring  out  the  heroic  like  the  romances  of  the  Middle  Ages." 
—  St.  Louis  Globe- Democrat. 


SWEET  CLOVER :  A  Romance  of  the 
White  City. 

By  CLARA  LOUISE  BURNHAM,  author  of  "Next  Door," 
"  Dr.  Latimer,"  "  Miss  Bagg's  Secretary,"  etc.  1  vol., 
16mo,  .$1.25. 

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Fair  the  interesting  love  affairs  of  four  persons. 


GLIMPSES  OF  UNFAMILIAR  JAPAN. 

By  LAFCADIO  HEARN,  author  of  "  Stray  Leaves  from 

Strange  Literature,"  etc.  2  vols.,  8vo,  $4.00. 
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FAMILIAR  LETTERS  OF   HENRY  DAVID 
THOREAU. 

Edited,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  FRANK  B. 

SANBORN.     Uniform  with  Riverside  Edition  of  Tho- 

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humorous,  neighborly,  affectionate. 


RIVERSIDE  REFERENCE  LIBRARY. 

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Including 

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2.  Dr.  CLARKE'S  Events  and  Epochs  in  Religious 

History. 

3.  WHEELER'S  Course  of  Empire. 

4.  WHEELER'S    Dictionary  of    Noted    Names    of 

Fiction. 

5.  WHEELER'S  Familiar  Allusions. 

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THE  LIFE  OF  FRANCES  POWER  COBBE. 

Written  by  Herself.     With  a  portrait.     2  vols.,  crown 

8vo,  $4.00. 

Miss  Cobbe  is  one  of  the  most  famous  of  living  English- 
women, and  the  story  of  her  life  cannot  fail  to  be  a  book  of 
extraordinary  interest.  She  has  been  devoted  to  so  many 
large  causes  ;  her  associations  have  been  so  varied  and  with 
persons  so  influential  and  so  interesting ;  she  has  so  fine  a  fund 
of  humor  and  so  admirable  a  gift  of  literary  expression,  that 
her  autobiography  must  be  one  of  the  most  engaging  works 
of  its  class. 

TUSCAN  CITIES. 
By  W.  D.  HOWELLS.     New  Edition,  from  new  plates, 

uniform  with  his  novels.     12mo,  $1.50. 
This  edition  brings  into  uniform  style  with  Mr.  Howells's 
novels  a  delightful  book  about  Florence,  Siena,  Pisa,  Lucca, 
Pistoja,  Prato,  and  Fiesole. 


CCEUR  D'ALENE. 

By  MARY  HALLOCK  FOOTE,  author  of  "  John  Bodewin's 
Testimony,"  "  The  Led-Horse  Claim,"  "  In  Exile," 
etc.  16mo,  $1.25. 

Another  Rocky  Mountain  story,  which  Mrs.  Foote  tells  so 
remarkably  well.  It  relates  to  the  riots  in  the  Co3ur  d'Alene 
mines  in  1892,  and  includes  an  engaging  love  story. 


THE  PEARL  OF  INDIA. 

By  M.  M.  BALLOU,  author  of  "  Due  East,"  "  Due  West," 
"Due  North,"  "Due  South,"  "Under  the  Southern 
Cross,"  "  Equatorial  America,"  "  The  New  Eldorado," 
"  Aztec  Land,"  "  The  Story  of  Malta,"  etc.  Crown 
8vo,  $1.50. 
Mr.  Ballou  in  his  well-known  and  popular  manner  describes 

from  personal  observation  Ceylon,  "the  Pearl  of  India,"  its 

fauna  and  flora,  the  people  and  their  modes  of  life,  industries, 

customs,  amusements,  etc. 


A  FLORIDA  SKETCH-BOOK. 

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"  A  Rambler's  Lease,"  and  «  The  Foot-Path  Way." 
16mo,  $1.25. 

Mr.  Torrey  spent  some  time  in  Florida,  and  saw  a  great 
deal  that  was  worth  seeing  and  describing.  The  welcome  re- 
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most  engaging  form. 

STUDIES  IN  FOLK-SONG  AND  POPULAR 
POETRY. 

By  ALFRED  M.  WILLIAMS,  author  of  "  The  Poets  and 
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By  ALFRED  R.  CONKLING.  12mo,  cloth,  $1.00. 
The  awakening  of  the  American  citizen  indicated  in  the  revolts 
against  boss  and  ring-rules,  and  the  formation  of  organizations  for  non- 
partisan  and  pure  municipal  government,  render  the  appearance  of  this 
book  peculiarly  timely.  The  author  has  learned  his  subject  by  actual 
experience  as  an  Alderman  of  New  York,  a  member  of  the  Assembly, 


ttiiu  ill"*  uieui"  jirrrttmuinuu  ui   ma  tm:iur  10  nmnii  <ltt'<l  by  ir^iGicin^n   uw 

only  to  the  various  American  cities  but  also  to  Paris,  London,  Glasgow, 
Birmingham,  and  Berlin,  which  he  has  visited  and  studied  in  the  pre- 
paration of  this  book.  Strangely  enough,  in  view  of  the  value  of  such 
a  work  to  every  citizen,  there  is  no  book  of  equal  scope. 

Schools  and  Masters  of  Sculpture. 

By  Miss  A.  Q.  RADCLIFFE,  author  of  "Schools  and  Masters 
of  Paintings."  With  35  full-page  illustrations.  12mo,  cloth, 
$3.00. 

Those  who  know  Miss  Radcliffe's  previous  work  will  require  no  com- 
mendation of  the  grasp  of  subject  and  thoroughness  of  treatment  shown 
in  this.  In  addition  to  her  popular  but  thorough  survey  of  the  history 
•of  sculpture  in  all  countries,  Miss  Radcliffe  sketches  the  various  Amer- 
ican collections  of  casts,  and  explains  the  opportunities  for  study  which 
we  have  at  hand. 

Round  the  Red  Lamp. 

By  A.  CONAN  DOYLE,  author  of  "The  White  Company," 
"  Adventures  of  Sherlock  Holmes,"  etc.  12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
The  "  Red  Lamp,"  the  trade  mark,  as  it  were,  of  the  English  country 
surgeon's  office,  is  the  central  point  of  these  dramatic  stories  of  profes- 
sional life.   There  are  no  secrets  for  the  surgeon,  and  a  surgeon  himself 
as  well  as  a  novelist,  the  author  has  made  a  most  artistic  use  of  the  mot' 
ives  and  springs  of  action  revealed  to  him  in  a  field  of  which  he  is  the 
master. 


Woman's  Share  in  Primitive  Culture. 

By  OTIS  TUFTON  MASON,  A.M.,  Curator  of  the  Department 
of  Ethnology  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.   With 
numerous  illustrations.     12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
This  is  the  first  volume  in  the  "  Anthropological  Series,"  edited  by 
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the  first  division  of  labor— a  division  of  labor  based  upon  sex— the  man 
going  to  the  field  or  forest  for  game,  while  the  woman  at  the  fireside 
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and  domesticator  of  animals. 

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not  advanced  students  of  philology.  He  describes  first  the  evolution  of 
language,  then  the  geographical  distribution  of  languages  and  races,  and 
closes  with  a  somewhat  comprehensive  account  of  the  Indo-European 
group  of  tongues. 

A  Flash  of  Summer. 

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Worldly  Woman,"  "  Aunt  Anne,"  etc.   12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
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thor's reputation. 


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Each,  12mo.    Price,  paper,  50  cents;  cloth,  $1.00. 

A  Victim  of  Good  Luck.     By  W.'E.  NORRIS,  author  of 
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Timar's  Two  Worlds.     By  MAURUS  JOKAI. 

George  Mandeville's  Husband.    By  C.  E.  RAIMOND. 

Dr.  Janet  of  Harley  Street.    By  ARABELLA  KENEALY, 
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The  God  in  the  Car.    A  Novel.    By  ANTHONY  HOPE, 

author  of  "  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda,"  etc. 
A  Mild  Barbarian.    By  EDGAR  FAWCETT,  author  of  "An 

Ambitious  Woman,"  "The  House  at  High  Bridge,"  etc. 
The  Trail  of  the  Sword.    By  GILBERT  PARKER,  author 

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No.  199.      OCTOBER  1,  1894.      Vol.  XVII. 


CONTEXTS. 


THE  ART  OF  THE  SHORT  STORY 183 

THE  RISE  AND  THE  FALL  OF  THE  "THREE 

DECKER."     Walter  Besant 185 

ENGLISH  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WISCONSIN. 

David  B.  Frankenburger 187 

THE  CHANGELESS  BARD  (Poem).     W.  P.  Trent  .  188 

COMMUNICATION 188 

A  Working  Shakespeare  Library.    A.  J.  H. 


JAPAN  —  KOREA  —  CHINA.    E.G.J. 


189 


BARTLETT'S     CONCORDANCE     TO     SHAKE- 
SPEARE.   Hiram  Corson 193 

SOME    RECENT    STUDIES    IN    ETHICS.     Frank 

Chapman  Sharp 196 

Bosanquet's  Civilization  of  Christendom.— Vaughan's 
Questions  of  the  Day. —  Sterrett's  The  Ethics  of  He- 
gel. —  Bryant's  A  Syllabus  of  Ethics.  —  Bryant's 
Ethics  and  the  New  Education. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 198 

An  admirable  school  history  of  the  United  States. — 
A  year  of  reading  for  Chautauquans. — Centennial  of 
Bowdoin  College. —  Additional  Napoleonic  Memoirs. 
— Poultry-killing  as  a  fine  art.  —  Second  number  of 
"  The  Yellow  Book."  —  Popular  Science  by  Profes- 
sor Huxley. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 200 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 201 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  202 

FALL  ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  BOOKS  FOR  THE 

YOUNG 204 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 205 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  205 


THE  ART  OF  THE  SHORT  STORY. 

Although  the  arts  of  design,  color,  and  tone 
have  long  been  reduced  to  something  like  a 
scientific  system  of  underlying  principles  and 
methods  of  procedure,  and  while  schools  for 
the  inculcation  of  these  principles  and  methods 
have  long  held  a  secure  place  among  educa- 
tional institutions  of  the  higher  sort,  the  va- 
rious forms  of  the  literary  art  have  hitherto 
kept  out  of  the  hands  of  the  schoolmaster,  and 
their  pursuit  has  been  left  to  such  eager  and 
confident  aspirants  as  have  had  the  courage  to 
clear  paths  for  themselves.  Literary  art  is,  of 
course,  made  a  subject  of  study  in  every  school 
and  college  of  the  land,  but  rather  as  provid- 
ing a  means  of  aesthetic  gratification  than  as 
opening  the  way  to  a  professional  career  in  lit- 
erature. It  is  admitted  that  exercises  in  verse 
and  prose  composition  are  common  enough  in 
educational  programmes ;  but  this  is  a  very 
different  thing  from  the  deliberate  attempt  to 
master  some  form  of  the  literary  art  for  the 
purpose  of  finding  in  its  pursuit  the  work  of 
a  lifetime.  Even  the  French,  who  might  nat- 
urally be  expected  to  take  the  lead  in  such  a 
matter,  and  who  have  their  special  schools  and 
their  Prix  de  Rome  in  painting  and  sculpture, 
in  architecture  and  music,  have  never  thought 
of  stimulating  poets  and  novelists  except  by 
approving  of  them,  by  the  bestowal  of  a  meta- 
phorical crown,  when  they  are  already  arrives. 

The  reason  why  literary  art  is  thus  left  to 
shift  for  itself  —  the  Cinderella  of  the  sister- 
hood —  is  not  far  to  seek.  The  conviction  is 
very  widespread  that  literature  is  too  elusive 
to  be  made  the  subject  of  instruction,  that  the 
most  successful  of  poets  or  novelists  could  by 
no  possibility  impart  to  anyone  else  his  secret, 
or  even  a  respectable  share  of  it.  Possibly 
there  may  be  added  to  this  the  other  convic- 
tion that  there  is  far  too  much  scribbling  in 
the  world  as  things  are,  and  that  he  would  be 
no  friend  of  mankind  who  should  seek  to  en- 
courage still  greater  numbers  to  a  reckless  ex- 
penditure of  ink  and  a  wanton  defacement  of 
good  white  paper. 

There  are  some  people,  however,  so  consti- 
tuted as  to  be  uninfluenced  by  the  fact  that  a 
thing  is  generally  accounted  impracticable,  pro- 


184 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


vided  they  themselves  see  the  way  to  its  accom- 
plishment. Of  such  is  the  anonymous  author 
of  a  treatise  upon  "  The  Art  of  Short  Story 
Writing,"  now  modestly  put  forth  through 
the  Riverside  Literary  Bureau,  not  published 
in  any  regular  form,  but  issued  in  facsimile  of 
the  type-written  manuscript,  and  limited  to  a 
very  small  number  of  copies.  This  curious  pro- 
duction professes  to  be  "  a  practical  course  of 
instruction  after  the  French  method  of  Mau- 
passant." The  author  clearly  believes  that  the 
art  of  this  particular  form  of  literature  with 
which  he  is  concerned,  at  least,  is  capable  of 
being  imparted  to  persons  of  fair  talent  and 
education,  and  he  sets  about  his  task  with  a 
confidence  that  proves  fairly  contagious  while 
one  is  reading  his  pages,  although  doubts  may 
afterwards  intrude. 

After  some  introductory  remarks  about  the 
scientific  method  in  fiction,  the  author  begins 
the  systematic  treatment  of  his  subject  by  a 
classification  of  short  stories.  There  are  five 
species  :  the  tale,  the  fable,  the  study,  the  dra- 
matic artifice,  and  the  complete  drama.  The 
tale  deals  with  adventure  or  incident,  and  is 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Stevenson.  The  fable  is  a 
tale  with  a  direct  moral,  and  Hawthorne  was 
preeminent  in  its  composition.  The  study  is 
illustrated  admirably  by  Miss  Wilkins,  and 
the  dramatic  artifice  by  Mr.  Richard  Harding 
Davis.  The  complete  drama  "  combines  all 
the  elements  found  in  the  other  kinds  of  stories 
into  a  single  effective  story.  It  tells  a  tale,  it 
has  a  moral,  although  one  usually  more  remote 
than  the  allegory,  it  has  a  study  of  character, 
and  it  usually  suggests  some  problem  of  life, 
or  has  some  clever  turn,  or  unexpected  episode, 
or  climax."  This,  the  most  consummate  type 
of  the  art  of  the  short  story,  is  illustrated  by 
Maupassant.  After  setting  forth  this  acute 
and  reasonably  exhaustive  classification,  the 
author  gives  some  sensible  general  directions 
about  methods  and  materials,  and  then  pro- 
ceeds to  an  analysis  of  the  thirteen  stories  by 
Maupassant  accessible  to  English  readers  in 
the  volume  entitled  "  The  Odd  Number."  From 
this  time  on,  these  stories  are  used  by  the  au- 
thor to  point  his  morals,  and  to  illustrate  the 
rules  which  he  lays  down  for  the  guidance  of 
those  to  whom  the  book  makes  a  practical  ap- 
peal. 

We  should  be  as  far  as  possible  from  doing 
justice  to  the  writer  of  this  book  if  we  gave  the 
impression  that  he  represented  the  art  of  story- 
writing  as  one  easy  of  attainment.  It  is  no 
course  of  "  Novel- Writing  in  Six  Lessons,"  no 


"  Meisterschaf t "  system  that  he  offers  us,  no 
level  path  to  the  height  that  he  points  out. 
"  The  writer  must  understand  the  life  he  writes 
about  to  the  very  roots.  He  must  have  a  deep 
and  vivid  knowledge  of  the  principles  of  psy- 
chology, of  the  actions  and  reactions  of  human 
feeling — in  short  he  must  know  practically  all 
there  is  to  know  about  the  life  in  which  the  inci- 
dent occurs."  "  If  one  does  not  know  something 
worth  knowing  about  life,  something  of  value 
or  suggestiveness,  something  new  and  meaning- 
ful, he  has  no  material  out  of  which  to  create 
a  soul."  Such  are  the  statements  made  over 
and  over  again,  until,  whatever  other  ideas  the 
novice  may  get  from  these  pages,  he  is  sure  to 
get  a  deepened  sense  of  the  old  truth  that  art 
is  long.  Possibly  the  principle  is  carried  to  an 
unnecessary,  as  it  certainly  is  to  a  discourag- 
ing, extent,  in  such  a  passage  as  the  following : 
"  Every  writer  ought  to  formulate  for  himself 
more  or  less  completely  a  philosophy  of  life. 
He  should  arrange  his  thought  about  the  uni- 
verse into  a  system,  so  that  he  will  feel  clear  as 
to  what  God  is,  what  love  is,  what  the  mean- 
ing of  life  is,  what  is  to  be  looked  into  and 
known  and  what  is  to  be  left  untouched  by  the 
human  mind."  Doubtless  the  great  story  tell- 
ers have  done  all  this,  but  it  can  hardly  be 
claimed  for  many  others  who  have  yet  had  a 
large  measure  of  success.  But  such  precepts 
are  wholesome,  even  if  they  are  forbidding,  for 
they  apprise  the  writer  that  he  cannot  set  his 
ideals  too  high.  Of  the  greatest  importance, 
also,  is  the  closing  reminder  that  the  most  dil- 
igent study  of  rules  and  principles  must  have 
for  its  ultimate  aim  the  relegation  of  those  very 
rules  and  principles  to  the  domain  of  the  sub- 
conscious. "  While  one  is  actually  writing  a 
story,  rules  are  the  most  fatal  thing  to  have  in 
mind.  Self -consciousness  during  the  actual 
feat  of  writing  a  story  is  the  most  dangerous 
thing  in  the  world ;  but  there  is  no  surer  way 
of  escaping  it  than  by  submitting  first  to  a  rig- 
orous course  of  self-conscious  preparation." 

The  strictures  we  are  inclined  to  make  upon 
the  system  set  forth  in  this  book  are  few  in 
number  and  of  no  great  importance.  We  think 
the  writer  goes  too  far  when  he  says  that  "  the 
subject  of  literature  is  almost  solely  the  emo- 
tional side  of  life."  It  is  doubtless  true  that 
to  be  successful,  "  you  must  coin  your  heart's 
blood  into  the  universal  coin  of  the  realm  of 
heart,"  but  why  not  also  coin  your  ripest 
thought  (with  its  proper  emotional  associa- 
tions) into  the  mintage  of  the  intellectual  prov- 
ince ?  The  suggestion  that  a  good  story  should 


[1894. 


THE    DIAL 


185 


have  an  unexpected  end  is  not  a  principle  of 
the  highest  art,  even  in  the  short  story.  Rather 
should  the  inevitableness  of  the  end  be  fore- 
shadowed from  the  beginning.  This  is,  to  our 
mind,  one  of  the  ultimate  differences  between 
art  and  artifice.  We  must  also  question  the  de- 
sirability of  advising  "  all  young  writers  to  be- 
gin by  being  humorists,"  and  must  regard  as 
anything  but  a  counsel  of  perfection  the  recom- 
mendation of  journalism  as  a  collateral  pursuit 
helpful  to  literary  achievement.  There  is  even 
something  ludicrous  in  one  device  of  the  writer 
— the  use  of  diagrams  to  illustrate  the  charac- 
ter-relations of  the  Maupassant  stories  taken 
for  texts  throughout.  We  fancy,  also,  that  the 
principles  so  neatly  deduced  from  the  practice 
of  the  French  story-teller  would  require  con- 
siderable modification  if  a  systematic  attempt 
were  made  to  test  them  by  the  practice  of  two 
or  three  others,  say  of  Hawthorne  and  Poe,  or 
of  Tourguenieff,  the  greatest  of  all  artists  in 
this  kind. 

But  we  have  no  doubt  that  a  young  writer 
may  get  a  good  deal  of  real  help  from  this  hand- 
book of  the  art  of  fiction,  provided,  of  course, 
he  is  the  kind  of  person  who  can  be  helped  by 
anything.  His  attention  will  be  called  to  many 
things  which  he  ought  to  avoid,  and  he  will 
find  many  hints  about  the  right  way  to  set 
about  his  tasks.  Fiction  has  its  technique  al- 
most as  fully  as  has  the  drama,  and  our  writer 
has  evidently  tested  his  methods  by  practice, 
although  he  modestly  avers  that  "  he  is  not  the 
author  of  very  many  great  short  stories."  And 
we  could  forgive  greater  inadequacies  than  any 
we  have  pointed  out  for  the  sake  of  his  un- 
equivocal repudiation  of  the  sort  of  realism  that 
has  played  such  havoc  with  latter-day  fiction. 
He  never  forgets  that  story-writing  must  be 
the  work  of  creative  imagination,  and  the  issue 
is  not  often  so  well  put  as  in  the  following 
words  :  "  It  would  seem  preposterous  to  let  any 
outside  circumstance  determine  for  a  writer  of 
music  the  selection  of  chords,  much  less  the  ad- 
mission of  discords  ;  but  that  is  exactly  what 
a  writer  of  fiction  does  when  he  tells  a  story 
just  as  it  happened  in  real  life.  His  object 
should  have  been  to  play  upon  the  heart  of  the 
reader  a  beautiful  tune  of  life  ;  instead,  he  pro- 
duces a  jangle  of  discords." 


A  CORRESPONDENT  asks  the  pertinent  question  why 
Professor  Drummond  has  been  allowed  to  appropriate, 
without  a  protest,  the  title  of  Miss  Mathilde  Blind's 
book  called  "  The  Ascent  of  Man."  It  is  one  of  those 
peculiar  "  coincidences  "  which  certainly  seem  worth  ex- 
plaining. 


THE  RISE  AND  THE  FALL  OF  THE 
"THREE  DECKER." 


There  are  three  institutions  in  this  country  which 
pass  the  understanding  of  the  American.  Since 
we  are  able  to  understand  them  very  well,  some  of 
our  insular  conceit  is  accounted  for.  If  you  think 
of  it,  indeed,  that  level  of  intelligence  which  enables 
us  to  understand  anything  which  your  people  can- 
not understand  is  something  to  be  proud  of.  These 
three  institutions  are  the  House  of  Lords,  the  Es- 
tablished Church,  and  the  Three  Volume  Novel  — 
the  "  Three  Decker."  The  first  two  of  these,  in 
spite  of  long  continued  and  determined  attacks,  are 
stronger  than  ever.  The  last  of  these,  with  which 
I  have  been  intimately  connected  for  five  and  twenty 
years,  has  just  received  a  blow  which  threatens  to 
be  mortal.  Often  assailed,  long  derided,  much 
abused,  the  Three  Volume  Novel  has  been  stabbed 
at  last  in  a  vital  part  and  by  the  hand  of  its  oldest 
friend.  It  is  not  dead  :  it  will,  perhaps,  partly  re- 
cover ;  but  it  is  doomed  to  carry  on  a  languishing, 
lame,  and  limp  existence  for  the  future.  The  his- 
tory of  the  Three  Decker  and  the  curiously  artifi- 
cial character  of  its  publication  and  price  forms  a 
little  chapter  in  our  branch  of  English  literature  that 
may  not  be  without  interest  to  American  readers. 
At  least,  one  may  explain  the  genesis  and  the  mean- 
ing of  an  institution  which  is  full  of  absurdity ; 
which  exists  in  no  other  country ;  which  will  shortly 
be  numbered  among  the  things  of  the  past. 

The  English  novel  in  its  popular  form,  as  an  ar- 
ticle of  daily  or  constant  consumption,  was  born 
and  grew  up  in  the  last  century.  It  appeared  in 
one,  two,  or  more  volumes,  as  the  author  chose ; 
there  was  no  rule  or  practice  as  to  length.  "  The 
History  of  Tom  Jones  "  took  three  or  four  times 
as  much  space  and  time  in  the  telling  as  that  of 
"The  Vicar  of  Wakefield."  The  woes  of  Clar- 
issa could  not  be  contracted  in  the  narrow  limits 
which  contained  the  adventures  of  Rasselas.  But 
the  volumes  themselves  were  generally  of  equal 
length,  forming  a  small  octavo  containing  from 
twenty  to  thirty  thousand  words.  And  between  the 
years  1750  and  1800  these  volumes  were  priced  at 
three  shillings  each,  so  that  a  novel  in  three  volumes 
was  sold  for  nine  shillings  and  one  in  four  volumes 
for  twelve  shillings.  The  reading  (  and  purchasing) 
public  of  that  time  was  mostly  found  in  the  towns : 
in  every  large  town,  in  every  cathedral  town,  and 
in  many  smaller  towns,  there  were  literary  coteries, 
clubs,  and  societies,  a  few  of  which  were  important 
enough  to  occupy  a  place  in  the  history  of  literature. 
The  literary  circles  of  Norwich,  Lichfield,  Exeter,  for 
instance,  cannot  be  neglected  by  the  historian  of  the , 
last  century.  London,  of  course,  provided  the  greatest 
demand  for  new  books;  and  there  were  the  two  Uni- 
versities of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  In  the  country, 
in  the  quiet  houses  of  squire  and  parson,  there  was 
as  yet  very  little  reading  and  very  little  demand  for 
books.  But  the  circle  of  readers  went  on  widening 
year  after  year,  steadily,  though  as  yet  slowly.  And 


186 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


the  habit  of  reading,  as  the  most  delightful  form  of 
recreation,  went  on  growing.  People  read  faster  as 
well  as  more  ;  they  devoured  books.  No  purse  was 
long  enough  to  buy  all  the  books  that  one  could 
read ;  therefore  they  lent  to  each  other ;  therefore 
they  combined  their  resources  and  formed  book 
clubs  ;  therefore  the  circulating  libraries  came  into 
existence.  It  was  not  that  we  ceased  to  buy  books : 
it  was  that  we  could  no  longer  afford  to  buy  a  tenth 
part  of  the  books  we  wanted  to  read,  and  that  we 
clubbed  together  and  passed  on  the  books  from 
hand  to  hand. 

All  this  took  place  in  the  latter  half  of  the  last 
century.  Then  followed  a  long  war — a  war  of  three 
and  twenty  years,  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century  — 
when  Great  Britain  stood  in  arms  for  a  time  against 
the  whole  of  Western  Europe,  the  one  undefeated 
enemy  of  military  despotism.  I  fear  we  are  forget- 
ting, as  a  nation,  that  long  conflict :  what  it  meant 
for  the  liberties  of  the  world ;  the  sacrifices  which 
we  made  to  maintain  it.  These  sacrifices  fell  with 
the  greatest  weight  upon  the  professional  classes, 
those  in  which  were  found  the  reading  public.  They 
could  no  longer  afford  to  buy  books  at  all ;  the  book 
clubs  increased  in  number :  so  did  circulating  libra- 
ries. The  booksellers,  finding  that  their  buyers  were 
growing  fewer,  had  to  raise  the  price  of  their  books. 
And  from  1790  to  1850  the  price  of  novels  (not  to 
mention  other  branches)  ran  up  from  three  shillings 
a  volume  to  ten  shillings  and  sixpence  a  volume.  At 
the  same  time  the  number  of  volumes  gradually 
became  limited  to  three  at  the  most,  and  was  sel- 
dom under  three.  For  forty  years  or  so  this  arbi- 
trary rule  has  prevailed.  The  novel  has  had  to 
be  in  three  volumes ;  the  price  has  been,  nominally, 
thirty-one  shillings  and  sixpence  ;  the  only  pur- 
chasers have  been  the  circulating  libraries. 

Other  changes  have  occurred :  the  book  clubs, 
with  very  few  exceptions,  have  been  dissolved  ;  the 
circulating  libraries,  for  practical  purposes,  have 
been  reduced  to  two — Mudie's  and  Smith's  :  these 
two  have  long  since  refused  to  pay  the  nominal  price 
of  thirty-one  shillings  and  sixpence,  and  have  ob- 
tained the  novels  at  fifteen  shillings  a  copy,  and  in 
some  cases  at  very  much  less. 

Again,  forty  years  ago  the  reprint  of  a  novel  in 
a  cheap  form  was  a  rare  event ;  only  the  most  pop- 
ular novelists  were  so  honored,  and  then  after  a 
long  interval.  It  is  now  the  custom  to  bring  out 
a  new  and  cheap  edition  of  every  novel  the  least 
above  the  average.  This  edition  appears  about  nine 
months  after  the  first ;  the  price  varies  from  three 
shillings  and  sixpence  to  six  shillings. 

We  have,  therefore,  this  remarkable  custom  in 
the  publishing  of  novels.  We  bring  out  the  first 
edition  exclusively  for  the  readers  of  Mudie's  and 
Smith's  libraries.  These  number  about  250,000, 
reckoning  about  four  to  each  subscribing  family. 
That  is  to  say,  in  a  home  population  of  37,000,000, 
and  a  colonial  population  of  15,000,000,  without 
counting  India,  whose  educated  natives  read  our 


literature  extensively,  we  keep  everybody  waiting 
for  our  best  works  of  fiction  until  this  lucky  quar- 
ter of  a  million  has  had  a  nine  months'  run  among 
them.  Of  late,  there  have  been  revolts  here  and 
there.  Two  or  three  of  our  best  and  most  popular 
writers  have  refused  to  recognize  the  Three  Vol- 
ume rule.  Mr.  Louis  Stevenson  is  one  ;  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling  is  another.  And  now  the  two  libraries  them- 
selves— supposed  to  be  the  props  and  pillars  of  the 
old  system  —  have  announced  to  the  trade  that  in 
future  they  will  only  give  eleven  shillings  a  copy 
instead  of  fifteen  shillings  for  the  Three  Volume 
novel,  and  they  will  make  it  a  condition  that  they 
shall  have  the  exclusive  use  of  it — i.  e.,  that  there  is 
to  be  no  cheap  edition — for  twelve  months  after  first 
publication.  I  dare  say  American  readers  have  heard 
of  the  storm  which  during  the  whole  summer  has 
raged  about  this  question.  The  Society  of  Authors, 
taking  counsel  of  its  novelist  members,  have  de- 
clared against  the  Three  Volume  system  altogether. 
Some  of  the  publishers  have  advertised  that  they 
will  issue  no  more  novels  in  that  form.  Those  of 
our  novelists  who  are  already  engaged  ahead  for 
the  old  form  —  I  am  myself  one  of  these  —  will 
break  away  from  it  as  soon  as  they  can.  And 
although  the  old  form  will  linger  on  for  some  time, 
its  tyranny  is  now  past.  Henceforth,  in  this  coun- 
try as  in  the  States,  we  shall  appeal  to  the  whole 
reading  public  at  the  very  outset ;  and  we  shall  ask 
them,  for  the  present,  to  buy  our  stories  in  one  vol- 
ume at  the  price  of  six  shillings.  And  here  again 
— because  we  really  are  a  most  illogical  race — the 
six  shillings  means  four  shillings  and  sixpence,  for 
the  retail  bookseller  has  to  take  off  twenty-five  per 
cent  from  the  nominal  price. 

It  is  often  advanced  in  newspapers  that  this  re- 
volt means  a  demand  for  shorter  stories.  The  state- 
ment is  made  in  ignorance.  The  Three  Volume 
novel  ranges  from  one  hundred  thousand  words  to 
three  hundred  thousand  words  in  length.  The  one 
volume  novel  has  exactly  the  same  range.  For  in- 
stance, Mr.  Louis  Stevenson  will  be  found,  as  a 
rule,  somewhat  under  one  hundred  thousand  words. 
"  Marcella,"  on  the  other  hand,  now  in  one  volume,  is 
nearly  three  hundred  thousand  words.  The  only  de- 
mand, in  fact,  for  a  shorter  story —  I  do  not  mean 
the  "short  story,"  which  is  another  thing — is  raised, 
so  far  as  I  can  see,  by  those  who  write  reviews  for 
London  papers.  Readers,  when  they  get  hold  of  a 
good  novel,  care  not  how  long  it  is.  Who  would 
wish  "  Vanity  Fair  "  to  be  reduced  by  a  single  page? 
When  we  are  in  good  company  we  are  loth  to  leave 
them  :  there  are  even  characters  with  whom  one 
would  like  to  live  for  years.  A  long  novel  which 
is  also  tedious  is,  indeed — but  then  I,  for  one,  never 
allow  myself  to  be  bored  by  a  tedious  novel. 

And  this — if  you  have  had  patience  to  read  so  far 
—  is  the  history  of  the  rise,  the  growth,  the  great- 
ness, and  the  fall,  of  that  mysterious  institution,  the 
Three  Volume  Novel.  WALTER  BESANT. 

Devonshire,  England,  Sept.  8,  '1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


187 


ENGLISH  AT  THE   UNIVERSITY 
OF  WISCONSIN.  * 

The  work  in  English  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin 
is  done  in  the  two  departments, — Rhetoric  and  Oratory, 
and  English  Language  and  Literature.  The  combined 
instructional  force  is  two  professors,  two  assistant  pro- 
fessors, and  three  instructors, —  seven  in  all. 

For  many  years  the  required  work  in  rhetoric  and 
composition  consisted  of  one  term's  work  in  formal 
rhetoric,  and  of  weekly  rhetorical  exercises  throughout 
the  course.  The  growth  of  the  University  has  led  to 
concentration.  Rhetoric  is  now  required  twice  a  week 
through  the  Freshman  and  Sophomore  years.  There 
are  eleven  courses  in  the  department,  nearly  all  running 
longer  than  one  term.  In  the  Freshman  year  the  aim 
is  thoroughly  to  ground  the  students,  by  precept  and 
by  steady  practice,  in  the  fundamentals  of  composition ; 
the  emphasis  is  constantly  thrown  on  rhetoric  as  an  art. 
Analysis  of  themes,  paragraph  formation,  the  study  of 
the  fundamental  qualities  of  style  and  of  great  literary 
types,  with  much  practice  in  writing  both  within  and 
without  the  class-room, —  such,  briefly  stated,  are  the 
aim  and  method  of  the  Freshman's  rhetorical  training. 
Much  attention  is  paid  to  the  mechanics  of  composition. 
The  unevenness  of  the  entrance  preparation  in  English 
compels  this. 

Although  rhetoric  is  now  required  in  our  accredited 
high  schools,  still  the  preparation  is  very  inadequate. 
In  some  of  the  schools  the  study  is  merely  formal,  not 
looking  to  the  production  of  anything ;  usually  too  much 
work  is  required  of  the  instructor,  and  not  seldom  the 
work  is  assigned  to  those  teachers  who  have  little  or  no 
special  preparation  for  it ;  helpful  criticism  is  therefore 
rare.  The  course  in  English  composition  as  laid  down 
in  the  catalogue  of  the  schools  is  seldom  carried  out  even 
in  the  letter. 

With  our  Freshmen,  all  written  work  is  inspected; 
most  of  it  is  carefully  criticised,  and  much  of  it  is  re- 
written. We  try  to  lighten  the  burden  of  criticism 
somewhat  by  massing  the  faults,  and  then  treating 
them  before  the  class.  Typically  defective  essays  are 
type-written,  reproduced  on  the  mimeograph,  and  crit- 
icised in  the  class-room.  Some  of  the  faults  common 
to  beginners  arise  from  ignorance,  or  carelessness,  or 

*  This  article  is  the  seventeenth  of  an  extended  series  on  the 
Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Universities, 
of  which  the  following  have  already  appeared  in  THE  DIAL  : 
English  at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook 
(Feb.  1);  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Bran- 
der  Matthews  (Feb.  1C) ;  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (  March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
(April  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16) ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 
at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1 )  ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1) ;  English  at  the 
University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley 
(July  16) ;  English  at  Amherst  College,  by  Professor  John  F. 
Genung  (Aug.  1);  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  by 
Professor  Fred  N.  Scott  (Aug.  16) ;  English  at  the  University 
of  Nebraska,  by  Professor  L.  A.  Sherman  (Sept.  1)  ;  and 
English  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Professor  Felix 
E.  Schelling  (Sept.  16.)— [EDR.  DIAL.] 


general  inexperience,  while  some  are  due  to  lack  of  cul- 
ture and  of  mental  training.  Persistent  criticism  may 
profitably  be  applied  to  the  former  group  of  faultsr 
while  a  kindly  patience  may  often  note  the  disappear- 
ance of  the  latter  group.  The  division  may  not  be  ex- 
act, yet  it  holds  true  that  something  may  be  left  to  the 
general  development  of  the  student.  Over-criticism  is 
as  bad  as  under-criticism  or  no  criticism.  Facility  in 
expression  may,  at  times  in  the  student's  course,  count 
for  more  than  mere  conformity  to  rhetorical  principle. 
Criticism  that  freezes  the  currents  of  invention  is  always 
of  doubtful  utility.  It  is  apt  to  lead  to  mere  perfunctory 
work,  just  as  no  criticism  leads  to  such  work;  and  per- 
functory work  is  the  bane  of  the  rhetorical  class-room. 

In  the  Sophomore  year  the  essay-writing  is  continued. 
The  application  of  the  principles  of  the  paragraph  ar& 
more  strongly  insisted  upon;  the  great  problems  in  ex- 
pression are  pushed  to  the  front.  The  writing  of  essays- 
in  description,  narration,  argumentation,  and  exposition 
proceed  with  the  study  of  brief  extracts  of  literary 
masterpieces.  Milton  and  Macaulay,  Addison  and  De 
Quincy,  Ruskin  and  Huxley,  are  critically  studied  for 
diction,  adaptation,  and  mastery  of  materials.  The 
great  webs  are  pulled  just  enough  apart  that  the  stu- 
dent may  see  with  what  pains  and  skill  the  weaving  has 
been  done.  We  aim  not  at  the  production  of  literature, 
but  in  some  little  degree  to  arouse  and  cultivate  the  lit- 
erary spirit;  not  that  spirit  that  simply  enjoys  litera- 
ture, feeling  what  is  good,  but  the  artist  spirit  that  re- 
joices in  creation,  in  the  perfect  embodiment  of  an  idea, 
— the  critical  spirit  as  Matthew  Arnold  understood  the 
term.  At  this  stage  of  the  work,  the  criticism  of  essays 
is  largely  personal.  Many  of  the  essays  are  read  be- 
fore the  class.  The  other  influences  in  the  University 
that  help  the  Freshmen  and  Sophomores  to  the  attain- 
ment of  some  degree  of  proficiency  in  English  composi- 
tion I  shall  speak  of  later. 

The  required  work  in  rhetoric  ends  with  the  Sopho- 
more year.  The  advanced  courses  in  rhetoric,  as  well 
as  the  courses  in  elocution,  are  optional.  The  principal 
advanced  course  in  rhetoric  is  given  three  times  a  week 
throughout  the  year,  and  is  open  to  those  students  who 
have  completed  the  required  work.  The  method  of  in- 
struction is  by  text-book  and  lectures,  and  by  wide  aux- 
iliary reading.  The  aim  is  to  cultivate  the  literary  taste. 
Minto's  "  Manual  "  and  Lessing's  "  Essays  on  Criticism  " 
are  read  by  the  class.  The  text-book  furnishes  mate- 
rial for  lectures  or  talks  by  the  students.  Orations, 
speeches,  and  debates  are  delivered  before  the  class, 
then  carefully  written  out  and  criticised.  Essays  of  the 
Freshmen  or  of  the  Sophomores  are  corrected  by  mem- 
bers of  this  advanced  class,  who  then  look  over  the  cor- 
rected work  with  the  instructor. 

The  above  work  in  English  is  done  in  the  academical 
courses.  In  the  College  of  Engineering,  the  Freshmen 
are  required  to  take  Rhetoric  and  Composition  three 
times  a  week  during  the  year.  The  work  is  similar  to 
that  required  of  the  Freshmen  in  the  literary  courses, 
except  that  special  stress  is  laid  upon  scientific  and  tech- 
nical description  and  exposition.  This  is  further  carried 
out  in  an  elective  course  in  the  same  departments,  open 
only  to  Engineering  students,  where  the  training  is  purely 
practical,  intended  to  aid  the  student  clearly  to  express 
himself  on  scientific  and  professional  subjects. 

An  article  on  English  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin 
would  be  incomplete  that  did  not  give  some  account  of 
the  work  of  the  literary  societies.  They  form  a  great 
practice  department  in  English  composition  and  elocu- 


188 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


tion.  The  work  is  so  certain,  and  so  uniform  in  quality, 
that  it  may  be  looked  upon  as  part,  and  not  an  unim- 
portant part  either,  of  the  students'  training.  Freshmen 
and  Sophomores,  while  carrying  on  the  work  in  English 
composition  in  the  class-room,  are  listening  to  or  en- 
gaging in  weekly  debates  in  the  society  halls.  There 
are  in  all  eight  general  literary  societies;  and  in  all  of 
them,  I  believe,  essay  writing  and  oration  writing  is  sub- 
sidiary to  debating.  The  competition  runs  high  even 
within  the  societies.  The  Sophomores  of  each  society 
hold  annually  a  public  exhibition;  those  who  appear  are 
chosen  for  the  excellence  of  their  work  in  the  society. 
The  most  important  literary  event  of  the  college  year, 
not  excepting  commencement,  is  the  joint  debate  be- 
tween two  of  the  several  literary  societies  that  consti- 
tute the  Joint  Debate  League.  The  joint  debaters  are 
usually  chosen  from  those  who  have  made  a  good  record 
in  the  Sophomore  public  debate.  No  labor  or  expense 
is  spared  in  preparation. 

The  relation  of  the  department  of  Rhetoric  and  Ora- 
tory to  the  other  departments  of  a  college  or  university 
is  peculiar.  It  should  be  in  close  alliance  with  them;  a 
sharp  insistence  by  all  departments  upon  correctness  in 
the  composition  of  themes  and  topics,  and  upon  correct 
pronunciation  and  correct  speech  in  the  recitation  room, 
would  add  greatly  to  the  efficiency  of  the  English  de- 
partment. A  graduate's  English  should  be  the  result 
of  all  university  work;  and  by  English  I  mean  both 
spoken  and  written  English. 

The  department  of  English  Language  and  Literature 
offers  twenty-one  courses;  a  few  of  these  are  given  only 
every  second  year.  Anglo-Saxon  and  Middle  English 
as  an  introduction  to  the  historical  study  of  English  are 
required  of  students  in  the  English  course.  This  is  fol- 
lowed by  an  elective  course  in  Anglo-Saxon  poetry  and 
a  survey  of  Anglo-Saxon  literature,  and  this  by  a  course 
in  Beowulf  as  an  introduction  to  the  study  of  Old  Ger- 
manic life.  A  general  course  in  the  history  of  the  En- 
glish language  is  given  every  second  year.  A  general 
survey  of  English  literature  is  a  prerequisite  to  all  other 
courses  in  English  literature,  and  is  required  of  the 
Sophomores  in  the  English  course.  All  other  courses 
in  the  department  are  elective. 

The  method  of  instruction  is  scientific.  Little  atten- 
tion is  paid  to  text-books ;  the  works  under  consideration 
are  studied,  commented  upon,  interpreted.  Long  lines 
of  reading  are  assigned,  and  the  results  are  embodied 
in  a  paper  which  is  read  and  discussed  before  the  class. 
In  the  Literature  Seminary  meeting,  once  a  week  for 
two  hours,  the  general  principles  of  literary  criticism 
are  expounded  and  applied. 

The  scope  of  instruction  in  the  department  is  suffi- 
ciently broad.  After  the  general  survey  required  for  en- 
trance upon  the  elective  courses,  the  students  may  study 
the  history  of  literature  of  the  fourteenth  century,  the 
literature  of  the  Elizabethan  period,  the  literature  of 
the  eighteenth  century  with  special  reference  to  the  so- 
cial and  intellectual  life  of  the  period,  the  English  Ro- 
mantic movement,  and  the  Victorian  era.  There  is  a 
group  of  courses  on  the  Drama,  beginning  with  the  an- 
cient classical  drama  in  translation,  going  to  the  history 
of  the  English  drama,  and  the  interpretative  readings  of 
selected  plays  of  Shakespeare,  with  themes  and  discus- 
sion. Epic  poetry  is  studied  in  translations  of  Virgil, 
Homer,  and  Dante,  leading  to  the  great  English  lyric 
poets.  The  development  of  the  novel  and  the  develop- 
ment of  English  prose  are  each  given  a  place.  The  En- 
glish essayists,  from  Dryden  to  the  present  day,  are  fol- 


lowed by  the  English  and  American  prose  masterpieces, 
and  those  by  the  English  Literary  Seminary  on  the  his- 
tory and  theory  ef  literary  criticism;  the  subject  for 
study  in  the  seminary  for  the  present  year  is  Robert 
Browning.  The  courses  in  English  literature  are,  I 
think,  the  most  popular  courses  in  the  University. 

DAVID  B.  FRANKENBURGER. 
Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Oratory,  University  of  Wisconsin. 


THE  CHANGELESS  BARD. 

(Written  on  a  fly-leaf  of  Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  "Homer  and  the  Epic.") 

It  is  an  age  that  knows  thee  not,  I  fear, 

Child  of  the  Dawn,  which,  kissing,  smit  thee  blind; 

Or  else  could  any  lover  cease  to  find 

Thy  presence  in  thy  works  ?     Doth  not  the  year 

That  rolls,  show  Nature's  face  ?     Yea,  full  as  clear 

Thine  rises  still  before  the  adoring  mind, 

O  Bard  serene  with  love  of  human  kind 

And  favor  of  the  gods.     What !  could  the  sheer 

Blank  fall  of  Time  engulf  thee,  eldest  born 

Of  the  Elect  ?     Nay,  sooner  had  wide  space 

Swallowed  the  pristine  stars  that  sang  the  birth 

Of  this  new  world,  what  time  the  first  glad  morn 

Showed  o'er  the  eastern  hills  her  gracious  face, 

And  made  for  men  a  habitable  earth. 

W.  P.  TRENT. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

A  WORKING  SHAKESPEARE  LIBRARY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  appearance  of  that  monumental  work,  Bartlett's 
Shakespeare  Concordance,  suggests  the  question  of  what 
constitutes  a  good  working  Shakespeare  Library.  The 
veteran  Shakespeare  teacher,  Professor  Corson,  believes 
that  the  absolutely  needful  apparatus  for  Shakespearean 
study  may  be  supplied  by  a  very  few  works,  and  re- 
commends, as  constituting  an  excellent  working  Shake- 
speare Library,  the  following:  The  Cambridge  Shake- 
speare,.edited  by  W.  Aldis  Wright,  nine  volumes;  (The 
student  is  presented,  at  the  foot  of  the  page,  with  a  col- 
lective view  of  all  the  various  reading  of  the  Quartos 
and  Folios,  16th  and  17th  centuries,  Octavos,  18th  cen- 
tury, and  all  subsequent  editions,  together  with  all  the 
more  important  conjectural  emendations  that  have  been 
proposed  but  not  adopted  into  any  text.  In  the  case  of 
Plays  of  which  there  are  Quarto  editions  differing  from 
the  received  text  to  such  an  extent  that  the  variations 
cannot  be  shown  in  foot-notes,  the  texts  of  the  Quartos 
are  printed  literatim  in  a  smaller  type  after  the  received 
text.)  The  Globe  Shakespeare,  for  line  numbering; 
Abbott's  Shakespearean  Grammar;  Dowden's  Shake- 
speare Primer  ;  Dr.  Schmidt's  Shakespeare  Lexicon  ; 
Charles  and  Mary  Cowden-Clarke's  Shakespeare  Key; 
and  Bartlett's  Concordance.  The  student  who  has  all 
these  works  at  hand,  Professor  Corson  thinks,  is  not 
badly  off  for  aids  to  his  study  of  Shakespeare;  he  is 
better  off,  perhaps,  than  if  he  had  a  great  Shakespearean 
library  at  his  command,  which  would  tempt  him  to 
browse  around  and  thus  have  his  mind  distracted  with 
an  excess  of  material.  It  would  be  interesting  to  have 
expressions  on  the  subject  from  other  Shakespeare  stu- 

dents-  A.  J.  H. 

Ithaca,  N.  F.,  Sept.  24,  1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


189 


JAPAN — KOREA  —  CHIXA.  * 

Mr.  Curzon's  book  on  "  Problems  of  the 
Far  East "  comes  in  the  nick  of  time,  and  has 
scarcely  a  rival  in  the  field  it  covers.  The  eyes 
of  the  Western  world  are  intently  fixed  on  the 
international  drama  now  enacting  in  Korea, 
in  which  Japan  and  China  are  the  protagon- 
ists ;  and  there  is  an  eager  demand  for  precisely 
the  sort  of  information  that  Mr.  Curzon  gives. 
Of  the  Oriental  "  impressions  "  of  the  globe- 
trotter we  have  had  enough  and  to  spare — save 
in  the  case  of  Korea,  which  floats  in  the  minds 
of  most  of  us  chiefly  as  a  land  of  white  clothes 
and  miraculous  hats.  Japan  we  know  (or  fan- 
cied we  knew)  pretty  thoroughly.  Pilgrims  in- 
numerable, from  sugary  Sir  Edwin  Arnold  f  to 
"  breezy  "  Miss  Duncan,  have  journeyed  thither 
as  to  a  traveller's  paradise,  bent  on  seeing  a 
fairy-land  of  tea-gardens  and  bric-a-brac,  pa- 
per lanterns  and  tea-tray  landscapes,  with  in- 
habitants to  match ;  and,  naturally,  they  saw 
what  they  were  predisposed  to  see.  But  of 
Japan,  the  land  of  aspiring  statesmen  and  de- 
finite ambitions  ;  the  potent  factor  in  the  loom- 
ing Pacific  Question  ;  the  scheming,  far-seeing 
rival  of  China  and  Russia  for  the  tongue  of 
land  the  mastery  of  which  will  go  far  in  deter- 
mining the  maritime  supremacy  of  the  Pacific  ; 
the  country  that  is  bridging  with  such  mar- 
vellous celerity  the  gulf  between  feudalism  and 
democracy,  and  between  Oriental  stagnation 
and  Western  progress, — of  this,  the  actual  and 
all-important  Japan,  travellers  heretofore  have 
told  us  relatively  little.  Painting  pictures  is 
no  part  of  Mr.  Curzon's  main  design,  though 
he  shows  on  occasion  that  he  can  wield  the 
brush  with  brilliancy  and  effect.  His  stand- 
point is  that  of  the  political  student,  and  his 
view  throughout  is  broad  and  statesmanlike. 
The  volume  is  the  outcome  of  two  journeys 
round  the  world,  in  1887-8  and  in  1892-3, 
and  it  is  essentially  a  comparative  study  of  the 
political,  social,  and  economic  conditions  of 
Japan,  China,  and  Korea.  What  is  the  part 

*  PROBLEMS  OF  THE  FAB  EAST  :  Japan  —  Korea  —  China. 
By  the  Hon.  George  N.  Curzon,  M.P.  With  Maps  and  Fifty 
Illustrations.  New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

t "  I  conceive  that  no  worse  service  could  have  been  ren- 
dered to  Japan  than  the  publication  of  the  last  work  in  En- 
glish which  has  been  dedicated  to  her  charms  by  a  well- 
known  writer  and  poet.  These  overloaded  encomiums  not 
merely  clog  the  palate  ;  they  foster  a  growing  vanity  against 
which  the  Japanese  require  to  be  on  their  guard,  and  which 
may,  unless  abated,  both  provoke  and  deserve  the  chastise- 
ment of  some  smart  rebuff." — Author. 


they  are  now  playing,  or  are  capable  of  play- 
ing, on  the  international  stage  ?     What  is  the 
political  future  that  may,  without  foolhardiness 
of  prediction,  be  anticipated  for  them  ?   These 
are  the  leading  questions  Mr.  Curzon  attempts 
to  answer.     His  treatment  of  Japan  is  purely 
political,  and  his  picture  of  Japanese  home  pol- 
itics is  not,  on  the  whole,  a  bright  one.    After 
a  twenty  years'  travail,  Japan  has  given  birth 
to  a  Parliamentary  Constitution,  and  the  two 
chambers  created  under  it  are  rapidly  intro- 
ducing the  people  to  the  amenities  of  parlia- 
mentary methods  —  obstruction  within  doors 
and  demagogism  without  —  to  the  phenomena 
of  Radical  and  Conservative  parties,  and  to 
the  familiar  palaestra  of  begging  and  refusing 
supplies.    The  Diet  approximates  to  the  Prus- 
sian model.     There  is  a  House  of  Peers  (270 
members)  which  is  partly  hereditary,  partly 
nominated,  and  partly  elected.     The  members 
of  the  first  two  classes  sit  for  life,  those  of  the 
third  class  for  seven  years.    The  Lower  House, 
which  contains  300  members,  and  sits  for  four 
years,  being  bound  to  meet  at  least  once  a  year 
for  a  three  months'  session,  is  wholly  elective, 
and  is  composed  of  the  representatives  of  the 
principal  prefectures  and  towns,  returned  in 
the  proportion  of  one  to  every  128,000  of  the 
people,  upon  a  tax-paying,  residential,  and  age 
franchise.     The  Japanese  have  acquired  the 
routine  of  parliamentary  conduct  with  their 
usual  facility,  and  the  new  regime  has  had  its 
natural  effect  upon  the  people  at  large.    There 
is  a  prodigious  growth  of  mushroom  journals 
of  the  "  organ  "  variety  ;  and  we  read  of  polit- 
ical clubs,  of  agitations  for  an  extension  of 
the  franchise,  of  mass-meetings,  of  "  silver- 
tongued  "  orators  and  "  scathing  "  speeches  ; 
and  we  realize  that  in  far  Japan,  Demos,  hav- 
ing found  belated  utterance,  is  being  flattered, 
cheated,  and  cajoled  by  his  natural  mentors  in 
the  good  old  way.     Happily,  with  a  limited 
franchise,  the  Japanese  "  boss  "  is  still  below 
the  political  horizon.    The  Lower  House,  says 
Mr.  Curzon,  is  by  its  constitution  afflicted  with 
the  vices  of  an  irresponsible  opposition  ;  and 
so  far  it  has  combated  successive  governments, 
impeding  their  measures  and  defeating  their 
budgets,  with  a  persistency  worthy  of  Irish  ob- 
structionists.    Of  the  many  "  rocks  ahead  " 
pointed  out  by  our  author  which  threaten  con- 
stitutional rule  in  Japan,  the  most  menacing 
by  far  is  the  question  of  the  relations  of  the 
Chamber  with  the  Government,  which  repro- 
duce, though  in  different  form,  the  controver- 
sial impasse  presented  from  time  to  time  in 


190 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


England  between  a  Eadical  majority  in  the 
House  of  Commons  and  a  Conservative  one  in 
the  House  of  Lords.  Japan  has  parties,  but 
no  party  government.  The  Ministers  are  re- 
sponsible, not  to  the  Diet,  but  to  the  Emperor, 
retaining  office  during  his  pleasure.  There  is 
no  a  priori  reason  why  the  dangerous  situation 
presented  by  a  majority  hostile  to  the  Exec- 
utive, in  both  Houses,  should  not  exist  and  be 
indefinitely  prolonged. 

"  The  theory  of  the  Japanese  Constitution,  therefore, 
being  the  rule  of  a  Government  legislating  through  two 
Chambers,  but  not  responsible  to  either,  and  treating 
their  representatives  with  comparative  indifference,  it 
may  be  readily  understood  that  the  popular  Chamber, 
at  any  rate,  which  rests  solely  upon  election,  though  on 
a  narrow  franchise,  becomes  an  almost  automatic  ma- 
chine of  opposition." 

Frequent  dissolutions  are  obviously  a  dan- 
gerous expedient ;  and  should  the  present  at- 
tempt of  Count  Ito's  Ministry  to  tide  over  do- 
mestic dissensions  by  means  of  foreign  war 
prove  disastrous  (and  Mr.  Curzon  seems  to 
think  it  must,  eventually)  Japanese  politicians 
may  look  for  interesting  times  in  the  near  fu- 
ture. Broadly  stated,  the  main  questions  in 
the  three-fold  problem  with  which  Japanese 
statesmen  have  to  deal  are  these :  the  ances- 
tral conflict  between  democratic  and  oligarchi- 
cal theories  of  government ;  the  role  of  the 
sovereign  in  a  so-called  constitutional  polity ; 
and  the  relation  of  ministerial  responsibility 
to  a  parliamentary  system.  They  are  essen- 
tially the  issues  over  which  European  states 
have  been  battling  for  centuries  ;  and  it  is  to 
be  hoped  that  here  again  Japan  may  profit  by 
the  experience  of  the  Occident. 

Of  especial  interest  at  present  is  a  con- 
sideration of  the  military  and  naval  forces  of 
the  Mikado's  Empire.  Born  sailors,  and  con- 
scious of  an  extensive  and  vulnerable  seaboard, 
the  Japanese  are  peculiarly  sensitive  to  criti- 
cism of  their  navy  ;  and  while  the  administra- 
tion of  the  department  excites  acrimonious 
party  strife,  there  is  no  dispute  as  to  the  crown- 
ing need  of  a  policy  of  liberal  naval  outlay. 
When  in  1893  the  government  placed  the  stan- 
dard of  national  requirement  at  120,000  tons, 
extreme  radicals  proposed  an  increase  to  150,- 
000.  An  order  amounting  to  £2,000,000  is 
now  undergoing  execution  in  Europe  ;  and  re- 
cent events  more  than  justify  Count  Ito's  boast 
to  our  author,  that  "  the  Japanese  fleet  is  the 
next  strongest  to  that  of  China  in  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  and  is  far  more  serviceable  for  ac- 
tion." Not  less  satisfactory  is  the  condition  of 
the  army. 


"  With  a  mobilized  peace-footing  of  between  50,000 
and  60,000  men,  with  a  reserve  of  113,000,  and  a  Land- 
wehr  of  80,000,  armed,  equipped,  and  drilled  according 
to  the  highest  standard  of  nineteenth-century  require- 
ment, and,  moreover,  honestly  and  economically  admin- 
istered, the  Japanese  army  need  not  shrink  from  the 
test  of  comparison,  in  point  of  efficiency,  with  the  forces 
of  European  states." 

The  Japanese  soldier  has,  unquestionably,  dis- 
cipline, perseverance,  and  endurance.  "  Has 
he  valor  also  ?  "  is  the  question  recently  put 
by  an  English  military  authority.  The  annals 
of  the  nation,  teeming  with  the  records  of  per- 
sonal valor  and  patriotic  devotion,  certainly  re- 
turn an  affirmative  answer.  The  high  ideal  of 
Japanese  feudal  and  national  loyalty  is  fitly 
expressed  in  the  old  verses  current  for  a  thou- 
sand years  among  the  people  : 

"  Is  my  path  upon  the  ocean  yonder  ? 
Let  the  waves  my  shipwrecked  body  hide ! 
Must  I  over  plain  and  mountain  wander  ? 
Let  my  slain  corse  'neath  the  grass  abide ! 

Where'er  I  cease, 

For  me  no  peace 

Of  last  release, 
I  shall  perish  by  my  liege-lord's  side !  " 

We  gather  from  Mr.  Curzon's  reports  that, 
despite  the  heavy  draughts  on  the  national 
capital  implied  by  her  war  establishments,  the 
trade  and  manufactures  of  Japan  are  exceed- 
ingly prosperous — to  the  British  apprehension 
rather  alarmingly  so.  Surprising  advances 
have  been  made,  notably  in  the  manufacture 
of  cotton  clothing,  Japan's  export  of  the  pro- 
duct of  her  own  looms  having  quadrupled  in 
the  last  five  years.  With  the  great  increase 
in  the  import  of  raw  material,  there  has  been 
a  corresponding  decrease  in  that  of  manufac- 
tured goods.  Especially,  thinks  Mr.  Curzon, 
will  she  profit  in  her  export  of  manufactured 
cottons  to  China. 

"  Both  are  silver-standard  countries,  and  in  both 
wages  are  paid  in  stiver;  and  when  her  superior  prox- 
imity, her  low  rate  of  wages,  and  the  cheapness  of  coal, 
are  taken  into  account,  Manchester  and  Bombay  alike 
should  find  in  her  a  most  formidable  competitor." 

What  will  be  the  effect  of  the  present  war  upon 
this  promising  industrial  outlook,  remains  to 
be  seen. 

Having  glanced  at  Mr.  Curzon's  account  of 
Japan's  army,  it  may  be  interesting  to  learn 
his  opinion  of  her  rival's.  While  China  has 
made  some  improvements  in  her  military  or- 
ganization, especially  since  the  French  war  of 
1884-5,  it  is,  as  a  whole,  little  less  antique  and 
no  less  rigid  than  its  civil  counterpart.  Its 
first  main  division  is  the  Army  of  the  Eight 
Banners,  a  close  corps  forming  a  sort  of  hered- 
itary body  or  caste  maintained  at  the  expense 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


191 


of  the  Crown,  and,  like  the  Roman  legionaries 
of  the  outlying  provinces,  holding  military 
lands.  The  nominal  strength  of  the  Eight 
Banners  varies  from  230,000  to  330,000  men  ; 
but  of  these,  not  more  than  80,000  are  on  a 
respectable  war  footing.  The  Imperial  Guard 
at  Peking,  drawn  from  the  Banner  Army,  con- 
sists of  eight  regiments  ;  and  side  by  side  with 
them  is  the  National  Army,  a  sort  of  militia, 
nominally  540,000  to  660,000  strong,  about 
one-third  of  whom  are  usually  called  out,  "  and 
the  whole  of  whom  are  never  organized,  and 
are  probably  incapable  of  being  organized,  for 
war."  The  only  really  formidable  contingent 
of  the  National  Army  is  the  Tientsin  army 
corps  (mobilized  strength  35,000),  a  compact 
troop  armed  with  modern  rifles  and  Krupp 
guns,  and  drilled  and  organized  on  the  Prus- 
sian model.  The  total  land  army  of  China, 
called  on  to  garrison  an  Empire  whose  area  is 
half  as  large  again  as  Europe,  and  whose  popu- 
lation is  equivalent  to  that  of  all  Europe,  is, 
on  a  war  footing,  about  1,000,000  men.  When 
we  approach  the  question  of  discipline,  train- 
ing, and  personnel,  the  true  value  of  the  Chi- 
nese army  appears.  The  men  have  many  ex- 
cellent qualities  —  good  physique,  wonderful 
endurance,  natural  docility  and  sobriety,  and 
considerable  intelligence  ;  of  discipline,  in  the 
proper  sense,  they  have  none. 

"  No  arms  in  the  world,  shuffled  out  from  the  arsenal 
upon  the  declaration  of  war,  like  cards  from  a  pack,  and 
placed  in  untrained  hands,  can  make  them  follow  lead- 
ers who  are  nincompoops,  or  resist  an  enemy  whose  tac- 
tics, except  when  it  comes  to  getting  behind  a  mud  ram- 
part themselves,  they  do  not  understand." 

Their  ordinary  weapons  are  lances,  spears,  bat- 
tle axes,  tridents,  ancient  rifles  bought  second- 
hand or  third-hand  in  Europe,  with  a  plentiful 
accompaniment  of  banners  and  gongs.  The 
arm  of  the  majority,  however,  is  an  archaic  and 
(to  the  bearer)  formidable  matchlock,  which 
requires  two  men  to  fire  it.  Bows  and  arrows 
are  common  ;  and  European  Dugald  Dalgettys 
in  Peking  are  every  day  scandalized  by  seeing 
the  garrison  at  archery  practice,  shooting  "  at 
a  straw  doll  stuck  up  in  a  ditch."  In  fighting 
the  French  at  Tonking,  men  of  the  same  regi- 
ment had  different  rifles,  and  there  was  even 
a  larger  confusion  of  cartridges. 

"  To  a  Chinaman  all  cartridges  are  alike ;  and  what 
with  those  that  were  too  large  and  those  that  were  too 
small,  and  those  that  jammed  and  could  not  be  extracted, 
it  may  be  judged  what  amount  of  success  attended  the 
firing." 

All  military  drawbacks,  however,  sink  into 
insignificance  compared  with  the  final  and  fatal 


handicap  of  the  native  officer.  In  China,  the 
pedant's  paradise,  where  distinction  is  identi- 
fied with  proficiency  in  the  classics,  the  mili- 
tary profession  is  regarded  with  contempt,  and 
attracts  only  inferior  men. 

"  In  the  bulk  of  the  army  an  officer  still  only  requires 
to  qualify  by  passing  a  standard  in  archery,  in  fencing 
with  swords,  and  in  certain  gymnastic  exercises." 

Oddly  enough,  even  for  China,  where  every- 
thing seems  to  go,  as  it  were,  stern-foremost, 
and  where  a  sense  of  practical  fitness,  like  the 
verb  in  a  German  sentence,  usually  comes  last, 
the  study  of  the  theory  of  war  is  relegated  to 
civilians,  as  a  branch  of  polite  learning.  When 
we  learn,  however,  that  the  standard  military 
works  are  some  three  thousand  years  old,  and 
that  the  chief  authority  (one  Sun-tse)  recom- 
mends such  manosuvres  as  —  "  Spread  in  the 
camp  of  the  enemy  voluptuous  musical  airs,  so 
as  to  soften  his  heart  "  —  the  practical  loss  to 
the  profession  seems  inconsiderable.  Summar- 
izing his  impressions  of  the  Chinese  officers, 
Mr.  Curzon  concludes  : 

"  It  cannot  be  considered  surprising  that,  so  recruited 
and  taught,  destitute  of  the  slenderest  elements,  either  of 
military  knowledge  or  scientific  training,  they  should  earn 
the  contempt  of  their  followers.  Their  posts  are  usually 
acquired  either  by  favoritism  or  purchase.  When  it  is 
added  that  they  are  also,  as  a  rule,  both  corrupt  and 
cowardly;  that  they  stint  the  men's  rations  and  pilfer 
their  pay;  and  that  when  an  engagement  takes  place 
they  commonly  misdirect  it  from  a  sedan  chair  in  the 
rear,  we  have  the  best  of  reasons  for  expecting  uniform 
and  systematic  disaster." 

As  to  the  employment  by  China  of  European 
officers,  Mr.  Curzon  observes  that  she  is  ready 
enough  to  enlist  them  and  to  pay  them  liber- 
ally, in  the  initial  stages  of  a  policy  of  recon- 
struction— and  to  cast  them  aside,  unrewarded 
with  gift  or  preferment,  as  soon  as  she  has 
sucked  them  dry. 

"  She  kowtows  to  the  foreigner  as  long  as  she  has 
something  to  gain  from  him ;  but  her  inordinate  conceit 
presently  reasserts  itself,  and  a  Chinaman  is  appointed 
to  continue,  one  might  rather  say  to  take  to  pieces,  the 
laborious  efforts  of  his  predecessors." 

In  the  light  of  Mr.  Curzon's  account  it  is 
manifest  that,  despite  its  great  numerical  supe- 
riority, the  ill-armed,  ill-disciplined,  and  worse- 
led  horde,  by  courtesy  called  the  Chinese  Army, 
must  go  down  in  the  field  before  Japan's  thor- 
oughly modern  and  efficient  fighting-machine. 
It  is  a  corps  of  regulars  against  a  rabble  of 
tramps  ;  and  the  issue  of  the  first  onset  is  not 
doubtful.  But  what  of  the  issue  of  a  long  sus- 
tained struggle  ? — or  of  a  conflict  renewed  after 
China,  profiting  by  her  disasters  and  eager  to 
avenge  them,  shall  have  taken  the  field  with  an 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


army  numerically  far  beyond  the  resources  of 
the  Island  Empire,  and  equipped,  drilled,  and 
officered  in  some  conformity  with  modern  stand- 
ards ?  A  defeat  by  Japan  seems  not  unlikely 
to  prove  the  rude  jog  needed  to  startle  China 
from  her  sleep  of  centuries,  and  to  bring  about 
that  real  "  awakening  "  predicted  by  Marquis 
Tseng. 

Mr.  Curzon's  graphic  and  comprehensive  ac- 
count of  Korea  can  only  be  touched  upon  here. 
Korea's  new-born  prominence  in  international 
politics  is  largely  due  to  the  bearing  of  her 
geographical  position  upon  the  maritime  and 
commercial  ambitions  of  China,  Russia,  and 
Japan.  The  opening  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway  and  Trans-Pacific  route  on  the  east- 
ern side  ;  the  probable  completion  of  the  Nic- 
aragua or  some  other  inter-oceanic  canal  to  the 
south ;  the  Siberian  Railway,  and  the  ominous 
meddling  of  foreign  states  in  the  affairs  of  the 
isles  of  Oceania, — all  foreshadow  a  future  Pa- 
cific Question  to  the  vital  importance  of  which 
the  three  Powers  named  are  fully  alive.  Rus- 
sia, already  dissatisfied  with  her  base  at  ice- 
bound Vladivostock  and  thirsting  for  a  Pacific 
commerce  and  a  Pacific  armament,  is  quietly 
pushing  her  outposts  into  the  coveted  penin- 
sula ;  and,  as  against  her,  the  interests  of  China 
and  Japan  would  seem  to  coincide.  Says  Mr. 
Curzon : 

"  That  the  true  policy  for  Japan,  ignoring  tradition 
and  history  and  burying  national  antipathies,  is  a  friendly 
understanding  with  China,  interesting  herself  in  keeping 
at  a  distance  the  common  peril — namely,  the  advance  of 
the  Muscovite  from  the  north — appears  to  me  self-evi- 
dent, and  is,  I  believe  appreciated  by  her  own  statesmen." 

Every  Japanese  minister  has,  however,  in 
shaping  his  course  now,  to  reckon  with  a  large 
and  aggressive  body  of  his  countrymen,  who, 
when  their  "  patriotic  "  instincts  are  touched, 
"  are  apt  to  respond  by  going  stark  mad."  To 
the  latter  phenomenon  Mr.  Curzon  ascribes  the 
present  conflict  in  Korea  ;  and  he  adds  : 

"  In  the  event  of  open  war  Japan  cannot,  in  my  judg- 
ment, escape  the  blame  of  provocation,  and  will,  in  the 
long  run,  be  the  sufferer  by  the  issue." 

Touching  the  merits  of  the  Korean  dispute, 
it  may  be  said,  broadly,  that  while  Japan's 
claims,  technically  surrendered  but  popularly 
held  to,  to  ascendancy  in  the  peninsula  are 
supported  by  priority  in  time,  China's  rest  on 
the  firmer  ground  of  community  of  language, 
of  manners,  and  of  religion,  as  well  as  on  ter- 
ritorial connection.  Japan's  claim  dates  back 
to  the  third  century  A.  D.,  when  an  Amazonian 
Empress-Regent  (appropriately  named  Jingo) 
led  an  expedition  into  Korea,  and  received  its 


submission.  Up  to  the  end  of  the  fourteenth 
century  Korea  remained  tributary  ;  and  there 
thus  grew  up  in  most  Japanese  minds  the  abid- 
ing conviction  that  to  give  up  this  suzerainty 
meant  an  indelible  stain  on  the  national  honor. 
The  substantial  results  of  the  feudal  relation 
dwindled  away,  however,  in  time,  into  a  barren 
exchange  of  compliment ;  and  in  1876  Japan, 
exhausted  by  her  civil  wars,  prudently  closed 
a  treaty  with  Korea,  in  which  was  embodied 
the  pregnant  statement  that  "  Chosen,  being 
an  independent  State,  enjoys  the  same  sover- 
eign rights  as  does  Japan  " — an  admission  fool- 
ishly winked  at  by  China  "  from  the  mistaken 
notion  that  by  disavowing  her  connection  with 
Korea  she  could  escape  the  unpleasantness  of 
being  called  to  account  for  the  delinquencies 
of  her  vassal."  By  the  Convention  of  Tient- 
sin (1885),  following  the  revolution  in  Soul, 
the  rival  nations  agreed  for  the  future  not  to 
send  an  armed  force  to  Korea  to  suppress  do- 
mestic disorder,  without  giving  previous  notice 
to  each  other.  Says  our  author : 

"  This  document  was  a  second  diplomatic  triumph 
for  Japan;  for,  whilst  it  was  safe  to  aver  that  neither 
Power  would  ever  be  seriously  deterred  thereby  from 
hostile  action,  it  yet  involved  the  very  admission  of  sub- 
stantial equality  of  rights  as  regards  Korea,  which  Japan 
had  all  along  been  laboring  to  reassert,  and  which  China, 
except  in  the  moments  when  she  had  been  caught  nap- 
ping, had  as  consistently  repudiated." 

It  should  be  noted  that  while  Japan,  in  1876, 
formally  relinquished  her  shadowy  feudal  claim 
(born  of  aggression  and  weakened  by  time) 
upon  Korea,  she  has  since  pursued  with  unflag- 
ging energy  the  more  substantial  goal  of  com- 
mercial and  fiscal  control  in  the  peninsula.  Her 
colonists  and  merchants,  possessed  of  capital 
and  understanding  the  use  of  it,  have  fastened 
a  grip  upon  the  unwary  and  indolent  Koreans 
that  will  be  hard  to  shake  off.  The  mint  and 
the  banks  are  in  their  hands,  and  the  Govern- 
ment is  in  their  debt ;  and  (leaving  the  pos- 
sible fruits  of  the  war  out  of  the  count)  every- 
thing seems  to  indicate  that  in  a  few  years' 
time  the  Japanese  will  have  obtained  a  mastery 
of  the  resources  of  Korea  that  will  render,  as 
Mr.  Curzon  thinks,  "  her  political  dependence 
|  upon  China  a  constitutional  fiction  which  the 
wisdom  born  of  accomplished  facts  may  ulti- 
mately allow  to  expire."  Japan  has  definite 
ambitions ;  and  it  may  be  that  the  recent  ad- 
vance on  Korea  is  as  much  a  bold  move  in  the 
line  of  her  general  policy  as  a  mere  piece  of 
ministerial  Jinesse  calculated  for  home  effect. 
The  role  she  aspires  to  play  in  the  Far  East  is 
determined  by  her  geographical  situation. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


193 


"  Placed  at  a  maritime  coign  of  vantage  upon  the 
flank  of  Asia,  precisely  analogous  to  that  occupied  by 
Great  Britain  on  the  flank  of  Europe,  exercising  a  pow- 
erful influence  over  the  adjoining  continent,  but  not  nec- 
essarily involved  in  its  responsibilities,  she  sets  before 
herself  the  supreme  ambition  of  becoming,  on  a  smaller 
scale,  the  Britain  of  the  Far  East.  ...  If  she  can 
but  intimidate  any  would-be  enemy  from  attempting  a 
landing  on  her  shores,  and  can  fly  an  unchallenged  flag 
over  the  surrounding  waters,  while  from  her  own  re- 
sources she  provides  occupation,  sustenance,  clothing, 
and  wages  for  her  people,  she  will  fulfil  her  role  in  the 
international  politics  of  the  future." 

To  readers  interested  in  the  more  serious  side 
of  Eastern  life,  and  in  its  political  problems, 
Mr.  Curzon's  book  is  indispensable.  His  treat- 
ment of  Japan  is,  as  said,  purely  political. 
The  excellent  chapters  on  Korea  and  on  China 
are  more  pictorial ;  but  here  also,  as  the  author 
says,  "  the  trail  of  politics  is  over  all."  Mr. 
Curzon's  vaticinations  as  to  the  destinies  of  the 
Far  East,  and  the  probable  share  of  Great 
Britain  therein,  are  full  of  interest,  and  they 
have  the  decided  advantage  over  Mr.  Pearson's 
melancholy  "  Forecast "  of  being  founded  on 
direct  observation.  The  volume  is  a  handsome 
one  externally,  and  it  is  liberally  illustrated. 

E.  G.  J. 


BARTLETT'S  CONCORDANCE  TO 
SHAKESPEARE.* 


The  Works  of  Shakespeare  have  been,  per- 
haps, more  completely  laid  open,  in  respect  to 
his  vocabulary,  his  phraseology,  every  feature 
of  his  language-shaping,  his  every  thought  and 
sentiment,  than  those  of  any  other  modern  au- 
thor ;  it  may,  indeed,  be  quite  safe  to  say,  than 
those  of  any  ancient  classic,  Greek  or  Roman. 
Before  noticing  the  work  whose  title  heads  this 
article,  a  cursory  glance  at  previous  works  of 
the  same  class  seems  to  be  called  for. 

More  than  a  hundred  years  ago — namely,  in 
1790 — was  published,  as  a  companion  volume 
to  an  edition  of  Shakespeare's  Dramatic  Works 
in  two  volumes  royal  octavo,  published  by  John 
Stockdale,  London,  "  An  Index  to  the  remark- 
able Passages  and  Words  made  use  of  by  Shake- 
speare. .  .  .  By  the  Rev.  Samuel  Ayscough, 
F.S.A.  and  assistant  librarian  of  the  British 
Museum."  (There  was  a  Dublin  edition  in 
1791,  and  there  were  London  editions  in  1807, 
1827,  and  1842.)  The  references  in  this  Index 
are  to  the  play,  act,  and  scene,  and  to  page, 

*  A  NEW  AND  COMPLETE  CONCORDANCE,  or  Verbal  Index, 
to  Words,  Phrases,  and  Passages  in  the  Dramatic  Works  of 
Shakespeare.  With  a  Supplementary  Concordance  to  the 
Poems.  By  John  Bartlett,  A.M.,  Fellow  of  the  Academy  of 
Arts  and  Sciences.  New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 


column,  and  line,  of  Stockdale's  Shakespeare. 
The  passages  given  in  connection  with  the 
index-word  generally  make  complete  sense  in 
themselves.  There  are  in  all  somewhere  be- 
tween forty  and  fifty  thousand  references.  Ays- 
cough  was  a  skilled  and  experienced  index- 
maker  ;  and  this  Shakespeare  Index  is  a  very 
creditable  piece  of  pioneer  work.  It  was,  at 
the  time,  up  to  the  demands  of  Shakespearean 
study. 

In  1805  -  7  was  published,  in  two  octavo 
volumes,  in  London,  "  A  Complete  Verbal  In- 
dex to  the  Plays  of  Shakespeare :  adapted  to 
all  editions.  Comprehending  every  substan- 
tive, adjective,  verb,  participle,  and  adverb, 
used  by  Shakespeare ;  with  a  distinct  refer- 
ence to  every  individual  passage  in  which  each 
word  occurs.  By  Francis  Twiss."  This  is  now 
a  scarce  work,  as,  according  to  Thimm's  Shake- 
speariana,  542  copies  of  an  impression  of  750 
were  destroyed  by  the  fire  at  Bensley's,  the 
printer,  in  1807.  A  curious  fact  in  connection 
with  it,  especially  curious  to  Shakespeareans  of 
the  present  day,  is  the  ill-natured  opinion  ex- 
pressed in  "  The  Eclectic  Review "  for  Jan- 
uary, 1807,  in  regard  to  the  homage  to  Shake- 
speare implied  in  such  an  Index.  The  compiler 
is  reprehended  for  "  the  misapplication  of  his 
time  and  talents  to  that  blind  devotion  which 
fashion  requires  to  be  paid  at  the  shrine  of 
Shakespeare  by  everyone  who  makes  the  slight- 
est pretensions  to  refinement  of  taste."  I  have 
never  seen  a  copy  of  this  work,  and  cannot 
speak  of  its  merits.  But  it  probably  does  not 
even  approach  a  realization  of  what  is  set  forth 
in  the  title. 

In  1845,  Mrs.  Mary  Cowden-Clarke  pub- 
lished her  "  Complete  Concordance  to  Shake- 
speare :  being  a  verbal  index  to  all  the  passages 
in  the  dramatic  works  of  the  poet."  This  Con- 
cordance was  the  result  of  "  sixteen  years'  as- 
siduous labour,"  as  stated  by  the  author  in  the 
preface,  "  the  twelve  years'  writing,  and  the 
four  more  bestowed  on  collating  with  recent 
editions  and  correcting  the  press."  This  was 
regarded  at  the  time  of  its  publication,  and 
long  after,  as  a  final  work.  It  was  not  sup- 
posed that  Shakespearian  study  would  ever  de- 
mand anything  more  complete.  If  there  had 
been,  when  Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke  entered  upon 
her  long  labor,  a  standard  numbering  of  the 
lines  of  scenes,  as  has  since  been  established 
by  the  "  Globe "  Shakespeare,  and  had  she 
given  the  latter  in  connection  with  act  and 
scene,  very  little  more  could  ever  have  been 
desired  in  a  concordance.  The  omission  of 


194 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


certain  particles,  which  the  progress  of  English 
philology  has  brought  into  importance,  might 
have  been  supplied  ;  but  it  would  hardly  have 
been  necessary  to  do  the  whole  work  over. 

In  1874  was  published  by  J.  B.  Lippincott 
&  Co.,  of  Philadelphia,  "  A  Concordance  to 
Shakespeare's  Poems  :  an  Index  to  every  word 
therein  contained.  By  Mrs.  Horace  Howard 
Furness."  This  is  the  completest  concordance 
ever  prepared  to  any  work.  Every  word,  with- 
out a  single  exception,  and  every  passage  in 
which  it  occurs  in  the  several  poems,  is  given. 
Even  the  prepositive  to  of  infinitives  is  re- 
corded as  a  separate  word.  That  nothing 
may  be  wanted  to  the  convenience  of  the  stu- 
dent, the  Poems  themselves  are  reprinted  at 
the  end.  As  a  justification  of  her  recording 
every  word,  and  every  passage  in  which  it  oc- 
curs, the  author  says  in  her  preface :  "  As  it 
is  impossible  to  limit  the  purposes  for  which 
the  language  of  Shakespeare  may  be  studied, 
or  to  say  that  the  time  will  not  come,  if  it  has 
not  already,  when  his  use  of  every  part  of 
speech,  down  to  the  humblest  conjunction,  will 
be  criticised  with  as  much  nicety  as  has  been 
bestowed  upon  Greek  and  Latin  authors,  it 
seems  to  me  that,  in  the  selection  of  words  to 
be  recorded,  no  discretionary  powers  should  be 
granted  to  the  '  harmless  drudge '  compiling  a 
concordance." 

In  1874-'75  appeared  in  Berlin,  in  two  vol- 
umes royal  octavo,  what  was  at  the  time,  and 
continues  to  be,  the  most  valuable  contribution 
of  German  scholarship  to  Shakespearean  study : 
namely,  Dr.  Alexander  Schmidt's  "Shake- 
speare Lexicon  ;  a  complete  dictionary  of  all 
the  English  words,  phrases,  and  constructions 
in  the  works  of  the  poet."  No  student  could 
use  this  work  long  without  an  ever-increasing 
wonder  at  its  thoroughness,  at  the  sagacity  of 
the  author,  at  his  susceptibility,  as  a  foreigner, 
to  the  varied  forces  and  colorings  of  words,  the 
definitions  of  which  are  as  exact  as  definitions 
can  well  be ;  and  the  passages  cited  from  the 
Plays,  and  those  simply  referred  to,  abundantly 
illustrate  all  the  varied  forces  and  colorings 
defined.* 

*  A  letter  written  me  by  Dr.  Schmidt,  nearly  eighteen  years 
ago  (5th  October,  1876),  so  admirably  sets  forth  one  impor- 
tant aim  of  such  a  work  as  his,  that  a  passage  from  the  letter 
may  well  be  quoted  here : 

"  Your  kind  letter  gave  me  the  greatest  pleasure,  ...  as 
it  was  the  first  proof  of  a  full  and  clear  perception  and  appre- 
ciation of  what  my  Shakespeare  -  Lexicon  was  intended  to 
be,  namely,  '  an  approach  toward  a  science  of  interpretation 
and  emendation.'  All  the  reviews  of  the  book  that  I  have 
seen  in  English  and  German  periodicals  praise  it,  to  be  sure, 
for  its  completeness,  but  apparently  without  being  aware  why 


In  1879  was  published  "  The  Shakespeare 
Key :  unlocking  the  treasures  of  his  style,  elu- 
cidating the  peculiarities  of  his  construction, 
and  displaying  the  beauties  of  his  expression  ; 
forming  a  companion  to  '  The  Complete  Con- 
cordance to  Shakespeare.'  By  Charles  and 
Mary  Cowden  -  Clarke."*  This  work  aptly 
closed  the  long  and  indefatigable  Shakespear- 
ean labors  of  Charles  and  Mary  Cowden- 
Clarke.  It  forms,  as  they  state  in  their  pre- 
face, the  condensed  result  of  these  loving- 
labors,  "  Wherewith,  affectionately  and  grate- 
fully, we  take  our  leave."  Charles  Cowden- 
Clarke  died,  at  a  very  advanced  age,  before 
the  work  was  committed  to  the  press  ;  and  in 
an  "  Added  Preface,"  by  the  survivor  of  the 
author-pair,  dated  Villa  Novello,  Genoa,  1879, 
she  states  that  during  the  suspension  imposed 
upon  its  production  in  print,  by  illness  and 
death,  a  comprehensive  Lexicon  was  brought 
out  (she  alludes  to  Dr.  Schmidt's  •*"  Shake- 
speare Lexicon  "),  which  included  many  ver- 
bal points  discussed  in  their  work  ;  and  she  re- 
solved to  sacrifice  these  points,  amounting  to 
no  fewer  than  630  pages  of  the  manuscript, 
and  to  make  the  Key  a  work  of  reference 
strictly  to  Shakespeare's  style.  But  a  hasty 
glance  over  the  book  will  show  that,  while  it 
presents  all  the  wondrously  magnified  features 
of  Shakespeare's  diction,  with  quite  exhaust- 
ive illustrations  of  each,  drawn  from  the  en- 
tire body  of  his  dramas  and  poems, — a  diction 

this  completeness  deserves  any  praise,  and  why  it  is  not 
enough,  for  the  purposes  of  criticism,  to  know  only  what  is 
Shakespearean,  without  knowing  what  is  un-Shakespearean. 
Indeed,  completeness,  absolute  completeness,  is  the  highest 
praise  that  such  a  work  can  possibly  earn,  and  if  mine  should 
really  deserve  it,  I  should  confidently  hope  that  it  would  be 
'  sere  perennius '  in  spite  of  never  so  many  deficiencies  of  de- 
tail which  have  been  pointed  out  and  complacently  dwelled 
on  by  some  critics. 

"  A  complete  and  thorough  knowledge  of  all  the  peculiar- 
ities of  an  author's  language  will  always  afford  the  best  se- 
curity against  that  spirit  of  innovation,  that  practice  of  '  cut- 
ting and  slashing,'  in  which  the  editors  of  Shakespeare  have 
hitherto  indulged,  and  which  is  contrary  to  all  true  principles  ( 
of  criticism.  If  I  am  not  wholly  mistaken,  there  begin  to  ap- 
pear some  signs  indicating  that  a  better  state  is  at  hand." 

*  The  MS.  of  this  work  is  now  in  the  library  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, having  been  presented  to  the  University  by  Mrs. 
Cowden-Clarke,  when  I  was  on  a  visit  to  her,  at  the  Villa 
Novello,  in  1889.  The  presentation  inscription  reads : 

"This  fair  copy  of  our  'Shakespeare  Key'  (including  the 
numerous  pages  that  were  cancelled  when  the  Work  was 
printed),  written  by  the  loved  hand  of  Charles  Cowden-Clarke, 
is  presented  to  the  Cornell  University  (through  my  kind  and 
valued  friend,  Professor  Hiram  Corson)  by  Mary  Cowden- 
Clarke. 

"  Villa  Novello  :  Genoa,  October,  1889." 

The  MS.  consists  of  several  thousand  large  pages,  in  the 
beautiful  "round  hand"  of  Charles  Cowden-Clarke,  which 
Lamb  described  as  "  the  clear,  firm,  impossible-to-be-mis- 
taken  schoolmaster  text-hand." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


195 


which,  in  the  contriving  spirit  of  its  eloquence, 
is  without  a  parallel  in  the  world's  literatures, 
— it  does  far  more  than  this ;  and  the  student 
may  consult  the  work  and  find  answers  to  num- 
berless questions  that  may  arise  in  his  study 
of  the  plays,  outside  of  its  professed  scope. 

In  1881  was  published,  in  1034  octavo  pages, 
"  The  Shakespeare  Phrase  Book,"  by  John 
Bartlett,  author  of  the  new  Concordance, —  an 
admirable  piece  of  work  of  its  kind.  As  stated 
in  the  prefa  •<%  "  this  book  is  intended  to  be  an 
index  of  the  phraseology  of  Shakespeare ;  a 
concordance  of  phrases  rather  than  of  words." 

We  now  come,  at  last,  to  the  magnum  opws 
which  is  destined  to  supersede  all  other  pre- 
vious works  of  the  kind,  and  to  maintain  its 
preeminence  in  the  remote  future :  Bartlett's 
Concordance.  As  stated  in  the  prefatory  Note, 
"this  Concordance,  begun  in  1876,  was  pre- 
pared from  the  text  of  the  '  Globe '  edition  of 
Shakespeare  (1875) ;  but  as  new  readings  have 
since  been  introduced  into  the  text  of  the  later 
issues,  the  manuscript  has  been  revised  and  col- 
lated with  the  latest  edition  (1891)."  As  a 
monument  of  labor,  of  "  patient  continuance  in 
well  doing,"  it  equals,  if  it  does  not  surpass,  the 
great  folio  "  Concordantiffi  Bibliorvm  vtrivs- 
qve  Testamenti,  Veteris  et  Novi,  .  .  .  Editio 
Novissima.  Lvgdvni,  M.DC.XVI."  No  ac- 
knowledgment of  help  is  made  in  Mr.  Bart- 
lett's prefatory  Note,  in  which  he  states  that 
"  the  work  has  been  prepared  chiefly  in  the 
leisure  taken  from  active  duties,  and  from 
time  to  time  has  been  delayed  by  other  avoca- 
tions." But  the  dedicatory  inscription  reveals 
a  kind  of  help  which  every  literary  man  who 
has  been  blessed  with  it  knows  to  be  the  most 
encouraging  and  sustaining:  "Affectionately 
inscribed  to  my  wife,  whose  ever-ready  assist- 
ance in  the  preparation  of  this  book  has  made 
my  labour  a  pastime." 

This  Concordance  is  superior  to  all  previous 
works  of  the  kind,  in  that  it  gives :  (1)  Pas- 
sages in  which  the  head- words  occur,  of  such 
length,  for  the  most  part,  as  make  them  inde- 
pendent of  the  context.  The  narrower  columns 
of  Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke's  Concordance  (they 
being  but  one-fourth  the  width  of  a  royal  oc- 
tavo page),  and  the  passages  being  always  con- 
fined to  one  line,  do  not  generally  admit  of  this. 
The  passages  given  in  Bartlett  often  run  over 
into  the  following  line  of  a  column  almost  dou- 
ble the  width.  (2)  Along  with  act  and  scene, 
the  number  of  the  line  in  the  scene,  according 
to  that  of  the  "  Globe  "  edition.  (3)  "  Select 
examples  of  the  verbs  to  be,  to  do,  to  have, 


may,  and  their  tenses,  and  the  auxiliary  verb 
to  let ;  of  the  adjectives,  much,  many,  more, 
most,  and  many  adverbs ;  and  of  pronouns, 
prepositions,  interjections,  and  conjunctions." 
But  (and  these  omissions  are  somewhat  to  be 
regretted)  "  the  definite  and  indefinite  articles, 
the,  a,  an  ;  the  words,  a\  ah,  an  [if~\ ,  and,  .  .  . 
are  not  included  among  the  index- words."  A 
reference  to  these  words  in  Dr.  Schmidt's 
"Shakespeare  Lexicon"  will  show  uses  in  many 
instances  more  or  less  distinct  from  the  present. 
It  would  have  been  well,  also,  to  give,  as  a  sep- 
arate index-word,  the  prepositive  to  of  infini- 
tives, with  all  the  passages  wherein  its  force  in 
Shakespeare's  English  differs  from  that  of  the 
present ;  e.  g.,  "  To  fright  you  thus  methinks 
I  am  too  savage  "  (Macbeth,  IV.,  2,  70),  To 
being  the  exponent  of  the  direction  of  sav- 
age. (See  its  various  forces  as  presented  by 
Abbott.) 

There  are  several  uses  of  as  in  Shakespeare, 
and  in  Elizabethan  English  generally,  of  which 
it  would  have  been  well  to  give  all  the  exam- 
ples which  occur  in  the  Plays  and  Poems  ;  to 
note  one  only,  its  use  before  adverbs,  and  ad- 
verbial phrases,  of  time,  as  it  is  still  used  be- 
fore yet.  Bartlett  gives  two  examples,  under 
the  word,  of  this  use  :  "  one  Lucio  as  then  the 
messenger  "  (Meas.for  Meas.,  V.,  1,  74)  ;  "  I 
writ  to  Romeo,  that  he  should  hither  come  as 
this  dire  night "  (J?.  and  J.,  V.,  3,  247).  But 
there  are  numerous  others.  There  is  one  in 
"  The  Tempest,"  where  some  editors  put  a 
comma  after  as,  and  thus  make  a  non  sequitur 
of  the  expression :  "  as  at  that  time  through 
all  the  signories  it  was  the  first."  This  use  is 
represented  as  redundant.  But  it  is  not  re- 
dundant. It  imparts  a  precision  to  the  idea 
of  time  which  it  qualifies,  and  is  about  equiv- 
alent to  "  just  ";  e.  g.,  "  as  now  "="  just  now  "; 
"  as  then  "="  just  then."  There  are  "  many 
such -like  as'es  of  great  charge  "  which  it  would 
have  been  well  to  include.  (See  Schmidt's 
"  Shakespeare  Lexicon,"  s.  t1.)  Again,  there 
are  numerous  instances,  in  Shakespeare,  of  the 
use  of  the  article  a  or  an,  to  express  definite 
unity,  as  opposed  to  the  indefinite  unity  which 
it  usually  expresses,  and  all  these  it  would  have 
been  well  to  include  in  such  a  Concordance ; 
e.  g.,  "  An  two  men  ride  of  a  horse  one  must 
ride  behind  "  (Much  Ado,  III.,  5,  40)  ;  "  For 
in  a  night  the  best  part  of  my  power,  .  .  . 
Were  in  the  Washes  all  unwarily  Devoured 
by  the  unexpected  flood  "  (7T.  John,  V.,  7,  61) ; 
"  you,  or  any  living  man,  may  be  drunk  at  a 
time,  man  "  (  Othello,  II.,  3,  310)  ;  "  Hear  me 


196 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


one  word  :  Beseech  you,  tribunes,  hear  me  but 
a  word"  (Coriolanus,  III.,  1,  266). 

Sed  hcec  hactenus.  To  call  attention  to  any 
deficiencies  in  a  work  of  such  magnificent  ful- 
ness may  be  regarded  as  captious,  as  demand- 
ing "  better  bread  than  what  is  made  of  wheat." 

Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke's  Concordance  consists 
of  2,578  columns,  containing  309,000  lines  and 
the  same  number  of  references,  one  line  and 
no  more  being  invariably  devoted  to  each  pas- 
sage and  a  designation  of  the  play,  the  act,  and 
scene  to  which  it  belongs.  Bartlett's  Concord- 
ance consists  of  3,820  columns,  of  110  lines 
each,  with  the  exception  of  those  of  the  first 
and  the  last  page  which  have  77  and  82  lines 
respectively,  the  whole  number  of  lines  being 
420,078.  But  the  number  of  references  does 
not,  as  in  Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke's  Concordance, 
correspond  with  the  number  of  lines,  for  the 
passages  given  often  run  over  into  the  follow- 
ing line.  The  references  in  Bartlett's  Con- 
cordance may  safely  be  said  to  exceed  those  in 
Mrs.  Cowden-Clarke's  by  a  hundred  thousand. 

HIRAM  CORSON. 


SOME  RECENT  STUDIES  ix  ETHICS.* 


It  is  now  many  years  since  Carlyle  wrote  his 
well-known  words : 

"  Cease,  my  much-respected  Herr  von  Voltaire.  Suf- 
ficiently hast  thou  demonstrated  this  proposition,  consid- 
erable or  otherwise:  That  the  mythus  of  the  Christian 
religion  looks  not  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  as  it  did 
in  the  Eighth.  But  what  next  ?  Wilt  thou  help  us  to  em- 
body the  divine  spirit  of  that  Religion  in  a  new  mythus, 
that  our  souls,  otherwise  too  like  perishing,  may  live  ? 
Thou  hast  no  faculty  in  that  kind  ?  Take  our  thanks 
then  —  and  thyself  away." 

This  appeal  has  not  passed  unheeded.  Direct  at- 
tacks upon  existing  religious  views,  after  the  man- 
ner of  "  The  Age  of  Reason,"  are  becoming  less 
and  less  frequent,  while  an  increasingly  large  amount 
of  energy  is  being  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  posi- 
tive problem,  how  to  make  life  richer,  nobler,  bet- 
ter worth  living.  It  is  in  such  a  spirit  that  Mr. 
Bosanquet's  latest  work,  "  The  Civilization  of  Christ- 

*  THE  CIVILIZATION  OF  CHRISTENDOM,  and  Other  Studies. 
By  Bernard  Bosanquet,  M.A.  (Oxon.),  Hon.  LL.D.  (Glas- 
gow). New  York :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

QUESTIONS  OF  THE  DAY.  By  David  James  Vaughan,  M.A., 
Honorary  Canon  of  Peterborough  Cathedral.  New  York : 
Macmillan  &  Co. 

THE  ETHICS  OF  HEGEL.  Translated  Selections  from  his 
"Rechtsphilosophie,"  with  an  Introduction.  By  J.  Mac- 
bride  Sterrett,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Philosophy  in  the  Colum- 
bian University,  Washington,  D.C.  Boston :  Ginn  &  Co. 

A  SYLLABUS  OF  ETHICS.  By  William  M.  Bryant.  Chi- 
cago :  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co. 

ETHICS  AND  THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  By  William  M.  Bry- 
ant. Chicago :  S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co. 


endom,"  is  conceived  ;  and  both  those  who  sympa- 
thize with  his  general  attitude  towards  Christianity 
and  those  who  do  not  will  be  alike  interested  in 
hearing  what  he  has  to  say.  The  keynote  of  the 
book  is  struck  in  the  answer  to  the  question,  Are 
we  Agnostics  ?  No,  is  the  emphatic  reply.  Man 
must  be  fed  upon  affirmations,  not  negations. 
Whatever  knowledge  may  be  otherwise  denied  us,, 
this  is  certain  :  the  difference  between  right  and 
wrong  is  fundamental,  and.  the  service  of  society 
is  the  highest  form  of  human  life.  For  himself, 
therefore,  the  author  rejects  the  name  Agnostic, 
which  calls  attention  to  what  we  do  not  know,  and 
if  he  must  wear  a  label,  prefers  the  use  of  the  ad- 
jective ethical,  which  indicates  the  nature  of  his 
practical  ideals.  These  latter  are  summed  up  in 
the  words  which  he  twice  quotes  from  Tourgue'nieff  : 
"  My  faith  is  in  civilization,  and  I  require  no  other 
creed."  This  civilization  may  properly  be  called 
Christian,  because  the  essence  of  Christianity,  he 
tells  us,  is  the  belief  in  a  divine  (i.  e.,  supersensuous) 
element  in  man,  and  in  the  establishment  of  the  fu- 
ture golden  age  on  earth.  And  these  are  truths 
that  can  never  perish.  Our  author  holds,  with  not 
a  few  good  churchmen,  that  Humanity  is  sufficient 
unto  itself ;  that  is  to  say,  man  has  the  seeds  of 
virtue  as  well  as  of  vice  within  himself.  For  the 
process  which  the  Church  calls  regeneration,  set  the 
intelligent  and  patient  culture  of  the  emotions  and 
the  will;  in  place  of  the  prayer  for  grace,  "open- 
ness to  all  influences  which  help  the  spiritual  frame 
of  mind."  Above  all,  never  doubt  that  what  is  best 
in  life  can  be  other  than  a  permanent  element  in 
human  nature,  let  creeds  and  systems  crumble  as 
they  will.  Evil  there  undoubtedly  is  in  the  world, 
enough  of  it  and  to  spare  ;  and  more  particularly  in 
the  presence  of  suffering  the  "  mere  moralist "  often 
finds  himself  at  a  loss  for  words  of  comfort  which 
would  flow  readily  from  Christian  lips.  But  while 
this  cannot  but  be  depressing,  he  looks  forward  to 
the  possibilities  of  the  prevention  of  most  forms  of 
evil  with  a  faith  unknown  to  the  past.  "  We  look 
to  moral  prevention  rather  than  to  moral  cure." 
Man,  then,  is  thrown  back  upon  himself  for  the 
realization  of  his  ideals.  And  yet  he  does  not  work 
all  unaided.  Through  and  under  all  the  phenomena 
of  human  life  Mr.  Bosanquet  finds  traces  of  the 
workings  of  "  the  power,  not  ourselves,  that  makes 
for  righteousness."  "  The  world  is  friendly  and 
kindred  to  ourselves  .  .  .  and  whatever  fate  may 
be  in  store  for  the  race,  we  can  yet  do,  in  spite  of 
it,  something  worth  doing."  In  no  part  of  the  book 
will  be  found  a  set  presentation  of  the  author's  creed 
as  a  whole.  The  very  meagre  outline  just  given  is 
put  together  from  remarks  for  the  most  part  dropped 
by  the  way,  in  his  discussion  of  various  concrete 
problems  of  practical  life.  Some  of  these  discus- 
sions are  devoted  to  problems  which  concern  more 
particularly  the  Ethical  Society  which  he  himself 
represents.  Other  discussions  deal  with  subjects 
we  all  have  to  think  upon,  ranging  from  the  rela- 
tion between  liberty  and  legislation  to  training  in 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


19T 


the  art  of  enjoyment.  Whatever  the  attitude  to- 
ward the  author's  confession  of  faith,  no  reader  can 
fail  to  carry  away  with  him  a  profound  impression 
of  the  intensity  of  Mr.  Bosanquet's  moral  earnest- 
ness and  the  depth  of  his  moral  insight.  Earnest- 
ness and  enthusiasm,  in  fact,  form  the  dominant 
note  throughout,  and  the  written  word  owes  much 
of  its  power  to  the  character  it  all  unconsciously 
reveals. 

The  volume  entitled  "  Questions  of  the  Day,"  by 
the  Rev.  David  James  Vaughan,  consists  of  twenty- 
four  sermons  delivered  in  Leicester,  England.  The 
subjects  discussed  are  mainly  the  old  social  prob- 
lems which  seem  to  cling  to  the  back  of  the  age 
with  the  tenacity  of  Sinbad's  Old  Man  of  the  Sea. 
The  church  is  gradually  losing  its  "  otherworldliness," 
and  is  learning  that  the  kingdom  of  God  is  some- 
thing to  be  established  here  on  this  earth  of  ours, 
and  that  the  Christian  is  called  upon  to  work  for 
its  coming.  This  view  we  find  clearly  enunciated 
by  the  author  in  his  chapter  on  the  City  of  God. 
But  that  is  about  all  that  can  be  said  for  the  book. 
No  use  is  made  of  this  conception  in  the  solution  of 
concrete  present-day  problems.  And  the  reader 
who  is  only  moderately  acquainted  with  the  litera- 
ture of  social  reform  will  not  merely  find  nothing 
new  in  this  volume,  he  will  even  fail  to  discover 
any  traces  of  the  thought  and  the  observation  of 
others.  For  instance,  in  his  discussion  of  the  rela- 
tions of  labor  and  capital,  the  author  does  not  be- 
tray the  slightest  acquaintance  with  the  profound 
principle  which  was  enunciated  by  Comte  and  might 
be  so  impressively  urged  by  the  representative  of 
him  who  taught  "  Love  thy  neighbor  as  thyself," — 
the  principle,  namely,  that  every  person  who  lives 
by  useful  labor  should  be  habituated  to  regard  him- 
self as  a  public  servant,  working  not  merely  for 
himself  but  for  the  benefit  of  society.  The  only 
light  our  author  seems  to  be  able  to  shed  upon  these 
vexed  problems  is  that  wealth  does  not  necessarily 
imply  happiness  and  honor,  nor  does  work  imply 
misery  and  degradation.  Unimpeachable  truths 
these.  But  one  does  not  pay  a  dollar  and  a  half 
for  a  book  merely  to  have  this  sort  of  information 
ladled  out  to  him. 

"The  Ethics  of  Hegel "  is  not  a  new  work  on  the 
famous  German  philosopher,  but  a  translation  into 
English  of  his  most  important  contributions  to  the 
theory  of  morals,  accompanied  by  the  necessary  in- 
troductory and  expository  matter.  The  body  of  the 
book  consists  of  an  abridgment  of  the  "  Philosophy 
of  Rights,"  comprising  about  one-half  of  the  orig- 
inal work,  together  with  a  few  scattered  selections 
from  other  writings.  This  work  of  abridgment  has 
been  done  with  excellent  judgment.  Sometimes 
several  successive  paragraphs  are  summarized  in  a 
few  brief  sentences,  while  details  which  are  not 
necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the  general  move- 
ment of  thought  have  simply  been  omitted.  The 
former  expedient,  however,  has  been  resorted  to 
with  great  caution,  and  for  the  most  part  the  reader 
has  Hegel's  own  words  before  him.  We  can  only 


regret  that  what  for  the  .beginner  is  the  most  valu- 
able part  of  the  entire  Philosophic  des  Rechts, 
namely,  the  Introduction,  should  have  been  com- 
pressed into  so  small  a  space.  Very  great  difficul- 
ties have  of  course  been  experienced  in  the  work  of 
translation.  The  result  is  worthy  of  all  commenda- 
tion. The  number  of  Germanisms  is  surprisingly 
small,  considering  the  nature  of  the  original ;  and 
while  a  few  sentences  come  out  obscure  in  the  trans- 
lation which  are  clear  in  the  German,  the  general 
tendency  is  decidedly  the  other  way.  To  such  a 
degree  is  this  the  case  that  even  the  student  well- 
trained  in  reading  German  will  find  it  advantageous 
to  have  a  copy  of  this  book  by  his  side  when  work- 
ing through  the  Philosophic  des  Rechts  for  the  first 
time.  One  slight  change  would  have  made  the  book 
far  more  valuable  to  the  student  who  does  not  hap- 
pen to  be  able  to  refer  to  the  original.  The  ex- 
pressions an  sich,  fur  sich,  and  an  und  fi'ir  sich, 
representing  as  they  do  successive  phases  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  concept,  have  for  Hegel  a  very 
definite  signification.  But  in  translating  it  has  been 
found  impossible  to  find  for  them  any  single  equiv- 
alent, so  that  they  are  translated  now  by  one  word, 
now  by  another.  The  consequence  is  that  some  one 
of  these  phases  is  frequently  referred  to  without 
there  being  any  mark  by  which  it  could  possibly  be 
recognized  as  such.  Objectionable  as  the  practice 
ordinarily  is,  and  much  as  it  disfigures  the  page, 
the  student  would  have  been  saved  a  great  deal  of 
labor  if  in  these  cases  the  German  equivalents  had 
been  placed  in  brackets  in  the  text.  The  Introduc- 
tion, which  occupies  almost  a  third  of  the  book,  is 
not  as  satisfactory  as  the  other  parts.  It  must  be  re- 
membered that  the  volume  under  review  announces 
itself  as  especially  intended  for  college  students, 
and  the  Introduction,  we  are  told,  "  has  been  made 
sufficiently  popular  for  all  persons  interested  in 
ethical  thought."  And  yet,  after  this  noble  declara- 
tion of  principles,  little  care  seems  to  have  been 
taken  to  avoid  technical  terms  and  formulae.  For 
instance,  the  constantly  recurring  phrase  "universal- 
ization  of  the  will "  is  unintelligible  to  anyone  but 
a  student  of  Kant  or  of  his  successors.  Consider 
the  state  of  mind  of  an  average  youth  of  twenty- 
one,  who,  on  making  his  first  bow  to  the  Kantian 
system,  should  be  informed,  in  order  to  remove  his 
natural  feeling  of  shyness,  that  "  Kant  considers  the 
will  of  subjective  man  in  unattainable  identity  with 
the  universal  will  of  the  transcendent  intelligible 
world."  The  entire  introductory  portion  seems  to 
us  to  show  the  most  extraordinary  ignorance  of  what 
the  college  student — or,  for  that  matter,  the  begin- 
ner in  ethics,  whatever  his  age — is  prepared  to  un- 
derstand. It  is  therefore  in  large  part  useless  ;  for 
whoever  is  capable  of  understanding  it  does  not  re- 
quire it,  and  he  who  is  not — well,  he  can  read  and 
wonder.  There  is,  however,  one  oasis  in  the  desert. 
A  list  is  given  of  the  Hegelian  key-words  that  will 
appear  in  the  text,  together  with  the  translation 
adopted  and  an  explanation  of  their  significance. 
The  student  will  find  this  of  a  great  deal  of  value. 


198 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


To  have  been  complete,  the  list  should  have  con- 
tained an  exposition  of  the  meaning  of  the  term 
freedom  as  used  by  Hegel.  As  here  found,  it  is 
sure  to  mislead  the  student  who  is  familiar  with  it 
only  as  he  has  met  with  it  in  the  writings  of  English 
moralists. 

What  has  been  said  in  criticism  of  the  introduc- 
tory portion  of  the  "Ethics  of  Hegel"  applies  — 
only  "  more  so  "  —  to  Mr.  Bryant's  "  Syllabus  of 
Ethics."  We  have  here  presented  us  a  brief  out- 
line of  the  Hegelian  theory  of  morals,  written  ap- 
parently for  young  people,  certainly  for  beginners. 
The  book  represents,  we  are  told  in  the  Preface, 
the  outgrowth  of  work  done  during  several  years  in 
the  St.  Louis  High  School.  For  our  part,  we  should 
say  the  book  represents  the  period  in  educational 
practice  when  the  pupil  was  introduced  to  the  mys- 
teries of  the  English  language  under  the  gentle 
guidance  of  Gould  Brown,  and  when  the  study  of 
geography  was  begun  by  an  examination  of  the 
principal  political  divisions  of  the  Eastern  Conti- 
nent. We  do  not  mean  that  it  is  impossible  to  com- 
municate to  young  students  the  fundamental  con- 
ceptions of  the  Hegelian  ethics.  But  in  so  doing  it 
is  absolutely  necessary  to  begin  with  those  elements 
of  their  moral  experience  which  are,  so  to  speak, 
most  familiar  to  them,  and  which  lend  themselves 
most  easily  to  analysis.  These  must  be  dealt  with 
at  such  length  and  in  such  simple  language  that  at 
the  conclusion  every  abstract  term  stands  with  the 
student  for  one  or  more  concrete  facts.  And  where 
space  is  limited,  completeness  in  treatment  must  be 
ruthlessly  sacrificed  to  this  principle.  How  much 
is  expected  from  the  hapless  American  youth  may 
be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  he  is  earnestly  ad- 
vised to  begin  by  making  a  careful  study  of  Schweg- 
ler's  "  History  of  Philosophy,"  in  order  that  he  may 
become  acquainted  with  the  various  philosophical 
positions.  As  well  expect  a  schoolboy  just  grad- 
uated in  algebra  to  get  an  understanding  of  qua- 
ternions by  the  perusal  of  a  history  of  mathematics. 
The  u  Syllabus  of  Ethics  "  is  chiefly  valuable  as 
supplying  one  more  proof  of  the  undeniable  supe- 
riority of  the  primary  school  of  to-day,  in  all  that 
concerns  methods,  over  the  average  department  of 
philosophy. 

"  Ethics  and  the  New  Education,"  another  pam- 
phlet by  the  same  author,  is  a  rather  more  satisfac- 
tory production.  It  is  the  reproduction  of  an  ad- 
dress originally  delivered  before  the  St.  Louis 
Society  of  Pedagogy.  It  may  be  taken  as  a  state- 
ment of  such  portions  of  his  creed  as  the  writer — 
himself  a  teacher  —  feels  will  be  of  most  interest 
and  value  to  those  engaged  in  the  work  of  educa- 
tion. The  most  important  point  made  is  that  since 
man  is  "  made  perfect  through  suffering ' '  and  through 
suffering  alone,  it  is  a  great  mistake  on  the  part  of 
the  leaders  of  the  "  new  education  "  to  suppose  that 
all  school- work  can  or  should  be  made  wholly  pleas- 
urable. This  idea  seems  well  worthy  of  considera- 
tion. In  its  reaction  from  the  harsh  and  unsym- 


pathetic regime  of  the  past,  the  present  is  in  danger 
of  rushing  to  the  other  extreme.  The  vast  majority 
of  people  are  so  situated  that  they  cannot  be  "  car- 
ried to  the  skies  on  flowery  beds  of  ease,"  and  if 
the  school-boy  and  school-girl  are  to  be  prepared 
for  life,  their  power  to  endure  must  not  be  left  wholly 
undeveloped.  FRANK  CHAPMAN  SHARP. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


An  admirable  Mr-  John  Fiske  has  deserved  well  of 
School  History  his  fellow-countrymen  for  his  contri- 
oftheUniied'states.^ui^ons  to  scientific  investigation  in 
several  fields,  historical  and  philosophical.  His  sev- 
eral volumes  upon  American  history  have  both 
scholarly  breadth  and  charm,  and  fairly  entitle  him 
to  be  ranked  with  the  four  or  five  great  American 
historians.  But  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  he 
has  done  a  still  greater  service  to  knowledge,  al- 
though a  more  unobtrusive  one,  in  the  preparation 
of  two  text-books  for  the  common  schools  —  the 
"  Civil  Government"  of  two  or  three  years  ago,  and 
the  "  History  of  the  United  States  for  Schools"  now 
published  (Houghton).  Of  the  former  work  we 
may  say  that  it  has  been  everywhere  recognized  as 
so  much  the  best  treatment  of  its  subject  for  the 
purposes  of  elementary  instruction  that  it  stands 
without  a  rival  in  helpfulness.  Much  the  same  sort 
of  praise  must  be  given  to  the  present  "  History." 
It  is  such  easy  reading  that  it  may  seem  at  first  to 
have  been  equally  easy  writing,  and  only  a  trained 
eye  will  realize  the  amount  of  nice  discrimination, 
of  careful  selection,  and  of  sound  generalization 
compressed  into  its  pages.  The  general  reader  will 
find  it  fascinating,  and  the  practiced  teacher  will 
recognize  in  it  a  tool  of  the  finest  temper  and  the 
most  perfect  adjustment.  Aside  from  this  general 
praise,  which  we  cannot  make  too  ungrudging,  we 
must  give  special  commendation  to  some  of  the  spe- 
cial features  of  the  book.  The  illustrations  are  of 
such  a  nature  as  really  to  illustrate  the  text ;  adven- 
titious adornment  of  the  page  has  been  as  far  as  pos- 
sible from  the  aim  of  the  author  in  their  selection. 
The  selection  and  execution  of  the  maps  is  such  as 
to  entitle  them  to  a  share  of  this  praise.  The  ap- 
paratus of  "  Topics  and  Questions,"  contributed  by 
Dr.  Frank  A.  Hill,  at  least  doubles  the  value  of 
the  work  to  a  teacher  who  has  any  business  to  be 
teaching  the  subject  at  all.  The  suggestions  for 
collateral  reading  are  judicious,  and  draw  upon  a 
collection  of  books  not  beyond  the  reach  of  any 
modestly-equipped  school.  Finally,  the  appendix 
contains  just  the  documents  and  tables  most  useful 
in  such  a  book.  The  list  of  novels  and  poems  re- 
lating to  American  history,  for  example,  supplies 
an  adjunct  for  which  students  and  teachers  will 
alike  be  thankful.  Our  praise  of  the  book  in  all  its 
main  features  is  so  cordially  intended  that  we  hes- 
itate to  mar  it  by  pointing  out  a  few  minor  defects. 
The  following  points,  however,  have  occurred  to  us 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


199 


as  deserving  momentary  attention.  We  read  (  p.  60  ) 
that  "  slaves  were  brought  here  from  Africa  until 
the  year  1808."  This  misleading  statement  is  sup- 
plemented later  (p.  347),  but  should  not  have  been 
allowed  to  stand  in  the  first  instance.  To  say  that 
the  Pocahontas  story  is  "  doubted  by  some  people  " 
(p.  68)  is  hardly  adequate,  after  Dr.  Poole's  con- 
vincing exposure  of  the  mendacity  of  the  narrator. 
We  regret  to  see  that  Mr.  Fiske  gives  countenance 
to  the  San  Francisco  Vigilants  by  saying :  "  Honest 
citizens  were  obliged  to  organize  vigilance  commit- 
tees to  deal  quickly  and  sharply  with  criminals  " 
(p.  329).  The  statement  (p.  399)  that  the  Fif- 
teenth Amendment  "  guaranteed  to  all  adult  male 
negroes  the  right  of  voting  "  is  of  course  inaccurate, 
and  the  statement  (p.  406)  that  in  1884  the  Inde- 
pendent Republicans  supported  Mr.  Cleveland  "  be- 
lieving that  the  cause  of  civil  service  reform  would 
not  prosper  with  Elaine "  is  at  least  inadequate. 
Last  of  all,  we  note  the  inaccuracy  of  saying  (p.  409) 
that  the  Sherman  Act  of  1890  made  "  the  coinage 
of  not  less  than  $4,000,000  in  silver  each  month 
compulsory."  These  matters  are  trifling,  but  they 
should  be  corrected  in  the  next  edition. 

The  reading  required  for  the  coming 

A  year  of  reading  /•  ,  i      ^ti  T  ., 

for  Chautauquans.  year  °f  the  Chautauqua  Literary  and 
Scientific  Circle  has  just  been  issued 
from  the  Chautauqua-Century  Press  (Flood  &  Vin- 
cent), in  a  series  of  five  neat  volumes.  Professor 
W.  H.  Goodyear  is  the  author  of  a  treatise  on  "  Ren- 
aissance and  Modern  Art,"  in  which  a  rapid  survey 
is  taken  of  schools  and  tendencies  from  the  early 
fifteenth  century  to  the  present  time.  This  volume 
is  printed  on  smooth  paper,  and  the  illustrations  are 
many,  although  their  reproduction  leaves  much  to 
be  desired.  The  history  is  certainly  up  to  date,  for 
it  includes  the  art  of  the  Columbian  Exposition. 
Science  is  represented  in  this  series  of  manuals  by 
a  new  edition,  revised  by  Professor  Frederick  Starr, 
of  Alexander  Winchell's  "  Walks  and  Talks  in  the 
Geological  Field."  Dr.  Winchell  wrote  this  book 
for  Chautauquans,  and  their  demand  for  a  new  edi- 
tion shows  that  it  found  an  appreciative  circle  of 
readers.  "  From  Chaucer  to  Tennyson,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Henry  A.  Beers,  affords  a  basis  for  the  strictly 
literary  study  of  the  year.  One  can  hardly  be  other 
than  conventional  within  the  narrow  limits  of  such 
a  volume,  made  even  narrower  by  devoting  a  third 
of  the  space  to  selections.  The  author  has  made  a 
compact  but  readable  little  book.  A  history  of 
"  The  Growth  of  the  English  Nation  "  has  been  un- 
dertaken by  Miss  Katharine  Coman  and  Miss  Eliz- 
abeth Kendall,  both  of  Wellesley  College.  The  re- 
sult is  a  good  compilation,  based  upon  good  author- 
ities, although  the  closing  pages  are  marred  by  a 
too  pronounced  radicalism.  As  for  the  cuts,  we  are 
inclined  to  think  the  book  would  have  done  better 
with  no  illustrations  than  with  such  abortive  sketches 
as  disfigure  its  text.  The  best  of  these  five  books, 
on  the  whole,  and  the  most  needed  by  the  general 
reader,  is  Professor  H.  P.  Judson's  "  Europe  in  the 


Nineteenth  Century."  It  covers  much  the  same 
ground  as  Mr.  Mackenzie's  admirable  book  upon 
the  same  subject,  but  the  new  treatment  is  more  up 
to  date,  and  has  classifications  and  differentia  of 
its  own  that  quite  justify  its  existence.  We  might 
question  a  few  minor  points,  such  as  the  misleading 
statements  as  to  the  meaning  of  Irish  Home  Rule, 
the  tendency  to  Gladstone-worship,  and  the  assump- 
tion that  the  sensational  view  of  Russian  despotism 
is  in  all  respects  valid.  We  miss  also  the  note  of 
indignation  which  should  not  be  spared  in  such  a 
matter  as  the  Napoleonic  usurpation  of  1851,  or  the 
German  spoliation  of  the  French  provinces  twenty 
years  later.  But  for  a  book  which  raises  nearly  all 
the  great  European  "questions  of  the  day"  it  ex- 
hibits a  more  than  usual  degree  of  judiciousness. 

On  the  24th  of  June,  1794,  Bowdoin 

c°iiese  received  its  charter'  sisned 

by  Governor  Samuel  Adams,  from 
the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts.  The  present 
year  is  consequently  the  centennial  of  the  institu- 
tion, and  the  event  is  commemorated  by  expansion 
of  the  catalogue  into  a  portly  volume,  containing  a 
history,  full  lists  of  faculties  and  alumni,  and  other 
matter  of  interest  to  those  connected  with  the  insti- 
tution. Librarian  George  T.  Little  is  the  writer  of 
the  history,  and  the  editor  of  the  volume  as  a  whole. 
Mr.  Little's  historical  sketch  makes  very  interest- 
ing reading.  It  is  curious,  in  this  age  of  magnifi- 
cent educational  foundations,  to  read  of  a  profes- 
sorship of  modern  languages  being  endowed  with  the 
modest  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  of  a  mathe- 
matical chair  endowed  with  only  three  thousand.  But 
it  was  the  day  of  small  beginnings,  and  few  colleges 
have  shown  as  clearly  as  Bowdoin  how  fruitful  small 
endowments  may  become.  The  honorable  record 
of  Bowdoin,  together  with  the  many  distinguished 
names  found  in  its  class  and  faculty  lists,  afford  elo- 
quent testimony  to  the  usefulness  of  the  small  col- 
lege in  American  life.  Of  Bowdoin  professors  may 
be  named  Alpheus  S.  Packard,  Henry  W.  Longfel- 
low, and  Mark  Hopkins,  among  the  dead ;  Profes- 
sors E.  S.  Morse,  G.  T.  Ladd,  and  C.  C.  Everett, 
among  the  living. 

In  our  issue  of  September  1  was  re- 
viewed at  length  the  opening  instal- 
ment of  "The  Memoirs  of  the  Baron 
de  Me'neval "  ( Appleton).  Volume  III.,  now  ready, 
bears  out  our  characterization  of  the  work  as  "one 
of  the  fullest,  freshest,  and,  in  point  of  narrative, 
most  trustworthy "  records  of  Napoleonic  times. 
Opening  with  an  account  of  the  Emperor's  visit  to 
Dresden,  in  1812,  and  of  the  Russian  campaign,  the 
author  sketches  broadly  yet  suggestively  such  lead- 
ing events  as  the  battles  of  Lutzen.  Dresden,  Leip- 
sic,  and  Waterloo,  the  return  from  Elba,  and  the 
attendant  diplomatic  transactions ;  and  he  closes 
with  a  touching  retrospect  of  the  closing  days  at  St. 
Helena.  Summarizing,  Me'neval  finds  two  primary 
causes  which  prevented  the  consolidation  of  Napo- 


Addilional 
Napoleonic 
Memoirs. 


200 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


leon's  empire  :  first,  the  hatred  of  the  old  dynasties 
for  the  French  Revolution,  after  they  once  clearly 
discerned  its  propagandist  tendencies  ;  and,  second, 
England's  victories  on  the  sea.  Auxiliary  to  these 
main  causes  were  :  the  execution  of  d'Enghien  ;  the 
reverses  in  Spain  ;  the  campaign  in  Russia ;  and, 
finally,  treachery  at  home — "treachery,  timid  and 
underground  at  first,  but  hardy  in  the  end,  and 
stalking  abroad  with  uplifted  head."  In  the  front 
rank  of  the  traitors  were  Talleyrand  and  Fouch<^ 
—  the  former,  the  last  representative  of  the  grand 
seigneurs,  supple,  insinuating,  circumspect,  always 
master  of  himself,  grown  gray  in  political  perfidies ; 
the  latter,  the  once  fiery  demagogue  who  had  ex- 
changed the  Jacobin  red  cap  for  a  coronet,  "  a  fool- 
hardy marplot  who  needed  intrigue  as  he  needed 
air  to  breathe."  It  is  especially  against  these  men, 
concludes  Me'neval,  that  Napoleon  launched  his 
anathema,  when,  on  leaving  for  the  last  time  the 
shores  of  France,  he  cried  out :  "  Farewell  thou 
land  of  heroes  .  .  .  farewell  thou  dear  France;  a 
few  traitors  the  less  and  thou  wouldst  still  be  the 
great  nation,  the  mistress  of  the  world."  The  vol- 
ume contains  a  portrait  of  Marie  Louise,  and  sev- 
eral interesting  letters,  in  facsimile,  are  appended. 

The  second  volume  in  the  pretty 
"Far  and  Feather"  series  (Long- 
mans)  is  devoted  to  that  patrician 
game-bird,  "  The  Grouse."  The  Rev.  H.  A.  Mac- 
pherson  treats  of  its  "  Natural  History,"  and  the 
chapters  on  "Shooting  "  and  "Cookery"  are  done 
by  Messrs.  A.  J.  Stuart  -  Wortley  and  George 
Saintsbury,  respectively.  While  Mr.  Stuart-Wort- 
ley's  quota  is  well  written  (notably  a  graphic  de- 
scription of  a  night's  trip  on  the  "  Scotch  Mail  "), 
it  does  not  strike  us  as  at  all  likely  to  add  to  the 
repute  of  the  British  sportsman  —  who  appears 
therein  in  the  light  of  an  arrant  pot-hunter,  without 
the  pot-hunter's  excuse  for  his  atrocities.  Much  of 
the  space  is  given  to  a  peculiarly  aggravated  form 
of  bird-butchery  known  as  "  driving."  We  cannot 
follow  the  writer  into  the  details  of  this  organized 
mode  of  slaughtering  the  innocents,  but  its  essen- 
tials are  simple  enough :  a  line  or  so  of  "  butts  " 
( ramparts  of  stone  and  turf,  breast-high,  to  conceal 
the  shooters),  and  a  gang  of  "drivers,"  provided 
with  flags,  to  drive  the  game,  or  rather  the  poultry, 
the  birds  being  preserved  and  presumably  half-tame, 
up  to  the  muzzles  of  the  guns.  Snugly  ensconced 
in  his  coign  of  vantage,  and  provided  with  a  small 
arsenal  of  breech-loaders  and  a  lackey  to  load  them, 
our  British  "  sportsman  "  bangs  away  ingloriously 
at  successive  clouds  of  grouse,  "from  morn  till 
dewy  eve,"  until  the  heath  about  him  is  a  shambles 
and  the  wagon-train  arrives  to  cart  away  the  slain. 
The  slaughter  of  a  successful  "drive  "  is  something 
tremendous.  We  learn,  for  instance,  in  the  chapter 
on  Records,  that,  on  Lord  Walsingham's  "  great 
day,"  1,056  grouse  were  killed  in  449  minutes.  His 
lordship,  who  seems  to  be  actually  proud  of  the 
bloody  performance,  certifies  that  "  once  I  killed 


three  birds  at  one  shot,  and  three  times  I  killed  two 
at  one  shot,  each  time  intentionally."  At  Mr.  Rim- 
ington  Wilson's  place,  near  Sheffield,  we  have  a  rec- 
ord of  4,251  birds  killed  in  two  days  ;  while  on  the 
moor  of  High  Force  the  record  of  1872  shows  a 
total  of  15,484  birds  for  nineteen  days'  shooting. 
The  book  is  acceptably  illustrated. 

The  bits  of  genre  which  largely  serve 

**  ficti°n  in  "The  Yeii°w  B°°k" 

(Copeland  &  Day)  are  not,  as  a  rule, 
very  attractive  or  stimulating.  They  are  often  ama- 
teurish in  their  impressionism,  and  have  too  marked 
a  flavor  of  preciosity.  But  we  must  make  an  ex- 
ception (in  the  case  of  this  second  number  of  the 
book-magazine)  of  Mr.  Kenneth  Grahame's  alto- 
gether subtle  and  exquisite  sketch  entitled  "  The 
Roman  Road."  So  charming  a  bit  of  writing  is  not 
often  met  with  in  a  periodical.  The  seventy-page 
novelette  which  Mr.  Henry  James  contributes  to 
this  number  is  of  course  the  piece  de  resistance. 
The  other  prose  contents  include  an  essay  by  Mr. 
Frederick  Greenwood  on  "  The  Gospel  of  Content," 
a  study  of  Bizet,  by  Mr.  Charles  Willeby,  and  a  de- 
tailed criticism  of  the  first "  Yellow  Book,"  requested 
of  Mr.  Philip  Gilbert  Hamerton  for  insertion  as  a 
special  feature  of  the  second.  The  editors  are  out 
for  novelty,  and  they  are  getting  it.  The  poetry  of 
the  number  is  quite  insignificant,  but  the  art  in- 
cludes many  striking  things,  of  which  we  may  men- 
tion Mr.  Crane's  "Renaissance  of  Venus,"  Mr. 
Hartrick's  "  Lamplighter,"  Mr.  Beardsley's  "  Gar- 
gons  de  CafeY'  and  Mr.  MacDougall's  "Idyll." 
Altogether,  this  issue  seems  a  distinct  advance  upon 
its  predecessor.  

The  "  Discourses  Biological  and  Geo- 

.  ^cal"  that  are  incl^d  i"  the 
eighth  volume  of  Professor  Huxley's 
collected  essays  (Appleton)  are  dated  all  the  way 
from  1861  to  1876.  Among  them  are  such  models 
of  popular  scientific  exposition  as  the  lectures  "  On  a 
Piece  of  Chalk,"  "  Yeast,"  and  "  A  Lobster."  It  is 
not  easy  to  be  a  popular  lecturer  and  remain  strictly 
scientific,  but  there  can  be  no  question  of  Professor 
Huxley's  accomplishment  of  the  two-fold  task.  But 
success  in  this  field  has  its  perils,  as  our  essayist, 
with  a  touch  of  humor,  suggests.  "  The  people  who 
fail  take  their  revenge,  as  we  have  recently  had  oc- 
casion to  observe,  by  ignoring  all  the  rest  of  a  man's 
work  and  glibly  labelling  him  a  mere  popularizer. 
If  the  falsehood  were  not  too  glaring,  they  would 
say  the  same  of  Faraday  and  Helmholtz  and  Kelvin." 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

"  The  Life  and  Times  of  James  the  First,  the  Con- 
queror, King  of  Aragon,  Valencia,  and  Majorca,  Count 
of  Barcelona,  and  Urgel  Lord  of  Montpellier"  (Mac- 
millan)  is  the  somewhat  formidable  title  of  a  historical 
monograph  by  Mr.  F.  Darwin  Swift,  an  Oxonian.  The 
work  is  a  prize  essay,  enlarged  from  its  original  dimen- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


201 


sions  by  the  results  of  two  years'  labor  spent  in  the  ar- 
chives of  Aragon  at  Barcelona  and  other  Spanish  libra- 
ries. The  book  is  a  piece  of  unusually  thorough  and 
painstaking  workmanship,  copiously  annotated,  and  pro- 
vided with  many  extracts  from  unpublished  Spanish  and 
Latin  documents.  There  is  a  map,  a  bibliography,  a 
chronological  conspectus,  and  all  other  needful  appa- 
ratus. 

A  new  edition  of  "  Grimms'  Fairy  Tales  "  (Warne) 
— and  there  cannot  be  too  many — is  translated  by  Mrs. 
H.  B.  Paull  and  Mr.  L.  A.  Wheatley  for  the  popular 
and  inexpensive  collection  of  good  literature  known  as 
"  The  Chandos  Classics."  The  translation  is  close  and 
acceptable,  and  the  collection  is,  as  far  as  we  are  aware, 
complete.  A  brief  introduction  provides  youthful  read- 
ers with  a  few  of  the  elementary  facts  and  principles 
of  the  science  of  folk-lore. 

It  will  probably  surprise  most  readers  to  learn  that 
British  India  includes,  besides  the  territory  of  a  million 
square  miles  under  the  rule  of  the  Queen-Empress,  no 
less  than  688  native  states,  with  an  area  of  about  two- 
thirds  of  a  million  square  miles,  still  under  the  rule  of 
their  own  princes.  These  states  are  not  strictly  auton- 
omous, but  they  enjoy  a  large  measure  of  independence. 
In  "  The  Protected  Princes  of  India  "  (Macmillan)  Mr. 
William  Lee- Warner  discusses  this  complex  subject,  and 
gives  a  fairly  clear  idea  of  the  status  of  these  Indian 
dependencies.  The  discussion  is  philosophical  in  spirit, 
avoids  tiresome  details,  and  is  clearly  the  work  of  a  man 
thoroughly  familiar  with  his  theme. 

Volume  XXXIX.  of  the  "Dictionary  of  National 
Biography "  (Macmillan)  extends  from  Morehead  to 
Myles,  completing  the  letter  M.  The  Morgans,  the  Mor- 
rises, the  Mortons,  and  the  Murrays  share  the  honors,  get- 
ting among  them  nearly  a  third  of  the  total  contents. 
Roger  de  Mortimer,  first  Earl  of  March,  is  the  subject 
of  the  longest  article  found  in  this  volume.  Few  names 
of  literary  interest  occur,  and  none  of  any  considerable 
importance. 

Mr.  R.  W.  Moore,  of  Colgate  University,  publishes  in 
pamphlet  form  a  "  History  of  German  Literature " 
(Hamilton:  Grant),  consisting  of  eight  lectures  given  at 
the  Bay  View  summer  school,  and  first  printed  in  the 
"  Bay  View  Magazine. "  The  accuracy  and  critical  abil- 
ity of  the  author  may  be  illustrated  by  his  character- 
ization of  Herr  Heyse's  "  Im  Paradiese,"  the  title  given 
to  a  collection  of  short  stories,  the  chief  "  one  of  which 
is  little  more  than  the  justification  and  glorification  of 
adultery."  In  his  treatment  of  recent  German  novel- 
ists, the  author  claims  to  indicate  by  an  asterisk  the 
works  that  have  been  translated  into  English.  On  a 
single  page  we  notice  the  titles  of  half  a  dozen  works, 
unstarred,  of  which  English  translations  have  to  our 
knowledge  been  published. 

Captain  Conder  has  just  published  (Macmillan)  a 
new  edition  of  "Maccabseus  and  the  Jewish  War 
of  Independence,"  which  first  appeared  in  1879.  Dur- 
ing the  past  fifteen  years,  he  tells  us,  "  I  have  revisited 
many  of  the  scenes  described;  have  lived  in  Moab,  and 
have  ridden  through  the  oak  woods  of  Gilead."  In  spite 
of  these  outings,  however,  and  of  later  Palestinian  dis- 
coveries, he  has  found  little  to  correct  in  the  earlier  edi- 
tions of  the  work.  The  chief  authorities  remain  what 
they  were  in  1879,  Josephus  and  the  first  Book  of  Mac- 
cabees. 

"  Libraries  in  the  Medieval  and  Renaissance  Periods  " 
(Macmillan  &  Bowes)  was  delivered  as  the  Rede  Lec- 


ture of  last  June  by  Professor  J.  W.  Clark.  Although 
a  small  book  of  only  sixty-one  pages,  it  contains  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  explanation  in  detail  of  old  library 
methods  and  appliances,  and,  aided  by  a  number  of 
copies  from  old  prints,  conveys  quite  a  satisfactory  idea 
of  the  surroundings  in  which  our  forefathers  read  and 
wrote,  thereby  giving  us  fresh  reason  to  congratulate 
ourselves  on  our  improved  facilities  and  conditions  for 
literary  labors  in  these  modern  days. 

Mrs.  Alice  B.  Gomme  has  collected,  and  Miss  Win- 
ifred Smith  has  charmingly  illustrated,  a  series  of 
"Children's  Singing  Games"  (Macmillan),  giving  also 
the  traditional  tunes  to  which  they  are  sung.  The  col- 
lection is  interesting  as  a  contribution  to  folk-lore,  and 
may  be  turned  to  helpful  account  by  the  kindergartner. 
In  fact,  these  traditional  games  would  be  a  desirable 
substitute  for  the  artificial  games  devised  by  teachers 
of  the  kindergarten  system.  The  publishers  promise 
a  second  series  for  next  Christmas. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  September  25,  1894. 

Many  New  Yorkers  retain  pleasant  recollections  of 
the  two  visits  to  this  country  of  the  English  poet,  nov- 
elist, and  critic,  William  Sharp,  whose  collected  poems, 
under  the  title  "  Flower  o'  the  Vine,"  were  published 
by  an  American  firm  not  long  after  his  second  trip  to 
America.  He  is  also  remembered  as  the  collaborator 
of  Blanche  Willis  Howard  in  the  novel  "  A  Fellow  and 
His  Wife,"  as  the  author  of  fine  working  biographies  of 
Rossetti,  Shelley,  and  Browning,  and  as  the  editor  of 
the  popular  "  Canterbury  Poets  "  series.  For  some  time 
Mr.  Sharp's  friends  have  been  observing  with  interest 
a  succession  of  dramatic  sketches  in  the  decadent  man- 
ner, which  have  appeared  in  one  or  another  esoteric  pe- 
riodicals here  and  in  England.  Indeed,  if  I  am  not 
mistaken,  Mr.  Sharp  was  the  first  writer  of  English  to 
take  up  this  field.  It  was  something  of  a  surprise,  there- 
fore, to  read  a  paragraph  in  a  New  York  literary  jour- 
nal to  the  effect  that  the  announcement  of  an  American 
edition  of  William  Sharp's  "  Vistas  "  was  the  first  inti- 
mation that  journal  had  ever  had  that  Mr.  Sharp  be- 
longs to  the  decadent  movement.  "  Vistas  "  was  regu- 
larly published  last  Spring,  and  was  placed  on  the  mar- 
ket in  England  at  that  time,  receiving  a  brief  notice  in 
this  correspondence.  Its  sale  in  America  was  reserved 
for  the  fall  season,  and  this  delay  has  enabled  the  au- 
thor to  add  to  its  contents.  I  hear  also  that  this  Amer- 
ican edition  will  contain  a  four-page  Dedicatory  Intro- 
duction to  Mr.  Henry  M.  Alden,  the  editor  of  "  Har- 
per's Magazine  "  and  author  of  "  God  in  His  World," 
whose  fine  analysis  of  "  1'Intruse  "  I  quoted  a  few  months 
ago.  Probably  there  are  not  many  authors  in  this  coun- 
try or  England  who  have  "  arrived,"  who  do  not  owe 
something  to  Mr.  Aldeu's  helpful  sympathy,  thorough 
sifter  of  literary  chaff  that  he  may  be. 

Mr.  Paul  Bourget's  impressions  of  American  life  are 
receiving  general  commendation  here.  I  am  reminded  by 
them  that  there  is  talk  of  collecting  and  publishing  in  an 
English  translation  the  letters  which  M.  Georges  Clemen- 
ceau,  the  former  leader  of  the  Extreme  Left  in  the 
French  Chamber  of  Deputies,  sent  to  the  Paris  Temps 
during  his  residence  here  shortly  after  our  Civil  War. 
He  sent  regular  letters  on  American  affairs  to  the  lead- 
ing French  daily,  and  they  are  said  to  contain  many 


202 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


curious  appreciations  of  the  politics  and  public  men  of 
the  stormy  times  succeeding  the  War.  Coming  from  a 
man  of  M.  Clemenceau's  position  and  parts,  they  would 
be  sure  to  command  attention,  aside  from  the  interest  in 
comparing  them  with  M.  Bourget's  impressions. 

Much  local  interest  is  felt  in  regard  to  Mr.  Edward 
Gary's  forthcoming  biography  of  George  William  Cur- 
tis in  the  "  American  Men  of  Letters  "  series.  As  one 
of  the  editorial  staff  of  the  New  York  "  Times,"  Mr. 
Gary  has,  in  addition  to  his  signed  articles,  for  a  long 
time  performed  a  large  amount  of  scholarly  work,  the 
knowledge  of  whose  authorship  has  been  confined  to  the 
journalistic  profession.  He  was  the  intimate  friend  and 
associate  of  Mr.  Curtis,  and  understood,  perhaps  better 
than  anyone  else,  the  latter's  motives  and  ambitions. 

A  striking  piece  of  impudence  is  about  to  be  carried 
into  execution  by  the  publication  of  what  purports  to 
be  a  sequel  to  Mr.  Edward  Bellamy's  "  Looking  Back- 
ward "  by  another  hand.  The  son  of  the  hero  of  that 
romance  is  to  be  carried  into  the  twenty-second  cen- 
tury, and  a  study  of  its  social  order  is  to  be  made.  I 
do  not  know  whether  this  is  to  be  another  "  answer  "  to 
"  Looking  Backward,"  or  a  romance  on  the  same  theme ; 
but  such  literary  charlatanism  is  justly  detested  by  all 
right-minded  men. 

There  is  interest  in  the  announcement  that  Miss  Kath- 
arine Prescott  Wormeley,  the  translator  of  Balzac,  is 
engaged  in  translating  the  works  of  Moliere  for  Messrs. 
Roberts  Brothers.  She  has,  I  believe,  translated  more 
than  twenty  of  Balzac's  books  alone,  and  perhaps  may 
now  be  looked  upon  as  the  leading  translator  of  this 
country.  Miss  Wormeley's  father  was  a  British  ad- 
miral, but  he  was  a  Virginian  by  birth,  and  she  has  re- 
sided in  this  country  since  before  the  Civil  War,  so 
that  we  may  fairly  claim  her  as  our  own. 

ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


JjITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 


"  Old  European  Jewries,"  by  Dr.  David  Philipson,  is 
announced  by  the  Jewish  Publication  Society  of  America. 

M.  Alexandre  Dumas  has  spent  the  summer  upon  his 
comedy, "  La  Route  de  Thebes,"  which  is  to  be  brought 
out  at  the  Franc.ais  in  November. 

The  London  "  Author,"  beginning  with  November  or 
December,  is  to  have  a  monthly  letter  from  New  York 
on  "  American  literature  and  literary  folk." 

Professor  H.  Morse  Stephens,  of  Cambridge,  En- 
gland, the  historian  of  the  French  Revolution,  has  been 
chosen  to  succeed  the  late  Professor  Tuttle  at  Cornell 
University. 

Herr  Bjornstjerne  Bjornson,  who  is  at  present  staying 
in  Tyrol  with  his  family,  intends  to  winter  in  Rome. 
There  he  hopes  to  finish  "  a  great  social  drama "  upon 
which  he  has  been  for  some  time  at  work. 

According  to  "  The  Athenaeum,"  a  new  volume  of  let- 
ters by  James  Russell  Lowell  will  shortly  appear  under 
the  title  of  "  Mr.  Lowell  in  England  :  a  series  of  Famil- 
iar Letters."  The  book  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  George 
Washburn  Smalley,  who  will  write  an  introduction. 

Mr.  Walter  Besant  is  said  to  have  three  books  in 
course  of  preparation:  a  three-volume  novel  called  "  Be- 
yond the  Dreams  of  Avarice";  some  essays  on  social 
subjects  entitled  "As  We  Are  :  As  We  May  Be";  and 
"  In  Deacon's  Orders."  The  last  is  a  collection  of  short 
stories. 


The  twenty-sixth  of  September  was  a  gala  day  for 
the  Northwestern  University  of  Evanston,  that  being 
the  date  for  the  formal  dedication  of  the  Orrington 
Lunt  Library  Building,  recently  built  at  a  cost  of  over 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  exercises,  which 
filled  both  afternoon  and  evening,  were  largely  attended, 
and  included  the  usual  variety  of  speeches.  The  spe- 
cial feature  of  the  exercises  was  an  address  by  Dr.  Jus- 
tin Winsor,  who  was  invited  from  Cambridge  for  the 
purpose.  The  University  Library  contains  25,000  vol- 
umes, and  the  new  building  provides  space  for  five  times 
that  number,  besides  rooms  set  aside  for  seminary  work. 

All  lovers  of  Tennyson  will  be  delighted  to  see — and 
such  of  them  as  can,  to  own  —  the  splendid  etched  por- 
trait of  him  made  by  the  great  French  etcher  Paul  Ra- 
jon,  whose  companion  portrait  of  Darwin  is  already  fa- 
mous. The  Tennyson  portrait  was  made  from  life,  and 
represents  the  poet  apparently  at  his  best,  although  at 
the  age  of  seventy.  The  hair  and  beard  are  but  partly 
gray,  and  the  expression  is  one  of  great  force  and  dig- 
nity. The  likeness  is  said,  by  those  who  knew  Tenny- 
son, to  be  one  of  wonderful  fidelity.  The  head  is  about 
half  life-size.  Impressions  from  this  magnificent  plate, 
in  several  styles  and  degrees  of  expensiveness,  are  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Frederick  Keppel  &  Co.,  at  No.  1 
Van  Buren  street,  Chicago.  The  establishment  here  of 
a  permanent  branch  of  this  house,  so  long  known  and 
highly  esteemed  in  art  circles  in  Paris  and  New  York, 
is  a  matter  for  congratulation  to  lovers  and  patrons  of 
art. 

Thousands  who  attended  the  Parliament  of  Religions 
last  year  will  recall,  as  perhaps  the  most  impressive 
figure  among  the  assembled  prelates,  the  venerable 
Dionysios  Latas,  Archbishop  of  the  Greek  Church,  which 
he  represented  at  the  Parliament.  The  Archbishop's 
death,  at  Zante,  occurred  early  in  September.  Aside 
from  his  high  position  in  his  church,  of  which  he  was 
regarded  as  one  of  the  brightest  ornaments,  and  from 
his  well  known  philanthropic  work  such  as  that  in  con- 
nection with  the  earthquake  disaster  at  Zante  in  1892, 
he  was  eminent  for  his  learning  and  for  his  contribu- 
tions to  theological  literature.  A  writer  in  the  London 
"  Academy  "  says  of  him:  "  A  greater  breadth  of  thought 
— acquired  probably  from  his  long  studies  in  Germany 
— brought  him  closer  to  the  intellectual  classes  in  mod- 
ern Greece  than  most  of  his  brethren.  Whenever  he 
preached  in  the  Metropolitan  Church  of  Athens,  the 
building  was  closely  packed.  When  it  was  my  privilege 
to  hear  him,  his  restrained  yet  burning  eloquence  and 
the  but  half  suppressed  applause  of  his  hearers  brought 
to  my  remembrance  the  accounts  that  are  extant  of  the 
effect  of  the  preaching  of  the  Golden-mouthed  at  Con- 
stantinople, fifteen  centuries  ago." 

The  difference  between  an  "  author's  edition  "  and  a 
"  privately  printed  "  book  is  one  not  always  recognized, 
although  the  distinction  seems  clear  enough — the  "  au- 
thor's book  "  being  understood  in  the  trade  as  one  pub- 
lished at  the  cost  and  risk  of  its  author,  while  the  "  pri- 
vately printed  "  volume  is  really  not "  published  "  (made 
public)  at  all,  but  is  issued  by  an  author  or  his  friends 
for  his  and  their  gratification.  Mr.  James  T.  Fields, 
himself  a  veteran  publisher,  made  the  distinction  very 
neatly  by  putting  on  the  title-page  of  his  modest  vol- 
ume of  poems  the  legend  "Printed,  not  published." 
Not  every  poet,  it  is  needless  to  say,  can  afford  this  lux- 
ury of  private  printing,  or  the  greater  luxury  of  reject- 
ing the  offers  of  publishing  houses  to  bring  out  his  works. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


203 


Yet  there  are  such  fortunate  ones.  Mr.  Harry  B.  Smith, 
for  instance,  whose  privately  printed  volumes,  "  Lyrics 
and  Sonnets  "  and  "  Will  Shakspeare,  a  Comedy,"  have 
attracted  attention  much  beyond  the  circle  of  friends 
for  whom  they  were  issued,  has  had  several  offers  of 
publication  from  Eastern  firms;  but  he  prefers  to  grat- 
ify his  taste  for  privacy  in  the  printing  of  his  more 
meritorious  writings,  and  this  he  is  lucky  enough  to  be 
able  to  do  through  the  substantial  income  derived  from 
his  very  successful  comic  opera  books. 

WALTER  PATER'S  MESSAGE. 

A  very  interesting  article  in  the  London  "  Bookman," 
devoted  to  Walter  Pater,  ends  in  this  fashion: 

"  And  what,  after  all,  was  Walter  Pater's  message  to 
his  age?  He  had  given  it  to  the  world  in  the  early  chapters 
of '  Marius  the  Epicurean  ';  he  uttered  it  again  but  a  few 
weeks  before  he  died.  Someone  in  his  company,  with  rem- 
nants of  ill-digested  Positivism  yet  strong  upon  him,  had 
asserted  that  men  lived  by  the  memory  of  the  great  names 
du  temps  jadis,  such  names  as  Csesar  and  Leonardo,  and 
that  it  was  by  the  study  of  their  deeds  and  sayings  that 
one  required  strength  of  character.  But  Walter  Pater 
struck  it  strongly:  '  No,  that  should  not  be  your  ideal. 
Men  who  lived  in  times  past,  however  great,  cannot  be 
to  you  what  those  around  you  can  be.  You  should  learn 
to  live  in  the  men  and  women  of  your  own  immediate 
surroundings;  their  words,  their  looks,  their  very  dress 
should  be  to  you  the  very  thing  that  really  absorbs  your 
interest.  Learn  to  live  in  and  with  your  entourage,  so 
that  it  may  become  to  you  vivid  and  real.  To  be  alive 
to  every  influence  around  you  is  better  far  than  the  ex- 
ample of  anyone  in  the  past,  however  great.'  This  was 
only  another  way  of  expressing  the  ideal  that  Marius 
set  before  himself,  '  to  be  perfect  with  regard  to  what  is 
here  and  now,'  only  a  re-statement  of  the  conclusion  of 
his  '  Renaissance.'  If  Walter  Pater  possessed  anything 
so  bourgeois  as  a  mission  or  a  message,  assuredly  this  is 
what  it  was  —  philosophy  interpreted  by  one's  fellow 
men.  '  Philosophy  without  effeminacy,'  was  the  boast 
of  Pericles  concerning  his  native  city.  '  Philosophy  by 
and  through  a  love  of  youth,'  was  the  reply  and  corollary 
of  Plato,  and  this,  or  something  very  near  thereto,  was 
the  conclusion  of  his  loving  interpreter  of  our  own  day, 
Walter  Pater." 

AUGUSTA    WEBSTER. 
(In  Memoriam,  September  7, 1894.) 
Calm  after  storm,  and  after  pain  comes  peace : 

By  pain,  full-purchased  peace  is  now  with  thee, 

And  surely  sense  of  high  sei-enity, 
That  in  Death's  kindly  arms  thou  hast  release. 
Sweet  singer,  woman  true,  who  ne'er  didst  cease, 

In  midst  of  lofty  thinking,  still  to  be 

Helpmate  of  those  in  suffering,  poverty, 
Nor  soughtest  honors  and  ignoble  ease. 
We  were  the  poorer  that  thou  richer  art, 

Did  we  not  know  that  spirits  do  not  die  ; 
But  thro'  their  high  aspirings  still  have  part 

In  all  the  world's  aspirings,  chaste  and  high. 
Thy  genius  quick  and  loving,  must  impart 

High  impulse  till  all  song  can  be  put  by. 

—Alexander  H.  Japp  in  "  The  Academy." 

THE  PROSPECT  FOR  MINOR  POETS. 

Mr.  Theodore  Watts  contributes  to  "  The  Athemeum  " 
some  interesting  reflections  concerning  the  present  pros- 
pects of  minor  poets  in  general,  from  which  we  quote 
the  following: 

"  I  confess  to  being  one  of  those  « cheery  pessimists ' 


who  believe  that  the  time  has  gone  by  when  English 
poets,  save  a  very  few,  need  hope  to  write  for  any  other 
generation  than  their  own.  But  surely  that  is  enough: 
there  are  a  good  many  English-speaking  people  about, 
and  they  do  not  all  write  verses.  An  audience  scat- 
tered over  Great  Britain  and  all  the  new  worlds  of  the 
entire  temperate  zone  ought  to  be  quite  enough  for  the 
ambitious  bard,  who  must  needs,  I  fear,  leave  posterity 
to  take  care  of  itself.  Our  English  poetic  growths,  from 
Chaucer  downwards,  are  so  rich  that  even  the  specialist 
— the  poetical  student — is  overwhelmed  by  them.  To 
be  read  for  a  few  years  by  one's  contemporaries  is  a 
great  compliment  to  any  poet  at  a  time  when  two-thirds 
of  the  letters  of  the  world  are  written  in  English. 
What  room  will  there  be  when  the  best  literary  ener- 
gie?4>f  the  English-speaking  race  in  North  America,  the 
Australias,  and  South  Africa  shall  exercise  themselves 
in  the  production  of  poetry,  as  the  best  literary  ener- 
gies of  England  were  exercised  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.?  For,  of  course,  the  poetry  of  the  United 
States,  good  as  some  of  it  is,  does  not  in  any  way  rep- 
resent, as  yet,  the  literary  endowment  of  that  great  peo- 
ple as  English  poetry  represents  our  own.  From  the 
latest  romantic  revival  of  Rossetti,  Mr.  W.  Morris,  and 
Mr.  Swinburne,  down  to  the  present  moment,  a  mass  of 
true  poetry  has  been  produced  which  in  quality  far  sur- 
passes all  the  poetry  that  the  eighteenth  century  pro- 
duced between  the  time  of  Pope  and  the  time  of  Words- 
worth and  Coleridge;  but  where  is  the  room  for  it? 
A  poet  like  Sydney  Dobell  or  Alexander  Smith,  or  a 
poet  like  Arthur  O'Shaughnessy,  rises,  makes  a  consid- 
erable reputation,  and  seems  likely  to  pass  into  litera- 
ture; he  dies,  and  in  a  few  weeks  his  very  name  is  for- 
gotten. The  infirmity  of  our  contemporary  criticism  is 
not  lack  of  intelligence — far  from  it — but  lack  of  knowl- 
edge of  the  literature  that  has  gone  before.  They  who 
have  to  write  have  no  time  to  read.  Nothing  is  more 
common  than  to  see  half  a  column  of  generous  praise 
given  to  verses  which  are  taken,  both  as  to  substance 
and  as  to  form,  from  some  dead  bard  over  whose  grave 
the  daisies  have  scarcely  begun  to  grow.  I  wonder  how 
many  of  our  contemporary  critics  have  read  a  line  of 
that  '  poem  of  the  age's  hope ' — that  marvellous  drama, 
of  which  Tennyson  expressed  his  unbounded  admiration, 
'  Festus  '  —  or  that  '  greatest  poem  of  the  age,'  «  The 
Roman,' — or  that  greater  than  the  greatest  poem  of  the 
age  '  A  Life  Drama.'  In  order  to  be  forgotten,  indeed, 
it  is  not  necessary  for  a  poet  to  die;  let  him  cease  to 
write  for  five  years,  and  he  will  pass  out  of  memory, 
while  a  dozen  '  greatest  poets  of  the  age '  will  have  been 
boomed  in  succession,  and  in  succession  forgotten,  over 
his  head.  The  names  of  most  of  the  poets  who  were 
the  contemporaries  of  Mr.  Philip  James  Bailey,  and  the 
names  of  most  of  the  poets  who  were  the  contempo- 
raries of  Mr.  John  Payne,  so  familiar  at  those  two  dif- 
ferent periods,  are  now  as  entirely  forgotten  as  though 
their  songs  were  sung  in  Nineveh  or  Babylon.  But  it 
cannot  be  helped.  Art  is  short  and  life  is  long.  The 
astronomers  tell  us  that  a  good  many  years — a  million  ? 
— will  run  before  '  heaven's  candles  are  all  out ' —  be- 
fore the  sun  loses  his  power  of  keeping  the  earth  hab- 
itable by  the  British  poet,  and  '  there's  husbandry  in 
heaven.'  In  that  time  sonnets  may  have  gone  out  of 
fashion,  as  ballades  and  rondeaus  have  gone;  nay,  even 
Shakespeare  and  Milton  may  be  used  at  the  Board 
schools  as  specimens  of  the  '  latest  form  of  intelligible 
English.'  Poetical  immortality  is,  therefore,  a  relative 
term." 


204 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1, 


FALL  ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  BOOKS  FOR 
THE  YOUNG. 

Piccino  and  Other  Child  Stories,  by  Mrs.  Burnett,  illus.  by 
Birch.  —  The  Wagner  Story  Book,  firelight  tales  of  the 
great  music  dramas,  by  William  Henry  Frost,  illus.,  $1.50. 
— In  the  Heart  of  the  Rockies,  a  story  of  adventure  in  Col- 
orado, by  G.  A.  Henty,  illus.,  $1.50. —  When  London 
Burned,  by  G.  A.  Henty,  illus.,  $1.50.— Wulf  the  Saxon, 
a  story  of  the  Norman  Conquest,  by  G.  A.  Henty,  illus., 
$1.50.  —  The  Butterfly  Hunters  in  the  Caribbees,  by  Dr. 
Eugene-Murray  Aaron,  illus.,  $2. —Czar  and  Sultan,  a 
story  of  the  Russo-Turkish  War  of  1877-78,  by  Archibald 
Forbes,  illus.,  $2.  —  Norseland  Tales,  by  H.  H.  Boyesen, 
illus.,  $1.25.— Things  Will  Take  a  Turn,  by  Beatrice  Har- 
raden,  illus.,  $1.  —  Making  of  the  Ohio  Valley  States,  by 
Samuel  Adams  Drake,  illus.,  $1.50.  —  Olaf  the  Glorious, 
by  Robert  Leighton,  illus.,  $1.50.— A  North  Pole  Expedi- 
tion, by  Gordon  Stables,  $1.50.  (Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.) 

The  Land  of  Pluck,  by  Mrs.  Mary  Mapes  Dodge,  illus.,  $1.50. 
— When  Life  is  Young,  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge,  illus.,  $1.25. 

—  Artful  Anticks,  by  Oliver  Herford,  illus.,  $1.— Topsys 
and  Turvys  Number  2,  by  Peter  Newell,  illus.,  $1.— The 
Century  Book  for  Young  Americans,  the  story  of  the  Gov- 
ernment, by  El  bridge  S.   Brooks,  illus.,  $1.50.  —  Toin- 
ette's  Philip,  by  Mrs.  C.  V.  Jamison,  illus.  by  Birch,  $1.50. 

—  Imaginations,  truthless  tales,  by  Tudor  Jenks,  illus., 
$1.50.— The  Man  Who  Married  the  Moon,  Te"e  Wahn  folk 
stories,  by  Chas.  F.  Lummis,  illus.,  $1.50. — The  Brownies 
Around  the  World,  by  Palmer  Cox,  illus.,  $1.50.     (Cen- 
tury Co.) 

My  New  Home,  by  Mrs.  Molesworth,  $1. —  Maurice,  or,  The 
Red  Jar,  a  tale  of  magic  and  adventure,  by  the  Countess 
of  Jersey,  illus. — Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,  a  selection  trans, 
by  Mrs.  Edgar  Lucas,  illus.  —  The  Children's  Library, 
comprising:  Robinson  Crusoe,  Magic  Oak  Tree,  Pope's 
Mule,  Little  Glass  Man,  Finished  Legends,  Once  Upon  a 
Time,  The  Pentameron.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  Farmer's  Boy,  by  Clifton  Johnson,  illus.  —  Chris,  the 
Model-Maker,  a  story  of  New  York,  by  W.  O.  Stoddard, 
illus.,  $1.50. — The  Patriot  Schoolmaster,  by  Hezekiah  But- 
terworth,  illus.,  $1.50.- — Madeleine's  Rescue,  by  Jeanne 
Schultz,  illus. — Decatur  and  Somers,  by  Molly  Elliot  Sea- 
well,  illus.,  $1.—  The  Golden  Fairy  Book,  illus.  by  H.  R. 
Millar.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

Little  Mr.  Thimblefinger  and  his  Queer  Country,  by  Joel 
Chandler  Harris.  —  Three  Boys  on  an  Electrical  Boat,  by 
John  Trowbridge.  —  When  Molly  was  Six,  by  Eliza  Orne 
White,  illus.— Timothy's  Quest,  by  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin, 
new  edition,  illus.  by  Oliver  Herford,  $1.50.  (Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.) 

Stories  from  the  Diary  of  a  Doctor,  by  Mrs.  L.  T.  Mead, 
ill  us.,  $1.25. — The  Double  Emperor,  by  Wm.  Laird  Clowes, 
illus.,  $1.25.— Two  Girls,  by  Amy  E.  Blanchard,  illus.  by 
Ida  Waugh,  $1.25.  —  Olivia,  by  Mrs.  Molesworth,  illus., 
$1.25.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 

Stirring  Tales  of  Colonial  Adventure,  by  Skipp  Borlase, 
$1.50. — The  Shield  of  Faith,  a  new  painting  book  of  scrip- 
ture texts,  50  cts. — The  Star  of  Hope  Library,  a  new  series 
for  the  Sunday-School,  10  vols.,  $2.50.  —  The  Animal  Ob- 
ject Book,  in  colors,  $1.50.  (F.  Warne  &  Co.) 

Not  Quite  Eighteen,  by  Susan  Coolidge,  illus.,  $1.25.  —  Jolly 
Good  Times  To-day,  by  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith,  illus.,  $1.25. 
—Another  Girl's  Experience,  by  Leigh  Webster,  illus., 
$1.25.— Penelope  Prigg  and  Other  Stories,  by  A.  G.  Plymp- 
ton,  illus.,  $1. — Rags  and  Velvet  Gowns,  by  A.  G.  Plymp- 
ton,  illus.,  Si.— The  Little  Lady  of  the  Horse,  by  Evelyn 
Raymond,  illus.,  $1.50. — Voyage  of  the  Liberdale,  by 
Capt.  Joshua  Slocum,  illus.,  $1.  —  Father  Gander's  Melo- 
dies, by  Adelaide  F.  Samuels,  illus.,  $1.25. — Last  Words, 
a  final  collection  of  stories,  by  Mrs.  J.  H.  Ewing,  new  edi- 
tion, illus.,  50  cts. — The  Kingdom  of  Coins,  by  John  Brad- 
ley Gilman,  new  edition,  illus.,  50  cts.  (Roberts  Bros.) 

Bible  Stories  for  Young  People,  by  Rev.  John  Hall,  Rev. 
William  M.  Taylor,  and  others,  illus. — Twilight  Land,  by 
Howard  Pyle,  illus. —  The  Boy  Travellers  in  the  Levant, 
adventures  of  two  youths  in  Morocco,  Algeria,  Greece, 
etc.,  by  Thomas  W.  Knox,  illus.,  $3.  (Harper  &  Bros.) 

Sons  of  the  Vikings,  an  Orkney  story,  by  John  Gunn,  illus., 
$1. — Mopsie,  by  Dorothy  Walrond,  60  cts. —  Step  by  Step 
through  the  Bible,  a  scripture  history  for  little  children, 
by  Edith  Ralph,  3  vols.,  each,  illus.,  $1.— The  A.  L.  O.  E. 

[  Sunday-school  Library,  a  selection  of  35  of  the  best  books 
by  the  late  A.  L.O.  E.,  35  vols.,  illus.,  boxed,  $20.  (Thos. 
Nelson's  Sons.) 


Sailor  Jack  the  Trader,  by  Harry  Castlemon,  illus.,  $1.25.— 
Oscar  in  Africa,  by  Harry  Castlemon,  illus.,  $1.25. —  Only 
an  Irish  Boy,  by  Horatio  Alger,  Jr.,  illus.,  $1.25. — Vic- 
tor Vane,  or  the  Young  Secretary,  by  Horatio  Alger,  Jr., 
illus.,  $1.25.— The  Great  Cattle  Trail,  by  Edward  S.  Ellis, 
illus.,  $1.25. —  The  Honest  Endeavor  Library,  by  Lucy  C. 
Lillie,  comprising :  A  Family  Dilemma,  Ruth  Endicott's 
Way,  Alison's  Adventures;  3  vols.,  illus.,  $3.75.  (Porter 
&  Coates.) 

Brother  Against  Brother,  or,  the  Civil  War  on  the  Border, 
by  Oliver  Optic,  illus.,  $1.50.— Up  and  Down  the  Nile,  by 
Oliver  Optic,  illus.,  $1.25.  —  Asiatic  Breezes,  or,  Students 
on  the  Wing,  by  Oliver  Optic,  illus.,  $1.25.— Wee  Lucy,  by 
Sophie  May,  illus.,  75  cts.  —  Little  Miss  Faith,  by  Grace 
LeBaron,  illus.,  75  cts. — Mollie  Miller,  by  Effie  W.  Merri- 
man,  illus.,  $1.25.  — Jean  Belin,  or  the  French  Robinson 
Crusoe,  by  Alfred  de  Brehat,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Lee  & 
Shepard.) 

The  Parson's  Miracle,  Christmas  in  America,  by  Hezekiah 
Butterworth,  illus.,  50  cts. — Zigzag  Journeys  in  the  White 
City,  by  Hezekiah  Butterworth,  illus.,  $2.—  Dan  of  Mill- 
brook,  by  Charles  Carleton  Coffin,  illus.,  $1.50.— The  Boy's 
Revolt,  a  story  of  the  street  Arabs  of  New  York,  by  James 
Otis,  illus.,  $1.25.—  Ruby  at  School,  by  Minnie  E.  Paull, 
illus.,  $1.  —  Chatterbox  for  1894,  with  200  full-page  illus- 
trations, $1.25. —  Our  Little  Ones'  Annual  for  Christmas, 
1894,  edited  by  Oliver  Optic,  illus.,  $1.75.  —  The  Nursery 
for  Christmas,  1894,  illus,  $1.25.— Oliver  Optic's  Annual, 
1894,  illus.,  $1.25. —  The  Chatterbox  "Zoo,"  edited  by 
Laurence  H.  Francis,  illus.,  $1.25.  — Through  the  Wilds. 
a  record  of  sport  and  adventure  in  New  Hampshire  and 
Maine,  by  Capt.  C.  A.  J.  Farrar,  illus.,  $1.75. —  Young 
Folk's  Menagerie,  and  Animal  Stories,  2  vols..  illus.,  each, 
$1.25.  —  Hildegarde's  Neighbors,  by  Laura  E.  Richards, 
illus.,  $1.25.  (Estes  &  Lauriat.) 

Elsie  at  the  World's  Fair,  by  Martha  Finley,  $1.25.  — The 
Sherburne  Cousins,  by  Amanda  M.  Douglas,  $1.50.— First 
in  the  Field,  a  story  of  New  South  Wales,  by  Geo.  Maii- 
ville  Fenn,  illus.,  $1.50. — Where  Honour  Leads,  by  Lynde 
Palmer,  $1.25.  —  Gypsy  Breynton,  by  Elizabeth  Stuart 
Phelps,  illus.,  $1.50.  —  Witch  Winnie  at  Shinnecock.  or, 
a  King's  Daughter  at  the  Summer  Art  School,  by  Mrs. 
Champney,  illus.,  $1.50. — Bible  Steps  for  Little  Pilgrims, 
illus.,  $1.25. — The  Half  Hour  Series,  comprising :  Half 
Hours  at  the  Far  North,  With  the  Tiny  World,  In  the 
Great  Deep,  In  the  Far  East ;  each,  illus.,  75  cts.— Chosen 
Stories,  a  series  of  ten  capital  stories  for  boys  and  girls, 
each,  50  cts.  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. ) 

Hope  Benham,  by  Nora  Perry,  illus.,  $1.50.  (Little,  Brown, 
&Co.) 

Blanche,  a  story  for  girls,  by  Mrs.  Molesworth. — A  Salt  Water 
Hero,  by  Edward  A.  Rand.— A  Bag  of  Farthings,  by  C.  R. 
Coleridge.—  The  Land  of  the  Golden  Plume,  by  David  L. 
Johnstone. —  The  Cook  and  the  Captive,  by  Charlotte  M. 
Yonge.— Their  Father's  Wrong,  by  M.  Bramston.— The 
Mavis  and  the  Merlin,  by  Mary  H.  Debenham.  —  Miss 
Coventry's  Maid,  by  M.  and  C.  Lee.— More  Bed-Time 
Tales,  by  Mrs.  Geo.  A.  Paull.— Grizzley's  Little  Pard,  by 
the  author  of  "  Little  Heroine  of  Poverty-Flat." — Nature's 
Gentleman,  by  Emma  Marshall. —  A  Matter  of  Honor,  by 
Barbara  Yechton.-- Two  Knights-Errant  and  Other  Stories, 
by  Barbara  Yechton. — "  Splendid  Lives  "  series,  compris- 
ing: Story  of  the  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  by  Robert 
Chambers,  LL.D.;  Story  of  Howard  and  Oberlin ;  Story 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte ;  5  vols.  (Thomas  Whittaker.) 

The  Brave  and  Honest  Series,  by  Edward  S.  Ellis,  compris- 
ing :  Brave  Tom,  Honest  Ned,  Righting  the  Wrong ;  each, 
illus.,  $1.25.— The  Lost  Army,  by  Thomas  W.  Knox,  illus., 
$1.50.— The  Captain's  Boat,  by  William  O.  Stoddard,  illus., 
$1.50. —  The  Castle  of  the  Carpathians,  by  Jules  Verne, 
illus.,  $1.50.— Richard  Dare's  Venture,  by  Edward  Strate- 
meyer,  illus.,  $1.25. —  The  Last  Cruise  of  the  Spitfire,  by 
Edward  Stratemeyer,  illus.,  $1.25.— Boy's  Illustrated  An- 
nual, containing  serial  stories  by  G.  A.  Henty,  George 
Manville  Fenn,  Henry  M.  Stanley,  and  others,  with  13  full- 
page  colored  plates  and  other  illustrations,  $3.50.  (Mer- 
riam  Co.) 

Andersen's  Fairy  Tales,  new  edition,  with  4  half -tone  illus- 
trations, $1.50. — Colonial  Books  for  Children,  comprising : 
Children  of  Colonial  Days,  Rhymes  and  Stories  of  Olden 
Times,  and  Tales  and  Verses  of  Long  Ago ;  each,  illus.  by 
Percy  Moran  and  Miss  Tucker,  $1.50. —  Comic  Military 
Alphabet,  by  DeWitt  C.  Falls,  consisting  of  26  pictures  in 
color.  $1.25.— Treasury  of  Stories,  Jingles,  and  Rhymes, 
by  Maud  Humphrey,  with  150  sketches  by  Maud  Hum- 
phrey, $1.50.  (Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.) 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


205 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

(October,  1894.) 

Bolton  Abbey.    Illus.    Aaron  Watson.    Magazine  of  Art. 

Bookbindings,  International  Exhibition  of .  Illus.  Mag.  of  Art. 

British  Empire,  Stability  of  the.    F.  H.  Geffcken.    Forum. 

British  Parliament,  The.     J.  W.  Burgess.     Chautauquan. 

China-Japan  War  in  Korea,  The.  W.  E.  Griffis.  Chautauquan. 

Church,  The,  and  Economic  Reforms.     Arena. 

College  Debating.    Carl  Vrooman.    Arena. 

Disraeli's  Place  in  Literature.     Frederic  Harrison.     Forum. 

Ely's  "  Socialism  and  Social  Reform."  A.  T.  Hadley.  Forum. 

English  at  the  University  of  Wisconsin.     Dial. 

Ethics,  Recent  Studies  in.    F.  C.  Sharp.    Dial. 

Football  Situation,  The.    E.  L.  Richards.    Popular  Science. 

Funeral  Customs.    J.  H.  Long.    Popular  Science. 

Germans,  The.     Sidney  Whitman.     Chautauquan. 

Golf  in  the  Old  Country.    Illus.    C.  W.  Whitney.    Harper. 

Half-Blood  Indian,  The.    F.  Boas.     Popular  Science. 

Horses,  Blooded,  of  the  Coast.     Overland. 

Iberville  and  the  Mississippi.     Grace  King.     Harper. 

Japan-China  War,  Significance  of  the.     Forum. 

Japan  —  Korea  —  China.     Dial. 

Kossuth  and  Hungarian  Nationality.     Chautauquan. 

Lahore  and  the  Punjaub.     Illus.     E.  L.  Weeks.    Harper. 

Land  Question,  The :  A  Woman's  Symposium.    Arena. 

Lenox.    Illus.    G.  A.  Hibbard.    Scribner. 

Lloyd,  Henry  D.    Henry  Latchford.    Arena. 

Mountain  Art.     Illus.    H.  L.  A.  Culmer.     Overland. 

Naval  Needs  of  the  Pacific.    I.  M.  Scott.     Overland. 

Newspaper  Press  of  Europe,  The.     Chautauquan. 

Oratory,  Decline  of.    Henry  L.  Dawes.    Forum. 

Paris,  the  Streets  of.    Illus.    R.  H.  Davis.    Harper. 

Poetry  and  Science.    W.  H.  Hudson.    Popular  Science. 

Porcelains,  Japanese  and  Chinese.   Saburo  Arai.   Lippincott. 

Prenatal  Influence.    S.  B.  Elliot.    Arena. 

Railroad  Travel.     Illus.     H.  G.  Prout.     Scribner. 

Railway  War,  The.    H.  J.  Fletcher.    Atlantic. 

Republic,  Endurance  of  the.    C.  W.  Eliot.    Forum. 

Rivalries  of  Women,  Famous.  Gertrude  Atherton.  Lippincott. 

Russian  Holy  City,  A.     Isabel  Hapgood.     Atlantic. 

Shakespeare,  the  Great  Concordances  on.  Hiram  Corson.  Dial. 

Short  Story,  Art  of  the.     Dial. 

Stanton  under  Johnson,  Recollections  of.    Atlantic. 

Sterne,  The  Philosophy  of.    H.  C.  Merwin.    Atlantic. 

Tarahumari  Dances  and  Plant- Worship.     Illus.     Scribner. 

Teachers,  Training  of.    M.  V.  O'Shea.    Popular  Science. 

Telegraphy  Up  to  Date.    G.  J.  Varney.    Lippincott. 

Three-volume  Novel,  The.    Walter  Besant.    Dial. 

Vigilance  Committee  of  '56,  The.    A.  B.  Paul.     Overland. 

Virtue,  Localized.     Felix  L.  Oswald.    Lippincott. 

West  African  Folklore.    A.  B.  Ellis.    Popular  Science. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  embracing  110  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 

Social  England  :  A  Record  of  the  Progress  of  the  People. 

By  various  writers  ;  edited  by  H.  D.  Traill,  D.C.L.   Vol. 

II.,  From  the  Accession  of  Edward  I.  to  the  Death  of 

Henry  VII.;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  587.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

• 


History,  Prophecy,  and  the  Monuments.  By  James  Fred- 

erick McCurdy,  Ph.D.     Vol.  I.,  To  the  Downfall  of  Sa- 

maria ;  illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  425.    Macmillan  &  Co.    S3. 
The  Story  of  South  Africa  and  all  other  territory  south  of 

the  Zambesi.    By  George  M.  Theal.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp. 

397.     Putnam's  "Story  of  the  Nations."     $1.50. 
In  Old  New  York.   By  Thomas  A.  Janvier,  author  of  "  The 

Aztec  Tieasure-House."    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  285.    Harper 

&  Bros.    $1.75. 
The  M  tking  of  the  Ohio  Valley  States,  166O-1837.   By 

Samuel  Adams  Drake.     Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  269.     Chas. 

Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50. 


A  History  of  Rome  to  the  Battle  of  Actium.  By  Evelyn 
Shirley  Shuckburgh,  M.A.,  author  of  "A  Translation  of 
Polybius."  With  maps,  etc.,  12mo,  pp.  809.  Macmillan 
&  Co.  $1.75. 

The  Growth  of  the  English  Nation.  By  Katherine  Coman 
and  Elizabeth  Kendall.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  300.  Flood  & 
Vincent.  $1. 

Europe  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  By  Harry  Pratt 
Judson,  LL.D.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  343.  Flood  &  Vin- 
cent. $1. 

English  Institutions  and  the  American  Indian.  By  James 
Alton  James,  Ph.D.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  59.  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies.  25  cts. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

The  Sherman  Letters :  Correspondence  between  General 
and  Senator  Sherman  from  1837  to  1891.  Edited  by  Ra- 
chel Sherman  Thorndike.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  398.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $3. 

Familiar  Letters  of  Henry  David  Thoreau.  Edited,  with 
introduction  and  notes,  by  F.  B.  Sanborn.  With  por- 
trait, 12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  483.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
$1.50. 

Lives  of  Twelve  Bad  Men:  Original  Studies  of  Eminent 
Scoundrels  by  Various  Hands.  Edited  by  Thomas  Sec- 
combe.  Illus  ,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  373.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $3.50. 

Lord  Amherst  and  the  British  Advance  Eastwards  to 
Burma.  By  Anne  Thackeray  Ritchie  and  Richardson 
Evans.  Illus.,  12mo, uncut, pp. 220.  Macmillan's "Rulers 
of  India."  60  cts. 

Memoirs  Illustrating  the  History  of  Napoleon  from 
1802  to  1815.  By  Baron  Claude-Frangois  de  Me"neval ; 
edited  by  his  Grandson,  Baron  Napoleon  Joseph  de  M6n- 
eval.  Vol.  III.,  illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  541.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.  $2. 

The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Rufus  King.  Edited 
by  his  grandson,  Charles  R.  King,  M.D.  Vol.  I.,  1755- 
1794 ;  with  portrait,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  624.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $5. 

Memoirs  of  Chancellor  Pasquier.  Edited  by  the  Due 
D'Audiffret-Pasquier  ;  trans,  by  Charles  E.  Roche.  Vol. 
III.,  1814-1815.  12mo,  pp.  461.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons. 
$2.50. 

General  Joseph  Martin  and  the  War  of  the  Revolution  in 
the  West.  By  Prof.  Stephen  B.  Weeks.  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  477.  Washington  :  Government  Printing  Office. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

The  Complete  Works  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.  Edited  by 
Rev.  Walter  W.  Skeat,  LL.D.  The  House  of  Fame,  Le- 
gend of  Good  Women,  etc.;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  504.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $4. 

Chronological  Outlines  of  American  Literature.  By 
Selden  L.  Whitcomb,  A.M.,  with  an  Introduction  by 
Brander  Matthews.  12mo,  pp.  285.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.25. 

American  Authors :  A  Handbook  of  American  Literature 
from  Early  Colonial  to  Living  Writers.  By  Mildred 
Rutherford.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  749.  Atlanta,  Ga.:  The 
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From  Chaucer  to  Tennyson.  By  Henry  A.  Beers.  With 
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208 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  1,  1894. 


Contents  of 

THE  MONIST-For  October. 


Vol.  V. 


A  QUARTERLY  MAGAZINE. 


No.  1. 


OUGHT  THE  UNITED  STATES  SENATE  TO  BE  ABOLISHED? 

Prof.  H.  Von  Hoist. 
ON  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  THE  CONSERVATION  OF  ENERGY. 

Prof.  Ernst  Mach. 

ON  THE  NATURE  OF  MOTION.    Major  J.  W.  Powell. 
BUDDHISM  AND  CHRISTIANITY.    Editor. 
ON  THE  NATURE  OF  THOUGHT.     Thomas  Whittaker. 
LITERARY  CORRESPONDENCE.    France.    Lucien  Arreat. 
CRITICISMS  AND  DISCUSSIONS.    The  Life  of  Issa.    Editor. 
Price,  50  cents.    Yearly,  $2.00. 


THE  GOSPEL  OF  BUDDHA 

ACCORDING  TO  OLD  RECORDS. 

Told  by  PA  UL  CARUS. 
With  Table  of  References  and  Parallels,  Glossary,  and  com- 

plete Index.    Elegantly  bound  ;  gilt  top.    Price,  $1.50. 

Advance  proof-sheets  of  this  volume  have  been  sent  to  the  chief 
Buddhist  periodicals  and  to  prominent  leaders  of  both  the  HinaySna 
and  MahSyfina  sects.  The  book  has  been  announced  by  H.  Dhannapala, 
of  Calcutta,  India,  in  the  "Journal  of  the  Mahabodhi  Society,"  the 
main  Organ  of  Indian  Buddhism  ;  and  Shaku  Soyen,  the  head  of  the 
Zen  sect,  writes  :  "  It  pleases  me  very  much  to  peruse  your  work,  '  The 
Gospel  of  Buddha,'  which  is  happily  compiled  in  many  respects,  and  I 
hope,  after  its  completion,  you  will  be  kind  enough  to  let  me  publish  its 
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MEMOIRS  OF  THE  DUCHESSE  DE  GONTAUT. 

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S.  C.  GRIGGS  AND  COMPANY'S 

Works  on  Literature  and  Civilization 


PERSIAN   LITERATURE. 

ANCIENT  AND  MODERN.    By  ELIZABETH  A.  REED,  Member 
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International  Congress  of  Orientalists.    1  vol.,  cloth,  $2.50. 
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HINDU   LITERATURE; 

OR,  THE  ANCIENT  BOOKS  OF  INDIA.     By  ELIZABETH  A. 

REED,  author  of  "Persian  Literature."     1  vol.,  $2.00. 

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MANUAL  OF  CLASSICAL  LITERATURE. 

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vance (Chicago). 

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THE  ARYAN   RACE: 

ITS  ORIGIN  AND  ITS  ACHIEVEMENTS.  By  CHARLES  MORRIS, 
author  of  "A  Manual  of  Classical  Literature."  1  vol., 
355  pages.  Second  Edition.  $1.50. 

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English  classic."—  Public  Opinion  (Washington,  D.  C.). 


CIVILIZATION: 

AN  HISTORICAL  REVIEW  OF  ITS  ELEMENTS.  By  CHARLES 
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Achievements."  2  vols.,  12mo,  over  1000  pages.  Price, 


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THE    DEVELOPMENT   OF    ENGLISH 
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No.  200.     OCTOBER  16,  1894.     Vol.  XVII. 


CONTEXTS. 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES  (with  Biography  and 

Bibliography) 215 

DAVID  SWING 217 

INADEQUACY  (Poem).    Edith  M.  Thomas  ....  217 
ONE  STEP  SHORT.    S.  B.  Elliott 217 

ENGLISH  AT  WELLESLEY  COLLEGE.    Katharine 

Lee  Bates 219 

COMMUNICATIONS 222 

The  Public  Appreciation  of  Books.     W.  R.  K. 
The  Hebrew  as  a  Sailor.    Adotphe  Cohn. 
The  Teaching   of  English  in  Preparatory  Schools. 
John  M.  Clapp. 

THE    "EMINENT    SCOUNDREL"    IN    LITERA- 
TURE.   E.G.J 223 

THE  SHERMAN  LETTERS.    B.  A.  Hinsdale  ...  226 
THOREAU'S  LETTERS.    Louis  J.  Block      ....  228 

WEALTH  AGAINST  COMMONWEALTH.  William 

Henry  Smith .230 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 233 

The  Ethics  of  Citizenship.  —  Domestic  life  in  the 
Army. — A  surprising  collection  of  American  authors. 
—  University  Extension  addresses.  —  Outlines  of 
American  literature. —  Early  New  York  history. —  A 
students'  Anglo-Saxon  dictionary.  —  More  of  Pas- 
quier's  Memoirs. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 236 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman    .-;.-..    .237 
LITERARY  NOTES      .    .  %   .    ...    ....    .238 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 239 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  240 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES. 

The  last  of  the  famous  group  of  New  En- 
glanders  who  made  the  dream  of  American  lit- 
erature a  fact,  the  last  man  of  letters  to  survive 
from  that  annus  mirabilis  which  also  gave  to 
America  Lincoln  and  Poe,  to  England  Tenny- 
son and  Darwin,  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  has 
stolen  peacefully  to  his  rest,  and  we  have  in- 
deed broken  with  the  past.  Few  lives  have 
meant  so  much  to  Americans  as  that  now  ended, 
its  years  so  nearly  those  of  the  century  which 
it  adorned.  As  the  intellectual  associates  of 
the  gentle  Autocrat  went  to  their  own  places 
one  by  one,  the  affection  in  which  they  were 
held  seemed  to  be  transferred  to  the  ever-les- 
sening group  of  those  who  yet  remained,  until, 
in  concentration  of  grateful  recollection,  it  was 
all  heaped  upon  one  beloved  head.  Now,  there 
remain  but  memories  to  which  we  may  cling  ; 
the  last  leaf  has  fallen  from  "  the  old  forsaken 
bough,"  and  we  smile,  as  he  bade  us  do,  but 
through  our  tears. 

The  love  which  Americans  have  felt,  and 
always  will  feel,  for  the  group  of  our  distinc- 
tively national  poets,  including  Bryant  and 
Longfellow,  Whittier  and  Lowell,  besides  the 
one  whose  loss  we  now  mourn,  has  had  few  par- 
allels in  other  nations  for  either  depth  or  sin- 
cerity. We  knew  that  they  were  not  great 
poets,  as  the  world  measures  poetic  greatness ; 
we  knew  that  their  voices  were  not  of  those 
that  for  all  ages  speak  to  all  mankind ;  but 
they  have  had  for  us  so  many  endearing  asso- 
ciations, their  names  have  been  so  indissolubly 
linked  with  whatever  was  best  and  noblest  in 
our  history  and  our  aspirations,  that  we  could 
not  wholly  measure  them  by  the  cold  standards 
of  objective  criticism.  The  indigenous  nature- 
lyrics  of  Bryant,  Longfellow's  delicate  treat- 
ment of  the  romantic  aspects  of  American  his- 
tory, the  passion  that  fired  Whittier's  songs  of 
freedom,  and  the  ethical  fervor  and  downright 
manliness  to  which  Lowell  gave  such  varied 
utterance, —  all  these  things  meant  something 
to  us,  something  very  precious,  very  personal, 
and  altogether  incommunicable  to  the  alien.  So 
we  did  not  mind  it  very  much  when  the  amia- 
ble foreign  critic  told  us  that  most  of  our  poets 
were  either  mocking-birds  or  corn-crakes.  We 


216 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


knew  that  it  would  be  useless  to  explain  or  to 
remonstrate ;  we  knew,  in  fact,  that  his  lan- 
guage and  his  tests  were  not  ours,  nor  ours  his. 
The  work  of  Holmes,  besides  having  qualities 
peculiarly  its  own,  shares  also  in  the  special 
appeals  indicated  above.  There  is  no  lack  of 
lyrical  or  romantic  effect,  of  patriotic  or  ethical 
passion,  in  the  long  series  of  volumes  that  be- 
gan with  the  "  Poems  "  of  1836  and  ended  with 
"  Before  the  Curfew  "  in  1888.  And  how  much 
there  is  that  falls  without  the  categories  thus 
summarily  designated ! 

"  What  shapes  and  fancies,  grave  or  gay, 

Before  us  at  his  bidding  come ! 
The  Treadmill  tramp,  the  One-Horse  Shay, 
The  dumb  despair  of  Elsie's  doom ! 

"  The  tale  of  Avis  and  the  Maid, 

The  plea  for  lips  that  cannot  speak, 
The  holy  kiss  that  Iris  laid 
On  little  Boston's  pallid  cheek !  " 

And  then  Holmes  was  so  much  more  than  a 
mere  singer.  The  very  fact  that  we  most  fre- 
quently call  him  the  Autocrat  rather  than  the 
poet  suggests  something  of  his  versatile  ability. 
With  one  aspect  of  his  life-work  we  are  not 
here  concerned.  As  a  medical  practitioner,  as 
a  teacher  of  anatomy,  and  as  a  writer  in  the 
special  field  of  his  profession,  he  had  a  full 
and  honorable  career,  and  we  may  fancy  that 
he  more  than  once  said  to  the  physician  Holmes, 
This  is  what  I  really  am,  the  rest  is  trifling  ;  just 
as  Lamb  said  of  his  India  House  folios,  "  These 
are  my  real  works." 

But  we  may  put  all  this  aside,  and  the  man 
of  letters  remains,  not  sensibly  diminished  in 
stature.  For  to  his  credit  stand  many  entries. 
There  are  the  three  novels,  and  of  them  we 
must  say  that  they  have  few  equals  in  our 
American  fiction.  "  A  Mortal  Antipathy  "  we 
might  perhaps  spare,  but  we  would  not  will- 
ingly lose  "Elsie  Venner,"even  if  science  frown 
upon  its  thesis,  or  "  The  Guardian  Angel,"  even 
if  it  do  not  in  all  respects  fulfil  the  require- 
ments of  the  fictive  art.  We  should  say  that 
no  reservations  need  be  made  when  it  is  a  ques- 
tion of  praising  the  four  volumes  of  Table-Talk, 
which  begin  with  the  breakfast-table  and  end 
with  the  tea-cups.  And  besides  these  gifts,  he 
gave  us  the  sympathetic  and  beautiful  memoirs 
of  Motley  and  Emerson,  and  the  many  prose 
miscellanies  that  are  only  less  charming  than 
his  more  famous  works. 

As  a  poet  —  and  in  the  final  settlement  the 
poet  will  outweigh  the  writer  of  prose — Holmes 
preserved  for  us  the  spirit  of  the  classical  age 
at  a  time  when  romanticism  was  in  full  cry. 
But,  as  Mr.  Stedman  happily  suggests,  his  work 


was  a  survival  rather  than  a  revival.  It  is 
curious,  indeed,  as  the  same  acute  critic  re- 
marks, to  note  how  persistently  he  remained 
an  artificer  upon  the  old-fashioned  lines,  al- 
though ever  alert  to  seize  the  new  occasion  and 
the  new  theme.  We  have  had  no  other  so  ex- 
pert in  personal  and  occasional  verse,  no  other 
who  could  so  distil  the  very  quintessence  of 
Yankee  humor,  or  of  the  other  and  finer  qual- 
ities of  the  New  England  intellect,  into  the 
most  limpid  of  song.  And  when  he  was  en- 
tirely serious,  how  exquisite  was  his  touch,  how 
pure  his  pathos,  how  clear  his  ethical  sense ! 
Let  "  The  Voiceless,"  "  Under  the  Violets," 
and  "  The  Chambered  Nautilus  "  bear  witness. 
And,  since  no  one  knew  so  well  as  he  the  word 
most  fit  to  be  spoken  upon  any  solemn  occa- 
sion, let  us  write  in  his  own  words  his  epitaph  : 

"  Say  not  the  Poet  dies  ! 

Though' in  the  dust  he  lies, 
He  cannot  forfeit  his  melodious  breath, 

Unsphered  by  envious  death  ! 
Life  drops  the  voiceless  myriads  from  its  roll ; 

Their  fate  he  cannot  share, 

Who,  in  the  enchanted  air 

Sweet  with  the  lingering  strains  that  Echo  stole, 
Has  left  his  dearer  self,  the  music  of  his  soul ! 

' '  He  sleeps  ;  he  cannot  die ! 

As  evening's  long-drawn  sigh, 
Lifting  the  rose-leaves  on  his  peaceful  mound, 

Spreads  all  their  sweets  around, 
So,  laden  with  his  song,  the  breezes  blow 

From  where  the  rustling  sedge 

Frets  our  rude  ocean's  edge 
To  the  smooth  sea  beyond  the  peaks  of  snow. 
His  soul  the  air  enshrines  and  leaves  but  dust  below  !  " 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  was  born  August  29, 
1809,  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in  a  house  just 
across  the  street  from  the  buildings  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege. He  entered  Harvard  in  1825,  and  was  grad- 
uated in  1829.  He  studied  law  for  a  year,  then 
medicine,  the  latter  both  at  home  and  abroad.  In 
1836,  after  his  return  to  America,  he  took  his  de- 
gree in  medicine,  and  published  his  first  volume  of 
"  Poems."  Some  of  these  pieces  had  been  published 
long  before  in  newspapers  and  elsewhere,  "Old  Iron- 
sides "  dating  from  1830.  In  1839  he  accepted  a 
chair  at  Dartmouth,  remaining  two  years.  He  was 
married  to  Amelia  Lee  Jackson  in  1840.  Return- 
ing to  Boston,  he  settled  down  to  the  practice  of 
medicine  until  1847,  when  he  accepted  the  Harvard 
professorship  of  anatomy,  then  offered  him,  a  chair 
which  he  held  actively  until  1882,  and  as  professor 
emeritus  until  his  death.  In  1842  he  published 
"  Homoeopathy  and  Its  Kindred  Delusions,"  and  vol- 
umes of  "  Poems  "  in  1846, 1849,  and  1850.  "  The 
Atlantic  Monthly  "  was  started  in  1857,  and  "  The 
Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast  Table  "  began  with  it, 
making  the  new  magazine  famous  at  once.  This 
work  appeared  as  a  volume  in  1858,  and  was  fol- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


217 


lowed  by  the  "Professor  "  in  1860,  and  the  "  Poet  " 
in  1872.  Meanwhile  the  following  volumes  were 
published  :  "  Currents  and  Counter  -  Currents  in 
Medical  Science  "  (1861),  "  Elsie  Venner  "  (1861), 
"  Songs  in  Many  Keys  "  (1861),  "  Soundings  from 
the  Atlantic"  (1863),  "  Humorous  Poems  "  (1865), 
"  The  Guardian  Angel  "  (1867),  and  "  Mechanism 
in  Thought  and  Morals"  (1871).  "  Songs  of  Many 
Seasons  "  (1874),  a  «  Memoir  of  Motley  "  (1878), 
"The  Iron  Gate"  (1880),  "Pages  from  an  Old 
Volume  of  Life"  (1883),  "Medical  Essays" 
(1883),  "Ralph  Waldo  Emerson"  (1884),  "A 
Mortal  Antipathy  "  (1885),  "Our  Hundred  Days 
in  Europe  "  (1887 ),  "  Before  the  Curfew  "  (1888), 
and  "Over  the  Tea-Cups"  (1890),  comple'te  the 
list  of  his  works,  excepting  a  few  ephemeral  or 
technical  publications.  The  visit  to  Europe  de- 
scribed in  one  of  these  later  volumes  was  made  in 
1886.  In  1893,  he  acted  as  chairman  of  the  East- 
ern Committee  of  Arrangements  for  the  Chicago 
Congress  of  Authors,  and  took  much  interest  in  the 
project.  He  died  on  the  seventh  of  this  month,  of 
heart  failure,  at  his  home  in  Boston. 


DA  VIP  SWING. 

David  Swing,  who  died  at  his  home  in  Chicago 
on  the  third  of  October,  was  one  of  the  most  widely 
known  of  Chicago  preachers,  and  enjoyed  also  a 
certain  reputation,  albeit  a  slender  one,  as  a  man  of 
letters.  In  the  latter  capacity,  he  was  the  author  of 
three  or  four  volumes  of  essays — sermons  and  liter- 
ary club  papers — which  are  characterized  by  grace 
rather  than  forcefulness,  and  by  a  certain  languor 
of  manner  equally  characteristic  of  their  author  as 
a  public  speaker.  These  books  exhibit  the  workings 
of  a  mind  given  to  much  reading  of  good  books, 
one  whose  mental  process  remotely  suggests  that  of 
Emerson.  As  a  preacher,  David  Swing  stood  for 
the  forces  that  have  done  so  much  to  liberalize  re- 
ligious thought  during  the  past  quarter  of  a  century, 
and  in  his  sermons,  dogma,  which  most  theologians 
offer  to  their  public  in  solid  lumps,  had  gone  com- 
pletely into  solution.  Still,  it  was  his  instinct  rather 
than  his  logical  faculty  that  thus  placed  him  in  the 
van  of  religious  thought,  for  he  was  always  more  of 
a  rhetorician  than  a  thinker.  He  was  too  good- 
natured  to  be  critical,  and  he  sometimes  scattered 
his  praise  of  men  and  books  in  a  way  to  make  the 
judicious  grieve.  His  great  professional  reputation 
was  due  in  large  measure  to  the  celebrity  of  his 
trial  for  heresy  about  twenty  years  ago.  The  result 
of  that  trial  was  a  technical  acquittal,  but  soon  there- 
after he  severed  his  relations  with  the  Presbyterian 
organization,  and  entered  upon  the  independent  ca- 
reer which  he  has  since  pursued.  Opinion  has  been 
divided  upon  the  question  of  his  justification  in  this 
step.  Those  who  stood  by  him  during  the  trial,  and 
labored  to  secure  the  verdict  that  was  given  in  his 
favor,  were  naturally  aggrieved  when  he  afterwards 


abandoned  them.  But  his  friends  claimed  that  he 
could  not  have  continued  in  the  church  without  in- 
justice to  himself,  and  that  his  sphere  of  usefulness 
was  much  widened  by  the  separation.  Readers  of 
THE  DIAL,  especially  in  its  earlier  years,  will  re- 
member him  as  an  occasional  contributor  to  its  pages. 


INADEQUACY. 

Thy  palace  walls  were  founded  well, 
And  well  its  courses  thou  didst  lay; 

One  tower  defied  the  genie's  spell, 
And  stands  a  ruin  to  this  day. 

The  Land  of  Flowers  thou  didst  attain, 
And  see  the  spring's  immortal  jet; 

Thy  staff-worn  hand  was  reached  in  vaiu  — 
Thy  lips  that  crystal  never  wet  ! 

With  pains  the  altar  thou  didst  dress, 

And  the  burnt  sacrifice  prepare, 
And  call  upon  the  God  to  bless  — 

All  but  the  Fire  from  Heaven  was  there  ! 

Thou  shak'st  thy  lance  on  hard-fought  field, 
Thou  sleep'st,  the  tingling  stars  above ;  — 

Pity  and  praise  sweet  eyes  can  yield, 
But  ne'er  vouchsafe  the  Light  of  Love  ! 

What  dost  thou  lack  ?     'T  is  almost  naught 
That  parts  thee  from  thy  Heart's  Desire, — 

A  step  —  a  span  —  an  airy  thought, 
A  pulse-beat  more,  thou  didst  require  ! 

EDITH  M.  THOMAS. 


ONE  STEP  SHORT. 

It  was  remarked  of  a  gentleman  who  was  one  of 
the  most  accomplished  flutists  of  his  day,  that  his 
performance  was  almost  maddening — because  it  was 
so  good!  His  execution  was  brilliant,  his  tone 
superb,  his  interpretation  and  shadings  admirable, 
but  alas  !  he  was  always  a  little  out  of  tune,  so  very 
little  out  of  tune,  that  his  accompanists,  whether  or- 
chestral or  those  of  the  piano,  declared  that  it  would 
have  been  a  positive  relief  had  he  but  been  a  little 
more  out  of  tune  !  Persons  who  could  listen  with 
equanimity  to  that  musical  monstrosity,  a  tune 
played  in  two  different  keys  at  once,  felt  for  this 
gentleman's  playing  a  degree  of  abhorrence  which 
"  fairly  made  the  flesh  crawl."  This  provoking  qual- 
ity affected  the  player  himself,  who  seemed  con- 
scious of  his  defect,  although  unable  to  correct  it ; 
and  he  finally  gave  up  music  in  despair.  I  have 
learned  that  this  failing  is  by  no  means  an  uncom- 
mon one  among  musicians  otherwise  able ;  and  it 
has  been  my  misfortune  to  hear  some  of  the  leading 
soloists  of  an  orchestra  play  so  out  of  tune  that  the 
water  would  come  into  their  own  eyes,  as  well  as 
into  those  of  the  audience.  I  also  remember  that 
the  great  Julien  brought  over  with  his  band  of  Con- 
tinentals an  English  musician  whose  business  it  was 
to  "  raise  the  note,"  as  it  were ;  this  Englishman 


218 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


being  possessed  of  an  exquisite  ear,  though  other- 
wise master  of  no  remarkable  accomplishments  in 
his  profession. 

Failure  analogous  to  that  of  the  unfortunate  flut- 
ist will  be  found  running  through  much  achievement 
in  art.  There  would  seem  to  be  something  in  the 
near  approach  to  perfection  which,  while  it  warns 
one  of  deficiency,  does  not  so  adequately  warn  as 
to  enable  him  to  correct  that  deficiency.  Many  of 
the  monodies  written  on  half-genius  and  other  forms 
of  incomplete  fruition  owe  their  motive  to  a  percep- 
tion of  this  lamentable  fact.  Familiar,  indeed,  is 
that  despair  which  must  be  felt,  when  all  has  gone 
well  with  scheme  and  devisement,  while  (though  too 
vague  for  specific  analysis )  the  execution  is  so  faulty 
as  to  obscure  what  must  be  seen,  or  we,  as  artists, 
perish !  Poets  have  rhymes  to  help  them  to  a  so- 
lution of  the  difficulty,  to  bridge  the  lacuna  between 
intention  and  accomplishment ;  and  the  musician,  in 
beginning  a  phrase,  finds  himself  almost  irresistibly 
dragged  along — entrain^  the  French  would  say — 
to  a  consistent  form  of  resolution.  Yet  it  is  just 
at  this  point  that  what  musicians  call  the  "  disap- 
pointed cadence  "  must  make  itself  known  in  all  the 
arts ;  for  there  are  few  masters  in  any  that,  like 
Chopin,  can  turn  all  their  discords  into  reconciling 
dissonances,  —  few  that,  like  Browning,  can  divert 
their  faulty  metre  to  represent  purposely  a  halting 
movement.  Such  power  of  conversion  may  be 
reckoned  as  among  the  highest  uses  of  intuition  and 
as  verging  closely  upon  the  pure  creative  faculty. 

As  a  boy  I  was  once  young  enough  to  enjoy  un- 
questionably that  youth's  frenzy,  the  poetry  of  Al- 
exander Smith.  But  in  an  evil  day  my  idol  became 
the  mark  of  ruthless  iconoclasm ;  for  his  volume 
falling  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  Punch,  that  gentleman 
chanced  to  allude  to  the  great  frequency  of  stars  in 
Smith's  poetic  firmament ;  declaring  that  the  Life 
Drama  contained  as  many  stars  as  did  the  bosom 
of  a  Polish  refugee !  Hence  I  became  somewhat 
sensitive  at  the  unabated  recurrence  of  the  stellar 
apparition  ;  and,  as  often  as  the  mood  was  upon  me 
to  quote  to  admiring  friends  several  of  the  most  ap- 
proved passages  from  this  poet,  I  was  fain  to  leave 
out  the  stars  (silently  substituting  asterisks  there- 
for) !  Now,  Alexander  Smith  presents  one  of  the 
most  pathetic  instances  of  failure  at  the  very  goal 
of  achievement :  a  fertile  fancy  is  his,  and  a  most 
sonorous  diction,  yet  almost  always  obscured  by 
some  defect  in  execution  which  spoils  the  whole, 
some  needless  repetition  which  borders  on  the  ab- 
surd, but  which  seems  to  escape  the  consciousness 
of  the  perpetrator  himself.  In  the  presence  of  such 
embarras  de  richesse,  misapplied  or  squandered, 
how  often  does  one  feel  tempted  to  cry  out  for  plain 
mediocrity,  defective  mechanism,  blurred  perceptions 
— anything  where  the  result  falls  obviously  short  of 
the  intention.  In  this  latter  accident  there  is  at  least 
an  absence  of  profanation ;  and  we  feel  almost  rec- 
onciled to  those  fatuous  rash  ones  who  gallantly  rush 
in  where  real  artists  fear  to  tread !  That  which  is  ex- 
plicitly commonplace  we  tolerate,  for  it  doubtless 


fulfils  its  mission.  But  whether  the  poet  be  conscious 
of  his  shortcoming  or  otherwise,  we,  the  laity,  are 
not  unfamiliar  with  the  heart-sinking  sensation  that 
certain  lines  in  noble  verse  are  worse  than  unsatisfy- 
ing. Their  approximate  perfection  begets  an  an- 
guish so  keen  that  we  could  wish  the  poem  of  which 
they  are  part  had  never  been  written.  Especially 
does  this  feeling  prevail  when  the  context  promises 
an  imperial  fulfilment  not  borne  out  in  the  final  re- 
sult. Take  a  well-known  example — Leigh  Hunt's 
sonnet  on  the  Nile.  What  a  wide  hiatus  between 
conception  and  execution,  between  the  sombre  gran- 
deur of  the  opening  verse, — 

"  It  flows  through  old  hushed  Egypt  and  its  sands," 
and  the  concluding  lines,  which  go  to  sleep  as  to 
aesthetic  perception,  but  "  wake  "  to  the  somewhat 
trite  moral  consideration, — 

"  how  we  shall  take 
Our  own  calm  journey  on  for  human  sake." 

Less  well-known,  though  as  pungent  in  illustra- 
tion, is  the  following  couplet  from  Edward  Coates 
Pinckney : 

"  Save  where  volcanoes  send  to  Heaven  their  curled 
And  solemn  smokes,  like  altars  of  a  world." 

What  lines  these  might  have  made,  had  Swinburne 
been  the  poet's  master  in  prosody !  A  beautiful 
idea  obscured  —  deadened  by  inadequate  wording, 
lies  buried  in  the  lines  subjoined: 

"  And  then  I  saw  that,  in  my  pride  bedight, 
I  craved  from  erring  man  the  gift  of  Heaven." 

Yes,  too  often  it  happens  that  some  one  of  the 
instruments  in  the  orchestra  of  poetic  genius  has 
lapsed  a  semi-tone  or  so,  dragging  back  the  whole 
movement  to  what  the  sensitive  mind  feels  to  be 
worse  than  chaos,  more  intolerable  than  clamoring 
discord.  It  does  not  help  us  towards  resignation  to 
reflect  that  the  same  accident  is  constantly  recurring 
in  many  of  the  great  problems  of  life,  that  our  woo- 
ings,  our  weddings,  our  winnings,  are  too  frequently 
beset  by  the  same  distressing  deficiency  —  so  near 
and  yet  so  far  from  that  ultimate  perfection  which 
in  their  case  seems  a  necessity. 

But  let  us  consider  whether,  in  the  instances  noted, 
there  be  any  remedy  for  this  tendency  to  fail  while 
almost  at  the  goal  of  artistic  perfection.  And  again 
let  us  refer  to  Alexander  Smith.  Possibly  he  might 
have  been  saved  much  of  that  which  gave  pretext 
to  his  critics  had  he  possessed,  to  any  degree,  the 
sense  of  humor ;  and,  indeed,  he  was  so  conscious 
of  the  absence  of  that  element,  as  well  as  of  the 
mischief  wrought  by  such  absence,  that  in  the  prose 
papers  written  after  his  retirement  from  verse  he 
seeks  to  belittle  the  whole  arcana  of  wit  and  humor, 
as  foreign  to  sincerity,  incompatible  with  earnest 
purpose ;  intimating  that  such  small  change  is  only 
current  with  those  who  dwell  in  cities.  He  even 
goes  so  far  as  to  cite  these  qualities  as  among  the 
effete  results  of  overwrought  civilization !  No  doubt 
he  was  stung  by  such  arrows  in  his  day ;  but  it  is 
no  part  of  a  worthy  vindication  to  ignore  the  weapons 
that  have  brought  about  one's  discomfiture.  The 
unfinished  is  too  often  funny,  or,  at  least,  grotesque ; 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


219 


and  so  it  is  not  without  reason  that  the  shafts  of 
criticism,  when  directed  towards  so  vulnerable  a 
mark,  should  be  not  only  winged  but  often  enven- 
omed by  wit.  It  is  so  difficult  gravely  to  note  an 
obvious  absurdity,  when  the  announcement  is  so 
much  more  effectively  made  by  an  epigram. 

The  work  of  Alexander  Smith,  whatever  its  pleas- 
ing promise,  whatever  its  casual  power  to  surprise 
the  reader,  is  unfinished.  He  has  animation,  but 
not  that  "  animated  moderation "  so  highly  com- 
mended by  an  English  critic  of  our  own  day.  Nor 
had  he,  as  it  would  seem,  in  any  very  strongly  de- 
veloped degree,  the  artistic  conscience,  which  com- 
mends the  role  of  patience.  He  therefore  reaped 
the  inevitable  consequences.  With  pathetic  (may 
we  not  say  prophetic  ?)  consciousness  the  poet  in  the 
following  lines  alludes  to  his  own  shortcomings  and 
their  tragic  lesson : 

"  There  is  a  deadlier  pang  than  that  which  beads 
With  chilling  death-drops  the  o'er-tortured  brow, 
When  one  has  a  big  heart  and  feeble  hands, 
A  heart  to  hew  his  name  out  upon  Time 
As  on  a  rock  ;  then,  in  immortalness 
To  stand  on  Time  as  on  a  pedestal ! 
When  hearts  beat  to  this  tune  and  hands  are  weak, 
We  find  our  aspirations  quenched  in  tears, 
The  tears  of  impotence  and  self-contempt. 
That  loathsome  weed  upspringing  in  the  heart, 
Like  nightshade  'mid  the  ruins  of  a  shrine." 

The  lesson  of  deliberation  in  artistic  workmanship 
is  suggested  in  the  biographical  fact  that  Pope,  the 
most  finished  and  painstaking  of  the  writers  of  his 
period,  never  allowed  anything  of  his  to  be  pub- 
lished until  it  had  lain  by  him  a  year,  subject  to  re- 
vision and  alteration.  Probably  no  man  who  laughed 
so  much  and  so  cynically  was  ever,  so  far  as  his 
work  was  concerned,  so  little  laughed  at.  And  it 
may  be  noted  that,  while  the  literary  world  and  the 
general  public  almost  universally  accorded  the  palm 
to  Dryden  as  a  man  of  affluent  genius,  but  compara- 
tively little  of  the  work  of  that  master  has  come 
down  to  us.  On  the  other  hand,  the  phrasing  of 
his  rival,  the  succinct  yet  ample  diction  of  Pope, 
lends  household  words  to  every  department  of  liter- 

ature-  S.  R.  ELLIOTT. 


ENGLISH  AT  WELLESLEY  COLLEGE* 

Is  it  not  time  that  somebody  moved  a  vote  of 
thanks  to  THE  DIAL?  Surely  the  present  discus- 
sion, with  the  procession  of  professorial  testimonies 

*This  article  concludes  THE  DIAL'S  extended  series  on 
the  Teaching  of  English  at  American  Colleges  and  Univer- 
sities, of  which  the  following  have  previously  appeared  :  En- 
glish at  Yale  University,  by  Professor  Albert  S.  Cook  (Feb. 
1 ) ;  English  at  Columbia  College,  by  Professor  Brander 
Matthews  (Feb.  16);  English  at  Harvard  University,  by 
Professor  Barrett  Wendell  (March  1);  English  at  Stanford 
University,  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson  (March  16); 
English  at  Cornell  University,  by  Professor  Hiram  Corson 
( April  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  by  Professor 
Charles  W.  Kent  (April  16) ;  English  at  the  University  of 
Illinois,  by  Professor  D.  K.  Dodge  (May  1) ;  English  at  La- 
fayette College,  by  Professor  F.  A.  March  (May  16) ;  English 


marshalled  by  editorials  and  accompanied  by  a  brisk 
run  of  letters,  is  rendering  to  teachers  of  English 
throughout  the  country  a  service  beyond  compute. 
Among  the  happy  results  of  the  discussion  must  be 
counted  this  :  that  more  than  one  lonely  stickler  for 
the  supremacy,  even  in  the  classroom,  of  literature 
as  an  art  has  discovered,  like  Elijah  of  old,  that 
the  faith  has  no  lack  of  prophets.  Professor  Cor- 
son, for  instance,  has  seemed,  at  times  not  far  re- 
mote, to  stand  almost  alone  in  his  insistent  procla- 
mation that  the  appeal  of  literature  is  not  exclusively 
to  the  intellect,  but  to  the  three-fold  spirit.  Yet  the 
aim  at  Cornell  cannot  easily  go  beyond  the  purpose 
at  Yale,  as  voiced  by  Professor  Cook  in  the  opening 
article  of  the  series,  to  promote  "  the  acquisition  of 
insight  and  power,  taking  these  terms  in  the  broad- 
est sense,  so  as  to  include  the  emotional  and  aesthetic 
faculties  as  well  as  the  purely  intellectual,  the  will 
and  the  moral  nature  no  less  than  the  reason."  But 
Yale,  pleading  for  English  as  "an  unsurpassed  ali- 
ment of  the  spiritual  life  "  and  "  a  most  effective  in- 
strument of  spiritual  discipline,"  hardly  outvoices 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  valuing  the  study  of 
English  literature  for  "its  enormous  weight  against 
utilitarianism,"  or  of  Chicago,  claiming  that  "  liter- 
ary masterpieces  should  be  studied  chiefly  for  their 
beauty."  Truly  THE  DIAL  is  marking  a  new  hour. 
America,  throwing  off  the  tyranny  of  the  German 
method,  in  which,  nevertheless,  her  leading  profes- 
sors of  English  have  been  trained,  and  facing  the 
disapproval  of  gray-towered  Oxford,  which,  at  the 
present  writing,  has  two  men  enrolled  as  candidates 
for  its  brand-new  English  school,  is  still  the  land  of 
the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave.  But  if  free- 
dom is  to  be  preserved  from  anarchy,  and  bravery 
vindicated  from  the  charge  of  headlong  folly,  teach- 
ers of  English  have  yet  to  find  a  general  method 
proportioned  to  their  aim.  Enthusiasts,  it  is  true, 
decry  that  soulless  substantive,  method.  "  When  a 
teacher  begins  to  cast  about  for  a  method,"  writes 
a  member  of  the  English  Faculty  of  Chicago,  "  he 
is  already  lost."  And  yet  Thomas  the  Rhymer  saw, 
between  the  paths  to  heaven  and  hell,  a  path  to  fairy- 
land. May  there  not  be 

"a  bonny  road 

That  winds  about  the  ferny  brae," 

which  teachers  of  literature,  who  would  fain  awaken 
their  students  to  the  beautiful,  may  seek  for  un- 
ashamed ? 

Indeed,  we  need  a  road.     It  is  very  well  for  the 
editors  and  contributors  of  THE  DIAL  to  claim  on 

at  the  State  University  of  Iowa,  by  Professor  E.  E.  Hale,  Jr. 
(June  1) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Chicago,  by  Professor 
Albert  H.  Tolman  (June  16)  ;  English  at  Indiana  University, 
by  Professor  Martin  W.  Sampson  (July  1) ;  English  at  the 
University  of  California,  by  Professor  Charles  Mills  Gayley 
(July  16) ;  English  at  Amherst  College,  by  Professor  John  F. 
Genung  ( Aug.  1 ) ;  English  at  the  University  of  Michigan,  by 
Professor  Fred  N.  Scott  (Aug.  16) ;  English  at  the  Univer- 
sity of  Nebraska,  by  Professor  L.  A.  Sherman  (Sept.  1) ;  En- 
glish at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Professor  Felix  E. 
Schelling  (Sept.  16) ;  and  English  at  the  University  of  Wis- 
consin, by  Professor  David  B.  Frankenburger  (Oct.  1.) — [Eon. 
DIAL.] 


220 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


behalf  of  the  student  the  delights  of  the  "  spiritual 
glow  "  etherealized  heyond  the  dull  concern  for  "the 
historical  and  adventitious,"  and  to  demand  that  the 
professor  add  to  the  most  gracious  gifts  of  nature 
a  culture  deep  as  a  well  and  considerably  wider 
than  a  church-door, — but  by  what  process,  after  all, 
shall  the  essential  values  of  literature  be  impressed? 
Let  the  new  day  dawn.  Let  the  student's  lifted 
head,  cleared  from  all  suspicion  of  an  ache,  be 
haloed  with  golden  lights.  Let  the  ideal  professor 
guide  him  to  the  heart  of  poetry,  of  humanity,  and 
the  divine ;  but  how  is  such  supernal  guidance  to 
be  effected? 

"He  shall  have  chariots  easier  than  air, 
That  I  will  have  invented  ;  and  ne'er  think 
He  shall  pay  any  ransom ;  and  thyself, 
That  art  the  messenger,  sha.lt  ride  before  him 
On  a  horse  cut  out  of  an  entire  diamond. 
That  shall  be  made  to  go  with  golden  wheels, 
I  know  not  how  yet." 

Nothing,  then,  could  be  more  practically  helpful, 
at  this  stage  of  the  experiment,  than  these  descrip- 
tions of  English  courses  now  pursued  in  American 
colleges,  especially  where  the  professors  in  charge 
are  committed  to  the  literary  aim.  Upon  this  ac- 
cumulated material  of  experience,  theory  will  soon 
be  at  work.  THE  DIAL  has  already  given  judg- 
ment in  favor  of  dividing  English,  as  a  university 
subject,  into  the  science  of  linguistics  and  the  art 
of  literature.  From  the  various  reports,  however, 
it  would  appear  that  composition  and  rhetoric,  elo- 
cution, and  comparative  literature,  must  also  be 
taken  into  account  as  candidates  for  separate  de- 
partments. 

At  Wellesley,  the  subject  of  elocution  stands 
alone,  and  we  have  at  present  —  more  's  the  pity — 
no  department  of  "literature  at  large."  Term 
courses  in  English  translations  of  Homer  and 
Dante,  with  less  extended  study  of  the  Cid,  the 
Song  of  Roland,  the  Nibelungen  Lied  and  the  Vol- 
sunga  Saga,  were  originally  offered  in  the  English 
literature  department.  A  few  years  since,  this 
department,  stricken  with  humility,  handed  the  re- 
sponsibility on  to  the  professors  of  Greek  and  Ger- 
man and  the  Romance  tongues,  who  undertook  a 
composite  course  of  English  lectures  upon  the  clas- 
sic and  mediaeval  epics.  This  arrangement  proved 
unwieldy,  and  fell,  like  Poland,  for  lack  of  a  cen- 
tral control.  The  Romance  department  offers  En- 
glish courses  in  Dante  and  in  the  French  epics  of 
the  Middle  Ages  ;  but  for  a  comprehensive  survey 
of  the  Aryan  literatures  in  their  development  and 
relations,  Wellesley  has  still  to  wait. 

Anglo-Saxon  is  taught  in  the  department  of  En- 
glish Language  and  Rhetoric;  and  also,  by  Dr. 
Helen  L.  Webster,  in  the  department  of  Compara- 
tive Philology.  Three,  at  least,  of  our  English 
faculty  are  eager  to  offer  Anglo  -  Saxon  courses ; 
and  this  year  Wellesley,  like  Yale,  has  three  under- 
graduates electing  Anglo-Saxon.  In  connection 
with  the  testimony  from  various  universities — Illi- 
nois, for  example  —  as  to  the  disfavor  with  which 


English  students  regard  linguistics,  and  in  light  of 
the  experience  of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  which 
has  succeeded,  by  emphasizing  the  literary  side  of 
the  study,  in  making  courses  in  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Middle  English  popular,  questions  press  for  discus- 
sion. Is  this  artful  dodging  of  Anglo-Saxon  to  the 
discredit  of  the  artful  dodger  ?  Should  Anglo  - 
Saxon  be  made  a  required  subject  in  the  English 
group?  Should  it  be  taught  with  full  linguistic 
severity,  as  valuable  mental  discipline,  or  should 
the  teaching  be  suited  to  the  tastes  and  aims  of  lit- 
erary students?  What  is  the  decent  minimum  of 
philology  ?  And  should  the  Anglo-Saxon  course 
precede  or  follow  the  treatment  of  the  more  mod- 
ern literature? 

In  the  department  of  English  Literature  at  Welles- 
ley,  no  critical  courses  are  offered  on  material  prior 
to  1300  ;  and,  from  Langland  to  Browning,  the  lan- 
guage is  taught  solely  as  a  means  to  an  end.  The 
forty  students  electing  fourteenth  century  work  this 
year,  for  instance,  will  study  the  East  Midland  dia- 
lect for  the  sake  of  Chaucer's  poetry, — not  the  poe- 
try for  the  sake  of  the  dialect. 

The  Professor  of  English  Language  and  Rhet- 
oric, Miss  Margaret  E.  Stratton,  of  Oberlin,  finds 
time  for  some  linguistic  work,  but  the  rhetorical 
side  of  her  department  secures  the  lion's  share  of 
attention.  Professor  Scott's  longed-for  Utopia  is 
not  located  at  Wellesley.  Frequent  themes  are 
required  of  Freshmen,  Sophomores,  and  Juniors, 
these  classes  numbering,  in  the  aggregate,  about 
six  hundred.  Moreover,  here,  as  at  Stanford  and 
Indiana,  classes  of  conditioned  Freshmen  are  a 
conspicuous  feature  of  the  Rhetoric  department,  the 
training  of  the  secondary  schools  being  grievously 
inadequate.  Miss  Hart,  of  Radcliffe,  and  Miss 
Weaver,  trained  in  England  as  well  as  in  America, 
bend  their  united  energies  to  developing  in  the 
Freshmen  the  ability  to  write  clear,  correct,  well- 
constructed  English  sentences.  To  have  mastered 
the  paragraph  is  to  become,  so  far  as  the  Rhetoric 
department  is  concerned,  a  Sophomore  ;  and  to 
proceed,  under  guidance  of  Miss  Willcox,  whose 
preparation  was  in  part  received  in  an  editorial 
office,  to  the  structure  of  the  essay.  This  involves, 
together  with  the  analysis  of  masterpieces  and  the 
making  of  outlines,  various  studies  in  the  orderly 
and  effective  arrangement  of  material.  Subjects 
may  be  drawn  from  any  course  of  study  in  which 
the  student  is  interested,  and  some  slight  opportu- 
nity is  afforded  for  experiments  in  story-telling. 
With  the  second  semester  comes,  to  able  students, 
the  chance  of  electing,  in  place  of  the  regular 
work,  a  course  in  journalism.  This  undertakes  the 
gathering  up  and  editing  of  news  from  far  and 
near,  the  condensing  and  recasting  of  "copy,"  the 
writing  of  book  reviews  and  editorials.  A  news- 
paper staff  is  organized,  the  members  rotating  in 
office,  and  from  time  to  time  the  class  is  addressed 
by  working  journalists.  The  "Wellesley  Maga- 
zine "  furnishes  an  immediate  field  for  such  youth- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


221 


ful  activities ;  while,  for  better  or  for  worse,  the 
calls  from  newspapers,  the  Union  over,  for  student 
reporters  of  college  life  grow  more  numerous  with 
every  autumn. 

The  Junior  year  brings  the  course  in  argumenta- 
tion, which,  making  as  it  does  for  logical  thinking, 
is  speedily  felt  in  every  line  of  college  work.  This 
course,  conducted  by  Mr.  George  P.  Baker  of  Har- 
vard, and  similar  to  the  forensic  course  given  by 
him  in  that  university,  is  described  in  Professor 
Wendell's  paper  in  THE  DIAL'S  series.  Mr.  Baker 
offers,  too,  an  elective  course  in  debate.  The  crowded 
Senior  elective,  however,  is  the  Daily  Theme  course, 
conducted  by  Miss  Weaver.  The  purpose  of  this 
elective  is  to  quicken  observation  and  give  as  much 
practice  as  possible  in  the  sifting  and  grouping  facts 
of  personal  experience,  and  in  the  clear,  concise,  and 
cogent  statement  of  whatever  there  may  be  under 
a  Senior  cap  to  state. 

These  various  instructors  are  united  in  the  per- 
suasion that  the  laws  of  rhetoric  should  be  assimi- 
lated, so  far  as  may  be,  by  an  informal  and  almost 
unconscious  process,  and  that  there  should  be  no 
unholy  divorce  between  the  English  of  the  pen  and 
the  English  of  the  lip.  They  stand  for  graded  and 
orderly  advance,  for  the  development  of  the  per- 
ceptive and  inventive  powers,  as  well  as  of  taste  and 
reason,  and,  in  general,  for  a  fuller  experience  and 
more  accurate  expression  of  life.  It  is  unfortunate 
that  they  are  themselves  mortal,  and  have  thus  far 
been  unable  to  accede  to  the  desire  of  the  other  de- 
partments that  all  students  whose  technical  themes 
and  examination  papers,  while  good  in  substance 
are  bad  in  statement,  shall  be  conditioned  in  English 
and  turned  over  to  the  Rhetoric  department  for 
reformation. 

The  limits  of  my  space  necessitate  brief  mention 
of  the  work  in  English  Literature.  In  this  subject 
there  is  no  requirement.  It  is  elected  this  year  by 
more  than  half  the  undergraduates,  while  some  ten 
or  twelve  graduate  students  pursue  courses  in  res- 
idence and  others  are  working  at  a  distance  by  cor- 
respondence. The  corps  of  instruction  consists,  in 
addition  to  myself,  of  Miss  Vida  D.  Scudder,  asso- 
ciate professor,  and  three  instructors,  Miss  Jewett, 
Miss  Sherwood,  and  Miss  Eastman.  Vassar,  Smith, 
and  Wellesley  are  our  nursing  mothers,  although 
Oxford,  Florence,  and  Berlin  have  somewhat  tem- 
pered our  aboriginal  mood.  Miss  Scudder's  espe- 
cial interest  is  in  nineteenth  century  literature,  Miss 
Jewett's  in  Spenser  and  in  lyric  poetry,  Miss  Sher- 
wood's in  the  analysis  of  prose,  and  my  own  in 
drama.  Miss  Eastman  is  bowed  beneath  the  weight 
of  the  introductory  course — such  a  pre-requisite  as 
is  given  at  California  and  Wisconsin,  —  presenting 
a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  field  of  English  literature. 
This  accomplished,  the  student  is  advised  to  elect 
one  of  three  courses  which  have  for  their  peculiar 
end  and  aim  the  cultivation  of  the  literary  sense. 
These  courses  draw  their  material  from  the  pre- 
Victorian  prose,  and  from  the  early  poetry,  epic  and 


lyric;  the  emphasis  in  one  of  the  poetical  courses 
being  put  on  Spenser,  and  in  the  other  on  Milton. 
The  student's  third  choice  is  made  from  a  group  of 
courses  dealing  with  the  literature  of  various  great 
epochs :  a  fourteenth  century  course,  a  Shakespeare 
course,  and  nineteenth  century  courses.  But  to  the 
student  who  proposes  at  the  outset  to  specialize  in 
English  we  recommend  a  different  sequence :  a 
course  in  Anglo-Saxon  for  the  Freshman  year,  fol- 
lowed in  turn  by  the  Chaucer  course,  the  Shake- 
speare course,  and  a  course  either  in  Georgian  and 
Victorian  poetry  or  in  Victorian  prose,  with  a  con- 
cluding course  in  the  development  of  English  liter- 
ature. There  are  one-hour  lecture  courses,  alternat- 
ing, year  by  year,  in  American  literature  and  in 
Poetics.  Miss  Scudder  conducts  a  seminary  in 
Wordsworth  or  Shelley  or  Browning,  as  the  spirit 
moves ;  while  my  own  seminary  deals  with  some 
period  of  the  English  drama.  No  text-books  are 
used  in  any  of  our  class-rooms  save  editions  of  the 
masterpieces  under  consideration,  and  save  such  in- 
nocuous pamphlets  —  outlines  of  the  courses,  with 
bibliography  —  as  we  individually  prepare  for  our 
own  classes.  For  a  young  college,  Wellesley  is  ex- 
ceptionally fortunate  in  her  library,  and  the  stu- 
dents of  literature  and  history  flock  to  it  as  flies  to 
honey.  Informal  addresses  by  one  or  another  mem- 
ber of  the  force  are  fortnightly  given  before  the 
students  of  the  department  on  current  topics  of  lit- 
erary note ;  and  frequently  an  unwary  poet  strays 
into  our  parlor,  or  a  famous  scholar  mounts  our 
lecture-platform.  The  literary  societies  of  the  col- 
lege further  the  aim  we  have  in  view ;  and,  in  gen- 
eral, the  responsiveness  and  earnestness  of  our  stu- 
dents are  such  as  often  to  shame  our  own  inadequacy. 

"  The  hungry  sheep  look  up  and  are  not  fed." 
We  do  what  we  can,  but  are  beset  by  many  puz- 
zles. What  is  the  function  of  the  lecture  in  the 
teaching  of  literature  ?  At  what  point  in  her  career 
shall  the  susceptible  undergraduate  encounter  the 
standard  critic?  Can  a  student  be  conditioned  on 
coldness  of  heart  and  on  native  apathy  in  the  pres- 
ence of  beauty?  But  our  chief  problem  is  the  cru- 
cial one  of  the  modern  experiment.  If,  indeed,  as 
was  claimed  by  a  contributor  to  "School  and  Col- 
lege "  two  or  three  years  ago,  the  constituents  of  a 
sound  education  are  character,  culture,  insight,  and 
the  disciplined  working  power  of  the  brain,  can  the 
study  of  literature  be  made  to  promote  the  final 
end  as  effectively  as  it  certainly  subserves  the  other 
three?  KATHARINE  LEE  BATES. 

Professor  of  English  Literature,  Wellesley  College. 


MR.  W.  R.  NICOLL,  the  editor  of  the  London  "  Book- 
man," is  responsible  for  this  interesting  note :  At  the  re- 
cent unveiling  of  the  John  Keats  tablet  Mr.  Gosse  said 
that  no  one  living  had  seen  Keats.  This  was  incorrect. 
An  old  gentleman,  living  not  two  miles  from  where  Mr. 
Gosse  was  speaking,  has  a  vivid  recollection  of  Keats. 
He  was  in  the  habit,  when  a  schoolboy,  of  going  on  Sat- 
urdays to  the  house  of  the  parents  of  Fanny  Brawne, 
and  he  often  met  the  poet  there.J  ___ ._...  j  gOUt 


222 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  PUBLIC  APPRECIATION  OF  BOOKS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  turning  over  the  leaves  of  a  current  review,  my 
attention  was  caught  by  a  curious  outbreak  from  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang — who  seems  to  have,  like  the  city  of  his 
residence,  a  sort  of  recurring  "  silly  season."  Like  the 
bandolining  young  ladies  at  "Mugby  Junction,"  Mr. 
Lang  harbors,  as  it  appears  in  the  review  cited,  a  fine 
contempt  for  the  public.  He  doesn't  go  so  far  as  to  call 
it  "  a  great  beast,"  as  our  Alexander  Hamilton  did, 
but  he  rates  it  pretty  cheaply,  nevertheless.  "  The  pub- 
lic," he  says,  "  does  not  read  books,  that  is  the  plain 
truth.  The  public  reads  newspapers,  and,  in  very  earn- 
est moods,  magazines.  .  .  .  There  never  was  an  age 
that  read  less,  or  cackled  more  about  what  it  does  not 
read."  Indeed  !  The  public  doesn't  read  books,  and 
it  will  read  newspapers  and  magazines.  Does  this  mean 
that  it  isn't  doing  its  duty  lately  by  Mr.  Lang's  books 
that  it  grudges  its  crowns  and  half-crowns  for  his  re- 
prints, on  the  paltry  ground  that  it  has  already  had  the 
originals  for  sixpence  or  a  penny  ?  There  seems,  on 
the  whole,  to  be  some  method  in  this  form  of  popular 
madness.  Or  is  Mr.  Lang,  after  all,  only  rattling  on  in 
his  old  airy  way,  trying  to  startle  us  with  a  paradox,  and 
not  meaning  anything  in  particular  ?  Surely  the  asser- 
tion that  the  public  "does  not  read  books,"  and  that  "there 
never  was  an  age  that  read  less,"  is,  literally  taken,  the 
veriest  nonsense.  Can  Mr.  Lang  point  to  an  age  that 
read  more  books,  or  even  half  as  many,  or  that  was  a  hun- 
dredth part  as  liberal — say  as  just  —  to  the  makers  of 
good  books,  as  the  present  one  ?  Is  literary  genius  now- 
adays driven  to  live  in  a  garret  and  dine  off  a  shin-bone 
of  beef,  and  to  write  cringing  dedications  and  lying 
odes  to  pay  for  its  garret  and  its  dinner  ?  Publishers 
may  be  presumed  to  be  pretty  good  judges  of  their  own 
business,  and  to  know,  even  better  than  Mr.  Lang,  how 
many  and  what  sort  of  books  the  public  is  willing  to 
pay  for.  Do  their  yearly  announcements  show  a  falling- 
off  in  the  demand  for  good  literature  ?  Even  in  this 
year  of  commercial  depression,  we  learn  in  THE  DIAL 
that  "  more  than  the  usual  number  of  important  and 
expensive  works  "  are  announced,  "  with  at  least  the 
usual  number  of  books  of  serious  and  unquestionable 
interest."  Touching  our  lack  of  seriousness,  at  which 
Mr.  Lang  sneers,  —  well,  perhaps  this  charge  would  be 
better  worth  noticing  if  it  came  from  a  writer  who 
could  himself  remain  serious  for  a  half-dozen  pages  to- 
gether. One  thing  is  certain:  nine-tenths  of  us  (with 
all  our  frivolity)  greatly  prefer  just  those  writings  of 
Mr.  Lang's  own  in  which  the  fun  of  Mr.  Merryman  is 
least  obtrusive.  Finally,  Mr.  Lang  complains  —  not 
over-civilly  —  that  the  public  is  given  to  "cackling" 
(that 's  his  elegant  word)  about  what  it  has  not  read. 
Perhaps  the  public  may  reply,  by  may  of  reprisal,  that 
certain  authors  cackle  so  much,  directly  or  allusively, 
about  what  they  have  read  as  to  breed  the  suspicion  that 
they  never  stray  out  of  their  libraries.  Reading,  we 
know,  "  maketh  a  full  man,"  and,  within  bounds,  is  an 
excellent  thing;  but  isn't  over-reading  pretty  apt  to 
make  a  man,  what  a  political  opponent  once  styled  Mr. 
Mill,  a  mere  "  book  in  breeches  "?  Of  course  neglected 
authors  have  a  prescriptive  and  indefeasible  right  to 
scold  at  the  public,  and  to  affect  to  regard  it  as  a  sort 
of  philistine  Goliath  of  Gath  at  whom  the  smallest  liter- 
ary David  may  have  his  fling.  It  does  them  good,  and 


we  are  not  going  to  grudge  them  so  cheap  a  lenitive  to- 
their  smarts.  But  Mr.  Lang,  certainly,  has  not  the  neg- 
lected author's  excuse  for  his  ill-humor  with  the  public. 

W.  R.  K. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Oct.  3,  1894. 


THE   HEBREW   AS   A  SAILOR. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  was  not  a  little  amazed  to  find  in  a  recent  number 
of  THE  DIAL  the  statement  that  "a  son  of  Abraham 
.  .  .  having  anything  to  do  with  a  ship  "  was  "almost 
contra  naturam."  Being  a  Frenchman  by  birth,  I  hap- 
pen to  know  that  nearly  every  year  some  Jewish  boy 
enters  the  French  Naval  Academy,  and  that  at  the 
present  time  quite  a  number  of  "  sons  of  Abraham  " 
have  reached  distinguished  rank  in  the  navy  of  France. 
This  is  one  sure  proof  that  when  not  ostracized  the  He- 
brew engages  in  as  many  varieties  of  occupations  as  the 
Gentile,  no  matter  how  hazardous  they  may  be,  no  mat- 
ter what  an  amount  of  bodily  fatigue  and  danger  they 
may  entail.  ADOLPHE  COHN. 

Columbia  College,  New  York,  Oct.  4,  1894- 

[Our  correspondent  rather  overstates  the  point 
made  by  the  reviewer  —  which  was  that  one  would 
not  easily  imagine  "  a  son  of  Abraham  bestriding  a 
yard-arm,  or  having  anything  whatever  to  do  with 
a  ship  —  except,  indeed,  in  the  way  of  a  bottomry 
bond,"  and  that  "  hitherto,"  i.  e.,  before  reading  the 
hook  under  review,  "  a  Jewish  sailor  had  appeared 
in  the  light  of  a  roc  or  hippogriff — the  rarest  kind 
of  a.  rara  avis  and  almost  contra  naturam."  In- 
stances in  disproof  of  the  prepossession  were  then 
given  from  the  book  in  question  ;  and  we  thank  our 
correspondent  for  having  added  to  them.  —  EDR. 
DIAL.] 

THE  TEACHING  OF  ENGLISH  IN  PREPARATORY 

SCHOOLS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  connection  with  your  timely  series  of  articles  on 
the  teaching  of  English  at  our  colleges  and  universities, 
which  have  been  to  me  and  doubtless  to  many  others  of 
the  greatest  interest  and  value,  I  venture  to  suggest  the 
importance  of  a  discussion  of  the  work  done  in  this 
branch  of  teaching  at  secondary  schools.  My  experience 
is  that  very  many  of  the  students  who  come  to  college 
from  weak  preparatory  schools  are  almost  hopeless,  so 
far  as  appreciating  literature  is  concerned.  Too  often 
they  have  become  bewildered  or  disgusted  with  the  sub- 
ject; or,  worse,  they  have  learned  a  trick  of  superficial 
vaporing  about  literature  which  is  very  hard  to  unlearn. 
In  many  cases,  perhaps  in  most  cases,  the  college  teacher 
is  compelled  to  direct  his  efforts  toward  correcting  the 
blunders  of  incompetent  fitting  schools,  to  the  neglect 
of  his  own  aims  and  methods.  A  series  of  papers  set- 
ting forth  the  work  done  in  teaching  English  at  repre- 
sentative fitting-schools  and  high  schools  would  perhaps 
do  an  even  greater  service  for  teachers  of  English  than 
the  admirable  series  referred  to.  JOHN  M.  CLAPP. 

Illinois  College,  Jacksonville,  III.,  Oct.  6,  1894. 


THE  Very  Rev.  S.  Reynolds  Hole,  Dean  of  Rochester, 
will  reach  this  country  in  a  few  days.  He  will  lecture 
before  the  Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Chicago  on  the 
22d  of  November. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


223 


Nefo 


THE  "EMINENT  SCOUNDREL"  IN 
LITERATURE.* 


The  monotonous  regularity  with  which  writ- 
ers of  the  lives  of  eminent  people  have  hitherto 
devoted  their  pens  to  celebrating  virtue  and 
good  works  is  agreeably  broken  in  "  The  Lives 
of  Twelve  Bad  Men  :  Original  Studies  of  Em- 
inent Scoundrels."  The  title  has  an  attract- 
ive ring.  Here  is  a  biographer  who  not  only 
frankly  owns  that  his  heroes  are  no  better  than 
they  should  be,  but  estops  himself  at  the  out- 
set from  the  tedious  and  altogether  too  common 
practice  of  whitewashing  them.  Indeed,  as  we 
shall  show  further  on,  to  rob  one  of  these  wor- 
thies of  a  single  jewel  in  the  crown  of  his 
knavery  would  be  to  weaken  his  title  to  figure 
in  the  company  in  which  the  editor's  judgment 
has  placed  him.  It  may  seem  at  first  glance 
as  if  Mr.  Seccombe,  in  selecting  his  names, 
must  have  been  sorely  perplexed  by  an  embar- 
rassment of  riches  ;  for  bad  men,  in  the  usual 
sense,  have  always  been  as  plenty  as  blackber- 
ries. What — the  reader  may  possibly  ask — 
is  one  dozen  among  so  many  ?  History  fur- 
nishes a  long  roll  of  what  we  are  used  to  call 
bad  men — relatively  bad,  that  is,  and  sufficient- 
ly so  to  illustrate  the  otherwise  obscurer  vir- 
tues of  their  better  contemporaries  ;  while  the 
most  casual  glance  at  existing  society  shows 
that  the  rascally  tribe,  so  far  from  decaying, 
gives  every  sign  of  indefinite  and  triumphant 
survival.  Mr.  Seccombe,  however,  as  we  gather 
from  his  preface,  has  really  been  limited  by  a 
narrow  principle  of  selection.  Preeminence 
in  ill-doing,  absolute  and  unqualified  badness, 
is  the  price  of  a  niche  in  his  pantheon. 

Turning  to  his  list  of  "  eminent  scoundrels," 
we  find  that  it  embraces  the  following  wor- 
thies— a  careful  consideration  of  whose  names 
reveals  little  to  cavil  at  on  the  score  of  insuf- 
ficient rascality:  James  Hepburn,  Earl  of  Both- 
well  (1536-1578)  ;  Sir  Edward  Kelley,  nec- 
romancer (1555-1595)  ;  Matthew  Hopkins, 
witchfinder  (died  1647);  Judge  Jeffreys  (1648 
-1689)  ;  Titus  Gates  (1649-1705)  ;  Simon 
Fraser,  Lord  Lovat  (1667-1747)  ;  Col.  Char- 
teris,  libertine  (1675-1732)  ;  Jonathan  Wild 
(1682-1725)  ;  James  Maclaine,  "  gentleman- 
highwayman  "  (1724-1750);  George  Robert 
Fitzgerald,  "Fighting  Fitzgerald"  (1748- 

*  LIVES  OF  TWELVE  BAD  MEN  :  Original  Studies  of  Emi- 
nent Scoundrels  by  Various  Hands.  Edited  by  Thomas  Sec- 
combe. Illustrated.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


1786)  ;  Thomas  Griffiths  Wainewright,  pois- 
oner (1794-1852)  ;  Edward  Kelley,  bushran- 
ger (1855-1880). 

In  this  "  galaxy  of  stars,"  literature  is  ably 
represented  by  that  pseudo  -  Italianate  scoun- 
drel and  practical  toxicologist,  Thomas  Grif- 
fiths Wainewright ;  and  as  he  was  really  a  man 
of  some  note,  outside  his  criminality,  and  a 
friend  of  the  leading  literary  and  artistic  lights 
of  his  day,  some  account  of  him  here  may  not 
be  amiss.  In  point  of  cool-blooded,  subtly- 
contri  ved  villainy,  and  utter  callousness  to  the 
sufferings  of  the  victims  of  his  cowardly  crimes, 
Thomas  Griffiths,  to  our  thinking,  easily  bears 
away  the  palm.  Wainewright  was  born  in 
1794,  at  Chiswick,  where  his  father  was  a 
practising  solicitor.  His  parents  dying  during 
his  infancy^  he  went  to  live  with  his  grand- 
father, Dr.  Ralph  Griffiths,  proprietor  of  the 
"Monthly  Review,"  at  Linden  House,  Turn- 
ham  Green,  a  fine  mansion  with  a  rent  value 
of  four  hundred  a  year.  In  1803  Dr.  Griffiths 
died,  leaving  X5,200  in  trust  for  our  hero  ; 
and  his  son,  George  Edward  Griffiths,  reigned 
at  Linden  House  in  his  stead.  On  his  grand- 
father's death,  Thomas  went  to  school  at  Charles 
Burney's  academy  at  Hammersmith,  and  here 
evinced  for  the  first  time  his  love  for  art,  his 
drawing-book  showing,  as  his  gratified  master 
testified,  "great  talent  and  natural  feeling." 
After  leaving  school,  while  still  a  mere  boy, 
he  was  "  placed  frequently  in  literary  society" 
(not  very  much  to  his  profit,  however),  and 
for  a  short  time  devoted  as  much  attention  to 
painting  as  his  naturally  "  giddy,  flighty  dis- 
position "  allowed  him  to  devote  to  any  one 
subject.  This  pursuit  proving  tame,  he  pres- 
ently drifted  into  the  army,  where  he  served 
successively  as  an  orderly  officer  in  the  Guards, 
and  a  cornet  in  a  yeomanry  regiment.  About 
this  period  he  seems  to  have  fallen  a  victim  to 
the  wiles  of  Bacchus — or,  vulgarly  speaking, 
to  have  taken  to  drink ;  for  we  have  his  own 
statement  that  he  habitually  drank  ten  tum- 
blers of  punch  of  a  morning,  which  modicum, 
he  adds  very  credibly,  had  the  effect  of  "  ob- 
scuring his  recollections  of  Michael  Angelo  as 
in  a  dun  fog."  The  military  ardor  did  not 
last  long ;  in  fact,  nothing  ever  lasted  long 
with  Thomas  Griffiths,  except  his  inveterate 
yearning  to  leave  off  what  he  was  doing,  and 
set  about  doing  something  else.  "  My  blessed 
art,"  he  wrote,  in  his  usual  high-sailing  style, 
"  touched  her  renegade  ;  by  her  pure  and  high 
influences  the  noisome  mists  [bred  largely  by 
the  matutinal  "  ten  tumblers,"  we  presume] 


224 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


were  purged ;  ray  feelings,  parched,  hot,  and 
tarnished,  were  renovated  with  a  cool,  fresh 
bloom,  childly  simple,  beautiful  to  the  simple- 
hearted."  Naturally,  in  this  chastened  mood, 
Wordsworth's  poems,  breathing  sweet  natural- 
ness and  tender  piety,  touched  his  regenerate 
heart ;  and  to  testify  conclusively  to  his  change 
of  spirit,  he  left  the  army,  and  liberally  re- 
duced his  morning's  allowance  of  punch.  About 
this  date  (1820),  "  The  London  Magazine " 
was  started,  and  it  soon  had  a  brilliant  staff 
of  contributors :  Charles  Lamb,  Hood,  Hart- 
ley Coleridge,  Hazlitt,  De  Quincey,  Procter, 
etc.,  —  and  Wainewright.  The  latter  wrote 
pretty  frequently,  under  the  pseudonyms  of 
"Janus  Weathercock,"  "Egomet  Bonmot,"and 
"  Cornelius  Vinkbooms,"  usually  affecting  fan- 
tastic titles.  That  Wainewright's  prose  had 
merit,  is  undeniable  ;  while  his  love  of  art,  his 
usual  topic,  was  genuine,  and  his  knowledge  of 
it  considerable. 

But  besides  art,  there  was  another  subject 
on  which  Wainewright  never  tired  of  speak- 
ing ;  and  that  was  his  precious  self.  Once 
launched  on  this  engaging  theme,  he  rambles 
on  with  a  sickening  self-complacency,  and  an 
affected,  mincing  euphuism  that  prepares  one 
to  believe  the  worst  of  him.  A  thorough  cad, 
he  is  forever  proclaiming  himself  "  a  gentle- 
man." Even  when,  a  triple  murderer  and  a 
condemned  forger,  he  was  in  Newgate  await- 
ing transportation  for  his  crime,  he  still  gloried 
in  the  one  imperishable  fact  that  he  was  "  a 
gentleman."  Nothing — not  the  dock,  nor  the 
gyves,  nor  Botany  Bay  —  could  erase  that  in- 
bred distinction  ;  and  when  a  visitor  asked  him 
if  he  did  not  look  back  with  shame  on  his  past 
life,  he  briskly  answered,  quite  in  the  old 
"  Weathercock  "  vein  : 

"  Not  a  bit.  I  have  always  been  a  gentleman,  always 
lived  like  a  gentleman,  and  I  am  a  gentleman  still.  Yes, 
sir,  even  in  Newgate  I  am  a  gentleman.  The  prison  reg- 
ulations are  that  we  should  each  in  turn  sweep  the  yard. 
There  are  a  baker  and  a  sweep  here  besides  myself. 
They  sweep  the  yard;  but,  sir,  they  have  never  offered 
me  the  broom." 

Having  married,  Waineright  found  himself 
with  an  income  of  about  £200 — an  altogether 
insignificant  sum  for  one  who,  in  the  words  of 
Oscar  Wilde,  was  "  an  amateur  of  beautiful 
things,  and  a  dilettante  of  things  delightful." 
He  lived  well,  dressed  well,  loved  good  wines, 
hot -house  plants,  majolica,  rare  books  (he 
boasted  some  especially  choice  ones  on  poisons), 
etc.,  and  like  all  respectable  Englishmen  he 
"  kept  his  gig."  He  also  entertained  a  good  deal 
—  such  guests  as  Macready,  Wilkie,  Westall, 


Lamb,  Barry  Cornwall,  Forster,  and  Sergeant 
Talfourd,  dining  pretty  often  at  his  table.  It  is 
not  surprising  that,  living  at  this  gentlemanly 
rate  on  a  beggarly  two  hundred  a  year,  he  soon 
found  himself  ruinously  in  debt ;  and  he  was 
gradually  forced  from  one  shady  method  of 
"  raising  the  wind  "  to  another  still  shadier, 
until  he  committed  his  first  crime  (outside  of 
literature) — forgery.  Unable,  by  the  terms  of 
the  will,  to  touch  the  capital  of  the  fund  left 
him  by  his  grandfather,  he  forged  a  trustees' 
order  for  £2,259  of  it,  secured  the  money,  and 
was,  for  a  brief  space,  relieved  from  pecuniary 
pressure.  This  first  coup  had,  of  course,  the 
ultimate  effect  of  lessening  his  regular  income  ; 
and  things  were  again  rapidly  drifting  from 
bad  to  worse,  when  the  wind  was  once  more 
unexpectedly  tempered  to  the  shorn  lamb.  In 
1828,  a  fortunate  invitation  opened  Linden 
House  to  the  married  couple,  and  they  accord- 
ingly took  up  their  abode  with  their  bachelor 
uncle,  George  Edward.  The  pecuniary  possi- 
bilities of  the  situation  at  once  flashed  upon 
Wainewright.  Here  was  a  fine  mansion  which, 
on  the  demise  of  its  owner,  must  pass  by  nat- 
ural descent  to  his  nephew  —  in  fact,  to  him, 
Wainewright ;  and,  what  was  still  more  import- 
ant, a  round  sum  of  money  must  pass  with  it. 
The  owner  of  the  house  was  an  old  man  — 
a  disappointingly  healthy  one,  it  is  true ;  but 
there  is  nothing  so  very  remarkable,  still  less 
suspicious,  in  old  men,  however  healthy,  dying 
suddenly.  Could  not  his  demise  be  arranged 
to  take  place  rather  earlier  than  Nature  de- 
manded— almost  immediately,  in  short  ?  He 
would  only  be  cheated  of  a  few  years  at  best ; 
and  his  loss  would  be  really  inconsiderable 
compared  with  the  handsome  gain  accruing 
from  it  to  others.  Convinced  by  his  devil's 
logic,  Wainewright  at  once  proceeded  to  apply 
theory  to  practice.  He  had  a  curious  knowl- 
edge of  poisons — far  in  advance,  it  is  said,  of 
most  medical  men  of  his  time  ;  and  here,  at  last, 
was  a  chance  of  testing  this  knowledge  in  a 
practical  way.  Unfortunately,  the  details  of 
Wainewright's  first  experiment  in  toxicology 
are  lost  to  science  ;  but  it  is  enough  for  us  to 
know  that  it  was  perfectly  successful.  The 
venerable  uncle  died,  a  little  in  advance  of  his 
time,  and  Linden  House  passed  quietly  into 
the  possession  of  its  new  owner. 

But  once  again  the  relief  brought  to  our  in- 
satiate "  amateur  of  beautiful  things  "  proved 
transitory.  In  the  interim,  moreover,  his  bur- 
dens had  increased ;  for  a  son  was  born  to 
him,  and  a  now  destitute  mother-in-law,  with 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


225 


her  two  daughters,  had  come  to  live  under  his 
roof.  Clearly,  something  must  be  done  to 
stave  off  the  creditors — now  growing  more  and 
more  vulgarly  importunate,  after  the  manner 
of  their  tribe ;  and  Wainewright,  in  his  dire 
extremity,  naturally  thought  of  his  last  brilliant 
operation.  To  quietly  and  unsuspiciously  "re- 
move "  any  or  all  of  his  household  was  quite 
within  the  bounds  of  practical  science.  He 
had  proved  that.  But  here  the  logical  difficulty 
arose  that  none  of  these  relatives  had  "  expect- 
ations." To  make  away  with  the  impecunious 
mother-in-law,  or  her  still  more  impecunious 
daughters,  only  meant  risk  of  detection,  be- 
sides the  expense  of  a  funeral.  Plainly,  that 
wouldn't  do.  But  the  devil  again  inspired 
him.  He  had  heard  of  the  life  insurance  offices 
whose  business  it  was  to  provide  large  pay- 
ments in  the  event  of  premature  death,  in  re- 
turn for  a  small  premium  down.  The  problem 
was  solved.  In  casting  about  for  a  victim  for 
this  new  enterprise,  Wainewright  hit  upon  his 
sister-in-law,  Helen  Abercromby,  as  almost 
ideally  suited  to  his  purpose ;  and  the  diabol- 
ical sang-froid  with  which  the  reptile  lured 
this  charming  and  innocent  girl  into  blindly 
furthering  a  plan  that  essentially  involved  her 
own  destruction  seems  without  a  parallel  in  the 
annals  of  crime.  Provided  in  advance  with  a 
trumped-up  story  with  which  to  parry  awkward 
inquiries,  she  was  sent  about  from  office  to 
office,  making,  in  her  own  name,  proposals  for 
short  periods  and  for  amounts  in  no  case  large 
enough  to  give  rise  to  special  investigation. 
Suspecting  nothing,  and  swallowing  her  scru- 
ples as  to  the  fictions  imposed  upon  her,  she 
put  herself  completely  into  her  future  murder- 
er's hands.  Finally  two  proposals,  each  for 
.£3,000,  were  accepted.  Then  a  new  difficulty 
arose  in  completing  the  transaction.  The 
scheme  was  opposed  by  the  girl's  mother,  who 
not  unreasonably  urged  the  folly  of  insuring 
for  short  periods  the  life  of  a  penniless  and 
very  healthy  girl  who  was  almost  certain  to 
outlive  the  policies.  Wainewright  was  equal 
to  the  emergency ;  he  saw  an  opportunity  to 
rid  himself  of  a  provoking  obstacle  to  his 
plans,  and  of  a  mother-in-law  also,  at  one  stroke, 
and  he  did  not  hesitate.  Recourse  was  again 
had  to  science,  with  the  natural  result.  Mrs. 
Abercromby,  too,  was  prematurely  gathered  to 
her  fathers. 

After  a  decent  interval  of  mourning,  the 
assurance  scheme  was  revived.  Miss  Aber- 
cromby made  proposals  to  seven  offices  for  an 
aggregate  of  over  £20,000,  of  which  £12,000 


was  accepted  ;  and  the  promoter  of  the  enter- 
prise, satisfied  with  the  total  amount  in  view, 
concluded  that  things  were  ripe  for  the  denoue- 
ment. At  his  instance,  the  girl  put  the  final 
touch  to  the  preparations  for  her  own  murder 
by  making  a  will  in  favor  of  her  sister  Made- 
leine. The  latter,  it  is  needless  to  say,  was 
also  to  be  "  removed  "  as  soon  as  her  pecuniary 
condition  warranted  it.  Everything  ready, 
Wainewright  suddenly  grew  unusually  kind, 
unremitting,  in  fact,  in  his  delicate  attentions 
to  the  sisters.  One  evening,  after  taking  them 
to  the  play,  the  party  had  a  supper  of  lobsters 
and  porter.  During  the  meal  she  began  to  feel 
strangely  ill,  "  and  in  the  night  had  a  bad,  rest- 
less headache  and  was  very  sick."  She  grew 
rapidly  worse. 

"  Dr.  Locock,  whom  Mr.  Forster  describes  as  a  distin- 
guished physician,  was  called  in.  ...  She  said,  <  Doc- 
tor, I  am  dying;  I  feel  I  am;  I  am  sure  so.'  He  said, 
'  You  will  be  better  by  and  by.'  The  family  nurse  said 
that  Mrs.  Abercromby  had  died  in  the  same  way,  and 
Helen  cried  out, '  Yes,  my  mother !  oh,  iny  poor  mother  ! ' 
The  doctor  left,  but  the  convulsions  returned,  and  an 
hour  or  so  later  she  died.  A  grim  figure  in  the  sick 
chamber  was  the  old  nurse  who  from  the  first  expected 
a  fatal  result,  and  who  uttered  gloomy  and  despairing 
cries  to  the  effect  that  Helen's  mother  and  Dr.  Griffiths 
had  died  in  exactly  the  same  manner." 

This  was  the  vilest  and  probably  the  last 
(though  others  are  charged)  of  Wainewright's 
murders.  Incredible  as  it  may  seem,  he  was 
never  brought  to  trial  for  them,  being  trans- 
ported for  his  first  crime,  forgery,  in  1837. 
The  damning  facts  we  have  outlined  only  came 
to  light  indirectly  during  the  trial  of  the  suit 
brought  for  the  recovery  of  Helen  Abercrom- 
by's  insurance — which  suits,  by  the  way,  were 
won  by  the  defendants  on  the  ground  of  the 
girl's  misrepresentations.  Forster,  who,  with 
Macready,  Dickens,  and  Hablot  Browne,  vis- 
ited Newgate  just  before  Wainewright's  de- 
parture, gives  a  last  glimpse  of  this  unpar- 
alleled scoundrel.  The  party  were  suddenly 
startled  by  a  tragic  cry  from  Macready  of  "  My 
God !  there's  Wainewright." 

"  In  the  shabby  genteel  creature,  with  sandy,  disor- 
dered hair,  and  dirty  moustache,  who  had  turned  quickly 
round  with  a  defiant  stare  at  our  entrance,  looking  at 
once  mean  and  fierce,  and  quite  capable  of  the  cowardly 
murders  he  had  committed,  Macready  had  been  horri- 
fied to  recognize  a  man  familiarly  known  to  him  in  for- 
mer years,  and  at  whose  table  he  had  dined." 

The  volume  is  a  handsomely  appointed  one, 
and  it  is  altogether  likely  to  attract  at  least 
its  due  share  of  attention.  The  illustrations, 
mostly  portraits  and  cuts  after  curious  paint- 
ings, call  for  special  mention.  E.  G.  J. 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


THE  SHERMAN 


The  letters  of  General  Sherman  and  Senator 
Sherman  will  interest  different  readers  in  differ- 
ent ways.  Some  will  value  them  most  as  a  direct 
contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  their  distin- 
guished writers  considered  as  biography.  Some 
will  regard  them  most  highly  as  an  addition  to 
the  history  of  the  country  in  the  long  and  inter- 
esting period  which  they  cover.  Others,  our- 
selves included,  will  find  the  centre  of  interest  in 
the  materials  that  the  book  presents  for  the  study 
of  character.  Here  are  two  men  of  nearly  the 
same  age,  brothers  growing  up  under  the  same 
conditions  and  trained  in  their  earliest  years 
in  the  same  way,  who  attain,  not  by  adventi- 
tious means,  but  by  sheer  ability  and  force  of 
character,  the  one  the  foremost  place  in  the 
military  service  of  his  country,  the  other  a  place 
next  below  the  highest  in  its  political  service, 
and  excluded  from  the  highest  only  by  that 
logic  of  our  later  American  politics  which  keeps 
those  of  highest  ability  and  character  and  of 
greatest  prominence  from  attaining  the  highest 
position  ;  these  men  we  have  telling  each  other 
their  acts,  thoughts,  and  feelings,  for  more  than 
fifty  years,  in  the  most  unconscious  fraternal 
correspondence.  It  is  impossible  for  the  reader 
who  looks  at  the  Sherman  Letters  from  this 
point  of  view,  not  to  see  that  General  Sherman 
was  by  nature  a  soldier,  while  Senator  Sherman 
was  a  statesman  ;  and  it  is  hard  for  him  to  re- 
sist for  the  moment  the  conviction  that  in  such 
matters  inheritance  stands  for  more,  and  edu- 
cation and  environment  for  less,  than  our  cur- 
rent philosophy  leads  us  to  suppose.  For  us, 
the  principal  interest  of  the  book  lies  in  the 
opportunity  that  it  furnishes  to  follow  these 
two  men  as  they  move  along  their  divergent 
paths  from  youth  to  age. 

The  story  opens  in  1837,  with  W.  T.  Sher- 
man, then  in  his  seventeenth  year,  just  enter- 
ing on  his  studies  at  West  Point,  and  John 
Sherman,  three  years  younger,  serving  as  junior 
rodman  in  an  engineer's  corps  on  the  Mus- 
kingum  River  Improvement  ;  it  closes  in  1891, 
with  General  Sherman  in  retirement  at  New 
York,  and  Senator  Sherman  still  in  active 
duty  at  Washington.  The  reader  suffers  no 
loss  because  the  senior  brother  wrote  the  larger 
number  of  letters,  for  the  soldier  was  distinctly 
a  better  letter-writer  than  the  politician.  In 
part  this  was  no  doubt  due  to  his  more  change- 

*  THE  SHERMAN  LETTERS.  Correspondence  between  Gen- 
eral and  Senator  Sherman,  from  1837  to  1891.  Edited  by 
Rachel  Sherman  Thorndike.  With  portraits.  New  York  : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


ful  life,  but  not  wholly  so.  It  is  about  as  un- 
profitable to  compare  men  of  such  different 
talents  and  careers  as  it  is  to  discuss  the  rel- 
ative ability  of  men  and  women  ;  but  one  gets 
from  the  letters  the  distinct  impression  that 
the  General,  in  quickness  of  insight,  in  frank- 
ness of  character,  in  mobility  of  mind,  in  a  word, 
in  real  genius,  was  the  superior  man.  In  the 
first  period,  1837-1846,  the  letters  are  all  from 
his  hand.  In  the  beginning  his  style  is  heavy 
and  stiff,  as  well  as  frequently  ungrammatical, 
but  he  soon  begins  to  show  that  command  of 
nervous  and  happily-phrased  English  which  is 
characteristic  of  his  later  life,  and  which,  while 
by  no  means  always  correct  according  to  the 
rules  laid  down  by  the  critics,  is  nevertheless 
always  interesting.  Still,  when  all  is  said,  the 
remark  that  the  editor  makes  of  the  General's 
boyish  letters,  that  they  are  interesting  only 
because  they  are  his,  has  a  wider  application 
both  to  him  and  to  the  Senator. 

For  some  years  the  older  brother  seems  to 
have  acted  as  a  sort  of  fatherly  monitor  for  the 
younger  one.  In  January,  1840,  he  discussed 
the  outlook  of  the  engineer,  concluding  that  a 
man  in  that  profession  could  not  look  for  con- 
stant employment,  and  therefore  could  not  ex- 
pect a  sure  and  constant  reward  for  his  labor. 
He  thought  the  States  were  likely  to  expend 
less  money  for  public  works  than  they  had  been 
doing,  and  he  caught  no  glimpse  of  the  coming 
wonderful  expansion  of  private  enterprise  in 
that  field.  He  had  no  vision  of  his  brother's 
future  career,  and  cherished  no  high  ambition 
for  him.  His  letter  concludes  : 

"  I  have  mentioned  these  things  to  you  that  you  may 
reflect,  while  there  is  still  time,  of  the  propriety  of  se- 
lecting means  to  be  resorted  to  in  case  of  necessity. 
What  more  naturally  suggests  itself  than  a  farm  ?  Who 
can  be  more  iudependent,  more  honest  and  honorable, 
who  more  sure  of  a  full  reward  for  his  labor,  who  can 
bestow  more  benefits  on  his  fellow-beings,  and  conse- 
quently be  more  happy,  than  an  American  farmer  ?  If 
by  any  means  you  may  be  able  to  get  some  land  in  Ohio, 
Iowa,  or  Wisconsin,  you  should  do  so  by  all  means,  and 
more  especially  if  it  is  partially  improved.  I  do  not 
mean  for  the  purpose  of  speculation,  but  to  make  use  of 
yourself." 

Learning  two  months  later  that  John  is  to  study 
law,  he  says  it  would  be  impertinent  for  him 
to  object,  but  the  law  would  be  his  last  choice 
of  a  profession.  For  himself,  he  intends  to  en- 
ter the  army,  although  it  is  doubtful  whether 
he  shall  remain  in  it  for  life.  "  Should  I  re- 
sign," he  says,  "  it  would  be  to  turn  farmer,  if 
ever  I  can  raise  money  enough  to  buy  a  good 
farm  in  Iowa.''  However  it  may  be  now,  it  was 
quite  the  fashion  before  the  Civil  War  for  offi- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


227 


cers  of  the  regular  army  to  depreciate  or  de- 
spise politics  and  politicians ;  and  General  Sher- 
man was  no  exception.  A  string  of  piquant 
passages  expressive  of  that  sentiment  could  be 
selected  from  his  early  letters.  He  did  not 
take  kindly  to  John's  becoming  a  politician  ; 
on  the  other  hand,  he  wrote  him  in  October, 
1844,  as  follows : 

"  What  in  the  devil  are  you  doing  ?  Stump-speaking  ! 
I  really  thought  you  were  too  decent  for  that,  or  at  least 
had  sufficient  pride  not  to  humble  and  cringe  to  beg 
party  or  popular  favor.  However,  the  coming  election 
will  sufficient  ly  prove  the  intelligence  and  patriotic  spirit 
of  the  American  people,  and  may  deter  you  from  com- 
mitting a  like  sin  again.  .  .  .  For  my  part,  I  wish  Henry 
Clay  to  be  elected,  and  should  rejoice  in  his  success, 
for  various  reasons;  but  I  do  not  permit  myself  to  in- 
dulge in  sanguine  feelings  when  dependence  has  to  be 
placed  on  the  pitch-and-toss  game  of  party  elections." 

But  the  politician  learned  something  in  his 
school  that  he  commended  to  the  soldier's  at- 
tention at  a  later  day.  For  example,  he  told 
him,  in  August,  1862,  that  "  the  general  popu- 
lar sentiment  is  sometimes  passionate,  hasty, 
and  intemperate,  but  after  a  little  fluctuation 
it  settles  very  near  the  true  line."  Again  he 
tells  him  :  "  Take  my  advice,  be  helpful,  cheer- 
ful, polite  to  everybody,  even  a  newspaper  re- 
porter. They  are  in  the  main  clever,  intelli- 
gent men,  a  little  too  pressing  in  their  vocation." 
Still,  the  General,  to  the  end  of  his  life,  never 
took  kindly  to  the  ways  of  politics  or  to  the 
arts  of  popularity.  After  the  War  was  over 
and  his  reputation  was  firmly  established,  he 
shrank  from  life  at  the  National  Capital.  In 
December,  1866,  he  wrote  from  St.  Louis: 
"  I  do  not  want  to  come  to  Washington,  but  to 
stay  away  as  long  as  possible.  When  Grant 
goes  to  Europe,  then  I  shall  be  forced  to  come. 
The  longer  that  is  deferred,  the  better  for  me." 
And  a  few  days  later,  in  reference  to  the  same 
subject :  "  There  can  be  no  satisfaction  to  me 
in  being  drawn  into  the  vortex  of  confusion  in 
which  public  affairs  seem  to  be."  President 
Johnson  strove  to  thrust  Sherman  into  his  quar- 
rel with  Stanton  and  Grant,  seeking  first  to 
make  him  Secretary  of  War,  and  later  Brevet 
General  of  the  Army.  The  honest  soldier  wrote 
him,  in  January,  1868,  a  manly  letter  of  ex- 
postulation, declaring  that  Washington  was  ob- 
jectionable to  him  because  "it  is  the  political 
capital  of  the  country,  a  focus  of  intrigue,  gos- 
sip, and  slander."  He  spoke  of  the  fate  that 
had  there  befallen  Generals  Scott  and  Taylor, 
and  pointed  out  the  baneful  influence  of  the 
Capital  on  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  from  the 
beginning  of  the  War.  He  recounted  the  trials 


that  he  had  seen  Grant  pass  through  in  the 
War,  and  declared  : 

"  And  yet  I  have  never  seen  him  more  troubled  than 
when  he  has  been  in  Washington,  and  has  been  com- 
pelled to  read  himself  a  '  sneak  and  deceiver,'  based  on 
reports  of  four  of  the  Cabinet  and  apparently  with  your 
[the  President's]  knowledge.  If  this  political  atmosphere 
can  disturb  the  equanimity  of  one  so  guarded  and  pru- 
dent as  he,  what  will  be  the  result  with  one  so  careless 
and  outspoken  as  I  am  ?  Therefore,  with  my  consent, 
Washington  never." 

His  removal  to  St.  Louis  in  1874  was  prima- 
rily due  to  the  strained  relations  between  him- 
self on  the  one  hand  and  the  War  Department 
and  the  President  on  the  other ;  but  the  old 
feeling  of  aversion  had  its  influence.  General 
Sherman  saw  that  General  Grant  suffered  in 
peace  of  mind  and  reputation  by  accepting  the 
Presidency,  and  stoutly  repressed  all  attempts 
to  "  bring  him  out  "  as  a  presidential  candidate. 
He  wrote  in  1874  : 

"  Dear  Brother:  Do  n't  ever  give  any  person  the  least 
encouragement  to  think  I  can  be  used  for  political  ends. 
I  have  seen  it  poison  so  many  otherwise  good  charac- 
ters, that  I  am  really  more  obstinate  than  ever.  I  think 
Grant  will  be  made  miserable  to  the  end  of  his  life  by 
his  eight  years'  experiences.  Let  those  who  are  trained 
to  it  keep  the  office,  and  keep  the  army  and  navy  as  free 
from  politics  as  possible,  for  emergencies  that  may  arise 
at  any  time.  Think  of  the  reputations  wrecked  in  pol- 
itics since  1865." 

We  are  not  surprised  to  find  the  General  say- 
ing in  1872  :  "  Grant,  who  never  was  a  Repub- 
lican, is  your  candidate,  and  Greeley,  who  never 
was  a  Democrat,  but  quite  the  contrary,  is  the 
Democratic  candidate."  But  we  are  surprised 
to  find  the  Senator  assenting  to  the  statement, 
and,  what  is  more,  adding  that  there  was  no  es- 
sential difference  in  the  platforms  of  the  two 
parties. 

General  Sherman's  letters  show  how  much 
better  he  understood  the  political  situation  in 
the  South  previous  to  the  Civil  War  than  his 
brother  and  the  Northern  politicians  generally ; 
also  how  completely  he  grasped  the  military 
problem  at  the  opening  of  the  great  strife.  His 
famous  saying,  in  1861,  that  two  hundred  thou- 
sand men  were  necessary  to  defend  Kentucky, 
which  was  then  considered  proof  of  his  insan- 
ity, is  now  considered  proof  of  his  genius.  His 
letters  bearing  on  the  mistaken  ideas  of  men  at 
the  North  in  both  periods  are  very  interesting 
reading. 

Previous  to  reentering  the  army  in  1861, 
General  Sherman's  career  had  been  broken  and 
on  the  whole  discouraging.  He  had  served  a 
few  years  as  a  soldier  in  Florida  and  in  Cali- 
fornia, and  had  been  disappointed  in  his  desire 


228 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


to  go  to  Mexico  ;  he  had  been  a  banker  in  San 
Francisco  and  New  York,  and  then  for  a  year 
or  two  had  taken  up  the  law,  despite  his  old 
jibes  at  his  brother ;  he  had  acted  as  the  head 
of  a  military  school  in  Louisiana,  and  finally, 
just  as  the  War  was  opening,  drifted  into  the 
presidency  of  a  street  railway  company  in  St. 
Louis.  He  was  forty-one  years  of  age,  but 
nothing  that  he  had  done  gave  promise  of  a 
great  career,  although  he  had  done  well  what- 
ever he  had  undertaken.  One  or  two  letters 
breathe  a  note  of  discouragement.  The  War 
gave  him  his  opportunity,  and  one  of  the  pleas- 
ing features  of  the  book  is  the  sanguine  confi- 
dence with  which  Senator  Sherman,  before  the 
General  had  reentered  the  army,  marked  out  a 
great  military  future  for  him. 

The  volume  abounds  in  quotable  passages. 
We  give  two  more,  one  written  from  Kansas, 
in  May,  1859 ;  the  other  from  Paris,  in  June 
of  the  same  year. 

"  Of  course  we  are  all  expectation  here  to  read  news 
of  the  war  in  Italy.  Our  latest  accounts  are  simply  that 
the  Austrians,  after  entering  Piedmont,  have  manoeuvred 
without  any  definite  plan,  giving  full  time  for  the  Sar- 
dinians to  organize,  and  for  France  to  pour  into  Italy 
her  well-equipped  armies  by  every  avenue  of  approach. 
We  know,  too,  that  the  Emperor  of  Austria  has  gone 
to  control  the  operations  of  his  army,  that  the  King  of 
Sardinia  is  also  his  own  generalissimo,  and  that  Napo- 
leon had  sailed  from  Marseilles  for  Genoa,  whence,  I 
take  it,  he  promptly  crossed  to  Turin,  and  that  he,  too, 
will  command  in  person.  ...  If  Napoleon  can  drive 
the  Austrians  out  of  all  Italy,  even  from  Venice  and 
Triest,  and  from  thence  north  of  the  Styrian  Alps,  and 
then  gradually  surrender  the  power  thus  acquired  to  a 
federation  of  states,  retiring  to  France,  he  would  be  the 
most  celebrated  man  of  this  or  any  age.  He  can  do  so. 
The  elder  Bonaparte  could  not,  as  he  was  never  cor- 
dially recognized  by  other  governments;  but  Napoleon 
III.  is  so  firmly  fixed,  to  all  appearance,  in  France,  that 
he  can  moderate  his  plans,  and  cease  conquest  the  mo- 
ment his  aim  is  accomplished.  So  few  ambitious  men, 
however,  have  been  able  to  stop  at  the  right  place  that 
fortune  seems  to  tempt  them  beyond  human  depth  into 
ruin;  still,  so  wilful,  silent,  and  determined  has  he  shown 
himself  that  I  expect  that  he  will  force  the  Austrians 
back  from  Italy,  and  then  allow  some  form  of  govern- 
ment to  control  the  Italian  kingdoms,  states,  and  re- 
publics. Austria,  however,  will  not  relinquish  Triest, 
Dalmatia,  and  Venice  without  a  death-struggle,  and  it 
may  be  that  the  war  now  begun  may  spread  and  make 
as  many  dynastic  changes  as  those  wars  which  followed 
the  French  Revolution.  I  wish  I  were  there  to  watch 
the  operations  and  changes;  but  alas  !  I  am  in  Kansas." 

If  the  above  extract  shows  clearly  how  the 
soldier  misread  the  foremost  man  in  Europe  in 
1859,  the  following  shows  no  less  clearly  how 
the  politician  misread  the  history  and  genius 
of  two  foremost  European  peoples. 

"  My  conclusions  are  all  against  the  British  govern- 
ment. .  .  .  When  Englishmen  hereafter  talk  about 


their  rights,  I  will  know  what  they  mean.  They  do  en- 
joy a  limited  liberty  of  speech  and  of  the  press,  and 
then  you  have  said  all.  It  is  a  government  of  the 
aristocracy,  more  exclusive,  repelling,  and  narrow  than 
I  conceived  of.  The  House  of  Commons  is  the  only  pre- 
tended representation  of  the  people,  and  that  is  but  a 
mere  pretense.  The  representation  is  so  glaringly  un- 
equal that  it  is  a  surprise  to  me  that  the  people  will 
submit  to  it.  As  the  members  are  not  paid,  and  none 
can  vote  without  property,  it  is  a  mere  representation 
of  money  and  not  of  men.  Every  regulation  of  the  gov- 
ernment, the  rules  of  caste,  the  combined  insolence  and 
obsequiousness  of  all  classes  with  whom  I  came  in  con- 
tact, were  so  unpleasant  to  me  that,  while  my  visit  there 
was  a  constant  enjoyment  and  a  school,  I  would  not 
live  under  the  British  Government  for  any  consideration. 
"  The  French  government  is  much  more  tolerable. 
Louis  Napoleon  is  emperor  by  usurpation,  but  I  really 
think  that  the  government  is  not  only  for  the  good,  but 
is  the  choice  of  the  people  and  others.  There  is  the 
greatest  personal  liberty  and  equality  here,  and  the  in- 
stitutions tend  to  advance  equality  and  give  a  fair  chance 
to  merit.  It  is  true  that  through  the  press  people  can- 
not discuss  politics  except  on  one  side.  In  private  life, 
and  indeed  in  the  saloons  and  public  places,  there  seems 
no  restraint.  The  administration  of  the  law  seems  well 
conducted.  Taxes,  as  compared  with  England,  are  light, 
and  the  Frenchman  has  no  restraint,  either  by  caste  or 
law,  from  doing  what  he  wishes,  except  that  he  must 
not  write  against  the  government.  His  equality  with 
his  neighbor  is  recognized.  There  is  more  freedom,  if 
I  might  say  so,  more  mixing  of  all  classes  of  people 
here,  and  on  terms  of  kindliness  and  equality,  than  you 
will  find  even  in  America.  The  blouses,  the  uniforms, 
and  the  black  coats  all  sit  and  eat  and  chat  together. 
On  the  whole,  they  have  much  more  claim  to  be  a  '  free 
people  '  than  the  English,  and  hereafter  I  will  know  how 
to  appreciate  an  English  account  of  French  tyranny." 

The  volume  is  admirable  in  mechanical  ex- 
ecution, and  is  furnished  with  a  good  index. 
The  most  serious  misprint  that  we  have  noticed 
is  "  Ladslen  "  for  "  Gadsden,"  page  54.  If  we 
have  given  the  General  more  prominence  than 
the  Senator,  we  have  also  suggested  the  rea- 

son-  B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


THOKEAU'S  TJETTERS.  * 


In  one  respect  at  least,  Thoreau  has  been  a 
singularly  fortunate  man.  He  won  for  himself 
during  his  lifetime  a  devoted  friendship  which 
after  his  death  made  it  a  labor  of  love  to  see 
that  his  writings  were  adequately  presented  to 
a  public  that  had  not  received  them  entirely 
with  gratitude.  Mr.  Blake  has  done  for  his 
friend  Thoreau  what  most  men  would  think  a 
heavy  task  if  required  by  their  own  original 
work.  Ellery  Channing,  the  Concord  recluse, 
has  written  a  life  of  Thoreau  which,  in  spite 

*  FAMILIAR  LETTERS  OF  HENRY  DAVID  THOREAU.  Edited, 
with  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  F.  B.  Sanborn.  Boston : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


229 


of  some  vagaries  and  considerable  irrelevant 
matter,  is  a  genuine  contribution  to  American 
biographical  literature.  Alcott,  in  a  letter  given 
in  the  volume  which  occasions  this  brief  article, 
says  of  Thoreau  :  "  There  has  been  none  such 
since  Pliny,  and  it  will  be  long  before  there 
comes  his  like  ;  the  most  sagacious  and  wonder- 
ful Worthy  of  his  time,  and  a  marvel  to  com- 
ing ones."  One  cannot  forbear  quoting  a  few 
lines  from  Emerson's  splendid  tribute : 

"  Through  the  green  tents  by  eldest  nature  drest 
He  roamed,  content  alike  with  man  and  beast. 
Where  darkness  found  him,  he  lay  glad  at  night ; 
There  the  red  morning  touched  him  with  its  light. 

******* 
Go  where  he  will,  the  wise  man  is  at  home, 
His  hearth  the  earth,—  his  hall  the  azure  dome." 

To  these  eulogists  must  be  added  Mr.  F.  B. 
Sanborn,  who  brings  to  his  labors  his  simple 
and  refined  style,  his  tact,  his  wide  knowledge, 
his  devotion  to  the  subject.  Mr.  Sanborn 
shows  again  in  this  volume  the  qualities  which 
make  his  biography  of  Thoreau  a  model  of  its 
kind.  Surely  the  Concord  group  is  not  lack- 
ing in  pietat. 

Mr.  Sanborn's  book  is  what  one  must  expect 
from  the  experienced  hand  that  put  it  together. 
The  introduction  has  the  unusual  fault  that  it 
is  altogether  too  brief  for  the  reader's  profit 
and  pleasure.  The  book  is  divided  into  three 
parts  — "  Years  of  Discipline,"  "  The  Golden 
Age  of  Achievement,"  "  Friends  and  Follow- 
ers ";  and  the  division  is  certainly  a  happy  one. 
The  editor's  passages  in  connection  with  or  elu- 
cidation of  the  letters  are  always  adequate  and 
luminous  ;  the  volume  becomes  a  familiar  auto- 
biography of  Thoreau,  fresh,  thoroughly  uncon- 
ventional, and  sufficiently  complete.  The  ac- 
knowledgment of  another  debt  to  Mr.  Sanborn 
gains  strength  from  the  many  which  he  has 
already  required  from  his  readers. 

The  following  paragraph  from  Mr.  Sanborn's 
introduction  is  worth  reproducing  here,  as  it 
tells  briefly  how  the  establishment  of  Thoreau 
as  a  permanent  figure  in  American  literature 
has  been  gaining  firmness  ever  since  his  too 
early  death : 

"  The  fortune  of  Henry  Thoreau  as  an  author  of 
books  has  been  peculiar,  and  such  as  to  indicate  more 
permanence  of  his  name  and  fame  than  could  be  pre- 
dicted of  many  of  his  contemporaries.  In  the  years  of 
his  literary  activity  (twenty-five  in  all),  from  1837  to 
1862  —  when  he  died,  not  quite  forty-five  years  old, — 
he  published  but  two  volumes,  and  those  with  much  de- 
lay and  difficulty  in  finding  a  publisher.  But  in  the 
thirty-two  years  since  his  death,  nine  volumes  have  been 
published  from  his  manuscripts  and  fugitive  pieces, — 
the  present  being  the  tenth.  Besides  these,  two  biog- 
raphies of  Thoreau  have  appeared  in  America,  and  two 


others  in  England,  with  numerous  reviews  and  sketches 
of  the  man  and  his  writings, —  enough  to  make  several 
volumes  more.  At  the  present  the  sale  of  his  books  and 
the  interest  in  his  life  are  greater  than  ever;  and  he 
seems  to  have  grown  early  into  an  American  classic, 
like  his  Concord  neighbors,  Emerson  and  Hawthorne. 
Pilgrimages  are  made  to  his  grave  and  his  daily  haunts,  as 
to  theirs, — and  those  who  come  find  it  to  be  true,  as  was 
said  by  an  accomplished  woman  (Miss  Elizabeth  Hoar) 
soon  after  his  death,  that '  Concord  is  Henry's  monument, 
adorned  with  suitable  inscriptions  by  his  own  hand.'  " 

The  struggling  writer  of  to-day  may  take  this 
to  his  heart,  and  ponder  on  it ;  he  must  remem- 
ber, however,  that,  like  all  authors  who  have 
had  a  similar  destiny,  Thoreau  had  something 
to  say  which  was  above  all  limitations  of  time 
and  space,  and  will  be  as  worth  thinking  and 
believing  in  the  days  to  come  as  it  was  when 
he  uttered  it.  He  was  a  realist  in  the  best  sense 
of  that  term ;  he  had  his  eye  fixed  upon  the 
object ;  he  certainly  endeavored  to  see  it  as  it 
was ;  but  he  made  no  effort  to  reproduce  it  in 
its  crude  isolation,  or  in  the  aspect  which  it  as- 
sumed in  some  momentary  relation  between  it 
and  his  own  mind.  He  had  a  sufficient  store  of 
belief  in  himself,  but  he  was  not  egotist  enough 
to  suppose  that  a  transcription  of  his  fleeting 
moods  was  of  much  importance  to  mankind  at 
large.  His  representation  of  the  object  was 
always  plentifully  mixed  with  thought,  and  so 
we  have  a  living  landscape,  filled  with  clear 
air  and  light.  And  then  he  had  the  transcen- 
dentalist's  unfailing  resource,  high  meditations, 
which  were  the  reality  in  reality  itself. 

The  letters  presented  in  this  selection  show 
Thoreau  from  his  gentlest  and  most  familiar 
side.  They  are  domestic  and  gossipy,  they  dis- 
play his  simple  likes  and  dislikes,  they  will 
bring  him  closer  to  those  who  have  long  ad- 
mired him,  and  will  win  for  him  friends  who 
have  been  somewhat  repelled  by  his  satire  and 
austerity.  They  are  as  characteristic  as  any- 
thing which  he  has  left,  and  are  permeated 
with  the  flavor  which  is  his  and  no  other  man's. 
They  also  disclose  his  limitations,  some  of  which 
he  shared  with  his  contemporaries,  and  some  of 
which  were  his  own  peculiar  property,  and  rather 
unduly  estimated  for  that  wholly  unsatisfactory 
reason.  It  is  possible  here  to  give  only  a  few 
extracts,  but  they  will  indicate  what  is  to  be 
expected  by  the  reader  who  takes  up  Thoreau 
for  the  first  time,  and  they  will  recall  to  the 
reader  of  many  years  the  things  and  thoughts 
which  he  has  found  pleasant  before. 

Here  is  part  of  a  letter  to  his  sister  Helen ; 
it  was  written  in  1837,  when  Thoreau  was 
twenty  years  old.  The  child  is,  indeed,  father 
of  the  man. 


230 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


"  Please  you,  let  the  defendant  say  a  few  words  in 
defense  of  his  long  silence.  You  know  we  have  hardly 
done  our  own  deeds,  thought  our  own  thoughts,  or  lived 
our  own  lives  hitherto.  For  a  man  to  act  himself,  he 
must  be  perfectly  free;  otherwise  he  is  in  danger  of 
losing  all  sense  of  responsibility  or  of  self-respect.  .  .  . 
Further,  letter-writing  too  often  degenerates  into  a 
communicating  of  facts,  not  truths  ;  of  other  men's 
deeds  and  not  our  thoughts.  What  are  the  convulsions 
of  a  planet,  compared  with  the  emotions  of  a  soul  ?  or 
the  rising  of  a  thousand  suns,  if  that  is  not  enlightened 
by  a  ray  ?  " 

The  longer  and  more  important  letters  are 
written  to  Mr.  Blake.  Thoreau  apparently 
opened  his  heart  to  the  latter,  and  to  his  En- 
glish friend  Cholmondeley.  Here  is  a  passage 
with  the  authentic  savor : 

"  Shall,  then,  the  maple  yield  sugar,  and  not  man  ? 
Shall  a  farmer  be  thus  active,  and  surely  have  so  much 
sugar  to  show  for  it,  before  this  very  March  is  gone, — 
while  I  read  the  newspapers  ?  .  .  .  Am  I  not  a  sugar- 
maple  man,  then  ?  Boil  down  the  sweet  sap  which  the 
spring  causes  to  flow  within  you.  Stop  not  at  syrup, — 
go  on  to  sugar,  though  you  present  thy  world  with  but 
a  single  crystal, — a  crystal  not  made  from  trees  in  your 
yard,  but  from  the  new  life  that  stirs  in  your  pores. 
Cheerfully  skim  your  kettle,  and  watch  it  set  and  crys- 
tallize, making  a  holiday  of  it  if  you  will.  Heaven  will 
be  propitious  to  you  as  to  him. 

"  Say  to  the  farmer,  There  is  your  crop;  here  is  mine. 
Mine  is  a  sugar  to  sweeten  sugar  with.  If  you  will 
listen  to  me,  I  will  sweeten  your  whole  load, —  your 
whole  life." 

All  the  familiar  figures  cross  the  pages  in 
some  way — Emerson,  Alcott,  Margaret  Fuller, 
Parker,  the  Channings,  Hawthorne,  and  the 
rest.  We  are  back  again  in  that  enthusiasm 
and  kindling  faith  which  have  yielded  those 
products  which  best  deserve  the  name  of  liter- 
ature of  any  yet  fashioned  on  this  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  interest  of  it  all  appears  as 
fresh  as  ever,  and  demands  our  attention  as 
much  as  ever.  The  men  and  women  of  that 
time  did  not  work  in  material  wholly  ephem- 
eral ;  they  searched  for  what  was  lasting,  and 
they  found  it ;  they  tried  to  learn  what  life 
and  progress  meant ;  they  had  no  time  to  waste 
in  empty  complainings  or  sickly  coddlings  of 
the  emotions  ;  they  labored  hard  and  seriously, 
and  what  they  left  belongs  to  the  most  import- 
ant contributions  made  to  man's  pleasure  and 
wisdom  by  the  planet  in  this  century. 

Louis  J.  BLOCK. 


THE  Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Chicago  entertained 
Dr.  Conan  Doyle  on  the  evening  of  the  12th,  this  being 
the  first  meeting  of  the  season.  The  distinguished  nov- 
elist discoursed  to  a  large  audience  upon  the  subject  of 
recent  English  fiction.  The  meeting  was  held  at  the 
residence  of  Mr.  H.  N.  Higinbotham,  ex-President  of 
the  Columbian  Exposition. 


WEALTH  AGAINST  COMMONWEALTH.* 

Mr.  Henry  D.  Lloyd  has  rendered  a  patriotic 
service  to  his  country  by  writing  the  history  of  the 
rise  and  growth  of  the  great  monopolies  whose  ex- 
istence is  a  menace  to  republican  government.  He 
marshalls  his  facts  with  the  skill  of  a  journalist 
trained  in  dialectics.  These,  gathered  from  offi- 
cial records,  from  decisions  of  courts  and  of  special 
tribunals,  from  the  verdicts  of  juries  in  criminal 
cases,  oath-sworn  testimony  subjected  to  the  rules 
of  evidence,  and  reports  of  legislative  committees, 
become  real,  possessing  all  of  the  power  of  living 
truth.  His  narrative  is  intense,  revealing  at  times 
a  restrained  feeling  of  indignation,  at  others  an  ap- 
preciation of  the  humorous  phase  of  the  social  con- 
test ;  but  it  is  always  dignified  and  sincere.  We 
are  confronted  with  a  problem  that  must  needs  be 
speedily  solved. 

"  There  are  no  solitary  truths,  Goethe  says,  and  mo- 
nopoly— as  the  greatest  business  fact  of  our  civilization, 
which  gives  to  business  what  other  ages  gave  to  war 
and  religion — is  our  greatest  social,  political,  and  moral 
fact." 

It  is  rapidly  transforming  our  Republic.  How  ? 
By  placing  in  the  hands  of  a  few  the  power  that  of 
right  belongs  to  all.  These  have  seized  upon  what 
they  possess.  Pursuing  a  career  of  robbery  at  first 
under  the  forms  of  law,  they  have  come  to  be  su- 
perior to  law,  defying  all  popular  tribunals. 

Science  prepared  the  way  for  the  practical  use 
of  petroleum,  which  was  found  in  unlimited  quan- 
tities after  Colonel  Drake's  discovery  in  1860.  It 
was  obtainable  at  a  nominal  price,  so  that  — 
"  Poor  men,  building  little  stills,  could  year  by  year 
add  on  to  their  work,  increase  their  capital,  and  acquire 
the  self-confidence  and  independence  of  successful  men. 
There  was  a  free  market  for  the  oil  as  it  came  out  of 
the  wells  and  out  of  the  refineries,  and  free  competition 
between  buyers  and  sellers,  producers  and  consumers, 
manufacturers  and  traders.  Industries  auxiliary  to  the 
main  ones  flourished.  Everywhere  the  scene  was  of 
expanding  prosperity,  with,  of  course,  the  inevitable 
percentage  of  ill-luck  and  miscalculation;  but  with  the 
balance,  on  the  whole,  of  such  happy  growth  as  freedom 
and  the  bounty  of  nature  have  always  yielded  when  in 
partnership.  The  valleys  of  Pennsylvania  changed  into 
busy  towns  and  oil-fields.  The  highways  were  crowded, 
labor  was  well  employed  at  good  wages,  new  industries 
were  starting  up  on  all  sides,  and  everything  betokened 
the  permanent  creation  of  a  new  prosperity  for  the  whole 
community,  like  that  which  came  to  California  and  the 
world  with  the  discovery  of  gold." 

In  ten  years  the  net  product  had  grown  to  be 
6,000,000  barrels  of  oil  a  year,  employing  a  capital 
of  $200,000,000  and  supporting  a  population  of 
60,000  people,  who  were  provided  with  schools, 
churches,  lyceums,  theatres,  libraries,  newspapers, 
and  boards  of  trade. 

A  shadow  fell  upon  this  scene  of  human  activity. 
Its  great  promise  was  struck  with  a  blight.  There 

*  WEALTH  AGAINST  COMMONWEALTH.  By  Henry  Demar- 
est  Lloyd.  New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


231 


were  panics  in  oil  speculation,  bank  failures,  defal- 
cations, followed  by  distress  and  the  violent  acts  of 
despair.  The  year  1872  marked  the  beginning  of 
a  new  order  of  things.  Ten  years  before  "  a  man 
of  brains  and  energy,  without  money,"  had  appeared 
in  Cleveland  and  started  a  small  refinery.  He  as- 
sociated others  with  him,  and  prosecuted  his  busi- 
ness with  such  marked  success  that  when  disaster 
overtook  others  he  was  in  a  position  to  profit  by  it. 
His  prosperity  was  in  the  ratio  of  the  bankruptcy, 
the  ruin  of  competition.  The  public  agitation  was 
great.  Investigations  by  State  legislatures  and  by 
Congress  followed,  only  to  be  suppressed  by  some  in- 
visible power.  But  it  was  revealed  to  the  people  that 
"  They,  and  the  production,  refining,  and  transporta- 
tion of  their  oil,  had  been  made  the  subject  of  a  secret 
'  contract '  between  certain  citizens.  The  high  contract- 
ing parties  to  this  treaty  for  the  disposal  of  an  industrial 
province  were,  on  one  side,  all  the  great  railroad  com- 
panies, without  whose  services  the  oil,  crude  or  refined, 
could  not  be  moved  to  refineries,  markets,  or  ports  of 
shipment  on  river,  lake,  or  ocean.  On  the  other  side 
was  a  body  of  thirteen  men,  '  not  one  of  whom  lived  in 
the  oil  regions,  or  was  an  owner  of  oil  wells  or  oil  lands,' 
who  had  associated  themselves  for  the  control  of  the 
oil  business  under  the  winning  name  of  the  South  Im- 
provement Company." 

Ten  of  these  thirteen  proprietors  of  the  South 
Improvement  Company  were  members  of  the  oil 
trust,  known  and  feared  the  world  over.  With  them 
the  railroads  had  contracted  to  increase  the  freight 
rates  on  oil  so  as  to  destroy  their  competition ;  to 
give  them  the  advance  collected  from  these  compet- 
itors, and  to  rebate  to  them  on  their  own  business 
all  above  the  old  rates.  Thus  the  company  of  thir- 
teen, and  not  the  railroad  companies,  was  to  get  the 
benefit  of  the  additional  charge  made  to  the  people. 
This  was  estimated  to  amount  to  eighteen  thousand 
dollars  a  day  in  the  year  the  contract  was  made. 

Having  succeeded  in  effecting  this  powerful  com- 
bination, the  trust  proceeded  to  the  conquest  of  the 
world.  This  was  not  accomplished  in  a  season.  To 
absorb  the  properties  of  competition  on  their  own 
terms  was  the  first  step,  the  ingenuity  and  boldness 
of  which  mark  the  master-mind  in  control.  When 
the  competitors  were  convinced  that  they  were  shut 
out  from  their  markets, — that  they  could  not  afford  to 
pay  the  double  rates  the  transportation  companies 
prescribed,  and  that  even  if  they  could  cars  would 
be  denied  them, — they  were  in  a  frame  of  mind  to 
accept  the  terms  the  enemy  offered.  The  capacity 
of  their  refineries  was  reduced  one-half,  which  en- 
abled the  trust  to  advance  the  rates  five  hundred 
per  cent  to  the  public,  and  to  pocket  profits  that  in 
five  years  amounted  to  a  fabulous  sum.  Embold- 
ened by  this  success,  the  next  step  was  the  absorp- 
tion of  the  independent  refineries.  The  sales  which 
were  forced  were  kept  secret,  and  the  victimized 
proprietors  became  the  salaried  employees  of  the 
trust. 

In  a  city  not  a  hundred  miles  from  Cincinnati, 
two  brothers  had  inherited  a  business  of  forty  thou- 


sand dollars  a  year,  which  had  been  built  up  by  the 
energy  and  ability  of  their  father.  They  were  happy 
and  contented  in  their  business  associations,  and 
were  esteemed  as  among  the  most  useful  and  solid 
members  of  the  community.  In  time  they  were 
invited  by  an  agent  of  the  trust  to  sell  their  busi- 
ness. "  We  do  not  want  to  sell,"  they  replied. 
"  Then  we  shall  have  to  compel  you  to,"  was  the 
parting  warning.  Through  the  aid  given  by  the 
railroad  companies,  the  trust  obtained  the  names  of 
their  customers,  to  whom  goods  were  offered  at 
rates  they  could  not  meet.  When  their  business 
was  taken  away,  the  trust  succeeded  in  buying  their 
property  at  a  nominal  valuation,  and  in  securing  the 
services  of  the  unfortunate  brothers  as  employees. 

In  Cleveland  a  widow  was  conducting  a  business 
left  by  her  husband,  at  a  profit  of  $25,000  a  year. 
She  refused  an  invitation  to  sell,  and  was  warned 
that  if  she  did  not  sell  she  would  be  ruined.  Then 
in  time  the  head  of  the  trust  called  on  her.  The 
result  of  this  visit  was  afterwards  revealed  in  court. 
The  widow  told  the  great  man  that  she  realized  that 
her  company  was  entirely  in  his  power. 

"  'All  I  can  do  is  to  appeal  to  your  honor  as  a  gentle- 
man, and  to  your  sympathy,  to  do  the  best  with  me  that 
you  can.  I  beg  of  you  to  consider  your  wife  in  my  po- 
sition, left  with  this  business  and  with  fatherless  chil- 
dren, and  with  a  large  indebtedness  that  my  husband 
had  just  contracted  for  the  first  time  in  his  life.  I  felt 
that  I  could  not  do  without  the  income  arising  from 
this  business,  and  I  have  taken  it  up  and  gone  on,  and 
been  successful  in  the  hardest  year  since  my  husband 
commenced.'  He  promised,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  that 
be  would  stand  by  her.  '  He  agreed  that  I  might  retain 
whatever  amount  of  stock  I  desired.  He  seemed  to 
want  only  the  control.  I  thought  his  feelings  were  such 
that  I  could  trust  him,  and  that  he  would  deal  honor- 
ably by  me.' " 

She  appraised  her  property  at  $200,000,  and  the 
directory  of  her  company  approved  the  sale  at  that 
figure.  But  the  sale  was  made  without  her  volition, 
at  $71,000  ;  and  she  was  required  to  sign  a  bond 
not  to  go  into  the  refining  business  for  ten  years. 
This  was  caring  for  the  widow  and  the  fatherless 
in  a  manner  worthy  a  robber  baron  of  other  days. 

These  cases  illustrate  the  method  usually  pursued 
to  obtain  possession  of  the  refining  business.  But 
when  this  failed,  property  was  destroyed  and  life 
placed  in  jeopardy.  The  end  justified  the  means, 
in  the  opinion  of  these  gamblers  for  wealth. 

There  has  not  been  wanting  resistance  on  the 
part  of  the  people  interested  in  the  oil  fields ;  and 
enterprising  competition  has  appeared  again  and 
again.  Shut  out  from  railroad  transportation, 
American  ingenuity  suggested  a  pipe  line  reaching 
to  a  lower  level ;  then  invented  a  power  pump  to 
force  the  crude  oil  to  any  level ;  and  finally  dis- 
covered that  refined  oil  could  be  forced  through  a 
tube  for  hundreds  of  miles  without  loss  of  quality. 
But  every  improvement  was  resisted  by  the  great 
combination.  At  one  point  in  Northern  Pennsyl- 
vania an  armed  force  and  a  Gatling  gun  checked 


232 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


the  construction  of  a  pipe  line.  The  aid  of  courts, 
and  aggravating  suits,  were  means  employed  to 
harass  and  break  down  opposition.  When  at  last 
the  independents  succeeded  in  getting  their  oil  to 
the  seaboard,  the  shipping  docks  of  the  several 
trunk  lines  were  found  to  be  in  possession  of  the 
trust.  At  one  time  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad 
Company  broke  up  the  combination  and  went  into 
opposition.  Backed  by  the  other  trunk  lines,  the 
trust  waged  the  war  with  such  vigor  as  to  bring  the 
Pennsylvania  Company  to  terms  and  compel  it  to 
enter  into  a  new  contract  in  1885  — "  a  contract  so 
vicious  and  illegal,"  said  the  counsel  of  the  inde- 
pendent refiners  before  the  Interstate  Commerce 
Commission,  "  that  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  re- 
fuses to  bring  it  into  court  for  fear  a  disclosure  of 
its  terms  might  subject  it  to  a  criminal  prosecution." 

Thus  the  oil  sea  of  the  American  continent  has 
produced  its  octopus  as  well  as  the  salt  sea,  but  of 
a  size  commensurate  with  the  magnitude  of  its  prey, 
its  all-powerful  arms  furnished  with  a  thousand 
times  960  pairs  of  suckers.  But  we  may  not  dwell 
on  this  absorbing  phase  of  our  subject. 

The  history  of  the  oil  trust  illustrates,  says  our 
author, 

"  Nearly  every  phase  of  the  story  of  our  great  mo  - 
nopoly  :  dearness  instead  of  cheapness  ;  willingness  of 
the  managers  of  transportation  to  deny  transportation 
to  whole  trades  and  sections  ;  administration  of  great 
railroad  properties  in  direct  opposition  to  the  interests 
of  the  owners  —  to  their  great  loss  —  for  the  benefit  of 
favorites  of  the  officials;  great  wealth  thereby  procured 
by  destruction,  as  if  by  physical  force,  of  wealth  of  oth- 
ers, not  at  all  by  creation  of  new  wealth  to  be  added  to 
the  general  store  ;  impossibility  of  survival  in  modern 
business  of  men  who  are  merely  honest,  hard-working, 
competent,  even  though  they  have  skill,  capital  and  cus- 
tomers ;  subjection  of  the  majority  of  citizens  and  dol- 
lars to  a  small  minority  in  numbers  and  riches  ;  subser- 
vience of  rulers  of  the  people  to  a  faction  ;  last,  and 
most  disheartening,  the  impotence  of  the  special  tribu- 
nal [Interstate  Commerce  Commission]  created  to  en- 
force the  rights  of  the  people  on  their  highways.  .  .  . 

"  The  smokeless  rebate  makes  the  secret  of  success 
in  business  to  be,  not  manufacture,  but  manufracture — 
breaking  down  with  a  strong  hand  the  true  makers  of 
things.  To  those  who  can  get  the  rebate,  it  makes  no 
difference  who  does  the  digging,  building,  mining,  mak- 
ing, producing  the  million  forms  of  the  wealth  they 
covet  for  themselves.  They  need  only  get  control  of 
the  roads.  All  that  they  want  of  the  wealth  of  others 
can  be  switched  off  the  highways  into  their  hands. 

"  From  using  railroad  power  to  give  better  rates  to 
the  larger  man,  it  was  an  easy  step  to  using  it  to  make 
a  favorite  first  a  larger  man,  then  the  largest  man,  and 
finally  the  only  man  in  the  business.  In  meat  and  cat- 
tle we  see  men  rising  from  poverty  to  great  wealth. 
From  being  competitors,  like  other  men,  in  the  scram- 
ble, they  get  into  the  comfortable  seat  of  control  of  the 
prices  at  which  the  farmer  must  sell  cattle,  and  at  which 
the  people  must  buy  meat.  Many  other  men  had  thrift, 
sobriety,  industry,  but  only  these  had  the  rebate,  and 
so  only  these  are  the  '  fittest  in  the  struggle  for  exist- 
ence.' " 

Our  author  observes  that  in  the  United  States 


the  processes  of  business  feudalization  are  moving 
more  rapidly  to  the  end  than  in  any  other  country. 
The  middle  classes,  the  keepers  of  small  retail  stores, 
small  manufacturers,  are  being  crowded  out,  and  a 
few  men  in  each  trade  are  rising  to  supreme  wealth. 
The  independence  of  the  old  order  is  rapidly  giving 
way  to  dependence  on  the  power  of  wealth,  before 
which  skill,  ability,  industry,  with  limited  means, 
stand  helpless.  The  success  of  the  men  who  have 
formed  the  great  trusts  is  tempting  the  ambitious 
in  other  lines  of  trade  to  bring  about  combinations 
that  shall  concentrate  power  in  a  few  hands.  An 
examination  of  prices  of  fourteen  staple  products 
during  the  depression  of  1893  shows  that  granu- 
lated sugar,  petroleum,  steel  rails,  and  anthracite 
coal — all  controlled  by  strong  trusts — declined  not 
quite  ten  per  cent,  whereas  the  prices  of  the  other  ten 
staple  products,  subject  to  the  natural  laws  of  trade, 
declined  twenty-four  per  cent.  As  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction can  be  lowered  faster  in  factory  than  in 
farm  products,  it  is  clear  that  the  natural  order  is 
reversed  under  the  influence  of  trusts.  Where  does 
this  tend?  When  we  shall  have  further  extended 
this  policy  of  concentration,  what  will  be  the  status 
of  the  American  people  ?  The  shred  of  republican 
government  remaining  will  not  be  worth  preserving. 
Already  the  courts  and  executive  departments  are 
laughed  to  scorn.  The  law  for  the  protection  of 
the  people  is  dead.  As,  in  the  days  of  the  old  East 
India  Company,  the  sign-manual  of  the  manager, 
Mr.  Child,  was  held  in  greater  favor  in  Bombay  or 
Calcutta  than  an  act  of  Parliament,  so  in  the  model 
Republic  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century,  the 
expressed  wish  of  our  monopoly  is  the  law. 

Independent  America  was  the  first  great  protest 
of  a  united  people  against  monopoly.  In  the  early 
days  of  the  mother  country  no  market  could  be 
opened  without  authority  of  the  King,  and  no 
ship  could  unload  in  any  bay  or  estuary  which  he 
had  not  declared  to  be  a  port.  This  principle,  ex- 
tended to  commerce,  made  the  industries  of  the 
American  Colonies  dependent  wholly  on  the  kingly 
will  expressed  through  the  British  Board  of  Trade. 
We  rebelled,  and  set  human  industry  and  commerce 
free.  The  individual  secured  liberty  for  develop- 
ment. America  became  great ;  her  people  intelli- 
gent and  happy.  But  these  very  conditions  have 
invited  an  enemy  to  enter  and  set  up  a  tyranny. 
Our  highways,  our  seaports,  are  subject  to  his  will. 
Thus  we  have  returned  to  subjection  without  the 
saving  grace  of  obedience  to  lawful  authority.  The 
sacrifices  of  revolution  and  of  civil  war  to  extirpate 
a  slave  oligarchy  had  better  have  been  spared,  if 
we  are  to  fail  in  self-government  at  last.  But  we 
shall  not  fail.  The  outlook  is  dark,  but  we  shall 
find  the  narrow  path  of  duty  leading  to  the  true, 
the  imperishable  light,  and,  as  a  people,  be  endowed 
with  the  courage  to  follow  it. 

Many  questions  are  suggested  by  Mr.  Lloyd's 
story  of  the  trusts,  which  cannot  be  considered  in 
limited  space.  The  great  danger  at  present  con- 
fronting us  is  the  tendency  to  extreme  measures  of 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


233 


redress.  If,  in  dealing  with  the  railroad  question, 
we  are  governed  by  the  broad  spirit  pervading 
the  great  opinion  of  Mr.  Justice  Harlan,  recently 
delivered,  we  shall  find  out  what  is  just  for  all 
parties.  It  is  certain  that  if  the  managers  of  the 
railroads  of  the  country  have  made  great  mis- 
takes, as  they  surely  have,  the  investors  in  railroad 
securities  have  already  suffered  to  an  extent  that 
entitles  them  to  special  consideration.  Upon  high 
authority  it  is  shown  that  during  the  past  decade 
74,348  miles  of  railway  operated  by  311  independ- 
ent corporations,  and  capitalized  at  $3,853,371,000, 
passed  from  the  control  of  stockholders  into  that  of 
receivers  appointed  by  the  courts  on  account  of  in- 
sufficient revenue  to  meet  the  expenses  of  operation, 
taxes,  and  interest.  In  1871  the  dividends  paid 
averaged  $1,265  per  mile  of  line ;  in  1882  the  av- 
erage was  $952  ;  in  1893  only  $572.* 

Let  it  not  be  said  that  we  are  incapable  of  ad- 
justing the  railroad  complications  confronting  labor 
and  capital,  on  an  equitable  basis.  We  are  at  the 
threshold  of  a  settlement.  And  these  once  ad- 
justed, we  shall  have  leisure  for  dealing  with  other 
questions  that  seriously  affect  the  political,  social, 
and  moral  well-being  of  the  American  people.  I 
very  much  doubt  whether  we  shall  witness  a  repe- 
tition of  the  humiliating  spectacle  of  the  legislative 
branch  of  government  obeying  the  behests  of  the 
sugar  trust.  The  public  conscience  will  make  itself 
felt.  It  will  be  quickened  and  strengthened  by  read- 
ing the  last  two  chapters  of  Mr.  Lloyd's  book,  which 
deal  with  the  moral  phase  of  the  questions  at  issue. 
"  If  all  will  sacrifice  themselves,  none  need  be  sac- 
rificed. But  if  one  may  sacrifice  another,  all  are 
sacrificed."  That  is  the  spirit.  "  In  industry  we 
have  been  substituting  all  the  mean  passions  that 
can  set  man  against  man  in  place  of  the  irresistible 
power  of  brotherhood.  To  tell  us  of  the  progress- 
ive sway  of  brotherhood  in  all  human  affairs  is  the 
sole  message  of  history."  Our  author  is  optimistic. 
He  believes  that  democracy  is  not  a  lie ;  that  there 
"  live  in  the  body  of  the  commonalty  the  unex- 
hausted virtue  and  the  ever-refreshened  strength 
which  can  rise  equal  to  any  problems  of  progress." 
Happy  shall  we  be  as  a  people  if  we  do  not  mistake 
the  true  road  for  that  which  leads  back  to  barbarism. 
WILLIAM  HENRY  SMITH. 

*"The  Forum"  for  October,  1894,  Art.,  "Can  Railroad 
Rates  Be  Cheapened?" 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


Professor  John  Maccunn's  small  vol- 
ume  "P<>n  "The  Ethics  of  Citizen- 
ship "  (Macmillan)  is  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  books  of  political  philosophy  that  have 
been  published  for  years.  It  deserves  a  place  by 
the  side  of  such  works  as  Mill's  "  Liberty  "  and  Mr. 
John  Morley's  "  Compromise."  This  praise  is  due, 
not  to  anything  startling  or  even  novel  in  the  con- 
tents, but  simply  to  the  ripeness  of  its  thought  and 


the  unfailing  soundness  of  view  displayed.  It  dis- 
cusses such  subjects  as  equality,  fraternity,  natural 
rights,  the  rule  of  the  majority,  political  consistency, 
the  effects  of  democracy  upon  character,  and  the 
economic  and  ethical  aspects  of  luxury.  It  would 
seem  as  if  nothing  new  could  possibly  be  said  upon 
these  subjects,  and,  as  has  already  been  suggested, 
the  weight  of  Professor  Maccunn's  treatment  comes 
from  its  manner  rather  than  from  its  matter.  The 
treatment  is  highly  abstract,  but  the  author  knows 
how  to  clothe  abstractions  with  the  charm  of  a  care- 
fully-considered, dignified,  and  even  noble,  style. 
Particularly  noticeable  is  the  use  that  he  makes  of 
what  is  evidently  a  wide  range  of  reading.  He  does 
not  quote  in  blocks,  as  is  so  often  done,  but  has  a 
positive  genius  for  the  selection  and  use  of  the  tell- 
ing phrase  of  Burke,  or  of  Carlyle,  or  of  Mazzini. 
Nor  are  the  poets  neglected,  a  fact  which  we  may 
illustrate  by  the  extremely  effective  use  of  Burns 
at  the  close  of  a  chapter  on  "  The  Rights  of  Man," 
as  well  as  by  many  another  apposite  bit  from  Words- 
worth, or  Shelley,  or  Arnold.  As  an  example  of 
the  author's  style,  let  us  take  a  passage  from  the 
discussion  of  political  consistency.  After  eloquently 
setting  forth  the  evils  that  flow  from  the  ignorance, 
the  haste,  and  the  self-interest  of  the  politician,  he 
goes  on  as  follows :  "  There  is  no  direct  remedy. 
For  it  is  not  by  wishes  or  resolves,  not  by  warnings 
or  exhortations,  that  men  are  ever  likely  to  be  kept 
consistent.  They  must  learn  to  take  that  longer 
way  round  which  is  the  shortest  way  home.  They 
must  first  do  their  part  to  secure  the  conditions  of 
the  thing  they  covet.  To  Knowledge  they  must  add 
Deliberation,  and  to  Deliberation,  Disinterestedness, 
in  well-grounded  confidence  that,  though  these  great 
elements  of  character  can  only  blend  into  effective 
union  through  time  and  experience,  the  man  who 
has  them  has  at  least  the  stuff  out  of  which  consist- 
ency is  made.  Most  of  all  must  they  learn  from 
earliest  years  to  love  their  country  with  that  deep  and 
settled  affection  which,  above  all  other  influences, 
can  redeem  men's  public  lives  from  the  most  fatal 
forms  of  inconsistency.  If  one  were  asked  what 
was  the  secret  of  the  consistency  of  Mazzini,  it  would 
not  be  enough  to  answer  that  he  had  an  ideal.  It 
would  be  needful  to  add  that  it  was  an  ideal  on 
which  he  had  set  not  only  mind  but  heart,  and  to 
point  out  that,  through  all  defeats,  disillusionments, 
and  disgusts,  his  affections  never  swerved  from  that 
vision  that  upheld  him  of  an  Italy  free,  united,  and 
republican."  The  tone  of  Professor  Maccunn's  book 
is  that  of  the  sobered  optimism  that  comes  to  all 
deeply  reflective  souls,  rather  than  of  the  pessimism 
that  we  find,  for  example,  in  the  late  Mr.  Pearson's 
"  National  Life  and  Character."  He  is  not  despond- 
ent for  democracy,  like  the  late  Sir  Henry  Maine, 
but  hopeful,  like  our  own  Lowell.  Democracy,  in 
our  day,  is  growing  tolerant ;  since  Bentham's  time, 
it  has  gone  to  school.  "  It  has  given  ear  to  the  tales 
of  the  travellers,  and  to  the  researches  of  the  eth- 
nologist, who  have  made  even  the  popular  mind  fa- 
miliar with  customs,  morals,  laws,  which  are  not  its 


234 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


own.  It  has  listened  to  the  student  of  other  coun- 
tries and  other  civilizations,  to  which  perhaps  De- 
mocracy has  never  come.  The  historian  has  told 
his  story  of  men  greater  even  than  modern  reform- 
ers, and  of  events  more  momentous  even  than  re- 
form bills.  The  magic  of  historical  romance  has 
shown  how  lives,  heroic,  gentle,  saintly,  could  be 
lived  under  old  Feudalism  as  well  as  under  new 
Radicalism.  And  the  political  philosopher,  even  the 
political  reformer,  has  ceased  to  wish  to  fashion 
men  and  things  anew.  For  he  has  come  to  see  that 
not  only  for  the  sake  of  the  hoarded  wisdom  of  past 
experience,  but  in  obedience  to  Evolution  and  the 
very  laws  of  life,  the  Radical  who  would  look  for- 
ward to  posterity  must  also,  in  a  deeper  sense  than 
Burke  imagined  when  he  used  the  words,  look  back- 
wards to  his  ancestors." 

The  domestic  side  of  army  life  is 
Domestic  life  drawn  with  unrelenting  realism  in 

MI  the  Army.  •»«•       y\  i-»  -n-      i>       <*i 

Mrs.  Orsemus  Bronson  Boyd  s  "  Cav- 
alry Life  in  Tent  and  Field  "  (Tait  &  Sons).  The 
writer,  an  officer's  wife,  started  for  the  Far  West 
to  join  her  husband  in  1867  ;  and  from  that  time 
to  1885,  when  she  was  left  a  widow,  the  breaks  in 
the  monotony  of  her  career  as  an  "  army  lady  " 
seem  to  have  been  about  on  a  par  with  Mrs.  Prim- 
rose's migrations  from  the  blue  bed  to  the  brown. 
Military  life,  in  the  piping  times  of  peace,  is  a  poor 
one  at  best ;  and  Mrs.  Boyd  does  not  idealize  it. 
Not  that  her  book  is  a  dull  one.  A  faithful  trans- 
cript of  personal  experiences,  it  is  to  our  thinking 
much  more  interesting,  and  certainly  more  edifying, 
than  the  familiar  brass-button  novel,  with  its  wire- 
drawn expansions  of  garrison  gossip  and  flirtation, 
and  its  sentimentalized  view  of  garrison  life.  To 
the  delusions  bred  of  these  airy  productions,  Mrs. 
Boyd  furnishes  a  wholesome  corrective.  Take,  for 
instance,  the  picture  of  her  first  "  home "  in  the 
West — a  cheerful  abode,  "  formed  of  two  wall  tents 
pitched  together  so  the  inner  one  could  be  used  as 
a  sleeping  and  the  outer  as  a  sitting  room.  A  cal- 
ico curtain  divided  them,  and  a  carpet  made  of  bar- 
ley sacks  covered  the  floor.  The  wall  tents  were 
only  eight  feet  square,  and  when  windowless  and 
doorless,  except  for  one  entrance,  as  were  those,  they 
seemed  from  the  inside  much  like  a  prison."  Such 
was  Mrs.  Boyd's  home  for  the  first  year  of  her  mar- 
ried life.  Love,  of  course,  laughs  at  more  danger- 
ous foes  than  locksmiths ;  but  one  fancies  that  a 
year  in  a  wall  tent  would  put  him  to  a  rather  se- 
rious test.  Some  of  Mrs.  Boyd's  experiences  are 
amusing  enough,  notably  those  with  her  soldier 
cooks.  One  of  these  worthies  (evidently  a  "  pam- 
pered menial,"  as  the  old  verse  has  it)  used  to 
strongly  object  to  "  cooking  for  company."  On  one 
occasion,  when  in  his  cups,  he  distinguished  himself 
and  extinguished  his  mistress  "  by  reeling  in  before 
a  whole  party  of  friends  who  were  awaiting  lunch- 
eon, and  declaring  that  he  was  no  slave,  nor  had  he 
engaged  himself  as  a  hotel  cook."  "His  freedom 
of  manner,"  adds  the  good-natured  narrator,  "  was 


so  natural  among  frontier  people,  that  everyone 
laughed,  and  all  sallied  out  in  the  dining  room, 
where  we  passed  around  bowls  of  bread  and  milk." 
This  frontier  "  freedom  of  manner,"  by-the-bye,  was 
early  brought  to  Mrs.  Boyd's  notice  at  Ruby,  a 
halting-place  on  the  first  journey  overland  to  Ne- 
vada, where  she  overheard  a  station-lounger  ask 
her  husband,  with  a  show  of  polite  interest,  "  How 
did  the  old  woman  stand  the  trip  ?  " — the  "  old  wo- 
man "  being  then  a  bride  of  a  few  months'  standing. 
The  book  is  readable  and  informing,  in  its  way,  and 
it  contains  a  portrait  of  Captain  Boyd,  with  some 
account  of  his  career  and  character. 

A  surprising  Miss  Mildred  Rutherford  has  com- 

coiiection  of  piled  a  work  upon  "  American  Au- 

American authors.  thors "  (Atlanta:  The  Author), 
which  we  have  examined  with  considerable  interest, 
not  unmixed  with  amusement.  It  includes  writers 
known  and  unknown  to  fame,  in  about  equal  pro- 
portions. That  it  might  have  included  still  more 
of  the  latter  class  is  hinted  at  in  a  prefatory  note 
which  informs  us  that  "  in  the  South  alone  there 
are  over  3500  writers."  We  are  spared  many  of 
these,  and  might  have  been  spared  more,  —  Mrs. 
Lollie  Belle  Wylie,  for  instance,  some  of  whose 
poems,  we  are  informed,  "are  quite  striking."  Even 
the  "  Sweet  Rose  of  Florida,"  who  gets  five  pages 
of  this  book,  is,  we  blush  to  confess  it,  unknown  to 
us.  The  quality  of  Miss  Rutherford's  work  may 
best  be  shown  by  a  few  brief  extracts.  Of  George 
Ripley  we  are  told  that  "  he  possessed  valuable 
books  in  German  and  French."  Walt  Whitman 
"  can  never  reach  the  refined  circle  of  humanity." 
'Cos  why  ?  "  He  appeals  to  the  worst  part  of  our 
nature,  not  the  best."  F.  S.  Saltus  "had  no  rev- 
erence for  the  Bible,  and  often  gave  strange  ver- 
sions of  the  records  there."  As  for  Colonel  Inger- 
soll,  we  suppose  that  he  must  be  beyond  hope;  for 
does  not  this  writer,  after  relating  some  choice  an- 
ecdotes of  obviously  journalistic  origin,  piously  ex- 
claim :  "  Alas  !  morality  cannot  save  !  "  After  this, 
we  are  not  surprised  to  read  that  "  Ben  Hur  "  is 
"  truly  a  great  book,"  and  that  the  productions  of 
the  late  E.  P.  Roe  "  are  safe  books  to  place  in  the 
hands  of  our  young  people."  Apropos  of  the  latter 
ingenious  writer,  this  remark  is  made  :  "  Matthew 
Arnold's  unjust  criticism  of  Roe  may  have  been 
caused  from  mistaking  another  Roe's  works  for  his." 
According  to  the  best  of  our  recollection,  Mr.  Ar- 
nold simply  said  that  the  inhabitants  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley  were  reported  to  derive  a  large  share 
of  their  intellectual  sustenance  from  the  writings 
of  a  native  author  called  Roe.  But  this  was  an 
"  unjust  criticism  "  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  not  of 
Roe.  A  description  of  one  of  the  productions  of 
Mrs.  Amelie  Rives  Chanler  tells  us  that  the  book 
"  is  filled  with  passion,  deep  intrigue,  wild  jealousy, 
hatred,  murder,  and  terrible  revenge."  After  this, 
it  is  somewhat  tame  to  come  upon  so  simple  a  state- 
ment as  that  the  conversations  of  Mr.  Howells  "  while 
flippant  are  natural."  The  book  may  be  described, 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


235 


on  the  whole,  as  an  uncritical  hodge-podge,  sea- 
soned with  mythical  anecdotes,  of  which  an  excel- 
lent example  is  the  yarn  about  Professor  Boyesen 
and  the  lady  who  became  his  wife.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  the  story  is  a  baseless  fabrication,  prob- 
ably due  to  the  imagination  of  some  newspaper 
writer  hard-pressed  for  "  copy." 


University 
Extension 
addresses. 


University  Extension  has  been  made 
the  target  of  many  jibes  and  shafts 
of  more  or  less  ill-tempered  criticism 
from  those  who  judge  all  educational  movements 
from  the  standpoint  of  a  narrow  scholasticism,  and 
who  condemn  the  Extension  movement  because  it 
modestly  helps  within  its  own  sphere  and  does  not 
attempt  the  impracticable.  But  in  spite  of  the  hu- 
morous pictures  of  blacksmiths  wrestling  with  the 
intricacies  of  Browning's  poetry,  and  the  pathetic  de- 
scriptions of  housemaids  perplexed  by  the  choruses 
of  Greek  tragedy,  the  movement  has  gone  on  its 
way,  has  reached  the  respectable  age  of  twenty-one, 
and  is  now  more  firmly  than  ever  before  fixed  in  the 
educational  machinery  of  England  and  the  United 
States.  How  seriously  it  has  been  taken  in  England, 
at  least,  is  made  sufficiently  clear  by  the  names  of 
the  men  who  have  identified  themselves  with  it  to 
the  extent  of  addressing  the  students  of  the  London 
Society  at  the  annual  meetings  of  that  body.  These 
meetings  were  started  in  1886  with  an  address  by 
Mr.  G.  J.  Goschen,  and  the  speakers  for  the  sub- 
sequent years  have  been  Mr.  John  Morley,  Sir 
James  Paget,  Professor  Max  Miiller,  the  Duke  of 
Argyll,  the  Bishop  of  Durham,  Canon  Browne,  Pro- 
fessor Jebb,  and  Lord  Playfair.  Although  the  ad- 
dresses of  some  of  these  men  have  already  seen  the 
light  elsewhere,  it  was  an  excellent  idea  to  collect 
the  nine  in  a  single  volume,  as  has  now  been  done, 
the  volume  being  appropriately  entitled  "  Aspects  of 
Modern  Study"  (Macmillan).  That  all  of  the  men 
thus  represented  are  convinced  of  the  value  of  Ex- 
tension work  is  sufficiently  evident  from  the  tenor 
of  their  utterances.  Aside  from  their  special  bear- 
ings, these  nine  essays  constitute  a  volume  of  edu- 
cational discussion  of  the  most  suggestive  sort,  and 
deserve  to  be  widely  read.  Where  all  are  good,  it 
is  invidious  to  single  out  a  few  for  special  praise, 
but  we  may  perhaps  be  permitted  to  call  particular 
attention  to  Mr.  Morley 's  address  on  "The  Study 
of  Literature,"  and  to  Professor  Jebb's  beautiful 
study  of  "The  Influence  of  the  Greek  Mind  on 
Modern  Life." 


Outlines  of 

American 

Literature. 


Mr.  Seldon  L.  Whitcomb's  "  Chrono- 
logical Outlines  of  American  Liter- 
ature (Macmillan)  is  a  companion 
volume  to  Mr.  Frederick  Ryland's  similar  treat- 
ment of  English  literature  on  the  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  To  the  usefulness  of  that  work,  published 
in  1890,  we  can  testify  from  much  experience,  and 
it  is  with  great  satisfaction  that  we  place  Mr.  Whit- 
comb's  compilation  by  the  side  of  the  other  upon 
the  shelf.  The  same  general  plan  is  followed :  the 


parallel  columns  being  headed  as  in  Mr.  Ryland's 
book,  excepting  that  we  have  here  a  new  column  of 
"  British  Literature  "  (which  was  of  course  neces- 
sary), and  that  the  annotations  are  given  by  Mr. 
Whitcomb  at  the  foot  of  the  page.  It  goes  without 
saying,  also,  that  the  treatment  is  much  fuller  in 
the  present  case,  which  none  will  esteem  a  fault, 
although  the  wish  may  emerge  that  Mr.  Ryland's 
book  might  be  extended  to  relatively  comparable 
dimensions.  The  column  headed  "  Foreign  Liter- 
ature "  is  also  much  elaborated,  and  the  historical 
column  strengthened.  We  may  add  that  —  a  most 
important  feature,  although  not  a  new  one  —  the 
beginnings  of  the  most  important  American  period- 
icals are  chronicled  under  their  respective  dates. 
The  first  entry  is  John  Smith's  "True  Relation" 
(1608);  the  last  is  "The  Standard  Dictionary" 
(1894).  The  entries  up  to  1640  ("The  Bay  Psalm 
Book  ")  are,  of  course,  of  books  printed  in  England. 
The  following  list  of  the  veterans  among  our  living 
writers  has  been  gleaned  from  the  index  of  "Au- 
thors and  Their  Works,"  and  is  not  without  inter- 
est. The  venerable  Judge  Gayarre*  (1805)  heads 
the  list.  Then  comes  Mr.  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
(1809),  Mrs.  Stowe  (1812),  Mr.  Parke  Godwin 
(1816),  Mr.  William  E.  Channing  (1818),  Mrs. 
Julia  Ward  Howe  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Story  (1819), 
Dr.  E.  E.  Hale  and  Mr.  D.  G.  Mitchell  (1822), 
Colonel  T.  W.  Higginson  (1823),  Mr.  C.  G.  Leland 
(1824),  Mr.  R.  H.  Stoddard,  Mr.  Henry  C.  Lea, 
and  Professor  F.  J.  Child  (1825).  These  fourteen 
survive  from  the  first  quarter  of  our  century.  Per 
contra,  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt  (1858)  is  the  latest 
comer  in  the  ranks. 

A  series  of  papers  by  Thomas  A. 
Early  New  Janvier  on  early  New  York  history 

York  history.  J  J 

and  topography,  collected  under  the 
title  of  "In  Old  New  York"  (Harper),  forms  a 
volume  of  much  local  and  fair  general  interest.  Mr. 
Janvier  writes  entertainingly,  and  his  pages  are 
brimful  of  forgotten  fact  and  curious  reminiscence. 
Notably  good  are  the  pictures  of  old  New  Amster- 
dam days,  when  the  placid  Dutchmen,  as  yet  un- 
ruffled by  the  forays  of  their  New  England  neigh- 
bors, smoked  their  pipes  and  contemplated  their 
cabbages  on  the  banks  of  the  odorous  canal  in  Broad 
Street.  Since  Irving,  historians  have  felt  rather 
bound  to  gird  pleasantly  at  these  multi-breeched 
ancestors  of  Gotham's  Brahmins ;  and  Mr.  Janvier 
follows  the  irreverent  rule.  In  point  of  morals, 
New  Yorkers  of  two  hundred  years  ago  would  seem 
—  if  we  are  to  believe  the  Reverend  John  Miller, 
resident  Chaplain  to  the  King's  forces  —  a  pretty 
bad  lot.  The  reverend  gentleman,  after  roundly 
scoring  the  Province  at  large,  berates  the  citizens 
of  New  York  in  particular  as  "  drunkards  and  gam- 
blers," and  adds  :  "  This,  joined  to  their  profane, 
atheistical,  and  scoffing  methods  of  discourse,  makes 
their  company  extremely  uneasy  to  sober  and  relig- 
ious men."  In  the  paper  on  "  Greenwich  Village  "  we 
are  afforded  a  glimpse  of  Thomas  Paine,  who,  about 


236  . 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16y 


A  students1 
Anglo-Saxon 

Dictwnary. 


1809,  lived  in  a  house  in  Herring  street  (now  293 
Bleecker)  where  Mr.  Janvier's  informant  often  saw 
him  at  his  window  :  "  The  sash  was  raised,  and  a 
small  table  or  stand  was  placed  before  him  with  an 
open  book  upon  it  which  he  appeared  to  be  read- 
ing. He  had  his  spectacles  on,  his  left  elbow  rested 
upon  the  table  or  stand,  and  his  chin  rested  between 
the  thumb  and  fingers  of  his  hand  ;  his  right  hand 
lay  upon  his  book,  and  a  decanter  containing  liquor 
of  the  color  of  rum  or  brandy  was  standing  next 
his  book  or  beyond  it."  Touching  the  contents  of 
this  decanter,  it  would  perhaps  be  more  charitable 
to  guess  that  the  ex-staymaker  (who  was  an  admirer 
of  Berkeley)  was  assisting  his  meditations  and  solac- 
ing his  labors  with  tar-water.  We  refer  the  point 
to  Mr.  M.  D.  Conway.  Mr.  Janvier's  book  is  beau- 
tifully illustrated,  and  it  contains  several  useful  maps 
and  charts.  _ 

"  •&•  Concise  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary 
for  the  Use  of  Students  "  (Macmil- 

jan  )  ?  by  Dr  john  R>  Ckrk  Hall  ^  fiUg 

a  vacant  place  and  supplies  a  real  need.  The  old 
Bosworth  is  badly  out  of  date,  and  the  new  Bos- 
worth  is  still  far  from  completion.  Dr.  Hall's  work 
consequently  provides  the  student  with  just  what  he 
wants  pending  the  complete  revision  of  Bosworth, 
and  will,  indeed,  provide  most  students  with  as  full 
a  dictionary  as  they  will  need  at  all.  The  original 
plan  of  the  author  was  "  to  collect  into  one  volume 
the  information  contained  in  the  numerous  glos- 
saries to  Anglo-Saxon  text-books,  readers,  etc.,  which 
have  appeared  in  England,  America,  and  Germany 
within  the  last  fifteen  years  or  so  —  such  books,  for 
instance,  as  Sweet's  Reader,  Harrison  and  Sharp's 
Beowulf,  and  Kluge's  Lesebuch."  But  as  the  work 
progressed,  the  original  plan  suffered  several  ex- 
pansions, and  now  includes  the  Wright-  Wtilker  Vo- 
cabularies, Harrison  and  Baskerville's  translation  of 
Grosschopp,  Leo's  Angelsachsisches  Glossar,  a  con- 
cordance to  the  MSS.  of  Alfred  prepared  by  the 
author  for  separate  publication,  the  new  Bosworth 
as  far  as  published,  and  a  number  of  unglossaried 
texts.  Among  matters  of  detail  we  note  the  strictly 
alphabetical  arrangement,  the  reduction  of  spelling 
to  the  Early  West  Saxon  standard  (provided  the 
forms  actually  occur),  the  use  of  the  macron  as  the 
only  diacritical  mark,  the  reference  of  many  words 
to  the  MSS.  in  which  they  occur,  the  grammatical 
references  to  Sweet's  Reader  and  to  Cook's  Sievers, 
and  the  large  number  of  cross-references.  The  work 
is  a  square  octavo  of  369  three-columned  pages. 

Pasquier's  third  volume  of  Memoirs 
(  Scribner),  opening  with  the  first 
Bourbon  restoration  and  closing  with 
the  earlier  events  of  the  second,  will  prove  of  ab- 
sorbing interest  to  serious  readers.  The  story  of 
the  Hundred  Days  is  luminously  treated,  chiefly 
from  the  political  standpoint  ;  and  the  book  through- 
out is  rich  in  incidents  that  fell  under  Pasquier's 
immediate  notice.  Commenting  on  Waterloo,  he 
describes  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  marshals  over 


More  of 

Pasquier^s 

Memoirs. 


Grouchy's  appointment,  at  the  previous  council  at 
Charleroi,  to  the  very  important  command  of  the 
army  corps  constituting  the  right  flank.  After  the 
council,  it  seems,  Soult,  as  spokesman  for  his  col- 
leagues, returned,  and  informed  the  Emperor  that 
the  marshals  considered  it  their  duty  to  say  that 
they  believed  Grouchy  had  received  a  command 
altogether  disproportionate  to  his  talents.  Capable 
of  executing  in  the  field,  with  brilliancy  and  effect, 
orders  immediately  given  him,  he  was  incapable  of 
an  initiative,  and  lacked  the  perspicacity  needed  ta 
modify  orders  in  obedience  to  new  and  unforeseen 
conditions.  Grouchy,  in  short,  was  a  serviceable 
tool  —  but  only  a  tool.  Napoleon,  continues  Pas- 
quier,  strode  up  and  down  for  a  few  moments,  as 
was  his  custom,  without  answering,  and  then  said: 
"You  are  right,  sir;  Marshal  Grouchy  is  not  en- 
dowed with  any  great  ability  ;  but  what  am  I  ta 
do?  I  have  just  given  him  his  baton,  and  I  can- 
not refuse  him  a  command.  Moreover,  I  have 
placed  by  his  side  two  of  the  army's  best  lieutenant- 
generals;  they  will  guide  him,  and,  besides,  I  will 
constantly  have  my  eye  on  him."  "After  this,  Sire, 
our  responsibility  ceases,"  said  Soult,  as  he  with- 
drew. Whether  or  no  the  loss  of  the  battle  of 
Waterloo  is  rightly  laid  at  Grouchy's  door,  is  a 
question ;  but  it  is  certain  his  appointment  was  a 
disastrous  one.  All  in  all,  the  Pasquier  Memoirs 
may  be  regarded  as  the  weightiest  and  most  critical 
of  recent  contributions  to  Napoleonic  history. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


From  the  special  publication  department  of  Messrs. 
Ginn  &  Co.  we  have  received  an  edition  of  the  Tacitean 
"  Dialogus  de  Oratoribus,"  prepared  by  Mr.  Alfred 
Gudeman  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  This  edi- 
tion, including,  as  the  title-page  adds,  "  prolegomena, 
critical  apparatus,  exegetical  and  critical  notes,  bibli- 
ography, and  indexes,"  is  upon  a  scale  that  may  fairly 
be  termed  monumental,  for  the  fifty  slight  pages  of  the 
Latin  text  are  imbedded  in  over  five  hundred  pages  of 
erudite  comment.  This  is  indeed  the  thoroughness  which 
we  are  accustomed  to  style  Germanic.  It  represents 
over  five  years  of  steady  work  on  the  part  of  the  editor. 
The  same  publishers  send  us  a  college  edition  of  the 
"  Dialogus,"  edited  for  their  "  Series  of  Latin  Authors  " 
by  Mr.  Charles  E.  Bennett,  and  based  in  part  upon  the 
manuscript  notes  of  the  late  Lucius  Heritage. 

First  among  the  new  German  text-books  upon  our 
table  must  be  named  Dr.  Sylvester  Primer's  very  at- 
tractive and  complete  edition  of  "  Nathan  der  Weise  " 
(Heath).  Introduction,  notes,  and  bibliography  are  all 
good.  For  younger  students,  Professor  Charles  F.  Brusie 
has  edited  three  of  Theodor  Storm's  charming  "  Ges- 
chichten  aus  der  Tonne."  Still  younger  students  are 
aimed  at  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Morich,  who  edits  a  tale  entitled 
"  Fritz  auf  dem  Lande  "  (Maynard),  by  Herr  Hans  Ar- 
nold, unknown,  we  should  say,  to  any  extended  fame. 

It  is  not  often  that  a  new  writer  finds  himself,  after 
not  more  than  four  or  five  years  of  vogue,  put  among 
the  classics,  but  some  such  fate  has  now  befallen  Dr. 
A.  Conan  Doyle,  in  the  selection  of  his  "  Micah  Clarke  " 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


237 


for  use  as  a  school  reading-book  (Longmans).  The  text 
is  of  course  much  condensed,  and  the  chapters  are  pro- 
vided with  explanatory  vocabularies.  After  all,  school- 
children often  have  put  before  them  matter  of  far  less 
value,  to  say  nothing  of  interest.  In  this  connection  we 
note  the  publication  (Harper)  of  a  handsome  library 
edition,  with  good  illustrations  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Bardwell, 
of  this  really  great  novel  of  Monmouth  and  his  Rebellion. 

The  maximum  condensation  not  incompatible  with 
interest  and  readability  seems  to  be  the  aim  of  the  "  Co- 
lumbian Knowledge  "  series  (Roberts),  edited  by  Pro- 
fessor David  P.  Todd.  We  have  had  occasion  to  praise 
highly  Mr.  Fletcher's  "  Public  Libraries  in  America," 
written  for  this  series,  and  similar  praise  is  deserved  by 
Mrs.  Mabel  Loomis  Todd's  "  Total  Eclipses  of  the  Sun." 
The  amount  of  accurate  information  collected  within 
the  covers  of  this  little  volume  is  very  great,  and  the 
setting-forth  thereof,  with  the  aid  of  maps,  diagrams, 
and  cuts,  leaves  little  to  be  desired.  Mrs.  Todd  has 
chosen  for  her  subject  one  of  the  most  fascinating  chap- 
ters of  astronomical  science,  and  even  the  specialist  in 
eclipses,  unless  his  reading  is  close  up  to  date,  may  find 
matters  of  interest  in  this  excellent  little  treatise. 

Some  time  ago  we  noted  the  appearance  of  the  first 
volume  of  "  A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Physics  and  Ap- 
plied Electricity "  (Macmillan),  edited  by  Professor 
Edward  L.  Nichols.  The  second  and  final  volume, 
containing  "  Senior  Courses  and  Outlines  of  Advanced 
Work,"  is  now  at  hand.  In  the  preparation  of  this  vol- 
ume the  editor  has  had  the  collaboration  of  Messrs.  G. 
S.  Moler,  F.  Bedell,  H.  J.  Hotchkiss,  and  C.  P.  Mat- 
thews. The  electrical  courses  given  are  in  direct  and 
alternating  current  work,  the  others  in  photometry,  heat, 
spectroscopy,  physiological  optics,  and  magnetism.  The 
treatise  is  one  of  the  best  of  its  class  that  we  have  seen. 

The  third  volume  of  Larned's  "  History  for  Ready 
Reference,"  Gree  —  Nibe  (C.  A.  Nichols  Co.,  Spring- 
field, Mass.),  amply  fulfils  the  promise  made  by  the  first 
two  volumes,  reviewed  in  THE  DIAL  for  September  16. 
The  important  papers  are  upon  Greece,  History,  Hun- 
gary, India,  Ireland,  Italy,  Jews,  Law,  Libraries,  Ma- 
hometan Conquest  and  Empire,  Massachusetts,  Medical 
Science,  Mexico,  Money  and  Banking,  Netherlands, 
New  England,  and  New  York.  These  take  up  over  500 
pages  of  the  793  contained  in  the  volume.  The  histor- 
ical sketch  of  Law  was  prepared  by  Austin  Abbott, 
Dean  of  the  New  York  University  Law  School,  but  upon 
the  same  general  plan  as  the  other  papers. 

Recent  text-books  of  the  French  language  are  Mile. 
Rosine  Mell^'s  "  The  Contemporary  French  Writers  " 
(Ginn),  including  selections  which  we  cannot  say  are 
always  happy  for  their  purpose;  a  volume  of  "Extraits 
Ohoisis  des  CEuvres  de  Paul  Bourget "  (Ginn),  author- 
ized by  M.  Bourget,  and  edited  by  Mr.  Alphonse  N.  Van 
Daell;  "  Meletoi  de  Ton  Me"tier"  (Maynard),  a  child's 
story  by  Mile.  L.  Bruneau,  edited  by  Mr.  W.  S.  Lyon; 
and  the  "Preparatory  French  Reader"  (Allyn)  which 
Mr.  George  W.  Rollins  has  just  put  forth.  The  selec- 
tions in  this  volume  range  from  Baron  Marbot  to  La- 
biche,  from  La  Fontaine  to  Gautier.  There  is  a  full 
vocabulary  and  a  table  of  irregular  conjugations. 

A  useful  handbook  for  persons  practically  connected 
with  the  art  of  printing  is  Mr.  W.  J.  Kelly's  short  treat- 
ise on  "  Presswork  "  (The  Inland  Printer  Co.,  Chicago). 
It  is  made  up  of  information  and  directions  on  a  mul- 
titude of  technical  subjects,  such  as  "  making  ready  "  a 
form  on  the  press,  "  overlaying  "  and  "  underlaying," 


the  qualities  and  proper  treatment  of  inks,  etc.  Printers 
of  the  older  school  will  look  in  vain  for  any  but  a  casual 
reference  to  dampened  paper — the  disuse  of  which,  con- 
sequent upon  the  introduction  of  swift  cylinder  presses, 
the  "  old-timers  "  will  probably  never  quite  cease  to  de- 
plore. Their  reverence  for  old  times  and  methods  will, 
however,  find  satisfaction  in  Mr.  Kelly's  admission  that 
after  an  investigation  of  all  the  systems  of  "  make- 
ready  "  of  the  present  time,  he  is  unable  to  discover  a 
single  effective  one  which  is  not  traceable  to  those  used 
in  hand-press  printing.  Even  Mr.  Ruskin  could  not 
ask  a  better  tribute  than  this. 

"  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  "  and  "  Castle  Dangerous  " 
are  the  contents  of  the  volume  which  completes  the 
"  Dryburgh  "  edition  of  the  "  Waverley  Novels  "  (Mac- 
millan) .  The  illustrations  to  this  volume  are  by  Messrs. 
Paul  Hardy  and  Walter  Paget.  One  may  now  have  the 
pleasure  of  contemplating  all  twenty-five  of  these  "  Dry- 
burgh  "  books  in  a  row,  and  few  book-shelves  will  be  as 
well  furnished  as  that  on  which  they  rest.  We  have 
so  frequently  praised  this  edition  of  the  great  romancer, 
as  it  has  come  to  us  in  instalments,  that  anything  we 
might  now  say  would  be  mere  superfluous  repetition.  A 
note  must  be  made,  however,  of  the  general  index  to  the 
set  which  comes  at  the  end  of  this  last  volume. 

That  classic  of  mountaineering,  Mr.  Edward  Whym- 
per's  "  Travels  amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equa- 
tor," reviewed  by  us  at  the  time  of  its  publication  in 
1892,  has  just  been  reissued  by  the  Scribners  at  a 
noticeable  reduction  in  price,  although  the  form  is  sub- 
stantially that  of  the  expensive  first  edition.  From  the 
same  publishers  we  have  a  reissue,  in  a  single  stout  vol- 
ume, with  slightly  reduced  text  and  greatly  reduced 
price,  of  General  A.  W.  Greely's  "  Three  Years  of  Arc- 
tic Service,"  with  its  graphic  and  intensely  interesting 
story  of  the  Lady  Franklin  Bay  Expedition  of  1881-84. 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  October  10,  1894. 

The  death  of  Dr.  Holmes  is  the  event  chiefly  spoken 
of  in  literary  circles  in  New  York.  I  may  be  permitted 
to  recall  here  nay  last  glimpse  of  the  poet  (which  was 
also  my  first).  It  was  at  his  home  on  Beacon  street, 
and  no  earlier  than  the  Spring  of  the  present  year.  I 
had  previously  called  to  see  him  during  the  winter,  with 
proper  credentials,  and  was  informed  that  he  was  "  out," 
not  learning  until  two  or  three  days  after  that  he  was 
seriously  ill  and  in  charge  of  a  nurse.  Of  late  years,  it 
seems,  a  system  had  been  perfected  for  concealing  any 
illness,  even  the  slightest,  from  public  knowledge;  for 
no  sooner  would  such  a  rumor  get  abroad  than  all  Bos- 
ton would  flock  to  Beacon  street  to  make  inquiries.  I 
was  received  by  the  Doctor  in  the  well-known  study 
overlooking  the  Back  Bay,  and  we  chatted  of  my  busi- 
ness for  some  ten  minutes.  He  complained  slightly  of 
the  after  effects  of  his  illness,  but  he  was  so  bright  and 
chatty  and  well-looking  that  I  set  him  down  mentally 
for  from  five  to  ten  years  more  of  life  at  least.  What 
seemed  to  worry  him  more  than  anything  else  was  the 
constant  flow  of  letters  which  poured  in  on  him  every 
day;  and  yet  I  could  not  help  fancying  that  he  would 
have  greatly  missed  them  if  they  had  ceased  to  come. 
The  death  of  the  Autocrat  seems  to  have  been  com- 
mented on  in  print  less  than  might  have  been  expected. 
Coining  without  warning,  it  threw  the  daily  papers  en- 


238 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16y 


tirely  upon  obituaries  already  at  hand  in  their  files. 
His  family,  also,  suppressed  all  efforts  to  make  his  fu- 
neral an  affair  of  public  demonstration,  and  it  took 
place  during  a  severe  storm,  with  King's  Chapel  only 
half  filled.  Dr.  Holmes's  last  appearance  in  this  city 
was  at  a  medical  dinner  given  him  here  some  years  ago. 
He  did  not  often  visit  the  metropolis. 

The  death  of  Professor  Vincenzo  Botta,  which  re- 
sulted from  the  effects  of  a  fall  from  his  window,  re- 
moves about  the  last  survivor  of  the  old  New  York  lit- 
erary group.  He  married  Miss  Anne  Lynch  in  1855. 
It  was  at  one  of  Miss  Lynch's  receptions  that  Poe  first 
acknowledged  and  recited  "  The  Raven,"  and  after  her 
marriage  Mrs.  Botta  continued  to  hold  these  receptions 
until  her  death  two  years  ago.  Since  that  event  Pro- 
fessor Botta  has  been  busy  with  Mrs.  Botta's  "  Me- 
moirs," recently  published. 

The  visit  of  the  rector  of  Shakespeare's  church  in 
Stratford-on-Avon  to  this  country,  in  search  of  the  grave 
of  that  Virginia  settler  who  attended  Shakespeare's  fu- 
neral, is  a  matter  of  some  amusement  to  those  who  re- 
member Mr.  Moncure  D.  Conway's  similar  search  some 
years  ago.  Whence  Frederick  Wadsworth  Loring,  or 
the  residents  of  Fredericksburg,  derived  the  legend  on 
which  Loring's  poem  is  based,  I  know  not,  as  the  poem 
appeared  in  "  The  Atlantic  Monthly  "  in  1870,  and  Lor- 
ing was  killed  by  Arizona  Indians  the  following  year. 
The  first  stanza  reads: 

"  In  the  old  churchyard  at  Fredericksburg 

A  gravestone  stands  to-day, 
Marking  the  place  where  a  grave  has  been, 
Though  many  and  many  a  year  has  it  seen 
Since  its  tenant  mouldered  away. 
And  that  quaintly  carved  old  stone 
Tells  its  simple  tale  to  all :  — 
'  Here  lies  a  bearer  of  the  pall 
At  the  funeral  of  Shakespeare.'  " 

It  is  a  fine  poem  throughout,  and  it  led  Mr.  Conway  a 
fine  chase  after  the  aforesaid  tombstone.  He  found  it 
at  last,  I  believe,  and  also  found  that  it  belonged  to 
another  man,  and  that  no  pall-bearer  of  Shakespeare 
could  have  died  at  Fredericksburg  anyhow.  All  this 
was  told  in  a  merry  fashion  by  Mr.  Conway  himself  at 
the  time.  The  "  Springfield  Republican  "  animadverts 
rather  severely  upon  Dr.  Arbuthnot  for  his  "  restora- 
tions "  in  the  Stratford  church,  but  says  that  his  action 
in  suppressing  the  noisy  tourists  who  visit  it  is  com- 
mendable. 

Another  traveller  from  England,  Dr.  A.  Conan  Doyle, 
has  been  the  object  of  a  great  deal  of  attention  from 
New  York  editors  and  publishers.  After  three  or  four 
days  of  entertainment  on  the  part  of  these  friends,  Dr. 
Doyle  and  his  brother  left  for  the  Adirondacks  for  a 
week's  shooting.  He  stood  the  usual  fire  of  questioning 
from  reporters  on  his  arrival,  and  came  off  very  well, 
doubtless  being  prepared  to  meet  this  ordeal.  He  lec- 
tured here  once  before  leaving  for  Chicago. 

Mr.  S.  R.  Crockett's  new  book,  "  The  Lilac  Sunbon- 
net,"  which  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  are  about  to 
publish,  is  said  to  be  a  more  poetic  and  tender  romance 
than  those  which  have  preceded  it.  There  is  perhaps 
more  of  delicacy  and  charm  than  is  shown  in  the  others. 
This  firm  is  just  bringing  out  the  poems  of  Frank  L. 
Stanton,  of  the  "  Atlanta  Constitution,"  with  the  title, 
"  Songs  of  the  Soil."  Mr.  Stanton  is  a  working  jour- 
nalist, and  his  verse  has  been  written  at  odd  moments, 
but  it  has  been  taken  up  and  copied  all  over  the  coun- 
try. The  book  will  include  poems  both  of  sentiment 
and  dialect. 


"  lola,  the  Senator's  Daughter  "  is  a  story  of  ancient 
Rome,  soon  to  be  brought  out  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  It  is  intended  to  be  a  life  picture  of  the 
business  classes  of  that  city  nineteen  centuries  ago,  the 
author's  theory  being  that  the  Romans  did  not  always- 
wear  the  toga,  but  were  often  modern  in  their  ways. 
Another  volume  of  special  interest  on  this  firm's  list  is 
the  "  Napoleon  "  of  Alexandre  Dumas,  translated  by 
Mr.  John  B.  Larner,  a  Washington  lawyer,  who  is 
said  to  have  preserved  the  very  forceful  style  of  the 
French  original.  The  Putnams  will  publish  in  Janu- 
ary the  first  volume  of  M.  Jusserand's  "  Literary  His- 
tory of  the  English  People,"  which  has  attracted  a  great 
deal  of  attention  in  England.  M.  Jusserand  is  thought 
"  to  have  been  influenced  by  Taine  and  John  Richard 
Green,  but  the  scale  of  his  book  gives  him  the  liberty 
of  indulging  in  detail  where  Green  could  only  work 
through  a  few  broad  strokes,  while  the  thirty  years  that 
have  elapsed  since  Taine's  book  saw  the  light,  not  to 
mention  the  idiosyncrasies  of  the  two  writers,  have 
shown  him  that  if  a  literary  history  is  to  be  true  the 
historian  must  not  ride  theories  to  death." 

ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


TjITERARY  NOTES. 


One  of  the  most  important  books  promised  for  the 
near  future  is  the  late  Professor  Jowett's  "  Conversa- 
tions." 

Dr.  Alice  B.  Stockham's  "  Koradine,"  issued  as  a  sub- 
scription book,  is  now  offered  through  the  trade,  and  at 
a  much  reduced  price. 

Mr.  Alma  Tadema  is  said  to  be  preparing  a  volume 
of  reminiscences  which  will  include  his  impressions  of 
many  men  of  celebrity  with  whom  he  has  been  associated. 

Mrs.  Minerva  B.  Norton,  author  of  "  In  and  Around 
Berlin  "  and  other  books,  as  well  as  an  occasional  con- 
tributor to  THE  DIAL,  died  at  her  home  at  Beloit,  Wis., 
early  in  the  present  month. 

Dr.  Heinrich  Hoffman,  author  of  "  Struwelpeter," 
died  at  Frankfort,  towards  the  close  of  last  month. 
The  "  Saturday  Review  "  calls  him  one  of  the  greatest 
benefactors  of  his  race  in  the  last  half-century. 

The  "  History  of  the  Thousand,"  by  no  less  a  person- 
age than  Signor  Crispi,  is  an  interesting  announcement 
from  Italy.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  author, 
himself  a  Sicilian,  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  expedi- 
tion. 

Professor  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  of  Ann  Arbor,  has  printed 
a  "  Teacher's  Professional  Book  List  "  leaflet,  giving 
the  titles  of  some  thirty  books  believed  by  him  to  be 
among  the  most  useful  for  the  foundation  of  a  profes- 
sional library. 

Professor  William  Cranston  Lawton  publishes  a  syl- 
labus of  a  course  of  lectures  on  the  New  England  poets. 
The  lives  of  the  six  poets  are  tabulated  in  parallel  col- 
umns, and  the  facts  are  thus  helpfully  displayed  for 
ready  reference. 

The  literary  remains  of  Helmholtz  are  to  be  edited 
by  Professor  A.  Konig,  of  Berlin,  a  former  pupil  and 
collaborateur  of  the  great  physiologist,  and  editor  of  the 
"  Zeitschrift  fiir  Psychologie  "  and  of  the  "  Verhand- 
lungen  der  Physikalischen  Gesellschaft  zu  Berlin." 

Professor  William  M.  Ramsay,  A.M.,  professor  of 
humanity  at  the  University  of  Aberdeen,  is  announced 
to  lecture  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  on  the  Lev- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


239 


ering  lectureship  foundation  on  October  19,  20,  21,  and 
22.  Professor  Ramsay  formerly  occupied  the  chair  of 
classical  archaeology  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford. 

Among  the  new  and  forthcoming  books  of  Messrs.  A. 
C.  McClurg  &  Co.,  Chicago,  are  "The  Crucifixion  of 
Philip  Strong,"  a  novel  by  Mr.  Charles  M.  Sheldon;  "  My 
Lady,"  a  story  by  Miss  Marguerite  Bouvet,  illustrated 
by  Miss  Helen  M.  Armstrong;  "Polar  Gleams,  an  Ac- 
count of  a  Voyage  on  the  Yacht '  Blencathra,'  "  by  Miss 
Helen  Peel;  and  four  volumes  of  reprints  of  Green, 
Spenser,  Jonson,  and  Greville. 

Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  will  publish  imme- 
diately "  Philip  and  his  Wife,"  by  Mrs.  Margaret  De- 
land;  a  cheaper  edition,  reduced  in  size,  of  the  Vedder- 
FitzGerald  "Rubaiyat";  Mr.  Aldrich's  "  The  Story  of 
a  Bad  Boy,"  illustrated  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Frost;  the  "Life, 
Letters,  and  Diary  of  Lucy  Larcom,"  by  the  Rev.  D.  D. 
Addison;  "In  the  Dozy  Hours,"  by  Miss  Agnes  Rep- 
plier;  and  "Three  Boys  on  an  Electrical  Boat,"  by 
Professor  John  Trowbridge. 

Professor  Vineenzo  Botta,  of  New  York,  died  on  the 
fifth  of  this  month,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  A  Pied- 
montese  by  birth,  he  was  a  professor  in  the  University 
of  Turin,  a  member  of  the  Sardinian  legislature,  and  a 
special  commissioner  of  the  government  for  the  study 
of  foreign  educational  systems.  He  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  1853,  became  naturalized,  married  Anne  C.  Lynch, 
and  occupied  for  many  years  a  professorship  in  Italian  in 
the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York.  Among  his 
books  are  a  memorial  volume  to  his  wife,  and  works  upon 
Dante,  Cavour,  and  modern  Italian  philosophy. 

A  suit  now  pending  in  the  United  States  Circuit  Court 
at  Philadelphia  las  for  its  object  the  testing  of  the 
Copyright  Act  of  1890.  The  complainants  are  Mr.  H. 
Rider  Haggard  and  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co., 
represented  by  Mr.  Daniel  Greenleaf  Thompson.  The 
point  at  issue  is  the  power  of  Congress  to  delegate  de- 
clarative power  to  the  President,  and  consequently  the 
constitutionality  of  the  law  itself.  Since  other  such 
delegations  of  power  have  already  been  fully  sustained 
by  the  courts,  there  is  no  reasonable  doubt  of  their  find- 
ing in  the  present  case,  and  it  will  be  well  to  have  the 
question  settled  forever. 

In  concluding  a  series  of  selections  from  the  corre- 
spondence of  Poe,  in  "  The  Century  Magazine  "  for  Oc- 
tober, Mr.  G.  E.  Woodberry  says:  "It  is  a  gratification 
to  find  that  American  men  of  letters  who  were  contem- 
porary with  Poe  are  so  fully  freed  from  the  charge, 
brought  against  them  by  English  admirers  of  the  poet,  of 
lack  of  aid  and  appreciation  toward  him.  Few  men  have 
received  such  cordial  encouragement,  praise,  and  wel- 
come, material  and  moral,  as  Poe  received  from  nearly 
all  who  were  brought  into  relations  with  him,  and  the 
number  of  these  was  many — Irving,  Kennedy,  Paulding, 
Hawthorne,  Willis,  Lowell,  Simms,  and  others  less  dis- 
tinguished, but  then  of  note.  Yet  Mr.  Andrew  Lang 
says  that  Poe  was  <  a  gentleman  among  canaille.' " 

The  London  correspondent  of  "  The  Critic  "  has  the 
following  interesting  note  about  a  biography  that  we 
are  all  waiting  for:  "Lord  Tennyson  has  been  occupied 
upon  the  life  of  his  father  continuously  during  the  past 
few  months,  and  has  made  considerable  progress  with 
it,  but  the  work  will  certainly  not  be  completed  during 
the  present  year,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  will  even 
see  the  light  during  1895.  When  it  comes,  it  will  be 
genuinely  welcome.  It  is  announced  that  Lord  Tenny- 
son has  had  the  personal  assistance  of  several  eminent 


men  of  letters,  foremost  among  whom  one  would  place 
conjecturally  the  names  of  Mr.  Frederick  Locker-Lamp- 
son  and  Mr.  Theodore  Watts.  But  no  detail  of  the 
probable  character  of  the  volume  has  been  allowed  to 
escape  from  Farringford,  nor  is  it  likely  that  anything 
will  be  known  until  the  biography  makes  its  public  ap- 
pearance." 

President  J.  N.  Larned  of  the  American  Library  As- 
sociation made  an  address  at  the  Lake  Placid  meeting 
of  that  organization,  which  is  summarized  as  "  a  mas- 
terly setting-forth  of  the  relation  of  public  libraries  to 
the  social  movement  of  the  time,  claiming  for  them  an 
exact  fitness  to  the  needs  of  the  age.  The  education  of 
the  schools  and  universities  fails  to  carry  more  than  a 
select  few  beyond  the  rudiments,  giving  to  the  masses 
only  that  « little  knowledge '  which  is  dangerous.  The 
newspaper  press,  valuable  as  it  is,  is  to  a  large  extent 
mercenary  and  partisan,  and,  as  generally  read,  culti- 
vates prejudice  and  disseminates  narrow  views.  To  the 
public  library,  distributing  to  the  homes  of  the  people 
good  literature,  and  welcoming  to  its  halls  all  students 
of  any  subject  without  question  as  to  their  previous  at- 
tainments, we  look  for  that  generosity  and  breadth  of 
popular  culture  which  alone  can  save  our  democratic 
commonwealth  from  destruction." 

A  monument  to  Shelley  was  unveiled  at  Viareggio 
on  the  morning  of  September  30.  The  press  dispatches 
thus  describe  the  work  and  the  occasion:  "  The  monu- 
ment, which  is  fifteen  feet  high,  faces  the  sea  in  Paolina 
square.  The  bust  is  the  work  of  the  sculptor  Sig.  Ur- 
bano  Lucchesi.  It  represents  the  poet  at  the  age  of  29 
years,  in  a  meditative  attitude.  The  pedestal  is  simple, 
but  elegant.  On  the  side  away  from  the  sea  a  design 
of  intertwined  branches  of  oak  and  olive  encircles  a 
book  bearing  on  its  cover  the  word  '  Prometeo.'  Above 
this  is  an  inscription  written  by  Sig.  Bovio,  reading  thus : 

To  PERCY  BYSHE  SHELLEY, 

Heart  of  Hearts : 

Drowned  in  this  sea ;  cremated  on  this  spot,  where  he 

composed  "  Prometheus  Unbound."   A  posthumous 

page  wherein  every  generation  will  have  a 

token  of  its  struggles,  its  tears, 

its  redemption. 

The  weather  was  bad,  but  despite  this  drawback  there 
was  a  great  gathering  of  English  residents  and  eminent 
Italians,  including  Signori  Panzacchi,  Cavallotti,  Villari, 
Coppino,  and  Martini.  Representatives  of  the  Univer- 
sities of  Rome  and  Pisa  were  also  present.  Lady  Shel- 
ley was  represented  by  Col.  Leigh  Hunt.  Sig.  Riccioni 
delivered  an  address,  after  which  he  formally  trans- 
ferred the  monument  to  the  keeping  of  the  mayor  of 
Viarreggio  amid  the  cheering  of  the  assemblage." 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

October,  1894.    (Second  List). 

Astronomy  and  Religion.  Sir  Edwin  Arnold.  No.  American. 

Bayreuth.    William  Morton  Payne.    Music. 

Bookbinding,  Commercial.  Illus.  Brander  Matthews.  Century. 

Bryant's  Place  in  Literature.  W.R.  Thayer.  Bev.  of  Reviews. 

Buddhism  and  Christianity.    Paul  Cams.    Monist. 

Burmah.    Illus.    Marion  M.  Pope.     Century. 

Dana,  Charles  A.     Illus.    E.  P.  Mitchell.    McClure's. 

De  Foe  and  Malthus.     Social  Economist. 

Economic  Education,  The  Future  of.     Social  Economist. 

"Eminent  Scoundrel  "  in  Literature,  The.    Dial  (Oct.  16). 

Energy,  The  Conservation  of.    Ernst  Mach.    Monist. 

English  at  Wellesley College.  Katharine  L.Bates.  Dta/(0ct.l6). 


240 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  16, 


Ethics  and  Biology.    Edmund  Montgomery.  Jour,  of  Ethics 
Folk-Speech  in  America.    Edward  Eggleston.     Century. 
Hedonism,  Rational.    Constance  Jones.    Jour,  of  Ethics. 
Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.    Dial  (Oct.  16). 
Indian,  Education  of  the.    James  H.  Kyle.    No.  American. 
Irrigation  in  the  West.    Illus.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Li  Hung  Chang.    Illus.    J.  R.  Young.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
London,  Municipal  Problems  of.    The  Lord  Mayor.    No.  Am, 
Luxury.    Henry  Sedgwick.    Journal  of  Ethics. 
McClellan  and  his  "Mission."    Jas.  B.  Fry.     Century. 
Moon's  Surface,  Our  Knowledge  of.  E.  S.  Holden.  McClure's, 
Motion,  the  Nature  of.    J.  W.  Powell.    Monist. 
Music  and  Nutrition.     E.  B.  Perry.    Music. 
Niagara,  The  Capture  of.    Illus.     McClure's. 
Psalms,  Music  of  the.    N.  H.  Imber.    Music. 
Roads,  English,  and  Streets  of  London.     Social  Economist. 
Senate,  Abolishment  of  the.    H.  von  Hoist.    Monist. 
Sherman  Letters,  The.     B.  A.  Hinsdale.    Dial  (Oct  16). 
Snake  Poison,  Inoculation  Against.    Illus.    McClure's. 
Stedman,  Edmund  Clarence.    Royal  Cortissoz.     Century. 
Thoreau's  Letters.    Louis  J.  Block.    Dial  (Oct.  16). 
Trade  Unions,  Tendencies  of.    Social  Economist. 
Transatlantic  Mails,  The.    J.  Henniker  Heaton.    No.  Am. 
Treasury,  Peril  of  the.    Geo.  S.  Boutwell.    No.  American. 
Wealth  Against  Common  wealth.  W.  H.  Smith.  Dial  (Oct.  16). 
Woman,  The  Renaissance  of.  Lady  Somerset.  No.  American. 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  embracing  77  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 

The  History  of  Sicily  from  the  Earliest  Times.  By  Edward 
A.  Freeman,  M.A.;  edited,  with  notes,  etc.,  by  Arthur 
J.  Evans,  M.A.  Vol.  IV.,  with  maps,  etc.,  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  551.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $5.25. 

Venice.  By  Alethea  Wiel,  author  of  "  Two  Doges  of  Ven- 
ice." Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  478.  Putnam's  "Story  of  the 
Nations  Series."  $1.50. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Life  of  Frances  Power  Cobbe.  By  Herself.  In  2  vols. 
illus.,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $4.  ' 

Dictionary  of  National  Biography.  Edited  by  Sidney  Lee. 
Vol.  XL.,  Myllar— Nicholls  ;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  451.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $3.75. 

Cicero  and  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic.  By  J.  L. 
Strachan  Davidson,  M.A.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  446.  Put- 
nam's "  Heroes  of  the  Nations."  $1.50. 

Famous  Leaders  Among  Men.  By  Sarah  Knowles  Bol- 
ton,  author  of  "  Famous  Men  of  Science."  Illus.,  12mo 
pp.404.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Diary  of  Anna  Green  Winslow,  a  Boston  School  Girl  of 
1771.  Edited  by  Alice  Morse  Earle.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp. 
121.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

The  Sounds  and  Inflections  of  the  Greek  Dialects: 
Ionic.  By  Herbert  Weir  Smyth.  8vo,  pp.  668.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $6. 

The  Writings  of  Thomas  Paine.  Collected  and  edited  by 
Moncure  D.  Conway,  author  of  "  The  Life  of  Thomas 
Paine."  Vol.  II.,  1779-1792;  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp 
523.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50. 

Complete  Works  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer.  Edited  by  the 
Rev.  Walter  W.  Skeat,  LL.D.  Vol.  3,  The  Canterbury 
Tales ;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  667.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $4. 

The  Age  of  Fable;  or,  Beauties  of  Mythology.  By  Thomas 
Bulfinch;  new  enlarged  and  illustrated  edition,  edited 
by  E.  E.  Hale.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  568.  Lee  &  Shepard. 


Military  Essays  and  Recollections:  Papers  Read  before 

the  Illinois  Commandery  of  the  Loyal  Legion.    Vol.  II. 

with  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  555.    A.  C.  McClurg  & 

Co.     $2.50. 
Costume  of  Colonial  Times.   By  Alice  Morse  Earle.  16mo 

uncut,  pp.  264.    Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.25. 


Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  Edited,  with  introduction 
and  notes,  by  Alfred  W.  Pollard.  In  2  vols.,  12mo,  un- 
cut. Macmillan  &  Co.  $3. 

Studies  in  Folk-Song  and  Popular  Poetry.  By  Alfred 
M.  Williams,  author  of  "  The  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Ire- 
land." 12mo.  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  329.  Houghton,  Mif- 
flin &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  "Ariel"  Shakespeare,  new  vols.:  Henry  VI.  (3  vols); 
Troilus  and  Cressida ;  Coriolanus ;  Titus  Andronicus  ; 
Timon  of  Athens;  Cymbeline ;  Pericles  ;  Poems ;  Son- 
nets ;  Glossary.  Each,  1  vol.,  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut.  G. 
P.  Putnam's  Sons.  Each,  boxed,  75  cts. 

The  Temple  Shakespeare,  new  vols.:  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,  and  The  Merchant  of  Venice.  Each,  1  vol.,  with 
frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut.  Macmillan  &  Co. 
Each,  45  cts. 

Repetition  and  Parallelism  in  English  Verse:  A  Study 
in  the  Technique  of  Poetry.  By  C.  Alphonso  Smith, 
Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  76.  New  York :  University  Pub'g  Co. 
60  cts. 

POETRY. 

Sorrow  and  Song.  By  Coulson  Kernahan,  author  of  "  A 
Book  of  Strange  Sins."  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  156. 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.25. 

Vashti :  A  Poem  in  Seven  Books.  By  John  Brayshaw  Kaye. 
author  of  "Songs  of  Lake  Geneva."  12mo,  gilt  top,  un- 
cut, pp.  166.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Narragansett  Ballads,  with  Songs  and  Lyrics.  By  Caro- 
line Hazard.  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  107.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.  $1. 

Poems,  New  and  Old.  By  William  Roscoe  Thayer.  16mo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  104.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1. 

Imitations  of  the  Beautiful  and  Poems.  By  Madison  Ca- 
wein.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  208.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.50. 

Nero,  Part  2 :  From  the  Death  of  Burrus  to  the  Death  of 
Seneca.  By  Robert  Bridges.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  34.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $1.25. 

Hymns.  By  Frederick  William  Faber,  D.D.  Illus.  by  L. 
J.  Bridgman,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  248.  T.  Y.  Crowell  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

FICTION. 

Ravenshoe.  By  Henry  Kingsley.  In  2  vols.,  16mo,  uncut. 
Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

Sweet  Clover  :  A  Romance  of  the  White  City.  By  Clara 
Louise  Burnham.  16mo,  pp.  411.  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Chase  of  Saint-Castin,  and  other  stories  of  the  French 
in  the  New  World.  By  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood. 
16mo,  pp.  266.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Quits!  By  the  Baroness  Tautphoms,  author  of  "The  Ini- 
tials." In  2  vols.,  16mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  Boxed,  $2.50. 

Coeur  d'Alene.  By  Mary  Hallock  Foote.  16mo,  pp.  240. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

A  Monk  of  the  Aventine.  By  Ernst  Eckstein ;  trans,  by 
Helen  Hunt  Johnson.  12mo,  pp.  196.  Roberts  Bros.  $1. 

The  Old,  Old  Story.  By  Rosa  Nouchette  Carey,  author  of 
"  Not  Like  Other  Girls."  12mo,  pp.  496.  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott Co.  $1. 

Abandoning  an  Adopted  Farm.  By  Kate  Sanborn,  au- 
thor of  "  Adopting  an  Abandoned  Farm."  16mo,  pp. 
185.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  75  cts. 

The  Three  Musketeers.  By  Alexandre  Dumas.  In  2  vols., 
illus.  by  Maurice  Leloir,  12mo,  gilt  tops.  T.  Y.  Crowell 
&Co.  $3. 

The  Abbe1  Daniel.  From  the  French  of  Andre"  Theuriet, 
by  Helen  B.  Dole.  Illus.,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  204.  T.  Y. 
Crowell  &  Co.  $1. 

The  Surgeon's  Daughter,  and  Castle  Dangerous.  By 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  Bart.  Dryburgh  edition  ;  illus.,  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  424.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Artificial  Mother:  A  Martial  Fantasy.  By  G.  H.  P. 
Illus.,  12mo,  red  edges,  pp.  31.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  75c. 

Lourdes.  By  Emile  Zola,  author  of  "  The  Downfall  ";  trans, 
by  Ernest  A.  Vizetelly.    12mo,  uncut,  pp.  486.    Neely's 
"  International  Library."     $1.25. 
A  Husband  of  No  Importance.     By  Rita.   18mo,  pp.  186. 

Putnam's  "  Incognito  Library."    50  cts. 
A  Story  from  Pullman  town.   By  Nico  Bech-Meyer.  Illus., 
12rao,  pp.  110.    Chas.  H.  Kerr  &  Co.    50  cts. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


241 


NEW  VOLUMES  IN  THE  PAPER  LIBRARIES. 

Appletons'  Town  and  Country  Library:  A  Victim  of 
Good  Luck,  by  W.  E.  Norris  ;  16mo,  pp.  320.— The  Trial 
of  the  Sword,  by  Gilbert  Parker  ;  16mo,  pp.  277.  Each, 
50  cts. 

Harper's  Franklin  Square  Library :  The  Sea  Wolves,  by 
Max  Pemberton  ;  12mo,  pp.  230,  50  cts. 

Longman's  Paper  Library:  Gerald  Ffrench's  Friends,  by 
George  H.  Jessop  ;  12mo,  pp.  240.  50  cts. 

Harper's  Quarterly  Series  :  Upon  a  Cast,  by  Charlotte 
Dunning  ;  12mo,  pp.  330,  50  cts. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Glimpses  of  Unfamiliar  Japan.  By  Lafcadio  Hearn.  In 
2  vols.,  12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  $4. 

Thirty  Years  of  Arctic  Service :  An  Account  of  the  Lady 
Franklin  Bay  Expedition  of  1881-84,  and  the  Attainment 
of  the  Farthest  North.  By  Adolphus  W.  Greely.  Illus., 
8vo,  pp.  726.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $5. 

Travels  Amongst  the  Great  Andes  of  the  Equator.  By 
Edward  Whymper.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  456.  Chas.  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $4. 

A  Corner  of  Cathay:  Studies  from  Life  among  the  Chinese. 
By  Adele  M.  Fielde,  author  of  '*  Pagoda  Shadows." 
Illus.  in  color  by  Japanese  artists,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  286. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $3. 

Six  Months  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  among  the  Palm 
Groves,  Coral  Reefs,  and  Volcanoes.  By  Isabella  Bird 
Bishop,  author  of  "  Unbeaten  Tracks  in  Japan."  1st 
American  edition ;  illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  423. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sous.  $2.25. 

John  Bull  &  Co. :  The  Great  Colonial  Branches  of  the  Firm, 
Canada.  Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  South  Africa.  By 
Max  O'Rell,  author  of  "  John  Bull  and  his  Island."  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  319.  C.  L.  Webster  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Pearl  of  India.  By  Maturin  M.  Ballon.  12mo,  pp.  335. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.50. 

A  Florida  Sketch-Book.  By  Bradford  Torrey.  16mo,  pp. 
237.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

SOCIAL  STUDIES. 

Wealth  Against  Commonwealth.  By  Henry  Demarest 
Lloyd.  12mo,  pp.  563.  Harper  &  Bros. 

Co-operative  Production.  By  Benjamin  Jones,  with  pref- 
atory note  by  the  Rt.  Hon.  A.  H.  Dyke  Acland,  M.P. 
12mo,  pp.  839.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2.50. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

Dogmatic  Theology.  By  William  G.  T.  Shedd,  D.D.  Vol. 
III.,  Supplement ;  8vo,  pp.  528.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $4. 

Golden  Words  for  Daily  Counsel.  Selected  and  arranged 
by  Anna  Harris  Smith ;  edited  by  Huntington  Smith. 
Illus.,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  372.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Building  of  Character.  By  J.  R.  Miller,  D.D.,  author 
of  "  Silent  Times."  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  273.  T.  Y.  Crow- 
ell  &  Co.  $1. 

SCIENCE. 

From  the  Greeks  to  Darwin :  An  Outline  of  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Evolution  Idea.  By  Henry  Fairfield  Os- 
born,  Sc.D.  8vo,  pp.  259.  Macmillan's  "  Columbia  Uni- 
versity Biological  Series."  $2. 

Amphioxus  and  the  Ancestry  of  the  Vertebrates.  By 
Arthur  Willey,  B.Sc.;  with  preface  by  Henry  F.  Osborn. 
Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  316.  Macmillan's  "Columbia  Universtiy 
Biological  Series."  $2.50. 

Race  and  Language.  By  Andre1  Lefevre.  12mo,  pp.  424. 
Appletons'  "  International  Scientific  Series."  $1.50. 

MEDICINE  AND  HYGIENE. 

Text-Book  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology  for  Nurses.  Com- 
piled by  Diana  Clifford  Kimber.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  268. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $2.50. 

The  Senile  Heart :  Its  Symptoms,  Sequelae,  and  Treatment. 
By  George  William  Balfour,  M.D.  12mo,  pp.  300.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $1.50. 

BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE. 

A  Concise  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary,  for  the  Use  of  Stu- 
dents. By  John  R.  Clark  Hall,  M.A.  8vo,  pp.  369.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $4.50. 


Physical  Laboratory  Manual,  for  Use  in  Schools  and  Col- 
leges. By  H.  N.  Chute,  M.S.,  author  of  "Practical 
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sions  into  the  haunts  of  the  birds. 


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248 


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No.  soi.     NOVEMBER  1,  1894.    Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  ENGLISH.    A  SUM- 

MAEY 249 

JAMES  ANTHONY  FROUDE  (with  Biography  and 

Bibliography) 251 

ENGLISH  TRIBUTES  TO  HOLMES 252 

"  MERE  LITERATURE."    John  Burroughs  .    .    .    .253 

COMMUNICATIONS 254 

The  "  Royal  Road  "  to  Learning.      William  M. 

Bryant. 
Mr.  John  Fiske  and  the  California  Vigilants.     C. 

Clark. 

AN  AMERICAN  STAGE  FAVORITE.    E.  G.  J.      .  256 
THE  REAL  JAPAN  OF  OLD.    Ernest  W.  Clement  .  258 

THE  CANTERBURY  TALES  AS  POETRY.   Hiram 

Corson 260 

CURIOSITIES  OF  AFRICAN  FOLK-LORE.    Fred- 
erick Starr 261 

RECENT  ENGLISH  NOVELS.  William  Morton  Pagne  263 
Meredith's  Lord  Ormont. —  Du  Maurier's  Trilby. — 
Caine's  The  Manxman. — Weyman's  My  Lady  Rotha. 

—  Violet  Hunt's  The  Maiden's  Progress.  —  Black's 
Highland  Cousins. —  Mrs.  Woods's  The  Vagabonds. 

—  Z.  Z.'s  A  Drama  in  Dutch.— Gilkes's  The  Thing 
That  Hath  Been. —  Arabella  Kenealy's  Dr.  Janet  of 
Harley  Street.  —  Hope's  A  Change  of  Air.  —  The 
Green  Carnation. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 267 

Life  and  men  as  seen  by  a  portrait  painter. — Life  and 
works  of  Samuel  Longfellow. — "  Max  O'Rell  "among 
the  English. —  Baedeker's  Guide-book  to  Canada. — 
The  diary  of  a  Boston  school-girl. —  Studies  of  cos- 
tume in  Colonial  times. —  A  superfluous  book  about 
Napoleon. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 269 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  270 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 271 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  271 


COLLEGE  AND  UNIVERSITY  ENGLISH. 
A  SUMMARY. 

With  the  article  upon  "  English  at  Wellesley 
College,"  printed  in  the  last  issue  of  THE  DIAL, 
we  closed  our  series  of  reports  upon  the  work 
done  in  English  at  our  colleges  and  univer- 
sities. These  reports,  contributed  in  every  case 
by  someone  closely  identified  with  the  English 
department  of  the  institution  concerned,  and  in 
the  majority  of  cases  by  the  head  of  the  de- 
partment, have  provided  the  most  elaborate 
comparative  showing  ever  made  of  the  methods 
pursued  in  this  important  branch  of  the  higher 
instruction.  There  have  been  eighteen  arti- 
cles altogether,  representing  as  many  centres 
of  light  and  leading ;  and  while  the  subject 
might  have  been  continued  for  some  months 
more  without  loss  of  interest,  enough  facts  have 
been  furnished  to  provide  a  safe  basis  for  gen- 
eralization, and  to  illustrate  every  important 
phase  of  the  teaching  of  English  as  it  is  now 
understood  by  those  among  us  who  are  fore- 
most in  its  profession. 

The  colleges  and  universities  represented  in 
this  series  fall  into  certain  natural  groups  which 
it  may  be  well  to  indicate.  First  of  all,  we 
have  such  venerable  Eastern  institutions  as 
Harvard,  Yale,  Columbia,  and  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania.  With  these  we  may  group 
Amherst  and  Lafayette,  standing  for  the  class 
of  small  colleges  to  which  American  education 
owes  a  debt  far  from  measurable  by  their  size, 
and  the  University  of  Virginia,  representing 
the  earlier  type  of  Southern  education  so  well 
justified  of  its  children  during  the  long  ante- 
bellum period.  A  second  and  fairly  compact 
group  is  formed  of  the  state-supported  institu- 
tions of  the  New  West  —  the  Universities  of 
Michigan,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
Nebraska,  and  California.  The  third  and  last 
group  includes  those  later  foundations  of  pri- 
vate philanthropy  which,  with  their  suddenly 
acquired  wealth  and  mushroom-like  rate  of  de- 
velopment, already  threaten  to  overshadow  the 
ancient  fame  of  the  New  England  institutions. 
To  this  category  belong  Cornell  and  Stanford 
Universities,  and  the  University  of  Chicago, 
Here  we  may  also  include,  as  representing  both 
the  new  philanthropy  and  the  new  spirit  that 


250 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


does  not  seek  to  exclude  woman  from  the  ben- 
efits of  the  higher  culture,  the  excellent  college 
to  which  special  attention  was  called  in  our  last 
issue  —  Wellesley. 

Although  this  grouping  is  but  one  of  several 
that  might  be  chosen,  it  seems,  on  the  whole, 
the  most  natural  and  the  most  suggestive.  It 
very  nearly  amounts  to  a  geographical  group- 
ing of  the  East  and  the  West,  or  to  a  chrono- 
logical grouping  of  the  old  and  the  new.  And 
perhaps  the  first  idea  suggested  by  this  anti- 
thesis of  East  and  West,  of  old  and  new,  is 
that  the  former  class  stands  for  a  conservative 
adherence  to  well-tried  methods  and  aims,  while 
the  latter  class  stands  for  experiment,  fertility 
of  invention,  and  the  broadening  of  standards. 
Certainly,  the  new  ideas  and  the  novel  methods 
reported  come  rather  from  the  West  than  the 
East,  rather  from  the  youthful  than  from  the 
ancient  foundations.  It  is  undoubtedly  true 
that  the  newer  communities  of  the  West  sup- 
ply the  educator  with  a  cruder  material  than 
comes  into  the  hands  of  a  New  England  fac- 
ulty, and  possibly  this  is  the  very  thing  that 
stimulates  him  to  new  departures  and  novel 
activities.  It  makes  a  vast  difference  whether 
the  average  student  comes  from  a  home  in  which 
books  are  among  the  most  essential  of  furnish- 
ings and  from  a  family  in  which  culture  is  a 
traditional  inheritance,  or  from  the  environ- 
ment of  the  pioneer  settlement,  which  has  not 
yet  forgotten  or  outlived  the  hard  struggle  for 
subsistence  and  a  foothold.  And,  while  we  are 
not  disposed  to  say  that  the  new  universities 
are  doing  more  than  the  old  ones  for  the  study 
of  our  common  speech  and  literary  inheritance, 
we  cannot  refrain  from  commendation  of  the 
alertness,  the  keenness  of  scent,  and  the  adapt- 
ability with  which  they  are  shaping  their  work 
to  their  special  conditions. 

Viewing  our  collection  of  reports  as  a  whole, 
it  is  clear  that  they  supply  the  material  for  a 
considerable  number  of  fairly  trustworthy  in- 
ductions. A  few  of  these  we  will  endeavor 
briefly  to  set  forth.  The  statistics  given  to 
show  the  numbers  of  students  pursuing  English 
courses  at  the  respective  colleges  show  that 
these  courses  are  nearly  everywhere  very  pop- 
ular. They  run  the  classical  courses  closely, 
and  in  some  cases  seem  to  attract  a  larger  num- 
ber of  students,  although  the  figures  are  lack- 
ing for  any  exact  comparative  statement  on  this 
subject.  In  a  recent  review  article  Professor 
Woodrow  Wilson  contends  that  the  twin  bases 
of  the  new  liberal  education  ought  to  be  the 
study  of  literature  and  the  study  of  institu- 


tions. As  far  as  the  study  of  literature  is 
concerned,  it  would  seem  that  the  contention 
is  already  justified,  or  nearly  so,  by  the  fact. 
The  thousand  odd  students  at  Yale  (and  Shef- 
field), at  Harvard,  at  the  Universities  of  Mich- 
igan, and  even  of  Nebraska,  give  eloquent  tes- 
timony to  the  popularity  of  English  teaching, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  873  reported  by  Cali- 
fornia, the  629  by  Chicago,  and  the  450  by 
Stanford.  Equally  eloquent,  from  another 
point  of  view,  are  such  English  faculties  as  that 
of  Harvard,  with  twenty  men,  and  of  Chicago, 
with  fifteen.  Courses  are  reported  in  so  many 
different  ways  that  comparison  is  not  easy  ;  but 
Chicago,  with  upwards  of  sixty  hours  a  week, 
seems  to  head  the  list,  while  Harvard,  Stanford, 
and  California  are  not  far  behind. 

The  important  subject  of  entrance  require- 
ments is  not  discussed  in  the  majority  of  our 
reports,  but  the  few  allusions  made  to  it  are  of 
the  greatest  interest.  During  the  present  year, 
Yale  has  for  the  first  time  required  an  entrance 
qualification  in  English.  From  Pennsylvania 
comes  the  vague  report  that  "  English  litera- 
ture" is  required  for  entrance.  As  we  go  West, 
we  do  better  and  better.  Indiana  has  relegated 
the  bugbear  of  "  Freshman  English  "  to  the 
preparatory  schools,  and  Nebraska  has  accom- 
plished a  similar  reform.  The  most  interesting 
reports  upon  this  subject  come  from  the  Pacific 
Coast.  The  University  of  California  requires 
"  a  high-school  course  of  at  least  three  years, 
at  the  rate  of  five  hours  a  week ;  and  it  advo- 
cates, and  from  some  schools  secures,  a  four 
years'  course."  This  requirement  is  further 
said  to  be  fifty  per  cent  more  extensive  and 
stringent  than  that  made  by  the  New  England 
Association  of  Colleges.  Stanford  University 
started  out  with  what  was  substantially  the  New 
England  requirement,  but  has  since  raised  that 
standard  upon  the  side  of  composition.  "  This 
year,"  it  is  said,  "  we  have  absolutely  refused 
to  admit  to  our  courses  students  unprepared  to 
do  real  collegiate  work.  The  Freshman  En- 
glish course  in  theme-writing  has  been  elimin- 
ated from  our  programme,  and  has  been  turned 
over  to  approved  teachers  and  to  the  various 
secondary  schools.  Had  this  salutary  innova- 
tion not  been  accomplished,  all  the  literary 
courses  would  have  been  swept  away  by  the  rap- 
idly growing  inundation  of  Freshman  themes, 
and  all  our  strength  and  courage  would  have 
been  dissipated  in  preparing  our  students  to  do 
respectable  work  at  more  happily  equipped  uni- 
versities." 

The  study  of  these  reports  shows  the  exist- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


251 


ence,  in  most  of  our  colleges,  of  a  well-marked 
differentiation  of  literature  from  linguistics. 
In  many  of  the  cases,  indeed,  there  is  an  equally 
distinct  differentiation  of  rhetoric  from  the 
other  two  departments.  We  have,  of  course, 
no  quarrel  with  either  the  science  of  linguistics 
or  the  art  of  rhetoric,  but  we  have  always  con- 
tended that  neither  of  the  two  should  be  per- 
mitted to  masquerade  as  the  study  of  literature. 
It  is  gratifying  to  find  that  the  distinction  is 
both  made  and  observed  in  nearly  all  of  the  in- 
stitutions under  consideration.  "  Mere  litera- 
ture "  seems  to  have  its  full  share  of  attention 
and  teaching  strength ;  it  appears  to  be  cor- 
dially recognized  as  a  true  university  subject, 
with  its  own  methods  and  aims,  and  with  its 
own  tests  of  the  culture  which  it  has  to  impart. 
That  university  teaching  in  literature  may  be 
made  something  more  than  the  "  chatter  about 
Shelley  "  which  one  of  its  most  famous  oppo- 
nents delighted  to  call  it,  should  be  sufficiently 
evident  from  a  careful  study  of  these  eighteen 
reports.  The  question  may  be  raised  whether 
it  would  not  be  well  to  set  an  official  seal  upon 
the  separation  of  literature  from  its  allied  sub- 
jects by  making  of  it  a  separate  department  of 
university  work,  just  as  some  of  our  more  pro- 
gressive institutions  have  erected  sociology  into 
a  distinct  department,  thus  definitely  marking 
it  off  from  the  allied  departments  of  political 
and  economic  science.  If  literature,  linguistics, 
and  rhetoric  are  grouped  together  as  consti- 
tuting a  single  department,  it  becomes  almost 
impossible  to  provide  that  department  with  a 
suitable  head.  One  can  no  longer  be  a  specialist 
in  so  many  fields ;  the  head  of  a  modern  En- 
glish department  is  not  likely  to  be  both  an 
accomplished  student  of  literature  and  a  philo- 
logical expert ;  and  since  his  real  distinction  is 
pretty  sure  to  be  in  one  of  these  subjects  alone, 
there  is  always  the  danger  that  the  subject  of 
which  he  is  master  will  be  given  a  preponder- 
ant place  in  the  work  of  his  department. 

Space  fails  us  for  the  discussion  of  the  many 
remaining  subjects  of  interest  offered  by  a 
comparative  examination  of  these  reports.  We 
should  like  to  speak  of  the  growing  impor- 
tance of  graduate  work  in  English,  of  the  ten- 
dency to  give  a  larger  place  to  Seminar  inves- 
tigation, of  the  historical  aspect  of  literary 
study,  of  the  extent  to  which  American  litera- 
ture should  receive  special  treatment,  of  the 
importance  of  introducing  courses  which  bring 
into  comparison  the  literatures  of  culture,  of 
the  inexhaustible  subject  of  special  methods 
of  instruction,  and  the  equally  inexhaustible 


subject  of  the  general  aims  to  be  kept  in  view 
by  the  teacher  of  literature.  To  some  or  all 
of  these  subjects  we  shall  doubtless  recur  as 
occasion  arises,  and  in  connection  with  the  dis- 
cussion that  is  likely  to  follow  the  republication 
of  these  reports  in  their  more  serviceable  per- 
manent shape.  Our  closing  word  shall  be  one 
of  gratification  at  the  admirable  variety,  vital- 
ity, and  individuality  of  the  presentment  as  a 
whole.  Whatever  may  be  the  shortcomings  of 
our  present  higher  instruction  in  English,  it 
has  not  fallen  into  the  stagnation  of  a  pedantic 
routine.  It  is  alert,  progressive,  and  eager  in 
its  outlook  for  higher  things  than  have  as  yet 
been  attained,  however  far  it  may  yet  be  from 
the  fulfilment  of  its  whole  ambition. 


JAMES  ANTHONY  FROUDE. 

However  diverse  may  be  the  judgments  passed 
upon  the  work  of  Professor  Froude,  friends  and 
foes  must  unite  to  recognize  in  him  one  of  the  giants 
of  his  age.  His  impress  upon  the  spiritual  de- 
velopment of  the  last  half-century  has  been  very 
deep,  and  would  have  been  deeper  had  he  stood  by 
himself,  not  overshadowed  by  his  friend  and  mas- 
ter, Carlyle.  His  originality,  combined  with  his 
aggressive  energy,  was  bound  to  stir  up  contention, 
into  whatever  field  of  thought  he  might  make  excur- 
sions ;  and  few  men  have  lived  so  continuously  as 
he  in  an  atmosphere  of  acrimonious  disputation. 
His  abandonment  of  the  priestly  profession,  coupled 
with  the  outspoken  propositions  of  "  The  Nemesis 
of  Faith,"  aroused  the  first  bitterness  against  him, 
and  his  famous  defense  of  Henry  the  Eighth  set  all 
the  dogs  of  controversy  upon  his  heels.  The  deliv- 
ery and  subsequent  publication  of  his  American  lec- 
tures exposed  him  to  reprisals  from  vindictive  Irish- 
men all  over  the  world,  and  all  sorts  of  colonial 
doctrinaires  felt  themselves  outraged  by  his  two 
books  upon  the  outlying  provinces  of  the  English 
Empire.  Then  came  the  Carlyle  publications,  with 
their  unnecessarily  truthful  revelations ;  and  there 
were  none  so  poor,  after  that,  to  do  reverence  to 
an  editor  who  had  thus  ruthlessly  (although  in  all 
unconsciousness)  played  the  iconoclast. 

We  think  that  the  general  effect  of  the  many  at- 
tacks made  upon  the  great  historian  has  been  to 
create  a  distinctly  unfair  and  prejudiced  opinion 
concerning  the  value  of  his  work,  and  that  his  repu- 
tation is  one  that  will  grow  rather  than  diminish 
with  the  lapse  of  years.  Let  us  allow  to  the  full 
for  the  exaggerated  hero-worship  of  many  of  his 
books,  and  for  his  constitutional  inability  to  see 
things  from  any  other  than  his  own  intensely  indi- 
vidual standpoint ;  let  us  also  allow  for  the  charges 
of  inaccuracy  and  the  unscholarly  use  of  material, 
not  only  brought  against  him,  but  amply  substan- 
tiated, by  such  men  as  Professor  Freeman  and  Pro- 


252 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


f essor  Charles  Eliot  Norton ;  yet  when  all  these 
allowances  have  been  made,  there  still  remains  the 
great  corpus  of  his  work,  magnificent  as  literature, 
masterly  in  its  power  of  holding  the  attention,  and, 
after  all,  consistent  with  itself  and  with  the  method 
deliberately  chosen  by  the  author  to  fit  with  his  nat- 
ural predispositions.  It  is  the  ethical  method,  not 
the  scientific,  and  must  be  judged  by  its  own  stan- 
dards, unless,  indeed,  the  possibility  of  an  ethical 
method  of  writing  history  be  denied  altogether.  His- 
tory, he  said,  "  is  a  voice  forever  sounding  across 
the  centuries  the  laws  of  right  and  wrong.  .  .  . 
Justice  and  truth  alone  endure  and  live.  Injustice 
and  falsehood  may  be  long-lived,  but  doomsday  comes 
at  last  to  them,  in  French  revolutions  and  other  ter- 
rible ways."  And  he  remarks  in  another  passage 
that  "  the  most  perfect  English  history  which  exists 
is  to  be  found  in  the  historical  plays  of  Shakespeare. 
«  .  .  Shakespeare's  object  was  to  exhibit  as  faith- 
fully as  he  could  the  exact  character  of  the  great 
actors  in  the  national  drama  —  the  circumstances 
which  surround  them,  and  the  motives,  internal  and 
external,  by  which  they  were  influenced.  To  know 
this  is  to  know  all.  .  .  .  No  such  directness  of 
insight,  no  such  breadth  of  sympathy,  has  since  been 
applied  to  the  writing  of  English  history."  Now 
Professor  Freeman,  for  example,  did  not  write  his- 
tory upon  this  theory,  and  consequently  his  stric- 
tures altogether  miss  the  essential  point  at  issue. 
Time,  which  sets  most  matters  right,  will  justify 
Professor  Froude's  method  by  preserving  his  mem- 
ory and  by  sparing  his  books  from  oblivion.  They 
will  remain,  we  doubt  not,  as  lasting  monuments  of 
our  literature,  and  minister  not  only  to  the  delight 
but  also  to  the  instruction  (in  the  higher  sense)  of 
generations  yet  unborn. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

James  Anthony  Froude  was  born  on  the  23d  of  April 
(Shakespeare's  birthday),  1818,  at  Totnes,  in  Devon- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford,  where 
he  took  his  degree  in  1840.  In  1842  he  took  the  Chan- 
cellor's prize  for  an  essay  on  "  The  Influence  of  the  Sci- 
ence of  Political  Economy  on  the  Moral  and  Social 
Welfare  of  the  Nation,"  and  in  the  same  year  became 
a  fellow  of  Exeter  College.  While  a  student  he  had 
come  under  the  influence  of  the  Tractarians,  and  deter- 
mined to  follow  the  clerical  life.  He  received  deacon's 
orders  in  1844,  but  during  the  years  immediately  fol- 
lowing his  ideas  became  so  modified  that  he  found  it 
impossible  to  remain  identified  with  a  church  that  was 
wedded  to  what  he  called  the  "Hebrew  mythology." 
His  "  Nemesis  of  Faith  "  (1848)  gave  expression  to  his 
changed  views  and  marked  his  separation  from  the  cler- 
ical calling.  He  says  of  this  step:  "I  found  myself 
unfitted  for  a  clergyman's  position  and  I  abandoned  it. 
I  did  not  leave  the  church.  I  withdrew  into  the  posi- 
tion of  a  lay  member,  in  which  I  have  ever  since  re- 
mained. I  gave  up  my  fellowship  and  I  gave  up  my 
profession  with  the  loss  of  my  existing  means  of  main- 
tenance, and  with  the  sacrifice  of  my  future  prospects." 
The  next  year  (1849)  marked  the  beginning  of  his  ac- 
quaintance with  Carlyle.  During  the  next  few  years, 
he  contributed  much  to  the  reviews,  and  began  the 


studies  for  his  famous  "  History  of  England  from  the 
Fall  of  Wolsey  to  the  Defeat  of  the  Armada."  The 
first  volumes  of  this  work  appeared  in  1856,  the  last  in 
1869.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  chosen  Rector  of  St. 
Andrews,  and  received  an  LL.D.  from  that  university. 
In  1872  he  made  a  visit  to  the  United  States,  and  lec- 
tured upon  the  Irish  question.  These  lectures  formed 
the  basis  of  "  The  English  in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century"  (1871-1874).  In  1874,  he  was  sent  to  Cape 
Colony  to  investigate  the  Kaffir  insurrection.  He  also 
travelled  extensively  among  the  English  colonies,  from 
Australia  to  the  West  Indies.  "  Oceana  "  (1886)  and 
"  The  English  in  the  West  Indies "  (1888)  contained 
the  fruits  of  his  many  observations  of  Greater  England. 
In  1892  he  was  appointed  by  Lord  Salisbury  as  Regius 
Professor  of  History  at  Oxford,  to  succeed  his  old-time 
combatant,  Professor  Freeman.  His  "  Short  Studies  on 
Great  Subjects  "  were  collected  into  volumes  at  various 
dates,  the  first  series  appearing  in  1867.  His  sketch 
of  "Julius  Caesar  "  appeared  in  1876.  He  edited  Car- 
lyle's  "Reminiscences"  in  1881,  and  published  the  bi- 
ography and  letters  of  Carlyle  in  1882  and  1884.  He 
also  edited  the  "  Letters  and  Memorials  of  Jane  Welsh 
Carlyle."  His  other  publications  include  the  "  Bunyan  " 
in  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters "  series,  "  Reminis- 
cences of  an  Irish  Journey  in  1849,"  "The  Two  Chiefs 
of  Dunboy,"  an  historical  romance  of  the  last  century 
(1889),  a  life  of  Lord  Beaconsfield  (1890),  "The  Di- 
vorce of  Catherine  of  Aragon  "  (1892),  "  The  Spanish 
Story  of  the  Armada,  and  Other  Essays"  (1892),  and, 
this  very  year  of  his  death,  a  volume  of  Oxford  lectures 
on  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Erasmus."  He  died  on 
the  morning  of  October  20,  after  a  protracted  period  of 
illness. 


ENGLISH  TRIBUTES  TO  HOLMES. 

The  English  literary  press  is  substantially  unani- 
mous in  just  appreciation  of  the  late  Dr.  Holmes, 
and  the  tone  of  its  comment  is  well  illustrated  by 
the  following  selection  of  extracts.  The  first  is  from 
"  The  Saturday  Review." 

"  The  copious  and  generous  tributes  which  have  been 
paid  by  the  English  press  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Holmes 
would  greatly  have  gratified  that  genial  autocrat.  There 
are  Americans  who  really  desire  to  be  neglected  by  En- 
gland, and  there  are  a  great  many  more  who  are  fond 
of  pretending  to  desire  it.  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes 
was  none  of  these.  While  preserving  that  preference 
for  the  institutions  of  his  own  country  to  which  every 
reasonable  man  clings,  no  one  was  more  conscious  than 
he  of  the  prestige  and  weight  of  the  Old  World,  and  no 
one,  within  the  bounds  of  self-respect,  was  more  anxious 
to  come  within  its  orbit.  Dr.  Holmes  was  by  the  very 
constitution  of  his  mind  and  the  nature  of  his  talent  a 
conservative.  '  It  is  a  great  happiness,'  he  says  some- 
where, '  to  have  been  born  in  an  old  house  haunted  by 
recollections ' ;  and  to  him  Europe  and  its  literature,  and 
its  philosophy,  were  venerable  and  stately  mansions  in 
which,  if  he  was  not  actually  born,  he  still  had  been  a 
constant  and  a  happy  lodger.  He  who  would  search  for 
the  wild  aboriginal  American  poet,  with  a  mind  arrayed 
in  boots  and  buckskin,  had  never  any  chance  of  finding 
him  in  Beacon  Street,  Boston.  What  he  found  there 
was  a  little,  brilliant  old  gentleman,  with  something  of 
Horace  Walpole  about  him  and  something  of  Chaulieu,  a 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


253 


touch  of  Gay,  a  suspicion  of  Rogers,  a  hint  of  the 
abbe's  who  had  known  Voltaire, — an  old  gentleman  who 
appeared  to  have  stepped  straight  out  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  to  be  trying  by  the  exercise  of  consummate 
tact  and  intelligence,  to  seem  to  belong  to  the  nineteenth. 
An  exquisite  old-fashioned  sense  of  fitness  marked  all 
that  Dr.  Holmes  excelled  in.  ...  We  shall  now  learn 
more  about  him  than  needs  be  told,  and  there  will  cer- 
tainly be  a  reaction  against  his  present  excess  of  celeb- 
rity. But  this  also  will  pass,  and  Oliver  Wendell 
Holmes  will  live  in  the  literary  history  of  the  nineteenth 
century  as  a  fellow  of  infinite  jest,  who  knew  mankind 
and  the  human  heart,  who  was  the  enemy  of  all  bombast, 
and  bigotry,  and  assumption,  and  who  exercised  in  what 
was  sometimes  a  very  crude  and  fanatical  generation  an 
influence  unwaveringly  on  the  side  of  urbanity  and 
reason." 

"  The  Academy  "  makes  the  following  remarks, 
among  others  in  similar  strain  : 

"  An  attempt  —  not  particularly  happy  —  has  been 
made  to  '  place  '  Dr.  Holmes  by  linking  his  genius  with 
that  of  Charles  Lamb.  The  resemblance  between  them, 
if  any,  is  quite  superficial,  but  their  difference  is  marked. 
As  Mr.  George  William  Curtis  said  of  Dr.  Holmes's 
early  poems,  so  we  might  say  of  Lamb's  most  charac- 
teristic work:  'The  high  spirits  of  a  frolicsome  fancy 
effervesce  and  sparkle  ';  but,  while  Lamb  was  essentially 
whimsical  and  often  capricious,  Dr.  Holmes,  even  in  his 
most  daring  moods,  was  wary.  He  was  exceedingly 
sensitive  on  the  subject  of  his  good  breeding,  and  felt 
he  could  not  afford  to  forget  his  manners.  If  bold,  he 
was  not  too  bold;  judicious  always,  without  being  false. 
He  was  much  bound  by  social  usage  —  a  Boston  man, 
having  the  fear  of  eminently  respectable  Boston  always 
before  his  eyes — and  it  would  have  horrified  him  to  have 
been  responsible  for  those  little  outrages  on  the  conven- 
tionalities in  which  Lamb  took  an  exquisite  delight. 
Moreover,  Lamb's  taste  was  more  literary  than  that  of 
Dr.  Holmes,  and  not  in  the  least  scientific ;  and  his  touch, 
like  Irving's,  was  more  delicate.  It  is,  in  truth,  difficult 
to  classify  Dr.  Holmes  at  all.  He  was  somewhat  of  a 
man  apart.  He  followed  no  model,  and  has  had  no  suc- 
cessful imitators." 

And  "The  Athenaeum"  thus  passes  restrained 
and  thoughtful  judgment : 

"  When  the  time  shall  come  for  assigning  their  proper 
place  in  literature  to  the  writings  of  Dr.  Holmes,  we 
think  it  probable  that  neither  his  lively  verse  nor  genial 
essays  will  be  placed  in  the  front  rank.  His  artistic 
talent  is  chiefly  displayed  in  the  small  works  wherein 
the  lives  of  his  friends  Motley  and  Emerson  are  depicted. 
He  tells  the  story  of  both  in  a  condensed  and  effective 
fashion.  He  enables  the  reader  to  understand  them 
within  the  compass  of  a  few  pages.  His  countrymen 
should  study  both  works  when  they  contemplate  writing 
a  biography.  He  had  the  skill  to  select  and  dwell  upon 
the  important  points,  and  the  self-command  to  suffer 
the  others  to  remain  in  the  background.  More  than  one 
New  Englander  of  note  who  is  entombed  in  a  heavy  bi- 
ography would  have  defied  oblivion  if  Dr.  Holmes  had 
been  entrusted  with  writing  his  life. 

"  The  closing  years  of  Dr.  Holmes  were  saddened  by 
friend  after  friend  dropping  off  and  by  the  terrible  mal- 
ady of  asthma.  Yet  he  retained  his  sweet  temper  to 
the  end,  and  his  pen  was  never  idle.  There  is  no  trace 
of  senility  in  the  last  verses  or  prose  which  he  wrote, 
and  the  perfect  preservation  of  his  faculties  is  quite  as 


remarkable  as  the  prolongation  of  his  life.  He  has  left 
none  behind  him  in  America  who  can  wield  the  pen  with 
greater  witchery.  He  was  as  little  of  a  public  speaker 
as  his  friend  Longfellow;  indeed,  a  slight  physical  im- 
pediment marred  his  utterance.  But  a  cheerier  com- 
panion could  not  be  found;  a  man  of  larger  sympathies 
and  wider  cultivation  has  never  adorned  New  England; 
and  his  death  is  not  mourned  more  sincerely  there  than 
in  the  old  Motherland  which  in  his  heart  he  loved." 


"MERE  LITERATURE." 

Is  there  any  justification  for  the  phrase  "mere 
literature  "  which  one  often  hears  nowadays  ?  There 
is  no  doubt  a  serious  sneer  in  it,  as  Professor 
Wilson,  in  a  recent  "  Atlantic  "  essay,  avers ;  but  I 
think  the  sneer  is  not  aimed  so  much  at  literature 
in  itself  as  at  certain  phases  of  literature.  Mr. 
Lowell  has  recently  been  quoted  as  saying  that 
"  mere  scholarship  is  as  useless  as  the  collecting  of 
old  postage  stamps " ;  yet  at  vital  scholarship  — 
scholarship  that  is  wielded  as  a  weapon,  and  that 
results  in  power — Lowell  would  be  the  last  man  to 
sneer.  In  all  time's  of  high  literary  culture  and  crit- 
icism, a  great  deal  is  produced  that  may  well  be  called 
mere  literature  —  the  result  of  assiduous  training 
and  stimulation  of  the  literary  faculties, — just  as  a 
great  deal  of  art  is  produced  that  may  be  called 
mere  art.  Literature  that  is  the  result  of  the  fric- 
tion upon  the  mind  of  other  literatures,  is  usually 
mere  literature.  That  which  is  the  result  of  the 
contact  of  the  mind  with  reality,  is  of  another  order. 

Or  we  may  say  "  mere  literature  "  as  we  say  "  mere 
gentleman."  Now  gentlemanly  qualities  —  refine- 
ment, good  breeding,  etc. —  are  not  to  be  sneered 
at  unless  they  stand  alone,  with  no  man  behind  them ; 
and  literary  qualities — style,  learning,  fancy,  etc. — 
are  not  to  be  sneered  at  unless  they  stand  alone, 
which  is  not  infrequently  the  case.  We  would  not 
apply  the  phrase  "  mere  gentleman  "  to  Washing- 
ton, or  Lincoln,  or  Wellington,  though  these  men 
may  have  been  the  most  thorough  of  gentlemen ; 
neither  would  we  apply  the  phrase  "  mere  litera- 
ture "  to  the  works  of  Bacon,  or  Shakespeare,  or  Car- 
lyle,  or  Dante,  or  Plato.  The  Bible  is  literature, 
but  it  is  not  mere  literature.  We  apply  the  latter 
term  to  writings  that  have  little  to  recommend  them 
but  their  technical  and  artistic  excellence,  like  the 
mass  of  current  poetry  and  fiction.  The  men  who 
have  nothing  to  say  and  say  it  extremely  well  pro- 
duce mere  literature. 

Both  England  and  France  have  at  the  present 
time  many  excellent  writers,  men  who  possess  every 
grace  of  style  and  charm  of  expression,  who  still 
give  us  only  a  momentary  pleasure.  They  do  not 
move  us,  they  do  not  lay  strong  hands  upon  us,  their 
works  do  not  take  hold  of  any  great  reality ;  they 
produce  mere  literature.  Literary  seriousness,  lit- 
erary earnestness,  cannot  atone  for  a  want  of  manly 
seriousness  and  earnestness.  A  sensitive  artistic 
conscience  cannot  make  us  content  with  a  dull  or 


254 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


obtuse  moral  conscience.  The  literary  worker  is 
to  confront  reality  in  just  as  serious  a  mood  as  does 
the  man  of  science,  if  he  hopes  to  produce  anything 
that  rises  above  mere  literature.  The  picnickers,  the 
excursionists,  the  flower  gatherers  of  literature  do 
not  produce  lasting  works.  The  seriousness  of 
Hawthorne  was  much  more  than  a  literary  serious- 
ness ;  the  emotion  of  Whittier  at  his  best  is  funda- 
mental and  human. 

There  is  a  passage  in  Amiel's  Journal  that  well 
expresses  the  distinction  I  am  aiming  at.  "  I  have 
been  thinking  a  great  deal  of  Victor  Cherbuliez," 
he  says,  under  date  of  December  4, 1876.  "  Perhaps 
his  novels  make  up  the  most  disputable  part  of  his 
work,  —  they  are  so  much  wanting  in  simplicity, 
feeling,  reality.  And  yet  what  knowledge,  style, 
wit,  and  subtlety, — how  much  thought  everywhere, 
and  what  mastery  of  language !  He  astonishes  one ; 
I  cannot  but  admire-him.  Cherbuliez's  mind  is  of 
immense  range,  clear-sighted,  keen,  full  of  resources ; 
he  is  an  Alexandrian  exquisite,  substituting  for  the 
feeling  which  makes  men  earnest  the  irony  which 
leaves  them  free.  Pascal  would  say  of  him,  '  He 
has  never  risen  from  the  order  oJE  thought  to  the 
order  of  charity.'  But  we  must  not  be  ungrateful. 
A  Lucian  is  not  worth  an  Augustine,  but  still  he  is 
a  Lucian.  .  .  .  The  positive  element  in  Victor 
Cherbuliez's  work  is  beauty,  not  goodness,  nor  moral 
or  religious  life." 

The  positive  element  in  the  enduring  works  is 
always  something  more  than  the  beautiful ;  it  is  the 
true,  the  vital,  the  real,  as  well.  The  beautiful  is 
there,  but  the  not-beautiful  is  there  also.  The  world 
is  held  together,  life  is  nourished  and  made  strong, 
and  power  begotten,  by  the  neutral  or  negatively 
beautiful.  Works  are  everywhere  produced  that 
are  artistically  serious,  but  morally  trifling  and  in- 
sincere ;  faultless  in  form,  but  tame  and  barren 
in  spirit.  We  could  not  say  this  of  the  works  of 
Froude  or  Ruskin,  Huxley  or  Tyndall ;  we  cannot 
say  it  of  the  works  of  Matthew  Arnold,  because  he 
had  a  higher  purpose  than  to  produce  mere  literary 
effects  ;  but  we  can  say  it  of  most  of  the  produc- 
tions of  the  younger  British  essayists  and  poets.  In 
Swinburne,  for  instance,  there  is  a  mere  lust  of  ver- 
bal forms  and  rhythmic  lilt.  In  reading  his  poems, 
I  soon  find  myself  fairly  gasping  for  breath  ;  I  seem 
to  be  trying  to  breathe  in  a  vacuum  —  an  effect 
which  one  does  not  experience  at  all  in  reading 
Tennyson,  or  Browning,  or  Arnold.  One  is  apt  to 
have  serious  qualms  in  reading  the  prose  of  Walter 
Pater,  the  lust  of  mere  style  so  pervades  his  work. 
Faultless  workmanship,  one  says  ;  and  yet  the  best 
qualities  of  style — freshness,  naturalness,  simplicity 
—  are  not  here.  What  in  Victor  Hugo  goes  far 
towards  atoning  for  all  his  sins  against  art,  against 
sanity  and  proportion,  are  his  terrible  moral  earnest- 
ness and  psychic  power.  Whatever  we  may  think  of 
his  work,  we  are  not  likely  to  call  it  "  mere  litera- 
ture." That  masterly  ubiquitous  sporting  and  toy- 
ing with  the  elements  of  life  which  we  find  in  Shake- 


speare we  shall  probably  never  again  see  in  letters. 
The  stress  and  burden  of  later  times  do  not  favor 
it.  The  great  soul  is  now  too  earnest,  too  self-con- 
scious ;  life  is  too  serious.  Only  light  men  now 
essay  it.  Art  for  art's  sake  is  now  the  stamp  of 
third  or  fourth  rate  men.  With  so  much  criticism, 
so  much  knowledge,  so  much  science,  another  Shake- 
speare is  impossible.  Renan  says :  "  In  order  to  estab- 
lish those  literary  authorities  called  classic,  something 
especially  healthy  and  solid  is  necessary.  Common 
household  bread  is  of  more  value  here  than  pastry." 
There  can  be  little  doubt  that  our  best  literary 
workers  are  intent  upon  producing  something  anal- 
agous  to  pastry,  or  even  confectionery,  something 
fine,  complex,  highly  seasoned,  that  tickles  the 
taste.  It  is  always  in  order  to  urge  a  return  to  the 
simple  and  serious,  a  return  to  nature,  to  works 
that  have  the  wholesome  and  sustaining  qualities  of 
natural  products,  grain,  fruits,  nuts,  air,  water. 

JOHN  BURROUGHS. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

THE  "ROYAL  ROAD"  TO  LEARNING. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  October  1  my  booklet  on  "  Ethics 
and  the  New  Education  "  is  approved  as  emphasizing 
the  significance  of  pain  as  a  necessary  factor  of  all  true 
spiritual  growth  and  refinement.  If  I  may  have  your 
permission,  I  would  be  glad  to  cry  a  further  note  on  the 
same  theme  through  the  speaking-tube  of  THE  DIAL. 

The  note  is  this:  Growth  is  possible  only  through 
reasonable  exercise  of  power.  But  mind  as  an  indivis- 
ible unit  of  energy  still  presents  in  its  individual  char- 
acter two  radically  distinct  modes.  The  one  of  these 
modes  is  the  sensuous;  the  other,  the  reflective.  In  its 
sensuous  mode,  mind  is  appealed  to  by  (or  rather  through) 
physical  "  facts,"  pictorial  forms.  In  its  reflective  mode, 
mind  is  exercised  in  the  discovery  and  estimate  of  the 
relations  of  "  fact "  to  "  fact,"  and  in  the  tracing  of  such 
relations  to  the  ultimate  principles  of  which  they  are 
only  special  phases.  No  mind  can  be  truly  educated 
save  through  the  constant  interplay  of  these  two  thor- 
oughly complementary  modes. 

With  this  distinction  clearly  in  view,  it  is  easy  to 
see  that  as  a  rule  the  cry  to  the  effect  that  education 
must  be  "  made  easy,"  and  that  the  work  of  the  school- 
room must  be  made  "  interesting,"  practically  amounts 
to  nothing  more  than  a  demand  for  endless  multiplica- 
tion of  illustrative  matter — that  is,  matter  that  appeals 
directly  to  the  sensuous  aspect  of  consciousness.  It  is 
ordinarily  synonymous  with  the  catch-phrase,  "  Facts 
first  and  theory  after  ";  and  this  practically  is  much  the 
same  as  "  facts  "  always  and  "  theory  "  never.  Though 
what  a  "  fact "  is,  apart  from  a  theory,  might  easily 
prove  an  embarrassing  question. 

Nevertheless,  natural-science  teaching,  with  its  bril- 
liant experiments  and  its  astonishing  array  of  speci- 
mens, has  led  irresistibly  in  the  direction  of  multiplying 
"  illustrations,"  until  too  often  that  which  was  to  be 
illustrated  has  been  fairly  lost  from  view.  And  the 
work  has  proved  so  intensely  "  interesting "  that  the 
conspicuously  "  successful "  teacher  has  for  the  most 
part  gone  victoriously  forward  with  the  absolutely  inno- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


255 


cent  assurance  that  lie  has  at  last  actually  discovered 
the  true  Royal  Road  in  which  Learning  is  once  for  all 
made  easy,  and  that  all  painful  struggle  in  the  educa- 
tional field  must  henceforth  prove  an  inexcusable  an- 
achronism. How  far  this  brilliant  superficiality  has  ex- 
tended, few  seem  as  yet  to  be  clearly  aware.  In  truth, 
the  whole  educational  world  is  to-day  dealing  largely 
in  "  watered  stock,"  and  the  next  generation  must  inev- 
itably pay  the  penalty  in  serious  "shrinkage  of  values." 

Nor  is  this  by  any  means  confined  to  work  done  in 
the  natural  sciences.  So  convincingly  brilliant  have  been 
the  results  in  this  field  that  the  now  rapidly  reviving  in- 
terest in  the  science  of  mind,  both  on  the  side  of  Psy- 
chology and  on  the  side  of  ethics,  seems  destined,  for 
a  while  at  least,  to  come  under  the  same  spell.  Nerve- 
ends,  nerve-fibre,  ganglia,  white  matter  and  gray  mat- 
ter, cerebral  convolutions,  mapping  the  cerebral  cortex 
— how  nearly  tangible  the  mind  is  becoming  !  Shall  we 
not  be  able  presently  to  photograph  an  emotion,  to  catch 
the  color  of  a  thought,  to  touch  a  motive  with  the  tips 
of  our  fingers  ?  How  much  more  real  the  "  mind  "  would 
seem  to  "  us  "  if  only  "  we  "  could  roll  "  it  "  about  on 
the  palm  of  "  our  "  hand  !  And  then  there  is  Hypnotism 
— wonderful,  splendidly  mysterious  Hypnotism  !  Why, 
we  are  just  awaking  to  the  really  "interesting  "  aspects 
of  the  science  of  mind  !  And  "  interesting  "  all  this  un- 
questionably is — interesting  to  consciousness  in  its  sen- 
suous mode  first  of  all.  It  is,  indeed,  interesting  also 
to  consciousness  in  its  reflective  mode,  because  mind  re- 
quires a  form  through  which  to  express  itself,  through 
which  to  unfold  itself.  Nevertheless,  interesting  though 
this  psychological  aspect  of  physiology  may  be,  import- 
ant though  it  may  be  that  the  student  of  psychology 
should  note  the  special  parts  of  the  one  whole  organ 
through  which  the  one  whole  mind  gives  expression  to 
the  various  phases  of  its  one  continuous  whole  activity 
—  interesting  and  important  though  all  this  may  be  in 
its  place,  even  to  the  reflective  aspect  of  consciousness, 
it  is  still  a  fatal  mistake  to  suppose  it  to  constitute  psy- 
chology in  any  proper  sense  of  the  term.  Physiological 
Psychology  ?  Strange  combination  of  terms  !  No  nerve- 
change,  however  subtle,  can  constitute  any  phase  of  con- 
sciousness properly  speaking.  At  most  such  nerve-change 
is  only  a  precondition  of  one  or  another  specialized  mode 
of  consciousness. 

Meanwhile,  the  "  method  of  the  natural  sciences  "  is 
here  seized  upon,  with  more  or  less  unreflecting  zeal,  as 
being  already  proven  a  "  successful  "  method,  and  is 
now  confidently  applied  in  a  field  where  it  cannot  but 
prove  the  more  disastrous  the  less  carefully  the  workers 
in  this  field  note  the  distinction  between  mind  as  agent 
and  body  as  instrument  or  organ.  Such  distinction,  ade- 
quately made  and  maintained,  necessarily  implies  ma- 
turity of  mind  in  its  reflective  mode.  With  this  mode 
imperfectly  developed,  it  is  but  inevitable  that  the 
"  facts  "  of  the  nervous  system,  so  unequivocally  there 
to  the  sensuous  consciousness,  should  seem  to  constitute 
the  whole  reality  of  man,  and  that  materialism  should 
appear  as  furnishing  the  only  rational  account  of  life 
and  "  mind." 

An  antidote  to  all  this  is  the  crying  need  of  the  time. 
Or  if  not  yet  vocal,  it  must  soon  become  vocal.  We  have 
been  led  widely  astray  by  the  luring  phantom  of  a  Royal 
Road  to  Learning.  No  such  road  exists  save  the  truly 
kingly  road  of  work.  And  work,  like  chastisement,  is  for 
the  present  not  "joyous  but  grievous";  though  in  the 
end  it  is  the  one  way  that  has  in  it  any  real  promise  of 
"  eternal  life."  Doubtless  this  subordination  of  the  sen- 


suous aspect  of  consciousness,  in  the  form  of  mere  pres- 
ent enjoyment,  to  the  reflective  aspect  of  consciousness 
in  the  form  of  steadfast  adherence  to  an  infinitely  out- 
reaching  ideal  purpose,  is  the  way  of  "  crucifying  the 
flesh";  and  that  must  always  be  something  altogether 
frightful  and  even  insane  to  the  man  "  in  his  senses  " ; 
but  also  it  must  ever  prove  to  be  something  necessary 
and  desirable  and  wholly  sane  to  the  man  "  in  his  right 
reason." 

Whatever  may  be  said,  then,  respecting  my  "  Sylla- 
bus of  Ethics  " — that  will  live  if  it  deserves  to  live,  and 
die  if  it  deserves  to  die,  whatever  friendly  or  unfriendly 
critics  may  say  of  it — I  still  insist  that  for  the  purposes 
of  the  class-room  the  first  requisite  for  a  text-book  is, 
not  that  it  shall  be  "  interesting  "  to  or  easily  manage- 
able by  the  student,  but  that  it  shall  present  in  as  con- 
cise and  rigidly  logical  form  as  possible  a  really  ade- 
quate outline  of  the  subject.  It  is  an  utter  prostitution 
of  educational  appliances  to  turn  the  school  into  an  in- 
formation-mill or  a  variety-show.  The  true  school  is  a 
medium — the  most  efficient  of  all  media — for  the  awak- 
ening of  youth  to  a  clear,  adequate,  genuinely  reflective 
consciousness  of  the  fundamental  principles  constituting 
the  inner  substance  of  the  world  both  as  mind  and  as 
"  matter."  It  is  for  the  living  teacher  to  stimulate  the 
pupil  to  such  living  interest  in  the  theme  that  he  comes 
to  comprehend  experiment  and  text-book  alike  in  their 
proper  significance  as  mere  instruments  devised  solely 
for  his  own  self-development. 

And,  after  all,  precise  technical  language,  so  far  from 
being  the  language  of  obscurity,  is  just  that  medium 
which  realizes  the  very  perfection  of  clearness.  It  is 
simply  the  exact  form  of  exact  thought,  and  there  is  in 
it  nothing  dreadful — certainly  nothing  more  so  for  ethics 
than  for,  say,  chemistry  or  electricity.  Neither  is  it  less 
indispensable  in  the  one  science  than  in  the  other.  And 
if  ethics  is  really  to  be  taken  seriously  —  as  seriously, 
for  instance,  as  biology  —  then  whatever  of  technical 
language  is  necessary  to  the  full  and  clear  expression  of 
the  complex  thought  involved  must  frankly  be  faced 
and  mastered.  Education,  let  us  repeat,  is  not  merely, 
nor  even  chiefly,  a  matter  of  pleasure.  It  is,  above  all, 
a  process  of  self-realization.  Hence,  what  precisely  the 
character  of  the  education  is  to  be  is  in  sober  truth  a 
matter  of  mental,  of  spiritual,  life  and  death.  When 
dilettantism  shall  have  once  gained  permanent  posses- 
sion of  the  school-room,  the  end  of  the  world  will  be  near 
at  hand.  WILLIAM  M.  BRYANT. 

St.  Louis  Normal  and  High  School,  Oct.  18,  1894. 


MR.  JOHN  FISKE  AND  THE  CALIFORNIA 

VIGILANTS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  October  1,  page  199,  why  do  you  ad- 
versely criticise  the  historian  Mr.  John  Fiske  in  the  fol- 
lowing particular:  "We  regret  to  see  that  Mr.  Fiske 
gives  countenance  to  the  San  Francisco  Vigilants  by  say- 
ing: 'Honest  citizens  were  obliged  to  organize  vigilance 
committees  to  deal  quickly  and  sharply  with  criminals.'  " 

C.  CLARK. 

Redwood,  California,  Oct.  20,  1894. 

[And  WHY — to  echo  our  laconic  correspondent's 
query — should  we  not  adversely  criticise  Mr.  Fiske 
in  the  particular  stated?  Does  he  think  Mr.  Fiske 
above  criticism,  or  does  he  expect  us  to  approve  of 
lynch  law?  —  EDR.  DIAL.] 


256 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


AN  AMERICAN  STAGE  FAVORITE.  * 


Mr.  Winter's  title,  "  The  Life  and  Art  of 
Joseph  Jefferson,"  is  a  little  misleading,  since 
it  covers,  strictly  speaking,  only  about  half  the 
volume.  The  remaining  space  is  devoted  to 
the  other  Thespian  members  of  the  Jefferson 
family— Thomas  (1728-1807),  Joseph  (1774- 
1832),  Elizabeth  (1810-90),  Joseph  (1804- 
42),  and  Charles  Burke  (1822-54),— to  each 
of  whom  a  separate  chapter  is  given.  The  Me- 
moir is  a  revision,  "  rectified,  augmented,  re- 
arranged, and  in  part  re-written,"  of  Mr.  Win- 
ter's "  The  Jeffersons,"  published  in  1881,  and 
it  is  therefore  virtually  a  new  work.  In  its 
present  shape  it  forms  a  collection  of  American 
stage  anecdotes  and  memorabilia  second  only 
to  Mr.  Hutton's  ;  while  its  delightful  style  and 
delicate  appreciations  of  the  player's  and  the 
playwright's  art  lend  it  a  charm  and  value  dis- 
tinctively its  own.  The  sketch  of  the  present 
Jefferson,  though  rather  desultory  in  form,  is 
graphic  and  warmly  sympathetic,  and  it  con- 
veys a  clear  impression  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  tal- 
ent and  personality.  Mr.  Winter  is  a  good 
narrator,  and  he  is  of  the  order  of  critics  who, 
like  Lamb  and  Hazlitt,  do  us  the  substantial 
service  of  bringing  to  light,  and  making  us  feel, 
the  finer  and  more  recondite  beauties  that  es- 
cape the  untrained  and  the  heedless  eye.  Few 
will  read  the  chapters  in  which  Mr.  Jefferson's 
leading  impersonations  are  severally  reviewed 
without  wishing  to  again  see  that  finished  actor 
on  the  stage,  in  order  to  appreciate  and  enjoy 
his  art  more  fully  in  the  light  of  Mr.  Winter's 
exposition. 

Joseph  Jefferson,  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle " 
fame,  was  born  at  Philadelphia,  February  20, 
1829.  Both  of  his  parents  were  actors,  and 
the  boy  made  his  own  debut  in  a  very  comical 
way  at  the  age  of  four,  when  he  was  carried 
upon  the  stage  by  James  D.  Rice,  the  founder 
of  negro  minstrelsy,  and  originator  of  the  im- 
mortal "  Jim  Crow." 

"  The  comedian,  on  a  benefit  occasion,  introduced  the 
child,  blackened  and  dressed  like  himself,  into  the  per- 
formance of  Jim  Crow.  Little  Joe  was  taken  upon  the 
scene  in  a  bag,  and  emptied  from  it,  with  the  couplet, — 

'  Ladies  and  gentlemen,  I  'd  have  you  for  to  know 
I've  got  a  little  darkey  here  to  jump  Jim  Crow.' 
A  witness  of  that  scene  says  that  the  boy  promptly  as- 
sumed the  attitude  of  Jim  Crow  Rice,  and  sang  and 

*  THE  LIFE  AND  ART  OF  JOSEPH  JEFFERSON.  By  William 
Winter,  author  of  "  The  Life  and  Art  of  Edwin  Booth."  Il- 
lustrated. New  York :  Macmillau  &  Co. 


danced  in  imitation  of  his  sable  companion,  and  was  a 
miniature  likeness  of  that  grotesque  person." 

In  1837,  Jefferson,  then  a  boy  of  eight,  ap- 
peared at  the  Franklin  Theatre,  New  York, 
where  he  did  a  broadsword-combat  with  a  Mas- 
ter Titus  —  after  the  manner  of  the  brothers 
Crummies,  doubtless  ;  and  at  the  close  of  the 
season  the  family  left  for  the  far  West.  There 
for  twelve  years  they  led  the  life  of  the  stroll- 
ing player,  roaming  from  town  to  town  in  ox- 
carts, flatboats,  etc.,  and  often  enough  on  foot 
(there  were  no  smoothly-gravelled  ties  in  those 
days,  be  it  remembered,  to  ease  the  steps  of 
the  crushed  tragedian),  and  playing  at  times 
in  barns  and  hotel  dining-rooms,  with  scenery 
not  much  more  elaborate  than  Quince  the  car- 
penter's. At  that  date  the  term  "  barn-storm- 
ing "  had  a  very  literal  sound  and  was  no  mere 
playful  metaphor  for  a  tour  in  the  provinces. 
Once  the  Jefferson  company,  adrift  in  a  region 
far  from  any  settlement,  lighted  on  an  unusually 
spacious  barn  owned  by  an  unusually  benevo- 
lent-looking farmer,  and  they  resolved  forth- 
with to  give  a  performance. 

"  There  was  a  cordial  response.  The  farmers  and 
their  wives  and  children,  from  far  and  near,  came  to 
see  the  play.  The  receipts  were  twenty  dollars,  and 
that  treasure  was  viewed  as  a  godsend  by  the  poor 
players,  who  saw  in  it  the  means  of  food,  and  of  a  ride 
to  the  next  town.  But  no  adequate  allowance  had  been 
made  for  the  frugality  of  the  genial  owner  of  the  barn. 
'  I  guess  that  pays  my  bill,'  he  said,  as  he  put  the  money 
into  his  pocket;  and  so  the  venture  was  settled,  and  the 
rueful  comedians  walked  away." 

Amid  scenes  of  this  kind,  says  the  author, 
young  Jefferson  learned  to  be  an  actor  ;  and, 
except  barely  three  months  at  school  which  he 
once  enjoyed,  that  was  the  only  kind  of  train- 
ing he  ever  received. 

"  In  Mexico,  when  the  war  occurred,  in  1846,  he  was 
among  the  followers  of  the  American  army,  and  gave 
performances  in  tents.  He  saw  General  Taylor  on  the 
banks  of  the  Rio  Grande;  he  heard  the  thunder  of  the 
guns  at  Palo  Alto;  he  stood  beside  the  tent  in  which 
the  gallant  Major  Ringgold  lay  dying;  he  witnessed 
the  bombardment  of  Matamoras,  and,  two  nights  after 
the  capture  of  that  city,  he  acted  in  its  Spanish  theatre." 

Jefferson  returned  to  New  York  in  1849, 
and  filled  successive  engagements  at  Chanf rau's 
New  National  Theatre,  at  Mitchell's  Olympic, 
Brougham's  Lyceum,  Niblo's  Garden,  and, 
after  a  Southern  tour  and  a  non-professional 
trip  to  Europe,  at  Laura  Keene's  new  play- 
house on  Broadway,  where,  in  1857,  he  scored 
a  hit  as  "  Dr.  Pangloss,"  making  the  charac- 
ter, says  Mr.  Winter,  exceedingly  comical,  yet 
"  human,  natural,  probable,  real,  and  even  es- 
tablishing him  in  a  kindly  regard."  While  at 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


257 


this  theatre  an  incident  occurred  which  shows 
Jefferson  in  an  agreeable  light.  One  of  the 
troupe,  Blake  —  a  good  actor,  but  with  a  ten- 
dency to  coarseness  —  resenting  Jefferson's 
habit  of  expunging  indelicate  lines  from  the 
old  comedies,  ridiculed  him  as  "  the  Sunday- 
school  comedian." 

"  There  was  a  scene  in  the  green-room  and  Blake  was 
discomfited.  '  You  take  an  unfair  and  unmanly  advan- 
tage of  people,'  said  Jefferson,  '  when  you  force  them 
to  listen  to  your  coarseness.  They  are,  for  the  time, 
imprisoned,  and  have  no  choice  but  to  hear  and  see  your 
ill-breeding.  You  have  no  better  right  to  be  offensive 
on  the  stage  than  in  the  drawing-room.'" 

The  production,  on  October  18,  1858,  of 
"  Our  American  Cousin  "  marked  the  decisive 
turn  of  the  tide  in  Jefferson's  professional  for- 
tunes. He  acted  "  Asa  Trenchard,"  and  he  was 
famous. 

"  Seldom  has  an  actor  found  a  medium  for  the  ex- 
pression of  his  spirit  so  ample  and  so  congenial  as  that 
part  proved  to  be  for  Jefferson.  Rustic  grace,  simple 
manliness,  unconscious  drollery,  and  unaffected  pathos, 
expressed  with  artistic  control,  and  in  an  atmosphere  of 
repose,  could  not  have  been  more  truthfully  and  beau- 
tifully combined." 

It  was  then  also  that  Sothern  —  his  future 
greatness  thrust  upon  him,  as  it  were,  in  the 
trivial,  reluctantly-accepted  part  of  "  Lord  Dun- 
dreary " — laid  the  foundation  of  his  fame  and 
fortune.  "  Our  American  Cousin  "  ran  for 
one  hundred  and  forty  consecutive  nights  —  a 
prodigious  run  at  that  time,  —  and  it  proved 
the  success  of  the  year  and  of  the  theatre. 

In  1861  Jefferson  sailed  for  Australia,  where 
he  remained  four  years,  winning  golden  opin- 
ions and  hosts  of  friends  by  his  acting  of  "  Asa 
Trenchard,"  "Caleb  Plummer,"  "Bob  Bri- 
erly,"  and  other  characters.  His  performance 
of  "Bob  Brierly"  (in  "The  Ticket-of-leave 
Man  ")  on  one  occasion  at  Hobart  Town  drew 
an  audience  including  over  six  hundred  ticket- 
of-leave  men ;  and,  "  though  at  first  they  re- 
garded him  with  looks  of  implacable  ferocity, 
they  ended  by  giving  him  their  hearts,  in  a 
hurricane  of  acclamation." 

After  leaving  Australia,  Jefferson  spent  a  lit- 
tle time  in  South  America  and  at  Panama,  and 
sailed  thence  for  England.  Arriving  at  Lon- 
don he  commissioned  Boucicault  to  recast  and 
rewrite  the  old  play  of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  "  for 
production  in  the  English  capital.  There  were 
already  several  stage  versions  of  Irving's  story, 
and  Jefferson  had  no  less  than  seven  predeces- 
sors in  the  part  with  which  his  name  is  now 
inseparably  linked.  The  first  recorded  drama- 
tization of  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  "  was  produced 


at  Albany,  May  26, 1828,  and  the  first "  Rip  " 
was  Thomas  Flynn  (1804-49).  The  second 
"  Rip,"  Charles  B.  Parsons,  played  at  Cincin- 
nati in  1828-29,  using  a  version  bought  in  New 
York  by  the  manager,  N.  M.  Ludlow.  Still 
another  version,  probably  by  an  English  dra- 
matist named  Kerr,  was  presented  at  Phila- 
delphia, October  30, 1829,  with  William  Chap- 
man in  the  leading  role  ;  and  in  1830  James 
H.  Hackett,  the  famous  "  Falstaff,"  and  Jef- 
ferson's ablest  predecessor,  produced  the  play 
in  New  York,  using  a  version  written  probably 
by  himself.  Hackett  went  to  England  in  1832, 
and  had  a  new  draft  of  the  piece  made  by  Ber- 
nard Bayle,  in  which  he  appeared  in  London, 
and  which  he  continued  to  present  for  several 
years  after  his  return  to  America.  Charles 
Burke,  Jefferson's  half-brother,  made  a  play  for 
himself  on  the  subject  in  1849,  and  amended 
and  improved  it  in  1850  ;  and  this  was  the 
piece  put  in  Boucicault's  hands  for  recasting 
in  1865.  Boucicault  finished  the  revision  in  a 
week,  but  had  no  faith  in  the  practical  success 
of  his  work,  telling  Jefferson  that  it  could  not 
possibly  hold  the  stage  for  more  than  a  month. 
Many  of  the  new  features  were  due  to  Jeffer- 
son,—  particularly  the  happy  suggestion  that 
the  spectres,  in  the  midnight  encounter  on  the 
mountain,  should  maintain  an  awful  silence, 
and  that  only  the  bewildered  man  should  speak. 
Boucicault  contributed  the  scheme  of  "  Gretch- 
en's  "  second  marriage  ;  and  to  him  also  is  due 
the  powerful  climax  of  the  third  act,  "Meenie's" 
recognition  of  her  father  —  a  touch  suggested 
by  the  recognition  of  "  Cordelia "  in  "  King 
Lear."  With  this  new  version  Jefferson  sought 
the  favor  of  the  London  public,  on  September 
4,  1865  ;  and  his  success  was  great  enough  to 
herald  his  future  renown.  A  laughable  inci- 
dent preceded  the  first  performance.  On  the 
approach  of  the  fateful  hour,  Jefferson,  nervous 
and  apprehensive,  and  as  absent-minded  as 
"  Dominie  Sampson,"  retired  to  his  room  in 
Regent  Street,  and  abstractedly  proceeded  to 
"  make  up  "  for  the  third  act. 

"  The  window-curtains  happened  to  be  raised,  and  the 
room  was  brightly  lighted,  so  that  the  view  from  with- 
out was  unobscured.  Not  many  minutes  passed  before 
it  began  to  be  utilized, —  and  a  London  crowd  is  quick 
to  assemble.  Inside,  the  absorbed  comedian  uncon- 
cernedly went  on  acting  Rip  Van  Winkle:  outside,  the 
curious  multitude,  thinking  him  a  comic  lunatic,  thronged 
the  street  till  it  became  impassable.  The  police  fought 
their  way  to  the  spot.  The  landlady  was  finally  alarmed ; 
and  the  astonished  actor,  brought  back  to  the  world  by 
the  clamor  at  his  door,  inquiring  if  he  were  ill,  at  length 
comprehended  the  situation,  and  suspended  his  re- 
hearsal." 


258 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


Jefferson  left  England  July  30,  1866.  and 
on  September  3  he  appeared  at  the  Olympic 
Theatre,  New  York.  His  performance  of  "  Rip  " 
took  the  house  by  storm  ;  and  we  need  trace 
no  further  the  history  of  a  part  that  for  nearly 
thirty  years  has  held  perhaps  the  chief  place 
in  the  hearts  of  American  play-goers.  To  can- 
cel from  our  stage  memories  the  masterful  fig- 
ure of  Joseph  Jefferson  as  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  " 
would  leave  a  hiatus  indeed. 

On  September  13, 1880,  Mr.  Jefferson  pro- 
duced "  The  Rivals  "  at  the  Arch  Street  Thea- 
tre, Philadelphia,  and  made  a  pronounced  hit 
as  "  Bob  Acres," —  a  part  in  which  he  had 
shone  in  his  youth,  and  which  he  revived  prob- 
ably as  the  most  effective  answer  to  the  charge 
that  he  was  a  one-part  actor.  Apropos  of  this 
widely  erroneous  impression,  Mr.  Winter  tells 
a  story  of  Charles  Matthews. 

" '  I  am  glad  to  see  you  making  your  fortune,'  he  said, 
'  but  I  do  n't  like  to  see  you  doing  it  with  one  part  and 
a  carpet-bag.'  .  .  .  The  comment  of  Matthews,  how- 
ever, was  meant  to  glance  at  the  one-part  policy;  and 
Jefferson's  reply  to  that  ebullition  was  alike  significant 
and  good-humored.  '  It  is  perhaps  better,'  he  said,  '  to 
play  one  part  in  different  ways  than  to  play  many  parts 
all  in  one  way.'  That  sentence  explains  his  artistic  vic- 
tory." 

Since  1880,  the  story  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  pro- 
fessional life  is  mainly  the  record  of  his  pleas- 
ant wanderings  with  "Rip,"  "Acres,"  and  "Dr. 
Pangloss."  Living  mostly  at  home,  and  act- 
ing but  a  part  of  each  season,  he  has  devoted 
himself  to  painting  —  an  art  in  which  he  has 
achieved  some  substantial  success. 

"  Several  of  his  works  have  been  exhibited.  Some 
of  them  have  been  circulated  in  etchings.  The  charm 
of  his  pictures,  like  that  of  his  acting,  is  tenderness  of 
feeling,  combined  with  a  touch  of  mystery, — an  imagin- 
ative quality,  kindred  with  the  freedom  and  the  wild- 
ness  that  are  seen  in  the  paintings  of  Corot." 

Following  the  biographical  essay,  and  essen- 
tially part  of  it,  are  four  excellent  chapters,  de- 
scriptive and  critical  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  leading 
characters.  In  this  special  field  Mr.  Winter 
is  at  his  best.  He  conjures  back  for  us  with  a 
few  vivid  touches  the  familiar  figures — the  joy- 
ous, drunken,  wholly  disreputable  and  wholly 
lovable  "  Rip  ";  the  debonair  "  Golightly  ";  the 
vaporing  "  Acres  ";  and,  to  our  thinking  best  of 
all,  quaint  old  "  Caleb  "  with  his  sackcloth  coat 
and  his  quavering  song  about  the  Sparkling 
Bowl.  Not  to  have  seen  Joseph  Jefferson  as 
"  Caleb  Plummer  "  is  to  have  missed  perhaps 
the  best  exemplification  on  the  modern  stage  of 
the  ability  of  the  actor  to  achieve  humor — not 
humor  in  the  popular  sense,  but  that  subtle 
blending  of  things  merry  and  things  sad  which 


is  at  once  the  rarest  of  arts  and  the  commonest 
of  facts.  It  will  certainly  be  a  satisfaction  to 
Mr.  Jefferson  to  have  found  so  sympathetic  a 
biographer  and  so  sound  and  eloquent  a  critic 
as  Mr.  Winter. 

As  already  intimated,  the  book  is  rich  in  the 
materials  of  theatrical  history — old  play-bills, 
casts,  press-notices,  press-extracts,  and  the  va- 
rious odds  and  ends  of  forgotten  stage  fact  and 
anecdote.  There  are  a  number  of  illustrations, 
including  portraits  of  Mr.  Jefferson  in  favorite 
roles.  E.  G.  J. 


THE  HEAL,  JAP  AX  OF  OLD.* 


A  year  or  so  ago,  Henry  Norman,  a  London 
newspaper  man,  published  a  book  entitled  "The 
Real  Japan,"  which  gave  a  remarkably  thor- 
ough and  accurate  study  of  contemporary  New 
Japan.  Within  the  past  few  years  others  have 
been  trying  to  penetrate  beneath  the  surface, 
and  to  find  out  the  secrets  and  mysteries  of  the 
inner  life  of  the  Japanese.  Sir  Edwin  Arnold 
found  many  beauties,  but  did  not  get  far  below 
the  surface.  Percival  Lowell  carried  his  in- 
vestigations yet  farther,  and  ascertained  many 
interesting  motives  of  life  among  the  Japanese. 
But  it  has  been  left  for  Lafcadio  Hearn  to 
find  "  the  hidden  springs  of  their  life  "  as  no 
other  foreigner  has  been  able  to  see  them  ;  and 
to  describe  the  real  Japan  as  it  has  been  un- 
affected by  Occidental  influences. 

Mr.  Hearn  had  unusual  opportunities  for  his 
work.  He  tried  to  adopt  native  manners  and 
customs  ;  was  "  wonderfully  sensitive  to  Japan- 
ese influences,"  and  thus  came  into  perfect  sym- 
pathy with  all  "things  Japanese."  His  home  was 
in  Matsue,  chief  city  of  Izumo,  "  the  Province 
of  the  Gods,"  where  divinity  first  condescended 
from  heaven  to  earth,  or  (as  iconoclastic  his- 
torical critics  express  it)  where  emigrants  from 
Korea  landed  in  Japan.  His  two  volumes 
are  modestly  entitled  :  they  are  more  than 
"  glimpses  " —  they  are  long  searching  exam- 
inations, microscopical  investigations,  careful 
studies.  They  give  the  minute  facts  and  fan- 
cies of  Japanese  life  for  the  philosopher  to  use 
in  ascertaining  the  meaning  of  that  life. 

Mr.  Hearn  was  the  first  European  to  enter 
the  inner  shrine  of  the  Kitzuki  temple,  the  old- 
est Shinto  temple  in  Japan.  "  To  see  Kitzuki 
is  to  see  the  living  centre  of  Shinto  and  to  feel 
the  life-pulse  of  the  ancient  faith."  What 
Shinto  is,  with  "  no  philosophy,  no  code  of 

*  GLIMPSES  OF  UNFAMILIAR  JAPAN.    By  Lafcadio  Hearn. 
In  two  volumes.    Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


259 


ethics,  no  metaphysics,"  is  still  a  difficult  ques- 
tion to  answer.  Mr.  Hearn  thinks  that  the 
explanation  is  to  be  sought  "  not  in  books,  nor 
in  rites,  nor  in  commandments,  but  in  the 
national  heart,  of  which  it  is  the  highest  emo- 
tional expression."  His  own  explanation  is  as 
follows : 

"  Shinto  signifies  character  in  the  highest  sense, — 
courage,  courtesy,  honor,  and,  above  all  things,  loyalty. 
The  spirit  of  Shinto  is  the  spirit  of  filial  piety,  the  zest 
of  duty,  the  readiness  to  surrender  life  for  a  principle 
without  a  thought  of  wherefore.  It  is  the  docility  of 
the  child;  it  is  the  sweetness  of  the  Japanese  woman. 
...  It  is  religion, —  but  religion  transformed  into  he- 
reditary moral  impulse, —  religion  transmuted  into  eth- 
ical instinct.  It  is  the  whole  emotional  life  of  the  race, 
• — the  Soul  of  Japan." 

It  is  readily  noticeable  that  the  meaning  of 
Yamato-damashii  ("  the  Japanese  spirit  ")  is 
practically  the  sdlme  as  the  meaning  of  the 
Latin  word  pietas. 

The  personal  experiences  of  Mr.  Hearn  while 
he  was  holding  the  position  of  teacher  of  En- 
glish in  the  Middle  School  and  the  Normal 
School  at  Matsue  are  very  interesting.  He 
evidently  explored  with  great  care  the  country 
roundabout.  He  went  to  Kaka,  where  it  is  for- 
bidden to  go  if  there  is  wind  enough  "  to  move 
three  hairs,"  and  examined  the  Cave  of  the 
Children's  Ghosts  ;  to  Mionoseki,  the  god  of 
which  hates  hen's  eggs,  hens  and  chickens,  and 
*'  the  cock  above  all  living  creatures  ";  to  Hi- 
nomisaki,  where  "  no  European  has  ever  been," 
and  where  is  a  far-famed  double  temple  of  the 
Sun-Goddess  ;  to  Oki,  where  "  not  even  a  mis- 
sionary had  ever  been,"  and  where  he  found 
*'  fine  strong  men  and  vigorous  women  "  more 
numerous  than  on  the  mainland ;  and  to  several 
out-of-the-way  places. 

The  two  volumes  are  rich  in  folk-lore,  le- 
gends, superstitions,  proverbs,  and  poems. 
They  tell  of  the  magical  and  beautiful  writing 
of  Kobo  Daishi,  the  inventor  of  the  Japanese 
syllabary ;  of  the  jolly  worship  of  Jizo,  the 
sweet-faced  God  of  Children  ;  of  the  wonderful 
sights  of  Enoshima ;  of  the  market  at  which 
are  purchased  the  articles  used  in  the  Feast  of 
Lanterns  in  honor  of  the  dead,  and  the  weird 
dance  of  that  festival ;  of  the  pathetic  custom 
of  double  suicide  on  the  part  of  two  lovers,  sep- 
arated in  life,  but  united  in  death  ;  of  the  un- 
canny foxes  and  badgers,  and  the  worship  of 
Inari  Sama,  the  rice-god ;  and  of  many  other 
festivals,  manners,  and  customs,  too  numerous 
to  mention. 

"  But  these  strange  beliefs  are  swiftly  passing  away. 
Year  by  year  more  shrines  of  Inari  crumble  down,  never 
to  be  rebuilt.  Year  by  year  the  statuaries  make  fewer 


images  of  foxes.  Year  by  year  fewer  victims  of  fox- 
possession  are  taken  to  the  hospitals  to  be  treated  ac- 
cording to  the  best  scientific  methods  by  Japanese  phy- 
sicians who  speak  German.  The  cause  is  not  to  be 
found  in  the  decadence  of  the  old  faiths;  a  superstition 
outlives  a  religion.  Much  less  is  it  to  be  sought  for  in 
the  efforts  of  proselytizing  missionaries  from  the  West 
— most  of  whom  profess  an  earnest  belief  in  devils.  It 
is  purely  educational.  The  omnipotent  enemy  of  super- 
stition is  the  public  school.  .  .  .  The  little  hands  that 
break  the  Fox-god's  nose  in  mischievous  play  can  also 
write  essays  upon  the  evolution  of  plants  and  about  the 
geology  of  Izumo.  There  is  no  place  for  ghostly  foxes 
in  the  beautiful  nature-world  revealed  by  new  studies 
to  the  new  generation.  The  omnipotent  exerciser  and 
reformer  is  the  Kodomo  [Child]." 

Mr.  Hearn's  style  is  simple  and  picturesque, 
eminently  befitting  the  Oriental  life  which  he 
describes.  He  writes  pathetically  and  sympa- 
thetically of  the  life  of  a  dancing-girl,  but  gives 
an  entirely  wrong  impression  that  the  geisha 
is  spotless.  He  vividly  describes  a  Japanese 
garden  as  absolutely  realistic,  "  at  once  a  pic- 
ture and  a  poem — perhaps  even  more  a  poem 
than  a  picture  ";  and  shows  how  the  trees  and 
stones  have  "  character,"  "  tones  and  values." 
The  Japanese  certainly  succeed  in  finding  "  ser- 
mons in  stones,  books  in  the  running  brooks, 
tongues  in  the  trees." 

"  Why  should  the  trees  be  so  lovely  in  Japan  ?  With 
us  a  plum  or  cherry  tree  in  flower  is  not  an  astonish- 
ing sight ;  but  here  it  is  a  miracle  of  beauty  so  bewilder- 
ing that,  however  much  you  may  have  previously  read 
about  it,  the  real  spectacle  strikes  you  dumb.  You  see 
no  leaves, — only  one  great  filmy  mist  of  petals.  Is  it 
that  the  trees  have  been  so  long  domesticated  and  ca- 
ressed by  man  in  this  land  of  the  Gods,  that  they  have 
acquired  souls,  and  strive  to  show  their  gratitude,  like 
women  loved,  by  making  themselves  more  beautiful  for 
man's  sake  ?  Assuredly  they  have  mastered  men's  hearts 
by  their  loveliness,  like  beautiful  slaves.  That  is  to  say, 
Japanese  hearts.  Apparently  there  have  been  some  for- 
eign tourists  of  the  brutal  class  in  this  place,  since  it 
has  been  deemed  necessary  to  set  up  inscriptions  in  En- 
glish announcing  that  'It  is  forbidden  to  injure  the 
trees.' " 

Mr.  Hearn  tells  stories  of  ghosts  and  goblins 
in  a  way  to  charm  young  America ;  discourses 
of  souls  in  a  way  to  interest  spiritualists ;  and 
masterfully  analyzes  the  Japanese  smile  as  a 
matter  of  etiquette  that  demands  a  stoical  man- 
ifestation of  joy  even  in  adversity  or  affliction. 

"  It  is  the  native  custom  that  whenever  a  painful  or 
shocking  fact  must  be  told,  the  announcement  should 
be  made,  by  the  sufferer,  with  a  smile.  The  graver  the 
subject,  the  more  accentuated  the  smile;  and  when  the 
matter  is  very  unpleasant  to  the  person  speaking  of  it, 
the  smile  often  changes  to  a  low,  soft  laugh.  However 
bitterly  the  mother  who  has  lost  her  first-born  may  have 
wept  at  the  funeral,  it  is  probable  that,  if  in  your  ser- 
vice, she  will  tell  of  her  bereavement  with  a  smile :  like 
the  Preacher,  she  holds  that  there  is  a  time  to  weep  and 
a  time  to  laugh.  .  .  .  Yet  the  laugh  was  politeness 


260 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


carried  to  the  utmost  point  of  self-abnegation.  It  sig- 
nified :  « This  you  might  honorably  think  to  be  an  un- 
happy event;  pray  do  not  suffer  your  superiority  to  feel 
concern  about  so  inferior  a  matter,  and  pardon  the  ne- 
cessity which  causes  us  to  outrage  politeness  by  speak- 
ing about  such  an  affair  at  all.' " 

Some  of  the  sketches  in  this  volume  have  ap- 
peared in  the  "  Japan  Mail "  and  other  news- 
papers, and  some  in  the  "  Atlantic  Monthly  "; 
but  almost  two-thirds  are  entirely  new. 

The  great  fault  of  the  work  is  that  it  is  one- 
sided. The  preface  merely  acknowledges  the 
existence  of  a  "  darker  side,"  but  calls  even 
this  "  brightness  compared  with  the  darker  side 
of  Western  existence."  Throughout  the  entire 
book  one  rarely  meets  even  a  hint  that  sin  ex- 
ists in  Japan ;  the  beauty  of  the  work  must  not 
be  marred  by  stains.  Japanese  life  "  has  its 
foibles,  its  follies,  its  vices,  its  cruelties,"  but 
they  don't  amount  to  anything !  Kaempfer  is 
quoted  with  approval :  "  In  the  practice  of  vir- 
tue, in  purity  of  life  and  outward  devotion,  they 
far  outdo  the  Christians."  Mr.  Hearn's  "  own 
conviction  "  that  "  Japan  has  nothing  to  gain 
by  conversion  to  Christianity "  is  the  usual 
opinion  of  "us  agnostics,"  who  can  scarcely 
be  called  "  impartial."  But  it  is  the  calm 
judgment  of  many  "  experienced  observers  of 
Japanese  life,"  that  true  Christianity,  with  its 
lofty  moral  standards,  its  great  spiritual  power 
and  personal  inspiration,  is  much  needed  in 
New  Japan.  ERNEST  W.  CLEMENT. 


THE  CANTERBURY  TALES  "AS  POETRY.  * 

At  last  we  have  an  edition  of  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Tales  adapted  to  the  wants  of  those 
who  would  read  them  as  poetry  rather  than  as 
a  monument  of  fourteenth  century  English. 
Accordingly,  there  is  not  obtruded  upon  the 
reader's  attention,  in  the  editorial  matter,  a 
great  mass  of  mere  scholarship,  which  it  is  very 
easy  in  these  days  to  collect.  Mr.  Pollard  has 
strictly  observed,  as  an  editor,  the  ne  quid 
nimis  ;  and  that  is  not  an  easy  thing  to  do. 

This  edition,  as  stated  in  the  Preface,  is  the 
result  of  an  engagement  entered  into,  as  far 
back  as  1888,  by  Dr.  Furnivall  and  Mr.  Pollard, 
that  they  should  cooperate  in  the  preparation 
of  a  complete  Library  edition  of  Chaucer,  for 
Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  On  this  arrangement 
a  beginning  was  made ;  but  Dr.  Furnivall's 
many  engagements  compelled  him  to  with- 

*  CHAUCER'S  CANTERBURY  TALES.  Edited,  with  notes  and 
introduction,  by  Alfred  W.  Pollard.  In  two  volumes.  New 
York  :  Macmillan  &  Co. 


draw  from  the  work  soon  after  it  was  under- 
taken. In  the  meantime,  Professor  Skeat,  who, 
in  his  Chaucer  studies  and  editing,  had  been 
for  years  collating  texts  and  collecting  notes 
and  elucidations  of  various  kinds,  planned  an 
edition  on  a  large  scale  (now  in  course  of  pub- 
lication by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.).  Says 
Mr.  Pollard : 

"  I  gladly  abandoned,  in  favor  of  an  editor  of  so  much 
greater  width  of  reading,  the  Library  edition  which  had 
been  arranged  for  in  the  original  agreement  of  Dr.  Fur- 
nivall and  myself  with  Messrs.  Macmillan.  I  thought, 
however,  that  the  work  which  I  had  done  might  fairly 
be  used  for  an  edition  on  a  less  extensive  plan  and  in- 
tended for  a  less  stalwart  class  of  readers,  and  of  this 
the  present  issue  of  the  Canterbury  Tales  is  an  instal- 
ment." 

The  London  Chaucer  Society's  Six -Text 
Edition  of  the  Canterbury  Tales  revealed  the 
great  superiority  of  the  Ellesmere  MS.  Upon 
this  the  text  of  the  edition  before  us  is  based, 
the  Six  Texts  and  the  Harleian  MS.  7334  hav- 
ing been  carefully  collated,  and  all  variations 
from  the  Ellesmere  being  stated  in  the  foot- 
notes. These  variations  are  not  numerous 
enough  to  make  the  page  dreary ;  and  the  text 
is  not  disfigured  by  marks  calling  attention  to 
them.  There  is  great  certainty  now,  especially 
in  the  case  of  the  Canterbury  Tales,  as  to  what 
Chaucer  actually  wrote, — far  greater  certainty 
than  there  is  as  to  what  Shakespeare  wrote  ; 
and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  text  of  this  edi- 
tion, and  of  Professor  Skeat's  edition,  will  be 
accepted  by  the  learned  world  as  final.  It  is 
hard  to  see  what  more  could  be  done.  Of  course 
there  are  many  scholars  who  don't  like  to  have 
things  settled.  Othello's  occupation  would  be 
gone. 

To  notice  the  chief  editorial  features  of  Mr. 
Pollard's  edition,  as  presented  in  his  Preface : 

The  glossing  of  obsolete  words  in  the  foot- 
notes is  kept  within  the  smallest  limits  possible, 
a  glossary  of  the  commoner  words  being  ap- 
pended to  the  second  volume,  to  avoid  explain- 
ing them  whenever  they  occur.  "  To  interrupt 
one's  enjoyment  of  poetry,"  says  the  editor, 
"  by  looking  up  words  in  a  glossary  appears  to 
me  an  intolerable  penance,  and  I  have  there- 
fore put  explanations  of  the  obsolete  words  in 
foot-notes  to  the  pages  where  they  first  occur." 

It  is  truly  refreshing  in  these  days  of  engulf- 
ing scholarship,  to  meet  with  an  editor  of 
Chaucer  (or  any  other  poet,  indeed),  who,  re- 
garding annotations  and  other  editorial  things 
as  necessary  evils,  makes  it  a  special  object  to 
reduce  these  evils  as  far  as  he  can  consistently 
with  the  real  wants  of  the  general  reader. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


261 


Where  the  final  e  (the  common  residual  of 
various  earlier  inflections)  has  a  syllabic  value 
in  the  verse,  a  single  small  dot  is  placed  over 
it,  which  is  scarcely  noticeable  when  the  eye 
is  cast  over  the  page. 

Acephalous  verses,  which  occur  occasionally, 
are  indicated  by  an  accent  over  the  vowel  of  the 
syllable  of  which  an  initial  foot  consists ;  e.  g., — 

"  Twenty  bookes  clad  in  blak  or  reed." 

The  spelling  of  the  Ellesmere  MS.  has  been 
followed,  without  regard  to  uniformity  ;  the 
modern  use  of  u  and  -y,  i  andj,  being,  however, 
adopted  ;  and  in  a  few  words  —  very  few  — 
where  y  in  the  MS.  stands  for  the  Semi-Saxon 
<7,  it  is  represented  by  the  g  in  present  use.  In 
regard  to  uniformity  of  spelling,  the  editor 
quotes  what  Dr.  Furnivall  wrote  on  the  sub- 
ject, six-and-twenty  years  ago : 

"  To  force  a  uniform  spelling  on  Chaucer  —  by  what- 
ever process  arrived  at — would  be  to  force  a  lie  on  him 
and  on  the  history  of  the  English  language;  an  evil  for 
which  no  fancied  gain  in  convenience  of  teaching  boys 
could  compensate.  Before  him  for  hundreds  of  years 
is  no  uniformity;  after  him  for  centuries,  none;  why  in 
the  works  of  him  —  the  free  and  playful  —  above  all 
others,  are  letters  to  lose  their  power  of  wandering  at 
their  own  sweet  will;  why  are  words  to  be  debarred 
their  rightful  inheritance  of  varying  their  forms  ?  This 
notion  of  a  uniform  spelling,  as  applied  to  Chaucer's 
words,  is  to  me  a  Monster,  bred  by  Artificialness  out  of 
False  Analogy." 

To  this  the  editor  adds  : 

"  The  variations  of  spelling  which  can  safely  be  elim- 
inated never  really  disguise  a  word,  and  the  attempt  to 
introduce  into  Chaucer's  English  a  modified  system  of 
phonetic  spelling  (phonetic  as  applied  to  vowels,  if  not 
to  consonants)  seems  to  me  to  involve  an  assumption  of 
knowledge  as  to  the  poet's  individual  pronunciation  con- 
siderably beyond  what  we  can  lay  claim  to." 

It  would  have  been  well  if  the  editor  had 
introduced  into  his  Preface,  to  make  the  work 
quite  complete  in  itself,  the  results  arrived  at 
by  Alexander  J.  Ellis,  in  his  "  Early  English 
Pronunciation,"  as  to  the  powers  of  the  letters 
in  Chaucer  —  results  which  are  generally  ac- 
cepted by  Chaucer  scholars.  There  is  not  a 
full  agreement  among  them  ;  but  anyone  who 
would  train  his  voice  (and  it  requires  much 
training)  to  read  Chaucer  fluently  according  to 
Ellis,  and  with  due  expression,  would  get  at 
much  of  the  flavor  of  the  poet's  language,  not 
to  be  otherwise  got  at.  A  fluent  reading  of  his 
verse  is  the  most  effectual  way  of  assimilating 
its  moulding  spirit.  Chaucer  continues  to  be 
one  of  the  great  masters  of  verse  in  the  litera- 
ture,—  Dryden's  monstrous  chatter  about  the 
progress  of  English  verse  to  the  contrary  not- 
withstanding : 

"  We  must  be  children  before  we  grow  men.    There 


was  an  Ennius,  and  in  process  of  time  a  Lucilius,  and  a 
Lucretius,  before  Virgil  and  Horace;  even  after  Chau- 
cer there  was  a  Spenser,  a  Harrington,  a  Fairfax,  before 
Waller  and  Denham  were  in  being;  and  our  numbers 
were  in  their  nonage  till  these  last  appeared." 

What  rhetorical  nonsense !  Even  in  the  use 
of  the  rhyming  couplet,  Chaucer  surpasses 
immeasurably  both  Dryden  and  Pope.  His 
thought  is  not  so  paddocked  therein.  In  his 
hands  it  is  not  the  "  rocking  horse,"  as  Keats 
characterizes  it,  which  it  is  in  the  hands  of 
Dryden  and  Pope.  Of  Waller,  Dryden  says 
that  "  he  first  made  writing  easily  an  art,  first 
showed  us  to  conclude  the  sense,  most  com- 
monly in  distichs,"  etc.  One  great  merit  of 
Chaucer's  use  of  the  couplet  is,  that  he  does 
not  conclude  the  sense  most  commonly  in  dis- 
tichs. His  sensitiveness  as  to  melody  did  not 
allow  him  to  run  into  a  mechanical  uniformity. 
All  who  read  Chaucer  as  a  poet  rather  than 
as  a  writer  of  fourteenth  century  English  must 
give  this  edition  of  the  poet's  masterpiece  a 
hearty  welcome.  HIRAM  CORSON. 


CURIOSITIES  or  AFRICAN  FOLK-LORE.* 

For  some  time  past  the  American  Folk-Lore 
Society  has  been  engaged  in  raising  an  espe- 
cial publication  fund  for  publishing  a  series  of 
Memoirs.  The  first  volume  resulting  from  its 
efforts  is  Chatelain's  "  Folk-Tales  of  Angola." 
Angola  is  certainly  one  of  the  most  important 
political  divisions  of  Africa.  A  possession  of 
Portugal,  it  lies  on  the  west  coast,  between 
4°  40 '  and  17°  20 '  south  latitude.  With  great 
and  varied  natural  resources,  with  considerable 
diversity  in  climate  and  topography,  the  coun- 
try is  quite  naturally  divided  into  several  great 
"  districts,"  each  with  its  own  capital  and  its 
own  population.  The  four  great  districts  are 
called  Kongo,  Loanda,  Benguella,  and  Mos- 
samedes.  The  capital  city  of  Kongo  is  Ka- 
binda  ;  the  capitals  of  the  other  districts  bear 
the  same  names  as  these.  The  people  of  Kongo 
are  called  Kongo;  those  of  Loanda  are  the 
Angola  proper,  or  A-mbundu  ;  those  of  Ben- 
guella are  the  Ovi-mbundu  ;  those  of  Mossam- 
edes  do  not  form  a  well-marked  group,  but  are 
much  like  the  Ovi-mbundu  but  with  affinities 
with  the  Ova-fferero  and  Ova-Ndonga  of  Ger- 
man Africa.  Our  author  gives  detailed  lists 
of  the  tribes  in  each  of  these  groups,  and  states 
their  geographical  location.  The  stories  he  pre- 

*  FOLK-TALES  OF  ANGOLA.  By  Heli  Chatelain.  Memoirs 
of  the  American  Folk-Lore  Society,  Vol.  I.  Boston  :  Hough- 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


sents  to  us  are  in  the  Ki-mbundu  language  of 
Angola  proper.  They  represent  two  dialects 
— the  Loanda  and  the  Mbaka. 

Having  thus  located  his  field,  geographical 
and  linguistic,  our  author  gives  valuable  eth- 
nological data  concerning  those  who  speak 
Ki-nibundu.  Their  government  is  tribal :  there 
is  a  chief,  with  two  standing  officers,  and  a 
council.  The  organization  of  the  family,  as 
among  the  Bantu  generally,  is  based  upon  ma- 
ternal kinship  and  inheritance ;  the  mother 
and  child  are  the  nearest  relations ;  the  mother's 
brother  owns  nephews  and  nieces,  and  can  sell 
them,  although  they  are  also  his  heirs,  both  of 
property  and  position.  We  shall  pass  the  rest 
of  our  author's  ethnological  notes,  but  must 
quote  one  important  statement : 

"  The  ever-repeated  assertion  that  Africans  are  f  etich- 
ists,  that  is,  worshippers  of  inanimate  objects,  is  utterly 
false,  or  else  all  superstitious  people  are  fetichists.  .  .  . 
[The  Angolans]  are  not  idolaters  in  the  strict  sense,  nor 
atheists,  nor  fetichists,  nor  polytheists,  but  superstitious 
deists.  .  .  .  True  fetichism  I  have  found  in  Africa, 
among  ignorant  Portuguese,  who  do  assert  and  believe 
that  this  or  that  image  is  God,  does  work  miracles  and 
must  be  worshipped,  not  as  a  mere  symbol  of  its  spirit- 
ual prototype,  but  as  the  actual  incarnation  or  embod- 
iment of  it,  equal  in  all  respects  to  the  original." 

After  this  consideration  of  country  and  peo- 
ple, Mr.  Chatelain  discusses  African  folk-lore 
in  general  and  Angolan  folk-lore  in  particular. 
Having  traced  the  study  of  folk-lore  in  other 
parts  of  Africa,  he  says : 

"  Proceeding  to  West  Africa,  we  look  at  the  great 
province  of  Angola,  where  Europeans  have  been  settled 
for  about  four  centuries,  and  we  search  in  vain,  through 
a  pile  of  colonial  publications,  for  a  single  native  folk- 
tale. When  intelligent  Europeans  have  been  four  hun- 
dred years  living  and  mixing  with  a  native  population 
and  never  recorded  a  single  sample  of  the  natives'  oral 
literature,  is  that  not  superabundant  proof  of  its  non- 
existence  ?  .  .  .  Yet  as  soon  as  we  intelligently  and 
persistently  searched  for  it,  that  literature  revealed  it- 
self to  us  in  amazing  luxuriance.  One  of  the  dullest 
native  boys  was  able,  unaided,  to  dictate  to  us,  from 
the  book  of  his  memory,  over  sixty  tales  and  fables,  a 
material  equal  to  that  of  the  largest  collection  of  Afri- 
can tales  ever  yet  published." 

Of  real  Negro  folk-lore  there  are  but  a  few 
collections.  Those  of  Callaway,  Theal,  Koelle, 
Schon,  and  Chatelain,  are  about  all.  From  a 
study  of  the  whole  material  our  author  deduces 
several  propositions,  among  them  the  follow- 
ing: 

(a)  African  folk-lore  is  not  a  tree  of  itself,  but  a 
branch  from  one  universal  tree:  many  myths,  favorite 
types  or  characters,  and  incidents,  of  frequent  recur- 
rence elsewhere,  are  also  found  in  Africa. 

(&)  Portuguese  and  Arab  stories  may  be  recognized 
but  they  are  entirely  worked  over  and  localized. 


(c)  African  folk-lore  abounds  in  animal  stories. 

(J)  The  folk-lore  of  the  Bantu  is  remarkably  homo- 
geneous and  compact. 

(e)  In  the  animal  stories,  each  animal,  while  true  to 
its  real  nature,  shows  the  same  character  and  plays  the 
same  role  everywhere. 

(_/)  Many  of  the  stories  are  etiologic,  attempting  to 
assign  a  cause  or  origin  for  natural  phenomena  or  for 
individual  characteristics. 

Our  author  finds  among  the  Angolans  a  ver- 
itable native  classification  of  oral  literature. 
This  classification  he  follows.  It  seems  that 
they  recognize : 

(1 )  Fictitious  tales — containing  a  miraculous  element ; 
beginning  and  ending  usually  with  a  set  formula :  mi-soso. 

(2)  Narratives  —  supposedly   true  ;    sometimes   in- 
structive: maka. 

(3)  Historical   traditions  —  chronicles  of  the  tribes 
handed  down  by  the  jealous  care  of  the  headmen  and 
elders :  ma-lunda  or  mi-sendu. 

(4)  Proverbs  —  closely  connected  with  the  maka, 
which  are  often  but   an  illustration  of  a  proverb;   (a 
proverb  is  frequently  a  narrative  in  a  nutshell) :  ji-sabu. 

(5)  Poetry  and  music — extemporization  is  very  com- 
mon; songs  are  called:  mi-imbu. 

(6)  Riddles — for  pastime  and  amusement;  often  with 
set  formula  preceding  and  following:  ji-nongonongo. 

In  the  present  volume  we  have  samples  of 
but  two  of  these  classes  —  the  mihoso  and  the 
maka.  Fifty  of  these  samples  are  given.  The 
first  story,  which  is  very  long,  is  printed  in  the 
original  Loanda,  with  a  literal  interlinear  trans- 
lation. The  remaining  stories  are  printed  in 
the  original  language,  with  a  careful  English 
translation  on  the  opposite  page.  In  these 
translations  the  author  aims  to  preserve  the 
simple  and  direct  form  of  the  original  and  to 
depict  the  mode  of  thought  of  the  narrator. 
Notes — historical,  linguistic,  ethnographic,  com- 
parative, and  critical, — follow  the  stories.  The 
whole  work  is  scholarly,  and  will  be  of  great 
value  to  linguists  and  ethnographers. 

Some  of  the  stories  are  long  and  elaborately 
detailed  ;  others  are  brief,  summarized  ;  some 
show  keenness  of  perception,  delicacy  of  ex- 
pression, beauty  of  thought ;  many  convey  les- 
sons of  importance.  The  first  story,  no  better 
than  many  of  the  others,  shows  several  points 
of  interest.  It  begins  with  the  usual  formula, 
Erne  ngateletele  =  "  I  often  tell  of,"  correspond- 
ing to  our  "  Once  upon  a  time."  It  ends  with, 
"  I  have  told  my  little  story  ;  whether  good  or 
bad,  I  have  finished."  Self-depreciation  by  a 
performer  appears  to  be  world-wide  !  Fenda 
Maria  is  a  young  girl,  locked  up  by  her  mother, 
who  is  jealous  of  her  beauty.  Escaping,  she 
searches  for  a  lover,  even  more  beautiful  than 
herself,  who  is  bound  by  a  magic  sleep ;  by 
helping  an  old  woman,  she  is  instructed  as  to 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


263 


how  she  may  find  and  release  the  young  man  ; 
when  found,  he  must  be  awakened  by  the  weep- 
ing of  twelve  jars  full  of  tears  :  wearied  in  this 
labor,  she  calls  her  slave  to  relieve  her ;  this 
one  plays  her  false,  gains  the  prince,  and  poor 
Fenda  Maria  is  reduced  to  slavery.  Of  course, 
in  the  end,  she  gains  the  victory  by  magic 
means.  The  conclusion  is  tragic:  "Pele  Mi- 
landa  [the  husband]  called  young  men  two. 
They  lift  JZamasoxi  [the  traitor  slave]  and  they 
put  her  into  the  barrel  of  coal-tar,  and  they 
set  it  on  fire.  Kamasoxi  then  burns,  gets 
charred  ;  a  little  bone  flies  up,  alights  on  Fenda 
Maria.  Fenda  Maria  then  rubs  herself  with 
it."  This  is  common  custom  in  Africa  :  anoint- 
ing one's  self  with  charcoal  of  burnt  bone  or 
flesh  protects  against  enemies,  material  and 
spiritual. 

Very  commonly  the  whole  story  is  summar- 
ized, in  a  single  paragraph,  just  before  it  ends. 
These  summaries  are  really  models.  Thus,  a 
two-page  story  is  summarized  as  follows :  — "  A 
young  man  married  his  wife.  The  man  had 
four  brothers.  The  woman  whom  he  married 
knew  not  their  names.  When  she  went  to 
pound,  a  little  bird  told  her  the  names  of  her 
brothers-in-law."  Angolan  stories  are  often 
etiologic.  At  times  the  etiological  idea  re- 
mains in  suspense,  quite  unsuspected,  until  the 
close  of  the  tale.  Thus,  a  story  of  three  girls 
and  a  little  child,  who  visit  the  makishi  (can- 
nibals) is  quite  excitingly  told  through  nearly 
five  pages ;  the  girls  barely  escape  with  their 
lives  and  only  with  the  aid  of  Hawk,  to  whom 
they  promise  payment.  When  he  arrives  to 
claim  his  reward,  "  he  says  :  «•  ye  pay  me  now '; 
they  said:  'we  cannot  pay  thee  into  hands ;  thou 
thyself,  the  fowls  are  here,  help  thyself.'  The 
Hawk  assented.  And  thus  it  remained :  the 
Hawk,  who  is  wont  to  catch  fowls,  of  old  he 
did  not  catch  them  ;  he  was  eating  locusts  and 
small  birds  only." 

The  folk-lore  student  will  make  many  inter- 
esting comparisons  between  these  Angola  tales 
and  the  lore  of  other  peoples.  The  author 
makes  many  such  in  the  notes.  Of  course 
there  are  frequent  resemblances  to  "  Uncle  Re- 
mus's  "  stories  of  our  Southern  negroes.  We 
meet  both  parts  of  the  tar-baby  story.  In  the 
story  of  Leopard,  Monkey,  and  Hare,  we  have 
the  sticky  figures  used  as  a  trap  to  catch  the 
two  latter  creatures.  In  the  story  of  the  Man 
and  the  Turtle,  we  have  the  balance  of  our  old 
favorite.  A  man  caught  a  turtle  ;  the  neigh- 
bors said,  "  Let  us  kill  it !  "  They  propose 
using  hatchets  ;  the  turtle  replies, 


"  Turtle  of  Koka, 
And  hatchet  of  Koka, 
Hatchet  not  hurt  me  a  bit." 

Stones,  fire,  knives,  are  suggested,  and,  on  ac- 
count of  his  indifference,  rejected.  At  last  they 
said,  "  Let  us  cast  him  into  the  depth  of  the 
water."  The  turtle  replying,  "  Woe !  I  shall 
die  there!  how  shall  I  do?  "  he  is  thrown  into 
the  river.  After  diving,  he  rises,  and  sings  as 
he  swims : 

"  In  water,  in  my  home, 
In  water,  in  my  home." 

But  we  must  stop.  The  collection  is  an  ex- 
cellent one,  admirably  presented  and  annotated. 
It  is  rare  that  so  important  and  scholarly  a  con- 
tribution is  made  at  once  to  folk-lore,  ethnog- 
raphy, and  linguistics.  Mr.  Chatelain  is  to  be 
congratulated  upon  producing  so  good  a  work, 
and  the  American  Folk-lore  Society  upon  se- 
curing it  as  its  first  volume  of  Memoirs. 

FREDERICK  STARR. 


RECENT  ENGLISH  NOVELS.* 

With  whatever  anticipatory  pleasure  one  may 
take  up  a  new  novel  by  Mr.  George  Meredith,  there 
is  some  admixture  (to  the  reviewer,  at  least)  of  the 
sense  of  duty  —  of  a  duty  whose  aspect  is  less  gra- 
cious than  forbidding  and  stern.  For  through  what 
thickets  of  verbiage,  what  devious  paths  of  involved 
construction,  what  thorny  jungles  of  half-realized 
expression,  he  must  pursue  the  characters  and  the 
plot,  he  knows  but  too  well  from  his  recollection  of 
former  forays  in  Mr.  Meredith's  preserves.  He 
finds  it  extremely  discouraging,  for  example,  when 
at  the  outset  of  his  task,  to  come  upon  such  a  pas- 
sage as  the  following,  all  for  the  purpose  of  explain- 

*  LORD  ORMONT  AND  His  AMENTA.  By  George  Meredith. 
New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

TRILBY.  A  Novel.  By  George  Du  Maurier.  New  York : 
Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  MANXMAN.  A  Novel.  By  Hall  Caine.  New  York : 
D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

MY  LADY  ROTHA.  A  Romance.  By  Stanley  J.  Weyman. 
New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  MAIDEN'S  PROGRESS.  A  Novel  in  Dialogue.  By  Vio- 
let Hunt.  New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

HIGHLAND  COUSINS.  A  Novel.  By  William  Black.  New 
York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  VAGABONDS.  By  Margaret  L.  Woods.  New  York : 
Macmillan  &  Co. 

A  DRAMA  IN  DUTCH.  By  Z.  Z.  New  York :  Macmillan 
&Co. 

THE  THING  THAT  HATH  BEEN  ;  or,  A  Young  Man's  Mis- 
takes. By  Arthur  Herman  Gilkes.  New  York  :  Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co. 

DR.  JANET  OF  HARLEY  STREET.  A  Novel.  By  Arabella 
Kenealy.  New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

A  CHANGE  OF  AIR.  By  Anthony  Hope.  New  York : 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

THE  GREEN  CARNATION.    New  York  :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


264 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


ing  that  the  heroine  is  a  "  brune,"  and  that  it  would 
never  have  done  for  her  to  be  anything  else : 

"  Some  of  the  boys  regretted  her  not  being  fair.  But, 
as  they  felt,  and  sought  to  explain,  in  the  manner  of 
the  wag  of  a  tail,  with  elbows  and  eyebrows  to  one  an- 
other's understanding,  fair  girls  could  never  have  let 
fly  such  a  look;  fair  girls  are  softer,  woollier,  and  when 
they  mean  to  look  serious,  overdo  it  by  craping  solemn, 
or  they  pinafore  a  jigging  eagerness,  or  hoist  propriety 
on  a  chubby  flaxen  grin;  or  else  they  dart  an  eye,  or 
they  mince  and  prim  and  pout,  and  are  sigh-away  and 
dying-ducky,  given  to  girls'  tricks." 

This  is  surely  English  in  delirium  tremens,  and  the 
disease  is  too  frequently  recurrent  in  this  and  in 
milder  forms.  Yet  the  reader  who,  undeterred,  ac- 
cepts it  as  inevitable,  and  has  the  heart  to  perse- 
vere, is  not  without  his  reward.  There  is  character, 
there  is  passion,  there  is  even  simple  strength  at 
times ;  there  is,  moreover,  an  ideal  of  robust  hu- 
manity, vigorous  enough  to  sweep  aside  petty  con- 
ventions (although  in  the  process  those  conventions, 
which,  so  far  from  being  petty,  are  the  very  base 
of  the  social  fabric,  sometimes  go  by  the  board  as 
well),  and  to  view  life  sub  specie  ceternitatis.  We 
are  again  impressed  (as  so  often  before)  with  the 
analogy  between  Mr.  Meredith's  genius  and  that  of 
the  late  Robert  Browning — an  analogy  based  upon 
a  fundamental  theory  of  life  no  less  than  upon  per- 
versity of  expression.  And  of  the  latter,  we  may 
make  for  Mr.  Meredith  the  defence  made  for 
Browning  by  Mr.  Swinburne  when  he  says  that  the 
poet  "  is  something  too  much  the  reverse  of  obscure ; 
he  is  too  brilliant  and  subtle  for  the  ready  reader 
of  a  ready  writer  to  follow  with  any  certainty  the 
track  of  an  intelligence  which  moves  with  such  in- 
cessant rapidity."  Such  a  defence,  justifiable  to  a 
certain  point,  may  of  course  easily  be  read  as  grant- 
ing too  much.  After  all,  it  does  not  excuse;  it 
only  palliates.  And  it  does  not  make  a  Tennyson 
( or  an  artist  equal  in  rank)  of  Browning  any  more 
than  it  makes  a  Thackeray  of  Mr.  George  Meredith. 
The  prompt  success  scored  by  Mr.  Du  Maurier's 
"  Trilby  "  is  one  of  those  things  that  restore  confi- 
dence, often  sadly  shaken,  in  the  public  taste.  For 
the  success  is  richly  deserved,  even  when  we  judge 
the  book  by  an  exacting  standard — and  it  does  not 
seem  accountable  for  otherwise  than  as  following 
from  a  true  appreciation  of  the  artistic  quality  of 
Mr.  Du  Maurier's  genial  transcript  of  life.  The 
drawings  count  for  something,  to  be  sure ;  but  one 
would  suppose  the  book  handicapped  for  the  aver- 
age reader  by  its  lack  of  a  plot,  as  the  term  is  com- 
monly understood.  And  it  must  be  admitted  that 
the  book  is  very  imperfect  from  the  standpoint  of 
construction.  The  nice  theorists  who  formulate  and 
lay  down  the  laws  of  the  novel  will  not  easily  fit 
this  one  into  any  of  their  schemes,  and  it  may  well 
prove  the  despair  of  the  student  of  literary  archi- 
tectonics. The  hypnotism  business,  for  example,  is 
unjustifiable  both  in  science  and  in  art,  and  seriously 
mars  the  work.  But  this  stricture,  as  well  as  the 
many  others  that  might  be  made,  only  illustrates 


anew  the  fact  that  genius  may  do  almost  anything 
and  yet  be  forgiven.  And  genius  Mr.  Du  Maurier 
certainly  has,  if  deep  insight  into  character,  rich 
criticism  of  life,  delicate  artistic  perceptions,  and  a 
shrewd  and  wholesome  humor,  are  enough  to  con- 
stitute that  not  easily  definable  quality.  In  the  first 
half  of  the  book,  every  page  is  a  delight ;  the  latter 
half  only  is  a  little  disappointing.  The  na'ive  way 
in  which  the  author  takes  you  into  his  confidence 
from  the  start  is  irresistibly  winning ;  the  descrip- 
tions of  student  life  in  the  Latin  Quarter  are  as  in- 
imitable as  those  of  Thackeray  or  Murger;  the 
pathos  of  Trilby's  life  and  fate  is  exquisite ;  and 
the  unconventional  diction  with  which  all  these  mat- 
ters are  set  forth  is  most  refreshing.  The  omniv- 
orous reader,  a  little  tired  of  writers  so  intent  upon 
the  manner  of  their  saying  things  that  they  have  no 
time  to  find  things  worth  saying,  will  eagerly  wel- 
come a  man  who  has  viewed  life  with  tenderness  and 
a  sane  outlook,  and  who  has  so  much  to  report  that 
he  occasionally  forgets  to  polish  his  paragraphs,  if 
indeed,  he  do  not  deliberately  eschew  the  ways  of 
the  stylist. 

Mr.  Hall  Caine,  after  certain  literary  wanderings 
into  strange  foreign  parts,  has  returned  to  the  scene 
in  which  his  first  conspicuous  success  as  a  novelist 
was  made,  and  produced,  in  "  The  Manxman,"  a 
work  which  must  sensibly  increase  his  reputation. 
The  outline  of  this  new  novel  is  comparatively  sim- 
ple, and  it  culminates  in  an  episode  which  is,  mu- 
tatis mutandis,  essentially  that  of  "  The  Scarlet  Let- 
ter." The  narrative,  which  exhibits  great  elabora- 
tion of  detail,  displays  a  mastery  of  tragic  irony, 
and  has  passages  of  singular  power ;  but  yet,  when 
we  think  for  a  moment  of  the  art  of  Hawthorne, 
we  see  that  far  greater  power  is  possible  with  far 
less  of  elaboration,  and  wonder  whether  Mr.  Caine 
would  not  have  been  better  advised  had  he  worked 
along  simpler  lines.  As  a  minute  and  faithful  study 
of  a  locality  and  a  variety  of  the  human  species, 
this  Manx  romance  is  entitled  to  the  highest  praise. 
We  are  made  to  know  the  people  as  if  we  had  lived 
with  them  for  years,  and  doubtless  they  are  inter- 
esting enough  to  be  made  the  subject  of  so  thorough 
a  treatment.  Mr.  Caine's  genius,  moreover,  weighted 
as  it  is  upon  the  emotional  side  of  the  balance,  fits 
him  to  deal  with  people  under  such  primitive  con- 
ditions as  obtain  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  He  would 
hardly  be  at  home  in  the  world  of  Thackeray  or 
George  Eliot. 

Right  into  the  midst  of  the  Thirty  Years  War, 
into  the  most  hideous  and  meaningless  chapter  in 
the  annals  of  all  modern  warfare,  we  are  plunged 
by  the  new  romance  of  Mr.  Stanley  Weyman.  The 
scene  is  focussed  upon  the  summer  of  1832,  the 
period  between  Breitenfeld  and  Liitzen,  the  weeks 
when  the  Swedish  king  confronted  Wallenstein  be- 
fore Niirnberg  and  made  of  the  peaceful  valley  of 
the  Pegnitz  an  armed  camp.  With  these  scenes  for 
a  background,  Mr.  Weyman  has  told  the  story  of 
a  noble  lady,  driven  from  her  home,  exposed  to  all 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


265 


the  perils  of  travel  in  that  lawless  time,  and  to  the 
greater  peril  of  the  love  of  a  brutal  soldier  of  for- 
tune whose  protection  she  unwittingly  seeks,  until, 
after  many  vicissitudes,  she  emerges  from  her  dif- 
ficulties as  every  well-conducted  heroine  of  romance 
is  bound  to  emerge,  and  once  more  finds  peace  and 
happiness  and  all  the  other  things  that  have  to  come 
at  the  end  of  the  story.  The  book  is,  of  course,  one 
of  the  most  stirring  sort  of  adventure,  and  the  au- 
thor has  "  got  up  "  his  period  and  his  accessories 
well  enough.  But  the  action  is  more  confused  and 
the  incidents  upon  a  scale  of  greater  monotony  than, 
say,  in  "  A  Gentleman  of  France,"  and  we  are  in- 
clined to  think  that  Mr.  Weyman  has  done  better 
work  on  at  least  two,  and  possibly  on  three  or  four, 


occasions. 


To  write  a  whole  novel  in  dialogue,  or  after  the 
manner  of  Mr.  Howells's  farces,  was  a  somewhat 
daring  undertaking,  especially  on  the  part  of  a  writer 
who  was  to  forego  dramatic  incident  almost  alto- 
gether, and  rely  upon  the  sparkle  of  conversation 
to  sustain  the  interest.  "The  Maiden's  Progress" 
is  unquestionably  clever,  and  abounds  in  little 
touches  that  show  delicate  observation  and  sympathy. 
Taken  a  few  pages  at  a  time,  it  is  extremely  read- 
able ;  run  through  at  a  sitting,  it  palls.  Nor  is  the 
story  remarkable  for  coherency  either  of  character 
or  plot.  Whipped  cream  is  excellent  in  its  way,  but 
there  should  be  some  sort  of  pudding  beneath. 

One  does  not  nowadays  expect  a  new  novel  by 
Mr.  Black  to  furnish  very  substantial  nutriment, 
but  there  are  limits  to  the  permissible  dilution  even 
of  gruel,  and  it  must  be  said  that  "  Highland  Cous- 
ins "  exceeds  those  limits.  The  book  offers  us  the 
old  Highland  background,  the  old  and  badly  worn 
stage-sets,  the  old  Gaelic  talk,  and  absolutely  noth- 
ing to  relieve  the  monotony  of  these  too  familiar 
adjuncts.  We  suppose  that  there  are  persons  who 
have  never  read  a  novel  by  Mr.  Black,  and  to  such 
it  may  be  imagined  that  this  latest  of  the  long  line 
might  have  a  message  and  a  charm ;  but  it  is  not 
easy  for  the  jaded  reviewer  to  assume  the  suggested 
standpoint,  and  we  must  be  content  to  note  that  the 
present  work  is  more  exclusively  provincial  than 
most  of  its  predecessors,  that  it  tells  a  pretty  and 
pathetic  story,  and  that  it  contains  nothing  likely 
to  haunt  the  memory  long  after  the  closing  page 
has  been  read.  But  the  simple  and  unpretending 
plan  of  the  narrative  should  disarm  criticism ;  and 
then,  the  author  is  by  no  means  the  only  modern 
novelist  who  has  repeated  himself.  Besides,  few 
have  the  grace  to  repeat  themselves  in  so  frank  and 
unblushing  a  way. 

Mrs.  Margaret  L.  Woods  made  her  first  appear- 
ance in  literature  with  "  A  Village  Tragedy,"  pub- 
lished nearly  six  years  ago.  A  year  or  two  later 
she  published  "  Esther  Vanhomrigh."  The  first  of 
these  books  was  a  masterpiece  of  the  tragic  idyll ; 
the  other  was  as  unquestionably  a  masterpiece  of 
historical  fiction.  So  undoubted  a  success  in  two 
so  distinct  fields  of  the  art  of  fiction  naturally  at- 


tracted much  attention  to  the  hitherto  unknown 
writer,  and  the  most  discerning  critics  were  lavish 
in  their  appreciation  of  the  rare  qualities  displayed 
by  Mrs.  Woods  in  her  work.  We  hardly  need, 
then,  to  bespeak  a  welcome  for  "  The  Vagabonds," 
her  third  novel,  now  just  appeared.  It  must  be 
classed  with  "  A  Village  Tragedy  "  rather  than  with 
her  brilliant  study  of  the  life  and  times  of  Swift, 
and  is  at  least  the  equal  of  its  predecessor.  The 
characters  are  very  humble  folk  indeed,  merely  the 
members  of  a  strolling  show,  circus  performers  and 
menagerie  attendants.  Nothing  is  spared  us  of 
their  illiteracy,  their  vulgarity,  or  their  vice  ;  yet 
the  art  of  the  writer  is  such  that  our  thought  does 
not  dwell  upon  these  things  overmuch,  but  is  rather 
led  to  contemplate  the  common  humanity  which  is 
ours  no  less  than  theirs.  Pathos  we  may  expect  in 
such  a  story,  and  maudlin  pathos  is  too  frequent  an 
element  in  tales  of  the  lowly,  intended  to  arouse  a 
cheap  sentimentality  in  readers  belonging  to  a  higher 
social  stratum.  But  the  aim  of  the  present  writer 
is  a  far  higher  one,  and  her  pathos,  so  far  from  be- 
ing cheap,  is  of  the  noble  sort  that  levels  all  social 
distinctions,  and  sets  us  face  to  face  with  the  funda- 
mental verities  of  life.  How  often  we  are  forced 
to  exclaim,  "  This  is  truth,"  and  not  merely  truth 
in  the  barren  sense  of  the  photographic  realist,  but 
truth  as  it  exists  for  the  artist,  truth  sublimated  and 
significant.  The  art  of  Mrs.  Woods  is  the  art  of 
the  true  realists,  the  art  of  "  George  Eliot,"  for  ex- 
ample, in  her  scenes  of  village  or  provincial  life. 
To  make  of  the  clown  of  an  itinerant  circus  the  hero 
of  a  novel  was  a  daring  task  indeed,  and  it  is  a  true 
spiritual  triumph  that  we  should  be  forced  to  accept 
him  as  a  man  and  a  brother,  which  we  clearly  must 
do  in  the  present  instance.  The  author  of  "  The 
Manxman  "  has  done  something  akin  to  this ;  but 
his  method,  when  compared  with  that  of  Mrs.  Woods, 
shows  obvious  traces  of  the  melodramatic.  In  this 
special  achievement,  the  woman  is  at  once  a  sim- 
pler and  a  subtler  artist  than  the  man. 

Under  the  modest  disguise  of  the  initials  "  Z.  Z.," 
a  new  writer,  seemingly  emulous  of  "  Maarten  Maar- 
tens,"  bids  for  our  interest  in  a  little  group  of  Dutch 
settlers  in  London.  This  "  Drama  in  Dutch  "  is  a 
very  simple  story,  and  the  people  with  whom  it 
deals  are  merely  transplanted  Dutchmen,  preserv- 
ing intact,  in  their  new  colony,  their  national  char- 
acteristics. Before  the  end  is  reached,  we  feel 
pretty  well  acquainted  with  them,  both  in  their  in- 
dustrious money-getting  and  in  their  domestic  sur- 
roundings, and  this  is  a  great  effect  for  any  writer 
to  achieve.  The  author  can  hardly  be  other  than  a 
Dutchman  himself  —  his  knowledge  and  sympathy 
are  too  evident  to  be  otherwise  explained — but  he 
writes  an  irreproachable  English,  and  his  manner 
is  engaging.  Most  readers  will  feel  themselves  dis- 
tinctly defrauded  in  the  outcome  of  this  "  drama," 
for  the  long-lost  son  is  not  discovered,  or  the  re- 
verse, by  the  long-lost  father,  although  both  are 
upon  the  scene,  thus  furnishing  the  conditions  of  a 


266 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


climax  which,  according  to  all  the  traditions  of  good 
story-telling,  we  have  a  right  to  expect.  The  ele- 
ment of  pathos  in  the  story  becomes  it  well,  and  is 
distinctly  marked. 

The  master  of  an  English  public  school  is  respon- 
sible for  as  unliterary  and  curiously  dull  a  piece  of 
story-telling  as  is  often  seen.  His  taste  as  a  stylist 
may  be  seen  in  the  title,  "  The  Thing  that  Hath 
Been ;  or,  A  Young  Man's  Mistakes,"  a  formula 
which  would  have  handicapped  "Vanity  Fair" 
itself.  The  book  deals  with  the  inner  life  of  an 
English  school,  and  no  details  are  too  petty  and 
insignificant  to  find  a  place  in  its  pages.  The  chief 
character  is  a  young  man  destitute  of  breeding,  but 
endowed  with  a  certain  intellectual  force,  who  for 
a  time  occupies  a  master's  place.  He  is  distinguished 
by  a  bluntness  in  saying  what  he  thinks  and  an  un- 
comfortably logical  way  in  putting  things,  which 
characteristics  seem  intended  to  deserve  our  sym- 
pathy, but  utterly  fail  in  their  purpose.  If  we  are 
to  accept  the  graceless  realism  of  this  book,  the  En- 
glish public  school  is  a  place  without  tone  or  manly 
feeling,  a  place  where  the  masters  are  given  over 
to  bickering  and  to  devices  for  shirking  their  duties, 
to  say  nothing  of  being  brutal  in  their  relations  to 
one  another,  and  where  the  boys  are  dull,  idle,  and 
unambitious.  But  this  picture  is  probably  as  far 
away  from  the  average  truth  as  is,  in  the  other  di- 
rection, the  picture  of  Arnold's  Rugby,  made  famil- 
iar to  us  all  by  the  classic  account  of  Judge  Hughes. 

The  heroine  of  "  Dr.  Janet  of  Harley  Street "  is 
a  young  woman  who,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  is  en- 
gaged to  marry  a  French  marquis  of  some  fifty 
summers.  All  goes  well  until  the  wedding  morn- 
ing, when  the  elderly  wooer  does  violence  to  the 
maidenly  susceptibilities  of  his  betrothed  by  kissing 
her  in  the  garden  of  her  mother's  house.  Still,  the 
marriage  ceremony  is  permitted  to  take  place,  but 
it  is  no  sooner  over  than  the  bride  takes  flight  from 
her  country  home,  goes  up  to  London,  and  walks 
the  streets  in  search  of  employment.  Being  penni- 
less, she  passes  the  first  night  h  la  belle  etoile ;  a 
repetition  of  this  dismal  experience  is  spared  her 
by  the  accident  of  finding  a  grimly  good-natured 
physician  of  her  own  sex,  who  takes  her  into  the 
household,  and  sets  her  to  studying  medicine.  In 
the  course  of  time  an  attractive  professor  of  chem- 
istry appears  upon  the  scene,  and  the  usual  entangle- 
ment ensues.  A  second  wedding  follows  upon  a  false 
report  of  the  death  of  the  marquis  ;  the  discovery 
that  he  still  lives  places  the  heroine  in  the  uncom- 
fortable position  of  a  bigamist.  Whereupon  the  re- 
doubtable Dr.  Janet  seeks  out  the  marquis,  and 
urges  him  to  commit  suicide  as  the  best  way  of  clear- 
ing the  atmosphere.  This  he  obligingly  does,  with 
the  accompaniment  of  an  interesting  attack  of  de- 
lirium tremens,  and  the  story  ends.  Everything 
about  it  is,  of  course,  in  the  highest  degree  absurd, 
while  a  hysterical  method  and  the  introduction  of 
much  dismally  irrelevant  matter  deprive  the  book 


of  its  last  hope  of  arousing  the  interest,  as  even  a 
very  absurd  story  may  possibly  do,  when  told  by  a 
writer  having  some  share  of  the  novelist's  instinct. 

Mr.  Anthony  Hope's  new  story  is  so  different 
from  "  The  Prisoner  of  Zenda  "  that  the  reviewer 
finds  a  complete  readjustment  of  focus  necessary. 
Instead  of  intrigue,  adventure,  and  the  atmosphere 
of  romance,  we  have  a  simple  story  of  an  English 
country  town,  told  in  the  best  of  taste,  and  distinctly 
novel  in  plot.  The  hero  is  a  poet  who  has  become 
famous  by  his  audacious  denunciations  of  kings, 
priests,  and  tyrants  in  general,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  social  order  in  which  it  is  possible  for  them  to 
exist.  He  takes  up  residence  in  a  quiet  village,  and 
his  presence,  reinforced  by  his  lurid  reputation,  con- 
siderably flutters  the  rural  dovecotes.  Falling  in  love 
with  the  daughter  of  a  local  magnate,  his  views  un- 
dergo a  remarkable  modification,  and  he  even  pens  an 
ode  to  a  visiting  prince.  These  relapses  secure  for 
him  the  deadly  hatred  of  a  radical  physician  of  the 
neighborhood,  who  has  taken  the  poet's  rhetoric  far 
too  seriously,  and  who  now  treats  him  as  a  "  lost 
leader."  For  a  time,  the  situation  grows  almost 
tragic,  but  the  story  ends  happily  for  most  of  those 
concerned.  It  is  impossible  to  help  discerning  in 
the  hero's  career  a  sort  of  travesty  of  Mr.  Swin- 
burne's progress  from  his  early  radicalism  to  the 
conservatism  of  his  later  years.  But  suggestions  of 
this  sort  need  not,  of  course,  be  applied  too  literally. 

Readers  of  Mr.  Mallock's  "  New  Republic  "  dur- 
ing recent  years  must  often  have  thought  that  the 
Mr.  Rose  of  the  satire,  obviously  a  caricature  as 
far  as  Walter  Pater  is  concerned,  was  far  from  be- 
ing a  bad  likeness  of  Mr.  Oscar  Wilde,  whose  me- 
teoric career  was  a  thing  of  the  future  at  the  time 
when  Mr.  Mallock  wrote.  The  hero  of  "  The  Green 
Carnation  "  is  Mr.  Rose  over  again,  much  exagger- 
ated, with  a  neat  taste  for  paradox  superadded  to 
his  old  insistence  upon  the  value  of  the  moment 
and  the  mood,  thus  reminding  us  still  more  dis- 
tinctly of  the  author  of  a  certain  pleasant  essay  on 
"  The  Decay  of  Lying."  The  new  book,  like  the 
old  one  which  it  suggests,  aims  to  satirize  some  of 
the  men  and  movements  most  prominent  to-day  in 
English  life  and  literature.  It,  too,  has  for  its  ma- 
chinery a  house  party  and  the  incidents  and  discus- 
sions thereto  appertaining,  but  in  the  present  case 
the  names  of  those  at  whom  its  shafts  are  aimed  are 
not  disguised.  Here  is  a  typical  example  : 

" '  Dear  Lady! '  said  Esme",  getting  up  out  of  his  chair 
slowly,  'intelligence  is  the  demon  of  our  age.  Mine 
bores  me  horribly.  I  am  always  trying  to  find  a  rem- 
edy for  it.  I  have  experimented  with  absinthe,  but 
gained  no  result.  I  have  read  the  collected  works  of 
Walter  Besant.  They  are  said  to  sap  the  mental  pow- 
ers. They  did  not  sap  mine.  Opium  has  proved  use- 
less, and  green  tea  cigarettes  leave  me  positively  bril- 
liant. What  am  I  to  do  ?  I  so  long  for  the  lethargy, 
the  sweet  peace  of  stupidity.  If  only  I  were  Lewis 
Morris  ! ' " 

There  is  a  certain  cleverness,  although  of  a  cheap 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


267 


sort,  in  this  kind  of  writing,  but  a  whole  volume  of 
it  grows  wearisome.  Here  is  another  and  rather 
taking  bit : 

" '  I  will  stay  at  home  and  read  the  last  number  of 
"  The  Yellow  Disaster."  I  want  to  see  Mr.  Aubrey 
Beardsley's  idea  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury.  He 
has  drawn  him  sitting  in  a  wheelbarrow  in  the  gardens 
of  Lambeth  Palace,  with  underneath  him  the  motto, 
"  J'y  suis,  j'y  reste."  I  believe  he  has  on  a  black  mask. 
Perhaps  that  is  to  conceal  the  likeness.'  '  I  have  seen 
it,'  Mrs.  Windsor  said;  'it  is  very  clever.  There  are 
only  three  lines  in  the  whole  picture,  two  for  the  wheel- 
barrow and  one  for  the  Archbishop.' " 

Such  a  book  as  this  calls  for  sampling  rather  than 
for  comment,  and  we  select  the  following  for  our 
final  extract.  The  hero,  as  before,  is  the  speaker. 
" '  What  shall  I  give  you  for  a  wedding  present,  Reg- 
gie ?  I  think  I  will  give  you  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  in  the  vulgar  tongue.  One  would  think  it  was 
something  written  by  a  realist.  The  adjectives  would 
apply  to  the  productions  of  George  Moore,  which  are 
boycotted  by  Smith  on  account  of  their  want  of  style  or 
something  of  the  sort.  If  George  Moore  could  only 
learn  the  subtle  art  of  indecency  he  might  be  toler- 
able. As  it  is,  he  is,  like  Miss  Yonge,  merely  tedious 
and  domesticated.  He  ought  to  associate  more  with 
educated  people,  instead  of  going  perpetually  to  the  de- 
pendent performances  of  the  Independent  Theatre,  whose 
motto  seems  to  be,  "  If  I  don't  shock  you,  I'm  a  Dutch- 
man ! "  How  curiously  archaic  it  must  feel  to  be  a 
Dutchman.  It  must  be  like  having  been  born  in  Ice- 
land, or  educated  in  a  grammar  school.  I  would  give 
almost  anything  to  feel  really  Dutch  for  half-an-hour.'  " 

We  are  not  surprised  to  hear  that  "  The  Green  Car- 
nation "  has  made  something  of  a  flutter  in  London. 
But  we  shall  be  greatly  surprised  if  anyone  is  found 
to  read  it  ten  years  from  now. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

Life  and  men  A  capital  autobiography,  and  a  real 
a*  seen  by  a  multum  in  pa/rvo  in  point  of  anecdo- 

portrail painter.        taj    go0(j    thjngSj    jg    Qeorge    p.    A 

Healy's  "Reminiscences  of  a  Portrait  Painter" 
(McClurg).  Mr.  Healy,  as  the  world  knows,  was 
a  master  of  the  brush,  and  his  book  shows  that  he 
could  wield  the  pen  with  a  fluent  neatness  that  might 
put  many  a  professed  writer  to  the  blush.  In  Part 
I.,  he  sketches  rapidly  and  deftly  the  story  of  his 
life  and  of  his  progress  as  a  painter, — of  his  child- 
ish dabblings  with  the  toy  colors ;  his  first  portrait, 
first  sale,  and  first  patron ;  his  journey  to  Europe 
and  taste  of  bohemianism  in  Paris  and  London; 
his  marriage,  early  struggles,  and  final  success  ;  his 
return  home,  and  his  experiences  in  Chicago,  then 
a  chaotic,  rude  town,  where  squalor  elbowed  inci- 
pient finery ;  where  the  Dives  of  to-day  was  the  La- 
zarus of  yesterday  ;  where  the  calico,  pork,  and  gro- 
cery millionaires  were  yet  in  the  bud,  thrifty,  and  sus- 
picious of  art,  yet,  as  potential  ancestors,  not  unwilling 
to  have  their  portraits  done  in  "  ile  ";  and  where  "  un- 


couth shanties  reared  their  shabby  heads  close  to  fine 
new  mansions."  Chicago  has  not,  perhaps,  lost  all 
her  old  characteristics.  In  Part  II.,  the  author  writes 
of  his  friends  and  his  sitters  ;  and  among  the  latter, 
we  need  scarcely  say,  were  many  of  the  most  distin- 
guished people  of  the  old  and  the  new  worlds.  Thiers, 
Gambetta,  Guizot,  Louis  Philippe,  the  Abbe*  Liszt, 
Lincoln,  Grant,  Jackson,  Clay,  Webster,  Pope  Pius 
IX., and  William  B.  Ogden  of  Chicago,  have  sat  before 
his  easel ;  and  for  each  he  has  a  page  or  so  of  graphic 
anecdote  and  comment.  There  is  a  glimpse  of  Queen 
Victoria,  and  it  is  not  a  pleasant  one.  Mr.  Healy 
was  at  Windsor,  copying  a  Lawrence  portrait,  when 
the  Queen  and  Prince  Albert,  crossing  the  gallery, 
stopped  to  glance  at  his  work.  "  As  she  wished  for 
some  details  as  to  the  order  the  King  of  France  had 
given  me,  she  turned  to  her  husband,  saying,  '  Ask 
Mr.  Healy  if,'  etc.;  and  Prince  Albert  put  the  ques- 
tions to  me,  as  though  he  had  been  translating  from 
a  foreign  tongue.  Then  she  exclaimed,  looking  at 
my  copy,  '  It  is  extremely  like,'  and,  with  the  slight- 
est possible  bend  of  the  head,  passed  on.  I  own 
that  my  American  blood  rather  boiled  in  my  veins." 
Not  much  more  courteous  was  Mr.  Healy's  treat- 
ment at  the  hands  of  "  Old  Hickory  " — though  the 
outcome  of  his  visit  to  the  veteran  was  successful. 
He  had  been  commissioned  to  paint  Jackson's  por- 
trait by  Louis  Philippe,  and  found  the  old  hero  at 
the  Hermitage,  suffering  from  dropsy,  propped  in 
his  great  arm-chair,  and  in  a  thoroughly  Jackson- 
ian  temper.  "  Can't  sit,  sir,  —  can't  sit,"  he  an- 
swered curtly,  on  learning  Mr.  Healy's  errand. 
"  But,  General,"  urged  the  painter,  "  the  King  of 
France,  who  has  sent  me  all  this  way  on  purpose  to 
paint  you,  will  be  greatly  disappointed."  "  Can't 
sit,  sir, —  not  for  all  the  Kings  in  Christendom," 
still  growled  the  veteran;  and  Mr.  Healy  beat  a 
retreat,  discomfited.  The  sitting  was  afterwards 
granted  at  the  instance  of  Mrs.  Jackson,  wife  of  the 
General's  adopted  son,  and  a  prime  favorite.  "Mrs. 
Jackson  told  me  afterwards,"  says  Mr.  Healy,  "that 
her  task  had  not  been  an  easy  one.  At  her  first 
words  he  exclaimed, — '  Can't  sit,  child.  Let  me  die 
in  peace.'  She  insisted,  used  her  best  arguments — 
all  in  vain.  Finally,  she  said,  <  Father,  I  should  so 
much  like  you  to  sit.'  He  hesitated,  much  moved 
by  her  earnestness,  and,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  an- 
swered,—  'My  child,  I  will  sit.'"  The  portrait 
proved  satisfactory,  and  it  led  to  other  commissions. 
The  book  is  prettily  gotten  up,  and  the  many  por- 
traits after  originals  by  Mr.  Healy  form  an  element 
of  decided  interest. 

The  two  handsome  volumes  contain- 

t the  "Letters  and  Sermons  of 

Samuel  Longfellow  "  (  Houghton  ) 
bring  us  into  contact  with  a  very  sweet  and  lovable 
soul,  the  brother  and  biographer  of  the  poet  whose 
name  is  so  dear  to  all.  This  younger  brother  was 
also  poet  as  well  as  preacher ;  and  though  his  poetic 
genius  was  of  narrow  range,  yet  it  was  true  and  del- 
icate in  quality,  and  to  it  we  owe  some  of  the  finest 


268 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


modern  hymns.  They  are  hymns  of  universal  re- 
ligion, tender,  catholic,  thoughtful.  In  these  he 
made  his  chief  contribution  to  the  world ;  by  them 
he  will  be  remembered  and  honored.  He  was  a 
preacher  of  a  very  inclusive  and  progressive  Chris- 
tianity, rational  and  yet  spiritual,  free  and  yet  de- 
vout, radical  and  yet  both  appreciative  and  affirma- 
tive. As  a  pastor,  he  was  the  delight  of  children, 
the  inspirer  of  youth,  the  teacher  of  mature  men 
and  women,  the  guide  to  peace  for  troubled  souls, 
the  comforter  of  those  who  mourn.  He  was  not  a 
pulpit  orator,  nor  was  he  a  church  organizer ;  but 
wherever  he  ministered,  in  Fall  River,  Brooklyn, 
or  Germantown,  he  made  himself  felt  in  every  good 
work  and  for  every  good  cause.  All  lives  that  he 
touched  he  blessed  and  beautified  ;  his  memory  is 
treasured  by  all  who  knew  him  for  the  gracious  and 
gentle  spirit  which  he  diffused  wherever  he  went. 
The  book  of  hymns,  the  joint  work  of  himself  and 
his  intimate  friend  Samuel  Johnson,  was  his  main 
literary  venture  in  early  life.  Later  he  contributed 
many  articles  to  reviews  and  magazines  on  religious 
topics.  His  last  years  were  devoted  to  the  prepa- 
ration of  the  biography  of  his  distinguished  brother, 
which  he  completed  to  the  satisfaction  of  all.  His 
sweet  and  quiet  spirit  shows  through  all  his  pages, 
as  it  did  in  the  man  himself.  Still,  he  was  a  man 
of  courage  and  force  who  could  act  as  well  as  write 
and  preach.  He  was  a  brave  reformer  in  his  way, 
an  early  enemy  of  the  institution  of  slavery,  always 
nobly  aggressive  against  all  forms  of  sin.  Mr.  Jos- 
eph May,  a  worthy  son  of  a  distinguished  father, 
Samuel  J.  May,  has  done  his  editorial  work  in  these 
volumes  with  fine  taste  and  with  good  judgment. 
In  the  first  volume  the  life-story  is  presented  largely 
in  the  words  of  Mr.  Longfellow,  taken  from  his 
correspondence  with  Samuel  Johnson,  Edward  Ev- 
erett Hale,  and  a  few  others,  whom  we  here  meet 
in  ways  of  pleasantness.  The  second  volume  con- 
tains the  "  Essays  and  Sermons."  There  is  nothing 
very  startling  or  luminous  here,  but  the  reader  will 
find  great  themes  treated  in  an  instructive  and  help- 
ful manner.  The  spirit  is  broad,  the  thought  is 
clear  and  strong,  the  language  is  chaste,  the  tone  is 
reverent,  the  teaching  is  human  and  spiritual. 

Our  candid  friend  "  Max  O'Rell,"  in 
his  "John  Bull  &  Co."  (Webster), 
takes  a  wider  geographical  flight  than 
usual.  Having  described,  to  the  satisfaction  of  every- 
one but  his  victims,  the  senior  member  of  this  en- 
terprising firm,  he  further  avenges  Waterloo  by 
"  showing  up  the  colonial  branches  in  Canada,  Aus- 
tralia, New  Zealand,  South  Africa."  "  Max  O'Rell " 
writes  with  all  his  old  verve  and  shrewdness.  Que- 
bec, Montreal,  Toronto,  Honolulu,  Sydney,  Mel- 
bourne, Adelaide,  Cape  Town,  Kimberley,  etc.,  are 
"written  up" — or  written  down — in  turn,  and  the 
local  humors  and  foibles  are  hit  off  with  characteristic 
point  and  good  temper.  Entertainment  is  not  un- 
mingled  with  instruction.  Writing,  for  instance,  of 
the  natives  of  Queensland,  the  author  testifies,  we 


"Max  O'Rell" 
among  the 
English. 


Baedeker's 
Guide-book 
to  Canada. 


are  glad  to  note,  not  only  to  the  actual  existence 
but  to  the  imputed  miraculous  properties  of  our  old 
friend  the  boomerang.  Certain  abortive  experi- 
ments of  our  own  with  this  instrument  had  weak- 
ened our  faith  in  the  current  accounts  of  it ;  but 
"  Max  O'Rell "  has  seen  it,  and  seen  it  perform.  The 
boomerang,  he  says,  is  a  flat  piece  of  wood  about 
two  and  a  half  feet  long,  arched  somewhat  like  a 
triangle.  "  The  Queenslander  spies  an  object  at  some 
distance  from  him.  The  boomerang,  after  having 
hit  this  object  (if  it  is  a  living  thing  its  end  has 
come),  mounts  into  the  air  like  a  bird,  with  a  whirr- 
ing as  of  wings,  to  a  height  of  sixty  to  eighty  yards, 
describes  immense  circles,  and,  if  cleverly  thrown, 
comes  back  in  its  fall  to  the  feet  of  the  thrower." 
The  most  exacting  could  ask  no  more  of  it.  The 
volume  is  generously  illustrated  with  photographic 

prints.  

A  guide-book  bearing  the  name  of 
Baedeker  naturally  supersedes  all 
others,  and  it  is  with  no  little  satis- 
faction that  we  place  the  new  "  Canada "  on  the 
shelf  with  all  the  rest.  "  The  Dominion  of  Can- 
ada, with  Newfoundland  and  an  Excursion  to  Alas- 
ka "  (imported  by  Scribner)  is  the  full  title  of  the 
book,  and  Mr.  J.  F.  Muirhead,  who  did  the  "United 
States  "  so  well  for  the  same  series,  is  the  author. 
All  the  familiar  features  are  here,  the  condensa- 
tion, the  wealth  of  exact  information,  the  supply  of 
just  those  facts  that  travellers  want  to  know,  the 
convenient  arrangement  of  routes,  and  the  beautiful 
maps  which  so  put  to  shame  the  best  American  ef- 
forts in  this  direction.  The  special  features  of  the 
work  are  Dr.  J.  G.  Bourinot's  essay  on  "The  Con- 
stitution of  Canada,"  Dr.  G.  M.  Dawson's  "  Geo- 
graphical and  Geological  Sketch,"  and  the  article 
on  "  Sports  and  Pastimes  "  contributed  by  Messrs. 
W.  H.  Fuller  and  E.  T.  D.  Chambers.  The  article  on 
Newfoundland  is  mainly  the  work  of  the  Rev.  Moses 
Harvey.  Since  the  book  is  designed  largely  for  En- 
glish tourists,  it  includes  the  transatlantic  routes,  as 
well  as  those  from  New  York  and  Boston  to  Mon- 
treal and  Quebec.  A  book  like  this  does  not  offer 
much  room  for  the  personality  of  a  writer,  but 
touches  are  not  wanting,  as  for  example,  in  the  de- 
scription of  Cape  Trinity  on  the  Saguenay,  in  which 
we  read :  "  The  front  of  the  cliffs  is  defaced  by  the 
staring  advertisement  of  a  Quebec  tradesman,  whom, 
it  is  hoped,  all  right-minded  tourists  will  on  this  ac- 
count religiously  boycott."  This  hope  we  are  only 
too  happy  to  echo. 

An  engaging  little  work,  and  a  choice 
piece  of  book-making  withal,  is  the 
"  Diary  of  Anna  Green  Winslow  " 
(Hough ton),  edited,  with  introduction  and  copious 
notes,  by  Mrs.  Alice  Morse  Earle.  The  diarist 
was  a  bright  little  scion  of  sound  Puritan  stock,  who 
in  1770  was  sent,  at  the  age  of  ten,  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  Boston,  her  parents'  birthplace,  to  be  duly 
"  finished  "  at  Boston  schools  by  Boston  teachers. 
Recording  with  delightful  naivete  her  own  small 


The  Diary 
of  a  Boston 
school-girl. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


269 


Studies  of 
Costume  in 
Colonial  limes. 


experiences,  and  quietly  regardful,  like  all  sharp 
"little  pitchers,"  of  her  unwary  elders,  she  has  left 
us  a  really  capital  silhouette  of  the  domestic  man- 
ners of  her  day.  Mrs.  Earle's  Introduction,  we 
need  scarcely  say  to  THE  DIAL'S  readers,  is  schol- 
arly and  graceful ;  and  the  notes  evince  her  usual 
curious  and  accurate  knowledge  of  things  Colonial. 
There  are  several  illustrations,  including  a  portrait 
of  the  diarist,  and  a  specimen  of  her  writing  in 

facsimile.  

Mrs.  Alice  Morse  Earle's  "  Costume 
in  Colonial  Times  "  (Scribner)  should 
prove  a  real  godsend  to  artists,  whether 
in  words  or  in  colors,  who  incline  to  Colonial  motifs 
and  wish  to  keep  their  works  free  from  the  anach- 
ronisms in  matters  of  dress  that  mar  too  many 
portrayals  of  Colonial  life.  The  book  is  a  glos- 
sary, and  it  is  something  more,  for  the  author  sets 
forth  her  facts  entertainingly  as  well  as  conveniently, 
and  she  has  prefaced  the  glossary  proper  with  an 
instructive  "  History  of  Colonial  Dress."  The  work 
is  based  on  facts  drawn  from  old  letters,  newspa- 
pers, wills,  court-records,  etc.,  and  while  the  New  En- 
gland references  predominate,  the  scarcer  sources 
of  the  southern  Colonies  have  been  carefully  ex- 
plored. While  Mrs.  Earle  has  done  Dryasdust's 
work,  she  certainly  has  not,  save  in  point  of  thor- 
oughness, done  it  in  Dryasdust's  way.  The  book  is 
an  exceedingly  tasteful  one  outwardly. 

There  is  a  limit  to  the  license  in  point 
A  superfluous  book  of  details  permitted  to  those  who  at- 

about  Napoleon.  r, 

tempt  to  paint  the  characters  of  great 
men  ;  and  we  think  M.  Frederic  Masson  has  passed 
it  in  his  "Napoleon,  Lover  and  Husband"  (The 
Merriam  Co.).  Much  of  the  book  is  indelicate,  more 
of  it  is  trivial,  and  some  of  its  "revelations"  are 
broad  enough  to  explain  the  otherwise  inexplicable 
fact  that  it  has  reached  a  fourteenth  edition  in 
France.  The  marital  experiences  of  Josephine  and 
Marie  Louise  have  already  been  told  ad  nauseam  ; 
and  we  see  no  good  reason  for  dragging  the  vul- 
gar liaisons  of  Napoleon  to  light.  The  publishers 
have  given  the  work  a  more  respectable  setting  than 
it  deserves. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Those  who  prefer  tried  old  fiction  to  experimental 
new  will  find  their  account  in  some  reprints  that  have 
just  appeared.  "  Quits,"  by  the  Baroness  Tautphceus,  is 
published  by  the  Putnams  in  two  neat  volumes,  boxed, 
and  styled  the  "  Leonora "  edition.  The  immortal 
"  Three  Musketeers  "  of  Dumas  appears  in  two  very 
attractive  volumes,  illustrated  by  M.  Leloir,  from  the 
press  of  Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  In  two  volumes, 
likewise,  is  Henry  Kingsley's  "  Ravenshoe,"  issued  by 
the  Scribners,  and  to  be  followed  by  "  Austin  Elliot " 
and  "  Geoffrey  Harnlin."  The  author  was  well  worthy 
of  this  new  edition,  which  will,  we  doubt  not,  find  a 
hearty  welcome. 

Reversing  the  title  of  her  sprightly  little  book  of 
three  years  ago  on  "  Adopting  an  Abandoned  Farm," 


Miss  Kate  Sanborn  continues  the  tale  of  her  rural  ex- 
periences in  the  pretty  volume  entitled  "  Abandoning 
an  Adopted  Farm  "  (Appleton).  The  point  of  the  book 
is  expressed  in  its  title.  Like  its  predecessor,  it  is  chatty 
and  unconventional  to  a  degree,  and  brimful  of  the 
humors  of  rustic  life  as  seen  through  urban  spectacles. 
Volume  II.  of  "The  Writings  of  Thomas  Paine" 
(Putnam),  edited  by  Mr.  Moncure  D.  Conway,  has  just 
been  published.  It  is  a  straight  reprint,  with  but  little 
in  the  way  of  introduction  and  annotation,  of  the  books 
and  tracts  that  date  from  1779  to  1792.  »  The  Rights 
of  Man,"  dating,  complete,  from  1792,  fills  the  latter 
half  of  the  volume.  Of  the  other  papers  the  most  im- 
portant are  the  "  Letter  to  the  Abbe*  Raynal,"  the  tract 
on  "  Public  Good,"  and  the  letters,  from  the  Pennsyl- 
vania "  Gazette,"  on  "  Peace,  and  the  Newfoundland 
Fisheries." 

Dr.  Paul  Carus  has  collected  into  a  volume  of  the 
"  Religion  of  Science  "  library  a  large  number  of  his 
fugitive  papers  upon  philosophical  subjects,  and  the  col- 
lection, entitled  "  Fundamental  Problems,"  is  sent  forth 
by  the  Open  Court  Publishing  Co.  The  contents  of  this 
book  are  of  an  exceedingly  varied  character,  and  there 
is  no  unity  of  plan  except  that  which  comes  from  the 
unity  of  the  underlying  thought.  The  papers  make  sug- 
gestive popular  reading  upon  the  most  serious  problems 
that  engage  the  human  intellect,  and  there  is  doubtless 
somewhere  a  large  audience  of  persons  who  will  find 
them  helpful. 

Tbe  third  and  latest  volume  of  the  "  Studies  in  Clas- 
sical Philology  "  (Ginn),  issued  from  time  to  time  by 
Cornell  University,  is  a  monograph  upon  "  The  Cult  of 
Asklepios,"  by  Dr.  Alice  Walton.  Miss  Walton  briefly 
treats  of  the  subject  as  a  whole,  and  appends  to  the 
chapters  which  make  up  the  work  proper  a  number  of 
very  valuable  indices,  particularly  one  of  "  Literature 
and  Inscriptions  "  and  one  (nearly  thirty  pages  in  length) 
of  "  Localities  of  Cults."  In  the  latter  index,  the  clas- 
sification is  geographical,  and  authorities  are  given. 

The  "Ariel  Shakespeare"  (Putnam),  of  which  we 
have  already  noticed  four  instalments  of  seven  volumes 
each,  is  now  completed  by  the  publication  of  a  final 
batch  of  twelve  volumes.  Three  of  these  are  devoted, 
respectively,  to  the  "  Poems,"  the  "  Sonnets,"  and  a 
"  Glossary,"  thus  eking  out  the  full  number  of  forty,  of 
which  the  set  consists.  The  set  costs  $16.00  in  cloth, 
and  $30.00  in  full  leather.  It  may  also  be  had  in  sets 
of  twenty  double  volumes,  also  in  two  styles,  cloth  and 
half-bound.  In  either  of  these  forms,  the  edition  is  very 
neat  and  serviceable.  We  note  also  in  this  connection, 
"  The  Merchant  of  Venice  "  and  "  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,"  in  the  "  Temple  Shakespeare  "  (Macmillan) . 
The  bridge  of  the  Rialto  and  the  room  in  which  Shake- 
speare was  born  are  the  etchings  which  serve  as  frontis- 
pieces. 

Recently  published  classical  texts  include  Professor 
B.  Perrin's  edition  (Ginn)  of  Books  V.-VIII.  of  the 
"  Odyssey,"  based  upon  Hentze's  text  in  the  Teubner 
series;  a  little  book  of  exercises,  called  "The  Gate  to 
the  Anabasis"  (Ginn),  by  Mr.  Clarence  W.  Gleason; 
Dr.  John  C.  Rolfe's  attractive  edition  (Allyn)  of  "  Cor- 
nelii  Nepotis  Vitse,"  with  many  notes  and  exercises  for 
translation  into  Latin ;  an  edition  of  the  "  Alcestis  "  (Mac- 
millan), supplied  with  much  excellent  apparatus  by  Dr. 
Mortimer  Lamson  Earle  ;  and  a  very  small  book  of 
scenes  from  the  "  Persse  "  (Longmans),  edited  by  the 
Rev.  F.  S.  Ramsbotham. 


270 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  1, 


LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 

The  long-expected  Whittier's  Letters  are  to  appear 
immediately. 

The  letters  of  Matthew  Arnold,  we  learn,  are  not 
likely  to  be  published  for  some  months. 

Mr.  W.  L.  Courtney  has  succeeded  Mr.  Frank  Harris 
as  editor  of  "  The  Fortnightly  Review." 

The  author  of  "  The  Green  Carnation,"  reviewed  else- 
where in  this  issue,  is  said  to  be  Mr.  R.  S.  Hitchens. 

"  The  Jewish  Library,"  a  series  of  monographs  by  em- 
inent scholars,  is  to  bear  the  imprint  of  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan  &  Co. 

"  The  Calumet,"  a  new  inter-university  magazine, 
edited  by  Mr.  John  Seymour  Wood,  will  begin  publica- 
tion in  December. 

The  Robert  Clarke  Co.  of  Cincinnati  have  in  hand  a 
reprint  of  Withers's  "  Chronicles  of  Border  Warfare," 
to  be  edited  by  Mr.  Reuben  G.  Thwaites. 

Dr.  A.  Conan  Doyle  gave  a  public  lecture  in  Chicago, 
at  the  Central  Music  Hall,  on  the  evening  of  October 
26.  He  was  greeted  by  a  very  large  audience.  The 
lecture  dealt  with  his  own  literary  experiences,  and  a 
few  brief  readings  from  his  books  were  interspersed. 

A  new  translation  of  "  Paul  and  Virginia  "  is  to  be 
published  soon  by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  The 
translation  is  by  Professor  Melville  B.  Anderson,  head 
of  the  English  department  at  Stanford  University,  whose 
previous  achievements  as  a  translator  justify  the  belief 
that  this  work  will  now  become  an  English  classic. 

Miss  Harriet  Monroe  has  been  awarded  damages  to 
the  extent  of  $5000  in  her  suit  against  the  New  York 
"  World  "  for  its  unauthorized  publication  (from  a  stolen 
copy)  of  her  "  Ode  "  written  for  the  opening  of  the  Co- 
lumbian Exposition.  We  do  not  know  whether  or  not 
the  case  is  to  be  appealed,  but  if  it  is  we  trust  that  the 
higher  courts  will  sustain  so  righteous  a  verdict. 

The  "  Hans  Sachs  Feier  "  will  be  held  at  Munich  on 
the  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  of  this  month.  The  celebra- 
tion will  open  on  the  fourth  with  a  new  play  by  Herr 
Martin  Grief.  On  the  fifth,  being  the  poet's  four  hun- 
dredth birthday,  several  of  his  "  Fastnachtsspiele  "  will 
be  performed  in  the  same  manner  as  they  were  four 
hundred  years  ago,  but  supplemented  by  preludes,  in- 
terludes, and  epilogues.  The  performance  of  Wagner's 
"  Meistersjnger,"  on  the  sixth,  will  conclude  the  national 
festival. 

Professor  James  Darmesteter,  of  the  College  de 
France,  died  on  the  twentieth  of  October,  at  the  age  of 
forty-five.  He  was  a  distinguished  Orientalist,  and  for 
nearly  ten  years  past  has  held  the  chair  of  Persian  lit- 
erature and  language  at  the  College  de  France.  He 
married,  a  few  years  ago,  Miss  A.  Mary  F.  Robinson, 
the  English  poet.  Early  in  the  present  year  he  added 
to  his  other  duties  the  editorial  conduct  of  the  new 
"  Revue  de  Paris." 

Professor  John  Nichol  died  on  the  twelfth  of  October, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-one.  He  was  particularly  inter- 
ested in  American  subjects,  and  was  one  of  our  warm- 
est defenders  at  the  time  of  the  Civil  War.  He  pub- 
lished a  "  Sketch  of  American  Literature  "  some  years 
ago,  and  also  wrote  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica " 
article  upon  that  subject.  He  held  the  chair  of  En- 
glish literature  at  the  University  of  Glasgow  for  twenty- 
eight  years.  He  also  wrote  the  volumes  on  Byron  and 
Carlyle  in  the  "  English  Men  of  Letters  "  series. 


Mr.  Theodore  Watts  has  been  making  some  very  in- 
teresting inquiries  into  Shakespeare's  connection  with 
Gloucestershire,  and  is  satisfied  that  the  poet's  evident 
familiarity  with  that  county  is  owing  to  his  having  staid 
at  Dursley  with  one  of  the  Shakespeares  who  was  living 
there  during  his  lifetime.  The  Gloucestershire  names 
of  people  mentioned  by  him  are  still  largely  represented 
in  Dursley,  and  the  descriptions  of  the  neighborhood 
are  so  singularly  accurate  as  to  be  easily  identified. 

The  Associated  Press  dispatches  have  recently  sup- 
plied the  newspapers  with  the  following  anecdote:  "  All 
London  has  been  laughing  this  week  over  the  published 
correspondence  between  Mr.  W.  S.  Gilbert  and  an  Amer- 
ican lady.  The  latter  wrote  asking  for  an  interview.  Gil- 
bert replied  that  his  charge  therefor  would  be  twenty 
guineas.  The  lady  replied  that,  while  she  could  not  go 
to  that  expense,  she  cheerfully  looked  forward  to  writ- 
ing his  obituary  for  nothing.  Thereupon  the  irascible 
humorist  sent  the  correspondence  to  the  '  Times '  with 
a  very  petulant  letter,  and  the  lady  threatens  to  sue  for 
libel." 

The  widow  of  Leconte  de  Lisle  is  preparing  her  late 
husband's  manuscripts  for  the  press.  She  is  working 
in  collaboration  with  De  He"redia,  and  they  hope  to  col- 
lect sufficient  material  for  a  volume  of  poems,  which 
shall  add  to  the  reputation  of  the  author  of  "  Poemes 
Barbares."  The  task  is  a  difficult  one,  as  the  late  poet 
was  very  critical  about  his  own  work,  and  they  are 
anxious  not  to  print  anything  which  he  would  have  re- 
fused to  publish.  Leconte  de  Lisle  destroyed  more  than 
four  thousand  lines  of  verse  which  he  deemed  unsatis- 
factory, and  what  he  published  had  been  revised  and 
revised  again. 

The  London  "  Bookman,"  in  its  monthly  reports  of 
publications  having  the  largest  sale  in  England,  often 
affords  interesting  indications  of  the  drift  of  public 
taste.  According  to  the  October  lists,  East  London  is 
still  finding  its  favorite  reading  in  "  If  Christ  came  to 
Chicago,"  but  the  title  has  disappeared  from  all  the 
other  lists,  although  it  occupied  the  first  place  in  many 
of  them  a  few  weeks  ago.  Novels  are  just  now  the  fav- 
orites, even  in  pious  Scotland;  and  "The  Manxman" 
heads  eight  lists  out  of  fifteen.  "  Perlycross  "  is  the 
next  in  favor  (although  Glasgow  does  sandwich  it  in  be- 
tween "  Helps  for  Common  Days  "  and  a  "  Bible  Dic- 
tionary ") ;  while  "  Lourdes "  and  "  Under  the  Red 
Robe  "  follow  at  no  great  distance. 

We  learn  that  the  trustees  of  the  Newberry  Library 
have  called  Mr.  John  Vance  Cheney,  of  San  Francisco, 
to  the  vacant  librarianship.  They  are  to  be  congratulated 
upon  their  choice.  Mr.  Cheney  is  a  trained  librarian 
and  an  accomplished  man  of  letters,  and  Chicago  will 
give  him  a  cordial  welcome.  The  following  extract 
from  the  San  Francisco  "  Argonaut "  expresses  the  es- 
teem in  which  Mr.  Cheney  is  held  upon  the  Pacific 
Coast.  We  notice  a  slight  inaccuracy  concerning  the 
relations  of  the  late  Dr.  Poole  to  THE  DIAL.  While 
Dr.  Poole  was  second  to  none  in  our  affections  as  a  con- 
tributor, he  was  never  editorially  connected  with  the 
review.  Says  "The  Argonaut": 

"  It  is  stated,  on  apparently  good  authority,  that  the 
trustees  of  the  great  Newberry  Library,  in  Chicago, 
have  decided  to  come  to  San  Francisco  for  a  successor 
to  the  late  librarian,  Dr.  William  Frederick  Poole.  The 
man  whom  they  are  said  to  have  chosen  is  Mr.  John  Vance 
Cheney,  now  at  the  head  of  the  San  Francisco  Free  Pub- 
lic Library.  It  is  a  great  compliment  to  Mr.  Cheney. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


271 


The  Newberry  Library,  although  not  an  old  one,  is  al- 
ready a  notable  institution,  and  is  so  liberally  endowed 
that  it  is  destined  to  be  the  largest  library  in  this  coun- 
try, if  not  one  of  the  largest  in  the  world.  Dr.  Poole, 
its  late  librarian,  was  a  scholar  of  ripe  erudition,  and  a 
man  of  much  experience  in  managing  libraries.  He  was 
the  compiler  of  the  famous  "  Poole's  Index  to  Period- 
ical Literature,"  an  invaluable  aid  to  writers  and  editors. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  editors  of  THE  DIAL,  a  literary 
journal  of  which  Chicago  may  well  be  proud,  something 
which  cannot  be  said  of  all  her  publications.  It  is  Dr. 
Poole's  place  which  Mr.  Cheney  is  called  upon  to  fill. 
We  think  he  will  fill  it  worthily.  Mr.  Cheney  is  a  gen- 
tleman of  New  England  ancestry,  of  liberal  education, 
with  the  tastes  of  a  scholar,  and  the  temperament  of  a 
poet.  That  he  can  retain  this  last  in  the  prosaic  envir- 
onment of  San  Francisco  shows  that  it  is  ingrained.  His 
love  of  letters  is  strong.  He  has  made  an  excellent  official 
in  charge  of  our  small  library  here  on  the  Pacific  Coast, 
and  he  will  make  a  better  one  in  the  larger  sphere  to 
which  he  is  called.  He  will  be  more  appreciated  in 
Chicago  than  in  San  Francisco.  When  some  San  Fran- 
cisco millionaire  leaves  to  the  people  such  a  magnificent 
endowment  for  a  library  as  the  late  James  Newberry 
left  to  Chicago,  men  like  Mr.  Cheney  will  doubtless 
think  twice  before  they  leave  us,  and  the  people  will 
think  twice  before  they  let  them  go." 

IN   MEMORIAM,   EDWARD   AUGUSTUS   FREEMAN. 

Died  at  Alicante,  Spain,  March  16, 1892. 
Called  to  his  rest,  though  not  on  that  loved  strand 
That  claimed  his  last  life-labor,  now  denied 
Its  high  fulfilment, —  yet  he  sleeps  beside 
Blue  Mediterranean  waters,  in  a  land 
Of  palms  and  columns,  over-towered  of  old 
By  that  white  rock  whose  sunlit  bastions  brought 
Light  to  his  darkening  eyes.    For  there,  too,  rolled 
Th'  "  eternal  strife  "  whose  island-fields  he  sought 
From  Mongibello  to  the  wind-swept  crest 
Of  Julian  and  Astarte.    East  and  West,— 
Thraldom  and  freedom, —  were  to  him  no  theme 
Scholastic,  but  that  mighty  human  heart, 
Outpouring  words  of  thunder,  still  took  part 
In  each  uprising,  were  it  but  a  dream. 

—  (From  Volume  IV.  of  Freeman's  "History  of  Sicily," 
by  the  editor  of  the  volume,  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Evans.) 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

November,  1894. 

African  Folk-Lore.    Frederick  Starr.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
Alcohol  and  Happiness.    Justus  Gaule.    Popular  Science. 
Anglo-American  Reunion,  A.  A.  T.  Mahan.    No.  American. 
Boswell's  Proof-Sheets.    George  B.  Hill.    Atlantic. 
Canterbury  Tales,  The.    Hiram  Corson.    Dt'ct/ (Nov.  1). 
Canton,  In  the  City  of.    Florence  O'Driscoll.     Century. 
Cobra,  The,  and  other  Serpents.    Illus.    PopularlScience. 
Cossack,  The.    Illus.    Poultney  Bigelow.    Harper. 
Election  Night  in  a  Newspaper  Office.  Julian  Ralph.  Scribner. 
Emerson,  The  Religion  of.    W.  H.  Savage.    Arena. 
England,  Am.  Influence  over.    J.  M.  Ludlow.    Atlantic. 
English,  Academic  Treatment  of.    H.  E.  Scudder.    Atlantic. 
English  at  College  and  University.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
English  Novels,  Recent.    W.  M.  Payne.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
English  Railroad  Methods.    Illus.    H.  G.  Prout.    Scribner. 
France,  Agriculture  in.    H.  Blerzy.     Chautauquan. 
Froude,  James  Anthony.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
Germany,  The  Legislature  of.  J.  W.  Burgess.    Chautauquan. 
Glaciers  of  Greenland,  The.  Angelo  Heilprin.  Pop.  Science. 
Holmes,  English  Tributes  to.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
Horse,  The.    Illus.    N.  S.  Shaler.    Scribner. 
Immigration  and  the  Land  Question.    C.  J.  Buell.    Arena. 


Japan  of  Old,  The  Real.    E.  W.  Clement.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
Jefferson,  Joseph.    Dial  (Nov.  1). 
Korean  Matters.    Lucius  Howard  Foote.     Overland. 
Law,  Making  of  a.    John  L.  Mitchell.    North  American. 
Maeterlinck,  Maurice.    Richard  Burton.    Atlantic. 
Magazine  Fiction.    Frederic  M.  Bird.    Lippincott. 
Manual  Training.   C.  Hanford  Henderson.    Popular  Science. 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.    Illus.    Ida  M.  Tarbell.    McClure's. 
Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Life  of.  Illus.  W.  M.  Sloane.   Century. 
Newspaper  Press  of  the  United  States.     Chautauquan. 
Novel,  The  Modern.    Amelia  E.  Barr.    North  American. 
Political  Corruption.    Thos.  E.  Will.    Arena. 
Political  Parties,  Evolution  of.  S.  M.  Merrill.  No.  American. 
Provence,  The  Churches  of.    Mrs.  Van  Rensselaer.   Century. 
Rabbits  in  New  Zealand.    J.  N.  Ingram.    Lippincott. 
Sea-Robbers  of  New  York.    Dlus.    T.  A.  Janvier.    Harper. 
Shanghai.    Mark  B.  Dunnell.     Overland. 
Sioux  Mythology,  The.   Chas.  A.  Eastman.  Popular  Science. 
Sioux,  Religion  of  the.    Illus.    W.  H.  Wassell.    Harper. 
Steamships,  Development  of.    Uriel  Sebree.     Chautauquan. 
Swiss  Watch  Schools,  The.    T.  B.  Willson.   Popular  Science. 
Washington  Correspondent,  The.    E.  J.  Gibson.    Lippincott. 
Washington  in  Lincoln's  Time.    Noah  Brooks.     Century. 
War  in  the  East,  Causes  of  the.    Kuma  Oishi.    Arena. 
War  in  the  Orient,  The.  Shushurino  Kurino.  No.  American. 
World,  Unknown  Parts  of  the.    H.  R.  Mills.    McClure's. 


:LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  embracing  105  titles,  includes  all  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 

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272 


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[Nov.  1, 


Arthur  O'Shaughnessy,  his  Life  and  his  Work,  with  Selec- 
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*** 

THREE  SCORE  AND  TEN  YEARS.    Recollections  (1820-1890).   With  Portraits. 

8vo,  $2.00. 

W.  J.  LINTON. 

These  recollections  cover  an  unusually  long  period  of  an  unusually  varied  life,  and  reveal  a  rich  fund 
of  interesting  reminiscences  of  eminent  men  and  women,  as  well  as  of  the  events  with  which  their  names 

are  associated. 

#*# 

THE  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  A.  B.  DURAND.    Illustrated  with  Photogravures. 

Two  editions.    On  hand-made  paper,  4to,  limited  to  100  copies,  $17.50,  net  ;  square  8vo, 

limited  to  500  copies,  $6.00,  net. 

JOHN  DURAND. 

Mr.  Durand's  life  is  an  epitome  of  modern  American  art  history,  and  this  volume,  in  which  his  son 

has  told  the  story  of  his  father's  experiences  and  achievements,  narrates  not  only  the  artist's  life,  but, 

incidentally,  the  development  of  American  paintings  during  the  past  half  century.    It  is  full  of  anecdote 

and  reminiscences,  and  handsomely  illustrated  —  mainly  with  reproductions  of  Mr.  Durand's  paintings. 

*** 

POMONA'S  TRAVELS.    A  Series  of  Letters  to  the  Mistress  of  Rudder  Grange  from 

her  former  Handmaiden.   Illustrated  by  A.  B.  FROST.   12mo,  gilt  top,  $2.00. 

"  It  forms  one  of  the  most  delightful  books  Mr.  Stockton  has  ever  written.   It  is  capital  reading,  and 

will  more  firmly  establish  Mr.  Stockton  in  his  place  with  Bret  Harte  among  contemporary  American 

FRANK  R.  STOCKTON. 

writers.    Mr.  Frost's  pictures  are  all  admirable."  —  New  York  Times. 

POLLY.     Illustrated  by  A.  CASTAIGNE.    Small  folio,  $1.50. 

"  In  a  companion  volume  to  '  Marse  Chan  '  and  '  Meh  Lady'  comes  '  Polly,'  another  of  Mr.  Page's 

*** 

delightful  tales  of  Southern  life.   The  illustrations  are  very  effective  and  the  volume  is  tastefully  bound.  '  ' 

—  Boston  Times. 

THE  BURIAL  OF  THE  GUNS.     12mo,  $1.25. 

Mr.  Page's  new  volume  contains  six  stories,  rich  in  pictures  of  old  Virginia  life  and  character,  for 

THOMAS  NELSON  PAGE. 

which  he  is  justly  celebrated.    They  are  distinguished  by  humorous,  pathetic,  and  dramatic  touches,  and 

are  told  with  that  simple,  exquisite  art  that  stamps  Mr.  Page  as  the  finest  exponent  of  the  old  and  new 

South  in  fiction. 

*** 

WILD  BEASTS.    With  Illustrations  from  Life.    Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 

JOHN  HAMPDEN  PORTER. 

An  interesting  study  of  the  Elephant,  Lion,  Panther,  Leopard,  Jaguar,  Tiger,  Puma,  Wolf,  and 
Grizzly  Bear.     In  constructing  his  portraits  the  author  quotes  freely  from  the  literature  of  the  subject, 
citing  innumerable  incidents  and  describing  many  thrilling  adventures  which  throw  light  on  the  characters 

*** 

and  habits  of  the  beasts. 

PROFESSOR 

WILLIAM  SHAKSPERE.     A  Study  in  Elizabethan  Literature.    12mo,  $2.00. 

BARRETT  WENDELL. 

"  Not  only  useful  for  students  of  Shakespeare  and  the  drama,  but  very  interesting."  —  Boston  Times. 

*** 

MUSICIANS  AND  MUSIC  LOVERS,  and  Other  Essays.    12mo,  $1.50. 

WILLIAM  P.  APTHORP. 

CONTENTS  :   Musicians  and  Music  Lovers.  —  Bach.  —  Additional  Accompaniments  to  Bach's  and 
Handel's  Scores.  —  Meyerbeer.  —  Offenbach.  —  Two  Modern  Classicists  in  Music.  —  J.  8.  Dwight.  —  Some 

Thoughts  on  Musical  Criticism.  —  Music  and  Science. 

CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS,  153-157  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 

278  THE     DIAL  [Nov.  16, 


NEW  HOLIDAY  BOOKS. 

.  TU/a  r^i-Hr  /-vf  PsrthpnnnP  AND  ITS  ENVIRONS.  By  CLARA  ERSKINE  CLEMENT,  author  of 
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1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


279 


HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  CO.'S  NEW  BOOKS. 

of  which  will  be  published  during  ^ovember.) 


The  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  Year  Book. 

Selections  from  Dr.  Holmes's  prose  and  poetry,  for  Every  Day 
of  the  Year.  With  a  fine  portrait.  Attractively  bound. 
16mo,  $1.00. 

George  William  Curtis. 

An  appreciative  and  admirable  account  of  this  knightly  man 
and  great  citizen.  By  EDWARD  GARY,  in  "  American  Men 
of  Letters  "  Series.  With  a  portrait.  16mo,  $1.25. 

Talk  at  a  Country  House. 

Interesting  imaginary  conversations,  at  an  English  country 
house,  on  famous  Englishmen,  English  society,  politics,  and 
literature ;  Assyrian  inscriptions,  etc.  By  Sir  EDWARD 
STRACHEY.  With  a  portrait  and  engraved  title-page.  16mo, 
gilt  top,  $1.25. 

Religious  Progress. 

A  small  book  on  a  large  subject  treated  with  admirable  learn- 
ing, rare  breadth  of  view,  and  a  finely  tolerant  spirit.  By 
A.  V.  G.  ALLEN,  author  of  "The  Continuity  of  Christian 
Thought."  16mo,  $1.00. 

The  Great  Refusal: 

Letters  from  a  Dreamer  in  Gotham.  A  romance  in  which  the 
sentiment  is  cherished  mostly  by  the  "  dreamer,"  who  writes 
in  admirable  style  of  many  interesting  things  besides  love. 
By  PAUL  E.  MORE.  16mo,  $1.00. 

A  Story  of  Courage: 

Annals  of  the  Convent  of  the  Visitation  at  Georgetown.    By 
GEORGE  PARSONS  LATHROP,  LL.  D.,  and  ROSE  HAW- 
THORNE LATHROP.    With  illustrations.    12mo,  $2.00. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lathrop  tell  in  excellent  style  and  with  much 
•enthusiasm  the  story  of  the  founding  of  the  Convent  and 
Academy  of  the  Visitation  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  at 
Georgetown.  Their  book  is  valuable  as  setting  forth  the  prin- 
ciples, methods,  aims,  and  spirit  of  the  institution  ;  and  it  will 
be  of  interest  to  Protestants  as  well  as  Catholics,  and  an  ex- 
cellent souvenir  for  those  who  have  studied  in  the  Academy. 

Hymns  and  Verses. 

By  SAMUEL  LONGFELLOW.    16mo,  $1.00. 
Some  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Longfellow's  hymns  are  among 
the  noblest,  sweetest,  and  most  devout  in  the  world's  hymnal ; 
and  many  will  eagerly  welcome  this  tasteful  volume  which 
garners  poems  so  admirable. 

Glimpses   of   Unfamiliar  Japan. 

By  LAFCADIO  HEARN.    2  vols.,  8vo,  $4.00. 

"Not  'glimpses'  of  Japan  are  these,  but  ultimate  pictures  of  its  sea 
and  its  shore,  of  its  rice  fields  and  mountains,  the  thoughts  and  the  lives 
of  its  princes  and  peasants,  their  spirit  and  instinct,  their  hopes  and 
their  memories,  the  fears  and  the  joys  of  a  race.  ...  A  very  great 
book." — New  York  Times. 

"  In  these  twenty-six  papers  on  Japan  there  is  a  wealth  of  wondrously 
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York  Tribune. 

The  Favorite  Series. 

Four  beautiful  books,  including  Mr.  ALDRICH'S  "  Marjorie 
Daw  and  Other  Stories,"  Mr.  HARTE'S  "Luck  of  Roaring 
Camp,"  Mr.  WARNER'S  "  Backlog  Studies,"  and  Miss 
JEWETT'S  "  Tales  of  New  England."  Each  has  an  etched 
title-page  and  a  portrait  frontispiece.  Tastefully  bound  in 
Holiday  style,  $1.25  each ;  the  set,  in  a  box,  $5.00. 


Maria  Edgeworth : 

Her  Life  and  Letters.    Edited  by  AUGUSTUS  J.  C.  HARE. 

2  vols.,  crown  8vo,  $4.00. 

Miss  Edgeworth's  Letters  contain  anecdotes  and  views  of  a 
host  of  famous  English  and  French  persons. 

Occult  Japan: 

The  Way  of  the  Gods.  A  book  of  peculiar  value  on  the 
Shinto  religion  of  Japan,  as  thoroughly  studied  and  person- 
ally observed  by  PERCIVAL  LOWELL,  author  of  "  The  Soul 
of  the  Far  East,"  "  Noto,"  "  Choson,"  etc.  With  four  illus- 
trations. Crown  8vo,  gilt  top,  $1.50. 

Little  Mr.  Thimblefinger 

And  his  Queer  Country.  A  delightful  book  for  young  folks 
(and  older  ones)  about  things  seen  and  heard  in  what  may 
be  called  Uncle-Remus-Land.  By  JOEL  CHANDLER  HAR- 
RIS, author  of  the  "  Uncle  Remus  "  books.  With  32  artistic 
and  exceedingly  interesting  pictures  by  OLIVER  HERFORD. 
Square  8vo,  $2.00. 

Pushing  to  the  Front; 

Or,  Success  under  Difficulties.    By  ORISON  SWETT  MARDEN. 

With  24  excellent  portraits  of  Famous  Persons.   Crown  8vo, 

$1.50. 

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who  wishes  to  reach  the  "  front,"  should  read  this  book.  It 
is  admirably  suited  for  a  Holiday  gift. 

Tuscan  Cities. 

By  W.  D.  HOWELLS.    New  Edition,  from  new  plates,  uni- 
form with  his  novels.    12mo,  $1.50. 
This  edition  brings  into  uniform  style  with  Mr.  Howells's 

novels  a  delightful  book  about  Florence,  Siena,  Pisa,  Lucca, 

Pistoja,  Prato,  and  Fiesole. 

The  Story  of  Lawrence  Garthe. 

A  very  bright  and  engaging  novel  of  New  York  life,  though 
not  a  society  novel.  By  ELLEN  OLNEY  KIRK,  author  of 
"The  Story  of  Margaret  Kent,"  "Ciphers,"  etc.  16mo, 
$1.25. 

A  Century  of  Charades. 

By  WILLIAM  BELLAMY.  A  hundred  original  charades,  very 
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When  Molly  was  Six. 

A  delightful  story,  simple,  natural,  engaging,  and  of  charm- 
ing literary  quality.  By  ELIZA  ORNE  WHITE,  author  of 
"  Winterborough."  Illustrated  by  KATHARINE  PYLE.  An 
exquisite  Holiday  book.  Square  16mo,  $1.00. 

Fagots  for  the  Fireside. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  games.  By  LUCRETIA  P.  HALE.  New 
and  enlarged  edition  of  a  capital  book  including  in  the  new 
matter  instructions  for  Golf.  12mo,  $1.25. 

Evangeline. 

LONGFELLOW'S  world-famous  poem,  decorated  with  Leaves 
of  the  Acadian  Forests,  reproduced  with  remarkable  fidel- 
ity to  nature.  Square  8vo,  full  gilt,  $2.00. 


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HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  COMPANY,  BOSTON,  MASS. 


280 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


THOMAS  NELSON  &  SONS' 

HOLIDAY   BOOKS. 


The  Boys*  Book  of  the  Season — J.  MacDonald  Oxley's  New  Book. 

IN  THE  WILDS  OF  THE  WEST  COAST.    12mo,  handsomely 
bound  in  cloth  extra,  and  fully  illustrated,  $1.50. 
A  book  that  all  boys  will  appreciate,  and  those  in  search  of  wholesome 
and  entertaining  reading  for  young  people  will  find  this  in  every  way 
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A  Notable  New  Book. 

HEROES  OF  ISRAEL.    By  WILLIAM  G.  BLAIKIB,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  au- 
thor of  "  A  Manual  of  Bible  History  in  Connection  with  the  General 
History  of  the  World."  8vo,  cloth  extra,  numerous  illustrations,  $1.50. 
As  a  delineator  of  Scripture  biography,  strong  and  picturesque,  thor- 
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Three  New  Historical  Tales  by  Evelyn  Everett  Green. 

SHUT  IN.  A  Tale  of  the  Wonderful  Siege  of  Antwerp  in  the  Year 
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EVIL  MAY-DAY.  A  Story  of  1517.  By  EVELYN  EVERETT  GREBN. 
12mo,  cloth  extra,  $1.00. 

A  New  Book  by  Talbot  Baines  Reed. 

KILdORMAN.  A  Story  of  Ireland  in  1798.  By  TALBOT  BAINES  REBD, 
author  of  "  Follow  My  Leader,"  etc.  Illustrated  by  JOHN  WILLIAM- 
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by  JOHN  SIME.  8vo,  cloth  extra,  $1.75. 

Splendid  Books  for  Young  People. 

AS  WE  SWEEP  THROUGH  THE  DEEP.   A  Story  of  the  Stirring 
Times  of  Old.    By  GORDON-STABLES,  M.D.,  K.N.    With  illustrations. 
12mo,  cloth  extra,  80  cents. 
A  good  book  for  boys,  giving  glimpses  of  naval  life  during  the  stirring 

times  of  the  Napoleonic  war. 

SONS    OF   THE    VIKINGS.    An  Orkney  Story.    By  JOHN  GUNK. 

With  illustrations  by  JOHN  WILLIAMSON.    12mo,  cloth  extra,  $1.00. 

The  story  of  the  Adventures  of  two  young  Orcadians  impressed  into 
the  naval  service  during  the  Napoleonic  war. 

THE  WONDERFUL  CITY.    By  J.  S.  FLETCHER,  author  of  "When 
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18mo,  cloth  extra,  60  cents. 
A  stirring  tale  of  strange  adventures  undergone  by  three  settlers  in 

the  region  of  New  Mexico.    A  capital  book  for  boys. 

New  Books  of  Bible  Stories. 

MY  FIRST  BOOK  OF  BIBLE  KNOWLEDGE.  With  numerous 
illustrations.  Fancy  illuminated  cover,  4to,  25  cents. 

STEP  BY  STEP  THROUGH  THE  BIBLE.    A  Scripture  History 
for  Little  Children.    By  EDITH  RALPH.    With  a  Preface  by  CUNNING- 
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No.  202.    NOVEMBER  16,  1894.  Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


PHILIP  GILBERT  HAMERTON 


PAOE 

.  283 


THE    HISTORY    OF    ENGLISH    LITERATURE. 

Frederick  Ives  Carpenter 286 

COMMUNICATIONS 286 

The  San  Francisco  Vigilantes  again.     W.  It.  K. 

The  Work  of  Preparatory  Schools  in  English.  Caskie 
Harrison. 

The  Proposed  Society  of  Comparative  Literature. 
Willard  C.  Gore. 

Ethics  in  Journalism — A  Warning  for  the  Unini- 
tiated. Wm.  C.  Lawton. 

CARCASSONNE  (From  the  French  of  Gustave  Nadaud)  288 
THE  LIFE  AND  WORK  OF  EDISON.    E.  G.  J.     .  289 

SOME  BOOKS  ABOUT  BIRDS.    -Sara  A.  Hubbard  .  291 
Ahbott's  The  Birds  about  Us.— Torrey's  A  Florida 
Sketch  Book. —  Bolles's  From  Blomidon  to  Smoky. 

—  Keyser's  In  Bird  Land. 

THE  LAKE  POETS.    Anna  B.  McMahan 293 

THE  ENLARGEMENT  OF  FAITH.    John  Bascom  .  294 
Mercer's  The  New  Jerusalem  in  the  World's  Con- 
gress of  Religion.— Discipleship.— Gandhi's  Unknown 
Life  of  Christ. — Rogers's  Life  and  Teachings  of  Jesus. 

—  Stevens's  The  Johannine  Theology.— Lilly's  The 
Claims  of  Christianity.— Pfleiderer's  Philosophy  of 
Religion. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 296 

The  question  of  animals'  rights.  —  Another  volume 
of  Dr.  Liddon's  life  of  Pusey. —  John  Brown's  story, 
as  told  by  a  follower. —  Smart  sayings  about  women. 

—  The  early  life  of  Thomas  of  Canterbury. —  "  Steps 
into  Journalism."  —  Special  reprints  of  Swinburne's 
lyrics  and  the  "  Rubaiyat." — "  Down  East "  manners 
and  dialect. — The  evolution  of  race  and  language. — 
Pen-pictures  of  New  York  life  and  character. — Amer- 
ican travellers  in  Ceylon. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 300 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman    ...    .    .    .301 

BRYANT  DAY  AT  KNOX  COLLEGE.     W.  E.  S.  .  301 
LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  302 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  303 


PHILIP  GILBERT  HAMERTON. 

It  was  the  fortune  of  the  late  Mr.  Hamerton 
to  achieve  equal  distinction  in  the  art  of  liter- 
ature and  the  arts  of  design.  Although  his 
work  as  painter  and  etcher  is  not  so  well  known 
in  this  country  as  his  written  work,  it  has  re- 
ceived the  warmest  recognition  in  Europe,  and 
given  him  honorable  rank  among  the  followers 
of  the  graphic  arts.  Carefully  eschewing  the 
methods  by  which  artists  of  the  baser  sort  seek 
for  fame,  and  get  at  least  notoriety,  he  quietly 
went  his  way,  studied  nature  with  loving  assid- 
uity, mastered  a  great  variety  of  technical  pro- 
cesses, and  produced  in  various  mediums  a  long 
series  of  masterly  works.  His  paintings  were 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  elsewhere ; 
his  delightful  etchings  have  served  to  illustrate 
many  volumes  of  no  less  delightful  text.  The 
thoroughness  and  sincerity  of  his  methods  are 
well  shown  by  his  accounts  of  "A  Painter's 
Camp  in  the  Highlands  "  and  of  his  canoe- 
voyage  upon  "  The  Unknown  River,"  while  the 
evidence  for  these  qualities  is  strengthened  by 
the  fact  of  his  deliberate  choice,  after  much 
reflection,  of  a  permanent  residence  in  one  of 
the  most  picturesque  regions  of  Central  France. 

Mr.  Hamerton's  literary  activity  was  ex- 
tremely varied ;  so  varied,  indeed,  and  so  un- 
tiring, that  it  caused  a  certain  suspicion  of  the 
seriousness  of  his  work  as  painter  and  etcher. 
In  spite  of  the  long  line  of  witnesses  to  the 
contrary,  from  Michel  Angelo  to  Rossetti,  or 
even  to  Mr.  Du  Maurier  and  Mr.  Hopkinson 
Smith,  there  are  some  who  will  have  it  that  the 
practitioner  of  both  the  graphic  and  the  liter- 
ary art  must  be  an  amateur  in  at  least  one  of 
the  two.  Undoubtedly,  Mr.  Hamerton's  great 
reputation  as  a  writer  has,  with  many,  caused 
his  reputation  as  a  painter  to  be  overshadowed, 
and,  with  some,  subjected  it  to  contemptuous 
attack.  But  those  who  have  known  him  best 
are  the  most  cordial  in  their  recognition  of  his 
dual  distinction.  His  published  work  falls  into 
two  groups  —  that  of  the  books  directly  con- 
nected with  his  study  and  practise  of  the  fine 
arts,  and  that  of  the  books  addressed  to  the 
larger  public  which  is  made  up  of  all  cultivated 
persons.  Let  us  glance  briefly  at  the  two  lists. 

In  the  first  category  come  the  two  books 
already  mentioned,  and  about  a  dozen  others. 


284 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


The  sumptuous  works  entitled  "  Etching  and 
Etchers,"  "  Landscape,"  "  Man  in  Art,"  and 
"  The  Saone  "  will  first  occur  to  the  reader. 
And  besides  these  there  are  the  "  Thoughts 
about  Art,"  "  Painting  in  France  after  the  De- 
cline of  Classicism,"  "  Contemporary  French 
Art,"  "The  Etcher's  Hand -Book,"  "The 
Graphic  Arts,"  "  Imagination  in  Landscape 
Painting,"  "Portfolio  Papers,"  and  a  life  of 
Turner.  It  is  difficult  to  overestimate  the 
value  of  the  polished,  scholarly,  and  sane  art- 
criticism  contained  within  this  body  of  writings. 
It  has  not  the  startling  quality  of  such  work 
as  Mr.  Ruskin's,  and  it  sometimes  approaches 
the  commonplace ;  but  it  is,  as  a  whole,  sym- 
pathetic, stimulating,  and  grateful.  In  this 
connection,  we  should  note  Mr.  Hamerton's 
work  in  periodical  literature.  He  was  for  a 
time  art-critic  of  "  The  Saturday  Review,"  he 
contributed  much  to  "  The  Fine  Arts  Quar- 
terly Review,"  and  was  for  many  years  the  edi- 
tor of  "  The  Portfolio." 

As  a  producer  of  literature  addressed  to  the 
general  public,  Mr.  Hamerton  made  his  first 
bid  for  fame  with  a  volume  of  verse,  "The 
Isles  of  Loch  Awe,"  published  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  We  owe  to  him  three  novels  — 
"  Wenderholme,"  "Harry  Blount,"  and  "  Mar- 
morne  " — and  a  long  series  of  volumes  wherein 
we  find  description,  reflection,  and  wise  comment 
on  man  and  nature,  and  a  genial  and  catholic 
outlook  upon  life.  The  most  widely  popular 
of  these  volumes  is  "  The  Intellectual  Life," 
which  was  published  a  score  of  years  ago,  and 
has  gone  into  numberless  editions  since.  "  The 
Sylvan  Year  "  is  science,  art,  and  literature  all 
combined  ;  it  is  one  of  the  best  of  outdoor  books. 
"  Chapters  on  Animals  "  charmingly  exhibits 
one  aspect  of  his  wide  sympathies,  and  "  Hu- 
man Intercourse "  illustrates  his  many-sided 
nature.  "  Modern  Frenchmen  "  is  a  series  of 
five  biographies,  that  of  Henri  Regnault  being 
perhaps  the  best.  "  Paris  in  Old  and  Present 
Time  "  is  a  semi-historical  study,  contrasting 
the  past  and  the  new  with  a  fine  sense  of  ar- 
tistic effect  and  significant  social  changes. 
"  Round  My  House  "  is  a  description  of  rural 
life  in  the  part  of  France  chosen  by  the  author 
for  his  home  some  thirty  years  ago,  and  is  one 
of  the  most  intimate  studies  of  the  sort  in  ex- 
istence. The  latest  of  the  miscellaneous  vol- 
umes contains  the  series  of  papers  entitled 
"  French  and  English."  "  Max  O'Rell  "—to 
take  his  authority  for  whatever  it  is  worth  — 
has  declared  Mr.  Hamerton  to  be  the  only  for- 
eigner who  has  written  intelligently  of  the  con- 


ditions of  French  life.  At  all  events,  it  would 
be  difficult  to  surpass  the  minute  observation, 
the  delicate  discrimination,  and  the  real  insight 
displayed  by  this  volume.  Any  book  that 
makes  for  the  comity  of  nations  deserves  praise, 
and  we  should  be  particularly  grateful  for  a 
book  which,  like  this,  helps  to  break  down  the 
prejudices  and  misunderstandings  that  give  rise 
to  an  imperfectly  veiled  antagonism  between 
the  two  races  that  seem  destined  to  preserve 
their  long-held  leadership  of  the  civilization  of 
the  world. 

The  chief  facts  of  Mr.  Hamerton's  life  may 
be  briefly  related.  He  was  born  September  10, 
1834,  in  Lancashire.  Orphaned  when  a  child, 
he  was  taken  care  of  by  an  aunt  who  bestowed 
great  pains  upon  his  education.  He  fitted  for 
Oxford,  but,  in  the  process,  discovered  a  voca- 
tion for  landscape  painting,  and,  instead  of  go- 
ing to  the  University,  went  to  London,  and 
entered  the  studio  of  Mr.  Pettill.  In  1855, 
after  publishing  his  volume  of  youthful  verse, 
he  went  to  Paris  for  further  study.  Here  he 
remained  for  some  years,  then  returned  to  En- 
gland, and  started  the  "  Painter's  Camp  "  of 
which  he  has  written  so  charmingly.  At  the  age 
of  twenty-four  he  married  a  French  lady,  Mad- 
emoiselle Gindriez,  the  daughter  of  a  well- 
known  Republican  statesman.  After  his  mar- 
riage, he  spent  some  time  in  Scotland,  then 
lived  for  three  years  at  Sens,  painting  indus- 
triously, then  fixed  his  permanent  residence  at 
Pre  Charmoy,  near  Autun.  Here,  with  occa- 
sional outings,  he  has  since  lived,  and  here  he 
died  on  the  sixth  of  November,  1894,  at  the 
age  of  sixty.  Those  who  would  like  a  fuller 
account  of  his  life  are  referred  to  THE  DIAL 
for  December,  1884.  To  that  issue,  the  late 
Horatio  Nelson  Powers,  who  knew  him  inti- 
mately, contributed  a  biographical  sketch  and 
study  of  character,  based  upon  a  full  acquaint- 
ance with  the  facts,  and  inspired  by  the  closest 
sympathy.  We  cannot  better  bring  this  article 
to  an  end  than  by  extracting  from  the  study 
above  mentioned  some  of  its  most  interesting 
passages. 

"  Whatever  science,  observation,  and  actual  practice 
can  afford  for  an  accurate  judgment  is  at  his  command. 
He  has  lived  with  nature  in  the  closest  intimacy.  He 
is  familiar  with  the  history  of  art,  and  with  the  methods 
of  the  great  masters,  so  far  as  they  are  known.  His 
mind  is  happily  balanced  and  admirably  constituted 
for  the  function  of  criticism.  His  sense  of  the  beauti- 
ful is  keen  and  cultivated,  and  the  mood  in  which  he 
lives  is  hospitable  to  truth  of  every  kind.  .  .  . 
He  wisely  directs  his  efforts  in  lines  of  production  for 
which  he  has  special  aptitude,  and  he  has  the  inde- 
pendence and  courage  that  are  inseparable  from  gifted 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


285 


minds  and  influential  utterance.  His  freedom  from  any- 
thing merely  provincial,  his  delicate  moral  sensibility, 
the  large  and  candid  way  in  which  he  treats  his  subjects, 
are  exceedingly  agreeable  to  just-minded  persons;  while 
the  value  of  his  matter,  the  rare  beauty  of  his  style,  and 
the  delightful  spirit  that  pervades  his  work,  enhance 
the  enjoyment  and  deepen  the  gratitude  of  the  reader. 
He  has  made  solid  and  admirable  contributions  to  our 
literature,  and  can  rest  assured  that  he  has  stimulated 
and  nourished  our  better  natures  by  his  appeal  to  our 
nobler  faculties  and  susceptibilities." 


THE  HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH 
LITERATURE. 

The  ideal  History  of  English  Literature,  like  the 
great  American  novel,  is  always  to  be  written.  Never 
until  the  Elizabethan  age  had  vanished  into  the  tur- 
moil and  smoke  of  the  Civil  War  did  there  exist 
materials  for  the  writing  of  such  a  history.  Shake- 
speare's performance  alone,  however,  was  enough 
to  make  the  thing  possible  and  desirable,  and  con- 
sequently a  large  part  of  the  chronicling  and  sifting 
of  documents  which  in  every  case  must  precede  the 
writing  of  a  true  history  has  been  concerned  with 
Shakespeare's  name  and  works.  The  eighteenth 
century  would  have  been  a  fitting  time  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  this  labor,  were  it  not  that  the 
point  of  view  of  eighteenth  century  England,  in  re- 
spect of  literature  at  least,  was  essentially  provincial. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  century  a  group  of  critics 
arose  who  began  to  have  an  understanding  of  what 
literature  means ;  and  Dr.  Hurd,  the  Wartons,  and 
Gray  began  to  turn  the  attention  of  scholars  and 
readers  to  the  greater  literature  which  lay  beyond 
the  confines  of  England  in  the  "  Augustan  "  age. 
Gray,  as  we  learn  from  his  prose  remains,  long  en- 
tertained the  idea  of  writing  a  history  of  English 
poetry,  and  had  gathered  considerable  material  for 
that  purpose ;  but  hearing  that  Thomas  Warton  had 
undertaken  the  task,  he  gave  his  notes  into  War- 
ton's  hands.  For  some  purposes  and  for  a  certain 
period  Warton's  history,  especially  in  its  modern 
form  as  edited  and  revised  by  a  committee  of  schol- 
ars, still  remains  one  of  the  best  works  that  we  have. 
But  perhaps  on  the  whole  it  was  fortunate  that  no 
comprehensive  and  complete  attempt  at  a  history  of 
English  Literature  was  made  during  the  eighteenth 
century. 

During  the  present  century,  and  especially  in  this 
latter  half  of  it,  numerous  flying  shots  at  the  mark 
have  been  tried.  The  skirmishing  line  has  been 
sent  farther  out  and  the  unexplored  regions  have 
been  pretty  well  reconnoitred.  The  result  is  a  con- 
siderable library  of  monographs,  critical  disquisi- 
tions, and  short  sketches,  covering  the  entire  field. 
One  livre  de  fond — Taine's  History — has  appeared. 
Professor  Henry  Morley  compiled  an  extensive 
chronicle  of  English  Writers ;  and  an  accomplished 
critic — Mr.  Stopf ord  Brooke — has  put  forth  the  first 
volume  of  an  ambitious  and  hopeful  history.  Mr. 


Brooke's  work  is  to  be  welcomed  as  an  attempt  to 
deal  with  the  subject  in  a  large  and  systematic  way. 
It  is  a  misfortune — a  misfortune  not  without  some 
compensating  advantages — that  with  the  exception 
of  Taine's  volumes  we  have  practically  no  thorough 
and  rationalized  treatment  of  the  literature  of  our 
mother  tongue  considered  as  an  organic  whole. 
There  has  been  theorizing  in  abundance,  but  no  his- 
tory in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.  No  writer  of 
the  calibre  or  accomplishment  of  Gibbon,  or  Grote, 
or  Motley,  or  Prescott,  or  Parkman  has  appeared 
in  the  field.  It  is  true  that  the  task  is  more  diffi- 
cult in  many  ways,  and  less  attractive,  than  the  writ- 
ing of  political  history.  It  is  one  thing  to  write  the 
history  of  great  men  in  the  midst  of  great  events  : 
it  is  quite  another  to  trace  the  history  of  the  human 
mind  as  expressed  in  literature.  Moreover,  few  ex- 
cept historians  care  to  study  the  documents  of  po- 
litical history,  while  the  documents  of  literary  his- 
tory are  in  everybody's  hands.  The  historian  of 
literature  consequently  is  subjected  to  a  much  more 
variable  criticism,  and  to  the  more  vexatious  in- 
quisition of  subjective  taste. 

Taine's  great  work  exemplified  with  peculiar  bril- 
liancy a  certain  theory  of  the  writing  of  literary  his- 
tory. It  was  a  study  of  literature  as  a  document 
for  history,  and  an  interpretation  of  the  mind  of  a 
race  from  its  milieu  and  its  essential  tendencies. 
The  theory  seems  to  have  gained  few  followers. 
Recent  German  and  English  writers,  of  whom  Mr. 
Brooke  is  in  some  sense  a  representative,  while  fixing 
their  attention,  like  M.  Taine,  on  the  fundamental 
characteristics  and  on  the  growth  of  the  national 
mind,  have  not  neglected  the  study  of  literature  for 
its  intrinsic  value.  A  third  method,  which  was 
hinted  at  by  the  late  Professor  Minto  in  his  u  Manual 
of  English  Prose "  and  in  the  "  Characteristics  of 
English  Poets,"  is  to  centre  the  interest  upon  the 
greatest  writers  in  the  national  literature,  studied 
not  so  much  for  what  they  have  in  common  with 
one  another  and  with  the  host  of  minor  producers, 
but  for  what  is  characteristically  theirs,  the  gift  of 
genius  and  dower  of  fortune, —  for  what  they  con- 
tribute to  the  world's  store  of  that 

"  Heavenly  quintessence  they  still 
From  their  immortal  flowers  of  poesy, 
Wherein,  as  in  a  mirror,  we  perceive 
The  highest  reaches  of  a  human  wit." 

The  danger  of  a  method  like  that  of  Taine  is  to 
neglect  in  literature  precisely  that  which  gives  to  it 
its  fundamental  value  for  mankind.  The  danger  of 
the  German  method  is  lack  of  method, —  the  dissi- 
pation of  attention  over  insignificant  men  and  pe- 
riods (insignificant,  that  is,  for  the  final  compte  rendu 
of  literature).  Still,  the  antiquarian  and  scholar  will 
not  consent  to  forego  much  of  such  dissipation.  The 
difficulty  of  the  last  method  is  to  find  among  his- 
torians a  wit  of  sufficient  reach  to  compass  it.  But 
for  the  permanent  uses  of  mankind  a  history  at- 
tempted after  this  method  is  what  is  always  needed, 
but  seldom  obtained. 

FREDERIC  IVES  CARPENTER. 


286 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  SAN  FRANCISCO  VIGILANTES  AGAIN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THK  DIAL.) 

Touching  your  recent  criticism  of  Mr.  John  Fiske's 
approval  of  the  San  Francisco  Vigilantes,  permit  me  to 
suggest  that  the  stigma  ordinarily  attaching  to  lynch 
law  does  not  fairly  attach  to  the  measures  of  that  fa- 
mous committee.  Lynch  law  is  reprehensible  in  that 
it  needlessly  supersedes  established  law  and  usurps  the 
office  of  regular  tribunals, —  thus  sanctioning  the  law- 
lessness it  assumes  to  repress.  In  the  absence  of  such 
law  and  tribunals  the  community  resorts  to  summary 
methods  of  self-protection,  for  the  same  reason  and 
with  the  same  right  that  the  individual  knocks  down 
the  footpad  in  the  absence  of  the  police.  It  is  the 
dernier  ressort.  Anyone  who  knows  anything  of  the 
early  history  of  California  knows  that,  at  the  period 
alluded  to  by  Mr.  Fiske,  there  were  no  regular  and  ef- 
ficient means  for  the  administration  of  justice.  It  was 
the  primitive  regime  of  the  strong  hand ;  and  whether 
the  hand  of  the  outlaw  or  that  of  the  bona  fide  settler 
were  the  stronger,  had  to  be  decided  by  the  young  so- 
ciety, and  that  quickly.  On  the  appearance  of  the 
"  gold  fever,"  desperadoes  from  all  parts  of  the  Union, 
and  from  Australia,  had  swelled  the  tide  of  emigration 
to  the  coast;  and  quiet  citizens  were  literally  at  the 
mercy  of  thugs  and  cut-throats  until  the  swift  reprisals 
of  the  Vigilantes  brought  about  inchoate  law  and  order. 
Doctrinaire  professors  of  absolute  social  ethics,  who 
censure  the  rough-and-ready  expedients  to  which  the 
early  Californians  were  driven  in  defence  of  their  lives 
and  homes,  should  remember  that  these  expedients  were 
born  of  grim  and  pressing  necessity.  Action  not  cogi- 
tation, speed  not  ceremony,  was  the  essential  order  of 
the  day  in  stormy  '49.  If  revolutions,  as  Mirabeau  said, 
"  are  not  made  with  rose-water,"  neither,  one  may  add, 
are  crude  and  turbulent  communities  controlled  with  it. 

W.  R.  K. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  Nov.  8,  1894. 

[Our  correspondent's  illustration  of  an  individual 
knocking  down  a  footpad  in  the  absence  of  the  po- 
lice is  a  very  good  one.  Nobody  questions  such 
right  of  self-protection,  which  is  as  strictly  a  legal 
as  it  is  a  natural  right.  But  the  individual,  if  he 
be  also  a  good  citizen,  having  knocked  down  his  as- 
sailant, turns  him  over  to  the  first  policeman  he  can 
find,  and  if  necessary  aids  the  officer  in  making  the 
arrest,  instead  of  calling  a  party  of  friends  to  over- 
power the  officer  and  hang  his  prisoner  to  the  near- 
est lamp-post.  The  San  Francisco  Vigilantes  began 
operations,  not  by  knocking  down  footpads,  but  by 
breaking  into  the  county  jail  and  taking  out  pris- 
oners who  were  awaiting  trial,  and  hanging  them. 
The  police  power  of  the  city,  the  sheriff  and  his 
posse,  the  governor  and  the  judiciary,  and  even  the 
state  militia, — all  the  regularly  constituted  author- 
ities of  the  city,  county,  and  state, —  were  forcibly 
resisted  and  defied.  The  answer  of  the  Vigilantes 
— that  these  officials  were  inefficient  or  corrupt,  and 
the  only  way  to  get  rid  of  them  was  to  overthrow 
them  vi  et  armis — can  hardly  be  accepted  as  suffi- 
cient. It  is  hard  to  understand  why,  if  the  good 
citizens  of  San  Francisco  were  able  to  so  outnumber 


and  overwhelm  the  bad  citizens  by  physical  force, 
they  should  have  thought  themselves  unable  to  de- 
feat them  at  the  polls ;  why  the  great  zeal  and 
energy  expended  by  the  Vigilantes  in  the  "  summary 
methods  of  self -protection  "  should  not  have  been 
directed  to  the  work  of  upholding  and  improving 
the  machinery  of  the  law.  San  Francisco  in  1856 
was  by  no  means  an  unorganized  community,  des- 
titute of  established  law  or  regular  tribunals,  as  our 
correspondent  assumes  ;  and  one  smiles  to  think  of 
his  distrusted  "  doctrinaire  professor  "  in  the  per- 
son, say,  of  General  Sherman,  who  occupied  an  offi- 
cial position  in  California  at  that  time,  and  whose 
very  explicit  testimony  and  very  clearly  expressed 
opinions  on  the  Vigilantes  and  their  work  may  be 
found  in  the  recently-published  Letters  of  General 
and  Senator  Sherman.  We  would  not  judge  the 
Vigilantes  harshly  ;  they  were  confronted  by  pecu- 
liar conditions  and  exasperations,  and  no  doubt 
worked,  as  they  believed,  for  the  good  of  the  com- 
munity. But  we  see  no  escape  from  the  conclusion 
that  they  worked  by  wrong  and  extremely  danger- 
ous methods,  the  evil  effects  of  which  have  not  yet 
wholly  disappeared ;  and  no  good  can  come  from  the 
glossing  of  their  errors  by  historians  like  Mr.  Fiske 
and  our  correspondent  who  defends  him.  —  EDR. 
DIAL.]  

THE  WORK  OF  PREPARATORY  SCHOOLS 

IN  ENGLISH. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  THE  DIAL  of  October  16,  Professor  Clapp,  of  Illi- 
nois College,  suggests  "  a  series  of  papers  setting  forth 
the  work  done  in  teaching  English  at  representative 
fitting-schools,"  as  a  possible  explanation  why  "  very 
many  of  the  students  who  come  to  college  from  prepar- 
atory schools  are  almost  hopeless,  so  far  as  appreciating 
literature  is  concerned."  I  have  no  disposition  to  con- 
tribute to  this  presentation,  or  even  to  claim  eligibility 
therefor  ;  but  I  wish  to  divert  this  invitation  into  a 
ground  for  reiterating  some  of  the  peculiar  difficulties 
to  which  secondary  schools  must  adjust  themselves  as 
the  conditions  of  their  existence,  while  colleges  persist 
in  evading  the  difficulties  they  are  better  situated  for 
controlling:  in  this  way  I  shall  endeavor  to  emphasize 
the  selfishness  of  the  college  attitude  towards  secondary 
schools  and  society  at  large.  These  difficulties  of  sec- 
ondary schools  are  less  likely  than  ever  to  be  compre- 
hended by  the  college  instructor  or  the  general  critic, 
now  that  the  very  existence  of  any  difficulties  in  the 
conduct  of  schools  has  been  so  successfully  disguised  by 
the  great  decemvirate;  and  it  is  a  public  duty,  as  well 
as  an  honorable  self-protection,  for  conscientious  school- 
masters to  present  their  side  of  the  question. 

The  proposed  series  would  not  give  the  explanation 
that  Professor  Clapp  seeks,  because  the  inadequacies  of 
these  students  in  literary  appreciation  depend  not  so 
much  on  lack  or  poverty  of  methods  as  on  lack  and  pov- 
erty of  interest—a  lack  fatal  in  any  original  or  second- 
ary form  of  creative  effort,  under  which  head  falls  the 
instinctive  criticism  that  begets  appreciation.  Such  ap- 
preciation belongs  to  the  maturity  of  college  life  and 
the  sphere  of  electives :  its  proper  atmosphere  is  not  the 
school,  already  overburdened  with  graduated  measures 
of  Latin,  Greek,  mathematics,  and  the  other  weighed  in- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


287 


gradients  of  entrance-requisites,  all  of  them  (except  the 
new  English,  vaguely  and  inconsistently  apotheosized) 
enumerated  in  detail  and  ganged  by  the  vagaries  of  ex- 
aminational convenience  and  vicissitude.  Such  appre- 
ciation might  in  a  degree  be  prepared  for  in  the  home; 
but  a  practical  business  and  a  practical  scientific  age,  a 
society  leisurely  only  for  luxurious  amusement,  for  vi- 
carious thought  or  vicarious  sport,  a  generation  with  no 
sentiment  but  sensation,  afford  few  such  homes.  On 
the  other  hand,  if  colleges  are  still  dissatisfied  with  the 
tribute  of  helpless  schools,  quousque  tandem  ?  Surely, 
appreciation  is  the  one  reservation  a  college  profes- 
sor might  be  expected  to  demand  for  his  own,  for  him- 
self and  his  specialty.  Schools  have  long  ago  real- 
ized that  all  the  teaching  a  boy  gets  is  at  school:  must 
we  now,  while  the  friction  of  training  still  burns,  expect 
him  to  exult  in  the  discipline  of  coercion  or  restraint  ? 
It  is  after  the  castigation  that  mothers  teach  they  have 
been  cruel  to  be  kind :  do  colleges  expect  schools  to  de- 
range the  steps  of  the  process,  when  the  college  reserves 
to  itself  the  name  of  Alma  Mater  ?  The  school  can  do 
no  better  than  the  lightning-rod  man  who  sells  to  peo- 
ple that  do  not  want  to  buy:  the  college  must  reconcile 
purchasers  to  their  bargains,  and  lead  them  to  detect 
unsuspected  glories  in  their  possessions. 

To  secure  appreciation  of  any  study  is  given  only  to 
exceptional  teachers  and  pupils  in  exceptional  relations: 
even  in  the  exact  sciences,  beginning  with  arithmetic, 
the  theoretical  discussion  is  always  neglected  in  the 
hurry  towards  the  "  answer  " ;  in  literature,  whose  aim 
as  a  study  is  not  the  organization  and  manipulation  of 
enumerated  details,  but  identity  with  a  sense  and  a 
spirit,  the  lack  of  a  practical  nucleus  is  an  almost  over- 
powering difficulty,  especially  in  an  age  that,  in  the  face 
of  library  statistics,  reads  only  for  information,  or  diver- 
sion, or  relief  from  thought.  In  teaching  literature,  the 
methods  are  few  and  old;  and  the  work  of  appreciation 
is  not  furthered  by  methods  so  much  as  by  sympathy, 
to  which  few  are  susceptible.  Interest  cannot  be  man- 
ufactured, and  no  way  of  inoculating  pupils  with  gen- 
uine interest  has  yet  been  discovered:  certainly,  college 
professors  have  made  no  such  discovery,  for  no  class  of 
instructors  has  had  smaller  influence  on  their  pupils,  as 
the  pupils  themselves  testify. 

Moreover,  in  teaching  English  to  English-speaking 
boys  there  is  one  special  difficulty.  Original  work,  in- 
volving grammatical  and  rhetorical  facility,  is  hard  work 
in  any  language;  in  his  own,  as  the  boy  already  enjoys 
the  practical  advantage  of  speech,  which  appears  to  him 
the  culmination  of  linguistic  mastery,  and  as  he  does  not 
find  himself  impelled  towards  written  expression,  he 
looks  on  required  composition  as  arbitrary,  and  refuses 
his  interest.  Composition  without  interest,  under  such 
disciplinary  conditions  as  the  present  age  does  not  favor, 
can  indeed  be  taught,  but  is  not  worth  teaching. 

THE  DIAL'S  recent  series  on  the  teaching  of  English 
at  our  colleges  and  universities  has  its  value;  but  it 
does  not  prove  that,  in  this  department  more  than  in 
others,  colleges  hold  themselves  responsible  for  teach- 
ing as  distinguished  from  furnishing  opportunities  for 
learning,  which  is  a  very  different  thing  indeed.  At 
this  moment,  the  colleges,  having  suffered  many  things 
in  dreams,  because  of  English  are  going  through  various 
types  of  penitential  spasms  with  the  characteristic  fervor 
of  devotees.  But  if  English  is  just  now  so  all-important 
a  matter,  why  have  they  been  so  long  finding  it  out  ? 
and,  now  that  they  have  satisfied  themselves  of  its  im- 
portance, why  do  they  not  aid  the  schools  toward  de- 


termining the  best  practical  procedure  for  attaining  its 
proper  position  and  proportions  ? 

To  follow  Cornell,  and  exclude  all  candidates  who  do 
not  come  up  to  their  standard  in  English  alone,  is  illog- 
ical, so  long  as  not  all  college  presidents  can  spell,  and 
reports  to  college  boards  on  English  need  not  conform 
to  the  college's  own  resident  authority.  To  assign  for 
compositions  such  subjects  as  Columbia  has  of  late  been 
giving  shows  absolute  ignorance  of  the  youth  of  to-day, 
their  environment  and  the  atmosphere  they  breathe,  and 
what  schools  can  make  of  them.  Harvard's  examina- 
tions in  English  are  perfunctory  for  a  "  pass  "  and  almost 
exclusive  for  a  "  credit."  Yale's  examinations  are  rather 
in  literature  than  in  English.  To  make  the  writing  of 
English  an  excluding  condition  for  entrance  is,  in  view 
of  the  lottery  of  examinations,  a  questionable  strain  of 
deglutition:  to  make  the  English  examination  a  test  of 
memory  as  to  the  contents  of  a  few  books  is  to  lay  the 
stress  wrongly.  To  know,  however  well,  the  contents 
of  a  few  books  implies  no  sympathy  with  literature, 
which,  in  the  wide  access  to  electives,  is  more  than  likely 
to  be  ignored  or  pursued  as  a  "  snap  ";  and,  for  a  mere 
draft  on  the  memory,  history  would  be  better  from 
every  point  of  view. 

If  colleges  would  help  the  work  that  schools  confess 
their  inability  to  perform  without  projecting  the  gen- 
eral difficulties  into  the  vantage-ground  of  the  college, 
and  if  college  professors  would  learn  the  duties  and  the 
functions  of  teaching  and  examining,  then  the  situation 
would  be  somewhat  improved.  But  it  will  not  be  en- 
tirely corrected  until  the  times  alter;  these  are  evil 
times  for  the  work  of  education:  the  pound  of  flesh  is 
hard  enough  to  get,  and  the  blood  is  almost  certain  to 
be  all  spilled  before  we  get  the  weight. 

CASKIE  HARRISON. 

The  Brooklyn  Latin  School,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  3,  1894. 


THE  PROPOSED  SOCIETY  OF  COMPARATIVE 

LITERATURE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Whenever  a  new  undertaking  is  proposed,  it  is  well 
to  have  set  before  us  its  comical  aspect.  Rarely  does 
a  new  idea,  a  new  project,  a  new  voyage  of  discovery 
offer  itself  for  consideration  without  calling  down  the 
facetious  disparagement  of  the  conservers.  The  pro- 
posed Society  of  Comparative  Literature  is  to  be  con- 
gratulated on  having  this  almost  ritualistic  service 
performed  for  it  by  such  a  high  priest  of  literature  as 
Professor  Albert  S.  Cook  of  Yale  University  (THE  DIAL, 
Sept.  1,  p.  110).  But,  now  that  we  have  had  our  smile 
upon  the  seeming  incongruities  pointed  out  by  Professor 
Cook,  is  the  project  to  be  laid  aside  as  unworthy  of  se- 
rious consideration  ?  Is  the  field  of  literature  to  be  re- 
garded as  essentially  limited ;  as  "  a  product  of  culture  "; 
as  an  almost  exclusively  race  affair;  as  a  "  corpus  "  set 
off  by  itself  and  regulated  by  laws  or  "  canons  of  criti- 
cism "  which  refuse  to  reveal  themselves  more  clearly 
or  to  take  on  new  and  richer  meanings  when  considered 
in  their  relations  to  more  primitive  modes  of  human 
expression  ?  However  we  may  answer  for  ourselves 
such  questions  as  these,  however  college  policies  may 
legislate,  the  fact  remains  that  there  are  pioneers,  "  spe- 
cialists "  if  you  like,  who,  acting  in  its  deepest  meaning 
Bacon's  well-worn  apothegm,  "  I  take  all  knowledge  to 
be  my  province,"  push  out  through  the  tangled  wilder- 
ness,— if  need  be  into  the  very  heart  of  savagedom,  and 
at  least  register  its  pulsations.  To  establish  communi- 


288 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


cations  with  these  individual  workers;  to  stimulate  re- 
newed investigations;  to  correlate  the  results;  to  make 
these  results  common  property;  to  trace  the  evolution, 
to  discover  the  laws  of  various  literary  types,  with  the 
end  in  view  of  putting  the  existing  standards  of  literary 
judgment  on  a  more  secure  and  rational  basis,  —  these 
are  some  of  the  aims,  as  I  understand  them,  suggested 
by  Professor  Gayley  in  his  advocacy  of  a  Society  of 
Comparative  Literature. 

Such  an  organization  as  this  demands  no  defense  or 
apology,  but  rather  hearty  welcome,  and  lively  interest 
to  know  more  of  its  purposes  and  plans.  It  is  hardly 
fair  to  require  that  it  demonstrate  at  the  outset  how  its 
researches  are  going  to  affect  favorably  existing  "  canons 
of  literary  criticism."  That  science  works  by  faith  and 
not  by  sight  is,  I  presume,  a  trite  idea.  In  the  case 
before  us  the  faith  seems  to  be,  that  if  these  precious 
"  canons  of  criticism  "  are  to  be  kept  from  hardening 
into  barren  military  rules,  or  from  mouldering  into  form- 
less sentiment,  they  must  be  played  upon,  remodelled, 
reformed,  and  builded  anew  by  intelligence  working  in 
the  light  of  an  ever-broadening  outlook,  —  in  the  light 
of  the  ideal  university  spirit.  If  the  Dahomeans  have 
an  epic,  by  all  means  let  us  have  it;  nor  can  we  do  with- 
out the  lyrics  of  the  South  Sea  Islanders;  least  of  all 
can  we  spare  the  rich  heritage  of  Persia,  China,  and 
Japan.  Perhaps,  after  all  the  material  is  collected, 
sorted,  sifted,  and  set  in  order,  so  that  its  meaning  can 
be  plainly  read,  there  will  be  some  of  the  learned  folk, 
who,  sated  for  a  time  with  the  rich  "  products  of  culture  " 
on  exhibition  in  the  white  temples  of  reconstructed 
Greece  and  Rome,  will  not  count  as  wasted  a  few  mo- 
ments spent  in  the  Midway  Plaisance  of  the  World's 
Literature.  WILLARD  C.  GORE. 

The  University  of  Michigan,  Nov.  5,  1894. 


ETHICS  IN  JOURNALISM.— A  WARNING  FOR 

THE  UNINITIATED. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  personal  experience  has  sometimes  a  lesson  which 
requires  us  to  share  it  with  the  brethren.  Hinc  illce  la- 
crimce. 

To  an  acquaintance,  editor  of  a  great  orthodox  reli- 
gious weekly,  I  sent  last  January,  by  invitation,  an  essay, 
the  result  of  several  weeks'  labor.  Under  the  circum- 
stances the  retention  of  a  fair  copy  seemed  needless.  A 
prompt  reply  from  the  reverend  editor  expressed  doubts 
as  to  certain  veiled  allusions  to  certain  ancient  vices, 
which  might  disturb  his  innocent  circle  of  readers.  Upon 
this,  unlimited  use  of  the  shears  was  straightway  granted. 

After  this,  a  great  silence.  At  intervals  of  about  a 
month,  five  or  six  inquiries  were  made.  Stamps  enough 
to  send  the  paper  around  the  world  were  forwarded.  A 
"  reply  postal  card  "  was  tried,  with  a  request  pathetic 
as  Catullus's  for  "  Paulum  quid  libet  allocutionis."  I 
appealed,  also,  to  the  same  high  morality  which  had  led 
the  editor  to  protect  his  readers  from  any  hint  of  an- 
tique wickedness.  All  in  vain.  No  echo  came  back. 

Finally,  in  the  present  month,  a  metropolitan  critic, 
who  is  also  a  professional  "  protector  of  the  poor  "  au- 
thor, was  retained,  and  moderately  feed.  He,  among 
other  efforts,  made  a  personal  appeal  to  the  proprietor 
of  the  weekly.  Finally,  October  20,  came  the  thrice- 
prayed-for  long-despaired-of  essay,  stript  of  its  covers 
and  quite  forlorn.  The  accompanying  letter  was  clever, 
considering  all  things:  "I  neglected  to  answer  your  in- 
quiries, in  constant  expectation  of  coming  across  the 


article.  ...  I  have  at  last  found  it,  after  I  had  sup- 
posed that  it  was  irrecoverably  lost." 

And  the  moral  ?  Always  keep  your  best  copy ;  and 
"  go  into  literature,"  especially  in  the  direction  here  in- 
dicated, for  amusement,  if  you  choose,  or  from  a  sense 
of  duty,  or  to  cultivate  the  Christian  virtues, —  but  not 
in  quest  of  cash  or  courtesy.  WM.  C.  LAWTON. 

3757  Locust  St.,  Philadelphia,  Oct.  30,  1894. 


CARCASSONNE. 

A   NEW   VERSION   OF   AN   OLD   FAVORITE. 
(From  the  French  of  Gustave  Nadaud.) 

"I'm  an  old  man;  I'm  sixty  years; 

I  've  worked  hard  all  my  life, 
Yet  never  have  gained  my  heart's  desire, 

With  all  my  toil  and  strife. 
Ah,  well  I  see  that  here  below 

There  is  perfect  joy  for  none; 
My  dearest  wish  is  unfulfilled, — 

I  have  never  seen  Carcassonne  ! 

"  The  city  lies  almost  in  sight, 

Beyond  the  mountains  blue; 
But  yet  to  reach  it  one  must  needs 

Five  weary  leagues  pursue, — 
And  then,  alas,  the  journey  back  ! 

I  know  not  how  'twere  done: 
The  ripening  vintage  fears  the  frost, — 

I  shall  never  see  Carcassonne  ! 

"  'T  is  said  that  in  that  favored  place 

All  days  are  holidays, 
With  happy  folks  in  robes  of  white 

Passing  along  the  ways; 
'T  is  said  there  are  castles  there  as  grand 

As  those  of  Babylon, 
And  a  Bishop  and  two  Generals  there, — 

I  shall  never  know  Carcassonne  ! 

"  The  Vicar  a  hundred  times  is  right, — 

We  are  weak  and  foolish  all; 
And  in  his  sermon  he  teaches  us 

That  ambition  makes  men  fall.   .  .  . 
But  yet  if  I  could  somehow  find 

Two  days  under  Autumn's  sun, 
My  God  !  but  I  would  die  content 

After  having  seen  Carcassonne  ! 

"  I  ask  thy  pardon,  gracious  God, 

If  my  prayer  offendeth  Thee  ! 
We  strive  to  peer  beyond  our  sight, 

In  age  as  in  infancy.   .  .   . 
My  wife  and  son,  they  both  have  been 

As  far  as  to  Narbonne; 
My  godson  has  seen  Perpignan, — 

And  I  've  never  seen  Carcassonne  ! " 


An  aged  peasant  thus  complained, 

Bowed  down  with  toil  and  care; 
I  said  to  him,  "  Arise,  my  friend, — 

Together  we  '11  go  there." 
We  set  out  on  the  morrow  morn; 

But  our  journey  was  scarce  begun 
When  the  old  man  died  upon  the  road, — 

He  had  never  seen  Carcassonne  ! 

F.  F.  B. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


289 


Ejje  Nrfxr 


THE  IJIFE  AND  WORK  OF  EDISON.* 

Mr.  Thomas  A.  Edison  is  so  unique  a  figure 
in  modern  scientific  and  industrial  affairs  that 
the  public  is  naturally  eager  for  details  of  his 
wonderful  career  and  character.  The  latest 
contribution  to  this  store  of  information  is  made 
by  Mr.  W.  K.  L.  Dickson  and  Mr.  Antonia 
Dickson,  in  a  large  and  handsome  volume,  with 
liberal  illustrations.  Barring  a  certain  inflation 
of  style,  the  work  is  a  very  satisfactory  one  — 
full,  graphic,  and  lucid  in  its  technical  descrip- 
tions. The  authors,  who  have  been  for  some 
years  attaches  of  the  Edison  works  at  Orange, 
N.  J.,  have  had  unusual  facilities  for  securing 
full  and  accurate  data,  Mr.  Edison  having  him- 
self partly  supervised  the  biographical  portion 
of  the  work,  besides  aiding  in  the  history  and 
description  of  his  chief  inventions.  The  book 
is  therefore  to  a  certain  extent  autobiograph- 
ical, and  it  is  likely  to  remain  for  some  time 
the  standard  "  Life  "  of  the  great  inventor. 

Mr.  Edison's  turn  for  invention  and  experi- 
ment showed  itself  early,  his  maiden  essay  in 
the  line  of  telegraphy  being  made  while  he  was 
still  a  newsboy  on  the  Port  Huron  Railway. 
It  cannot  be  said  that  the  issue  of  this  venture, 
in  which  he  was  joined  by  his  friend  James 
Ward,  was  premonitory  of  the  later  Edisonian 
marvels. 

"A  line  was  constructed  between  the  boys'  homes, 
consisting  of  an  ordinary  stovepipe  wire,  insulated  with 
bottles,  and  crossed  under  a  busy  thoroughfare  by  means 
of  an  old  cable  rescued  from  the  bed  of  the  Detroit 
river.  The  first  magnets  were  wound  with  wire,  swathed 
in  ancient  rags,  and  a  piece  of  spring  brass  formed  the 
key.  With  a  view  to  generating  a  current,  and  with  a 
mind  somewhat  hazy  on  the  score  of  static  and  dynamic 
electricity,  Edison  secured  two  Brobdingnaggian  cats, 
with  volcanic  tempers,  attached  a  wire  to  their  legs, 
administered  a  violent  amount  of  friction  to  their  backs, 
and  breathlessly  awaited  developments.  .  .  .  The  fe- 
line mind,  concentrated  on  personal  grievances,  refused 
to  lend  itself  to  science,  and  the  test  resulted  in  a  frantic 
stampede,  enlivened  by  whoops  and  splutters." 

Edison  received  his  first  regular  lessons  in 
telegraphy  from  Mr.  J.  U.  Mackenzie,  a  grate- 
ful station  agent  at  Mt.  Clemens,  Michigan, 
whose  child's  life  he  had  saved  at  the  risk  of 
his  own.  Touching  his  pupil's  progress,  Mr. 
Mackenzie  testifies  that  "  at  the  expiration  of 
three  months  he  could  teach  me,  and  was  quite 
eligible  for  the  appointment  (at  Port  Huron) 

*  THE  LIFE  AND  INVENTIONS  OF  THOMAS  ALVA  EDISON. 
By  W.  K.  L.  Dickson  and  Antonia  Dickson.  With  many 
illustrations.  New  York :  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 


which  I  secured  for  him  at  that  time."  The 
Port  Huron  position  was  held  for  just  three 
months.  The  future  "  Wizard  of  Menlo  "  was, 
in  fact,  naturally  something  of  a  rolling  stone  ; 
and  this  trait,  coupled  with  a  marked  talent 
for  mischief,  kept  him  revolving  pretty  rapidly 
from  post  to  post,  until  his  real  abilities  came 
to  light.  Leaving  Port  Huron,  he  drifted  to 
Stratford,  Canada,  whence  (after  a  brief  and 
erratic  career)  he  returned  to  Port  Huron,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  bringing  his  pro- 
fessional knowledge  to  bear  on  a  novel  set  of 
conditions.  The  winter  had  been  a  hard  one, 
and  the  enormous  masses  of  ice  which  had 
formed  in  the  river  between  Port  Huron  and 
Sarnia  had  made  it  impassable,  besides  cutting 
off  telegraphic  communication.  The  situation 
was  serious,  but  Edison  was  equal  to  it. 

"  Jumping  on  a  locomotive  he  sent  the  incisive  whistle 
over  the  ice-bound  waters  to  the  rhythmic  cadences  of 
the  Morse  alphabet — « Hello,  Sarnia;  Sarnia,  do  you  get 
what  I  say  ? '  No  response  from  the  Sarnian  operator. 
Again  and  again  the  short  and  long  toots  shaped  them- 
selves into  the  dots  and  dashes  of  telegraphy,  until  at 
last,  while  the  spectators  on  the  river  bank  quivered 
with  pent-up  excitement,  the  answer  came,  clear,  cheery, 
and  intelligible,  and  the  connection  between  the  two 
cities  was  resumed." 

Mr.  Edison  had  now  become  an  expert  oper- 
ator, and  had  thenceforth  little  difficulty  in  get- 
ting employment,  but  a  good  deal  of  difficulty 
in  keeping  it, — his  love  of  fun  and  experiment 
(especially  the  latter)  usually  getting  him, 
sooner  or  later,  into  hot  water  with  his  chiefs. 
His  conge  from  one  office  (the  appointments 
of  which  he  had  partly  ruined  with  sulphuric 
acid)  was  accompanied  with  the  curt  explana- 
tion that  "  what  they  wanted  was  operators, 
and  not  experimenters."  After  the  Sarnia  ex- 
ploit, he  filled  in  rapid  succession  positions 
at  Adrian,  Indianapolis,  Cincinnati,  Memphis, 
Louisville,  and  again  at  Cincinnati,  signaliz- 
ing his  sojourns  and  hastening  his  hegiras  in 
the  usual  way ;  and  in  1868  he  returned  to 
Port  Huron  for  a  period  of  eighteen  months, 
which  brought  him  to  his  twenty-first  year.  At 
this  time  an  ingenious  telegraphic  device  of  his 
was  adopted  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Company, 
which  (with  the  proverbial  munificence  of  cor- 
porations) rewarded  him  with  a  free  pass  to 
Boston,  where  he  found  employment  in  the 
Franklin  telegraph  office.  Mr.  Edison  de- 
scribes his  Boston  advent  with  characteristic 
humor : 

"  My  peculiar  appearance  caused  much  mirth,  and, 
as  I  afterwards  learnt,  the  night  operators  consulted  to- 
gether how  they  might  « put  up  a  job  on  the  jay  from 
the  woolly  West.'  I  was  given  a  pen  and  assigned  the 


290 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


New  York  No.  1  wire  .  .  .  the  conspirators  having 
arranged  to  have  one  of  the  fastest  senders  in  New  York 
send  the  despatch  and  '  salt '  the  new  man.  ...  I  had 
long  since  perfected  myself  in  a  simple  and  very  rapid 
style  of  handwriting  susceptible  of  being  increased  from 
forty-five  to  fifty-four  words  a  minute.  This  was  sev- 
eral words  faster  than  any  operator  in  the  United  States. 
Soon  the  New  York  man  increased  his  speed,  to  which 
I  easily  adapted  my  pace.  This  put  my  rival  on  his 
mettle,  and  he  put  on  his  best  powers,  which,  however, 
were  soon  reached.  At  this  point  I  happened  to  look 
up,  and  saw  the  operators  all  looking  over  my  shoulder, 
with  their  faces  shining  with  fun  and  excitement.  I  knew 
then  that  they  were  trying  to  '  put  up  a  job '  on  me,  but 
kept  my  own  counsel  and  went  on  placidly  with  my  work, 
even  sharpening  my  pencil  at  intervals,  by  way  of  extra 
aggravation.  The  New  York  man  then  commenced  to 
slur  over  his  words,  running  them  together  and  sticking 
the  signals;  but  I  had  been  used  to  this  style  of  tel- 
egraphy and  was  not  in  the  least  discomfited.  Finally, 
when  I  thought  the  fun  had  gone  far  enough,  I  quietly 
opened  the  key  and  remarked, « Say,  young  man,  change 
off  and  send  with  your  other  foot ! '  This  broke  the  New 
York  man  all  up,  and  he  turned  the  job  over  to  another 
man  to  finish." 

It  is  needless  to  say  that  "  the  jay  from  the 
woolly  West "  at  once  took  his  place  as  an  es- 
teemed member  of  the  Franklin  fraternity. 
Mr.  Edison's  first  patented  invention  was  a 
vote  recorder,  exclusive  rights  on  which  were 
obtained  in  1869  ;  and  from  that  time  on  his 
marvels  have  followed  each  other  as  regularly 
and  surprisingly  as  the  objects  fall  from  the 
juggler's  hat.  Capital,  once  aware  of  his  tal- 
ents, was  not  slow  to  exploit  them.  In  1872 
a  committee  of  the  Gold  and  Stock  Telegraph 
Company  waited  on  him  to  negotiate  for  the 
rights  to  his  numerous  stock  printers  and  kin- 
dred appliances.  His  dealings  with  this  body 
are  best  told  in  his  own  words: 

"  I  had  made  up  my  mind  that  five  thousand  dollars 
would  be  about  right,  but  rather  than  not  sell  the  in- 
ventions, I  would  take  anything,  no  matter  what,  as  I 
needed  money  sorely  for  my  further  experiments.  With 
these  dazzling  expectations  I  received  the  committee. 
'  Well,  Mr.  Edison,'  said  one  of  the  members, '  how  much 
do  you  want  for  your  devices  ? '  '  I  do  not  know  what 
they  are  worth,'  I  replied,  « make  me  an  offer.'  <  Well, 
continued  the  speaker,  '  how  would  forty  thousand  dol- 
lars strike  you  ? '  I  believe  I  could  have  been  knocked 
down  with  the  traditional  feather,  so  astonished  was  I 
at  the  sum." 

In  1873  Mr.  Edison's  services  were  formally 
retained  by  the  Western  Union  and  Gold  Stock 
Companies,  and  the  Edison  Laboratory  and 
Factory,  the  precursor  of  the  great  plants  at 
Menlo  Park  and  Orange,  was  opened.  The 
fiscal  regime  of  the  new  establishment  was,  to 
say  the  least,  peculiar,  though  quite  character- 
istic of  the  director.  Says  Mr.  Edison  : 

"I  kept  only  pay-roll  accounts,  no  other  kind;  pre- 
served the  bills  and  generally  gave  notes  in  payment. 


The  first  intimation  that  a  note  was  due  was  the  protest, 
after  which  I  had  to  hustle  around  and  raise  the  money. 
This  saved  the  humbuggery  of  bookkeeping,  which  I 
never  understood,  and  the  arrangement  had  besides  the 
advantage  of  being  cheaper,  as  the  protest  fees  were 
only  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents." 

The  workshop  methods  were  as  irregular  as 
the  fiscal  ones,  and  must  have  resulted  in  hope- 
less anarchy  but  for  the  spirit  of  good-fellow- 
ship and  cooperation  that  prevailed.  Mr.  Edi- 
son was  the  friend  of  his  men  and  their  co- 
worker,  and  they  appreciated  the  fact  as  men 
always  do.  A  strike  at  the  works  was  a  moral 
impossibility,  and  the  only  "  labor  question  " 
was  the  normal  one  how  to  make  labor  arrive 
quickest  at  the  best  results.  "  We  had,"  says 
Mr.  Edison,  "  no  fixed  hours,  but  the  men,  so 
far  from  objecting  to  the  irregularity,  often 
begged  to  be  allowed  to  return  and  complete 
certain  experiments  upon  which  they  knew  my 
heart  was  set."  His  boyish  love  of  fun  was  not 
quenched  by  his  growing  fame  and  responsibil- 
ities. There  were  times  when  his  joyous  nature 
fairly  bubbled  over,  sweeping  all  decorum  be- 
fore it  in  a  tide  of  hilarity. 

The  great  plant  at  Menlo  Park  was  the  re- 
sult partly  of  the  demand  for  increased  manu- 
facturing facilities,  partly  of  the  modest  inven- 
tor's desire  to  escape  the  visitors  who  thronged 
the  Newark  laboratory.  "  When  the  public 
tracks  me  out  here,"  remarked  Mr.  Edison,  "  I 
shall  simply  have  to  take  to  the  woods."  The 
new  establishment  was  equipped  to  the  point 
of  luxury,  its  appointments  including  a  costly 
scientific  library  and  a  pipe  organ,  the  latter 
being  brought  into  play  "whenever,  in  Mr. 
Edison's  opinion,  music's  magic  strains  were 
needed  to  soothe  the  savage  breasts  of  his  em- 
ployees." The  report  of  the  "  Wizard  of  Menlo 
Park  "  soon  overran  the  world ;  the  wildest 
tales  of  his  achievements,  habits,  business  re- 
lations, finding  ready  credence.  An  article  in 
the  Paris  "Figaro,"  in  1878,  headed  "Cet 
etonnant  Eddison"  is  worth  quoting.  "  M. 
Eddison's  "  latest  invention,  the  a5rophone,  is 
thus  lucidly  outlined,  and  the  inventor  himself 
described  as  he  appears  to  the  imagination  of 
a  Frenchman : 

"  It  is  a  steam  machine  which  carries  the  voice  a  dis- 
tance of  eight  kilometres.  You  speak  in  the  jet  of  va- 
por ;  a  friend  previously  warned  understands  readily 
words  at  a  distance  of  two  leagues.  Let  us  add  that 
the  friend  can  answer  you  by  the  same  method.  .  .  . 
It  should  be  understood  that  M.  Eddison  does  not  be- 
long to  himself;  he  is  the  property  of  the  telegraph 
company,  which  lodges  him  in  New  York  at  a  superb 
hotel,  keeps  him  on  a  luxurious  footing  and  pays  him  a 
formidable  salary,  so  as  to  be  the  one  to  know  of  and 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


291 


profit  by  his  discoveries.  The  company  has,  in  the  dwell- 
ing of  Eddison,  men  in  its  employ  who  do  not  quit  him 
for  a  moment,  at  the  table,  in  the  street,  in  the  labora- 
tory. So  that  this  wretched  man,  watched  as  never  was 
a  malefactor,  cannot  give  a  second's  thought  to  his  per- 
sonal affairs  without  one  of  his  guards  saying  :  '  M. 
Eddison,  a  quoi  pensez-vous  ? ' >: 

That  most  fascinating  of  Edisonian  wonders, 
the  phonograph,  owed  its  inception  partly  to  ac- 
cident ;  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  how  slight 
a  spark  could  fire  the  train  of  the  inventor's 
constructive  fancy.  Says  Mr.  Edison  : 

"  I  discovered  the  principle  by  the  merest  accident. 
I  was  singing  to  the  mouth-piece  of  a  telephone,  when 
the  vibrations  of  the  voice  sent  the  fine  steel  point  into 
my  finger.  That  set  me  to  thinking.  If  I  could  record 
the  actions  of  the  point  and  send  the  point  over  the  same 
surface  afterward,  I  saw  no  reason  why  the  thing  would 
not  talk.  I  tried  the  experiment  first  on  a  strip  of  tel- 
egraph paper,  and  found  that  the  point  made  an  alpha- 
bet. I  shouted  the  words  <  Halloo  !  Halloo  ! '  into  the 
mouth-piece,  ran  the  paper  back  over  the  steel  point, 
and  heard  a  faint  '  Halloo  !  Halloo  ! '  in  return.  I  de- 
termined to  make  a  machine  that  would  work  accurately, 
and  gave  my  assistants  instructions,  telling  them  what 
I  had  discovered.  They  laughed  at  me.  That's  the 
whole  story.  The  phonograph  is  the  result  of  the  prick- 
ing of  a  finger." 

The  phonograph  took  the  Old  World  by 
storm.  At  the  French  Exposition  of  1889, 
30,000  people  daily  visited  the  phonograph  de- 
partment— no  nationality,  from  the  impassive 
Turk  to  the  excitable  Gaul,  resisting  the  temp- 
tation of  hearing  its  tones  reproduced.  "  Never 
before  was  such  a  collection  of  the  languages 
of  the  whole  world  made.  It  was  the  first  lin- 
guistic concourse  since  Babel  times."  During 
the  Handel  Festival  of  the  same  year,  the  most 
striking  phonographic  results  were  achieved — 
a  gigantic  horn  placed  in  the  concert  room 
gathering  to  the  ear  of  the  instrument  the  com- 
poser's harmonies,  in  the  several  vocal  and  in- 
strumental settings. 

"  Four  thousand  voices,  a  thunderous  organ,  and  a 
mammoth  orchestra,  combined  in  the  exposition  of  Han- 
del's '  Israel  in  Egypt,'  and  this  Titanic  volume  of  sound, 
with  its  finer  contrasts  of  light  and  shade,  was  reproduced 
by  the  phonograph  in  a  manner  little  short  of  the  mirac- 
ulous." 

The  name  of  Mr.  Edison's  inventions  is  le- 
gion. He  has  wrought  in  a  year  more  marvels 
than  were  feigned  or  dreamed  of  in  the  Rosi- 
crucian  philosophy ;  but  he  might,  one  would 
think,  safely  rest  his  fame  on  this  instrument 
alone,  which  stores  for  all  time  all  accents, 
from  the  notes  of  "  Music's  golden  tongue  "  to 
the  drone  of  the  curtain  lecture,  out-Boswelling 
Boswell's  literalness,  and  conjuring  back  at  our 
bidding  from  the  undiscovered  country  "  the 
sound  of  a  voice  that  is  still."  ^  Q,m  j. 


SOME  BOOKS  ABOUT  BIRDS.* 

The  beautiful  denizens  of  the  bird- world  must 
at  last  be  coming  into  their  right  of  recogni- 
tion, judging  from  the  books  about  them  which 
are  accumulating.  We  have  at  once  four  earn- 
est writers,  men  of  gifts  and  culture,  giving 
their  loving  thought  and  the  fruit  of  their  care- 
fully-gained knowledge  to  the  portrayal  of  the 
character  and  charms  of  the  "  winged-folk  in 
feathers,"  "  our  little  brothers  in  the  air,"  who 
have  shared  our  planet  with  us  for  many  ages 
and  received  little  or  no  appreciative  attention. 
In  this  stage  of  the  earth's  existence,  three 
groups  of  animals  are  in  the  ascendant :  human 
beings,  birds,  and  insects.  It  is  the  period  of 
their  culmination,  all  other  races  having  passed 
their  noontide  in  a  previous  aeon,  and  now  be- 
ing in  a  condition  of  decline  —  the  afternoon 
or  evening  of  their  span  of  life. 

We  have  a  number  of  admirable  text-books 
upon  ornithology,  suited  to  the  student's  needs, 
but  they  are  too  costly  and  technical  for  the 
popular  reader.  Just  what  to  recommend  to 
such,  as  a  manual  that  will  help  him  best  to  an 
acquaintance  with  our  common  birds,  has  been 
a  puzzle.  Among  the  books  in  the  quartet  now 
before  us  is  one  which  goes  far  toward  supply- 
ing the  long-felt  want.  It  is  entitled  "The 
Birds  About  Us,"  and  is  written  by  Dr.  Charles 
Conrad  Abbott.  The  author  is  widely  known 
as  a  faithful  investigator  in  various  fields  of 
natural  science,  and  as  a  contributor  of  acknowl- 
edged value  to  the  department  of  ornithology. 
His  present  work  is  a  compend  of  the  history  of 
the  different  families  of  North  American  birds, 
a  brief  review  of  their  respective  distinguishing 
traits,  with  plentiful  illustrations  of  individual 
characteristics.  The  style  is  pleasing,  the  in- 
formation very  considerable  and  systematically 
presented.  The  plates  and  wood-cuts  with  which 
the  book  abounds  deserve  especial  commenda- 
tion. The  plates  are  all  remarkably  truthful, 
as  though  taken  by  a  "  snap  shot."  The  en- 
gravings in  the  text  are  equally  excellent,  the 
whole  together  lending  much  worth  to  the  book, 
and  not,  as  is  generally  the  fact,  forcing  it  above 
a  moderate  price.  A  great  deal  of  thoroughly 
good  work  has  been  expended  upon  every  por- 

*  THE  BIRDS  ABOUT  Us.  By  Charles  Conrad  Abbott,  M.D. 
Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  Company. 

A  FLORIDA  SKETCH  BOOK.  By  Bradford  Torrey.  Boston : 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

FROM  BLOMIDON  TO  SMOKY,  and  Other  Papers.  By  Frank 
Bolles.  Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

IN  BIRD  LAND.  By  Leander  S.  Keyser.  Chicago :  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co. 


292 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


tion  of  the  treatise,  and  whoever  owns  it  will 
be  glad  of  his  possession. 

An  essay  by  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey  is  always 
a  piece  of  fine  art.  The  writer  has  something 
to  say  when  he  takes  pen  in  hand,  and  he  says  it 
in  the  most  exquisite  manner.  The  ten  papers 
included  in  "  A  Florida  Sketch  Book "  con- 
tain the  observations  which  this  enchanting 
scientist  and  philosopher  gathered  up  during  a 
few  weeks'  sojourn  in  our  south-eastern  penin- 
sula. It  was  in  the  season  when  our  migrating 
birds  are  preparing  for  their  annual  flight  north- 
ward, and  all  animal  and  vegetable  life  feels 
the  quickening  influence  of  Spring.  Mr.  Tor- 
rey wandered  from  point  to  point  in  the  same 
quiet,  easy  fashion  in  which  he  writes,  appar- 
ently aimless  and  indifferent,  really  eager  and 
intent,  and  in  every  contact  with  man  and  bird 
and  beast,  in  every  scene  and  event  in  nature, 
reaping  a  harvest  of  impressive  reflections.  One 
cares  not  for  the  sum  of  positive  knowledge  Mr. 
Torrey  communicates,  be  it  much  or  little.  It 
is  his  quaint  method  of  selecting  and  vivify- 
ing it  that  proves  the  charm  and  renders  him 
an  ever  engaging  and  exhilarating  companion. 
One  passage,  the  farewell  of  the  volume,  so  per- 
fectly represents  the  man,  and  his  style,  which 
is  an  integral  part  of  him,  that  we  give  it  as  bet- 
ter than  any  possible  words  of  critical  analysis  : 
"  My  holiday  was  done.  For  the  last  time,  perhaps, 
I  listened  to  the  mocking-bird  and  the  cardinal,  as  by 
and  by,  when  the  grand  holiday  is  over,  I  shall  listen  to 
my  last  wood-thrush  and  my  last  bluebird.  But  what 
then  ?  Florida  fields  are  still  bright,  and  neither  mock- 
ing-bird nor  cardinal  knows  aught  of  my  absence.  And 
so  it  will  be, 

'  When  you  and  I  behind  the  veil  are  past, 
Oh,  but  the  long,  long  while  the  World  shall  last.' 

None  the  less,  it  is  good  to  have  lived  one  day  and 
taken  our  peep  at  the  mighty  show.  Ten  thousand 
things  we  may  have  fretted  ourselves  about,  uselessly 
or  worse.  But  to  have  lived  in  the  sun,  to  have  loved 
natural  beauty,  to  have  felt  the  majesty  of  trees,  to  have 
enjoyed  the  sweetness  of  flowers  and  the  music  of  birds, 
— so  much,  at  least,  is  not  vanity  nor  vexation  of  spirit." 

We  take  regretful  leave  of  one  of  the  prom- 
ising band  of  young  American  ornithologists 
in  the  posthumous  volume  "  From  Blomidon 
to  Smoky,"  by  Mr.  Frank  Bolles.  It  is  a  col- 
lection of  thirteen  sketches  outlining  the  work 
of  the  naturalist  in  Nova  Scotia,  among  the 
White  Mountains,  and  at  the  author's  home  in 
Cambridge.  It  is  an  honorable  monument  to 
his  memory ;  none  can  view  it  without  respect 
for  the  honest  and  painstaking  and  persistent 
qualities  it  commemorates.  The  articles  on  the 
woodpeckers  and  the  owls  are  particularly  im- 
portant, containing  as  they  do  a  large  number 


of  original  and  interesting  notes  on  curious  and 
striking  members  of  the  bird  family.  Mr. 
Bolles  made  prolonged  studies  of  these  species 
under  peculiarly  favorable  conditions,  both  in 
their  native  haunts  and  in  captivity.  While 
so  doing  he  made  use  of  the  capital  traits  of  a 
naturalist  —  ingenuity,  fidelity,  and  patience. 
The  capacity  for  apprehending  the  great  in  the 
little,  for  bestowing  upon  minute  and  weari- 
some detail  the  care  necessary  for  the  achieve- 
ment of  serviceable  results,  commands  admir- 
ing respect.  To  watch  in  vigilant  stillness,  hour 
after  hour  and  day  by  day,  the  rnano3uvres  of 
a  bird,  for  the  sake  of  establishing  some  new 
faculty  or  habitude  interesting  to  science,  is  to 
evince  abilities  of  a  high  order.  It  was  by  such 
steadfast  perseverance  that  Audubon  won  his 
fame,  and  it  is  for  the  same  that  Mr.  Bolles 
will  be  gratefully  remembered.  In  all  his  ob- 
servations he  recorded  the  significant  incidents, 
however  trivial,  and  thus  was  enabled  to  add 
to  our  previous  knowledge  a  mass  of  novel  cer- 
tified facts  regarding  humming-birds,  swifts, 
and  a  bevy  of  species  besides  the  various  ham- 
merers and  hunters  wrapped  in  the  feathers  of 
the  woodpecker  and  the  owl. 

The  special  region  included  in  "Bird  Land," 
by  Mr.  Leander  S.  Keyser,  lies  in  and  around 
Springfield,  Ohio.  It  offers  a  populous  hunt- 
ing-ground for  the  bird-lover,  and  was  dili- 
gently searched  in  all  times  and  seasons  by  this 
representative  of  an  odd  but  most  attractive 
genus.  Carlyle  says,  "  We  are  all  poets  when 
we  read  a  poem  well."  So  we  are  all  touched 
with  a  fine  enthusiasm  which  turns  our  speech 
straightway  to  song  when  we  have  opened  our 
hearts  to  the  beauty  of  the  birds.  Mr.  Keyser 
is  one  of  the  transported  ones,  and  the  sweetness 
and  gentleness  of  human  nature  come  forth  in 
his  talks  about  the  wonder  and  the  enchant- 
ment of  the  creatures  which  walk  as  well  as  we 
do,  and  fly  as  we  never  can,  and  sing  with  a 
wild  ecstatic  rapture  we  cannot  hope  to  rival. 
If  only  the  great  world  could  know  what  hap- 
piness the  naturalist  gains  from  a  quiet  ramble 
along  country  roadways,  through  the  fields  and 
over  the  hills,  at  how  little  expense  his  heart  is 
set  throbbing  with  delight,  in  what  simple,  in- 
nocent ways  he  is  able  to  gather  hordes  of  bliss- 
ful memories  with  which  to  solace  a  lifetime, 
and  meanwhile,  what  a  store  of  health  and 
strength  he  amasses,  without  care  or  afore- 
thought, all  men  and  women  would  hasten  to 
learn  of  him  the  secret  charm  of  his  pastime 
which  gives  so  liberally  and  exacts  so  little. 
SARA  A.  HUBBARD. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


293 


THE  IJAKE  POETS.* 

English  poetry  is  nowhere  so  closely  asso- 
ciated with  English  geography  as  in  the  phrase, 
«  The  Lake  School  of  English  Poetry."  Nor 
is  there  in  the  world,  perhaps,  any  bit  of  ground 
twenty  miles  in  diameter  so  crowded  with  lofty 
memories  of  men  who  lived  and  loved,  and 
helped  their  own  times,  and  added  for  all  time 
to  the  world's  store  of  thought  and  beauty,  as 
that  small  section  where  the  three  northern 
counties  of  England  meet  at  their  shire  stones 
on  Wraynose  Pass,  known  as  the  Lake  Dis- 
trict. Whoever  here  surrenders  himself  to  his 
imagination  can  never  be  alone  or  unsolaced. 
He  is  in  company  not  only  with  mountains  but 
with  men.  Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  Southey, 
Lamb,  Lloyd,  Wilson, —  these  are  the  names 
and  figures  that,  rather  than  those  of  any  present 
or  future  inhabitants,  will  ever  be  indissolubly 
connected  with  this  region.  Clever  Lord  Jef- 
frey, with  his  knack  at  naming  things  and  his 
reluctance  to  recognize  new  merit,  first  bestowed 
the  name  "  Lake  Poets,"  and  a  less-known  epi- 
grammist  explained  it : 

"  They  lived  in  the  Lakes :  — an  appropriate  quarter 
For  poems  diluted  with  plenty  of  water." 

The  world  long  since  rebelled  against  the 
judgments  of  the  critical  autocrats  of  the  "  Edin- 
burgh Review,"  but  the  name  has  proved  suffi- 
ciently convenient  for  perpetuation  as  a  distinc- 
tive and  distinguished  title.  Now  we  have  a  work 
by  the  Rev.  H.  D.  Rawnsley,  written  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  embalming  the  "  Literary  As- 
sociations of  the  English  Lakes,"  and  of  adding 
facts  to  our  fancies  of  how  these  men  lived  and 
labored  amid  these  chosen  scenes.  There  are 
two  volumes.  In  the  first  we  are  in  Cumberland 
and  Keswick,  with  Southey  and  Coleridge  as 
the  central  figures ;  in  the  second  we  dwell  in 
Westmoreland  and  Windermere,  with  Words- 
worth as  the  chief  character.  Wordsworth  was 
the  only  one  of  this  group  of  poets  native  to  the 
country ;  the  circumstances  which  drew  the 
others  make  a  pleasing  story,  and  show  how 
here,  as  often,  a  very  humble  instrument  served 
to  consummate  great  events.  A  certain  Cum- 
berland yeoman,  William  Jackson  by  name — 
Wordsworth's  "Waggoner  " — having  plied  his 
trade  of  carrier  for  a  number  of  years  and 
accumulated  a  little  capital,  determined  to  seek 
such  otium  cum  dignitate  as  an  income  of  two 
hundred  pounds  a  year  might  give,  and  to  spend 
the  last  years  of  his  life  in  study  of  his  Bible, 

*  LITEKAKY  ASSOCIATIONS  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LAKES.  By 
the  Rev.  H.  D.  Rawnsley.  In  two  volumes.  New  York: 
Macmillan  &  Co. 


his  Shakespeare,  and  his  Hume,  and  in  the  en- 
joyment of  a  not  inconsiderable  library  of  books 
which  he  had  collected.  For  this  purpose,  he 
built,  in  the  year  1800,  a  kind  of  double  man- 
sion, known  in  the  Keswick  Vale  as  Greta 
Hall,  occupying  a  portion  of  it  only.  To  him 
Wordsworth  mentioned  a  friend  of  his,  a  man 
of  great  learning  and  a  poet,  with  whom  he  had 
travelled  in  Germany,  and  who  was  now  anx- 
ious to  settle  down  for  study  in  the  Keswick 
Vale.  Jackson,  with  his  love  of  "  beuk  lam- 
ing," was  glad  to  accept  the  stranger  as  tenant, 
or  part  tenant.  Although  he  had  had  another 
offer  at  double  the  amount  that  Wordsworth's 
friend  could  afford  to  pay,  brains  won  the  day 
with  Jackson,  and  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 
came  to  share  the  double  house  with  its  builder, 
and  to  be  told,  when  the  first  half  year's  rent 
was  due,  "  No,  no,  Mr.  Coleridge ;  I  love  your 
children,  and  I  like  your  friendship  ;  the  house 
is  only  part  finished  in  the  plastering.  I  shall 
take  no  rent  from  you,  sir,  this  time  at  all." 
Thus  was  Coleridge  brought  again  within  reach 
of  Wordsworth,  with  whom  in  his  annus  mira- 
bilis  of  production,  1797,  he  had  planned  the 
"  Lyrical  Ballads,"  and  had  written  "  The  Re- 
morse," "  The  Ancient  Mariner,"  "  The  Dark 
Ladie,"  and  "  Christabel."  The  exceeding 
beauty  of  Greta  Hall  and  its  surroundings  had 
much  to  do  with  his  brief  reawakening,  when, 
"  with  his  poetic  powers  no  longer  in  a  state  of 
suspended  animation,"  he  determined  to  dedi- 
cate himself  anew  to  writing  verse  and  helping 
his  fellow-men. 

Three  years  later,  on  Coleridge's  repeated 
invitations,  came  Robert  Southey  with  his  wife, 
Edith,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Coleridge,  to  share  the 
roomy  house.  An  interesting  household  it  was 
in  that  first  season  (1803),  at  what  Southey 
called  jocularly  "  The  Ant  Hill."  Besides  the 
Coleridges  and  Southeys  and  Aunt  Lowell  and 
the  Jacksons,  there  was  Southey's  beloved  dog 
Dapper,  Jackson's  dog  Cupid,  a  "  noble  jack- 
ass "  which  the  children  rode,  cats  galore  — 
Bianchi,  Pulcheria,  Othello,  the  Zombi, —  and 
the  humble  retainers,  Nurse  Wilsey  and  Betty 
Thompson,  whose  affection  and  long  service 
to  her  master  are  inscribed  on  the  Laureate's 
tombstone.  But  the  ever-restless  Coleridge  soon 
disappeared  from  the  scene.  Full  of  imaginary 
aches  and  pains,  and  some  real  ones — his  mind 
as  restless  as  if  it  had  St.  Vitus's  dance,  eter- 
nal activity  without  action, —  miserable  about 
trifles  and  a  prey  to  hypochondria,  poor  pro- 
crastinating Coleridge  in  the  following  year 
packed  off  to  Malta  for  his  health,  returning 


294 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


after  two  years  to  England,  but  never  again  to 
Keswick  except  for  a  short  time.  Henceforth 
Southey  cared  not  only  for  his  own  family,  but 
he  took  upon  himself  also  the  charge  of  Cole- 
ridge's deserted  wife  and  three  fatherless  chil- 
dren. Coleridge's  curious  bewilderment  of  the 
moral  sense  was  as  puzzling  to  his  friends  and 
relatives  as  it  is  to  posterity  ;  and  there  is  some- 
thing very  touching  in  the  way  in  which 
Southey,  with  all  his  regret  for  Coleridge's 
failings,  never  failed  to  fulfil  the  trust  those 
failings  imposed  on  him. 

In  these  early  days  of  acquaintance,  Words- 
worth and  Southey  did  not  take  to  each  other 
as  much  as  one  would  have  expected.  But  in 
later  years,  when  sorrow  had  come  to  both, 
common  experience  and  agreement  on  matters 
social  and  political  drew  them  together.  In  the 
end,  each  came  to  admire  the  other's  powers 
greatly.  "  A  greater  poet  than  Wordsworth 
there  never  has  been,  nor  ever  will  be,"  wrote 
Southey ;  and  it  was  Wordsworth  who  was  se- 
lected to  write  the  fitting  epitaph  for  Southey's 
tomb  when  he  was  buried  in  Crosthwaite  church 
among  the  scenes  which  he  had  loved  so  well. 

Of  the  four  homes  of  Wordsworth  in  these 
dales,  Rydal  Mount  was  the  last  and  most  be- 
loved. Hither  he  came,  driven  forth  by  domes- 
tic sorrow  from  the  old  Grasmere  Rectory  in 
the  year  1813,  and  here  he  continued  to  live 
until  his  death,  thirty-seven  years  later.  Little 
understood  by  his  neighbors  as  a  poet,  he  was 
yet  a  figure-head  among  men,  honored  for  his 
uprightness  and  integrity,  his  simplicity,  kind- 
ness, and  piety,  and  was  looked  upon  as  a  man 
of  practical  judgment  in  all  that  concerned 
home  affairs  in  the  dale.  A  worthy  "  volunteer," 
a  trusted  justice  of  the  peace,  the  pattern  of 
high  thinking  and  plain  living,  he  set  a  kind 
of  moral  tonic  for  the  whole  district.  As  for 
his  poetry,  it  was  "  aw  reet  eneuf,  but  queer 
stuff,  varra,"  to  these  simple  folk ;  and  they 
hardly  believed  that  when  the  fit  of  making  it 
was  on,  Wordsworth  was  in  his  right  mind. 
They  heard  him  "  bummin'  away,"  they  saw 
his  "  jaws  agoain  t'  whoale  time,"  they  thought 
of  him  as  possessed,  and  would  say,  "  Aw  yes, 
I  darsay  he 's  quite  sensible,  whiles,  if  ya  nobbut 
catch  him  reet  he  '11  talk  as  plaain  as  oyder  you 
or  me  ";  and  they  were  to  be  pardoned  if  they 
looked  on  his  periodical  poetry-making  on  the 
public  highway  as  periodical  fits  of  mania.  It 
was  "  Mr.  Wordsworth  stamp-maister,  him  o' 
Rydal,"  not  Wordsworth  Poet-Laureate,  whom 
they  knew.  Indeed,  one  yeoman,  who  went 
some  miles  out  of  his  way  to  attend  a  political 


gathering,  attracted  by  the  announcement  that 
the  Poet-Laureate  would  address  the  meeting, 
was  heard  to  say,  "  Schaff  on  it,  it 's  nobbut  old 
Wordsworth  o'  Rydal  efter  aw !  "  and  he  left 
the  meeting  in  high  dudgeon. 

Mr.  Rawnsley's  volumes  are  full  of  interest- 
ing materials,  gathered  with  much  diligence 
from  original  sources,  with  footnotes  of  refer- 
ence thereto;  and  there  is  an  excellent  map  of 
the  whole  region  at  the  close  of  Volume  I. 
Beside  the  notable  figures  of  the  Lake  Poets 
themselves,  many  others  scarcely  less  distin- 
guished appear  who  at  one  time  or  another 
have  had  some  associations  with  the  country. 
Among  these  are  the  modern  names  of  Tenny- 
son, Ruskin,  Rossetti,  and  Matthew  Arnold. 
The  chief  defect  of  the  work  is  that  it  leaves  an 
impression  of  scrappiness,  owing  partly  to  the 
somewhat  obscure  and  rambling  style  of  the 
author's  expression  and  partly  to  his  disjointed 
arrangement  of  subjects.  There  is  in  it  a  lack 
of  that  unity  and  wholeness  which  should  char- 
acterize a  work  of  such  length,  importance,  and 
intrinsic  charm.  ANNA  B>  McMAHAN. 


THE  ENLARGEMENT  OF  FAITH.* 


There  is  nothing  more  striking,  in  our  group  of 
recent  books  on  religious  themes,  than  the  manifold 
forms  faith  assumes  in  them.  With  one,  it  is  a  mys- 
tical impulse  ;  with  another,  an  historic  force  ;  with 
a  third,  a  philosophical  development ;  but  in  them 
all  it  declares  itself  as  a  primary  power  among  men, 
in  whose  just  apprehension  the  highest  wisdom  of 
the  world  is  to  be  found. 

The  Parliament  of  Religions  was  chiefly  indebted 
for  its  notable  success  to  its  President,  C.  C.  Bonney, 
Esq.,  and  to  the  extraordinarily  efficient  chairman 
of  the  General  Committee,  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Barrows, 
D.D.  The  inception  of  the  Parliament  lay  largely 
with  President  Bonney,  and  so  with  the  New  Church 

*  THE  NEW  JERUSALEM  IN  THE  WORLD'S  RELIGIOUS  CON- 
GRESSES OF  1893.  Edited  by  Rev.  L.  P.  Mercer.  Chicago : 
Western  New-Church  Union. 

DISCIPLESHIP  :  The  Scheme  of  Christianity.  By  the  au- 
thor of  "  The  King  and  the  Kingdom :  A  Study  of  the  Four 
Gospels."  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  UNKNOWN  LIFE  OF  JESUS  CHRIST.  From  an  Ancient 
Manuscript,  etc.  By  Virchand  R.  Gandhi,  B.A.,  Bombay, 
India.  Chicago :  6558  Stewart  Boulevard. 

THE  LIFE  AND  TEACHINGS  OF  JESUS.  By  Arthur  Kenyon 
Rogers.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  JOHANNINE  THEOLOGY.  By  George  B.  Stevens, 
Ph.D.,  D.D.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  CLAIMS  OF  CHRISTIANITY.  By  William  Samuel  Lilly. 
New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  DEVELOPMENT  OF  RELIGION.  The  Gif- 
ford  Lectures  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  By  Otto  Pflei- 
derer,  D.D.  In  two  volumes.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


295 


of  which  he  is  a  member.  The  New  Church  was 
the  first  to  organize  its  subordinate  congress.  The 
volume  entitled  "The  New  Jerusalem  in  the  World's 
Religious  Congresses,"  edited  by  the  Rev.  L.  P. 
Mercer,  is  chiefly  made  up  of  the  papers  prepared 
for  this  special  congress.  These  papers  discuss  at 
length  the  origin  and  nature  of  the  New  Church, 
its  doctrines,  its  planting,  its  future,  and  the  work 
of  women  in  it.  The  special  feature  of  the  New 
Church  is  its  belief  in  the  second  coming  of  Christ ; 
not  in  person,  but  as  an  "unfolding  of  the  spiritual 
sense  of  his  Holy  Word,"  whose  literal  sense  was 
given  in  his  first  coming.  This  second  coming,  or 
new  unfolding,  has  been  achieved  in  the  works  of 
Emanuel  Swedenborg.  This  starting-point  gives  oc- 
casion for  high  spirituality  united  to  much  mysticism. 
The  ruling  conception  and  force  are  of  a  transcen- 
dental character.  There  is  in  the  New  Church  a 
segregation  of  spiritual  power  that  simply  laughs  at 
naturalism  and  secularism.  Among  the  forces  at 
work  in  the  human  mind  this  is  by  no  means  least 
significant.  It  offers  itself  as  a  sporadic,  but  not 
an  antiquated,  impulse. 

"  The  Scheme  of  Christianity  "  is  an  earnest  and 
scriptural  discussion  of  the  dogmas  of  faith.  It  ad- 
heres very  closely  to  historic  orthodoxy,  attaching 
implicit  faith  to  the  sacred  narrative.  In  its  inter- 
pretation of  the  Scriptures,  however,  it  is  ethical 
and  rational  rather  than  conventional,  and  carries 
on  an  independent  and  earnest  inquiry  into  their 
spirit  and  force.  The  point  of  most  prominence, 
and  of  present  interest,  is  that  of  discipleship.  The 
author  holds  that  the  searching  commands  of  Christ 
in  reference  to  self-denial  were  directed  to  the  dis- 
ciples ;  were  a  regimen  for  the  training  of  lead- 
ers, and  were  not  laid  upon  the  average  believer. 
This  view  the  author  enforces  extendedly  and  thor- 
oughly. The  discussion  touches  a  point  of  much 
practical  moment — the  tendency  to  accept  theoret- 
ically the  words  of  Christ,  and  still,  in  the  use  we 
make  of  them,  to  rob  them  of  practical  significance. 
The  book,  by  virtue  of  its  earnest  temper,  its  as- 
sumed faith,  its  intelligibility  and  independence,  will 
be  found  interesting  and  instructive  to  those  who 
are  travelling,  with  diligent  inquiry  and  without 
much  digression,  the  road  of  Biblical  belief. 

"The  Unknown  Life  of  Jesus  Christ"  is  a  brief 
volume  of  four  nearly  equal  parts :  the  Introduc- 
tion, by  Virchand  R.  Gandhi ;  "  The  Journey  to 
Thibet,  by  M.  Notovitch ;  a  translation  of  the  An- 
cient Manuscript  narrating  the  life  of  Christ ;  and 
a  Summary.  The  manuscript  on  which  the  other 
parts  hinge  opens  with  a  general  sketch  of  the  his- 
tory of  the  People  of  Israel  and  of  the  birth  of 
Christ;  his  journey  in  the  East  between  the  ages  of 
fourteen  and  twenty-nine  years;  his  preaching  in 
India,  and  his  crucifixion.  The  narrative  of  the 
events  which  lead  to  his  crucifixion  is  quite  differ- 
ent from  that  of  the  New  Testament.  The  words 
of  Christ  which  the  manuscript  contains  are  chiefly 
his  instructions  in  the  East.  They  are  elevated  in 


tone,  but  lack  almost  wholly  the  simplicity  of  his 
precepts  as  given  in  the  Gospels,  and  the  close  asso- 
ciation of  his  teachings  with  the  events  of  life. 
There  is  very  little  in  the  volume  to  call  out  belief. 

"  The  Life  and  Teachings  of  Jesus  "  is  a  work 
aiming  at  a  purpose  which  occupies  many  earnest 
minds,  and  is  the  predominant  religious  impulse  of 
not  a  few.  One  of  the  objects  of  the  work  is  "to 
show  that,  after  all  that  an  unsparing  criticism  can 
say,  the  religious  value  of  the  Bible  still  remains, 
and  that  it  speaks  to  the  present  generation  with  a 
power  which,  under  the  old  conceptions,  it  could 
never  hope  to  have  "  (page  6).  "  What  I  have  had 
in  mind  particularly  to  do  was  to  bring  the  results 
of  a  careful  criticism  of  the  Gospels  to  bear  upon 
the  words  attributed  to  Jesus,  and  to  bring  together 
into  a  consistent  picture  whatever  this  test  may 
have  left  untouched"  (p.  14).  The  method  in  which 
this  end  is  pursued  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  the 
fact  that  the  author  does  not  accept  miracles,  and 
"  insists  that  the  statements  of  the  Bible  are  to  be 
accepted  or  rejected  on  just  the  same  degree  of 
probability  or  improbability  which  would  govern  us 
anywhere  else"  (p.  7).  The  work  is  able,  and 
evinces  an  admirable  and  a  spiritual  temper.  The 
first  half  of  the  book  is  occupied  with  the  Gospel 
narrative,  and  the  last  half  with  the  life  and  teach- 
ings of  Jesus.  The  earlier  half  is  historically  crit- 
ical ;  the  later  constructive.  As  the  author  wholly 
rejects  miracles,  his  criticism  is  necessarily  very  ag- 
gressive and  destructive,  but  it  is  penetrating  and 
candid.  We  find  ourselves  slow  to  accept  the  con- 
clusions of  a  process  so  essentially  a  priori  and 
whose  clues  of  guidance  are  often  so  slight.  It  has, 
however,  this  one  most  important  result :  it  pulls 
down  that  scaffolding  of  dogma  and  of  ready  appeal 
to  supernaturalism  which  has  so  long  obscured  the 
beauty  and  symmetry  of  the  true  spiritual  building 
which  has  slowly  gone  up  within  them.  We  are 
best  pleased  with  the  second  part,  which  goes  very 
far  to  show  how  little  has  been  really  lost,  and  how 
much  has  been  truly  gained,  by  the  sifting  and 
waste  of  the  earlier  portion.  The  book  is  not  un- 
like in  temper  to  the  "  Natural  History  of  the  Chris- 
tian Religion,"  by  Dr.  William  Mackintosh,  which 
was  lately  noticed  in  THE  DIAL  (Sept.  16,  p.  157). 
The  two  works  are  quite  diverse  in  method  and  de- 
tail ;  but  the  general  drift  of  their  conclusions,  and 
the  motive  which  prompts  them,  are  the  same.  Both 
are  thoroughly  instructive.  The  supernatural  cer- 
tainly needs  correction  as  an  idea,  and  in  the  serv- 
ice we  assign  it ;  but  those  who  hunt  it  down  so  vig- 
orously hardly  seem  to  understand  whither  they  are 
going.  If  the  miracle  is  incredible,  so  is  the  answer 
to  prayer.  If  prayer  fail  us,  the  crowning  words 
of  Christian  Revelation  fail  us  also, — "  Our  Father 
who  art  in  Heaven." 

"  The  Johannine  Theology  "  is  a  book  carefully 
wrought  out  within  the  limits  of  liberal  orthodoxy. 
It  discusses,  in  a  dozen  directions,  the  phases  of 
doctrine  which  belong  to  the  Gospel  and  to  the 


296 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


Epistles  of  John.  The  work  is  done  in  a  scholarly, 
penetrative,  and  thorough  method.  Some  of  the 
topics  are :  "  The  Idea  of  God  in  the  Writings  of 
John,  the  Doctrine  of  the  Logos ";  "  The  Union 
of  the  Son  and  Father  ";  "  The  Doctrine  of  Sin  "; 
«  The  Work  of  Salvation  ";  "  The  Doctrine  of  the 
Holy  Spirit,  of  Love,  of  Prayer,  of  Eternal  Life." 
An  inquiry  of  this  sort,  which  accepts  the  full  weight 
of  Scriptural  authority,  has  its  advantages  and  its 
disadvantages.  It  tends  to  thorough  and  minute 
investigation.  Nothing  is  to  be  passed  lightly.  But 
it  is  also  liable  to  feel  too  strongly  the  need  of  rec- 
onciling all  discrepancies,  and  to  embarrass  itself 
unnecessarily  by  any  refractory  material.  Truth  as 
truth  loves  scope  and  wide  rendering.  The  author 
is  not  only  liberal  in  his  creed,  he  lays  the  founda- 
tion of  his  exegesis  in  ethical  doctrinal  construction. 
The  writings  of  St.  John  yield  themselves  fully  to 
this  tendency.  Under  the  doctrine  of  Love  the  au- 
thor finds  in  the  statements  of  John  that  which  pre- 
cludes any  other  than  a  redemptive,  a  spiritually 
constructive,  administration  of  the  world.  The  feel- 
ing that  justice  is  supreme  with  God,  that  the  exer- 
cise of  his  love  is  optional,  that  he  may  well  enough 
hate  the  sinner,  arises  from  a  technical  definition 
and  idea  of  sin — formed  with  the  general  intention 
of  making  it  more  dreadful  —  that  do  not  at  all 
correspond  with  the  facts  of  life.  Man  is  interpreted 
by  theology,  not  theology  by  man. 

"  The  Claims  of  Christianity  "  is  a  book — like  a 
sally  from  a  beseiged  fort — thrust  boldly  forth  from 
a  body  of  believers  thoroughly  self-centred  and  ag- 
gressive, but  also  widely  beleaguered  by  unsympa- 
thetic and  hostile  sentiment.  Its  author  is  a  clear 
and  vigorous  writer  who  knows  what  he  wants  to 
say  and  says  it  without  hesitation.  It  is  a  pleasure 
to  come  in  contact  with  such  a  mind,  and  pleasant 
to  meet  it  in  the  defense  of  old  things — the  history 
of  the  world  as  so  far  achieved.  The  claims  of  the 
work  are  that  Christianity  is  "  the  sole  and  sufficient 
oracle  of  divine  truth,"  and  that  it  forms  a  "polity 
perfect  and  complete  in  itself."  This  polity  is  of 
course  the  Catholic  Church.  These  claims  are  first 
enforced  —  chiefly  on  the  external  side  —  against 
Buddhism  and  Islam,  and  then  as  against  the  Ren- 
aissance and  Reformation.  The  Middle  Ages  are 
dwelt  on  as  laying  securely  the  foundations  of  this 
universal  polity.  How  little  soever  one  may  accept 
the  final  conclusions  of  the  author,  it  is  well,  espe- 
cially in  our  day  when  we  so  much  magnify  the 
things  that  are  nearest  us,  to  listen  to  one  who 
stands  within  the  shadow  of  events  which  contain 
the  significance  of  millenniums.  When  one  comes 
in  contact  with  Newman,  Ward,  Lilly,  the  question 
is,  what  the  fulfilling  of  the  law  and  the  prophets 
means.  Is  it  a  literal  or  a  spiritual  fulfilment  ? 

The  two  volumes  of  "  The  Philosophy  and  De- 
velopment of  Religion  "  are  in  every  way  inviting 
books.  The  form  and  print  are  excellent.  The 
author's  style  is  vigorous  and  clear ;  the  subject  is 
comprehensively  and  thoroughly  discussed.  The 


topic,  being  treated  in  lectures,  has  none  of  the  dry- 
ness  of  details.  The  first  volume  rests  chiefly 
on  philosophical  principles,  and  some  will  find  it 
peculiarly  acceptable.  It  considers  the  nature  of 
religion  in  its  relation  to  the  world  and  man.  "  Re- 
ligion, as  well  as  science  and  art,  morals  and  law, 
is  a  constitutive  element  of  human  nature,  and  there- 
fore may  pass  through  the  most  manifold  develop- 
ments, but  can  never  cease  as  long  as  there  are  men  " 
(p.  99).  It  strives  to  frame  a  conception  which 
shall  overcome  the  constant  collision  between  the 
natural  and  the  supernatural, — an  effort  which  we 
desire  especially  to  commend.  While  it  does  not 
complete  itself  in  a  just  recognition  of  the  supernat- 
ural, it  does  a  good  deal  of  work  in  preparation  for 
it.  The  second  volume  discusses  Christian  faith  as 
it  offers  itself  in  the  New  Testament  and  in  the 
phases  it  has  since  passed  through.  The  author,  in 
this  discussion,  gives  free  range  to  historical  criti- 
cism, but  he  unites  with  it  an  eager  insight  into 
spiritual  truth.  If  the  letter  is  somewhat  rudely 
scattered,  the  spirit  is  carefully  sought  after  and 
diligently  gathered  up.  JOHN  BASCOM. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 


In  a  neat  volume  of  170  odd  pages, 

The  question  of         Mr     jj    g_    galt      w      and   conclsely 
Ammalt'  rights.  .•>  •> 

discusses  the  question  of  "Animals 
Rights  "  (Macmillan)  from  the  humanitarian  stand- 
point. Mr.  Salt  undertakes  in  his  essay  to  set  the 
principles  of  the  jus  animalium  on  a  plain  and  log- 
ical footing,  and  to  expose  the  fallacies  of  the  apol- 
ogists of  the  present  system.  No  one  is  likely  to 
gainsay  his  fundamental  rule  condemning  "all  prac- 
tices which  inflict  unnecessary  pain  on  sentient  be- 
ings." When  he  comes,  however,  to  the  considera- 
tion of  special  cases,  to  the  question  whether  this  or 
that  current  practice  falls  under  the  rule,  his  path 
is  beset  with  the  old  polemical  difficulties.  First  in 
importance  is  the  time-honored  food  question ;  and 
here  the  author  calls  on  humanitarians  of  the  more 
timid  sort  to  stand  by  their  colors  and  cease  palter- 
ing— for,  as  he  reasonably  argues,  it  is  not  very  con- 
sistent to  sentimentalize  over  the  rights  of  an  animal 
on  whom  you  propose  to  dine.  On  the  question  of 
flesh-eating,  the  balance  of  authority  is  still  rather 
against  Mr.  Salt,  though  vegetarians  have  latterly 
made  some  logical  advances  toward  establishing 
their  case.  Shall  we  agree  with  Paley,  who  (appeal- 
ing, as  usual,  to  Scripture  to  justify  eighteenth  cen- 
tury practice)  maintained  our  "  right  to  the  flesh  of 
animals  ";  and  with  Bentham,  who  naively  argues, 
"We  deprive  animals  of  life,  and  this  is  justifiable, 
since  their  pains  do  not  equal  our  pleasures"?  Or 
shall  we  side  with  Thoreau,  who  wrote :  "  I  have 
no  doubt  that  it  is  a  part  of  the  destiny  of  the  human 
race,  in  its  gradual  improvement,  to  leave  off  eating 
animals,  as  surely  as  the  savage  tribes  have  left  off 
eating  each  other  "  ?  Mr.  Salt  is  of  the  latter  opin- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


297 


ion ;  and  he  bases  his  belief  on  the  facts  that  man 
is  structurally  frugiverous,  and  that,  when  he  tries 
it,  he  gets  along  perfectly  well  without  flesh-foods, 
as  well  as  on  the  growing  popular  tendency  to  look 
with  abhorrence  on  flesh-eating  and  its  concomi- 
tants. On  the  latter  point  Mr.  Salt  seems  to  us  a 
little  over-sanguine.  In  a  day  when  the  magnitude 
of  stock-yards  and  slaughtering  establishments  is 
made  a  matter  of  civic  pride  and  rejoicing,  it  is  cer- 
tainly going  too  far  to  say  that  butchers  and  slaught- 
ermen form  "  a  pariah  class."  Nor  is  the  era  as  yet 
in  sight  when  a  great  fortune  is  regarded  as  seriously 
tainted  by  the  stains  of  the  abattoir.  On  the  ques- 
tion of  "  Murderous  Millinery,"  Mr.  Salt  has  com- 
paratively plain  sailing ;  and  we  cheerfully  subscribe 
to  his  axiom,  touching  the  slaughter  of  birds  and 
mammals  for  purposes  of  human  adornment,  that 
it  is  not  the  man  who  does  the  killing,  but  the  woman 
who  wears  the  trophies,  that  is  the  true  offender. 
She  is  the  principal,  he  the  tool.  For  the  behoof  and 
possible  amendment  of  those  fashionable  gentlemen 
and  ladies  who  deck  themselves  (like  the  ass  and 
the  jackdaw  in  the  fables)  in  borrowed  skins  and 
feathers,  we  subjoin  a  few  facts  from  the  trade  in 
those  commodities,  which  ought  to  touch  the  most 
rudimentary  conscience.  "One  dealer  in  London 
is  said  to  have  received  as  a  single  consignment  32,- 
000  dead  humming-birds,  80,000  aquatic  birds,  and 
800,000  pairs  of  wings.  A  Parisian  dealer  had  a 
contract  for  40,000  birds,  and  an  army  of  murderers 
were  turned  out  to  supply  the  order.  ...  At  one 
auction  alone  in  London  there  were  sold  404,389 
West  Indian  and  Brazilian  bird-skins,  and  356,389 
East  Indian,  besides  thousands  of  pheasants  and 
birds-of-paradise."  These,  be  it  remembered,  are 
but  scattered  instances  of  a  continuous  and  growing 
traffic.  We  heartily  commend  Mr.  Salt's  treatise  to 
all  who  desire  a  clear  idea  of  the  humanitarian 
theory  and  arguments.  There  is  a  bibliography, 
and  an  interesting  essay  on  vivisection  by  Dr.  Albert 
Leffingwell.  

Another  volume  Perhaps  the  illustrations  are  the  best 
of  Dr.  Liddon's  part  of  the  new  volume — the  third — 
We  of  Pusey.  of  Liddon's  "  Life  of  Pusey  "  (Long- 
mans), lately  reviewed  in  our  pages.  It  is  pleasant 
to  see  the  face  of  Charles  Marriott,  that  man  of 
wide  learning  and  rare  sweetness  of  character,  who 
took  the  lowest  place,  content  to  toil  obscurely,  in 
the  early  days  of  the  Oxford  Movement.  There  is 
a  singularly  attractive  portrait  of  the  author  of  "  The 
Christian  Year,"  with  a  fine  brow,  large,  deep, 
thoughtful  eyes,  and  a  frank,  smiling,  almost  rogu- 
ish mouth.  As  for  the  letter-press,  if  anyone  de- 
sires to  know  from  a  very  one-sided  view-point  more 
of  the  inner  history  of  "  the  Anglican  claim  to  the 
doctrine  of  Regeneration,  of  Absolution,  of  the  Real 
Presence,  of  the  Eucharistic  Sacrifice,"  than  he  has 
derived  in  livelier  form  from  the  writings  of  Church 
and  Ward  and  Mozley  ;  if  he  is  still  eager  about 
the  Jerusalem  Bishopric,  the  Hampden  Controversy, 
the  Gorham  Case,  the  departure  to  Rome  of  New- 


man and  Manning  and  Archdeacon  Wilberforce  ;  if 
he  is  looking  for  a  list  of  the  "  Tracts  for  the  Times  " 
and  their  writers ;  if  he  enjoys  five  hundred  pages 
of  ecclesiastical  controversy  lighted  by  no  single 
gleam  of  imagination  or  humor,  without  a  revealing 
anecdote  or  vivid  sketch  of  character ;  if  he  cares 
for  copious  assurance  of  how  weary  and  heavy- 
hearted  under  the  burden  of  his  own  sins  and  those 
of  others  a  good  and  devout  man  can  be,  how  an 
anxious  temperament,  a  scrupulous  conscience,  and 
a  superstitious  system  can  overcloud  a  Christian's 
joy  and  peace ;  if  he  would  note  how  a  prosperous 
Englishman,  a  scholar  and  divine,  a  leader  among 
his  fellows,  in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century  of 
the  Christian  era  can  turn  his  back  upon  his  age  and 
adjust  himself  to  mediaeval  ideas  and  usages,  can 
wear  a  hair-shirt  always  by  day  unless  ill,  can  find 
virtue  in  a  hard  chair  by  day  and  a  hard  bed  by 
night,  in  wearing  no  gloves,  in  keeping  his  eyes 
downcast  and  looking  at  nothing  out  of  curiosity,  in 
refraining  from  smiles  and  in  stern  repression  of 
humor, — a  task  easier,  perhaps,  for  Dr.  Pusey  and 
Dr.  Liddon  than  for  Dr.  Holmes,  or  that  earlier 
canon  of  St.  Paul's,  Sidney  Smith ;  if  one  is  in 
search  of  any  of  these  things  he  will  find  a  mine  of 
interest  in  this  third  volume  of  Liddon's  Pusey.  To 
all  others  it  will  be  a  measureless  waste,  where  the 
air  is  heavy  and  the  prospect  dreary. 

John  Brown's  Mr.  Hinton'saccountof  "John  Brown 
story,  as  told  and  his  Men"  (Funk  &  Wagnalls) 

by  a  follower.         ig  ft  work  that  cannot  jje  overlooked 

by  the  student  of  American  history.  Its  literary 
merit  is  but  slight ;  it  is  written  in  a  clumsy  sort  of 
style,  with  little  skill  in  the  sifting  or  the  orderly 
arrangement  of  material.  But  the  material  is  there, 
and  it  makes  the  book  in  a  way  invaluable.  The 
author  is  himself  one  of  John  Brown's  men  —  one 
of  the  few  present  survivors  of  the  group;  he  was 
with  them  in  Kansas,  and  wrote  accounts  of  events 
there  for  Boston  and  Chicago  papers.  His  account 
is  therefore  that  of  an  eye-witness,  whose  recollec- 
tions are  supplemented  by  a  careful  study  of  mate- 
rial gathered  in  many  years  of  industrious  research. 
The  book  is  a  storehouse  of  information,  and  as  such 
it  is,  as  we  have  said,  invaluable.  The  author  is  an 
unqualified  defender  of  John  Brown,  and  in  this 
earnestly  written  book  he  shows  the  courage  of  his 
convictions  unabated  by  the  nearly  forty  years  that 
have  passed  since  the  stirring  events  of  which  he 
treats.  The  so-called  "  Pottawatomie  massacre,"  for 
example,  which  has  been  regarded  as  the  darkest 
stain  on  John  Brown's  career  in  Kansas,  is  boldly 
admitted  and  defended.  "  The  men  were  slain,  and 
the  act  was  deliberately  done.  There  never  was 
any  doubt  of  that.  It  was  a  question  for  some  years 
whether  or  not  the  act  was  done  under  the  influence 
of  and  by  the  direct  orders  of  John  Brown.  No 
one  now  doubts  that  it  was."  The  act  is  regarded 
by  our  author  as  a  logical  necessity  of  the  situation ; 
and  its  effects  are  thus  forcibly,  if  not  conclusively, 
stated :  "  The  Pottawatomie  slaying,  temporarily  at 


298 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


least,  awed  the  border  ruffians  into  a  trembling  peace 
and  startled  alike  the  brave  and  timid  in  free-state 
ranks  with  a  triumphant  yet  serious  feeling  that  on 
their  side  at  last  a  Man  had  arrived."  It  unques- 
tionably did  all  that ;  yet  more  would  be  required, 
one  would  think,  to  justify  such  deeds  of  savagery. 
It  must  not  be  overlooked,  however,  that  John  Brown 
claimed  to  have  had  conclusive  evidence  that  the 
men  killed  by  him  on  Pottawatomie  Creek  had  set 
a  date  when  they  would  kill  him  and  his  sons,  and 
that  in  his  belief  it  was  simply  a  question  of  which 
party  should  kill  the  other.  The  author's  standpoint 
and  writing,  as  our  brief  extracts  show,  are  those  of 
the  partisan  rather  than  the  historian.  The  book 
does  much,  however,  to  throw  light  on  John  Brown's 
character  and  acts,  and  will  have  its  useful  place 
among  his  biographies.  It  is  a  pity  the  work  could 
not  have  been  given  a  more  presentable  form ;  the 
typography  is  worthy  of  Kansas  in  its  darkest  days. 

Mr.  Frederick  W.  Morton  is  the 
Smart  myings  compiler  of  a  volume  entitled  «  Wo- 

about  women.  *.  .  „,-.,•   ™         >.        ,  . 

man  in  Epigram  (McClurg),  which 
collects  many  hundreds  of  bright  or  brutal  sayings 
about  the  sex,  extracted  from  a  great  variety  of 
authors.  The  writers  most  largely  represented  are 
Mr.  W.  R.  Alger,  Balzac,  Mr.  Junius  Henri  Browne, 
"  George  Eliot,"  Emerson,  Euripides,  Holmes,  Leigh 
Hunt,  Irving,  Johnson,  Alphonse  Karr,  La  Bruyere, 
La  Rochefoucauld,  Lecky,  Richter,  Mr.  Ruskin, 
Steele,  Thackeray,  Mr.  Frederick  Sheldon,  Shake- 
speare, and  Mr.  Frederick  Morton.  Ten  or  more 
"  epigrams  "  are  given  from  each  of  these  writers. 
One  cannot  expect  to  find  everybody  in  a  book  of  so 
modest  dimensions,  but  it  is  a  little  significant  that 
the  first  three  names  by  which  we  sought  to  test  the 
collection  —  Schopenhauer,  "  Stendhal,"  and  Mr. 
Frederick  Greenwood — should  not  occur  at  all  in  the 
index.  "  That  women  have  been  carefully  inspected 
through  both  ends  of  the  telescope  "  will,  as  the  edi- 
tor remarks,  "  readily  be  seen  "  from  these  pages.  It 
is  a  little  curious  that  Mr.  Morton's  idea  should  have 
occurred  at  the  same  time  to  another  person ;  that 
such  is  the  case  appears  from  the  simultaneous  pub- 
lication of  "  About  Women :  "What  Men  Have  Said  " 
(Putnam),  for  which  booklet  Miss  Rose  Porter  is 
responsible.  Miss  Porter's  compilation  is  a  sort  of 
birthday  book.  Each  month  has  an  author,  and 
each  of  its  days  a  selection  from  his  works.  The 
authors  range  from  Shakespeare  to  Ruskin,  and, 
since  there  are  but  twelve  of  them,  the  effect  is 
more  coherent  than  that  produced  by  Mr.  Morton's 
book.  Five  of  Miss  Porter's  authors,  by  the  way, 
do  not  occur  in  Mr.  Morton's  collection. 


The  early  life  "  Thomas  of  London  before  His  Con- 
eyThomas  secration  "  is  the  title  of  a  "  Cam- 
of  canterbury.  bridge  Historical  Essay,"  by  Mr. 
Lewis  B.  Radf ord,  issued  from  the  University  Press 
(  Macmillan) .  It  is  a  prize  monograph,  and  deals 
with  the  relatively  neglected  part  of  the  great  Pri- 
mate's career  before  he  became  Archbishop  of  Can- 


terbury and  the  champion  of  "Peter's  rock  "  against 
the  "  customs  "  of  the  realm.  The  work  is  admir- 
ably done ;  it  is  compact,  scholarly,  and  readable, 
with  reference  to  the  best  and  latest  authorities,  and 
with  a  conception  of  the  character  of  Thomas  not 
biased  in  either  of  the  two  directions  in  which  bias 
is  commonly  found.  In  the  presence  of  the  great 
problem  presented  by  the  chancellor-archbishop's 
career,  the  author  frankly  admits  that  absolute  con- 
sistency is  not  to  be  predicated.  He  takes  refuge, 
however,  in  the  view  that  there  is  a  lower  sort  of 
consistency  to  be  found,  and  he  thus  defines  it :  "  It 
is  the  consistency — less  lofty,  but  not  less  real  on  its 
lower  level — of  the  man  who  is  faithful  to  the  ideal 
of  the  office  in  which  he  is  placed,  but  allows  himself 
to  be  placed  in  office  without  any  definite  choice  of 
his  own  ;  who  holds  to  his  principles,  but  takes  them 
from  his  position,  instead  of  carrying  them  into  it; 
who  does  whatever  he  finds  to  do  with  all  his  might, 
bat  leaves  circumstances  to  find  it  for  him."  Some 
such  view  as  this,  we  fancy,  must  be  taken  by  the 
candid  and  impartial  historian.  In  a  note,  the 
author  discusses  Miss  Lambert's  glorification  of 
Thomas  —  apropos  of  Tennyson's  play  —  in  "The 
Nineteenth  Century  ";  and  in  an  appendix  he  dis- 
cusses the  claims  of  the  various  biographies  of  the 
martyr  of  Canterbury.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  not,  we 
fancy,  known  to  many  who  are  not  specialists  in  the 
period,  that  one  of  these  biographies  is  a  saga  — 
"  Thomas  Saga  Erkibyskups  " — the  work  of  an  Ice- 
landic visitor  to  England,  probably  Arngrin,  Abbot 
of  Thingeyrar.  The  statement  is  also  made  that 
in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  churches 
were  dedicated  to  Thomas  in  all  parts  of  Iceland. 

Mr.  Edwin  L.  Shuman's  "  Steps  into 
Journalism,"  published  at  Evanston 
by  the  "Correspondence  School  of 
Journalism,"  is  the  outcome  of  a  course  of  instruc- 
tion given  at  the  summer  school  of  Bay  View,  Mich- 
igan. The  number  of  young  people  who  are  already 
inclined  to  turn  their  "steps  into  journalism,"  when 
they  might  become  useful  members  of  society  in- 
stead, is  so  great  that  we  naturally  look  askance 
upon  any  attempt  to  swell  these  misguided  ranks. 
But  the  author  reassures  us  at  the  start  by  saying : 
"  It  is  not  the  aim  of  this  book  to  make  any  more 
writers :  we  have  too  many  now.  On  none  of  these 
pages  will  there  be  found  a  single  word  tempting 
any  young  man  to  leave  the  farm  or  the  business 
office,  or  advising  any  young  woman  to  forsake  the 
household  routine,  in  order  to  run  after  the  ignis 
fatuus  of  literary  fame."  This  introductory  claim 
is  sustained  by  the  text  that  follows.  Mr.  Shuman's 
chapters  describe  from  full  knowledge  the  workings 
of  the  modern  newspaper,  and  contain  much  prof- 
itable advice  for  reporters  and  others ;  but  they  cast 
no  glamour  over  the  newspaper  life,  and  do  not 
minimize  its  degrading  influence  upon  the  majority 
of  those  who  choose  to  lead  it.  The  only  aim  of 
the  modern  city  newspaper  is  to  make  money ;  "  as 
for  the  uplifting  of  the  public  morals  or  ideals,  that 


"Steps  into 
Journalism. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


299 


scarcely  cuts  any  figure  at  all  in  the  purpose  of  the 
publisher."  This  is  a  frank  saying,  but  a  true  one  ; 
and  equal  in  both  frankness  and  truth  are  the  re- 
peatedly urged  statements  that  the  newspaper  writer, 
whether  reporter  or  editor,  has  no  business  with  con- 
victions of  his  own,  but  must  make  himself  a  mere 
automaton  for  the  registration  of  ideas  that  are 
not  even  the  convictions  of  anybody  else.  It  is  de- 
lightful to  note  the  vigorous  way  in  which  the  writer 
describes  the  newspaper  life  as  it  actually  is.  Here, 
for  example,  is  a  pen-portrait  of  the  city  editor  : 
"  Damocles  was  a  bobolink  in  nesting-time  compared 
with  the  city  editor  of  a  great  daily,  who  forever  sits 
with  two  swords  dangling  over  him,  ready  to  carve 
off  his  editorial  head  without  a  moment's  warning. 
One  of  these  is  the  deadly  '  scoop,'  and  the  other 
is  the  no  less  sanguinary  libel-suit."  Surely,  no  one 
is  likely  to  be  tempted  into  journalism  by  such  pas- 
sages as  these.  But  for  those  already  in  the  net, 
and  for  those  who  are  bent  upon  finding  cause  for 
repentance  in  their  own  experience,  we  can  recom- 
mend the  book  as  likely  to  prove  helpful  in  a  hun- 
dred ways.  Mr.  Shuman's  advice  is  usually  good 
and  to  the  point.  Upon  two  matters  only  do  we 
feel  bound  to  disagree  with  him.  He  does  not  suf- 
ficiently condemn  —  in  fact,  he  rather  justifies  —  the 
practise  of  eking  out  facts  by  the  aid  of  a  lively  im- 
agination, and  publishing  all  sorts  of  statements  that 
are  not  true.  His  remark  that  "  the  day  of  servile 
party  organs  is  past  "  is  not  only  false,  but  it  is  so 
amazingly  false  that  we  cannot  understand  how  Mr. 
Shuman  could  have  made  it.  The  partisan  spirit 
has  never,  we  should  say,  been  so  offensive  and  un- 
blushing as  it  has  become  in  the  newspapers  of  our 
own  times.  _ 


Special  reprints  of  new  volumes  have  been  added 

Swinburne's  lyrics   to  the  exquisite  "  Bibelot  "  series  of 

andlhe"Rubaiya(.»repr[nis   published   by    Mr>    Thomas 

B.  Mosher,  and  are  even  more  acceptable  than  the 
two  with  which  the  series  began  a  year  ago.  One 
is  a  book  of  lyrics  selected  from  the  works  of  Mr. 
Swinburne,  and  the  other  is  FitzGerald's  "  Omar." 
The  book  of  lyrics,  named  "  Felise,"  has  drawn 
largely  upon  the  first  volume  of  "  Poems  and  Bal- 
lads," although  the  other  two  are  not  ignored.  It 
also  includes  two  choruses  from  "  Atalanta,"  three 
lyrics  from  the  "Mary  Stuart"  trilogy,  and  the 
lovely  "  Adieux  a  Marie  Stuart."  The  edition  of 
the  immortal  "  Rubaiyat  "  is  easily  the  most  desira- 
ble of  those  yet  published  at  a  moderate  price.  It 
includes  Mr.  Lang's  verses,  Mr.  J.  H.  McCarthy's 
"  Envoy,"  FitzGerald's  introduction  and  notes,  a 
bibliography  of  the  English  versions  of  Omar,  and 
the  texts  of  first  and  fourth  editions  printed  page 
to  page  for  easy  comparison.  The  quatrains  that 
appeared  in  the  second  edition  only  are  given  as  an 
appendix,  one  of  them  being  the  magnificent 
"  Nay,  but  for  terror  of  his  wrathful  Face, 

I  swear  I  will  not  call  Injustice  Grace  ; 
Not  one  Good  Fellow  of  the  Tavern  but 

Would  kick  so  poor  a  Coward  from  the  place," 

which  no  lover  of  Omar  would  be  willing  to  spare. 


It  would  be  difficult  to  suggest  any  particular  in 
which  this  "Bibelot"  edition  of  the  "tent-maker" 
could  be  improved  upon.  The  edition  is  limited, 
and  we  shall  be  much  surprised  if  it  holds  out  long. 


"Down  East" 
manners  and 
dialect. 


"  Danvis  Folks "  (Houghton)  is  a 
neat  reprint  of  a  series  of  New  En- 
gland sketches  written  for  "  Forest 
and  Stream  "  by  Mr.  Rowland  E.  Robinson.  The 
author  attempts  not  so  much  to  tell  a  story — though 
there  is  a  slight  thread  of  continuity  throughout  — 
as  to  faithfully  reproduce  the  rustic  "  Down  East" 
speech,  manners,  and  customs  of  fifty  years  ago ; 
and  in  this  we  should  say  that  he  is  successful  be- 
yond cavil.  Some  of  the  chapters  are  as  good  as 
"  Sam  Slick  "  —  quaint,  racy,  bubbling  over  with 
dry  Yankee  fun,  and  bristling  with  eccentricities  of 
mind  and  vernacular.  We  have  had  rather  a  sur- 
feit of  dialect  in  literature  of  late ;  but  the  stiffest 
prejudice  against  it  must  yield  before  Mr.  Robin- 
son's orthographical  ingenuity — of  which  "  julluk" 
for  just  like,  "kwut"  for  coat,  and  "  soddaown  "  for 
sat  down,  are  mild  examples. 

M.  Andre"  Lefevre,  of  the  Paris  An- 
thropological  School,  has  prepared 
for  the  "  International  Scientific  " 
series  ( Appleton)  a  treatise  upon  "  Race  and  Lan- 
guage," written  from  a  strictly  evolutionary  stand- 
point, and  based  upon  the  results  obtained  by  the 
latest  workers  in  philological  and  anthropological 
science.  These  sciences  are  making  rapid  progress, 
and  it  was  time  that  someone  should  go  over  the 
old  familiar  ground  with  the  help  of  the  new  light. 
This  task  M.  Lefevre  has  accomplished  in  a  highly 
satisfactory  manner.  His  work  has  three  chief 
divisions  :  "  The  Evolution  of  Language,"  "  Geo- 
graphical Distribution  of  Languages  and  Races," 
and  "  The  Indo-European  Organism." 

Pen-pictures  of  "Vignettes  of  Manhattan"  (Har- 
New  York  life  per )  is  a  collection  of  sketchy  little 
and  character.  pen-pictures,  mild  feints  at  the  short1 
story,  most  of  them,  of  New  York  life  and  char- 
acter, by  Mr.  Brander  Matthews.  The  drift  of 
the  papers  may  be  inferred  from  the  titles :  "  At 
a  Private  View,"  "  Spring  in  a  Side  Street,"  "  Be- 
fore the  Break  of  Day,"  "  The  Speech  of  the  Even- 
ing," "  A  Vista  in  Central  Park,"  etc.  In  drawing 
his  types  and  echoing  their  more  or  less  futile  chat- 
ter, Mr.  Matthews  is  almost  grievously  accurate  ; 
and  his  efforts,  to  say  nothing  of  his  patience,  should 
not  go  unrewarded.  The  volume  is  a  very  pretty 
one  externally,  and  Mr.  Smedley's  drawings  are 
clever.  

"The  Pearl  of  India"  (Houghton)  is 
still  another  book  of  travels  from  the 
indefatigable  Mr.  M.  M.  Ballou.  In 
it  Mr.  Ballou  writes  of  his  recent  visit  to  Ceylon, 
of  which  island  he  says :  "  No  point  presents  more 
varied  attractions  to  the  traveller,  more  thoroughly 
and  picturesquely  exhibits  equatorial  life,  or  ad- 


American 
travellers 
in  Ceylon. 


300 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


dresses  itself  more  directly  to  the  delicate  apprecia- 
tion of  the  artist,  botanist,  antiquarian,  general  sci- 
entist, and  sportsman."  Mr.  Ballou  writes  in  his 
usual  chatty  way,  freely  mingling  his  own  impres- 
sions with  facts  culled  from  the  authorities,  and 
affording  a  very  fair  general  view  of  Ceylon,  its  his- 
tory and  traditions,  its  people,  religion,  industries, 
flora  and  fauna,  etc.  One  is  a  little  surprised  to 
find  that  Matthew  Arnold  is  made  to  figure  mag- 
nificently in  Mr.  Ballou's  pages  as  Sir  Matthew — 
an  accolade  rather  belated,  if  merited.  The  pub- 
lishers issue  the  book  in  their  usual  irreproachable 
style.  

BRIEFER  MENTION. 

Mr.  Richard  Watson  Gilder's  "  Five  Books  of  Song" 
(Century)  is  a  collection,  in  a  single  volume,  of  his  com- 
plete poems,  with  a  few  lyrical  pieces  that  we  do  not 
recollect  to  have  seen  in  the  earlier  editions.  Mr.  Gilder's 
place  among  the  American  poets  is  now  so  well  assured 
that  this  collection  will  be  widely  welcomed,  although 
the  five  booklets  whose  contents  are  now  incorporated 
within  one  set  of  covers  will  by  no  means  be  displaced 
from  the  shelves  by  this  reissue.  We  have  on  several 
occasions  expressed  our  appreciation  of  the  high  poet- 
ical quality  of  Mr.  Gilder's  work,  and  need  now  only 
chronicle  the  advent  of  the  new  and  convenient  collec- 
tion. 

As  the  holiday  gift-book  season  approaches,  the  an- 
thologist is  busy.  The  latest  collections  of  verse  upon 
special  themes  are  "  Because  I  Love  You "  (Lee),  a 
volume  of  love  poems  collected  and  arranged  by  Miss 
Anna  E.  Mack;  and  "Poems  and  Lyrics  of  Nature" 
(imported  by  Scribner),  edited,  with  an  introductory 
essay,  by  Miss  Edith  Wingate  Kinder.  The  latter  vol- 
ume has  a  charming  "  electrogravure  "  portrait  of  Mr. 
Andrew  Lang,  although  it  is  not  easy  to  understand  just 
why  he,  rather  than  many  another,  should  have  been 
thus  distinguished.  Miss  Rinder's  introduction  is  taste- 
ful and  sympathetic,  and  her  selections  are  all  from  con- 
temporary poets. 

The  new  "  Cambridge  Edition  "  of  "  The  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  John  Greenleaf  Whittier  "  (Hough- 
ton)  has  all  the  admirable  characteristics  of  the  "  Cam- 
bridge "  Longfellow,  published  a  year  ago.  There  is  a 
fine  portrait,  a  title-page  etching  of  the  poet's  Ames- 
bury  home,  a  full  index  and  collection  of  notes,  and  a 
prefatory  memoir  by  Mr.  Horace  E.  Scudder.  All 
these  things,  besides  the  complete  text  of  the  poems,  are 
contained  within  the  covers  of  a  single  beautiful  volume 
of  between  five  and  six  hundred  double-columned  pages. 
It  is  a  great  joy  to  have  our  Longfellow  and  Whittier 
in  this  compact  and  attractive  form. 

There  seems  to  be  a  marked  revival  of  interest  in 
Henry  Kingsley.  We  have  already  mentioned  the  new 
edition  of  his  novels  started  by  the  Messrs.  Scribners, 
and  there  now  comes  to  us  the  first  volume  of  another 
edition,  equally  attractive,  and  more  nearly  of  what  may 
be  called  library  dimensions,  bearing  the  imprint  of 
Messrs.  Ward,  Lock,  &  Bowden.  This  edition,  we  un- 
derstand, is  to  be  complete,  while  that  of  the  Messrs. 
Scribners  will  include  only  three  or  four  of  the  novels. 
"  Ravenshoe  "  is  the  volume  now  at  hand. 

Mr.  William  Francis  Collier's  "  History  of  English 
Literature  "  has  long  been  in  use  as  a  school  text-book 


of  the  subject.  It  now  appears  in  a  revised  edition 
(Nelson),  with  a  brief  supplement  upon  American  lit- 
erature. The  treatment  is  essentially  biographical. 
While  far  from  being  a  model  text-book,  it  is  not  with- 
out certain  merits  of  arrangement  and  condensation,  and, 
in  its  new  form,  offers  a  marked  improvement  upon  the 
earlier  editions. 

The  "  Advanced  Science  Manuals "  published  by 
Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  are  now  made  to  in- 
clude a  treatise  on  "  Human  Physiology,"  by  Mr.  John 
Thornton.  Some  four  hundred  pages  of  text,  diversified 
with  many  cuts  and  a  few  colored  illustrations,  set  forth 
the  elements  of  the  science  in  reasonably  attractive  form. 
A  book  of  about  half  the  size  is  the  "  Physiology  for 
Beginners  "  (Macmillan)  which  has  been  prepared  by 
Dr.  Michael  Foster  and  Dr.  Lewis  E.  Shore.  The  treat- 
ment is  as  admirable  as  might  be  expected  in  a  book 
having  the  great  authority  of  Dr.  Foster. 

Under  the  title  of  "  Oriental  Studies,"  Messrs.  Ginn  & 
Co.  publish  a  volume  of  papers  read  before  the  Oriental 
Club  of  Philadelphia  during  the  past  six  years.  There 
are  a  baker's  dozen  of  the  papers,  among  which  we  note 
"  The  Physical-  Geography  of  India,"  by  Dr.  Morton  W. 
Easton;  "  Literature  of  Chinese  Laborers,"  by  Mr.  Stew- 
art Culin,  "  The  Alphabets  of  the  Berbers,"  by  Dr. 
Daniel  G.  Brinton;  "  A  Legal  Document  of  Babylonia," 
by  Dr.  Morris  Jastrow;  "The  Holy  Numbers  of  the 
Rig- Veda,"  by  Dr.  E.  W.  Hopkins;  "  The  Aryan  Name 
of  the  Tongue,"  by  Dr.  H.  Collitz;  and  "The  Book  of 
Ecclesiastes,"  by  Dr.  Paul  Haupt.  That  papers  by  such 
men  are  scholarly  goes  without  saying. 

"  Asolando,"  the  last  volume  of  Browning's  poems, 
has  been  issued  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  as  the  sev- 
enteenth and  final  volume  of  their  handy  edition  of  the 
poet.  More  than  half  of  this  new  volume  is  devoted  to 
indexes  and  notes  for  the  complete  edition.  The  indexes 
are  of  titles  and  first  lines;  the  notes  are  biographical 
and  historical,  and  form  a  sort  of  encyclopaedia  explan- 
atory of  the  allusions  contained  in  the  poems.  Thus 
completed,  this  edition  of  Browning  is  extremely  satis- 
factory, and  is  decidedly  preferable  to  any  other  now 
existing. 

An  International  Congress  of  Charities,  Correction, 
and  Philanthropy  was  held  at  Chicago  in  June,  1893, 
in  connection  with  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of 
which  our  readers  have  been  so  abundantly  informed. 
Of  the  proceedings  of  that  Congress  certain  sections 
have  been  published  and  heretofore  noticed  by  us.  A 
new  volume,  now  at  hand,  reports  the  "  General  Exer- 
cises "  at  the  opening  of  the  Congress,  and  includes  the 
special  report  on  "  The  Public  Treatment  of  Pauperism," 
edited  by  Dr.  John  H.  Finley,  of  Knox  College.  These 
reports  issue  from  the  Johns  Hopkins  Press. 

Mr.  John  Campbell  Oman,  in  a  volume  of  moderate 
size,  has  told  for  English  readers  the  stories  of  "  The 
Great  Indian  Epics"  (Macmillan),  the  "Ramayana" 
and  the  "  Mahabharata."  "  I  have  written,"  Mr.  Oman 
says,  "  for  the  benefit  of  those,  whether  Europeans  or 
Indians,  who  may  be  acquainted  with  the  English  lan- 
guage, the  brief  epitomes  of  them  contained  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages ;  deriving  my  materials  not  from  the  orig- 
inal Sanskrit  poems,  which  are  sealed  books  to  me,  but 
from  the  translations,  more  or  less  complete  and  literal, 
which  have  been  given  to  the  world  by  both  European 
and  Indian  scholars."  After  this  frank  admission,  there 
is  little  to  be  said,  except  that  the  stories  are  told  in 
fairly  finished  and  readable  English. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


301 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  November  10,  1894. 

Permanent  quarters  have  at  last  been  engaged  for 
the  Authors  Club  of  this  city,  in  the  newly-erected  ex- 
tension of  the  Carnegie  Music  Hall  in  Fifty-seventh 
street.  A  comfortable  suite  of  rooms  has  been  especially 
constructed  for  the  club's  purposes,  and  will  be  fitted 
up  by  the  club  itself.  It  is  now  expected  that  the  new 
rooms  will  be  opened  about  the  first  of  the  year,  and, 
in  the  meantime,  the  Architectural  League  has  kindly 
offered  the  use  of  its  assembly  hall  for  the  fortnightly 
meetings.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Authors 
Club  was  organized  in  October,  1882.  At  first  the  mem- 
bers met  at  each  other's  homes,  then  for  a  time  at  the 
Tile  Club  hall,  and  afterward,  until  last  year,  at  the 
Twenty-fourth  street  rooms  so  familiar  to  members. 
The  club  has  now  passed  its  twelfth  anniversary,  and  is 
more  prosperous  than  at  any  period  in  its  history.  A 
large  portion  of  its  "  Liber  Scriptorum  "  has  been  sub- 
scribed for,  and  it  is  proposed  to  place  the  remaining 
siibscriptions  at  once. 

Herbert  P.  Home's  "  The  Binding  of  Books,"  Bras- 
sington's  "History  of  the  Art  of  Bookbinding,"  Miss 
Prideaux's  "  Historical  Sketch  of  Bookbinding,"  and  sev- 
eral other  recently  published  works  of  the  same  charac- 
ter, have  stirred  up  an  unusual  degree  of  interest  in  their 
subject.  The  Grolier  Club's  exhibition  of  commercial 
or  edition  bindings  was  of  great  value.  During  the 
next  fortnight  there  will  be  on  exhibition  at  Messrs. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons'  new  building  a  collection  of 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty  books  in  fine  bindings  for 
amateurs.  These  books,  old  and  new,  have  been  selected 
as  handsome  specimens  of  the  printer's  art,  or  for  their 
rarity,  and  have  been  sent  within  the  past  few  months 
to  the  best  binders  of  France,  England,  and  America. 
They  thus  represent  the  ultimate  skill  of  the  binders  of 
to-day.  Among  American  bindings  there  are  especially 
handsome  specimens  from  the  establishments  of  Messrs. 
Blackwell,  Bradstreet,  and  Stikeman.  Some  of  the 
French  bindings  in  which  the  decorative  design  is  cut 
out  with  gravers  from  the  surface  of  the  leather  are 
quite  remarkable.  All  of  these  finely-bound  books  are 
for  sale,  and  will  be-  distributed  to  purchasers  at  the 
close  of  the  exhibition. 

The  local  political  upheaval  is  not  without  its  interest 
from  a  literary  point  of  view.  Among  the  Congressmen 
elected  from  this  city  is  Mr.  Lemuel  Ely  Quigg,  whose 
"  Tin  Types  Taken  in  the  Streets  of  New  York,"  pub- 
lished some  years  ago,  contains  several  remarkable 
sketches  dealing  with  machine  politics  of  the  baser  sort. 
Something  more  elaborate  in  the  line  of  fiction,  and  deal- 
ing with  the  same  subject,  has  been  looked  for  from  Mr. 
Quigg,  who  has  long  been  a  member  of  the  "  Tribune  " 
editorial  staff;  but  it  has  remained  for  Mr.  Paul  Leices- 
ter Ford,  the  editor  of  Jefferson's  works,  to  write  a  po- 
litical novel  pure  and  simple.  Mr.  Ford  has  varied  his 
historical  studies  with  considerable  study  and  experi- 
ence of  local  political  methods  and  men.  "  The  Hon- 
orable Peter  Stirling "  is  based  on  actual  occurrences 
in  this  city,  and  the  characters  are  partly  drawn  from 
life.  This  is  notably  the  case  with  the  hero,  who  is 
evidently  the  August  Personage  (to  use  an  eighteenth 
century  expression)  now  most  prominent  in  the  affairs 
of  the  nation,  although  many  incidents  connected  with 
others  are  assigned  to  his  career.  Mr.  Ford's  novel  is 
longer  than  the  ordinary  American  story,  and,  indeed, 
this  length  is  required  for  the  proper  development  of 


the  plot  to  which,  of  course,  the  political  atmosphere  is 
incidental.  ; 

Announcements  of  books  to  appear  in  time  for  the 
Christmas  season  have  practically  all  been  made.  The 
holiday  catalogues  of  the  great  publishing  houses  will 
perhaps  be  more  elaborate  and  decorative  this  year  than 
ever  before, —  those  of  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  and  of 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  particularly  so.  The  latter 
firm,  by  the  way,  will  issue  an  American  edition  of  the 
London  "  Bookman,"  under  the  editorship  of  Professor 
Harry  Thurston  Peck  and  Mr.  James  MacArthur.  Pro- 
fessor Boyesen,  Mr.  Mabie,  and  Professor  Charles  F. 
Richardson  will  be  among  the  American  contributors. 
Mr.  Melvil  Dewey  is  also  to  have  charge  of  a  depart- 
ment devoted  to  library  economy  and  giving  general 
news  of  the  libraries  of  the  world.  The  London  editor 
of  "  The  Bookman,"  Dr.  W.  Robertson  Nicoll,  is  to  edit 
for  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  the  "  Contemporary 
Writers  "  series,  of  which  the  first  volume,  "  Thomas 
Hardy,"  by  Miss  Annie  MacDonnell,  will  shortly  appear. 

"  Three  Score  and  Ten  Years,"  the  recollections  of 
the  veteran  poet  and  engraver,  Mr.  William  James  Lin- 
ton,  appears  this  week  from  the  Scribner  press,  and  is 
interesting  not  only  for  its  contents  but  on  account  of 
the  picturesque  personality  of  its  author,  who  is  still 
frequently  to  be  seen  at  the  Century  Club,  so  warmly 
spoken  of  by  him  in  his  book.  Mr.  Linton,  who  was 
born  in  1812,  had  already  lived  out  an  ordinary  man's 
life  in  England,  before  coming  to  this  country  in  1866; 
but  he  seemed  as  full  of  life  and  energy,  when  I  called 
on  him  at  his  cottage  near  East  Rock,  New  Haven, 
Conn.,  last  winter,  as  most  men  of  half  his  age.  He  has 
a  pleasant  way  of  putting  his  own  books  of  poetry  in 
type  and  printing  them  at  his  house,  where  he  has  a 
press  and  printer's  materials.  Some  of  these  little  vol- 
umes, printed  at  the  "  Appledore  Press,"  as  he  calls  it, 
and  daintily  illustrated  with  his  own  engravings,  are 
much  in  demand  among  collectors.  Another  picturesque 
figure,  much  seen  about  the  city  of  late,  is  that  of  Dean 
Hole,  whose  "  More  Memories  "  will  be  issued  this  com- 
ing week  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co. 

The  poems  of  Richard  Realf,  edited  by  Colonel  Rich- 
ard J.  Hinton,  and  announced  for  publication  this  au- 
tumn in  San  Francisco,  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Funk  &  Wagnalls  of  New  York,  who  have  just  issued 
Colonel  Hinton's  "  John  Brown  and  His  Men."  The 
edition  of  Realf's  poems  will  be  limited  to  five  hundred 
numbered  copies,  of  which  about  half  have  already  been 
subscribed  for.  Colonel  Hinton's  memoir  will  contain 
a  number  of  Realf's  war  letters,  written  from  the  camp- 
and  field,  which  have  recently  come  to  light.  Subscrip- 
tions for  the  volume  may  be  sent  to  Colonel  R.  J.  Hin- 
ton, Box  21,  Bay  Ridge,  N.  Y.  ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


BRYANT  DAY  AT  KNOX  COLLEGE. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.)  j 

The  centenary  of  the  birth  of  Bryant,  Nov.  3,  was 
made  the  occasion  of  a  celebration  in  the  poet's  honor  by 
the  faculty  and  students  of  Knox  College.  The  citizens 
of  Galesburg  joined  heartily  in  the  spirit  of  the  occasion, 
and  thronged  the  historic  old  First  Church  beyond  the 
limits  of  its  capacity.  Upon  the  pulpit  platform  sat 
representatives  of  three  Illinois  colleges.  The  presid- 
ing officer  was  the  venerable  Newton  Bateman,  LL.D., 
for  many  years  superintendent  of  public  instruction  in 


302 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


this  state,  now  president  emeritus  of  Knox  College. 
Prominent  in  the  group,  and  the  figure  of  chief  interest 
during  the  day's  events,  was  the  only  surviving  brother 
of  the  poet,  Mr.  John  H.  Bryant,  of  Princeton,  111., — 
hale  and  hearty  still,  and  bearing  with  notable  vigor  the 
burden  of  his  eighty-seven  years. 

The  centennial  address  was  delivered  by  Mr.  E.  R. 
Brown,  of  Elmwood,  111.,  a  native  of  Cummington,  Mass., 
and  a  life-long  friend  of  William  Cullen  Bryant,  and  of 
the  Bryant  family.  In  the  now  famous  celebration  held 
in  August  last  at  the  poet's  birthplace,  Mr.  Brown  de- 
livered a  similar  address;  and  as  in  the  earlier  commem- 
oration, so  in  the  later  one,  the  speaker  achieved  a  happy 
and  notable  success.  Tenderly  and  sympathetically  he 
told  the  story  of  the  poet's  life ;  with  warm  appreciation, 
and  yet  temperately,  he  offered  his  estimate  of  the  poet's 
labors.  He  gave  much  emphasis  to  the  sincerity  and 
genuineness  of  Bryant's  inner  life,  and  claimed  for  the 
poet  a  more  tender  and  responsive  nature  than  was  ap- 
parent to  the  outside  world. 

Mr.  John  H.  Bryant  recited  his  own  pathetic  "  Mon- 
ody," written  in  memory  of  his  last  visit  with  his  brother 
at  the  old  homestead  in  Cummington. 

"My  heart  to-day  is  far  away ; 
I  seem  to  tread  my  native  hills ; 
I  see  the  flocks  and  mossy  rocks, 
I  hear  the  gusli  of  mountain  rills. 

"  There  with  me  walks  and  kindly  talks 
The  dear,  dear  friend  of  all  my  years ; 
We  laid  him  low  not  long  ago, 
At  Roslyn-side,  with  sobs  and  tears." 

Mr.  Bryant  prefaced  the  recitation  of  his  poem  with  a 
few  words  of  interesting  reminiscence;  and  elsewhere 
in  the  programme  he  recited  by  request  his  brother's 
familiar  lines  beginning,  "  The  melancholy  days  are 
come,  the  saddest  of  the  year."  The  presence  of  the 
poet's  brother  made  the  occasion  memorable  indeed;  and 
the  interest  of  such  an  incident  was  increased  to  a  still 
higher  degree  by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Bryant  was  accom- 
panied by  all  the  members  of  his  immediate  family  and 
by  representatives  of  other  branches  as  well. 

Professor  W.  C.  Wilkinson,  of  Chicago  University, 
and  the  Rev.  John  White  Chadwick,  of  Brooklyn,  con- 
tributed poems,  which  were  read.  A  large  number  of 
interesting  letters  were  received  from  persons  at  a  dis- 
tance, and  the  reading  of  extracts  from  them  closed  the 
ample  programme.  Among  the  letters  received  were 
those  from  Mr.  Parke  Godwin,  Professor  G.  Stanley 
Hall,  Professor  Charles  F.  Richardson,  Mr.  Francis  F. 
Browne,  President  Angell,  Mr.  Horace  E.  Scudder,  Mr. 
Eugene  Field,  and  Mr.  Richard  Watson  Gilder.  Among 
the  musical  numbers  of  the  programme  was  the  singing 
of  "The  Old  Friends  are  the  Truest,"  by  Mr.  E.  L. 
Brown,  son  of  the  orator;  and  the  hymns  by  William 
Cullen  Bryant,  "  As  shadows  cast  by  cloud  and  sun," 
and  "  Oh,  deem  not  they  are  blest  alone."  The  exer- 
cises seemed  not  unworthy  the  occasion,  and  everywhere 
were  heard  expressions  of  satisfaction  that  such  a  tribute 
had  been  paid  to  the  honored  memory  of  America's  good 
first-poet.  \\r_  E.  S. 

Galesburg,  EL,  Nov.  7,  1894. 


MUNICH  was  not  the  only  city  to  have  a  "  Hans  Sachs 
Feier "  on  the  fourth  of  this  month.  The  four  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  poet-cobbler  of  Nuremberg 
was  celebrated  by  appropriate  exercises  both  in  New 
York  and  at  the  Northwestern  University  of  Evanston. 


LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 

Mrs.  G.  J.  Romanes  is  engaged  upon  a  biography  of 
her  late  husband. 

Mr.  Henry  Altemus  announces  a  facsimile  reprint  of 
the  first  edition  of  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress,"  as  issued 
in  1678. 

Professor  Rhys-Davis,  the  great  Orientalist,  and  Mr. 
David  Christie  Murray,  the  novelist,  are  lecturing  in 
this  country  just  now. 

It  is  said  that  while  over  100,000  copies  of  "  Trilby  " 
have  been  sold  in  this  country,  the  English  three  vol- 
ume edition  has  hardly  amounted  to  a  fiftieth  of  the 
number. 

A  single-volume  edition  of  Chaucer,  complete,  is  prom- 
ised by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  It  will  be  supplied 
with  an  introduction  and  glossary  made  especially  for 
it  by  Professor  Skeat. 

The  English  Spenser  Society,  which  recently  dis- 
banded, has,  during  the  twenty-seven  years  of  its  exist- 
ence, published  no  less  than  fifty-three  volumes  of  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  century  literature. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  announce  an  inexpensive 
series  of  "  Economic  Classics,"  to  be  edited  by  Professor 
W.  J.  Ashley.  It  will  include  translations  and  reprints, 
in  whole  or  in  part,  of  old  and  famous  books. 

Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  will  soon  begin  the  pub- 
lication of  "  The  Bookman,"  in  an  Americanized  form. 
The  American  part  of  the  editing  will  be  done  by  Pro- 
fessor Harry  Thurston  Peck  and  Mr.  James  Mac  Arthur. 

"  Four  American  Universities  "  will  be  the  subject  of 
an  illustrated  volume  soon  to  be  issued  by  Messrs.  Har- 
per &  Brothers;  the  universities  being  Harvard,  Yale, 
Princeton,  and  Columbia,  and  the  writers  Professors 
Charles  Eliot  Norton,  A.  T.  Hadley,  W.  M.  Sloane, 
and  Brander  Matthews.  Nearly  simultaneous  will  be 
the  publication,  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.,  of  a  trans- 
lation of  Professor  Paulsen's  account  of  the  German 
universities,  with  an  introduction,  contrasting  the  Ger- 
man and  American  universities,  written  by  Professor 
N.  M.  Butler. 

Persons  who  are  undertaking,  or  planning  to  under- 
take, anything  like  a  systematic  study  of  literature, 
whether  at  home,  in  the  public  library,  or  in  private 
clubs  or  classes,  may  find  practical  advantage  in  a  little 
pamphlet  issued  by  "  The  Round  Robin  Reading  Club  " 
of  Philadelphia,  an  organization  that  is  doing  excellent 
work  in  outlining  and  directing  courses  of  reading  by 
means  of  correspondence  and  printed  schedules.  The 
method  has  been  approved  by  Mr.  Howells,  Mr.  Hale, 
and  Mr.  Scudder,  who  also  commend  this  organization. 
The  pamphlet  referred  to  may  be  had  by  addressing 
Miss  Louise  Stockton,  Director,  4213  Chester  avenue, 
Philadelphia. 

Dean  Hole,  in  an  interview  published  by  "  The  Out- 
look," thus  states  the  main  purpose  of  his  visit  to  Amer- 
ica: "I  would  never  have  taken  this  long  vacation  had 
I  not  been  able  to  make  arrangements  to  lecture  while 
here.  So,  while  my  chief  object  in  coming  is  to  see 
America,  I  have  another  object — that  of  raising  money 
by  my  lectures  to  complete  the  architectural  restora- 
tion of  the  Rochester  Cathedral.  The  Cathedral  has  the 
oldest  Norman  nave  in  England.  It  is  one  of  the  first 
specimens  of  ecclesiastical  architecture  which  one  sees 
after  landing  at  Liverpool.  Some  restorations  have 
been  attempted  and  partially  carried  out,  but  we  need 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


303 


much  more  money.  Many  thousand  pounds  have  been 
expended  in  the  restoration  thus  far,  and  we  need  to 
spend  many  thousand  pounds  more.  We  have  a  very 
ugly  tower,  which  was  added  to  the  Cathedral  about 
sixty  years  ago.  We  hope  to  bring  that  into  some  sort 
of  consonance  with  the  original  lines  of  the  Cathedral 
itself." 

From  a  considerable  number  of  brief  tributes  to 
Holmes,  published  in  "  The  Writer  "  for  November,  we 
select  for  reprinting  the  sonnet  of  Mrs.  Julia  C.  R. 
Dorr: 

"  '  How  shall  I  crown  this  child  ? '  fair  Summer  cried. 
'  May  wasted  all  her  violets  long  ago ; 
No  longer  on  the  hills  June's  roses  glow, 
Flushing  with  tender  bloom  the  pastures  wide. 
My  stately  lilies  one  by  one  have  died : 
The  clematis  is  but  a  ghost  —  and  lo ! 
In  the  fair  meadow-lands  no  daisies  blow  ; 
How  shall  I  crown  this  Summer  child  ?  '  she  sighed. 
Then  quickly  smiled.     '  For  him,  for  him,'  she  said, 
'  On  every  hill  my  golden-rod  shall  flame, 
Token  of  all  my  prescient  soul  foretells. 
His  shall  be  golden  song  and  golden  fame  — 
Long  golden  years  with  love  and  honor  wed  — 
And  crowns,  at  last,  of  silver  immortelles ! '  " 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  106  titles,  includes  books  re- 
ceived by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HISTOEY. 

A  Constitutional  History  of  the  House  of  Lords,  from 
Original  Sources.  By  Luke  Owen  Pike,  M.A.,  author  of 
"  A  History  of  Crime  in  England."  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  405. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $4. 

The  History  of  Greece  from  Its  Commencement  to  the 
Close  of  the  Independence  of  the  Greek  Nation.  By 
Adolph  Holm  ;  trans,  from  the  German.  In  4  vols.  Vol. 
I.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  432.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2.50. 

The  Playground  of  Europe.  By  Leslie  Stephen.  New  edi- 
tion, illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  339.  Longmans,  Green,  & 
Co.  $2. 

The  Revolutionary  and  Napoleonic  Era,  1789-1815. 
By  J.  H.  Rose,  M.A.  12mo,  pp.  388.  Macmillan  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

Early  London  Theatres.  By  T.  Fairman  Ordist,  F.S.A. 
Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  298.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

The  Life  and  Inventions  of  Thomas  Alva  Edison.  By 
W.  K.  L.  Dickson  and  Antonia  Dickson.  With  many 
illustrations,  4to,  gilt  top,  pp.  362.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 
$4.50. 

The  Life  of  Jonathan  Swift.  By  Henry  Craik.  Second 
edition,  in  2  vols.,  with  portraits,  16mo,  uncut.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $3. 

Lucy  Larcom  :  Life,  Letters,  and  Diary.  By  Daniel  Du- 
lany  Addison.  With  portrait,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  295. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Empress  Eugenie.  By  Pierre  de  Lano ;  trans,  from  the 
French  by  Ethelred  Taylor.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  270.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  $1.25. 

John  Brown  and  His  Men,  with  Some  Account  of  the  Roads 
They  Traveled  to  reach  Harper's  Ferry.  By  Richard  J. 
Hinton,  author  of  "English  Radical  Leaders."  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  752.  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co.  $1.50. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
A  Concordance  to  the  Poetical  Works  of  John  Milton. 

By  John  Bradshaw,  M.A.    8vo,  pp.  412.    Macmillan  & 

Co.    $4. 
A  Little  English  Gallery.  By  Louise  Imogen  Guiney.  With 

portrait,  24mo,  pp.  291.    Harper  &  Bros.    $1. 
In  the  Dozy  Hours,  and  Other  Papers.   By  Agnes  Repplier. 

16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  235.    Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.    $1.25. 


Pe'lle'as  and  MeUisande :  A  Drama  in  Five  Acts.  By  Mau- 
rice Maeterlinck ;  trans,  by  Erving  Winslow.  16mo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  135.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  $1. 

The  Humour  of  Ireland.  Selected,  with  Introduction,  Bio- 
graphical Index,  and  Notes,  by  D.  J.  O'Donoghue.  Illus., 
12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  434.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

The  World's  Largest  Libraries:  An  Address.  By  Gen. 
James  Grant  Wilson,  D.C.L.  16mo,  pp.  73.  E.  &  J.  B. 
Young  &  Co.  50  cts. 

The  Age  of  Pope.  By  John  Dennis,  author  of  "  Studies  in 
English  Literature."  16mo,  pp.  258.  Macmillan  & 
Co.  50  cts. 

POETRY. 

Unguarded  Gates,  and  Other  Poems.    By  Thomas  Bailey 

Aldrich.     12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  121.     Houghton,  Mifflin  & 

Co.    $1.25. 
Felise :  A  Book  of  Lyrics.    Chosen  from  the  earlier  poetical 

works  of  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne.    16mo,  uncut,  pp. 

80.    Thomas  B.  Mosher's  "  Bibelot  Series."    $1. 
The  Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam.  Rendered  into  English 

Verse   by   Edward   Fitzgerald.     16mo,   uncut,   pp.   80. 

Thomas  B.  Mosher's  "  Bibelot  Series."    $1. 
Windfall  and  Waterdrift.    By  Auberon  Herbert.    18mot 

uncut,  pp.  204.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    Paper,  75  cts. 
Back  Country  Poems.  By  Sam  Walter  Foss.  Illus.,  12mor 

pp.  258.    Lee  &  Shepard.    $1.50. 
The   Complete   Poetical  Works   of  John    Greenleaf 

Whittier.    Cambridge  edition ;  with  portrait,  8vo,  gUt 

top,  uncut,  pp.  542.     Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.     $2. 
The  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Browning.    Vol.  XVII., 

Asolando ;    Biographical  and  Historical    Notes  to  the 

Poems.   16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  279.  Macmillan  &  Co.   $1.50. 

FICTION. 

The  Bell-Ringer  of  Angel's,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Bret 
Harte.  16mo,  pp.  334.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Love  in  Idleness :  A  Tale  of  Bar  Harbor.  By  F.  Marion 
Crawford,  author  of  "Saracinesca."  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt 
edges,  pp.  218.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2. 

A  Flash  of  Summer.  By  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford,  author  of 
"Aunt  Anne."  12mo,  pp.361.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Centuries  Apart.  By  Edward  T.  Bouve".  Illus.,  12mo,  pp. 
347.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Vagabonds.  By  Margaret  L.  Woods,  author  of  "  A 
Village  Tragedy."  12mo,pp.302.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Philip  and  His  Wife.  By  Margaret  Deland,  author  of  "  John 
Ward.  Preacher."  16mo,  pp.  438.  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

Lilian  Morris,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Henryk  Sienkiewicz, 
author  of  "With  Fire  and  Sword";  trans,  by  Jeremiah 
Curtin.  Illus.,  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  247.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.  $1.25. 

A  House  of  Gentlefolk.  By  Ivan  Turgenev ;  trans,  by  Con- 
stance Garnett.  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  311.  Macmillan  <fe 
Co.  $1.25. 

The  Honorable  Peter  Stirling,  and  What  People  Thought 
of  Him.  By  Paul  Leicester  Ford.  12mo,  pp.  417.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Amygdala :  A  Tale  of  the  Greek  Revolution.  By  Mrs.  Ed- 
monds, author  of  "  Rhegas."  18mo,  uncut,  pp.  243.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $1.50. 

Sibylla.  By  Sir  H.  S.  Cunningham,  K.C.I.E.,  author  of 
"  Wheat  and  Tares."  16mo,  pp.  364.  Macmillan  &  Co. 
$1.25. 

A  Hilltop  Summer.  By  Alyn  Yates  Keith,  author  of  "A 
Spinster's  Leaflets."  12mo,  pp.  110.  Lee  &  Shepard.  $1.25. 

Elder  Conklin,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Frank  Harris.  12mo, 
pp.  277.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Untempered  Wind.  By  Joanna  E.  Wood.  Illus., 
16mo,  pp.  314.  J.  Selwin  Tait  &  Sons.  $1. 

Banker  and  Broker.  By  Nat.  Gould  ("  Verax  "),  author 
of  "The  Double  Event."  16mo,  pp.  288.  Geo.  Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons.  Paper,  50  cts. 

The  Novels  of  Susan  Ferrier.  Edited  by  Reginald  Brim- 
ley  Johnson.  In6vols.,illns.,16mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  Boxed,  $6. 

Austin  Elliot.  By  Henry  Kingsley.  16mo,  uncut,  pp.  331. 
Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 

Tartarin  on  the  Alps.  By  Alphonse  Daudet.  Revised 
translation,  illus.,  18mo,  pp.  235.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 
75  cts. 


304 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  16, 


Young  West:  A  Sequel  to  Bellamy's  "  Looking  Backward." 

By  Solomon  Schindler.     12mo,  pp.  283.    Arena  Pub'g 

Co.    $1.25. 
The  Royal  Road ;  or,  Taking  Him  at  His  Word.   By  Marion 

Harland,  author  of  "  Eve's  Daughters."    12mo,  pp.  377. 

A.  D.  F.  Randolph  &  Co.    $1.50. 

NEW  NUMBERS  IN  THE  PAPER  LIBRARIES. 

Lippincott's  Select  Novels:  Mr.  Jervis,  by  B.  M.  Croker; 

16mo,  pp.  397.    50  cts. 
Rand,  McNally's  Rialto  Series :  The  Birth  of  a  Soul,  by 

Mrs.  A.  Phillips ;  12mo,  pp.  336.    50  cts. 
Bonner's  Choice  Series:  Mystery  of  Hotel  Brichet,  from 

the  French  of  Eugene  Chavette ;  illus.,  12mo,  pp.  358, 50c. 

ILLUSTRATED  GIFT  BOOKS. 

Raphael's  Madonnas  and  Other  Great  Pictures,  Repro- 
duced from  the  Original  Paintings,  with  a  life  of  Raphael 
and  an  account  of  his  chief  works.  By  Karl  Karoly. 
Illus.  with  photogravures  and  wood  engravings.  4to,  gilt 
top,  pp.  139.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $8. 

Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughtsmen,  Their  Work  and 
Their  Methods :  A  Study  of  the  Art  To-day  with  Tech- 
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305 


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Present.    By  CASPAR  W.  WHITNEY.    Copiously  Illustrated.    8vo,  Cloth,  Ornamental,  $3.50. 

HARPER'S  LITTLE  NOVELS. 

MINISTERS  OF  GRACE.     By  EVA  WILDER  McGLAs- 

SON.    Illustrated. 

ST.  JOHN'S  WOOING.    By  M.  G.  MCCLELLAND.  Illus- 
trated. 


THE   ROYAL   MARINE. 

Illustrated. 

A  KENTUCKY  CARDINAL. 

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By  BRANDER  MATTHEWS. 
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AN  AGITATOR:    A  Story.    By  CLEMENTINA  BLACK. 
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1894.] 


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311 


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women  is  Napoleon  known  to  have  had  temporary  relations  as 
a  young  man,  as  Consul,  and  finally  as  Emperor  ?  Had  he  an 
absorbing  passion  for  any  one  woman  ?  and,  if  so,  for  whom  ?  " 
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The  First  Literary  Experiences  of  Walter  Besant, 
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Caine,  George  R.  Sims,  Rudyard  Kipling,  A.  Conan 
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History  of  the  French  Revolution. 

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314  THE     DIAL  [Dec.  1, 


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History";  there  will  be  illustrated  articles  on  West  Point  and  Life  on  a  Man-of-War,  with  papers  on  City 
Fire  Departments,  the  Boys'  Brigade,  etc.  Five  serial  stories  by  well-known  writers  will  be  among  the  con- 
tents, and  more  Brownies  by  Palmer  Cox.  Everything  is  illustrated.  A  subscription  costs  $3.00,  and  the 
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The  Century  Dictionary.  A  gift  that  will  be  most  welcome  to  anyone.  The  great  standard 
encyclopedic  dictionary  of  the  English-speaking  world,  without  a  rival  in  its  special  field.  Used  in  the  courts,  by 
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magnificent  volume  of  1100  pages,  containing  for  the  first  time  in  one  volume  all  the  varieties  of  information 
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Of  Travel.  Across  Asia  on  a  Bicycle.  The  story  of  the  remarkable  trip  of  two  young  Amer- 
ican students.  Richly  illustrated,  cloth,  $1.50.  The  Mountains  of  California,  by  John  Muir,  the  Cali- 
fornia naturalist,  of  whom  Emerson  said,  "He  is  more  wonderful  than  Thoreau."  Illustrated,  cloth,  $1.50. 


DOOth.  Recollections  by  his  daughter,  Edwina  Booth  Grossman,  with  Mr.  Booth's  letters  to  her 
and  to  his  friends,  giving  a  delightful  glimpse  of  the  great  actor.  Illustrated  with  photogravure  reproductions 
of  portraits.  Octavo,  300  pages,  cloth,  $3.00.  Limited  edition,  100  copies,  octavo,  on  Holland  paper,  $12.50; 
Edition  de  Luxe,  50  copies,  quarto,  on  Whatman  paper,  $25.00. 

Other  BOOkS  Of  Biography.  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne.  Delightfully  written  papers  by 
Mrs.  Oliphant  describing  famous  people  of  the  days  of  Queen  Anne,  including  Dean  Swift,  Defoe,  and  Addi- 
son.  Full-page  pictures  printed  in  two  colors.  Magnificently  bound,  $6.00.  The  Autobiography  of  Joseph 
Jefferson  ($4.00),  one  of  the  most  notable  books  of  our  generation,  its  illustrations  making  it  a  portrait  gal- 
lery of  the  American  stage.  The  Autobiography  of  Tommaso  Salvini  ($1.50).  The  Women  of  the 
French  Salons.  A  superb  volume  by  Amelia  Gere  Mason.  Richly  illustrated  and  printed  in  two  colors,  $6.00. 

Poetry.  Five  Books  of  Song,  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder.  A  complete  collection  of  Mr.  Gilder's  poems. 
Illustrated,  240  pages,  cloth,  $1.50.  Poems  Here  at  Home,  by  James  Whitcomb  Riley  (20th  thousand), 
containing  the  best  work  of  one  of  the  most  popular  of  poets.  Cloth,  $1.50;  vellum,  $2.50. 

Art  BOOkS.  English  Cathedrals,  by  Mrs.  Schuyler  Van  Rensselaer.  In  handsome  binding,  $6.00.  The 
same  issued  in  the  form  of  a  handbook  for  tourists,  cloth,  $2.50;  leather,  $3.00.  Old  Italian  Masters. 
Timothy  Cole's  collection  of  sixty-seven  engravings,  with  text  by  W.  J.  Stillman,  $10.00.  A  few  copies  of 
the  magnificent  Portfolio  of  Proofs  left,—  125  issued,  —  $175  each.  The  Century  Gallery.  Sixty-four 
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1894.]  THE    DIAL  315 


CHRISTHAS  SUGGESTIONS.    s 

New  Novels.  When  all  the  Woods  are  Green.  A  romance  of  primeval  Canadian  forests  by  Dr.  S. 
Weir  Mitchell;  full  of  brilliant  conversations  and  strong  character  studies,  interspersed  with  stirring  descrip- 
tions of  adventures  with  rod  and  gun;  with  portrait  of  the  author.  430  pages,  $1.50.  A  Bachelor  Maid, 
a  novel  of  contemporary  New  York  society,  by  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  illustrated  by  Irving  Wiles.  12mo, 
cloth,  $1.25. 

Small  Books  in  Exquisite  Bindings.  P'tit  Matinic'  and  Other  Monotones,  by  George 
Wharton  Edwards.  A  charming  volume  of  stories  of  life  on  the  Nova  Scotia  coast,  illustrated  by  the  artist- 
author.  Full  sheep  binding,  with  rich  design  in  embossed  gold,  $1.25.  Writing  to  Rosina,  a  novelette  by 
William  Henry  Bishop.  With  illustrations.  Bound  in  full  stamped  sheep,  $1.00.  Thumb=Nail  Sketches. 
Quaint  stories  of  adventure  by  George  Wharton  Edwards.  Richly  illustrated.  In  stamped  sheep  binding,  $1.00. 
The  Love  of  the  World.  A  remarkable  little  book  of  religious  essays  by  Mary  Emily  Case.  In  beautiful 
binding,  $1.00. 

For  Lovers  Of  History.  The  Complete  Works  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  A  collection  of  the 
miscellaneous  writings,  letters,  and  state  papers  of  the  great  war  president;  edited  by  Messrs.  Nicolay  and 
Hay;  in  two  volumes,  octavo,  700  pages  each,  from  $10.00  to  $15.00,  according  to  binding.  Abraham 
Lincoln :  A  History,  by  Messrs.  Nicolay  and  Hay,  private  secretaries  to  the  president — more  than  a  life  of 
Lincoln  :  a  history  of  his  times  and  of  the  Civil  War.  Sold  only  by  subscription.  Battles  and  Leaders  of 
the  Civil  War.  The  famous  Century  War  Book,  written  by  Grant  and  scores  of  great  generals  on  both  sides; 
containing  1700  illustrations.  Sold  only  by  subscription. 


FOR  'BOYS  AND  GIRLS. 


Kipling's  Jungle  Book.  One  of  the  great  successes  of  the  season.  "Rudyard  Kip- 
ling's best  bid  for  immortality,"  says  the  "  Sunday-School  Times."  "  Nothing  about  animals  has  been  written 
to  compare  with  it  since  -ZEsop's  Fables,"  writes  Mr.  Charles  Dudley  Warner.  In  beautiful  binding,  with 
numerous  illustrations,  $1.50. 

The  Century  Book  for  Young  Americans.    The  story  of  the  Government,  by  Eibridge 

S.  Brooks,  describing  in  attractive  story-form  the  visit  of  a  party  of  bright  young  people  to  Washington,  who, 
beginning  with  the  Constitution,  investigate  thoroughly  the  government  of  the  United  States;  combining  a 
capital  story-book  with  the  helpfulness  of  a  history.  Illustrated  with  over  200  engravings.  Issued  under  the 
auspices  of  the  National  Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution,  with  Introduction  by  General  Horace 
Porter.  250  pages,  rich  and  substantial  binding,  $1.50. 

BOOkS  by  Mary  MapeS  Dodge.  The  Land  of  Pluck.  Stories  and  sketches  for  young  folk 
about  Holland,  with  some  on  other  subjects.  Richly  illustrated  by  Edwards,  Kemble,  and  other  artists,  $1.50. 
When  Life  Is  Young.  A  collection  of  verses  for  boys  and  girls,  including  a  great  number  of  the  most 
popular  poems  and  rhymes  by  Mrs.  Dodge  that  have  appeared  in  ST.  NICHOLAS.  Illustrated,  $1.25.  Donald 
and  Dorothy.  A  new  edition  of  this  famous  story  that  has  delighted  thousands  of  boys  and  girls.  Illus- 
trated, $1.50. 

Other  BOOkS  for  BoyS  and  Girls.  Imaginotions.  « Truthless  Tales,"  by  Tudor  Jenks,  one 
of  the  most  popular  story- writers  of  ST.  NICHOLAS.  Richly  illustrated,  $1.50.  Topsys  and  Turvys 
Number  2,  by  Peter  Newell.  A  most  surprising  picture-book  for  young  folks,  containing  twice  as  much 
material  as  was  in  the  original  Topsy  Turvy  Book  ($1.00).  The  Man  Who  Married  the  Moon,  by 
Charles  F.  Lummis.  Folk-stories  of  the  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico.  Instructive  and  entertaining.  Illus- 
trated, $1.50.  Some  Strange  Corners  of  Our  Country,  by  the  same  author.  A  book  that  every  boy 
and  girl  in  America  should  read  ($1.50).  A  New  Brownie  Book.  "The  Brownies  Around  the  World," 
by  Palmer  Cox,  with  new  poems  and  pictures.  More  than  a  hundred  thousand  of  these  famous  Brownie  books 
have  been  sold  ($1.50).  Artful  Anticks.  Humorous  verse  for  young  folks,  by  Oliver  Herford,  cleverly 
illustrated  by  the  author  ($1.00).  Toinette's  Philip,  by  Mrs.  C.  V.  Jamison,  the  author  of  "  Lady  Jane." 
Printed  first  as  a  serial  in  ST.  NICHOLAS.  Illustrated  by  Birch,  $1.50.  Lady  Jane, — "a  children's  classic." 
Illustrated  by  Birch,  $1.50.  Bound  Volumes  of  St.  Nicholas.  The  twelve  numbers  of  the  past  year, 
containing  more  than  a  thousand  pages  and  as  many  pictures,  in  two  handsomely  bound  volumes  ($4.00). 
Walter  Camp's  Book  of  College  Sports.  An  expert's  ideas  on  foot-ball,  base-ball,  etc.  Illustrated,  $1.75. 

***  Send  to  The  Century  Co.,  Union  Square,  New  York,  for  complete  Catalogue. 
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sent  post-paid  by  tbe  publishers  on  receipt  of  price. 


316  THE     DIAL  [Dec.  1, 

Houghton,  fiifflin  &  Company's 

AND  HOLIDAY  'BOOKS.  ,*•  ,,i/ 


THE   LAST   LEAF.      By  OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES.     New  Holiday  Edition.     Illustrated  from  designs  by 
F.  HOPKINSON  SMITH  and  GEORGE  WHARTON  EDWARDS.    Crown  8vo,  tastefully  bound,  $1.50. 
This  pretty  book  derives  a  pathetic  interest  from  Dr.  Holraes's  death,  and  from  the  touching  prefatory  note  he  wrote  for 

this  edition,  here  reproduced  in  fac-simile  of  his  handwriting. 

THE  OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES  YEAR-BOOK.  Containing  passages  from  the  prose  and  poetry 
of  Dr.  HOLMES  for  each  day  of  the  year.  A  very  bright  and  delightful  book.  With  a  fine  new  portrait.  Attractively 
bound,  $1.00. 

THEIR  WEDDING  JOURNEY.  By  W.  D.  HOWELLS.  Holiday  Edition.  With  over  80  Illustrations, 
many  of  them  full-page,  by  CLIFFORD  CARLETON.  Artistically  bound.  Crown  8vo,  $3.00. 

THE  RUBAIYAT  OF  OMAR  KHAYYAM.  In  the  remarkable  Translation  of  EDWARD  FITZGERALD. 
With  a  Biography  of  Omar  Khayyam,  and  a  Biographical  Sketch  of  Mr.  Fitzgerald.  Illustrated  with  5G  superb  designs 
by  ELIHU  VEDDER.  Popular  Edition.  Beautifully  bound.  Crown  8vo,  $5.00. 

TIMOTHY'S  QUEST.  A  fine  Holiday  edition  of  one  of  Mrs.  WIGGIN'S  most  popular  stories.  Very  fully 
and  artistically  illustrated  by  OLIVER  HERFORD,  and  attractively  bound.  Crown  8vo,  $1.50. 

THE  STORY   OF   A    BAD    BOY.     By  THOMAS  BAILEY  ALDRICH.     Holiday  Edition.     With  numerous 
admirable  illustrations  by  A.  B.  FROST.    Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 
A  remarkably  engaging  story,  clear  print,  capital  illustrations,  and  unique  binding  after  a  design  by  Mrs.  Whitman. 

LITTLE  MR.  THIMBLEFINQER  AND  HIS  QUEER  COUNTRY.     A  delightful  book  for  children 

from  eight  to  eighty.    By  JOEL  CHANDLER  HARRIS,  author  of  the  "  Uncle  Remus  "  books.  With  32  artistic  and  exceed- 
ingly entertaining  Illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 

IN  SUNSHINE  LAND.  Poems  for  Young  Folks.  By  EDITH  M.  THOMAS.  Illustrated  by  KATHARINE 
PYLE.  Crown  8vo,  handsomely  bound,  $1.50. 

WHEN  HOLLY  WAS  SIX.  A  delightful  story  for  children.  By  ELIZA  ORNE  WHITE,  author  of  »  Win- 
terborough."  With  a  colored  cover  design  and  other  pictures  by  Miss  PYLE.  $1.00. 

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England."  Each  has  an  etched  title-page  and  a  portrait  frontispiece.  Tastefully  bound  in  Holiday  style,  $1.25  each; 
the  set,  in  a  box,  $5.00. 

UNGUARDED  GATES,  and  Other  Poems.  By  T.  B.  ALDRICH.  Crown  8vo,  gilt  top,  $1.25.  A 
beautiful  book  containing  the  poems  written  by  Mr.  Aldrich  in  the  last  six  years. 

WHITTIER'S  COMPLETE  POETICAL  WORKS.  New  Cambridge  Edition.  With  a  Biographical 
Sketch,  Notes,  Index  to  Titles  and  First  Lines,  a  Portrait,  and  an  Engraving  of  Whittier's  Amesbury  home.  Uniform 
with  the  Cambridge  Longfellow.  Crown  8vo,  gilt  top,  $2.00  ;  half  calf,  gilt  top,  $3.50  ;  tree  calf  or  full  levant,  $5.50. 

WHITTIER'S  POETICAL  WORKS.  New  Handy-volume  Edition.  Four  beautiful  volumes,  large  type, 
opaque  paper,  tasteful  binding.  With  four  Portraits  and  a  View  of  Whittier's  Oak  Knoll  home.  Uniform  with  the  Handy- 
volume  Longfellow.  4  vols.,  16rao,  $5.00  ;  half  calf,  extra,  gilt  top,  $9.75  ;  full  morocco,  flexible,  in  fine  leather  box,  $9.75  ; 
full  calf,  flexible,  $12.75. 

LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER.  A  work  of  great  interest,  by  SAM- 
UEL  T.  PICKARD.  With  7  etched  Portraits  and  Views.  2  vols.,  crown  8vo,  gilt  top,  $4.00. 

THE  LIFE  OF  FRANCES  POWER  COBBE.  Written  by  Herself.  With  a  Portrait.  2  vols.,  8vo,  gilt 
top,  $4.00.  Miss  Cobbe  is  one  of  the  most  famous  of  living  Englishwomen,  and  the  story  of  her  life  is  of  very  great  interest. 

GEORGE  WILLIAM  CURTIS.  An  excellent  book  on  this  knightly  man  and  great  citizen,  by  EDWARD 
GARY.  In  American  Men  of  Letters  Series.  With  a  Portrait.  16mo,  $1.25. 

FAMILIAR  LETTERS  OF  HENRY  DAVID  THOREAU.  Edited,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes, 
by  FRANK  B.  SANBORN.  Uniform  with  Riverside  Edition  of  Thoreau's  Works.  With  a  full  Index.  Crown  8vo,  gilt 
top,  $1.50. 

LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  MARIA  EDGEWORTH.  Edited  by  AUGUSTUS  J.  C.  HARE,  author  of 
"  Memorials  of  a  Quiet  Life,"  etc.  With  a  Portrait  and  a  View  of  her  Home.  2  vols.,  crown  8vo,  $4.00. 

PUSHING    TO   THE    FRONT;    or,  Success   Under   Difficulties.     By  O.  S.  HARDEN.    With  24 

excellent  Portraits  of  famous  persons.     Crown  8vo,  $1.50. 

A  very  stimulating  book,  full  of  anecdotes  illustrating  the  victories  won  over  obstacles  by  energy,  pluck,  and  persistency. 
A.  notable  gift-book. 

OCCULT  JAPAN  :  The  Way  of  the  Gods.  A  book  of  great  interest  on  the  Shinto  faith  of  Japan, 
from  careful  study  and  personal  observation,  by  PERCIVAL  LOWELL,  author  of  "  Noto,"  "  The  Soul  of  the  Far  East,"  and 
"  Choson  "  (Corea).  Crown  8vo,  $1.75.  _ 

*#*Sold  by  all  Booksellers.    Sent,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  by 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  COMPANY,  BOSTON,  MASS. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


317 


Houghton,  nifflin  &  Company. 


FICTION. 
Philip  and  His  Wife. 

A  powerful  novel,  written  with  great  art  and  charm,  and  in- 
spired by  a  lofty  purpose.  By  Mrs.  DELAND,  author  of '  'John 
Ward,  Preacher,"  '* Sidney,"  "The  Old  Garden,"  "Little 


Tommy  Dove,"  "  The  Story  of  a  Child." 
16mo,  $1.25. 


Third  Edition. 


Sweet  Clover:  A  Romance  of  the  White  City. 

A  charming  love-story  inwoven  with  phases  of  the  Great  Fair. 
By  CLARA  LOUISE  BURNHAM,  author  of  "  Next  Door," 
"Dr.  Latimer,"  "Miss  Bagg's  Secretary,"  etc.  16mo, 
$1.25. 

The  Story  of  Lawrence  Qarthe. 

A  very  bright  and  engaging  novel  of  New  York  life,  though 
not  a  society  novel.  By  ELLEN  OLNEY  KIRK,  author  of 
"The  Story  of  Margaret  Kent,"  "Ciphers,"  etc.  16mo, 
$1.25. 

Coeur  d'Alene. 

A  dramatic  account  of  riots  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mines  in 
1892,  with  an  engaging  love-story.  By  MARY  HALLOCK 
FOOTS,  author  of  "John  Bodewin's  Testimony,"  "The 
Led-Horse  Claim,"  "  In  Exile,"  etc.  16mo,  $1.25. 

The  Chase  of  St.  Castin,  and  Other  Tales. 

A  volume  of  very  dramatic  Short  Stories,  mostly  based  on 
historical  incidents.  By  Mrs.  CATHERWOOD,  author  of 
"  The  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John,"  "  Old  Kaskaskia,"  etc. 
16mo,  $1.25. 

The  Great  Refusal: 

Letters  from  a  Dreamer  in  Gotham.  A  romance  in  which  the 
sentiment  is  cherished  mostly  by  the  ' '  dreamer, ' '  who  writes 
in  admirable  style  of  many  interesting  things  besides  love. 
By  PAUL  E.  MORE.  16mo,  $1.00. 

Danvis  Folks. 

A  very  readable  story  of  Vermont  life  and  customs,  including 
stories  of  hunting,  fishing,  and  "bees,"  with  no  little  hu- 
mor. By  ROWLAND  E.  ROBINSON,  author  of  "  Vermont " 
in  the  "American  Commonwealths  Series."  16mo,  $1.25. 

The  Bell-Ringer  of  Angel's,  and  Other  Stories. 

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Three  Boys  in  an  Electrical  Boat. 

A  thoroughly  interesting  and  exciting  story  of  the  adventures 
of  three  boys,  who  learned  a  great  deal,  practically,  of  the 
wonders  of  electricity.  By  JOHN  TROWBRIDGE,  Professor 
in  Harvard  University,  and  author  of  "  The  Electrical 
Boy."  16mo,  $1.00. 

Claudia  Hyde. 

By  FRANCES  COURTENAY  BAYLOR,  author  of  "  Juan  and 

Juanita."     16mo,  $1.25. 

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last."—  The  Congregalionalist. 


A  Century  of  Charades. 

By  WILLIAM  BELLAMY.  A  hundred  original  charades,  very 
ingenious  in  conception,  worked  out  with  remarkable  skill, 
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Fagots  for  Fireside. 

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ESSAYS  AND  TRAVEL. 

Childhood  in  Literature  and  Art. 

A  book  of  high  critical  character  and  interest.  By  HORACE 
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8vo,  $1.25. 

Talk  at  a  Country  House. 

Interesting  imaginary  conversations,  at  an  English  country 
house.  By  Sir  EDWARD  STRACHEY.  With  a  portrait  and 
engraved  title-page.  16mo,  gilt  top,  $1.25. 

In  the  Dozy  Hours,  and  Other  Papers. 

A  book  of  nearly  twenty  bright  essays  on  a  large  variety  of 
subjects,  written  with  delightful  humor  and  charm.  By 
AGNES  REPPLIER,  author  of  "  Books  and  Men,"  "  Points 
of  View,"  "Essays  in  Idleness,"  etc.  Each  of  the  four 
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Studies  in  Folk-Song  and  Popular  Poetry. 

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Ivanda;  or,  The  Pilgrim's  Quest. 

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illustrations.  Square  8vo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

The  Magic  Half -Crown. 

By  M.  A.  WRIGLEY.  A  story  for  the  young.  With 
illustrations.  12mo,  cloth,  novel  binding.  75  cents. 

FOR  THE  SUNDAY-SCHOOL  LIBRARY  AND  HOME 
READING. 

t/lngels  Unawares. 

A  Christmas  story  for  young  children.  By  CHARLES 
H.  BARSTOW.  Illustrated.  12mo,  cloth,  50  cents. 


The  above  publications  are  for  sale  by  all  Booksellers,  or  will  be  sent,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  by  the  Publishers, 

FREDERICK  WARNE  &  CO.,  No.  3  COOPER  UNION,  NEW  YORK. 


1894.] 


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321 


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a  historical  work  of  unsurpassed  importance,  which  will  throw  a  flood  of  new  light  upon  the  chequered  career  of 
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Germany,  under  Wilhelm  I.  and  his  Iron  Chancellor.  It  is  as  fascinating  as  a  romance,  being  richly  anecdotal 
and  full  of  information  drawn  from  sources  hitherto  inaccessible,  presented  in  the  graphic  and  vivacious  style 
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The  North  American  Review,  3  East  14th  Street,  New  York. 


322 


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[Dec.  1,  1894. 


VALUABLE  GIFT  BOOKS. 


The  Three  Musketeers. 

By  ALEXANDRE  DUMAS.  An  Edition  de  luxe  (limited  to  750 
copies),  with  250  Illustrations  by  MAURICE  LELOIR.  In 
two  volumes,  royal  8vo.  Buckram,  with  specially  designed 
cover,  in  box,  $12.00. 

Climbing  in  the  Himalayas. 

By  WILLIAM  MARTIN  CONWAY,  M.A.,  F.R.G.S.,  Vice-Presi- 
dent  of  the  Alpine  Club ;  formerly  Professor  of  Art  in  Uni- 
versity College,  Liverpool.  With  300  Illustrations  by  A. 
D.  McCoRMiCK,  and  a  Map.  8vo,  cloth,  $10.00. 

The  United  States  of  America. 

A  Study  of  the  American  Commonwealth,  its  Natural  Re- 
sources, People,  Industries,  Manufactures,  Commerce,  and 
its  Work  in  Literature,  Science,  Education,  and  Self-Gov- 
ernment.  Edited  by  NATHANIEL  S.  SHALER,  S.D.,  Pro- 
fessor of  Geology  in  Harvard  University.  In  two  volumes, 
royal  8vo.  With  Maps,  and  150  full-page  Illustrations. 
Cloth,  $10.00.  (Sold  only  by  subscription.) 

A  History  of  the  United  States  Navy, 

From  1775  to  1894.  By  EDGAR  STANTON  MACLAY,  A.M. 
With  Technical  Revision  by  Lieut.  ROY  C.  SMITH,  U.S.N. 
In  two  volumes.  With  numerous  Maps,  Diagrams,  and 
Illustrations.  8vo,  cloth,  $7.00. 

In  the  Track  of  the  Sun. 

READINGS  FROM  THE  DIARY  OF  A  GLOBE  TROTTER.  By 
FREDERICK  DIODATI  THOMPSON.  Profusely  illustrated 
with  Engravings  from  Photographs  and  from  Drawings  by 
HARRY  FENN.  Large  8vo,  cloth,  gilt  top,  $6.00. 

flemoirs  Illustrating  the  History  of 
Napoleon  I., 

From  1802  to  1815.  By  Baron  CLAUDE  FRANCOIS  DE  MEN- 
EVAL,  Private  Secretary  to  Napoleon.  Edited  by  his 
Grandson,  Baron  NAPOLEON  JOSEPH  DE  MENEVAL.  With 
Portraits  and  Autograph  Letters.  In  three 'volumes.  8vo, 
cloth,  $6.00. 

Popular  Astronomy: 

A  GENERAL  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  HEAVENS.  By  CAMILLE 
FLAMMARION.  Translated  from  the  French  by  J.  ELLARD 
GORE,  F.R.A.S.  With  3  Plates  and  288  Illustrations.  8vo, 
cloth,  $4.50. 


Schools  and  Masters  of  Sculpture. 

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Painting."  With  35  full-page  Illustrations.  12mo,  cloth, 

$3.00. 

The  Farmer's  Boy. 

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New  England,"  etc.  With  64  Illustrations  by  the  author. 
8vo,  cloth,  $2.50. 

Great  Commanders  Series. 

Brief  biographies,  of  the  highest  order  of  excellence,  of  dis- 
tinguished American  military  and  naval  men,  from  Wash- 
ington to  Sheridan.     Edited  by  General  JAMES  GRANT 
WILSON.    Each,  12mo,  cloth,  gilt  top,  $1.50. 
The  volumes  of  this  series  thus  far  issued,  all  of  which 
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ADMIRAL  FARRAGUT.    By  Captain  A.  T.  MAHAN,  U.  S.  N. 

GENERAL  TAYLOR.    By  General  0.  O.  HOWARD,  U.  S.  A. 

GENERAL  JACKSON.    By  JAMES  PAR-TON. 

GENERAL  GREENE.    By  Captain  FRANCIS  V.  GREENE,  U.  S.  A. 

GENERAL  J.  E.  JOHNSTON.    Ry  ROBERT  M.  HUGHES. 

GENERAL  THOMAS.    By  HENRY  COPPEE,  LL.D. 

GENERAL  SCOTT.    By  General  MARCUS  J.  WRIGHT. 

GENERAL  WASHINGTON.    By  General  BRADLEY  T.  JOHNSON. 

GENERAL  LEE.    By  General  FITZHUOH  LEE. 

GENERAL  HANCOCK.    By  General  FRANCIS  A.  WALKER. 

Paul  and  Virginia. 

By  BERNARDIN  DE  SAINT-PIERRE.  With  a  Biographical 
Sketch  and  numerous  Illustrations  by  MAURICE  LELOIR. 
12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

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Woman's  Share  in  Primitive  Culture. 

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numerous  Illustrations.  12mo,  cloth,  $1.75. 

Treatise  on  American  Football. 

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Chris,  the  Model-Maker. 

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Madeleine's  Rescue. 

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of  "The  Story  of  Colette,"  "Straight  On,"  etc.  With 
many  Illustrations.  8vo,  cloth,  $1.00. 


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No.  203.     DECEMBER  1,  1894.    Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 


THE  CRERA.R  LIBRARY 


PAGE 

.  323 


COMMUNICATIONS 326 

Mr.  Burroughs  on  "  Mere  Literature."     William  M. 

Salter. 

The  Social  Distribution  of  Cruelty.    A.  W.  G. 
What  Do  We  Mean  by  Literature  ?     W.  E.  Henry. 

THE    LIFE    AND    LETTERS    OF   WHITTIER. 

E.  G.  J.  . 


327 


THE  ANTIQUITY  OF  EVOLUTION.    David  Stan- 
Jordan      330 

THE  PROBLEM  OF  THE  UNEMPLOYED.    E.  W. 

Bemis 331 

A  CENTURY  OF  STORIES.  William  Morton  Payne  332 
Doyle's  Round  the  Red  Lamp. — Harris's  Elder  Conk- 
lin.  —  Harte's  The  Bell-Ringer  of  Angel's.  —  Page's 
The  Burial  of  the  Guns.  —  Miss  Fuller's  Peak  and 
Prairie. —  Mrs.  Atherton's  Before  the  Gringo  Came. 
— Frederic's  Marsena. — Mrs.  Catherwood's  The  Chase 
of  Saint-Castin. — Mrs.  Spofford's  A  Scarlet  Poppy. — 
Bangs's  The  Water  Ghost.  —  Sienkiewicz's  Lillian 
Morris. — Bike"las's  Tales  from  the  ^Egean. 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS.    I 

Putnam's  edition  of  Walpole'a  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  George  III. — Thiers's  History  of  the  Consulate  and 
Empire,  Lippincott's  edition.  —  Thiers's  History  of 
the  French  Revolution,  Lippincott's  edition.  —  Pen- 
nell's  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughtsmen. — Mrs.  Oli- 
phant's  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne.  — Holmes's  The 
Last  Leaf,  Houghton's  holiday  edition.  —  Dumas's 
The  Count  of  Monte  Cristo,  Crowell's  edition.  —  Irv- 
ing's  Sketch  Book,  "  Van  Tassell "  edition. —  Kings- 
ley's  Hypatia,  Harper's  edition.  —  Dickens's  A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.'s  edition.  —Three 
Heroines  of  New  England  Romance. — Layard's  Ten- 
nyson and  his  Pre-Raphaelite  Illustrators.  —  Miss 
Austen's  Pride  and  Prejudice,  illustrated  by  Hugh 
Thomson.  — Miss  Radcliffe's  Schools  and  Masters  of 
Sculpture. — Button's  Portraits  in  Plaster. — Garnett's 
An  Imaged  World. — Howells's  Their  Wedding  Jour- 
ney, holiday  edition. — Dobson's  Eighteenth  Century 
Vignettes. — BoswelPs  Life  of  Johnson,  Crowell's  edi- 
tion.—  Scott's  Poetical  Works,  Crowell's  edition. — 
Saint-Pierre's  Paul  and  Virginia,  Appletons'  edition. 
— Irving's  Sketch-book,  Lippincott's  edition. — Bish- 
op's Writing  to  Rosina.— Edwards's  P'tit  Matinic. 


335 


CONTENTS—  Continued. 


BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG.    1 339 

Lang's  Yellow  Fairy  Book.  —  Tales  from  Hans  An- 
dersen, illustrated  by  Lemann. —  Cox's  The  Brown- 
ies Around  the  World. —  Maurice,  or  the  Red  Jar. — 
Jenks's  Imaginotions. — Steele's  Story  of  Alexander. — 
Frost's  Wagner  Story  Book.  —  Lummis's  The  Man 
Who  Married  the  Moon. — Harper's  Bible  Stories  for 
the  Young.  —  Brooks's  Century  Book  for  Young 
Americans.  —  Mrs.  Dodge's  The  Land  of  Pluck.  — 
Forbes's  Czar  and  Sultan. — Knox's  Boy  Travellers 
in  the  Levant.  —  Stables's  To  Greenland  and  the 
Pole. —  Stables's  As  We  Sweep  through  the  Deep. — 
Kirk  Monroe's  The  Fur  Seal's  Tooth.  —  Oxley's  In 
the  Wilds  of  the  West  Coast.  —  Trowbridge's  Three 
Boys  in  an  Electrical  Boat. — Henty 's  Wulf  the  Saxon. 
—  Henty's  When  London  Burned.  —  Henty's  In  the 
Heart  of  the  Rockies.  —  Butterworth's  The  Patriot 
Schoolmaster. — Tomlinson's  The  Search  for  Andrew 
Field.  —  Oliver  Optic's  Brother  against  Brother.  — 
Oliver  Optic's  Asiatic  Breezes. — Leighton's  Olaf  the 
Glorious. — Gunn's  The  Sons  of  the  Vikings. —  Boye- 
sen's  Norseland  Tales. — Mrs.  Seawell's  Decatur  and 
Somers.— Miss  Yonge's  The  Cook  and  the  Captive. — 
Mrs.  Bolton's  Famous  Leaders  among  Men. — John- 
son's The  Farmer's  Boy. — Miss  Plympton's  Rags 
and  Velvet  Gowns. 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS.    T.  A.  Clark    .  342 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 343 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY   ....  343 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 345 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  345 


THE  CRERAR  LIBRARY. 

It  is  now  just  five  years  since  the  will  of  the 
late  John  Crerar  passed  through  the  Probate 
Court.  By  that  will,  as  is  widely  known,  the 
wealthy  testator  left  the  bulk  of  his  fortune  to 
be  applied  to  the  endowment  of  a  public  library 
to  be  established  in  the  South  Division  of  the 
City  of  Chicago.  Vexatious  litigation  has 
caused  the  accomplishment  of  his  purpose  to 
be  postponed  ;  but  the  disputed  questions  have 
now  been  definitely  settled  by  the  courts,  and 
executors  and  trustees  are  preparing  to  carry 
out  the  wishes  of  the  testator.  On  the  whole, 
the  public  has  fared  better  than  it  did  with  the 
Newberry  Library,  which  had  to  wait  twice  as 
long,  and  with  far  less  excuse  for  delay,  to  get 
started.  The  postponement,  in  the  present  case, 
was  unavoidable,  and  it  has  had  the  beneficent 
effect  of  permitting  opinion  to  ripen,  and  of 
leaving  to  the  Newberry  Library  a  fair  start, 
thus  avoiding  the  confusion  of  aim  that  would 
inevitably  have  followed  an  attempt  to  begin  the 


324 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


collection  of  two  great  libraries  at  the  same  time. 

The  funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  Crerar  trus- 
tees now  amount,  in  round  numbers,  to  two  and 
a  half  millions  of  dollars.  The  trustees  met 
on  the  twenty-third  of  November,  listened  to  a 
number  of  reports  and  suggestions,  and  organ- 
ized for  work.  The  only  question  practically 
settled  up  to  this  point  is  that  of  the  general 
character  of  the  library.  The  executors  re- 
ported in  favor  of  a  library  for  reference  rather 
than  for  circulation,  and  the  trustees  seem  sub- 
stantially agreed  upon  this  subject.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  the  decision  is  a  wise  one.  The 
City  Library,  supported  by  general  taxation, 
amply  provides  for  the  circulation  of  popular 
literature.  Its  efficient  management  makes  it 
a  real  factor  in  the  educational  work  of  the 
community,  and  its  thirty-one  delivery  stations 
give  to  all  sections  and  classes  of  the  popula- 
tion the  easy  use  of  its  collections.  An  attempt 
to  duplicate  this  work,  already  so  well  done, 
would  be  a  waste  of  energy ;  and  we  are  glad 
to  note  that  no  such  attempt  is  contemplated 
by  the  trustees  of  the  Crerar  foundation. 

The  questions  immediately  confronting  the 
trustees  relate  to  the  choice  of  a  librarian,  the 
selection  of  a  site,  and  the  determination  of  the 
special  lines  upon  which  books  shall  be  col- 
lected. It  seems  to  be  the  general  sentiment 
of  the  trustees  that  the  last  of  these  questions 
is  the  first  to  deserve  settlement,  since  the 
answer  given  to  it  may  influence  the  settlement 
of  the  other  two.  We  are  by  no  means  sure 
that  this  opinion  is  well-founded.  Why  the 
site  of  the  library  should  help  to  determine  the 
character  of  the  librarian  is  not  obvious.  The 
special  trend  of  the  collections  to  be  made 
should  doubtless  be  taken  into  account  when 
a  librarian  is  chosen,  but  does  not  constitute  so 
large  an  element  in  the  problem  as  may  at  first 
be  thought.  Suppose  that  the  decision  be  made 
to  collect  mainly  in  one  bibliographical  field, 
it  is  still  far  more  important  that  the  librarian 
be  a  man  of  broad  general  culture  than  a  spe- 
cialist in  that  field.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  a  good  deal  to  be  said  for  the  view  that 
the  professional  advice  of  the  librarian  is  need- 
ful from  the  very  start,  even  in  such  prelimin- 
ary matters  as  the  selection  of  a  site  and  the 
determination  of  the  library's  scope.  In  fact, 
"  First  appoint  your  librarian  "  seems  to  us  a 
maxim  almost  as  cogent  as  the  more  familiar 
"  First  catch  your  hare." 

In  making  this  statement  we  assume  as  a 
matter  of  course  that  the  trustees  are  prepared 
to  defer  to  the  expert  knowledge  of  a  profes- 


sional librarian  in  all  matters  relating  to  the 
special  work  of  the  library.  If  they  are  not 
prepared  to  do  this,  if  they  intend  themselves 
to  assume  the  direction  of  the  institution  in 
any  other  than  its  external  and  financial  as- 
pects, it  matters  little  when  they  choose  their 
librarian,  or  whom  they  designate  for  the  post. 
An  instructive  illustration  of  misconceived  du- 
ties, and  of  what  happens  when  a  board  of  trus- 
tees fails  to  confine  its  action  within  its  own 
proper  field,  is  afforded  by  the  history  of  the 
Newberry  Library.  Perhaps  the  two  greatest 
mistakes  that  it  is  possible  for  a  board  of  library 
trustees  to  make  are  those  which  have  been 
made  by  the  Newberry  directors.  In  the  first 
place,  they  listened  to  the  enticing  voice  of  the 
architect,  and  disregarded  the  sober  wisdom  of 
the  librarian,  when  the  question  of  a  suitable 
building  was  considered.  In  consequence  of 
this  action,  an  imposing  structure,  at  an  enor- 
mous cost,  was  planned  and  erected,  while  the 
endowment  of  the  library  suffered  proportion- 
ally. Yet  the  problem  of  a  library  building  is 
very  distinctly  one  of  librarianship  rather  than 
of  architecture.  And  the  income  of  the  New- 
berry  Library  will  suffer  for  all  time  to  come 
from  this  reckless  impairment  of  the  endow- 
ment. The  other  mistake  was  that  of  so  limit- 
ing the  powers  of  the  librarian  as  to  make  him 
little  more  than  an  agent  of  his  employers,  the 
latter  arrogating  to  themselves  the  right  to  con- 
trol the  library  management  in  its  smallest  de- 
tails. Fortunate  enough  to  secure  the  services 
of  the  most  distinguished  American  represent- 
ative of  the  profession,  the  trustees  refused  him 
the  powers  which  are  the  very  sine  qua  non  of 
efficiency — the  power  of  absolute  control  over 
his  subordinates,  and  the  largest  of  discretion- 
ary powers  in  the  selection  and  purchase  of 
books.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  Crerar  trus- 
tees will  be  warned  by  the  example  set  them, 
and  will  at  least  avoid  the  mistakes  that  have 
so  sadly  crippled  the  resources  and  the  service- 
able efficiency  of  this  sister  institution. 

Within  the  past  few  years  we  have  had  fre- 
quent occasion  to  contrast  the  management  of 
the  two  great  culture  endowments  of  Chicago, 
and  never  without  a  feeling  of  wonder  that  the 
same  general  machinery  should  have  produced, 
in  the  two  cases,  results  so  different.  Both 
the  Newberry  Library  and  the  University  of 
Chicago  are  controlled  by  bodies  of  men  be- 
longing to  the  same  general  class  of  society, 
and  having  the  same  general  characteristics. 
They  are  gentlemen  of  a  certain  achievement, 
high  social  standing,  and  marked  business  abil- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


325 


ity.  On  the  other  hand,  they  are  not,  as  a  rule, 
possessed  of  expert  knowledge  in  educational  or 
library  matters,  respectively.  Each  body  of  trus- 
tees was  able  to  secure  for  the  executive  head  of 
the  institution  under  its  control  a  man  of  excep- 
tional ability  and  experience.  At  this  point  the 
cases  cease  to  run  parallel.  The  University  trus- 
tees were  wise  enough,  having  chosen  a  president 
for  their  institution,  to  leave  its  control,  as  far  as 
all  educational  questions  are  concerned,  entirely 
in  his  hands  and  in  the  hands  of  his  faculty. 
The  real  work  of  the  trustees  is  the  manage- 
ment of  the  endowment  fund ;  all  other  uni- 
versity matters  are  left  to  the  president  and 
faculty,  the  approval  of  the  trustees  being  a 
pure  formality.  The  trustees  would  never 
dream,  for  example,  of  forcing  a  faculty  ap- 
pointment or  of  controlling  the  courses  of  study. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Newberry  trustees  were 
unwise  enough  to  act  in  a  manner  directly  op- 
posed to  that  above  described.  The  discretion- 
ary powers  that  correspond,  in  the  case  of  the 
librarian,  to  those  that  the  university  president 
must  exercise,  are  the  power  to  appoint,  direct, 
classify,  and  promote  his  assistants,  and  the 
power  to  use  his  own  judgment  in  the  selection 
and  purchase  of  books.  These  are  the  funda- 
mentals of  self-respecting  librarianship.  A 
board  of  trustees  should  hardly  do  more  than 
say  to  their  librarian  :  "  We  find  that  we  can 
spare  so  much  a  year  for  the  library  service, 
and  so  much  a  year  for  the  purchase  of  books  ; 
the  money  is  now  placed  at  your  disposal,  to  be 
used  to  the  best  possible  advantage."  This  is 
substantially  the  position  that  has  been  taken 
from  the  start  by  the  University  trustees  to- 
wards President  Harper  ;  it  is  almost  the  exact 
reverse  of  the  position  taken  by  the  Newberry 
trustees  towards  Librarian  Poole.  It  is  not 
difficult,  comparing  the  results,  to  say  which  of 
the  two  systems  has  worked  the  better.  And 
it  is  hoped  that  so  plain  a  moral  will  not  be 
missed  by  the  trustees  of  the  Crerar  Library. 
In  the  selection  of  a  site  for  the  new  library, 
the  future  as  well  as  the  present  should  be  con- 
sidered. The  division  of  the  city  in  which  the 
library  must  be  established  is  fast  expanding, 
and  its  centre  of  population  is  moving  swiftly 
southwards.  A  site  somewhat  in  advance  of 
that  centre  would  seem  to  be  the  most  desir- 
able, a  consideration  which  indicates  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  University.  In  fact,  the  exist- 
ence of  the  University  and  of  the  Field  Museum 
in  the  same  region  offers  a  very  strong  reason 
why  the  third  great  foundation  should  go  there 
also.  There  is  much  advantage  in  the  concen- 


tration of  such  foci  of  culture  as  libraries,  uni- 
versities, and  museums.  While  we  are  not  dis-' 
posed  to  say  that  the  situation  of  the  Crerar 
Library  should  be  settled  by  these  considera- 
tions, it  seems  as  if  the  argument  were  stronger 
for  this  region  than  for  any  other. 

The  remaining  fundamental  question  is  that 
of  the  special  field  of  the  Crerar  collection.  A 
familiar  epigram  has  it  that  the  well-educated 
man  should  know  something  of  everything  and 
everything  of  something.  We  think  that  a  great 
library,  pending  the  remote  period  when  it  may 
come  to  realize  the  Utopian  ideal  of  containing 
"  everything  of  everything,"  should  be  like  the 
man  of  the  epigram.  That  is,  it  should  have 
a  well-rounded  collection  of  general  litera- 
ture, including  all  the  books  likely  to  be  wanted 
upon  any  subject  by  people  who  are  not  special- 
ists, and  it  should  also  develope  one  or  more 
subjects  as  specialties.  Upon  this  question  of 
specialties  we  understand  that  the  Crerar  trus- 
tees are  practically  agreed ;  but  the  question 
is  still  open  as  to  what  the  specialties  shall  be. 
Among  the  suggestions  made  at  the  meeting  of 
last  week,  the  subjects  of  science,  the  industrial 
arts,  and  Americana  were  named,  and  the  lat- 
ter was  particularly  favored.  We  should  con- 
sider the  adoption  of  this  suggestion  unfortu- 
nate for  several  reasons.  In  the  first  place, 
the  late  Dr.  Poole,  being  an  ardent  student  of 
American  history,  laid  broad  foundations  for 
the  development  of  this  department,  first  in  the 
Public  Library,  and  afterwards  in  the  New- 
berry.  It  would  be  better  to  carry  on  the  good 
work  in  one  or  both  of  these  institutions  than 
to  start  it  afresh  in  the  new  one.  In  the  second 
place,  the  collection  of  Americana,  important 
though  it  be,  is  even  now  relatively  overdone 
throughout  the  country.  In  the  third  place, 
such  a  collection  would  mean  the  purchase  of 
many  rare  and  curious  volumes  at  large  ex- 
pense ;  and  no  library  should  indulge  in  such 
luxuries  as  long  as  more  pressing  wants  remain 
unsupplied.  Lastly,  there  are  other  subjects 
of  wider  and  more  permanent  interest,  yet 
strangely  neglected  in  our  libraries  ;  subjects 
which,  all  things  considered,  would  be  more 
welcome  to  the  constituency  of  the  Crerar  Li- 
brary, and  are  more  deserving  the  attention  of 
its  trustees.  One  of  these  subjects  is  that  of 
English  literature,  in  the  largest  sense ;  and 
we  wish  to  offer,  as  our  contribution  to  the 
discussion,  the  suggestion  that  this  be  made 
the  main  subject  of  the  Crerar  collection.  The 
reasons  for  this  suggestion,  if  reasons  be  needed, 
must  be  left  for  future  discussion. 


326 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


MR.  BURROUGHS  ON  "MERE  LITERATURE." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

May  I  add  a  word  to  what  Mr.  John  Burroughs  so 
finely  and  nobly  says  on  "  Mere  Literature,"  in  your 
issue  of  Nov.  1  ? 

A  reviewer  in  "  The  Nation "  some  time  ago  used 
this  language  : 

"  To  tell  the  truth,  Carlyle  was  not,  properly  speaking,  a 
literary  man.  He  felt  that  he  had  a  moral  message  to  deliver 
to  the  world,  and  for  the  purpose  of  delivering  it  he  invented 
an  extraordinary  literary  vehicle,  which  he  used  with  great 
effect.  But  his  interests  were  all  ethical." 
The  contrast  here  between  ethical  interests  and  literary 
interests  is  tolerably  plain.  A  man  with  a  message,  like 
Carlyle,  may  speak  in  perfect  literary  form  (I  do  not 
say  that  Carlyle  did),  but  this  form  is  never  an  end  in 
itself  to  him.  He  does  not  write  to  please,  to  delight, 
but  to  stir  and  inspire.  The  "  literary  "  man,  on  the 
other  hand,  delights  in  perfection  of  literary  form  for 
its  own  sake,  and  satisfies  that  delight  in  others.  The 
difference  is  not  in  the  subject-matter,  the  content  of 
what  is  said,  but  in  the  point  of  view.  Does  not  Mr. 
Henry  James  seem  to  be  an  instance  of  the  man  whose 
interests  are  mainly  literary,  who  if  he  produces  a  work 
of  art  is  satisfied,  and  who  would  find  it  almost  vulgar 
to  have  any  purpose  beyond  this  ? 

And  yet  that  perfection  of  literary  form  need  not 
hinder  one  from  rising  out  of  the  rank  of  "  men  of  let- 
ters "  altogether,  seems  to  be  proved  by  the  case  of  the 
late  Dr.  Newman.  Where  shall  we  find  more  finish — 
even  in  his  "  Parochial  and  Plain  Sermons  "  — and  yet 
where  more  power  ?  Who  more  entirely  wrote  to  con- 
vince, to  move,  to  persuade  ?  It  was  he  who  in  his  "  Let- 
ter to  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  on  Occasion  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Recent  Expostulation"  (1875),  after  a  great  and 
almost  classical  passage  on  Conscience,  used  this  lan- 
guage : 

"Noble  buildings  have  been  reared  as  fortresses  against 
that  spiritual,  invisible  influence  which  is  too  subtle  for  science 
and  too  prof ound  for  literature." 

WILLIAM  M.  SALTER. 
1415  Walnut  St.,  Philadelphia,  Nov.  9,  1894. 


THE  SOCIAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  CRUELTY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  was  a  little  amused  at  the  tone  of  a  recent  book- 
notice  in  THE  DIAL  (Oct.  1,  p.  200),  headed  "  Poultry- 
killing  as  a  Fine  Art,"  in  which  the  character  of  the 
British  sportsman  came  in  for  a  sharp  scoring.  With 
your  writer's  humanitarian  views  I  heartily  agree;  but 
to  his  unfair  and  thoroughly  American  intimation  that 
the  barbarities  of  British  "  sport "  are  confined  to  the 
gentry,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  mob  (or  per- 
haps one  should  say  nowadays  the  proletariat),  I  beg 
leave  to  demur.  If  aristocratic  Hurlingham  has  its 
pigeon-matches,  vulgar  Whitechapel  has  its  rat-pits  ; 
and  the  British  tradesman,  for  all  his  supposed  monop- 
oly of  the  national  virtues,  is  certainly  quite  as  prone  as 
his  social  betters  to  regard  a  fine  day  mainly  as  the  pro- 
verbial invitation  to  "  go  and  kill  something."  As  a 
matter  of  fact  the  passion  for  amateur  butchery  is  shared 
in,  in  England,  by  all  classes  alike  (not  forgetting  the 
clergy,  a  distinguished  member  of  whose  sporting  wing 
is  now  lecturing  in  America)  from  the  peer  to  the  cos- 
termonger;  and  our  cis- Atlantic  habit  of  mentally  as- 


sociating the  vices  with  "  the  classes  "  and  the  virtues 
with  "  the  masses  "  should  not  blind  us  to  the  truth  that 
it  is  largely  to  "  the  classes  "  that  the  growing  human- 
itarian movement  is  due.  One  of  its  foremost  cham- 
pions, for  instance,  is  Lady  Florence  Dixie;  and  I  may 
say  that  a  letter  from  her  ladyship  to  the  "  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  "  on  the  subject  of  pheasant-driving  quite  bears 
out  your  reviewer's  estimate  of  that  singularly  brutal 
pastime,  in  which  tens  of  thousands  of  tame  hand-reared 
birds  are  butchered  yearly  in  the  name  of  "  sport."  But 
is  sport-loving  England,  after  all,  the  only  fruitful  field 
for  the  humanitarian  propaganda  ?  There  is  perhaps 
more  than  a  grain  of  ugly  truth  in  "  Ouida's  "  charge  that 
"  If  in  a  mob  of  Londoners,  Parisians,  New  Yorkers, 
Berliners,  Melbourners,  a  dove  fluttered  down  to  seek 
a  refuge,  a  hundred  dirty  hands  would  be  stretched  out 
to  seize  it,  and  wring  its  neck;  and  if  anyone  tried  to 
save  and  cherish  it,  he  would  be  rudely  '  bonneted  '  and 
mocked  and  hustled  amidst  the  brutal  guffaws  of  roughs, 
lower  and  more  hideous  in  aspect  and  in  nature  than 
any  animal  which  lives."  Truly,  they  order  these  mat- 
ters better  in  the  Orient,  where  religion  has  thrown  its 
shield  over  the  dumb  creatures,  and  where  the  hard- 
and-fast  Scriptural  distinction  between  man  and  beast 
is  unknown.  A.  W.  G. 

Toronto,  Canada,  Nov.  27,  1894. 

[The  reviewer  disclaims  any  thought  of  imputing 
the  "  barbarities  of  British '  sport '  "  to  "  the  classes  " 
exclusively.  The  form  of  "  sport  "  singled  out  for 
condemnation  was  the  "  drive,"  as  practised  on  the 
grouse  moors  of  the  great  landed  estates.  This 
pastime,  like  many  others,  is  surely  well  out  of  reach 
of  proletarian  pockets. —  EDB.  DIAL.] 

WHAT  DO  WE  MEAN  BY  "  LITERATURE  "  ? 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

After  reading  the  many  valuable  articles  published 
in  THE  DIAL  on  English  in  the  several  Universities 
represented,  and  looking  in  vain  for  someone  to  tell  us 
just  what  he  means  when  he  speaks  of  "literature,"  I 
am  led  to  wonder  whether  any  well-defined  idea  exists 
as  to  what  impression  each  produces  upon  the  other 
when  the  word  "  literature  "  is  used.  We  have  had  one 
unbroken  succession  of  wise  and  willing  critics,  from 
Aristotle  to  men  now  living,  who  have  told  us  what  lit- 
erature ought  to  be,  and  where  it  falls  short  in  certain 
cases.  The  line  of  march  of  literary  criticism  is  strewn 
with  the  bleaching  skulls  of  innumerable  law-givers  and 
dogmatists,  but  the  Darwin  and  the  Spencer  of  litera- 
ture are  yet  invisibly  distant  in  the  future.  For  me  to 
say  what  literature  is,  or  how  it  should  be  studied, 
places  me  upon  the  same  dangerous  ground  upon  which 
wiser  ones  have  stood  and  have  fallen,  and  would  make 
me  no  less  dogmatic  than  those  I  question. 

If  I  were  required  to  offer  a  starting-point  in  the 
study  of  literature,  it  would  be  a  proposition  so  simple 
that  I  believe  no  one  could  take  exceptions;  and  while 
I  should  not  offer  it  as  a  panacea  for  all  the  ills  that 
literary  study  is  heir  to,  I  am  constrained  to  believe 
that  it  is  founded  upon  safe  principles  of  studentship 
and  may  be  helpful  as  a  suggestion.  My  proposition  is 
this :  The  literature  of  any  selection  is  permanent.  What- 
ever of  literature  is  in  Chaucer's  Knight's  Tale  now  was 
in  it  the  day  it  was  written,  neither  more  nor  less,  and 
there  is  no  literary  question  in  it  for  me  that  was  not 
there  for  the  author's  contemporaries.  The  literature 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


327 


of  Browning  and  Whitman  will  be  in  the  twenty-ninth 
century  what  it  is  in  the  nineteenth.  True,  no  doubt, 
future  generations  must  study  our  ethics,  religion,  so- 
ciology, and  language,  in  order  to  understand  our  art 
impulses  and  tendencies;  but  it  is  to  be  hoped  they  will 
not  misname  these  preparatory  studies  "  literature,"  as 
their  ancestors  did. 

If  the  proposition  set  forth  is  of  any  value,  there  is 
one  thought  to  be  emphasized.  If  I  am  studying  the 
literature  of  Sidney  to-day,  I  must  deal  with  the  same 
material  which  his  contemporaries  dealt  with.  If  his 
language  was  to  them  a  problem,  it  is  so  to  me;  if  not 
to  them,  it  can  be  only  a  preparatory  study  for  me — only 
a  clearing-away  process.  The  religion  and  sociology  of 
Piers  Plowman  is  for  me  a  study,  but  only  prepara- 
tory, for  these  facts  were  generally  known  to  his  con- 
temporaries. And  on  the  other  hand,  if  sentence  struct- 
ure, figures  of  speech,  mythological  references,  verse, 
stanza,  and  rhyme  are  art  devices  now  they  were  cer- 
tainly art  devices  when  used  by  an  early  author,  and  are 
therefore  appropriate  for  consideration;  yet  they  are 
only  devices. 

To  the  student  of  literature,  looking  from  the  proposi- 
tion announced,  there  is  one  test  for  each  question  that 
he  shall  consider:  Did  this  question  exercise  the  thought, 
feeling,  or  will  of  the  artist  ?  If  not,  why  should  it  ex- 
ercise me  as  a  student  of  the  thought,  feeling,  and  will 
of  the  artist  ?  w  E  HENRY. 

The  University  of  Chicago,  Nov.  5,  1894. 


Nefo 


THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  WHITTIER.* 

Mr.  Pickard's  "  Life  and  Letters  of  John 
Greenleaf  Whittier  "  meets  at  all  points  the 
pleasant  anticipations  we  had  formed  of  it,  and 
the  author  is  to  be  credited  with  perhaps  the 
best  and  most  satisfying  piece  of  literary  biog- 
raphy since  Mr.  Cabot's  "  Emerson."  It  is  a 
definitive  work  which  all  lovers  of  the  laureate 
of  rural  New  England  and  the  anti-slavery  cru- 
sade will  receive  with  gratitude,  and  one  which 
no  American  who  loves  his  country  and  feels 
a  proper  pride  in  the  movement  which  finally 
erased  from  the  scutcheon  its  one  damning  blot 
should  leave  unread.  Mr.  Pickard  began  his 
work  with  the  double  advantage  of  an  engaging 
theme  and  an  abundance  of  correct  data.  Pos- 
sibly Mr.  Whittier  felt  the  force  of  Brougham's 
remark  that  death  has  an  added  sting  for  emi- 
nence, in  the  form  of  lying  biography  ;  for  we 
find  that  ten  years  before  his  death  he  took  the 
precaution  to  begin  arrangements  for  the  pres- 
ent Life,  authorizing  the  collection  of  material 
for  it,  freely  aiding  the  author  with  general  sug- 
gestions, and  giving  information  that  led  to 

*  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  JOHN  GREENLEAF  WHITTIER. 
By  Samuel  T.  Pickard.  In  two  volumes,  with  seven  etchings. 
Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


a  large  collection  of  letters  illustrating  every 
period  of  his  life.  The  work  thus  not  only 
bears  the  hall-mark  of  his  express  sanction,  but 
it  is  to  some  extent  the  result  of  his  personal 
cooperation  and  supervision.  Every  phase  of 
Mr.  Whittier's  career  is  fairly  and  satisfac- 
torily shown  —  his  boyhood  on  the  ancestral 
farm,  his  scanty  school-days,  his  earlier  literary 
and  journalistic  ventures,  his  editorial  experi- 
ences at  Boston,  Haverhill,  and  Hartford,  his 
excursions  into  the  field  of  practical  politics 
(he  barely  escaped  Congress  in  1832  by  being 
under  the  Congressional  age),  his  anti-slavery 
apostolate,  and  the  more  familiar  phases  of  his 
later  life. 

But  little  has  been  known  hitherto  of  the 
first  thirty  years  of  Mr.  Whittier's  career  —  a 
period  during  which  his  ambition  was  clearly 
political  rather  than  literary,  although  he  was 
at  the  same  time  winning  some  credit  as  a  poet 
by  verses  which  the  riper  judgment  of  his  later 
years  suppressed.  It  was  not,  indeed,  until  he 
was  about  twenty-seven  years  of  age  that  he 
found  his  true  poetical  utterance.  Up  to  that 
time  the  hundreds  of  poems  he  had  written 
were  mere  metrical  and  rhetorical  exercises, 
jejune  enough  mostly,  and  sadly  unsuggestive 
of  "  those  brave  translunary  things  "  that  are 
born  of  inspiration  and  elude  effort.  But  after 
1833,  a  date  marking  a  spiritual  crisis  with  Mr. 
Whittier,  a  sudden  and  magic  change  came 
over  the  quality  of  his  verse.  It  was  with  his 
resolve  to  champion  the  cause  of  the  slave  that 
the  long-courted  afflatus  came ;  and  he  passed 
at  once  from  poetaster  to  poet.  Says  Mr. 
Pickard : 

"  His  pen  was  kept  busy  in  advocating  the  cause  he 
had  espoused,  and  the  poems  known  as  the  « Voices  of 
Freedom '  came  rapidly  one  after  another,  —  hammer 
strokes  against  flinty  prejudice.  Sparks  followed  each 
blow.  Those  who  are  old  enough  remember  how  these 
spirited  verses  stirred  and  warmed  the  young  hearts  of 
the  North,  and  prepared  the  soil  from  which  sprang  the 
great  political  party  which  took  from  him  the  watch- 
word, '  Justice  the  highest  expediency.' " 

Whatever  may  be  Mr.  Whittier's  title  to 
purely  literary  fame,  it  is  his  true  distinction 
to  have  been  the  Tyrtseus  of  the  only  war  in 
history  spontaneously  waged  by  a  great  people 
to  vindicate  a  moral  principle. 

The  story  of  Mr.  Whittier's  boyhood  and 
early  youth  is  interesting  in  itself  and  in  its 
bearing  upon  his  after  life.  It  tells  of  a  pretty 
constant  struggle  with  the  stony  acres  of  the 
New  England  farm,  and  with  the  difficulties  of 
getting  an  education  ;  yet  it  is  lighted  with 
many  a  bit  of  quaint  humor,  the  source  of  which 


328 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


is  unmistakable.  The  Whittiers  held  a  leading 
social  position  in  the  East  Parish,  and  their 
religious  views,  though  shared  in  by  none  of 
their  neighbors,  were  respected.  Religion  was 
a  matter  of  daily  theme  and  practice  in  the 
Quaker  household. 

"  A  portion  of  the  afternoon  was  generally  spent  by 
the  assembled  family  in  reading  the  Scriptures.  .  .  . 
To  this  faithful  teaching  in  the  home  may  be  attributed 
in  large  measure  Whittier's  familiarity  with  Holy  Writ 
and  the  frequent  quotations  therefrom  in  his  writings. 
As  Stedinan  has  truly  said,  '  The  Bible  is  rarely  absent 
from  his  verse,  and  its  spirit  never.' " 

Quaker  meetings  were  sometimes  held  in  the 
great  farm-kitchen  of  the  Haverhill  homestead ; 
and  Mr.  Whittier  used  to  tell  with  great  glee 
how  on  one  such  occasion  a  favorite  ox,  known 
to  the  family  as  "  Old  Butler,"  thrust  his  head 
in  at  the  window,  and  benignly  yet  critically 
surveyed  the  assemblage. 

"  While  a  sweet-voiced  woman  was  speaking,  '  Old 
Butler '  paid  strict  attention,  but  when  she  sat  down  and 
there  arose  a  loud-voiced  brother,  he  withdrew  his  head 
from  the  window,  lifted  his  tail  in  air,  and  went  off  bel- 
lowing. This  bovine  criticism  was  greatly  enjoyed  by 
the  younger  members  of  the  meeting." 

There  was  another  comical  incident  of  his 
boyhood  that  Mr.  Whittier  was  fond  of  tell- 
ing. When  he  was  nine  years  old  President 
Monroe  visited  Haverhill,  and  it  happened  that 
on  the  same  day  there  was  a  rival  attraction  in 
the  shape  of  a  menagerie.  Both  spectacles,  it 
seems,  savored  of  vanity  to  the  elder  Whittiers  ; 
and  the  Quaker  boy  was  forbidden  to  see  either 
the  wild  beasts  or  the  nation's  Chief  Magis- 
trate. 

"  He  did  not  care  much  for  the  former,  but  he  was 
anxious  to  see  a  President  of  the  United  States.  The 
next  day  he  trudged  all  the  way  to  Haverhill,  deter- 
mined to  see  at  least  some  footsteps  in  the  street  that 
the  great  man  had  left  behind  him.  He  found  at  last 
an  impression  of  the  elephant's  foot  in  the  road,  and 
supposing  this  to  be  Monroe's  track,  he  followed  it  as 
far  as  he  could  distinguish  it.  Then  he  went  home,  sat- 
isfied that  he  had  seen  the  footsteps  of  the  greatest  man 
in  the  country." 

An  altogether  stupendous  event  to  the  farm- 
bred  boy  was  his  first  trip  to  Boston.  He  wore, 
as  he  used  to  relate,  on  this  great  occasion  his  first 
"  boughten  buttons,"  and  a  special  broad-brim 
that  would  have  credited  George  Fox,  "  made 
for  him  by  Aunt  Mercy  out  of  pasteboard,  cov- 
ered with  drab  velvet  "  ;  and  he  was  rather  sur- 
prised to  find  that  his  gala  attire  failed  to  im- 
press those  who  passed  him  on  the  street.  A 
notable  incident  of  this  visit  was  his  purchase 
of  a  copy  of  Shakespeare.  That  temptation  he 
could  not  resist  —  as  he  did  one  scarcely  less 
alluring. 


"  He  had  been  strictly  cautioned  by  his  mother  to 
avoid  the  theatre,  and  when  he  learned  that  a  brilliant 
lady  he  met  at  the  table  of  his  hostess,  who  had  been 
very  kind  in  her  attentions  to  the  quaint,  shy  boy,  and 
who  had  quite  won  his  heart  by  her  simplicity  and  grace, 
was  an  actress,  it  was  a  great  shock  to  him ;  but  he  had 
the  courage  to  refuse  her  invitation  to  the  play-house, 
and  cut  short  his  visit  to  the  city  to  avoid  the  terrible 
temptation  to  which  he  was  subjected.  He  had  gone 
quite  too  far  in  buying  Shakespeare's  plays,  and  fled 
homeward  lest  he  should  bring  disgrace  upon  his  Qua- 
kerism." 

It  may  be  inferred  from  this  story  that  the 
Whittier  library  was  a  slender  one.  There  were 
about  thirty  volumes  in  all — journals  and  reli- 
gious disquisitions  of  the  pioneers  of  Quaker- 
ism, most  of  them,  and  rather  juiceless  aliment 
for  an  imaginative  lad  in  his  teens.  Yet  he 
devoured  them  all,  and  knew  them  nearly  by 
heart.  He  used  to  say  in  later  life  that  he  read 
the  journals  of  Friends  so  much  that  he  had 
steeped  his  mind  with  their  thoughts.  "  He 
loved  their  authors  because  they  were  so  saintly, 
and  yet  so  humbly  unconscious  of  it." 

For  some  time,  as  it  seems,  these  meagre,  if 
pious,  productions  filled  young  Whittier's  ideal 
and  rounded  his  literary  horizon.  But  sud- 
denly a  richer  world,  a  world  of  matchless  song 
and  unpremeditated  art,  of  pathos  the  tender- 
est,  tears  the  saddest,  and  laughter  the  mer- 
riest, opened  as  if  by  magic  before  him.  The 
Merlin  who  (all  unconsciously)  wrought  the 
wonder  was  the  district  teacher,  who,  accus- 
tomed to  read  aloud  to  the  Whittiers  as  they 
sat  round  the  evening  fire,  brought  with  him 
one  memorable  night  a  copy  of  Burns.  From 
this  copious  fount  he  read  many  pages,  explain- 
ing the  Scottish  dialect  as  he  proceeded ;  and 
young  John  Greenleaf  listened  spellbound  to 
the  end. 

"  A  fire  was  that  evening  kindled  upon  an  altar  that 
grew  not  cold  for  seventy  years.  The  reader  had  only 
thought  of  his  older  listeners  as  he  read  and  explained. 
.  .  .  He  recalled  the  lad  to  his  ordinary  senses  by  offer- 
ing to  leave  the  book  with  him,  if  he  was  interested  in 
it.  The  offer  was,  of  course,  gladly  accepted.  What 
this  little  volume  thus  loaned  to  him  was  to  young  Whit- 
tier, has  since  been  told  in  one  of  the  finest  tributes  to 
Burns  that  has  yet  been  written." 

Thus  inspired,  the  boy  soon  began  to  try  his 
own  wings ;  but  it  must  be  owned  his  early 
numbers  were  perhaps  the  feeblest  poetic  flut- 
terings  that  ever  heralded  the  upward  flight  of 
bard.  There  is  a  tradition  that  his  first  rhymes 
were  written  upon  the  beam  of  his  mother's 
loom — and  the  story  is  not  without  its  symbol- 
ism ;  for  there  is  nearly  always  a  certain  sug- 
gestion of  homespun  in  Whittier's  verse.  One 
of  his  first  effusions,  happily  rescued  from  ob- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


329 


livion  by  the  memory  of  an  older  sister,  ran 
thus  : 

"  And  must  I  always  swing  the  flail, 

And  help  to  fill  the  milking-pail  ? 

I  wish  to  go  away  to  school ; 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  a  fool." 

A  production  even  more  unpromising  than 
the  above  was  an  attempt  at  a  rhymed  catalogue 
of  his  father's  library — a  theme,  however,  that 
must  have  heavily  handicapped  a  stronger 
Muse.  Here  are  four  of  the  verses : 

"  William  Penn's  laborious  writing. 
And  a  book  'gainst  Christians  fighting. 

"  A  book  concerning  John's  Baptism, 
Elias  Smith's  Universalism. 

' '  How  Rollins  to  obtain  the  cash, 
Wrote  a  dull  history  of  trash. 

"And  Tufts,  too,  though  I  will  be  civil, 
Worse  than  an  incarnate  devil." 

It  is  pretty  hard  to  reconcile  these  harrow- 
ing pieces  with  the  boy's  honest  admiration  for 
and  study  of  the  memorable  volume  of  Burns  ; 
but  Mr.  Whittier's  talent,  as  we  have  shown, 
was  late  in  flowering. 

Touching  the  rhymed  wish,  quoted  above, 
"  to  go  away  to  school,"  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  its  fulfilment  was  brought  about  partly 
through  the  intercession  of  Whittier's  future  co- 
laborer,  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  then  (1826) 
editor  of  the  weekly  "  Free  Press,"  in  New- 
buryport.  Whittier  had  contributed  a  poem 
(probably  a  vast  improvement  upon  the  above 
productions),  entitled  "The  Deity,"  to  this 
journal ;  and  Garrison  thought  so  well  of  it 
that  he  not  only  drove  out  fourteen  miles  to 
see  his  new  contributor,  but  introduced  his 
poem  editorially  as  follows  : 

"  The  author  of  the  following  graphic  sketch,  which 
would  do  credit  to  riper  years,  is  a  youth  of  only  six- 
teen, who  we  think  bids  fair  to  be  another  Bernard  Bar- 
ton, of  whose  persuasion  he  is.  His  poetry  bears  the 
stamp  of  true  genius,  which,  if  carefully  cultivated,  will 
rank  him  among  the  poets  of  his  country." 

It  would  seem  from  this  that  Garrison,  the 
destined  hero  of  the  anti-slavery  agitation,  was 
the  first  to  point  out  the  poetic  promise  of  its 
future  bard. 

Mr.  Pickard's  second  volume  is  largely  made 
up  of  Mr.  Whittier's  letters ;  and  these  singu- 
larly frank  and  unstudied  missives  enable  us 
better  than  volumes  of  labored  analysis  to  see 
and  understand  the  writer.  The  letters  to 
Holmes,  Emerson,  Lowell,  Channing,  Sumner, 
Bayard  Taylor,  and  others,  offer  a  rich  field 
for  quotation,  but  we  must  limit  ourselves  to 
the  following,  addressed  to  Dr.  Holmes,  Dec. 
17,  1879: 

"  Thy  note  received  the  evening  before  my  birthday 


made  me  very  happy.  Among  the  many  kind  greetings 
which  reach  me  on  this  anniversary,  thine  has  been  most 
welcome,  for  a  word  of  praise  from  thee  is  prized  more 
highly  than  all,  though  I  do  not  undervalue  any  one's 
love  or  friendship.  I  have  often  since  I  met  thee  in 
Boston  thought  of  thy  remark  that  we  four  singers  seem 
to  be  isolated — set  apart  as  it  were — in  lonely  compan- 
ionship, garlanded  as  if  for  sacrifice,  the  world  about 
us  waiting  to  see  who  first  shall  falter  in  his  song,  who 
first  shall  pass  out  of  the  sunshine  into  the  great  shadow  ! 
There  is  something  pathetic  in  it  all.  I  feel  like  clasp- 
ing closer  the  hands  of  my  companions.  I  realize  more 
and  more  that  fame  and  notoriety  can  avail  little  in  our 
situation;  that  love  is  the  one  essential  thing,  always 
welcome,  outliving  time  and  change,  and  going  with  us 
into  the  unguessed  possibilities  of  death.  There  is  noth- 
ing so  sweet  in  the  old  Bible  as  the  declaration  that 
'  God  is  Love.'  I  am  no  Calvinist,  but  I  feel  in  looking 
over  my  life — double-motived  and  full  of  failures — that 
I  cannot  rely  upon  word  or  work  of  mine  to  offset  sins 
and  shortcomings,  but  upon  Love  alone. 

"  Dear  H.,  we  began  together  in  Buckingham's  '  Mag- 
azine,' and  together  we  are  keeping  step  in  the  '  At- 
lantic.' Not  evenly,  indeed,  for  thy  step  is  lighter  and 
freer  than  mine.  How  many  who  began  with  us  have 
fallen  by  the  way  !  The  cypress  shadows  lie  dark  about 
us,  but  I  think  thee  contrive  to  keep  in  the  low  wester- 
ing sunshine  more  than  I  can." 

Mr.  Pickard's  book  is  likely  to  meet  the  wide 
appreciation  it  deserves ;  for  Whittier  is  of  all 
our  considerable  poets  the  one  nearest  the  pop- 
ular heart  and  understanding.  He  is  the  most 
essentially  and  uniformly  native  of  all ;  and  in 
his  works  if  anywhere  is  found  that  "  flavor  of 
the  soil "  that  we  read  so  much  about  nowa- 
days —  and  meet  so  little  of.  He  is  the  true 
Theocritus  of  "  stern  New  England's  hills  and 
vales  ";  and  the  voice  of  her  streams,  the  song 
of  her  birds,  and  the  scent  of  her  flowers  is  in 
his  verse.  This  distinctive  home-keeping  qual- 
ity has  found  touching  recognition.  When  the 
"  low  westering  sun  "  had  vanished,  and  the 
"  cypress  shadows  "  were  merged  in  final  dark- 
ness, it  was  in  a  grave  lined  with  the  native 
fern  and  golden-rod  that  Whittier  was  laid  to 
rest.  The  thought  thus  beautifully  symbolized 
finds  expression  in  a  verse  from  Dr.  Holmes's 
tribute  to  his  friend : 

"  The  wild  flowers  springing  from  thy  native  sod, 

Lent  all  their  charms  thy  new-world  song  to  fill, — 
Gave  thee  the  mayflower  and  the  golden-rod 

To  match  the  daisy  and  the  daffodil." 

E.  G.  J. 


THE  second  volume  of  Mrs.  Garnett's  new  translation 
of  Tourgue'nieff  gives  us  "  A  House  of  Gentlefolk," 
which  title,  we  need  hardly  say,  corresponds  to  the  more 
familiar  "  Lisa  "  and  "  A  Nest  of  Noblemen."  "  Step- 
niak,"  who  contributes  an  introduction,  outlines  the  his- 
torical and  social  significance  of  this  immortal  work, 
and  hints  once  or  twice  at  an  esoteric  sense  in  which  it 
should  be  taken  to  be  fully  understood.  The  transla- 
tion, which  we  understand  to  be  made  directly  from  the 
Russian,  is  excellent. 


330 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


THE  ANTIQUITY  OF  E VOLUTION.  * 

Professor  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn  has  ren- 
dered an  important  service  by  the  preparation 
of  a  concise  history  of  the  growth  of  the  idea 
of  Evolution.  The  chief  contributions  of  the 
different  thinkers  from  Thales  to  Darwin  are 
brought  into  clear  perspective,  and  a  just  esti- 
mate of  the  methods  and  results  of  each  one  is 
reached.  The  work  is  extremely  well  done, 
and  it  has  an  added  value  of  great  importance 
in  the  fact  that  the  author  is  a  trained  biolo- 
gist. Dr.  Osborn  is  himself  one  of  the  author- 
ities in  the  science  of  Evolution,  to  which  he 
has  made  important  contributions.  He  is  there- 
fore in  a  position  to  estimate  the  value  of  sci- 
entific theories  more  justly  than  would  be  pos- 
sible to  one  who  approached  the  subject  from 
the  standpoint  of  metaphysics  or  that  of  litera- 
ture. 

Dr.  Osborn  has  endeavored  to  make  clear  the 
fact  of  the  continuity  of  thought  in  Evolution  : 

"  Evolution  has  reached  its  present  fulness  by  slow 
additions  during  twenty-four  centuries.  When  the 
truths  and  absurdities  of  Greek  mediseval  and  sixteenth 
to  nineteenth  century  speculation  and  observation  are 
brought  together,  it  becomes  clear  that  they  form  a  con- 
tinuous whole,  that  the  influences  of  early  upon  later 
thought  are  greater  than  has  been  believed,  that  Darwin 
owes  more  even  to  the  Greeks  than  we  have  ever  rec- 
ognized. .  .  .  The  Evolution  law  was  reached,  not  by 
any  decided  leap,  but  by  the  progressive  development 
of  every  subordinate  idea  connected  with  it  until  it  was 
recognized  as  a  whole  by  Lamarck  and  later  by  Darwin." 

The  study  of  the  work  of  these  various 
thinkers  as  contained  in  this  book  suggests  to 
us,  however,  that  the  year  1858,  before  which 
"  speculation  far  outran  fact,"  does  mark  a 
very  decided  "  leap  "  in  the  history  of  Evolu- 
tion as  a  science.  The  "  leap  "  was  not  that 
of  a  change  in  thought  or  in  theory,  but  in 
method  of  work.  The  pre-Darwinian  writers, 
for  the  most  part,  had  been  engaged  with  the 
theory  of  Evolution  and  with  its  factors  as 
determined  by  the  methods  of  philosophy.  The 
facts  of  nature  served  them  as  illustrations  of 
their  theories,  not  as  the  basis  from  which  their 
theories  must  of  necessity  arise.  Darwin  de- 
termined to  "  collect  blindly  every  sort  of  fact 
which  could  bear  in  any  way "  on  what  are 
species.  On  the  collection  of  such  facts,  in 
this  spirit,  by  the  great  biologist  of  our  century 
and  by  his  successors,  the  fabric  of  Evolution 
as  we  know  it  to-day  must  rest.  The  process 

*FKOM  THE  GKEEKS  TO  DARWIN.  An  Outline  of  the  De- 
velopment of  the  Evolution  Idea.  By  Henry  Fairfield  Osborn, 
D.Sc.  Columbia  University  Biological  Series,  I.  New  York : 
Macmillan  &  Co. 


of  philosophical  deduction  has  contributed  little 
to  its  progress.  Given  the  facts  as  we  know 
them  now,  or  even  as  given  us  by  Darwin  alone, 
and  our  chief  conclusions  could  be  reached  by 
an  automatic  logic  machine,  if  such  a  contriv- 
ance could  be  devised.  The  main  inductions 
are  plain,  and  the  unsolved  problems  still  re- 
maining can  be  solved  only  by  a  return  to  the 
same  methods. 

It  is  certainly  true,  I  think,  that  all  the  known 
factors  in  organic  Evolution  were  known  to  the 
ancients,  and.  the  reality  of  each  individual  one 
of  them  has  been  insisted  upon  by  many  differ- 
ent writers  before  Darwin.  Their  relative  im- 
portance and  their  interrelations  were  less  fre- 
quently recognized.  It  is  true,  also,  that  the 
fact  of  derivation  itself  has  never  been  wholly 
absent  from  philosophic  thought.  But  the  fol- 
lowing considerations  seem  to  mark  a  break 
in  continuity  as  a  result  of  Darwin's  method : 

(1)  The  doctrine  of  Special  Creation  was  never 
so  strongly  intrenched,  either  in  the  popular 
mind  or  in  scientific  literature,  as  in  1858,  in 
spite  of  the  onslaughts  of  all  the  earlier  evolu- 
tionists.    The  minor  errors  of  fact  in  the  illus- 
trations chosen  by  Lamarck  and  his  successors 
counted  for  more  than  the  truth  in  their  phil- 
osophic speculations.     The  errors  were  tangi- 
ble, the  truths  were  not.    In  the  aggregate  no 
progress  had  been  made  toward  the  reception 
of  these  truths.     But  the  doctrine  of  Special 
Creation  crumbled  with  the  advent  of  the  Ori- 
gin of  Species.    This  was  not  due  to  the  weight 
of  Darwin's  authority,  nor  to  the  boldness  of 
his  speculations.     It  was  due  to  the  soundness 
of  his  method.     He  appears  as  the  interpreter 
of  nature ;  and  the  naturalists  who  followed 
him  became  "  Darwinians  "  because  their  own 
studies  led  them  to  the  same  results.    No  other 
conclusions  were  possible  to  them.   At  the  same 
time,  no  one  could  forecast  the  conclusions  of 
one  who  should  follow  the  u  method  "  of  Eras- 
mus Darwin,  or  of  Buffon,  or  of  Lamarck, 
or  of  any  other  writer  whose  study  of  details 
served  to  illustrate  a  philosophical  conception. 

(2)  Had  Darwin's  studies  resulted  otherwise, 
had  his  collection  of  facts  led  us  to  wholly  dif- 
ferent  conclusions,   whatever   these  were,   we 
should  still  be  able  to  show  the  continuity  of 
speculation.     In  any  case,  Darwin's  indebted- 
ness to  his  predecessors  would  be  exactly  what 
it  is  now. 

In  other  words,  there  is  probably  no  philo- 
sophical conception  of  the  operations  of  life, 
whether  true  or  false,  that  has  not  been  held 
by  someone.  Every  conceivable  theory  has  been 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


331 


thought  out.  It  is  the  business  of  science  to 
test  these  theories  by  the  slow  but  certain 
method  of  induction, — to  collect,  "  more  or  less 
blindly,  every  sort  of  fact,"  and  to  follow  whith- 
ersoever these  facts  lead. 

DAVID  STARR  JORDAN. 


THE  PROBLEM  OF  THE  UNEMPLOYED.* 


Mr.  Geoffrey  Drage,  the  able  secretary  of  the 
recent  Royal  Commission  on  Labor  in  England, 
has  written  a  suggestive  book  upon  the  unem- 
ployed. His  facts  are  those  secured  by  the 
Royal  Commission  largely  through  his  own 
efforts,  and  by  the  Board  of  Trade  of  England. 
The  book  is  the  best  summary  of  what  had  been 
done  in  Europe  to  help  the  unemployed  prior 
to  the  summer  of  1893.  The  results  of  the 
very  interesting  municipal  experiments  to  re- 
lieve the  unemployed  by  work  in  the  winter  of 
1893-4  were  not  published  in  time  for  Mr. 
Drage's  use.  The  writer  well  divides  the  prob- 
lem into  the  removal  of  the  causes  of  the  un- 
employed and  into  relief  for  the  unemployed 
who  are  present  with  us.  In  the  matter  of  pre- 
vention, he  suggests  moral,  intellectual,  and 
technical  education,  better  sanitation,  factory 
legislation,  the  building,  by  municipalities  and 
private  benevolence,  of  model  tenement  homes, 
and  some  check,  if  possible,  upon  the  rush  of 
country  people  to  displace  the  workers  in  the 
city.  These  remedies  would  deal  with  the  pre- 
vention of  a  permanent  surplus,  he  thinks,  pro- 
viding the  contaminating  influence  of  the  exist- 
ing stock  of  unemployed  could  be  eliminated 
by  the  relief  measures  which  are  further  re- 
ferred to. 

As  for  the  temporarily  unemployed,  our  au- 
thor holds  that  much  of  this  evil  is  inevitably 
caused  by  the  dependence  of  industry  upon  the 
supply  of  materials  from  abroad ;  by  the  state 
of  the  weather;  by  the  uncertainty  of  foreign  in- 
vestments, and  lack  of  confidence  in  them.  He 
suggests  that  certain  of  these  causes  are  remov- 
able,— for  example,  (1)  capricious  changes  of 
fashion,  for  which  the  public  must  realize  they 
are  responsible ;  (2)  fluctuations  in  demand, 
due  to  changes  in  seasons, — a  matter  for  which 
employers  and  the  public  must  realize  their  re- 
sponsibility, and  give  their  orders  more  in  ad- 
vance ;  (3)  excessive  and  immoral  speculation, 
leading  to  loss  of  commercial  confidence,  —  a 
matter  in  which  he  again  invokes  public  opin- 

*  THE  UNEMPLOYED.    By  Geoffrey  Drage.    New  York : 
Macmillan  &  Co. 


ion,  holding  employers  to  moral  responsibility, 
but  also  urges  a  revision  of  the  laws  relative  to 
trade  speculation,  adulteration,  and  fraudulent 
bankruptcy ;  (4)  inability  to  forecast  fluctua- 
tions of  trade, — a  partial  remedy  for  which  is 
reliable  government  trade  statistics  ;  (5)  trade 
disputes,  demoralizing  industry, —  his  remedy 
being  more  of  conciliation  and  arbitration  ;  (6) 
immobility  of  labor,  —  his  remedy  being  the 
development  of  trade-union  and  voluntary  em- 
ployment bureaus,  nationally  and  locally  con- 
ducted without  an  eye  for  profit.  But  the 
remedy  urged  by  the  socialist  for  disorganized 
labor,  he  dismisses  as  not  immediately  prac- 
ticable. 

As  regards  the  relief  measures  for  the  pres- 
ent unemployed,  our  author  thinks  we  must 
divide  the  problem  into  relief  for  the  perma- 
nently and  for  the  temporarily  unemployed. 
For  the  former,  he  suggests  a  rigid  execution 
of  the  English  poor-law  and  the  use  of  chari- 
table and  religious  agencies.  Labor  colonies, 
he  thinks,  have  been  shown  in  Germany  to  be 
of  little  value  for  the  mass  of  workers,  but  they 
are  most  useful  for  discovering  those  who  are 
reclaimable  among  the  permanently  and  chron- 
ically unemployed.  Mr.  Drage  would  have  the 
labor  colony  located  in  country  districts  to 
which. the  permanently  unemployed  might  be 
sent.  If,  after  awhile,  they  do  not  earn  their 
maintenance,  they  should  be  handed  over  to 
the  harsher  treatment  of  other  agencies.  It  is 
in  the  treatment  of  the  temporarily  unemployed 
that  Mr.  Drage  has  written  most  at  length. 
He  believes  in  voluntary  relief  works,  main- 
tained locally,  but  national  in  application,  and 
conducted  in  harmony  with  a  central  voluntary 
office  or  bureau,  to  prevent  a  rush  of  the  un- 
employed to  the  districts  where  relief  work  is 
given.  Employment  bureaus  should  be  both 
local  and  central,  and  voluntary,  not  state.  The 
men  given  work  should  earn  the  wages  paid, 
but  should  work  but  half  time,  in  order  to  have 
time  on  their  hands  to  seek  permanent  situa- 
tions, and  in  order  to  prevent  sufficient  earn- 
ings to  draw  a  man  from  regular  industry.  In 
case  the  unemployed  are  concentrated  in  a  few 
places  and  there  is  work  in  other  places,  they 
are  to  be  forced  to  remove  to  where  the  central 
employment  bureau  showed  that  there  was 
work,  on  penalty,  Mr.  Drage  probably  means, 
of  losing  all  relief.  Only  in  times  of  excep- 
tional distress  does  Mr.  Drage  believe  in  local 
public  relief  works,  because  he  greatly  fears 
that  such  relief  will  foster  the  idea  that  the 
State  ought  to  find  work  for  its  citizens,  and 


332 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


because  public  authorities  cannot  so  easily  in- 
vestigate the  character  of  applicants  as  can  pri- 
vate agencies  for  their  relief.  Despite  these 
weaknesses  of  public  relief  work,  it  seems  sure 
to  grow,  and  to  be  necessary  where  private  re- 
lief work  proves  insufficient.  Amid  growing 
democracy  and  socialistic  feeling  among  the 
masses,  private  charitable  agencies  cannot  con- 
trol the  field  unless  they  seek  the  cooperation 
on  their  committees  of  labor  leaders.  Even 
then,  public  relief  work  will  make  much  pro- 
gress. 

In  considering  Mr.  Drage's  suggestions,  we 
must  judge  them  with  reference  to  what  is  im- 
mediately practicable,  since  the  suggestion  of 
such  remedies  is  all  he  means  to  give.  Looked 
at  in  that  light,  his  book  has  great  suggestive- 
ness  and  value ;  though  as  a  keen  study  of  the 
permanent  causes  of  the  unemployed,  it  is  not 
equal,  by  any  means,  to  certain  chapters  in 
Hobson's  "  Evolution  of  Modern  Capitalism," 
and  some  other  economic  discussions.  This 
book  of  Mr.  Drage  should  be  read  in  connec- 
tion with  the  clear  and  concise  article  in  the 
July  "  Annals  of  the  American  Academy  "  on 
"  Charity  and  the  Unemployed,"  by  J.  G. 
Brooks.  E.  W.  BEMIS. 


A  CEXTUKY  or  STORIES.* 

How  important  a  part  the  short  story  plays  in 
the  fiction  of  to-day  is  evidenced  not  only  by  the 
popular  magazines,  which  seem  to  give  an  increas- 
ing preference  to  the  short  story  over  the  serial,  but 

*  ROUND  THE  RED  LAMP.  Being  Facts  and  Fancies  of 
Medical  Life.  By  A.  Conan  Doyle.  New  York  :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 

ELDER  CONKLIN,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Frank  Harris. 
New  York  :  Macmillan  &  Co. 

THE  BELL-RINGER  OF  ANGEL'S,  and  Other  Stories.  By 
Bret  Harte.  Boston  :  Ho.ughton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

THE  BUBIAL  OF  THE  GUNS.  By  Thomas  Nelson  Page. 
New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

PEAK  AND  PRAIRIE.  From  a  Colorado  Sketch-Book.  By 
Anna  Fuller.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

BEFORE  THE  GRINGO  CAME.  By  Gertrude  Atherton.  New 
York  :  J.  Selwin  Tait  &  Sons. 

MARSENA,  and  Other  Stories  of  the  Wartime.  By  Harold 
Frederic.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  CHASE  OF  SAINT-CASTIN,  and  Other  Stories  of  the 
French  in  the  New  World.  By  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood. 
Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

A  SCARLET  POPPY,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Harriet  Pres- 
cott  Spofford.  New  York  :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  WATER  GHOST  AND  OTHERS.  By  John  Kendrick 
Bangs.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

LILLIAN  MORRIS,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Henryk  Sienkie- 
wicz.  Translated  by  Jeremiah  Curtin.  Boston :  Little,  Brown, 
&Co. 

TALES  FROM  THE  ^EGEAN.  By  Demetrios  Bike'las.  Trans- 
lated by  Leonard  Eckstein  Opdycke.  Chicago :  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Co. 


also  by  the  increasing  number  of  volumes  into 
which  the  better  of  these  stories  are  thought  worthy 
of  collection.  We  fancy  that  the  symptom  is  not 
unrelated  to  the  tendency  which,  in  our  newspapers, 
is  condensing  editorials  into  paragraphs,  and  which, 
in  our  popular  entertainments,  is  substituting  "  acts  " 
and  "  features  "  for  presentations  of  sustained  and 
coherent  art.  We  do  not  object  to  the  short  story 
per  se,  but  it  is  possible  that  we  have  something  too 
much  of  it,  even  allowing  for  all  the  refinements 
and  the  subtleties  that  so  many  writers  are  lending 
it  nowadays.  The  last  few  weeks'  output  of  fiction, 
for  example,  includes  no  less  than  a  dozen  collec- 
tions —  containing,  in  all,  close  upon  one  hundred 
stories — of  such  merit,  or  signed  with  such  names, 
that  they  cannot  pass  unnoticed,  besides  many  oth- 
ers that  we  have  not  space  to  discuss. 

One  of  the  latest  of  these  collections  presents  our 
recent  visitor  and  old  friend,  Dr.  A.  Conan  Doyle, 
in  a  new  light.  The  title,  "  Round  the  Red  Lamp," 
covers  a  multitude,  numbering  no  less  than  fifteen, 
of  stories  and  sketches  based  upon,  or  suggested 
by,  the  author's  professional  experience  as  a  medi- 
cine man.  There  is  a  great  deal  of  "  shop  "  in  this 
volume,  and  a  zest  not  altogether  pleasant  is  given 
by  the  grewsome  incidents  with  which  the  tales  are 
provided  ;  but  the  most  difficult  situations  are  car- 
ried off  with  the  literary  cleverness  that  makes  of 
the  Sherlock  Holmes  series  so  much  more  than  a 
string  of  mere  detective  stories,  and  invests  seem- 
ingly unpromising  material  with  fascination,  grim 
though  it  may  be  in  the  present  instance.  This 
sort  of  thing  is  not,  any  more  than  the  detective 
series  already  mentioned,  representative  of  Dr. 
Doyle's  real  powers,  and,  skilful  as  it  is,  we  cannot 
help  grudging  the  time  thus  spent  by  the  author  of 
such  noble  historical  fiction  as  "  Micah  Clarke  " 
and  "  The  White  Company." 

Some  three  or  four  years  ago,  the  readers  of 
"  The  Fortnightly  Review  "  were  regaled  with  a 
peculiarly  nauseating  compound  of  piety  and  im- 
morality in  the  shape  of  "A  Modern  Idyll,"  a  story 
by  Mr.  Frank  Harris,  the  editor  of  the  "  Review." 
It  introduced  to  us  a  Baptist  clergyman  of  Kan- 
sas City,  in  love  with  the  wife  of  one  of  the  deacons 
of  his  church,  the  affection  not  unrequited.  Other 
delineations  of  American  society  in  the  far  West 
appeared  in  later  issues  of  the  "  Review,"  and  the 
astonishment  of  its  readers  was  not  permitted  to 
subside.  Presently  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes," 
always  on  the  watch  for  queer  American  things, 
translated  one  of  these  stories,  "  Elder  Conklin " 
by  name ;  and  the  sapient  Frenchman,  as  he  read 
of  the  extraordinary  doings  of  "  Conklin  1'Ancien," 
doubtless  opened  his  eyes  very  wide,  and  said  to 
himself:  "This  is  surely  the  real  thing;  now  we 
see  ces  Americains  as  they  actually  are."  There 
are  six  of  the  stories  in  all,  and  they  form  a  volume 
to  which  "  Elder  Conklin  "  gives  his  name.  As  tran- 
scripts of  American  life,  even  in  Kansas  and  other 
remote  localities,  they  are  grotesquely  inadequate, 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


333 


and  their  very  crudity  is  doubtless  what  recom- 
mends them  to  the  foreigner  unacquainted  with  our 
civilization.  Many  an  Englishman,  we  fancy,  will 
take  them  very  seriously — as  seriously,  for  example, 
as  he  took  Mr.  Howe's  "  Story  of  a  Country  Town" 
a  few  years  ago.  To  us,  who  can  make  the  neces- 
sary allowances  and  supply  the  missing  links,  they 
are  merely  amusing ;  but  it  is  not  to  be  denied  that 
they  are  that,  in  a  marked  degree. 

It  is  instructive  to  compare  these  stories  with 
Mr.  Bret  Harte's  masterly  treatment  of  similar  ma- 
terial, and  opportunity  for  the  comparison  is  just 
now  afforded  by  the  eight  stories  which  "  The  Bell- 
Ringer  of  Angel's "  leads  off.  In  place  of  the 
baldness  of  Mr.  Harris's  superficial  delineations,  we 
have  equally  dramatic  incidents,  interpenetrated 
with  humor,  and  set  against  a  richly  romantic  back- 
ground. Will  Mr.  Harte  never  exhaust  his  imag- 
inative resources?  A  few  years  of  early  manhood 
spent  in  contact  with  the  civilizations  of  the  West 
— the  new  civilization  of  the  American  pioneer  and 
the  old  mellow  civilization  of  the  Spaniard  —  and 
behold,  a  supply  of  incident  available  for  a  lifetime 
of  production.  Besides  the  novels  of  more  ambi- 
tious scope,  Mr.  Harte  must  have  penned  something 
like  two  hundred  sketches  and  stories  of  Western 
character,  and  there  is  hardly  a  trace  of  weariness 
in  the  newest  of  the  collections.  The  present  vol- 
ume is,  however,  diversified  by  some  Scotch  consu- 
lar experiences,  by  the  fascinating  "  Johnnyboy," 
which  simply  cannot  be  described,  and  by  a  humor- 
ous reminiscence  entitled  "My  First  Book."  The 
book  in  question  was  an  anthology  of  California 
poets,  and  the  humor  is  in  the  depiction  of  the 
"woolly"  journalism  of  the  Coast. 

Mr.  Thomas  Nelson  Page,  the  unreconstructed, 
displays  his  usual  strength,  penetration,  and  feeling 
in  "  The  Burial  of  the  Guns,"  which,  with  five  other 
numbers,  makes  up  his  latest  volume.  They  are 
studies  of  character  rather  than  stories,  and  breathe 
the  warmest  devotion  to  the  State  and  the  Cause 
already  so  many  times  celebrated  by  the  author. 
Whatever  one's  attitude  towards  the  Southern  Con- 
federacy, he  can  hardly  fail  to  be  moved  by  the 
purely  human  quality  of  these  sketches,  some  of 
which  do  not  even  touch  upon  the  debatable  ground, 
and  all  of  which  are  written  straight  from  the 
heart.  The  story  of  "Little  Darby,"  in  particular, 
is  one  of  those  tales  of  unrequited  humble  heroism 
that  are  irresistible  in  their  appeal  to  the  sympa- 
thies. As  for  "  My  Cousin  Fanny,"  with  its  soupqon 
of  irony,  and  its  gentle  humor,  it  is  a  delineation 
masterly  in  every  stroke. 

The  good  work  of  observing  and  recording  the 
evanescent  phases  of  local  civilization  upon  this  vast 
American  continent  goes  steadily  on.  The  army 
of  workers  is  a  large  one,  and  the  future  student 
of  our  shifting  life  will  find  few  nooks  and  corners 
of  the  land  that  have  not  had  their  artist.  If  noth- 
ing more  can  be  said  of  the  majority  of  these  work- 
ers than  that  they  are  painstaking  and  truthful,  it 


will  be  enough  to  entitle  them  to  the  thanks  of 
those  who  come  after.  Miss  Anna  Fuller's  thir- 
teen transcripts  from  a  Colorado  sketch-book,  col- 
lectively named  "  Peak  and  Prairie,"  are  certainly 
both  truthfully  and  carefully  wrought.  They  reflect 
the  stir,  the  freshness,  and  even  the  crudity  of  the 
pioneer  region  with  which  they  deal.  Hardly  elab- 
orate enough  to  deserve  the  name  of  stories,  they 
are,  within  their  limits,  singularly  engaging,  and 
their  interest,  although  quiet,  is  none  the  less  gen- 
uine. 

A  more  romantic  background  than  the  mining 
camps  of  Colorado  can  supply  relieves  the  eleven 
stories  —  for  they  are  stories,  this  time  —  told  by 
Mrs.  Atherton,  of  Old  California  in  the  days  "  Be- 
fore the  Gringo  Came."  The  stories  more  than 
verge  upon  the  melodramatic,  and  their  passion 
seems  a  little  too  theatrical  to  be  justified  even  by 
the  hot-blooded  race  of  which  they  are  told.  Nor 
is  the  language  any  more  restrained  than  the  senti- 
ment. Those  which  deal  with  the  actual  arrival  of 
the  "  gringo "  are  the  best,  and  we  get  from  them 
some  vivid  glimpses  of  the  fascinating  history  of 
the  place  and  period  concerned. 

The  four  somewhat  inconclusive  tales  or  sketches 
that  make  up  "  Marsena  and  Other  Stories  of  the 
Wartime  "  are  by  no  means  to  be  reckoned  with 
Mr.  Frederic's  best  work,  but  they  contribute  an 
acceptable  mite  to  our  knowledge  of  what  men 
were  thinking  and  doing  in  the  rural  districts  dur- 
ing the  four  years  of  our  great  civil  convulsion. 
Most  of  us  who  were  boys  at  that  time  have  suffi- 
ciently vivid  recollections  of  the  period  to  enter 
with  close  sympathy  into  the  feeling  of  these  homely 
episodes,  typical  as  they  are  of  what  was  going  on 
in  thousands  of  other  Northern  hamlets.  It  is  well 
that  even  boyish  impressions  of  the  period  should 
be  fixed  before  time  has  faded  or  effaced  them,  and 
Mr.  Frederic  here,  as  well  as  elsewhere,  has  done 
his  full  share  of  the  work. 

The  special  field  of  Mrs.  Catherwood's  labors  lies 
far  back  of  the  reach  of  recollection,  but  she  is  one 
of  the  few  writers  who  can  really  project  them- 
selves into  the  remote  past,  and  whose  sympathies 
can  find  in  the  mustiest  of  records  the  palpitating 
life  that  most  of  us  can  find  only  in  the  memory  of 
what  we  have  personally  known.  To  praise  her 
new  volume  of  seven  stories,  headed  by  "The  Chase 
of  Saint-Castin,"  is  but  to  repeat  what  we  have  said 
upon  many  earlier  occasions,  for  the  touch  is  still 
delicate  and  firm,  the  charm  unfailing.  The  Illi- 
nois country  is  the  field  of  two  of  these  tales ;  the 
others  lie  about  the  St.  Lawrence,  one  of  them — 
"  Wolfe's  Cove  "  —  casting  a  side  light  upon  the 
momentous  scene  upon  the  Heights  of  Abraham 
that  fixed  the  destinies  of  two  nations. 

In  the  excellent  company  of  Mr.  Henry  James 
and  Mr.  Brander  Matthews,  and  in  the  tasteful 
form  of  the  series  known  as  "  Harper's  American 
Story  Tellers,"  there  come  to  us  two  volumes 
fathered  (or  mothered)  respectively  by  Mr.  John 


334 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


Kendrick  Bangs  and  Mrs.  Harriet  Prescott  Spof- 
ford.  Mrs.  Spofford's  book,  "A  Scarlet  Poppy  and 
Other  Stories,"  comes  as  a  reminder  -that  the 
younger  generation  is  not  yet  to  be  permitted  a 
monopoly  of  story-telling,  and,  indeed,  as  an  exam- 
ple of  work  so  artfully  conceived  that  most  of  the 
younger  generation  would  do  well  to  profit  by  its 
example.  These  seven  tales,  with  their  shrewd  and 
gentle  humor,  their  unquestionable  hold  upon  hu- 
man life,  and  their  touches  of  the  fantastic,  make 
us  regret  that  we  hear  so  little  of  late  from  the 
Merrimac  island-home  of  their  writer.  They  do 
new  honor  even  to  Mrs.  Spofford's  already  honor- 
able place  in  our  literature,  and  may  be  read  with 
unalloyed  satisfaction  from  the  first  page  to  the 
last. 

If  there  is  a  touch  of  fantasy  in  Mrs.  Spofford's 
volume,  there  is  hardly  anything  but  the  fantastic 
in  "The  Water  Ghost  and  Others."  In  these 
eight  stories  by  Mr.  Bangs,  the  freakish  humor 
known  to  readers  of  "Mr.  Toppleton's  Client  "  dis- 
ports itself  unchecked.  The  old  ghost  story  took 
the  supernatural  too  seriously ;  the  new,  as  exem- 
plified by  Mr.  Stockton  and  the  present  writer, 
makes  it  chiefly  a  .vehicle  for  fun,  and  we  may  add 
that  the  new  is  a  great  improvement  upon  the  old. 
Anything  more  delicious  in  their  way  than  "  The 
Ghost  Club  "  and  "  The  Spectre  Cook  of  Bangle- 
top  "  is  not  often  met  with.  So  delightful  a  com- 
mingling of  the  prosaic  with  the  weird  as  the  story 
of  the  "  Psychical  Prank,"  which  filled  a  New  York 
street-car  with  astral  bodies,  or  the  tale  of  the  too 
material  spoons  which  the  ghostly  King  Ferdinand 
presented  to  the  too-confiding  nephew  of  a  conser- 
vative uncle,  deserves  more  than  passing  mention. 
To  imagine  such  things  at  all  is  a  gift ;  to  set  them 
forth  with  their  present  verisimilitude  is  an  art  in 
its  kind  almost  incomparable. 

Mr.  Jeremiah  Curtin  is  indefatigable  in  trans- 
lating into  English  the  works  of  Henryk  Sienkie- 
wicz.  Just  now  he  offers  us  a  volume  of  relatively 
trifling  worth,  containing  four  stories  or  sketches. 
They  will  not  lack  an  audience,  for  the  name  of 
their  author  claims  attention  for  anything  he  may 
have  written ;  but  they  hardly  suggest  the  genius 
that  conceived  the  great  Polish  trilogy  of  love  and 
war,  or  even  the  keen  analyst  to  whom  we  owe 
"Without  Dogma."  Only  one  of  the  sketches  is 
Polish  in  subject ;  another  describes  a  Spanish 
bull-fight ;  the  remaining  two  —  "  Lillian  Morris  " 
and  "  Sachem  " — are  fruits  of  the  author's  sojourn 
in  the  regions  of  our  own  pioneer  civilization.  In 
dealing  with  American  themes,  the  author  is  not 
quite  dans  son  assiette,  and  his  descriptions  are  not 
altogether  in  touch  with  American  feeling.  Still, 
there  is  a  certain  impressiveness,  particularly  in  the 
longest  story  of  all,  which  tells  of  a  band  of  forty- 
niners  who  took  the  overland  route  to  the  Califor- 
nian  El  Dorado,  and  endured  grim  hardships  in 
their  quest.  It  is  curious  to  find  the  Chicago  of 
1849  described  as  a  "  poor,  obscure  fishing  village, 


not  found  on  maps."  This  is  one  of  many  trifles 
which  go  to  show  that  the  author  does  not  know 
his  subject  as  well  as,  say,  seventeenth -century 
Polish  history. 

The  collection  of  translated  stories  just  mentioned 
may  be  coupled  with  the  volume  of  "  Tales  from 
the  JEgean,"  by  Demetrios  Bike'las,  which  the  Mar- 
quis de  Queux  de  St.  Hilaire  translated  from  Greek 
into  French,  and  which  have  been  turned  from 
French  into  English  by  Mr.  Opdycke.  These  facts, 
and  many  others  of  interest  concerning  the  author 
of  the  tales,  may  be  gleaned  from  the  interesting 
introduction  written  for  this  translation  by  Major 
H.  A.  Huntington.  As  for  the  author,  he  is  already 
known  to  English  readers  by  a  translation  of  "  Lou- 
kis  Laras,"  his  tale  of  a  modern  Greek  merchant, 
who  started  in  life  as  a  shop-keeper,  and  who  re- 
mained a  shop-keeper  at  heart  through  all  the  stir- 
ring times  of  the  Revolution.  His  literary  activity 
has  also  been  marked  in  several  other  directions, 
and  he  has  a  distinct  claim  upon  our  English  grat- 
itude as  the  Greek  translator  of  six  of  the  plays  of 
Shakespeare.  This  translation  is  into  colloquial 
Greek,  and  the  iambic  metre  of  fifteen  syllables  is 
employed.  As  Major  Huntington  puts  it,  he  has 
"  lent  to  the  strongest  and  sweetest  voice  in  the 
English  choir  almost  the  accents  of  JEschylus." 
This  were  a  feat  indeed,  but  doubts  as  to  the  pos- 
sibility of  its  accomplishment  need  not  lessen  our 
thankfulness  to  the  man  who  has  attempted  it. 
Certainly,  the  reader  of  the  eight  tales  now  pub- 
lished will  be  prepared  to  share  in  any  moderate 
enthusiasm  for  their  writer.  "  Simple  in  motive, 
pure  in  sentiment,  sometimes  enlivened  with  humor, 
but  oftener  pervaded  with  ideal  melancholy,"  they 
come  to  us  as  a  joyful  surprise,  and  invite  compari- 
son with  the  great  masters.  Particularly  do  they 
suggest  Tourgue'nieff,  whose  method  and  whose  re- 
straint they  exhibit  in  a  remarkable  degree.  We 
should  be  much  surprised  to  learn  that  the  author 
had  not  carefully  studied,  and  been  profoundly  in- 
fluenced by,  the  work  of  the  great  Russian.  Hun- 
dreds of  little  touches  reveal  the  spiritual  kinship  of 
the  two  men,  although  the  deep  tragic  note  seldom 
missing  in  the  analyst  of  the  steppe  becomes  muted 
in  the  pages  of  our  .ZEgean  analyst. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


MR.  WALTER  BESANT  has  this  to  say  of  the  workings 
of  our  Copyright  Act:  "It  is  impossible  to  escape  the 
conclusion  that  the  Copyright  Act  has  given  a  great  im- 
petus to  American  work.  While  English  work  could  he 
had  for  nothing,  the  American  author  in  every  branch  was 
fatally  overweighted.  This  obstacle  removed,  we  begin 
to  see  what  we  expected — the  great  bulk  of  the  literature 
of  the  States  written  by  their  own  people,  and  only  the 
exceptionally  useful  and  popular  authors  of  this  country 
being  published  there.  This  proportion  we  may  expect 
to  find  every  year  greater  in  favor  of  American  writers. 
At  the  same  time  there  will  be  found  on  both  sides  of 
the  Atlantic  a  great  and  always  increasing  demand  for 
the  work  of  the  first  and  best." 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


335 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 

i. 

Pursuant  to  our  custom,  the  Holiday  Publications 
received  for  review  by  THE  DIAL  will  be  noticed 
in  two  instalments — the  earlier  arrivals  in  the  pres- 
ent issue,  the  later  ones  in  that  of  December  16. 
Priority  of  mention  does  not  necessarily  imply  pri- 
ority of  importance,  some  of  the  more  notable  of 
the  season's  books  often  being  late  in  making  their 
appearance.  The  output  of  the  season  promises  to 
be  a  fairly  good  one  —  surprisingly  good,  in  fact, 
when  one  considers  the  uninspiring  commercial  con- 
ditions that  prevailed  six  months  or  more  ago,  when 
the  works  that  are  now  appearing  were  being 
planned.  The  publishers  have  wisely  pursued  a 
somewhat  conservative  course  in  their  holiday  un- 
dertakings. There  is  a  lack  of  the  gorgeous  quarto 
and  folio  volumes,  representing  enormous  outlays 
to  the  publisher  and  costing  the  purchaser  from  fif- 
teen to  fifty  dollars,  which  have  been  so  marked  a 
feature  of  former  years ;  and  in  place  of  these  we 
have  the  modest  but  attractive  reprints  of  standard 
works,  which  are  always  unexceptionable  for  the 
purposes  of  holiday  gifts.  A  book  costing  more  than 
ten  dollars  —  excepting  works  in  sets  —  is,  indeed, 
something  of  a  rarity  this  season.  A  few  ambitious 
and  costly  volumes  have  appeared,  and  there  are 
other  less  expensive  works  representing  the  best  ef- 
forts of  our  artists  and  publishers,  and  presenting 
to  us  some  old  favorite  or  newly-found  friend  decked 
in  winning  and  irresistible  charms.  Among  them 
all,  those  tastes  and  wishes  must  be  hard  to  suit 
which  do  not  find  their  due  account. 

Our  list  may  be  suitably  headed  with  a  sumptu- 
ous four-volume  edition,  limited  to  1000  copies  and 
re-edited  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Russell  Barker,  of  Horace 
Walpole's  "  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  George  III." 
(Putnam).  In  the  material  features  of  these  beau- 
tiful volumes  the  most  captious  will  find  little  to 
cavil  at.  With  their  moderate-sized  yet  clear  type, 
elegant  hand-made  paper,  fair  margins,  and  sub- 
stantial covers  of  crimson  buckram  stamped  in  gold 
with  the  Walpole  arms,  they  present  an  ensemble 
which  the  finical  owner  of  the  Strawberry  Hill  Press 
might  himself  have  approved  of.  Like  almost  every- 
thing Walpole  wrote,  the  Memoirs  are  immensely 
readable.  They  cover  a  period  of  great  political 
importance ;  and  while  their  life  and  piquancy  are 
patent,  their  serious  historical  value  is  sometimes 
lost  sight  of.  They  belong  to  the  good  old-fashioried 
type  of  history  which  aims  to  be  a  narrative,  and 
little  else;  and  history,  as  M.  Scherer  says,  "is  first 
of  all  a  narrative."  If  Walpole  is  seldom  deep, 
he  is  never  dull ;  if  he  is  seldom  weighty,  he  is 
never  pedantic.  He  had  to  a  rare  degree  the  gift 
of  making  his  dramatis  personce  live  and  act  out 
their  parts  before  us.  They  are  people  of  flesh  and 
blood  —  not  the  mere  names  or  abstract  arithmet- 
ical units  of  more  philosophical  historians.  Says 
Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  :  "  Turn  over  any  of  the  proper 
decorous  history  books,  mark  every  passage,  where 


for  a  moment  we  seem  to  be  transported  to  the 
past  —  to  the  thunders  of  Chatham,  the  drivellings 
of  Newcastle,  or  the  prosings  of  George  Grenville, 
as  they  sounded  in  contemporary  ears — and  it  will 
be  safe  to  say  that,  on  counting  them  up,  a  good 
half  will  turn  out  to  be  the  reflections  from  the 
illuminating  flashes  of  Walpole."  Gossipping  Hor- 
ace will  live  long  after  many  a  more  pretentious 
historian  has  been  relegated  to  the  dust-bin  ;  and 
the  present  holiday  edition  of  his  best  historical 
work  will  doubtless  continue  for  some  time  to  be  a 
model  one. 

The  term  "  holiday  gift-book  "  is  necessarily  a 
somewhat  elastic  one,  and  can  by  no  means  be  lim- 
ited to  the  elegant  specialties  that  are  designed  pri- 
marily for  Christmas  sales.  Any  good  book  is  of 
course  a  suitable  gift-book,  especially  when  embel- 
lished with  attractive  illustrations  and  clad  in  hand- 
some dress.  Foremost  among  the  season's  elegant 
editions  of  standard  books  is  the  Lippincott  Co.'s 
reprint  of  Thiers's  great  historical  works,  "  History 
of  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire  of  France  under 
Napoleon  "  and  "  History  of  the  French  Revolu- 
tion," the  former  in  twelve  volumes  and  the  latter 
in  five,  uniform  in  typography  and  binding,  and  in 
illustrations  from  steel  plates.  The  sets  are  sold 
separately.  Of  the  works  themselves  it  is  of  course 
not  necessary  to  speak;  they  are  among  the  most 
standard  of  historical  works,  and  indispensable  for 
the  field  they  cover.  The  translations  are  the  au- 
thentic ones  of  Campbell  and  Stebbing  for  the 
"  Consulate"  and  of  Frederick  Shoberl  for  the  "Rev- 
olution." The  works  are  printed  from  new  type, 
and  purchasers  of  the  more  substantial  sort  of  gift- 
books  will  thank  the  enterprise  of  Messrs.  Lippin- 
cott for  providing  these  really  sumptuous  editions. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  issue  a  new  and  en- 
larged edition  of  Mr.  Joseph  PennelPs  standard 
treatise  on  "  Pen  Drawing  and  Pen  Draughtsmen," 
a  study  of  the  art  as  practiced  to-day,  with  techni- 
cal suggestions.  There  are  over  four  hundred  illus- 
trations from  originals  by  Sir  F.  Leighton,  Messrs. 
J.  E.  Millais,  F.  Burne  Jones,  Abbey,  Holman 
Hunt,  A.  Parsons,  Aubrey  Beardsley,  and  many 
others,  the  value  of  which  to  the  art-student  can 
scarcely  be  over-estimated.  Mr.  Pennell's  book,  at 
the  date  of  its  first  appearance  in  1889,  met  with 
the  cordial  and  general  approval  of  those  best  qual- 
ified to  judge  of  it;  and  it  is  safe  to  pronounce  it 
hors  concours  in  its  class.  As  an  art-work  of  actual 
and  solid  value,  nothing  on  our  list  surpasses  it 

Mrs.  Oliphant's  recent  articles  in  "  The  Century 
Magazine  "  on  "  The  Reign  of  Queen  Anne  "  have, 
very  fittingly,  been  formed  into  a  fine  gift-book  — 
one  of  the  best  of  the  season  —  by  the  Century  Co. 
The  theme  is  perennially  attractive,  and  Mrs.  Oli- 
phant  treats  it  with  her  usual  freshness  and  anima- 
tion. The  characters  of  the  Churchills,  Harley, 
Godolphin,  St.  John,  Swift,  Berkeley,  Defoe,  Addi- 
son,  Steele,  and  other  more  or  less  brilliant  satel- 
lites of  that  comparatively  rayless  primary  the  stupid 


336 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


and  all  too  trusting  Anne,  are  admirably  drawn. 
For  the  Queen  herself  — "  the  church's  wet-nurse, 
Goody  Anne,"  as  flippant  Walpole  styled  her — Mrs. 
Oliphant  has  some  words  of  judicious  kindness. 
Anne  has  been  roundly  snubbed  and  laughed  at  by 
everybody,  from  Macaulay  down ;  but  the  fact  re- 
mains that  she  was  one  of  the  few  sovereigns  who 
may  without  hyperbole  be  said  to  have  been  loved 
in  her  day.  She  was  a  good  wife,  a  good  woman, 
a  good  friend,  and — what  was  then  politically  very 
much  to  the  purpose  —  a  good  Protestant.  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  book  is  pleasant  reading,  and  it  makes  a 
goodly  show  outwardly,  with  its  fine  print  and  pa- 
per, its  richly  tooled  binding,  and  its  thirty-three 
sound  wood-engravings.  Among  the  latter  are  por- 
traits of  Anne,  John  Evelyn,  Defoe,  William  III., 
the  Marlboroughs,  Burnett,  Swift,  "  Stella,"  and 
Addison. 

Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.'s  dainty  holiday 
edition,  with  illustrations  by  Messrs.  George  Whar- 
ton  Edwards  and  F.  Hopkinson  Smith,  of  Dr. 
Holmes's  "The  Last  Leaf"  appears  with  a  melan- 
choly opportuneness.  In  the  touching  letter,  dated 
July  12,  1894,  prefixed  in  facsimile  to  the  volume, 
Dr.  Holmes  says  :  "  I  am  one  of  the  very  last  of  the 
leaves  which  still  cling  to  the  bough  of  life  that 
budded  in  the  Spring  of  the  nineteenth  century"; 
and  now  this  leaf  too  has  fluttered  to  earth,  and  the 
bough  is  indeed  forsaken.  Walt  Whitman  draws 
somewhere  a  fine  and  just  distinction  between  "  lov- 
ing by  allowance ' '  and  "  loving  with  a  personal  love ' ' ; 
and  in  the  limited  class  of  authors  whom  we  love — 
as  we  do  Lamb  and  Goldsmith  —  with  "  a  personal 
love,"  and  not,  as  it  were,  by  convention,  the  cheery 
Autocrat  surely  takes  his  place.  The  little  book 
forms  a  timely  and  charming  souvenir  of  its  author. 
The  poem  is  printed  entire  on  the  opening  pages ; 
after  which  follow  separate  lines  and  stanzas,  with 
decorative  designs  and  illustrations  interspersed.  A 
history  of  the  poem,  written  by  Dr.  Holmes  in  1885, 
is  appended. 

Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.'s  inexpensive  two- 
volume  edition  of  "  The  Count  of  Monte  Cristo " 
brings  a  neat,  well-printed,  fairly-bound  copy  of 
Dumas's  kaleidoscopic  romance  within  range  of  all 
purses.  There  are  eighteen  illustrations  by  Mr. 
Frank  T.  Merrill,  and  commendable  pains  have 
been  taken  to  secure  a  good  text,  ordinary  English 
versions  of  the  story  having  been  tinkered  into 
shape  from  some  strange  original  that  must  itself 
have  been  bad  enough  in  all  conscience.  Omissions 
have  been  supplied,  additions  expunged,  solecisms 
corrected,  nautical  terms  "  exported," — and,  in  short, 
the  English  "Monte  Cristo"  has  been,  to  quote  Sid- 
ney Smith,  metaphorically  washed,  shaved,  brushed, 
and  forced  into  clean  linen,  by  the  present  editors. 
The  publishers  are  to  be  credited  with  more  than 
one  praiseworthy  deed  in  the  way  of  making  good 
editions  of  good  books  popularly  accessible. 

Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons'  luxurious  "  Van 
Tassell  "  edition  of  Irving's  "Sketch  Book  "  is  gen- 


erally similar  in  style  to  the  "  Agapida,"  the 
"Darro,"  and  the  "Van  Twiller"  editions  of  "The 
Conquest  of  Granada,"  "  The  Alhambra,"  and  the 
"  Knickerbocker's  History  of  New  York,"  respect- 
ively, of  former  seasons.  To  our  thinking  the  lat- 
est publication  is  even  more  attractive  than  its  pre- 
decessors. The  border  designs  this  time  are  dainty 
festoons  of  leaves  and  berries,  etc.;  and  there  are 
thirty-two  illustrations  by  Messrs.  Church,  Barraud, 
Rackham,  Rix,  and  Van  Deusen.  The  "  Van  Tas- 
sell "  edition  should  prove  one  of  the  marked  suc- 
cesses of  the  season. 

Little  need  be  said  in  characterization  of  form 
or  matter  of  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers'  superb 
two  volume  edition  of  Charles  Kingsley's  "  Hypa- 
tia."  The  work  is  generally  uniform  with  the  same 
firm's  well-known  editions  of  "Ben  Hur"  and  "The 
Cloister  and  the  Hearth" — bindings  of  sea-green 
silk,  lightly  glazed  paper,  dainty  typography,  and 
a  profusion  of  full-page  and  marginal  drawings  by 
Mr.  William  Martin  Johnson.  Kingsley's  master- 
piece ranks  with  the  classics  of  fiction ;  and  it  is, 
to  our  taste,  worthier  of  its  present  sumptuous  set- 
ting than  either  of  its  popular  predecessors — assur- 
edly than  the  earlier  of  them.  As  an  example  of 
an  art  work  resulting  from  the  union  of  ripe  learn- 
ing and  forceful  imagination,  "Hypatia"  has  few 
rivals  in  its  class  in  any  language.  Mr.  Johnson's 
drawings  are  for  the  most  part  well  done,  and  form 
a  running  pictorial  exposition  of  the  text  at  once 
ornamental  and  instructive. 

A  very  taking  and  desirable  edition,  in  two  trim 
volumes,  illustrated  with  fifty  small  drawings  and 
eight  full-page  photogravures  by  Mr.  Edmund  H. 
Garrett,  of  Dickens's  "  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,"  is 
issued  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  Like  Thack- 
eray's "  Esmond,"  this  novel  is,  when  viewed  with 
the  body  of  its  author's  works,  something  of  a  book 
apart ;  and  the  publishers  have  done  well  in  select- 
ing it  for  a  special  reprint.  Good  critics  have  pro- 
nounced it  the  author's  greatest  novel ;  and,  consid- 
ered as  a  piece  of  pure  constructive  art,  it  probably 
is  so.  If  he  nowhere  in  it  quite  touches  his  highest 
level,  there  is  certainly  no  other  work  of  his  in 
which  the  level  reached  is  so  well  sustained.  In 
his  more  characteristic  books,  Dickens  sinks  all  too 
often  into  a  bizarrerie  of  style,  and  a  commonness, 
even  a  mawkishness,  of  sentiment,  that  offend  his 
discriminating  admirers.  But  in  "A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities  "  his  taste  seldom  lapses,  his  inspiration  sel- 
dom flags.  "  There  is,"  says  Forster,  "  no  other  in- 
stance in  his  novels  of  a  deliberate  and  planned 
departure  from  the  method  of  treatment  which  had 
been  preeminently  the  source  of  his  popularity." 
The  present  edition  is  handy,  sightly,  and,  style  con- 
sidered, inexpensive. 

The  true  stories  of  "  Three  Heroines  of  New  En- 
gland Romance,"  Priscilla  Mullins,  Agnes  Surriage, 
and  Martha  Hilton,  are  gracefully  set  forth  by  Mrs. 
Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  Miss  Alice  Brown,  and 
Miss  Louise  Imogen  Guiney,  in  a  tasteful  volume 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


337 


profusely  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Garrett,  and  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  Priscilla  is, 
of  course,  modest  John  Alden's  Priscilla ;  Martha 
Hilton  (afterwards  Lady  Wentworth)  figures  in  his- 
tory and  in  Longfellow's  pretty  ballad  ;  while  Ag- 
nes Surriage  was  a  Marblehead  lass,  who,  after 
an  unusually  stormy  experience  of  the  proverbial 
"  course  of  true  love,"  married  the  man  of  her  heart, 
and,  as  Lady  Agnes  Frankland,  ''  lived  happy  ever 
after,"  as  the  story-books  say,  and  as  she  certainly 
deserved  to  do.  The  subjects  have  furnished  am- 
ple opportunity  for  the  illustrator's  best  work,  and 
Mr.  Garrett  has  on  the  whole  acquitted  himself 
creditably. 

Mr.  G.  S.  Layard's  "Tennyson  and  his  Pre- 
Raphaelite  Illustrators"  (Copeland  &  Day)  is  a 
book  about  a  book,  or,  better,  about  the  illustrators 
of  a  book  —  that  is,  of  the  Tennyson  quarto  pub- 
lished by  Moxon  in  1857,  and  soon  to  be  repub- 
lished  by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  (And  we  may 
add,  en  passant,  that  we  hope  the  latter  firm  will 
note  Mr.  Ruskfn's  statement  that  the  original  wood- 
cuts were  in  a  few  cases  "  terribly  spoiled  in  the 
cutting,  and  generally  the  best  part,  the  expression 
of  feature,  entirely  lost."  These  designs  should  cer- 
tainly be  re-engraved.)  In  his  appreciations  of  the 
quarto  of  1857,  "  the  most  intrinsically  valuable," 
he  thinks,  of  all  Tennysonian  volumes,  Mr.  Layard 
devotes  himself  mainly  to  the  work  of  the  three 
more  prominent  pre-Raphaelites — Rossetti,  Millais, 
and  Holman  Hunt,  to  each  of  whom  a  separate 
chapter  is  given.  There  are  a  few  interesting  pages 
on  the  origin  of  the  P.  R.  B.;  and  here  the  au- 
thor joins  issue  with  Mr.  Quilter,  crediting  the 
movement  to  Holman  Hunt,  rather  than  to  Ros- 
setti's  first  master,  the  eccentric  F.  Madox  Brown. 
Tennyson,  who  was  as  insensible  to  pictorial  art  as 
Shelley  was  to  music,  seems  to  have  left  his  illus- 
trators to  their  own  devices ;  though  in  one  or  two 
cases  he  raised  rather  captious  objections  —  for  in- 
stance, to  Hunt's  noble,  if  rather  dishevelled,  "  Lady 
of  Shalott."  "  My  dear  Hunt,"  he  exclaimed,  on 
first  seeing  this  plate,  "  I  never  said  the  young  wo- 
man's hair  was  flying  all  over  the  shop !  "  "No," 
calmly  replied  the  painter,  "  but  you  never  said  it 
wasn't  " — and,  happily,  the  design  stood.  Mr.  Lay- 
ard's book  is  interesting  and  critical  in  tone,  and  the 
nine  illustrations  (including  two  after  water-color 
drawings  by  Mrs.  Rossetti)  are  well  chosen  and  well 
reproduced. 

Jane  Austen  illustrated  by  Hugh  Thomson  forms 
a  combination  that  discerning  book-buyers  should 
find  hard  to  resist.  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.'s  new 
edition  of  "Pride  and  Prejudice"  offers  these  joint 
attractions ;  and  to  round  off  the  volume  there  is  a 
capital  introduction  by  Mr.  George  Saintsbury. 
Touching  the  friendly  strife  among  Miss  Austen's 
adherents  as  to  the  relative  merits  of  her  books,  Mr. 
Saintsbury  unhesitatingly  awards  the  primacy  to  the 
present  work.  He  finds  it  "  the  most  perfect,  the 
most  characteristic,  the  most  eminently  quintessen- 


tial "  of  them  all ;  its  hero  is  "  by  far  the  best  and 
most  interesting  of  Miss  Austen's  heroes  ";  while 
as  to  its  heroine  he  concludes,  after  calmly  weigh- 
ing the  competing  charms  of  her  rivals  in  his  affec- 
tions, that  "  to  live  with  and  to  marry,  I  do  not 
know  that  any  one  of  the  four  can  come  into  com- 
petition with  Elizabeth."  The  volume  is  uniform 
in  make-up  with  the  same  firm's  well-known  editions 
of  "  Cranford,"  "  Our  Village,"  etc. 

In  her  "  Schools  and  Masters  of  Sculpture  "  (Ap- 
pleton),  Miss  A.  G.  Radcliffe  essays  to  tell  "clearly, 
vividly,  and  accurately  "  the  story  of  the  progress 
of  plastic  art  from  archaic  times  down  to  the  pres- 
ent day — a  pretty  difficult  task  in  a  moderate-sized 
12mo  volume  of  560  odd  pages.  The  author  con- 
fines herself  closely  to  facts,  and  these  have  been 
carefully  and  judiciously  winnowed.  Successive 
schools  of  sculpture — the  Egyptian,  Assyrian,  Greek, 
Roman,  Mediaeval,  and  Modern — are  shown  by  the 
flash-light  of  single  chapters,  and  the  personality  of 
the  great  masters  is  briefly  set  before  us.  Miss 
Radcliffe  has  evidently  "  got  up  "  the  authorities 
carefully ;  and  her  book,  like  its  companion  volume 
on  painting,  affords  a  useful  and  accurate  birdseye 
view  of  the  subject,  and  it  should  prove  serviceable 
as  a  larger  guide-book  to  European  and  American 
galleries  and  museums.  There  are  thirty-five  full- 
page  plates  in  half-tone. 

Mr.  Laurence  Hutton's  "Portraits  in  Plaster" 
(Harper)  is  a  vastly  interesting, attractively  mount- 
ed work — though  not,  to  our  thinking,  one  exactly 
suggestive  of  Christmas  cheer.  Mr.  Hutton,  as  the 
readers  of  "Harper's  Magazine"  have  been  made 
aware,  is  the  happy  possessor  of  the  largest  and 
fullest  collection  of  death-masks  in  the  world  ;  and 
the  present  volume  contains  photographic  repro- 
ductions of  seventy-two  of  them.  The  earliest  casts 
are  those  of  Dante  and  Tasso ;  the  latest  one  is 
that  of  Edwin  Booth.  They  range  from  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  the  wisest  of  men,  to  Sambo,  the  lowest 
type  of  the  American  negro  ;  from  Cromwell  to 
Clay  ;  from  Bonaparte  to  Grant ;  from  Keats  to 
Leopardi ;  from  Pius  IX.  to  Tom  Paine  ;  from 
Ben  Gaunt,  the  pugilist,  to  Dr.  Chalmers,  the  light 
of  the  Scotch  pulpit.  Marat,  Robespierre,  Burke, 
Washington,  Tom  Moore,  Mme.  Malibran,  Swift, 
Brougham,  Sherman,  and  other  celebrities,  stare 
stonily  at  us  from  Mr.  Hutton's  pages  —  with  an 
effect,  as  "  Mr.  Wegg  "  delicately  said  of  the  home 
of  his  friend,  "  Mr.  Venus,"  "  rather  ghastly,  all 
things  considered."  The  nucleus  of  the  collection 
was  a  half-dozen  plaster  casts  found  by  a  boy  in  a 
dust-bin.  They  came  into  Mr.  Hutton's  possession 
by  chance,  and  from  that  time  on  he  has  been  a 
collector,  an  amateur,  of  death-masks.  Some  would 
have  chosen  a  more  cheerful  line  of  connoisseur- 
ship ;  but,  as  Yorick  says,  "there's  no  disputing 
about  hobby-horses."  The  tale  of  Mr.  Hutton's 
researches  in  the  museums,  studios,  plaster-shops, 
and  curiosity  shops  of  half  the  capitals  of  Europe 
and  America  would,  he  tells  us,  fill  a  fair  volume ; 


338 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


and  he  has  traced  and  identified  his  trophies  with 
much  care.  He  is  sure,  for  instance,  that  his  is  the 
actual  death-mask  of  Aaron  Burr,  because  he  has 
the  personal  guarantee  of  the  maker  of  the  mould ; 
he  is  equally  certain  of  another  cast,  because  he 
saw  it  made  himself ;  while  as  to  a  third,  he  has  no 
manner  of  doubt,  because,  he  frankly  admits,  "  I 
know  the  man  who  stole  it."  Mr.  Button's  book 
is  unique,  and  it  has  a  decided  (albeit  rather  grew- 
some)  fascination.  The  value  of  the  masks  as  por- 
traits is  beyond  question,  and  the  descriptive  text 
is  chatty  and  informing. 

It  seems  a  pity  that  so  exquisitely  artistic  a  set- 
ting should  be  lavished  on  so  nonsensical  a  produc- 
tion as  Mr.  Edward  Garnett's  "  An  Imaged  World  " 
(Dent  &  Co.,  London  ) .  What  Mr.  Garnett  is  really 
driving  at  in  his  "  Poems  in  Prose,"  as  he  calls 
them,  must,  for  the  most  part,  remain  a  secret  be- 
tween himself  and  his  Maker ;  but  his  illustrator, 
Mr.  William  Hyde,  has  wrestled  manfully  with  the 
problem,  and  has  produced  some  pretty,  if  pardon- 
ably vague,  drawings  that  partly  redeem  the  text. 
The  "poems  "  consist  largely  of  rhapsodic  addresses 
to  Nature,  mingled  with  amatory  caterwaulings  ad- 
dressed to  no  one  in  particular,  of  which  the  follow- 
ing may  serve  as  a  sample  :  "  Flower  of  my  heart, 
would  thou  wert  here  on  the  hillside  this  dark  eve 
of  grey  and  windy  autumn,  and  the  dim  greyish 
heavens  and  fleeing  clouds  were  over  our  two  heads. 
0  Girl,  the  sad  wind  is  rising,  O  Girl,  this  night 
that  is  falling  will  bring  desolation  into  the  heart 
of  the  world.  I  would  thou  wert  by  my  fireside 
this  night;  ah,  Girl-flower" — and  so  on  for  over  a 
hundred  pages.  That  a  man  should  be  willing  to 
rush  into  print  with  this  sort  of  thing  in  the  age  of 
Spencer,  and  Darwin,  and  Huxley,  and  common- 
sense  generally,  passes  understanding. 

A  neat  illustrated  edition  of  Mr.  Howells's  "Their 
Wedding  Journey  " — the  inimitable  account  of  the 
bridal  tour  of  a  couple  "  no  longer  very  young,  but 
still  fresh  in  the  light  of  their  love,"  in  which  the 
author  takes  occasion  to  "  talk  of  some  ordinary 
traits  of  American  life  ...  to  speak  a  little  of 
well-known  and  easily  accessible  places,  to  present 
now  a  bit  of  landscape  and  now  a  sketch  of  char- 
acter,"—  is  issued  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  & 
Co.  The  book  is  essentially  a  series  of  Ameri- 
can travel  pictures  and  character  sketches,  thrown 
off  with  the  author's  usual  photographic  and  phono- 
graphic accuracy,  and  it  is  one  of  his  crispest  and 
cleverest  works.  Mr.  Clifford  Carroll's  drawings 
are  acceptable,  but  hardly  equal  the  snap  and  verve 
of  the  text. 

A  second  series  of  Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  "  Eight- 
eenth Century  Vignettes,"  that  will  doubtless  repeat 
the  success  of  its  popular  predecessor  of  last  year, 
is  issued  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  There  are 
twelve  papers  in  all :  "  The  Journal  to  Stella," 
"  The  Topography  of  '  Humphry  Clinker,' "  "  Rich- 
ardson at  Home,"  "  Johnson's  Library,"  "  Rane- 
lagh,"  etc.  —  themes  in  which  Mr.  Dobson  is  very 


much  at  home,  and  which  he  handles  with  his  usual 
piquancy  and  lightness  of  touch.  The  portraits  of 
Swift,  Dodsley,  Richardson,  Garrick,  Smollett,  Rou- 
billiac,  and  others,  are  notably  good,  and  the  volume 
altogether  is  a  choice  piece  of  book-making. 

Mr.  Mowbray  Morris's  compact  edition  of  Bos- 
well's  "Life  of  Johnson"  is  issued  in  a  neat  two- 
volume  reprint  by  Messrs.  Crowell  &  Co.  The  type 
is  new,  bright,  and  open,  the  paper  is  good,  the 
thirty-four  full-page  portraits  are  well  chosen  and 
well  executed,  and  the  price  (three  dollars)  is  low 
enough,  certainly,  for  a  sound  copy  of  one  of  the 
richest  works  in  any  language.  In  annotating  his 
work,  Mr.  Morris  did  little  more  than  to  cull  from 
his  editorial  predecessors,  and  he  left  Boswell's 
notes  intact.  The  present  American  editor  has 
added  some  judicjkms  selections  from  Dr.  Hill's 
notes,  and  he  has  wisely  followed  the  latter's  exam- 
ple in  restoring  the  original  spelling  of  Dr.  John- 
son's and  his  friends'  letters.  The  edition  is,  we 
should  say,  decidedly  the  best  to  be  had  for  any- 
thing like  the  money. 

Another  desirable  reprint  of  standard  literature 
from  the  press  of  Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  is  an 
edition  in  two  octavo  volumes  of  "  The  Complete 
Poetical  Works  of  Sir  Walter  Scott."  By  printing 
the  poems  in  double  columns,  compactness  has  been 
secured  without  unduly  sacrificing  size  and  clear- 
ness of  type ;  and  the  volumes,  like  other  similar 
publications  of  this  firm,  challenge  comparison  with 
editions  considerably  more  costly  and  pretentious. 
The  text  is  carefully  edited ;  there  is  an  admirable 
Introduction  by  Professor  Charles  Eliot  Norton, 
and  a  Biographical  Sketch  by  Nathan  Haskell  Dole. 
The  frontispiece  portrait  of  Sir  Walter  is  one  of 
the  best  plates  of  the  kind  that  we  remember  to 
have  seen. 

The  charm  of  "  Paul  and  Virginia  "  is  perennial, 
and  older  readers  who  have  experienced  its  delights, 
and  desire  their  younger  friends  to  share  them  in 
their  turn,  will  welcome  the  new  edition  of  the 
French  classic  issued  by  Messrs.  Appleton  &  Co. 
The  translation  includes  a  brief  memoir  of  Saint- 
Pierre,  and  the  pretty  but  inexpensive  volume  is 
profusely  illustrated  with  the  drawings  of  Leloir. 

Cost  considered,  we  know  of  no  comelier  and 
handier  shelf  edition  of  Irving's  ever -charming 
"  Sketch-Book  "  than  the  one  now  issued  in  two  vol- 
umes by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  The  volumes 
throughout  are  models  of  quiet  tastefulness  and 
sound  workmanship.  They  are  printed  from  new 
type,  and  contain  the  familiar  wood-cuts  of  the 
"  Artists'  Edition." 

The  desiderata  of  good  taste  and  inexpensiveness 
are  happily  blended  in  The  Century  Co.'s  tiny  book- 
lets, "Writing  to  Rosina,"  a  novelette  by  Mr.  W. 
H.  Bishop,  and  "P'tit  Matinic,"  a  sheaf  of  thumb- 
nail sketches  by  Mr.  George  Wharton  Edwards. 
Both  volumes  are  prettily  illustrated  and  daintily 
bound  in  embossed  sheep,  and  either  may  be  slipped 
into  the  waistcoat  pocket. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


339 


BOOKS    FOR   THE  YOUNG. 


I. 

This  season's  publication  of  books  for  young  readers 
is  not  only  unusually  large,  but  on  the  whole  may  be 
said  to  be  of  rather  unusual  interest  and  value.  Some 
of  our  best  writers,  alive  to  the  importance  of  this  field, 
are  sharing  in  the  production  of  books  of  information, 
useful  but  by  no  means  dry;  and  in  a  few  cases  juveniles 
combining  attractive  narrative  with  a  pure  literary  in- 
terest are  offered.  Even  the  fiction  work — with  the  ex- 
ception, possibly,  of  that  of  Jules  Verne  and  a  few  of 
the  more  trivial  books  for  girls, — has,  it  would  seem,  to 
assume  an  air  of  seriousness  in  order  to  get  itself  into  no- 
tice. While  there  is  good  fun  and  plenty  of  it  among  the 
season's  publications  for  the  young,  such  books  as  "  The 
Story  of  Alexander,"  "Czar  and  Sultan,"  and  "The 
Century  Book  for  Young  Americans  "  have  a  quality 
that  makes  for  usefulness  in  any  developing  mind;  and 
there  is  this  year  rather  less  than  the  usual  amount  of 
that  "  writing  down "  to  young  readers  which  does  so 
much  harm.  There  is,  of  course,  no  real  necessity  for 
lowering  artistic  standards  in  order  to  reach  the  com- 
prehension of  children,  as  their  uncorrupted  taste  is  ca- 
pable of  enjoying  the  best  art,  provided  it  be  simple; 
and  the  recognition  of  this  fact  is  improving  the  quality 
of  children's  books.  The  reproduction  of  the  great 
works  of  the  older  writers,  in  suitable  form  for  the  chil- 
dren of  to-day,  is  much  to  be  commended.  Why  should 
not  certain  stories  from  Homer,  following  closely  the 
Butcher  and  Lang  translation,  be  edited  and  illustrated 
as  superbly  as  is  that  narrative  of  old,  "  The  Story  of 
Alexander "  ?  And  that  tale  of  the  middle  ages,  the 
friendship  of  Amis  and  Amile,  to  whose  exquisite  charm 
Mr.  Pater  calls  attention,  would  also,  edited  for  children, 
have  great  literary  value,  to  say  nothing  of  its  ennobling 
power.  The  tenderest  age  is  none  too  early  to  begin 
setting  before  the  child  the  simpler  elements  of  literary 
beauty. 

The  unexplored  charm  of  new  books  is  enhanced  by 
illustrations  which  stir  the  fancy  and  train  the  eye. 
Those  pictures  which  do  not  really  illustrate  detract 
from  rather  than  aid  the  printed  page,  for  most  children 
have  plenty  of  imagination  of  their  own,  and  the  great 
value  to  them  of  illustration  is  in  properly  directing 
their  imagination  and  familiarizing  them  with  good 
models  in  art.  Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  annual  "  Fairy 
Book  "  (Longmans)  has  not  always  been  so  well  illus- 
trated as  it  is  this  year  by  Mr.  Ford,  and  even  now  a 
timid  child  might  well  be  alarmed  at  the  frightful 
witches  who  have  smuggled  themselves  between  the 
covers.  In  his  preface,  which  is  really  only  a  familiar 
talk  with  his  young  readers,  Mr.  Lang  pays  his  respects 
to  Mr.  Laurence  Gomme,  President  of  the  Folk-Lore 
Society,  who  "  does  not  think  it  very  nice  to  publish 
fairy  books,  and  above  all,  red,  green,  and  blue  fairy 
books."  Though  Mr.  Lang  takes  the  liberty  of  mis- 
quoting Mr.  R.  L.  Stevenson,  his  quiet  sarcasm  redeems 
him.  Anyone  who  reads  his  grave  assurance  that  the 
existence  of  fairies  is  a  difficult  question, — that  Profes- 
sor Huxley  thinks  there  are  none,  though  the  Reverend 
Mr.  Baring-Gould  saw  several  when  he  was  a  boy  trav- 
elling with  the  Troubadours,  and  that  "  probably  a  good 
many  stories  not  perfectly  true  have  been  told  about 
fairies,  but  such  stories  have  also  been  told  about  Napo- 
leon, Julius  Caesar,  and  Joan  of  Arc,  all  of  whom  certainly 
existed," — may  feel  he  would  rather  hear  Mr.  Lang  mis- 
quote than  to  hear  other  people  recite  volumes.  "  The 


Enchanted  Swans,"  the  source  of  Reineke's  cantata,  is 
in  this  "  Yellow  Fairy  Book,"  and  also  a  Chinese  tale, 
rescued  from  oblivion,  from  which  the  expression  "  A 
little  bird  told  me  "  probably  took  its  origin.  Though 
the  tales  are  gathered  from  many  lands,  and  from  such 
accomplished  writers  as  Andersen,  Grimm,  and  Madame 
D'Aulnoy,  none  are  more  poetic  or  spiritual  than  those 
from  the  Red  Indian,  one  from  the  Iroquois  strongly 
suggesting,  in  its  pathetic  ending,  the  story  of  Orpheus 
and  Eurydice. 

A  new  edition  of  "  Tales  from  Hans  Andersen  "  (Lip- 
pincott)  is  illustrated  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Lemann,  who  has 
endeavored  to  embellish  the  tales  more  fitly  than  has 
been  done  before.  This  is,  however,  rather  like  paint- 
ing the  lily ;  since  the  chief  interest  remains  in  the  tales 
themselves.  Though  Mr.  Lemann  has  been  moderately 
successful,  the  illustrations  are  on  the  whole  common- 
place. 

Mr.  Palmer  Cox,  inimitable  as  ever,  has  this  year  sent 
"The   Brownies   around   the  World"   (Century  Co.). 
Poor  sprites  !     They  look  dreadfully  ill  on  their  demo- 
cratic raft,  but  they  learn  the  sage  lesson  that 
"  You  can't  through  foreign  countries  roam 

And  have  the  comforts  of  a  home." 

They  scale  the  Alps,  they  ride  the  crocodile ;  they  mor- 
alize soberly  on  the  follies  of  idol-worship  while  toying 
with  the  gold  ear-ring  of  Buddha;  but  in  the  end  they 
reach  home  safely,  after  having  made  the  world  their 
own.  Adventures  like  these  are  sure  to  please  the  chil- 
dren. Mr.  Cox,  as  usual,  furnishes  his  own  capital  illus- 
trations. 

Though  Mr.  Lang  believes  the  successful  invention 
of  new  fairy  stories  is  rare,  two  at  least  are  brought  out 
this  season.  They  are  quite  different  in  style,  however, 
one  by  the  Countess  of  Jersey,  entitled  "Maurice,  or 
the  Red  Jar"  (Macmillan),  having  an  air  of  reality 
which  makes  it  fascinating.  It  contains  the  conven- 
tional ingredients  of  fairy  tales  —  an  enchanted  castle, 
nixies,  old  dames,  and  the  spirits  of  earth,  water,  and 
fire.  These  are  combined  in  so  novel  a  manner  that 
one  hardly  regrets  the  absence  of  a  princess.  The  cen- 
tral idea  —  that  expiation  through  suffering  is  the  only 
cure  for  disobedience  —  is  very  well  worked  out. 

No  serious  purpose,  only  amusement  pure  and  simple, 
is  the  object  of  Mr.  Tudor  Jenks,  whose  "  World's  Fair 
Book  "  was  among  the  more  interesting  of  last  year's 
publications  for  boys  and  girls.  "  Imaginotions  "  (Cen- 
tury Co.)  is  likely  to  prove  very  popular,  as  it  is  a  clever 
combination  of  wit  and  fancy,  fact  and  fable.  It  would 
seem  as  though  Mr.  Jenks  must  have  had  a  prelim- 
inary view  of  all  the  fairy  books  of  the  season,  for  he 
has  burlesqued  them  all.  "  The  Sequel,"  which  is  one 
of  the  best  of  the  stories,  describes  the  woes  of  the  Hero 
after  he  marries  the  Princess,  and  tells  how  he  lived 
unhappily  ever  after  until  he  succeeded  in  throwing  off 
the  shackles  of  royalty.  It  is  difficult  to  say  which  is 
funnier,  "  The  Sequel  "  or  the  "  Kaba  ben  Ephraf,"  the 
latter  being  a  matter-of-fact  individual  who  succeeds  in 
life  through  a  free  use  of  the  simple  motto,  "  If  you 
do  n't  see  what  you  want,  ask  for  it."  The  comical  idea 
of  the  Professor,  who  is  convinced  by  the  scientific  rea- 
soning of  the  Patagonian  Giant  that  it  is  his  duty  to  let 
himself  be  eaten  by  that  eloquent  monster,  is  carried 
out  with  a  dash  and  humor  which  "  Mark  Twain  "  himself 
has  scarcely  excelled.  The  book  is  worthily  illustrated 
by  Messrs.  Birch,  Drake,  Bensell,  Dan  Beard,  and  Oli- 
ver Herford.  Some  of  the  stories  have  previously  ap- 
peared in  "  St.  Nicholas." 


340 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


"  The  Story  of  Alexander,  Retold  from  the  Originals 
by  Robert  Steele,  Drawn  by  Fred  Mason  and  Published 
by  Macmillan  and  Co.,"  is  the  imposing  title  of  what  is 
probably  the  most  marked  departure  from  the  conven- 
tional juvenile  book  of  the  present  season.  With  pic- 
tures in  black  and  white  suggestive  both  of  Mr.  Elihu 
Vedder  and  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  a  rich  and  artistic  bind- 
ing, and  unexceptionable  paper  and  print,  the  traditions 
that  gathered  round  the  figure  of  Alexander  the  Great 
have  here  received  a  truly  noble  setting.  The  tale  is 
told  with  Homeric  simplicity  —  a  tale  of  conquest  and 
love,  and  of  an  unconquerable  spirit.  The  bibliography 
of  the  story  is  of  such  interest  that  eight  pages  of  the 
author's  "  Afterwords "  do  not  suffice  to  tell  all  the 
forms  it  has  undergone.  Probably  many  of  the  tradi- 
tions grew  up  soon  after  the  death  of  Alexander,  and 
since  that  time  it  has  received  additions  from  many 
tongues  in  many  ages.  But  young  readers  are  advised 
not  to  annoy  their  teachers  in  Greek  history  by  putting 
any  of  it  into  their  examination  papers  —  and,  indeed, 
such  a  course  would  be  dangerous,  since  the  book  con- 
tains no  dates.  Perhaps  its  purpose  is  best  told  in  these 
lines  from  the  "  Open  Letter  "  which  takes  the  place  of 
a  preface:  "If  it  pleases  you  and  shows  you  who  were 
the  heroes  of  our  ancestors,  and  what  were  the  stories 
they  delighted  in,  it  will  have  reached  the  object  of 
your  loving  liegeman,  R.  S."  The  full-page  illustra- 
tions, noble  in  design  and  execution,  are  worthy  of  se- 
rious study,  and  the  head  and  tail  pieces  are  rich  in  alle- 
gorical meaning. 

Mr.  Frost's  fortunate  auditor  in  his  "  Wagner  Story 
Book "  (Scribner)  is  a  little  girl ;  though  these  enno- 
bling tales,  like  all  folk-lore,  are  no  less  suitable  for 
boys.  The  author's  style,  in  dealing  with  stories  some- 
what involved,  is  clear,  and  while  there  is  a  certain  awk- 
wardness in  the  use  of  the  present  tense  throughout  the 
book,  another  form  would  require  the  sacrifice  of  the 
conceit  that  the  stories  are  being  enacted  in  the  burn- 
ing coals, —  an  idea  which  gives  life  to  the  whole,  and 
is  always  well  sustained.  A  delicate  fancy  plays  about 
the  immortal  German  myths,  and  in  the  flames  are  seen 
Wotan  and  the  river  nymphs,  Parsifal  and  Elsa,  while 
the  "  Magic  Fire  Scene  "  glows  again  before  the  reader. 
The  text  is  so  picturesque  that  the  illustrations  might 
have  been  dispensed  with,  especially  as  their  workman- 
ship is  often  indifferent. 

A  curious  contrast  to  the  German  myths,  with  their 
powerful  human  interest,  is  formed  by  the  no  less  at- 
tractive Pueblo  Indian  folk  stories  written  out  for  boys 
and  girls  by  Mr.  Charles  F.  Lummis  in  "  The  Man  who 
Married  the  Moon  "  (Century  Co.).  Great  friendliness 
has  sprung  up  between  Mr.  Lummis  and  this  interest- 
ing Indian  tribe,  about  whom  he  knows  and  tells  us 
much.  Tales  of  craft  abound,  though  the  one  which 
gives  the  book  its  title  is  full  of  poetry,  and  a  keen 
sense  of  humor  is  everywhere  apparent.  The  many 
predicaments  of  the  coyote,  in  his  domestic  and  social 
relations  with  other  animals,  are  particularly  laughable ; 
and  the  stories  —  many  of  which  are  much  older  than 
the  Spanish  invasion  of  North  America  —  have  also  an 
ethnological  interest.  Altogether,  the  book,  with  its 
good  drawings  from  photographs  by  the  author,  is  full 
of  charm  both  for  young  people  and  their  elders. 

The  adage  "  Too  many  cooks  spoil  the  broth  "  is  well 
illustrated  in  "  Bible  Stories  for  the  Young  "  (Harper), 
where  various  scraps  of  scriptural  meat  are  served  up 
for  young  readers.  Several  well-known  divines  have 
assisted  in  the  task,  with  the  result  that  the  flavor  is  by 


no  means  uniform.  The  stories  of  "  David  and  Jona- 
than "  and  of  "  Mary  in  the  Garden  of  Gethesemane " 
perhaps  suffer  less  in  the  telling  than  the  others;  but 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Parkhurst  has  wholly  destroyed  the  sim- 
ple sweetness  of  the  "  Story  of  the  Nativity."  The 
Bible  story  of  Isaac  and  Rebekah,  too,  gains  nothing 
from  its  writer's  suggestion  that  "  Rebekah  knew  more 
than  we  are  told  about  Isaac,  when  she  said  so  readily 
'  I  will  go,'  and  started  right  off." 

"  The  Century  Book  for  Young  Americans  "  (Century 
Co.)  is  issued  under  the  auspices  of  the  National  So- 
ciety of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution.  The 
purpose  of  the  book,  its  scope  and  thoroughness  of  treat- 
ment, entitle  it  to  a  prominent  position  among  the  more 
serious  juvenile  publications.  Under  the  guidance  of  a 
well-informed  and  kindly-disposed  uncle,  a  party  of 
young  people  visit  Washington,  to  study  the  workings 
of  the  Government.  The  conversation  of  the  tourists 
introduces,  without  effort,  the  historical  cause  for  the 
creation  of  the  different  governmental  departments,  and 
the  functions  of  each.  The  book  is  enlivened  by  glimpses 
of  the  social  life  of  the  capital,  and  by  excursions  to 
Mount  Vernon,  Arlington,  and  other  points  of  romantic 
interest.  The  comments  of  the  young  visitors  should 
excite  the  patriotism  of  every  youthful  American.  Ex- 
cellent portraits  of  men  who  have  distinguished  them- 
selves as  statesmen,  soldiers,  and  citizens,  as  well  as 
charming  pictures  of  Washington  itself,  embellish  the 
work.  It  may  be  mentioned,  in  passing,  that  an  un- 
mistakable picture  of  the  Woman's  Temple  is  entitled 
"  One  of  Chicago's  tall  Buildings  —  the  Masonic  Tem- 
ple ";  an  error  which  the  author,  Mr.  Elbridge  S.  Brooks, 
should  not  have  allowed  to  pass  into  print. 

Of  books  about  foreign  countries,  "  The  Land  of 
Pluck  "  (Century  Co.),  in  its  dress  of  "  Dutch  pink,"  is 
one  of  the  most  attractive.  An  idea  of  life  in  Holland, 
and  of  the  determination  and  patience  of  that  brave  lit- 
tle country,  is  given  with  much  picturesqueness,  and 
with  that  simplicity  of  style  which  contributes  so  greatly 
to  the  success  of  its  author,  Mrs.  Mary  Mapes  Dodge, 
in  writing  for  children.  The  text  is  ably  supported  by 
the  pictures,  which,  in  addition  to  several  by  Mr.  George 
Wharton  Edwards,  number  several  reproductions  of  the 
old  Dutch  masters,  chiefly  pictures  of  children.  The  se- 
ries of  Dutch  sketches  is  an  amplified  form  of  an  arti- 
cle which  appeared  in  "  St.  Nicholas  "  some  years  ago ; 
but  the  short  stories  that  make  up  the  second  part  of 
the  volume,  though  not  entirely  new,  have  never  before 
been  published  in  book  form.  They  are  very  sweet  and 
wholesome  in  tone,  in  every  way  suitable  for  children. 

"  Czar  and  Sultan "  (Scribner),  a.  large  volume  of 
several  hundred  pages,  is  written  with  that  fondness 
for  circumstantial  detail  and  love  of  anecdote  which  so 
facile  a  war  correspondent  as  Mr.  Archibald  Forbes 
would  be  apt  to  display.  Though  the  author  assumes 
the  modest  part  of  the  young  son  of  a  Scotch  grain  mer- 
chant in  Eastern  Europe,  it  is  plain  that  the  book  is 
largely  one  of  personal  reminiscences  of  the  Russo- 
Turkish  campaign.  Mr.  Forbes  says  as  much  in  his 
preface,  at  the  same  time  acknowledging  his  indebtedness 
to  his  colleagues,  MacGahan  and  Mr.  Frank  Millett,  as 
well  as  to  other  sources.  Of  Mr.  Millet  he  says  that  his  let- 
ters always  read  as  if  they  had  been  written  with  a  paint 
brush.  In  spite  of  his  Russian  sympathies,  Mr.  Forbes 
is  not  slow  to  recognize  the  brave  spirit  of  Osman  Pasha, 
as  well  as  the  splendid  fighting  powers  of  his  subjects. 
A  thrilling  account  of  the  dreadful  suffering  of  the  rem- 
nants of  both  armies  after  the  fall  of  Plevna  sufficiently 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


341 


indicates  that  the  Russians,  if  less  inclined  to  butchery 
than  their  enemies,  were  yet  capable  of  the  passive  cru- 
elty of  neglect  and  an  indifference  to  human  distress  of 
which  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  outside  of  barbarism. 
Just  at  this  time  the  work  is  of  especial  interest,  even 
beyond  the  circle  of  readers  for  whom  it  is  intended, 
as  the  recent  death  of  the  Czar  greatly  enhances  the 
value  of  anecdotes  concerning  him  and  Nicholas  II. 
Clearly,  as  seen  through  Mr.  Forbes's  eyes,  Alexander 
III.  was  a  monarch  who  took  very  much  to  heart  the 
anxieties  of  the  campaign,  while  Nicholas  displayed  a 
moody  coldness  which  won  him  no  love.  General  Sko- 
beleff  denounced  Nicholas  with  vigor.  "  I  've  a  good 
mind,"  said  he  to  MacGahan,  "  to  desert  and  join  the 
Turks  —  I  am  so  mad  with  our  idiots  of  the  headquar- 
ters staff.  I  don't  speak  of  the  Grand  Duke  Nicholas; 
he  is  a  mere  figure-head,  and  has  about  as  much  notion 
of  conducting  a  campaign  as  I  have  of  the  differential  cal- 
culus." Nevertheless,  in  his  salutation  of  Osman  Pasha, 
after  the  fall  of  Plevna,  Nicholas  showed  that  he  could 
be  both  just  and  gracious.  The  book  contains  a  number 
of  illustrations,  of  indifferent  merit,  most  of  them  from 
portraits  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Forbes. 

The  fifteenth  volume  of  the  time-honored  "  Boy  Trav- 
ellers "  series  (Harper)  is  devoted  to  the  adventures  of 
the  "  Boy  Travellers  in  the  Levant."  Colonel  Knox  has, 
as  usual,  spared  no  pains  to  make  this  volume  both  in- 
teresting and  instructive.  The  pictures  are  not  all  new; 
in  some  cases  they  appear  to  be  from  worn  plates,  and 
are  lacking  in  clearness. 

After  the  difficulty  of  its  peculiar  jerkiness  of  style 
is  overcome,  the  book  of  travel  "  To  Greenland  and  the 
Pole  "  (Scribner)  proves  very  interesting.  It  is  full  of 
the  fresh  atmosphere  of  the  northern  countries,  and  de- 
scribes faithfully  the  ice-fields  of  virgin  snow  and  the 
dangers  of  Polar  travel.  There  is  no  straining  after 
effect,  only  a  straightforward  narrative,  which,  while  it 
has  its  lighter  phases,  touches  also  tragic  cords.  Its 
author  is  Mr.  Gordon  Stables,  M.D.,  R.N.,  whose  pro- 
totype for  the  chief  hero  is  Nansen,  while  several  of 
the  other  figures  are  sketched  from  living  models.  Much 
of  the  interest  of  the  narrative  centres,  however,  in  the 
two  brave  lads,  Colin  and  Olaf,  whose  northern  birth 
makes  them  susceptible  to  the  awful  fascination  of 
"  dead  nature  in  her  winding-sheet,"  and  endows  them, 
also,  with  something  of  its  austere  charm.  Another  book 
by  the  same  author  is  a  tale  of  a  seafaring  lad  and  his 
love,  called  "  As  We  Sweep  through  the  Deep  "  (Nelson). 

Mr.  Kirk  Monroe's  story  of  «  The  Fur  Seal's  Tooth  " 
(Harper)  is  more  conventional  than  that  of  Mr.  Stables, 
and  at  the  same  time  more  improbable.  The  scenes  are 
in  and  about  Alaska,  and  the  plot  is  loosely  woven 
around  an  Alaskan  charm  carved  from  the  tooth  of  the 
fur-seal.  The  cruelty  of  the  slaying  of  mother-seals  is 
clearly  impressed  on  the  mind  of  the  reader.  Mr.  J. 
Macdonald  Oxley's  « In  the  Wilds  of  the  West  Coast " 
(Nelson)  is  another  story  of  sea  and  land  in  and  about 
Alaska. 

Professor  John  Trowbridge,  in  "  Three  Boys  in  an 
Electrical  Boat "  (Houghton),  describes  the  adventures 
of  three  boys  on  board  an  American  warship,  where 
they  make  themselves  useful  in  navigating  a  submarine 
boat.  Two  of  them,  the  real  heroes,  have  run  away 
from  school  to  embark;  and  their  virtue  is  rewarded  by 
their  finding  in  the  Governor-General  of  Bermuda  their 
father,  who  had  supposed  them  drowned  in  infancy. 
The  details  of  the  story  are  very  exciting,  but  the 
plot  is  improbable  and  the  moral  questionable. 


Nearly  all  the  distinctively  boys'  books  have  this 
year  an  historical  foundation,  by  far  the  most  inter- 
esting of  them  being  those  of  Mr.  G.  A.  Henty,  who 
appears  with  three  good  books  (Scribner),  each  sure  to 
delight  the  "  dear  lads  "  to  whom  he  addresses  himself. 
Two  of  the  books  are  historical,  "  Wulf  the  Saxon " 
rather  surpassing  in  interest  "  When  London  Burned," 
though  the  latter  is  very  entertaining.  But  the  primi- 
tive simplicity  of  the  life  of  the  Saxons  before  the  battle 
of  Hastings  has  a  charm  which  the  story  of  the  Restora- 
tion period  lacks,  and  Wulf  is  rather  more  human  than 
Cyril  Shenstone,  who  almost  is  too  bright  and  good  for 
human  nature's  daily  food.  But  Mr.  Henty's  lads  are 
all  brave  and  manly.  He  has  placed  one  of  them  "  In 
the  Heart  of  the  Rockies,"  and  there,  as  elsewhere,  dur- 
ing the  hardships  of  a  winter  on  the  frontier,  courage 
and  integrity  win  love  and  respect.  It  shows  the  sound- 
ness of  boys'  hearts,  that  they  respond  to  the  note  Mr. 
Henty  strikes,  and  they  freely  testify  that  he  writes  the 
best  boys'  stories  published.  The  strongest  feature  is 
their  direct  simplicity.  Each  phrase  contributes  vigor 
to  the  whole,  and  the  dramatic  element  is  never  over- 
done. His  characters  are  decidedly  alive. 

Old  fires  are  stirred  and  the  embers  live  again  in  the 
pages  of  Mr.  Hezekiah  Butterworth's  "  The  Patriot 
Schoolmaster"  (Appleton).  That  "Father  of  the  Rev- 
olution," Sam  Adams,  is  its  hero,  and  a  brave  boy 
marches  boldly  by  his  side  to  the  tune  of  "  Yankee 
Doodle  " — the  interesting  history  of  that  good  old  air 
being  completely  set  forth.  The  adventures  of  the 
"  four  cannon  which  constituted  the  whole  train  of  field 
artillery  possessed  by  the  British  Colonies  of  North 
America  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,"  form  the 
motive  of  the  book.  Mr.  Butterworth  has  performed  a 
good  deed  also  in  telling  the  curious  history  of  Phillis 
Wheatley,  the  first  American  colored  poet,  whose  bust 
was  made  for  the  World's  Fair  through  the  influence 
of  the  colored  women  of  Alleghany  County,  Pennsyl- 
vania. A  certain  disconnectedness  of  style  throughout 
the  book  is  easily  forgiven,  for  it  is  fabricated  of  good 
stuff;  its  heroes  live  and  are  full  of  interest.  The  illus- 
trations, by  Mr.  R.  Winthrop  Peirce,  are  so  excellent  as 
to  make  one  wish  they  were  more  numerous. 

A  period  which  is  conceded  to  have  received  less  at- 
tention than  it  deserves — that  of  the  War  of  1812 — is 
the  subject  of  "  The  Search  for  Andrew  Field  "  (Lee  & 
Shepard),  in  which  Mr.  Everett  T.  Tomlinson  describes 
the  adventures  of  boys  with  smugglers  at  the  outbreak 
of  the  war.  Another  war  story  is  contributed  by  "  Ol- 
iver Optic,"  who  writes  for  the  lads  of  to-day  the  first 
of  a  series  of  six  books  to  be  called  "  The  Blue  and  the 
Gray  on  Land  and  Sea."  The  boys  for  whom  he  wrote 
forty  years  ago  are  long  since  gray,  but "  Oliver  Optic  " 
is  still  popular.  The  scene  of  his  present  book,  "  Brother 
Against  Brother  "  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is  laid  in  Kentucky; 
and  the  thoroughness  of  the  work  is  attested  by  the  au- 
thor's account,  in  the  preface,  of  his  preparatory  study 
of  the  subject.  The  same  author  completes  the  second 
series  of  the  "  All-over-the- World  Library  "  in  the  vol- 
ume on  "Asiatic  Breezes"  (Lee  &  Shepard). 

The  exterior  of  the  biographical  romance  of  "  Olaf  the 
Glorious"  (Scribner)  is  not  prepossessing,  but  Mr.  Robert 
Leighton  has  imparted  a  living  interest  to  its  Viking 
hero.  The  book  might  be  improved  by  the  omission  of 
many  names,  so  briefly  mentioned  that  their  enumera- 
tion somewhat  cumbers  the  narrative;  but  the  stirring 
and  bloody  battle  scenes  would  doubtless  compensate 
most  boys  for  uninteresting  details,  which  they  would 


342 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


be  likely  to  skip  anyway.  The  picture  of  the  life  of 
the  Norseman  in  the  tenth  century  is  at  once  interesting 
and  instructive. 

"  The  Sons  of  the  Vikings"  (Nelson)  are  the  heroes  of 
an  Orkney  story  by  Mr.  John  Gunn,  which  describes  the 
daring,  in  modern  warfare,  of  two  brave  descendants  of 
more  primitive  men.  The  time  is  that  of  the  great  na- 
val war  with  France ;  and  though  the  plot  is  slender,  the 
events  are  not  without  interest  and  the  tone  of  the  book 
is  wholesome. 

A  third  and  somewhat  different  book  about  still 
younger  Norsemen  is  Mr.  H.  H.  Boyesen's  "  Norseland 
Tales,"  which  relates  the  adventures,  often  pathetic,  of 
Norwegian  boys  in  other  countries  and  of  foreign  chil- 
dren in  Norway.  They  are  bright  and  simple  tales, 
«  The  Feud  of  the  Wildhaymen  "  and  the  "  Sun's  Sis- 
ters "  having  the  Norse  atmosphere  more  clearly  than 
the  others.  The  ten  stories  form  a  pleasing  but  not  ex- 
citing volume. 

A  truly  delightful  book,  racy  of  the  sea,  is  Mrs.  Molly 
Elliot  Seawell's  "  Decatur  and  Somers"  (Appleton).  Its 
style  is  vigorous  and  free,  its  atmosphere  bracing,  and 
a  rich  humor  abounds.  A  brave,  sad  life  was  that  of 
Somers,  and  his  tender  friendship  for  his  comrade 
touches  the  heart.  With  so  many  authors  who  introduce 
treacherous  unwholesome  characters  into  books  for  boys, 
it  is  refreshing  to  read  a  story  which  is  full  of  noble 
thoughts  and  deeds,  yet  loses  none  of  its  exciting  inter- 
est. The  company  of  heroes  such  as  these,  and  the 
interest  centring  perpetually  about  the  frigate  "  Con- 
stitution," combine  to  make  this  a  particularly  attract- 
ive book. 

The  writings  of  Miss  Charlotte  M.  Yonge  are  so  well 
known  that  "  The  Cook  and  the  Captive  "  (Whittaker) 
requires  no  detailed  description.  It  is  a  story  of  the 
Franks  in  the  sixth  century,  and  of  the  introduction  of 
Christianity;  and  it  is  eminently  safe  and  appropriate 
for  Sunday-school  libraries. 

A  continuation  of  Mrs.  Sarah  K.  Bolton's  "  Famous 
Leaders  among  Men  "  (Crowell)  contains  sketches  of 
Bonaparte,  Nelson,  Phillips  Brooks,  Beecher,  Spurgeon, 
Bunyan,  Dr.  Arnold,  Charles  Kingsley,  General  Sher- 
man, and  Wendell  Phillips.  The  group  seems  perhaps 
incongruous,  but  the  fact  that  each  fought  a  good  fight, 
either  in  church  or  secular  warfare,  gives  the  collection 
a  certain  uniformity. 

The  illustrations  in  Mr.  Clifton  Johnson's  "The  Farm- 
er's Boy  "  (Appleton)  are  very  attractive.  They  are 
from  photographs,  and  tell  the  story  of  farm-life  with 
more  skill  than  the  text  itself,  which  is  somewhat  com- 
monplace. Boys  and  girls  would  probably  take  but  a 
mild  interest  in  the  rambling  narrative,  which  would 
leave  them  with  the  impression  that  a  farm  is  a  good 
place  to  keep  away  from. 

The  same  vein  of  sentiment  that  runs  through  her 
past  work  lends  attraction  to  Miss  Plympton's  little 
story  of  "  Rags  and  Velvet  Gowns  "  (Roberts),  a  taste- 
fully bound  book  with  illustrations  by  the  author.  It 
lightly  touches  on  the  social  problem  of  rich  and  poor, — 
a  little  child  at  Christmas- time  leading  her  father  to  re- 
member the  responsibility  which  his  wealth  entails.  It 
is  a  sad  story,  with  a  death  as  its  climax;  but  out  of 
sadness  grows  sympathy  for  sorrow.  Like  Miss  Plymp- 
ton's story  of  "  Dear  Daughter  Dorothy,"  however,  the 
more  delicate  touches,  such  as  the  misunderstood  na- 
ture of  the  little  heroine,  would  be  apt  to  escape  young 
readers. 


DEDICATION  AND  INAUGURATION  AT  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 


(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Thursday,  November  15,  was  an  important  day  in  the 
history  of  the  University  of  Illinois.  The  occasion  was 
the  inauguration  of  the  newly-elected  President,  Dr. 
Andrew  S.  Draper,  and  the  dedication  of  the  handsome 
new  Engineering  Hall.  Very  seldom  has  more  enthu- 
siasm been  manifested  by  either  the  students  or  friends 
of  the  University  than  was  then  shown.  It  was  a  per- 
fect November  day  ;  the  buildings  everywhere  were 
gay  with  orange  and  blue,  the  University  colors  ;  and 
prominent  men  were  present  from  all  over  the  country. 
Governor  John  P.  Altgeld  presided,  and  twelve  college 
presidents  lent  dignity  to  the  occasion. 

The  programme  was  in  two  parts,  that  in  the  after- 
noon consisting  of  short  addresses  from  members  of  the 
Faculty,  of  the  Alumni  Association,  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  and  of  the  student  body,  who  all  welcomed 
the  President  to  his  new  work.  These  were  followed 
by  the  inaugural  address  of  President  Draper,  who  dis- 
cussed at  some  length  the  relation  of  the  State  to  the 
University. 

The  dedication  programme  in  the  evening  consisted 
of  introductory  remarks  by  President  Draper,  a  short 
talk  by  General  William  Sooy-Smith,  of  Chicago,  and 
an  able  address  on  University  Ideals,  by  Dr.  Charles 
Kendall  Adams,  President  of  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin. Dr.  Adams  made  suggestions  which  Illinois  might 
well  adopt  in  its  relations  with  the  State  University. 
Excellent  music  was  furnished  for  both  programmes  by 
the  various  musical  organizations  of  the  University. 
The  Military  Battalion  had  charge  of  the  movements 
of  the  four  thousand  people  present,  and  a  more  suc- 
cessful management  of  the  large  assembly  could  not  be 
imagined. 

At  the  close  of  the  evening  programme,  the  Presi- 
dent and  Deans  of  the  Colleges,  with  their  wives,  held 
a  reception  in  the  new  Engineering  Building,  which  was 
attended  by  at  least  two  thousand  people,  who  were,  for 
the  first  time,  given  an  opportunity  to  examine  the  inte- 
rior of  the  new  hall.  The  new  building  is  probably  the 
largest  and  best  equipped  of  any  in  the  country  used 
exclusively  for  engineering  purposes.  It  was  designed 
by  an  alumnus  of  the  State  University,  and  was  built 
at  a  cost  of  $160,000,  the  sum  having  been  appropri- 
ated by  the  Legislature  for  that  purpose.  The  building 
is  200  feet  front,  with  wings  at  each  end  76  feet  long, 
while  the  central  part  extends  back  140  feet.  It  is  four 
stories  in  height. 

The  new  President,  Dr.  Andrew  Sloan  Draper,  is  too 
well  known  among  educational  people  to  need  an  intro- 
duction. Coming  from  his  recent  successful  career  as 
State  Superintendent  of  the  schools  of  New  York,  and 
head  of  the  Cleveland,  Ohio,  schools,  he  is  even  at  this 
early  date  beginning  to  show  what  he  will  do  for  Illi- 
nois. He  is  a  man  of  remarkable  diplomacy  and  execu- 
tive ability,  and  has  quite  captivated  the  hearts  of  all 
connected  with  the  University,  both  students  and  fac- 
ulty. During  his  brief  connection  with  the  institution 
he  has  displayed  excellent  judgment  in  adapting  him- 
self to  his  new  surroundings,  and  the  friends  of  the  Uni- 
versity feel  that  his  coming  will  mark  a  new  era  in  the 
progress  of  the  institution.  The  entire  success  of  the 
recent  exercises  seems  to  point  in  that  direction. 

T.  A.  CLARK. 

The  University  of  Illinois,  Urbana,  III.,  Nov.  19,  1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


343 


YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  November  26,  1894. 

It  was  a  pleasant  thought  to  gather  in  one  volume 
the  romances  of  the  three  New  England  heroines,  Pris- 
cilla,  Agnes  Surriage,  and  Martha  Hilton  ;  and  Mr. 
Edmund  H.  Garrett  has  faithfully  and  tastefully  illus- 
trated the  little  book  in  quite  an  Abbey-like  vein.  If 
he  had  rested  there,  I  should  have  no  quarrel  with  him ; 
but  he  has  added  some  notes  to  the  volume,  in  which  he 
does  a  real  injustice  to  one  of  the  most  commendable 
performances  in  the  way  of  preserving  historic  antiqui- 
ties which  have  taken  place  in  New  England.  In  speak- 
ing of  the  old  Wentworth  house  at  Portsmouth  har- 
bor, Mr.  Garrett  refers  to  its  former  appearance  as 
venerable,  and  to  its  present  appearance  as  "  spick- 
span  in  yellow  and  white  paint,  and  set  back  in  a  well- 
groomed  lawn,"  with  a  flout  at  this  latter  condition 
of  things.  No  doubt  there  was  much  spick- spanness 
about  the  house  when  Martha  Hilton  lived  there  as 
the  wife  of  Governor  Wentworth,  and  no  doubt,  too, 
the  "  venerable  "  grayness  of  some  ten  years  ago  was 
picturesque  enough  in  its  way.  It  is  a  question,  how- 
ever, as  to  how  long  the  old  house  would  have  lasted  be- 
fore falling  to  pieces,  had  it  not  been  taken  in  hand  by 
its  last  purchaser,  Mr.  J.  T.  Coolidge,  the  Boston  art- 
ist. Having  been  a  witness  of  the  restoration  of  the 
old  mansion  during  three  or  four  summers,  I  can  truth- 
fully declare  that  never  was  a  similar  task  more  lov- 
ingly carried  out.  Without  doubt,  the  house  in  shape 
and  appearance  is  precisely  what  it  was  in  colonial  days. 
To  reproduce  the  old  shutters,  a  few  specimens  of  which 
remained,  it  was  necessary  to»forge  certain  carpenter's 
tools  now  no  longer  in  use;  and  this  detail  is  given  as 
an  example  of  Mr.  Coolidge's  fidelity  to  old  traditions. 
He  bought  the  house  for  his  summer  home,  and  so  he 
has  made  it  inhabitable  and  incidentally  has  put  it  in 
order  for  another  hundred  years.  As  to  the  color  of 
the  outside,  now  and  formerly,  Mr.  Coolidge  and  Mr. 
Garrett  both  being  artists,  it  is  useless  to  dispute  about 
tastes;  but  for  my  part,  since  so  many  brand-new  cot- 
tages by  the  sea  are  made  to  look  "  venerable  "  and 
"  weather-beaten  "  before  their  fires  of  chemically  man- 
ufactured "  driftwood  "  are  lighted  for  the  first  time,  it 
is  something  of  a  relief  to  see  a  last-century  mansion 
restored  to  its  original  splendor.  This  little  discussion 
is  based  on  a  copy  of  "  Three  Heroines  of  New  England 
Romance,"  published  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co., 
which,  as  I  have  already  intimated,  will  repay  more 
than  a  passing  glance. 

The  Bryant  centennial  celebrations  and  memorial 
meetings  have  now  all  been  completed,  separate  affairs 
having  taken  place  at  different  dates  in  Cummington 
and  Great  Barrington,  Mass.,  and  in  Brooklyn  and  this 
city.  A  volume  containing  an  account  of  the  memorial 
exercises  which  took  place  at  Cummiugton,  the  poet's 
birthplace,  together  with  the  speeches  and  poems  that 
were  delivered  on  that  occasion,  will  soon  be  issued  by 
the  committee  in  charge.  It  will  be  illustrated  with 
portraits  and  views,  and  will  be  sold  in  two  bindings  to 
suit  purchasers.  Mrs.  Henrietta  S.  Nahmer,  secretary 
of  the  memorial  committee,  may  be  addressed  at  Cum- 
mington, Mass.,  in  the  matter  of  subscriptions. 

Literary  readings  and  lectures,  and  meetings  of  social- 
literary  clubs,  are  more  frequent  than  usual  this  season. 
Dr.  Horace  Howard  Furness,  of  Philadelphia,  the  Shake- 
spearean scholar,  has  just  given  a  reading  and  interpre- 
tation of  "  As  You  Like  It "  before  a  dramatic  club  of 


this  city.  Mr.  L.  J.  B.  Lincoln's  "  Uncut  Leaves  "  so- 
ciety listened  this  week  to  readings  from  Mr.  Cable, 
Mrs.  Wiggin,  and  others.  This  society,  which  meets 
monthly,  has  now  reached  a  membership  in  this  city 
alone  of  some  six  hundred.  Mr.  Paul  Blouet  ("  Max 
O'Rell ")  arrived  a  week  ago  for  a  lecture  tour  which 
will  embrace  this  country  and  Canada.  He  was  put 
down  by  his  manager  for  a  lecture  on  the  very  day  his 
steamer  was  due;  and  he  was  able  to  fulfil  the  engage- 
ment. Mr.  Blouet,  who  has  been  renewing  old  friend- 
ships here,  thinks  that  this  tour  will  complete  his  ca- 
reer as  a  lecturer. 

Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  have  on  sale  a  number  of 
interesting  manuscripts  of  the  late  Dante  Gabriel  Ros- 
setti.  The  same  firm  will  follow  up  Ian  Maclaren's  suc- 
cessful volume  of  Scottish  tales,  "  Beside  the  Bonnie 
Brier  Bush,"  with  a  novel  of  Somerset  life,  "  Love  and 
Quiet  Life,"  by  Walter  Raymond.  Both  these  volumes 
were  recommended  for  publication  by  Dr.  Nicoll,  who 
is  said  to  have  discovered  Barrie  and  Jane  Barlow.  The 
differentiation  of  English  fiction  according  to  the  sev- 
eral shires  goes  merrily  on.  Somersetshire  seems  to 
be  a  new  field  and  a  new  dialect,  at  least  as  far  as  the 
present  year  is  concerned.  The  book  in  question  is  a 
pleasant  study  of  English  rural  life. 

ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 

Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  will  soon  publish  a  vol- 
ume of  poems  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Knowles  Bolton. 

"  Factors  in  Organic  Evolution,"  by  President  David 
Starr  Jordan,  is  just  issuing  from  the  press  of  Messrs. 
Ginn  &  Co. 

A  new  edition  of  Herr  Bjornson's  novels  is  promised 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  We  presume  it  to  be  the 
same  as  that  announced  in  London  by  Mr.  William 
Heineman. 

Signor  Hoepli,  of  Milan,  has  begun  the  publication 
of  Lionardo  da  Vinci's  "  Codice  Atlantico."  There  are 
to  be  thirty-four  parts,  and  the  edition  will  be  limited 
to  two  hundred  and  eighty  copies. 

Our  statement,  in  the  last  issue,  that  Philip  Gilbert 
Hamerton  died  at  Autun  was  a  mistake.  It  seems  that 
his  death  took  place  at  Boulogne-sur-Seine,  where  he 
has  spent  much  time  of  late  years. 

London  has  just  been  having  a  Gibbon  centenary,  and 
the  French  have  been  talking,  although  to  little  pur- 
pose, of  a  celebration  of  Voltaire's  two-hundredth  anni- 
versary, which  also  falls  this  year. 

Walter  Pater's  unpublished  papers  are  being  pre- 
pared for  the  press  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Shadwell,  the  trans- 
lator of  Dante.  One  volume  will  be  a  collection  of 
"Greek  Studies";  another  will  be  similar  to  "Imagin- 
ary Portraits." 

During  the  past  year,  there  have  been  published  in 
Russia  (exclusive  of  Finland)  no  less  than  10,242  sep- 
arate works,  of  which  nearly  34,000,000  copies  were 
printed.  Perhaps  the  Muscovite  is  not  such  a  barbarian 
as  some  people  think,  after  all. 

The  Knox  College  celebration  of  the  Bryant  Centen- 
nial was  described  in  our  last  issue.  We  now  learn 
that  the  proceedings  are  to  be  printed  in  a  limited  edi- 
tion, copies  of  which,  numbered  and  signed  by  Mr.  John 
Howard  Bryant,  may  be  subscribed  for  with  Mr.  E.  E. 
Calkins,  Galesburg,  111. 


344 


[Dec.  1, 


The  seventh  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Eco- 
nomic Association  will  be  held  December  26-29  at  Co- 
lumbia College.  An  attractive  list  of  papers  is  offered, 
and  all  interested  in  the  science  of  economics  are  invited 
to  attend  the  meetings  as  well  as  the  reception  given 
by  President  Low  on  the  twenty-seventh. 

The  magnificent  "History  of  Ancient  Art"  by  MM. 
G.  Perrot  and  Charles  Chipiez  (Armstrong),  of  which 
past  volumes  have  been  reviewed  by  us,  is  now  con- 
tinued with  a  two-volume  "  History  of  Art  in  Primitive 
Greece,"  which  we  only  mention  upon  this  occasion,  as 
we  intend  to  review  it  at  length  in  a  later  issue. 

Mr.  Justin  McCarthy  protests  very  vigorotisly  against 
the  action  of  the  American  publishing  house  which  has, 
without  any  authorization  or  even  notification,  issued  an 
edition  of  his  "  History  of  Our  Own  Times,"  with  new 
chapters  by  an  American  hand.  It  appears  that  the 
author  himself  had  in  contemplation  the  work  of  bring- 
ing the  history  up  to  date. 

Carl  Plong,  poet  and  patriot,  statesman  and  journal- 
ist, died  at  Copenhagen  on  the  twenty-seventh  of  Octo- 
ber. When  we  read  him  twenty  years  ago,  he  seemed 
even  then  one  of  the  old-timers,  and  we  hardly  realized 
that  he  existed  in  the  flesh.  And  yet  he  was  not  only 
living,  but  was  destined  to  survive  until  the  present  year, 
and  to  the  ripe  age  of  eighty-one. 

Mr.  Walter  Blackburn  Harte's  new  volume  of  social 
and  literary  papers,  "  Meditations  in  Motley :  A  Bundle 
of  Papers  Imbued  with  the  Sobriety  of  Midnight,"  has 
a  fantastic  and  curious  dedication.  It  runs :  "  I  com- 
mend this  little  book  to  the  Devil  and  Dame  Chance, 
the  two  most  potent  deities  in  literary  fortunes  as  in  all 
other  sublunary  dispensations."  The  book  is  published 
by  the  Arena  Publishing  Co.,  of  Boston. 

We  take  this  bit  of  information  from  "  The  Athen- 
a3um  ":  "  The  most  important  contribution  yet  published 
to  the  biography  of  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti  is  now  in 
course  of  preparation,  and  is  likely  to  be  issued  at  a  not 
very  distant  date.  The  book  will  consist  of  two  sections, 
1,  a  memoir  of  some  considerable  length,  on  which  his 
brother,  Mr.  William  Michael  Rossetti,  is  now  actively 
engaged;  2,  Dante  Rossetti's  family  letters,  from  his 
boyhood  to  the  latest  months  of  his  life." 

"  The  Tragedies  of  Euripides  in  English  Verse  "  (Mac- 
inillan),  by  Mr.  Arthur  S.  Way,  is  to  consist  of  three 
volumes,  the  first  of  which  is  at  hand.  Mr.  Way  has 
previously  published  translations  of  both  "  Iliad  "  and 
"  Odyssey,"  and  hence  brings  a  practised  hand  to  his 
new  task.  Certainly,  a  good  verse-translation  of  Euri- 
pides is  much  needed,  for  half  of  the  plays  have  been 
untouched  since  Potter,  and  the  others  have  been  spor- 
adically versified  in  English  by  a  score  of  hands.  Mr. 
Way's  work  is  excellent,  although  it  may  hardly  be  called 
brilliant. 

The  death  of  Froude  has  set  in  circulation  a  half-for- 
gotten skit,  which  recalls  a  passage  at  arms  of  many 
years  ago. 

"  While  Froude  assures  the  Scottish  youth 
That  parsons  do  not  care  for  truth, 
The  Reverend  Canon  Kingsley  cries 
'  All  history's  a  pack  of  lies.' 
"  What  cause  for  judgment  so  malign  ? 

A  little  thought  may  solve  the  mystery  ; 
For  Froude  thinks  Kingsley  a  divine, 
And  Kingsley  goes  to  Froude  for  history." 

Sir  Frederick  Pollock,  the  well-known  authority  on 
Copyright,  writes  as  follows  to  "  The  Author  "  of  Lon- 


don: "I  have  observed  with  uneasiness,  in  '  The  Au- 
thor '  and  elsewhere,  a  tendency  to  revive  the  high 
metaphysical  theory  of  copyright  as  a  perpetual  and 
immutable  right  of  property  conferred  by  the  law  of 
nature.  This  theory  is,  in  my  opinion,  unsound,  and  at 
all  events  it  has  been  definitely  rejected  by  English  and 
American  law.  Copyright  is  property,  but  not  a  prop- 
erty in  ideas;  it  is  a  monopoly  or  exclusive  franchise, 
created  for  reasons  of  policy,  in  particular  forms  whereby 
ideas  are  expressed." 

The  mortuary  record  of  the  last  fortnight  includes 
the  names  of  James  McCosh  and  of  Robert  C.  Win- 
throp,  both  of  whom  died  on  the  sixteenth  of  Novem- 
ber ;  of  Anton  Gregor  Rubinstein,  who  died  on  the 
twentieth,  and  of  Jean  Victor  Duruy,  who  died  on  the 
twenty-fifth.  These  four  men  were  born,  respectively, 
in  1811,  1809,  1829,  and  1811.  When  we  sought  to 
enumerate  in  a  recent  issue  the  American  men  of  let- 
ters yet  surviving  from  the  first  quarter  of  the  century, 
the  ink  was  hardly  dried  before  we  had  to  expunge  the 
name  of  Dr.  Holmes.  Winthrop  was  another  of  the 
veterans,  and  our  list  once  more  shrinks.  He  is  best 
remembered  by  his  orations,  filling  three  large  volumes, 
and  by  his  "  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Winthrop."  The 
death  of  Rubinstein  emphasizes  the  loss  of  Tschai- 
kowsky,  Gounod,  and  Billow,  all  of  whom  have  left  us 
within  about  a  year.  As  for  Dr.  McCosh,  of  his  three 
quarter-centuries  and  more  only  one  has  been  passed  in 
our  midst,  but  he  thoroughly  identified  himself  with  our 
life  and  institutions.  His  many  published  works  were, 
with  hardly  an  exception,  of  a  religious  or  philosophical 
character.  Among  the  works  of  Duruy  the  following 
should  be  mentioned:  "  Histoire  de  la  Grdce  Ancienne," 
"  Histoire  des  Remains,"  "  Histoire  de  France,"  and 
"  Histoire  des  Temps  Modernes."  A  translation  of  the 
latter  work  is  one  of  the  latest  publications  of  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  

THE  THINNED  RANKS  OF  OLDER  ENGLISH  AUTHORS. 

In  its  article  on  the  death  of  Froude,  the  "  Saturday 
Review  "  thus  speaks  of  the  mournful  passing  of  the 
older  group  of  English  authors:  "Last  week  English 
literature  still  had  two  leaders;  now  it  has  only  one. 
Not  since  that  rapid  fall  of  the  greatest  writers  of  En- 
glish which  in  the  early  Thirties  drew  from  Words- 
worth some  of  the  best  of  his  later  lines,  has  there  been 
such  a  thinning  of  the  ranks  of  the  captains  of  prose 
and  verse  as  the  last  few  years  have  seen.  Lord  Ten- 
nyson and  Mr.  Browning,  Cardinal  Newman  and  Mr. 
Arnold,  had  left  us;  Mr.  Ruskin  and  Mr.  Froude  re- 
mained. There  is  no  one  but  Mr.  Ruskin  now  of  the 
first  class  of  veterans.  The  best  of  those  who  remain 
belong  distinctly  to  the  next  generation  and  perhaps  they 
are  not  very  numerous;  certainly  not  more  than  one  or 
two  of  them  are  ever  likely  to  be  ranked  by  posterity 
with  those  who  have  just  been  named.  What  younger 
generations  still  may  have  in  store  time  will  show;  but 
it  is  not  ungracious  to  say  that  the  very  best  man,  be 
he  who  he  may,  who  has  not  yet  reached  fifty,  will  have 
to  make  new  and  strange  progress  before  he  can  be 
ranked  with  those  of  whom  only  Mr.  Ruskin  survives." 

THE    HISTORY    OF    A    PUBLISHING    HOUSE. 

The  romance  of  business  has  an  interesting  illustra- 
tion in  "  The  History  of  a  Publishing  House  "  in  the 
current  number  of  "  Scribner's  Magazine."  The  house 
referred  to  is  that  of  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
and  the  particular  occasion  of  the  present  history  is  its 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


345 


occupancy  of  its  fine  new  building  in  Fifth  Avenue, 
New  York.  The  house  is  not  yet  quite  fifty  years  of 
age,  but  it  has  long  held  its  place  among  the  foremost 
of  American  publishing-houses,  and  may  well  indulge 
in  these  reminiscences  of  its  remarkable  career  and  fe- 
licitations upon  its  position  and  prospects.  Great  pub- 
lishing houses  are  not  built  in  a  day,  hardly  in  a  gen- 
eration; the  real  successes  seem  to  come  with  the  sec- 
ond or  later  generation  of  descendants  or  of  partnerships. 
Such  is  the  case  with  this  house.  Mr.  Charles  Scribner, 
Senior,  who  founded  it  in  1846,  was  a  man  of  energy 
and  sagacity,  and  conducted  it  for  twenty-five  years, 
when  he  was  succeeded  by  his  sons  who  form  the  heads 
of  the  present  firm.  It  was  during  the  elder  Mr.  Scrib- 
ner's  administration  that  the  old  "  Scribner's  Monthly  " 
(now  "  The  Century  Magazine ")  was  established,  in 
conjunction  with  Dr.  Holland  and  Mr.  Roswell  Smith; 
and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  magazine  and  the 
present "  Scribner's  "  (founded  in  1877)  were  perhaps  the 
two  most  powerful  factors  in  the  growth  and  prosperity 
of  the  firm.  Of  the  older  magazine  the  article  states  that 
it "  set  a  virtually  new  standard  for  the  illustrated  pop- 
ular periodical;  through  its  artistic  side  especially  it 
had  the  chief  part  in  the  great  progress  in  American 
illustration  and  wood-engraving  which  has  been  one  of 
the  notable  things  of  our  last  quarter  of  a  century ;  and 
the  way  in  which  it  revolutionized  all  former  ideas  of 
the  possibilities  of  magazine  circulation  was  epoch-mak- 
ing." The  article  gives  many  interesting  details  of  the 
firm's  career  and  of  the  more  notable  enterprises  in 
which  it  has  engaged.  Portraits  are  given  of  deceased 
members  of  the  firm,  with  exterior  and  interior  views 
of  its  new  home. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

December,  1894  (First  List). 

"Arts  and  Crafts,"  English.     V.  Champiez.     Mag.  of  Art. 

Athletics  for  City  Girls.    Mary  T.  Bissell.    Popular  Science. 

Ballet,  Art  in  the.     Illus.     C.  Wilhelra.    Magazine  of  Art. 

Bashfulness  in  Children.    J.  M.  Baldwin.   Educational  Rev. 

Christ  Child  in  Art,  The.    Archdeacon  Farrar.    McClure. 

Country  Club,  The.    Illus.    C.  W.  Whitney.    Harper. 

Crerar  Library,  Chicago.     Dial. 

Educated  Men,  The  Need  of.     D.  S.  Jordan.    Pop.  Science. 

Evolution,  Antiquity  of.     David  S.  Jordan.     Dial. 

Genius,  New  Criticism  of.     Aline  Gorren.     Atlantic. 

Geologies  and  Deluges.     W.  T.  Sollas.     Popular  Science. 

Ghosts.     Agnes  Repplier.     Atlantic. 

Holmes's  Poems,  The  Religion  of.     M.  J.  Savage.     Arena. 

Immorality,  Wellsprings  of.     B.  0.  Flower.     Arena. 

Japan,  Summer  in.     Illus.     Alfred  Parsons.     Harper. 

Maupassant,  Guy  de.     Leo  N.  Tolstoi.     Arena. 

Medicine,  The  Study  of.    A.  L.  Benedict.    Lippincott. 

Moody,  Dwight  L.     Henry  Drummond.     McClure. 

Paris,  Show  Places  of.     R.  H.  Davis.    Harper. 

Pater,  Walter.     William  Sharp.     Atlantic. 

Pithecoid  Men.    Illus.    E.  P.  Evans.    Popular  Science. 

Religious  Parliament,  The.     F.  Max  Miiller.     Arena. 

Scenery,  Natural,  The  Geology  of.     Popular  Science. 

Schoolhouse,  Architecture  of  the.     Atlantic. 

Shinto,  the  Old  Religion  of  Japan.     Popular  Science. 

Sleep,  the  Chemistry  of.    Henry  Wurtz.    Popular  Science. 

Sociological  Study.    G.  E.  Vincent.     Educational  Review. 

Stories,  A  Century  of.     W.  M.  Payne.     Dial. 

"  Taming  of  the  Shrew."    Illus.    Andrew  Lang.    Harper. 

Unemployed,  Problem  of  the.     E.  W.  Bemis.     Dial. 

Watts,  George  Frederick.  Illus.  Cosmo  Monkhouse.  Scribner. 

Whittier's  Life  and  Letters.     Dial. 

Women-Painters,  Some  Noted.     Illus.    Magazine  of  Art. 

Women,  University  Opportunities  for.     Educational  Review. 


LIST  OF 


BOOKS. 


{The  following  list,  containing  160  titles,  includes  books  re- 
ceived by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

ILLUSTRATED  GIFT  BOOKS 

Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  King  George  the  rbn  ti.  by 
Horace  Walpole ;  first  published  by  Sir  Denis  le  Marchant, 
Bart.,  and  now  re-edited  by  G.  F.  Russell  Barker.  In  4 
vols.,  with  16  portraits,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $18. 

Hypatia ;  or,  New  Foes  with  an  Old  Face.  By  Charles  Kings- 
ley.  Holiday  edition,  illus.  by  W.  M.  Johnson.  2  vols., 
12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut  edges.  Harper  &  Bros.  Boxed,  $7. 

Memoirs  of  the  Duchesse  de  Gontaut,  Gouvernante  to 
the  Children  of  France  during  the  Restoration,  1773-1836. 
Trans,  from  the  French  by  Mrs.  J.  W.  Davis.  In  2  vols.. 
illus.,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  Boxed,  $f 

At  the  Ghost  Hour :  Ghost  Tales.     By  Paul  Heyse  ;  trans 
from  the  German  by  Frances  A.  Van Santford.   In  4  vols. 
with  decorations  by  Alice  C.  Morse,  18mo.    Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co.    Boxed,  $4. 

Three  Heroines  of  New  England  Romance.  Their  true 
stories,  set  forth  by  Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  Louise 
Imogen  Guiney,  and  Alice  Brown.  With  many  picturings 
by  Edmund  H.  Garrett.  12mo,  pp.  175,  gilt  top.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.  $2. 

A  Tale  of  Two  Cities.  By  Charles  Dickens.  In  2  vols. , 
illus.  by  E.  H.  Garrett,  16mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  Boxed,  $3.50. 

Goethe's  Faust.  From  the  German  by  John  Anster,  LL.D.; 
with  an  introduction  by  Burdett  Mason.  Illus.  by  Frank 
M.  Gregory.  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  250.  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co.  Boxed,  $3.50. 

Pride  and  Prejudice.  By  Jane  Austen ;  with  preface  by 
George  Saintsbury.  Illus.  by  Hugh  Thomson,  12mo,  gilt 
edges,  pp.  476.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2.25. 

Becket.  By  Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson.  Illus.  by  F.  C.  Gordon. 
12mo,  gilt  edges,  pp.  187.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2. 

Eighteenth  Century  Vignettes,  Second  Series.  By  Austin 
Dobson.  With  portraits  in  photogravure,  12mo,  gilt  top, 
pp.  305.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2. 

The  Victorian  Age  of  English  Literature.  By  Mrs.  Oli- 
phant,  author  of  "  A  Literary  History  of  England."  In 
2  vols.,  illus.  with  photogravure  portraits,  12mo,  gilt  tops. 
Lovell,  Coryell  &  Co.  Boxed,  $3.50. 

Hoofs,  Claws,  and  Antlers  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  by  the 
Camera :  Photographic  Reproductions  of  Wild  Game  from 
Life.  With  introduction  by  Hon.  Theodore  Roosevelt. 
4to,  gilt  edges.  Denver,  Col.:  Frank  S.  Thayer.  Boxed,  $5. 

Paul  and  Virginia.  By  Bernardin  de  Saint-Pierre ;  with  a 
biographical  sketch.  Illus.  by  Maurice  Leloir,  8vo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  174.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Hans  of  Iceland.  By  Victor  Hugo.  Illus.  in  photogravure, 
12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  530.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Bug-Jargal;  to  which  are  added  Claude  Gueux,  and  The 
Last  Days  of  a  Condemned.  By  Victor  Hugo.  Illus.  in 
photogravure,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  468.  Little,  Brown,  & 
Co.  $1.50. 

The  Bird's  Calendar.  By  H.  E.  Parkhurst.  Illus.,  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  351.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage.  By  Lord  Byron.  Illus.,  16mo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  283.  Crowell's  "Handy  Volume  Classics." 
Boxed,  75  cts. 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

Chris,  the  Model  Maker :  A  Story  of  New  York.  By  Will- 
iam 0.  Stoddard,  authorof  "  Little  Smoke."  Illus.,  12mo, 
pp.  287.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Patriot  Schoolmaster;  or,  The  Adventuras  of  Two 
Boston  Cannon,  the  "Adams  "  and  "  Hancock."  By  Heze- 
kiah  Butterworth.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  233.  D.  Appleton 
&  Co.  $1.50. 

First  in  the  Field :  A  Story  of  New  South  Wales.  By  George 
Manville  Fenn,  author  of  "Steve  Young."  Illus.,  12mo, 
pp.  416.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Three  Boys  on  an  Electrical  Boat.  By  John  Trowbridge, 
author  of  "  The  Electrical  Boy."  12mo,  pp.  215.  Hough- 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1. 

When  Molly  Was  Six.  By  Eliza  Orne  White,  author  of 
"Miss  Brooks."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  133.  Houghton,  Mif- 
flin &  Co.  $1. 


346 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  1, 


Decatur  and  Somers.     By  Molly  Elliot  Seawell,  author  of 
"  Little  Jarvis."    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  169.    D.  Appleton  & 

Co.    $1. 
Madeleine's  Rescue  :  A  Story  for  Girls  and  Boys.     By 

Jeanne  Schultz,  author  of  "Straight  On."     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  176.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1. 
Stories  from  English  History,  from  Julius  Caesar  to  the 

Black  Prince.    By  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Church,  M.A.    Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  240.    Macmillan  &  Co.    $1. 
Kittie  Alone:  A  Story  of  Three  Fires.   By  S.  Baring-Gould, 

author  of  "Mehalah."     12mo,  pp.  361.    Dodd,  Mead  & 

Co.    $1.25. 
Where  Honour  Leads.    By  Lynde  Palmer,  author  of  "  A 

Question  of  Honour."    12mo,  pp.  363.    Dodd,  Mead  & 

Co.    $1.25. 
The  Lost  Army.  By  Thomas  W.  Knox,  author  of  u  A  Close 

Shave."   Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  296.    The  Merriam  Co.   $1.50. 
The  Captain's  Boat.    By  William  0.  Stoddard,  author  of 

"  Dab  Kinzer."     Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  272.     The  Merriam 

Co.    $1.50. 
Asiatic  Breezes;  or,  Students  on  the  Wing.     By  Oliver 

Optic.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  361.    Lee  &  Shepard.    $1.25. 
Otto's  Inspiration.    By  Mary  H.  Ford,  author  of  "  Which 

Wins?  "    12mo,  pp.  243.    S.  C.  Griggs  &  Co.    $1. 
Wee  Lucy.     By  Sophie  May,  author  of  "Little  Prudy 

Stories."    Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  164.    Lee  &  Shepard.    75  cts. 
Marie.  By  Laura  E.  Richards,  author  of  "  Captain  January." 

12mo,  pp.  96.    Estes  &  Lauriat.    50  cts. 
Robinson  Crusoe  of  York,  Mariner.    Told  for  "  The  Chil- 
dren's Library."     Illus.,  18mo,  pp.  264.    Macmillan  & 

Co.    75  cts. 

The  Land  of  the  Changing  Sun.  By  Will  N.  Harben,  au- 
thor of  "White  Marie."  With  frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt 

top,  uncut,  pp.  233.    The  Merriam  Co.    75  cts. 

HISTORY. 

A  History  of  the  United  States  Navy  from  1775  to  1894. 
By  Edgar  Stanton  Maclay,  A.M.;  revised  by  Lieut.  Roy 
C.  Smith,  U.S. N.  Vol.  II.;  illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  640.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $3.50. 

The  French  Revolution,  Tested  by  Mirabeau's  Career: 
Twelve  Lectures  on  the  History  of  the  French  Revolution. 
By  H.  Von  Hoist.  In  2  vols.,  with  portrait,  12mo.  Chi- 
cago :  Callaghan  &  Co.  $3.50. 

England  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  By  Elizabeth  Worm- 
eley  Latimer,  author  of  "  France  in  the  Nineteenth  Cen- 
tury." Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  451.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  $2.50. 

History  of  Bohemia.  By  Robert  H.  Vickers,  author  of 
"Martyrdoms  of  Literature."  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
753.  Chicago :  Chas.  H.  Sergei  Co.  $3.50. 

The  British  Fleet:  The  Growth,  Achievements,  and  Duties 
of  the  Navy  of  the  Empire.  By  Commander  Charles  N. 
Robinson,  R.N.,  author  of  "The  Sea  Service."  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  560.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $3. 

The  Story  of  the  Civil  War:  A  Concise  Account  of  the 
War  in  the  United  States  of  America  between  1861  and 
1865.  By  John  Codman  Ropes,  author  of  "The  First 
Napoleon."  Part  I.,  To  the  Opening  of  the  Campaigns 
of  1862  ;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  274.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Mediaeval  Europe  (814-1300) .  By  Ephraim  Emerton,  Ph.D. 
12mo,  pp.  607.  Ginn  &  Co.  $1.65. 

The  Meaning  of  History,  and  Other  Historical  Pieces.  By 
Frederic  Harrison.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  482.  Macmillan 
&Co.  $2.25. 

Brook  Farm:  Historic  and  Personal  Memoirs.  By  John 
Thomas  Codman.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  335.  The 
Arena  Pub'g  Co.  $2. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Greenleaf  Whittier.  By 
Samuel  T.  Pickard.  In  2  vols.,  illus.,  12mo,  gilt  tops, 
uncut.  Houghton,  Miffiin  &  Co.  $4. 

Edwin  Booth :  Recollections  by  his  Daughter,  Edwina  Booth 
Grossman,  and  Letters  to  Her  and  to  His  Friends.  Illus., 
8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  292.  The  Century  Co.  $3. 

The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  William  Buckland, 
D.D.,  F.R.S.  By  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Gordon.  Illus., 
12mo,  uncut,  pp.  288.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $3.50. 

The  Life  of  Charles  Loring  Brace,  chiefly  Told  in  his  Own 
Letters.  Edited  by  his  daughter.  With  portraits,  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  503.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

Giovanni  as  Man  and  Author.  By  John  Addington  Sy- 
monds.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  101.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 


Threescore  and  Ten  Years,  1820  to  1890:  Recollections. 
By  W.  J.  Linton.  With  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp. 
236.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

George  William  Curtis.  By  Edward  Gary.  With  portrait, 
16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  343.  Houghton's  "American  Men  of 
Letters."  $1.25. 

Josiah  Wedgwood,  F.R.S. :  His  Personal  History.  By 
Samuel  Smiles,  LL.D.,  author  of  "Self-Help."  With 
portrait,  12mo,  pp.  330.  Harper  &  Bros.  $1.50. 

John  Brown  and  His  Men  ;  with  Some  Account  of  the 
Roads  They  Traveled  to  Reach  Harper's  Ferry.  By- 
Col.  Richard  J.  Hinton.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  752.  Funk  & 
Wagnall's  "American  Reformers."  $1.50. 

Napoleon.  By  Alexandre  Dumas  ;  trans,  by  John  B.  Larner. 
12mo,  uncut,  pp.  250.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

The  Blue  Ribbon :  What  Thomas  Edward  Murphy  has  Done 
for  the  Promotion  of  Personal  Temperance.  By  Arthur 
Reed  Kimball.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  353.  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Selections  from  the  Correspondence  of  Thomas  Bar- 
clay, formerly  British  Consul  -  General  at  New  York. 
Edited  by  George  Lockhart  Rives,  M.A.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  429.  Harper  &  Bros.  $4. 

English  History  in  Shakespeare's  Plays.  By  Beverley 
E.  Warner,  M.A.  12mo,  pp.  321.  Longmans,  Green,  & 
Co.  $1.75. 

Blank  Verse.  By  John  Addington  Symonds.  8vo,  uncut, 
pp.  113.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

The  Odes  of  Horace.  Translated  into  English  by  W.  E. 
Gladstone.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  154.  Chas.  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $1.50. 

Musicians  and  Music  -  Lovers,  and  Other  Essays.  By 
William  Foster  Apthorp.  12mo,  pp.  346.  Chas.  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $1.50. 

My  Study  Fire.  Second  Series.  Illus.,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
181.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Growth  of  Love.  By  Robert  Bridges.  12mo,  uncut. 
Portland,  Me. :  Thos.  B.  Mosher.  Boxed,  $1.50. 

Meditations  in  Motley :  A  Bundle  of  Papers  Imbued  with 
the  Sobriety  of  Midnight.  By  Walter  Blackburn  Harte. 
18mo,  pp.  224.  The  Arena  Publishing  Co.  $1.25. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English  Fiction.  By 
William  Edward  Simonds,  Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  240.  D.  C. 
Heath  &  Co.  $1. 

American  Song :  A  Collection  of  Representative  Poems, 
with  Analytical  and  Critical  Studies  of  the  Writers.  With 
introduction  and  notes  by  Arthur  B.  Simonds.  12mo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  310.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Walton  and  Some  Earlier  Writers  on  Fish  and  Fishing.  By 
R.  B.  Marston.  16mo,  uncut,  pp.  264.  A.  C.  Armstrong 
&  Son.  $1.25. 

Woman  in  Epigram  :  Flashes  of  Wit,  Wisdom,  and  Satire, 
from  the  World's  Literature.  Compiled  by  Frederick 
W.  Morton.  16mo,  pp.  214.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  $1. 

About  Women  :  What  Men  Have  Said.  Chosen  and  ar- 
ranged by  Rose  Porter.  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  207. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1. 

Judah  :  An  Original  Play  in  Three  Acts.  By  Henry  Arthur 
Jones,  author  of  "  The  Tempter."  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
104.  Macmillan  &  Co.  75  cts. 

The  Yellow  Book  :  An  Illustrated  Quarterly.  Vol.  III., 
October,  1894 ;  illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  279.  Copeland  & 
Day.  $1.50. 

The  "  Ariel"  Shakespeare  :  new  vols. :  As  You  Like  It, 
and  The  Comedy  of  Errors.  Each,  illus.,  24mo.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  Each,  40  cts. 

POETRY. 

The  Poetical  Works  of  Robert  Browning.    In  9  vols., 

12mo,  gilt  tops.    Macmillan  &  Co.     Boxed,  $20. 
Songs  of  the  Soil.    By  Frank  L.  Stanton.     16mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  217.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Songs  from  the  Woods  of  Maine.     By  Julia  H.  May, 

12mo,  pp.  139.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.50. 
Chant  of  a  Woodland  Spirit.    By  Robert  Burns  Wilson. 

12mo,  uncut,  pp.  53.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1. 
Penrhyn's    Pilgrimage.      By  Arthur  Peterson,  U.  S.  N. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  85.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1. 
Selections  from  the  Poems  of  Aubrey  de  Vere.     Edited, 

with  a  preface,  by  George  Edward  Woodberry.     With 

portrait,  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  310.   Macmillan  &  Co.   $1.25. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


347 


The  Story  of  Portus  and  Songs  of  the  Southland.  By  Mary 
H.  Leonard.  16mo,  pp.  107.  Chas.  W.  Moulton.  $1. 

Quintets,  and  Other  Verses.  By  William  Henry  Thorne, 
author  of  "  Modern  Idols."  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  100.  Chi- 
cago :  The  Author.  $1. 

A  Song  of  Companies,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Orrin  Cedes- 
man  Stevens.  12mo,  pp.  110.  Holyoke,  Mass.:  H.  C. 
Cady  Co. 

FICTION. 

Round  the  Red  Lamp.    By  A.  Conan  Doyle,  author  of 

"  The  White  Company."  12mo.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.50. 
A  Bachelor  Maid.     By  Mrs.  Burton  Harrison,  author  of 

"Sweet  Bells  Out  of  Tune."    Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 

224.     The  Century  Co.     $1.25. 
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ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  LIFE. 

PIONEERS  OF  FRANCE  IN  THE  NEW  WORLD. 

THE  JESUITS  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  IN   THE  SEVEN- 
TEENTH CENTURY. 


LA  SALLE  AND  THE  DISCOVERY  OF  THE  GREAT  WEST. 
THE  OLD  REGIME  IN  CANADA. 

COUNT  FRONTENAC  AND  NEW  FRANCE  UNDER  Louis 
XIV. 

A  HALF-CENTURY  OF  CONFLICT.    2  vols.     (Mr.  Park- 
man's  last  work.) 

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III.  The  Historical  T^pmances  of  Henryk  Sienkiewic^. 

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IZA  YOUNG.     Crown  8vo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

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354  THE     DIAL  [Dec.1, 


NEW  HOLIDAY  BOOKS. 


rvf   DoH-J->£»nr»r\P    AND  ITS  ENVIRONS.    By  CLARA  ERSKINE  CLEMENT,  author  of 
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nrt,  n    Cnlrm    nf    1  ftQ4      ^e  new  vo^ume  °f  *^e  original  French  edition  of  the  grandest  Art  Annual  of  the  age. 

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1894.] 


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[Dec.  1, 


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THE  CRITICAL  PERIOD  OF  AMERICAN  HISTORY,  1783-1789. 

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1894.]  THE     DIAL  367 


The  Atlantic  Monthly  for  1895. 

THE  LEADING  SERIAL  FOR  1895  WILL  BE 

A  SINGULAR  LIFE, 

By  Mrs.  ELIZABETH  STUART  PHELPS-WARD,  who  presents  an  ideal  of  character  in  her  hero  which  will 
be  sure  to  command  attention. 

SHORT  STORIES. 

Early  issues  in  1895  will  contain  a  two-part  story  by  Mrs.  WIGGIN,  a  single-number  story  of  unusual 
charm  by  Miss  JEWETT,  and  another,  Joint  Owners  in  Spain,  by  Miss  ALICE  BROWN,  a  new  author 
of  promise. 

Other  contributors  will  be 

Mrs.  Catherwood,  Eliza  Orne  White,  Lafcadio  Hearn,  Gilbert  Parker,  Robert  W.  Herrick, 
Kate  Chopin,  (i.  Pitre,  Joel  Chandler  Harris,  Grace  Howard  Peirce. 


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Studies  in  Great  Literature. 

New  Figures  in  Literature  and  Art. 

International  Relations  of  the  United  States. 

Political  History. 

Non  =  Partisan  Politics. 

Education  and  Discussion  of  Public  Affairs. 


An  Announcement  of  Importance. 
DR.  JOHN  FISKE  will  furnish  a  Series  of  Historical  Papers  entitled 

VIRGINIA  AND  HER  NEIGHBORS. 

Mr.  FISKE  is  too  widely  known  to  need  any  introduction  to  the  readers  of  THE  ATLANTIC.  His 
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tions to  the  history  of  our  country. 

The  Issue  of  January,  1895,  will  contain 

The  Survival  of  the  American  Spirit. 

An  article  of  unusual  interest  touching  upon  the  rise  of  the  A.  P.  A. 

The  two  closing  issues  of  1894  are  of  unusual  interest.    They  contain  a  story  complete  in  two  parts,  called 

THE  TRUMPETER.     By  Mary  Hallock  Foote. 
A  STOEY  OF  THE  COXEY  TROUBLES  IN   THE  NORTHWEST. 


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THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


ESSAYS  AND  TRAVEL. 


Childhood  in  Literature  and  Art. 

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Tales  from  the  >£gean. 

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The   Crucifixion   of  Phillip  Strong. 

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1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


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370 


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[Dec.  16,  1894. 


MACMILLAN  &  COMPANY'S 

Notable  Books  of  the  Year  1894. 


By  CHARLES  DEXTER  ALLEN. 

American  Book-PIates.  A  Guide  to  their  Study,  with 
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A  Commentary  on  the  Writings  of  Henryk  Ibsen. 

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By  ROBERT  BROWNING. 

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THE  DIAL 

21  Semt^ontljlg  Journal  of  Utterarg  Criticism,  JBigraggton,  anto  JEnformatfon. 


No.  204.    DECEMBER  16,  1894.   Vol.  XVII. 


CONTENTS. 

LITERARY  CENTENNIALS   . 


PAGE 

.  371 


COMMUNICATIONS 373 

English  in  the  Southern  Universities.      John  B. 

Henneman. 
The  Study  of  Literature  in  Preparatory  Schools. 

Gertrude  H.  Mason. 

AMERICAN  MANNERS.    Anna  B.  McMahan  .    .    .375 

THE  OLD  LIGHT  ON  THE  NEW  PATH.     Fred- 
erick Starr .  376 


TWO  GREAT  VIRGINIANS.    B.  A.  Hinsdale 


.  378 


NEW  STUDIES  IN  AMERICAN  HISTORY.    Fran- 
cis W.  Shepardson 380 

Egleston's  Life  of  John  Paterson. —  Straus's  Roger 
Williams.—  Drake's  The  Making  of  the  Ohio  Valley 
States. — Hughson's  The  Carolina  Pirates  and  Colon- 
ial Commerce. — Weeks's  General  Joseph  Martin  and 
the  War  of  the  Revolution  in  the  West. — Roosevelt's 
The  Founding  of  the  Trans  -  Alleghany  Common- 
wealths.—  Lee's  Arthur  Lee  as  Seen  in  History. 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS.    II 383 

Lang's  Border  Ballads.— De  Amicis's  Holland.— Far- 
rar's  Life  of  Christ  as  Represented  in  Art. —  Whit- 
ney's A  Sporting  Pilgrimage. —  Smith  &  Packard's 
European  Architecture. — Miss  Gamlin's  Life  and  Art 
of  George  Romney. —  Memoirs  of  the  Duchesse  de 
Gontaut. —  Page's  Polly. —  Scudder's  Childhood  in 
Literature  and  Art. —  Wallihan's  Hoofs,  Claws,  and 
Antlers. —  Anster's  Goethe's  Faust. —  Karoly's  Ra- 
phael's Madonnas. —  Dobson's  Old  English  Songs. — 
Miss  Wyatt's  A  Girl  I  Know.— The  Novels  of  Susan 
Ferrier,  Dent's  edition. —  Hugo's  Romances,  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.'s  edition. — The  "Ariel"  and  "  Temple" 
Shakespeare. —  Bridges's  The  Growth  of  Love. — Er- 
man's  Life  in  Ancient  Egypt. —  Flammarion's  Popu- 
lar Astronomy.  —  Porter's  Wild  Beasts.  —  Child's 
Wimples  and  Crisping  Pins. — Keith's  A  Hilltop  Sum- 
mer.—  Faber's  Hymns,  Crowell's  edition. —  Tenny- 
son's Becket,  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.'s  edition. — Heyse's 
Ghost  Tales.— Jacobs's  The  Fables  of  JSsop.—Bruce's 
Wayside  Poems. —  Byron's  Childe  Harold,  Crowell's 
edition. —  Bradford's  The  Sistine  Madonna. —  Mac- 
kay's  Love  Letters  of  a  Violinist. 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG.    II 388 

Miss  Perry's  Hope  Benham.  —  Mrs.  Webster's  An- 
other Girl's  Experience.  —  Mrs.  Champney's  Witch 
Winnie  at  Shinnecock. — Miss  Townsend's  Sirs,  Only 
Seventeen.  —  Miss  Harraden's  Things  Will  Take  a 
Turn.  —  Mrs.  Molesworth's  Olivia. — Miss  White's 
When  Molly  Was  Six.  —Miss  Coolidge's  Not  Quite 
Eighteen.  —  Miss  Plympton's  Penelope  Prig.  —  Mrs. 
Jamison's  Toinette's  Philip.  —  Mrs.  Burnett's  Pic- 
cino. — Miss  Schultz's  Madeleine's  Rescue.  —  Mrs. 
Smith's  Jolly  Good  Times  To-day. — Mrs.  Marshall's 
Kensington  Palace  in  the  Days  of  Queen  Mary. 
—  Church's  Stories  from  English  History. — Jacobs's 
More  Celtic  Fairy  Tales. — Miss  Rhy's  Banbury  Cross 
Series. —  Harris's  Little  Mr.  Thimblefinger. —  Fenn's 


CONTENTS— Continued. 


First  in  the  Field.  —  Knox's  The  Lost  Army.  — 
Stoddard's  Chris  the  Model  Maker.— Stoddard's  The 
Captain's  Boat.  —  Murray  -  Aaron's  The  Butterfly 
Hunters  in  the  Caribbees. — Keene's  Boys  Own  Guide 
to  Fishing. — Mrs.  Dodge's  When  Life  Is  Young. — Miss 
Magruder's  The  Child  Amy. — Miss  Samuels's  Father 
Gander's  Melodies. —  Field's  Love  Songs  of  Child- 
hood.—  Publications  of  the  Society  for  Promoting 
Christian  Knowledge. — Robinson  Crusoe,  Macmillan's 
edition. — Miss  Wiggin's  Timothy's  Quest. — Aldrich's 
Story  of  a  Bad  Boy.— St.  Nicholas  for  1894.  —  Har- 
per's Young  People  for  1894.—  Chatterbox  for  1894. 

NEW  YORK  TOPICS.    Arthur  Stedman 390 

LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY    ....  391 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 392 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  392 


LITER AR  Y  CENTENNIALS. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  human  mind  in- 
clines toward  round  numbers,  and  takes  a  cer- 
tain pleasure  in  contemplating  them.  Just  why 
this  should  be  the  case  is  a  problem  for  the 
psychologist ;  but  we,  being  now  concerned 
with  the  fact  alone,  will  not  stop  to  inquire  into 
its  antecedents.  Particularly  are  most  of  us 
attracted  by  a  round  number  when  it  happens 
to  be  a  number  of  years.  When  a  thing  is  ten, 
or  twenty-five,  or  fifty  years  old,  we  begin  to 
think  that  we  must  do  something  about  it. 
And  when  a  full  hundred  years  has  been 
counted,  the  thing  somehow  becomes  all  at  once 
so  memorable  that  it  suddenly  fills  a  large  arc 
of  that  horizon  upon  which  only  the  year  before 
it  was  hardly  more  than  a  speck. 

As  far  as  our  individual  lives  are  concerned, 
we  have  to  be  content  with  the  celebration  of 
silver  weddings,  semi-centennials,  and  such-like 
petty  affairs.  The  inexorable  reaper  cuts  us 
down  (with  the  exception  of  a  Chevreul  here 
and  there)  before  we  can  claim  a  full  century 
for  our  own,  and  thus  have  real  cause  for  glor- 
ification. As  for  a  wedding  centennial,  that 
has  not  been  even  thinkable  since  the  Flood. 
Perhaps  the  nearest  approach  to  such  an  event 
is  made  by  the  pensioned  widows  of  our  Revo- 
lutionary veterans,  some  of  whom  (that  is,  of 
the  widows)  still  survive.  But  even  pensioners 
are  mortal,  and  then  the  celebration  by  a  widow 
of  any  wedding  anniversary  would  be  too  mel- 
ancholy an  affair  to  be  seriously  undertaken. 


372 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


But  if  we  are  by  nature  debarred  from  the 
enjoyment  of  our  own  centennials,  we  can  at 
least  celebrate  those  of  other  people.  What 
may  be  called  the  craze  for  the  centennial 
reached  its  height  in  this  country  when  we 
rounded  the  first  hundred  years  of  our  national 
existence.  But  those  who  fondly  fancied  that 
a  single  big  Centennial  Exposition  would  do 
the  business  were  vastly  mistaken,  as  the  event 
proved.  For  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  no  sooner  out  of  the  way  than  we  found  it 
necessary  to  indulge  in  successive  jubilations 
over  the  anniversaries  of  a  great  many  other 
things,  and  the  Revolutionary  series  was  not 
closed  until  we  had  worked  our  way  down  to 
the  inauguration  of  George  Washington.  Then 
we  had  a  bare  year  or  two  of  respite  before 
becoming  engrossed  in  a  bigger  celebration  than 
any  of  the  others  —  that  of  the  discovery  of 
America  by  one  Christopher  Columbus,  a  Gen- 
oese. What  the  future  has  in  store  for  us  is 
not  known  ;  but  a  Cabot  quadri-centennial  for 
1897  should  at  least  be  in  order,  and  others  are 
pretty  likely  to  follow. 

The  fashion  of  the  literary  centennial  has 
spread  somewhat  alarmingly  during  the  past 
quarter-century  —  from  the  time,  say,  of  the 
Shakespeare  celebration  of  1864  and  the  Dante 
celebration  of  the  year  following.  Michelan- 
gelo had  his  turn  in  1874.  During  the  past 
few  weeks  we  have  had  occasion  to  chronicle 
various  celebrations  in  honor  of  the  worthy 
Nuremberg  cobbler,  whose  shoes,  we  trust,  were 
better  than  his  songs.  We  have  also  reported 
divers  gatherings  in  commemoration  of  the  first- 
born of  our  own  American  poets.  The  first 
quarter  of  the  twentieth  century  will,  we  im- 
agine, be  fairly  well  sprinkled  with  occasions 
like  these,  for  we  cherish  the  memory  of  the 
builders  of  our  literature,  and  delight  to  do 
honor  to  their  names.  Nor  is  the  honor  thus 
done  altogether  an  empty  one,  or  the  occasion 
fruitless,  for  with  each  event  we  furbish  up 
our  recollections  of  a  worthy  writer,  and  re-read 
his  books  with  new  interest.  We  are  likely, 
also,  to  get  from  the  publishers  new  and  im- 
proved editions,  and  perhaps  new  biographical 
studies,  upon  such  occasions. 

Among  the  literary  celebrations  of  the  pres- 
ent year  we  note,  not  without  a  touch  of  alarm, 
the  Gibbon  memorial  exercises  that  Mr.  Fred- 
eric Harrison  has  so  successfully  carried  out  in 
London.  We  would  not  question  the  claims 
of  Gibbon  upon  the  love  and  reverent  gratitude 
of  all  English-speaking  people  ;  but  a  danger- 
ous precedent  is  set  up  by  the  exercises  in  ques- 


tion. For  the  significant  fact  must  be  noted 
that  it  is  the  centennial  of  Gibbon's  death  that 
we  now  commemorate,  not  that  of  his  birth. 
Thus  the  number  of  possible  future  celebrations 
is  doubled  at  a  single  stroke.  There  seems, 
moreover,  to  be  some  question  of  taste  involved 
in  the  celebration  of  a  man's  death.  If  it  were 
Gower,  for  example,  or  almost  any  one  of  the 
early  Poets  Laureate,  there  might  be  a  certain 
appropriateness  in  the  act.  But  the  anniversary 
of  a  really  great  writer's  death  is  a  rather  poor 
pretext  for  a  glorification  of  his  life.  But  the 
pretext,  such  as  it  is,  will  probably  be  seized 
upon  many  times.  Already  the  Italians  are 
making  great  preparations  for  their  celebration 
next  year  in  honor  of  the  third  centenary  of  the 
death  of  Tasso.  The  French  might  be  engaged 
this  very  year  in  commemorating  the  centenary 
of  the  death  of  Condorcet ;  but  as  they  have 
neglected  the  far  more  obvious  opportunity  of- 
fered by  the  birth  of  Voltaire  in  1694,  it  is  not 
surprising  that  they  should  have  let  slip  the 
memory  of  the  philosopher.  If  they  want  to 
make  up  for  the  neglect,  they  may  celebrate 
next  year  the  death  of  La  Fontaine,  or  the 
deaths  of  La  Bruyere  and  Madame  de  Sevigne 
in  1896,  or  of  Racine  and  Beaumarchais  in 

1899.  The  Germans  are  not  likely  to  pay  at- 
tention  to  such  mortuary  centennials  during 
the  present  century,  as  their  literary  necrology 
presents  no  very  conspicuous  name.     But  the 
English,  following  the  Gibbon  precedent,  may 
signalize  in  1896  the  death  of  Burns,  in  1897 
that  of  Burke,  in  1899  that  of  Spenser,  and  in 
1900  those  of  Dry  den  and  Cowper. 

But  the  celebrations  that  have  about  them 
no  shadow  of  illegitimacy  are  those  that  sig- 
nalize the  secular  recurrence  of  the  birthday  of 
some  name  great  in  the  literature  of  a  country 
or  of  the  world.  We  have  thought  it  interest- 
ing to  ask  what  occasions  of  this  sort  are  offered 
by  the  half-dozen  remaining  years  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  In  our  own  country,  no  more 
poets  will  be  ripe  for  commemoration  during 
this  century  ;  but  the  historians  Prescott  and 
Palfrey  were  born  in  1796,  while  Bancroft  first 
saw  the  light  in  1800.  England  may  celebrate 
the  birth  of  Carlyle  or  Keats  next  year  if  she 
will,  of  Hood  in  1898,  and  of  Macaulay  in 

1900.  Germany  will  soon  be  reminded  that 
Ranke  was  born  in  1795,  and  Heine  in  1799. 
Possibly,  by  the  centennial  of  the  latter  date 
the  worthy  Philistines  of  Diisseldorf  may  have 
consented  to  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  the 
greatest  German  since  Goethe.     The  French, 
in  1896,  may  celebrate  the  third  Descartes  cen- 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


373 


tennial,  and  in  1900  the  first  centennial  of  the 
great  master  of  their  fiction.  Surely  the  au- 
thor of  the  Human  Comedy  deserves  remem- 
brance, if  a  writer  ever  did.  The  Italians  will 
have  occasion,  in  1898,  to  celebrate  both  Me- 
tastasio  and  Leopard  —  born  just  a  century 
apart,  and  thus  brought  into  incongruous  fel- 
lowship. And  finally,  Calderon,  the  greatest 
poet  of  Spain,  born  in  the  closing  year  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  should  not  be  forgotten  by 
the  closing  year  of  the  nineteenth.  We  shall  be 
much  disappointed  if  his  fellow-countrymen  do 
not  contrive  to  do  something  for  the  author  of 
"  La  Vida  es  Sueno  "  when  the  year  1900  comes 
around. 

We  have  one  more  suggestion  to  make,  al- 
though it  probably  comes  too  late  for  responsive 
action.  On  the  third  of  January,  B.C.  106, 
there  was  born  near  the  town  of  Arpinum,  in 
the  Volscian  hills,  a  boy  who  received  the  name 
of  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero.  A  little  calculation 
will  show  that  the  third  of  January,  1895,  will 
be  the  two  thousandth  anniversary  of  that  birth. 
When  the  boy  grew  up  he  came  to  play  a  con- 
siderable part  in  the  affairs  of  the  state,  and 
was  altogether  a  man  of  mark.  That  he  is  still 
remembered  countless  schoolboys  and  other 
competent  persons  will  testify.  Here  is  surely 
a  chance  that  ought  not  to  be  missed.  It  is 
not  often  that  the  opportunity  is  offered  to  cel- 
ebrate the  second  millenial  of  a  great  writer's 
birth,  and,  beside  such  an  occasion,  mere  cen- 
tennials, and  even  bi-,  tri-,  and  quadri-centen- 
nials,  seem  insignificant.  Here  is  a  round  num- 
ber, indeed,  that  must  appeal  to  the  most 
wayward  fancy ;  and  we  offer  to  our  readers 
as  a  Christmas  gift  the  suggestion  that  some- 
thing be  planned  for  the  coming  year  to  com- 
memorate the  twentieth  Ciceronian  centenary. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


ENGLISH  IN  THE  SOUTHERN  UNIVERSITIES. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Your  series  of  articles  on  the  study  of  English  in 
American  universities,  and  particularly  the  general  con- 
clusions of  your  summary  in  the  issue  of  November  1, 
have  proved  interesting  reading  to  a  large  constituency. 
Yet  I  fear  the  silence  as  to  the  work  in  English  in  a 
whole  section  of  our  country  might  seem  unintentionally 
misleading.  True,  the  University  of  Virginia  has  found 
a  place  in  your  list  as  a  Southern  institution,  and  all  her 
old  students  know  how  to  praise  warmly  the  work  she 
has  done  and  promises  to  do  for  American  scholarship. 
But,  just  in  the  department  of  English,  there  have  also 
been  other  institutions  in  the  South  and  Southwest  which 
established  reputed  courses,  even  before  Virginia's  noble 


university,  and  have  influenced  vitally  the  tendencies  of 
thought  and  culture  in  the  Southern  half  of  the  United 
States. 

I  shall  not  here  reproduce  any  of  the  points  empha- 
sized in  an  article  on  "  The  Study  of  English  in  the 
South  "  written  for  the  "  Sewanee  Review,"  February, 
1894.  The  attempt  was  there  made  to  give  the  history 
of  the  movement.  But  one  marked  fact  was  the  atten- 
tion paid  to  English,  by  the  side  of  Latin,  Greek,  and 
other  "  humanistic  "  studies,  as  a  full  and  independent 
course,  in  many  Southern  institutions  at  very  early  dates. 
Randolph-Macon  and  Richmond  colleges  in  Virginia 
have  had  full  English  courses  since  1868.  English  was 
emphasized  at  Washington  and  Lee  University  from  the 
beginning  of  General  R.  E.  Lee's  administration,  and 
the  present  incumbent  of  the  English  chair  in  that  in- 
stitution has  been  in  position  steadily  to  develop  his  de- 
partment since  1876.  Vanderbilt  University  in  Nash- 
ville, the  University  of  the  South  at  Sewanee,  Tulane 
University  in  New  Orleans,  have,  from  their  inception, 
emphasized  and  strengthened  their  English  courses. 
Some  of  the  smaller  colleges,  too,  have  been  exception- 
ally zealous  in  this  field;  e.  g.,  William  and  Mary  and 
Hampden-Sidney  in  Virginia,  Davidson  in  North  Car- 
olina, and  Charleston  and  Wofford  in  South  Carolina. 
Washington  and  Lee  and  Vanderbilt  Universities  have, 
moreover,  developed  valuable  post-graduate  courses  in 
English  looking  to  the  Doctor's  degree.  The  preceding 
are  all  cases  of  private  corporations.  Likewise,  many  of 
the  State  universities  have  shown  peculiar  sensitiveness  to 
the  importance  of  the  English  instruction,  and  have  em- 
phasized its  scope  and  its  inspirational  and  training  value. 
The  merit  of  the  courses  offered  in  the  Universities  of 
Texas,  Missouri,  Mississippi,  South  Carolina,  North  Car- 
olina, and  Tennessee,  I  can  readily  instance. 

An  interesting  and  noteworthy  feature,  in  these  cases, 
is  the  attention  given  to  the  constant  practice  in  English 
composition,  to  criticism,  to  personal  acquaintance  with 
literature,  and  to  the  emphasis  of  library  needs  and 
library  work.  The  historical  study  of  the  language  goes 
hand  in  hand  with  the  above,  yet  serves,  I  think,  in  most 
cases,  not  as  an  end  in  itself,  but  mainly  as  a  means  of 
giving  greater  power  in  linguistic  knowledge  and  attain- 
ment and  in  literary  expression.  But  the  greatest  gain 
has  been  in  the  fact  that  more  attention  is  paid  each 
year  to  the  entrance  requirements;  preparatory  schools 
are  everywhere  discarded,  independent  fitting  schools 
are  encouraged  in  their  stead,  and  the  system  of  special 
accredited  schools  is  generally  extending.  While  much 
is  still  to  be  desired  in  the  country  localities,  the  policy 
is  working  well  in  towns  and  cities.  Fair  training  and' 
practice  in  the  elements  of  the  mother  tongue  may  thus- 
be  demanded  before  entrance,  and  generally  be  accepted 
as  already  possessed. 

With  some  ground-work  to  start  with,  therefore,  a 
course  of  four  years  in  the  practical  application  of  the 
rules  of  composition  and  rhetoric  and  in  the  study  of" 
literary  topics  is  usually  added  in  college.  For  instance,, 
the  University  of  Tennessee  maps  out  for  the  four  full 
years  such  a  course  in  composition  and  literary  work;: 
the  philology  course  of  two  years  is  independent  and 
parallel,  for  advanced  students  and  graduates  who  de- 
sire linguistic  training.  All  work  centres  in  the  library: 
the  library  is  the  workshop  of  the  English  classes.  Prac- 
tical composition  is  attained,  not  only  by  constant  theme- 
work,  but  also  by  reports  (we  make  them  weekly)  based 
upon  work  done  in  the  library  in  connection  with  class 
topics.  From  our  librarian's  record  for  the  last  two 


374 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


months  (October  and  November),  1351  slips  show  that 
this  number  of  volumes  was  taken  out  over-night  from 
the  Seminary  Room  alone,  where  all  the  important  books 
referred  to  in  class  lectures  are  temporarily  placed  for 
general  use.  A  total  of  1933  volumes,  all  told,  taken 
out  by  the  students  in  only  two  months,  apart  from  the 
perhaps  still  larger  number  of  books  used  in  the  library 
rooms,  when  there  are  fewer  than  three  hundred  stu- 
dents altogether  in  attendance  in  all  departments,  is  a 
fair  showing  for  the  general  interest  and  the  nature  of 
the  practical  results. 

Most  of  the  Southern  institutions,  I  find,  study  formal 
literature  by  topics  or  periods.  Adopting  the  topical 
method  as  most  clearly  defined  for  all  purposes,  in  our 
own  case,  we  have  made  the  serious  study  of  American 
literary  conditions  the  subject  for  investigation  for  one 
whole  year,  just  because  it  contains  the  essence  of  our 
nationality  and  brings  the  facts  and  possibilities  of  Amer- 
ican life  and  authorship  closer  home  to  the  youthful 
aspirant.  Similarly,  the  study  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury English  writers,  both  in  prose  and  in  verse,  best 
bears  the  impress  of  the  modern  consciousness  and  re- 
produces most  closely  existing  tendencies  and  habits  of 
thought.  The  prolonged  study  of  Shakespeare  by  the 
maturest  students  is  a  just  recognition  of  the  poet's  su- 
preme power. 

Necessarily,  all  the  courses  in  the  above-named  insti- 
tutions (and  there  are  others  still)  differ  among  them- 
selves ;  but  nevertheless  one  general  spirit  animates 
them.  They  cannot  pretend  to  have  solved  all  the  dif- 
ficulties present  and  to  have  met  all  the  needs  required; 
but,  I  think,  it  is  not  too  bold  to  assert  that  they  are 
at  least  doing  their  share  in  upbuilding  and  leavening 
and  spiritualizing  the  existing  conditions  of  American 

"*e<  JOHN  B.  HENNEMAN. 

Professor  of  English,  University  of  Tennessee. 
Knoxville,  Tenn.,  Dec.  3,  1894. 


THE  STUDY  OF   LITERATURE  IN  PREPARA- 
TORY SCHOOLS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  is  hard  to  believe  that  the  writer  of  a  recent  com- 
munication to  THE  DIAL  (Nov.  16,  p.  286)  on  «  The 
Work  of  Preparatory  Schools  in  English  "  expected  to 
be  taken  altogether  seriously.  If  the  picture  therein 
painted  is  a  true  one  of  New  York,  or,  still  worse,  if  it 
represents  the  Eastern  States  in  general,  then  must  we 
Californians,  in  pure  self-defence,  abandon  our  convic- 
tions and  join  heart  and  soul  in  a  movement  toward  ex- 
clusion which  most  of  us  have  always  deprecated,  and 
shut  ourselves  from  all  influences  that  come  from  the 
East,  from  all  so-called  educational  reforms  that  arise 
there, —  from  everything  that  we  have  fondly  thought 
would  lead  us  out  of  our  own  provinciality.  Especially 
must  we  beware  of  teachers  who  have  been  educated  in 
those  "  helpless  "  Eastern  schools,  the  especial  merit  of 
which  seems  to  be  their  "  discipline  of  coercion  and  re- 
straint." But  we  will  not  yet  believe  the  case  is  as  bad 
as  it  seems;  all  those  dismal  things  were  not  really 
meant. 

The  writer  of  the  communication  referred  to  of  course 
does  not  use  the  word  "  appreciation  "  in  its  strict  sense 
of  a  perfectly  just  or  complete  estimate  of  merit,  but 
rather  has  in  mind  such  partial  appreciation  as  belongs 
to  the  perception  and  enjoyment  of  the  chief  excellences 
of  a  work.  This  is  said  to  be  secured  only  in  the  case 
of  "  exceptional  teachers  and  pupils  in  exceptional  re- 


lations." There  flashes  across  my  mind  a  scene  in  a 
preparatory  school  in  San  Francisco — a  teacher  of  En- 
glish, with  a  class  of  forty  or  fifty  boys,  reading  "  Evan- 
geline."  I  recall  the  quiet  tones,  the  absorbed  attention, 
of  the  whole  class ;  the  evident  pleasure  with  which  the 
boys  in  turn  pointed  out  their  favorite  lines;  and  then 
the  questions  of  the  teacher,  put  so  naturally  and  easily, 
by  which  one  passage  after  another  became  richer  in 
meaning  and  beauty  to  his  pupils.  I  will  grant  that 
here  may  have  been  the  "  exceptional  teacher  ";  but  one 
can  hardly  say  the  same  of  the  many  teachers  of  gram- 
mar, secondary,  and  country  schools,  who  have  borne 
glad  testimony  to  a  general  love  of  literature  among 
their  pupils. 

Recently,  after  a  class  in  a  preparatory  school  had 
read,  somewhat  hastily  but  with  apparent  enjoyment, 
two  long  poems,  its  members  were  called  upon  to  give 
some  reason  for  their  preference  of  one  of  these  poems 
to  the  other.  Among  the  answers  given  were  the  fol- 
lowing: "  It  is  a  poem  of  deeper  feeling."  "  The  inter- 
est is  centred  in  one  character."  "  I  like  the  language 
better;  there  are  so  many  beautiful  similes,  and  many 
of  these  make  the  meaning  clearer."  "  I  enjoyed  the 
metre  so  much;  the  other  was  too  jingling."  "It  is 
more  pathetic."  "  The  characters  are  noble."  "  It  is 
more  sympathetic."  Now,  however  little  value  these 
answers  may  have  from  a  purely  aesthetic  point  of  view, 
they  certainly  show  the  beginnings  of  literary  apprecia- 
tion. In  this  case  there  could  hardly  have  been  any 
exceptional  conditions.  Nay,  rather,  the  conditions  must 
be  unusually  adverse  that  can  crush  out  the  simple 
healthy  instincts  of  the  young,  their  natural  attraction 
toward  what  is  beautiful  and  good — the  basis  of  literary 
appreciation.  Moreover,  I  believe  that  nowhere  can 
these  natural  instincts  be  so  easily  guided  as  in  the  sec- 
ondary schools,  provided  the  literature  offered  is  thor- 
oughly within  the  intellectual  grasp  of  the  pupils.  That 
the  artistic  sense  is  slow  to  develop  in  American  youth 
I  will  admit;  but  I  believe  that  it  is  seldom  either  alto- 
gether absent  or  perverted. 

In  few  secondary  schools  can  composition  be  robbed 
of  all  its  terrors — especially  when  the  work  begins  there, 
— but  at  least  the  pupil  can  generally  be  led  to  attack 
it  boldly  and  cheerfully;  and  when  he  has  learned  to 
frame  a  good  sentence  or  paragraph,  even  if  he  goes  no 
further,  he  cannot  escape  a  certain  satisfaction  in  it,  a 
pleasure  no  different  in  kind  from  that  of  the  great  lit- 
erary artist.  This  impels  him  to  greater  effort,  and  he 
no  longer  looks  upon  his  work  in  composition  as  an  ar- 
bitrary requirement  of  his  teacher.  He  knows  now  that 
it  is  for  his  own  good,  for  he  does  really  enjoy  it  a  little, 
loth  as  he  is  to  acknowledge  this. 

The  relation  existing  between  the  preparatory  school 
and  the  college  must  be  very  different  in  the  East  from 
what  it  is  here.  Is  it  the  examination  system  that  is  at 
fault  ?  When  the  University  Examiners  visit  our 
schools,  as  they  do  every  year,  they  do  not  present  them- 
selves as  rigid  censors,  but  rather  as  helpful  and  sym- 
pathetic friends.  They  say  that  they  have  learned  by 
their  visits  to  understand  our  difficulties  as  they  could 
not  otherwise  have  done.  They  do  not  always  find  much 
to  praise,  but  they  give  encouragement  when  they  can, 
and  offer  very  practical  suggestions.  The  uplifting  in- 
fluence of  the  Universities  on  the  secondary  schools  is 
everywhere  acknowledged  among  us,  and  teachers  of 
English  at  least  have  found  great  inspiration  from  this 
source.  GERTRUDE  H.  MASON. 

Petaluma,  California,  Nov.  21,  1894. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


375 


AMERICAN  M  AXXERS.  * 


Nearly  sixty  years  ago  a  book  was  published 
in  England  called  "  Domestic  Manners  of  the 
Americans,"  which  raised  a  storm  of  indigna- 
tion throughout  this  country.  The  author  was 
Mrs.  Trollope,  mother  of  the  now  famous  nov- 
elist, Anthony  Trollope ;  and  she  had  gained 
the  materials  for  her  book  during  a  three  years' 
residence  in  this  country,  spent  mostly  in  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  then  a  little  town  of  some  twenty 
thousand  inhabitants.  The  refined  and  luxury- 
loving  woman,  fond  of  social  pleasures  and 
accustomed  to  the  best  associations  of  literary 
and  social  London,  found  the  manners  of  the 
small  raw  backwoods  settlement  extremely  un- 
congenial and  repulsive,  and  described  them 
without  fear  or  favor.  She  spent  but  little 
time  in  the  older  and  more  settled  portions  of 
the  country,  passing  through  them  only  on  her 
journey  home.  The  New  England  States  she 
never  visited  at  all.  But  with  a  woman's  fond- 
ness for  generalizations,  she  labelled  what  had 
come  within  her  vision  "  American,"  and  set  it 
down  as  the  necessary  outcome  of  democracy. 

Naturally,  a  picture  so  one-sided  and  un- 
favorable was  greatly  resented  by  the  Ameri- 
can people  at  large,  and  it  was  even  asserted 
that  the  author  had  written  her  book  with  the 
deliberate  purpose  of  villifying  and  caricatur- 
ing this  country.  Yet  there  is  no  doubt  that,  as 
far  as  it  went,  it  was  a  truthful  picture.  Hav- 
ing outgrown  our  sensitiveness,  we  can  afford 
now  to  take  up  the  work  as  a  valuable  contri- 
bution to  social  studies  of  a  period  which  en- 
dured but  a  short  time,  rapidly  passing  away  as 
the  onward  sweep  of  material  progress  prepared 
the  way  for  the  graces  of  life.  This  we  have  the 
opportunity  of  doing,  in  a  new  edition  of  the  fa- 
mous book,  handsomely  issued  in  two  volumes 
with  novel  bindings  of  "  bluet  "  cloth  and  white 
backs,  and  with  an  introduction  by  Professor 
Harry  Thurston  Peck  of  Columbia  College. 

To  turn  the  pages  of  these  volumes  is  to  re- 
veal the  enormous  changes  of  the  sixty  years 
since  they  were  penned.  Many  of  the  things 
most  distinctive  then  are  entirely  unknown 
now,  and  the  qualities  then  most  conspicuous 
for  their  absence  have  now  become  those  most 
distinctive  of  our  civilization.  For  example, 
Mrs.  Trollope  is  particularly  struck  with  the 

*  DOMESTIC  MANNERS  OF  THE  AMERICANS.  By  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope. With  Introduction  by  Harry  Thurston  Peck.  In  two 
volumes.  New  York :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 


dulness  of  our  so-called  festivities ;  she  con- 
siders Jonathan  a  very  dull  boy,  and  says : 
"  Compared  with  Americans,  we  are  whirligigs 
and  teetotums ;  every  day  is  a  holiday  and  every 
night  a  festival."  And  the  descriptions  of  the 
social  gatherings  she  attended  certainly  war- 
rant her  judgment.  It  is  hard  to  realize  that 
anywhere  or  at  any  time  American  society  has 
been  notable  for  reticence  and  withdrawal  of 
the  sexes  from  each  other ;  yet  this  is  some- 
thing continually  noted  here.  Evening  parties 
are  thus  described : 

"  The  women  invariably  herd  together  at  one  part  of 
the  room,  and  the  men  at  the  other;  but,  in  justice  to 
Cincinnati,  I  must  acknowledge  that  this  arrangement 
is  by  no  means  peculiar  to  that  city,  or  to  the  western 
side  of  the  Alleghanies.  .  .  .  The  gentlemen  spit,  talk 
of  elections  and  the  price  of  produce,  and  spit  again. 
The  ladies  look  at  each  other's  dresses  till  they  know 
every  pin  by  heart ;  talk  of  Parson  Somebody's  last  ser- 
mon on  the  day  of  judgment,  on  Dr.  T'otherbody's  new 
pills  for  dyspepsia,  till  the  '  tea '  is  announced,  when 
they  all  console  themselves  together  for  whatever  they 
may  have  suffered  in  keeping  awake,  by  taking  more 
tea,  coffee,  hot  cake  and  custard,  hoe  cake,  johnny  cake, 
waffle  cake  and  dodger  cake,  pickled  peaches  and  pre- 
served cucumbers,  ham,  turkey,  hung  beef,  apple  sauce, 
and  pickled  oysters,  than  ever  were  prepared  in  any 
other  country  of  the  known  world.  After  this  massive 
meal  is  over,  they  return  to  the  drawing-room,  and  it 
always  appeared  to  me  that  they  remained  together  as 
long  as  they  could  bear  it,  and  then  they  rise  en  masse, 
cloak,  bonnet,  shawl,  and  exit" 

Still  more  surprising  is  it  to  learn  that  mixed 
dinner-parties  of  ladies  and  gentlemen  were 
very  rare,  and  that  the  gentlemen  were  seated 
at  one  end  and  the  ladies  at  the  other,  while, 
unless  several  foreigners  were  present,  but  lit- 
tle conversation  took  place  at  table.  At  large 
balls,  the  gentlemen  were  served  to  a  sump- 
tuous repast  at  table  in  one  room,  while  the 
ladies  had  each  a  plate  put  into  her  hands  as 
they  pensively  promenaded  the  ball-room  dur- 
ing the  absence  of  the  favored  lords  of  crea- 
tion, or  seated  themselves  at  the  sides  of  the 
room,  while  sweetmeats,  cakes,  and  creams  were 
passed.  This  division  of  the  company  was  not 
owing  to  absence  of  room,  but  simply  because 
the  gentlemen  liked  it  better  ! 

The  "  lamentable  insignificance  of  American 
women  "  is  another  cause  of  frequent  remark, 
and  her  description  of  the  "  day  "  of  a  Phila- 
delphia lady  of  the  first  class  reads  like  a  bit 
of  ancient  history,  so  entirely  removed  is  it  in 
all  respects  from  the  life  of  the  "  new  woman  " 
of  to-day.  Its  chief  event  was  attendance  upon 
the  Dorcas  Society  —  an  assemblage  of  ladies 
provided  with  parings  of  broadcloth,  ends  of  rib- 
bon, gilt  paper  and  minikin  pins,  out  of  which 


376 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


they  manufactured  pin-cushions,  ink -wipers, 
and  watch-cases. 

"  Their  talk  is  of  priests  and  missions;  of  the  profits 
of  their  last  sale,  of  their  hopes  from  the  next;  of  the 
doubt  whether  young  Mr.  This  or  young  Mr.  That  should 
receive  the  fruits  of  it  to  fit  him  out  for  Liberia ;  of  the 
very  ugly  bonnet  seen  at  church  on  Sabbath  morning, 
of  the  very  handsome  preacher  who  performed  on  Sab- 
bath afternoon,  and  of  the  very  large  collection  made 
on  Sabbath  evening.  This  lasts  till  three,  when  the  car- 
riage again  appears,  and  the  lady  and  her  basket  re- 
turn home;  she  mounts  to  her  chamber,  carefully  sets 
aside  her  bonnet  and  its  appurtenances,  puts  on  her  scal- 
loped black  silk  apron,  walks  into  the  kitchen  to  see  that 
all  is  right,  then  into  the  parlour,  where,  having  cast  a 
careful  glance  over  the  table  prepared  for  dinner,  she 
sits  down,  work  in  hand,  to  await  her  spouse.  He  comes, 
shakes  hands  with  her,  spits,  and  dines.  The  conversa- 
tion is  not  much,  and  ten  minutes  suffice  for  dinner; 
fruit  and  toddy,  the  newspaper  and  the  work-bag  suc- 
ceed. In  the  evening  the  gentleman,  being  a  savant, 
goes  to  the  Wister  society,  and  afterwards  plays  a  snug 
rubber  at  a  neighbour's.  The  lady  receives  at  tea  a 
young  missionary  and  three  members  of  the  Dorcas  so- 
ciety. And  so  ends  her  day." 

No  wonder  that  the  cultured  Englishwoman 
found  the  women  of  America,  although  the 
handsomest  in  the  world,  the  least  attractive, 
if  this  was  a  fair  sample  of  the  occupations  and 
interests  of  a  woman  of  wealth  in  a  large  city  ! 

But  of  all  the  customs  of  the  country,  the 
one  to  which  she  alludes  of  tenest  and  with  great- 
est repugnance  is  "  the  incessant  and  remorse- 
less spitting  of  Americans."  Alas,  that  this 
should  also  be  the  one  respect  in  which  Amer- 
ican manners  can  claim  to  have  made  the  least 
improvement !  That  men  who  profess  to  be 
gentlemen  —  who  are,  in  fact,  gentlemen  in 
all  other  respects — can  permit  themselves  the 
indulgence  of  a  habit  so  disgusting,  is  a  matter 
for  continual  surprise  to  the  feminine  mind. 
Not  only  smokers  and  chewers,  not  only  the  ill- 
bred,  but  refined  and  otherwise  cleanly  gentle- 
men do  still,  in  cars,  at  theatres  and  public 
places,  and  even  by  the  fireside,  consider  it  per- 
missible to  indulge  in  so  objectionable  a  prac- 
tice ;  and  it  is  almost  the  one  direction  in  which 
Mrs.  Trollope  could  to-day  note  scarcely  any 
gain  in  propriety  and  decency. 

Tobacco-chewing  and  whiskey-drinking  must 
certainly  have  been  much  more  common  then 
than  now,  since  Mrs.  Trollope  makes  the  sweep- 
ing assertion  that,  except  among  literary  men, 
she  never  met  any  man  who  had  escaped  these 
degrading  habits.  But,  also,  she  never  met  a 
literary  man  who  had  acquired  these  habits, — 
which  seems  to  indicate  a  greater  distinction 
between  men  of  different  pursuits  than  any  now 
existing.  The  native  literature,  however,  did 
not  elicit  much  praise  ;  the  American  reviews 


contained  some  clear-headed  articles,  but  they 
were  lacking  in  the  playful  vivacity  and  keenly- 
cutting  satire  which,  in  that  day  of  the  reign 
of  "  The  Edinburgh  "  and  "  The  Quarterly," 
was  the  standard  of  fine  criticism.  Neither  in 
the  writings  or  conversation  of  Americans  was 
there  any  trace  of  that  graceful  familiarity  of 
learned  allusion  and  general  knowledge  which 
in  Europe  is  to  be  heard  in  festive  halls  and 
gay  drawing-rooms,  as  certainly  as  in  the  clois- 
tered library  or  student's  quarters.  Perhaps 
even  to-day  there  is  room  for  the  same  criticism 
and  comparison  with  respect  to  conversation  in 
polite  circles.  This  subtle  tone  of  a  cultured  so- 
ciety, which  is  as  distant  from  pedantry  as  from 
ignorance,  is  not  learning  itself,  but  the  effect 
of  it.  It  is  the  last  finish  of  highly  finished  soci- 
ety, and  the  conditions  are  seldom  encountered. 
Mrs.  Trollope  was  almost  the  first  of  the 
tribe  with  which  we  have  since  become  so  fa- 
miliar —  the  tribe  of  English  travellers,  who, 
having  spent  a  longer  or  shorter  period  in 
America,  go  home  to  make  a  book  out  of  their 
"  impressions."  But,  notwithstanding  the  lim- 
itations of  which  we  have  already  spoken,  she 
was  better  prepared  than  most  of  her  succes- 
sors have  been.  Her  knowledge  of  the  country 
was  gained  by  residence  and  personal  contact ; 
she  had  spent  almost  as  many  years  in  the 
United  States  as  some  of  her  followers  have 
spent  months ;  she  was  not  a  literary  lion  like 
Charles  Dickens  and  Harriet  Martineau ;  and 
for  her,  therefore,  the  people  whom  she  met 
were  not  her  entertainers,  and  the  society  that 
she  found  was  not  consciously  on  show.  She 
described  what  she  saw  with  a  woman's  passion 
for  detail,  with  all  a  woman's  keen  appreciation 
of  personal  description,  and  with  a  wealth  of 
anecdote  and  illustration  carefully  garnered  in 
the  daily  intercourse  of  nearly  four  years. 
Gifted  with  a  singularly  vivacious  and  pungent 
style,  her  book  is  still  better  worth  reading  than 
many  of  the  newer  works  on  the  same  subject. 
ANNA  B.  MCMAHAN. 


THE  OLD  IJIGHT  ON  THE  NEW  PATH.* 
A  monumental  work  on  the  history  of  owner- 
ship in  primitive  society  comes  from  a  woman, 
Miss  Edith  J.  Simcox.  In  two  large  volumes 
of  more  than  1100  pages,  she  has  presented,  in 
terse  style  and  orderly  arrangement,  the  results 
of  studies  and  researches  that  are  almost  ap- 


*  PRIMITIVE  CIVILIZATIONS;  or,  History  of  Ownership  in 
Archaic  Communities.  By  E.  J.  Simcox.  In  two  volumes. 
New  York  :  Ma  em  ill  an  &  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


377 


palling  in  their  magnitude.  The  author  mod- 
estly claims,  in  the  preface  to  her  work,  that 
its  aim  is  simply  "  to  enable  the  economic  stu- 
dent to  utilize  the  crumbs  that  have  fallen 
already  from  the  explorer's  table."  That  eco- 
nomic facts  should  have  significance,  it  is  neces- 
sary that  the  student  should  know  the  society 
from  whose  workings  the  facts  are  educed.  We 
have  in  these  books  a  study  of  society  as  it  ex- 
isted in  that  great  domestic  race  which  early 
reached  civilization  in  Western  Asia  and  in 
Northern  Africa,  and  which  still  exists,  a 
mighty  power,  in  the  Chinese  Empire. 

The  work  is  a  marvel  of  condensed  state- 
ment. In  a  review  of  reasonable  length  it  is 
impossible  to  discuss  either  subject  or  treat- 
ment in  any  detail.  At  best  we  can  only  sketch 
the  outline  pursued,  and  aim  to  suggest  its 
character  and  style.  Miss  Simcox  starts  from 
the  proposition : 

"  Egypt,  Babylonia,  and  China  are  the  three  great 
seats  of  archaic  civilization,  and  the  ancient  history  of 
each  is  absolutely  free  from  European  influence.  Two 
of  them  are  remarkable  for  the  permanence  as  well  as 
for  the  antiquity  of  their  national  greatness;  and  all 
have  left  authentic  records  from  which  we  are  able  to 
reconstruct,  to  some  extent  at  least,  the  outline  of  their 
social  and  industrial  life,  and  to  understand  upon  what 
principles  they  regulated  that  portion  of  it  which  had 
to  do  with  possessions,  or  the  instruments  by  which  life 
is  maintained." 

Recognizing  thus  the  importance  of  the  ma- 
terial we  possess  for  studying  archaic  civiliza- 
tion among  these  three  nations,  our  author 
characterizes  the  people  composing  them  : 

"  The  nations  belonging  to  the  group  of  which  Egypt 
and  China  are  representative  are  for  the  most  part  easy- 
going, pleasure-loving,  and  pacific,  somewhat  anarchic, 
in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word ;  that  is  to  say,  private  life 
in  them  is  little  controlled  by  government  or  legislation ; 
they  are  liberal  in  the  sense  that  public  opinion  always 
praised  giving  more  than  getting,  and  required  a  free 
distribution  of  family  property  amongst  the  members 
of  the  household  and  of  the  State  among  such  members 
of  the  State  as  were  in  need;  and  they  were  also  very 
strongly  conservative,  since  all  classes  valued  their  life 
just  as  it  was,  feeling  and  believing  that  any  change  at 
any  point  must  be  a  change  for  the  worse.  If  we  have 
to  find  a  single  word  to  describe  the  points  in  which 
these  States  resemble  each  other  and  differ  from  the 
modern  world,  which  traces  its  intellectual  parentage 
to  Greece  and  Rome,  it  may  be  said  that  the  civilization 
of  the  great  civilized  States  of  Antiquity  was  domestic, 
and  the  civilization  of  the  European  States  political." 

To  gain  a  clear  idea  of  the  economic  condi- 
tions of  Ancient  Egypt,  Miss  Simcox  investi- 
gates the  governmental  structure  ;  the  relation 
of  ruler  and  officials  to  the  people ;  the  condi- 
tions of  commerce  and  industry ;  class,  religion, 
and  priesthood  ;  and  a  wide  range  of  kindred 


subjects.  Some  curious  and  suggestive  thoughts 
are  thus  brought  out. 

"  The  reason  that  there  was  so  little  progressive  ac- 
cumulation of  wealth  in  Egypt  seems  to  have  been  that 
each  generation  spent  its  own  savings  on  its  own  tombs 
and  temples ;  and  this  habit  of  dedicating  surplus  income 
to  a  comparatively  disinterested,  immaterial  purpose 
helped  to  keep  the  greed  for  accumulation  at  the  tem- 
perate point  required  for  national  security." 

On  the  whole,  we  must  believe  that  the  old 
Egyptians  were  a  happy  folk.  "  v  The  little 
people  in  the  city  are  like  the  great  ones,' — 
i.  e.,  have  leisure  to  take  part  both  in  religious 
festivals  and  in  the  season's  feasts."  Honesty 
seems  to  have  been  prevalent,  and,  "failing 
other  evidence,  the  solemn  oath  of  an  inter- 
ested party  was  admitted  even  in  support  of 
his  own  claim,  and  accepted  as  conclusive  by 
the  other  side."  "  They  are  certainly  the  first 
of  all  the  nations  in  the  world  to  put  on  record 
the  existence,  and  their  appreciation  of  the  ex- 
istence, of  love  in  marriage."  Woman  was 
her  husband's  equal,  and  had  remarkable  free- 
dom of  action.  The  Nile  fertilized  land  was 
ever-productive,  and  native  ingenuity  had  de- 
vised better  irrigation  systems  than  some  which 
modern  science  has  constructed  in  that  same 
region.  The  ideas  underlying  such  business 
contracts  as  antechresis  are  more  humane  and 
kind  than  those  underlying  our  modern  mort- 
gages. 

"  The  essence  of  an  antichretic  bargain  is  the  exchange 
of  use.  The  capitalist  does  not  lend  his  money  at  interest, 
nor  the  landowner  sell  or  let  his  land,  but  they  exchange 
their  two  possessions  pro  tern.,  the  use  of  the  money  being 
set  against  the  use  of  the  land.  In  this  way  the  idea  of 
ownership  as  distinct  from  use  grew  up  easily  and  nat- 
urally, for  the  ownership  might,  and  often  did,  continue 
for  generations  to  belong  to  one  family,  while  its  use 
remained  with  another,  without  the  right  of  the  former, 
to  reclaim  the  land  by  repaying  the  money,  lapsing." 

Our  author  believes  Egyptians,  Babylonians, 
and  Chinese  to  be  scattered  fragments  from 
one  primitive  stock.  Much  of  their  character- 
istic civilization  was  acquired  before  their  sep- 
aration. This  went  with  them  in  their  mi- 
grations. In  their  new  homes,  with  varying 
conditions  of  life,  further  development  went  on 
independently,  but  the  common  fundamental 
portion  lived  on  among  all.  Sumer,  Akkad, 
Babylonia,  Assyria,  show  much  in  common 
with  Egypt,  with  much  that  is  independent 
and  original.  A  wonderful  trading  people, 
their  weights  and  measures,  the  sexagesimal 
counting,  and  their  science,  influenced  pro- 
foundly the  ancient  world.  Their  financial 
operations  and  business  transactions  were  of 
the  most  varied  kinds,  and  hundreds  of  their 


378 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


records  are  preserved  on  clay  tablets.  We 
may  read  contracts  and  agreements,  records  of 
lawsuits,  leases,  mortgages,  and  gain  a  clear 
notion  of  their  legal  ideas.  Antichresis — sim- 
ple, or  complicated  with  other  forms  of  con- 
tract— is  found  here  also,  as  in  fact  wherever 
the  domestic  civilization  was  at  home.  As  to 
domestic  life,  it  seems  to  have  been  much  like 
that  of  Egypt.  Society  was  thoroughly  devel- 
oped, conservative,  healthy.  The  people  were 
contented  and  happy. 

"  This  framework  [of  society]  had  been  so  patiently 
elaborated  and  coordinated,  it  was  so  elastic  and  at  the 
same  time  so  full  of  resistance,  that  even  a  foreign  mas- 
ter found  it  more  politic  to  preserve  it  and  fall  in  with 
its  ways  than  to  destroy  it;  he  was  content  in  most  cases 
to  step  into  the  place  of  the  prince  he  had  ousted.  Af- 
fairs then  fell  into  their  accustomed  groove,  as  soon  as 
the  conquest  was  complete;  classes  were  reconstituted 
on  their  old  bases;  property  and  people  took  up  their 
former  conditions;  the  only  difference  lay  in  the  fact 
that  a  new  group  of  privileged  individuals  shared  the 
wealth  created  by  agricultural,  industrial,  and  commer- 
cial activity.  The  sovereign  and  his  chief  officers  might 
be  of  foreign  race,  but  the  social  machine  rolled  on  over 
the  same  road  and  with  the  same  wheels  as  before." 

Our  author  presents  evidence,  drawn  from 
monuments  and  inscriptions,  as  well  as  from 
curious  survivals  in  modern  culture,  of  the  for- 
mer existence  of  the  ancient  domestic  civiliza- 
tion over  an  area  extending  from  Massalia  to 
Malabar.  The  Phoenicians,  Carthaginians, 
Etruscans,  Lycians,  Rhodians,  Cretans,  Spar- 
tans, old  Arabians,  Indians,  and  others,  are 
either  referred  back  to  the  old  black-headed 
race  or  shown  to  have  been  influenced  by  it. 

Miss  Simcox's  second  volume  is  devoted  to 
the  Chinese.  It  is  a  thoughtful  study  of  the 
life  and  achievements  of  that  mighty  people, 
tracing  the  gradual  evolution  of  ideas  regard- 
ing property,  society,  and  government.  A  na- 
tion which  has  existed  for  four  thousand  years, 
with  authentic  historical  records  for  much  of 
that  long  period,  has  much  to  teach  the  world. 
There  are  few  problems  in  life  but  have  pre- 
sented themselves  to  these  "  black-heads,"  and 
been  solved  to  their  satisfaction  by  them.  In 
the  solution  no  class  in  society  has  been  sacri- 
ficed. Nowhere  else  is  there  so  great  a  degree 
of  comfort  for  all ;  nowhere  else  is  ideal  society 
so  nearly  reached.  Not  that  they  are  social- 
ists :  every  man  seeks  the  best  for  himself,  but 
in  the  seeking  never  forgets  the  rights  of  oth- 
ers. Property  and  labor  have  set  values,  and 
to  underbid  or  overcharge  to  gain  a  personal 
advantage  are  equally  reprobated.  Opportu- 
nity for  rational  enjoyment  is  within  the  reach 
of  all.  Never  warriors,  seldom  undertaking 


great  military  enterprises,  they  conquer  their 
conquerors  by  civilizing  and  assimilating  them. 
Paternal  affection  and  filial  respect  prevail. 
Admiration  for  scholarship  is  universal,  and  a 
chance  to  attain  the  highest  position  through 
learning  lies  open  to  the  meanest. 

Confucius  says  the  essentials  of  government 
are  "'Sufficiency  of  food,  sufficiency  of  mili- 
tary equipment,  and  the  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple in  their  ruler';  if  one  of  these  must  be  done 
without,  let  it  be  the  military  equipment ;  if 
two  must  be  sacrificed,  part  with  the  food, 
'from  of  old  death  has  been  the  lot  of  all 
men,'  but  the  foundation  of  the  State  is  in  the 
people's  faith." 

Proverbs  give  the  best  hints  of  a  people's 
inmost  thought.  A  Chinese  proverb  runs : 
"  When  swords  are  rusty  and  spades  bright, 
prisons  empty  and  granaries  full,  the  steps  of 
the  temples  covered  with  mud  and  the  courts 
of  the  tribunals  filled  with  grass,  doctors  on 
foot  and  bakers  on  horseback,  when  old  men 
and  children  abound,  the  empire  is  well  gov- 
erned." 

The  old  black-headed  race  worked  out  the 
first  known  civilization,  first  built  mighty  cities, 
invented  writing,  made  the  great  discoveries, 
solved  the  great  problems  of  life,  society,  and 
human  relations.  From  its  story  we  might 
learn  a  lesson.  That  we  should  do  things  just 
as  it  did  is  as  unnecessary  as  that  we  should 
try  to  compel  its  remaining  fraction  to  do  things 
in  our  way.  But  to  have  its  life  brought  before 
us  as  Miss  Simcox  has  presented  it,  may  help 
us ;  for  that  life  has  happily  attained  to  many 
of  the  best  things  for  which  we  strive. 

FREDERICK  STARR. 


Two  GREAT  VIRGINIANS.* 

It  is  not  sheer  accident  that  the  two  books 
named  below  are  treated  in  a  single  article. 
They  have  many  points  in  common  besides  the 
fact  that  they  both  belong  to  the  same  series. 
General  Washington  and  General  Lee  were 
both  Virginians.  They  both  belonged  to  the 
social  class  that  has  mainly  made  the  history 
of  the  Old  Dominion.  Their  families  were 
associated  for  several  generations,  and  the  two 
men  were  related  by  ties  of  marriage.  They 

*  GENERAL  WASHINGTON.  By  General  Bradley  T.  John- 
son. ("  Great  Commanders  "  Series.)  New  York :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 

GENERAL  LEE.  By  General  Fitzhugh  Lee,  his  Cavalry 
Commander.  ("  Great  Commanders "  Series.)  New  York: 
D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


379 


had  many  intellectual  and  moral  qualities  in 
common.  The  one  was  the  military  leader  in 
the  first  serious  attempt  to  divide  the  English- 
speaking  world  politically,  and  the  other  in 
the  only  serious  attempt  to  divide  that  world 
still  farther.  This  is  no  identification  of  the 
causes  for  which  the  two  men  fought ;  nor  is  it 
to  say  that  Washington  would  have  been  called 
a  rebel  if  he  had  failed,  and  that  Lee  would 
not  have  been  so  called  had  he  succeeded.  A 
further  point  of  contact  is  that  the  two  books 
are  written  by  generals  who  won  their  titles  in 
the  Confederate  Army.  The  two  authors  are 
further  alike  in  this  :  that  they  make  the  chap- 
ters relating  to  the  ancestry  of  their  heroes  too 
long ;  and  in  this :  that  they  lose  no  opportun- 
ity, Johnson  as  well  as  Lee,  to  say  a  good  word 
for  the  cause  in  which  they  once  hazarded  their 
lives. 

General  Johnson  approaches  his  subject  with 
the  diffidence  that  is  natural  to  a  modest  man 
who  attempts  such  a  task,  when  he  reflects  that 
"  there  are  about  five  hundred  biographies  of 
George  Washington,  original  and  translations, 
published  in  almost  every  language  of  modern 
times,  as  well  as  Greek  and  Latin  versions  of 
them."  Still,  he  plucks  courage  out  of  his  be- 
lief that  his  own  biography  is  "  the  first  at- 
tempt to  consider  the  military  career  of  Wash- 
ington, and  to  write  his  life  as  a  soldier."  On 
the  whole,  it  must  be  said  that  his  attempt  is 
very  successful.  There  are  not  lacking  features 
that  deserve  criticism.  Ill  sense  of  proportion 
is  shown  in  the  undue  compression  of  some 
parts  of  the  story,  and  the  undue  expansion  of 
other  parts.  We  have  a  very  good  account  of 
Braddock's  expedition  ;  but  when  the  remnants 
of  that  expedition  are  brought  back  to  the  set- 
tlements, the  writer  passes  immediately  to  the 
treaty  entered  into  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
then  adds  to  his  chapter  eight  pages  of  mat- 
ter, all  of  it  more  or  less  interesting,  but  some 
of  which  should  have  made  room  for  a  rapid 
sketch  of  the  later  fortunes  of  the  struggle,  thus 
avoiding  the  abrupt  transition  experienced  in 
passing  from  1755  to  1763.  This  may  serve 
as  an  illustration  of  the  defective  sense  of  pro- 
portion that  is  sometimes  shown.  We  are  not 
even  told  why  Washington  did  not  farther  par- 
ticipate in  the  war.  But,  all  defects  aside,  the 
author  has  made  a  careful  study  of  his  subject, 
and  shows  a  clear  and  strong  grasp  of  the  mili- 
tary career  and  character  of  Washington,  which 
he  also  presents  in  a  plain,  sensible,  and  vigor- 
ous style  of  composition.  The  book  is  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  its  subject. 


General  Fitzhugh  Lee,  as  might  be  expected, 
writes  of  his  hero,  not  only  con  amore,  but  con 
magna  amore.  To  the  high  estimate  in  which 
General  Lee's  abilities,  character,  and  achieve- 
ments are  universally  held,  he  adds  the  pride 
of  a  nephew,  of  a  Confederate  soldier,  and  of 
a  Virginian.  He  dwells  on  his  ancestry,  re- 
counts the  story  of  his  life  down  to  the  Civil 
War,  shows  him  to  us  as  he  stood  deprecating 
the  act  of  secession  but  resolved  "  to  go  with  his 
State,"  and  follows  him  through  the  four  years' 
struggle,  and  then  to  the  close  of  his  life.  Only 
a  specialist  could  pronounce  with  confidence 
on  the  military  aspects  of  the  work,  point  by 
point ;  but,  on  the  whole,  it  is  an  interesting 
and  valuable  account  of  the  great  Confederate 
commander,  doing  full  justice  to  his  intellec- 
tual, moral,  and  professional  character.  Nearly 
every  page,  however,  bears  witness  that  the 
writer  is  less  familiar  with  the  pen  than  he  is 
reputed  to  be  with  the  sword.  Rhetorical  in- 
felicities abound,  and  grammatical  errors  occur. 
He  dedicates  the  book  to  the  memory  of  "  the 
soldiers  who  fought  and  fell  under  the  wave  of 
Robert  E.  Lee's  sword,"  etc.  Generally,  the 
narrative  is  clear  and  continuous ;  but  when, 
on  the  battle-field,  the  author  sees  "  the  red- 
crested  wave  of  assault,"  beholds  battalions 
"  marching  into  the  jaws  of  death  "  or  re- 
coiling from  "  the  mouth  of  hell,"  and  hears 
the  Southern  guns  "  raining  metallic  tons  "  on 
the  Northern  infantry,  while  the  cavalry  are 
"  stormed  at  with  shot  and  shell,"  he  becomes 
confused  in  his  story  and  grows  lurid  in  lan- 
guage. He  has  a  habit  of  tagging  out  his  sen- 
tences with  bits  of  striking  quotation.  Gettys- 
burg was  lost  because  Lee's  orders  were  not 
obeyed.  The  official  head  of  the  offender,  how- 
ever, did  not  "  drop  in  the  basket,"  owing  to 
Lee's  "  great  heart,  or  habit  of  self-denying  for 
himself,  self-suffering  for  others."  The  author 
does  not  apparently  think  whether  so  great  a 
captain  as  he  holds  his  hero  to  be  would  allow 
himself  to  be  governed  by  such  considerations. 
The  last  chapter,  which  is  devoted  to  Lee's  mil- 
itary character,  we  cannot  think  very  satisfac- 
tory. Eminently  worthy  of  being  read  is  the 
portion  of  the  book  that  deals  with  General 
Lee's  connection  with  Washington  and  Lee 
University.  The  facts  stated  in  connection  with 
the  trustees'  tendering  him  the  presidency, 
and  his  acceptance  of  the  office,  show  clearly 
the  financial  condition  of  the  institution  at  the 
time  and  also  the  financial  condition  of  the 
whole  Southern  country  at  the  close  of  the  War. 

B.  A.  HlNSDALE. 


380 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


STUDIES  ix  AMERICAN  HISTORY.* 

Mr.  Gold  win  Smith,  in  referring  to  Washington, 
says  :  "  His  form,  like  all  other  forms  of  the  Rev- 
olution, has  no  doubt  been  seen  through  a  golden 
haze  of  panegyric."  The  statement  suggests  a 
marked  weakness  in  our  methods  of  study  of  the 
formative  days  of  the  republic.  When  a  writer  tries 
to  discuss  ante-revolutionary  times  with  cool  consid- 
eration, looking  at  each  question  raised  with  the  eye 
of  the  critic,  there  is  a  consciousness  of  uneasiness 
on  the  part  of  the  readers,  who  are  impatient  of 
such  methods  in  telling  the  life  of  people  who  have 
been  surrounded  so  long  with  this  halo  of  glory. 
Some  of  the  suggestions  of  Professor  Sumner  in  his 
chapters  on  "  Social  Features  before  the  Revolution  " 
in  his  little  book  on  Alexander  Hamilton,  or  of 
William  B.  Weeden  in  his  "  Economic  and  Social 
History  of  New  England,"  certainly  appeal  with 
strength  to  the  iconoclast  of  modern  scientific  meth- 
ods ;  but  the  heresy  creates  no  end  of  comment 
among  those  who  have  read  only  to  glorify,  and  who 
cannot  be  brought  to  the  point  of  believing  that 
many  of  the  heroic  figures  which  loom  so  grandly 
in  the  twilight  of  the  century  are  but  images  of  com- 
mon clay.  Americans  have  been  trained  to  glorify, 
to  cherish  the  memory  only  of  that  which  appeals 
to  the  sentiment ;  and,  as  a  consequence,  catch- 
phrases  and  high-sounding  expressions  have  been 
incorporated  into  our  history,  to  the  exclusion  of 
much  that  is  fact.  Putnam  galloping  down  a  hill, 
or  Lawrence  crying  "  Don't  give  up  the  ship,"  or 
Francis  Marion  eating  sweet  potatoes  from  off  a 
log,  or  Thomas  J.  Jackson  standing  like  a  stone- 
wall,— these  are  the  pictures  we  have  been  encour- 
aged to  preserve ;  while  the  great  mass  of  mankind, 
those  who  have  had  no  fortune  to  make  them  par- 
ticularly conspicuous,  have  been  almost  entirely  for- 
gotten. Mr.  Greene,  in  his  "  Historical  View  of  the 
American  Revolution,"  gives  lists  of  the  general 
officers  of  the  American  army  at  various  times  dur- 
ing the  Revolutionary  War.  Here  and  there  a 
name  attracts  attention,  but  it  is  certainly  true  that 
many  of  the  commanders  have  been  entirely  for- 
gotten ;  and  if  it  were  not  for  some  enthusiastic  de- 
scendant, the  achievements  of  a  man  like  General 

*  THE  LIFE  OF  MAJOR  GENERAL  JOHN  PATERSON.  By 
his  Great-Grandson,  Thomas  Bgleston.  New  York:  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 

ROGER  WILLIAMS,  THE  PIONEER  OF  RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY. 
By  Oscar  S.  Straus.  New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

THE  MAKING  OF  THE  OHIO  VALLEY  STATES.  By  Samuel 
Adams  Drake.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  CAROLINA  PIRATES  AND  COLONIAL  COMMERCE,  1670- 
1740.  By  Shirley  Carter  Hughson.  Baltimore :  The  Johns 
Hopkins  Press. 

GENERAL  JOSEPH  MARTIN  AND  THE  WAR  OF  THE  REVO- 
LUTION IN  THE  WEST.  By  Stephen  B.  Weeks.  Washington : 
Government  Printing  Office. 

THE  FOUNDING  OF  THE  TRANS-ALLEGHENY  COMMON- 
WEALTHS. Volume  III.  of  the  "  Winning  of  the  West."  By 
Theodore  Roosevelt.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

ARTHUR  LEE  AS  SEEN  IN  HISTORY.  By  Charles  Henry 
Lee.  Richmond :  Whittet  &  Shepperson. 


John  Paterson  would  pass  entirely  into  oblivion. 
There  was  real  worth  in  a  man  of  whom  it  could 
be  said  upon  a  memorial  tablet  placed  in  the  meet- 
ing-house in  Lenox: 

"He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1762,  represented 
Lenox  in  the  Provincial  Congress  of  1774  and  1775, 
raised  a  regiment  on  his  return  in  1775,  and  was  one 
of  the  first  in  the  field  with  it  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington. He  crossed  the  Delaware  with  Washington, 
and  narrowly  escaped  death  at  Saratoga ;  he  was  at  the 
council  of  Monmouth  in  1778,  and  fought  in  most  of 
the  battles  of  the  Revolution,  serving  during  the  whole 
war,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  society  of  the 
Cincinnati.  His  love  of  country  was  unbounded,  his 
patriotism  unflinching,  and  his  public  spirit  untiring." 

The  life  of  General  Paterson,  written  by  his  great- 
grandson,  tells  many  incidents  of  value  to  our  early 
history;  and  there  would  be  wonder  at  the  neglect 
of  so  good  a  leader,  if  the  "  haze  of  panegyric  " 
were  not  remembered.  If  indices  are  to  be  trusted, 
this  general  is  mentioned  neither  by  Bancroft  nor 
Hildreth.  There  are  several  chapters  which  will 
be  read  more  carefully  than  those  that  tell  of  the 
military  life  of  the  hero,  the  one  on  Shay's  Rebellion 
being  particularly  valuable.  Many  features  of  social 
life  find  mention ;  and  despite  the  first  impression, 
that  it  is  only  an  offering  of  family  love,  the  book 
will  repay  quite  careful  examination.  It  used  to  be 
said  that  a  colonial  Virginian  would  go  ten  miles 
any  day  to  catch  a  horse  to  ride  to  town  a  mile  dis- 
tant. General  Paterson  was  somewhat  different  in 
temperament,  apparently,  because  he  used  to  walk 
eighteen  miles  to  court,  when  he  was  county  judge, 
rather  than  take  the  trouble  to  go  to  the  pasture  to 
catch  his  horse.  He  did  not  have  a  lazy  bone  in 
his  six  feet  of  frame,  and  seems  to  have  been  a  good 
type  of  the  stalwart  pioneer  of  early  days. 

If  our  historians  have  erred  in  allowing  sentiment 
to  get  the  advantage  of  fact  in  many  instances,  they 
just  as  certainly  have  been  unfortunate  in  coloring 
with  prejudice  their  accounts  of  some  early  religious 
troubles.  It  is  results  that  tell ;  and  when  the  in- 
vasion of  the  Quakers,  the  anxiety  about  Ann 
Hutchison,  and  the  banishment  of  Roger  Williams 
are  considered  in  the  light  of  subsequent  develop- 
ments, the  student  is  forced  to  take  different  views 
than  those  that  have  prevailed  so  long,  owing  to  the 
provincialism  of  the  New  England  makers  of  our 
history.  Mr.  Straus  shows  Roger  Williams  in  the 
true  historic  setting.  In  his  earlier  production, "  The 
Origin  of  Republican  Form  of  Government,"  he  had 
declared  of  Roger  Williams:  "To  him  rightly  be- 
longs the  immortal  fame  of  having  been  the  first 
person  in  modern  times  to  assert  and  maintain  in 
its  fullest  plenitude  the  absolute  right  of  every  man 
to  a  '  full  liberty  in  religious  concernments,'  and  to 
found  a  state  wherein  this  doctrine  was  the  keystone 
of  its  organic  laws."  This  thought,  elaborated, 
makes  up  Mr.  Straus's  new  book,  "  Roger  Williams, 
the  Pioneer  of  Religious  Liberty."  There  is,  of 
necessity,  a  good  deal  of  religious  controversy  in  the 
several  chapters ;  but  the  author  presents  many  very 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


381 


interesting  facts  to  support  his  thesis,  and  these 
soften  the  asperities  and  make  the  volume  readable 
and  suggestive.  There  are  many  words  of  praise 
for  the  hero,  but  not  too  many.  Unless  one  is  very 
much  biased  by  former  historic  training,  there  will 
be  agreement  with  these  two  sentences: 

"  We  call  those  great  who  have  devoted  their  lives 
to  some  noble  cause,  and  have  thereby  influenced  for 
the  better  the  course  of  events.  Measured  by  that 
standard,  Roger  Williams  deserves  a  high  niche  in  the 
temple  of  fame,  alongside  of  the  greatest  reformers  who 
mark  epochs  in  the  world's  history." 

"  The  Making  of  the  Ohio  Valley  States  "  is  the 
fourth  in  the  series  of  illustrated  books  in  which  Mr. 
Samuel  Adams  Drake  is  telling  the  story  of  the  de- 
velopment of  the  United  States.  It  follows  the 
lines  laid  down  in  the  former  numbers,  discussing 
subjects  topically,  and  aiming  to  afford  supplement- 
ary material  to  teachers  and  other  readers  who  de- 
pend for  the  main  facts  upon  ordinary  school  histo- 
ries. The  arrow-head  upon  the  cover  is  typical  of  the 
illustrations,  which  are  very  helpful  in  giving  impres- 
sions of  the  varied  features  of  life  in  the  early  days. 
The  story  is  divided  into  three  parts,  descriptive  of 
"The  Conquest  of  the  West,"  "The  Advance  into 
the  West,"  and  "  The  Progress  of  the  West."  The 
familiar  tales  of  pioneer  life  are  presented  in  pleas- 
ing form,  and  many  matters  to  which  it  is  not  easy 
to  refer  in  the  ordinarily  accessible  books  are  ex- 
plained with  sufficient  clearness  and  completeness. 
Mr.  Drake  is  always  entertaining,  and  even  the  dull 
episodes  of  history  reflect  brighter  colors  when  he 
paints -them.  The  motto  of  his  series  is,  "  Tell  the 
Truth."  Romancers  have  filled  our  histories  with 
wonderful  tales  ;  truth  reveals  many  things  stranger 
than  any  fiction.  For  the  class  of  readers  intended 
to  be  reached,  there  are  no  popular  histories  better 
than  these ;  because,  by  reference  to  authority,  by 
supplementary  foot-note,  by  illustration  from  local 
environment,  Mr.  Drake  has  stamped  his  narrative 
with  the  certificate  of  truthfulness. 

When  Mr.  Lodge,  and  other  writers  about  Puri- 
tan days,  attempt  to  lessen  the  measure  of  oppro- 
brium resting  upon  the  people  of  Massachusetts  for 
their  share  in  the  witchcraft  delusion,  mention  is 
always  made  of  the  "pirates  who  had  begun  to  in- 
fest the  coast  and  disturb  commerce."  The  pirates 
were  everywhere  in  colonial  times,  the  line  of  de- 
markation  between  a  privateer  and  a  pirate,  a 
licensed  fighter  and  a  freebooter,  being  a  very  faint 
one  indeed.  Mr.  Hughson,  in  his  account  of  "  The 
Carolina  Pirates  and  Colonial  Commerce,"  has  made 
an  exhaustive  study  of  the  situation  along  the  coasts 
of  the  Carolinas,  searching  in  many  a  nook  and 
corner  for  facts,  and  making  an  apparently  trivial 
part  of  American  history  seem  quite  important  in 
the  light  of  his  interesting  narrative.  He  rightly 
lays  the  blame  for  the  existence  of  pirates  upon  the 
Navigation  Acts.  When  the  mother  country  at- 
tempted to  compel  the  colonists  to  sell  in  a  market 
where  competition  was  prevented,  the  temptation 
was  strong  to  cultivate  the  friendship  of  those  who 


dared  to  risk  violation  of  the  law  for  the  sake  of 
possible  gain.  The  conscience  of  the  individual  be- 
came stilled  in  the  presence  of  commercial  interest ; 
and  if  a  violator  were  caught  and  brought  to  trial, 
it  was  more  than  likely  that  the  solemn-faced  jurors 
who  heard  the  testimony  were  themselves  gainers 
from  the  illegal  trade.  The  richness  of  the  Span- 
ish trade  proved  another  very  strong  temptation  to 
piracy,  and  there  was  little  opposition  to  be  feared 
from  the  mother  country,  because  the  downfall  of 
Spanish  supremacy  on  the  sea  meant  the  advance 
of  England.  The  pirates  were  free  livers  ;  they  had 
many  ways  of  scattering  their  ill-gotten  gains,  and 
public  sentiment  easily  became  corrupted,  until 
many  were  perfectly  willing  to  support  the  bucca- 
neers on  the  ground  that  piracy  was  a  necessary 
evil  which  might  as  well  as  not  be  made  to  pay  trib- 
ute to  the  community.  Mr.  Hughson  offers  us  a 
curious  study,  especially  if  one  think  of  it  in  con- 
nection with  the  words  of  Mr.  Lecky,  "  The  most 
serious  evil  of  the  colonies  was  the  number  and  the 
force  of  the  influences  which  were  impelling  large 
classes  to  violence  and  anarchy,  brutalizing  them  by 
accustoming  them  to  an  unrestrained  exercise  of 
power,  and  breaking  down  among  them  that  salu- 
tary respect  for  authority  which  lies  at  the  root  of 
all  true  national  greatness." 

Piracy  and  smuggling  Mr.  Lecky  regards  as  in- 
fluences of  this  kind ;  and  he  classes  with  them  the 
corrupting  power  of  slavery  and  with  the  treat- 
ment of  the  Indians  by  the  colonists.  The  stand- 
point of  the  pioneers  on  the  border  was  always 
vastly  different  from  that  of  those  remote  from  the 
.  presence  of  the  redskins.  In  "  General  Joseph  Mar- 
tin and  the  War  of  the  Revolution  in  the  West," 
Professor  Weeks  tells  the  story  of  the  fighting  with 
the  Cherokees,  who,  instigated  by  the  British,  made 
life  a  burden  to  the  people  of  the  Southwest.  Gen- 
eral Martin  was  especially  skilled  in  Indian  diplo- 
macy, and  rendered  very  effective  service  to  the 
American  cause,  quieting  the  savages  on  many  oc- 
casions when  their  added  opposition  would  have 
been  disastrous,  —  as,  for  example,  in  the  King's 
Mountain  campaign.  Mr.  Weeks  gives  a  good  ac- 
count of  the  organization  of  the  State  of  Franklin, 
in  which  matter  General  Martin  opposed  Sevier 
and  the  other  so-called  commonwealth-builders.  He 
was  a  sturdy  upholder  of  the  authority  of  the  gov- 
ernment at  all  times, — and  only  one  versed  in  West- 
ern lore  can  appreciate  all  that  is  meant  by  such  a 
statement.  If,  as  George  Washington  used  to  de- 
clare, Lord  Dunmore  made  treaties  with  the  In- 
dians, in  1775,  with  the  possibility  of  independence 
of  the  colonies  in  mind,  hoping  in  the  wilderness 
to  set  up  obstacles  in  the  way  of  the  new  govern- 
ment, the  work  of  a  pioneer  leader  like  Martin  is 
to  be  more  praised,  when  tested  by  the  true  rule  of 
results.  A  man  six  feet  in  height,  weighing  over 
two  hundred  pounds,  never  sick  in  his  life,  he  was 
a  type  of  the  hardy  pioneer,  to  whose  indomitable 
perseverance  and  unflinching  bravery  the  United 
States  owes  so  much. 


382 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


For  the  adequate  tribute  to  these  pioneers,  mate- 
rial is  being  gathered  by  many  hands.  Their  study 
is  in  more  than  one  way  peculiar.  There  was  a 
restlessness  about  them  which  made  them  impatient 
of  restraint ;  they  were  men  of  great  strength,  of 
will  as  well  as  of  sinew ;  they  feared  no  foe ;  they 
were  absolutely  essential  to  the  winning  of  the  West. 
Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt  has  few  equals  in  delineat- 
ing their  character.  His  volume  on  "The  Found- 
ing of  the  Trans- Allegheny  Commonwealths"  covers 
the  seven  years  immediately  following  the  Revolu- 
tion. Many  people  are  inclined  to  put  so  much  into 
the  idea  of  "  manifest  destiny  "  that  they  have  ex- 
treme difficulty  in  understanding  writers  who  show 
how  the  West  had  to  be  won.  Writing  to  Benja- 
min Harrison  in  1784,  Washington  declared  his  be- 
lief that  "The  Western  States  stand,  as  it  were, 
upon  a  pivot.  The  touch  of  a  feather  would  turn 
them  any  way."  Jefferson  saw  the  same  thing, 
when  he  informed  Madison,  in  1787  :  "  When  we 
consider  the  temper  of  the  people  of  that  country, 
derived  from  the  circumstances  which  surround 
them,  we  must  suppose  their  separation  possible  at 
every  moment."  Mr.  Roosevelt  shows  us  what  these 
circumstances  were. 

"  North  and  south  of  the  valley  lay  warlike  and  pow- 
erful Indian  confederacies,  now  thoroughly  alarmed  and 
angered  by  the  white  advance ;  while  behind  these  war- 
rior tribes,  urging  them  to  hostility,  and  furnishing 
them  the  weapons  and  means  wherewith  to  fight,  stood 
the  representatives  of  two  great  European  nations,  both 
bitterly  hostile  to  the  new  America,  and  both  anxious  to 
help  in  every  way  the  red  savages  who  strove  to  stem 
the  tide  of  settlement." 

There  were  three  tasks  to  be  done  by  the  winners 
of  the  West,  tasks  to  be  accomplished  under  pain  of 
utter  failure. 

"  It  was  their  duty  to  invade  and  tame  the  shaggy 
wilderness;  to  drive  back  the  Indians  and  their  Euro- 
pean allies;  and  to  erect  free  governments  which  should 
form  parts  of  the  indissoluble  Union." 

In  showing  how  these  three  results  were  brought 
about,  Mr.  Roosevelt  deals  with  the  important  ques- 
tions connected  with  the  inrush  of  settlers,  the  In- 
dian wars,  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
state  of  Franklin,  the  development  of  Kentucky, 
the  organization  and  settlement  of  the  Northwest 
Territory,  and  the  Indian  troubles  in  the  South- 
west. One  has  difficulty  in  commenting  where  there 
is  so  much  good,  but  there  certainly  is  a  great  deal 
of  value  to  be  attached  to  the  characterizations  of 
the  pioneers  who  came  into  the  West  in  such  num- 
bers after  the  Revolution, —  at  first  the  hunter- 
trapper  ;  then  the  hunter-settler,  who  soon  became 
cramped  for  room  as  population  increased,  and  so 
moved  on  to  a  more  remote  part ;  then  the  perma- 
nent pioneer,  who  came  resolved  to  stay  and  make 
a  home ;  and,  here  and  there,  a  fourth  class,  com- 
posed of  sons  of  prominent  families,  the  gentry  of 
the  new  territory.  These  pioneers  were  not  gifted 
with  much  learning  of  the  books,  but  they  spoke 
with  authority.  One  wrote  to  the  Indians : 


"  You  will  compell  ous  to  retaliate,  which  will  be  a 
grate  pridgedes  to  your  nation." 

"  He  did  not  spell  well,"  remarks  our  author,  "  but 
his  meaning  was  plain,  and  his  hand  was  known  to 
be  heavy." 

The  British  come  in  for  well-deserved  criticism  for 
their  holding  of  the  Western  posts  so  long,  and  for 
the  part  they  played  in  trying  to  check  the  advance 
of  civilization,  the  sinister  influence  of  the  fur-trade 
being  again  brought  to  notice.  The  importance  of 
the  waterways  is  clearly  shown,  the  navigation  ques- 
tion, with  its  various  accompanying  schemes,  being 
fully  discussed.  The  reader  rather  enjoys  the  clear 
statement  of  the  truth  about  General  James  Wilkin- 
son, who  usually  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  get  off 
too  easily,  when  handled  by  our  writers. 

"  In  character  he  can  only  be  compared  to  Benedict 
Arnold,  though  he  entirely  lacked  Arnold's  ability  and 
brilliant  courage.  He  had  no  conscience  and  no  scruples ; 
he  had  not  the  slightest  idea  of  the  meaning  of  the  word 
honor;  he  betrayed  his  trust  from  the  basest  motives, 
and  he  was  too  inefficient  to  make  his  betrayal  effective. 
He  was  treacherous  to  the  Union  while  it  was  being 
formed  and  after  it  bad  been  formed;  and  his  crime 
was  aggravated  by  the  sordid  meanness  of  his  motives, 
for  he  eagerly  sought  opportunities  to  barter  his  own 
infamy  for  money.  In  all  our  history  there  is  no  more 
despicable  character." 

There  is  enough  of  the  romantic  in  the  stories  which 
are  scattered  through  Mr.  Roosevelt's  volume  to 
keep  up  the  interest  of  the  careless  reader ;  while 
the  clear  statements  about  controverted  questions 
of  our  Western  history  will  attract  the  student,  who 
is  sometimes  bewildered,  as  he  tries  to  work  his  way 
through  the  labyrinth,  confused  by  the  persuasive- 
ness of  the  descendant  of  this  hero  or  that,  who 
would  keep  him  from  the  silken  thread  that  would 
lead  him  to  the  centre  of  the  maze. 

A  vindication  of  anyone  has  few  charms  to  Amer- 
ican readers.  Truth  cannot  easily  overtake  a  lie, 
and  popular  biographers  have  a  great  influence  in 
creating  general  impressions.  Mr.  Charles  Henry 
Lee,  the  author  of  "  Arthur  Lee  as  seen  in  History," 
had  therefore  an  unpleasant  task  in  undertaking  to 
refute  certain  charges  made  by  influential  writers 
against  a  member  of  his  distinguished  family.  It 
was  unfortunate  that  Lee  did  not  get  along  with 
Franklin,  for  the  position  of  our  ministers  abroad 
during  the  Revolution  at  best  was  anything  but 
enviable.  The  strictest  harmony  would  have  been 
desirable.  Mr.  Lee  endeavors,  by  quoting  from 
official  documents  and  extensive  correspondence,  to 
show  that  the  career  of  Arthur  Lee  was  creditable 
to  himself  and  to  the  government,  and  that  after 
his  return  home  he  remained  a  distinguished  and 
trusted  citizen  of  the  Old  Dominion. 

With  one  exception,  each  of  the  books  that  have 
been  mentioned  deals  in  some  way  with  the  Revo- 
lution, thus  calling  our  attention  again  to  the  many- 
sided  nature  of  that  great  struggle  for  American 

independence. 

FRANCIS  W.  SHEPARDSON. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 


ii. 

Resuming,  and  concluding,  our  necessarily  gen- 
eral survey  of  the  current  Holiday  Publications,  we 
may  begin  with  a  notably  elegant  and  artistic  publica- 
tion— Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.'s  quarto  vol- 
ume containing  twelve  favorite  "  Border  Ballads," 
illustrated  with  twelve  etchings  by  C.  0.  Murray, 
and  prefaced  with  an  Introductory  Essay  by  (why 
say  it?)  Mr.  Andrew  Lang.  Mr.  Murray's  designs 
are  equally  well  conceived  and  executed,  showing 
a  finish  and  feeling,  and  a  conscientious  effort  to 
catch  and  render  the  finer  spirit  and  distinctive 
aroma  of  the  several  pieces,  that  lift  them  out  of 
the  level  of  ordinary  book-illustration.  While  every 
ballad-lover  will  necessarily  miss  in  the  present  col- 
lection a  prime  personal  favorite  or  two,  the  selec- 
tions are  well  made,  and  are  fairly  representative 
of  the  more  serious  and  romantic  order  of  ballads. 
Mr.  Lang's  Introduction  is  sober,  pithy,  and  to  the 
point.  He  has  treated  his  subject  from  the  anti- 
quarian and  historical  side,  abstaining  from  "sign- 
post criticism,"  and  judiciously  leaving  to  the  artist 
the  pictorial  aspects  of  the  text. 

Another  notable  art-book  is  Messrs.  Porter  & 
Coates's  new  two-volume  edition  of  Miss  Zimmern's 
translation  of  De  Amicis's  "Holland."  The  pic- 
torial feature  of  the  work  is  forty-four  full-page 
photogravures,  after  views  taken  in  Holland  espe- 
cially for  it  by  Dr.  Charles  L.  Mitchell,  who  has, 
as  usual,  shown  no  less  skill  with  his  camera  than 
taste  in  his  choice  of  subjects.  The  volumes  are 
finely  bound  in  red  cloth  stamped  with  the  national 
tulip,  and  each  is  encased  in  a  stout  slip-cover.  An 
excellent  map  is  a  feature  for  which  careful  readers 
will  be  truly  thankful.  De  Amicis's  work  is  one  of 
the  most  fascinating  books  of  travel  ever  written, 
and  as  a  familiar  pen-picture  of  Holland  and  the 
Hollanders  of  to-day  it  has  no  peer  in  any  language. 
Apart  from  its  literary  charm,  it  may  serve  as  a 
larger  guide-book;  and,  in  short,  no  judicious  trav- 
eller nowadays  visits  Holland  without  first  resorting 
to  De  Amicis.  The  one  thing  lacking  in  the  pres- 
ent edition  is  an  index. 

A  work  that  will  doubtless  prove  a  favorite  with 
seekers  of  the  more  substantial  and  elegant  gift- 
books  is  Canon  Farrar's  fine  volume  on  "  The  Life 
of  Christ  as  Represented  in  Art"  (Macmillan). 
The  scope  and  aim  of  the  work  are  well  indicated 
in  the  title.  Canon  Farrar  disclaims  in  his  preface 
the  intention  of  intruding  "  upon  the  functions  of 
the  art  critic,"  or  even  of  attempting  an  art  history, 
in  the  stricter  sense  of  the  term.  "  This  book  has 
not,"  he  says,  "  been  written  from  love  of  art,  deep 
as  my  love  of  art  is,  but  because  I  wished  to  illus- 
trate the  thoughts  about  religion,  and  especially 
about  our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ,  of  which  art  has 
eternized  the  ever-varying  phases."  Touching  his 
theme  but  secondarily  on  its  technical  and  purely 
aesthetic  sides,  the  author  has  regarded  the  works 


of  Christian  art  mainly  as  spiritual  documents  which 
show  the  religious  tone  and  attitude  of  different 
periods,  and  indicate  the  great  phases  of  religious 
thought  which  have  changed  and  are  changing  from 
age  to  age.  At  the  same  time,  Canon  Farrar  shows 
himself  deeply  penetrated  with  a  sense  of  the  beauty 
and  majesty  of  the  masterpieces  he  describes,  and 
of  the  gifts  and  acquirements  of  their  makers ;  and 
his  readers  will  not  fail  to  find  their  own  art  en- 
thusiasms and  appreciations  enhanced  and  refined 
by  his  eloquent  pages.  The  examples  are  drawn 
largely  from  the  great  Italian  works  of  the  four- 
teenth and  fifteenth  centuries — the  Dutch,  German, 
and  Flemish  schools  being  referred  to  less  frequently, 
and  the  Spanish  painters,  except  Velasquez,  scarcely 
at  all.  The  volume,  a  large,  beautifully  printed 
octavo,  is  profusely  and  artistically  illustrated  with 
one  hundred  and  sixty  engravings  in  the  text  and 
twenty-three  full-page  plates,  thus  presenting  a  com- 
plete pictorial  history  of  the  changing  conceptions 
of  Christ  and  of  the  central  incidents  in  his  life. 

Lovers  of  athletics  (and  their  name  is  now  legion 
in  America)  will  find  their  special  holiday  account 
in  Mr.  Caspar  W.  Whitney's  liberally-illustrated 
volume,  "  A  Sporting  Pilgrimage  "  (Harper).  Mr. 
Whitney  went  to  England,  the  athlete's  Mecca,  ex- 
pressly to  watch  the  Britisher  at  play  on  his  own 
soil,  study  his  sporting  systems  and  traditions,  and 
report  thereupon  for  the  behoof  of  ambitious  ama- 
teurs at  home.  The  present  volume  —  the  text  of 
which  has  already,  we  think,  appeared  serially  in 
"  Harper's  Magazine  "  and  "  Harper's  Weekly  " — 
is  the  literary  outcome  of  the  trip.  Mr.  Whitney 
seems  to  have  seen  in  England  about  everything 
worth  seeing  in  the  line  of  out-door  sports  —  hunt- 
ing, golf,  cycling,  university  and  club  rowing,  track 
athletics,  football,  cricket,  etc.;  and  he  describes 
what  he  saw  with  the  zest  of  an  enthusiast  and 
the  point  and  clearness  of  an  expert.  Touching 
the  prevalence  of  the  sporting  spirit  in  England, 
Mr.  Whitney  quotes  the  following  curious  challenge 
from  the  advertisement  columns  of  a  London  daily 
paper :  "  Mr.  Furniss  will  sing  a  linnet  against  a 
linnet,  one  in  the  mouth,  an  home-and-home  race, 
for  £2  a  side.  A  match  can  be  made  by  calling  at 
the  Elephant  and  Castle,  Orchard  Street,  Westmin- 
ster, any  evening  after  eight  P.M."  The  publishers 
have  made  the  volume  a  very  attractive  one  artist- 
ically and  mechanically. 

We  shall  congratulate  in  advance  those  who  shall 
find  among  their  holiday  gifts  the  two  bound  vol- 
umes now  ready  of  "  European  Architecture  "  (Chi- 
cago: Smith  &  Packard),  a  really  artistic  monthly 
publication  of  ten  photogravure  illustrations,  that 
bids  fair  to  become  as  well  known  to  cultivated  peo- 
ple generally  as  it  already  is  to  professional  archi- 
tects. The  views  in  the  present  volumes  are  drawn 
almost  entirely  from  France  and  Italy ;  and  for 
prospective  tourists  to  those  countries  they  form  the 
best  possible  pictorial  preparative  for  an  intelligent 
enjoyment  of  their  architectural  treasures.  Profes- 


384 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


sional  taste  and  judgment  have,  of  course,  been  em- 
ployed in  the  choice  of  subjects ;  and  these  comprise 
a  great  variety  of  buildings  and  sections  of  build- 
ings, interiors  and  exteriors,  fine  facades,  doorways, 
capitals,  and  architectural  details  generally,  tombs, 
monuments,  bas-reliefs,  wrought-iron  work,  etc.  Col- 
lectors of  this  class  of  foreign  photographs  will  thank 
the  present  publishers  for  a  royal  road,  easy,  short, 
and  comparatively  inexpensive,  to  the  object  of  their 
desires.  The  plates,  each  about  7x9,  are  finely 
printed  on  9^x12  bond  paper,  and  bound  in  soft 
covers.  A  stout  tied  portfolio  encloses  both  volumes, 
making  an  ensemble  at  once  elegant  and  convenient, 
and  suitable  for  library  or  parlor. 

Hilda  Gamlin's  "  Life  and  Art  of  George  Rom- 
ney  "  (  Macmillan)  is  an  interesting  account  of  that 
admirable  artist,  of  whom  little  has  been  generally 
known  hitherto,  save  that  he  was  a  contemporary 
of  Reynolds,  and  once  bade  fair  to  share  the  honors 
of  the  town  with  that  prince  of  portrait  painters. 
"  There  are,"  said  Lord  Chancellor  Thurlow,  "  two 
factions  in  art,  and  I  am  of  the  Romney  faction." 
Strange  to  say,  Sir  Joshua,  who,  as  Johnson  said, 
"  hated  no  one  living,"  seems  to  have  at  least  dis- 
liked Romney.  He  used  to  speak  of  him  slightingly 
as  "  the  man  in  Cavendish  square  " —  though  prob- 
ably this  only  recorded  lapse  of  a  courtesy  that 
was  proof  even  against  Johnson's  bearishness  was 
really  due  not  so  much  to  personal  jealousy  as 
to  Romney's  persistent  refusal  to  exhibit  at  the 
Royal  Academy.  In  one  respect  Romney  had  an 
undeniable  advantage  over  his  great  rival,  and  over 
Gainsborough:  in  the  durability  of  his  pigments. 
Sir  Joshua's  "  flying  colors  "  were  proverbial  in  his 
own  day ;  and  a  hundred  years  ago  it  was  com- 
plained that  he  made  his  pictures  die  before  the 
sitter.  "Reynolds  filled  the  halls  of  England," 
says  Mr.  Ruskin,  "with  the  ghosts  of  her  noble 
Squires  and  Dames," — but,  alas!  one  may  add, 
they  are  now  too  many  of  them  the  ghosts  of  ghosts. 
Romney's  colors,  on  the  contrary,  seem  as  fresh  and 
solid  to-day  as  when  they  were  laid  on ;  and  that  he 
was  not  hopelessly  behind  Reynolds  in  grace  and 
invention,  in  the  art  of  making  his  portraits  true 
pictures  as  well  as  mere  likenesses,  is  attested  by 
the  many  charming  plates  in  the  present  volume. 
Miss  Gamlin's  book  is  a  timely  one.  There  is  just 
now  a  revival  of  Romney's  popularity ;  and  we  learn 
that  at  a  recent  exhibition  at  the  Grafton  Gallery 
of  portraits  of  fair  women  there  were  twenty-one 
of  his  canvasses,  against  nineteen  of  Sir  Joshua's. 
Again,  as  in  their  own  day,  is  London  divided  on 
the  question  of  their  rival  merits,  the  scales  of  pop- 
ularity being  pretty  evenly  balanced.  The  volume 
is  produced  in  fairly  good  shape,  and  the  eighteen 
full-page  illustrations  lend  it  the  conventional  hol- 
iday flavor. 

It  is  surprising  that  so  piquant  and  tempting  a 
book  as  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Duchesse  de  Gon- 
taut"  should  have  so  long  escaped  the  translators. 
The  French  original  was  published  in  1853  ;  and 


the  first  English  version  is  now  issued  in  two  rather 
elaborate  volumes  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
Mme.  de  Gontaut's  reminiscences  range  from  the  clos- 
ing days  of  the  old  regime,  through  the  revolutionary 
and  Napoleonic  eras  and  the  first  and  second  res- 
torations, to  the  reign  of  Louis  Philippe.  Born  in 
1773,  she  saw  as  a  child  the  waning  splendors  of 
Old  France  quenched  in  the  chaos  that  heralded 
the  drama  of  the  Terror  —  the  courtly  gayeties  of 
Versailles  merging  with  startling  swiftness  in  her 
earlier  memories  into  the  mad  carmagnoles  and 
orgies  of  revolutionary  Paris.  "Les  aristocrates  h  la 
lanterne  !  "  was  a  familiar  and  terrifying  cry  in  her 
childish  ears ;  and  she  recalls,  as  some  grim  night- 
mare, the  raging  mobs  from  the  Faubourg  Saint 
Antoine  pouring  through  the  Paris  streets,  shouting, 
dancing,  and  singing,  reeking  with  blood  and  wine, 
the  men  disguised  as  nuns,  the  women  as  Capuchin 
monks,  "  loaded  with  booty,  and  in  a  state  of  ex- 
citement and  intoxication  frightful  to  witness."  In 
1792  Mme.  de  Gontaut's  parents  joined  the  ranks 
of  the  emigres,  and  she  accompanied  them  to  Hol- 
land, and,  a  year  later,  to  England,  where  they  re- 
mained until  the  first  restoration.  After  the  acces- 
sion of  Louis  XVIII.  she  was  appointed  governess 
to  the  royal  children ;  and  from  that  time  up  to 
1836,  where  the  Memoir  closes,  she  was  in  close 
touch  with  the  reigning  family  and  its  immediate 
entourage.  The  book  is  entertaining  throughout, 
light,  pleasantly  discursive  —  the  retrospect  of  a 
bright  and  cheery  old  lady  of  eighty,  who  has  seen 
the  great  world  and  been  of  it,  and  yields  to  the 
entreaties  of  her  friends  to  tell  the  story  of  her  long 
and  eventful  life.  "  One  can  hardly  be  expected," 
says  Mme.  de  Gontaut,  "  to  write  well  at  eighty." 
Certainly  not  so  well,  the  reader  is  likely  to  add,  as 
Mme.  de  Gontaut  has  written.  The  publishers  have 
issued  the  work  in  good  shape,  and  the  twelve  por- 
traits are  attractive  and  interesting. 

Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  publish,  in  form 
generally  similar  to  their  small  folio  editions  of 
"  Marse  Chan  "  and  "  Meh  Lady,"  Mr.  Thomas  Nel- 
son Page's  "  Polly,"  with  six  illustrations  by  A.  Cas- 
taigne.  "  Polly  "  is  a  sentimental  tale  of  rural  life 
in  Virginia  "  befo'  the  wah,"  a  literary  province  in 
which  the  author  reigns  supreme.  The  story  has  the 
usual  local  flavor  of  mint  juleps,  bluster,  "  darkey  " 
dialect,  pinchbeck  chivalry,  and  the  Old  Dominion 
generally,  and  Mr.  Page  paints  his  characters  with 
a  fidelity  that  makes  one  wonder  the  more  at  his 
predilection  for  their  uncouth  and  unlovely  proto- 
types. Mr.  Castaigne's  drawings  range  from  fair 
to  indifferent. 

The  drift  of  Mr.  Horace  E.  Scudder's  little  book, 
"Childhood  in  Literature  and  Art "  (Houghton), 
is  manifest  in  the  title.  Beginning  with  the  classic 
prototypes  Astyanax  and  the  young  Ascanius,  Mr. 
Scudder  traces  the  long  line  of  childish  figures  in 
the  art  and  letters  of  different  times  and  peoples, 
down  to  the  Paul  Dombeys  and  little  Pearls  of  our 
own  day.  The  theme  is  gracefully  treated ;  and  Mr. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


385 


Scudder  adds  some  useful  observations  on  literature 
for  children — a  topic  on  which  he  is  specially  qual- 
ified to  speak. 

"  Hoofs,  Claws,  and  Antlers  "  (Frank  S.  Thayer, 
Denver)  is  the  sufficiently  striking  title  of  a  novel 
and  interesting  publication  which  is  throughout  a 
product  of  the  Far  West,  and  a  very  creditable  one. 
The  book,  a  flat  quarto,  full  gilt,  printed  on  thin 
boards,  contains  thirty-six  large  half-tone  pictures 
of  wild  game  in  their  native  haunts,  reproduced 
from  photographs  taken  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  G. 
Wallihan.  The  unique  merit  of  these  plates  lies  in 
the  fact  that  the  creatures  are  shown  each  in  its 
normal  state  and  habitat;  Mr.  Wallihan,  in  taking 
his  "  snap  shots  "  simply  substituting  the  Kodak  for 
the  deadly  Winchester.  The  following  account  of 
one  of  his  minor  photographic  "bags"  may  serve 
to  indicate  his  modus  operandi  in  securing  the  neg- 
atives (at  best  a  most  ticklish  undertaking),  as  well 
as  the  peculiar  value  of  the  finished  results.  "  I  had," 
says  Mr.  Wallihan,  "  waited  long  and  patiently  one 
morning,  when  I  saw  the  gleam  of  the  sun  on  a  pair 
of  horns  through  the  cedars.  With  nerves  all  of  a 
tremor  I  waited  to  see  if  he  (the  deer)  would  keep 
on  the  trail  he  was  on,  which  passed  about  sixty 
feet  from  me  ;  but  no  —  he  turns  directly  toward 
me  and  comes  panting  down  the  trail  until  within 
sixty  feet,  when  I  bleated  like  a  fawn,  at  which  he 
instantly  stopped,  with  his  mouth  wide  open,  as  he 
had  evidently  been  running  and  was  very  fat.  The 
click  of  my  shutter  told  me  that  I  had  his  shadow 
hard  and  fast,  so  when  he  had  looked  and  I  had 
admired  him  as  much  as  I  liked,  I  moved  my  hand 
and  he  was  gone — almost  like  magic."  The  picto- 
rial result  of  this  operation  is  a  really  noble  bit  of 
realism.  At  the  foot  of  a  gentle  declivity,  ridged 
with  rocks  and  scrubby  cedars,  stands  the  stag  with 
upthrown  head  and  branching  antlers,  alert,  startled, 
snuffing  danger  and  quivering  with  sudden  alarm 
— a  true  lord  of  the  glen.  Landseer  or  Rosa  Bon- 
heur  never  chose  a  finer  motif.  Other  plates  show 
us  as  in  a  mirror  picturesque  groups  of  deer,  ante- 
lope, and  bison,  Rocky  Mountain  goats,  many  of 
them  taken  near  at  hand,  a  treed  cougar,  a  brace  of 
bears  foraging  in  a  berry-patch,  a  bull  elk,  a  lone 
coyote  "  out  for  a  breakfast,"  a  colony  of  prairie- 
dogs  and  owls,  a  monstrous  rattlesnake  coiled  and 
ready  to  strike,  etc.,  the  realism  of  each  picture  be- 
ing enhanced  by  the  stretch  of  wild  Colorado  scenery 
which  forms  its  setting.  The  book  contains  portraits 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wallihan,  together  with  their  own 
brief  and  modest  account  of  their  lives,  and  of  the 
way  in  which  some  of  the  more  notable  negatives 
were  obtained.  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt  furnishes  a 
warmly  commendatory  preface;  and  we  join  him 
in  wishing  so  fresh  and  informing  a  work  the  suc- 
cess it  deserves. 

The  elaborate  and  cumbersome  edition  of  John 
Anster's  metrical  translation  of  Part  I.  of  Goethe's 
"  Faust,"  with  illustrations  by  Mr.  Frank  M.  Greg- 
ory and  an  introduction  by  Burdett  Mason,  first 


issued  in  1888,  is  now  reprinted,  with  some  changes, 
in  a  convenient  octavo  by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.  All  of  Mr.  Gregory's  main  designs,  thirty- 
eight  in  number,  are  given,  considerably  reduced, 
in  the  new  edition  —  the  original  eighteen  colored 
aquarelles  being  replaced  by  tinted  photogravures. 
The  text  is  clearly  printed  on  moderately-glazed 
paper,  and  the  volume  altogether  makes  a  good  ap- 
pearance. Dr.  Anster's  version  is  one  of  the  good 
ones  —  that  of  the  Second  Part  almost  the  best  ex- 
tant. Some  of  Mr.  Gregory's  drawings,  notably 
the  frontispiece  and  "  The  Fountain,"  are  graceful 
and  pretty ;  but  he  is,  on  the  whole,  plainly  over- 
weighted with  his  theme. 

A  beautiful  and  instructive  art-work  that  should 
find  especial  favor  with  holiday  buyers  is  "  Raphael's 
Madonnas"  (Macmillan),  by  Karl  K^roly,  author 
of  "A  Guide  to  the  Paintings  of  Florence."  The 
pictorial  features  of  the  work  comprise  fifty-three 
illustrations,  including  nine  photogravures,  after 
Raphael ;  and  these  have  been  in  all  cases  made 
directly  from  the  paintings  themselves,  and  not 
from  reproductions.  Each  plate  is  concisely  de- 
scribed and  characterized,  and  the  author  has  added 
a  brief  life  of  Raphael  and  an  index  to  his  works. 

An  attractive  little  volume  of  "  Old  English  Songs  " 
("old  but  choicely  good,"  as  Walton  said),  illus- 
trated with  much  humor  by  Hugh  Thomson,  is  issued 
by  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  Each  verse  is  printed 
by  itself,  and  is  faced  by  the  illustration  it  suggests. 
There  are  ten  titles,  including  "  Coridon's  Song  " 
and  "  The  Angler's  Song  "  from  "  The  Complete 
Angler,"  "  Come  Sweet  Lass,"  "  A  Journey  to  Exe- 
ter," "Sir  Dilberry  Diddle,"  etc.;  and  Mr.  Austin 
Dobson  furnishes  an  introduction,  which  he  felici- 
tously describes  as  "  somewhat  invertebrate  and 
inconclusive." 

"  A  Girl  I  Know  "  (Knight)  appears  at  first  sight 
a  book  of  verses  and  illustrative  drawings  of  the  con- 
ventional type.  But  closer  examination  reveals  the 
fact  that  the  pictures  are  not  fanciful  sketches,  but 
photogravure  reproductions  from  actual  negatives, 
made  by  Mrs.  N.  Gray  Bartlett.  They  all  repre- 
sent the  same  maiden,  but  her  surroundings  are 
widely  varied,  and  show  many  aspects  of  rural  life. 
Mrs.  Bartlett's  standing  as  an  amateur  photog- 
rapher is  a  sufficient  warrant  for  the  taste  displayed 
in  pose  and  setting,  and  the  result  is,  in  many  cases, 
strikingly  artistic.  As  for  the  verses  by  Miss  Marian 
L.  Wyatt,  they  are  evidently  written  up  to  the  pic- 
tures, and  will  serve,  although  in  no  way  remarkable. 

The  new  six-volume  edition  of  the  novels  of  Susan 
Edmonstone  Ferrier  is  a  welcome  addition  to  the 
series  of  exquisite  reprints  sent  to  us  from  time  to 
time  by  Messrs.  J.  M.  Dent  &  Co.  Mr.  R.  Brim- 
ley  Johnson  writes  the  introduction,  and  Miss  Nelly 
Ericksen  prepares  the  drawings,  reproduced  in  pho- 
togravure, three  to  a  volume.  A  group  of  Miss 
Ferrier's  letters  acceptably  supplements  the  bio- 
graphical and  critical  introductory  matter.  Thus 
equipped  for  a  fresh  career,  these  novels  of  the  lesser 


386 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


Jane  Austen  ought  to  take  a  fresh  lease  of  life,  and 
they  are,  on  the  whole,  worth  the  pains  that  have 
been  taken,  by  publishers,  editor,  and  artist,  to  make 
them  attractive.  "  Marriage,"  "  Destiny,"  and  "  The 
Inheritance  "  are  the  titles. 

Our  readers  are  already  sufficiently  familiar  with 
the  form  and  merits  of  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  & 
Co.'s  excellent  Library  Edition  of  Victor  Hugo's 
Romances,  which  now  reaches  an  opportune  con- 
clusion with  two  new  volumes — "Hans  of  Iceland," 
and  "  '  Bug-Jargal,'  '  Claude  Gueux,'  and  '  The 
Last  Day  of  a  Condemned.' "  Thus  complete,  the 
set  will  commend  itself  to  seekers  of  the  more  sub- 
stantial and  standard  class  of  holiday  gifts. 

We  have  previously  referred  to  the  completion 
of  the  "Ariel"  Shakespeare  (Putnam),  in  forty 
volumes,  but  should  add  that  it  is  published  not  only 
in  the  full-leather  style  of  our  description,  but  also 
in  garnet  cloth,  at  a  very  moderate  price.  In  the 
latter  form  it  closely  resembles  the  "Temple" 
Shakespeare  (Macmillan),  to  the  nine  volumes  of 
which  already  mentioned  there  are  now  added  two 
others — "As  You  Like  It"  and  "The  Taming  of 
the  Shrew."  Either  of  these  editions  would  make 
a  holiday  gift  of  the  most  acceptable  sort. 

Few  as  have  been  the  books  issued  by  Mr.  Thomas 
B.  Mosher,  they  have  been  so  artistically  planned 
and  so  distinctive  in  their  individuality  as  to  win 
for  their  publisher  a  warm  place  in  the  affections 
of  the  book-lover.  Not  long  ago  we  had  occasion 
to  praise  the  two  new  volumes  of  the  "Bibelot" 
series,  and  we  now  have  .occasion  to  give  thanks  for 
a  still  choicer  gift — the  sonnet-sequence  of  Mr.  Rob- 
ert Bridges  on  "  The  Growth  of  Love."  Practically 
inaccessible  hitherto  (only  one  hundred  copies  hav- 
ing been  privately  issued  from  Mr.  Daniel's  Oxford 
press),  the  four  hundred  copies  of  Mr.  Mosher's  ex- 
quisite reprint  quintuple  at  one  stroke  the  poet's 
audience.  An  essay  on  the  poetry  of  Mr.  Bridges, 
by  that  rising  English  critic  Mr.  Lionel  Johnson, 
here  serves  as  an  introduction,  and  is  reprinted 
from  the  "  Century  Guild  Hobby  Horse  "  of  Octo- 
ber, 1891.  We  may  also,  in  this  connection,  refer 
readers  wishing  further  critical  aid  to  Professor 
Dowden's  appreciation  of  the  poet  in  "  The  Fort- 
nightly Review  "  of  last  July.  The  reprint  now  be- 
fore us  is  uniform  in  style  with  Mr.  George  Mere- 
dith's "  Modern  Love  "  and  Thomson's  "  The  City 
of  Dreadful  Night,"  for  the  latter  of  which  volumes 
we  expressed  our  gratitude  nearly  two  years  ago. 

A  person  of  scholarly  and  artistic  tastes  com- 
bined would  find  gratification  in  the  volume,  at  once 
substantial  and  elegant,  entitled  "  Life  in  Ancient 
Egypt  "  (Macmillan),  a  translation,  by  Helen  Mary 
Tirard,  of  Adolf  Erman's  "  ^gypten."  The  need 
of  a  popular  yet  accurate  and  fairly  comprehensive 
work  on  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians  has  long  been  felt  by  English  readers ; 
and  the  present  volume  supplies  it.  Herr  Erman 
confines  himself  to  the  historical  periods  known  as 
the  Old,  the  Middle,  and  the  New  Empires,  draw- 


ing freely  upon  Lepsius's  "  Denkmaler"  and  "The 
London  Select  Papyri  "  for  his  text,  and  upon  Wil- 
kinson's "  Manners  and  Customs,"  the  "  Denkmaler," 
and  Perrot-Chipiez's  "  L'Histoire  de  L'Art,"  for  his 
illustrations.  Of  the  latter,  there  are  four  hundred 
cuts  set  in  the  text  and  eleven  full-page  plates ;  and 
these,  studied  in  connection  with  the  animated  and 
minutely-graphic  narrative,  serve  to  convey  a  good 
impression  of  the  way  the  ancient  Egyptian,  of 
whatever  degree  or  occupation,  pursued  his  daily 
round.  Herr  Erman  informs  his  English  readers 
that  while  certain  alterations  might  be  wrought  into 
his  work  to  bring  it  into  nicer  accord  with  the  re- 
sults of  later  research,  he  feels  that  such  changes 
would  only  affect  details,  and  not  the  general  scope 
of  his  book.  Students  of  special  topics  of  Egypt- 
ology will  of  course  need  to  consult  special  text- 
books ;  but  for  readers  who  desire  to  pursue  the 
study  as  a  branch  of  general  culture,  Herr  Erman's 
work  should  prove  all-sufficient.  There  is  a  good 
map,  an  abundance  of  notes  and  references,  and  an 
index ;  and  the  volume  altogether  is  an  excellent 
piece  of  book-making.  The  scholarly  work  of  the 
translator  calls  for  special  praise. 

Those  who  desire  to  gain  a  good  general  knowl- 
edge of  astronomy  without  going  too  deeply  into  the 
science  will  find  in  Mr.  J.  Ellard  Gore's  translation 
of  M.  Camille  Flammarion's  "  Popular  Astronomy  " 
(Appleton)  a  work  precisely  suited  to  their  needs. 
It  is  handsomely  produced,  and  liberally,  and  with 
one  or  two  exceptions  satisfactorily,  illustrated.  M. 
Flammarion  is  the  most  popular  scientific  writer  in 
France,  and  no  fewer  than  a  hundred  thousand 
copies  of  the  present  work  have  been  sold  there.  The 
book  gained  the  Montyon  prize  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy, and  it  has  been  selected  by  the  Minister  of 
Education  for  use  in  the  public  libraries  —  a  good 
test  of  its  suitability  for  popular  reading.  Mr.  Gore's 
translation  is  as  idiomatic  as  it  was  possible  to  make 
it  without  sacrificing  accuracy,  and  he  has  added 
notes  as  to  recent  researches  and  discoveries,  which 
fairly  bring  the  text  up  to  date. 

Mr.  J.  Hampden  Porter's  "Wild  Beasts "  (Scrib- 
ner)  presents  in  separate  chapters,  with  a  photo- 
graphic plate  in  each,  studies  of  the  characters  and 
habits  of  the  elephant,  lion,  leopard,  panther,  jaguar, 
tiger,  puma,  wolf,  and  grizzly  bear.  Mr.  Porter  is 
well  up  in  the  literature  of  his  subject,  and  he  has 
made  a  good  and  readable  compilation  of  facts  in 
natural  history,  hunting  stories,  illustrative  anec- 
dotes, etc. 

Hair,  as  Thomas  Howell  observes,  "  is  but  an 
excrementitious  thing."  It  has  been,  nevertheless, 
a  prime  object  of  female  solicitude  from  the  re- 
motest ages  ;  and  the  late  Mr.  Theodore  Child,  in 
his  treatise  on  the  coiffure, "  Wimples  and  Crisping 
Pins"  (Harper),  places  hair-dressing  at  the  head 
of  the  decorative  arts,  "  inasmuch  as  its  function  is 
to  adorn  the  most  perfect  of  nature's  works,  the 
head  of  woman."  Mr.  Child  disclaims  in  his  pre- 
face any  notion  of  competing  with  the  technical 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


387 


treatises  of  practical  professors  of  this  great  art. 
He  is  simply  the  gentleman  amateur  who  has  made 
a  study,  from  the  outside,  of  its  history  and  chef- 
d'ceuvres;  and  he  writes  with  the  "special  object 
of  calling  attention  to  the  wealth  of  example  and 
suggestion  contained  in  the  paintings  and  sculptures 
of  past  ages,  and  of  thus  setting  forth  indirectly 
the  principles  and  conditions  upon  which  beautiful 
coiffure  and  ornament  depend."  With  this  view, 
he  has  studied  (from  the  hair-dresser's  standpoint) 
the  bas-reliefs,  statues,  and  pictures  of  different 
times  and  countries  —  ancient  Egypt,  Asia,  classic 
Greece  and  Rome,  mediaeval  Florence  and  Venice, 
the  Eighteenth  Century,  etc.  The  text  is  liberally 
strewn  with  illustrations  from  these  sources ;  and 
these  offer  a  rich  variety  of  suggestions  as  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  hair  and  its  ornamentation, 
which  ladies  of  an  adaptive  turn  might  put  to  good 
account. 

"A  Hilltop  Summer"  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is  the 
collective  title  of  a  sheaf  of  clever  newspaper 
sketches  of  village  life,  by  Alyn  Yates  Keith,  re- 
printed from  the  New  York  "  Evening  Post."  Hill- 
top is  a  very  out-of-the-way  place  indeed ;  and  the 
author  seems  to  have  been  the  first  "summer 
boarder"  to  exploit  its  bucolic  attractions,  set  the 
tongues  of  its  gossips  a-wagging,  and  startle  its 
sleepy  little  postoffice  out  of  the  rural  repose  of 
a-letter-a-week  into  the  metropolitan  activity  of  a 
letter  daily.  The  papers  show  a  pleasant  vein  of 
humor,  and  a  touch  of  literary  quality  that  warrants 
their  appearance  between  covers.  The  text  is  in- 
dented with  a  number  of  pretty  vignettes. 

Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.'s  modest  and  tasteful 
volume  of  "  Faber's  Hymns  "  contains  about  all  this 
favorite  religious  poet's  noteworthy  pieces.  The 
hymns  are  established  favorites  of  the  whole  Chris- 
tian world  without  distinction  of  sect ;  and  the  pres- 
ent collection  is  a  representative  one.  There  are 
fifty  illustrations,  of  varying  degrees  of  merit,  by 
Mr.  L.  J.  Bridgman,  and  a  biographical  sketch  by 
Mr.  N.  H.  Dole.  The  cover  of  white  and  gold  is 
especially  attractive  and  delicate. 

Tennyson's  "  Becket "  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  in  a  rather  showy  duodecimo 
volume,  with  a  cover  of  pale  green  cloth  richly 
stamped  with  episcopal  emblems.  The  text  is  clearly 
printed  on  rather  thick  glazed  paper,  and  there  are 
a  number  of  clever  drawings  and  decorations  in 
wash,  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Gordon.  The  same  publishers 
issue  in  four  tiny  volumes,  boxed  together,  Paul 
Heyse's  ever-popular  ghost  tales,  "  The  House  of 
the  Unbelieving  Thomas,"  "  Mid-Day  Magic,"  "The 
Fair  Abigail,"  and  "The  Forest  Laugh."  The 
translator  is  Frances  A.  Van  Santford,  and  the  illus- 
trator is  Alice  C.  Morse.  The  little  set  makes  a 
tempting  show  and  should  not  go  begging. 

An  attractive  little  book  for  young  readers  or  old 
is  "The  Fables  of  ^Esop"  (Macmillan),  selected, 
re-worded,  and  historically  traced  by  Joseph  Jacobs, 
and  illustrated  by  Joseph  Heighway.  It  is  pretty 


difficult  to  say  just  what  are  and  what  are  not  the 
fables  of  ^Esop — almost  all  the  fables  that  have  ap- 
peared in  the  Western  world  having  at  one  time  or 
another  found  shelter  under  the  shadow  of  that  am- 
ple name.  Indeed,  the  great  fabulist  himself  is  so 
spectral  a  personality  that  one  might  almost  be  for- 
given for  holding,  in  respect  to  him,  the  shocking 
heresy  of  Mrs.  Betsy  Prig.  Among  the  apologues 
attributed  to  him,  however,  a  certain  number  stand 
out  as  the  most  telling  and  familiar ;  and  these  Mr. 
Jacobs  has  brought  together  in  the  present  volume, 
re-wording  them  as  compactly  and  pointedly  as  pos- 
sible, and  tacking  to  the  end  of  each  its  appropriate 
moral.  A  short  history  of  the  JEsopic  fable  is  pre- 
fixed to  the  volume,  and  there  are  abundant  notes. 
The  volume  is  a  pretty  one  outwardly,  and  Mr. 
Heighway's  drawings  are  strong,  bold,  and  quaintly 
humorous. 

Scottish  sympathies,  American  sympathies,  and 
Scottish- American  sympathies  will  equally  find  their 
poetical  account  in  the  pretty  and  freely  illustrated 
volume  of  "Wayside  Poems"  (Harper),  by  that 
pleasant  versifier,  Mr.  Wallace  Bruce.  Mr.  Bruce 
is  already  known  to  readers  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic  through  his  "  Old  Homestead  Poems,"  a 
work  that  will  doubtless  pave  the  way  to  popularity 
for  its  successor.  Mr.  Bruce's  themes  are  mostly  fa- 
miliar, his  sentiment  rings  true,  and  his  numbers 
are  easy  and  fluent.  Many  of  the  pieces  in  the  pres- 
ent collection  were  inspired  by  the  incidents  and  as- 
sociations of  the  author's  consular  life  at  Edinburgh, 
others  are  born  of  home  memories,  and  several  are 
occasional  poems,  a  style  of  composition  at  which 
Mr.  Bruce  is  unusually  happy. 

Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  add  Byron's  «  Childe 
Harold"  to  their  pretty  and  convenient  series  of 
"  Handy  Volume  Classics."  The  little  volume,  with 
its  daintily-tinted  title-page  and  numerous  photo- 
gravure views  of  scenes  mentioned  in  the  poem, 
makes  a  suitable  yet  very  inexpensive  gift-book. 

Messrs.  Fords,  Howard  &  Hulbert  re-issue,  in  a 
cloth  cover  and  with  an  added  feature  in  the  shape 
of  a  photographic  print  of  the  Sistine  Madonna,  their 
last  year's  booklet  entitled  "  The  Sistine  Madonna,  a 
Christmas  Meditation,"  by  the  Rev.  Amory  H.  Brad- 
ford. Dr.  Bradford  treats  his  theme  from  the  usual 
clerical  standpoint,  shedding  about  it  a  cloud  of  pious 
sentiment,  and  reading  into  Raphael's  canvas  hidden 
meanings  and  symbolisms  which  that  simple  and 
sensuous  painter  who  marks  the  dawn  of  simple  and 
sensuous  art  would  have  been  the  last  of  his  day  to 
attempt.  Raphael,  a  true  child  of  the  Renascence, 
was  no  painter  of  theological  riddles — but  one  need 
not  look  for  sober  art  criticism  in  a  popular  Sunday 
evening  lecture,  which  Dr.  Bradford's  work  origin- 
ally was. 

The  first  shelf  edition,  we  think,  of  Eric  Mackay's 
"  Love  Letters  of  a  Violinist "  is  issued  in  attractive 
form  by  Brentano's.  Mr.  Fagan's  illustrations  are 
pretty,  but  show  at  times  a  lack  of  refinement — which 
is  a  pity,  as  the  book  is  a  very  comely  one  generally. 


388 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


BOOKS    FOR    THE  YOUNG. 

u. 

A  vigorous  search  among  the  girls'  books  of  this  sea- 
son yields  but  little  substantial  reward.  In  place  of 
subjects  to  nourish  the  growing  mind,  girls  are  given 
soporific  doses  of  everyday  romance,  or  mixtures  of  so- 
cial reforms  and  emotional  sensations  whose  entire  com- 
position is  faulty.  A  few  lessons  in  courtesy  are  doubt- 
less desirable ;  but  they  might  be  interwoven  with  more 
heroic  warp,  and  real  vigor  of  treatment  made  the  rule 
rather  than  the  exception. 

A  bevy  of  clever  but  conventional  girls  and  their  ex- 
periences at  an  exclusive  boarding-school  occupy  Miss 
Nora  Perry  in  her  first  long  story  for  girls,  "  Hope  Ben- 
ham  "  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.).  Some  good  lessons  in  self- 
control,  and  in  the  art  —  sufficiently  rare  among  young 
girls — of  maintaining  silence  as  to  the  faults  of  others, 
are  pleasantly  inculcated;  but  the  social  ostracism  of 
one  high-spirited  girl  who  was  guilty  of  flirting,  seems 
a  somewhat  severe  climax  for  the  book.  Miss  Perry's 
girls  are  refined  to  the  point  of  being  over-nice,  and 
they  analyze  themselves  too  closely. 

In  "  Another  Girl's  Experience "  (Roberts),  Mrs. 
Leigh  Webster  tells  the  story  of  a  minister's  fledgling, 
who,  leaving  the  home-nest,  ventures  on  a  career  as 
companion  to  a  New  York  woman,  wealthy  but  eccen- 
tric. The  fledgling  has  her  wings  clipped  all  too  soon ; 
and  after  various  mortifying  and  even  tragic  experiences, 
she  is  only  too  glad  to  return  (with  thirty  dollars  in  her 
pocket)  to  her  home  duties  in  the  estate  to  which  it 
pleased  Providence  to  call  her. 

The  chief  merit  of  "  Witch  Winnie  at  Shinnecock  " 
(Dodd),  a  sequel  to  "  Witch  Winnie  in  Paris,"  is  a  cer- 
tain vigor  of  style.  The  love-story,  with  its  unfortu- 
nate termination,  is  not  sufficiently  neutralized  by  the 
attempt  to  introduce  an  art-atmosphere ;  and  the  fraud- 
ulent trick  which  constitutes  the  plot  has  not  force 
enough  to  form  the  backbone  of  a  story. 

"  Sirs,  Only  Seventeen  "  (Lee  &  Shepard)  is  the  odd 
title  chosen  by  Miss  Virginia  Townsend  for  her  book 
portraying  the  mutual  love  of  a  brother  and  sister.  The 
climax  is  attained  when  the  heroine  (who,  since  her  mis- 
understanding with  her  brother,  has  been  threatened 
with  brain  fever)  overhears  his  apologetic  account  of 
their  difficulty,  and  straightway  recovers.  Possibly  the 
title  is  apologetic;  for  the  heroine,  with  her  "graceful- 
molded  "  features  and  "  beautiful-shaped  "  head,  seems 
rather  morbid  and  high-strung.  Her  brother  is  more 
attractive,  but  only  one  or  two  minor  characters  are 
really  natural. 

Miss  Beatrice  Harraden  has  drawn  upon  personal  ex- 
perience in  "  Things  will  take  a  Turn  "  (Macmillan), 
where  the  change  in  the  fortunes  of  two  little  girls, 
widely  separated  by  circumstances,  yet  brought  close 
together  by  chance,  forms  the  motive  of  a  mildly  at- 
tractive book.  The  reader  will  be  apt  to  tire  of  the  in- 
cessant praises  of  "  Childie  "  which  gre'et  him  on  every 
page,  and  even  the  humor  of  the  red-nosed  bird-fancier 
will  not  altogether  relieve  him.  The  illustrations  are 
by  Mr.  J.  H.  Bacon. 

Mrs.  Molesworth's  praise  for  her  heroine  "  Olivia  " 
(Lippincott)  is  not  always  justified  by  the  conduct  of 
the  latter,  who,  though  very  conscientious,  lacks  charm. 
The  love  episode  is  more  marked  than  is  desirable,  but 
the  book  has  an  ingenious  plot  and  contains  a  stern 
moral  on  the  evils  of  the  practical  joke.  A  pretty  story 
of  a  little  English  girl,  by  the  same  author,  shows  how 


morbid  a  child  may  become  through  misunderstanding 
the  motives  of  those  about  her.  "  My  New  Home  " 
(Macmillan)  is  for  younger  girls  than  "Olivia." 

Young  children  will  be  interested  in  Miss  Eliza  Orne 
White's  "When  Molly  was  Six"  (Houghton),  which 
comes  in  daintily-tinted  covers  from  the  Riverside  Press. 
The  book  is  illustrated  by  Miss  Katherine  Pyle,  and 
contains  twelve  realistic  studies  of  red-letter  days  in  a 
child's  life,  one  for  each  month.  They  teach  no  special 
lesson,  but  are  written  with  skill  and  sympathy. 

The  short  stories  which  are  compiled  in  "  Not  Quite 
Eighteen "  (Roberts),  by  Miss  Susan  Coolidge,  are 
wholesome  and  attractive,  though  the  title  is  mislead- 
ing, as  the  children  described  are  all  of  different  ages 
and  but  sixteen  stories  are  told. 

Four  stories  by  Miss  Plympton  are  collected  in  a 
pretty  illustrated  volume  which  takes  its  title  from  the 
first  of  them,  "Penelope  Prig"  (Roberts).  Though 
their  construction  is  artificial,  a  note  of  real  pathos  is 
occasionally  struck.  Other  books  for  girls  are  "  The 
Little  Lady  of  the  Horse  "  (Roberts),  by  Miss  Evelyn 
Raymond;  "Two  Girls"  (Lippincott),  by  Miss  Amy 
Blanchard,  illustrated  by  Miss  Ida  Waugh;  and  "Six 
Little  Australians"  (Ward,  Lock  &  Bowden),  by  Miss 
Ethel  S.  Turner,  who  warns  us  from  the  first  that  Aus- 
tralian children  are  never  good.  This  is  reassuring. 

"  Toinette's  Philip  "  (Century  Co.)  is  among  the  best 
of  the  books  intended  to  please  boys  and  girls  alike.  Mrs. 
Jamison  takes  her  reader  at  once  into  the  picturesque 
"  old  quarter "  of  New  Orleans,  where  he  makes  the 
acquaintance  of  a  number  of  romantic  figures.  The 
boyish  hero,  "  Philip,"  whose  spice  of  roguishness  gives 
him  a  more  human  interest  than  "  Little  Lord  Fauntle- 
roy,"  divides  the  reader's  attention  with  a  no  less  charm- 
ing heroine.  At  last  everybody  proves  to  be  related  to 
everybody  else,  their  families  having  been  divided  by 
the  complications  of  the  Civil  War.  It  is  a  very  fasci- 
nating if  somewhat  improbable  tale,  and  readers  already 
familiar  with  it  through  the  pages  of  "  St.  Nicholas  " 
will  doubtless  welcome  its  publication  as  gladly  as  those 
to  whom  it  is  new.  The  book  is  prettily  illustrated. 

Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett's  graceful  style  makes 
everything  from  her  pen  agreeable  reading,  but  the  col- 
lection in  "  Piccino  and  Other  Child  Stories  "  (Scribuer) 
is  not  so  well  adapted  for  young  readers  as  some  of  her 
former  writings  have  been.  "  Two  Days  in  the  Life  of 
Piccino  "  is  a  fresh  and  amusing  sketch  of  a  cherub-faced 
Italian  boy;  but  "The  Captain's  Youngest"  contains  a 
picture  of  domestic  misery  which  no  child  should  be 
able  to  understand,  and  its  termination  is  entirely  too 
tragic.  Though  "  How  Fauntleroy  Occurred  "  smacks 
strongly  of  maternal  pride,  it  is  written  in  a  playful 
vein,  and  contains  Mrs.  Burnett's  consoling  assurance 
that  the  original  of  the  famous  "  Little  Lord  "  (now  six- 
teen years  of  age)  no  longer  wears  black  velvet  doublets 
and  broad  collars  of  lace.  Mr.  Birch's  illustrations  have 
their  usual  charm. 

The  quaint  humor  with  which  Miss  Jeanne  Schultz 
tells  the  story  of  "  Madeleine's  Rescue "  (Appleton) 
marks  it  with  an  originality  that  is  wanting  in  the  theme 
itself  —  the  healing  of  an  old  feud  through  the  efforts 
of  children.  The  author  is  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with 
childhood,  and  at  the  same  time  takes  older  readers  into 
her  confidence.  The  marriage  with  which  the  book 
closes  seems  a  natural  sequel  to  the  good  comradeship 
which  has  gone  before ;  and  these  French  children,  Mad- 
eleine and  her  four  loyal  boy  friends,  are  sure  to  appeal 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


389 


to  American  readers,  who  might  profit  by  the  lesson  in 
chivalry  which  their  conduct  teaches. 

Mrs.  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith  follows  the  pastimes  of 
"  Professor  Strong's  "  children  in  "  Jolly  Good  Times 
To-day  "  (Roberts),  which  is  intended  to  illustrate  the 
difference  in  the  atmosphere  surrounding  children  of 
the  present  time  from  that  at  "  Hackmatack  "  or  else- 
where fifty  years  ago.  There  are  practically  no  restric- 
tions placed  upon  these  lively  boys  and  girls,  who,  when 
the  size  of  their  bonfire  becomes  alarming,  are  approached 
with  deference  by  Mrs.  Strong,  with  the  request  that 
they  will  put  it  out  as  a  personal  favor  to  her.  They 
are  certainly  jolly  children,  and  the  account  of  their  act- 
ive gayety  proves  pleasant  reading. 

A  conscientious  historical  study  is  introduced  in  the 
romance  of  "  Kensington  Palace  in  the  Days  of  Queen 
Mary  "  (Macmillan),  whose  author,  Mrs.  Marshall,  feels 
that  this  Queen's  character  has  been  frequently  misun- 
derstood. She  is  certainly  attractive  in  this  book, —  as 
is  the  heroine,  a  young  country  girl  of  good  birth,  who 
becomes  lady-in-waiting  to  her  majesty.  The  love  story 
is  simple  and  sweet, — though  another  episode,  in  which 
the  heroine  is  subjected  to  indignity,  is  in  questionable 
taste  for  young  readers.  The  story  has  a  decided  charm, 
and  a  sketch  of  the  child-life  of  the  Duke  of  Gloucester 
gives  it  additional  interest. 

Somewhat  sketchy  in  character,  though  not  devoid 
of  interest,  are  the  "  Stories  from  English  History,  from 
Julius  Caesar  to  the  Black  Prince"  (Macmillan),  by 
the  Rev.  A.  J.  Church,  M.A.  The  story  of  the  Roman 
Conquest  is  told  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  the  later 
period  being  described  in  a  series  of  sketches.  The 
whole  book  is  relieved  from  a  suspicion  of  dryness  by  the 
numerous  illustrations  from  old  casts  and  engravings. 

Very  artistic  in  binding  and  illustration  is  the  volume 
of  "More  Celtic  Fairy  Tales  "  (Putnam),  edited  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Jacobs,  who  in  his  two  volumes  of  English  fairy 
stories  has  practically  exhausted  that  field.  This  is  not 
the  case  in  the  last  two  volumes  of  the  series,  in  which 
he  says,  "  I  have  done  little  more  than  spy  the  land  and 
bring  back  some  specimen  bunches  from  the  Celtic  vine." 
These  are  certainly  fragrant  of  the  region  whence  they 
sprung,  gay,  rollicking,  dramatic,  and  not  without  a 
touch  of  melancholy  in  one  of  the  three  sorrowful  tales 
of  Erin.  It  is  with  surprise  that  one  finds  in  "  The 
Russet  Dog  "  a  resemblance  to  one  of  Mr.  Lummis's 
Indian  folk-stories  —  that  of  the  bear  and  the  coyote. 
There  is  also  a  story  bearing  traces  of  Japanese  origin, 
though  Mr.  Jacobs  hints  that  the  case  may  be  reversed. 
Mr.  Batten's  illustrations  are  worthy  of  their  interest- 
ing subjects,  and  students  will  find  the  notes  very  com- 
plete. 

Two  beautiful  little  gift-books  bound  in  pale  olive 
and  gold  cloth,  are  of  the  "  Banbury  Cross  Series  "  (Mac- 
millan), prepared  for  children  by  Miss  Grace  Rhys,  and 
suitably  illustrated  by  R.  Anning  Bell.  Each  volume 
has  a  brief  preface  giving  a  history  of  the  two  good  old 
tales — forever  new — which  it  contains,  wherein  "  Well- 
ington and  his  Cat  "  and  "  The  Sleeping  Beauty,"  "  Jack 
the  Giant  Killer  "  and  "  Beauty  and  the  Beast "  are  in- 
vested with  a  new  charm.  The  educative  value  of  the 
excellent  illustrations  and  workmanship  of  these  vol- 
umes cannot  be  too  highly  commended. 

The  realm  of  the  fantastic  is  invaded  by  Mr.  Joel 
Chandler  Harris,  whose  "  Little  Mr.  Thimblefinger " 
(Houghton)  introduces  his  young  friends  to  the  mys- 
teries "  under  the  water  in  the  spring  at  precisely  nine 
minutes  and  nine  seconds  after  twelve  o'clock."  Our 


old  acquaintance,  Mr.  Rabbit  is  found  chatting  socia- 
bly with  Mrs.  Meadows;  and  their  reminiscences  of  Mr. 
Bear,  Mr. Wolf ,  and  Mr.  Billygoat,  of  the  Pumpkin-Eater 
and  the  Talking-Saddle,  form  the  substance  of  the  book. 
The  folk-lore  of  "  Uncle  Remus  "  does  not  provide  the 
material  for  these  stories,  some  being  purely  inventions, 
and  others  owing  their  origin  to  England.  Mr.  Oliver 
Herford's  full-page  illustrations  contribute  greatly  to 
the  success  of  the  volume. 

Mr.  George  Manville  Fenn,  author  of  "  First  in  the 
Field  "  (Dodd),  does  not  tell  us  whether  or  not  he  has 
founded  his  story  on  experience  in  the  Polar  Seas.  It 
has,  however,  a  true  ring,  and  the  mystic  charm  of  most 
stories  of  Polar  exploration,  of  which  it  is  among  the 
best.  There  are  the  usual  experiences  with  terrible 
gales,  ice-floes,  and  that  dreadful  depression  of  spirits 
which  becomes  almost  a  disease,  though  the  book  as  a 
whole  is  not  sad.  The  illustrations  are  numerous. 

The  painstaking  quality  of  Colonel  Knox's  writings 
for  boys  in  itself  assures  the  authenticity  of  his  new  war 
story,  "The  Lost  Army"  (Merriam).  Its  subject  is  a 
portion  of  the  Army  of  the  West  in  the  Civil  War,  which 
at  a  critical  period  excited  grave  fears  at  headquarters 
because  communications  from  it  were  so  infrequent. 
But  an  army  which  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge 
could  not  be  lost  to  history,  as  events  showed;  and  the 
adventures  of  the  two  boys  from  Iowa  who  accompanied 
it  prove  entertaining  reading. 

Two  books  by  Mr.  William  O.  Stoddard  are  of  very 
unequal  merit,  "  Chris  the  Model  Maker  "  (Appleton) 
being  by  far  the  most  attractive.  It  is  a  touching  story 
of  the  life  of  a  cripple  in  New  York  City.  The  book 
has  considerable  local  color, — a  quality  which  is  decid- 
edly lacking  in  "The  Captain's  Boat"  (Merriam). 
Though  possessed  of  a  denouement  and  several  hair- 
breadth escapes,  the  story  is  incoherent  and  not  gen- 
uinely interesting. 

An  unusual  amount  of  all-around  information  is  stored 
in  a  book  of  travel  by  Mr.  Eugene  Murray-Aaron.  "  The 
Butterfly  Hunters  in  the  Caribbees  "  (Scribner)  is  written 
with  an  enthusiastic  love  of  nature  as  a  field  for  scien- 
tific study,  and  is  entirely  drawn  from  an  exploring  nat- 
uralist's personal  experience.  Two  bright  boys  are  con- 
ducted by  an  experienced  scholar  through  Jamaica  and 
Haiti  (which  the  author  says  should  be  pronounced 
Haw-ee-tee*),  in  search  of  rare  butterflies — though  inci- 
dentally they  encounter  some  larger  game,  like  the  wild 
boar.  A  careful  account  of  the  tropical  fruits,  com- 
merce, and  customs  of  the  region  contribute  greatly  to 
the  interest  of  the  book,  and  its  readers  will  doubtless 
be  glad  of  the  hint,  at  its  close,  that  a  similar  journey  to 
Spain  will  be  undertaken.  The  illustrations  are  at- 
tractive. 

Another  book  of  out-door  sport  and  scientific  study, 
the  "Boys'  Own  Guide  to  Fishing"  (Lee  &  Shepard), 
has  illustrations  conspicuous  for  usefulness  rather  than 
beauty.  The  diagrams,  with  the  text,  furnish  ample 
directions  for  the  making  of  good  fishing-tackle  at  home, 
which  the  author,  Mr.  John  Harrington  Keene,  regards 
as  very  attractive  work  for  young  anglers.  Fly-fishing 
for  trout,  and  the  winter  breeding  of  fish,  are  carefully 
treated ;  while  directions  for  the  proper  cleansing  and 
cooking  of  fish  render  the  book  useful  for  campers,  as 
well  as  to  many  others. 

Very  little  boys  and  girls  will  enjoy  with  equal  relish 
the  text  and  pictures  in  Mrs.  Dodge's  collection  of 
rhymes  and  jingles,  "  When  Life  is  Young "  (Century 
Co.).  Some  of  them  have  already  appeared  in  "St. 


390 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


Nicholas,"  but  they  hear  repetition,  as  they  are  full  of 
humor  and  sweetness,  and  are  now  collected  in  a  dainty 
and  serviceable  form. 

The  well-worn  subject  of  the  settling  of  old  feuds 
through  the  loving  simplicity  of  a  child  is  freshly  treated 
by  Miss  Julia  Magruder  in  "  The  Child  Amy"  (Lothrop). 
Amy  seems  to  be  a  very  human  little  girl,  not  without 
a  temper,  and  possessed  of  a  decided  genius  for  loving. 
The  pleasing  illustrations  are  by  Miss  Helen  Maitland 
Armstrong. 

Miss  Adelaide  F.  Samuels  publishes  a  nonsense-book 
for  children,  called  "  Father  Gander's  Melodies  "  (Rob- 
erts); but  it  is  hardly  a  fit  companion  for  our  time- 
honored  "  Mother  Goose  "  —  neither  illustrations  nor 
rhymes  being  very  successful. 

A  few  charming  little  poems  are  included  in  the  forty- 
two  "  Love  Songs  of  Childhood "  (Scribner),  by  Mr. 
Eugene  Field.  Some  are  in  the  dialect  which  he  has 
made  familiar,  and  a  few  are  humorous,  as  "  The  De- 
lectable Ballad  of  the  Waller  Lot";  but  in  most  cases 
the  humor  is  that  of  middle-aged  retrospect  rather  than 
of  childhood.  "Kissing  Time,"  with  its  reiteration  of 
a  familiar  childish  joke,  is  full  of  a  child's  pure  joy  in 
living;  but  one  finds  it  difficult  to  sympathize  with 
"  The  oogling  and  the  googling 
Of  my  little  Googly-Goo." 

Four  books  published  in  London  by  the  Society  for 
promoting  Christian  Knowledge  and  in  New  York  by 
Messrs.  Young,  vary  widely  in  merit,  though  none  of 
them  can  be  numbered  among  the  best  of  children's 
books.  An  exciting  story  of  the  recovery  of  a  buried 
treasure  is  told  with  considerable  vigor  in  the  "  Cruise 
of  the  Esmeralda,"  by  Mr.  Harry  Collingwood.  "  Mid- 
shipman Archie,"  by  Miss  Annette  Lyster,  relates  in 
wholesome  fashion  the  story  of  an  Irish  family  of  good 
birth.  The  author  of  "  The  Dean's  Little  Daughter  " 
tells  of  a  drunkard's  reform  in  "  Jenny  Dear,"  and  Mrs. 
Isla  Ditwell  contributes  "  Farmer  Golds  worthy's  Will." 

A  good  edition  of  "  Robinson  Crusoe,"  published  for 
the  "  Children's  Library  "  (Macmillan)  contains  a  num- 
ber of  quaint  illustrations  by  Mr.  George  Cruikshank. 
The  frontispiece  is  particularly  interesting  by  reason  of 
its  old-fashioned  quality;  and  the  text  has  been  mod- 
ernized and  adapted  for  children  in  a  commendable  man- 
ner. The  binding,  in  blue  and  white,  is  rather  dainty 
for  hard  service. 

A  new  edition  of  Miss  Kate  Douglas  Wiggin's  "  Tim- 
othy's Quest "  (Houghton)  is  likely  to  meet  with  the 
success  which  attended  the  first  appearance  of  that  pop- 
ular book.  The  same  firm  issues  a  captivating  new  edi- 
tion of  the  inimitable  "  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,"  in  which 
Mr.  Aldrich's  humor  proves  itself  delightfully  fresh  in 
spite  of  many  readings. 

The  season  brings  the  usual  substantial  array  of  bound 
volumes  of  standard  serials.  "  St.  Nicholas  "  (Century 
Co.)  is  filled  with  the  good  things  of  the  past  year, — 
plenty  of  solid  food  for  children,  garnished  with  "  sugar 
and  spice  and  everything  nice."  The  names  of  many 
of  the  writers  for  "  St.  Nicholas  "  also  appear  in  "  Har- 
per's Young  People,"  which  will  possibly  be  more  inter- 
esting to  older  children.  The  past  success  of  "  Chatter- 
box "  (Estes  &  Lauriat)  doubtless  ensures  that  of  this 
year's  volume,  containing  articles  about  birds  and  fishes, 
sketches  of  foreign  children,  and  also  short  stories  of 
famous  men.  A  series  of  papers  on  British  field-sports 
is  of  interest,  but  it  is  be  regretted  that  the  illustrations 
are  so  inferior. 


NEW  YORK  TOPICS. 


New  York,  December  12,  1894. 

Mr.  Besant's  pleasant  remarks  concerning  the  work- 
ings of  the  Copyright  Act,  quoted  in  the  last  number  of 
THE  DIAL,  do  not  represent  the  situation  as  closely  as 
they  might  have  done  six  months  ago.  At  that  time 
many  were  under  the  impression  that  the  result  of  the 
Act  of  1891  had  been  directly  beneficial  to  American 
authors  by  removing  from  the  market  the  cheap  reprints 
of  current  English  books  with  which  it  was  then  flooded. 
It  was  supposed  that  American  books  would  then  com- 
pete on  even  terms  with  those  of  foreigners.  But  Mr. 
Harold  Frederic  cables  to  the  New  York  "  Times  "  that, 
"  as  this  month's '  Bookman  '  says,  it  seems  as  if  English 
fiction  were  almost  entirely  supplanting  the  American. 
This  remark  is  echoed  by  other  papers,  which  dwell 
pleasantly  on  the  anomalous  fact  that  although  the  copy- 
right agreement  was  expected,  by  making  foreign  books 
dearer,  to  help  the  American  novelists,  its  actual  result 
has  been  to  give  the  British  novelists  a  vastly  bigger 
vogue  in  America  than  they  had  in  the  former  piratical 
days." 

Mr.  Robert  Barr  also  declares,  in  a  recent  interview, 
that  there  is  much  competition  among  American  pub- 
lishers for  British  authors,  and  expresses  his  wonder 
thereat.  When  the  Copyright  bill  was  passed,  however, 
nearly  four  years  ago,  a  number  of  those  active  in  put- 
ting it  through  understood  thoroughly  that  the  chief 
benefit  would  accrue  to  the  British  author.  At  the  din- 
ner given  in  honor  of  the  passage  of  the  bill,  one  of  the 
speakers  said: 

"  The  road  to  publication  for  an  American  work  has  been 
easy — almost  too  easy  for  some  trashy  American  works — since 
the  manufacture  of  unauthorized  reprints  became  unprofit- 
able. So  far  as  respects  the  Author's  Copyright  League,  its 
efforts  have  been,  to  use  a  hackneyed  word,  altruistic,  except 
for  the  satisfaction  derived  from  a  sense  of  honor,  dignity, 
right.  For  what  have  we  dared  to  do  ?  We  have  doubled 
at  a  stroke  the  list  of  our  competitive  writers.  All  British 
authors  are  now  American  authors.  All  will  now  compete  on 
nearly  equal  terms  in  the  market  of  this  '  Greater  Britain ' — 
of  what  must  be  the  greatest  bookmart  of  the  world." 

So  Mr.  Besant  and  some  others  will  have  to  revise 
their  impressions  of  the  workings  of  the  Copyright  Act. 
Some  weeks  ago  I  promised  to  consider  a  few  of  the 
reasons  for  the  overshadowing  of  our  home  novelists  by 
the  rising  school  of  British  romancers.  The  reasons  for 
the  overshadowing  have  meanwhile  been  so  fully  ex- 
ploited iu  various  directions  that  there  is  now  no  need 
of  an  additional  word  on  the  subject.  It  was  Gilbert 
Parker,  by  the  way,  who  first  commented  on  the  success 
of  these  writers  as  a  group.  It  should  be  remembered 
that  the  framers  of  the  Copyright  bill,  while  anticipating 
the  temporary  disadvantages  to  American  authors  which 
have  arisen,  looked  for  permanent  benefits  to  all  con- 
cerned in  the  future.  I  trust  they  will  not  be  disap- 
pointed. At  present  the  outlook  for  American  books  in 
the  British  market  does  not  seem  particularly  encour- 
aging. With  the  exceptions  of  Mrs.  Burnett's  and  Mrs. 
Wiggin's  books,  full  lists  of  which  are  occasionally  to 
be  found,  the  "  Athenaeum  "  advertising  pages  rarely 
contain  the  titles  of  more  than  a  dozen  American  books, 
while  a  search  of  the  review  columns  iu  the  issue  for 
November  24  failed  to  disclose  a  notice  of  even  one 
American  book. 

A  delightfully  reminiscent  article  by  Mr.  A.  V.  S. 
Anthony,  the  veteran  engraver  and  art-editor,  on  "  The 
Making  of  Illustrated  Books,"  appears  in  this  week's 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


391 


"  Independent."  It  recounts  some  of  his  successful  ex- 
periments in  illustrating  the  books  of  Whittier  and  Long- 
fellow at  a  time  when  the  art  of  illustration  had  not 
reached  its  present  perfection.  The  few  anecdotes  given 
will  suggest  to  many  of  Mr.  Anthony's  friends  that  a 
volume  of  reminiscences  from  his  pen  would  be  a  gen- 
uine addition  to  the  literary  and  artistic  history  of  the 
time. 

The  Order  of  the  Round  Table,  a  juvenile  society 
formed  by  readers  of  "  Harper's  Young  People,"  is  hold- 
ing a  very  successful  fair  in  behalf  of  one  of  its  char- 
ities here.  There  will  be  an  authors'  reception  at  which 
a  number  of  writers  for  both  young  and  old  people  have 
promised  to  be  present  and  meet  their  young  friends. 
Mr.  William  Hamilton  Hayne,  the  Southern  poet,  is 
paying  his  annual  visit  to  the  city,  and  Mr.  George  W. 
Sheldon,  of  London,  is  here  for  a  few  days.  Provence 
and  the  Riviera  are  the  attractions  which  have  induced 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Thomas  A.  Janvier  and  Mrs.  Anna  Bow- 
man Dodd  to  spend  the  winter  in  France.  Mr.  Alex- 
ander Black's  "  picture  play,"  "  Miss  Jerry,"  is  meet- 
ing with  gratifying  success  wherever  presented.  This 
form  of  entertainment  is  the  particular  invention  of  Mr. 
Black,  who  is  literary  editor  of  the  Brooklyn  "  Times," 
and  an  expert  in  photographic  matters.  While  he  reads 
the  story,  dissolving  views  of  the  characters  and  scenes 
are  thrown  upon  a  screen,  changes  being  made  twice  or 
thrice  a  minute  as  the  story  progresses. 

A  most  absurd  notice  of  the  illustrated  edition  of  Dr. 
Hohnes's  "  The  Last  Leaf,"  which  recently  appeared  in 
the  London  "  Saturday  Review,"  has  caused  much  amuse- 
ment here.  The  writer  says  among  other  things  that 
"the  poem  is  supposed  [in  America]  to  be  a  classic;  it 
is  supposed  to  be  unique  in  kind  and  excellence;  sup- 
positions which  lead  one  to  inquire  whether  Americans 
have  ever  heard  of  Austin  Dobson."  Mr.  Dobson  un- 
doubtedly will  enjoy  this,  inasmuch  as  he  dedicated  the 
first  American  edition  of  his  poems  to  Dr.  Holmes,  and 
may  fairly  be  said  to  look  on  the  latter  as  one  of  his 
masters.  Why  not  ask  whether  Americans  have  ever 
heard  of  Mr.  Frederick  Locker-Lampson,  whose  best- 
known  poem  is  almost  a  parody  of  "  The  Last  Leaf  "  ? 

ARTHUR  STEDMAN. 


LITERARY  NOTES  AND  MISCELLANY. 

Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers  will  publish  in  March  a 
new  novel  by  Mr.  Henry  B.  Fuller. 

The  fourth  volume  of  Professor  McMaster's  "  History 
of  the  People  of  the  United  States  "  will  be  ready  for 
publication  at  an  early  date. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  "  The  Southern  Magazine," 
of  Louisville,  Ky.,  has  suspended  publication.  The  mag- 
azine was  a  credit  to  the  South,  and  deserved  a  better 
fate. 

With  reference  to  the  contemplated  Life  and  Letters 
of  Dr.  Holmes,  his  son  and  executor  requests  that  any 
persons  having  letters  of  the  poet  will  send  them  to  his 
publishers,  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Boston. 
These  letters  will  be  carefully  returned  to  their  owners 
after  copies  have  been  made  of  such  as  are  found  to  be 
available  for  publication. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  are  to  publish  a  series  of 
"  European  Statesmen,"  similar  to  the  "  Twelve  English 
Statesmen  "  series.  The  editing  is  in  the  hands  of  Pro- 


fessor J.  B.  Bury.  "  Charles  the  Great ";  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Hodgkin;  "William  the  Silent,"  by  Mr.  Frederic  Har- 
rison; "  Richelieu,"  by  Professor  R.  Lodge;  and  "  Maria 
Theresa,"  by  Dr.  J.  Frauck  Bright,  are  among  the  vol- 
umes promised. 

Apropos  of  our  recent  communications  and  comments 
on  the  San  Francisco  Vigilance  Committee,  attention 
may  be  called  to  a  series  of  articles  on  the  subject  in 
the  "  Overland  Monthly  "  for  October,  November,  and 
December,  of  the  current  year.  The  writer  of  the  arti- 
cles, Mr.  Almarin  B.  Paul  of  San  Francisco,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  famous  Committee,  and  his  account  has  value 
as  coming  from  an  eye-witness  of  and  a  participant  in 
the  strange  scenes  and  events  described. 

Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  make  the  following  an- 
nouncements of  their  forthcoming  publications:  "The 
Women  of  Shakespeare, "by  Dr.  Lewis  Lewes;  "  Three 
Men  of  Letters"  (Berkeley,  Dwight,  Barlow),  by  Pro- 
fessor Moses  Coit  Tyler;  "  Personal  Recollections  of 
War  Times,"  by  Mr.  Albert  Gallatin  Riddle;  "King 
Arthur,"  a  comparative  study  of  the  Arthurian  epic,  by 
the  Rev.  S.  H.  Gurteen;  and  « In  the  Heart  of  the  Bit- 
ter-Root Mountains,"  an  account  of  the  Carlin  hunting 
party  of  1893. 

A  project  was  formed  some  time  ago  at  Aquila  in 
Italy  to  erect  in  that  town  a  monument  to  the  Roman 
historian  Sallust,  whose  birthplace,  Amiternum,  was 
near  by.  President  Gilman  of  Johns  Hopkins  Univer- 
sity and  Professor  Tarbell  of  the  University  of  Chicago, 
having  been  requested  to  secure  subscriptions  for  this 
object  in  the  United  States,  have  received  and  sent  to  the 
Aquila  Committee  seventy  dollars,  contributed  in  equal 
sums  by  the  following  universities:  Chicago,  Columbia, 
Johns  Hopkins,  Michigan,  Pennsylvania,  Princeton, 
Yale.  Subscriptions  have  been  made  in  various  parts 
of  Europe,  and  the  fund  must  now  amount  to  nearly  or 
quite  thirteen  hundred  francs. 

M.  Ernest  Lavisse  has  succeeded  the  late  James  Dar- 
mesteter  in  the  editorship  of  "  La  Revue  de  Paris,"  and 
a  happier  substitute  could  hardly  have  been  found.  The 
note  on  Darmesteter  supplied  to  the  "  Revue  "  of  Nov- 
ember 15  by  his  colleague,  M.  Louis  Ganderax,  is  fol- 
lowed up,  in  the  issue  of  December  1,  by  an  appreciative 
study  of  the  deceased  scholar  from  the  pen  of  M.  Gas- 
ton  Paris. 

The  cultured  circles  of  San  Francisco  have  been  con- 
siderably stirred  by  an  address  lately  delivered  in  that 
city  by  Prof.  M.  B.  Anderson  of  Stanford  University, 
in  which,  while  saying  some  very  pleasant  things  of  the 
city,  he  ventured  upon  a  few  criticisms  that  proved  de- 
cidedly unpalatable,  and  for  which  he  has  been  duly 
"  roasted  "  by  the  local  press.  That  spirited  and  strong- 
headed  journal,  "  The  Argonaut,"  thinks  a  part  of  the 
city's  vulgarity,  of  which  Professor  Anderson  complains, 
is  due  to  the  occasional  visits  of  Stanford  University 
students,  who  are  turbulent  and  unruly,  especially  just 
after  winning  football  games.  But,  with  the  fullest 
allowance  for  the  exuberance  of  even  a  victorious  foot- 
ball team,  this  does  not  seem  a  complete  answer  to  Pro- 
fessor Anderson's  strictures.  By  a  curious  coincidence, 
in  the  same  issuse  of  "  The  Argonaut "  a  contributor  is 
permitted  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  "  in  no  other 
city  in  this  country  are  the  disgusting  sights  thrust  be- 
fore one's  eyes  that  in  San  Francisco  can  be  seen,  if  one 
glances  to  the  left  or  right,  in  passing  along  respect- 
able thoroughfares  in  the  very  heart  of  the  city."  But 
the  San  Franciscans  may  rest  in  peace.  No  one  sus- 


392 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  16, 


pects  them  of  possessing  a  monopoly  of  the  vulgarity 
of  American  cities,  and  the  criticism  which  they  find  so 
hard  to  bear  could  be  made,  and  has  been  made,  upon 
most  large  places.  Even  Chicago  has  had  its  expe- 
rience of  similar  chastenings  from  friendly  critics,  and 
has  lived  to  look  back  with  a  smile  at  its  own  hyper- 
sensitiveness.  It  is  probable  that  both  San  Francisco 
and  Professor  Anderson  will  survive  the  recent  episode. 
Mr.  Swinburne's  "  Memorial  Ode  on  the  Death  of 
Leconte  de  Lisle,"  which  appears  in  "  The  Saturday  Re- 
view," is  such  a  noble  commemorative  tribute  as  its  au- 
thor alone  of  living  men  could  have  written.  It  is  a 
lyrical  structure  in  three  sections,  of  which  we  quote  the 
first  entire,  and  add  the  closing  strain  of  the  last. 

"  Beside  the  lordliest  grave  in  all  the  world 
A  singer  crowned  with  golden  years  and  fame 

Spake  words  more  sweet  than  wreaths  of  incense  curled 
That  bade  an  elder  yet  and  mightier  name 

Hail,  for  whose  love  the  wings  of  time  were  furled 
And  death  that  heard  it  died  of  deadlier  shame. 

"  Our  father  and  lord  of  all  the  sons  of  song, 

Hugo,  supreme  on  earth,  had  risen  above 
Earth,  as  the  sun  soars  noonward :  grief  and  wrong 

Had  yielded  up  their  part  in  him  to  love : 
And  one  man's  word  came  forth  upon  the  throng 

Brief  as  the  brooding  music  of  the  dove. 

"  And  he  now  too,  the  praiser  as  the  praised, 
Being  silent,  speaks  forever.    He  whose  word 

Reverberate  made  the  gloom  whereon  he  gazed 
Radiant  with  sound  whose  song  in  his  we  heard 

Stands  far  from  us  as  they  whose  souls  he  raised 
Again,  and  darkness  carolled  like  a  bird. 

"Now  the  lyre  whose  lord's  wise  mastery  gave  its  notes  re- 
verberate skill 
Whence  to  give  again  the  grace  of  golden  gifts  of  hands 

long  dead, 
Now  the  deep  clear  soul  that  all  the  lore  of  time  could  scarce 

fulfil, 
Now  the  sovereign  voice  that  spake  it,  now  the  radiant  eye 

that  read, 

Seem  to  sleep  as  sleeps  the  indomitable  imperishable  will 
Here,  that  haply  lives  and  sleeps  not,  though  its  word  on 
earth  be  said." 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

December,  1894  (Second  List). 

Alexander  III.    W.  T.  Stead.    Review  of  Reviews. 
American  History  Studies.  F.W.  Shepardson.  Dial  (Dec.  16). 
Athanasianism.    Levi  L.  Payne.    New  World. 
Book  Plates.    Illus.    K.  Porter  Garnett.     Overland. 
Catholic  School  System  in  Rome,  The.  Mgr.  Satolli.  No.  Am. 
Centennials,  Literary.     Dial  (Dec.  16). 
Charity.    Jane  E.  Robbins.    Forum. 

Civilizations,  Primitive.    Frederick  Starr.    Dial  (Dec.  16). 
Consular  Reform.    Henry  White.    North  American. 
Crispi,  Francesco.     Illus.     W.  J.  Stillman.     Century. 
Currency  Reform,  "Baltimore  Plan".  A.  B.  Hepburn.  Forum. 
Fencing.    Illus.    H.  Ansott.     Overland. 
Forest  Preserves,  The  Need  of.    R.  U.  Johnson.   Rev.  of  Rev. 
Froude,  James  Anthony.    Goldwin  Smith.   No.  American. 
Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell.   Henry  C.  Lodge.  No.  American. 
Industrial  Agreements  and  Conciliation.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Jesuitism,!  Modern.    Charles  C.  Starbuck.    New  World. 
Lincoln  in  Relations  to  Women.     Julien  Gordon.     Cosmop^n. 
Manners,  American.    Anna  B.  McMahan.    Dial  (Dec.  16). 
Margherita  of  Savoy.    Felicia  B.  Clark.     Cosmopolitan. 
Maryland  Homesland  Ways,  Old.  Illus.  J. W.  Palmer.  Century. 
Musicalilnstruments  of  the  World.   I.  H.  Hall.  Cosmopolitan. 
Olympic  Games,  Re-establishment  of.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Photography  and  Art,  Relations  of.  J.L.Breese.Cosmopo/z'tan. 


Prickly  Plants  of  Calif.     Emma  S.  Marshall.     Overland. 
Reading  Habits  of  English  People.    Price  Collier.    Forum. 
Sahara,  Tribes  of  the.    Napoleon  Ney.     Cosmopolitan. 
Salvation  Army,  The.    Charles  A.  Briggs.  No.  American. 
Science  and  Religion.    Augustus  J.  DuBois.     Century. 
Science  and  Religion.    E.  Benjamin  Andrews.     New  World. 
Stock-Sharing  and  Labour-Troubles.    L.  R.  Ehrich.    Forum. 
Sutro,  Adolph.    Illus.    E.  W.  Townsend.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Symonds,  John  Addington.    Frank  Sewall.    New  World. 
Vigilance  Committee  of  '56.    A.  B.  Paul.     Overland. 
Virginians,  Two  Great.    B.  A.  Hinsdale.    Dial  (Dec.  16). 
Woman  in  Politics,  The  American.  Eleonora  Kinnicutt.  Cent. 
Woman  Suff  rage  Movement,  The.    Mary  P.  Jacobi.    Forum. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  140  titles,  includes  books  re- 
ceived by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HOLIDAY  GIFT  BOOKS. 

Memorials  of  St.  James's  Palace.  By  Edgar  Sheppard, 
M.A.  In  2  vols.,  illus.  with  copper  and  photogravure 
plates,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
Boxed,  $10.50. 

Border  Ballads.  With  an  introduction  by  Andrew  Lang. 
With  12  etchings  by  C.  0.  Murray ;  4to,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  87.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $7. 

Holland.  By  Edmondo  de  Amicis.  author  of  "Spain  ";  trans, 
from  13th  Italian  edition,  by  Helen  Zimmern.  In  2  vols., 
illus.  in  photogravure,  12mo,  gilt  tops.  Porter  &  Coates. 
Boxed,  $5. 

Some  Old-Time  Beauties.  By  Thomson  Willing.  Illus. 
in  photogravure  after  famous  portraits,  small  4to,  gilt 
top.  Joseph  Knight  Co.  $3. 

The  Fairies'  Festival :  A  Poem.  By  John  W.  Randall. 
Illus.  with  40  photogelatine  plates,  small  4to,  gilt  top. 
Joseph  Knight  Co.  $3. 

Child  Life  in  Art.  By  Estelle  M.  Hurll,  M.A.  With  25 
half-tones  after  famous  paintings,  12mo,  gilt  edges.  Jos- 
eph Knight  Co.  $2. 

The  Fables  of  .ffisop.  Selected,  told  anew,  and  their  his- 
tory traced,  by  Joseph  Jacobs.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  edges, 
pp.  222.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $2. 

An  Imaged  World:  Poems  in  Prose.  By  Edward  Garnett. 
Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  120.  Macmillan  &  Co. 

4t9 
W*. 

Love  Letters  of  a  Violinist,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Eric 
Mackay.  Illus.  by  James  Fagan ;  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  273.  Brentano's.  Boxed,  $2.50. 

The  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy.  By  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich.  Hol- 
iday edition,  illus.  by  A.  B.  Frost ;  12rao,  gilt  top,  pp. 
286.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $2. 

Pipe  and  Pouch :  The  Smoker's  Own  Book  of  Poetry.  Com- 
piled by  Joseph  Knight.  With  frontispiece  in  half-tone, 
square  16mo,  gilt  top.  Joseph  Knight  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Century  Illustrated  Monthly  Magazine.  Vol. 
XLVIIL,  May  to  October,  1894 ;  illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  960. 
The  Century  Co.  $3.50. 

The  Prince  of  Hades.  By  A.  O.  Kaplan,  author  of  "  The 
Magic  Laugh."  Illus.,  8vo.  Cincinnati :  Robt.  Clarke 
&  Co.  50  cts. 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

Little  Mr.  Thimbleflnger  and  his  Queer  Country :  What 
the  Children  Saw  and  Heard  there.  By  Joel  Chandler 
Harris,  author  of  "Uncle  Remus."  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  230. 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $2. 

More  Celtic  Fairy  Tales.  Selected  and  edited  by  Joseph 
Jacobs,  late  editor  of  "  Folk-Lore. "  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  234. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.75. 

Piccino,  and  Other  Child  Stories.  By  Frances  Hodgson  Bur- 
nett. Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  203.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Maurice ;  or,  The  Red  Jar :  A  Tale  of  Magic  and  Adventure 
for  Boys  and  Girls.  By  the  Countess  of  Jersey.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  190.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Things  Will  Take  a  Turn :  A  Story  for  Children.  By  Bea- 
trice Harraden,  author  of  "  In  Varying  Moods."  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  163.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 

The  Child  Amy.  By  Julia  Magruder.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  302. 
Lothrop  Pub'g  Co.  $1.50. 


1894.] 


THE    DIAL 


393 


Sailor  Jack,  the  Trader.  By  Harry  Castlemon,  author  of 
the  "  Gunboat  Series."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  467.  Porter  & 
Coates.  $1.25. 

Jenny  Dear.  By  the  author  of  "A  Fellow  of  Trinity." 
Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  240.  E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co.  $1. 

Midshipman  Archie.  By  Annette  Lyster,  author  of  "  A 
Leal  Light  Heart."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  254.  E.  &  J.  B. 
Young  &  Co.  $1. 

The  Cruise  of  the  "  Esmeralda."  By  Harry  Collingwood, 
author  of  "The  Pirate  Island."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  384. 
E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Farmer  Goldsworthy's  Will.  By  Mrs.  Isla  Sitwell,  author 
of  "  A  Great  Revenge."  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  307.  E.  &  J. 
B.  Young  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Mrs.  Heritage.  By  F.  E.  Reade,  author  of  "  Clary's  Con- 
firmation." Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  219.  E.  &  J.  B.  Young  & 
Co.  80  cts. 

Was  It  in  Vain  ?  By  G.  E.  M.  Vaughan.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp. 
159.  E.  &  J.  B.  Young  &  Co.  60  cts. 

The  Banbury  Cross  Series.  Prepared  for  children  by 
Grace  Rhys,  and  illustrated  by  R.  Anning  Bell.  Com- 
prising :  Sleeping  Beauty  and  Whittington  and  his  Cat, 
Jack  the  Giant-Killer  and  Beauty  and  the  Beast.  2  vols., 
18mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Macmillan  &  Co.  Each,  50  cts. 

Father  Gander's  Melodies,  for  Mother  Goose's  Grand- 
children. By  Adelaide  F.  Samuels.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  121. 
Roberts  Bros.  $1.25. 

St.  Nicholas  :  An  Illustrated  Magazine  for  Young  Folks. 
Conducted  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge.  Vols.  XXI.  and 
XXII.;  illus.,  large  8vo.  The  Century  Co.  $4. 

Harper's  Young  People  for  1894.  Illus.,  4to,  pp.  888. 
Harper  &  Bros.  $3.50. 

Chatterbox  for  1894.  Edited  by  J.  Erskine  Clarke,  M.A. 
Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  412.  Estes  &  Lauriat.  $1.25. 

HISTORY. 

History  of  the  Commonwealth  and  Protectorate,  1649- 
1660.  By  Samuel  Rawson  Gardiner,  M.A,  Vol.  I.,  1649- 
1651 ;  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  515.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $7. 

History  of  the  United  States.  By  E.  Benjamin  Andrews. 
In  2  vols.,  with  maps,  12mo,  gilt  tops.  Chas.  Scribner's 
Sons.  $4. 

The  Winning  of  the  West.  By  Theodore  Roosevelt,  author 
of  "  The  Wilderness  Hunters."  Vol.  III.,  The  Founding 
of  the  Trans- Alleghany  Commonwealths,  1784-1790 ;  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  339.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Liberation  of  Italy,  1815-1870.  By  the  Countess  Eve- 
lyn Martinengo  Cesaresco,  author  of  "  Italian  Characters 
in  the  Epoch  of  Unification."  With  portraits,  12mo,  uncut, 
pp.  415.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 

Harvard  College  by  an  Oxonian.  By  George  Birkbeck 
Hill,  D.C.L.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  329.  Mac- 
millan &  Co.  $2.25. 

Side  Glimpses  from  the  Colonial  Meeting-House.  By 
William  Root  Bliss.  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  256.  Houghton, 
Mifflin&Co.  $1.50. 

Protestant  Missions:  Their  Rise  and  Early  Progress ;  Lec- 
tures. By  A.  C.  Thompson,  author  of  "  Moravian  Mis- 
sions." 12mo,  pp.  314.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 

History  of  the  Religious  Society  of  Friends,  Called  by 
Some  the  Free  Quakers,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  By 
Charles  Wetherill.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  118.  Printed  for  the 
Society. 

A  History  of  Tithes.  By  the  Rev.  Henry  William  Clarke, 
B.A.,  author  of  "  Revenues  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Wales."  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  268.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Chapters  from  Some  Unwritten  Memoirs.  By  Anne 
Thackeray  Ritchie,  author  of  "  Records  of  Tennyson, 
Ruskin,  Browning."  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  205.  Har- 
per &  Bros.  $2. 

Abraham  Lincoln  and  the  Downfall  of  American  Slavery. 
By  Noah  Brooks,  author  of  "American  Statesmen." 
Illus . ,  12mo,  pp.  471 .  Putnam's  ' '  Heroes  of  the  Nations. ' ' 
$1.50. 

General  Hancock.  By  General  Francis  A.  Walker.  With 
portrait,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  332.  Appletons'  "  Great  Com- 
manders." $1.50. 

Life  and  Genius  of  Jacopo  Robusti,  called  Tintoretto.  By 
Frank  Preston  Stearns,  author  of  "  A  Sketch-Book  of 
Notables."  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  327.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $2.25. 


The  Life  of  Daniel  Defoe.  By  Thomas  Wright,  author  of 
"Life  of  William  Cowper."  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  432.  A.  D.  F.  Randolph  &  Co.  $3.75. 

Simon  Peter:  His  Later  Life  and  Labours.  By  Chas.  S. 
Robinson,  D.D.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  325.  Thos.  Nelson  & 
Sons.  $1.25. 

Theatrical  Sketches :  Here  and  There  with  prominent  Ac- 
tors. By  Margaret.  Illus.,  24mo,  pp.  217,  gilt  top.  The 
Merriam  Co.  75  cts. 

Life  of  William  Charles  Macready.  By  W.  T.  Price,  au- 
thor of  "The  Technique  of  the  Drama."  With  portrait, 
18mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  201.  Brentano's.  75  cts. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Letters  of  Emily  Dickinson.  Edited  by  Mabel  Loomis 
Todd.  In  2  vols.,  illns.,  16mo.  Roberts  Bros.  Boxed, 
$2.50. 

A  Shelf  of  Old  Books.  By  Mrs.  James  T.  Fields.  Illus., 
8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  214.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

Talk  at  a  Country  House:  Fact  and  Fiction.  By  Sir  Ed- 
ward Strachey,  Bart.  With  portrait,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
249.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1.25. 

The  Great  Refusal:  Being  Letters  of  a  Dreamer  in  Gotham. 
Edited  by  Paul  Elmer  More.  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  157. 
Honghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  $1. 

Freytag's  Technique  of  the  Drama :  An  Exposition  of  Dra- 
matic Composition  and  Art.  By  Dr.  Gustav  Freytag ; 
trans,  by  Elias  J.  MacEwan,  M.A.  12mo,  pp.  366.  S. 
C.  Griggs  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Prelude  to  Poetry :  The  English  Poets  in  Defence  and 
Praise  of  their  Own  Art.  Edited  by  Ernest  Rhys.  With 
frontispiece,  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  217.  Macmillan 
&  Co.  $1. 

Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  Annotated,  accented,  with 
illustrations  of  English  life  in  Chaucer's  time,  by  John 
Saunders.  New  revised  edition ;  illus.,  12mo,  pp.  487. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $1. 

American  Writers  of  To-day.  By  Henry  C.  Vedder. 
12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  326.  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.  $1.50. 

American  Book- Plates :  A  Guide  to  their  Study,  with  Ex- 
amples. By  Charles  Dexter  Allen ;  with  bibliography  by 
Eben  Newell  Hewins.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  437. 
Macmillan  &  Co.  $3.50. 

The  Processes  for  the  Production  of  Ex  Libris  (Book- 
Plates).  By  John  Vinycomb,  M.R.I.A.  Illus.,  gilt  top, 
pp.  96.  Macmillan  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Bibliographica :  A  Magazine  of  Bibliography.  In  12  parts  ; 
Part  III.,  illus.,  4to,  uncut.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

The  Humor  of  Spain.  Selected,  with  introduction  and 
notes,  by  Susette  M.  Taylor.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp. 
362.  Chas.  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

American  Liberty:  Patriotic  Addresses.  By  Rev.  W.  D. 
Simonds.  With  portrait,  12mo,  pp.  216.  Battle  Creek, 
Mich.:  E.  R.  Smith.  50  cts. 

ART. 

History  of  Art  in  Primitive  Greece :  Mycenian  Art.  From 
the  French  of  Georges  Perrot  and  Charles  Chipiez.  In  2 
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394 


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dtl     OK 

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Unframed  Pictures  will  be  sent  on  approval. 
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Open  Evenings  during  ^December. 


4<>°  THE     DIAL  [Dec.  16,  1894. 

"MIRABEAU  STANDS  OUT  AS  THE  CENTRAL  FIGURE  OF  THE  TIMES;  THE  GREATEST  STATESMAN  OF  FRANCE." 

THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION. 

TESTED  BY  MIRABEAU'S  CAREER. 

Twelve  Lectures  on  the  History  of  tlie  French  Revolution,  delivered  at  the  Lowell  Institute,  Boston,  Mass 

By  Dr.  HERMANN  E.  VON  HOLST, 
Author  of  "  Constitutional  and  Political  History  of  the  United  States  "  and  "  The  Constitutional  Law  of  the  United 

States."     Head  Professor  of  History  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

At  the  invitation  of  the  trustees  of  the  Lowell  Institute  of  Boston,  Hermann  E.  von  Hoist,  Professor 
of  History  in  the  University  of  Chicago,  gave,  in  the  condensed  form  of  twelve  one-hour  lectures,  a  sum- 
mary of  his  reflections  on  the  causes  of  the  French  Revolution,  as  tested  by  Mirabeau's  career.  For 
twenty  years  the  French  Revolution,  its  causes,  progress,  and  results,  has  been  the  main  theme  of  Von 
Hoist's  teachings  in  the  Universities  of  Germany,  and,  second  only  to  his  labors  in  the  field  of  American 
Constitutional  History,  the  history  of  France  during  the  eighteenth  century  has  chiefly  engaged  his  time 
and  study.  These  lectures,  which  met  with  the  unanimous  commendation  of  Boston's  intellectual  circles, 
and  which  awakened  the  deepest  interest  on  their  delivery  in  Chicago,  have  now  been  given  to  the  larger 
public  in  two  neat  volumes. 

LECTURE  HEADINGS. 


I.  The  Heritage  of  Louis  XIV.  and  Louis  XV. 

II.  Paris  and  Versailles. 

III.  Mending  the  Old  Garment  with  New  Cloth. 

IV.  The  Revolution  before  the  Revolution. 

V.  A  Typical  Family  Tragedy  of  Portentous  Histor- 
ical Import. 

VI.  The  States-General. 


VII.  «  The  Party  of  One  Man." 

VIII.  The  5th  and  6th  of  October,  1789,  and  the  Me- 
moir of  the  15th. 

IX.  The  Decisive  Defeat  of  November  7th. 

X.  Other  Defeats  and  Mischievous  Victories. 

XI.  Mirabeau  and  the  Court. 

XII.  The  End.    A  Unique  Tragedy. 


%*  All  questions  which,  for  the  general  public,  are  perhaps  the  most  difficult  to  understand,  are  lucidly  and 
graphically  discussed.  Such  a  mass  of  information  and  suggestion  is  condensed  into  each  of  these  lectures  that 
no  extracts  would  adequately  represent  their  character. 

Printed  at  the  Riverside  Press,  on  hand-made  English  Paper,  uncut  edges. 
Two  volumes,  12mo  ;  price,  $3.50  net. 


Constitutional  and  Political 


By  Dr.  HERMANN  E.  VON  HOLST. 

A  work  unsurpassed  and  unrivalled  in  its  field.  No  other  deals  so  broadly,  so  fully,  or  so  interestingly 
with  the  subject.  It  is  keen  and  profound  ;  fearless  and  impartial  in  its  judgments  of  men  and  measures  ; 
vigorous  and  vivid  alike  in  its  delineation  of  events  and  in  its  portraiture  of  parties  and  leaders. 

Vol.         I.    1750-1832.     Origin  of  the  Union.  —  State  Sovereignty  and  Slavery. 

Vol.       II.    1828-1846.    Jackson's  Administration.  —  Annexation  of  Texas. 

Vol.     III.    1846-1850.    Annexation  of  Texas.—  Compromise  of  1850. 

Vol.     IV.    1850-1854.    Compromise  of  1850.—  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill. 

Vol.       V.    1854-1856.    Kansas-Nebraska  Bill.—  Buchanan's  Election. 

Vol.      VI.    1856-1859.    Buchanan's  Election.  —  End  of  the  35th  Congress. 

Vol.   VII.    1859-1861.    Harper's  Ferry.  —  Lincoln's  Inauguration. 

Vol.  VIII.    Index  and  Bibliography. 

"  His  labors,  indeed,  have  been  immense.  ...  A  work  which  every  student  must  needs  possess  in  its 
entirety."  —  THE  NATION. 

"  A  masterpiece  as  to  depth,  clearness,  impartiality,  and  scope.     It  seems  the  testimony  of  a  disinterested 
witness;  one  who  needed  no  cross-questioning;  one  who  in  the  direct  narrative  omits  no  significant  detail."- 
DAVID  SWING. 

The  Set,  Eight  Vohimes,  Large  Octavo,  3560  pages.     Index  contains  over  300  pages. 
Prices  :    Cloth,  $25  net  ;  Sheep,  $30  net  ;  Half  Calf,  $38  net. 


CALLAQHAN  &  COMPANY,  Chicago,  111. 

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THK   L)1AL  fKKSS,  t'Hll'AOO.