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From  the  collection  of  the 


7 

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o  Prelinger 

v    JJibrary 
p 


San  Francisco,  California 
2006 


1845  1847  1G53 


REN 


CH 


LIBRARY 

ESTABLISHED   1872 

LAWRENCE,  MASS. 


THE    DIAL 


Semi-Montbly  Journal  of 


Literary  Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


VOLUME  XXVI. 


JANUARY  1  TO  JUNE  16,  1899 


CHICAGO: 

THE  DIAL  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS 
1899 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  XXVI. 

ACADEMY,  AN  AMERICAN 359 

ARISTOTELIANISM  AND  THE  MODERN  SPIRIT William  A.  Hammond    ....  193 

ASIA,  IN  UNEXPLORED Hiram  M.  Stanley 44 

AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER 187 

BEARDSLEY,  AUBREY,  IN  PERSPECTIVE G.  M.  R.  Twose 391 

BIOGRAPHER,  LESLIE  STEPHEN'S  STUDIES  OF  A  .     .     .     .     Ellen  C.  Hinsdale 46 

BOOKS,  THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF 

BORROW,  GEORGE,  KNAPP'S  LIFE  OF 363 

BOYS  AND  GIRLS  AND  BOOKS $87 

BROWNING  LOVE-LETTERS,  THE Anna  B.  McMahan 238 

BURTON,  SIR  RICHARD,  POSTHUMOUS  PAPERS  OF     ...     Josiah  Renick  Smith      ....  196 

BUTTERFLY  BOOK,  THE  AMERICAN Charles  A.  Kofoid 267 

BYRON,  MR.  MURRAY'S Melville  B.  Anderson      ....  330 

CHICAGO  EDUCATIONAL  COMMISSION,  REPORT  OF  THE 37 

CHINA  IN  HISTORY  AND  IN  FACT Selim  H.  Peabody 48 

CIVIL  WAR,  SECOND  YEAR  OF  THE Charles  H.  Cooper 151 

CRITICS,  Two  ORDERS  OF Charles  Leonard  Moore  ....  360 

DANTE,  BOOKS  ABOUT William  Morton  Payne  ....  81 

DAUDET  AND  HIS  FAMILY Benjamin  W.  Wells 242 

DEGREES,  CONCERNING 105 

"DiAL,"  THE,  OF  1840-45 J.  F.  A.  Pyre 297 

ECONOMIC  THOUGHT,  PRESENT  TENDENCIES  IN   ....     Arthur  B.  Woodford 

EDUCATION,  SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  ON B.  A.  Hinsdale 115 

EDUCATIONAL  OUTLOOK,  THE 261 

ENGLISH  CONSTITUTION,  THE John  J.  Halsey 15 

EVANGELISTS,  Two  GREAT Hiram  M.  Stanley 154 

EVIL,  AN  IDEALIST'S  IDEAS  OF Caroline  K.  Sherman     ....  121 

FAITH  AND  FANTASY John  Bascom 198 

FAMOUS  IMPOSTURE,  STORY  OF  A B.  A.  Hinsdale 240 

FICTION,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne  123,  244,  309 

FOLK-LORE  TALES  OF  AMERICAN  INDIANS Frederick  Starr 370 

FREE  DISCUSSION,  THE  MENACE  TO 

GENERALS,  GREAT,  IN  BLUE  AND  GRAY Francis  W.  Shepardson  ....  302 

GOVERNMENT,  FUNCTIONS  AND  REVENUES  OF      ....     Max  West 153 

HISTORICAL  TREASURE  TROVE James  Oscar  Pierce 197 

HOMER,  THE  SUCCESSORS  OF Paul  Shorey 78 

ISLAND  POSSESSIONS,  OUR  NEW    . Ira  M.  Price 394 

JASPER  PETULENGRO,  THE  FRIEND  OF Alfred  Sumner  Bradford    .     ,     .  263 

KIPLING  HYSTERIA,  THE Henry  Austin 327 

LANDOR,  OLD-AGE  LETTERS  OF Tuley  Francis  Huntington  .     .     .  305 

"LEWIS  CARROLL"  OF  WONDERLAND 191 

LITERARY  LIFE,  THE 143 

LITERARY  STANDARDS R.  W.  Conant 145 

LOWELL  AND  HIS  FRIENDS Tuley  Francis  Huntington  .     .     -  367 

MEXICO  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES Frederick  Starr 243 

MONROE,  PRESIDENT,  WRITINGS  OF B.  A.  Hinsdale 333 

MUSICAL  MATTERS,  AND  OTHERS William  Morton  Payne  ....  338 

NEWSPAPER  SCIENCE 233 

OLD  WORLD,  NEW  EAST  AND  NEW  SOUTH  OF  THE     .     .     Hiram  M.  Stanley 370 

PARNELL,  IRISH  PATRIOT  AND  NATIONALIST 74 

PLAY,  MODERN,  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 334 

PLAY,  THE  "  LITERARY  " Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 269 

POE,  THE  AMERICAN  REJECTION  OF Charles  Leonard  Moore  ....  40 

POETRY,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne  .     .      50,  274 

POLITICAL  TONIC,  A  TIMELY Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 76 

ROMAN  EMPIRE,  Two  EPOCHS  OF  THE William  Cranston  Lawton  .     .     .  306 

ROMANCE,  NEW  PHASES  OF  THE .     James  0.  Pierce 69 


IV. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

RUSKIN,  ECONOMICS  AND  PHILANTHROPY  OF Max  West 396 

RUSKIN,  ROSSETTI,  PR^ERAPHAELiTisM Margaret  Steele  Anderson  .     .     .  336 

SCHOOL  LEGISLATION  FOR  CITIES,  RECENT B.  A.  Hinsdale 107 

SELBORNE,  LORD,  MEMORIALS  OF 149 

SHAKESPEARE,  SOME  RECENT  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF     ...     Melville  B.  Anderson      ....  11 

SKEIN  OF  MANY  YARNS 265 

SOCIAL  MOVEMENT,  DISCUSSIONS  OF  THE C.  R.  Henderson 19 

SOCIETY  AND  HUMANITY,  STUDIES  OF C.  R.  Henderson 398 

STAGE  OR  STUDY,  FOR  THE Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 17 

STATESMAN'S  RETROSPECT,  A 

THEATRE,  THE  ENDOWED 295 

THEATRICAL  CRITICISM,  CURRENT Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 119 

TRAVEL  IN  MANY  LANDS Ira  M.  Price 156 

UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD,  THE Samuel  Willard 112 

WAR,  BOOKS  OF  THE,  A  ROUND-UP  OF John  J.  Culver 272 

WHITE  MAN'S  PROBLEM,  THE E.  M.  Hopkins 308 

WORKER  FOR  THE  INSANE,  A  DISTINGUISHED     ....     Richard  Dewey 79 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  SPRING  BOOKS,  1899 •     .     .  204 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 23,  56,  86,  127,  158,  200,  246,  278,  311,  343,  373,  400 

BRIEFER  MENTION 60,  90,  131,  162,  203,  248,  281,  314,  346,  376,  403 

LITERARY  NOTES 25,  61,  90,  132,  163,  210,  249,  282,  314,  347,  377,  404 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 26,  91,  163,  250,  315 

LISTS  OF  NEW  BOOKS 26,  61,  91,  133,  164,  250,  282,  315,  348,  377,  404 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES  OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED. 


Adarns,  G.  B.     European  History 403 

Adams,  H.  C.     Science  of  Finance 153 

Altsheler,  J.  A.     A  Herald  of  the  West     .     .     .  124 
Ames,  J.  S.    Harper's  Scientific  Memoirs    .    162,  314 
Andrews,  E.  B.    Historical  Development  of  Mod- 
ern Europe,  Vol.  II 87 

Andrews,  S.  J.  Christianity  and  Anti- Christianity  199 
Ansorge,  W.  J.  Under  the  African  Sun  .  .  .  372 

Apthorp,  W.  F.     By  the  Way 341 

Arber,  Edward.  British  Anthologies  ....  250 
Armstrong-Hopkins,  S.  Within  the  Purdah  .  .  157 
Arnold's  Sweetness  and  Light,  and  Pater's  Essay 

on  Style,  in  "  Miniature  Series  " 282 

Astrup,  Eivind.  With  Peary  Near  the  Pole  .  .  345 
Austin,  Alfred.  Lamia's  Winter  Quarters  .  .  203 
Bache,  R.  M.  Life  of  General  Meade  ....  304 
Bacon,  E.  M.  Historical  Pilgrimages  ....  162 
Baedeker's  United  States,  second  revised  ed.  377,  404 
Bailey,  L.  H.  Principles  of  Agriculture  .  .  .  132 
Balch,  Thomas.  International  Courts  of  Arbitration  404 
Balfour,  Graham.  Educational  Systems  of  Great 

Britain 117 

Balzac's  Works,  "  Centenary "  edition     .     .     .     .376 

Barren,  Elwyn.     Manders 124 

Beale,  Harriet  S.  B.  Stories  from  Old  Testament  162 
Beardsley,  Aubrey.  Second  Book  of  Drawings  .  391 

Beddard,  F.  E.     Structure  of  Birds 246 

Beerbohm,  Max.     More 402 

Bell,  Mackenzie.     Pictures  of  Travel     ....     55 

Belloc,  Bessie  R.     Historic  Nuns  .     .     .     .     .     .  203 

Bentley,  C.  S.,  and  Scribner,  F.  K.     Fifth  of  Nov- 
ember        245 

Bergerac,  C.  de.  Voyage  to  the  Moon  ....  282 
Besant,  Sir  Walter.  The  Pen  and  the  Book  .  143,  187 


Besant,  Sir  Walter.     South  London 161 

Besant,  Sir  Walter.  The  Changeling  .  .  .  .126 
Bible,  Revised  Version,  with  American  Preferences  23 
Birrell,  Augustine.  Law  of  Copyright  ....  346 

Bismarck,  Autobiography  of 8 

Black,  Margaret  M.  R.  L.  Stevenson  ....  58 
Blackburn,  Vernon.  Fringe  of  an  Art  ....  342 
Blair,  Emma  H.  Catalogue  of  Newspaper  Files  .  132 
Blanc,  Mme.  Nouvelle  -  France  et  Nouvelle- 

Angleterre 346 

Bloundelle-Burton,  J.  The  Scourge  of  God  .  .  126 
Bonsai,  Stephen.  The  Fight  for  Santiago  .  .  .  273 

Books  I  Have  Read 377 

Bosanquet,  Mrs.  Bernard.  Standard  of  Life  .  .  399 
Botsford,  George  W.  History  of  Greece  .  .  .  376 
Boulger,  Demetrius  C.  History  of  China  ...  48 

Bourget,  Paul.     Antigone 310 

Bradford's  History  of  «  Plimoth  Plantation,"  fac- 
simile edition 197 

Bragdon,  C.  F.  Golden  Person  in  the  Heart  .  .  51 
Briggs,  Charles  A.  Study  of  Holy  Scripture  .  .  313 

British  Army,  Social  Life  in  the 160 

Bronson,  T.  B.  Scenes  de  Voyages  de  Victor  Hugo  163 
Brooke,  S.  A.  English  Literature  from  Beginning  • 

to  Norman  Conquest 60 

Brown,  A.  E.     John  Hancock,  his  Book      ...     24 
Brown,  W.  H.  On  the  South  African  Frontier  308,  371 
Browning,  Robert,  and  Barrett,  Elizabeth,  Let- 
ters of 238 

Browning's  Works,  "  Camberwell "  edition  .     .     .  247 

Brownlee,  J.  H.    War-Time  Echoes 314 

Brunetiere,  F.     Essays  in  French  Literature  .     .  130 
Brunetiere,  F.    Manual  of  History  of  French  Lit- 
erature    .     .          130 


INDEX. 


v. 


Buck,  Gertrude.     The  Metaphor 404 

Buckley,  Arabella  B.    Fairy  Land  of  Science,  new 

edition 282 

Bugbee,  L.  G.    Slavery  in  Early  Texas,  and  Some 

Difficulties  of  a  Texas  Empresario  ....  404 
Bullen,  F.  T.  Cruise  of  the  Cachalot  .  .  .  .265 
Burrows,  Guy.  Land  of  the  Pigmies  ....  158 
Burton,  Sir  Richard.  Jew,  Gypsy,  and  El  Islam  196 

Butler,  Samuel.     Homer's  Iliad 60 

Byrd,  Mary  E.  Laboratory  Manual  in  Astronomy  210 
Caine,  Hall.  The  Scapegoat,  new  edition  .  .  .  210 
Caird,  Edward.  University  Addresses  ....  128 
Caldwell,  H.  W.  Studies  in  American  History  .  .  132 
California  Club,  The.  War  Poems,  1898  ...  61 
Call,R.  E.  Rafinesque's  Ichthyologia  Ohiensis  .  376 

Canfield,  Arthur  G.     French  Lyrics 133 

Capes,  Bernard.     The  Cointe  de  la  Muette      .     .  126 

Card,  Fred  W.     Bush-Fruits 90 

Carlin,  Eva  V.     A  Berkeley  Year 282 

Carlyle's  Works,  "  Centenary  "  edition  .  .  25,  377 
Carpenter,  Edward.  Angels'  Wings  ....  342 
Carpenter,  E.  J.  America  in  Hawaii  ....  248 
Carpenter,  F.  I.  Cox's  Rhethoryke  .  .  .  .  .  162 
Carrington,  FitzRoy.  The  Queen's  Garland  .  .  90 
Cawein,  Madison.  Idyllic  Monologues  ....  51 

Century  Magazine,  Vol.  LVI 133 

Cesaresco,  Countess.     Cavour 281 

Chamberlain,  Mellen.     John  Adams 162 

Chambers,  R.  W.    Ashes  of  Empire 123 

Channing,  Edward.    Students'  History  of  the  U.  S.     60 
Chapman,  John  Jay.     Causes  and  Consequences  .     76 
Church,  S.  H.     Oliver  Cromwell,  "  Commemora- 
tion "  edition 377 

Claretie,  Jules.  Vicornte  de  Puyjoli  .  .  .  .311 
Clowes,  W.  L.  The  Royal  Navy,  Vol.  III.  .  .  158 

Coe,  Charles  H.     Red  Patriots 203 

Colby,  C.  W.    Selections  from  Sources  of  English 

History 

Coleman,  Oliver.     Successful  Houses     ....  163 

College  Requirements  in  English 156 

Collingwood,  S.  D.     Lewis  Carroll 191 

Collins,  G.  W.,  and  Cowley,  A.  E.     Kautzsch's 

Gesenius'  Hebrew  Grammar 59 

Conway,  Sir  Martin.  With  Ski  and  Sledge  .  .  156 
Conybeare,  F.  C.  The  Dreyfus  Case  ....  127 

Cook,  Theodore  A.     Rouen 345 

Cooke,  George  W.  John  Sullivan  Dwight  .  .  341 
Cooley,  H.  S.  Slavery  in  New  Jersey  ....  210 
Corelli,  Marie.  Modern  Marriage  Market  .  .  88 
Costelloe,  B.  F.  C.,  and  Muirhead,  J.  H.  Aristotle 

and  the  Earlier  Peripatetics 193 

Crockett,  Ingram.    Beneath  Blue  Skies  and  Gray  276 

Crockett,  S.  R.     The  Red  Axe 126 

Crook,  James  W.  German  Wage  Theories  .  .  86 
Crocker,  J.  H.  Plea  for  Sincerity  in  Religious 

Thought 61 

Crowell,  J.  F.     Logical  Process  of  Social  Devel- 
opment ' 19 

Crozier,  John  B.     My  Inner  Life 344 

Cumulative  Periodical  Index 393 

Curtin,  Jeremiah.     Creation  Myths  of  Primitive 

America 370 

Dana,  C.  A.  Recollections  of  the  Civil  War  .  .  160 
Dandliker,  Karl.  Short  History  of  Switzerland  .  248 

Darwin,  George  H.     Tides 401 

Daudet,  Le'on.     Alphonse  Daudet 242 

Daudet's  Works,  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.'s  edition  .  376 
Davidson,  John.  Bargain  Theory  of  Wages  .  .  21 


Davis,  John  D.     Bible  Dictionary 130 

Davis,  R.  H.  Cuban  and  Porto  Rican  Campaigns  273 
Davis,  W.  M.,  and  Snyder,  W.  H.  Physical 

Geography 133 

De  Burgh,  A.     Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Austria     .  344 

DeKay,  Charles.     Bird  Gods 57 

Devine,  E.  D.     Economics 60 

Dickens's  Works,  "  Gadshill "  edition     ....  132 
Dill,  Samuel.     Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Cen- 
tury of  the  Western  Empire 307 

Didsy,  Arthur.     The  New  Far  East 370 

Dix,  Morgan.  History  of  Trinity  Parish  .  .  .  128 
Dixon,  W.  M.  In  the  Republic  of  Letters  .  .  375 

Dobson,  Austin.     Miscellanies 131 

Dodd,  Anna  B.     Cathedral  Days,  and  In  and  Out 

of  Three  Normandy  Inns,  new  editions  .     .     .  376 
Dole,  Nathan  H.     Mistakes  We  Make  ....     25 

Dole,  N.  H.     Omar  the  Tentmaker 245 

Doumic,  Rene".    Contemporary  French  Novelists  .  400 

Dow,  Arthur  W.     Composition 314 

Doyle,  A.  Conan.     Songs  of  Action 55 

Drummond,  W.  H.  Phil-o-rum's  Canoe  ...  54 
Dunbar,  J.  B.  Cooper's  Last  of  the  Mohicans  .  132 

Elizabeth  and  her  German  Garden 58 

Elliot,  D.  G.     Wild  Fowl  of  the  United  States    .  282 

Emerson,  O.  F.     Gibbon's  Memoirs 25 

Empress,  Martyrdom  of  an 344 

Etiquette  for  Americans 313 

Fisher,  S.  G.  The  True  Benjamin  Franklin  .  .  203 
Fitz,  G.  W.  Martin's  The  Human  Body  .  .  .131 
FitzGerald'sRubaiyat,  "Golden  Treasury  "edition  315 
Fleming,  W.  H.  How  to  Study  Shakespeare  .  .  15 

Fletcher,  Horace.     That  Last  Waif 400 

Ford,  P.  L.  Writings  of  Jefferson,  Vol.  IX.  .  .  60 
Ford,  W.  C.  Washington's  Farewell  Address  .  249 
Foulke,  W.  D.  Slav  or  Saxon,  revised  edition  .  163 
Francke,  Kuno.  Modern  German  Culture  .  .  .  161 

Fraser,  Campbell.     Thomas  Reid 313 

Fraser,  Mrs.  Hugh.  Letters  from  Japan  .  .  .  371 
Frederic,  Harold.  Return  of  the  O'Mahony,  new.  ed.  314 
Furness,  H.  H.  Variorum  Shakespeare,  Vol.  XI.  11 

Gade,  John  A.    Book  Plates 89 

Gannon,  Anna.     Song  of  Stradella 277 

Gardner,  E.  G.  Dante's  Ten  Heavens  ....  82 
Garland,  Hamlin.  Life  and  Character  of  Grant  .  25 
Garland,  Hamlin.  Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly,  ne w  ed .  347 
Garnett,  Richard.  Original  Poetry  by  Victor  and 

Cazire 160 

Garnett,  R.     Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield     .     .     .201 

Garrison,  W.  P.    The  New  Gulliver 90 

Gates,  L.  E.     Three  Studies  in  Literature  .     .     .  203 

Geikie,  James.     Earth  Sculpture 129 

Gell,  Mrs.  Lyttelton.  The  More  Excellent  Way  131 
Giddings,  F.  H.  Elements  of  Sociology  .  .  .  398 

Gilder,  R.  W.     In  Palestine 50 

Gilman,  D.  C.     University  Problems      ....  116 

Girls'  Schools,  Work  and  Play  in 118 

Gladden,  Washington.  The  Christian  Pastor  .  22 
Godfrey,  Elizabeth.  Poor  Human  Nature  .  .  245 
Goode,  W.  A.  M.  With  Sampson  through  the  War  273 
Gordon,  A.  C.  For  Truth  and  Freedom  .  .  .  277 
Green,  A.  H.  First  Lessons  in  Geology  .  .  .  132 
Gregorovius,  F.  The  Emperor  Hadrian  .  .  .  306 
Gronlund,  Laurence.  The  New  Economy  ...  83 
Grosvenor,  E.  A.  Contemporary  History  of  the 

World 314 

Guiney,  Louise  Imogen.  England  and  Yesterday  53 
Guiney,  Louise  I.  Secret  of  Fougereuse  .  .  .  311 


VI. 


INDEX. 


Guthrie,  W.  D.  Lectures  on  14th  Amendment  .  90 
Guthrie,  William  N.  A  Booklet  of  Verse  .  .  .276 
Hale,  E.  E.  Lowell  and  his  Friends  .  .  .  .367 

Hall,  Newman,  Autobiography  of 156 

Halstead,  Murat.  Story  of  the  Philippines  .  .  274 
Halstead,  W.  R.  Christ  in  the  Industries  .  .  .199 
Hambleton,  C.  J.  A  Gold  Hunter's  Experience  .  210 
Hamilton,  S.  M.  Writings  of  James  Monroe  .  333 
Hamilton,  Sir  Edward  W.  Gladstone  ....  130 
Hammond,  M.  B.  The  Cotton  Industry  ...  86 
Hancock,  A.  E.  French  Revolution  and  the  English 

Poets 281 

Hardy,  Thomas.  Wessex  Poems 274 

Harkness,  Albert.  Complete  Latin  Grammar  .  132 
Hart,  James  M.  Composition  and  Rhetoric  .  .  347 
Hastings,  C.  S.,  and  Beach,  F.  E.  General  Physics  346 

Hay,  Helen.  Some  Verses 278 

Hearn,  Lafcadio.  Boy  Who  Drew  Cats  ...  90 

Hedin,  Sven.  Through  Asia 44 

Hemment,  John  C.  Cannon  and  Camera  .  .  .  274 

Henderson,  C.  R.  Social  Elements 84 

Henderson,  C.  R.  Social  Settlements  ....  247 
Henderson,  G.  F.  R.  Stonewall  Jackson  .  .  .  302 
Henderson,  W.  J.  How  Music  Developed  .  .  339 
Henderson,  W.  J.  Orchestra  and  Orchestral  Music  340 
Heron- Allen,  E.  Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam  .  .  90 
Hewlett,Maurice.  Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany,2d  ed.  249 
Hewlett,  Maurice.  Songs  and  Meditations  .  .275 
Higginson,  Ella.  When  Birds  Go  North  Again  .  52 
Higginson,  T.  W.  Tales  of  the  Enchanted  Islands  88 
Hill,  Constance.  The  Princess  des  Ursins  .  .  .  375 
Hill,  Mary.  Margaret  of  Denmark  .  .  •  .  .  .  346 

Hird,  Frank.  Cry  of  the  Children 400 

"  Hobbes,  John  Oliver."  The  Ambassador  .  .  269 
Hobson,  R.  P.  Sinking  of  the  "  Merrimae  "  .  .  272 
Hobson,  J.  A.  John  Ruskin,  Social  Reformer  .  396 
Hoffman,  F.  S.  The  Sphere  of  Science  .  .  .162 
Holland,  W.  J.  The  Butterfly  Book  ....  267 
Horsmonden  School  "  Budget,"  Reprint  of  .  .  .314 

Hovey,  Richard.  Along  the  Trail 276 

Hovey,  Richard.  Launcelot  and  Guenevere  .  .  17 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.'s  Catalogue  of  Authors  .  347 
Howard,  O.  O.  Fighting  for  Humanity  .  .  .  274 
Howe,  Julia  Ward.  From  Sunset  Ridge  ...  52 
Howe,  M.  A.  De Wolfe.  American  Bookmen  .  .  374 
Howe,  M.  A.  DeWolfe.  Memory  of  Lincoln  .  .  249 

Hoyt,  D.  L.  The  World's  Painters 132 

Huddilston,  J.  H.  Attitude  of  Greek  Tragedians 

toward  Art 202 

Hume,  Martin  A.  S.     Spain      .......  312 

Hume,  M.  A.  S.  The  Great  Lord  Burghley  .  .  278 
Huneker,  James.  Mezzotints  in  Modern  Music  .  340 
Hutchiuson,  Woods.  Gospel  according  to  Darwin  25 
Hutton,  R.  H.  Religious  and  Scientific  Thought  .314 
Hyne,  Cutcliffe.  Through  Arctic  Lapland  .  .  157 

Hyslop,  James  H.  Democracy 278 

Jacobs,  Joseph.  Story  of  Geographical  Discovery  282 
Janes,  Lewis  G.  Our  Nation's  Peril  ....  163 

Johnson,  Clifton.  Don  Quixote 249 

Johnson,  R.  Brimley.  Eighteenth  Century  Letters  373 
Johnson,  R.  Brimley.  Modern  Plays  ....  334 
Johnston,  W.  D.  Annoted  Catalog  Cards  ...  25 
Jokai,  Maurus.  A  Hungarian  Nabob  ....  310 
Jokai,  Maurus.  The  Nameless  Castle  ....  309 

Jones,  Henry  A.  The  Physician 376 

Jones,  Henry  A.  The  Rogue's  Comedy  .  .  .  280 

Jordan,  Charlotte  B.  Mother-Song 25 

Jordan,  D.  S.  Foot-Notes  to  Evolution  .  .  .  280 


PAOB 

Kelly,  James  F.  Spanish  Literature  ....  86 
Kennan,  George.  Campaigning  in  Cuba  .  .  .  273 

King,  Grace.     De  Soto  in  Florida 162 

Kingsley,  Mary  H.     West  African  Studies      .     .  372 
Knackf  uss'  Monographs  on  Artists,  English  edition  249 
Knapp,  W.  I.     Life  of  George  Borrow  ....  363 
Krehbiel,  H.  E.    Music  and  Manners  in  the  Clas- 
sical Period 339 

Kuhns,  Oscar.     Cyrano  de  Bergerac 314 

Lagerlof,  Seltna.  Miracles  of  Antichrist  .  .  .  310 
Lagerlof,  Selma.  Story  of  Gb'sta  Berling  .  .  .  310 

Lala,  R.  R.     The  Philippine  Islands 394 

Langlois,  Ch.  V.,  and  Seignobos,  Ch.    Introduction 

to  Study  of  History 118 

Lanier,  Sidney.     Music  and  Poetry 338 

Lanier,  Sidney.     Retrospects  and  Prospects     .     .  404 

Lamed,  W.  C.     Rembrandt 246 

Larpenteur,  Chas.  Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  .  .  201 
Latimer,  Elizabeth  W.  Scrap-Book  of  the  French 

Revolution 129 

Laughton,  J.  K.  Life  of  Henry  Reeve  ....  374 
Lavignac,  Albert.  Music  and  Musicians  .  .  .  343 
Lawler,  John.  Book  Auctions  in  England  in  the 

17th  Century 374 

Lawrence,  R.  M.  Magic  of  the  Horse-shoe  .  .  57 
Lawton,  W.  C.  New  England  Poets  ....  127 
Lawton,  W.  C.  Successors  of  Homer  ....  78 
Lecky,  W.  E.  H.  Democracy  and  Liberty,  2d  ed.  131 
Lee,  Albert.  Key  of  the  Holy  House  ....  245 

Lee,  Sidney.     Life  of  Shakespeare 14 

Leudet,  Maurice.  Emperor  of  Germany  at  Home  .  200 
Levy,  Florence  N.  American  Art  Annual .  .  .  314 
Library  Journal,  General  Index  to  the  ....  202 
Little,  A.  J.  Through  the  Yangtse  Gorges  .  .  .  157 

Lloyd,  H.  D.     Labor  Copartnership 22 

Lodge,  George  C.     Song  of  the  Wave    ....     51 
Lord,  Eleanor  L.    Industrial  Experiments  in  Brit- 
ish Colonies 22 

Lovewell,  Bertha  E.     Life  of  St.  Cecilia     .     .     .132 

Lowe,  Martha  P.     The  Immortals 277 

Lowndes,  M.  E.  Michel  de  Montaigne  ....  60 
Lucas,  E.  V.  Charles  Lamb  and  the  Lloyds  .  .  311 

Lucas,  Fred  W.     The  Zeno  Annals 240 

Maartens,  Maarten.     Her  Memory 125 

Machray,  Robert.     Grace  O'Malley 126 

Maclachan,  T.  Banks.     Mungo  Park 57 

Macmillan's  English  Classics 61 

Madden,  D.  H.    Diary  of  Master  William  Silence     12 

Maeterlinck,  Maurice.     Three  Plays 336 

Manners,  Robert.  Cuba  and  Other  Verse  ...  61 
Marillier,  H.  C.  Early  Work  of  Beardsley  .  .  391 
Marshall,  Edward.  Story  of  Rough  Riders  .  .  273 
Masson,  Rosalie.  Pollok  and  Aytoun  ....  403 
McCarthy,  Justin.  England  in  the  19th  Century  400 
McCarthy,  J.  H.  Short  History  of  the  U.  S.  .  280 
McLaughlin,  A.  C.  History  of  American  Nation  404 
McQuilkin,  A.  H.  Asheville  Pictures  and  Pencil- 
lings  61 

Mead,  E.  C.  Historic  Homes  of  Virginia  ...  87 
Meredith,  George.  Odes  in  Contribution  to  the 

Song    of  French  History 55 

Merrill,  F.  J.  H.    Guide  to  Geological  Collections 

of  New  York  State  Museum 163 

Meynell,  Alice.     The  Spirit  of  Place      ....  403 

Miley,  J.  D.     In  Cuba  with  Shafter 272 

Mivart,  St.  George.  Groundwork  of  Science  .  .  161 
Molenaer,  S.  P.  De  Regimine  Principium  .  .  314 
Monthly  Cumulative  Book  Index 25 


INDEX. 


vn. 


Moody,  W.  V.  Milton's  Works,  Cambridge  ed.  .  403 
Moore,  Benjamin.  Elementary  Physiology  .  .  249 
More,  Paul  E.  Century  of  Indian  Epigrams  .  .  54 
Morris,  Charles.  Our  Island  Empire  ....  395 
Morris,  Charles.  Spanish  Historical  Tales  .  .  61 
Morris,  Charles.  The  War  with  Spain  ....  274 
Morris,  W.  O'Connor.  Great  Campaigns  of  Nelson  89 
Morris,  William.  Art  and  the  Beauty  of  Earth  .  249 
Morris,  Wm.,  and  Wyatt,  A.  J.  Tale  of  Beowulf  50 
Morton,  Agnes  H.  Our  Conversational  Circle  .  25 
Moses,  Bernard.  Democracy  and  Social  Growth  in 

America 20 

Moulton,  R.  G.     Bible  Stories 162 

Muirhead,  J.  F.  The  Land  of  Contrasts  ...  56 
Murison,  A.  F.  Sir  William  Wallace  .  .  .  .130 
Musgrove,  Charles  M.  The  Dream  Beautiful  .  276 
Newcomb,  H.  T.  Railway  Economics  ....  89 
Newcomer,  A.  G.  Elements  of  Rhetoric  .  .  .  129 
Nichols,  A.  B.  Lessing's  Minna  von  Barnhelm  .  163 

Noa,  F.  M.     Pearl  of  the  Antilles 395 

O'Brien,  R.  Barry.     Life  of  Parnell 74 

Ober,  F.  A.     Puerto  Rico 279 

Old  South  Leaflets 132 

Ostrovsky,  Alexander.     The  Storm 335 

Oxenham,  John.     God's  Prisoner 245 

Palmer,  Roundell,  Earl  of  Selborne.  Memorials  .  149 
Parker,  Gilbert.  Battle  of  the  Strong  ....  125 
Parker,  J.  H.  The  Gatlings  at  Santiago  .  .  .  272 

Parker,  W.  B.     Religion  of  Kipling 314 

Peabody,  F.  G.  Afternoons  in  a  College  Chapel  .  203 
Peabody,  Josephine  P.  The  Wayfarers  .  .  .  277 
Peck,  Charles  H.  The  Jacksonian  Epoch  .  .  .  343 
Peck,  Harry  T.  Trimalchio's  Dinner  ....  159 
Peixotto,  E.  C.  Ten  Drawings  in  Chinatown  .  .  88 
Pemberton,  Max.  The  Phantom  Army  ....  245 

Perry,  Lilla  Cabot.     Impressions 53 

Phillimore,  Catherine  M.     Dante  at  Ravenna  .     .     82 

Phipson,  T.  L.     Voice  and  Violin 341 

Pollock,  Sir  Frederick.  Spinoza,  second  edition  .  314 
Potter,  Bishop.  Addresses  to  Women  Engaged  in 

Church  Work 199 

Proal,  Louis.     Political  Crime 20 

Prothero,  R.  E.,  and  Coleridge,  E.  H.     Works  of 

Byron 330 

"  Raimond,  C.  E."  The  Open  Question  .  .  .  244 
Ramsay,  Sir  J.  H.  Foundations  of  Englapd  .  .  159 
Rathborne,  A.  B.  Camping  and  Tramping  in 

Malaya 157 

Ratzel,  Friedrich.  History  of  Mankind,  Vol.  III.  402 
Rausehenbusch-Clough,  Emma.  Mary  Wollstone- 

craft 312 

Repplier,  Agnes.     Philadelphia 88 

Rettger,  L.  J.  Studies  in  Advanced  Physiology  .  248 
Rhead,  George  and  Louis.  Idylls  of  the  King  .  87 

Rice,  Wallace.     Flying  Sands 52 

Rice,  Wallace.  Poems  of  Francis  Brooks  ...  53 
Riis,  Jacob  A.  Out  of  Mulberry  Street  .  .  .  399 
Rivers,  G.  R.  R.  The  Count's  Snuff-Box  .  .  .124 

Robertson,  Sir  George  S.     Chitral 157 

Robinson,  A.  G.  Porto  Rico  of  To-day  .  .  .  279 
Robinson,  Harriet  H.  Loom  and  Spindle  .  .  .  127 
Robinson,  J.  H.,  and  Rolfe,  H.  W.  Petrarch  .  .  373 
Rocca,  Count  E.  D.  Autobiography  of  a  Veteran  281 
Romero,  Matias.  Mexico  and  the  U.  S.,  Vol.  I.  .  243 

Ropes,  J.  C.     The  Civil  War,  Vol.  II 151 

Rose,  W.  K.  With  the  Greeks  in  Thessaly  .  .  158 
Rosenfeld,  Morris.  Songs  from  the  Ghetto  .  .  54 
Rossetti,W  .  M.  Ruskin,  Rossetti,  Preraphaelitism  336 


PAGE 

Rouse,  -W.  H.  D.  History  of  Rugby  School  .  .  116 
Royce,  Josiah.  Studies  of  Good  and  Evil  .  .  .  121 
Runciman,  J.  F.  Old  Scores  and  New  Readings  342 
Russell,  Frank.  Explorations  in  the  Far  North  .  314 
Russell,  I.  C.  Rivers  of  North  America  .  .  .  129 
Russell,  James  E.  German  Higher  Schools  .  .116 

Russell,  Lady,  Memoirs  of 246 

Saint-Amand,  I.  de.  Court  of  the  Second  Empire  131 
Sanborn,  F.  B.  Memoirs  of  Pliny  Earle  ...  79 

Sanders,  George  A.     Reality 22 

Sanderson,  Edgar.     History  of  the  World  .     .     .  126 
Sands,  B.  F.    Reefer  to  Rear-Admiral     ....  375 

Savage,  Philip  Henry.     Poems.     ......  276 

Scollard,  Clinton.  A  Christmas  Garland  ...  52 
Scott,  Duncan  C.  Labor  and  the  Angel  ...  54 
Scott,  William.  Rock  Villages  of  the  Riviera  .  .313 
Scott's  Works,  »  Temple  "  edition  .  .  25, 249,  377 
Scudder,  Vida  D.  Social  Ideals  in  English  Letters  246 

Sears,  Lorenzo.     Literary  Criticism 60 

Seklemian,  A.  G.  The  Golden  Maiden  ....  24 
Seligman,  E.  R.  A.  Shifting  and  Incidence  of 

Taxation 162 

Sergyeenko,  P.  A.  How  Tolstoy  Lives  and  Works  346 
Shaw,  Bernard.  The  Perfect  Wagnerite  .  .  .  342 
Shaylor,  Joseph.  Pleasures  of  Literature  ...  60 
Shearman,  T.  G.  Natural  Taxation,  enlarged  ed.  22 
Shepard,  Irwin.  National  Educational  Association 

Proceedings  for  1898 123 

Siebert,  W.  H.     The  Underground  Railroad   .     .112 

Sienkiewicz,  Henryk.     Sielanka 310 

Sigsbee,  C.  D.     The  «  Maine  " 272 

Smith,  E.  Franklin.     Anatomy,  Physiology,  and 

Hygiene 131 

Smith,  Eleanor.  Songs  of  Life  and  Nature  ...  60 
Smith,  G.  A.  Life  of  Henry  Drummond  .  .  .  154 

Smith,  Pamela  C.     Color  Prints 131 

Smithsonian  Institution  Report  for  1896      .     .     .  267 
Smithsonian  Institution,  Report  of  Board  of  Re- 
gents for  1896-97 332 

Sombart,  Werner.  Socialism  and  the  Social  Move- 
ment  20 

Spanish-American  War,  by  Eye-Witnesses  .  .  .  274 
Sparks,  F.  E.  Causes  of  Maryland  Revolution  of 

1689 210 

Spears,  J.  R.  Our  Navy  in  the  War  with  Spain  .  273 
Starr,  Frederick.  American  Indians  ....  132 
Statbam,  H.  Heathcote.  Architecture  among  the 

Poets 247 

Steevens,  G.  W.  With  Kitchener  to  Khartum  .  .  128 
Stephen,  Leslie.  Studies  of  a  Biographer  ...  46 
Stephens,  R.  N.  The  Road  to  Paris  ....  124 
Stetson,  Charlotte  P.  Women  and  Economics  .  85 

Stillman,  W.  J.     Union  of  Italy 159 

Stockton,  Frank  R.  The  Associate  Hermits  .  .  124 
Stoddard,  C.  W.  Cruise  under  the  Crescent  .  .  158 
Stone,  W.  J.  Use  of  Classical  Metres  in  English  .  210 
Strobel,  E.  H.  The  Spanish  Revolution  ....  248' 
Strunk,  W.,  Jr.  Dryden's  Essays  on  the  Drama  .  121 
Sturgis,  Julian.  A  Boy  in  the  Peninsular  War  .  .  280 
Suffolk  and  Berkshire,  Earl  of,  Encyclopaedia  of 

Sport,  Vol.  II 345 

Sullivan,  E.  J.  Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus  ...  89 
Syle,  L.  Dupont.  Essays  in  Dramatic  Criticism  .  119 
Symonds,  J.  A.  Sketches  and  Studies,  new  ed.  60,  250 
Symons,  Arthur.  Aubrey  Beardsley  ....  391 

Talbot,  E.  S.     Degeneracy 312 

Tarelli,  Charles  Camp.     Persephone 56 

Taylor,  F.  G.     Introduction  to  Calculus      .     .     .  314 


Vlll. 


INDEX. 


Taylor,  Hannis.     English  Constitution,  Vol.  It.  .     15 

«  Temple  Classics  " 249,  282,  314,  346 

Thackeray's  Works,  "  Biographical  "  edition 

59,  89,  248,  314,  327 

Thomas,  Augustus.     Alabama 402 

Thomas,  D.  M.  Day-Book  of  Wonders,  2d  edition  282 
Thomas,  Grace  P.  Where  to  Educate  ....  131 

Thompson,  Sylvanus  P.     Faraday 345 

Torrey,  Bradford.    A  World  of  Green  Hills    .     .     59 

Toynbee,  Paget.     Dante  Dictionary 81 

Tschudi,  Clara.     Marie  Antoinette 23 

Van  Noppen,  L.  C.     Vondel's  Lucifer    ....     58 

Verhaeren,  Emile.     The  Dawn 336 

Vibart,  Edward.     The  Sepoy  Mutiny     ....  200 

Vincent,  Leon  H.     The  Bibliotaph 24 

Vivian,  T.  J.,  and  Smith,  R.  P.    Everything  about 

Our  New  Possessions 395 

Wace,  Henry.     Sacrifice  of  Christ 199 

Walker,  Francis  A.  Discussions  in  Education  .  115 
Wallace,  Alfred  R.  The  Wonderful  Century  .  130 
Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry.  New  Forms  of  Christian 

Education 198 

Warman,  Cy.  Story  of  the  Railroad  .  .  .  .281 
Waterman,  Nixon.  Ben  King's  Verse  ....  53 
Watson,  H.  B.  Marriott.  The  Adventurers  .  .  126 
Webb,  Sidney  and  Beatrice.  Problems  of  Modern 

Industry 22 


PAGE 

Welldon,  J.  E.  E.  Hope  of  Immortality  .  .  .199 
Wells,  B.  W.  Century  of  French  Fiction  .  .  .311 
Wenley,  R.  N.  Preparation  for  Christianity  .  .  199 
Weston,  Jessie  L.  Sir  Gawain  and  the  Green  Knight  25 
Wheeler,  Joseph.  The  Santiago  Campaign  .  .  272 
Wheeler,  Stephen.  Letters  of  Landor  .  .  .  .  305 
White,  E.  R.  Songs  of  Good  Fighting  .  .  .  .277 
Whiting,  Lilian.  From  Dreamland  Sent,  new  ed.  314 
Whittaker,  J.  T.  Exiled  for  Lese  Majeste  .  .125 
Wilcox,  Marrion.  Short  History  of  War  with  Spain  274 
Wilkinson,  F.  Story  of  the  Cotton  Plant  .  .  .  163 

Willert,  P.  F.     Mirabeau 202 

Willoughby,  W.  F.  Workingmen's  Insurance  .  21 
Willoughby,  W.  W.  American  Citizenship  .  .  281 
Wilson,  David.  Mr.  Froude  and  Carlyle  .  .  .  312 
Wilson,  R.  B.  Shadows  of  the  Trees  .  .  .  .275 
Winslow,  L.  Forbes.  Mad  Humanity  ....  313 

With  Bought  Swords 125 

Witte,  Karl.     Essays  on  Dante 82 

Woods,  Robert  A.     The  City  Wilderness    .     .     .  399 

Wright,  C.  D.    Practical  Sociology 399 

Wright,  C.  D.  Statesman's  Year-Book,  1899  .  376 
Wyckoff,  W.  A.  The  Workers  in  the  West  .  .  399 
Wyndham,  George.  Poems  of  Shakespeare  .  .  14 
Yaraada,  K.  Scenes  in  Life  of  Buddha  ...  60 
Yarnall,  Ellis.  Wordsworth  and  the  Coleridges  .  401 
Younghusband,  G.  J.  Philippines  and  Round  About  394 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Airs  of  Spring.  Poem.  John  Vance  Cheney  .  .  301 

Anti-Expansion  Literature,  Recent 61 

"  Barbara  Freitchie,"  An  English  Version  of. 

J.G.M. 148 

Bond  and  Free.  Poem.  W.  C.  Lawton  .  .  .329 
Book  Distribution:  A  Suggestion.  W.H.Johnson  43 

Boutell,  Louis  Henry,  Death  of 90 

Boyd,  Rev.  A.  K.  H.,  Death  of  .  • 210 

"  Cambridge  "  Tennyson,  Notes  to  the.  W.  J.  Rolfe  72 
Central  Modern  Language  Association,  Nebraska 

Meeting  of.  W.  H.  Carruth 43 

Collegiate  Alumnae,  Association  of,  "  Magazine 

Number" 133 

Critics,  What  Are  They  For  ?  E.  E.  Slosson  .111 
"  Death  to  the  Spanish  Yoke."  Alexander  Jessup  148 

Erckmann,  Emile,  Death  of 249 

Free  Speech,  Right  of.  W.  H.  Johnson  ....  363 
Goethe  Monument  in  Strassburg,  The  Proposed. 

James  Taft  Hatfield 8 

History,  Machine  Theory  of.  James  F.  Morton  .  190 
Japan,  Renaissances  in.  Ernest  W.  Clement  .  .  147 
Japanese,  What  They  Read.  Ernest  W.  Clement  301 
Kipling,  Suit  of,  against  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  .  .  347 
Kipling's  "  Cynical  Jingoism  "  toward  the  Brown 

Man.  Henry  Wysham  Lanier 389 

Lampman,  Archibald,  Death  of 133 

Lee,  Sidney,  Sonnet  by  Professor  Dowden  to  .  .  26 

"  Literature,"  American  edition  of 91 

Man-Poet,  Passing  of  the.  Philister 329 

"  Man- Poet,"  the,  Is  he  Passing  ?  S.  E.  B.  .  .  362 
Mason,  Edward  Gay,  Death  of 7 


Modern  Language  Association,  Virginia  Meeting  of. 

Thomas  S.  Baker 42 

Nursery  Classics,  American  Variants  of.  Charles 

Welsh ,  ....  189 

Philippine  Question,  Free  Discussion  of  the.  David 

Starr  Jordan 390 

Pinnace,  The  White.  Poem.  Katharine  Lee  Bates  8 

Poe  Again.  Charles  Leonard  Moore 236 

"  Poe,  American  Rejection  of,"  Some  Causes  of. 

Caroline  Sheldon 110 

Poe,  Is  he  "  Rejected  "  in  America  ?  John  L.  Hervey  73 
Poe,  Was  he  Mathematically  Accurate  ?  Albert 

H.  Tolman 189 

Poe,  Why  Is  He  «  Rejected"  in  America  ?  A.  C. 

Barrows 109 

Poetry,  A  Philistine  View  of.  Wallace  Rice  .  .  362 

Publisher's  Protest,  A.  Alfred  Null 300 

Sampson  at  Santiago A  Correction.  W.  A.  M. 

Goode 301 

School  Legislation  for  Large  Cities  and  Small. 

Aaron  Gove 147 

Scorn  Not  the  Ass.  W.  R.  K 390 

Scouts  of  Spring.  Sonnet.  Emily  Huntington  Miller  237 
Shakespeare.  Sonnet.  Edith  C.  Banfield  ...  72 

Shorey,  Daniel  Lewis,  Death  of 211 

Spirit  of  Song.  Poem.  Clinton  Scollard  .  .  .  389 

Sullivan,  William  K.,  Death  of 90 

Tennyson  Bibliographies.  Albert  E.  Jack  .  .  .  329 
Thackeray  and  the  American  Newspapers.  Emily 

Huntington  Miller 73 

University  of  Chicago  College  for  Teachers  .  .  19 


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THEOLOGY,  THE  BIBLE,  Etc. 

ENCYCLOPAEDIA  BIBLICA.— A  Dictionary  of  the 
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Editors,  the  Rev.  T.  K.  CHEYNE,  LL.D.,  Canon  of  Roches- 
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McCURDY.  — The   History,    Prophecy,   and    the 
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SULLIVAN.— Morality  as  a  Religion. 

An  Exposition  of  Some  First  Principles.  By  W.  R.  WASH- 
INGTON SULLIVAN.  12mo,  cloth. 

VAN  DYKE.— The  Gospel  for  an  Age  of  Sin. 

By  HENRY  VAN  DYKE,  D.D.,  author  of  "The  Gospel  for 
an  Age  of  Doubt,"  etc.,  to  which  the  above  is  a  companion. 


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No.  254.   BELINDA  — AND  SOME  OTHERS.     By  ETHEL 
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acter and  rare  adroitness  and  power  of  sympathy  in  its  delineation. 

No.  252.  CONCERNING  ISABEL  CARNABY.     By  ELLEN 

THORNEYCROFT  FOWLER. 

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the  leading  characters  are  really  studied,  and  the  detail  is  obviously 
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writes  without  malice,  yet  with  shrewdness  and  humor."—  Westminster 
Gazette. 


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No.  sol.        JANUAKY  1,  1899.    Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  BOOKS 


PAGE 
5 


EDWARD  GAY  MASON     ..........      7 

THE  WHITE  PINNACE.  (Poem.)  Katharine  Lee  Bates      8 

COMMUNICATION  .............      8 

The    Proposed    Goethe    Monument   in   Strassburg. 
James  Taft  Hatfield. 


A  STATESMAN'S  RETROSPECT.    E.G.J.. 


8 


SOME   RECENT  ILLUSTRATIONS    OP   SHAKE- 

SPEARE.   Melville  B.Anderson    ......    11 

The  Winter's  Tale,  variorum  edition.  —  Madden's 
The  Diary  of  Master  William  Silence.  —  Wyndham's 
The  Poems  of  Shakespeare.  —  Lee's  A  Life  of  Will- 
iam Shakespeare.  —  Fleming's  How  to  Study  Shake- 
speare. 

THE  ENGLISH  CONSTITUTION.     John  J.  Halsey    15 

FOR  THE  STAGE  OR  THE  STUDY.     Edward  E. 

Hale,  Jr  ................    17 

DISCUSSIONS    OF    THE    SOCIAL    MOVEMENT, 
THEORETICAL  AND  PRACTICAL.     C.  R. 
Henderson      ..............    19 

Crowell's  The  Logical  Process  of  Social  Progress.  — 
Moses'  Democracy  and  Social  Growth  in  America.  — 
Proal's  Political  Crime.  —  Willoughby's  Working- 
men's  Insurance.  —  Davidson's  The  Bargain  Theory 
of  Wages.  —  Lloyd's  Labor  Copartnership.  —  Webb's 
Problems  of  Modern  Industry.  —  Shearman's  Natural 
Taxation,  enlarged  edition.  —  Miss  Lord's  Industrial 
Experiments  in  the  British  Colonies  of  North  Amer- 
ica. —  Sander's  Reality.  —  Gladden's  The  Christian 
Pastor  and  the  Working  Church. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS  ..........    23 

A  new  life  of  Marie  Antoinette.  —  A  new  reference 
Bible.  —  Folk-tales  of  Armenia.  —  Literary  essays  in 
lighter  vein.  —  A  Boston  merchant  in  colonial  days.  — 
The  latest  biographer  of  General  Grant.  —  A  popular 
treatment  of  Darwinism.  —  The  revival  of  a  lost  art. 

LITERARY  NOTES     ............    25 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS  .....    26 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .    26 


THE  DISTRIBUTION  OF  BOOKS. 

Once  more  the  plaint  of  the  bookseller  is 
heard  in  the  land,  and  one  would  be  indeed 
stony-hearted  who  could  view  his  condition 
without  concern.  His  occupation  is  slipping 
from  him,  through  the  action  of  irresistible 
economic  laws,  and  the  thoughtless  public  pays 
little  heed  to  his  plight.  The  great  dealers  in 
miscellaneous  merchandise  are  slowly  but  surely 
absorbing  the  retail  trade  in  books,  and,  not 
content  to  supply  the  customers  who  can  come 
to  their  vast  stores,  are  reaching  out,  by  adver- 
tisements and  other  devices,  to  get  possession 
of  the  customers  who  have  hitherto  supported 
the  booksellers  of  the  smaller  towns.  The  old- 
fashioned  type  of  bookseller  is  by  way  of  join- 
ing the  dodo  and  the  megathesium,  just  as  the 
old-fashioned  college  president,  and  the  all- 
around  lawyer,  and  the  general  medical  prac- 
titioner, are  passing  from  the  places  that  soon 
shall  know  them  no  more.  It  is  a  melancholy 
sight  for  those  who  cling  to  old  ways  and  old 
institutions,  but  "  there  is  no  help  for  these 
things,"  as  the  poet  has  it,  and  we  must  learn 
to  adapt  ourselves  to  the  new  conditions.  The 
quiet  and  venerable  scholar  who  formerly  ruled 
over  his  college  as  a  world  apart  has  given  place 
to  the  energetic  young  man  of  business  instincts 
and  capacity  for  advertising  his  institution ; 
the  professional  man  in  whose  hands  you  once 
placed  your  case,  whatever  it  might  be,  with 
confidence  that  he  would  know  how  to  deal  with 
it,  has  given  place  to  the  specialist  who  nine 
times  out  of  ten  would  n't  understand  your  case 
at  all.  And,  coming  to  the  point  of  our  pres- 
ent theme,  the  bookseller  who  used  to  think  fifty 
per  cent  not  too  large  a  profit  upon  his  wares, 
considering  that  he  offered  as  a  bonus  his  good 
advice  and  genial  friendship,  has  given  place 
to  the  merchant  who  can  wax  fat  upon  ten  per 
cent,  or  less,  of  profit,  but  is  too  busy  to  have 
either  advice  or  friendship  to  spare  for  you. 

It  is  evident  that  the  entire  business  of  the 
distribution  of  books  is  just  now  in  a  transition 
state,  and  that  its  immediate  condition  is  dis- 
tressing, or  at  least  has  distressing  features,  to 
the  more  conservative  and  thoughtful  part  of 
the  public.  We  are  inclined  to  believe,  as  will 
be  suggested  later  on,  that  this  transition  state 


6 


THE    DIAL, 


[Jan.  1, 


is  not  altogether  unpromising  for  the  future, 
and  that  the  outcome  may  be  of  a  nature  not 
inimical  to  the  best  interests  of  culture.  But 
the  present  condition  of  affairs  is  an  unques- 
tionable hardship  for  the  bookseller,  who  is  a 
middleman,  and  who  is  bound  to  suffer  from 
the  ,  general  and  undiscriminating  onslaught 
upon  middlemen  which  is  characteristic  of  the 
existing  economic  situation.  As  the  organiza- 
tion of  business  becomes  more  and  more  com- 
plete, it  is  inevitable  that  the  profits  of  the 
middleman  should  be  reduced,  and  the  more 
compact  social  arrangements  toward  which  we 
are  tending  must  mean  for  the  bookseller,  as 
for  so  many  others,  a  sharper  struggle  for  ex- 
istence than  he  has  heretofore  been  called  upon 
to  make. 

One  of  the  experiments  most  ominous  to 
the  bookseller  is  that  recently  made  by  a  pub- 
lishing house  which  advertises  broadcast  its 
willingness  to  send  any  of  its  publications  to 
any  address  upon  the  receipt  of  a  postal  card  re- 
quest, trusting  to  the  honesty  of  the  prospective 
purchaser  either  to  return  the  book  or  to  pay 
for  it.  This  plan  shows  a  remarkable  confi- 
dence in  human  nature  —  at  least  in  the  human 
nature  of  the  book-buying  public  —  and  we 
shall  be  much  interested  to  learn  how  successful 
it  proves.  Its  general  adoption  by  publishers 
would  tend  to  eliminate  retail  bookselling  from 
the  list  of  business  occupations.  Still  another 
experiment  of  which  the  bookseller  makes  com- 
plaint is  that  of  selling  books  of  the  more  ex- 
pensive sort  upon  the  instalment  plan,  the 
entire  work  being  delivered  upon  receipt  of 
the  order  and  the  first  payment.  This  method 
of  depleting  the  book-buyer's  purse  has  long 
found  favor  with  the  publishers  of  works  sold 
by  subscription,  and  now  certain  publishers  of 
the  regular  sort  seem  inclined  to  see  what  they 
can  do  with  it.  Such  experiments  as  these,  and 
others  that  might  be  mentioned,  are  extremely 
interesting  to  the  economist,  and  both  interest- 
ing and  enjoyable  to  those  tradesmen  who  profit 
by  them  directly,  but  they  are  "  death  to  the 
frogs,"  who  may  be  excused  for  croaking  rather 
more  vociferously  than  usual  at  the  ingenious 
devices  of  which  they  are  victims. 

Still  another  onslaught  upon  the  bookseller's 
peace  of  mind,  an  onslaught  so  unexpected  and 
so  startling  that  it  left  him  gasping  for  breath, 
was  that  made  a  few  months  ago  by  Librarian 
Dewey,  who  calmly  proposed  that  the  public 
libraries  throughout  the  country  should  become 
book-selling  as  well  as  book-circulating  agen- 
cies. In  other  words,  he  proposed  to  sweep  the 


private  bookseller  out  of  existence  as  completely 
as  his  namesake  swept  out  of  existence  the 
Spanish  fleet  at  Manila.  Booksellers  have 
always  looked  askance  at  public  libraries,  not 
understanding  how  they  create  an  appetite  for 
reading  that  is  sure  in  the  end  to  redound  to 
the  bookseller's  advantage,  but  their  suspicious 
fears  never  anticipated  the  explosion  in  their 
camp  of  such  a  bombshell  as  this.  Fortunately 
for  them,  the  suggestion  was  not  taken  very 
seriously  by  those  to  whom  it  was  made,  its 
flavor  of  state  socialism  being  too  strong  for  the 
public  mind,  even  in  the  lax  and  receptive  con- 
dition to  which  that  mind  has  become  reduced 
of  recent  years.  If  the  state  or  the  municipality 
were  to  go  into  the  business  of  selling  books  at 
cost,  what  should  prevent  it  from  doing  the  like 
with  groceries  ? 

All  these  insidious  devices  for  supplanting  the 
bookseller  must  be  met,  if  they  are  to  be  met  at 
all,  by  the  more  effective  organization  of  his 
trade.  The  most  promising  suggestion  put  for- 
ward in  his  behalf  has  been  "made  in  Germany," 
or  rather  practised  there,  and  explained  to  En- 
glish readers  by  Professor  J.  G.  Robertson  in 
a  recent  number  of  "  Literature."  "  So  com- 
plete is  the  organization,"  we  are  informed, 
of  the  German  retail  bookselling  trade,  "  that 
a  publisher  can  rely  on  having  whatever  special 
treatises  he  may  undertake  to  publish  brought 
directly  under  the  eyes  of  every  scholar  in  the 
country  who  is  in  the  least  likely  to  become 
a  purchaser,  and  this  without  any  trouble  or 
expense  for  advertising  on  his  part.  Every 
retail  bookseller,  even  in  the  smallest  German 
town,  is,  thanks  to  the  excellence  of  the  German 
system,  in  a  position  to  send,  and,  as  a  matter 
of  course,  does  send,  his  customers  copies  on 
approbation  (Exemplare  zur  Ansicht)  of  all 
new  books  in  which  they  are  interested."  Com- 
pare such  a  practice  with  that  of  the  American 
bookseller,  whose  utmost  effort  in  this  direction 
is  to  send  to  his  customers  a  classified  list  of  all 
the  publications  of  the  month,  leaving  the  cus- 
tomers to  hunt  out  the  titles  that  seem  attract- 
ive, and  to  order  the  books  on  the  chances  of 
their  proving  satisfactory.  If  our  booksellers 
would  cooperate  in  such  fashion  as  this  with  our 
publishers,  there  would  be  small  danger  of  the 
publishers'  resorting  to  ingenious  methods  for 
the  elimination  of  the  booksellers  from  the  field 
of  competition.  Or  rather,  there  would  no  longer 
be  any  real  competition  between  the  two  classes, 
but  a  relation  of  mutual  helpfulness  that  would 
impel  each  of  them  to  cherish  the  interests  of 
the  other. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


7 


We  said,  early  in  this  discussion,  that  the 
future  of  bookselling  does  not  seem  to  us,  on 
the  whole,  unpromising.  Beyond  such  special 
suggestions,  as  have  already  been  made  and 
that  might  be  made,  looking  toward  an  improved 
organization  and  a  closer  cooperation,  there  is 
the  broad  general  fact  that  the  appetite  for 
books  is  constantly  growing  among  our  popu- 
lation. The  increasing  importance  of  books  as 
a  part  of  the  household  furnishings  is  a  phenom- 
enon that  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  attention  of 
all  observers.  The  sort  of  household  that,  a 
generation  ago,  had  only  a  few  nondescript  vol- 
umes piled  away  upon  the  shelf  of  some  closet 
now  has  a  neat  and  well-filled  bookcase.  The 
household  that  then  had  a  few  shelves  now  has 
as  many  cases.  They  may  be  cheap  books  — 
but  books  they  are  —  and  the  proportion  among 
them  of  really  good  literature  is  surprising. 
This  seems  to  be  an  entirely  natural  develop- 
ment, and  the  time  is  coming  when  reading- 
matter  will  be  as  staple  a  commodity  as  gro- 
ceries, and  as  necessary  for  the  daily  needs. 
Nor  will  these  needs  be  supplied,  in  the  long 
run,  by  newspapers  and  magazines,  or  by  the 
providence  of  the  public  libraries.  These  things 
merely  create  an  appetite  which  nothing  but 
books  can  eventually  satisfy.  It  is  folly,  then, 
to  assume  that  bookstores  will  be  lacking  to 
satisfy  this  appetite  for  the  possession  of  liter- 
ature, since  the  book- buyer,  as  a  rule,  wants  to 
inspect  his  books  before  buying,  and  the  retail 
trade  in  books  is  as  sure  of  customers  as  the 
retail  trade  in  eggs  and  poultry.  That  trade, 
we  have  not  the  least  doubt,  will  emerge  tri- 
umphant from  its  seeming  temporary  eclipse, 
but  it  will  be  adapted  to  the  new  conditions,  it 
will  be  reorganized  to  meet  the  new  demands, 
and  it  will  be  willing  to  find  in  its  larger  sales 
a  compensation  for  its  lessened  percentage  of 
profit. 


EDWARD  GAY  MASON. 


In  the  death  of  Edward  Gay  Mason,  on  the 
eighteenth  of  December,  THE  DIAL  lost  a  valued 
contributor,  and  Chicago  one  of  its  most  distin- 
guished citizens.  Men  of  his  type  are  not  common  in 
any  community,  and  are  rare  indeed  in  such  a  place 
as  Chicago,  where  the  hitherto  all-important  spirit 
of  commercialism  is  but  just  beginning  to  recognize 
the  claims  of  other  than  business  interests  upon  the 
life  of  man.  It  was  in  this  city  that  Mr.  Mason, 
a  native  of  Connecticut,  lived  for  nearly  forty  of  the 
best  years  of  the  fifty-nine  allotted  him.  And  it  is 
this  city  alone  that  realizes  to  the  full  the  loss  that 


comes  from  his  untimely  taking-off .  The  outside 
world  heard  of  him  from  time  to  time  as  an  eminent 
lawyer,  as  a  member  of  the  governing  body  of  Yale 
University,  and  as  a  specialist  in  American  history. 
Chicago  knew-  him  continuously  and  intimately,  as 
the  active  friend  of  all  worthy  enterprises,  as  an  intel- 
lectual force  in  the  society  of  which  he  was  a  part,  as 
a  good  citizen  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  term.  As 
a  leader  of  the  Chicago  bar,  as  a  controlling  spirit  in 
the  higher  club  life  of  the  city,  as  a  brilliant  public 
speaker  upon  occasions  both  formal  and  informal, 
his  memory  will  fade  as  those  who  knew  him  in  these 
activities  pass  from  the  stage.  But  one  monument, 
at  least,  remains  to  keep  his  memory  green  —  and 
that  is  the  impressive  building  of  the  Chicago  Histori- 
cal Society,  which,  with  its  rich  collection  of  books 
and  manuscripts,  of  portraits  and  autographs,  relat- 
ing to  the  early  Northwest,  is  a  memorial  of  his  zeal 
as  a  collector,  his  enthusiasm  as  a  student,  and  his 
power  to  enlist  the  aid  of  his  fellows  in  giving  per- 
manent embodiment  to  a  fine  conception.  He  was  by 
no  means  the  only  man  deserving  of  remembrance  in 
this  connection,  but  for  a  score  of  years  past  his  was 
the  leading  spirit  in  the  common  endeavor  of  the 
members  of  the  Society  to  bring  together  for  future 
historians  the  mass  of  material  now  contained  within 
the  fine  structure  in  Dearborn  Avenue.  Since  the 
Society  had,  upon  two  occasions  in  its  earlier  days, 
lost  all  of  its  collections  by  fire,  he  was  determined 
to  make  a  third  disaster  of  the  sort  impossible,  and 
it  was  due  to  his  insistence  upon  Ibis  point  that  the 
permanent  home  of  the  organization  is  a  building 
into  whose  construction  nothing  combustible  enters, 
a  building  fireproof  in  the  literal  sense  of  the  word. 
As  a  writer,  Mr.  Mason  never  found  time  to  do  the 
work  that  it  was  in  him  to  perform.  His  publica- 
tions take  the  fugitive  form  of  such  papers  and 
pamphlets  as  "  The  March  of  the  Spaniards  across 
Illinois,"  "Old  Fort  Chartres,"  "Illinois  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,"  "  Kaskaskia  and  its  Parish 
Records,"  and  many  other  titles.  Some  years  ago 
he  was  commissioned  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Miffiin 
&  Co.  to  write  the  history  of  "  Illinois  "  for  the 
"  American  Commonwealths  "  series,  and  accepted 
the  task.  No  man  was  better  equipped  for  this  work, 
and  it  is  cause  for  deep  regret  that  he  should  not  have 
lived  to  complete  it.  A  portion  of  the  manuscript 
exists,  and  it  is  possible  that  the  work  is  sufficiently 
advanced  to  make  its  completion  by  another  hand 
a  work  of  no  great  difficulty.  If  this  be  the  case, 
no  time  should  be  lost  in  carrying  out  the  plan,  and 
in  utilizing  whatever  it  still  be  possible  to  utilize  of 
the  material  collected  by  him.  If,  more  particularly, 
the  portion  of  the  work  substantially  completed 
covers  the  early  period  of  Illinois  history,  with  which 
no  other  man  was  so  competent  to  deal,  it  should 
not  be  a  matter  of  great  difficulty  to  supply  chapters 
upon  the  later  period,  and  thus  bring  the  work  down 
to  our  own  times.  The  performance  of  this  task 
would  be  the  best  possible  service  to  his  memory, 
besides  making  an  important  contribution  to  Amer- 
ican historical  literature. 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


THE  WHITE  PINNACE. 


[IN  MEMORY  OF  MARY  SHELDON  BARNES.] 

"  And  nowe  being  here  mored  in  Port  Desire." 

Ho,  the  White  Pinnace!  the  Foam- white  Pinnace! 

Blithe  and  free  as  the  seagull's  wing! 
A-leap  to  discover  the  dim  seas  over 

Lovelier  lands  than  the  poets  sing. 

Ho,  the  White  Pinnace!  the  Joy-bright  Pinnace! 

The  blue  wave  creams  at  her  eager  blow. 
'T  is  well  with  the  sail  that  hears  her  hail, 

And  sees  her  pass  like  a  flight  of  snow. 

Ho,  the  White  Pinnace!  the  Dove- white  Pinnace! 

Tender  for  rock  and  fragile  for  gale! 
Her  Indies  rise  where  to  mortal  eyes 

Is  only  the  mid-sea  moonshine  pale. 

Ah,  the  White  Pinnace!  the  Moon-light  Pinnace! 

Trembling  from  view  in  that  strange  white  fire! 
Yet  mariners  know,  where  God's  tides  flow, 

And  only  there,  lies  Port  Desire. 

KATHARINE  LEE  BATES. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 


THE  PROPOSED  GOETHE  MONUMENT  IN 

STRASSBURG. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  ) 

The  year  1899  brings  with  it  the  150th  anniversary 
of  Goethe's  birth.  An  influential  German  committee, 
under  the  protectorate  of  the  Grand  Duke  Carl  Alex- 
ander of  Weimar,  has  invited  not  only  the  inhabitants 
of  Alsace,  German  students,  and  patriotic  Germans  in 
general,  but  also  people  of  culture  everywhere  who 
acknowledge  a  debt  to  the  great  author,  to  lend  their 
aid  toward  erecting  a  statue  of  "  the  young  Goethe  "  in 
Strassburg.  The  project  is  progressing  steadily,  and 
already  more  than  12,000  marks  have  been  subscribed 
in  Germany. 

Many  Americans  recall  with  great  pleasure  the  very 
active  interest  and  participation  shown  by  a  number  of 
the  most  influential  professors  and  scholars  of  Berlin  last 
year  at  the  time  when  our  students  instituted  a  celebra- 
tion of  Lowell's  birthday,  an  interest  which  carried  the 
project  to  a  distinct  success  which  it  could  not  have  hoped 
for  otherwise.  Doubtless  many  who  have  responded  to 
the  idyllic  charm  of  Goethe's  imperishable  Sesenheim 
idyl,  who  recall  that "  Goetz  "  and  "  Faust "  were  planned 
while  the  poet  was  a  student  at  Strassburg,  and  who  have 
had  pleasure  in  his  delightful  descriptions  of  that  city 
and  Alsace,  will  be  glad  to  add  some  share  to  the  noble 
and  substantial  tribute  which  is  to  be  erected.  To  give 
Americans  this  opportunity,  an  American  committee  has 
been  named,  to  assist  in  making  the  plan  known,  and  to 
receive  any  contributions,  however  small,  which  are  in- 
spired by  the  idea.  The  committee  consists  of  Professor 
Kuno  Francke  of  Harvard  University,  Professor  Horatio 
S.  White  of  Cornell  University,  and  the  undersigned. 
Contributions  can  be  sent  directly  to  any  member  of  the 
committee,  or  to  Messrs.  Ladenburg,  Thalmann  &  Co., 
bankers,  46  Wall  Street,  New  York  City. 

JAMES  TAFT  HATFIELD. 

Evanston,  Illinois,  Dec.  24,  1898. 


A  STATESMAN'S  RETROSPECT.* 

Bismarck's  autobiography,  at  last  before  us, 
is  a  better  book  than  Dr.  Busch's  discouraging 
forecast  led  us  to  expect.  Doubtless  Busch 
foresaw  in  it,  or  fancied  that  he  foresaw,  a 
dangerous  rival  of  his  own  performance ;  and, 
not  being  bred  in  a  school  of  over-scrupulosity, 
he  did  not  hesitate  to  brand  by  innuendo  the 
impending  competitor  in  advance  as  a  dull 
book.  He  might  have  spared  himself  the 
trouble.  The  work  is  of  a  quite  different  cast 
and  genre  from  his  own  racy  and  scandal- 
mongering  volumes,  and  so  is  not  likely  to  enter 
into,  or  at  least  to  remain  long  in,  competition 
with  them.  One  cannot  imagine  Dr.  Johnson 
writing  an  autobiography,  however  good,  that 
would  have  supplanted  Boswell's  book ;  and 
what  Boswell  did  for  the  lexicographer,  Busch 
has  done,  in  a  comparatively  limited  way  of 
course,  for  the  great  Chancellor.  Bismarck's 
book  is  essentially  one  for  the  student  of  po- 
litical history,  who  wants  clews  and  explana- 
tions, and  cares  little  for  the  lighter  matters  of 
personality  and  anecdote.  It  is  a  complete  key 
to  the  Bismarckian  system  of  politics  (it  a 
scheme  so  tempered  or  alloyed  with  opportun- 
ism can  properly  be  called  a  system),  as  car- 
ried into  practice  during  the  period  of  its  hold- 
er's ascendency  in  Prussian  counsels.  There 
need  in  the  future  be  no  debate  as  to  why  the 
masterful  Chancellor  acted  so  or  so  in  this  or 
that  important  political  juncture.  Such  doubts 
are  now  solved  for  us  in  the  most  authoritative 
way.  Of  narrative  proper  the  autobiography 
contains  but  little.  It  presupposes  in  the  reader 
a  competent  knowledge  of  the  events  of  which 
it  supplies,  in  so  far  as  the  author's  own  share 
in  them  went,  the  rationale.  Those  who  look 
to  it  mainly  for  the  spectacle  of  a  discarded 
and  embittered  statesman  indulging  his  turn 
for  satire  at  the  expense  of  his  whilom  foes 
will  be  disappointed.  Compared  with  Busch's 
examples  of  the  Chancellor's  ordinary  manner 
of  speech,  these  two  volumes  seem  even  elabo- 
rately circumspect  in  phrase  and  temperate  in 
judgment.  What  the  deferred  third  and  con- 
cluding volume,  in  which  the  present  Emperor 
is  to  be  brought  upon  the  scene,  may  develop, 

*  BISMARCK,  the  Man  and  the  Statesman:  Being  the  Re- 
flections and  Reminiscences  of  Otto,  Prince  von  Bismarck. 
Written  and  dictated  by  himself.  Translated  from  the  Ger- 
man under  the  supervision  of  A.  J.  Butler.  In  two  volumes, 
with  portraits.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


9 


we  can  only  conjecture.  But  in  the  present 
instalment  of  the  memoirs  there  seems  to  be 
little  that  "  Herr  Lehmann  "  himself,  the 
touchiest  of  created  mortals  (if  one  may  ven- 
ture to  call  Him  mortal)  can  take  umbrage  at 
—  which  must  be  a  comfort  to  the  judicious 
editor,  Herr  Kohl. 

In  his  youth  Bismarck  did  not  altogether 
escape  the  liberal  contagion,  then  in  the  air, 
and  he  had  brought  away  with  him  from  the 
preparatory  school,  which  was  conducted  on 
Jahn's  principles,  certain  German-National  im- 
pressions on  which,  he  says,  "  I  lived  from  my 
sixth  to  my  twelfth  year."  These  impressions 
remained  in  the  stage  of  theoretical  reflections, 
his  historical  and  innate  sympathies  leaning 
to  the  side  of  authority  as  embodied  in  the 
Prussian  monarchy.  Nevertheless,  on  entering 
the  University,  he  joined  a  students'  corps 
whose  watchword  was  German  nationalism. 
Mingled  with  the  Germanism  of  these  young 
men,  however,  were  certain  social  and  political 
extravagances  not  so  much  to  the  taste  of  the 
well-born  Prussian  Junker,  on  whose  nerves, 
too,  the  under-bred  ways  of  his  democratically 
minded  associates  grated.  Their  ideas  gave 
him  a  lasting  impression  of  an  "  association 
between  Utopian  theories  and  defective  breed- 
ing." But  he  managed  to  retain  a  sound  leaven 
of  practical  National  sentiment,  and  a  belief 
that  events  would  lead  in  the  not  remote  future 
to  German  unity.  "  I  made,"  he  says,  "  a  bet 
with  my  American  friend  Coffin  that  this  aim 
would  be  attained  in  twenty  years."  Bismarck's 
always  modest  stock  of  liberalism  was  percep- 
tibly lessened  by  the  Frankfort  riot  of  1833, 
and  dwindled  to  a  for  the  time  quite  negligible 
quantity  when  the  tocsin  of  actual  revolution 
affrighted  Berlin  in  the  March  days  of  1848. 
The  Prussian  capital,  which  once  cowered  under 
the  rattan  stick  of  a  decrepit  and  half-crazy 
tyrant,  now  fairly  took  the  bit  in  its  teeth,  and 
seemed,  while  the  fit  was  on,  not  unlikely  to 
furnish  a  clumsy  German  analogue  of  the  Paris 
drama  of  '89.  The  part  enacted  by  Bismarck 
in  that  momentous  year  is  well  known.  The 
course  he  favored  as  against  the  riotous  Ber- 
liners  is  well  indicated  in  the  marginal  note 
made  by  the  King  against  his  name  in  a  list  of 
suggested  Councillors  :  "  Only  to  be  employed 
when  the  bayonet  governs  unrestricted."  A 
conversation  Bismarck  had  with  the  King  in 
June  at  Sans-Souci  is  worth  recording : 

"  After  dinner  the  King  took  me  onto  the  terrace, 
and  asked  me  in  a  friendly  way :  '  How  are  you  getting 
on? '  In  the  irritable  state  I  had  been  in  ever  since 


the  March  days,  I  replied:  'Badly.'  The  King  said: 
'  I  think  the  feeling  is  good  in  your  parts.'  Thereupon, 
under  the  impression  made  by  some  regulations,  the 
contents  of  which  I  do  not  remember,  I  replied :  ' The 
feeling  was  very  good,  but  since  we  have  been  inocu- 
lated with  the  revolution  by  the  King's  officials  under 
the  royal  sign-manual,  it  has  become  bad.  What  we 
lack  is  confidence  in  the  support  of  the  King.'  At  that 
moment  the  Queen  stepped  out  from  the  shrubbery  and 
said:  '  How  can  you  speak  so  to  the  King.'  'Let  me 
alone,  Elise,'  replied  the  King,  '  I  shall  soon  settle  his 
business';  and  turning  to  me,  he  said:  'What  do  you 
really  reproach  me  with,  then? '  '  The  evacuation  of 
Berlin.'  'I  did  not  want  it  done,' replied  the  King; 
and  the  Queen,  who  had  remained  within  hearing,  added: 
'  Of  that  the  King  is  quite  innocent.  He  had  not  slept 
for  three  days.'  « A  King  ought  to  be  able  to  sleep,'  I 
replied.  Unmoved  by  this  blunt  remark,  the  King  said: 
'  It  is  always  easier  to  prophesy  when  you  know.  What 
would  be  gained  if  I  admitted  that  I  had  behaved  like 
a  donkey?  Something  more  than  reproaches  is  needed 
to  set  an  overturned  throne  up  again.  To  do  that  I 
need  assistance  and  active  devotion,  not  criticism?  '  The 
kindness  with  which  he  said  all  this,  and  more  to  the 
same  effect,  overpowered  me.  I  had  come  in  the  spirit 
of  afrondeur,  who  would  not  have  cared  if  he  had  been 
dismissed  ungraciously;  I  went  away  completely  dis- 
armed and  won  over." 

In  his  interesting  chapter  setting  forth  the 
opinions  he  held  and  the  course  he  advocated 
as  to  the  conduct  of  the  siege  of  Paris,  Bis- 
marck states  that  in  the  Council  of  War  Roon 
was  the  only  supporter  of  his  view  that  the  sur- 
render of  the  city  should  be  forced  at  once  by 
a  bombardment.  The  slower  "  method  of  fam- 
ine "  (as  being  the  "  humaner "  one)  found 
powerful  support  "  in  the  circles  where  exalted 
ladies  met,"  and  where  "  philanthropic  hypoc- 
risy," harping  on  the  "English  catchwords 
'  Humanity  and  Civilization,'  "  held  sway.  The 
intervention  of  neutrals,  taking  the  form  of  a 
congress  which  in  the  name  of  justice  and  mod- 
eration should  rob  Germany  of  the  substantial 
fruits  of  victory,  was  what  Bismarck  dreaded. 
He  accordingly  reversed  his  moderate  counsels 
of  1866,  and  pressed  for  vigorous  action.  His 
opinion,  backed  by  Roon,  prevailed  ;  and  with 
the  bombardment  of  Mont  Avron  came  the  be- 
ginning of  the  end.  Bismarck's  reflections  on 
these  matters  are  characteristic  : 

"In  setting  one's-self  the  question  as  to  what  can 
have  induced  other  generals  to  oppose  Roon's  view,  it 
is  difficult  to  discover  any  technical  reasons  for  the  de- 
lay in  the  measures  taken  towards  the  close  of  the 
year.  .  .  .  The  notion  that  Paris,  although  fortified  and 
the  strongest  bulwark  of  our  opponents,  might  not  be 
attacked  in  the  same  way  as  any  other  fortress  had  been 
imported  into  our  camp  from  England  by  the  roundabout 
route  of  Berlin,  together  with  the  phrase  about  the 
'  Mecca  of  civilization,'  and  other  expressions  of  human- 
itarian feeling  rife  and  effective  in  the  cant  of  English 
public  opinion  —  a  feeling  which  England  expects  other 
Powers  to  respect,  though  she  does  not  always  allow 


10 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


her  opponents  to  have  the  benefit  of  it.  It  was  from 
London  that  representations  were  received  in  our  most 
influential  circles  that  the  capitulation  of  Paris  ought 
not  to  be  brought  about  by  bombardment,  but  only  by 
hunger.  .  .  .  Trustworthy  information  from  Berlin  ap- 
prised me  that  the  cessation  of  our  activity  gave  rise  to 
anxiety  and  dissatisfaction  in  expert  circles,  and  that 
Queen  Augusta  was  said  to  be  influencing  her  royal  hus- 
band by  letters,  in  the  interests  of  humanity.  An  allu- 
sion to  information  of  this  kind  which  I  made  to  the 
King  occasioned  a  violent  outburst  of  anger,  not  to  the 
effect  that  the  rumors  were  untrue,  but  in  a  sharp  rep- 
rimand against  the  utterance  of  any  such  dissatisfaction 
respecting  the  Queen." 

Discussing  universal  suffrage  Bismarck  avers 
the  principle  to  be  a  just  one,  not  only  in  theory 
but  also  in  practice,  "  provided  always  that  vot- 
ing be  not  secret,  for  secresy  is  a  quality  incom- 
patible with  the  best  characteristics  of  German 
blood  ": 

"  The  influences  and  the  dependence  on  others  that  the 
practical  life  of  man  brings  in  its  train  are  God-given  re- 
alities which  we  cannot  and  must  not  ignore.  If  we  refuse 
to  transfer  them  to  political  life,  and  base  the  public  life 
of  the  country  on  the  belief  in  the  secret  insight  of  all, 
we  fall  into  a  contradiction  between  public  law  and  the 
realities  of  human  life  which  practically  leads  to  constant 
frictions,  and  finally  to  an  explosion,  and  to  which  there 
is  no  theoretical  solution  except  in  the  way  of  the  insani- 
ties of  social-democracy,  the  support  given  to  which  rests 
on  the  fact  that  the  judgment  of  the  masses  is  sufficiently 
stultified  and  undeveloped  to  allow  them,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  their  own  greed,  to  be  continually  caught  by  the 
rhetoric  of  clever  and  ambitious  leaders.  ...  A  state, 
the  control  of  which  lies  in  the  hands  of  the  greedy,  of  the 
novarum  rerum  cupidi,  and  of  orators  who  have  the  capac- 
ity for  deceiving  the  unreasoning  masses  in  a  higher 
degree  than  others,  will  constantly  be  doomed  to  a  rest- 
lessness of  development,  which  so  ponderous  a  mass  as 
the  commonwealth  of  the  state  cannot  follow  with  injury 
to  its  organism." 

The  Chancellor's  satiric  turn  peeps  out  occa- 
sionally, as  in  his  references  to  Gortchakoff : 

"  His  subordinates  in  the  ministry  said  of  Gortchakoff: 
<  II  se  mire  dans  son  encrier,'  just  as  Bettina  used  to  say 
of  her  brother-in-law,  Savigny, «  He  cannot  cross  a  gutter 
without  looking  at  himself  in  it.'  .  .  .  When  he  dictated 
he  used  to  take  a  regular  pose,  which  he  introduced  with 
the  word  '  ecrivez '!  and  if  the  secretary  thoroughly  ap- 
preciated his  position  he  turned  at  particularly  well- 
rounded  phrases  an  admiring  glance  on  his  chief,  who 
was  very  sensible  to  it." 

When  Gortchakoff  accepted  the  presidency 
of  the  diplomatic  conference  at  Berlin  in  May, 
1876,  Bismarck  relates  that  during  the  delivery 
of  the  presidential  address  *'  I  wrote  in  pencil : 
'  Pompous,  pompo,  pomp,  pom,  po.'  My 
neighbor,  Lord  Odo  Russell,  snatched  the  paper 
from  me  and  kept  it." 

A  striking  anecdote  is  told  of  Emperor 
Nicholas  of  Russia.  Bismarck  had  it  from 
Frederick  William  IV.: 

"  The  Emperor  Nicholas  asked  him  to  send  two  cor- 


porals of  the  Prussian  guard  for  the  purpose  of  per- 
forming a  certain  massage  treatment  prescribed  by  the 
doctors,  which  was  to  be  carried  out  on  the  back  of  the 
patient  while  he  lay  on  his  stomach.  He  added:  « I  can 
always  manage  my  Russians  when  I  can  look  them  in 
the  face,  but  on  my  back  and  without  eyes,  I  should  not 
like  them  to  come  near  me.'  The  corporals  were  sent 
confidentially,  and  were  employed  and  handsomely  paid. 
This  shows  how,  in  spite  of  the  religious  devotion  of  the 
Russian  people  to  their  Czar,  the  Emperor  Nicholas  did 
not  absolutely  trust  his  personal  safety  in  a  tete-a-tete 
even  to  the  ordinary  man  among  his  subjects;  and  it  is 
a  sign  of  great  strength  of  character  that  up  to  the  end 
of  his  life  he  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  depressed  by 
these  feelings." 

The  impression  of  Bismarck  that  one  gathers 
from  these  volumes  quite  bears  out  the  Gladston- 
ian  verdict :  "  A  big  man,  but  very  unscrupu- 
lous." They  fail  to  disclose,  so  far  as  we  can  dis- 
cern, a  single  distinctive  humane,  amiable  trait 
on  the  part  of  their  author.  It  was  in  his  time, 
and  apparently  still  is,  to  the  advantage  of 
Prussia  that  the  guidance  of  her  affairs  fell  into 
the  powerful  hands  of  this  Colossus.  So  far 
she  has  been  a  great  gainer,  in  prestige  at  least ; 
and  in  this  gain  the  Empire  has  shared.  But 
there  are  nevertheless  those  who  maintain  that 
the  cynically  confessed  unscrupulosity  with 
which  the  Chancellor  sought  and  gained  his 
ends  will  bear  its  natural  fruit  in  the  fulness 
of  time  ;  and  that  as  those  who  live  by  the  sword 
shall  perish  by  the  sword,  so  a  political  struc- 
ture welded  through  "  blood  and  iron  "  is  shad- 
owed by  no  uncertain  Nemesis.  The  powerful 
bond  of  the  common  danger  that  lowers  over 
Germany  from  the  North  and  the  South  once 
removed,  the  formal  federal  tie  may  prove  to 
be  a  rope  of  sand.  Dynastic  jealousies,  reli- 
gious differences,  inbred  sectional  patriotisms 
far  more  intense  and  deeply  rooted  than  the 
State  sentiment  that  once  threatened  to  wreck 
our  own  Federal  Union,  are  centrifugal  forces 
constantly  tending  to  drag  the  still  sovereign 
German  states  from  their  new  orbit ;  and  that 
the  spectre  of  "  Particularism  "  will  not  down 
was  forcibly  shown  only  the  other  day  by  the 
petty  but  significant  Lippe-Detmold  incident. 
The  smallest  German  house  refuses  to  be  dra- 
gooned in  respect  of  its  own  local  and  dynastic 
concerns  by  the  Emperor  ;  and  the  larger  ones, 
glad  of  an  opportunity  to  indirectly  assert  their 
own  dignities,  ostentatiously  support  the  recal- 
citrant, to  the  infinite  chagrin  of  the  Hallowed 
Person  at  Berlin. 

We  cannot  unreservedly  praise  the  present 
translation  of  this  important  work,  nor  can  we 
accept  as  a  sufficient  excuse  for  its  imperfec- 
tions the  English  editor's  statement  that  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


11 


work  was  "  produced  under  severe  pressure  of 
time."  Mechanically  the  volumes  are  satisfac- 
tory, though  we  notice  a  few  misprints,  notably 
an  absurd  one  ("  Ylarr  "  for  Year)  in  the  Table 
of  Contents  of  the  opening  volume.  There  are 
a  brace  of  fine  portraits  of  the  Chancellor,  and 
a  specimen  leaf  of  his  handwriting. 


E  G 


SOME  RECENT  ILLUSTRATIONS  OF 
SHAKESPEARE.* 


In  his  introduction  to  the  last  book  on  our 
present  list,  Dr.  Rolfe  expresses  the  opinion 
that  most  intelligent  people  are  acquainted  with 
Shakespeare  chiefly  through  the  half-dozen 
plays  that  are  commonly  put  upon  the  stage. 
This  view  has  been  often  expressed,  —  notably 
by  Robert  Browning  in  one  of  his  epilogues  : 

"  For  see  your  cellarage ! 

There  are  forty  barrels  with  Shakespeare's  brand. 
Some  five  or  six  are  abroach :  the  rest 
Stand  spigoted,  fauceted.    Try  and  test 
What  yourselves  call  of  the  very  best ! 

How  comes  it  that  still  untouched  they  stand  ? 
Why  don't  you  try  tap,  advance  a  stage 
With  the  rest  in  cellarage  ?  " 

It  was  in  1876  that  this  taunt,  which  then  had, 
doubtless,  the  sting  of  truth,  was  flung  at  the 
British  public.  Since  then,  what  battalions 
of  annotated  editions  of  the  plays,  bristling  with 
scholastic  weapons,  have  been  thrown  forward 
in  support  of  the  supremacy  of  Shakespeare  ! 

"  Advanced  in  view  they  stand  —  a  horrid  front 
Of  dreadful  length " 

Truly  "  the  kingdom  of  heaven  suffereth  vio- 
lence ";  and  there  is  a  certain  mournful  justice 
in  the  circumstance  that  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent leaders  in  this  attempt  to  force  special 
scholarship  upon  a  bewildered  public  should 
now  admit  by  implication  the  defeat  of  the 
enterprise.  I  would  not  be  understood  as  dis- 
paraging the  labors  of  so  excellent  a  Shake- 
pearian  as  Dr.  Rolfe.  It  is  a  question  not  of 
a  man  but  of  a  system.  When  such  a  man  as  Dr. 


*  A  NEW  VARIORUM  EDITION  OF  SHAKESPEARE.  Edited 
by  Horace  Howard  Furness,  Hon.  Ph.D.  (Halle),  etc.  Vol- 
ume XI.,  the  Winter's  Tale.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott 
Company. 

THE  DIARY  OF  MASTER  WILLIAM  SILENCE.  A  Study 
of  Shakespeare  and  of  Elizabethan  Sport.  By  the  Right 
Hon.  D.  H.  Madden,  Vice-Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Dub- 
lin. New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  POEMS  OF  SHAKESPEARE.  Edited,  with  an  Introduc- 
tion and  Notes,  by  George  Wyndham.  Boston :  T.  Y.  Crowell 
<feCo. 

A  LIFE  OF  WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE.  By  Sidney  Lee.  With 
Portraits  and  Facsimiles.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

How  TO  STUDY  SHAKESPEARE.  By  William  H.  Fleming. 
With  an  Introduction  by  W.  J.  Rolfe,  Litt.D.  New  York : 
Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 


Rolfe  avers  that  the  majority  of  cultivated 
people  who  fancy  they  know  Shakespeare  well 
"have  only  a  smattering  of  this  education," 
we  understand  what  the  standard  of  judgment 
is.  Few  persons,  indeed,  are  in  readiness  to  sub- 
mit to  an  English  civil-service  examination  in 
Shakespeare,  or,  what  amounts  to  the  same 
thing,  to  such  a  test  as  Dr.  Rolfe  would  impose. 
It  is  likewise  probable  that  few  intelligent 
Greeks  of  the  time  of  Pericles  could  have  passed 
such  an  examination  in  Homer  as  a  modern  pro- 
fessor would  exact. 

But  unless  some  signs  fail,  popular  interest  in 
Shakespeare  is  steadily  widening,  and  with  that 
interest  Shakespeare  scholarship  itself  is  sus- 
taining a  healthy  growth.  Of  the  many  signs 
that  Shakespeare  appeals  now  to  the  popular 
mind  and  heart  more  widely  than  ever  before, 
I  instance  only  the  immediate  and  enormous 
success  of  the  beautiful  "  Temple  Edition." 
Attractive  to  the  eye,  seductive  to  the  touch, 
provided  with  all  necessary  and  no  superfluous 
apparatus,  this  edition  captivates  learned  and 
unlearned  alike.  It  has  been  argued  plausibly, 
but,  I  think,  paradoxically,  that  the  success 
is  due  to  the  outward  form  of  these  dainty  little 
volumes.  Any  well-bound  edition  in  tall  vol- 
umes makes,  however,  a  greater  show  in  the 
library.  The  "  Temple  Edition,"  being  handy 
to  carry  to  the  fireside,  to  the  brookside,  or  to 
bed,  appeals  to  the  appetite  of  the  actual  reader. 

Of  the  spread  of  Shakespeare  scholarship, 
in  the  best  sense,  the  progress  of  the  magnum 
opus  of  Dr.  Furness  is  a  cheering  sign.  That 
the  "  New  Variorum  Shakespeare  "  is  one  of  the 
signal  monuments  of  American  scholarship  was 
long  ago  agreed  by  those  qualified  to  judge, 
at  home  and  abroad.  In  relation  to  the  plays 
whereof  they  treat,  these  noble  volumes  are 
a  veritable  library,  —  "  The  best  that  has  been 
thought  and  said  in  the  world  "  on  these  sub- 
jects. A  brief  recapitulation  of  the  history  of 
this  great  work  may  be  of  interest.  The  ten 
plays  thus  far  edited,  with  the  dates  of  publica- 
tion, are  as  follows  :  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1871), 
Macbeth  (1873),  Hamlet  (2  vols.,  1877),  King 
Lear  (1880),  Othello  (1886),  The  Merchant 
of  Venice  (1888),  As  You  Like  It  (1890), 
The  Tempest  (1892),  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  (1895),  The  Winter's  Tale  (1898). 
It  will  be  noticed  that,  except  in  the  cases 
of  Hamlet  and  Othello,  these  editions  have 
followed  one  another  quite  regularly  at  inter- 
vals of  two  or  three  years.  In  the  cases  of  the 
first  four  plays,  Dr.  Furness  followed  the  tra- 
ditional practice  of  editors  in  presenting  us  with 


12 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


a  text  of  his  own.  Beginning  with  Othello,  he 
introduced  a  notable  innovation,  from  which  he 
has  not  since  seen  reason  to  swerve.  This  inno- 
vation consisted  in  the  reprint,  line  for  line, 
word  for  word,  letter  for  letter,  point  for  point, 
error  for  error,  of  the  text  of  the  First  Folio, 
with  all  its  imperfections  on  its  head.  The  inno- 
vation had  the  boldness  as  well  as  the  simplicity 
of  genius,  and  has  amply  justified  itself.  It  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  this  is  one  of  the  most 
valuable  features  of  the  great  work,  —  although 
the  earlier  volumes,  which  lacked  this  feature, 
were  sufficient  to  win  for  the  author  recognition 
as  one  of  the  first  Shakespearians  of  the  world. 
In  an  edition  which  gives  on  every  page  a  con- 
spectus of  all  the  variant  readings,  and  which 
is  intended  solely  for  the  student,  there  is  indeed 
no  reason  why  an  original  text  should  not  be  lit- 
erally reprinted.  Yet  such  is  the  force  of  custom 
and  opinion  that  it  was  only  after  he  had  spent 
years  upon  the  work  and  had  completed  the 
edition  of  four  of  the  most  important  plays,  that 
Dr.  Furness  came  to  see  what  now,  partly  by 
virtue  of  his  example,  seems  so  obvious. 

This  edition  of  the  Winter's  Tale  contains 
then,  first,  a  minutely  accurate  reprint  of  the  text 
of  the  First  Folio  (1623),  —  in  the  case  of  this 
play,  the  earliest  known  text.  Fortunately,  in 
spite  of  the  compression  of  the  style,  frequently 
amounting  to  crabbeduess,  the  text  is  unusually 
accurate,  presenting  almost  none  of  the  cruces 
which  are  the  despair  of  the  reader  and  the 
opportunity  of  the  commentator.  The  commen- 
tators have,  however,  not  allowed  themselves 
to  be  discouraged  by  so  small  a  circumstance ; 
Dr.  Furness's  citations  from  them  indicate  that 
they  have  been  as  busy  over  this  play  as  over 
some  of  those  whose  texts  are  less  pure.  The 
most  apposite  comments  of  all  the  editors  are 
cited  in  chronological  order,  the  banquet  being 
frequently  sauced  with  excellent  foolery  which  is 
none  the  less  entertaining  for  being  so  seriously 
meant.  Over  all,  Dr.  Furness  presides  with  wis- 
dom, moderation,  and  an  unfailing  good-temper, 
which  contrasts  wholesomely  with  the  "  savage 
and  tartar ly"  tone  of  some  of  the  eighteenth- 
century  editors,  while  not  excluding  a  vein  of 
delightful  irony.  A  marked  feature  of  the  en- 
tire work,  from  first  to  last,  is  the  growing  con- 
fidence of  the  modest  editor  in  his  own  judgment. 
In  the  later  volumes  he  more  frequently  cuts 
short  the  droning  commentators  and  gives  us  of 
his  own,  but  never  a  word  too  much.  Surely 
Dr.  Furness  is  the  most  genial  of  editors ;  and 
I  think  it  not  too  much  to  add  that  he  is  for  the 
most  part  the  most  convincing.  Unlike  Homer, 


he  never  nods ;  at  least,  after  communing  with 
him  for  several  years  I  have  never  caught  him 
napping.  His  fault  is  of  an  opposite  character, 
and  might  be  said  to  be  a  fault  that  leans  to 
virtue's  side:  namely,  supersubtlety.  The  acute- 
ness  that  renders  him  formidable  in  detecting 
the  fallacies  of  other  commentators  sometimes 
makes  him  over-ingenious  in  his  own  interpre- 
tations. It  is  the  defect  of  his  quality.  Inas- 
much as  his  criticism  of  his  venerated  author 
is  habitually  constructive,  this  subtlety  spends 
itself  in  the  discovery  of  possible  meanings,  and 
is  never  seriously  misleading. 

In  many  cases  in  which  the  commentators 
with  their  darkness  do  affront  Shakespeare's 
light,  Dr.  Furness  scatters  the  fog  in  a  masterly 
way.  Take  for  example  the  passage  from  Her- 
mione's  last  speech  at  the  trial,  thought  by 
Hudson  to  be  "  the  solidest  piece  of  eloquence 
in  the  language  ":  * 

"Now  (my  Liege) 

Tell  me  what  blessings  I  have  here  alive 
That  I  should  feare  to  die  ?  Therefore  proceed  : 
But  yet  heare  this :  mistake  me  not :  no  Life, 
( I  prize  it  not  a  straw )  but  for  mine  Honor, 
Which  I  would  free :  if  I  shall  be  condemn'd 
Upon  surmizes  (all  proof es  sleeping  else, 
But  what  your  Jealousies  awake)  I  tell  you 
'Tis  Rigor,  and  not  Law."  —  (III.,  ii.,  113.) 

The  commentators  all  stick  upon  the  exclama- 
tion "  no  Life  ":  some  of  them  scent  a  misprint. 
White  and  Hudson  read  "  my  life  ";  Dyce  and 
Rolfe,  "  for  life."  Whereupon  Dr.  Furness  : 

"  I  cannot  but  believe  that  this  phrase  has  been  mis- 
understood. With  line  115,  Hermione  ends  her  defence, 
by  commanding  the  trial  to  proceed.  Then  the  thought 
of  a  sullied  name  flashes  upon  her,  and  that  she  has  not 
with  sufficient  emphasis  contended  for  the  preservation 
of  her  honour;  she  hastily  resumes,  but  fearing  lest  the 
king  should  misinterpret,  and  suppose  that  it  is  to  plead 
for  life,  and  not  for  what  was,  for  her  boy's  sake, 
infinitely  dearer  to  her,  she  exclaims:  'Mistake  me 
not !  No  life  !  Give  me  not  that !  I  prize  it  not  a  straw  ! ' 
It  is  really  the  climax  of  the  speech.  Self-commiseration 
has  vanished,  and  she  speaks  for  her  honour  with  the  last 
fire  of  her  exhausted  strength.  The  lines  from  '  mistake 
me  not '  to  '  I  would  free,'  inclusive,  are  parenthetical. 
«'Tis  rigor  and  not  law!'  the  last  words  she  ever  ad- 
dresses throughout  the  play  to  her  husband,  are  full 
of  the  sternness  of  Fate,  and  mean,  of  course,  that  her 
honour  will  remain  unblemished." 

Mr.  Justice  Madden's  "  Study  of  Shake- 
speare and  of  Elizabethan  Sport  "  may  be  pro- 
nounced a  fair  model  of  what  such  a  book 
should  be.  It  is  exact  without  being  pedantic 
and  systematic  without  being  tedious,  bearing 
evidence  on  every  page  that  Ingram  and  Dow- 
den  are  not,  in  our  time,  the  only  representa- 
tives of  Shakespeare  scholarship  connected  with 

*  The  quotations  from  the  Winter's  Tale  in  this  article  are 
uniformly  from  Dr.  Furness's  reprint  of  the  Folio  text. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


13 


the  University  of  Dublin.  Through  the  whole 
runs  an  agreeable  vein  of  fiction  based  upon 
the  fragment  of  a  diary  supposed  to  have  been 
written  by  William  Silence,  which  contains 
allusions  to  the  presence  at  Shallow  (Chatel- 
hault)  Hall  in  Gloucestershire  of  another  Will- 
iam, a  quiet  observant  young  gentleman  from 
Stratford  on  Avon  (See  the  Second  Part  of 
Henry  IV.,  Act  III.,  Scene  ii.).  Not  the 
least  interesting  feature  of  the  book  is  the  by 
no  means  baseless  suggestion  that,  at  one  time 
or  another,  Shakespeare  spent  a  good  deal  of 
time  in  Gloucestershire  ;  that  he  there  partici- 
pated in  the  field  sports  of  country  gentlemen 
and  yeomen  ;  and  that  in  this  particular  way 
he  picked  up  his  astonishing  knowledge  of  all 
matters  connected  with  falconry,  horseman- 
ship, and  the  chase.  The  author  maintains 
that  Shakespeare's  allusions  to  these  matters 
differ  from  those  of  all  other  writers,  ancient 
and  modern,  both  in  number  and,  on  the  whole, 
in  quality.  True,  there  are  hundreds  of  such 
allusions  which  appear  in  themselves  of  an  or- 
dinary kind,  but  even  these  acquire  significance 
"  from  the  circumstance  that  they  are  seldom 
suggested  by  any  necessary  action  of  the  drama, 
but  seem  to  spring  forth  out  of  the  abundance 
of  the  poet's  heart."  Those  which  are  more 
distinctly  Shakespearian  are  divided  into  five 
classes,  accordingly  as  they  embody  "  1,  a 
secret  of  woodcraft  or  horsemanship ;  2,  an 
illustration  therefrom  of  human  nature  and 
conduct;  3,  a  lively  image  ;  4,  a  conceit ;  or,  5, 
an  irrelevance  ;  by  which  I  mean  an  idea  some- 
what out  of  place  with  its  surroundings " 
(p.  313).  The  accumulation  of  illustrations 
of  all  these  classes  of  allusions,  and  the  very 
great  clearing  up  of  obscurities  which  results 
from  their  systematic  treatment  by  an  expert 
in  field  sports,  give -very  high  and  doubtless 
permanent  value  to  the  book.  In  the  follow- 
ing metaphor  of  Hermione,  for  example,  he 
finds  a  secret  both  of  horsemanship  and  of 
human  conduct: 

"  You  may  ride  's 

With  one  soft  kisse  a  thousand  Furlongs,  ere 
With  Spur  we  heat  an  Acre."  —  (I.,  ii.,  117). 

It  is  interesting  that  both  Madden  and  Furness 
accept  without  question  the  reading  of  the 
Folio,  although  Furness  quotes  without  com- 
ment from  Capell  the  statement  that  the  phrase 
"heat  an  acre"  has  not  been  traced.  Is  it  pos- 
sible that  the  French  parallel,  bruler  le  pave, 
has  never  been  suggested  by  any  commentator  ? 
Had  the  Diary  of  Master  Silence  been  given 
to  the  world  a  little  earlier,  Dr.  Furness  might 


have  found  his  account  in  it  for  his  edition  of 
the  Winter's  Tale.  Referring  to  Leontes's 
"  note  infallible  of  breaking  honesty  " — 

"  Stopping  the  Cariere 
Of  Laughter,  with  a  sigh."  — (I.,  ii.,  332),— 

Dr.  Furness  annotates  merely  as  follows : 

"  Cariere,  —  A  term  of  horsemanship,  meaning  a 
gallop  at  full  speed." 

Madden  points  out  that  our  present  use  of  the 
word  "career,"  as  defined  by  Dr.  Furness,  is 
not  at  all  what  was  present  to  the  mind  of 
Shakespeare. 

"  We  mean  something  that  continues  for  an  indefi- 
nite time.  He  meant  something  that  soon  comes  to  an 
abrupt  ending.  .  .  .  The  length  of  the  career  was  four 
or  five  score  yards  at  the  most.  The  essential  charac- 
teristic of  the  career,  wherein  it  differed  from  the  ordi- 
nary gallop,  was  its  abrupt  ending,  technically  known  as 
'  the  stop,'  by  which  the  horse  was  suddenly  and  firmly 
thrown  upon  his  haunches.  Wherever  Shakespeare 
uses  the  word,  this  stop  is  present  to  his  mind  "(p.  298). 

Thus  the  word  "  stop,"  no  less  than  the  word 
"career,"  is  a  term  of  manage,  —  a  term  used 
again  by  Leontes  near  the  end  of  the  first  scene 
of  Act  II.: 

"  Now,  from  the  Oracle 

They  will  bring  all,  whose  spirituall  counsaile  had 
Shall  stop,  or  spurreme." 

Dr.  Furness  would  also  have  found  here  some- 
thing to  add  to  his  note  upon  "The  Mort  o' 
th'  Deere"  (I.,  ii.,  144),  which  words,  he 
thinks,  refer  "  to  the  dying  sighs  of  the  deer 
rather  than  to  the  raucous  sound  of  a  horn." 
Madden  contributes  a  third  interpretation,  ac- 
cording to  which  the  sound  of  the  sighing  is 
compared  neither  to  the  sound  of  a  horn  nor 
to  the  sighing  of  the  deer.  He  says: 

"  To  some,  the  notes  which  tell  that  all  is  over  with 
a  noble  beast  of  venery  summon  up  sad  associations,  for 
Leonatus  (sic),  among  the  tokens  of  woman's  frailty, 
includes 

4  To  sigh,  as  'twere 
The  Mort  o'  th'  Deere.' 

This  feeling  was  certainly  not  generally  shared  by  sports- 
men," etc. 

In  other  words,  the  sighs  of  the  supposed  lovers 
are  such  sighs  as  would  escape  a  person  of 
effeminate  sympathies  at  hearing  the  blast  of 
the  horns  in  token  that  the  deer  was  slain. 

Madden  also  suggests  a  metaphor  from  the 
chase  as  the  key  to  some  words  of  Hermione 
which  have  been  regarded  as  among  the  ob- 
scurest in  the  play : 

"  With  what  encounter  so  uncurrant,  I 
Have  strayn'd  t'  appeare  thus."  —  (III.,  ii.,  51). 

He  quotes  from  "The  Noble  Arte  of  Venerie" : 
"  When  he  (the  hart)  runneth  verie  fast,  then 
he  streyneth."  Madden  is  probably  right  in 
thinking  that  this  interpretation  of  the  word 


14 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


"strayn'd"  disposes  of  the  guesses  of  some  of 
the  commentators  (strayed,  stained);  but  the 
real  stumbling-block  is  in  the  preceding  line, 
and  one  still  gets  no  convincing  answer  to  the 
question  what  "encounter  so  uncurrant"? 

Mr.  Justice  Madden's  researches,  in  the  light 
of  his  special  knowledge  of  field-sports,  have 
disclosed  many  other  facts  of  interest  to  stu- 
dents of  Shakespeare.  The  race-horse  is,  it 
appears,  "  the  only  horse  in  whom  and  in  whose 
doings  Shakespeare  took  no  interest,  and  the 
horse-race  is  the  only  popular  pastime  to  which 
no  allusion  can  be  found  in  his  writings."  To 
bear-baiting  there  are  many  allusions,  all  of 
which  suggest  dislike  or  contempt  for  the 
sport.  Baconian  fanatics  will  get  little  comfort 
from  the  discovery  that  in  Bacon  there  are  no 
references  of  any  significance  to  field-sports, 
for  which  even  the  "  studious  recluse "  who 
wrote  the  "Anatomy  of  Melancholy"  mani- 
fests some  enthusiasm  (p.  223).  Madden 
makes  a  half-humorous  classification  of  Shakes- 
peare's works  upon  the  basis  of  his  allusions  to 
horses,  —  and  the  classification  is  as  judicious 
as  some  others  that  have  been  made.  In  "  Venus 
and  Adonis"  he  celebrates  the  home-bred  En- 
glish horse ;  but  before  beginning  his  English 
historical  plays  he  becomes  acquainted  with  the 
merits  of  the  Eastern  horse  and  his  conception 
of  the  perfect  horse  was  changed.  The  roan 
Barb,  "prince  of  palfreys,"  appears  and  re- 
appears in  these  plays.  Madden  thinks  that 
Shakespeare  was  personally  able  to  say,  as  early 
as  1592,  "This  roan  shall  be  my  throne." 

"  Indeed,  if  I  were  disposed  to  adopt  the  language 
of  criticism,  I  should  class  the  historical  plays  as  the 
roan  Barbary  group.  In  the  tragedies  we  meet  with 
Barbary  horses  now  and  then,  but  '  the  bonny  beast  he 
loved  so  well '  is  no  more.  Can  one  wonder  that  the 
period  when  they  were  written  was,  in  Professor  Dow- 
den's  language,  a  period  of  depression  and  gloom?" 
(p.  262^. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  result  of  these 
researches  is  that  they  have  led  in  all  cases 
of  dispute  to  the  support  of  the  readings  of  the 
Folio  as  opposed  to  those  of  the  quartos.  In 
view  of  this,  it  seems  strange  that  Madden 
should  twice  refer  to  the  "  thirty-four  "  plays 
in  the  Folio  (there  are  thirty-six),  and  should 
twice  silently  alter  the  Folio  reading  in  a  quota- 
tion from  the  Winter's  Tale.  In  borrowing  the 
words  of  the  shepherd,  "  I  would  there  were  no 
age  between  ten  and  three  and  twenty,"  Madden 
in  two  places  prints,  "  age  between  sixteen  and 
three  and  twenty."  These  and  a  few  other 
oversights,  one  of  which  has  already  been  ex- 
emplified (Leonatus  for  Leontes),  are  very 


nearly  the  only  faults  I  can  find  in  this  inter- 
esting and  instructive  book. 

I  have  left  myself  too  little  space  in  which 
to  speak  adequately  of  Mr.  George  Wyndham's 
edition  of  the  Poems  of  Shakespeare  — *-  a  work 
certainly  not  second  in  importance  to  either 
of  those  we  have  been  considering.  Let  me 
say  at  once,  without  going  into  detail,  that  this 
seems  to  me  to  be  the  completest  edition  for  the 
student.  For  enjoyment  of  the  poetry,  nothing 
could  be  better  than  the  Temple  edition.  In  his 
notes  Mr.  Wyndham  has  met  the  main  difficul- 
ties with  the  patience  and  acuteness  of  a  scholar. 
He  discusses  in  detail  the  identity  of  the  rival 
poet  (or  poets)  and  of  the  youth  addressed  in 
the  first  series  of  sonnets.  He  inclines  to  Dray  ton 
as  the  rival  poet,  and  thinks  that  Tyler's  argu- 
ment for  William  Herbert  and  Mary  Fitton 
might  win  a  verdict  from  a  Scotch  jury.  If  he 
means  that  the  verdict  would  be  "  not  proven," 
I  heartily  agree  with  him.  He  believes,  however, 
that  such  attempts  at  identification  must  "prove 
detrimental  to  an  aesthetic  appreciation  "  of  the 
lyrical  excellence  of  the  Sonnets.  He  admits, 
what  so  many  critics  have  urged,  that  the 
Sonnets  "  express  Shakespeare's  own  feelings 
in  his  own  person  "  (Dowden).  But  he  deems 
it  "  equally  true,  and  vastly  more  important, 
that  the  Sonnets  are  not  an  Autobiography." 
Accordingly,  at  least  half  of  the  hundred  and 
forty  pages  of  his  sympathetic  and  well-written 
introduction  are  devoted  to  a  consideration  of 
the  poems  as  works  of  art.  This  is  a  refresh- 
ing innovation  ;  would  that  it  might  mark  an 
epoch !  His  texts  are  based  upon  the  earliest 
editions,  the  readings  of  which  he  has  adhered 
to,  whenever  possible,  and  all  the  variations  are 
conscientiously  set  down  in  the  notes.  The 
chief  weakness  of  Mr.  Wyndham  is  that  he 
seems  unable  to  find  the  holes  in  Tyler's  argu- 
ments. But  he  has  a  true  appreciation  of  the 
Sonnets  and  the  other  poems,  and  his  remarks 
upon  these  are  at  once  instructive  and  com- 
forting. 

Mr.  Sidney  Lee's  Life  of  Shakespeare  is  based 
upon  the  already  well-known  article  which  ap- 
peared last  year  in  the  "  Dictionary  of  National 
Biography,"  and  which  is  here  expanded  and 
provided  with  a  long  appendix,  containing  ex- 
haustive discussions  of  several  interesting  ques- 
tions. It  is  especially  significant  that,  after 
"  very  narrow  scrutiny,"  Mr.  Lee  rejects  the 
claim  made  for  the  Sonnets  to  rank  as  autobio- 
graphical material.  His  detailed  discussion  of 
this  subject  is  of  interest  to  all  students  of  the 
great  poet.  Perhaps  by  virtue  of  his  patient 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


15 


investigations  and  cogent  exposition  future  gen- 
erations will  be  able  to  read  the  Sonnets  without 
thinking  of  the  delectable  amours  of  William 
Herbert  and  Mary  Fitton.  Those  whose  minds 
have  been  tainted  by  the  reading  of  Dr.  Bran- 
des's  romance  about  Shakespeare  (misnamed 
"  a  critical  study  ")  will  find  Mr.  Lee's  book 
an  effective  antiseptic.  It  is  provided  with 
a  good  index. 

Mr.  Fleming's  "  How  to  Study  Shakespeare  " 
may  be  commended  with  some  confidence  to  read- 
ing-clubs and  to  individual  beginners.  Its  prin- 
cipal features  are,  first,  a  collection  of  selected 
annotations  to  eight  of  the  more  popular  plays  ; 
secondly,  a  number  of  questions  upon  the  plot 
and  structure  of  each  of  these  plays, —  questions 
which  will  encourage  the  student  to  think  about 
what  he  has  read. 

MELVILLE  B.  ANDERSON. 


THE  ENGLISH  CONSTITUTION.* 


The  first  volume  of  Mr.  Hannis  Taylor's 
history  of  the  English  Constitution,  which  now 
extends  to  twelve  hundred  octavo  pages,  was 
published  nearly  ten  years  ago.  In  the  preface 
to  that  volume,  as  on  the  title-page  to  both  first 
and  second,  the  reader  is  informed  that  here 
"  is  drawn  out  "  the  "  development  of  the  En- 
glish constitutional  system,  and  the  growth  out 
of  that  system  of  the  federal  republic  of  the 
United  States."  This  is  "  a  large  order  "  even 
for  twelve  hundred  pages  ;  and  a  survey  of  the 
contents  does  not  justify  the  statement.  Aside 
from  an  introductory  chapter  of  eighty  pages, 
in  which  "the  English  origin  of  the  federal 
republic "  is  necessarily  somewhat  scantily 
treated,  this  history  is  occupied  with  the  growth 
of  English  institutions  on  English  soil. 

It  may  be  said  at  the  outset  that  Mr.  Taylor 
has  made  a  useful  compend.  Among  the  mul- 
titude of  works  on  the  English  Constitution 
which  have  seen  the  light  since  Dr.  Stubbs 
made  the  subject  popular  in  1875,  there  has 
been  produced  no  adequate  sketch  of  the  whole 
field.  Stubbs's  great  work  in  three  volumes 
was  intended  only  to  bring  the  student  to  the 
point  where  Hallam  began  his  work  with  the 
Tudors ;  and  Hallam,  wonderful  as  his  genius 
was  in  his  day,  is  too  ancient  to  be  a  guide  for 
the  present  age  inquirer.  Anson's  fine  descrip- 
tion of  "  The  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Consti- 

*  THE  ORIGIN  AND  GKOWTH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  CONSTITU- 
TION. By  Hannis  Taylor.  Volume  II.  Boston :  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co. 


tution  "  deals  with  things  as  they  are,  rather 
than  as  they  have  come  to  be.  Medley's  text- 
book, made  only  four  years  ago,  would  be  just 
the  needed  work,  if  he  had  not  adopted  the 
bewildering  method  of  chasing  up  and  down 
the  centuries  to  trace  each  institution  from 
start  to  finish  in  a  separate  section.  One  who 
reads  is  in  the  state  of  mind  of  Yankee  Doodle, 
who  could  not  see  the  town  for  the  houses. 
This  is  most  unfortunate,  for  Mr.  Medley  covers 
the  ground,  and  is  judicious  and  critical  in  his 
dependence  upon  authorities.  Moreover,  he  has 
read  his  subject  and  is  up  to  date.  Taswell- 
Langmead's  one-volume  history  is  a  fine  piece 
of  work,  but  neglects  some  important  aspects  of 
the  subject,  and  is  now  twenty-three  years  old, 
and  therefore  hardly  up  to  date.  Only  the 
great  master,  Stubbs,  in  the  face  of  the  large 
additions  made  to  our  knowledge  in  the  last 
fifteen  years  by  Maitland  and  Round,  Vino- 
gradoff  and  Liebermann,  and  the  school  of 
"  diggers  "  which  they  represent,  can  grow  old 
creditably.  Gneist  is  nearly  as  shelf-worn  as 
Taswell,  and  in  addition  has  that  color  blind- 
ness to  the  inner  truth  of  English  institutions 
not  to  be  wondered  at  in  one  nursed  under  the 
shadow  of  the  Prussian  bureaucracy. 

Mr.  Taylor  is  not  so  much  a  scholar  as  a 
popularizer  of  the  work  of  scholars.  It  would  be 
hard  to  find  in  his  pages  anything  original,  and 
his  references  show  that  he  has  worked  largely, 
not  with  "  sources,"  but  with  authorities.  In 
the  main  he  has  chosen  his  authorities  well, 
and  although  not  as  keen  in  his  evaluation  of 
them  as  is  Medley,  he  cites  continually  the 
master  workers,  from  Stubbs  down.  Still,  one 
would  hardly  guess  through  his  guidance  that 
Green  is  not  an  authority  for  any  period  since 
the  Conquest,  or  that  he  does  not  rank  with 
Gardiner,  or  even  with  Lingard  on  the  seven- 
teenth century.  One  misses  the  flavor,  too,  of 
the  great  scholars  mentioned  after  Stubbs  in 
the  preceding  paragraph,  and  finds  himself 
wondering  if  Mr.  Taylor  knows  them  well.  In 
the  light  of  what  they  have  done  since  he  first 
began  to  publish,  a  large  portion  of  his  first 
volume  will  need  to  be  rewritten  for  a  new 
edition,  and  that  speedily,  if  this  work  is  to 
hold  its  place  as  a  convenient  vade  mecum. 

It  is  not  a  light  undertaking  to  provide  a 
readable  and  accurate  sketch  of  the  many  cen- 
turies that  such  a  history  as  this  covers,  and 
the  critic  who  himself  has  spent  many  years  of 
study  in  this  field  is  likely  to  be  the  most  char- 
itable one.  Mr.  Taylor  has  put  this  story  of 
the  constitution  into  the  vigorous  and  graceful 


16 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


English  of  which  he  is  a  master,  and  he  has 
also  kept  always  before  him  the  larger  move- 
ment of  the  national  life  whose  details  he  dis- 
cusses, so  that  the  inexperienced  reader  may 
be  entrusted  to  his  guidance  with  the  assurance 
that  he  will  not  miss  the  "  form  and  pressure  " 
of  the  times  through  which  he  passes.  And 
yet  at  times  there  is  blundering  in  details 
which  makes  one  feel  that  portions  of  the  nar- 
rative deal  with  subjects  that  were  "  gotten 
up "  solely  for  this  narrative,  and  that  the 
writer  of  it  has  never  entered  their  atmosphere. 
When  one  reads  in  the  first  volume  about  ven- 
derers  in  connection  with  the  forest  courts,  even 
although  the  word  is  repeated  in  this  mis- 
spelled form  in  the  margin  and  in  the  table  of 
contents,  he  lays  the  blunder  to  the  account  of 
careless  proof-reading ;  but  when,  after  eight 
years  of  waiting,  he  comes  to  the  index  in  the 
second  volume,  and,  looking  in  vain  for  verder- 
ers>  reads  only  the  old  error  repeated,  he  is 
inclined  to  wonder.  When  one  reads  at  the 
beginning  of  this  second  volume,  just  as  he  did 
in  the  earlier  volume,  that  "  the  development 
of  military  tenures  in  England  was  gradual," 
and  that  "  the  transition  from  the  military  sys- 
tem by  the  thegn's  service  to  the  new  system 
by  knight  service  was  also  gradual,"  he  feels 
that  all  the  words  so  recently  and  so  well  said 
by  Mr.  Round  on  that  subject  have  been  writ- 
ten in  vain.  So  the  recent  pushing  back  by  Mr. 
Round  of  the  scutage  composition  from  the 
fourth  year  of  Henry  II.  to  a  date  at  least  as 
early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  finds  no  recog- 
nition ;  and  the  author,  in  spite  even  of  Stubbs, 
finds  the  last  vestiges  of  scutage  in  1332.  Tal- 
lage  is  a  good  enough  word  for  Stubbs  and 
Maitland,  Vinogradoff  and  Dowell ;  we  see  no 
reason  for  giving  us  tattiage.  Hubert  Hall  on 
the  "  Customs  Revenues "  might  correct  the 
statement  that  "  prisage  "  was  "  the  right  to 
take  from  each  English  or  foreign  wine  ship  one 
cask  out  of  every  ten  " —  the  italics  are  ours. 
In  the  third  line,  on  page  39,  the  occurrence 
of  the  word  "  and,"  when  "  but "  is  the  proper 
word,  makes  nonsense  ;  and  even  with  the  cor- 
rection one  does  not  learn  what  is  vital  to  an 
understanding  of  the  statement  that  Henry 
Prince  of  Wales,  when  fourteen  years  of  age, 
was  required  to  repudiate  his  betrothal  to 
Katharine,  that  his  father's  foreign  policy  had 
changed  since  the  betrothal.  The  doubt  that 
is  apparently  expressed  on  page  82,  whether 
the  appropriation  by  the  crown  of  the  lands  of 
the  monastic  houses  in  1536  was  confiscation, 
seems  to  be  grounded  on  the  contention  that 


it  was  not  unconstitutional,  and  in  its  confound- 
ing of  principles  suggests  the  remarkable  posi- 
tion maintained  by  Mr.  Taylor  in  a  recent  num- 
ber of  the  "  North  American  Review  "  concern- 
ing the  moral  quality  of  our  "  steal "  from 
Mexico  in  1848.  The  writer  knows  no  more 
in  the  second  volume  than  he  did  in  the  first 
that  the  court  baron  was  probably  not  coeval 
in  its  beginnings  with  the  court  leet  and  the 
customary  court,  and  yet  Viuogradoff  pub- 
lished his  English  edition  of  "  Villainage  in 
England  "  in  1892.  We  are  told  that  commis- 
sioners of  array  were  "  employed  by  the  crown 
as  early  as  the  fourteenth  century,"  and  referred 
in  a  footnote  to  1324,  although  Stubbs  in  his 
second  volume  has  much  to  say  about  them 
from  1282  on. 

One  of  the  things  that  need  most  to  be  done 
for  students  of  American  institutions  is  to  trace 
adequately  the  evolution  of  English  local  insti- 
tutions down  to  the  time  when  the  founders  of 
our  American  states  came  away.  This  is  espe- 
cially needed  for  the  system  of  courts.  Pollock 
and  Maitland  have  done  the  work  exhaustively 
down  to  1272  in  their  great  "  History  of  En- 
glish Law,"  but  a  more  general  survey  of  the 
whole  field  is  desirable  to  thread  the  way 
through  the  maze  of  local  jurisdictions  and  itin- 
erant commissions  which  gradually  gave  place 
to  the  more  modern  system  which  our  fathers 
brought  to  the  new  home  over  seas.  One  looks 
with  assurance  for  this  in  a  work  designed  to 
trace  the  growth  of  the  federal  republic  out  of 
the  English  system.  But  this  work  is  still  to 
be  done,  although  Mr.  Taylor's  occasional  ex- 
cursions into  that  field  suggest  that  he  might 
have  given  a  satisfactory  account  had  he  es- 
sayed the  task.  In  fact,  throughout  the  book 
one  feels  that  the  institutional  side  has  not  been 
sufficiently  recognized,  and  is  inclined  to  class 
this  work  rather  with  Gardiner  and  Froude  and 
Green,  among  the  narrative  histories  which 
deal  principally  with  political  history,  than  with 
the  treatises  of  Hallam  and  Stubbs.  The  two 
chapters  which  treat  of  the  Civil  War  and  the 
Protectorate  are  outside  the  Constitution,  and 
the  space  might  better  have  been  utilized  in 
presenting  some  of  the  interesting  constitu- 
tional conflicts  of  the  Stuart  period  between 
the  two  houses  or  between  the  houses  and  the 
law  courts.  Attention  to  Pike's  recent  work 
on  the  "  Constitutional  History  of  the  House 
of  Lords,"  which  finds  no  recognition,  might 
have  been  fruitful  of  suggestion  in  that  direc- 
tion. Still,  it  may  be  said  that  no  better  nar- 
rative of  the  bulk  and  scope  of  this  one  can  be 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


17 


found  by  one  who  cannot  spare  the  time  to  run 
through  the  series  of  specialists  in  the  history 
of  England  which,  with  some  lamented  breaks, 
stretches  from  Green  in  the  Old  English  period 
and  Freeman  and  Norgate  on  the  Normans  and 
Angevins  through  Gardiner  in  the  seventeenth 
century  to  Lecky  in  the  eighteenth  and  Wai- 
pole  in  the  nineteenth.  If  Mr.  Taylor  is  more 
interested  in  men  and  principles  than  he  is  in 
institutions  and  processes,  he  is  in  most  reput- 
able and  brilliant  company,  and  his  predilec- 
tions make  him  eminently  agreeable  and  read- 
able. JOHN  J.  HALSEY. 


FOB  THE  STAGE  OR  THE  STUDY.* 

Almost  every  age  of  English  literature  has 
proved  the  vitality  and  the  national  character 
of  the  legend  of  King  Arthur  by  translating  it 
into  its  own  language.  Geoffrey  made  it  a  chron- 
icle, Malory  made  it  a  romance  of  chivalry, 
Spenser  made  it  a  renaissance  epic,  Milton 
might  have  made  it  —  but  Milton  is  the  great 
exception.  Blackmore  I  never  read,  and  so 
cannot  say  what  he  did  about  the  matter.  In 
the  time  just  before  our  own,  Swinburne, 
Matthew  Arnold,  William  Morris  put  life  into 
certain  bits  of  the  old  story,  and  Tennyson  gave 
it  a  form  that  was  characteristic  of  himself  and 
his  time.  Is  the  time  ripe  for  a  new  expression  ? 
Literature  has  lived  quickly  in  the  last  twenty 
years :  in  a  way,  we  are  no  longer  Tennyson- 
ians.  Has  enough  something  been  secreted  to 
enable  a  new  poet  to  write  of  Arthur  and  still 
be  original  ? 

Mr.  Hovey,  who  has  just  completed  "  Laun- 
celot  and  Guenevere,"  which  he  began  some 
years  ago,  practically  offers  his  work  to  a  very 
searching  test.  I  may  as  well  say  at  once  that 
much  of  it  does  not  appeal  to  me.  Why  mingle 
Scandinavian  and  German  and  Greek  mythol- 
ogy with  Celtic  mysteries  ?  I  am  as  confused 
as  poor  old  Merlin  was  by  this  kaleidoscope  of 
Norns  and  Goblins  and  Angels  and  Bassarids. 
Or,  in  the  second  play,  why  spend  so  much 
trouble  in  showing  the  world  that  Arthur  was 
the  real  adulterer,  not  Launcelot  ?  I  fear  that 
not  even  a  mystical  moralist  will  be  thus  pla- 
cated. Then  why,  when  all 's  over  and  done, 
is  there  no  end  ?  I  believe  there  are  to  be  other 
plays,  —  but  I  mean  an  end  to  this  third  play. 

*  LAUNCELOT  AND  GUENEVERE  :  A  Poem  in  Dramas. 
I.  Merlin,  a  Masque.  II.  The  Marriage  of  Guenevere,  a  Trag- 
edy. III.  The  Birth  of  Galahad,  a  Romantic  Drama.  By 
Richard  Hovey.  Boston  :  Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 


What  has  all  the  scheming  and  plotting  done 
but  throw  a  little  more  dust  into  the  already 
darkened  eyes  of  the  king? 

These  objections  seem  to  me  to  go  pretty 
deep,  for  they  show  a  lack  of  creative  power. 
They  also  show  what  is  more  to  the  present 
purpose,  namely,  an  absence  of  character  of 
the  time.  Our  time  will  stand  visions,  and  also 
a  certain  amount  of  material  anachronism.  But 
the  mingling  together  of  half-a-dozen  mythol- 
ogies, pagan  and  Christian,  is  an  artistic  incon- 
gruity very  uncharacteristic  of  the  present. 
Further,  however,  our  time  will  stand  a  good 
deal  of  immorality,  or  even  of  cynical  disdain 
of  current  morals  ;  but  it  does  not  care  to  have 
passion  try  to  justify  itself  by  other  laws  than 
its  own.  "The  Marriage  of  Guenevere"  is 
based  on  the  idea  that  Guenevere  was  truly 
married  to  Launcelot ;  which  is  a  matter  of 
no  importance  in  the  minds  of  most  people 
nowadays.  We  can  stand  justification  by  fate, 
as  with  Tristram  and  Isolde ;  but  justification 
by  accident  seems,  to  me  at  least,  absurd 
and  even  gross.  Then,  lastly,  the  present  time 
will  stand  even  heroics ;  but  it  wants  the  old- 
time  swordsman  to  be  approved  by  some  law 
higher  than  the  sword.  We  do  not  want  alle- 
gory, to  be  sure,  but  we  do  want  something  a 
little  more  grown-up  than  fights  and  rescues 
and  escapes  and  love-trysts. 

Taken  by  and  large,  then,  we  can  hardly 
accept  this  rendering.  I  do  not  say  every  ren- 
dering of  the  Arthurian  legend  must  be  char- 
acteristic of  its  time.  But  the  great  ones  have 
been,  and  any  rendering  that  is  not  runs  the 
danger  of  being  the  outcome  of  a  striving  to  be 
different,  which  rarely  brings  about  large  re- 
sults. So  I  am  not  much  taken  by  these  poems 
in  general :  in  the  details,  on  the  other  hand, 
I  find  much  that  is  delightful.  I  feel  the  charm 
of  the  girlhood  of  Guenevere,  and  also  (al- 
though an  anti-neo-celticist)  of  her  song  in  the 
palace  of  Cameliard.  I  think  the  last  words  of 
"  The  Marriage  of  Guenevere "  make  a  fine 
ending.  I  like  especially  to  look  out  on  the 
fresh  barbarian  British  from  the  crumbling 
walls  of  the  worn-out  empire.  These  things 
are  good  and  typical,  and  other  things,  too,  are 
good,  as  the  reader  will  easily  see  for  himself. 

So  far,  however,  nothing  has  been  said  that 
might  not  have  been  said  were  these  plays  poQms 
and  nothing  more ;  and  this  is  manifestly  wrong. 
For  we  have  here,  obviously,  productions  in- 
tended for  the  stage.  At  any  rate,  they  are 
fortified  by  copyright  "  as  dramatic  composi- 
tion," and,  indeed,  I  believe  that  Mr.  Hovey 


18 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


considers  himself  more  of  a  playwright  than 
a  poet.  Doubtless  he  meant  these  plays  to  be 
acted. 

This  is  a  matter  which  interests  me.  Can  we 
read  these  plays  with  a  satisfaction  perfect  in 
its  kind  and  of  a  good  kind,  or  must  we  lay  them 
by  with  an  unfinished  feeling  while  we  wait  for 
an  appreciative  manager  who  will  bring  them 
out  somewhere  where  we  may  never  see  them  ? 
Or,  in  other  words,  is  it  ever  really  worth  while 
to  read  a  play  ? 

These  dramas  of  Mr.  Hovey's  furnish  mate- 
rial for  some  observations  on  this  point.  Let  us 
take  the  first  one,  "The  Quest  of  Merlin, 
a  Masque."  As  we  all  know,  the  Masque 
vanished  from  the  public  stage  some  time  since. 
If  this  masque  ever  comes  to  be  performed,  it 
will,  however,  in  a  measure  answer  the  same 
tastes  on  the  part  of  an  audience  that  the  old 
masques  did.  These  tastes  were,  I  suppose, 
speaking  very  generally,  the  same  that  exist  in 
the  mind  of  an  audience  nowadays  that  gathers 
at  the  performance  of  any  grand  spectacular 
play.  The  masques  were  not  exactly  ballets,  but 
they  depended  immensely  on  costume,  dancing, 
and  scenery.  They  had  the  accompaniment,  also, 
of  music  and  of  poetry,  sometimes  of  very  beau- 
tiful poetry.  But  the  spectacular  elements  were 
very  important  and  often  enormously  elaborate. 
Indeed,  I  think  that  the  poetry,  even  when  by 
John  Milton,  was  a  minor  consideration  with  the 
on-lookers.  It  seems  almost  as  if  this  must  have 
been  so.  Consider  an  audience,  even  of  the  most 
cultivated  :  what  will  seize  their  immediate  in- 
terest when  both  are  offered  at  once  ;  beautiful 
dancing,  elaborate  and  gorgeous  scenery  and 
costume,  —  things  that  strike  the  passive  eye 
and  mind  irresistibly,  —  or  poetry,  of  which  the 
greatest  charm  is  that  it  stimulates  the  imagi- 
nation and  makes  the  mind  active  through  the 
unconscious  service  of  the  eye  or  ear  ?  I  cannot 
resist  the  idea  that  the  poetry  in  a  masque  must 
have  always  passed  more  or  less  unappreciated. 
It  is  true  that  the  Elizabethans  had  a  taste  for 
oratorical  poetry,  if  I  may  so  call  it,  which  we 
have  not ;  but  I  fancy  that  even  an  Elizabethan, 
like  anyone  else,  must  have  given  his  attention 
chiefly  to  the  beautiful  things  that  presented 
themselves  outright  to  his  eye  and  ear,  and  only 
in  a  minor  way  to  the  poetry  which  would  have 
forced  him  to  imagine,  to  feel,  to  sympathize. 
Now,  in  Mr.  Hovey's  masque  the  poetry  is  the 
main  thing.  Yet  I  cannot  conceive  these  succes- 
sive entries  on  the  stage  of  angels,  bassarids, 
maenads,  fairies,  elves,  loves,  valkyrs,  maidens, 
these  anti-masques  of  satyrs,  fauns,  goblins, 


gnomes,  without  at  the  same  time  imagining  the 
poetry  relegated  to  a  wholly  secondary  place.  I 
think  of  myself  at  a  production  of  the  masque, 
probably  not  catching  much  of  what  was  sung, 
not  noticing  what  was  accompanied  by  a  charm- 
ing dance,  and  in  various  natural  ways  overlook- 
ing the  poetry.  On  the  other  hand,  as  I  read 
it,  the  masques  and  the  anti-masques  are  second- 
ary :  I  imagine  them  but  feebly,  for  my  mind 
is  taken  up  with  the  poetry,  is  taken  up  with 
those  little  black  characters*  that  demand  in- 
terpretation by  me,  by  the  very  mind  that  is 
vaguely  conceiving  the  bassarids  and  gnomes. 
Here  the  poetry  has  a  chance  :  I  can  pause  over 
it,  think  over  it,  dream  over  it,  if  I  so  de- 
sire. In  other  words,  I  am  doing  an  entirely 
different  thing  from  sitting  passively  at  a 
theatre  with  some  hundreds  of  others.  I  am 
alone,  and  my  mind  has  to  work  if  it  expects 
to  get  anything. 

Two  different  things  we  have  here.  This  par- 
ticular masque  is  good,  if  it  suits  either  case. 
The  greatest  masques  serve  both. 

And  not  so  very  different  is  the  case  with 
"  The  Marriage  of  Guenevere,  a  Tragedy,"  and 
"  The  Birth  of  Galahad,  a  Romantic  Drama." 
Here  in  a  less  degree,  could  we  see  them  on  the 
stage,  would  the  poetry  as  poetry  be  lost.  I  take 
what  seems  to  me  the  best  scene  in  the  first  play, 
—  that  in  which  Guenevere  first  appears.  The 
beauty  of  the  opening  song  would  be  lost  or 
subordinated  in  a  performance,  but  the  dialogue 
between  the  handsome  girl  and  the  disappointed 
woman  of  the  world  would  be  much  more  effect- 
ive ;  Dagonet  might  be  humorous  in  a  perform- 
ance according  to  the  actor  and  the  business,  but 
the  full  sense  of  his  jesting  can  be  perceived 
only  in  reading ;  the  general  entry  of  king, 
queen,  and  court  would  be  much  more  effective 
on  the  stage,  but  the  succeeding  scenes,  Guene- 
vere and  her  mother,  Guenevere  alone,  and  then 
with  her  brother,  —  these  are  very  different 
things  as  seen  and  as  read,  and  it  is  hard  to  say 
that  either  would  be  better  :  the  end  of  the  act 
would  probably  be  more  effective  on  the  stage. 
The  stage  performance  would  give  something, 
certainly,  but  it  would  as  certainly  lack  some- 
thing. 

I  am  very  fond  of  the  theatre.  I  incline  to 
think  that  I  enjoy  seeing  a  play  more  than  I  do 
reading  one.f  But  I  believe  the  reason  for  this 
lies  largely  in  the  many  attendant  circumstances 
that  always  accompany  theatre-going :  the  un- 
conscious effect  of  the  public  place,  the  people 

*  I  beg  to  acknowledge  a  hint  from  M.  Anatole  France. 
f  I  find  at  least  that  I  habitually  pay  more  for  the  privilege. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


19 


you  go  with,  the  other  people  there,  the  lights, 
and  what  not.  I  doubt  if  I  should  enjoy  a  play 
in  the  same  way  if  I  could  look  out  of  my  win- 
dow at  any  time  and  see  a  stage  with  a  play  upon 
it,  as  I  sat  in  my  room  by  myself.  But  aside 
from  that  matter,  I  can  hardly  think  that  the 
pleasure  at  the  theatre  and  the  pleasure  of  read- 
ing poetry  have  so  very  much  in  common. 

This  is,  perhaps,  something  of  an  excursus. 
But  here  are  plays  meant  to  be  acted  ;  and  I 
have  not  seen  them  acted.  What  am  I  to  do  ? 
Read  them  and  say,  "  In  a  tentative,  general, 
and  altogether  indecisive  way,  I  imagine  that 
the  plays,  if  they  ever  reach  the  stage,  may  be 
thus  and  so  ?  "  Could  I  say  that  ?  Of  course 
not.  Here  are  poems.  They  are  printed  in 
books  ;  as  books  they  come  to  me,  and  as  books 
I  read  them.  They  are  poems  :  but  the  author 
has  chosen  to  write  them  in  dramatic  form.  It 
pleased  him,  or  it  enabled  him  to  put  certain 
things  he  could  not  otherwise,  or  he  thought  it 
would  call  ideas  to  my  mind  in  such  and  such 
a  way,  or  something  of  the  sort.  Will  anyone 
ever  act  these  plays  ?  I  have  no  idea,  nor,  for 
the  purposes  of  present  enjoyment,  do  I  in  the 
least  care.  If  ever  the  dramatic  performance 
comes,  I  will  welcome  it  gladly  and  allow  myself 
to  be  stirred  and  moved  by  the  glittering  magic 
of  the  charm  put  in  action  by  poet,  actor, 
musician,  scene-painter,  costumer,  property- 
man,  and  I  do  n't  know  who  else.  But  now 
I  am  by  myself,  and  I  read ;  the  books,  for 
the  moment,  are  all  I  know,  or  need  to  know, 
either. 

But  why  so  much  bother  on  a  matter  that 
nobody  ever  troubles  his  head  about  ?  Why  not 
tell  us  whether  they  are  good  plays  or  not  ? 

Ah,  that  is  another  matter :  I  fear  I  have 
written  enough  already. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 


THE  experiment  of  the  University  of  Chicago  in  es- 
tablishing a  down  town  college,  and  arranging  its  courses 
at  such  times  as  would  suit  the  convenience  of  the 
teachers  of  the  city  and  others  who  could  not  enter  the 
regular  classes  at  the  University,  has  met  with  a  success 
beyond  the  expectations  of  the  warmest  friends  of  the 
movement.  The  determination  of  the  University  to 
admit  without  examination  all  teachers  who  are  gradu- 
ates of  the  Chicago  High  Schools,  or  an  equivalent 
course,  and  the  lowering  of  the  fees  to  them,  has  helped 
both  the  University  and  the  public.  At  the  opening  of 
the  College  few  thought  that  the  enrollment  would  be 
more  than  100  or  150,  but  there  are  already  286  ma- 
triculants, nearly  all  teachers,  and  about  150  schools 
are  represented.  All  the  classes  begun  in  October  will 
continue  until  the  first  of  April,  and  new  classes  will 
begin  with  the  present  month. 


DISCUSSIONS  OF  THE  SOCIAL,  MOVEMENT, 
THEORETICAL,  AND  PRACTICAL,.* 

In  "  The  Logical  Process  of  Social  Development " 
we  have,  in  the  words  of  the  author,  "  a  theoretical 
attempt  to  introduce  orderly  arrangement  into  the 
study  of  the  phenomena  of  social  life  by  the  rigid 
application  of  a  single  logical  hypothesis  —  the  selec- 
tive survival  of  sociological  types."  The  main  topics 
are  the  societary  process,  the  sociological  postulates, 
the  sociological  axioms,  and  the  sociological  prin- 
ciples. The  societary  process  is  from  the  natural, 
organic  or  animal,  upward  to  the  ideal,  and  involves 
in  succession  consciousness  of  typal  kinship,  of  typal 
conditions,  of  typal  relations,  and  of  typal  possibili- 
ties. Progress  is  mediated  by  sociological  types 
which  are  defined  to  be  either  "  a  potentially  normal 
type  of  personality  or  a  theoretically  superior  type 
of  social  organization  projected  as  a  goal  of  practice." 
The  sociological  postulates  are  the  social  situation, 
which  secures  the  type  from  dissolution  ;  the  social 
interests,  which  set  up  a  tendency  to  variation  ;  the 
social  system,  in  which  tendencies  are  coordinated  ; 
and  the  social  mind,  in  which  the  ideals  of  a  higher 
state  become  curative  and  harmonizing  forces. 

Under  the  head  of  sociological  axioms  are  dis- 
cussed typicality,  normality,  institutionality,  and 
ideality.  The  main  purpose  of  the  work  is  to  show 
that  human  association  rises  above  and  upon  a  purely 
organic  state  toward  an  ideal  state  of  personality  and 
organization,  by  a  constant  process  of  selecting  and 
acting  upon  new  types  of  being.  It  is  the  function 
of  sociology  to  formulate  the  materials  of  the  various 
sciences  in  a  way  to  guide  this  process.  The  normal 
tendency  toward  the  higher  type  can  be  compre- 
hended by  scientific  method,  and  errors  of  direction 
may  be  corrected.  When  these  ideals  and  methods 
have  been  thus  formulated  we  have  a  more  reliable 
basis  for  the  pedagogic  art.  "  Social  policy  must 

*  THE  LOGICAL  PROCESS  OF  SOCIAL  DEVELOPMENT.  By 
J.  F.  Crowell,  Ph.D.,  L.H.D.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

DEMOCRACY  AND  SOCIAL  GROWTH  IN  AMERICA.  By  Ber- 
nard Moses,  Ph.D.  New  York:  Q.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

SOCIALISM  AND  THE  SOCIAL  MOVEMENT  in  the  19th  Cen- 
tury. By  Werner  Sombart.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

POLITICAL  CRIME.  By  Louis  Proal.  New  York :  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co. 

WORKINGMEN'S  INSURANCE.  By  W.  F.  Willoughby.  New 
York:  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 

THE  BARGAIN  THEORY  OF  WAGES.  By  John  Davidson, 
M.  A.,  D.Phil.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

LABOR  COPARTNERSHIP.  By  H.  D.  Lloyd.  New  York : 
Harper  &  Brothers. 

PROBLEMS  OF  MODERN  INDUSTRY.  By  Sidney  and  Beatrice 
Webb.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

NATURAL  TAXATION.-  (New  and  enlarged  edition.)  By 
Thomas  G.  Shearman.  New  York  :  Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

INDUSTRIAL  EXPERIMENTS  IN  THE  BRITISH  COLONIES  OF 
NORTH  AMERICA.  By  Eleanor  Louisa  Lord.  Baltimore : 
The  Johns  Hopkins  Press. 

REALITY.  By  George  A.  Sanders,  M.A.  Cleveland :  The 
Burrows  Brothers  Co. 

THE  CHRISTIAN  PASTOR  AND  THE  WORKING  CHURCH. 
By  Washington  Gladden,  D.D.,  LL.D.  New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 


20 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


take  into  account  (1)  the  facts  or  conditions  of  natu- 
ral association,  (2)  the  forces  that  belong  to  social 
organization,  and  (3)  the  coordination  of  these  fac- 
tors in  the  individuation  of  the  type  of  character  that 
normally  tends  to  prevail  toward  the  ideal.  The  social 
process  being  a  type-developing  process,  educational 
policy  must  organize  knowledge  and  its  uses  to  that 
supreme  end." 

The  practised  student  of  sociology  will  derive 
many  original  and  thought-provoking  hints  from  this 
orderly  and  systematic  treatment.  In  the  circles 
of  specialists  it  will  be  one  of  the  books  for  fruitful 
criticism  and  debate.  For  persons  not  already  well 
equipped  for  close  reasoning,  the  book  will  require 
a  translator ;  for  the  technical  terms  and  the  words 
used  in  a  sense  peculiar  to  the  author  will  bewilder 
the  amateur.  Under  a  hard  crust  there  is  solid  food 
for  adults.  The  formulas  or  principles  proposed  need 
to  be  used  with  great  caution.  It  is  so  easy  to  accept 
imaginative  constructions  as  verified  laws  of  reality. 
It  is  true  that  the  author  calls  his  theory  a  hypothesis, 
and  warns  us  that  it  is  to  be  used  as  a  guide  to  induc- 
tion. But  the  mode  of  discussion  is  such  that  the 
incautious  student  may  be  strongly  tempted  to  em- 
ploy this  hypothesis  as  a  premiss  for  deduction,  and 
in  some  parts  of  the  book  the  author  himself  seems 
under  control  of  this  tendency.  The  corrective, 
however,  is  suggested  in  the  array  of  the  scientific 
preparation  required  for  discovery  of  the  ideal  type 
and  of  the  necessary  means  of  its  realization. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  social  ideal,  does  our 
author  give  a  suitable  place  of  dignity  and  value  to 
the  creative  minds  in  literature?  He  declares  that 
science  and  religion  are  the  two  sources  of  the  ideals 
toward  which  progressive  society  normally  tends. 
But  in  no  place  is  a  distinct  or  at  least  adequate 
place  assigned  to  the  greatest  poets  and  literary 
artists  who,  apart  from  beautiful  forms  of  speech, 
have  helped  us  to  see  life  as  it  is  and  to  see  it  as  a 
whole.  Without  Shakespeare,  Goethe,  Dante, 
Browning,  Tennyson,  the  scientific  and  philosoph- 
ical and  theological  formulations  of  social  ideals 
would  be  empty  as  a  drum  and  cold  as  steel.  Ab- 
stract thinkers,  system-builders,  offer  us  a  strong 
osseous  skeleton,  but  great  literature  reveals  the 
warm  heart,  the  sensitive  nerves,  the  rounded  flesh, 
the  perfect  form,  and,  best  of  all,  the  endlessly  va- 
ried yet  harmonious  world  of  sentiments,  hopes, 
fears,  and  mysteries  of  the  inmost  spirit. 

It  is  the  mind  of  a  master  which  carries  us  for- 
ward in  the  lucid  argument  of  "  Democracy  and 
Social  Growth  in  America."  The  appeal  is  to  facts 
commonly  known ;  the  interpretation  is  that  of  a 
man  familiar  with  economic  and  political  history. 
Equality  belongs  to  simple  rural  conditions,  and 
those  conditions  gave  us  a  democracy.  Industrial 
revolution  has  caused  inequality  and  complexity  and 
a  pure  democracy  is  impossible.  There  is  an  inev- 
itable tendency  to  bring  industry  under  some  form 
of  political  control,  and  so  far  the  Socialists  have 
rightly  interpreted  the  process  of  history.  But 
those  who  imagine  that  Socialism  will  make  presi- 


dents of  railroads  and  section-hands  change  places 
each  month  or  year,  or  who  fancy  that  the  highest 
places  will  be  easily  reached,  build  on  the  shadows 
of  dreams.  Inequality  and  conflict  will  continue 
under  all  forms  of  government.  The  last  chapter 
is  a  noble  plea  for  a  "  political  revival,"  for  the 
preaching  of  social  duty  above  individual  rights,  for 
simplicity  of  living,  for  standards  of  goodness, 
intelligence,  and  taste,  to  compete  with  the  social 
criterion  of  wealth,  and  for  religion  as  a  necessary 
conservative  force.  The  teaching  of  this  volume 
should  be  pondered  by  everyone  who  desires  to  appre- 
ciate and  promote  the  most  sane,  elevated,  and  inspir- 
ing ideals  of  our  economic  and  political  movement. 

Sombart's  popular  and  sympathetic  lectures  on 
Socialism  have  been  translated  in  a  delightful  way 
by  Rev.  Anson  P.  Atterbury,  and  Professor  J.  B. 
Clark  thinks  the  book  worth  a  special  introduction 
from  his  pen.  A  social  movement  is  defined  to  be 
"  the  aggregate  of  all  those  endeavors  of  a  social 
class  which  are  directed  to  a  rational  overturning 
of  an  existing  social  order  to  suit  the  interests  of  a 
class."  The  central  aim  of  the  movement  in  this 
century  is  toward  a  socialistic,  communal  order  of 
society,  in  place  of  the  existing  method  of  private 
ownership.  The  formation  of  the  proletariat  is 
shown  to  be  the  inevitable  result  of  capitalistic 
modes  of  production.  Misery,  contrast,  uncertainty 
spring  from  the  same  system,  and  the  intensity  of 
all  life  heightens  class  feeling.  The  Utopian  forms 
of  Socialism,  the  agitation  of  Lassalle,  the  masterly 
discussions  of  Marx,  and  the  tendencies  toward  unity 
in  all  lands  where  the  wage-class  has  been  formed, 
are  neatly  described.  The  lesson  from  the  history 
of  Socialism  is  that  class  strife  is  the  cause  of  move- 
ment and  progress,  but  that  strife  should  be  carried 
on  within  legal  limits  and  without  the  poisoned 
weapons  of  hate,  revenge,  and  misrepresentation. 

Monsieur  Louis  Proal  is  a  French  judge  who  has 
contributed  important  works  to  the  discussion  of 
crime  and  punishment.  In  the  work  on  Political 
Crime  the  main  topics  are  the  anti-social  actions 
done  in  the  name  of  government,  Machiavelism, 
assassination  and  tyrannicide,  anarchism,  political 
hatreds  and  hypocrisy,  spoilation  under  legal  forms, 
partisan  corruption,  electoral  corruption,  corruption 
of  law  and  justice  by  politics,  and  the  corruption  of 
morals  by  evil  example  in  high  places.  The  plan 
of  the  author  is  to  present  historical  illustrations  of 
these  subjects  from  ancient,  mediaeval,  and  modern 
sources.  The  result  is  a  rogue's  gallery  of  very 
forbidding  pictures,  and  the  effect  is  depressing. 
Strictly  speaking,  many  of  these  actions  are  not 
legally  criminal,  because  they  do  not  come  under 
the  condemnation  and  penalty  of  particular  statutes  ; 
but  they  are  all  instances  of  violation  of  the  "  higher 
law  "  of  social  and  international  morality.  At  this 
moment  we  have  experience  of  the  subversive  influ- 
ence of  war,  even  in  as  righteous  a  cause  as  one  can 
imagine.  Acts  which  in  times  of  peace  were  called 
lying,  treachery,  robbery,  and  murder  are  now  the 
duty  and  the  business  of  representatives  of  national 


1899.] 


THE    DIAJL 


21 


honor.  The  contradictions  of  the  situation,  if  long 
continued,  would  destroy  the  socializing  and  elevat- 
ing influences  of  generations  of  peaceful  education. 
So  awful  is  the  responsibility  for  world-wide  retro- 
gression of  those  who  force  upon  us  war.  Monsieur 
Proal  has  massed  his  illustrations  in  an  effective 
way,  and  he  has  compelled  us  to  judge  all  the  con- 
duct of  parties,  rulers,  and  nations  by  the  standards 
of  ideal  ethics.  The  author  misses  no  opportunity 
to  expose  the  destructive  tendency  of  social  agitators 
who  poison  and  irritate  the  minds  of  men  and  sub- 
vert the  moral  judgments  on  which  the  security  of 
life,  person,  property,  and  culture  rest.  He  believes 
the  ills  of  society  are  far  more  due  to  defective  ideals 
and  morals  than  to  economic  suffering.  He  sees 
clearly  that  educated  men  must  take  hold  of  the 
work  of  social  education  in  earnest.  "  Those  who 
do  not  defend  society  betray  it.  To  the  proselytism 
of  evil  must  be  opposed  the  proselytism  of  good. 
It  is  the  strict  duty  of  all  those  who  have  the  good 
fortune  to  hold  salutary  beliefs,  derived  from  their 
education,  their  family,  or  their  studies,  to  propa- 
gate them,  and  not  to  allow  sophisms  to  pass  with- 
out challenge.  .  .  .  The  real  remedy  for  the  crisis 
we  are  traversing  is  a  return  to  Christianity." 

The  wage-worker  is  daily  haunted  by  the  fear  of 
sickness  or  accident  which  may  reduce  or  suspend 
his  earning  power,  by  the  dread  of  old  age  and  death, 
with  all  their  possible  consequences  to  his  family. 
The  process  of  saving  a  sufficient  hoard  to  provide 
for  all  these  emergencies  is  painfully  slow  and  un- 
certain. For  the  vast  majority  of  men  it  is  next  to 
impossible  to  erect  a  fortress  of  accumulated  wealth 
whose  interest  will  be  a  wall  of  protection  against 
extreme  destitution.  Americans  have  not  yet  been 
compelled  to  face  this  situation,  because  most  men 
could  escape  from  the  vicissitudes  of  city  life  to  the 
relatively  certain  income  of  the  isolated  farm  home- 
stead. The  rapid  transformation  of  a  great  popu- 
lation into  a  manufacturing  community  is  compelling 
reflecting  and  far-seeing  men  to  cast  about  for  meas- 
ures which  will  remove  the  terrors  of  poverty  and 
beggary  in  times  of  feebleness  and  loss  of  bread- 
winning  power.  Benjamin  Franklin's  method  was  to 
save  the  pennies  and  lend  the  capital.  That  would  be 
adequate  for  his  age,  but  it  is  not  applicable  in  our 
conditions.  Individualism  breaks  down  under  the 
circumstances  of  urban  life  and  the  factory  system, 
and  men  have  the  choice  between  some  form  of  col- 
lectivism and  pauperism,  which  is  itself  communism 
in  disgrace.  At  this  point  of  transition  we  may 
avail  ourselves  of  the  experience  of  older  countries, 
and  when  we  come  to  organize  our  insurance  against 
sickness,  accident,  old  age,  death,  and  even  unem- 
ployment, or  shall  not  be  compelled  to  try  experi- 
ments in  the  dark.  Mr.  W.  F.  Willoughby  has  set 
before  the  American  reader  and  student  a  clear, 
concise,  and  accurate  account  of  the  aims,  scope, 
methods,  and  results  of  "  Workingmen's  Insurance  " 
in  all  civilized  countries.  Mr.  John  Graham  Brooks 
had  already  presented  an  admirable  account  of  the 
German  system  of  State  insurance,  and  his  book  is 


not  altogether  superseded  by  this  work,  which  covers 
wider  ground.  Perhaps  there  is  no  single  measure 
relating  to  the  welfare  of  the  wage-workers  in  Amer- 
ica, next  to  the  question  of  wages,  so  important  as 
this  matter  of  insurance.  Our  Building  and  Loan 
Associations  are  growing  in  wealth  and  favor ;  but 
they  are  by  no  means  adequate,  and  they  do  riot 
touch  the  demand  of  the  average  urban  laborer. 
The  trade  unions  of  the  better  class  do  very  much 
in  case  of  unemployment  and  sickness ;  but  their 
insurance  work  is  still  based  on  crude  actuarial  cal- 
culations and  is  avowedly  subordinate  to  the  fighting 
function  of  the  union.  The  "  benevolent  "  societies 
and  some  of  the  great  railroad  companies  have  made 
fair  beginnings  in  the  right  direction.  The  author 
rightly  directs  attention  to  the  vital  principle  of  acci- 
dent insurance,  now  universally  accepted  in  Europe 
but  scarcely  discussed  in  the  United  States :  that  each 
business  should  provide  for  losses  incurred  by  acci- 
dents incident  to  it.  Every  prudent  manufacturer  sets 
aside  in  each  inventory  a  certain  per  cent  for  repairs, 
restoration,  and  loss  of  machinery,  because  experi- 
ence shows  this  to  be  inevitable.  But  a  similar  loss 
is  caused  to  the  human  beings  who  make  the  ma- 
chinery effective,  and  it  is  reasonable  that  this  cer- 
tain waste  should  be  borne  by  the  business.  Our- 
employer's  liability  laws  are  no  longer  abreast  with 
economic  conditions.  They  are  based  on  the  old 
conditions,  when  each  man  worked  alone  or  in  a 
small  group,  and  was  responsible  for  exposure  to 
danger.  But  in  a  huge  factory  or  on  a  railroad  the 
individual  workman  is  a  fixed  part  of  a  mass  which 
is  under  military  orders  and  rigid  discipline.  It  is 
unjust  to  compel  him  to  have  a  lawsuit  with  his  em- 
ployer every  time  he  crushes  a  finger  or  is  poisoned 
by  chemical  fumes.  The  business  should  insure 
each  workman,  and  the  cost  be  charged  in  the  price 
of  goods  to  the  community. 

Professor  Davidson,  author  of  "  The  Bargain 
Theory  of  Wages,"  discusses  the  wages  problem  in 
its  historical  and  theoretical  aspects.  He  offers  an 
exposition  of  the  subsistence  theory,  the  wages-fund 
theory,  the  productivity  theory,  and  the  bargain 
theory,  and  shows  that  these  various  views  are  not 
antagonistic  but  complementary.  The  phenomena 
to  be  explained  are  not  social  conditions  of  former 
ages  but  of  our  own  time.  Many  of  the  illustrations 
would  be  understood  most  clearly  by  a  resident  of 
the  maritime  provinces  of  British  America,  where 
the  book  was  prepared  ;  but  nothing  is  obscure,  and 
the  author  is  constantly  in  touch  with  reality.  The 
chapter  on  the  mobility  of  labor  should  be  read  by 
those  who  are  free  enough  from  the  prejudices  of 
capitalistic  employers,  and  also  of  wage-earners,  to 
study  impartially  the  hidden  causes  of  the  troubles 
in  Illinois  coal-fields,  where  the  maddened  miners 
and  the  demagogues  are  seeking  by  illegal  methods 
to  correct  the  abuses  of  excessive  mobility  of  labor. 
There  is  no  longer  the  excuse  for  migration  of  work- 
men which  existed  when  Mr.  Greeley  gave  his 
famous  advice  about  going  West.  Statistics  collected 
by  Professor  Willcox,  and  given  by  the  author,  show 


22 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


that  steady  home-making  is  coming  to  be  the  habit  of 
our  people.  Trade-unions  are  discouraging  the  tramp 
habit  among  their  own  members  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  The  moral  consequences  of  greater  sta- 
bility justify  the  policy.  The  problem  is  to  promote 
stability  by  legislation  without  restricting  liberty  of 
travel  in  search  of  better  conditions.  The  author 
gives  a  suggestive  illustration  of  legal  restriction  of 
imported  labor  by  a  heavy  tax  on  the  interlopers  who 
hurt  the  trade-unions.  The  chapters  on  the  influence 
of  trade-unions  and  of  methods  of  remuneration  on 
the  rate  of  wages  and  industrial  efficiency  of  working- 
men  are  full  of  fresh  and  important  materials. 

In  his  work  on  "  Labor  Copartnership,"  Mr. 
Henry  D.  Lloyd  has  set  before  the  public,  in  his 
usual  forceful  way,  the  more  recent  developments  of 
one  form  of  the  cooperative  movement  in  Great 
Britain.  The  materials  were  collected  during  a 
personal  visit  to  the  chief  centres  of  the  movement 
in  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  England.  The  author  is 
an  enthusiastic  advocate  and  prophet  of  that  form 
of  cooperation  in  which  the  producing  agents,  the 
direct  workers,  share  in  profits,  responsibilities,  and 
management.  The  arguments  of  Mrs.  Webb  on  the 
side  of  the  English  custom  of  dividing  profits  among 
shareholders  are  not  fully  set  forth,  and  Mrs.  Webb's 
book  must  be  read  along  with  this  one  in  order  to 
have  the  whole  case  in  mind.  Mr.  Lloyd  writes 
with  the  faith  and  fervor  of  a  socialistic  seer,  but  he 
certainly  gives  solid  statistical  grounds  for  his  hopes. 
Those  who  are  content  to  measure  the  future  of 
industrial  democracy  by  the  past  are  quite  likely  to 
miss  the  germinating  forces  of  the  present.  A  de- 
voted coOperationist  may  be  a  dreamer  of  dreams, 
but  when  one-seventh  of  the  population  of  a  great 
realm  has  become  interested  in  a  scheme  which  is 
backed  already  by  one  hundred  millions  of  property, 
and  has  more  capital  than  it  can  invest,  we  may 
excuse  the  enthusiasm.  All  who  sincerely  desire  to 
see  general  growth  in  business  ability,  self-govern- 
ment, and  independent  position  of  the  workers,  are 
justified  in  studying  British  cooperation  with  hope 
and  confidence.  If  the  "  proletariate  "  really  has 
the  power  and  ability  to  direct  the  gigantic  enter- 
prises of  modern  business,  it  must  prove  this  by 
cooperative  success  in  production,  not  by  mere  blus- 
ter and  flattery  of  demagogues.  The  conservative 
doubt  and  scorn  and  the  optimist's  hope  are  not  to 
the  point :  action  must  be  decisive. 

In  "  Problems  of  Modern  Industry,"  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Webb  have  published  a  series  of  interesting 
essays  on  various  aspects  of  the  labor  question,  ten- 
ement house  life,  women's  wages,  factory  acts,  hours 
of  labor,  surating  system,  poor  law,  cooperation, 
trade-unions,  and  the  theory  of  Felian  socialism. 
The  chapters  are  crowded  with  interesting  and  sug- 
gestive materials,  and  the  closing  papers  reveal  the 
most  recent  phases  of  English  collectivism. 

A  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  Mr.  Thomas  G. 
Shearman's  "  Natural  Taxation  "  brings  before  the 
public  a  modified  form  of  Henry  George's  theory  of 
taxation.  Mr.  Shearman's  doctrine,  in  contrast  with 


that  of  Mr.  George,  is  thus  stated  (p.  226):  "The  ob- 
jection to  the  alleged  inelasticity  of  the  tax  applies  to 
that  full  and  rather  forced  measure  of  taxation  advo- 
cated by  Henry  George,  taking  the  whole  economic 
rent,  so  far  as  it  is  possible  to  do  so,  for  the  use  of  the 
State."  The  additions  in  the  new  edition  are  replies 
to  objections  and  an  analysis  of  the  incidence  of  tax- 
ation. The  refutation  of  the  single  tax,  by  Professor 
Seligman,  is  the  text  of  this  fresh  presentation  of  the 
plea  for  making  land-values  the  sole  object  of  the 
assessor's  zeal.  The  matter  is  presented  in  the  con- 
cise, clear,  and  cogent,  if  somewhat  one-sided,  style 
of  a  very  able  lawyer  advocate.  There  is  much  just 
criticism  of  the  iniquities  of  current  methods,  and  the 
book  deserves  careful  and  candid  consideration. 

The  British  archives  have  preserved  most  inter- 
esting records  of  the  commercial  dealings  between 
the  colonies  and  the  mother  country.  In  "  Industrial 
Experiments,"  by  Eleanor  Louisa  Lord,  the  author 
draws  upon  these  documents  of  the  period  previous 
to  the  Revolution  for  materials  which  throw  light  on 
the  economical  causes  of  the  conflict  which  issued  in 
political  independence.  The  chief  topic  of  this  mono- 
graph is  the  attempt  of  the  British  government  to 
compel  or  induce  New  England  to  furnish  it  naval 
supplies.  The  statesmen  in  control  imagined  that 
they  understood  the  economic  interests  of  the  colonies 
better  than  the  colonists.  Gradually  the  children  were 
becoming  industrially  independent,  and  when  the 
time  came  to  enforce  a  fiscal  policy  which  seemed 
unjust,  the  young  and  vigorous  communities  revealed 
their  economic  power  in  war.  The  monograph  pre- 
sents evidence,  in  a  limited  field,  for  the  assertion  that 
the  economists  and  statesmen  of  England  failed  to 
understand  the  situation  in  North  America,  and  that 
their  error  cost  the  mother  country  her  most  valu- 
able dependency. 

The  book  called  "Reality,"  by  Mr.  George  A.  San- 
ders, is  put  forward  as  a  "reply  to  Edward  Bellamy's 
'Looking  Backward'  and  'Equality,'  "  an  optimistic 
presentation  for  the  existing  industrial  system.  It  can 
hardly  be  claimed  as  a  novel  or  profound  discussion 
of  a  well-worn  theme.  Mr.  Bellamy  is  regarded  by 
this  author  as  an  impracticable  dreamer ;  the  basis 
of  civilization  is  character  and  culture ;  our  indus- 
trial order  is  the  best  possible.  A  chapter  of  statis- 
tics from  Mr.  Mulhall  is  printed.  The  law  of  evolution 
is  stated.  The  perils  and  advantages  of  mammon- 
ism  are  set  in  the  balance.  The  parable  of  the 
"  Masters  of  Bread  "  is  dissected  on  a  marble  table, 
but  "  brotherly  love  "  comes  immediately  after  as 
a  counterpoise.  Theological  speculation  on  "  what 
God  might  have  done  "  closes  the  book. 

Dr.  Gladden's  work  on  "  The  Christian  Pastor 
and  the  Working  Church,"  although  published  in  a 
theological  series,  is  an  important  contribution  to 
the  study  of  social  tendencies  and  institutions.  The 
eminent  writer  has  given  explicit  form  to  certain 
beliefs  and  convictions  which  have  been  gradually 
shaping  themselves  in  the  minds  of  religious  people 
and  manifesting  themselves  in  institutions.  The 
distinction  between  "  sacred  "  and  "  secular  "  has 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


23 


broken  down  at  every  point,  as  the  church  has  come 
to  believe  in  the  transmutation  of  species.  The 
abandonment  of  theories  of  ecclesiastical  authority 
and  of  logical  systems  of  theological  speculation 
has  driven  the  people  to  concentrate  attention 
upon  practical  applications  of  common  religious 
principles  to  the  life  of  the  world.  The  creeds  have 
been  condensed  from  many  unverifiable  articles  into 
a  few  directly  ethical  declarations  relating  to  the 
meaning  of  the  universe  and  the  duty  of  man.  It 
was  inevitable  that  the  text-books  on  pastoral  duties 
and  church  work  must  be  re-written.  The  institu- 
tional church,  the  organization  of  voluntary  chari- 
ties, the  various  attempts  to  socialize  selfish  conduct 
in  politics  and  business,  the  recognition  of  health 
and  innocent  recreation  as  suitable  subjects  for 
ecclesiastical  discussion  and  action,  found  small 
place  in  the  earlier  works  which  formulated  the 
technical  education  of  the  preacher  and  pastor.  The 
publishers  who  selected  Dr.  Gladden  for  the  task  of 
re-stating  the  theory  of  the  pastoral  office  according 
to  modern  lights  have  made  a  most  happy  choice. 
While  the  discussion  is  radical  and  at  points  revo- 
lutionary, the  tone  is  moderate,  the  style  free  from 
exaggeration,  the  argument  considerate,  and  the 
vital  matters  of  positive  Christian  conviction  are 
not  obscured  or  feebly  set  forth.  The  range  of 
thought  is  considerably  wider  than  that  covered  by 
traditional  text-books  on  pastoral  duties.  The  sub- 
title, "  Working  Church,"  indicates  the  fact  that  the 
pastor  is  only  one  factor  in  the  institution  of  religion. 
The  duties  of  the  pastor  and  the  best  methods  of 
his  professional  work  are,  indeed,  carefully  treated. 
We  see  him  in  his  study,  in  the  pulpit,  as  conductor 
of  public  services,  and  as  counsellor  and  guide  of 
those  who  trust  him  as  friend.  But  the  modern 
activities  of  the  other  members  have  vastly  increased. 
The  Sunday  school,  the  midweek  service,  evangeli- 
zation, social  life,  woman's  work,  associations  of 
youth,  societies  of  children,  missionary  organization  s. 
philanthropic  enterprises  of  many  forms  have  grown 
up  in  response  to  new  social  needs  and  out  of  the 
inspirations  of  a  renaissance  of  primitive  Christian 
impulse.  The  Church  is  simply  an  instrument  of 
service,  not  an  end  in  itself.  In  some  points  the 
volume  requires  to  be  supplemented  by  other  works. 
The  discussion  of  charity  methods  is  very  brief  and 
meagre,  although  the  author  insists  on  the  social 
importance  of  this  work.  Those  who  desire  to  know 
more  about  the  "  institutional  church  "  will  do  well 
to  consult  Mead's  "Modern  Methods  of  Church 
Work,"  which  is  not  mentioned  in  this  book.  The 
plan  of  the  volume  did  not  permit  a  treatment  of 
the  many  social  problems  in  which  the  church  is 
more  or  less  directly  interested  as  inspirer  and  or- 
ganizer of  the  conscience.  It  is  not  to  be  expected  that 
all  the  statements  and  teachings  will  be  greeted  with 
nnanimous  approval.  Yet  one  fact  remains  clear : 
that  we  have  here,  for  the  pastor,  the  most  modern 
practical  treatise  yet  published,  —  sagacious,  bal- 
anced, devout,  inspiring.  ~  „  TT 

C.  R.  HENDERSON. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

Still  another  "  Life  of  Marie  An- 
toinette"!  There  is  apparently  to 
be  no  end  of  repetitions  of  the  story 
of  the  career  of  this  questionable  "martyr."  This 
time  the  biographer  of  "  Madame  Veto  "  is  Miss 
Clara  Tschudi,  a  popular  Norwegian  author ;  and 
the  Macmillan  Co.  are  the  American  publishers  of 
a  translation  of  her  book  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Cope.  Miss 
Tschudi  is  a  decidedly  pleasant  writer,  and  the 
translator  (despite  occasional  flaws  in  his  English) 
echoes  very  cleverly  her  easy,  rippling  style.  Aside 
from  its  unusual  readableness,  the  best  thing  about 
Miss  Tschudi's  book  is  its  sanity  of  view.  Her 
heroine  is  neither  martyr  nor  monster,  but  a  quite 
intelligible  woman  who  was  forced  to  play  a  part 
in  history  that  was  far  too  large  for  her.  Miss 
Tschudi's  book  is  thus  neither  soaked  in  tears, —  like 
the  tomes  of  M.  de  la  Rocheterie,  whose  lamentations 
for  his  "  martyr  queen  "  remind  one  of  Mark  Twain 
at  the  tomb  of  Adam, —  nor  does  it  defer  too  much 
to  the  republican  view  of  this  bad  sovereign  and 
pity-compelling  victim.  A  "tigress"  Marie  An- 
toinette certainly  was  not ;  but  she  was  a  giddy, 
shallow  creature,  as  ill-fitted  as  possible  for  the  high 
station  to  which  an  ironic  destiny  called  her.  While 
deploring  her  all  too  tragic  end,  impartial  history 
cannot  forget  that,  in  her  day  of  triumph,  she  had 
no  thought  for  the  hard  lot  of  the  toiling  poor  who 
lacked  bread  while  she  and  her  worthless  favorites 
were  squandering  the  revenues  of  France.  But  her 
nature  was  a  shallow  rather  than  a  bad  one ;  and 
with  a  better  training  she  would  have  been  a  better 
queen.  The  "  Widow  Capet "  paid  in  tears  and 
blood  for  the  follies  of  the  mistress  of  the  Little 
Trianon  ;  and  we  may  agree  with  our  author  that 
in  the  hour  of  misfortune  Marie  Antoinette  devel- 
oped qualities  of  soul  worthy  of  a  daughter  of  Maria 
Theresa.  Miss  Tschudi's  book  is  accurate,  sensible, 
vivacious  ;  there  is  perhaps  no  better  popular  Life 
of  its  heroine.  The  book  is  well  printed,  but  an 
occasional  slip  in  the  proof-reading  must  be  noted. 
Vergniaud,  for  instance,  is  printed  "  Verginaud." 
There  is  an  attractive  frontispiece  portrait  in  colors. 

Ever  since  the  appearance  of  the 
Revised  Version  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment in  1885,  there  has  been  a  de- 
sire on  the  part  of  Bible  students  for  this  same  ver- 
sion provided  with  a  new  set  of  marginal  references. 
Just  now,  thirteen  years  after  its  first  appearance, 
we  have  the  desired  book.  It  has  been  prepared 
by  scholars  connected  with  the  Universities  of  Ox- 
ford and  Cambridge,  and  issued  from  the  Oxford 
University  Press.  This  is  the  British  edition  newly 
set  with  the  American  Preferences  at  the  end,  as  in 
the  regular  British  Revised  Version.  The  principles 
governing  the  matter  of  marginal  references  in  this 
volume  are  five,  as  follows  :  (1)  Quotations,  or  exact 
verbal  parallels ;  (2)  Passages  referred  to  for  sim- 
ilarity of  idea  or  of  expression  ;  (3)  Passages  re- 


A  new  reference 
Bible. 


24 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


ferred  to  by  way  of  explanation  or  illustration ; 
(4)  Historical  or  geographical  references  :  names  of 
persons,  places,  etc.,  which  recur ;  (5)  Passages 
referred  to  as  illustrating  differences  of  rendering 
between  the  Authorized  and  Revised  Versions.  Ap- 
propriate signs  are  used  to  indicate  the  character  of 
each  of  the  references,  so  that  the  reader  may  know 
in  advance  just  what  he  is  looking  for.  These  same 
principles  of  reference  will  save  the  margins  of  our 
Bible  from  the  numerous  misinterpretations  and 
bad  exegeses  found  in  the  Authorized  Version.  No- 
tably in  the  "  Song  of  Songs  "  do  we  find  the  tracks 
of  clear-headed  workmen,  who  have  not,  as  in  the 
old  version,  foisted  upon  us  a  groundless  symbolical 
interpretation.  Another  commendable  feature  of 
this  Bible  is  the  printing  of  the  verse-numbers  in 
black-faced  type  in  the  prose  text,  and  not  on  the 
margins.  This  feature  meets  the  objection  of  many 
people  to  the  use  of  the  Revised  Version.  If,  now, 
this  Bible  embodied  in  the  text  the  American  Com- 
mittee's preferences,  we  should  be  content  for  the 
time  being  with  this  admirable  book. 

"The  Golden  Maiden"  (Helman- 
Foik-taie,  Taylor  Co.)  is  a  collection  of  Ar- 

of  Armenia.  •  .  '  . 

meman  folk  tales  written  by  one  who 
is  himself  an  Armenian,  Mr.  A.  G.  Seklemian.  The 
antiquity  of  the  people,  the  tenacity  with  which  they 
have  kept  their  ideas  and  customs,  the  retention  of 
race  characteristics,  which  may  be  likened  to  the 
Jewish  race-survival,  and  the  fact  that  the  Armenian 
Church  is  the  oldest  national  Christian  Church  in  the 
world,  all  lend  interest  to  the  study  of  the  country. 
The  reader  is  at  once  struck  by  resemblances  to  the 
folk-lore  of  other  Aryan  peoples.  Traces  of  Persian, 
Arabic,  and  Turkish  influence  are  found,  since  Ar- 
menia was  successively  conquered  by  those  nations. 
The  book  abounds  in  stories  of  magic  swords  and 
rings,  treacherous  elder  brothers,  jealous  and  wicked 
stepmothers,  kindly  old  fairies,  and  hazardous  expe- 
ditions undertaken  by  disguised  princes  to  rescue 
beautiful  captive  princesses  after  killing  dragons, 
and  giants  even  to  the  number  of  forty.  From  a 
literary  point  of  view,  this  collection  suffers,  of 
course,  from  comparison  with  such  works  as  Hans 
Andersen's  fairy  tales.  To  be  sure,  Andersen  did  not 
gather  all  his  tales  from  the  lips  of  peasants  and  make 
a  great  effort,  for  scientific  purposes,  to  secure  fidelity 
to  the  original.  Many  of  his  stories  are  conscious 
creations  with  the  element  of  feeling  strong  in  them 
—  creations  of  a  man  of  genius  with  a  deep  love  for 
humanity  and  nature.  Mr.  Seklemian's  book  is  a 
distinct  addition  to  the  existing  collection  of  folk- 
lore literature.  

In  these  times  —  so  popular  is  the 
pntle  ^  of  e«ay.writing!-the 
book  of  slender,  clever,  half  loitering 
criticism  is  by  no  means  a  rarity,  though,  very  often, 
a  pleasant  thing  to  have  at  hand.  Such  a  book  is 
the  collection  of  essays  by  Mr.  Leon  H.  Vincent, 
entitled  "The  Bibliotaph  and  Other  People" 
(Hough ton).  The  subjects  chosen  are,  for  the  most 


part,  literary  subjects,  but,  except  in  the  essay  on 
Thomas  Hardy  and  in  one  on  Stevenson's  "  St. 
Ives,"  there  is  no  attempt  at  serious  literary  criti- 
cism. Seriousness,  indeed,  is  not  in  any  sense  a 
leading  quality  of  the  book,  which  is  distinguished 
rather  by  a  disposition  toward  the  blither  and  more 
humorous  aspects  of  life.  The  author's  fancy  has 
led  him  to  themes  widely  different  —  as  different, 
for  example,  as  the  letters  of  a  poet  and  the  me- 
moirs of  a  man  of  science ;  but  from  each  he  selects 
the  same  wholesome  elements,  and  the  same  vein  of 
gayety  may  be  observed  in  all  his  treatment.  Of 
the  distinctly  critical  essays,  that  on  Hardy  is  the 
more  noticeable,  showing  a  complete  appreciation  of 
the  powerful  imaginative  realism  which  is  Hardy's 
main  strength.  In  his  essay  on  Stevenson,  Mr.  Vin- 
cent says  what  anyone  is  expected  to  say ;  in  the 
one  on  Keats's  letters,  he  says  what  is  expected 
only  from  the  close  lovers  of  that  young  and  manly 
genius.  The  first  three  essays  —  the  hero  of  which 
is  the  Bibliotaph  —  have  too  much  of  the  air  which 
we  know  as  "  off-hand,"  and  a  humor  which  is  de- 
cidedly too  insistent.  Their  task,  however,  is  diffi- 
cult ;  for  the  portrait  they  have  to  paint  is  that  of  a 
large,  mirthful,  and  erratic  character,  much  harder 
of  delineation  than  one  delicate  and  subtle.  The 
selection  from  the  Bibliotaph's  speeches  seems  un- 
fortunate, but  all  that  he  said  was  doubtless  very 
delightful  in  the  hearing. 

A  Boston  ^r>  Abram  English  Brown,  an  en- 

merchant  in  thusiastic  antiquary  and  genealogist, 

colonial  days.          ^  gjven  jn  u  jonn  Hancock,  his 

Book  "  (Lee  &  Shepard)  a  liberal  selection  from 
Hancock's  commercial  correspondence,  as  taken 
from  his  letter-book,  the  letters  being  strung  together 
by  the  compiler  on  a  slender  thread  of  explanatory 
and  biographical  narrative.  Mr.  Brown  does  not 
pretend  to  call  his  book  a  life  of  Hancock,  but  merely 
a  contribution  to  such  a  work,  which  he  hopes  may 
ere  long  be  written  by  another  hand.  Unlike  many 
of  our  latter-day  "  Freemanikins,"  he  does  not  pre- 
sume to  dignify  with  the  name  of  history  original 
documents  which  are  but  its  raw  material.  Different 
readers  will  find  different  food  for  entertainment  and 
instruction  in  these  business  letters  of  a  wholesale 
dealer  in  tar,  oyl,  pott  ash,  codd  fish,  etc.  Their  quaint 
spelling  and  phraseology  and  grammar  cannot  but 
arrest  the  attention.  Occasional  indignant  refer- 
ences to  the  Stamp  Act  of  1765  bespeak  the  patriot 
who,  with  Samuel  Adams,  enjoyed  the  distinction 
of  being  excluded  from  General  Gage's  proclama- 
tion of  amnesty.  The  orders  for  household  and  fam- 
ily supplies  show  the  comfortable,  even  luxurious, 
style  of  living  at  the  Hancock  mansion.  The  nu- 
merous illustrations  in  the  book  add  no  little  to  its 
value.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  the  first  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  the  first  Governor  of 
the  State  of  Massachusetts,  and  one  of  her  foremost 
patriots,  should  have  been  so  long  neglected  by  biog- 
raphers, and  that  even  his  grave  should  have  been, 
until  very  recently,  without  an  enduring  monument. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


25 


The  latest  To  write  a  book  on  General  Grant 
biographer  of  which  shall  have  all  the  human  in- 
Generai  Grant.  terest  of  that  remarkable  character, 
preserving  all  the  well-known  facts  without  diminu- 
tion and  adding  to  them  from  a  great  store  of  per- 
sonal gleanings,  is  no  slight  nor  unworthy  achieve- 
ment. This  Mr.  Hamlin  Garland,  in  his  "  Life 
and  Character  of  General  U.  S.  Grant "  (Doubleday 
&  McClure),  has  done.  One  fact  that  Mr.  Gar- 
land's vivid  succession  of  pictures  brings  to  mind  is 
the  possibility  of  the  sword-and-cloak  romance  with 
an  every-day  American  for  hero :  Grant,  plain  and 
simple  to  a  degree,  would  make  such  an  one,  with 
adventures  undreamed  of  by  Dumas.  Another  point 
is,  that  here  was  a  man  who  was,  above  everything, 
staunch  and  loyal  —  to  his  friends,  his  family,  and 
his  country.  And  another  is  that  he  was  a  man 
who  always  held  much  besides  language  in  reserve. 
There  is  hardly  an  interesting  phase  of  Grant  in 
either  his  public  or  private  career,  his  civic  or  mili- 
tary life,  which  is  not  brought  out  plainly  in  this 
work.  If,  under  the  circumstances,  the  biographer 
has  fallen  in  love  with  the  character  he  has  evolved 
from  so  much  study  and  research,  he  is  little  to  be 
blamed.  

A  popular  ^  confusion  of  methods,  or,  rather, 
treatment  of  the  attempt  to  treat  in  a  popular 
manner  subjects  set  apart  from  popu- 
lar discussion  by  convention,  has  made  Dr.  Woods 
Hutchinson's  "  Gospel  according  to  Darwin  "  (The 
Open  Court)  neither  popular  nor  scientific.  It  affords 
a  proof  of  the  hold  which  conventionality  has  obtained 
upon  us,  to  feel  a  distinct  sense  of  shock  at  the  setting 
forth  in  everyday  phrase  of  some  forbidden  topics 
not  taken  in  the  least  amiss  when  clad  in  more 
scholarly  phrase.  The  writer  is  a  thorough- going 
Darwinian  with  the  courage  of  his  convictions,  and 
rather  to  be  suspected  of  an  endeavor  to  stir  up  the 
feelings  of  those  who  cling  to  an  older  faith.  What 
he  says  is  not  novel  in  substance  nor  prepossessing 
in  form  ;  but  it  may  do  some  good  in  the  same  way 
that  a  breaking  plough  does  when  the  soil  is  some- 
what too  hard  for  receptivity  and  subsequent  germi- 
nation.   

An  essay  on  a  lost  art  is  apt  to  be 
more  curious  than  interesting,  but 
"  Our  Conversational  Circle  "  (Cen- 
tury Co. )  is  an  exception  to  this  rule.  The  author, 
Agnes  H.  Morton,  applies  herself,  not  to  the  decline 
of  true  conversation,  but  to  the  means  of  its  revival, 
and  her  suggestions  are,  in  the  main,  wise  and  prac- 
tical. She  shows  very  clearly  the  nature  of  conversa- 
tion as  distinguished  from  debate  and  from  public 
address,  defining  it  as  "  the  exchange  of  views  with- 
out the  spirit  of  antagonism."  The  book  is  quite 
deserving  of  the  graceful  praise  given  it  by  Mr. 
Mabie's  introduction  —  a  praise  which  he  sums  up 
by  saying,  "  The  book  ought  to  be  read  because  it 
brings  into  clear  view  a  resource  which  many  people 
have  lost,  and  because  it  shows  clearly  how  that  re- 
source may  be  developed." 


The  revival 
of  a  lost  art. 


LITERARY  NOTES. 


"  Peveril  of  the  Peak,"  forming  three  volumes  in  the 
"  Temple "  edition  of  Scott,  is  imported  by  Messrs. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  anthology  of  "  Mother-Song  and  Child-Song," 
edited  by  Miss  Charlotte  Brewster  Jordan,  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co.,  is  an  acceptable 
compilation  made  from  a  great  variety  of  sources. 

"  German  Romance,"  in  two  volumes,  being  the  famil- 
iar translations  from  Musseus,  Tieck,  Fouque',  Hoffmann, 
and  Richter,  is  the  latest  issue  of  the  "  Centenary  "  Car- 
lyle,  imported  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  "  Monthly  Cumulative  Book  Index,"  published 
by  Messrs.  Morris  &  Wilson,  Minneapolis,  has  become, 
in  its  December  issue,  a  volume  of  237  pages,  and  gives 
an  author,  title,  and  subject  index  of  all  the  books  pub- 
lished in  this  country  since  the  beginning  of  last  year. 
It  is  a  valuable  work  for  reference,  and  the  subscription 
price  is  moderate. 

The  publishing  section  of  the  American  Library  As- 
sociation issues  a  series  of  "  annoted  catalog  [sic]  cards 
for  books  on  English  history  "  (also  the  same  matter  in 
pamphlet  form),  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  Dawson  Johnston. 
The  series  for  1897  is  now  ready,  and  covers  twenty- 
five  titles.  More  than  twice  that  number  will  be  included 
in  the  series  for  1898. 

Mr.  David  Nutt  of  London  has  started  the  publication 
of  a  series  of  booklets  to  contain  "  Arthurian  Romances 
Unrepresented  in  Malory's  '  Morte  d' Arthur,' "  and  the 
first  publication  of  the  series  gives  us  "  Sir  Gawain  and 
the  Green  Knight,"  turned  from  Middle  English  into 
Modern  by  Miss  Jessie  L.  Weston,  who  has  supplied  an 
introduction  and  notes. 

The  valuable  series  of  historical  manuals  called 
"  Events  of  Our  Own  Time,"  imported  by  the  Messrs. 
Scribner,  has  recently  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of 
two  interesting  volumes:  "The  War  in  the  Peninsula," 
by  Mr.  Alexander  Innes  Shand;  and  "Africa  in  the 
Nineteenth  Century,"  by  Mr.  Edgar  Sanderson.  Maps, 
plans,  and  copper-plate  portraits  illustrate  these  vol- 
umes. 

Two  recent  additions  to  the  "  Athenseum  Press  "  pub- 
lications of  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  are  "  The  Poems  of  Will- 
iam Collins,"  edited  by  Mr.  Walter  C.  Bronson;  and 
"  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Edward  Gibbon," 
edited  by  Dr.  Oliver  F.  Emerson.  The  text  of  the  latter 
volume  forms  a  connected  narrative  based  upon  the 
recently  published  "  Autobiographies,"  and  provides  a 
critical  edition  of  a  kind  that  has  been  much  needed.  It 
should  supersede  the  old  "  Memoirs  "  altogether. 

"  The  Mistakes  We  Make  "  (Crowell)  is  a  "  practical 
manual  of  corrections  in  history,  language,  and  fact,  for 
readers  and  writers,"  edited  with  much  display  of  curi- 
ous information,  by  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole.  A  some- 
what similar  compilation  prepared  for  the  English 
market  by  Mr.  C.  E.  Clark  has  served  as  a  basis  for 
this  volume,  but  Mr.  Dole  has  made  so  many  changes 
and  additions  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  major  share  of 
the  credit  for  producing  so  readable  and  useful  a  book. 

Our  weekly  contemporary  "  Unity,"  which  has  been 
published  in  Chicago  for  twenty  years,  announces  an 
enlargement  of  scope  whereby  it  will  in  future  champion 
the  cause  of  civic  integrity  in  addition  to  its  services  in 
behalf  of  broad  religious  truth.  Mr.  William  Kent  is 
now  associated  with  Mr.  Jenkin  Lloyd  Jones  in  the 
editorship,  a  conjunction  from  which  much  may  be  ex- 


26 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  1, 


pected.  Mr.  Kent  has  long  been  a  fighter  in  the  good 
cause  of  upright  politics,  and  is,  besides,  a  direct  and 
vigorous  writer. 

We  reproduce  from  "  The  Academy  "  the  following 
sonnet  addressed  by  Professor  Dowden  to  Mr.  Sidney 
Lee,  "  that  bestowed  upon  me  a  coppie  of  his  Life  of 
Shake-speare." 
"  Swete  Boye,  whose  name  revives  dead  Astrophell, 

Fame  through  her  goolden  trumpe  now  blows  it  wide 
With  his  who,  gazing  in  Conceit's  deepe  well, 

Saw  Life  and  Death,  and  Love  yew-crown'd,  star-eyed. 
O  he  them  too  a  wrestler  with  old  Time, 

Blunt  his  dread  sickle,  scatter  his  red  sand ! 
Let  men  of  Inde  in  their  outlandish  ryme 

Rename  thee  queinte  to  men  of  Samarcand  ! 
One  globe  brawn-shouldher'd,  broad-hipp'd  Herc'les  bore ; 

Lightly  thon  Hf test  two  —  of  dreame  and  deed  ; 
Is '  t  not  enough,  but  thou  wilt  venter  more, 
And  roll  reverting  stones  that  aitches  breed  ? 
Leave  H,  and  W,  Hall,  and  Thorpe  for  me, 
Who  love  them  not,  yet  love  this  frnitfull  Lea" 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

January,  1899. 

Actor  of  To-day,  The.    Norman  Hapgood.    Atlantic. 
Alligator,  The  Florida.    I.  W.  Blake.    Popular  Science. 
Biography,  Educational  Value  of.  Sadie  Simons.  Educ'l  Rev. 
Bismarck.    Charlton  T.  Lewis.    Harper. 
British  Army  Manceuvres,  Recent.  W.  £.  Cairnes.   Scribner 
Garlotta,  Wife  of  Maximilian.    Lucy  C.  Lillie.     Lippincott. 
Carlyle's  Dramatic  Portrayal  of  Character.     Century. 
Carlyles,  The,  in  Scotland.    John  Patrick.     Century. 
Colonies,  Brother  Jonathan's.    A.  B.  Hart.    Harper. 
Debate  of  1833,  The  Great.    C.  C.  Pinckney.    Lippincott. 
Diplomacy,  Our,  in  Spanish  War.  H.  Macfarland.  Rev. of  Revs. 
Draper,  Herbert  J.    A.  L.  Baldry.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Executive  Power  in  Democracy,  Weakness  of.    Harper. 
Fathers,  Mothers,  and  Freshmen.    L.  B.  R.  Briggs.    Atlantic. 
Francis  Joseph,  Fifty  Years  of.    Sidney  Brooks.    Harper. 
Franconia,  Autumn  in.    Bradford  Torrey.    Atlantic. 
Garcia,  General  Calixto.     George  Reno.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Government,  Energies  of  our.    C.  W.  Eliot.    Atlantic. 
Indian,  The  Wild.    G.  B.  Griunell.    Atlantic. 
Individualism,  Fin  de  Sie'cle.   Gertrude  E.  King.   Lippincott. 
Industrial  Evolution  of  Mankind.  James  Collier.  Pop.  Science. 
Jewish  Head  Form.    W.  Z.  Ripley.     Popular  Science. 
Keene,  Charles,  A  Memorial  to.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Klinger,  Max,  Etchings  of.    Gleeson  White.  Mag.  of  Art. 
Liberty,  An  International  Study  on.  F.  L.  Oswald.  Lippincott. 
Madrid  during  the  War,  An  American  in.   E.  Kelly.    Century. 
"Maine"  Inquiry,  The.     C.  D.  Sigsbee.     Century. 
Martyrs,  A  Mother  of.    Chalmers  Roberts.    Atlantic. 
"  Merrimac,"  Sinking  of  the.    R.  P.  Hobson.     Century. 
Mind's  Eye,  The.    Joseph  Jastrow.    Popular  Science. 
Naval  Campaign  in  West  Indies.    S.  A.  Staunton.    Harper. 
Negro  Schoolmaster,  A,  in  the  New  South.    Atlantic. 
Nicaragua  Canal,  Advantages  of.  A.  S.  Crowninshield.    Cent. 
Nicholas  II.  of  Russia.    W.  T.  Stead.  Review  of  Reviews. 
Normal  School,  Future  of  the.    W.  T.  Harris.    EducaCl  Rev. 
Nubia,  A  Glimpse  at.    T.  C.  S.  Speedy.    Harper. 
Psychology  and  Mysticism.    Hugo  Miinsterberg.    Atlantic. 
Reading  for  Children,  Course  of.  Geo.  Griffith.  EducaflRev. 
Red  Cross  in  Spanish  War.   Margherita  Harura.   Rev.  of  Revs. 
R4pin,  Professor.  Prince  Karageorgevitch.  Magazine  of  Art. 
Rough  Riders,  Forming  the.    Theo.  Roosevelt.     Scribner. 
Schools,  Professional  and  Academic.  R.  H.  Tluirstou.Ed.Rev. 
Science-Teaching,  Sentimentality  in.  E.  Thorndike.  Ed.  Rev. 
Sculptor,  A  Great  American.   Laura  C.  Dennis.   Rev.  of  Revs. 
Sirdar,  With  the.    Major  E.  S.  Wortley.     Scribner. 
Stevenson,  R.  L.,  Letters  of.    Sidney  Colvin.    Scribner. 
Sultan  at  Home,  The.    Sidney  Whitman.    Harper. 
Taxes,  Diffusion  of.    David  A.  Wells.     Popular  Science. 
War,  Naval  Lessons  of  the.    H.  W.  Wilson.    Harper. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  177  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THB  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Bismarck,  the  Man  and  the  Statesman :  Being  the  Reflections 
and  Reminiscences  of  Otto,  Prince  von  Bismarck.  Written 
and  dictated  by  himself ;  trans,  from  the  German  under  the 
supervision  of  A.  J.  Butler.  In  2  vols.,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 
Harper  &  Brothers.  $7.50. 

Stonewall  Jackson  and  the  American  Civil  War.  By  Lieut.- 
Col.  G.  F.  R.  Henderson.  In  2  vols.,  with  portraits  and 
maps,  large  8vo,  uncut.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $10. 

The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Henry  Reeve,  C.B., 
D.C.L.  By  John  Knox  Laughton,  M.A.  In  2  vols.,  with 
portraits,  8vo,  uncut.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $8. 

Pitt :  Some  Chapters  of  his  Life  and  Times.  By  the  Right 
Hon.  Edward  Gibson,  Lord  Ashbourne.  With  portraits, 
large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  395.  Longmans,  Green,  & 
Co.  $6. 

A  Life  of  William  Shakespeare.  By  Sidney  Lee.  With 
portraits  and  facsimiles,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  476. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.75  net. 

Mr.  Froude  and  Carlyle.  By  David  Wilson.  Large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  360.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $3. 

American  Bookmen:  Sketches,  chiefly  Biographical,  of 
Certain  Writers  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  By  M.  A. 
De  Wolfe  Howe.  Illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  295.  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co.  $2.50. 

The  Great  Lord  Burghley:  A  Study  in  Elizabethan  State- 
craft. By  Martin  A.  S.  Hume.  With  portrait,  8vo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  511.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $3.50. 

The  Emperor  of  Germany  at  Home.  By  Maurice  Leudet ; 
trans,  from  the  French  by  Virginia  Taylour.  Illus.,  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  354.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2.50. 

Saladin  and  the  Fall  of  the  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem.  By 
Stanley  Lane-Poole,  M.A.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  416.  "  Heroes 
of  the  Nations."  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Edward  Gibbon  Wakefleld  and  the  Colonization  of  South 
Australia  and  New  Zealand.  By  R.  Garnett,  C.B.  With 
portrait  and  maps,  12mo,  pp.  386.  "  Builders  of  Greater 
Britain."  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

A  Prisoner  of  France:  The  Memoirs,  Diary,  and  Corre- 
spondence of  Charles  Boothby,  Captain  Royal  Engineers, 
during  his  last  Campaign.  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  282. 
Macmillan  Co.  $2. 

Memoirs  of  Lady  Russell  and  Lady  Herbert,  1623-1723. 
Compiled  from  original  family  documents  by  Lady  Step- 
ney. 12mo,  uncut,  pp.  244.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.75. 

Thomas  Reid.  By  A.  Campbell  Fraser.  16mo,  pp.  160. 
"  Famous  Scots."  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  75  cts. 

HISTORY. 

The  Foundations  of  England;  or,  Twelve  Centuries  of 
British  History  (B.  C.  55  —  A.  D.  1154).  By  Sir  James  H. 
Ramsay  of  BamfF,  Bart.,  M.A.  In  2  vols.,  illus.,  large 
8vo.  Macmillan  Co.  $7.50. 

The  Story  of  the  Revolution.  By  Henry  Cabot  Lodge. 
In  2  vols.,  illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $6. 

Recollections  of  the  Civil  War :  With  the  Leaders  at 
Washington  and  in  the  Field  in  the  Sixties.  By  Charles  A. 
Dana.  With  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  296.  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.  $2. 

Chitral:  The  Story  of  a  Minor  Siege.  By  Sir  George  S. 
Robertson,  K.C.S.I.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  368.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $5  net. 

The  Underground  Railway  from  Slavery  to  Freedom. 
By  Wilbur  H.  Siebert ;  with  Introduction  by  Albert  Bush- 
nell  Hart.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  478.  Macmillan  Co.  $4. 

History  of  the  People  of  the  Netherlands.  By  Petrus 
Johannes  Blok  ;  trans,  by  Oscar  A.  Bierstadt  and  Ruth 
Putnam.  Part  I.,  To  the  Beginning  of  the  Fifteenth  Cen- 
tury. Large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  374.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.50. 

Letters  of  a  War  Correspondent.  By  Charles  A.  Page  ; 
edited  by  James  R.  Gilmore.  With  portraits  and  maps, 
large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  397.  L.  C.  Page  &  Co.  $3. 

Historic  New  York:  Being  the  Second  Series  of  the  Half 
Moon  Papers.  Edited  by  Maud  Wilder  Goodwin  and 
others.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  470.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $2.50. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


27 


The  Santiago  Campaign,  1898.  By  Major-General  Joseph 
Wheeler,  U.  S.  A.  With  portrait  and  maps,  large  8vo, 
pp.  369.  Lamson,  Wolffe  &  Co.  $3. 

The  Cuban  and  Porto  Rican  Campaigns.  By  Richard 
Harding  Davis,  lllus.,  12mo,  pp.  360.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  81.50. 

Cannon  and  Camera :  Sea  and  Land  Battles  of  the  Spanish- 
American  War  in  Cuba,  Camp  Life,  and  the  Return  of  the 
Soldiers.  Described  and  illustrated  by  John  C.  Hemment ; 
with  Index  and  Introduction  by  W.  I.  Lincoln  Adams. 
12mo,  pp.  282.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  82. 

Fighting  for  Humanity ;  or,  Camp  and  Quarter-Deck.  By 
General  Oliver  Otis  Howard.  12mo,  pp.  221.  F.  Tennyson 
Neely. 

Africa  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  By  Edgar  Sanderson, 
M.A.  With  portraits,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  335.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 

The  War  in  the  Peninsula,  1808-1814.  By  Alexander 
Innes  Shand.  With  portraits,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  316. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 

With  the  Greeks  in  Thessaly.  By  W.  Kinnaird  Rose, 
lllus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  278.  L.  C.  Page  &  Co.  $1.75. 

The  Court  of  the  Second  Empire.  By  Imbert  de  Saint- 
Amand ;  trans,  by  Elizabeth  Gilbert  Martin.  With  por- 
traits, 12mo,  uncut,  pp.  346.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Renaissance.  By 
Lilian  F.  Field.  12mo,  pp.  307.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.50. 

A  Survey  of  American  History.  By  Howard  W.  Caldwell, 
A.M.  12mo,  pp.  246.  Lincoln,  Nebr.:  J.  H.  Miller. 

Red  Patriots:  The  Story  of  the  Seminoles.  By  Charles  H. 
Coe.  lllus.,  12mo,  pp.  290.  Cincinnati :  Editor  Pub'g  Co. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Lamia's  Winter  Quarters.  By  Alfred  Austin.  lllus., 
TJiiio,  uncut,  pp.  164.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50. 

Music  and  Poetry :  Essays  upon  Some  Aspects  and  Inter- 
Relations  of  the  Two  Arts.  By  Sidney  Lanier.  12mo, 
pp.  248.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Original  Poetry.  By  Victor  and  Cazire  (Percy  Bysshe  Shelley 
and  Elizabeth  Shelley) :  edited  by  Richard  Garnet t,  C.B. 
8vo,  uncut,  pp.  66.  John  Lane.  $1.50. 

In  the  Republic  of  Letters.  By  W.  MacNeile  Dixon,  M.A. 
12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  222.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.25. 

Maids,  Wives,  and  Bachelors.  By  Amelia  E.  Barr.  12mo, 
pp.  323.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Among  My  Books:  Papers  on  Literary  Subjects  Reprinted 
from  "  Literature."  By  various  writers ;  with  Preface  by 
H.  D.  Traill,  D.C.L.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  158.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Essays  in  Dramatic  Criticism,  with  Impressions  of  Some 
Modern  Plays.  By  L.  Dupont  Syle.  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  161.  William  R.  Jenkins.  75  cts. 

Mother-Song  and  Child-Song:  An  Anthology.  Edited  by 
Charlotte  Brewster  Jordan.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  306. 
F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $1.50. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

The  Rubaiydt  of  Omar  Khayyam.  As  rendered  into  En- 
glish verse  by  Edward  FitzGerald.  Edition  de  luxe,  with 
decorations  by  W.  B.  Macdougall.  Large  8vo.  Macmillan 
Co.  $3.50. 

The  Rubaiydt  of  Omar  Khayyam :  Being  a  Facsimile  of 
the  Manuscript  in  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford,  with  a 
Transcript  into  Modern  Persian  Characters.  Trans,  and 
edited  by  Edward  Heron-Allen.  Second  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged ;  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  320.  L.  C. 
Page  &  Co.  $3.50. 

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GENERAL  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF 

HOLY  SCRIPTURE 

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A.  BRIGGS,  D.D.     8vo,  $3.00  net. 

Dr.  Briggs's  new  book  covers  the  whole  ground  of  Biblical  study ;  gives  a  history  of  every  department,  with  ample 
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DEMOCRACY 

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THE  KINGDOM 

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A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  FRANCE 
A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  GERMANY 

By  MARY  PLATT  PARMELE.     Each,  16mo,  60  cents  net. 

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THE  STORY  OF  FRANCE 


Just  Ready. 
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Vol.  I. 


From  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Consulate 
of  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

By 
The  Hon.  THOMAS  E.  WATSON. 

From  the  Settlement  by  the  Gauls  to  the 
Death  of  Louis  XV. 


Cloth,  8vo, 
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Just  Ready. 


Vol.  II.  In  Preparation.     To  be  ready  next  Fall. 

Mr.  Watson's  treatment  of  history  is  from  a  new  and  entirely  modern  point  of  view.  The  well-known  political 
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modern  laws  and  customs,  to  mark  the  encroachments  of  absolutism  upon  popular  rights,  to  describe  the  long 
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THE  AUTOBIOGRAPHY  OF  A 
VETERAN:  1807-1893. 

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RocCA.  Translated  from  the  Italian 
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THE 
UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD 

from  Slavery  to  Freedom. 

By  WILBUR  H.  SIEBERT,  Associate  Professor  of 
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TO  BE  PUBLISHED  SHORTLY. 


HISTORY. 


ADAMS.— European  History,  an  Out- 
line of  its  Development. 

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BOTSFORD.  — A  History  of  Greece 
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the  Athenian  Constitution." 

COLONNA.— LI.  Livres  du  Gouverne- 
ment  des  Rois. 

A  Thirteenth  Century  French  Edition  of 
Egidio  Cplonna's  famous  treatise  which  is 
now  published  for  the  first  time  (aside  from 
the  early  Latin  editions).  Edited  by  SAMUEL 
MOLEXAER,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for- 
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lumbia University  Press. 

PATTEN.— The  Development  of  En- 
glish Thought. 

A  Study  in  the  Economic  Interpretation  of 
History.  By  SIMON  N.  PATTEN,  University 
of  Pennsylvania. 

WISE.— The  Life  of  Henry  A.  Wise. 

By  his  Grandson,  BARTON  H.  WISE,  of  the 
Richmond,  Virginia,  Bar. 

Of  unusual  interest  and  value  to  students 
of  American  history. 


ECONOMICS. 

BRADFORD.— The  Lesson  of  Popu- 
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By  GAMALIEL  BRADFORD,  A.B. 

BROWN.-The  Development  of  Thrift. 

By  MARY  WILLCOX  BROWN,  General  Secre- 
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GIDDINGS.— Democracy  and  Empire 

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THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHICAGO  EDUCATIONAL 

COMMISSION 37 

THE  AMERICAN  REJECTION  OF  POE.    Charles 

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Sands.  —  Scollard's  A  Christmas  Garland.  —  Mrs. 
Howe's   From   Sunset    Ridge.  —  Mrs.    Higginson's 
When  the  Birds  Go  North  Again.  —  Mrs.  Perry's 
Impressions. —  Miss  Guiney's  England  and  Yesterday. 

—  Ben  King's  Verse.  —  Ppems  of  Francis  Brooks.  — 
More's  A  Century  of  Indian  Epigrams. —  Rosenfeld's 
Songs  from  the  Ghetto.  —  Drummond's  Phil-o-rum's 
Canoe.  —  Scott's  Labor  and  the  Angel.  —  Meredith's 
Odes  in  Contribution  to  the  Song  of  French  History. 

—  Bell's  Pictures  of  Travel.  —  Doyle's  Songs  of  Ac- 
tion.— Tarelli's  Persephone. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS  . 56 

A  Briton's  view  of  his  American  kin.  —  The  prede- 
cessor of  Major  Marchand. —  Birds  and  bird-worship 
in  antiquity. —  Horse-shoe  magic  and  other  folk-lore. 
— Vondel's  Lucifer  in  English  verse. —  German  Eliza- 
beth and  her  garden. —  A  Scotch  life  of  Stevenson. — 
A  naturalist  in  the  Southern  Alleghanies.  —  A  mar- 
vellous perpetuation  of  a  Hebrew  grammar. — Thack- 
eray in  America. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 60 

LITERARY  NOTES 61 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .61 


THE  REPORT  OF  THE  CHICAGO 
ED  UCA  TIONAL  COMMISSION. 

The  public  schools  of  Chicago  constitute  one 
of  the  two  largest  city  systems  in  the  United 
States,  and,  previous  to  the  very  recent  infusion 
of  new  methods  and  progressive  ideas  into  the 
management  of  the  New  York  schools,  the 
Chicago  system  might  fairly  claim  the  place  of 
first  importance,  both  for  the  efficiency  of  its 
work  and  for  its  exemplification  of  that  gener- 
osity of  public  support  given  to  the  cause  of 
education  which  is  the  highest  mark  of  Amer- 
ican civilization.  Recently,  the  attention  of 
the  educational  world  has  been  focussed  more 
sharply  than  ever  upon  the  Chicago  schools, 
owing  to  a  series  of  incidents  connected  with 
the  appointment  of  the  former  president  of 
Brown  University  to  the  superintendency,  and 
to  the  energetic  way  in  which  Dr.  Andrews  has 
asserted  the  prerogatives  that  should  rightfully 
attach  to  the  high  office  which  he  holds.  Dur- 
ing the  few  months  that  have  passed  since  his 
tenure  began,  he  has  not  only  impressed  a  vig- 
orous personality  upon  the  management  of  the 
schools  under  his  charge,  but  also,  which  is  still 
more  noteworthy,  he  has  gained  the  suffrages 
of  those  who  were  at  the  outset  most  strongly 
opposed  to  his  appointment. 

The  call  of  Dr.  Andrews  to  Chicago,  for 
which  Mayor  Harrison  was  largely  responsible, 
must  be  considered,  in  one  sense  at  least,  as 
but  an  incident  in  a  far-reaching  plan  of  school 
reorganization  conceived  by  the  latter  early  in 
the  term  of  his  executive  office.  For  the  pur- 
pose of  giving  effect  to  this  plan,  the  Mayor, 
with  the  authority  of  the  City  Council,  ap- 
pointed, more  than  a  year  ago,  an  Educational 
Commission  of  eleven  members,  headed  by 
President  Harper  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 
This  Commission  was  directed  to  make  a  thor- 
ough examination  of  the  school  system,  as  well 
as  of  the  statutes  under  which  it  is  conducted, 
to  deliberate,  with  the  aid  of  the  best  expert 
opinion  anywhere  obtainable,  upon  the  changes 
in  law  and  organization  made  desirable  by  the 
growth  of  the  city  as  well  as  by  the  progress  of 
educational  methods  and  ideals,  and  to  embody 
the  conclusions  reached  in  a  report  which  might 
become  the  basis  of  future  action.  The  Com- 
mission, consisting  of  members  of  the  Chicago 


38 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


Board  of  Education  and  the  Chicago  Council, 
of  men  prominent  in  affairs  and  the  professions, 
entered  with  enthusiasm  upon  the  work  assigned 
it,  invited  suggestions  from  all  quarters  that 
seemed  to  promise  help,  held  weekly  sessions, 
and  sometimes  daily  sessions,  all  through  the 
year  just  ended,  and  has  at  last  published  its 
conclusions  in  a  Report  of  nearly  three  hundred 
pages  addressed  to  the  Mayor  and  the  City 
Council.  The  result  of  all  this  labor  is  one  of 
the  most  important  educational  documents  ever 
produced ;  it  cannot  fail  to  attract  widespread 
attention  and  excite  deep  interest  wherever  the 
importance  of  public  education  is  understood. 
It  affords  a  striking  example  of  a  necessary 
piece  of  work  done  in  the  right  way,  and  it  is 
much  to  the  credit  of  Mayor  Harrison  that  he 
should  have  taken  the  initiative  in  this  com- 
mendable enterprise.  We  have  said  more  than 
once  that  of  the  duties  incumbent  upon  the 
chief  executive  of  a  great  city  those  which  re- 
late to  the  conduct  of  the  public  schools  are 
paramount  to  all  others,  and  in  the  present 
case,  as  perhaps  never  before  in  the  history  of 
Chicago,  the  importance  of  these  duties  seems 
to  have  been  realized. 

Of  the  Report  as  a  whole,  two  or  three  pre- 
liminary general  statements  should  be  made. 
In  the  first  place,  it  does  not  assume  that  things 
have  been  going  badly  in  school  affairs  up  to 
the  present  time,  but  rather  gives  full  recogni- 
tion to  the  efficiency  already  attained  and  to 
the  self-sacrificing  devotion  of  past  and  present 
Boards  of  Education.  But  it  recognizes  also 
the  fact  that  both  the  school  law  of  the  State 
and  the  school  machinery  of  the  city  have 
become  defective  by  the  mere  process  of  be- 
coming outgrown.  As  is  remarked  by  Dr. 
G.  F.  James,  who  has  served  as  Secretary  to 
the  Commission,  and  prepared  the  Report  for 
publication,  "  the  city  has  grown  at  a  rapid 
rate,  and  in  this  department,  as  in  some  others, 
a  plan  of  administration  has  been  retained 
which,  although  good  for  a  city  of  moderate 
size,  is  entirely  inadequate  for  one  of  nearly 
two  millions."  Mayor  Harrison  gave  expres- 
sion to  the  same  thought  when  he  said,  in  ask- 
ing for  authority  to  create  the  Commission,  that 
"  with  the  continual  growth  of  the  city,  addi- 
tional burdens  keep  coming  to  the  door  of  the 
Board  of  Education,  which  is  seriously  handi- 
capped by  having  to  deal  with  new  conditions 
and  difficult  developments  in  the  harness  of 
antiquated  methods."  The  spirit  of  the  entire 
Report  is  thus  not  complainingly  critical,  for  it 
aims  far  more  at  construction  than  at  destruc- 


tion, and  all  those  who  have  heretofore  been 
working  for  the  good  of  the  Chicago  schools, 
under  adverse  conditions,  will  find  in  it  the 
fullest  sympathy  with  what  they  have  done,  and 
the  most  cordial  recognition  of  their  disinter- 
ested devotion. 

A  reconstruction  of  the  school  law  of  the 
State  is  essential  to  the  carrying  out  of  the 
recommendations  of  the  Commission,  and  it  has 
been  an  important  part  of  the  work  done  by  that 
body  to  draft,  under  competent  legal  advice,  a 
new  and  comprehensive  statute.  Since  the  most 
important  of  the  recommendations  made  find  a 
place  in  the  proposed  new  legislation,  we  may  as 
well  direct  attention  at  once  to  those  pages  of  the 
Report  in  which  this  draft  of  a  law  is  found.  It 
takes  the  form  of  "  an  act  to  amend  "  the  act 
of  1889  by  repealing  twelve  sections  of  the 
sixth  article,  and  substituting  therefor  nineteen 
new  sections.  Applying  only  to  cities  of  more 
than  one  hundred  thousand  inhabitants,  it  would 
affect  Chicago  alone,  and  afford  one  more  illus- 
tration of  the  way  in  which  the  special  legisla- 
tion, denied  by  the  Constitution  of  Illinois,  may 
be  had  without  doing  violence  to  the  funda- 
mental law  of  the  State.  The  most  important 
features  of  the  proposed  law  are  :  (1)  A  reduc- 
tion of  membership  in  the  Board  of  Education 
from  twenty-one  to  eleven.  (2)  The  power  to 
exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain  in  the  ac- 
quisition of  land  needed  for  school  purposes. 
(3)  The  duty  of  establishing  several  kinds  of 
schools  not  specifically  named  under  preceding 
legislation .  (4  )  The  creation  of  a  defin  ite  status 
for  the  Superintendent,  with  a  tenure  of  six 
years,  a  right  to  participate  in  the  discussions 
of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  full  executive 
power  (subject  only  to  a  two-thirds  vote  of  dis- 
approval) in  all  educational  matters.  (5)  The 
creation  of  a  similar  status,  with  ample  powers, 
for  the  Business  Manager.  (6)  The  creation 
of  a  Board  of  Examiners  for  the  purpose  of  cer- 
tificating eligible  candidates  for  appointment 
and  promotion.  There  are,  of  course,  many 
other  provisions,  but  these  six  are  of  prime  im- 
portance, and  deserve  to  be  thus  singled  out 
from  the  rest.  It  will  be  evident  enough  to 
all  readers  who  are  in  touch  with  the  best  edu- 
cational thought  of  the  age  that  these  recom- 
mendations are  not  merely  sound,  but  that  they 
are  absolutely  necessary  for  the  proper  admin- 
istration of  a  great  municipal  system  of  schools. 
We  can  hardly  imagine  a  serious  argument 
directed  against  any  one  of  them,  and  no  effort 
should  be  spared  to  give  them  the  force  of  law 
at  the  earliest  opportunity. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


39 


There  are,  indeed,  a  few  minor  points  in  all 
this  suggested  legislation  that  may  need  modi- 
fication before  the  final  action  is  taken.  This 
fact  is  realized  by  the  members  of  the  Commis- 
sion, who  unite  in  saying  that  "  the  interests 
which  are  here  involved  are  so  weighty  and  are 
of  such  supreme  import  to  the  community  that 
hasty  and  inconsiderate  action  in  these  matters 
is  above  all  to  be  deprecated.  We  hope,  there- 
fore, that  the  system  of  school  management 
which  is  here  proposed  will  be  entirely  and 
thoroughly  reviewed,  before  any  attempt  is 
made  to  embody  its  provisions  in  the  school 
law."  These  are  counsels  of  soberness,  and, 
while  we  believe  that  the  proposed  law  would, 
as  a  whole,  prove  inestimably  valuable  to  the 
interests  of  the  public,  we  are  in  doubt  con- 
cerning the  substance  of  two  or  three  among 
the  minor  provisions,  and  concerning  the  exact 
wording  of  some  of  the  more  significant  ones. 
At  present  we  will  call  attention  to  but  two 
points,  of  which  the  first  relates  to  appointment 
upon  the  Board  of  Examiners.  "  To  be  eligi- 
ble as  a  special  examiner,  an  applicant  must 
possess  either  a  bachelor's  degree  from  a  college 
or  university,  or  an  equivalent  educational 
training,  together  with  at  least  five  years'  suc- 
cessful experience  in  teaching  since  gradua- 
tion." These  qualifications  are  certainly  not 
too  high,  and  possibly  are  not  high  enough. 
The  required  number  of  years  of  experience 
might  be  doubled  without  doing  harm,  and  a 
great  deal  more  than  the  amount  of  education 
represented  by  the  bachelor's  degree  might 
reasonably  be  demanded.  Our  doubt  relates  to 
the  construction  of  the  words  "  or  an  equiva- 
lent educational  training."  They  do  not  seem 
to  make  sufficiently  emphatic  the  idea  that  the 
education  itself,  however  got,  "  is  the  thing," 
and  not  the  particular  way  in  which  the  begin- 
nings of  it  happened  to  be  acquired.  The  ques- 
tion arises,  would  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  for 
example,  who  had  no  "  training  "  in  the  nar- 
row technical  sense,  be  eligible  for  appointment 
under  this  provision  ?  If  he  would  not,  some 
modification  of  the  phrase  is  obviously  called 
for.  Our  other  point  relates  to  the  power  to 
dismiss  teachers,  which  is  given  to  the  Superin- 
tendent. Here  is  an  ambiguity  that  should  be 
cleared  away,  for  the  closing  section  of  the  pro- 
posed law  provides  that  "  nothing  herein  con- 
tained shall  be  construed  as  repealing"  the 
Pension  Act  of  1895.  Now,  the  latter  act  ex- 
pressly declares  that  teachers  shall  not  be  dis- 
missed "  except  for  cause  upon  written  charges, 
which  shall  be  investigated  and  determined  by 


the  said  Board  of  Education,  whose  action  and 
decision  in  the  matter  shall  be  final."  This 
would  certainly  lead  to  troublesome  litigation 
were  the  new  law  to  contradict  the  old  one  as 
is  now  proposed.  Between  these  two  conflicting 
ways  of  dealing  with  this  difficult  question,  we 
must  decide  for  the  law  as  it  now  stands.  It 
ought  to  be  difficult  to  dismiss  a  teacher.  The 
responsibility  of  appointment  is  greater  than 
is  commonly  realized,  and  this  fact  cannot  be 
brought  too  forcibly  home  to  those  upon  whom 
the  responsibility  devolves.  Let  appointments 
be  safe-guarded  in  every  way,  by  academic  and 
physical  examinations,  by  certificates  of  moral 
character,  by  probationary  periods  under  reg- 
ular supervision,  but  let  them  also,  when  once 
definitely  made,  bring  with  them  the  same  se- 
curity of  tenure  that  is  enjoyed  by  a  Federal 
judge.  The  retention  of  poor  teachers  in  the 
service  is  a  heavy  penalty  to  pay  for  laxity  in 
the  methods  of  their  appointment ;  but  the 
arbitrary  power  of  dismissal,  lodged  in  the 
hands  of  any  one  official,  would  embody  a  still 
greater  wrong. 

We  have  said  so  much  about  the  legislative 
appendix  of  this  Report  that  we  have  but  little 
space  to  devote  to  the  elaborate  discussions 
which  make  up  its*  substance.  Not  only  the 
matters  which  reappear  in  the  proposed  law, 
but  many  others,  are  discussed  from  every  point 
of  view,  and  in  the  most  elaborate  fashion.  The 
Report  consists  of  an  introduction,  twenty  arti- 
cles, and  eleven  appendices.  Most  of  the  articles 
have  numerous  sections,  each  of  the  latter  with 
its  own  thesis,  argument,  and  illustrative  mate- 
rial. We  would  like  to  dwell  at  much  greater 
length  than  is  at  present  possible  upon  this  illus- 
trative material.  It  appears  in  the  form  of 
lengthy  footnotes,  and  consists  of  apposite  ex- 
tracts from  the  best  recent  educational  litera- 
ture, of  resolutions  sent  to  the  Commission  by 
the  various  professional  bodies  of  the  city,  and 
of  the  opinions  upon  special  points,  solicited 
for  the  purpose,  of  a  great  number  of  experts 
in  the  art  pedagogical.  There  is  nothing  so 
discouraging  as  the  feeling,  which  often  comes 
over  those  who  are  in  contact  with  large  edu- 
cational systems,  that  the  most  vital  thought 
upon  the  subject  seems  to  produce  no  visible 
effect  upon  the  machinery.  There  is  so  much 
inertia  to  overcome,  and  the  impact  of  the  force 
seems  so  inadequate.  The  right  way  of  doing 
things  is  pointed  out  so  clearly,  as  well  as  so 
frequently,  that  one  almost  wearies  of  reading 
about  it ;  yet  the  wrong  way  continues  to  be 
practised  despite  all  logic  and  all  enlightened 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


leadership.  It  is,  then,  peculiarly  refreshing 
to  read  an  educational  document  which,  like 
the  one  before  us,  actually  goes  to  the  best 
sources  for  light  and  counsel,  and  seeks  to  make 
a  direct  practical  application,  upon  the  very 
largest  scale,  of  the  ideas  thus  obtained.  It 
gives  heart  to  the  educational  thinker,  making 
him  feel  that  his  work  may  not  have  been  done  in 
vain  after  all,  that  the  empty  air,  which  seemed 
to  swallow  up  his  words,  has  really  wafted 
them  to  a  fruitful  soil,  where  they  may  hope  to 
be  productive  after  their  kind.  Over  and  over 
again,  in  reading  this  Report  (and  we  have 
studied  it  from  the  first  page  to  the  last),  we 
have  found  both  in  the  argument  itself  and 
in  the  passages  adduced  in  support  thereof, 
ideas  so  enlightened,  so  far  in  advance  of  any- 
thing that  has  heretofore  come  within  the  range 
of  practical  possibilities,  so  full  of  promise  to 
the  toilers  in  a  profession  that  has  often  been 
made,  through  wantonness  or  mere  indiffer- 
ence, far  more  thankless  than  was  necessary, 
that  we  have  stopped  to  wonder  if  it  could  all 
be  real,  if  in  very  fact  it  could  be  true  that 
these  things  were  actually  included  in  a  plan 
offered  for  serious  consideration  by  a  body  of 
practically-minded  men,  and  under  auspices 
that  bid  fair  to  bring  about  its  adoption.  Upon 
some  future  occasion  we  shall  probably  call 
specific  attention  to  some  of  these  matters,  as 
well  as  point  out  a  few  things  here  and  there 
that  seem  to  us  mistakes,  but  we  must  now  be 
content  to  conclude  by  saying  that  the  Report 
is  one  of  the  strongest  educational  documents 
that  we  have  ever  seen  ;  as  a  model  of  compact 
statement  and  cogent  reasoning  it  is  a  product 
of  the  trained  intelligence  that  cannot  fail  to 
impress  all  who  examine  it,  and  is  sure  to  exert 
a  wide  influence  upon  the  administration  of 
public  education  in  our  great  cities. 


THE  AMERICAN  REJECTION  OF  POE. 

Accepted  authors  are  like  those  old  estates  which 
were  held  by  the  annual  rent  of  a  rose  or  a  piece  of 
fruit :  we  have  nothing  to  do  but  to  enjoy  them  and 
pay  them  a  passing  tribute  of  praise.  A  poet  such 
as  Poe,  however,  is  like  the  feudal  tenures  which 
were  retained  on  condition  of  service  at  arms.  Every 
new  admirer  has  to  fight  against  the  prejudices  and 
lingering  malignities  which  obscure  and  injure  his 
chief.  Burke  complained  that  with  all  his  services 
to  the  state  he  could  get  no  credence  or  acceptance 
anywhere.  At  every  gate  he  had  to  show  his  pass- 
port. In  his  own  country,  at  least,  Foe's  fame  is 
continually  under  arrest,  and  his  friends  have  always 


to  be  giving  bail  for  him.  Perhaps  this  demand  for 
defense  evokes  a  love  and  loyalty  which  are  in  them- 
selves a  reward. 

Why  is  it  that  America  has  always  set  its  face 
against  Poe  ?  What  defect  was  there  in  his  life  and 
art,  or  what  deficiency  in  the  American  character 
and  aesthetic  sense,  or  what  incompatibility  between 
these  factors  in  the  case,  to  produce  such  a  result? 
That  to  a  great  extent  he  is  ignored  and  repudiated 
is  unquestionable.  His  life  has  been  written  and 
his  works  edited  of  late  in  a  spirit  of  cold  hostility. 
Volumes  of  specimen  selections  of  prose  or  verse 
appear  with  his  work  omitted.  In  those  foolish 
lists  of  American  great  men  which  it  was  the  fashion 
recently  to  cause  school-children  to  memorize,  he  was 
always  left  out.  Meanwhile,  Europe  has  but  one 
opinion  in  the  matter ;  and  whereas  Tennyson  is 
domesticated  in  English-speaking  lands,  Poe  is  domi- 
ciled and  a  dominant  force  wherever  there  is  a  living 
literature. 

Poe  never  had  a  good  back,  such  as  the  New 
England  writers  obtained,  to  push  him  to  the  front 
and  keep  him  there.  He  was  of  the  South  —  the 
very  incarnation  of  the  South ;  and  the  South  has 
always  ordered  its  authors  to  move  on,  for  fear  they 
might  die  on  the  parish.  The  South  wreaked  itself 
on  politics  —  ruined  itself  by  politics  —  and  has 
never  had  the  will  or  desire  to  stand  up  for  its  great- 
est son.  The  North  has  always  had  plenty  of  plain 
livers  and  high  thinkers  who  ought  to  have  wel- 
comed the  martyr  of  thought  and  imagination;  but 
something  exotic  in  Poe,  which  hinted  of  another 
clime  and  age,  repelled  these  cold  and  clannish 
spirits.  So,  homeless  in  his  life,  Poe  is  still  beating 
about  like  the  Flying  Dutchman,  ever  seeking  and 
always  denied  a  harbor  in  his  country-people's 
hearts. 

Poe  had  of  course  a  part  in  this  tragedy  of  errors 
and  misconceptions,  —  but,  as  I  should  judge,  an 
entirely  honorable  one.  There  are  three  excellent 
ways  in  which  a  man  can  get  himself  disliked  by  his 
fellows :  he  may  stand  aloof  from  them,  he  may 
indulge  in  the  practice  of  irony,  and  he  may  be 
"  ever  right,  Menenius,  ever  right."  Poe  was  an 
offender  in  all  these  respects.  He  never  seems  to 
have  had  an  intimate  friend  —  anyone  who  could 
do  for  him  what  Hamlet  craved  of  Horatio  with  his 
dying  breath.  Somebody  said  of  Calhoun  that  he 
looked  like  one  who  had  lost  the  power  of  communi- 
cating with  his  fellow  beings.  A  like  spell  of  isola- 
tion is  upon  Poe.  Wanting  in  humor,  he  sometimes 
tried  to  range  his  mind  with  others  by  the  use  of 
irony  ;  or  he  assumed  an  air  which  I  suppose  he 
thought  that  of  a  man  of  the  world,  but  which  is 
quite  detestable.  He  wrote  an  essay  on  Diddling  as 
an  exact  science,  and  people  jumped  to  the  conclusion 
that  he  was  Jeremy  himself  in  person.  He  took  a 
grim  delight  in  scenes  of  horror,  and  people  imag- 
ined he  acted  them  in  life.  "  The  Raven  "  has  been 
described  as  an  utterance  of  remorse.  Remorse  for 
what  ?  I  have  read  everything  that  has  been  gathered 
about  Poe,  and  I  cannot,  for  my  life,  imagine  him  as 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


anything  but  a  stainless  and  chivalrous  knight.  The 
few,  trivial,  and  usually  unsubstantiated  smutches 
which  microscopic  industry  has  found  on  his  armor 
would  not  show  at  all  against  a  panoply  less  pure 
and  white. 

I  remember  reading  an  anecdote  of  a  lieutenant 
in  the  British  Navy  who  entertained  Byron  on  his 
ship  in  the  Levant.  Byron  was  proud  of  his  sea- 
manship, and  the  acute  officer  would  carefully  have 
something  disarranged  in  the  top  hamper  of  the 
ship  before  the  poet  came  on  deck  in  the  morn- 
ing. When  the  latter  did  so,  he  would  cock  his  eye 
aloft  and  immediately  discover  and  point  out  the 
irregularity.  The  lieutenant  would  apologize,  and 
have  it  remedied.  Byron  liked  that  lieutenant, 
and  men  in  general  like  those  who  give  them  some- 
thing to  forgive.  Poe,  a  logic  machine,  was  abso- 
lutely incapable  of  those  pleasing  flaws  and  defi- 
ciencies which  allow  other  people  to  have  a  good 
opinion  of  themselves.  He  always  added  up  true. 
The  tradition  is  that  he  was  a  drunkard.  There  is 
not  evidence  enough  against  him  to  hang  a  dog.  All 
the  testimony  actually  produced  —  all  the  witnesses 
who  give  their  names  and  addresses,  people  who 
lived  with  him  and  knew  him  best,  deny  it.  That 
he  was  easily  affected  by  liquor  and  sometimes  over- 
come by  it,  is  possible, —  and  what  does  it  matter  ? 
That  there  was  any  debauchery  is  impossible.  His 
poverty  proves  it  —  the  amount  of  work  he  did 
proves  it ;  and,  most  of  all,  the  quality  of  what  he 
wrote,  which  grew  in  power  and  concentration  to 
the  last.  There  is  more  plausibility  in  the  accusa- 
tion of  irregularity  in  money  matters.  In  a  life  so 
harassed  as  Foe's,  a  few  ragged  debts  might  easily 
be  left.  But  here  again  there  is  nothing  definite. 
Nobody  has  come  forward  with  notes  of  hand  or 
evidences  of  defalcation.  On  the  contrary,  letter 
after  letter  has  come  to  light  showing  Foe's  scrup- 
ulous exactitude  about  obligations.  Practically,  he 
was  cheated  by  almost  everyone  with  whom  he  came 
in  contact  —  and  then  these,  to  shield  themselves, 
cried  after  him  "  Stop  thief !  "  He  built  up  two  or 
three  magazines  for  others,  and  when,  dissatisfied 
with  the  pittance  thrown  him,  he  designed  a  maga- 
zine of  his  own,  he  was  laughed  at  and  decried. 
Really,  my  only  grievance  against  Poe  is  that  he 
was  too  good.  He  ought  to  have  taken  to  the  road 
and  compelled  a  just  tribute  at  the  point  of  the 
pistol. 

Foe's  principles  of  criticism  are  true  enough 
within  limits,  but  they  are  far  from  being  the  whole 
truth.  His  lack  of  humor,  deficient  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  and  insensibility  to  that  side  of  great- 
ness which  results  from  mere  mass,  quite  incapaci- 
tated him  from  criticising  the  mightiest  works  of 
literature.  But  he  never  attempted  such  criticism  ; 
and  for  the  work  he  had  to  do  —  the  appreciation 
of  our  modern  English  or  American  masters  —  he 
was  almost  infallible.  And  surely  no  writer  has 
ever  praised  his  contemporaries  and  rivals  as  he  did. 
He  seems  to  have  written  with  no  thought  of  self, 
with  a  humility  almost  pathetic.  He  may  be  said 


to  have  discovered  Hawthorne,  and  he  crowned  him 
king  of  the  short  story.  His  article  on  Bryant  is  still 
a  just  estimate.  The  innocently  imitative  quality 
of  Longfellow's  genius  offended  him,  but  he  speaks 
of  the  New  England  poet  otherwise  with  respect, 
and  calls  him  the  leading  poet  of  the  day.  He 
fairly  returned  Lowell's  praise.  His  enthusiasm  for 
Tennyson  was  excessive :  it  was  idolatry.  He  pointed 
out  Mrs.  Browning's  faults,  but  wrote  of  her  with  a 
fervor  which  no  one  else  has  imitated.  His  eulogy 
of  the  singularly  neglected  R.  H.  Home  sets  one  in 
a  glow.  This  high  and  generous  appreciation  of  the 
best  in  contemporary  literature  was  coupled  with  a 
decided  distaste  for  trash, —  and,  unfortunately,  his 
calling  as  a  critic  compelled  him  to  deal  more  with 
trash  than  with  excellence.  He  wrote  his  Dunciad, 
and  after  his  death  the  dunces  had  their  revenge. 

Every  one  of  Foe's  greater  poems  is  a  distinct 
and  original  effort.  He  could  not  repeat  himself. 
In  the  case  of  the  majority  of  poets,  the  style  is  the 
same  throughout  —  or  at  most  they  have  two  or 
three  different  manners.  It  would  not  be  difficult, 
for  example,  to  piece  together,  into  a  seamless  whole, 
portions  of  separate  poems  by  Wordsworth  or  Ten- 
nyson. But  each  one  of  Foe's  is  a  vital  entity  — 
born  once,  and  not  again.  He  is  not,  in  poetry,  one 
of  those  constellations  which  spread  over  half  the 
sky,  which  hold  their  heads  in  the  zenith  while  their 
skirts  are  obscured  below  the  horizon, — rather,  he 
is  a  small  compact  cluster  of  stars.  If  we  could 
imagine  the  stars  of  the  Pleiades  differently  colored 
—  one  red,  one  yellow,  one  green,  and  so  forth, 
but  each  one  vividly  aflame  in  its  several  hue — we 
should  get  a  good  image  of  Poe's  poetry.  He  is  not, 
like  Shelley,  a  poet  of  the  fourth  dimension,  yet 
neither  is  he  distinctly  sensuous,  and  he  furnishes 
but  few  copy-book  maxims  or  proverbial  phrases. 
Rather  in  him  imagery,  diction,  music,  merge  into 
one  effect,  as  fire  is  a  compound  of  a  hundred  dif- 
ferent things.  His  thought,  too,  does  not  obtrude 
itself.  He  has,  indeed,  what  I  might  call  the  senti- 
ment of  profundity  rather  than  special  precision  of 
thought. 

Poe's  tales  seem  to  me  the  third  collection  in 
point  of  merit  in  literature  —  the  other  two  being 
the  Arabian  Nights  and  Boccaccio.  He  has  not  the 
humor  of  the  one  nor  the  human  nature  of  the  other ; 
but  he  surpasses  them  both  in  depth  and  imagina- 
tion, and  for  originality  he  is  unrivalled  anywhere. 
No  one  else  has  opened  so  many  paths,  burst  into- 
so  many  new  regions  of  romance.  Indeed,  as  one 
sees  authors  all  over  the  world  painfully  following 
in  his  tracks,  each  one  exploring  a  single  region 
which  Poe  discovered  and  dismissed  in  a  few  pages, 
one  feels  that  he  was  the  compendium  of  all  possible 
literary  pioneers  and  explorers  —  a  dozen  Colum- 
buses  rolled  into  one. 

There  is  a  small  group  of  Poe's  tales,  usually 
passed  over,  which  is  worth  a  moment's  mention. 
It  consists  of  "  The  Power  of  Words,"  "  The  Col- 
loquy of  Monus  and  Una,"  "  The  Conversation  of 
Eiros  and  Charmion,"  "  Shadow,  a  Fable,"  and 


42 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


"  Silence,  a  Parable."  They  are  not  wanting  in  a 
certain  alloy  of  De  Quinceyism  which  at  times  mars 
Foe's  style  of  perfect  plainness ;  but  they  are  singu- 
larly impressive  in  thought.  They  have  that  man- 
ner or  sentiment  of  profundity  which  I  have  spoken 
of,  more  even  than  his  poems ;  and  they  lead  up  to 
Poe's  final  work,  "  Eureka." 

"  Eureka  "  has,  I  judge,  been  less  read  than  any- 
thing else  Poe  wrote.  Certainly  it  has  been  little  dis- 
cussed. The  average  critic  probably  finds  it  difficult 
to  place,  and  so  lets  it  alone.  It  is  difficult  to  place. 
It  is  too  scientific  for  rhapsody  —  too  plain  for 
mysticism ;  and  yet  it  is  hardly  either  science  or 
metaphysics.  It  might  be  tersely  described  as  the 
ideas  of  Spinoza  in  the  language  of  Newton.  Poe 
as  a  thinker  resembles  those  old  Greek  philosophers 
—  Pythagoras,  Parmenides,  or  Empedocles  —  who 
chanted  in  verse  their  luminous  guesses  as  to  the 
origin  and  constitution  of  things,  without  troubling 
themselves  as  to  any  analysis  of  their  knowledge. 
Coleridge  said  of  Spinoza  that  if  It  rather  than  I 
was  the  central  fact  of  existence,  Spinoza  would  be 
right.  It  and  not  I  was  the  basis  of  the  Pre-Socratic 
Greek  thinkers ;  and  perhaps  our  most  modern 
philosophy  has  the  same  foundation.  Schopenhauer's 
substitution  of  Will  for  Consciousness  as  the  final 
fact,  and  the  Darwinian  theory,  both  tend  that  way. 
Without  knowing  anything  of  Schopenhauer,  and 
anterior  to  Darwin,  Poe's  thought  also  tends  that 
way.  He  has  nothing  of  the  mathematical  pedantry 
of  Spinoza,  and  of  course  none  of  the  immense  sci- 
entific detail  of  the  evolutionists ;  but  I  do  not  see 
why  his  guess  is  not  as  good  as  theirs.  In  one  very 
startling  idea  he  seems  to  have  been  anticipated. 
Deducing  that  the  Universe  is  finite  —  mainly  be- 
cause laws  cannot  be  conceived  to  exist  in  the 
unlimited  —  he  goes  on  to  say  there  may  yet  exist 
other  worlds  and  other  universes,  each  in  the  bosom 
of  its  own  private  and  peculiar  God.  Cardinal 
Newman  is  authority  for  the  statement  that  Franklin 
used  to  dally  with  this  idea  in  conversation.  Poe, 
while  in  Philadelphia,  may  possibly  have  heard  of 
Franklin's  speculation.  I  can  recall  nothing  like  it 
elsewhere. 

I  have  not  space  to  follow  Poe  into  the  other 
spheres  of  his  intellectual  activity  —  into  his  studies 
in  Landscape  Gardening  and  Household  Decoration, 
on  Versification  and  the  Philosophy  of  Composition, 
and  much  else.  Poe,  in  my  judgment,  was  the  great- 
est intellect  America  has  produced  —  assuredly  the 
best  artist.  He  reminds  me  of  a  sower  stalking  down 
a  furrow  and  scattering  broadcast  seed  which  a  mul- 
titude of  crows  attendant  upon  him  appropriate  to 
their  own  use  and  behoof  without  a  single  croak  of 
thanks.  In  a  crude  new  world,  a  spirit  was  born  to 
whom  even  the  old  world,  where  time  has  mellowed 
and  enriched  men's  lives  by  layer  on  layer  of  myth 
and  metaphysic,  drift  after  drift  of  legend  and  his- 
tory, decay  above  decay  of  citadels  and  cities  and 
empires,  —  to  whom  even  this  soil  and  surrounding 
would  have  seemed  harsh  and  strange.  The  crude 
new  world  could  make  nothing  of  this  spirit,  except 


that  it  was  not  worth  while  to  waste  good  provisions 
on  such  an  uninvited  guest,  and  that  it  was  best  to 
huddle  him  into  his  grave  with  lies.  But  enough ! 
The  little  that  Poe  got  is  gone.  The  much  that  he 
gave  remains  —  a  glory  forever. 

CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


THE  VIRGINIA  MEETING  OF 
THE  MODERN  LANGUAGE  ASSOCIATION. 


The  most  important  feature  of  the  sixteenth  annual 
meeting  of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of  Amer- 
ica, which  was  held  December  27,  28,  and  29,  in  the 
buildings  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  at  Charlottes- 
ville,  was  the  announcement  of  the  completion  of  the 
Report  of  the  Committee  of  Twelve,  which  had  been 
appointed  two  years  ago  at  the  meeting  held  in  Cleve- 
land. As  stated  in  the  resolution  creating  the  Com- 
mittee, the  object  was,  "  (a)  to  consider  the  position  of 
the  Modern  Languages  —  French  and  German  —  in 
Secondary  Education;  (ft)  to  examine  into  and  make 
recommendations  upon  methods  of  instruction,  the  train- 
ing of  teachers,  and  such  other  questions  connected  with 
the  teaching  of  the  Modern  Languages  in  the  Secondary 
Schools  and  the  Colleges  as  in  the  judgment  of  the 
Committee  may  require  consideration."  The  personnel 
of  the  Committee  was  as  follows:  Prof.  Calvin  Thomas, 
Columbia  University,  Chairman;  E.  H.  Babbitt,  Secre- 
tary; B.  L.  Bowen,  H.  C.  G.  Brandt,  W.  H.  Carruth, 
S.  W.  Cutting,  A.  M.  Elliott,  C.  H.  Grandgent,  G.  A. 
Hench,  H.  A.  Rennert,  W.  B.  Snow,  and  B.  W.  Wells. 

The  Report  is  about  twenty-five  thousand  words  in 
length,  and  its  presentation  in  full  was  therefore  impos- 
sible. Professor  Thomas  gave  a  summary,  which  showed 
the  thoroughness  with  which  every  phase  of  the  subject 
had  been  studied,  and  indicated  conclusively  that  the 
document  must  be  considered  as  final  and  decisive  for 
many  of  the  points  investigated.  The  historical  part 
of  the  paper  is  of  very  great  interest,  while  the  con- 
structive value  of  the  suggestions  will  depend  upon 
their  general  adoption.  The  Report  has  been  asked 
for  by  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Education,  and  will 
doubtless  be  published  in  the  series  of  educational  pub- 
lications. It  will  be  finally  acted  upon  by  the  Associa- 
tion at  its  next  annual  meeting. 

The  attendance  at  the  meeting  was  in  round  numbers 
one  hundred,  which  must  be  regarded  as  a  large  repre- 
sentation. The  various  Eastern  universities  and  colleges 
all  sent  good  delegations.  Harvard  had  an  unusually 
strong  representation,  while  Johns  Hopkins,  Yale,  and 
Columbia  contributed  materially  to  the  success  of  the 
meeting.  As  was  to  be  expected,  the  Southern  colleges 
were  also  represented  in  large  numbers. 

The  great  number  of  papers  read  made  it  necessary 
to  limit  each  speaker  to  twenty  minutes.  This  was  felt 
to  be  a  hardship  by  some  of  the  delegates,  but  most  of 
those  who  came  with  papers  had  reduced  their  studies 
to  the  form  of  abstracts  or  presented  merely  a  part  of 
their  investigations.  To  these  the  shortness  of  the  time 
allowed  was  in  no  sense  an  inconvenience.  An  unusual 
number  of  the  papers  had  more  than  special  interest, 
and  there  can  be  observed  from  year  to  year  a  distinct 
effort  to  select  topics  which  will  be  of  value  to  the  larger 
body  of  the  delegates  present.  Until  this  effort  is  con- 
sistently carried  out,  the  reading  of  the  essays  will  not 
attract  the  attention  that  they  in  most  cases  merit. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


43 


An  invitation  from  the  Central  Association  to  hold  a 
joint  meeting  in  Indianapolis  next  December  was  de- 
clined because  it  had  been  proposed  to  have  a  Philolog- 
ical Congress  in  the  year  1900. 

The  election  of  Professor  H.  C.  G.  von  Jagemann, 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  Association,  to  the  Presidency 
for  next  year  was  generally  regarded  as  peculiarly  ap- 
propriate. The  other  changes  in  officers  included  merely 
the  substitution  of  Messrs.  L.  E.  Menger,  H.  S.  White, 
and  W.  D.  Toy,  for  Messrs.  C.  T.  Winchester,  Bliss 
Perry,  and  A.  R.  Hohlfeld,  on  the  Executive  Council. 

The  social  arrangements,  which  were  in  the  hands  of 
the  local  committee,  Professors  Charles  W.  Kent,  James 
A.  Harrison,  and  Paul  B.  Barringer,  included  two  very 
handsome  receptions,  a  luncheon,  and  an  excursion  to 
the  home  of  Thomas  Jefferson  at  Monticello.  The  gen- 
uine Southern  hospitality  accorded  on  all  hands  to  the 
members  contributed  greatly  to  the  success  of  one  of 
the  best  meetings  ever  held  by  the  Association. 

THOMAS  STOCKHAM  BAKER. 

Johns  Hopkins  University,  Jan.  2,  1899. 


THE  NEBRASKA    MEETING   OF   THE 

CENTRAL  MODERN  LANGUAGE 

ASSOCIATION. 

The  fourth  annual  meeting  of  the  Central  Division 
of  the  Modern  Language  Association  of  America  was 
held  December  27,  28,  and  29,  in  the  library  building 
of  the  University  of  Nebraska,  at  Lincoln.  There  was 
a  relatively  small  attendance,  as  was  to  be  expected  at 
a  meeting  held  so  far  to  one  side  of  the  district,  yet 
there  was  a  representation  of  many  states  and  of  all  the 
departments  interested.  Moreover,  there  was  some  gain 
in  the  way  of  closer  contact  and  greater  freedom  of 
intercourse  and  discussion,  due  perhaps  to  the  smaller 
circle.  Doubtless  one  element  in  determining  the  choice 
of  Lincoln  as  a  meeting-place  was  the  presence  of  that 
veteran  scholar,  Professor  Edgren,  and  his  participation 
was  a  powerful  attraction  of  the  sessions. 

In  addition  to  the  address  by  the  President,  Professor 
C.  Alphonso  Smith,  of  the  University  of  Louisiana,  on 
"  The  Work  of  the  Modern  Language  Association,"  the 
following  papers  were  read :  "  Certain  Peculiarities  of 
the  Structure  of  the  I-Novel,"  by  Miss  Katherine  Mer- 
rill, of  Austin,  111. ;  "  The  Root-changing  Verbs  in  Span- 
ish "  and  "  Historical  Dictionaries,"  by  Professor  A.  H. 
Edgren,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska;  "Leonard  Cox 
and  the  First  English  Rhetoric,"  by  Dr.  F.  I.  Carpenter, 
of  the  University  of  Chicago;  "Tense  Limitations  of 
the  Modal  Auxiliaries  in  German,"  by  Professor  W.  H. 
Carruth,  of  the  University  of  Kansas;  "  The  Poetic 
Value  of  Long  Words,"  by  Professor  A.  H.  Tolman,  of 
the  University  of  Chicago;  "  The  Origin  of  Some  Ideas 
of  Sense-perception,"  by  Professor  E.  A.  Wood,  of  Cor- 
nell College,  Iowa;  "Dramatic  Renaissance,"  by  Miss 
Anstice  Harris,  of  Rockford  College,  111. ;  "  A  Method 
of  Teaching  Metrics,"  by  Mr.  Edward  P.  Morton,  of  the 
University  of  Indiana;  "  Wilhelm  Miiller  and  the  Ital- 
ian Folksong,"  by  Dr.  Philip  S.  Allen,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Chicago;  "  Le  Covenant  Vivien,"  by  Professor 
Raymond  Weeks,  of  the  University  of  Missouri;  "Anglo- 
Saxon  Readers,"  by  Miss  Louise  Pound,  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Nebraska;  "Poe's  Critique  of  Hawthorne,"  by 
Dr.  H.  M.  Belden,  of  the  University  of  Missouri;  and 
"  The  Concord  of  Collectives,"  by  Professor  C.  Alphonso 


Smith,  of  the  University  of  Louisiana.  Several  other 
papers  that  were  announced  did  not  arrive  in  time  to 
be  presented,  or  were  read  by  title.  In  addition  to  these 
papers,  Professor  Starr  W.  Cutting,  of  the  University 
of  Chicago,  on  behalf  of  the  Committee  of  Twelve,  pre- 
sented its  report  on  Entrance  Requirements  in  Modern 
Languages.  This  is  a  committee  of  the  whole  Associa- 
tion, which  has  been  working  for  two  years  on  the  sub- 
ject named,  and  the  report,  which  is  to  be  printed  by 
the  National  Bureau  of  Education,  will  probably  go  far 
toward  establishing  approximate  standards  in  modern 
language  teaching,  while  tending  to  improve  the  quality 
of  the  work  done  as  well  as  of  the  ideals  for  the  future. 
It  would  be  impossible  in  the  space  of  such  a  notice 
as  this  even  to  mark  the  striking  features  of  the  many 
interesting  papers  read.  Besides  the  scholarly  and 
charming  address  of  the  President,  some  of  the  papers 
that  aroused  particular  interest  and  discussion  were 
those  by  Miss  Merrill,  Mr.  Morton,  Dr.  Allen,  and  Dr. 
Carpenter.  President  Smith  and  Secretary  Schmidt- 
Wartenberg  were  reflected.  Receptions  were  given  to 
the  members  of  the  Association  by  Professor  Edgren, 
and  by  the  University  Club.  w  H  CARRUTH- 

Lawrence,  Kas.,  Jan.  5,  1899. 


COMMUNICA  TION. 

BOOK  DISTRIBUTION:   A  SUGGESTION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Your  editorial  of  January  1  on  the  Distribution  of 
Books  reminds  me  of  a  letter  which  I  had  in  my  hands 
a  year  or  two  ago,  in  which  Mr.  Caleb  Atwater  gave  a 
contemporaneous  account  of  his  method  of  disposing  of 
his  "  History  of  Ohio."  He  simply  loaded  the  edition 
into  a  wagon,  took  the  lines  into  his  own  hands,  and 
drove  up  and  down  the  settled  portions  of  the  state  dis- 
posing of  copies  wherever  he  could  find  a  buyer,  as  any 
honest  farmer  might  dispose  of  his  surplus  cabbages. 
There  was  no  furnishing  of  innumerable  copies  to  hun- 
gry reviewers,  no  tribute  to  the  newspapers  for  adver- 
tising, no  division  of  income  with  the  middle-man  in 
any  shape  or  form. 

Now  here  is  a  bonanza  for  some  literary  celebrity  who 
is  bold  enough  to  embrace  it.  Imagine  Mr.  Marion 
Crawford  drawing  up  to  your  door  in  a  Roman  chariot 
with  a  supply  of  "  Ave  Roma  Immortalis,"  or  Mr. 
Manilla  Garland  in  an  ox-cart  with  his  newest  illustra- 
tion of  Western  freshness  and  unconventionality  in  lit- 
erature, or  Mr.  Lafcadio  Hearn  in  a  jinrikisba  with  a  lap 
full  of  his  latest  Japanese  studies,  or  Colonel  Roosevelt 
dashing  up  on  a  mustang  with  a  knapsack  full  of  his 
forthcoming  "  Rough  Riders  "  and  a  commissary  wagon 
with  the  rest  of  the  edition  following  behind  !  Who 
could  resist  the  temptation  to  buy,  especially  when  the 
distinguished  author  could  without  any  extra  charge  put 
his  autograph  on  the  fly-leaf  while  you  were  fumbling 
in  your  pockets  for  the  money  ?  We  have  been  told 
again  and  again  that  the  production  of  literature  is  a 
business  and  should  be  conducted  on  business  principles, 
and  we  have  seen  a  growing  tendency  to  adopt  any 
method  of  securing  a  market  which  has  proved  success- 
ful in  other  lines  of  business:  now  here  is  something 
which  will  be  an  attractive  novelty  to  a  novelty-loving 
generation, —  let  us  see  who  will  be  the  first  to  start. 

W.  H.  JOHNSON. 

Granville,  Ohio,  Jan.  12,  1899. 


44 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


UNEXPLORED  ASIA.* 


The  appetite  of  the  public,  which  has  been 
whetted  for  Dr.  Hedin's  book,  "Through  Asia," 
by  some  preliminary  tid-bits,  can  now  judge  of 
the  feast  as  a  whole.  Certainly  we  find  here  an 
interesting  record  of  very  large  achievements, 
perhaps  we  might  say  unique  achievements, 
in  exploration.  By  quite  primitive  means  of 
travel,  Dr.  Hedin,  between  1893  and  1897, 
covered  more  than  6500  miles  of  rough  and 
desert  country,  and  over  2000  miles  of  this 
was  through  regions  wholly  unexplored,  while 
the  rest  was  only  very  partially  known  through 
one,  two,  or  at  the  most  three  predecessors. 

The  field  of  Dr.  Hedin's  very  remarkable 
exploits  was  the  largest  unknown  territory  on 
the  globe.  We  know  more  of  Central  Africa, 
perhaps  even  of  Central  South  America,  than 
of  the  vast  central  plateau  of  Asia,  called  the 
Pamirs,  and  of  the  great  mountain  systems 
radiating  thence,  the  Hindu-Kush,  Kwen-Lun, 
Kara-Korum,  and  Himalayas.  In  these  stu- 
pendous solitudes,  in  the  immense  weird  wastes 
of  this  "  Roof  of  the  World,"  amidst  awful 
scenery,  more  lunar  than  terrestrial,  Dr.  Hedin, 
alone  save  for  a  few  native  guides,  journeyed 
for  months  and  years,  observing,  measuring, 
and  mapping,  with  unfaltering  scientific  enthu- 
siasm. 

The  most  salient  episode  in  these  volumes  is 
undoubtedly  Dr.  Hedin's  account  of  his  well- 
nigh  disastrous  trip  across  a  portion  of  the 
Gobi  Desert.  Lost  in  the  desert,  he  records 
in  his  diary,  April  30,  1895  : 

"  Rested  on  a  bigh  dune,  where  the  camels  gave  up. 
We  scanned  the  eastern  horizon  with  a  field-glass  — 
nothing  but  mountains  of  sand  in  every  direction ;  not  a 
blade  of  vegetation,  not  a  sign  of  life.  Nothing  heard 
of  Yollehi,  either  in  the  evening  or  during  the  night. 
My  men  maintained  he  had  gone  back  to  the  stores  we 
had  left  behind,  intending  to  keep  himself  alive  on  the 
tinned  provisions,  while  he  fetched  help  to  carry  off  the 
rest.  Islam  believed  he  was  dead.  There  were  still  a 
few  drops  of  water  left  from  the  morning,  about  a  tum- 
blerful in  all.  Half  of  this  was  used  in  moistening  the 
men's  lips.  The  little  that  remained  was  to  be  divided 
equally  between  us  all  in  the  evening.  But  when  even- 
ing came  we  discovered  that  Kasim  and  Mohammed 
Shah,  who  led  the  caravan,  had  stolen  every  drop!  We 
were  all  terribly  weak,  men  as  well  as  camels.  God 
help  us  all!" 

The  days  immediately  succeeding  were  ter- 
rible days,  most  of  his  men  and  animals  per- 

*  THROUGH  ASIA.  By  Sven  Hedin.  In  two  volumes, 
illustrated.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 


ishing  with  thirst.  At  length,  on  May  5,  his 
faithful  companion  Kasim  failed  him,  and  he 
crawled  and  hobbled  painfully  through  a  forest 
to  the  dry  bed  of  the  Khotan-daria  River. 
However,  after  searching  he  found  a  pool  in  a 
thicket. 

"  It  would  be  in  vain  for  me  to  try  to  describe  the 
feelings  which  now  overpowered  me.  They  may  be 
imagined;  they  cannot  be  described.  Before  drinking 
I  counted  my  pulse:  it  was  forty-nine.  Then  I  took 
the  tin  box  out  of  my  pocket,  filled  it,  and  drank.  How 
sweet  that  water  tasted!  Nobody  can  conceive  it  who 
has  not  been  within  an  ace  of  dying  of  thirst.  I  lifted 
the  tin  to  my  lips,  calmly,  slowly,  deliberately,  and 
drank,  drank,  drank,  time  after  time.  How  delicious! 
What  exquisite  pleasure !  The  noblest  wine  ever  pressed 
out  of  the  grape,  the  divinest  nectar  ever  made,  was 
never  half  so  sweet.  My  hopes  had  not  deceived  me. 
The  star  of  my  fortunes  shone  brightly  as  ever  it  did. 
I  do  not  think  that  I  at  all  exaggerate  if  I  say  that  dur- 
ing the  first  ten  minutes  I  drank  between  five  and  six 
pints.  The  tin  box  held  not  quite  an  ordinary  tumbler- 
ful, and  I  emptied  it  quite  a  score  of  times.  At  that 
moment  it  never  entered  my  head  that,  after  such  a  long 
fast,  it  might  be  dangerous  to  drink  in  such  a  quantity. 
But  I  experienced  not  the  slightest  ill  effects  from  it. 
On  the  contrary,  I  felt  that  cold,  clear,  delicious  water 
infused  new  energy  into  me.  Every  blood-vessel  and 
tissue  of  my  body  sucked  up  the  life-giving  liquid  like 
a  sponge.  My  pulse,  which  had  been  so  feeble,  now 
beat  strong  again.  At  the  end  of  a  few  minutes  it  was 
already  fifty-six.  My  blood,  which  had  lately  been  so 
sluggish  and  so  slow  that  it  was  scarce  able  to  creep 
through  the  capillaries,  now  coursed  easily  through  every 
blood-vessel.  My  hands,  which  had  been  dry,  parched, 
and  hard  as  wood,  swelled  out  again.  My  skin,  which 
had  been  like  parchment,  turned  moist  and  elastic.  And 
soon  afterwards  an  active  prespiration  broke  out  upon 
my  brow.  In  a  word,  I  felt  my  whole  body  was  imbib- 
ing fresh  life  and  fresh  strength.  It  was  a  solemn  and 
awe-inspiring  moment." 

Dr.  Hedin  then  filled  his  water-proof  boots 
with  the  water,  and  went  back  for  Kasim,  but 
did  not  find  him  till  the  following  morning. 

"  When  I  came  to  Kasim,  he  was  lying  in  the  same 
position  in  which  I  left  him.  He  glared  at  me  with  the 
wild,  startled  eyes  of  a  faun;  but  upon  recognizing  me, 
made  an  effort,  and  crept  a  yard  or  two  nearer,  gasping 
out,  '  I  am  dying.'  '  Would  you  like  some  water  ?  '  I 
asked,  quite  calmly.  He  merely  shook  his  head,  and 
collapsed  again.  He  had  no  conception  of  what  was  in 
the  boots.  I  placed  one  of  the  boots  near  him,  and 
shook  it  so  that  he  might  hear  the  splashing  of  the 
water.  He  started,  uttered  an  inarticulate  cry;  and 
when  I  put  the  boot  to  his  lips,  he  emptied  it  at  one 
draught  without  once  stopping;  and  the  next  moment  he 
emptied  the  second." 

Having  revived  Kasim  and  started  him  toward 
the  pool,  Dr.  Hedin  set  out  to  find  assistance, 
and  proceeded  along  the  river  bed  for  more 
than  two  days,  subsisting  on  grass,  reeds,  and 
frogs,  and  drinking  from  occasional  pools,  till 
he  fell  in  with  some  shepherds,  and  at  length 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


45 


recovered  Kasim  and  a  second  companion 
Islam  Bai,  and  one  camel  with  its  load. 

Another  salient  episode  is  the  account  of  the 
discovery  of  buried  cities  in  the  Gobi  desert. 
Of  these  cities  other  travellers  have  reported 
rumors,  but  Dr.  Hedin  is,  we  believe,  the  first 
traveller  to  find  and  explore  them.  He  found 
a  portion  of  the  desert  which  contained  dead 
forests,  dead  rivers,  their  beds  filled  with  sand, 
and  dead  and  buried  cities.  A  flourishing  re- 
gion had  been  engulfed  by  the  ever-shifting 
sands.  Of  the  first  city  he  says : 

"  This  city  of  Takla-raakan,  for  that  is  the  name  my 
guides  gave  to  it  —  we  will  retain  the  name,  for  it  is 
instinct  with  a  wealth  of  mysterious  secrets,  of  puzzling 
problems,  which  it  is  reserved  for  future  inquiry  to 
solve  —  this  city,  of  whose  existence  no  European  had 
hitherto  any  inkling,  was  one  of  the  most  unexpected 
discoveries  that  I  made  throughout  the  whole  of  my 
travel  in  Asia.  Who  could  have  imagined  that  in  the 
interior  of  the  dread  Desert  of  Gobi,  and  precisely  in 
that  part  of  it  which  in  dreariness  and  desolation  ex- 
ceeds all  other  deserts  on  the  face  of  the  earth,  actual 
cities  slumbered  under  the  sand,  cities  wind-driven  for 
thousands  of  years,  the  ruined  survivals  of  a  once  flour- 
ishing civilization  ?  And  yet  there  stood  I  amid  the 
wreck  and  devastation  of  an  ancient  people,  within 
whose  dwellings  none  had  entered  save  the  sandstorm 
in  its  days  of  maddest  revelry;  there  stood  I  like  the 
Prince  in  the  enchanted  wood,  having  awakened  to  new 
life  the  city  which  had  slumbered  for  a  thousand  years, 
or  at  any  rate  rescued  the  memory  of  its  existence  from 
oblivion." 

He  gives  reasons,  from  the  remains  found,  for 
thinking  that  this  city  dates  back  perhaps  1500 
years  and  was  the  work  of  Buddhistic  Aryans. 
Further  on  in  the  desert  another  city  was  found. 
The  party  continued  on  the  way  to  the  north 
across  the  desert,  and  fell  in  with  numbers  of 
wild  camels,  which,  however,  Dr.  Hedin  thinks 
are  descended  from  tame  animals.  He  crossed 
the  desert  successfully,  reaching  the  Tarim 
River,  and  explored  in  the  region  of  the  Lop- 
nor  Lakes.  In  one  marshy  place  he  notes  that 
the  reeds  were 

"  As  tightly  packed  together  as  the  palings  in  a  wooden 
palisade.  In  some  places  they  were  indeed  so  densely 
matted  together,  and  so  strong,  that  we  actually  walked 
along  the  top  of  the  tangled  mat  they  made,  without 
for  a  single  instant  being  reminded  that  there  was  ten 
feet  of  water  immediately  under  our  feet." 

Shortly  after  this  expedition  he  made  his  final 
trip,  going  through  unexplored  Northern  Tibet 
and  Tsaidam  to  China.  In  this  high  barren 
plateau  region  he  travelled  for  two  months  with- 
out seeing  men,  and  even  animals  were  rather 
rare.  He  describes  quite  fully  the  wild  asses 
and  wild  yaks.  The  latter  he  pictures  as  the 
«  Royal  monarch  of  the  desolate  wilds  of  Tibet  —  an 
animal  which  excites  our  admiration  not  only  in  virtue 


of  its  imposing  appearance,  but  also  because  it  alone  of 
living  creatures  is  able  to  defy  the  loftiest  altitudes,  the 
bitterest  cold,  the  most  violent  snow-storms  and  hail- 
storms which  occur  in  any  part  of  the  earth.  To  all 
these  things  the  wild  yak  is  indifferent.  He  seems 
rather  to  enjoy  it  when  the  hail  pelts  down  upon  his 
back;  and  when  the  snows  envelope  him  in  their  blind- 
ing whirl  he  goes  on  quietly  grazing  as  though  nothing 
were  the  matter.  The  only  extremity  of  climate  which 
seems  to  disturb  his  equanimity  is  the  summer  sunshine. 
When  it  gets  too  warm  for  him  he  takes  a  bath  in  the 
nearest  stream,  climbs  up  the  mountains  to  the  cool  ex- 
panses of  the  snow-fields  and  the  curving  hollows  of  the 
glaciers,  where  he  finds  an  especial  pleasure  in  rolling 
himself,  and  lying  down  to  rest  in  the  powdery  snows 
of  the  neves" 

In  this  Dr.  Hedin  rather  forgets  the  musk-ox, 
which  has  similar  habits. 

We  could  wish  that  Dr.  Hedin  had  given  a 
fuller  account  of  the  natives  of  the  various 
countries  he  visited  ;  but  his  notices  of  them  are 
mainly  incidental.  He  throws,  however,  some 
light  on  the  Kirghiz  of  the  Pamirs,  and  on  the 
shepherds,  hunters,  and  fishermen  of  the  Tarim 
Basin,  and  we  have  some  interesting  and  even 
amusing  accounts  of  the  Chinese  in  Turke- 
stan. He  thus  describes  a  Chinese  dinner  at 
Kashgar : 

"  I  recollect  something  about  an  ancient  Greek  deity 
who  swallowed  his  own  offspring.  I  have  read  in  Persian 
legend  about  the  giant  Zohak,  who  devoured  two  men's 
brains  every  day  at  a  meal  !  I  have  heard  rumors  of 
certain  African  savages  who  invite  missionaries  to  din- 
ner and  give  their  guests  the  place  of  honor  inside  the 
pot.  I  have  been  set  agape  by  stories  of  monstrous  big 
eaters,  who  at  a  single  meal  could  dispose  of  broken 
ale-bottles,  open  pen-knives,  and  old  boots.  But  where 
are  all  these  things  as  compared  with  a  Chinese  dinner 
of  state,  with  its  six-and-forty  courses,  embracing  the 
most  extraordinary  products  of  the  animal  and  vegetable 
worlds  it  is  possible  to  imagine?  For  one  thing,  to 
mention  no  more,  you  need  to  be  blessed  with  an  extra- 
ordinarily fine  appetite  —  or  else  be  a  Chinaman  —  to 
appreciate  smoked  ham  dripping  with  molasses.  .  .  . 
On  one  of  the  walls  there  were  painted  two  or  three 
black  flourishes.  I  enquired  what  they  signified,  and 
was  told  that  they  meant, '  Drink  and  tell  racy  stories.' 
There  was  no  need  for  any  such  admonition,  for  the 
spirit  which  reigned  over  the  company  was  so  hilarious, 
and  we  transgressed  so  wantonly  against  the  strict  rules 
of  Chinese  etiquette,  that  the  Dao  Tai  and  his  compa- 
triots must  surely  have  blushed  for  us  a  score  of  times 
had  not  their  skins  been  from  infancy  as  yellow  as  sun- 
dried  haddocks." 

As  to  the  accessories  and  manufacture  of 
these  volumes,  we  have  a  word  of  criticism. 
The  many  illustrations  from  photographs  and 
sketches  are  fairly  good,  and  the  maps  are  ex- 
cellent. The  map  of  the  route  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  one  being  appended  to  each  volume ; 
but  it  would  have  served  the  reader  much  better 
to  have  had  one  large  map  of  the  whole  in  a 


46 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


pocket.  The  volumes  are  bulky  and  heavy, 
and  the  paper  so  highly  glazed  as  to  be  un- 
pleasant and  even  painful  to  the  eye.  We  wish 
our  American  publishers  could  take  lessons 
from  the  English  in  these  regards, —  say  from 
Bentley,  whose  books  are  both  easy  to  the  hand 
and  a  delight  to  the  eye. 

As  to  the  matter,  the  main  defect  of  this 
work  of  1200  pages  is,  strange  to  say,  its  undue 
brevity.  The  author  evidently  has  abundance 
of  material  for  a  half-dozen  such  books,  and, 
in  the  effort  to  cover  the  ground  in  one,  the 
work  suffers  greatly  from  compression.  A 
sketchy  summary  takes  us  along  too  fast.  We 
do  not  want  to  ride  at  sixty  miles  an  hour 
through  charming  scenery.  Besides,  in  his 
endeavor  to  address  both  scientists  and  the 
general  public,  Dr.  Hedin  fails  to  satisfy  either 
fully.  If  he  could  have  devoted  one  volume 
to  his  journeys  in  the  Gobi  Desert,  written  up 
on  the  same  detailed  scale  as  that  used  to  de- 
scribe his  narrow  escape  from  death  on  his  first 
journey,  and  if  he  had  given  a  second  volume 
to  a  scientific  summary  of  all  his  travels,  it 
might  have  been  an  improvement.  However, 
Dr.  Hedin  has  certainly  shown  that  he  is  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  explorers  of  this  cen- 
tury, and  this  book  is  much  the  most  important 
work  on  Central  Asia  that  has  appeared  of 
recent  years,  and  so  deserves  the  attention  of 
the  specialist  and  the  general  reader  alike. 

HIRAM  M.  STANLEY. 


MR.  LESLIE  STEPHEN'S  STUDIES  OF  A 
BIOGRAPHER.* 


Mr.  Leslie  Stephen  always  amply  repays  us 
for  time  spent  in  his  perusal,  and  this  is  emi- 
nently true  of.  his  latest  work,  a  collection,  in 
two  handsome  volumes,  of  recent  essays  and 
occasional  addresses  which  have  in  most  cases 
already  appeared  in  different  periodicals.  The 
contents  embrace  a  range  of  subjects  as  wide 
apart  as  the  causes  of  Scott's  financial  ruin  and 
the  history  of  the  English  newspaper,  and  a 
space  of  time  bounded  by  Pascal  and  Tennyson. 

The  introductory  essay,  entitled  "  National 
Biography,"  suggests  Mr.  Stephen's  editorship 
of  "  The  Dictionary  of  National  Biography," 
which  contains  the  fruits  of  so  many  years  of 
his  literary  activity.  The  author  starts  out  by 
quoting  a  contemptuous  remark  of  Cowper  on 

*  STUDIES  OF  A  BIOGRAPHER.    By  Leslie  Stephen.  In  two 
volumes.    New  York :  Q.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


the  "  Biographia  Britannica,"  the  forerunner 
of  the  "  Dictionary,"  that  it  was 

"  A  fond  attempt  to  give  a  deathless  lot 
To  names  ignoble,  born  to  be  forgot." 

With  reference  to  his  own  labors  in  increasing 
the  length  of  this  long  procession  of  the  hope- 
lessly insignificant,  Mr.  Stephen  first  looks  at 
the  matter  from  the  point  of  view  of  a  certain 
Simon  Browne,  a  Non-conformist  divine  of  the 
last  century,  who  had  received  a  terrible  shock 
of  such  a  nature  that  his  mind  became  affected. 
"  He  fancied  that  his  '  spiritual  substance  '  had 
been  annihilated  ;  he  was  a  mere  empty  shell, 
a  body  without  a  soul."  Under  these  distress- 
ing circumstances  he  turned  to  an  employment 
which  did  not  require  a  soul :  he  became  a  dic- 
tionary-maker !  The  author  then  proceeds  to 
justify  his  own  dictionary-making  in  a  delight- 
ful essay,  which  might  very  well  be  the  preface 
to  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography." 
The  sound  sense  is  spiced  with  biographical 
lore,  which  no  soulless  dictionary-maker  of  the 
Browne  variety  could  ever  have  amassed. 

The  study  entitled  "  John  Byrom  "  is  a  prac- 
tical illustration  of  Mr.  Stephen's  belief  in  & 
justification  of  rescuing  pastworthies  from  ob- 
livion. Every  reader  will  thank  him  heartily 
for  reviving  the  memory  of  a  man  who,  to  his 
long-forgotten  merits,  has  added  the  new  one  of 
calling  forth  a  most  enjoyable  essay  from  one 
of  the  best  of  living  prose  writers.  The  reader 
also  learns,  if  he  did  not  already  know  (as 
probably  he  did  not),  who  was  the  author  of 
"  tweedle-dum  and  tweedle-dee." 

"  Johnsoniana  "  is  primarily  a  review  of  the 
"  Johnsonian  Miscellanies,"  the  concluding  vol- 
ume of  Dr.  Birkbeck  Hill's  great  work  on  the 
life  of  Dr.  Johnson  ;  secondarily,  although  first 
in  point  of  interest,  it  is  a  resume  of  Johnson- 
ian anecdotes  not  to  be  found  in  Boswell's  Life. 
Mr.  Stephen  has  brought  together  most  inter- 
esting extracts  from  Miss  Reynolds,  who  em- 
phasizes the  "  asperous  "  side  of  her  brother's 
friend,  from  Mrs.  Piozzi,  Madame  D'Arblay, 
and  other  lesser  lights  of  the  Johnsonian  circle. 
In  a  few  keen  sentences  the  author  analyzes  the 
genius  which  made  a  vain  little  toady  the  most 
celebrated  of  modern  biographers.  The  essay 
is  a  valuable  supplement  to  the  author's  own 
"  Life  of  Johnson." 

Two  of  the  articles  are  valuable  as  sources 
of  information.  "  The  Evolution  of  Editors  " 
traces  the  history  of  the  English  newspaper 
from  its  feeble  beginnings  in  Grub  Street,  when 
the  editor  was  both  publisher  and  contributor, 
to  its  present  position  of  power.  "  The  Impor- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


47 


tation  of  German  "  is  a  brief  account  of  the  intro- 
duction of  the  German  language  and  literature 
into  England.  It  suggests  a  similar  history  of 
the  importation  of  German  into  America. 

The  study  of  Matthew  Arnold,  originally 
delivered  as  an  address  before  an  academic 
body,  is  full  of  interest  as  coming  from  a  man 
of  an  entirely  different  intellectual  type.  Mr. 
Stephen  insists,  with  frequent  repetition,  that 
he  is  himself  a  good  Philistine,  that  he  certainly 
would  have  been  pronounced  such  by  Arnold. 
This  is,  of  course,  a  pardonable  bit  of  self- 
banter  that  we  do  not  take  seriously  ;  but  the 
lack  of  intellectual  sympathy  is  unmistakable. 
As  the  author  himself  puts  it,  it  is  the  funda- 
mental difference  between  the  poetic  and  the 
prosaic,  or,  as  we  would  say,  scientific  mind. 
While  expressing  the  highest  esteem  for  Ar- 
nold, whom  he  knew  personally,  Mr.  Stephen 
cannot  help  regarding  him  as  the  "  over-fastid- 
ious don,"  and  must  have  his  little  fling  at 
"  intellectual  coxcombry  and  dandyism."  His 
contempt  for  that  great  "  movement "  which 
was  so  potent  a  factor  in  Arnold's  development, 
he  does  not  conceal.  Nevertheless,  he  renders 
full  justice  to  Arnold's  powers  as  poet  and 
critic,  and  freely  acknowledges  his  services  as 
the  prophet  of  culture.  Mr.  Stephen's  criti- 
cism of  Arnold's  criticism  is  keen  and  search- 
ing. Arnold's  strength  as  a  critic  was  also  his 
weakness.  He  was  "  too  much  inclined  to  trust 
to  his  intuitions,  as  if  they  were  equivalent  to 
scientific  and  measurable  statements."  Instead 
of  scientific  analysis,  we  are  told,  Arnold's  pro- 
cess was  to  fix  a  certain  aspect  of  things  by  an 
appropriate  phrase,  thus  substituting  one  set 
of  prejudices  for  another.  These  "  appropriate 
phrases  "  are  repeated  to  weariness,  "  with  a 
certain  air  of  laying  down  a  genuine  scientific 
distinction  as  clear-cut  and  unequivocal  as  a 
chemist's  analysis."  Arnold's  merits  as  a  critic 
are  thus  summed  up  : 

"  His  criticism  is  anything  but  final,  but  it  is  to  be 
taken  into  account  by  every  man  who  believes  in  the 
importance  of  really  civilising  the  coming  world.  How 
the  huge  all-devouring  monster  which  we  call  Democ- 
racy is  to  be  dealt  with,  how  he  is  to  be  coaxed  or  lec- 
tured or  preached  into  taking  as  large  a  dose  as  possible 
of  culture,  is  really  one  of  the  most  pressing  of  prob- 
lems. Some  look  on  with  despair,  doubting  only  by 
whatever  particular  process  we  shall  be  crushed  into  a 
dead  level  of  monotonous  mediocrity.  I  do  not  suppose 
that  Arnold  or  anyone  else  could  give  any  solution  of 
the  great  problems;  what  he  could  do,  and  did,  I  think 
more  effectually  than  anyone,  was  to  wake  us  out  of  our 
dull  complacency  —  to  help  to  break  through  the  solid 
crust,  whatever  seeds  may  be  sown  by  other  hands." 

Mr.  Stephen  has  naturally  little  or  no  sym- 


pathy with  Arnold's  criticism  of  religion.  As  a 
member  of  the  "  prosaic  class  of  mankind,"  he 
does  not  think  that  Arnold  has  solved  the  great 
problem  by  relegating  religion  to  the  sphere  of 
poetry.  The  prosaic  mind  (and  the  majority 
of  mankind  are  prosaic)  requires  plain  state- 
ments of  facts  as  well  as  poetic  statements  of 
moral  ideals.  Arnold's  mode  of  treating  great 
problems  is  too  "  airy  and  bewildering  "  for 
Mr.  Stephen's  acceptance  ;  the  poet  has  got  the 
upper  hand  of  the  critic.  Whether  the  reader 
will  agree  with  this  estimate  of  the  great  apostle 
of  culture,  will  depend  a  good  deal  on  his  hav- 
ing the  prosaic  or  the  poetic  temperament.  But 
whatever  his  personal  attitude  to  Arnold,  he 
will  feel  the  sincerity  of  Mr.  Stephen's  con- 
cluding remark : 

"  Putting  on  a  mask,  sometimes  of  levity,  sometimes 
of  mere  literary  dandyism,  with  an  irony  which  some- 
times is  a  little  too  elaborate,  but  which  often  expresses 
the  keenest  intelligence  trying  to  pass  itself  off  as  sim- 
plicity, he  was  a  skirmisher,  but  a  skirmisher  who  did 
more  than  most  heavily-armed  warriors,  against  the  vast 
oppressive  reign  of  stupidity  and  prejudice." 

The  essay  on  Tennyson  is  another  brilliant 
piece  of  criticism.  Mr.  Stephen  is  not  an  un- 
qualified admirer  of  the  late  Laureate, —  or,  as 
he  himself  puts  it,  "  not  quite  of  the  inner  circle 
of  true  worshippers."  He  cannot  call  him  a 
vates.  His  own  type  of  mind  prevents  this,  his 
intellectual  dissent  from  Tennyson  being  as 
marked  as  in  the  case  of  Arnold.  He  does  not 
like  Tennyson's  philosophy ;  in  his  judgment 
the  poet  "is  always  haunted  by  the  fear  of 
depriving  your  sister  of  her  '  happy  views,'  and 
praises  a  philosopher  for  keeping  his  doubts  to 
himself." 

"  Tennyson,  even  in  the  In  Memoriam,  always  seems 
to  me  to  be  like  a  man  clinging  to  a  spar  left  floating 
after  a  shipwreck,  knowing  that  it  will  not  support  him, 
and  yet  never  able  to  make  up  his  mind  to  strike  out 
and  take  his  chance  of  sinking.  That  may  be  infinitely 
affecting,  but  it  is  not  the  attitude  of  the  poet  who  can 
give  a  war-cry  to  his  followers,  or  of  the  philosopher 
who  really  dares  to  '  face  the  spectres  of  the  mind.' " 

Those  who  have  read  Mr.  Stephen's  essay 
entitled  "  An  Apology  for  Plainspeaking  "  will 
understand  this  criticism  more  fully.  In 
Matthew  Arnold's  phrase,  it  is  the  judgment  of 
incompatibility,  and  but  few  would  be  willing 
to  accept  it  as  a  final  word  on  Tennyson.  u  The 
judgment  of  gratitude  and  sympathy  "  and  that 
of  conscientious  incompatibility  must  supple- 
ment and  rectify  each  other.  The  ardent  Tenny- 
sonian  will  resent  an  estimate  of  the  Laureate 
which  excludes  him  from  the  rank  of  the  "  great 
sage  poets,"  but  can  hardly  refuse  to  accept  the 
explanation  of  Tennyson's  extraordinary  popu- 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


larity  as  owing  to  the  fact  that  "  he  could  ex- 
press what  occurred  to  everybody  in  language 
that  could  be  approached  by  nobody." 

Mere  mention  must  suffice  for  the  remaining 
studies,  which  are  more  or  less  delightful  ac- 
cording to  the  reader's  interest  in  the  subject. 
"  Jowett's  Life,"  "  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes," 
"  The  Story  of  Scott's  Euin,"  "  Pascal,"  "  Gib- 
bon's Autobiography,"  "  Arthur  Young,"  and 
"  Wordsworth,"  in  addition  to  those  particu- 
larly noted,  make  up  a  menu  of  much  variety. 
The  admirers  of  Mr.  Stephen  will  find  in  these 
volumes  all  his  excellences  —  vigorous  think- 
ing, plain  speaking,  and  great  charm  of  style. 
ELLEN  C.  HINSDALE. 


CHINA  IN  HISTORY  AND  IN  FACT.* 

Now  that  the  ancient  empire  of  the  Middle 
Kingdom  seems  to  be  crumbling  in  decay,  a 
History  of  China  which  bears  evidence  of  con- 
scientious study  and  a  judicial  habit  of  mind 
deserves  a  cordial  welcome.  Such  appears  to 
be  the  character  of  the  work  which  Mr.  Boul- 
ger  reissues  after  a  thorough  revision.  The 
narrative  is  well  sustained,  the  style  lucid,  and 
the  author  has  done  what  he  could  to  relieve 
from  dulness  a  work  constructed  upon  the  lines 
which  the  scope  of  this  history  required. 

The  sources  of  all  ancient  history  lie  in  the 
realms  of  myths  and  mystery ;  and  we  cannot 
expect  Chinese  history  to  be  an  exception.  It 
is  a  comfort  to  learn  that  we  may  go  back  so 
far  before  we  strike  the  debatable  border-land. 
The  first  ruler  of  China  who  seems  to  have  se- 
cured for  his  nation  a  position  of  influence  was 
one  Hwangti,  who  lived  2637-2577  B.  C.  It 
is  said  of  him  that  he  subdued  his  enemies, 
built  roads  for  traffic  and  ships  for  commerce, 
revised  the  calendar,  regulated  weights,  meas- 
ures, and  provinces  upon  a  decimal  system,  and 
that  to  his  inspirations  and  aspirations  much 
of  the  subsequent  glory  of  China  may  be  attrib- 
uted. There  is  also  mention  of  an  earlier  Em- 
peror, Fohi,  whose  date  was  2950  B.  C.,  and 
whose  authenticity  was  approved  by  Confucius. 

These  dates  take  us  at  a  bound  beyond  most 
of  the  periods  whose  history  we  are  accustomed 
to  consider  ancient.  They  reach  beyond  the 
founding  of  Rome,  the  siege  of  Troy,  the  sheik- 
ship  of  Abraham,  five  hundred  years  beyond 
Sargon  of  Babylon,  to  the  time  of  Amenemhat 


*  THE  HISTORY  OF  CHINA.    By  Demetrius  C.  Boulger.  In 
two  volumes.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


of  Egypt,  when  Thebes  was  in  her  glory.  From 
the  reign  of  Hwangti  until  this  day  the  sceptre 
has  not  departed  from  China.  For  more  than 
four  and  a  half  millenniums,  the  Middle  King- 
dom has  been  governed  by  a  continuous  suc- 
cession of  rulers,  numbering  nearly  two  hun- 
dred and  sixty  princes  belonging  to  twenty- 
eight  dynasties.  Other  than  Chinamen  have 
sat  upon  the  throne,  including  Tartars,  Mon- 
gols, and  Manchus  ;  but  the  ruler  of  China  has 
always  been  within  China.  She  was  never  the 
vassal  of  a  government  seated  in  a  foreign  land. 

The  position  of  China  is,  and  has  always 
been,  geographically  unique.  She  has  occupied 
the  broad  area  of  southeastern  Asia,  a  country 
well  watered  and  fertile,  diversified  in  aspect, 
climate,  soil,  and  productions,  unrivalled  in 
its  capacity  to  support  a  teeming  population. 
Northwardly  this  country  extended  to  arctic 
Siberia,  inhabited  by  nomadic  and  untutored 
tribes  ;  east  and  south  lay  the  oriental  seas, 
which  until  the  fifteenth  century  were  never  fur- 
rowed by  an  occidental  keel ;  to  the  southwest 
were  a  few  disunited  peoples  with  no  cohesion 
to  make  them  formidable ;  while  along  the 
western  borders  lay  the  vast  mountain  ranges  of 
the  Himalayah  and  the  Karakorum,  the  "  roof 
of  the  world,"  which  no  western  horde  ever 
traversed,  and  none  from  the  east  ever  passed 
save  when  Genghis  Khan  led  his  victorious 
Mongols  beyond  the  remotest  borders  of  the 
Caspian  and  the  Euxine  seas,  to  the  conquest 
of  Russia,  Hungary,  and  Poland. 

China  was  thus  enclosed  within  a  large  but 
limited  area,  and  this  area  she  usually  domin- 
ated. Her  quarrels  were  with  the  neighbors  who 
dwelt  with  her  within  these  natural  boundaries. 
Otherwise  she  had  no  commerce  nor  contact  with 
the  nations  of  the  world.  Children  who  grow 
up  in  isolation  lack  a  certain  sturdy  discipline 
gained  in  conflicts  with  other  children.  It  is 
not  strange  that  China  should  come  to  estimate 
at  more  than  its  true  value  her  culture,  her 
prowess,  and  her  right  of  empire.  Until  the 
earlier  years  of  the  seventeeth  century  the  lit- 
terati  of  China  had  not  learned  that  the  round 
world  had  another  side,  where  dwelt  people 
both  strong  and  learned.  Still  less  did  they 
imagine  that  such  people  would  come  to  chal- 
lenge their  authority  or  to  disturb  the  internal 
economy  of  their  empire. 

During  twenty-seven  of  her  twenty-eight  dy- 
nasties, China  was  self-contained.  Her  political 
history,  which  is  all  that  Mr.  Boulger  attempts 
to  give,  is  merely  an  account  of  the  rise  and 
demise  of  families  and  princes.  Kingti  sue- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


49 


ceeded  Wenti  and  was  succeeded  by  Vouti. 
Some  rulers  were  good,  some  bad,  some  worse. 
The  only  parallel  is  the  Book  of  the  Chronicles 
of  the  Kings  of  Israel.  No  one  can  realize  the 
utter  nakedness  of  history  sitting  in  the  rattling 
panoply  of  her  bones,  so  fully  as  when  he  fol- 
lows this  procession  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
kings  in  their  weary  march  through  five  hun- 
dred octavo  pages.  There  is  little  sign  of  flesh 
and  blood,  of  the  humanity  that  lived  and  loved 
or  hated  and  suffered  in  those  ancient  days. 

A  new  element  entered  into  the  life  of  China 
when  the  western  nations,  in  their  quest  of  dis- 
covery, trade,  and  colonies,  began  to  push  their 
ships  into  Chinese  ports.  For  two  centuries 
these  nations  came  in  peaceful  ways  upon  mis- 
sions of  peace.  They  asked  the  privilege  of 
trade,  to  buy  the  commodities  which  China  had 
in  abundance  to  sell ;  to  sell  such  merchandise 
as  Chinamen  might  wish  to  buy.  Especially 
did  they  wish  that  their  representatives  might 
be  received  by  the  Emperor,  and  might  treat 
on  equal  and  honorable  terms  with  function- 
aries of  suitable  rank  whom  he  might  deign  to 
appoint.  From  the  first  the  western  nations 
determined  to  allow  their  representatives  to 
submit  to  no  ceremony  degrading  in  form  or 
meant  to  typify  homage  or  vassalage  towards  a 
superior.  For  a  long  time  the  Chinese  author- 
ities evidenced  a  purpose  not  to  permit  any 
approach  to  the  emperor  under  other  conditions. 

There  was  also  a  rooted  aversion  to  trade. 
The  Chinese  feared  and  believed  that  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  would  be  against  them  ;  that  her 
people  would  buy  more  than  they  could  sell, 
the  balance  to  be  paid  by  the  withdrawal  of 
coin,  which  they  were  convinced  would  result 
in  bankruptcy.  They  had  not  learned  that 
trade  begets  trade. 

From  time  to  time  these  conflicts  of  ideas 
developed  into  conflicts  of  arms,  in  which  the 
Chinese  were  unable  to  contend  successfully. 
The  first  passage  at  arms  was  with  England  in 
1840.  Unfortunately,  the  admission  of  opium 
was  one  of  the  points  at  issue.  As  to  this,  Mr. 
Boulger  contends,  and  with  apparent  reason, 
that  the  opium  question  was  raised  by  the  Chi- 
nese only  as  a  pretext.  In  the  discussions  which 
preceded  the  appeal  to  arms,  English  merchants 
gave  up  opium  to  the  amount  of  $10,000,000 
for  confiscation ;  but  the  lives  of  eighteen  En- 
glishmen, to  be  yielded  without  trial  or  pro- 
cess of  law,  they  would  not  concede.  After  a 
critical  study  of  the  facts,  our  own  ex-President 
John  Quincy  Adams  asserted  that  the  real  issue 
of  this  so-called  opium  war  was  not  opium  but 


the  Kotow,  and  that  the  English  were  in  the 
right. 

The  English  were  victorious,  and  a  treaty  of 
amity  was  negotiated  at  Nankin,  only  to  be 
evaded,  and  its  ratification  avoided,  until,  in  a 
later  resort  to  arms,  the  English  forced  the 
defenses  at  Pekin  and  dictated  terms  of  sur- 
render. Conflicts  with  other  nations  have  re- 
sulted in  like  misfortune  to  the  Chinese. 

An  interesting  chapter  describes  the  rise  and 
progress  of  the  Taeping  Rebellion,  and  its 
desultory  character,  too  weak  to  succeed,  yet 
fighting  a  government  too  weak  to  overcome  it. 
An  American  named  Ward  collected  and  drilled 
a  force  of  5000  Chinese,  to  which  he  gave,  by 
way  of  bravado,  the  name  of  the  Ever  Victo- 
rious Army,  a  name  which  it  presently  earned 
the  right  to  wear.  Ward  was  killed  in  action. 
His  successor,  an  adventurer  named  Burgevine, 
after  hiring  himself  in  turn  to  both  rebels  and 
the  imperial  power,  was  repudiated  by  both. 
Then  began  the  remarkable  career  of  one  Cap- 
tain Charles  Gordon,  afterwards  known  as 
"  Chinese "  Gordon.  He  gathered,  drilled, 
disciplined,  and  fought  an  army  of  Chinese 
with  phenomenal  success,  and  destroyed  the 
rebellion.  His  sad  fortune  when,  in  Africa,  he 
was  abandoned  to  the  fury  of  the  Mahdists,  is 
too  well  remembered. 

The  story  of  the  war  with  Japan,  sharp, 
short,  and  decisive,  is  told  with  a  true  appre- 
ciation of  this  highly  dramatic  event.  The 
lessons  taught  by  this  war  only  repeat  those 
which  should  have  been  learned  before.  Under 
stress  of  suffering,  China  spent  her  treasure  for 
weapons  of  the  best  manufacture,  ships  of  the 
most  approved  design,  and  fortresses  which  by 
nature  and  art  should  have  been  impregnable. 
The  only  use  she  has  been  able  to  make  of  her 
forts,  her  ships,  and  her  guns,  is  to  hand  them 
over  to  her  victorious  foes.  Her  soldiers  can 
fight  under  proper  officers,  and  they  can  die  ; 
but  they  did  not  avail  against  the  Japanese. 
Her  officers  and  diplomats  appear  to  be  equally 
deficient.  Defeats  teach  them  no  principles  of 
public  policy.  The  logic  of  artillery  is  effect- 
ive only  within  the  range  of  the  piece. 

The  distressing  feature  of  the  Chinese  situ- 
ation exists  in  the  conditions  of  its  intellectual 
life.  For  centuries  this  has  suffered  from  a 
sort  of  creeping  paralysis.  It  is  permeated  by 
an  intellectual  dry-rot,  which  has  consumed  all 
personal,  social,  and  political  vitality.  The  ex- 
terior may  have  been  fair  to  see,  but  when  the 
armor  of  exclusiveness  is  pierced  the  whole 
structure  crumbles.  The  cause  of  the  disease 


50 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16r 


must  be  coextensive  with  the  disease.  It  will 
be  found  in  the  combined  systems  of  civil  ser- 
vice and  of  education.  Much  has  been  heard 
in  praise  of  both.  Every  public  officer  must 
win  his  appointment  by  merit,  and  that  merit 
is  judged  by  the  accuracy  of  his  education. 
Without  considering  the  utilities  which  might 
grow  out  of  such  conditions,  we  observe  that 
they  fail  to  follow  here  because  the  education 
required  is  that  of  the  Chinese  type,  an  educa- 
tion which  does  not  educate.  It  is  an  education 
that  is  purely  formal  and  without  vitality.  It 
has  no  stimulus,  no  power  of  development,  no 
illumination.  Its  vision  is  ever  backward,  never 
forward.  Only  the  thing  that  hath  been  is  that 
which  shall  be.  The  wise  maxims  of  Confucius 
and  of  Mencius  appear  to  have  little  influence 
upon  life  and  action.  The  scientific  phase  is 
conspicuously  absent.  The  stimulus  of  the 
science  of  the  nineteenth  century  has  not  been 
felt  in  China. 

In  marked  contrast  has  been  the  action  of 
the  Japanese.  After  an  earnest  resistance,  sud- 
denly the  Japanese  saw  a  great  light,  and  be- 
gan to  glean  from  the  science  and  the  discipline 
of  the  Occident  whatever  could  be  adapted  in 
the  Orient.  The  whole  nation  rejoices  in  the 
consequent  revival.  But  the  Chinese  persist- 
ently debars  not  merely  Western  merchandise 
but  also  Western  science  and  Western  culture 
as  well. 

The  impending  fall  of  the  Manchu  dynasty 
need  cause  no  regrets.  It  had  no  natural  rights 
in  China,  and  it  has  been  an  insurmountable 
barrier  to  national  development.  The  world 
must  wish  that  a  better  fate  might  befall  an 
empire  so  ancient  and  venerable.  The  situation 
is  thus  stated  by  Mr.  Boulger : 

"  If  the  Chinese  realized  their  position  there  would 
be  ground  for  hope;  but  so  far  as  can  be  judged,  there 
is  not  a  public  man  in  China  who  perceives  that  the 
state  is  on  the  verge  of  dissolution,  and  that  nothing 
short  of  the  most  strenuous  exertion  will  avail  to  save 
not  the  dynasty  but  the  country  from  death." 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY. 


THE  "  Tale  of  Beowulf  sometime  King  of  the  Folk 
of  the  Wedergeats,"  as  translated  by  Messrs.  William 
Morris  and  A.  J.  Wyatt,  has  hitherto  been  obtainable  only 
as  a  publication  of  the  Kelmscott  Press,  whence  it  issued 
in  1895.  An  edition  for  the  general  purchaser,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  bibliophile,  is  now  offered  by  Messrs. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  An  index  of  persons  and 
places  is  provided,  as  also  a  glossary  of  the  archaic  words 
used  by  the  translators.  There  are  only  seventy  or 
eighty  of  the  latter,  and  many  of  these  are  familiar  to 
the  reader  of  average  intelligence.  The  publication  of 
this  edition  is  a  great  boon  to  teachers  and  students  of 
English  poetry. 


RECENT  POETRY.* 

A  few  reminiscences  of  a  sojourn  "  In  Palestine" 
gives  the  title  to  a  new  volume  of  verse  now  put  forth, 
by  Mr.  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  after  a  silence  of 
nearly  five  years.  The  volume  contains,  besides 
versified  memories  of  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Provence, 
songs  of  the  finer  heroism,  and  many  of  those  per- 
sonal and  occasional  pieces  in  the  writing  of  which 
Mr.  Gilder  is  an  adept.  The  following  irregular 
sonnet  may  he  taken  as  an  example  of  the  best  of 
the  work  here  offered  us. 

"  Love's  look  finds  loveliness  in  all  the  world  : 

Ah,  who  shall  say  —  This,  this  is  loveliest ! 
Forgetting  that  pure  beauty  is  impearled 

A  thousand  perfect  ways,  and  none  is  best. 
Sometimes  I  deem  that  dawn  upon  the  ocean 

Thrills  deeper  than  all  else ;  but,  sudden,  there, 
With  serpent  gleam  and  hue,  and  fixed  motion, 

Niagara  curves  its  scimetar  in  air. 
So  when  I  dream  of  sunset,  oft  I  gaze 

Again  from  Bellosguardo's  misty  height, 
Or  memory  ends  once  more  one  day  of  days  — 

Carrara's  mountains  purpling  into  night. 
There  is  no  loveliest,  dear  Love,  but  thee  — 
Through  whom  all  loveliness  I  breathe  and  see." 

*  IN  PALESTINE,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Richard  Watson, 
Gilder.  New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

IDYLLIC  MONOLOGUES.  Poems  by  Madison  Cawein.  Lou- 
isville :  John  P.  Morton  &  Co. 

THE  SONG  OF  THE  WAVE,  and  Other  Poems.  By  George 
Cabot  Lodge.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  GOLDEN  PERSON  IN  THE  HEART.  By  Claude  Fayette 
Bragdon.  Gouverneur,  N.  Y. :  Brothers  of  the  Book. 

THE  FLYING  SANDS.  By  Wallace  Rice.  Chicago  :  R.  R. 
Donnelly  &  Sons  Co. 

A  CHRISTMAS  GARLAND,  with  a  Few  Flowers  for  the  New 
Year.  By  Clinton  Scollard.  Privately  Printed. 

FROM  SUNSET  RIDGE.  Poems  Old  and  New.  By  Julia 
Ward  Howe.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

WHEN  THE  BIRDS  Go  NORTH  AGAIN.  By  Ella  Higginson.. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

IMPRESSIONS.  A  Book  of  Verse.  By  Lilla  Cabot  Perry.. 
Boston :  Copeland  &  Day. 

ENGLAND  AND  YESTERDAY.  A  Book  of  Short  Poems.  By 
Louise  Imogen  Guiney.  London  :  Grant  Richards. 

BEN  KING'S  VERSE.  Edited  by  Nixon  Waterman.  Intro- 
duction by  John  McGovern.  Biography  by  Opie  Read.. 
Chicago  :  Forbes  &  Co. 

THE  POEMS  OF  FRANCIS  BROOKS.  Edited,  with  a  Prefatory 
Memoir,  by  Wallace  Rice.  Chicago :  R.  R.  Donnelly  &  Sons  Co. 

A  CENTURY  OF  INDIAN  EPIGRAMS.  Chiefly  from  the  San- 
skrit of  Bhartrihari.  By  Paul  Elmer  More.  Boston  :  Hough- 
ton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

SONGS  FROM  THE  GHETTO.  By  Morris  Rosenfeld.  With 
Prose  Translation,  Glossary,  and  Introduction  by  Leo  Wiener. 
Boston  :  Copeland  &  Day. 

PHIL-O-RUM'S  CANOE  AND  MADELEINE  VERCHERES.  Two. 
Poems  by  William  Henry  Drummond.  New  York :  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 

LABOR  AND  THE  ANGEL.  By  Duncan  Campbell  Scott- 
Boston  :  Copeland  &  Day. 

ODES  IN  CONTRIBUTION  TO  THE  SONG  OF  FRENCH  HIS- 
TORY. By  George  Meredith.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons. 

PICTURES  OF  TRAVEL,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Mackenzie 
Bell.  Boston  :  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

SONGS  OF  ACTION.  By  A.  Conan  Doyle.  New  York : 
Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

PERSEPHONE,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Charles  Camp  Tarelli. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


The  following  passage,  from  "  A  Winter  Twilight 
in  Provence  " —  a  poem  inspired  by  thought  of  the 
wars  that  once  ravaged  that  fair  land  —  was  written 
two  years  ago,  and  is  not  without  an  ironic  applica- 
tion to  the  events  of  the  past  few  months. 

"  Dear  country  mine !  far  in  that  viewless  west, 
And  ocean-warded,  strife  thou  too  hast  known ; 
But  may  thy  sun  hereafter  bloodless  shine, 
And  may  thy  way  be  onward  without  wrath, 
And  upward  on  no  carcass  of  the  slain ; 
And  if  thou  smitest,  let  it  be  for  peace 
And  justice  —  not  in  hate,  or  pride,  or  lust 
Of  empire.    Mayst  thou  ever  be,  O  land, 
Noble  and  pure  as  thou  art  free  and  strong ! 
So  shalt  thou  lift  a  light  for  all  the  world 
And  for  all  time,  and  bring  the  Age  of  Peace." 

Two  years  ago  these  ideals  seemed  to  earnest  Amer- 
icans not  impossible  of  realization  ;  to-day,  they  are 
clearly  considered  by  great  numbers  of  our  fellow- 
citizens  as  the  merest  counsels  of  perfection,  not  to  be 
taken  into  serious  account  by  the  practical  statesman. 
Will  not  Mr.  Gilder  write  for  us  a  new  "  Ichabod," 
inscribed  this  time,  not  to  an  individual,  but  to  a 
nation,  in  danger  of  proving  recreant? 

Mr.  Madison  Cawein  has  put  forth  numerous 
volumes  of  verse,  and  the  last  of  them  is  like  the 
first  and  all  the  others  in  the  general  impression 
left  by  their  perusal.  That  impression  is  of  marked 
poetical  powers  carelessly  employed.  The  author 
has  sensibility,  and  even  passion ;  he  has  also  con- 
siderable facility  in  the  use  of  poetic  diction ;  but 
he  has  none  of  the  restraint  that  should  go  with 
these  qualities,  and  it  is  obvious  that  much  of  his 
verse  is  hastily  flung  from  him  with  little  care  for 
its  fate.  In  his  new  volume  of  "  Idyllic  Mono- 
logues," for  example,  there  is  no  justification  for  so 
rough  a  line  as  this  from  "  The  Moated  Manse," 

"The  year-old  scars,  made  by  the  Royalists'  balls," 
or  for  the  violence  of  language  that  characterizes 
the  greater  part  of  this  poem.  Half  a  dozen  or  more 
of  these  versified  narratives  fill  all  but  a  few  pages 
of  the  volume.    In  these  few  latter  pages  the  author 
gets  greatly  excited  about  the  destruction  of  the 
"  Maine  "  and  the  atrocities  of  Spanish  rule,  showing 
that  his  verse  can  be  as  hot-tempered  when  it  deals 
with  actual  history  as  when  it  is  concerned  with  vain 
romantic  imaginings.    For  an  extract  —  since  there 
should  be  one  —  we  will  take  a  stanza  in  which  Mr. 
Cawein  is  at  his  best,  because  at  his  simplest. 
"  Here  where  the  season  turns  the  land  to  gold, 
Among  the  fields  our  feet  have  known  of  old, — 
When  we  were  children  who  could  laugh  and  run, 
Glad  little  playmates  of  the  wind  and  sun, — 
Before  came  toil  and  care  and  years  went  ill, 
And  one  forgot  and  one  remembered  still, 
Heart  of  my  heart,  among  the  old  fields  here, 
Give  me  your  hands  and  let  me  draw  you  near, 
Heart  of  my  heart." 

Early  in  the  examination  of  Mr.  George  Cabot 
Lodge's  volume  of  verse,  on  two  pages  that  face 
each  other,  we  find  this  stanza,  the  ocean  speaking : 
"  I  have  lavished  my  largess  of  comfort, 

Taken  earth  in  mine  arms  like  a  child, 
Taught  the  children  of  life  of  its  splendour, 
Brought  their  eyes  to  the  light  unbeguiled." 


And  this,  of  the  wave : 

"  This  is  the  song  of  the  wave !  the  mighty  one ! 
Child  of  the  soul  of  silence,  beating  the  air  to  sound : 
White  as  a  live  terror,  as  a  drawn  sword, 
This  is  the  wave." 

Mr.  Swinburne  and  Mr.  Henley,  we  say  at  once, 
and  these  names  are  suggested  many  times  over  in 
what  follows.  A  little  later,  we  come  upon  an 
"  After- Word  "  in  this  strain  : 

"  What  of  life-songs  then,  and  what  of  death-songs  ? 
Sound  and  fury  down  the  babbling  ages, 
They  shall  cease,  the  echoes  pass  and  perish ; 
On  the  void  the  'stablishment  eternal 
Bides  alone  —  the  Soul's  gigantic  silence," 

and  we  know  that  Mr.  Lodge  has  taken  his  Brown- 
ing to  heart.  These  things,  and  work  so  frankly 
imitative  as  "  The  Gates  of  Life,"  which  is  a  vari- 
ation upon  Mr.  Swinburne's  "  Hesperia,"  are  not 
set  down  to  Mr.  Lodge's  discredit.  He  is  clearly  a 
young  writer  —  such  gloom  and  world -weariness, 
such  echoes  of  Leconte  de  1'Isle  and  Leopardi,  are 
the  certain  evidence  of  that,  and  he  is  without  the 
saving  sense  of  humor,  as  one  may  see  from  the 
appeal  to  his  own  soul  to  "  be  stern  and  adequate," 
which  somehow  reminds  us  of  the 

"Terrible,  indigne",  calme,  extraordinaire" 
of  Victor  Hugo,  who  thus  describes  the  attitude 
which  he  will  assume  when  face  to  face  with  God. 
But  Mr.  Lodge  has  studied  good  models  of  the  sort 
of  poetry  young  men  most  affect,  and  most  poets 
find  themselves  by  first  sitting  at  the  feet  of  their 
masters.  In  spite  of  all  that  we  have  said,  Mr. 
Lodge's  work  seems  to  us  to  be  full  of  promise ;  its 
utterance  is  large,  and  its  rhythmic  power  is  unde- 
niable. He  is  most  clearly  himself  in  such  a  poem 
as  "  Fall,"  from  which  we  extract,  with  genuine 
pleasure,  these  closing  lines,  inspired  by  an  autumn 
dawn : 

"This  moment  stolen  from  the  centuries, 
This  foretaste  of  the  soul's  oblivion 
We  hold  and  cherish,  and  because  of  this 
Are  life  and  death  made  perfect,  and  thy  woes 
Turn  lyric  through  the  glory  we  have  won. 
The  morning  flower  that  drew  its  petals  close 
And  slept  the  cold  night  through  is  now  unfurled 
To  catch  the  breathless  moment ;  big  and  sane 
Our  autumn  day  forsakes  the  gates  of  rose, 
And  like  a  lion  shakes  its  golden  mane 
And  leaps  upon  the  world." 

Mr.  Claude  Fayette  Bragdon's  book  is  easily  re- 
viewed. There  are  about  forty  pages  of  it,  averag- 
ing seven  lines  to  a  page.  "  The  Golden  Person  in 
the  Heart,"  the  titular  poem,  is  a  versified  statement 
of  the  essentials  of  Brahmanism.  This  is  the  sort 
of  thing : 

"  A  man,  to  cleanse  this  inward  mirror,  should 

Before  all  else,  learn  and  obey  the  law, 
And  next  acquire  a  blameless  livelihood : 
Steadfast  in  duty  and  in  doing  good, 
His  mind  from  things  of  sense  let  him  withdraw." 

A  captious  person  might  think  that  the  author  of 
this  poem  had  complied  with  the  counsel  of  the  last 
line,  but  Emerson's  "  Brahma  "  met  with  the  same 
criticism.  Our  objection  is  that  it  is  not  poetry. 


52 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


The  rest  of  the  book  consists  of  such  things  as 
"  Cities." 

"  New  York,  London,  Paris,  Rome, 

Seemed  vast  and  grand  while  I  staid  home, 

But  seeing  them,  I  soon  found  that 

I  held  them  all  beneath  my  hat." 

All  of  which  is  not  very  promising. 

The  sheaf  of  verses  gleaned  by  Mr.  Wallace  Rice 
from  the  growth  of  many  years  of  preoccupation 
with  poetical  matters  contains  a  number  of  skilfully- 
wrought  pieces.  "  Chryseis  on  the  Sands  "  is  partic- 
ularly charming,  and  here  is  the  last  of  its  three 
stanzas : 

"  Ages  ago  old  Chryses  clasped  his  daughter, 

Happy  that  she  was  his  and  not  the  King's ;  — 
Smiling  through  tears  beside  that  Asian  water 
Lovely  Chryseis,  home  at  last,  still  stands. 
Many  another  bard  some  maiden  sings  — 
Dearer  to  me  Chryseis  on  the  sands, 
Ages  ago." 

Mr.  Rice  has  been  the  artificer  of  many  sonnets,  but 
with  rare  restraint  has  adjudged  only  one  of  them 
deserving  of  a  place  in  this  little  volume.  Would 
that  other  poets  might  submit  their  work  to  this 
process  of  natural  selection !  The  sonnet  in  ques- 
tion is  a  fine  improvisation  upon  the  greatest  of 
Spinoza's  great  words. 

"  No  freeman,  saith  the  wise,  thinks  much  on  death: 
No  man  with  soul  he  dareth  call  his  own 
Liveth  in  dread  lest  there  be  no  atone 
In  time  to  come  for  yesterday's  warm  breath, 
No  more  than  he  for  such  end  hungereth 
As  falls  to  those  who  speed  their  souls  a-groan  ; 
Death  may  be  King,  to  sit  a  tottering  throne 
And  hale  men  hence  —  let  cowards  cringe  to  Death ! 

"  Who  giveth,  taketh  ;  and  the  days  go  by, 

No  seed  sowed  we  ;  let  him  who  did  come  reap : 

Sweet  peace  is  ours  —  and  everlastingly,  — 
A  little  sleep,  a  little  slumber :  Aye, 

This  much  is  known :  there  is  for  thee  and  me 
A  little  folding  of  the  hands  to  sleep." 

Songs  and  sonnets  alternate,  with  almost  unfailing 
regularity,  in  Mr.  Clinton  Scollard's  fifty  pages  of 
new  verse.  "  Summer  by  the  Sea  "  is  one  of  the 
best  of  the  sonnets. 

"  If  thou  wonldst  win  the  rhythmic  heart  of  things, 

Go  sit  in  solitude  beside  the  shore, 

Giving  thine  ear  to  the  eternal  roar 
And  every  mystic  message  that  it  brings  — 
Eddas  of  ancient,  nnremembered  kings, 

And  runes  that  ring  with  long-forgotten  lore. 

All  myths  and  mysteries  from  the  years  of  yore 
Ere  Time  grew  weary  on  his  journeyings. 

"  And  more  from  that  imperious  sibyl,  Sea, 

Thou  mayest  learn  if  thou  wilt  hearken  well, 

When  God's  white  star-fires  beacon  home  the  ships : 
The  solemn  secrets  of  infinity, 
Unto  the  inner  sense  translatable, 

Hang  trembling  ever  on  her  darkling  lips." 

This  might  have  for  its  text  the  "  Time's  self  it  is, 
made  audible,"  of  Rossetti's  matchless  lyric. 

The  poems  of  Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe  have  been 
collected  into  a  volume  which  bears  the  title  "  From 
Sunset  Ridge." 

"  Of  all  my  verses,  say  that  one  is  good  " 
is  her  modest  plea  to  the  critic,  but  the  author  of 


the  "  Battle-Hymn  of  the  Republic  "  may  safely 
await  a  larger  measure  of  approval  than  that.  Still, 
the  famous  poem  just  named  remains  almost  the 
only  one  in  the  volume  that  makes  the  impression 
of  spontaneity ;  no  doubt  it  was  thought  out,  like 
the  others ;  but  the  difference  is  that  the  others 
show  that  they  have  been  studied,  and  the  "  Battle- 
Hymn  "  does  not.  The  poems  are  mostly  personal 
or  occasional,  strongly  infused  with  religious  senti- 
ment, and  pointing  some  very  marked  moral.  Mrs. 
Howe  is  at  her  best  in  such  verses  as  these  addressed 
to  Pio  Nono : 

"  Where  glory  should  have  crowned  thee,  failure  whelms, 
Truth  judges  thee,  that  should  have  made  thee  great ; 
Thine  is  the  doom  of  souls  that  cannot  bring 
Their  highest  courage  to  their  highest  fate," 

or  these  upon  Dante  : 

"See,  beneath  the  hood  of  grief, 
Muffled  bays  engird  the  brow. 
Fame  shall  yield  her  topmost  bough 
Ere  that  laurel  moult  a  leaf." 

At  first  sight  Mrs.  Higginson's  collection  of 
poems,  "  When  the  Birds  Go  North  Again,"  seems 
to  be  the  usual  sort  of  thing.  There  are  sonnets, 
and  lyrics,  and  bits  of  religious  or  didactic  verse  — 
all  upon  such  themes  as  every  versifier  attempts.  A 
closer  examination,  however,  reveals  the  fact  that  this 
writer,  while  often  amateurish  in  manner  and  crude 
in  technique,  has  an  unusual  gift  of  passionate  imag- 
ination, and  at  her  best  rises  high  above  the  plane 
whereon  most  minor  poets  disport  themselves.  We 
take  Mrs.  Higginson's  best  to  be  such  work  as  this  : 
"  God,  let  me  be  a  mountain  when  I  die, 

Stung  by  the  hail,  lashed  by  tormenting  rains ! 
Let  lava  fires  surge,  turbulent  and  high, 

With  fiercest  torture  thro'  my  bursting  veins ; 
Let  lightnings  flame  around  my  lonely  brow, 

And  mighty  storm-clouds  race,  and  break,  and  roar 
About  me ;  let  the  melted  lava  plough 

Raw  furrows  in  my  breast,  torment  me  sore, 
O  God !    Let  me  hate  loneliness,  yet  see 
My  very  forest  felled  beneath  my  eyes. 
Give  me  all  Time's  distilled  agony, — 

Yet  let  me  still  stand,  mute,  beneath  the  skies ; 
Thro'  storms  that  beat  and  inward  fires  that  burn, 

Tortured,  yet  silent ;  suffering,  yet  pure,— 
That  torn  and  tempted  hearts  may  lift  and  learn 
The  noble  meaning  of  the  word,  endure.1' 

The  ending  is  feeble  enough,  but  what  precedes  has 
no  small  measure  of  daring  strength.  "  A  Thank- 
Offering  "  is  another  poem  from  which  we  must 
quote  three  stanzas : 

"  Lord  God,  for  some  of  us  the  days  and  years 

Have  bitter  been ; 

For  some  of  us  the  burden  and  the  tears. 
The  gnawing  sin. 

"  For  some  of  us,  0  God,  the  scanty  store, 

The  failing  bin ; 
For  some  of  us  the  gray  wolf  at  the  door, 

The  red,  within ! 
"  But  to  the  hungry  Thou  hast  given  meat, 

Hast  clothed  the  cold  ; 

And  Thou  hast  given  courage  strong  and  sweet 
To  the  sad  and  old." 

If  we  had  space  for  further  quotation,  the  two  son- 
nets, "  Yet  Am  I  not  for  Pity,"  should  be  given,  but 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


53 


we  must  be  content  to  say  that  the  volume  which 
contains  them  will  well  repay  examination,  and  is  a 
promising  addition  to  American  minor  poetry. 

Mrs.  Perry's  "  Impressions  "  are  lyrical  pieces, 
taking  the  form  of  the  song,  the  sonnet,  or  the  ron- 
deau, and  embodying  in  graceful  verse  many  a  mood 
of  rapture,  tenderness,  and  spiritual  aspiration.  We 
choose  for  our  example  the  lines  which  go  with 
"  A  Flower  from  Carnac." 
"  I  plucked  this  bit  of  yellow  gorse  for  thee 
By  a  huge  menhir  where  on  Carnac's  shore 
The  long  waves  murmur  dirges  evermore 
For  men  dead  ere  the  birth  of  history. — 
Here  once  they  lived  whom  Time's  immensity 
Hath  quite  o'erwhelmed,  and  blotted  out  their  page 
From  the  world's  book  !     On  them  may  learned  sage 
Descant,  and  poet  dream,  here  by  the  sea! 

"  But  none  may  know  what  were  their  thoughts,  their  lives  — 
None  e'er  may  know  !  none  living  or  unborn  !  — 
Were  these  their  tombs  built  where  the  strong  sea  strives 
In  vain  to  hold  the  warm  elusive  sands  ? 
Were  these  hard  by  their  altars,  where  forlorn 
They  stretched  to  Heaven  imploring  empty  hands? " 

The  spiritual  quality,  so  marked  in  this  sonnet,  is 

the  predominant  characteristic  of  Mrs.  Perry's  pure 

and  heartfelt  song. 

A  slight  volume  of  sonnets  and  lyrics  by  Miss 

Guiney,  entitled  "  England  and  Yesterday,"  proves 

one  of  the  most  acceptable  collections  of  the  year ; 

its  finished  and  delicate  art  may  be  illustrated  by 

"  A  Porch  in  Belgravia." 

"  When,  after  dawn,  the  lordly  houses  hide 
Till  you  fall  foul  of  it,  some  piteous  guest, 
(Some  girl  the  damp  stones  gather  to  their  breast, 
Her  gold  hair  rough,  her  rebel  garment  wide, 
Who  sleeps,  with  all  that  luck  and  life  denied 
Camped  round,  and  dreams  how  seaward  and  southwest 
Blue  over  Devon  farms  the  smoke- rings  rest, 
And  sheep  and  lambs  ascend  the  lit  hillside), 
Dear,  of  your  charity,  speak  low,  step  soft, 
Pray  for  a  sinner.     Planet-like  and  still, 
Best  hearts  of  all  are  sometimes  set  aloft 
Only  to  see  and  pass,  nor  yet  deplore 
Even  Wrong  itself,  crowned  Wrong  inscrutable, 
Which  cannot  but  have  been,  forever  more." 

Suggestions  of  the  history  and  literature  of  England 
provide  themes  for  most  of  these  poems,  the  one  we 
have  quoted  being  made  somewhat  exceptional,  not 
so  much  by  its  sympathy  with  suffering  as  by  its 
note  of  modernity. 

Two  neat  volumes  contain  the  verses  left  by  two 
men,  residents  of  Chicago,  who  died  at  an  early  age. 
Ben  King,  who  died  in  1894,  and  whose  literary 
remains  are  gathered  up  and  edited  by  three  of  his 
devoted  friends,  was  a  journalist  whose  marked 
talent  found  expression  in  dialect  verses  of  the  rustic 
type,  in  rollicking  negro  songs,  and  in  such  broadly 
pointed  jests  as  "  That  Valentine." 

"  Once,  I  remember,  years  ago, 

I  sent  a  tender  valentine  ; 
I  know  it  caused  a  deal  of  woe. 
Once,  I  remember,  years  ago, 
Her  father's  boots  were  large,  you  know. 

I  do  regret  the  hasty  line, 
Once,  I  remember,  years  ago, 

I  sent  a  tender  valentine." 


The  best-known  pieces  of  this  writer  are  the  two 
beginning 

"  If  I  should  die  to-night " 
and 

"  Nothing  to  do  but  work, 
Nothing  to  eat  but  food." 

These  have  been  widely  reprinted  and  praised  by 
his  admirers. 

The  "  Poems  "  left  by  Francis  Brooks,  who  died 
early  last  year,  make  a  volume  far  more  serious  and 
significant  than  the  one  just  mentioned.  The  inter- 
esting introductory  memoir  supplied  by  the  editor, 
Mr.  Wallace  Rice,  tells  us  of  the  life  of  the  poet, 
how  he  became,  first  a  lawyer,  then  a  physician, 
and  how,  when  "  professional  success  was  in  his  very 
grasp,  the  voice  within  him  grew  too  strong  to  be 
disregarded,"  and  he  set  about  becoming  a  poet. 
Nearly  two  years  ago,  the  first-fruits  of  his  literary 
labors  took  shape  in  a  small  volume  called  "  Mar- 
gins." It  was  distinctly  promising,  but  the  writer 
still  knew  that  he  had  much  to  learn,  of  both  nature 
and  life,  and  determined  upon  an  experiment  simi- 
lar to  that  made  by  Mr.  Walter  Wyckoff,  the  results 
of  which  are  recorded  in  the  fascinating  volumes  of 
"  The  Workers."  In  a  word,  Brooks  set  out  to  work 
his  way  from  Chicago  to  California,  and  to  learn 
the  common  lot  of  mankind  by  accepting  to  the  full 
its  responsibilities  and  its  hardships.  The  under- 
taking was  too  much  for  his  physical  powers,  and  he 
returned  to  his  home  in  the  grasp  of  a  fever  that 
resulted  in  his  untimely  death  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
one.  Of  the  three  sections  which  comprise  this 
volume  of  his  work,  the  first  reproduces  the  "  Mar- 
gins "  that  formed  his  only  publication  during  life. 
They  are  somewhat  too  irregular  to  be  good  poetry, 
and  betray  the  influence  of  Whitman,  although  in 
attitude  and  spirit  rather  than  in  form.  They  were, 
in  fact,  dedicated  "  To  Him  " 

"  Whose  plenteous  hand  and  fertile  brain 
Bid  flowers  that  fade  to  bloom  again, 
Whose  eyes  are  sanctity,  whose  brow 
Doth  wear  the  aureole  e'en  now." 

The  second  section,  called  "  Preludes,"  reveals  an 
advance  in  finish  and  an  increasing  depth  of  thought, 
and  closes  with  four  really  remarkable  quatorzains 
suggested  by  the  life  of  Christ.  One  of  them  — 
"  Jesus  Wept  " —  we  quote. 

"  At  eve  He  rested  there  amidst  the  grass, 

And  as  the  stars  shone  out  He  dreamed  of  God, 
His  destiny,  the  distant  kingdom  all  of  glass 

And  gold ;  He  watched  the  reapers  homeward  plod ; 
Became  aware  of  strength  for  holy  deeds 

Astir  within  Him  ;  turned  His  eyes  to  where 
The  Great  Sea  rolled  —  a  sight  that  ever  breeds 

A  hunger  for  deep  powers ;  felt  that  there 
A  symbol  was  of  His  far-spreading  mind, 

His  restless  strong  desire,  and  marked  perchance 
The  tiny  specks  of  moving  sail ;  divined 

Of  time  and  space  the  secret  circumstance, 
And  when  His  gaze  was  wearied,  softly  wept 
And  was  consoled  —  then  to  His  shelter  crept." 

The  third  section  contains  nearly  a  hundred  pieces, 
all  in  the  same  simple  yet  elaborate  form  of  verse, 
a  variation  devised  by  the  author  upon  the  basis  of 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


the  roundel.  We  may  take  "  The  Reformer  "  to 
illustrate  at  once  the  form  of  the  verse  and  the  ar- 
dent aspiration  of  the  writer  for  a  purer  national  life. 

"  He  sought  not  fame,  he  made  no  claim, 
He  longed  to  see  the  spirit's  flame 
Burn  out  a  venal  nation's  shame, 
He  sought  not  fame. 

"  But  faithful  still  through  scorn,  neglect, 
Through  ridicule  and  dear  hopes  wrecked. 
Always  with  love  he  struck  the  lyre, 
Ne'er  in  revenge,  hatred,  nor  ire. 

11  Here  but  a  shard  I  bring  the  bard, 
Misfortune's  own  and  evil-starred  — 
Burnt  in  the  glaze,  unbroken,  hard. 
He  sought  not  fame." 

"  Blots  on  the  fair  fame  of  his  country,"  says  the 
editor,  "  affected  him  like  personal  disgrace,  and, 
next  to  singleness  of  purpose,  patriotism  sounds  the 
fundamental  note  of  his  best  lines."  We  may  add 
that  we  have  rarely  been  so  impressed  with  a  poet's 
absolute  sincerity  as  we  have  in  reading  this  volume. 

Bhartrihari  was  a  Brahman  of  princely  lineage, 
who  is  said  to  have  reigned  in  Oujein  early  in  the 
Christian  era.  Like  Buddha,  he  forsook  his  state, 
and  went  to  cultivate  philosophy  in  a  cave  for  the 
rest  of  his  life.  A  little  book  of  epigrams  bearing 
his  name  has  come  down  to  us,  and  Mr.  Paul  Elmer 
More  has  put  an  even  hundred  of  them  into  English 
verse,  not,  however,  without  taking  liberties  like 
those  taken  by  FitzGerald  in  his  dealings  with  the 
Tent-maker.  The  motive  that  made  a  philosopher 
of  the  prince  is  given  in  this  quatrain : 

"Better,  I  said,  in  trackless  woods  to  roam 

With  chattering  apes  or  the  dumb  grazing  herds, 
Than  dwell  with  fools,  though  in  a  prince's  home, 
And  bear  the  dropping  of  their  ceaseless  words." 

It  is  the  full-grown  philosopher  who  speaks  in  the 
following  verses : 

"  Like  as  our  outworn  garments  we  discard, 
And  other  new  ones  don : 

So  doth  the  Soul  these  bodies  doff  when  marred 
And  others  new  put  on. 

"  Fire  doth  not  kindle  It,  nor  sword  divides, 
Nor  winds  nor  waters  harm ; 
Eternal  and  unchanged  the  One  abides, 
And  smiles  at  all  alarm." 

Finally,  it  is  the  deepest  of  all  spiritual  experiences 
that  is  reflected  in  this  counsel : 

"  Like  an  uneasy  fool  thou  wanderest  far 
Into  the  nether  deeps, 
Or  upward  climbest  where  the  dim-lit  star 
Of  utmost  heaven  sleeps. 

"Through  all  the  world  thou  rangest,  O  my  soul, 
Seeking  and  wilt  not  rest ; 
Behold,  the  peace  of  Brahma,  and  thy  goal, 
Hideth  in  thine  own  breast." 

The  thought  of  this  Sanskrit  sage  is  well  worth 
studying  in  Mr.  More's  agreeable  transcription. 

Yiddish  is  the  dialect,  compounded  of  German 
and  Hebrew,  with  some  admixture  of  Slavonic, 
spoken  by  many  of  the  Jews  in  Russia  and  Austria. 
It  has  had  a  sort  of  literature  of  its  own  for  some 
four  centuries,  but  nothing  noteworthy  until  of  late, 
when  it  has  become  the  vehicle  of  a  considerable 


amount  of  folk-song.  Its  most  remarkable  achieve- 
ment, however,  is  found  in  the  songs  of  Mr.  Morris 
Rosenfeld,  a  Polish  Jew  who  learned  the  tailor's 
trade,  and  as  an  American  immigrant  spent  many 
years  of  weary  toil  in  the  sweat-shops  of  New  York. 
His  verses,  recently  brought  to  the  attention  of  the 
critic  by  Mr.  Leo  Wiener,  are  now  published  in  a 
volume  that  sets  the  Yiddish  and  the  English  trans- 
lation face  to  face  with  one  another.  They  are  true 
lyrical  treasure-trove,  and,  lest  the  name  of  Yiddish 
terrify  our  reader  overmuch,  we  hasten  to  explain 
that  to  read  these  poems  is  merely  to  read  German 
and  hunt  up  an  occasional  unfamiliar  word  in  the 
glossary.  An  illustration  will  make  this  clear. 

"  Nit  vun  Friihling's  siissen  Wetter, 
Nit  vun  Engel,  nit  vun  Gotter 
Singt  der  ehrlicher  Poet ; 
Nit  vun  Felder,  nit  vun  Teichen, 
Was  gehoren  jetzt  zum  Reichen, — 
Nor  vun  Kworin,  was  er  seht. 

"  Elend  seht  er,  Not  un'  Schmerzen, 
Wunden  tragt  er  tief  im  Herzen, 
Nit  gelindert,  nit  gestillt ;  — 
Auf  dem  grossen  Welt-bessalmen 
Kraehzt  er  trauerige  Psalmen, 
Sfeimmt  er  an  sein  Harf  un'  spielt." 

Given  "  Bessalmen  "  =  cemetery,  and  "  Kworim  "  = 
graves,  the  rest  is  plain  enough.  It  must  be  said, 
however,  that  the  poet  fails  to  live  up  to  his  own 
principles,  for  he  does  sing,  and  very  melodiously, 
of  spring  and  green  fields  and  nightingales.  Still, 
the  most  insistent  note  of  his  song  is  doubtless  that 
of  sympathy  for  the  toiler,  a  sympathy  born  from 
bitter  personal  experience,  and  poignant  in  its 
pathos.  He  might  almost  be  called  the  Heine  of 
the  sweat-shop  and  the  factory,  and  his  message  is 
one  that  should  strike  deep  into  the  heart  of  every 
generous  reader. 

Dr.  William  Henry  Drummond,  of  Montreal, 
whose  verses  in  portrayal  of  the  life  and  dialect  of 
the  Canadian  habitant  have  won  so  much  favor  for 
both  author  and  subject,  now  publishes  a  small  illus- 
trated volume  containing  two  poems.  The  first, 
called  "  Phil-o-rum's  Canoe,"  is  in  the  dialect  the 
author  knows  so  intimately,  the  last  stanza  being : 
"  You  can  only  steer,  an'  if  rock  be  near,  wit'  wave  dashin' 

all  aroun', 
Better  mak'  leetle  prayer,  for  on  Dead  Riviere,  some  very 

smart  man  get  drown  ; 
But  if  you  be  locky  an'  watch  yourse'f ,  mebbe  reever  won't 

seem  so  wide, 
An  firse  t'ing  you  know  you  '11  ronne  ashore,  safe  on  de  'nodder 

side." 

"  Madeleine  Vercheres,"  on  the  other  hand,  is  in 
orthodox  English,  and  tells  a  stirring  tale  of  how  a 
French  maiden  defended  a  fort  from  the  Iroquois 
for  six  days,  and  until  succor  came  from  a  distance. 
It  is  a  ballad  not  unlike  those  of  which  Whittier 
had  so  many  to  tell. 

Few  poets  get  so  near  as  Mr.  Duncan  Campbell 
Scott  to  the  very  heart  of  nature. 

"  In  every  heart  the  heart  of  spring 

Bursts  into  leaf  and  bud  ; 
The  heart  of  love  in  every  heart 
Leaps  with  its  eager  flood." 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


55 


His  new  volume,  "  Labor  and  the  Angel,"  is  full  of 
lovely  songs,  and  none  of  them  are  more  captivating 
than  the  four  inscribed  to  the  four  seasons,  and  to 
the  singer's  "  love  Armitage."  We  reluctantly  pass 
the  first  three  by,  to  select  the  "  Winter  Song " 
which  follows : 

"Sing  me  a  song  of  the  dead  world, 

Of  the  great  frost  deep  and  still, 

Of  the  sword  of  fire  the  wind  hurled 

On  the  iron  hill. 

"  Sing  me  a  song  of  the  driving  snow, 
Of  the  reeling  cloud  and  the  smoky  drift, 
Where  the  sheeted  wraiths  like  ghosts  go 
Through  the  gloomy  rift. 

*'  Sing  me  a  song  of  the  ringing  blade, 
Of  the  snarl  and  shatter  the  light  ice  makes, 
Of  the  whoop  and  the  swing  of  the  snow-shoe  raid 
Through  the  cedar  brakes. 

44  Sing  me  a  song  of  the  apple-loft, 
Of  the  corn  and  the  nuts  and  the  mounds  of  meal, 
Of  the  sweeping  whir  of  the  spindle  soft, 
And  the  spinning-wheel. 

•'  Sing  me  a  song  of  the  open  page, 
Where  the  ruddy  gleams  of  the  firelight  dance, 
Where  bends  my  love  Armitage, 
Reading  an  old  romance. 

"  Sing  me  a  song  of  the  still  nights, 
Of  the  large  stars  steady  and  high, 
The  aurora  darting  its  phosphor  lights 
In  the  purple  sky." 

•Of  this  poet  we  may  safely  say  that  the  vision  of 
the  world  is  his,  and  the  sentiment  that  lends  beauty 
to  the  interpretation. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  year  1870,  Mr.  George 
Meredith  wrote  an  ode  to  France,  then  suffering 
the  double  humiliation  of  defeat  and  invasion.     It 
was  a  noble  poem,  perhaps  the  finest  that  Mr.  Mere- 
dith has  ever  written.     This  we  said  when  it  made 
its  first  appearance  in  one  of  the  author's  books,  and 
'this  we  repeat  after  thinking  the  matter  over  for  a 
number  of  years.    Such  a  passage  as  the  following 
would  probably  have  been  accepted  by  Matthew 
.Arnold  as  an  example  of  the  grand  style  in  poetry. 
"  Forgetful  is  green  earth  ;  the  Gods  alone 
Remember  everlastingly :  they  strike 
Remorselessly,  and  ever  like  for  like. 
By  their  great  memories  Gods  are  known." 

.Nearly  thirty  years  have  passed  since  this  ode  was 
written,  and  the  author  now  gives  us  three  new  "Odes 
in  Contribution  to  the  Song  of  French  History," 
.their  subjects  being  "  The  Revolution,"  "  Napoleon," 
and  "  Alsace-Lorraine."  In  the  volume  that  con- 
tains them  he  defiantly  reprints  the  "  France  "  of 
1870,  deliberately  forcing  a  comparison  between 
the  two  manners  thus  illustrated.  We  have  made 
a  quotation  from  the  early  poem,  let  us  now  extract 
a  characteristic  passage  from  one  of  the  later  odes. 
The  subject  of  the  passage  we  surmise  to  be  Napo- 
,leon ;  but  this  is  a  world  of  uncertainties,  and  we  will 
,not  be  dogmatic. 

"  Hugest  of  engines,  a  much  limited  man, 
She  saw  the  Lustrous,  her  great  lord,  appear 
Through  that  smoked  glass  her  last  privation  brought 
To  point  her  critic  eye  and  spur  her  thought : 
A  heart  but  to  propel  Leviathan  ; 
A  spirit  that  breathed  but  in  earth's  atmosphere. 


Amid  the  plumed  and  sceptred  ones 
Irradiatingly  Jovian, 

The  mountain  tower  capped  by  the  floating  cloud ; 
A  nursery  screamer  where  dialectics  ruled : 
Mannerless,  graceless,  laughterless,  unlike 
Herself  in  all,  yet  with  such  power  to  strike 
That  she  the  various  features  she  could  scan, 
Dared  not  to  sum,  though  seeing :  and  befooled 
By  power  that  beamed  omnipotent,  she  bowed, 
Subservient  as  roused  echo  round  his  guns." 

In  the  name  of  all  that  is  clear  and  sane  and  sym- 
metrical, we  feel  bound  to  protest  against  this  riot 
of  the  parts  of  speech.  We  have  not  singled  out 
an  extremely  unintelligible  passage ;  the  poems  con- 
tain scores  of  others  just  as  muddy  as  this,  and  com- 
pared with  them  the  most  violent  conceits  of  Donne 
or  Sir  Thomas  Browne  would  seem  to  be  reading 
for  infant  minds.  We  have  no  doubt  that  this  pas- 
sage and  its  fellows  have  meanings ;  we  have  no 
doubt  that  many  readers  might  with  due  diligence 
work  out  those  meanings ;  but  we  have  also  no 
doubt  that  such  an  effort  would  be  a  woeful  misap- 
plication of  energy.  These  tailings  of  Mr.  Mere- 
dith's ore  are  not  rich  enough  to  be  worth  treatment. 
What  was  once  merely  an  affectation  with  him  has 
become  a  disease,  and  we  have  no  wish  to  inquire 
too  curiously  into  his  understanding  of  "  incalescent 
scorpions  "  and  "  hydrocephalic  aerolites,"  or  to  ask 
his  interpretation  of  that  Jabberwocky  verse, 
"The  friable  and  the  grumous,  dizzards  both." 
But  it  may  be  observed,  in  concluding  these  remarks 
about  a  most  perverse  book,  that  not  only  have 
lucidity  and  proportion  and  style  disappeared  from 
Mr.  Meredith's  verse,  but  even  music  has  accompa- 
nied them  in  their  dismayed  flight.  "  Rightly,  then, 
should  France  worship,  and  deafen  the  disaccord 
of  those  who  dare  withstand  an  irresistible  sword 
to  thwart  his  predestined  subjection  of  Europe." 
Would  anyone,  reading  this,  have  the  remotest  sus- 
picion that  it  claimed  to  be  poetry  ?  And  of  such 
verbiage  as  this  are  the  "  Odes  "  largely  composed. 
If  we  have  ever  read  verses  more  stale,  flat,  and 
unprofitable  than  Mr.  Mackenzie  Bell's  "  Pictures 
of  Travel,  and  Other  Poems,"  we  cannot  now  recall 
the  occasion.  Why  on  earth  should  a  man  write  — 
and  publish  —  such  stuff  as  this  ?  — 

"  'Tis  true  amid  our  earthly  life  there  runs 
A  tangled  thread  of  strange  perplexity  — 
And  much  injustice ;  yet  comes  by  and  by 
A  nobler  state  of  being,  when  that  which  seems 
Unjust  will  be  explained  or  set  aright." 

Or  this?  — 

"  Yet  God  who  gave  the  pureness 

To  yon  fair  mountain  snow 
Gives  also  the  secureness 
Whereby  these  roses  blow." 

We  have  found  nothing  in  the  entire  volume  that 
rises  much  above  the  bald  commonplace  of  these 
extracts.  Yet  it  is  a  printed  book.  "  This  also  is 
a  mystery  of  life,"  as  Mr.  Ruskin  says. 

If  Dr.  Conan  Doyle  has  any  regard  for  what  is 
left  of  his  literary  reputation,  he  will  allow  his 
"  Songs  of  Action  "  to  remain  the  only  volume  of 
verses  to  which  his  name  is  attached.  He  is  not  a 


56 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


poet,  and  could  never  by  any  possibility  become 
one.  We  have  looked  through  this  volume  in  vain 
for  a  single  gleam  of  poetic  feeling  or  a  single 
instance  of  felicitous  expression.  We  get  instead 
martial  episodes  done  in  verse,  horsey  ballads,  a 
poor  imitation  of  Mr.  Kipling's  patriotic  fervor,  but 
nothing  much  nearer  poetry  than  this  "  Parable  ": 

"  The  cheese-mites  asked  how  the  cheese  got  there, 

And  warmly  debated  the  matter ; 
The  Orthodox  said  that  it  came  from  the  air, 

And  the  heretics  said  from  the  platter. 
They  argued  it  long  and  they  argued  it  strong, 

And  I  hear  they  are  arguing  now  ; 
But  of  all  the  choice  spirits  who  lived  in  the  cheese, 

Not  one  of  them  thought  of  a  cow." 

Mr.  Charles  Camp  Tarelli's  "  Persephone  "  is  a 
metrical  version  of  the  familiar  form  of  the  myth, 
done  in  easy  hexameters  like  these : 
"  Wide  is  the  peopled  earth,  and  many  the  hosts  of  the  living ; 
Wider  the  realms  of  the  shade,  and  the  crowded  legions  of 

silent, 

Pale,  and  bodiless  ghosts  more  numberless  far  than  the  toiling, 
Striving,  rejoicing  men  who  bless  thee  for  prosperous  har- 
vests." 

The  poem  is  a  pleasing  performance,  but  praise  must 
end  with  that  statement.  It  is  followed  by  two 
longish  pieces,  "  Magna  Mater  "  and  "  A  Song  of 
Arrival  and  Departure,"  which  have  in  common  the 
minor  chord  of  Weltschmerz,  which  in  both  cases 
works  into  a  crashing  and  triumphant  resolution. 
The  remaining  contents  are  short  things,  sonnets, 
rondeaus,  sestinas,  and  the  like.  The  elegiac  ode 
to  Catullus  is  happily  achieved,  both  as  verse  and 
characterization,  and  is  not  un suggestive  of  the 
classical  experiments  of  Tennyson.  Perhaps  the 
most  distinctive  feature  of  these  charming  poems  is 
the  ever-recurring  appeal  to  Nature  as  the  sure 
refuge  of  the  soul  in  distress. 

"  O  Mother !  lift  again  my  head  low- bowed, 
My  aching  head  the  bitter  garland  binds ; 
Quicken  me  with  new  life  ;  let  thy  great  winds 

Blow  on  me  through  the  swaying  of  thy  trees  ; 
Sweep  by  me  with  thy  pageants  of  grey  cloud, 
And  rock  me  with  the  rolling  of  thy  seas." 

This  note  occurs  again  and  again,  ringing  and  clear  ; 
it  is  the  final  word  of  the  poet's  philosophy. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 

A  Briton's  Readers  of  that  fascinating  work, 

view  of  his  Baedeker's   "United    States,"    will 

American  kin.  welcome  a  new  book  by  the  author, 
Mr.  James  Fullarton  Muirhead,  who  now,  in  a  less 
formal  style  than  that  conditioned  by  the  guide- 
book, gives  us  "  a  Briton's  view  of  his  American 
kin  "  in  a  volume  entitled  "  The  Land  of  Contrasts  " 
(Lamson).  It  is  an  attractive  volume  throughout, 
and  not  the  least  so  in  the  penultimate  chapter  of 
"  Baedekeriana,"  which  empties  the  ragbag  of  the 
writer's  recollections  into  the  receptive  lap  of  the 
reader.  Why  the  book  is  entitled  as  it  is  may  be 
illustrated  by  one  of  the  many  reasons  given.  "  I 


have  hailed  with  delight  the  democratic  spirit  dis- 
played in  the  greeting  of  my  friend  and  myself  by 
the  porter  of  a  hotel  as  '  You  fellows,'  and  then  had 
the  cup  of  pleasure  dashed  from  my  lips  by  being 
told  by  the  same  porter  that  'the  other  gentleman 
would  attend  to  my  baggage !  "  A  great  many 
other  contrasts  are  noted  with  similar  good-humored 
acceptance  of  the  conditions  of  life  in  a  strange 
country.  Mr.  Muirhead  knows  us  better  than  do 
most  of  the  Englishmen  who  undertake  to  write 
about "  the  States,"  for  he  gave  three  years  of  travel 
and  observation  to  the  preparation  of  his  "  Bae- 
deker," and  has  since  then  become  almost  as  good 
an  American  as  the  rest  of  us.  He  is  as  fair-minded 
as  Mr.  Bryce,  and  is  ever  ready  to  match  our  short- 
comings with  those  of  his  own  people.  Like  most 
visitors  from  other  countries,  he  is  amazed  at  the 
easy-going  way  with  which  we  put  up  with  nuisances. 
"  Americans  invented  the  slang  word  '  kicker,'  but 
so  far  as  I  could  see,  their  vocabulary  is  here  miles 
ahead  of  their  practice ;  they  dream  noble  deeds, 
but  do  not  do  them.  Englishmen  '  kick  '  much 
better,  without  having  a  name  for  it."  Mr.  Muir- 
head's  tribute  to  the  beauty  of  the  White  City  is 
worth  quoting  in  part.  "  We  expected  that  America 
would  produce  the  largest,  most  costly,  and  most 
gorgeous  of  all  international  exhibitions ;  but  who 
expected  that  she  would  produce  anything  so  inex- 
pressibly poetic,  chaste,  and  restrained,  such  an 
absolutely  refined  and  soul-satisfying  picture,  as  the 
Court  of  Honour,  with  its  lagoon  and  gondolas,  its 
white  marble  steps  and  balustrades,  its  varied  yet 
harmonious  buildings,  its  colonnaded  vista  of  the 
great  lake,  its  impressive  fountain,  its  fairy-like  out- 
lining after  dark  by  the  gems  of  electricity,  its 
spacious  and  well-modulated  proportions  which 
made  the  largest  crowd  in  it  but  an  unobtrusive 
detail,  its  air  of  spontaneity  and  inevitableness 
which  suggested  nature  itself,  rather  than  art  ?  .  .  . 
It  will  to  all  time  remain  impossibly  ridiculous  to 
speak  of  a  country  or  a  city  as  wholly  given  over  to 
the  worship  of  Mammon  which  almost  involuntarily 
gave  birth  to  this  ethereal  emanation  of  pure  and 
uneconomic  beauty."  It  is  still  another  of  the  au- 
thor's "  contrasts  "  which  impels  him,  on  the  next 
page,  to  speak  of  Chicago  church  architecture  as 
"  a  studied  insult  to  religion,"  a  criticism  which  we 
must  admit  to  be  only  too  true.  One  of  Mr.  Muir- 
head's  meatiest  chapters  is  devoted  to  that  calamity 
of  our  civilization  that  is  known  as  American  jour- 
nalism. The  Sunday  newspaper  is  pleasantly  styled 
a  "  hog-trough,"  which  it  frequently  is,  and  the 
severest  strictures  are  made  upon  the  sensational- 
ism, the  vulgarity,  the  puerility,  the  flippant  bru- 
tality, and  the  general  disregard  of  everything  that 
is  true  and  lovely  so  characteristic  of  the  "  enter- 
prise "  of  our  newspaper  proprietors.  All  this,  too, 
we  must  admit  is  richly  deserved,  and  we  thank  the 
author  for  saying  it.  One  more  observation,  timely 
and  well  framed,  must  close  these  extracts.  It  was 
made  before  the  outbreak  of  the  recent  war,  and  is 
even  more  apposite  now  than  it  was  when  the  words 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


57 


were  written  down.  "  The  spectacle  of  a  section 
in  the  United  States  apparently  ready  to  step  down 
from  its  pedestal  of  honorable  neutrality,  and  run 
its  head  into  the  ignoble  web  of  European  compli- 
cations, was  indeed  one  to  make  both  gods  and 
mortals  weep."  Whereby  we  may  see  that  edifica- 
tion, as  well  as  entertainment,  is  to  be  got  from  this 
most  readable  book. 

Readers  of  the  last  series  of  "  Fors 
The  predecessor  of   Clavigera,"  some  fifteen  years  ago, 

Major  Marchand.          Mi          i  i        ,1     .  -»r      T» 

will  perhaps  remember  that  Mr.  Kus- 
kin  had  some  words  on  Mungo  Park.  In  writing 
of  Scott,  Mr.  Ruskin  tells  of  some  conversations 
which  Sir  Walter  had  with  the  famous  explorer,  and 
speaks  severely  of  the  man  who  was  willing  to  quit 
the  devoted  work  of  a  country  doctor  by  the  Tweed 
for  the  sake  of  tracing  "  the  lonely  brinks  of  useless 
rivers."  Mungo  Park  was  a  loyal  and  unselfish  man 
in  the  performance  of  his  duties  among  the  hills  of 
Selkirkshire.  Mr.  Ruskin  thought  it  was  the  desire 
for  personal  gain  that  forced  him  into  his  fatal  jour- 
ney. Such  an  idea  is  by  no  means  given  in  the  sketch 
of  Mungo  Park  written  by  Mr.  T.  Banks  Maclachan 
for  the  "  Famous  Scots  "  series  (imported  by  Scrib- 
ner),  and  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  Mr.  Ruskin 
was  in  this  one  case  mistaken.  The  fascination  of 
exploration  and  the  curiosity  of  science,  these  were 
the  causes  of  Mungo  Park's  embarking  on  his  second 
expedition,  these  and  the  desire  to  carry  out  what  he 
had  worthily  begun .  Mungo  Park  was  the  discoverer 
of  the  Niger.  When  Mr.  Ruskin  calls  the  Niger 
a  useless  river,  he  speaks  as  many  Englishmen  would 
have  spoken  fifteen  years  ago.  Last  spring,  however, 
a  different  opinion  was  prevalent.  This  book,  contain- 
ing a  good  account  of  Mungo  Park's  explorations  on 
behalf  of  England  a  hundred  years  ago,  is  especially 
pertinent  now  that  England  is  beginning  to  be  vexed 
that  the  French  are  taking  to  themselves  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  those  discoveries.  All  the  upper  Niger, 
the  whole  of  the  course  that  Mungo  Park  in  1805 
sailed  to  his  death,  is  now  claimed  and  exploited  by 
the  French.  From  St.  Louis  they  went  to  the  Niger, 
from  the  Niger  to  Lake  Chad  and  the  Upper  Congo, 
from  the  Upper  Congo  to  Fashoda.  Even  Timbuctu, 
which  Tennyson  discovered  for  poetry,  was  discov- 
ered for  commerce  by  the  French,  —  and  perhaps 
with  equal  advantage.  However  that  may  be,  this 
little  book  will  be  read  just  now,  as  much  as  a  sort 
of  political  pamphlet  as  for  any  other  reason.  But 
although  present  affairs  on  the  Niger  are  of  instant 
interest,  Mungo  Park  should  not  be  forgotten.  He 
journeyed  from  Gambia,  almost  alone,  and  discov- 
ered the  upper  waters  of  the  river  that  had  been  so 
long  a  mystery.  He  went  again  ten  years  afterwards 
with  a  company  of  forty-four,  found  the  Niger  again, 
and  sailed  down  it.  From  that  expedition  no  one 
ever  returned,  nor  did  any  account  of  the  death  of 
Mungo  Park  reach  Europe  for  some  years.  One  by 
one  his  men  had  perished,  till  at  the  last  there  were 
but  three  with  him,  when  the  remnant  of  the  expe- 
dition was  swallowed  up  in  the  great  river  in  a  des- 


perate attempt  to  escape  from  unnumbered  enemies. 
It  was  a  heroic  end  :  nor  shall  we  take  it  upon  our- 
selves to  say  that  Mungo  Park  would  have  done 
better  to  have  lived  and  died  a  country  doctor  by  the 
Tweed.  A  man  who  is  willing  to  die  in  pursuit  of  his 
duty  has  some  right  to  say  what  that  duty  is. 

Birds  and  ^n   a  nea*  vo^ume  entitled   "  Bird 

bird-worship  Gods  "  (A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.),  Mr. 
in  antiquity.  Charles  De  Kay  presents  some  at- 

tractive essays  discussing  the  ideas  held  in  ancient 
Europe  regarding  birds.  The  subject  has  been 
strangely  neglected  by  folk-lorists  and  anthropolo- 
gists. Many  of  the  heroes  and  gods  of  antiquity 
are  accompanied  by  or  associated  with  bird  compan- 
ions, messengers,  or  servants.  These  birds  share 
more  or  less  the  divinity  of  their  masters.  Mr. 
De  Kay  thinks  that  in  many  cases  the  birds  are 
themselves  regarded  as  divine,  and  that  the  respect 
and  worship  shown  their  masters  or  companions 
were  originally  theirs  alone.  A  number  of  cases 
are  cited  where  the  god-character  of  the  birds  them- 
selves is  clearly  shown.  The  birds  most  respected 
by  the  ancients  appear  to  be  the  dove,  woodpecker, 
cuckoo,  peacock,  owl,  swan,  and  eagle.  Their  inde- 
pendent attributes  are  usually  well  distinguished, 
but  considerable  confusion  of  them  exists  both  in 
the  popular  ideas  and  in  Mr.  De  Kay's  treatment. 
Some  of  the  author's  suggestions  are  striking  and 
original.  Thus,  he  connects  our  vulgar  expression 
"  I  swan  "  with  an  ancient  practice  of  "  swearing 
by  the  swan."  His  effort  to  explain  the  couvade 
by  popular  ideas  concerning  the  brooding  bird  and 
the  cuckoo  is  ingenious.  Unfortunately,  however, 
this  chapter — "  The  Couvade  in  Ireland  and  Persia  " 
—  is  so  lacking  in  clearness  that  it  must  be  consid- 
ered simply  as  a  suggestion  along  a  line  which, 
clearly  developed,  may  prove  important.  While 
admitting  the  great  interest  and  value  of  the  book, 
we  feel  that  the  author  somewhat  overrates  the 
weight  of  his  evidence  regarding  bird -worship, 
although  the  previous  neglect  of  so  interesting  a 
field  is  some  excuse  for  this  over-estimate.  It  is 
also  interesting  to  see  how  easily  ingenious  authors 
can  use  the  same  data  to  support  extremely  diver- 
gent theories.  What  Mr.  George  Cox  insists  are 
sun-myths  are  equally  well  interpreted  as  dawn- 
stories  by  Professor  Max  Mtiller  or  as  bird-god  tales 
by  Mr.  De  Kay.  The  decorations  of  this  book  really 
deserve  the  special  mention  they  hold  in  the  title. 
They  are  original,  quaint,  and  truly  artistic.  The 
artist's  ingenuity  in  his  pictures  is  almost  equal  to 
that  of  the  author  in  his  text.  On  the  whole,  "  Bird 
Gods  "  is  distinctly  interesting,  alike  to  folk-lorists, 
students  of  mythology,  and  general  readers. 

Horse-shoe  Another  volume  of  folk-lore  studies 

magic  and  other  is  presented  by  Dr.  Robert  M.  Law- 
joik-iore.  rence,  under  the  title  of  the  opening 

chapter,  "  The  Magic  of  the  Horse-shoe  "  (Hough- 
ton).  Dr.  Lawrence  has  chosen  a  popular  subject 
and  treats  it  popularly.  His  book  consists  of  a 


58 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


tn  En 


number  of  essays  covering  a  considerable  range  of 
topics.  In  the  first  of  them  he  traces  the  history 
of  the  horse-shoe,  states  the  superstitions  connected 
with  it,  and  discusses  the  theories  regarding  their 
origin.  While  always  interesting,  the  argument 
lacks  definiteness  and  coherence.  The  other  essays 
are  :  "  Fortune  and  Luck,"  "  Folk-lore  of  Common 
Salt,"  "  Omens  of  Sneezing,"  "  Days  of  Good  and 
Evil  Omen,"  "  Superstitious  Dealings  with  Ani- 
mals," and  "  The  Luck  of  Odd  Numbers."  These 
are  uneven  in  interest  and  treatment,  although  all 
of  them  show  diligence  in  gathering  data  and  some 
originality  in  treatment.  A  rather  tiresome  feature 
of  Dr.  Lawrence's  work  is  the  homily  thrown  into 
most  of  his  essays,  in  which  he  deplores  the  exist- 
ence of  the  ideas  and  superstitions  studied.  This 
seems  an  unnecessary  regret.  A  streak  of  super- 
stition is  human  :  it  will  last  while  man  lasts. 

A  nation  which   has  delighted   in 
Dietrich    Knickerbocker,    and    has 

' 

taken  to  its  heart  Sleepy  Hollow  and 
Rip  Van  Winkle,  rather  owes  it  to  itself  to  become 
acquainted  with  Vondel  and  his  "  Lucifer."  Look- 
ing back  to  the  Dutch  episode  in  our  history,  we 
sometimes  fail  to  estimate  rightly  that  vigorous 
people  which  produced  Rembrandt,  De  Ruyter,  Huy- 
gens,  and  various  other  noteworthy  persons,  among 
whom  we  might  mention  also  Spinoza,  since  he  was 
cast  out  by  his  own  people.  These  gained  wide 
fame  largely  because  they  did  not  have  to  trust  to 
the  feeble  powers  of  speech:  pictures,  sea-fights, 
pendulums,  philosophies,  are  all  independent  of  lin- 
guistic boundaries.  Like  Milton,  Vondel  had  the 
courage  to  write  his  great  poem  in  his  own  tongue. 
Mr.  Leonard  C.  Van  Noppen  has  just  translated  it 
into  ours  (Vondel's  Lucifer  :  Continental  Publishing 
Co.),  in  a  book  that  deserves  mention  for  a  number 
of  reasons.  It  is  excellently  printed  and  bound, 
interestingly  illustrated,  and  enriched  with  an  Intro- 
duction by  Professor  W.  H.  Carpenter  of  Columbia, 
an  Essay  by  Dr.  G.  Kalff  of  Utrecht,  a  sketch  of 
Vondel's  life  and  times  by  the  author,  and  also  an 
Interpretation  of  the  poem  by  him.  There  is,  there- 
fore, everything  that  one  would  ask  for  in  such  a 
book.  Or,  rather  —  porro  unum,  we  had  almost 
forgotten  —  everything  that  one  could  ask,  provided 
that  the  translation  be  good.  There  is  always  a 
moment  of  suspense,  in  turning  to  a  well-published 
translation,  in  which  we  wonder  whether  it  will  be 
readable.  Mr.  Van  Noppen  has  in  this  matter  been 
singularly  successful  :  his  translation  seems  almost 
like  an  original.  We  do  not  mean  that  it  has  pre- 
cisely the  poetic  character  of  Vondel  himself  ;  that 
would  be  a  risky  assertion.  But  it  does  have  a 
poetic  character,  it  is  not  obviously  a  translation,  it 
will  be  read  by  many,  we  suspect,  without  that 
frantic  desire  to  know  the  original  which  accom- 
panies the  reading  of  some  translations.  There  is 
much  more  to  say  about  this  book.  We  would 
gladly  speak  of  the  pictures,  curious  things  like  old 
wood  engravings,  by  John  Aarts.  We  would  gladly 


say  a  word  on  the  position  taken  as  to  Milton's 
poetic  relations  with  Vondel,  but  the  parallel  pas- 
sages cited  give  others  a  good  opportunity  to  judge. 
We  regret  also  that  we  have  not  room  for  a  few 
words  of  comment  on  the  poem  itself,  which  might 
show  that  it  was  just  now  worth  reading.  But  the 
exigencies  of  time  and  space  must  be  our  apology 
for  merely  calling  attention  to  a  book  that  will  come 
into  relation  with  a  good  many  lines  of  reading. 

There  are  not  a  few  English  ladies 
German  Elisabeth   wno  nave  married  German  husbands, 

and  her  garden.  ,  .  «,»,,,  -mi-      i     .1    >»  • 

and  we  imagine  that  "  Elizabeth  is 
one  of  them.  Further,  we  believe  that  Elizabeth 
(rather  bored  with  kaffeeklatches  and  other  German 
festivities)  spent  most  of  her  time  in  her  garden,  and 
there  allowed  herself  to  write  down  things  about  it 
and  herself.  Then  her  friends  in  England,  to  whom  on 
visits  she  read  select  portions,  kept  saying  "  Oh,  that 
is  so  charming !  Really,  you  must  publish  it ";  and 
the  result  was  "  Elizabeth  and  her  German  Garden  " 
(Macmillan).  So  much  is  our  opinion  —  of  course, 
more  or  less  doubtful :  more  like  a  fact  is  it  that 
Elizabeth  (whoever  she  may  be)  had  a  genuine  love 
of  flowers  and  gardens,  and  a  keen  appreciation  of 
the  colors  of  nature.  We  are  sure  that  all  garden- 
lovers  will  detect  this  in  her.  She  may  not  have  known 
very  much  about  flowers  —  probably  she  did  not  — 
but  she  appreciated  them,  and  for  a  rambling  sort 
of  garden- journal  her  book  is  very  pleasant.  So  far 
as  the  garden  is  concerned,  the  author  may  well 
enough  remain  impersonal.  But  her  opinions  on 
other  matters,  or  rather  her  mental  attitudes,  are 
such  that  it  is  of  interest  to  know  whether  she  is 
really  German  or  not.  If  we  may  judge  from  the 
book,  she  is  the  wife  of  a  man  of  good  family,  living 
upon  his  estate  in  Pomerania.  She  speaks  of  herself 
as  a  German.  But  we  think  it  would  be  unlikely  that 
a  German  girl  of  fifteen  should  have  the  chance  to 
fall  in  love  with  the  parish  organist  who  wore  a  sur- 
plice on  Sundays  and  a  frockcoat  and  "  bowler " 
hat  other  days,  or  that  a  German  mother  should 
call  her  children's  mixture  of  German  and  English 
"  Justice  tempered  with  Mercy,"  or  that  any  Ger- 
man at  all  should  speak  of  a  "  German  gardening- 
book,"  a  "  German  Sunday,"  a  "  German  rose,"  as 
this  lady  does,  or  in  general  show  the  same  contempt 
for  Germany.  As  an  Englishwoman  exiled  to  Ger- 
many, Elizabeth's  ideas  and  ways  of  thought  and 
life  are  not  so  very  remarkable.  But  they  are  not 
uninteresting  therefor ;  in  fact,  there  is  enough  in 
them  to  induce  a  second  reading. 

A  really  good  life  of  Robert  Louis 
Stevenson  will  find  many  readers. 
We  look  forward  to  its  appearance, 
that  we  may  be  able  to  go  over  the  chances  and 
triumphs  of  that  life  with  the  help  of  someone  who 
knows  ;  that  we  may  try  to  see  just  the  way  it  was 
that  Stevenson's  work  took  shape  and  was  moulded 
into  form,  to  appreciate  just  the  place  he  filled 
among  us,  to  estimate,  it  may  be,  his  genius.  We 


A.  Scotch 
life  of 
Stevenson. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


turned  to  the  volume  on  Stevenson  by  Margaret 
Moyes  Black  in  the  "  Famous  Scots  "  series  (im- 
ported by  Scribner),  with  the  hope  of  finding  some- 
thing which  should  put  us  in  the  right  direction. 
A  Life  need  not  be  long  to  be  useful.  A  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  facts  of  your  man's  life,  a  keen 
appreciation  of  his  books  if  he  be  a  man  of  letters,  and 
a  matured  estimate  of  his  genius,  will  give  motive 
power  and  character  for  an  interesting  narrative, 
which  may  be  very  short,  as  the  plan  of  this  series 
requires.  Miss  Black  hardly  reaches  the  ideal  of 
such  attainment,  although  she  has  written  a  not 
uninte'resting  book.  There  are  some  minor  annoy- 
ances :  she  almost  always  speaks  of  "  Mr.  Steven- 
son ";  she  describes  his  writings  as  if  to  people 
quite  unfamiliar  with  them  ;  and  so  on.  Nor  does  she 
quite  meet  one's  desire  in  ease  of  narration  (not  to 
demand  charm  ),  or  in  critical  power.  One  element, 
however,  her  book  does  have  which  we  in  America 
more  than  others,  perhaps,  should  value  :  namely, 
a  familiarity  with  the  Edinburgh  life  of  which  Stev- 
enson made  a  part  until  his  health  sent  him  else- 
where. We  are  apt  not  to  appreciate  enough  the 
Scottish  temper  of  one  whom  we  are  rather  inclined 
to  think  of  as  a  great  writer  in  our  own  language. 
But  here  is  the  intimate  and  almost  unconscious 
familiarity  with  Edinburgh  that  is  needed  to  fill 
out  our  remembrance  of  Stevenson.  Had  it  noth- 
ing more  than  this,  Miss  Black's  book  would  not  be 
without  interest  to  the  many  who  love  the  greatest 
of  the  romancers  of  our  generation. 

A  natural^  Among  our  lighter  essayists  who  deal 

in  the  Southern       with  themes  belonging  to  Nature, 

Alleghanie,. 


gift    Qf 

greater  degree  than  Mr.  Bradford  Torrey.  There 
is  a  delicacy,  a  humor,  a  grace  in  expression,  an 
aptness  in  allusion,  and  a  genial  disposition  appar- 
ent in  his  writings  which  give  them  a  distinctive 
fascination.  His  latest  volume,  "A  World  of 
Green  Hills  "  (Houghton),  is  an  itinerary,  in  sepa- 
rate yet  coherent  sketches,  of  a  series  of  rambles  in 
the  Southern  Alleghanies  in  quest  of  birds  and 
flowers  and  mountain  scenery.  "  I  sauntered  along," 
he  .  writes,  "with  frequent  interruptions,  of  course 
(that  was  part  of  the  game),  —  here  for  a  bird, 
there  for  a  flower,  a  tree,  or  a  bit  of  landscape." 
The  main  object  which  inspired  him  was  the  study 
of  the  raven,  said  to  be  common  in  the  highlands  of 
North  Carolina.  "  But  ravens  or  no  ravens,  I  meant 
to  enjoy  myself,"  he  declares  ;  and  he  did  enjoy 
everything  that  came  to  him  with  such  zest,  and 
he  tells  the  story  of  it  with  such  quiet  feeling,  that 
the  reader  becomes  an  active  sharer  in  his  experi- 
ence. Unfortunately,  no  ravens  appeared  to  crown 
the  naturalist's  satisfaction  ;  indeed,  "  as  far  as 
ravens  were  concerned  "  he  carried  home  "  a  lean 
bag  —  a  brace  of  interrogation  points  "  only.  His 
readers  have  little  occasion  to  lament  this  fact,  how- 
ever, so  abundant  are  the  subjects  of  his  observation 
and  so  magical  is  the  interest  he  manages  to  throw 
around  every  incident  in  his  adventures.  "  I  relish 


natural  country  talk,"  he  says,  and  hence  he  accosts 
every  man  and  woman  and  child  met  on  the  lonely 
highway,  and  calls  from  each  by  his  friendly  man- 
ner the  best  that  lay  under  the  rustic  exterior,  gain- 
ing thereby  many  a  glimpse  of  a  strong  and  pleasing 
individuality.  If  Tolstoi's  assertion  be  true,  that 
"  infection  is  a  sure  sign  of  art,"  then  Mr.  Torrey 
is  an  artist  of  the  finest  type,  for  there  is  not  a  page 
in  his  volume  which  fails  to  communicate  the  subtle 
contagion  of  his  cheerful,  tranquil,  serious  spirit. 


A  marvellous 


The  first  edition  of  Gesenius's  He- 
perpetuation  of  a     brew  Grammar  appeared  in  Germany 

Hebrew  grammar.     in  1813     jt  g0()n  took  itg  position  as  a 

standard  work,  and  since  the  death  of  the  original 
editor  has  been  kept  abreast  the  times,  first  by  Pro- 
fessor Roediger,  and  afterwards  by  Professor  Emil 
Kautzsch  of  the  University  of  Halle.  This  English 
edition  was  translated  by  the  late  Rev.  G.  W.  Collins, 
M.A.,  from  the  twenty-fifth  German  edition,  and 
after  his  death  was  replenished  by  the  new  material 
of  the  twenty-sixth  German  edition,  by  A.  E.  Cowley, 
M.A.,  of  Oxford.  So  that  the  book  is  now  entitled 
"  Kautzsch's  Gesenius's  Hebrew  Grammar  "  (Oxford 
University  Press),  translated  by  Collins  and  Cowley. 
As  it  now  stands,  this  is  the  best  up-to-date  compre- 
hensive Hebrew  grammar  in  existence.  The  work 
of  translating  the  German  into  English,  never  an 
easy  task,  seems  to  have  been  well  done,  though 
there  are  some  idioms  upon  which  translators  can 
never  agree.  The  type  of  the  book  is  skilfully 
arranged,  the  larger  representing  the  statements  of 
principles,  and  the  smaller  the  citations  of  examples 
and  their  translations.  We  are  somewhat  amazed 
to  note  that  the  Clarendon  Press  should  not  have 
required  and  published  a  Hebrew  index  to  a  gram- 
mar which  it  was  desired  to  make  as  complete  as 
possible.  This  is  a  serious  omission,  and  detracts 
greatly  from  the  usefulness  of  a  book  which  the 
student  desires  as  a  vade  mecum  in  Hebrew  work. 


The  seventh  volume  of  the  biograph- 
Thackeray  ical  e(jition  of  Thackeray  (Harper) 

in  America.  __  _          J  ,\,       •£_,  ' 

includes  "  Henry  Esmond,"  "  The 
English  Humourists,"  "The  Four  Georges,"  and 
the  brief  essay  on  "  Charity  and  Humour."  The 
introduction,  by  Mrs.  Ritchie,  is  rather  longer  than 
usual,  with  many  illustrations,  and  particularly 
interesting  to  us  because  it  deals,  in  part,  with 
Thackeray's  American  lecture  tour.  He  liked  Boston 
society,  and  said  that  it  was  "  like  the  society  of  a 
rich  Cathedral-town  in  England  —  grave  and  de- 
corous, and  very  pleasant  and  well  read."  He  found 
that  a  man  might  lecture  in  America  without  being 
thought  infra  dig.  He  also  had  this  experience : 
"When  I  came  here  they  told  me  it  was  usual  for 
lecturers  (Mr.  B.  of  London  had  done  it)  to  call 
upon  all  the  editors  of  all  the  papers,  hat  in  hand, 
and  ask  them  to  puff  my  lectures.  Says  I,  'I'll 

see  them  all ,'  here  I  used  a  strong  expression, 

which  you  will  find  in  the  Athanasian  Creed.    Well, 
they  were  pleased  rather  than  otherwise,  and  now 


60 


THE    DIAL 


[Jan.  16, 


the  papers  are  puffing  me  so  as  to  make  me  blush." 
Finally,  he  got  very  tired  of  the  business  (although 
he  was  to  repeat  it  two  years  later),  and  wrote  : 
"  The  idleness  of  the  life  is  dreary  and  demoralizing 
all  through,  and  the  bore  and  humiliation  of  deliv- 
ering these  stale  old  lectures  is  growing  intolerable. 
Why,  what  a  superior  heroism  is  Albert  Smith's 
who  has  ascended  Mont  Blanc  four  hundred  times ! " 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


In  one  sense,  there  cannot  be  too  many  translations 
of  Homer,  yet  it  is  difficult  to  discover  wherein  Mr. 
Samuel  Butler,  in  his  recent  prose  version  of  the  "  Iliad  " 
(Longmans),  has  improved  upon  the  translation  of 
Messrs.  Leaf,  Lang,  and  Myers.  But  Mr.  Butler  has 
his  own  ideas  about  translation,  and  had  a  right  to  give 
them  shape.  His  version  is  rather  freer  than  others  of 
recent  making,  and  he  seeks  to  avoid  hackneyed  epi- 
thets and  phrases.  At  all  events  he  is  better  employed 
in  this  task  than  in  his  endeavor  to  prove  that  Nausicao 
wrote  the  "  Odyssey." 

The  Open  Court  Publishing  Co.  has  just  issued  a 
gift-book  as  beautiful  in  execution  as  it  is  unusual  in 
character.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  eight  colored  repro- 
ductions of  paintings  representing  "  Scenes  in  the  Life 
of  Buddha,"  the  work  of  Professor  Keichyu  Yamada  of 
Tokyo.  These  paintings  are  selected  from  a  series 
made  by  the  artist  to  illustrate  the  Japanese  translation 
of  "  The  Gospel  of  Buddha,"  by  Dr.  Paul  Carus,  which 
work  is  used  as  a  text-book  in  some  of  the  Buddhist 
schools  of  Japan.  The  present  reproduction  is  highly 
successful  as  to  the  coloring,  which  is  exceptionally  deli- 
cate. Mr.  Frederick  W.  Gookin  has  designed  an  appro- 
priate and  artistic  cover-stamp  for  this  unique  volume. 

The  collection  of  "  Songs  of  Life  and  Nature  "  (Scott, 
Foresman  &  Co.)  which  has  been  made  by  Eleanor 
Smith  for  the  use  of  schools  for  girls,  is  a  work  which 
displays  intelligence  and  good  taste  in  unusual  degree. 
Classical  selections  and  folk-songs  are  interspersed  with 
good  modern  compositions,  and  the  selections  are  made 
with  reference,  not  only  to  their  musical  value,  but  also 
with  regard  to  the  literary  value  of  the  texts,  the  eth- 
ical inspiration  to  be  derived  from  them,  and  their  fit- 
ness to  the  general  plan  of  educational  work  adopted  in 
progressive  schools.'  The  book  is  one  to  be  heartily 
commended.  ' 

Mr.  M.  E.  Lowndes  is  the  author  of  a  biographical 
;study  of  "  Michel  de  Montaigne,"  which  is  published  at 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  (Macinillan).  This 
essay  embodies  the  facts  unearthed  by  the  researches 
of  MM.  Payen  aud  Malvezin,  and  interprets  them  in  the 
light  of  the  immortal "  Essays  "  themselves.  The  author 
'is  in  full  sympathy  with  his  subject,  and  has  produced 
what  is  probably  the  most  readable  account  existing  in 
English  of  the  pleasant  egotist  whose  name  this  study 
bears.  A  considerable  body  of  notes  supplements  the 
text  of  this  monograph. 

Mr.  Lorenzo  Sears  is  the  author  of  a  treatise,  running 
to  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  pages,  upon  the  "  Prin- 
ciples and  Methods  of  Literary  Criticism  "  (Putnam). 
The  work  has  grown,  we  are  told,  out  of  "  an  attempt 
to  guide  a  class  in  literature  in  making  critical  estimates 
of  their  reading."  The  subject  is  dealt  with  in  a  care- 
fully classified  and  logically  grouped  series  of  chapters, 


characterized  by  admirable  good  sense,  but  by  no  strik- 
ing literary  excellence.  The  work  is  a  plain  and  not 
particularly  attractive  statement  of  obvious  truths  and 
commonplace  judgments.  It  will  probably  be  useful  to 
students  who  are  beginning  the  study  of  literature. 

Mr.  Joseph  Shaylor  is  the  compiler  of  a  small  book, 
for  which  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  has  penned  an  introduction, 
which  gives  a  selection  of  extracts  pertinent  to  the  sub- 
ject of  "  The  Pleasures  of  Literature  and  the  Solace  of 
Books  "  (Truslove  &  Comba).  The  work  is  like  Mr.  Ire- 
land's "  Enchiridion,"  but  planned  on  a  smaller  scale,  and 
including  extracts  from  many  writers  too  recent  to  be 
found  in  that  compendium. 

Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  are  the  importers  of 
"  Sketches  and  Studies  in  Italy  and  Greece,"  by  John 
Addington  Symonds.  The  work  is  to  occupy  three  vol- 
umes, of  which  two  are  now  at  hand,  and  will  include  the 
contents  of  the  three  separate  works  entitled  "  Sketches 
in  Italy  and  Greece,"  "  Sketches  and  Studies  in  Italy," 
and  "  Italian  Byways."  Readers  of  Symonds  know 
that  these  collections  comprise  much  of  his  most  fascin- 
ating and  suggestive  writing,  and  will  be  glad  to  have 
their  contents  topographically  arranged,  as  they  are  now 
to  be. 

Long  experience  in  the  popular  exposition  of  the 
principles  of  political  economy  has  given  Dr.  Edward 
Thomas  Devine  peculiar  qualifications  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  text-book  upon  this  subject,  and  his  recently 
published  "  Economics  "  (Macmillan)  is  an  excellent 
book  of  its  sort.  While  not  perhaps  the  best  kind  of  a 
book  for  daily  use  in  the  schools,  it  would  serve  admir- 
ably to  supplement  some  more  formal  text-book,  and 
for  this  purpose,  as  well  as  for  the  use  of  the  general 
reader,  it  may  be  warmly  recommended.  It  is,  in  the 
main,  a  treatise  readable,  lucid,  and  sound  in  doctrine. 

Mr.  Stopford  A.  Brooke's  "  English  Literature  from 
the  Beginning  to  the  Norman  Conquest "  (Macmillan) 
is  essentially  a  recast  of  the  author's  previous  work  on 
"  Early  English  Literature  up  to  the  Days  of  Alfred." 
The  original  text  has  been  shortened,  rewritten,  and 
rearranged,  besides  being  supplemented  for  the  present 
volume  by  a  long  chapter  on  Alfred,  and  four  other 
chapters  on  the  subsequent  period.  There  are  many 
translated  passages  in  the  text,  and  a  number  of  others 
in  the  appendix,  where  we  find  "  The  Wanderer  "  and 
"  The  Battle  of  Maldon."  A  bibliography  is  appended. 

Mr.  Paul  Leicester  Ford's  edition  of  "  The  Writings 
of  Thomas  Jeiferson"  (Putnam)  has  reached  its  ninth 
volume,  and  already  draws  near  the  close  of  the  great 
President's  life.  The  correspondence'  for  the  years 
1807-1815  is  given  in  this  volume,  and  we  should  sup- 
pose that  one  more  volume  ought  to  complete  the  col- 
lection. Mr.  Ford's  services  to  American  historical 
scholarship  are  so  many  and  varied  that  we  hardly  need 
to  characterize  them  with  every  new  book  that  bears 
his  name.  Possessors  of  the  set  now  in  question  will  be 
glad  to  learn  that  it  will  soon  stand  complete  upon 
their  shelves. 

A  revised  edition  of  Professor  Edward  Channing's 
"  Students'  History  of  the  United  States  "  (Macmillan), 
with  additions  taking  in  the  war  with  Spain,  has  re- 
cently come  to  us,  and  we  are  once  more  impressed  with 
the  admirable  character  of  the  book.  The  recent  ten- 
dency to  include  in  the  last  year  of  secondary  school 
work  a  serious  study  of  American  history  cannot  fail  to 
receive  new  impetus  from  the  mere  fact  that  such  a 
volume  as  this  of  Mr.  Channing,  so  suitable  for  the 
purpose,  is  to  be  had. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


61 


LITERARY   NOTES. 


"  Some  Notes  of  a  Struggling  Genius,"  by  Mr.  G.  S. 
Street,  and  "  Stories  Toto  Told  Me,"  by  Baron  Corvo, 
are  two  new  "  Bodley  Booklets,"  published  by  Mr.  John 
Lane. 

Mr.  Charles  Morris  adds  a  "  Spanish  "  volume  to  his 
series  of  "  Historical  Tales,"  of  which  nine  volumes  have 
previously  appeared.  The  tales  are  brief,  and  told  in  a 
way  to  be  interesting  to  young  people.  The  Lippincott 
Co.  are  the  publishers. 

Macaulay's  essays  on  Addison  and  Milton,  and  Shake- 
speare's "  Macbeth,"  all  edited  by  Mr.  Charles  W. 
French,  form  three  volumes  in  a  new  series  of  annotated 
English  texts  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  in  a  form 
at  once  tasteful  and  inexpensive.  Tennyson's  "  Prin- 
cess," edited  by  Mr.  Wilson  Farrand,  is  a  fourth  volume 
of  the  same  series. 

The  American  Unitarian  Association  (25  Beacon 
Street,  Boston)  has  printed  for  free  distribution  a  pam- 
phlet of  twenty-eight  pages  entitled  "  A  Plea  for  Sin- 
cerity in  Religious  Thought,"  by  Rev.  Joseph  Henry 
Crocker,  the  author  of  "  Jesus  Brought  Back,"  and 
"  Problems  in  American  Society." 

"  Asheville  Pictures  and  Pencillings  "  is  the  title  of  an 
attractive  and  novel  little  booklet  published  in  the  famous 
Southern  winter  resort  by  Mr.  A.  H.  McQuilkin,  editor 
of  "  The  Inland  Printer."  It  is  prettily  illustrated  and 
contains  much  interesting  information,  and  we  hope  Mr. 
McQuilkin's  intention  to  issue  such  a  pamphlet  fort- 
nightly will  be  fulfilled. 

"  Cuba  and  Other  Verse  "  is  a  reprint  of  a  volume 
published  pseudonymously  several  years  ago.  The  au- 
thorship is  now  acknowledged  by  Mr.  Robert  Manners, 
who  puts  forth  this  new  edition  through  the  press  of 
Messrs.  Way  &  Williams  in  a  tasteful  book.  The  con- 
tents, while  not  in  any  way  remarkable,  are  not  unde- 
serving of  attention  from  readers  of  poetry. 

Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  publish  Goethe's  "  Egmont," 
edited  by  Dr.  Max  Winkler;  "  Deutsche  Gedichte  for 
High  Schools,"  selected  by  Mr.  Hermann  Mueller,  and 
"  The  Easiest  German  Reading  for  Learners  Young  or 
Old,"  prepared  by  Dr.  George  Hempl.  "  Auf  der  Son- 
nenseite,"  a  selection  of  stories  and  sketches  from  mod- 
ern authors,  edited  by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt,  is  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

The  Macmillan  Company  announces  the  publication 
in  February,  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Frank  M. 
Chapman,  of  the  first  number  of  a  popular  bi-monthly 
magazine  of  ornithology  to  be  known  as  "  Bird  Lore." 
The  magazine  will  be  the  official  organ  of  the  Audubon 
Societies  for  the  protection  of  birds  and  a  department 
devoted  to  their  work  will  be  under  the  charge  of  Mrs. 
Mabel  Osgood  Wright. 

Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  expect  to  issue  at  once  the 
American  edition  of  "  Eighteenth  Century  Letters," 
under  the  general  editorship  of  Mr.  R.  Brimley  Johnson. 
The  letters  of  Swift,  Addison,  and  Steele  are  selected 
and  edited  with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  Stanley  Lane 
Poole,  in  one  volume,  and  Mr.  George  Birkbeck  Hill  has 
performed  the  same  offices  for  those  of  Johnson  and 
Lord  Chesterfield  in  another  volume. 

"War  Poems,  1898,"  compiled  by  the  California 
Club,  comes  to  us  from  the  Murdock  Press  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. There  are  respectable  names  in  the  table  of 
contents,  —  Messrs.  Clinton  Scollard,  Marrion  Wilcox, 
Robert  Burns  Wilson,  and  Theodore  C.  Williams,  Misses 


Ina  D.  Coolbrith  and  Edith  M.  Thomas  —  but  the  aver- 
age quality  of  the  work  is  low,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
average  quality  of  the  ideals  by  which  it  is  inspired. 

There  is  a  rapidly  growing  literature  of  protest 
against  the  expansion  madness  that  has  seized  upon 
so  many  normally  sane  Americans.  One  by  one  the 
sober  opinions  of  our  really  serious  thinkers  are  finding 
voice,  and  a  movement  of  thought  has  begun  which  we 
trust  will  soon  acquire  volume  enough  to  save  the  Re- 
public from  the  threatened  repudiation  of  its  own  best 
ideals.  Among  the  recently  published  utterances  of 
conservative  scholars  upon  this  all-important  subject,  we 
note  the  magnificent  address  called  "  American  Impe- 
rialism," made  early  this  month  by  Mr.  Carl  Schurz 
before  the  University  of  Chicago  in  quarterly  Convo- 
cation, and  now  printed  in  the  "University  Record"; 
the  fine  and  scholarly  paper  of  Mr.  Charles  Francis 
Adams,  read  on  last  Forefathers'  Day  before  the  Lex- 
ington Historical  Society,  and  now  published  in  pam- 
phlet form  by  Messrs.  Dana  Estes  &  Co.;  and  the 
acute  and  effective  argument  of  Mr.  Edwin  Burritt 
Smith,  upon  the  subject  of  "  National  Expansion  under 
the  Constitution,"  published  by  the  R.  R.  Donnelly  & 
Sons  Co.  Armed  with  these  three  documents,  and  a 
copy  of  Senator  Hoar's  recent  speech,  the  opponent  of 
expansion  would  find  himself  well  equipped  for  dis- 
cussion. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  103  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Alphonse  Daudet.  By  Lt-on  Daudet.  To  which  is  added 
"  The  Daudet  Family,"  by  Ernest  Daudet.  Trans,  from 
the  French  by  Charles  de  Kay.  With  portrait,  12mo,  gilt 
top,  pp.  466.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Life  of  Charles  Stewart  Parnell,  1846-1891.  By  R. 
Barry  O'  Brien.  With  portrait,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  775. 
Harper  &  Brothers.  $2.50. 

The  Life  of  Henry  Drummond.  By  George  Adam  Smith. 
With  portrait,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  541.  Double- 
day  &  McClure  Co.  $3.  net. 

Newman  Hall:  An  Autobiography.  With  portrait,  8vo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  383.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.  $3. 

Historic  Nuns.  By  Bessie  R.  Belloc.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  223.  London :  Duckworth  &  Co. 

HISTORY. 

The  Companions  of  Pickle.  A  Sequel  to  "Pickle  the 
Spy."  By  Andrew  Lang.  With  portraits,  large  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  308.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $5. 

Our  Navy  in  the  War  with  Spain.  By  John  R.  Spears. 
Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  406.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

The  Sepoy  Mutiny,  as  Seen  by  a  Subaltern,  from  Delhi  to 
Lucknow.  By  Colonel  Edward  Vibart.  Illus.,  12mo, 
uncut,  pp.  308.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Dreyfus  Case.  By  Fred.  C.  Conybeare,  M.A.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  318.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50. 

History  of  the  World.  By  Edgar  Sanderson,  M.A.  With 
maps,  8vo,  pp.  790.  "Concise  Knowledge  Library." 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $2. 

The  Great  Campaigns  of  Nelson.  By  William  O'Connor 
Morris.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  160.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25. 

Spanish  Historical  Tales :  The  Romance  of  Reality.  By 
Charles  Morris.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  331.  J.  B.  Lip- 
pincott Co.  $1.25. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Exotics  and  Retrospectives.  By  Lafcadio  Hearn.  12mo, 
gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  299.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $2. 

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62 


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MATHEMATICAL  BOOKS. 
Lectures  on  Elementary  Mathematics. 

By  JOSEPH  Louis  LAGRANGE.  Being  the  Course  of  Lectures  delivered  at 
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view." — Prof.  HBNBY  CREW,  Norlhwetlern  University,  Evanston,  III, 

On  the  Study  and  Difficulties  of  Mathematics. 

By  AUGUSTUS  DE  MORGAN.  New  corrected  and  annotated  edition,  with 
references  to  date,  of  the  work  published  in  1831,  by  the  Society  for 
the  Diffusion  of  Useful  Knowledge.  The  original  is  now  scarce. 
With  a  fine  portrait  of  the  great  mathematical  teacher,  complete 
index,  and  bibliographies  of  modern  works  on  algebra.  The  Philos- 
ophy of  Mathematics,  Pangeometry,  etc.;  pp.  viii.+288,  cloth,  £1.25. 
"  A  valuable  essay." — Prof.  JBVONS,  in  the  Encyclopedia  Briltannica. 
"  The  mathematical  writings  of  De  Morgan  can  be  commended  unre- 
servedly."—Prof.  W.  W.  BEMAN,  University  of  Michigan. 

Mathematical  Essays  and  Recreations. 

By  HERMANN  SCHUBERT  ;  from  the  German  by  THOMAS  J.  McCoRM ACK. 
A  collection  of  six  articles  bearing  the  following  titles :  (1)  "  The  Defi- 
nition and  Notion  of  Number  ";  (2)  "  Monism  in  Arithmetic  ";  (3)  "  On 
the  Nature  of  Mathematical  Knowledge";  (4)  "Magic  Squares"; 
(5)  "  The  Fourth  Dimension  ";  (6)  "  The  History  of  the  Squaring  of  the 
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arithmetic  as  a  monistic  science,  all  the  consequences  of  which  flow  as 
a  matter  of  pure  logic  from  a  few  simple  principles.  The  article  on  the 
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"  dimension  "  in  science  and  what  the  legitimate  function  of  a  "  fourth 
dimension"  is  in  mathematics;  of  the  claims  of  spiritualism  to  this 
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Truth  and  Error; 

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cloth,  $1.75. 

History  of  the  People  of  Israel. 

From  the  Beginning  to  the  Destruction  of  Jerusalem.    By  Prof.  C.  H. 

CORNILL,  of  the  University  of  Koenigsberg,  Germany.  Translated  by 

W.  H.  CARRUTH,  Professor  of  German  in  the  University  of  Kansas. 

Pp.  325,  S1.50  (7*.  6<f). 

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translated  into  English  by  Professor  Carruth  of  Kansas)  is  pleasing  and 
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faith  in  the  Divine  mission  of  Israel." — The  Expository  Times  (London). 

The  Prohibited  Land. 

The  Travels  in  Tartary,  Thibet,  and  China  of  MM.  Hue  and  GABET. 

New  Edition.    From  the  French.      Handsomely  bound  in  Oriental 

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BUDDHISM  AND  ITS  CHRISTIAN  CRITICS.  By  Dr.  PAULCAKUS. 
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THE  GOSPEL  OF  BUDDHA.  By  Dr.  PAUL  CARUS.  Fifth  Edition. 
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THE   PHILOSOPHY   OF   ANCIENT  INDIA.      By  Prof.  RICHARD 

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ANCIENT    INDIA:    ITS   LANGUAGE   AND    RELIGIONS.      By 

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CHINESE  FICTION.  By  Rev.  GEORGE  T.  CANDLIN.   Paper,  15  cents- 

CHINESE  PHILOSOPHY.    By  Dr.  PAUL  CARUS.   Paper,  25  cents. 

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Review  in  North  China  Daily  News. 

A  Daring  Book. 

THE  GOSPEL  ACCORDING  TO  DARWIN.  By  Dr.  WOODS  HUTCH- 
INSON.  An  eloquent  work  for  liberal  and  orthodox.  A  collection  of 
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Pp.  xii.+241,  cloth,  $1.50  (6*.). 

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PHILOSOPHICAL  AND  PSYCHOLOGICAL  PORTRAITS.     A 

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POPULAR  SCIENTIFIC  LECTURES.  By  Professor  ERNST  MAOH. 
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THE  PRIMER  OF  PHILOSOPHY.  By  Dr.  PAUL  CARUS.  Second 
Edition.  Cloth,  pp.  242,  81.00. 

THE  PSYCHOLOGY  OF  ATTENTION.  By  Professor  TH.  RIBOT. 
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THE  DISEASES  OF  PERSONALITY.  Second  Edition.  Author- 
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PSYCHOLOGY  OF  REASONING.    By  ALFRED  BIKET.    Translated 

from  the  French  by  A.  GOWANS  WHYTE. 

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LITERATURE 


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HARPER  AND  BROTHERS,  PUBLISHERS 
FRANKLIN  SQUARE,  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y. 


66 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


THE  CENTURY  CO.'S 

NEW  BOOKS 


THE 


"MAINE' 

An  Account  of  her  Destruction 

in  Havana  Harbor. 
THE  PERSONAL  NARRATIVE 


OF 


Capt.  Charles  D.  Sigsbee, 

U.  S.  N. 


800,  270  pages,  richly  illustrated.     $1.50. 

"  Every  detail,  as  told  by  Captain  Sigsbee,  seems  to  acquire  new  interest 
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The  War  with  Spain  was  precipitated  by  the  explosion  of  the  Maine, 
and  it  is  fitting  that  the  memory  of  so  fateful  an  event  should  be  preserved 
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declares  his  belief  that  the  explosion  was  external,  he  does  not  attempt  to 
fasten  the  act  on  any  individual.  A  series  of  appendices  presents  the  find- 
ings of  the  Court  of  Inquiry,  and  there  is  a  list  (not  before  published)  of 
the  dead  and  wounded  members  of  the  crew  of  the  Maine,  showing  the 
present  location  of  the  remains  of  such  as  were  identified. 


12mo,  268  pages.     $1.50. 

On  May  5, 1898,  just  two  weeks  after  the  Spanish- American  War  broke 
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with  revisions  and  a  great  deal  of  new  matter.  Mr.  Kennan  is  famous  for 
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and  all  of  these  qualities  are  conspicuous  in  this  interesting  volume. 


CAMPAIGNING 
IN  CUBA 

By  GEORGE  KENNAN, 

Author  of  "  Siberia  and  the 

Exile  System." 


THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF 

LEWIS 
CARROLL 

Author  of 
"  Alice  in  Wonderland." 


8vo,  100  illustrations.     $2.50. 

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life  of  the  author  of  the  famous  "  Alice  in  Wonderland,"  edited  by  Lewis 
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including  a  number  of  portraits  of  Lewis  Carroll  taken  at  different  ages; 
portraits  of  his  family  and  of  his  correspondents  and  friends  —  Tennyson, 
the  Duke  of  Albany,  lluskin,  Tom  Taylor,  George  MacDonald,  Ellen  Terry, 
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boyhood,  etc ,  etc. 


12mo,  513  pages.     $1.50. 

Dr.  Barry  has  waited  twelve  years  before  following  up  his  first  success 
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THE  TWO 
STANDARDS 

An  International  Romance 

BY 

By  William  Barry,  D.D., 

Author  of 

"The  New  Antigone." 


LITHOGRAPHY 
LITHOGRAPHERS 

By  Joseph  Pennell 

and 

Elizabeth  Robins  Pennell 
Superbly  Illustrated. 


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lithograph  by  Whistler,  —  a  portrait  of  Joseph  Pennell,  —  and  one  of  the 
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THE  CENTURY  CO.,  UNION  SQUARE,  NEW  YORK 


1899.] 


67 


THE  STORY  OF  FRANCE 


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Vol.  I. 
Vol.  II. 


FROM    THE    EARLIEST  TIMES  TO  THE 
CONSULATE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

BY 

The  Hon.  THOMAS  E.  WATSON. 

From  the  Settlement  by  the  Gauls  to  the 
End  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XV. 

In  Press. 


Cloth,  8vo, 
Two  Vols. 

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8vo,  $2.50. 


Mr.  Watson's  treatment  of  history  is  from  a  new  and  entirely  modern  point  of  view.    The  well-known  political 
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HENRY  A.  WISE. 

The  Life  of  Henry  A.  Wise. 

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THE  UNDERGROUND 
RAILROAD 

From  Slavery  to  Freedom. 

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trated by  C.  P.  PEIXOTTO,  etc. 
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THE  HISTORY  OF 
MANKIND. 

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8vo,  cloth  extra,  gilt  top,  $4. 
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EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 

An  Outline  of  Its  Development. 

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A  HISTORY  OF  GREECE. 

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THE  PRINCIPLES  OF 
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A  Text-Book  for  Schools  and 
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University,  author  of  the  volumes 
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"The  Survival  of  the  Unlike," 
"The  Evolution  of  Our  Native 
Fruits,"  "Lessons  with  Plants," 
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clopaedia of  Horticulture."  Fully 
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Cloth,  Crown  8vo,  $1.25. 

NATURE  STUDY  IN  ELE- 
MENTARY SCHOOLS. 

First  Reader. 

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RECENT  VOLUMES  IN 

Appletons'  Town  and  Country  Library. 

Each,  12mo,  cloth,  $1.00;  paper,  50  cents. 
No.  256.  A  WRITER  OF  BOOKS.  By  GEORGE  PASTON,  au- 
thor of  "  The  Career  of  Candida  "  and  "  A  Study 
in  Prejudices." 

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but « A  Writer  of  Books '  is  a  distinct  advance  upon  her  previous  books. ' ' 
— London  Academy. 
No.  255.  THE  KEY  OF  THE  HOLY  HOUSE.    A  Romance 

of  Old  Antwerp.    By  ALBERT  LEE. 

This  is  a  stirring  romance  of  Holland's  struggle  for  liberty  against 
the  Spaniards  in  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  Don 
Luis  de  Eequesens  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Alva  as  Viceroy  of  the  Neth- 
erlands. The  story  pictures  the  terrors  of  the  Inquisition  and  thrilling 
episodes  of  the  gallant  war  for  liberty  waged  by  William  Prince  of 
Orange,  on  the  land,  and  the  "Water  Beggars"  on  the  sea.  The  de- 
struction of  the  Spanish  fleet,  after  a  fashion  repeated  at  Manila,  is 
among  the  dramatic  chapters  of  this  fascinating  romance. 


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THE  DIAL,  315  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago. 

No.  sos.      FEBRUARY  1,  1899.   Vol.  XXVI. 
CONTENTS. 


NEW   PHASES   OF   THE  ROMANCE.     James  O. 

Pierce 69 

SHAKESPEARE  (Sonnet).    Edith  C.  Banfield   ...    72 

COMMUNICATIONS 72 

The  Notes  to  the  Cambridge  Tennyson.  W.  J.  Rolfe. 
Is  Poe  "  Rejected  "  in  America  ?    John  L.  Hervey. 
Thackeray  and  the  American  Newpapers.     Emily 
Huntington  Miller. 

PARNELL,  IRISH  PATRIOT  AND  NATIONALIST. 

E.G.J 74 

A     TIMELY    POLITICAL    TONIC.      Edward    E. 

Hale,Jr 76 

THE  SUCCESSORS  OF  HOMER.    Paul  Shorty  .    .    78 

A  DISTINGUISHED  WORKER  FOR  THE  INSANE. 

Richard  Dewey ,    ...    79 

BOOKS  ABOUT  DANTE.     William  Morton  Payne    .    81 
Toynbee's  Dante  Dictionary.  —  Gardner's  Dante's 
Ten  Heavens. — Miss  Phillimore's  Dante  at  Ravenna. 

—  Witte's  Essays  on  Dante. 

PRESENT     TENDENCIES     IN     ECONOMIC 

THOUGHT.    Arthur  B.  Woodford 83 

Gronlund's  The  New  Economy. — Mrs.  Stetson's  Wo- 
men and  Economics. —  Henderson's  Social  Elements. 

—  Hammond's  The  Cotton  Industry. —  Crook's  Ger- 
man Wage  Theories. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 86 

An  English  handbook  of  Spanish  literature.  —  The 

'  Historical  Development  of  Modern  Europe. — Historic 

homes  in  the  mountains  of  Virginia.  —  Two  belated 

holiday  books. — Marriage  markets  and  Corellian  logic. 

—  Enchanted  islands  of  the  Atlantic. — A  pleasant 
history  of  Philadelphia.  —  "  Sartor  Resartus  "  illus- 
trated. —  More  of  the  biographical  Thackeray.  — 
Book-plate  lore  and  fancies. — Three  great  campaigns 
of  Nelson.  — The  economics  of  transportation. —  The 
Fourteenth  Amendment. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 90 

LITERARY  NOTES 90 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 91 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  91 


NEW  PHASES  OF  THE  ROMANCE. 

When  the  Wizard  of  the  North  laid  aside 
his  pen  and  closed  his  series  of  romantic  fiction, 
the  reading  world  had  already  accorded  him  a 
unique  place  in  modern  literature.  He  had 
done  for  letters  a  work  unequalled  in  value  by 
that  of  any  writer  since  Shakespeare ;  he  had 
advanced  the  historical  romance  to  eminence, 
and  shown  it  to  be  worthy  of  discriminating 
criticism.  Romance  was  no  longer  to  be  repre- 
sented by  "  The  Castle  of  Otranto."  Scott  had 
re-created  Romance. 

Nor  was  current  opinion  satisfied  with  con- 
ferring this  meed  of  praise ;  there  were  those 
who  felt  that  so  brilliant  a  genius  must  have 
exhausted  the  resources  of  Romance,  and  that 
Scott  could  have  no  successor. 

This  record  of  Romantic  tales  began  with  a 
novel.  It  was  in  the  life  of  an  era  then  only 
sixty  years  past  that  Scott  found  the  mate- 
rial for  his  "  Waverley."  Does  it  seem  incon- 
gruous that  his  entire  series  of  fiction  should 
have  come  to  bear  the  title  of  the  "  Waverley 
Novels "  ?  It  will  be  remembered  that  the 
genius  for  Romance  which  made  him  illustrious 
had  shown  itself  in  that  initial  novel.  It  was 
the  romantic  element  in  "  Waverley  "  which 
convinced  the  reading  world  that  a  new  era  in 
fiction  had  opened. 

Sixty  years  have  passed  since  the  close  of 
that  series  of  romances,  and  the  belief  that 
Scott  is  to  have  no  rival  seems  to  be  more  and 
more  confirmed.  Dumas  has  surpassed  and 
others  have  emulated  him  in  fertility  of  produc- 
tion. Nevertheless,  there  is  no  real  rivalry ; 
the  charm  of  the  Wizard's  style  remains  his 
own.  But  Romance  does  not  die  ;  and  though 
Scott  stands  alone  in  his  chosen  field,  new  op- 
portunities are  revealed  for  the  work  of  the 
romancer,  and  new  achievements  crown  his 
fertile  imagination.  Great  as  was  Scott's 
departure  from  the  earlier  canons  of  romantic 
fiction,  the  romance  of  the  present  time  exhibits 
even  greater  departure  from  the  Waverley 
pattern. 

In  the  old  Romance,  realism  had  no  proper 
place.  The  more  unreal  the  events  chronicled, 
and  the  farther  removed  from  the  actualities  of 
life,  the  greater  the  credit  to  the  imagination  of 


70 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


the  romancer.  Tried  by  this  standard,  "  The 
Castle  of  Otranto "  was  awarded  place  and 
fame.  As  Dr.  Johnson  said  :  "  In  the  romance 
formerly  written,  every  transaction  and  senti- 
ment was  so  remote  from  all  that  passes  among 
men,  that  the  reader  was  in  little  danger  of 
making  any  application  to  himself." 

But  there  is  no  necessity  which  compels  the 
Imagination  to  bear  false  witness  in  order  that 
it  may  be  honored.  The  modern  historical 
romance,  by  its  faithful  representations  of  the 
characters  and  motives  and  deeds  of  past  eras, 
has  shown  the  imagination  at  work  in  con- 
formity to  realistic  standards.  Scott's  followers 
have  sedulously  observed  this  essential  of  their 
art,  and  truthfulness  has  become  an  accepted 
canon  of  the  historical  romance.  Bulwer's 
"  Last  Days  of  Pompeii "  and  "  Last  of  the 
Barons,"  and  Thackeray's  "  Henry  Esmond  " 
and  "  The  Virginians,"  attest  its  admitted  au- 
thority. 

Hawthorne  came,  and  an  avenue  was  opened 
to  new  fields  for  the  work  of  the  Romancer. 
The  imagination  now  found  its  required  mate- 
rial in  the  social  life  of  a  new  world,  a  world 
with  no  history,  in  which  there  were  no  ruins, 
no  venerable  traditions.  The  ancient,  the  un- 
known, the  mysterious,  the  startling,  were  the 
elements  theretofore  conceded  to  be  essential  to 
romantic  fiction.  Hawthorne  found,  in  the 
simple  life  of  New  England,  sufficient  of  these 
elements  to  constitute  real  Romance.  Even 
with  his  exuberant  imagination,  this  was  no 
light  task,  as  his  own  words  declare.  "  No 
author,  without  a  trial,  can  conceive  of  the 
difficulty  of  writing  a  romance  about  a  country 
where  there  is  no  shadow,  no  antiquity,  no 
mystery,  no  picturesque  and  gloomy  wrong, 
nor  anything  but  a  commonplace  prosperity, 
in  broad  and  simple  daylight,  as  is  happily 
the  case  with  my  dear  native  land."  This 
inevitable  difficulty,  once  conquered  by  Haw- 
thorne, has  seemed  less  formidable  to  later 
romancers. 

But  Hawthorne  did  even  a  greater  service  to 
romantic  fiction.  In  the  New  England  life 
not  only  of  the  past,  but  of  to-day,  he  found  the 
elements  of  romance  latent,  and  brought  them 
into  play.  His  quick  imagination  had  flashed 
upon  the  romantic  elements  in  his  own  life  at 
Brook  Farm ;  and  he  employed  these  and  sim- 
ilar features  in  other  personal  episodes,  in 
weaving  for  us  a  tale  of  modern  life,  the 
"  Blithedale  Romance,"  which  has  opened  up 
for  the  present  age  a  new  phase  of  romantic 
literature. 


Doubtless  some  will  say  that  the  Romance  of 
Real  Life  is  a  contradiction  in  terms,  and  that 
the  Romantic  and  the  Realistic  are  not  only  anti- 
thetic but  antagonistic.  Realism  has  been  well 
exploited  in  late  years,  and  its  disciples  seem 
disposed  to  conquer,  and  by  conquering  to  con- 
vert the  world.  The  recent  novel  has  been 
almost  uniformly  realistic,  and  this  is  usually 
claimed  as  its  chief  merit.  George  Eliot's 
novels  of  real  life  have  won  her  the  highest 
rank  as  a  novelist,  and  the  leadership  of  an 
army  of  admiring  followers  ;  and  "  Marcella  " 
is  pronounced  the  greatest  novel  of  the  realistic 
school  since  "  Middlemarch,"  entitling  its  au- 
thor to  succeed  to  George  Eliot's  honors. 

But  even  realism  as  thus  expounded  fails  to 
satisfy  some  honest  critics.  A  new  school 
charges  the  realists  with  giving  too  loose  rein 
to  fancy,  and  advocates  a  fiction  so  faithfully 
true  to  actual  life  that  it  is  to  be  properly  called 
veritism.  The  imagination  is  so  dangerous  a 
steed  that  it  must  be  effectually  curbed  and 
bridled  ;  the  truth,  the  very  truth  only,  must  be 
told  ;  and  the  realist  must  confess  his  failure  to 
be  exact,  and  must  abandon  the  field  of  fiction 
to  the  veritist.  Gradgrind  reappears,  and  again 
insists  upon  the  inestimable  value  and  the  prime 
importance  of  facts. 

At  the  very  time  of  this  exaltation  of  Real- 
ism, there  comes  a  revival  of  the  Romance. 
We  observe  not  only  a  renewed  feeling  among 
authors  that  this  form  of  fiction  has  still  a 
career  before  it,  and  a  revived  interest  in  it 
among  readers  of  fiction,  but  indications  also  of 
new  worlds  to  be  opened  to  its  conquests. 

It  should  be  noted  first,  that  the  novelists 
themselves,  even  the  realists,  do  not  despise  the 
Romance.  George  Eliot  was  not  wholly  satis- 
fied with  depicting  real  life,  and  she  went  back 
to  the  romantic  period  in  Florentine  history  for 
her  "  Romola,"  a  romance  which  well  contends 
with  her  novels  for  high  place.  The  romances 
of  Thackeray  and  Bulwer  were  children  of  their 
affection,  and  still  find  appreciative  readers  no 
less  than  their  novels.  Novelists  like  Black, 
Hardy,  and  Besant  turn  aside  from  the  attrac- 
tions of  real  life  to  revel  in  romance.  Charles 
Reade  wins  more  fame  by  "  The  Cloister  and 
the  Hearth  "  than  by  any  other  of  his  novels, 
and  the  industrious  Mr.  Crawford  begins  his 
career  by  introducing  "  Mr.  Isaacs,"  a  tale  well 
suiting  the  old  definition  of  romance. 

Again,  a  new  school  of  writers  has  appeared, 
who  have  adopted  the  historical  romance  as  their 
field,  and  seek  to  assure  us  of  its  renewed  claims 
to  our  attention.  In  England,  Mr.  Stanley 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


71 


Weyman  presents  a  series  of  romantic  tales, 
founded  upon  some  of  the  remarkable  episodes 
in  French  history,  which  improve  upon  earlier 
efforts  in  the  same  class,  in  illustrating  the  de- 
velopment of  high  traits  of  character  under  the 
stress  of  adverse  circumstances.  In  America, 
Mrs.  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood  has  felt  the 
inspiration  of  strange  episodes  in  the  early 
French  occupation  of  our  northern  frontier,  and 
in  her  historical  sketches  has  well  reinforced 
Hawthorne's  testimony  to  the  romantic  features 
of  the  settlement  epoch  in  this  country.  In  the 
conflicts  between  the  English  and  French  civ- 
ilizations on  this  and  another  continent,  Mr. 
Gilbert  Parker  has  found  the  materials  for  more 
extended  romances,  in  relating  which  he  has 
caught  the  secret  of  that  picturesque  presenta- 
tion of  situations  which  suggests  more  than  it 
expresses.  Helen  Hunt  Jackson's  "  Ramona  " 
is,  on  its  literary  side,  an  enthusiastic  outburst 
of  appreciation  of  the  essentially  romantic  inci- 
dents attending  the  American  dispossession  of 
the  Indian  holdings  in  California.  Mr.  Arthur 
Sherburne  Hardy,  in  his  "  Passe  Rose,"  takes 
his  readers  back  to  the  era  of  Charlemagne, 
amid  the  adventurous  phases  of  a  state  of  so- 
ciety in  which  civilization  was  struggling  with 
barbarism.  Gen.  Lew  Wallace  found  in  Mex- 
ican history  the  material  for  his  "  Fair  God," 
and  in  the  advent  of  Christ  the  inspiration  for 
his  "  Ben  Hur."  Later,  he  has  felt  the  fasci- 
nation of  the  old  myth  of  the  Wandering  Jew, 
a  subject  essentially  romantic,  and  one  which 
has  allured  so  many  romancers ;  and  in  his 
"  Prince  of  India  "  he  has  invested  this  myth- 
ical character  with  new  and  engaging  attri- 
butes, and  has  made  him  an  actor  in  the 
intricacies  of  that  most  romantic  epoch,  the  fall 
of  Constantinople. 

We  have  still  another  school,  who  aim  to  show 
us  the  romantic  features  of  the  everyday  life 
around  us  ;  who  find  the  romantic  in  the  midst 
of  the  real ;  in  a  word,  who  transmute  the  Novel 
into  the  Romance.  Their  tales  may  or  may  not 
be  labelled  romantic,  but  such  is  their  character. 
Those  elements  of  the  adventurous,  the  marvel- 
lous, or  the  mysterious,  which  the  romancer  is 
accustomed  to  seek  afar  off,  among  groups  of 
people  little  known,  or  in  past  epochs,  these 
writers  find  in  their  own  time  and  among  their 
own  acquaintance.  The  marvels  of  the  pre- 
sent day  in  science,  in  the  arts,  in  psychology, 
and  in  occult  learning  and  the  dreams  of  the 
mystic,  the  ambitions  of  the  philosopher,  and 
the  schemes  of  the  social  reformer,  —  all  these 
are  proved  to  have  their  romantic  phases, 


which  are  illustrated  for  the  reading  world  of 
to-day. 

Thus,  Dr.  Holmes,  in  his  "  Elsie  Venner," 
has  pressed  medical  science  into  the  service  of 
the  romance.  Jules  Verne  has  made  free  with 
not  only  the  achievements,  but  also  the  aims 
and  the  ambitions,  of  modern  skill  in  median 
ics  and  engineering.  Dr.  Conan  Doyle's  detec- 
tive stories  are,  in  an  eminent  degree,  what 
Poe's  similar  efforts  already  were  in  a  small 
way,  studies  in  the  recent  accomplishments  of 
psychology.  Mr.  W.  H.  Mallock  has  found 
romantic  characteristics  in  the  manner  in  which, 
at  this  very  hour,  "  The  Old  Order  Changes  " 
and  a  new  social  fabric  takes  its  place.  Charles 
Egbert  Craddock's  tales  of  life  in  the  Tennes- 
see mountains  would  be  tiresome  indeed,  but 
for  the  subtle  manner  in  which  those  heights 
breed  romantic  feelings  and  sentiments  in  their 
mountain-dwellers.  Mr.  Crawford's  "  Children 
of  the  King  "  picturesquely  exhibits  the  essen- 
tially romantic  characteristics  and  experiences 
of  life  in  southern  Italy,  in  our  own  time.  Miss 
Anna  Fuller's  group  of  sketches,  "  Peak  and 
Prairie,"  each  but  a  little  dash  of  color  upon  a 
bit  of  canvas,  are  of  similar  character,  and  show 
the  romantic  features  inherent  in  the  ranch  and 
mining  camp  life  of  Colorado. 

In  this  new  tendency  of  Romance,  we  find 
it  competing  with  Realism  in  its  own  field. 
The  realists,  to  champion  the  superiority  of  the, 
Novel,  argue  that  "truth  is  stranger  than  fic- 
tion." But  it  is  the  truth  that  is  stranger  than 
fiction,  in  modern  life,  which  furnishes  the  mate- 
rial for  these  new  exploits  in  Romance.  The  ex- 
traordinary, the  marvellous,  the  startling,  which 
always  distinguished  the  romantic,  were  never 
found  in  chivalric  strife,  in  feudal  contests,  or 
in  internecine  warfare,  in  greater  abundance 
or  more  ready  to  the  cunning  hand  of  the  story- 
teller, than  they  are  now  in  the  everyday  inci- 
dents of  this  wonderful  era.  Now  comes  Ro- 
mance and  says  to  this  age,  "  I  find  at  your  very 
doors,  and  in  your  very  homes,  the  warp  and 
woof  for  my  web,  which  I  once  went  so  far  to 
seek." 

The  Possible  disputing  ground  with  the  Im- 
probable, and  pushing  it  to  the  rear, —  this  is 
always  the  basis  of  the  marvellous,  this  is  always 
involved  in  the  romantic  as  its  fundamental 
characteristic.  The  romancer  is  an  explorer,  a 
skirmisher ;  he  is  always  on  the  farther  verge 
of  neutral  ground,  always  apparently  in  peril. 
As  Hawthorne  said  of  his  own  work,  while 
writing  "  The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables  ": 
"  In  writing  a  romance,  a  man  is  always,  or 


72 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


always  ought  to  be,  careering  on  the  utmost 
verge  of  a  precipitous  absurdity,  and  the  skill 
lies  in  coming  as  close  as  possible  without  actu- 
ally tumbling  over." 

The  present  age  does  not  cease  to  startle  us 
with  new  developments,  crowding  close,  one 
upon  another,  in  all  fields  open  to  the  investi- 
gations of  the  human  intellect.  Every  day  we 
see  new  territory  wrested  from  the  Improbable 
and  occupied  by  the  Possible.  The  Imagina- 
tion does  not  sleep  while  the  Intellect  is  at  work ; 
and  the  precipitous  absurdity  of  the  romancer 
is  daily  a  step  further  removed. 

This  new  field  of  the  romancer's  work  is  that 
upon  which  Hawthorne  ventured  in  the  "  Blithe- 
dale  Romance."  Psychology,  with  its  myste- 
ries so  little  appreciated,  so  slightly  explored, 
so  often  quite  undiscovered,  furnished  the  basis 
for  those  elements  of  the  marvellous  which 
made  that  tale  a  Romance.  So  wonderful  are 
the  recent  developments  in  psychology  that  it 
is  but  natural  that  much  of  the  work  of  the 
modern  romancer  should  take  him  into  the  same 
field.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Hawthorne 
in  that  story  anticipated  many  of  the  recent 
disclosures  in  hypnotism. 

So  the  Romantic  has  left  the  realm  of  tradi- 
tion and  myth,  and  has  come  to  sit  down  with 
us  by  the  firesides  of  the  Nineteenth  Century. 
Distinctions  between  Realism  and  Romanti- 
cism are  now  but  definitions ;  the  old  antag- 
onism vanishes.  While  the  Real  occupies  one 
chimney-corner  in  our  libraries,  the  Romantic 
is  at  home  in  the  other.  Literature  is  still  One, 
and  the  Imagination  is  to  remain  one  of  its 
high-priests.  It  may,  doubtless  will,  have  new 
work  for  Romance  to  do,  such  as  has  never 
before  been  attempted. 

JAMES  OSCAR  PIERCE. 


SHAKESPEARE. 


Glad  have  I  drunk  of  Chaucer's  living  spring, 

And  I  have  followed  Spenser's  silver  stream 

Through  new-awakened  meadows;  traced  the  gleam 

Of  many  fertile  rivers  issuing: 

In  sterner  regions  I  have  heard  the  roll 

Of  Milton's  torrent  harmonies,  that  sweep 

Reverberating  chords  through  chasms  deep; 

And  in  pure  waters  I  have  seen  the  soul 

Of  gentle  Keats.     But  Shakespeare  !  Ah,  the  sea, 

With  its  great  pulses  throbbing  mightily, 

Bears  all  the  commerce  of  our  human-kind, 

And  touches  every  shore  in  friendliness. 

A  trackless  thoroughfare,  and  measureless 

As  the  eternal  ocean,  is  that  mind. 

EDITH  C.  BANFIELD. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


THE  NOTES  TO  THE  CAMBRIDGE  TENNYSON. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  have  delayed  asking  permission  to  comment  on  the 
criticism  of  the  "  Cambridge  Tennyson,"  in  THE  DIAL 
of  December  16,  partly  that  I  might  correspond  with 
the  writer,  and  partly  that  I  might  reexamine  my  work 
on  the  book  and  find  out  how  far  it  deserved  the  un- 
qualified condemnation  it  had  received.  One  might  infer 
from  the  tone  of  the  criticism  that  I  was  a  literary 
charlatan  whom  the  writer  felt  it  his  duty  to  show  up; 
but  he  assures  me  that  this  was  not  the  case.  He  says :  "  I 
was  confident  all  the  time,  as  will  all  be  who  know  your 
work,  that  you  were  the  victim  of  misplaced  confidence 
in  assistants."  It  happens  that  this  is  true  of  the  poems 
(with  one  exception)  referred  to  in  the  criticism;  and 
I  may  add  that  it  is  the  only  instance  in  which  I  have 
ever  had  such  assistance  in  the  collation  of  texts,  or, 
indeed,  in  any  work  I  have  done  as  an  editor. 

In  collating  Tennyson's  volumes  of  1830  and  1833  at 
the  British  Museum  some  years  ago,  as  I  had  not  time 
(to  say  nothing  of  the  strain  upon  my  eyes  in  the  poor 
light  of  the  reading-room  in  average  English  weather) 
to  examine  all  the  poems  thoroughly,  I  worked  chiefly 
on  the  longer  ones  ("  The  Lady  of  Shalott,"  «  The  Mil- 
ler's Daughter,"  "  The  Palace  of  Art,"  the  «  Dream  of 
Fair  Women,"  etc.)  in  which  I  was  most  interested,  and 
which  had  been  most  altered  by  the  author.  After  I 
came  home  I  had  the  collation  of  the  remaining  poems 
done  by  a  person  recommended  for  the  purpose  by  the 
Museum  authorities.  Suspecting  some  errors  in  the 
work,  I  returned  it  for  revision,  and,  as  I  remember, 
ten  or  twelve  corrections  were  made.  It  appears  now 
that  there  were  other  errors  or  omissions  which  I  did 
not  suspect,  and  did  not  detect  when,  later,  I  had  the 
loan  of  copies  of  the  original  volumes  for  a  short  time; 
but  then,  as  at  the  Museum,  I  gave  my  attention  almost 
exclusively  to  the  longer  poems;  and  these,  which  he 
"  had  not  noted  before,"  Professor  Jack  tells  me  he  finds 
"  substantially  correct."  I  find,  after  carefully  verify- 
ing my  notes,  that  this  is  also  true  of  "  The  Princess  " 
and  "  In  Memoriam,"  and  I  do  not  doubt  that  I  shall 
find  it  true  of  the  "  Idylls  of  the  King  "  and  the  other 
poems  that  I  have  studied  somewhat  thoroughly. 

It  should  be  understood,  however,  that  the  book  makes 
no  pretensions  to  being  a  complete  "  variorum  "  edition. 
The  "  Publishers'  Note  "  (which  I  did  not  write)  states 
that  the  collation  of  texts  has  been  limited  to  the  edi- 
tions "  accessible  "  to  me,  and  these  (English  editions  I 
mean)  except  the  very  earliest  and  the  latest  (from 
1884  to  1898)  have  been  comparatively  few.  For 
instance,  I  have  never  been  able  to  get  hold  of  the  edi- 
tion of  1851,  in  which  the  lines  "  To  the  Queen  "  first 
appeared.  For  the  reading  of  the  "  Crystal  Palace  " 
stanza  I  had  to  depend  on  quotations  in  criticisms  and 
commentaries,  and  four  of  these  (Shepherd's  "  Tenny- 
soniana,"  second  edition,  1879;  Wace's  «  Alfred  Tenny- 
son," 1881;  Luce's  "Handbook  to  Tennyson,"  1895; 
and  Miss  E.  L.  Gary's  "  Tennyson,"  1898,  —  the  only 
authorities  accessible  to  me)  give  "  did  meet  as  friends  "; 
and  Luce  remarks:  "The  stanza  has  defects,  the  exple- 
tive did  meet,  for  example."  No  authority  refers  to  the 
subsequent  insertion  of  the  fourth  stanza;  and  Luce 
distinctly  says  that  the  stanzas  were  "  one  more  in  num- 
ber "  in  1851  than  subsequently,  on  account  of  the 
"  Crystal  Palace  "  one. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


73 


I  have  found  and  corrected  many  errors  in  Luce, 
Shepherd,  and  the  rest,  but  this  one  I  did  not  suspect 
and  had  no  means  of  correcting.  It  is  a  curious  ques- 
tion, by  the  by,  how  this  error  originated,  since  the 
stanza  appeared  only  in  the  edition  of  1851.  There  is 
no  such  stanza  in  the  first  manuscript  version  of  the 
poem  printed  by  Professor  Jones  in  his  "  Growth  of  the 
Idylls,"  1895. 

That  no  complete  "  variorum  "  edition  was  attempted 
by  me  ought  to  be  clear  to  any  reader  of  the  notes  from 
such  carefully  qualified  statements  as  that  on  "  Mari- 
ana," quoted  in  the  criticism  ("  The  line  was  changed  in 
the  printed  poem  at  least  as  early  as  1875.")  Professor 
Jack  says  it  is  "  not  correct "  for  me  to  assert  that  "  the 
original '  sung  i'  the  pane '  was  retained  in  all  the  editions 
I  have  seen  down  to  1875";  but  I  include  American 
editions  (the  "  authorized  "  Boston  ones  only),  and  one 
now  in  my  possession  dated  1856  has  that  reading,  and 
I  feel  quite  sure  that  it  must  have  been  in  the  edition  of 
1875,  which  has  somehow  disappeared  from  my  library. 
His  statement  that  it  is  in  "  none  of  the  editions  be- 
tween 1850  and  1875  "  is  doubtless  true  of  the  English 
editions. 

I  was  rash  in  saying,  in  a  number  of  instances  besides 
those  pointed  out  by  Professor  Jack,  that  "  the  only 
changes  "  in  the  text  are  those  I  mentioned.  Having 
found  Shepherd  and  others  so  often  wrong  in  statements 
of  this  kind,  I  ought  to  have  verified  them,  if  possible, 
in  every  instance.  Thus  far,  however,  in  my  reexam- 
ination  of  my  notes  on  the  minor  poems,  I  have  found 
only  two  or  three  various  readings  that  seem  to  me 
worth  recording  in  an  edition  not  intended  to  be  com- 
plete in  this  respect.  These,  and  any  others  like  them 
which  I  may  detect  hereafter,  will  be  duly  incor- 
porated in  the  notes,  together  with  corrections  of  the 
occasional  misprints  and  other  little  errors  inevitable 
in  a  first  edition.  If  any  reader  of  THE  DIAL  dis- 
covers such  errors,  I  shall  be  grateful  for  a  memoran- 
dum of  them.  For  myself,  I  have  always  felt  it  a  duty 
to  send  authors  or  publishers  information  of  this  kind 
concerning  books  that  I  read  or  use  for  reference.  In 
the  last  forty  years  or  more  I  must  have  sent  them 
several  thousand  such  corrections  —  sometimes  from 
fifty  to  a  hundred  in  a  single  work  involving  many  minute 
details.  In  my  own  books  I  have  detected  and  corrected 
many  more  misprints  and  mistakes  than  have  been 
kindly  pointed  out  to  me  by  others  ;  and  finding  that 
my  literary  work,  though  faithfully  done  as  well  as  I 
know  how,  is  far  from  perfect,  I  learn,  in  printed  re- 
views (of  which  I  write  many)  to  be  charitable  in  crit- 
icising the  little  shortcomings  of  others,  preferring  often 
to  call  attention  to  these  in  a  private  letter  rather  than 
in  a  public  journal. 


W.  J.  ROLFE. 


Cambridge,  Mass.,  Jan.  16,  1899. 


IS  POE  "REJECTED"  IN  AMERICA? 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore,  in  his  very  well-put 
article  on  "  The  American  Rejection  of  Poe  "  in  your 
last  issue,  has,  I  believe,  somewhat  overstated  his  case 
in  his  eagerness  to  state  it  strongly.  That  Poe  is  at  the 
present  day  "  to  a  great  extent  ignored  or  repudiated  " 
by  the  American  public  seems  to  me  very  questionable, 
instead  of  unquestionable,  as  Mr.  Moore  thinks.  In 
proof  of  this  I  need  only  cite  the  innumerable  editions 
of  his  poems  and  tales,  in  every  conceivable  shape,  from 
those  in  paper  covers  at  five  cents  a  copy  to  editions  de 


luxe  at  fancy  or  fabulous  prices.  If  Mr.  Moore  would 
attempt  a  collection  of  even  the  cheaper  editions  of  Poe, 
I  think  he  would  at  least  modify  his  point  of  view. 
Nor  have  I  ever  yet  examined  any  reputable  volume  of 
specimen  selections  of  American  prose  or  verse  in  which 
he  was  unrepresented.  And  is  not  "  The  Raven  "  as 
inevitable  in  every  school  "  reader  "  or  "  speaker  "  as 
the  "Psalm  of  Life"  or  "Charge  of  the  Light  Bri- 
gade "  ?  There  can  also  be  small  doubt  that  "  The 
Raven  "  and  "  The  Bells  "  have  been  recited  more  dif- 
ferent times  by  more  different  "  elocutionists  "  in  these 
United  States  than  any  other  two  poems  by  any  other 
American  poet.  As  for  the  popularity  of  Poe's  prose, 
it  may  be  recalled  that  not  long  since  a  literary  period- 
ical offered  a  prize  for  the  best  list  of  ten  short  stories 
by  American  authors,  the  ten  to  be  selected  from  those 
receiving  the  highest  number  of  votes;  and  in  the  prize 
list  there  were  two  of  Poe's  tales. 

Mr.  Moore  is  undoubtedly  correct  in  his  complaint 
that  Poe  has  never  been  taken  into  the  heart  of  his 
native  public  as,  for  instance,  Longfellow  was.  But  the 
man  who  "  never  had  an  intimate  friend,"  who  seemed 
to  have  a  positive  genius  for  alienating  friendship,  could 
hardly  be  expected  to  pose  as  the  intimate  of  his  public 
—  which  has,  nevertheless,  both  critically  and  popularly 
stamped  him  a  classic  and  quite  sui  generis.  If  the 
acceptance  of  Poe  is  in  any  way  doubtful,  it  is  not 
because  of  the  antique  Poe  legends,  not  because  his 
mastery  of  technic  or  imaginative  power  ever  fails  of 
appreciation,  but  because  of  the  apotheosis  of  the  "  gro- 
tesque and  arabesque,"  miasmas  of  the  pit  and  the 
charnel-house,  the  ghastly  light  of  the  baleful  planets 
from  which  the  work  of  Poe  —  the  name  of  Poe  —  may 
never  be  disassociated.  Poe's  metier  was  his  of  delib- 
erate choice;  his  atmosphere  is  of  his  own  creation; 
there  is  not  a  breath  of  plain  air  in  it.  The  "  fascina- 
tion of  corruption  "  was  strong  upon  him, —  his  work 
reeks  of  it;  and  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  Poe  the 
man  were  ever  to  escape  from  the  atmosphere  of  Poe 
the  artist.  The  "  seeds  scattered  broadcast "  by  him 
have  brought  forth  —  the  fleurs  du  mal  whose  blossom 
is  not  the  dew-drenched  rose  with  head  lifted  to  the 
sunshine  in  the  garden  of  the  world. 

JOHN  L.  HERVEY. 
Chicago,  Jan.  SI,  1899. 

THACKERAY  AND  THE  AMERICAN  NEWSPAPERS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  ) 

Apropos  of  Thackeray's  confession,  as  quoted  in  a 
current  periodical,  that  the  American  papers  were  puff- 
ing him  so  as  to  make  him  blush,  in  spite  of  his  neglect 
to  throw  a  sop  to  Cerberus,  it  may  be  amusing  to  re- 
member that  the  "  Boston  Courier "  in  1853  advised 
its  readers  that  these  American  lectures  of  Thackeray's 
were  "  a  mere  retailing  of  old  anecdotes,  fragments 
without  originality  or  any  sense  of  judgment,  containing 
nothing  which  anybody  with  a  file  of  old  newspapers 
and  magazines  might  not  have  said." 

Which  shows  that  Cerberus  preserves  the  tradition 
of  being  many-headed. 

EMILY  HUNTING-TON  MILLER. 
Evanston,  III.,  Jan.  20,  1899. 


THE  rapidly  increasing  literature  of  "  anti-expansion 
is  being  systematically  collected  and  issued  for  general 
circulation  by  the  Anti-Imperialist  League,  whose  Secre- 
tary, at  Washington,  D.  C.,  will  supply  the  same  on 
application. 


THE    DIAL 


(.Feb.  1, 


iloi     PARNELL,  IRISH  PATRIOT 
NATIONALIST.* 

In  one  respect  Mr.  R.  Barry  O'Brien's  inter- 
esting Life  of  Parnell  recalls  Dr.  Busch's 
"  Bismarck  ":  it  leaves  with  the  reader  a  dis- 
agreeable impression  of  the  man  its  author 
means  to  eulogize.  We  have  always  thought 
that  Mr.  Parnell  was  a  patriot  in  the  higher 
and  correcter  sense  of  the  term,  and  that  his 
extraordinary  public  career,  his  "  really  great 
career,"  as  Mr.  Gladstone  expressed  it,  was 
inspired  primarily  by  love  of  his  country  and 
the  desire  to  advance  what  he  conceived  to  be 
her  interests  ;  nor  are  we  yet  prepared  to  sur- 
render that  opinion.  But  the  hero  of  Mr. 
O'Brien's  pages,  if  we  have  read  them  aright, 
so  far  from  being  actuated  mainly  by  the  gen- 
erous emotions  which  the  world  rightly  asso- 
ciates with  patriotism,  was  spurred  primarily 
by  a  mere  fanatical  hatred  of  England,  partly 
inherited  from  his  mother  and  partly  grounded 
in  his  foolish  early  notion  that  people  "  despised 
him  because  he  was  an  Irishman,"  and  which 
did  not  have  even  a  rudimentary  knowledge  of 
Irish  history  to  justify  it  —  for,  be  it  said,  the 
story  of  English  rule  in  Ireland,  from  Strong- 
bow's  day  down  to  the  Smith  O'Brien  fiasco  in 
the  famous  cabbage  garden  at  Ballingarry,  was 
a  sealed  book  to  this  man  who  came  within  an 
ace  of  putting  an  end  to  it.  If  hatred  for  an 
entire  nation  was  ever  incarnate  in  a  man,  that 
man  was  Parnell,  as  our  present  author  por- 
trays him  ;  nor  does  Mr.  O'Brien,  so  far  as  we 
can  discern,  furnish  any  evidence  of  Parnell's 
actually  loving  anything  or  anyone  —  barring, 
of  course,  a  notorious  and  fatal  exception  in 
the  case  of  the  wife  of  his  political  associate, 
Captain  O'Shea. 

We  confess  we  find  it  impossible  to  believe 
that  the  career  of  this  great  parliamentary 
leader,  whose  genius  and  persistency  brought 
his  party  within  actual  view  of  their  political 
Goshen,  was  mainly  prompted  by  an  ignoble 
emotion  such  as  might  incite  a  Kerry  peasant 
to  fire  a  rick  or  shoot  a  bailiff.  A  lover  of 
England  Parnell  certainly  was  not.  But  his 
course  in  Parliament,  his  very  policy  of  obstruc- 
tion, goes  to  show  his  faith  in  the  ultimate 
soundness  and  honesty  of  the  English  people, 
and  his  belief  that  if,  from  the  forum  of  the 

*THK  LIFE  OF  CHARLES  STEWART  PARNELL,  1846-1891. 
By  R.  Barry  O'Brien.  With  portrait.  New  York :  Harper 
&  Brothers. 


House  of  Commons,  he  could  once  really  gain 
the  ear  of  the  English  electorate  the  conscience 
of  the  nation  would  be  roused  to  the  justice  of 
the  Irish  national  appeal.  Nothing  could  be 
more  untrue  than  the  charge  that  Parnell  was 
a  mere  sower  of  discord  who  loved  obstruction 
for  its  own  sake  and  took  a  malignant  pleasure 
in  thwarting  the  deliberations  and  blocking  the 
business  of  the  House.  If  Parnell  disapproved 
of  the  rose-water  methods  of  Butt,  he  also  dis- 
approved of  the  uncouth  and  brutal  methods  of 
Biggar  —  from  whom,  however,  he  really  took 
his  cue.  His  ground  idea  was,  as  we  have  said, 
that  the  real  reason  why  the  Irish  question,  as 
it  presented  itself  in  his  day,  had  not  been  satis- 
factorily settled  was  that  it  had  not  had  a  hear- 
ing. To  force  that  question  upon  the  attention 
of  the  English  democracy  through  constitu- 
tional methods  was  his  plan.  Therefore,  he  in 
effect  served  notice  upon  the  House  of  Com- 
mons that  until  the  demands  of  Ireland  had 
been  duly  heard  dhd  passed  upon  no  other  ques- 
tion whatever  should  be  discussed  by  it  as  long 
as  he  and  his  colleagues  could  prevent  it.  Par- 
nell's attitude  has  been  well  illustrated  by  the 
story  of  the  Eastern  woman  who,  having  long 
tried  in  vain  to  get  a  petition  to  the  Sultan,  at 
last  took  her  station  in  the  public  street  with 
her  little  children,  and  when  the  Sultan  rode 
that  way  flung  herself  in  the  road  before  him, 
declaring  that  he  must  either  listen  to  her  ap- 
peal or  trample  her  and  her  babes  to  death 
beneath  his  horse's  hoofs. 

In  his  concluding  chapter  Mr.  O'Brien  quotes 
some  interesting  statements  regarding  Parnell 
made  by  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the  course  of  a  spe- 
cial interview  in  1890.  Asked  what  it  was  that 
first  attracted  his  attention  to  Parnell,  Mr. 
Gladstone  replied : 

"  Parnell  was  the  most  remarkable  man  I  ever  met. 
I  do  not  say  the  ablest  man;  I  say  the  most  remarkable 
and  most  interesting.  He  was  an  intellectual  phenom- 
enon. He  was  unlike  anyone  I  ever  met.  He  did 
things  and  he  said  things  unlike  other  men.  .  .  .  There 
was  no  one  in  the  House  of  Commons  I  would  place 
with  him.  As  I  have  said,  he  was  an  intellectual  phe- 
nomenon." 

As  to  Parnell's  much  debated  release  from 
Kilmainham,  Mr.  Gladstone  said  : 

"...  What  is  this  they  call  it?  The  Kilmainham 
treaty.  How  ridiculous  !  There  was  no  treaty.*  There 
could  not  be  a  treaty.  Just  think  what  the  Habeas 
Corpus  Act  means.  You  put  a  man  into  gaol  on  suspi- 


*  Mr.  Chamberlain,  on  the  contrary,  said,  when  questioned 
on  this  point :  "  There  was  a  treaty.  And  the  terms  on  our 
side  were  that  we  should  deal  with  some  phases  of  the  land 
question."  Parnell's  agreement  seems  to  have  been  that  he 
would  "slow  down  the  agitation." 


1899.] 


75 


cion.  You  are  bound  to  let  him  out  when  the  circum- 
stances justifying  your  suspicion  have  changed.  And 
that  was  the  case  with  Parnell." 

Replying  to  the  question  as  to  the  time  when 
his  attention  was  first  seriously  turned  to  the 
demand  for  Home  Rule,  Mr.  Gladstone  went 
on  to  say : 

"...  I  could  not,  of  course,  support  Butt's  move- 
ment, because  it  was  not  a  national  movement.  I  had 
no  evidence  that  Ireland  was  behind  it.  ParnelFs  move- 
ment was  very  different.  It  came  to  this:  we  granted 
a  fuller  franchise  to  Ireland  in  1884,  and  Ireland  then 
sent  eighty-five  members  to  the  Imperial  Parliament. 
That  settled  the  question.  When  the  people  express 
their  determination  in  that  decisive  way,  you  must  give 
them  what  they  ask.  It  would  be  the  same  in  Scotland. 
I  do  n't  say  that  Home  Rule  is  necessary  for  the  Scotch. 
But  if  ever  they  ask  for  it,  as  the  Irish  have  asked  for 
it,  they  must  get  it.  ...  The  union  with  Ireland  has 
no  moral  force.  It  has  the  force  of  law,  no  doubt,  but  it 
rests  on  no  moral  basis.  That  is  the  line  which  I  should 
always  take,  were  I  an  Irishman.  That  is  the  line  which 
as  an  Englishman  I  take  now.  Ah  !  had  Parnell  lived, 
had  there  been  no  divorce  proceedings,  J  do  solemnly 
believe  there  would  be  a  Parliament  in  Ireland  now." 

To  Parn ell's  admirers,  Mr.  O'Brien's  dra- 
matic account  of  his  fight  to  retain  the  lead- 
ership of  his  party  after  he  had  forfeited  it 
through  his  misconduct  in  the  O'Shea  matter 
makes  painful  reading.  Mr.  Gladstone  was 
sufficiently  explicit  in  regard  to  the  course 
Parnell  ought  to  have  taken  : 

"...  I  do  not  say  that  the  private  question  ought 
to  have  affected  the  public  movement.  What  I  say  is, 
it  did  affect  it,  and,  having  affected  it,  Parnell  was  bound 
to  go.  ...  All  said  it  would  be  impossible  for  the 
movement  to  go  on  with  him.  ...  I  think  Parnell 
acted  badly.  I  think  he  ought  to  have  gone  right  away. 
He  would  have  come  back,  nothing  could  have  prevented 
him;  he  would  have  been  as  supreme  as  ever,  for  he  was 
a  most  extraordinary  man.  Was  he  callous  to  every- 
thing? I  never  could  tell  how  much  he  felt,  or  how 
much  he  did  not  feel.  He  was  generally  immovable." 

Parnell  was  originally  a  poor  speaker  —  the 
poorest  of  speakers.  He  had  a  harsh,  if  strong 
and  penetrating,  voice,  and  absolutely  no  flow 
of  words.  As  time  went  on  he  acquired  a  con- 
cise, effective  style  of  oratory  —  an  eloquence 
which  consists  in  saying  all  that  needs  to  be 
said  in  the  fewest  and  strongest  words.  But  his 
debut  as  a  speaker,  at  the  time  of  the  Dublin 
election  in  1874,  was  most  unpromising.  Mr. 
Sullivan  describes  the  scene  : 

"...  To  our  dismay,  Parnell  broke  down  utterly. 
He  faltered,  he  paused,  went  on,  got  confused,  and,  pale 
with  intense  but  subdued  nervous  anxiety,  caused  every- 
one to  feel  deep  sympathy  for  him.  The  audience  saw 
it  all,  and  cheered  him  kindly  and  heartily;  but  many 
on  the  platform  shook  their  heads  sagely,  prophesying 
that  if  he  ever  got  to  Westminster,  no  matter  how  long 
he  stayed  there,  he  would  either  be  a  '  silent  member  ' 
or  be  known  as  '  single-speech  Parnell.'  " 


Equally  unfavorable  was  the  impression  made 
by  the  young  candidate  upon  Mr.  O'Connor 
Power.  He  says : 

"  Parnell  seemed  to  me  a  nice  gentlemanly  fellow, 
but  he  was  hopelessly  ignorant,  and  seemed  to  me  to 
have  no  political  capacity  whatever.  He  could  not  speak 
at  all.  He  was  hardly  able  to  get  up  and  say,  « Gen- 
tlemen, I  am  a  candidate  for  the  representation  of  the 
county  of  Dublin.'  We  all  listened  to  him  with  pain 
while  he  was  on  his  legs,  and  felt  immensely  relieved 
when  he  sat  down.  No  one  ever  thought  he  would  cut 
a  figure  in  politics.  We  thought  he  would  be  a  respect- 
able mediocrity." 

So  much  for  early  promises.  It  was  not  long 
before  this  feeble  stammerer  acquired  the  power 
to  hold  his  Irish  audiences,  —  great  open  -  air 
meetings,  such  as  had  been  swept  along  on  the 
torrent  of  O'Connell's  eloquence,  hanging  upon 
his  words,  —  and  even  to  fix  the  attention  of 
the  critical  and  hostile  House  of  Commons 
upon  every  sentence  he  uttered.  Defeated  at 
Dublin  in  1874,  Parnell  was  returned  at  the 
head  of  the  poll  for  Meath  in  the  following 
year.  His  maiden  speech  in  Parliament  was 
"  short,  modest,  spoken  in  a  thin  voice  and  with 
manifest  nervousness  ";  but  it  went  to  the  root 
of  the  business,  as  he  saw  it : 

"  I  trust  that  England  will  give  to  Irishmen  the  right 
which  they  claim  —  the  right  of  self-government.  Why 
should  Ireland  be  treated  as  a  geographical  fragment  of 
England,  as  I  heard  an  ex-Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
call  her  some  time  ago  ?  Ireland  is  not  a  geographical 
fragment.  She  is  a  nation." 

Parnell  has  at  least  one  claim  upon  the  re- 
gard of  the  entire  American  nation.  He  was 
opposed  to  what  was  known  as  the  "  dynamite 
policy  " —  a  crude  and  murderous  scheme  based 
on  the  childish  notion  that  England  could  be 
terrified  into  granting  Irish  demands  by  ex- 
ploding dynamite  in  the  streets  of  London. 
That  such  a  plan  was  hatched,  fostered,  and 
allowed  to  be  publicly  advocated  in  the  press 
and  from  the  platform  in  this  country  would 
have  been  a  burning  disgrace  to  us  were  it  not 
for  the  fact  that  American  humor  refused  to 
take  the  vaporings  of  the  "  professional  patriot " 
seriously.  He  was  regarded  as  a  "  blather- 
skite," a  passing  nuisance  that  could  easily  be 
abated  when  he  grew  too  offensive,  and  politi- 
cians cynically  stooped  to  humor  his  vagaries 
when  they  wanted  his  vote.  His  real  objective 
was  believed  to  be,  not  Irish  freedom,  but  Irish 
pocket-books  ;  and  so  the  law  left  Irish  morality 
and  Irish  good  sense  to  deal  with  him.  Mr. 
Parnell,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  appears  to  have 
opposed  the  dynamitard  line  of  action  more  on 
the  ground  of  its  impolicy  than  of  its  odious 
and  cowardly  criminality.  He  knew  the  iron 


76 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


temper  of  England  well  enough  to  see  that 
nothing  would  be  more  certain  to  turn  back 
the  hands  of  the  clock  of  Home  Rule  than  the 
detestable  methods  of  the  "outrage  men"  — 
methods  which  would  be  far  more  likely  to  land 
him  and  his  friends  in  an  English  jail  than  in 
the  coveted  national  "  Parliament  on  College 
Green."  Therefore,  while  his  native  caution 
and  his  conviction  of  the  necessity  of  keeping 
the  various  Irish  political  clans  and  sections 
"  pulling  together  "  prompted  him  to  keep  in 
touch  so  far  as  possible  with  them  all,  he  did 
not  (as  Mr.  O'Brien  states)  "  conceal  his  pri- 
vate repugnance  to  the  methods  of  the  Amer- 
ican extremists.  He  spoke  of  Ford  and  Finerty 
as  d — d  fools."  Mr.  Parnell's  epithet  is  not 
just  the  one  Americans  are  commonly  accus- 
tomed to  use  in  the  case. 

Mr.  O'Brien  has  given  us  a  good  and  an  ex- 
tremely readable  biography,  as  well  as  a  fairly 
comprehensive  account,  largely  from  the  inside, 
of  the  political  movement  to  which  Parnell 
gave  his  life,  and  which  now  seems  to  be,  if  an 
American  may  be  permitted  to  say  so,  percepti- 
bly and  happily  on  the  wane.  It  appears  not 
improbable  that  in  the  course  of  time  and 
through  the  exercise  of  wise  and  liberal  states- 
manship Ireland  may  come  to  rest  under  the 
Union  as  contentedly  and  with  as  little  sense  of 
racial  degradation  as  Scotland  does.  To  that 
end  —  a  consummation,  as  we  venture  to  think, 
devoutly  to  be  wished  —  Parnell,  though  his 
aim  was  otherwise,  will  have  materially  con- 
tributed. For  it  was  he,  more  than  any  other 
Irish  party  leader,  who  roused  England  to  the 
necessity  of  devising  a  more  rational  and  right- 
eous remedy  for  Irish  unrest  than  perpetual 
coercion.  E.  G.  J. 


A  TIMELT  POLITICAL,  TONIC.* 

Now  that  the  election  is  long  over  and  the 
Governors  and  other  servants  of  the  people 
have  sworn  to  do  their  duty,  one  may  turn  again 
to  Mr.  Chapman's  account  of  the  state  of  things 
here  in  America,  with  a  mind  more  unbiassed 
than  was  probable  when  the  book  was  pub- 
lished. "  Causes  and  Consequences  "  is  a  book 
that  had  certain  relations  to  the  politics  of 
New  York  and  of  the  city  of  New  York.  It 
was  begun,  says  the  author,  "  in  an  attempt  to 
explain  an  election,"  namely,  the  first  municipal 
election  in  Greater  New  York  under  the  new 

*  CAUSES  AND  CONSEQUENCES.    By  John  Jay  Chapman. 
New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


charter,  in  which  Mr.  Seth  Low,  on  an  Inde- 
pendent ticket,  was  defeated.  It  was  published 
on  the  eve  of  the  last  state  campaign,  in 
which  Colonel  Theodore  Roosevelt,  who  had  by 
many  been  regarded  as  the  obvious  Independ- 
ent candidate,  refused  the  Independent  nom- 
ination for  governor  and  was  elected  on  the 
Republican  ticket.  Its  particular  relation  to 
the  campaign  lies  in  the  fact  that  Mr.  Chapman 
was  one  of  the  Independents  who  offered  Col- 
onel Roosevelt  the  nomination,  and  who,  when 
the  nomination  was  refused,  helped  to  put  an 
Independent  ticket  into  the  field.  During  the 
campaign,  then,  anyone  who  knew  something  of 
the  conditions  that  gave  rise  to  the  book  was 
likely  to  be  especially  interested  on  one  side  or 
the  other,  and  thus  the  book  was  probably 
prejudged  by  many.  Now  that  the  election  is 
long  past,  there  will  be  less  prejudice. 

Further,  however,  it  is  well  enough  to  know 
something  of  these  things  before  reading  Mr. 
Chapman's  book,  not  because  the  politics  of 
New  York  are  necessarily  of  singular  import- 
ance to  the  rest  of  the  Union,  but  because  we 
are  thereby  assured  that  we  have  here  the  pro- 
duction of  a  man  practically  acquainted  with 
what  he  is  writing  about.  It  does  not  follow 
from  a  man's  being  practically  acquainted  with 
anything  that  he  knows  all  about  it  in  any  large 
and  intelligent  way — the  reverse  is  often  enough 
the  case ;  and  it  does  not  follow  from  the  fact 
that  Mr.  Chapman  has  had  his  hand  in  poli- 
tics that  the  nation  should  be  led  by  his  views 
any  more  than  by  the  views  of  any  district 
leader  or  state  boss.  The  importance  of  the 
matter  lies  in  the  fact  that  we  thus  have  here, 
not  the  product  of  scholarly  seclusion  nor  of 
club  conversation,  but  of  actual  daily  activity. 
And  such  an  origin  gives  reality  to  a  work. 
Doubtless  the  especial  kind  of  activity  will  not 
by  some  readers  be  esteemed  much  more  prac- 
tical than  the  intellectual  activity  of  the  aca- 
demic theorist  or  the  linguistic  activity  of  the 
man  in  the  smoking-room.  But  on  the  whole 
it  is  more  practical.  If  I,  for  instance,  should 
write  a  book  on  American  politics,  I  should  feel 
the  want  of  all  that  stored-up  result  of  absolute 
everyday  impression  that  Mr.  Chapman  pos- 
sesses. We  should,  therefore,  consider  his  book 
as  expert  testimony,  recollecting  all  the  time 
the  way  expert  testimony  should  be  considered. 

Mr.  Chapman's  book  is  the  statement  of  what 
will  be  the  character  of  the  reformation  of 
American  public  life.  The  book  and  its  author 
will  be  variously  regarded.  Some  will  think  of 
Mr.  Chapman  as  wearing  a  white  plume  and 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


77 


bearing  an  oriflamme  of  war.  Others  will  regard 
him  as  the  leader  of  a  forlorn  hope,  and  will 
expect  only  after  a  long  time  to  find  his  body 
by  the  wall  of  the  fallen  fort.  Others  still  will 
consider  him  a  sort  of  Richard  Harding  Davis  in 
politics.  But  none  of  these  figures  exactly  suits 
the  case.  In  fact,  it  is  better  to  get  the  matter 
out  of  politics  for  the  moment,  —  to  consider  the 
book  only.  So  here  are  some  very  simple  im- 
pressions, put  down,  as  nearly  as  I  can  manage, 
in  the  order  in  which  they  occurred  to  me. 

In  the  first  place,  the  book  is  eminently 
interesting,  —  a  matter  that  might,  perhaps, 
have  been  expected.  I  am  not  so  sure  of  that, 
though :  books  on  political  and  social  conditions 
rarely  attract  lay  readers  unless  their  main  ideas 
are  distinctly  popular.  Now,  the  fundamental 
idea  of  this  book  is  not  at  all  popular  :  it  is,  on 
the  other  hand,  a  little  recondite,  I  should  say. 
Yet  the  book  is  so  well  written,  it  is  so  clearly 
the  natural  and  current  expression  of  the  work- 
ing of  a  brilliant  mind,  that  almost  of  necessity 
it  starts  up  that  counter-working  in  the  mind  of 
the  reader  which  we  call "  interest."  Mr.  Chap- 
man's style  is  by  this  time  well  enough  known  : 
it  is  naturally  effervescing,  or  perhaps  we  should 
say  fermenting.  It  is  true  also  that  it  is  Emer- 
sonian ;  but  that  is  probably  an  accident. 

So  much  occurs  to  one  who  reads  along  in 
the  book,  through  Mr.  Chapman's  account  of 
present  politics  and  of  social  life.  Next  comes 
the  essay  on  Education ;  and  this  essay  I  take 
to  be  cardinal  to  the  book.  It  is  a  development 
of  the  principles  of  Froebel  on  which  the  Kin- 
dergarten is  based.  Mr.  Chapman  employed  a 
governess  for  his  children.  "  After  a  couple  of 
months,"  says  he,  "  I  discovered  that  it  was  I 
who  was  being  educated."  He  is  pretty  sure 
that  anyone  else  who  gets  hold  of  these  ideas 
will  be  educated,  too.  Of  one  of  them  he  re- 
marks that  "  the  consequences  of  a  belief  in  it 
are  so  tremendous,  that  no  man  who  is  not  pre- 
pared to  spend  his  life  completely  dominated 
by  the  idea,  ought  even  to  pause  to  consider  it." 
As  to  the  value  of  these  ideas,  as  to  the  sound- 
ness of  Mr.  Chapman's  exposition  of  them,  I 
shall  not  make  even  an  effort  to  decide,  much 
less  to  make  any  statement.  I  will,  however, 
indulge  myself  so  far  as  to  make  one  remark. 
The  influence  of  action  upon  belief  is,  I  sup- 
pose, unquestionable.  Mr.  Chapman,  for  in- 
stance, writes  well  because  he  realizes  his  idea  ; 
and  he  realizes  his  idea  because  it  has  taken 
form  through  action.  But  why  did  he  act  thus 
and  so?  Not,  I  imagine,  from  accident,  but 
from  belief.  And  whence  that  belief? — from 


previous  action  only  ?  and  so  on  back  ?    That 
must  land  in  chance  somewhere. 

Now,  I  have,  on  the  whole,  thought  it  prob- 
able that  a  man's  action  was  as  often  the  result 
as  the  cause  of  his  belief.  Mr.  Chapman  would 
perhaps  say  that  this  is  because  I  am  a  logician, 
a  professor  of  rhetoric,  a  student,  a  theorizer, 
a  doctrinaire,  one  who  fancies  that  an  idea  is  a 
definite  something  that  may  be  dropped  into 
the  mind,  much  as  a  little  medicine  may  be 
dropped  into  a  glass  of  water,  or,  rather,  a  tonic 
into  a  person.  Well,  it  is  true  that  I  am  all 
those  things  more  or  less,  and  doubtless  that  is 
one  reason  why  I  prefer  to  wander  with  Plato. 

But  why  this  trouble  as  to  which  comes  first, 
idea  or  act?  Because  Mr.  Chapman  would  seem 
to  infer  from  his  view  that  right  action  (spon- 
taneously induced,  pefhaps,  or  perhaps  from 
right  example)  will  bring  about  a  right  dispo- 
sition here  in  America, —  and  particularly  that 
action  in  reform  movements  will  give  us  all 
such  a  feeling  about  Democracy  that  the  United 
States  will  become  really  what  she  now  is  only 
potentially.  That  is  his  theory,  as  far  as  I  can 
see.  He  shows  that  politics  is  debased  through 
selfishness  encouraged  by  commerce ;  he  shows 
that  society  is  debased  by  the  low  tone  of  pol- 
itics. Then  he  propounds  the  great  truth  that, 
to  be,  men  must  do  ;  and  also  that  they  must  do 
for  others,  and  not  only  that  they  must  do  so,  but 
that  they  want  to  do  so,  and  that  they  do  do  so. 
This  is  the  constant  tendency  ;  commercialism 
is  temporary  and  will  pass  away.  Men  will  be 
brought  to  right  action  by  (among  other  things) 
reform  movements.  More  and  more  will  people 
learn  to  act  in  politics  unselfishly,  and  thus  they 
will  become  individualized  and  independent, 
and  the  nation  as  a  whole  will  be  purified. 

This  rather  puts  the  boot  on  the  other  leg : 
Mr.  Chapman  is  now  the  logician  and  all  the 
other  kinds  of  star-gazer  noted  above. 

Why  should  we  have  right  action  ?  "  Let  it 
take  care  of  itself,"  Mr.  Chapman  seems  to  say  ; 
"  people  prefer  to  be  unselfish  ;  they  will  insist 
on  being  so  ;  they  can 't  help  it  in  the  long  run." 
That  is  to  some  degree  true.  Still,  people  will 
be  a  little  better  for  good  advice  in  the  matter 
of  government  as  in  other  matters. 

For  it  is  worth  noting  that  Mr.  Chapman 
seems  to  regard  government  almost  as  an  end 
in  itself.  He  says :  "  Here  is  the  American 
people  ill-governed.  It  is  a  shameful  thing. 
But  by  a  certain  means  the  American  people 
will  surely  be  so  toned  up  that  they  will  govern 
themselves  well.  Then  it  will  be  all  right." 
Mr.  Chapman  believes  "  a  virtuous  ruler  to  be 


78 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


the  prototype  of  all  possible  human  fulfilment." 
Now,  of  course  every  man  thinks  that  his  own 
trade  is  the  most  important.  The  schoolmaster 
says  that  education  is  the  panacea.  The  clergy- 
man says  that  religion  will  reconstitute  society. 
The  politician  thinks  that  government  is  the 
main  thing.  Mr.  Chapman  likes  good  govern- 
ment :  he  agrees  with  the  poet  (may  for  aught 
I  know  be  the  poet)  who  sings : 

"  Tilings  are  there  that  I  wish  and  I  mast  have  — 
Will  have  them  —  for  they  suit  me.    It 's  my  whim. 
A  decent  class  of  men  in  public  life, 
Some  tolerably  honest  courts  of  law, 
A  friend  or  two  that  would  not  steal  a  watch, 
And  above  all  a  riot  of  free  speech 
Where  every  man  may  revel  to  his  fill 
And  not  be  hounded  for  a  lunatic." 

Those  are  good  things,  to  be  sure ;  but  there 
are  other  things  more  satisfying  to  me,  and  in 
reading  the  book  I  could  n't  help  thinking : 
'*  This  government  is  only  machinery,  after  all. 
If  the  government  only  is  improved,  people  will 
go  wrong  in  other  ways.  If  the  whole  plane  of 
living  is  lifted  up,  government  is  merely  a  de- 
tail." It  is  true  that  something  like  this  may 
be  said  to  everybody  who  tries  to  better  man- 
kind in  some  special  direction.  I  rather  think 
it  cannot  be  said  of  what  may  be  called  the 
fourth  dimensional  method,  which  works  in  a 
direction  quite  unperceivable  to  most  of  us. 

But  I  had  no  intention  of  going  so  far  in 
criticism.  The  idea  that  in  a  couple  of  columns 
you  can  criticize  fairly  and  fully  what  a  man 
^has  thought  out  and  expressed  in  two  hundred 
pages,  arouses  little  enthusiasm  in  me.  I  do  n't 
feel  that  there  is  a  fair  show  for  either.  Nor 
would  I  try  to  summarize  the  book,  for  that 
might  make  people  think  that  they  knew  what 
was  in  it  without  a  reading.  It  must  be  enough 
if  I  have  given  something  of  an  idea  as  to  the 
kind  of  book  it  is.  Then  those  who  like  that 
kind  will  go  and  read  it,  —  and,  it  may  be 
added,  they  will  find  it  very  entertaining  and 
also  beneficial.  EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 


THE  SUCCESSORS  OF  HOMER.* 

Professor  Lawton's  little  volume  on  "  The 
Successors  of  Homer,"  a  companion  and  sequel 
to  his  "  Art  and  Humanity  in  Homer,"  offers 
the  English  student  an  untechnical  and  very 
readable  survey  of  the  remains  of  Greek  hexa- 
meter poetry  outside  of  the  two  great  epics. 
In  successive  chapters  he  treats  of  the  lost  epics 
of  the  "  Cycle,"  the  Works  and  Days  and  Theo- 

*THE  SUCCESSORS  OF  HOMER.    By  W.  C.  Lawton.    New 
York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


gony  of  Hesiod,  the  so-called  Homeric  Hymns, 
and  the  hexameters  of  the  pre-Socratic  philo- 
sophical poets  Parmenides  and  Empedocles. 

Professor  Lawton  is  right  in  claiming  a  cer- 
tain unity  for  his  theme,  whether  we  find  that 
unity  in  the  metre,  the  prolongation  and  grad- 
ual decay  of  the  epic  tradition,  or  the  conven- 
ience of  the  modern  student.  The  epic  Cycle  is 
discussed  in  Lang's  "  Homer  and  the  Epic." 
There  is  a  fair  account  of  Hesiod  in  Black- 
wood's  Ancient  Classics,  and  there  are  excel- 
lent short  chapters  on  him  in  Jebb  and  Sy- 
monds.  The  Hymn  to  Demeter  is  the  theme 
of  one  of  Walter  Pater's  fascinating  studies, 
and  is  enthusiastically  interpreted  in  Professor 
Dyer's  "  Gods  in  Greece."  The  Hymn  to 
Homer  is  accessible  in  Shelley's  delicious  trans- 
lation. But  there  is  no  one  work  in  English 
so  well  adapted  as  the  one  before  us  to  bridge 
over  for  the  general  reader  and  young  student 
the  gap  between  Homer  and  the  lyric  and 
dramatic  poetry  of  Greece. 

Professor  Lawton's  method  resembles  that  of 
the  well-known  "  Ancient  Classics  for  English 
Readers,"  and  is  for  its  purpose  more  effective 
than  a  more  pretentious  and  less  direct  way  of 
approach  would  be.  The  reader  who  desires 
information  about  books  which  he  cannot  study 
in  the  original  tongue  does  not  want  a  double 
distillation  of  subtle  critical  epithets.  He  wishes 
to  get  at  the  content  of  the  books  with  as  little 
hindrance  as  possible  from  the  scholastic  and 
critical  scaffoldings  that  have  been  built  up 
about  them.  This  want  Professor  Lawton 
meets  by  translating  in  the  metre  of  the  orig- 
inal all  the  more  beautiful  or  significant  pas- 
sages. The  translations  are  prefaced  or  accom- 
panied by  just  enough  prologue  and  commentary 
to  make  them  intelligible,  and  connected  by  a 
running  summary  of  the  duller  or  more  tech- 
nical omitted  passages. 

These  translations  bring  up  again  the  eternal 
question  of  the  English  hexameter.  We  may 
say  at  once  that  we  like  Professor  Lawton's 
hexameters  here  better  than  in  his  Homer.  The 
English  hexameter,  except  as  an  occasional  ex- 
periment in  the  hands  of  a  great  poet,  not  only 
fails  to  satisfy  a  nice  ear  but  is  fatally  lacking 
in  distinction.  Such  a  line,  for  example,  as 

"  Zeus, 
Who  as  he  sits  with  Themis  engages  in  chat  confidential," 

may  pass  in  a  Homeric  Hymn.  In  the  Iliad 
it  would  be  intolerable.  Professor  Lawton,  of 
course,  has  better  lines  than  this.  It  would  be 
a  very  sensitive  ear  indeed  that  felt  a  jar  in  the 
description  of  Apollo,  — 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


79 


"Stepping  graceful  and  high,  and  the  splendor  glimmers 

about  him, 
Flash  of  the  gleaming  feet,  and  of  garments  cunningly  woven." 

And  when  the  critic  has  said  his  worst,  it  re- 
mains true  that  the  line-for-line  translation  in 
the  measure,  if  not  quite  the  metre,  of  the  orig- 
inal, conveys  a  truer  average  impression  than 
could  easily  be  given  in  any  other  way.  What, 
for  example,  could  be  done  in  English  rhyme 
or  iambic  blank  verse  with  such  lines  as : 

"  Glaukonome,  who  in  laughter  delights,  and  Pontoporeia, 
Leiagore  and  Euagore  and  Laomedeia  "  ? 

At  the  close  of  each  chapter,  Professor  Law- 
ton  gives  brief  references  to  the  chief  German 
authorities.  The  commentary  is  enlivened  by 
modern  touches  and  a  few  poetic  parallels.  We 
miss  an  allusion  to  the  beautiful  imitation  of 
the  Hesiodic  prologue  found  in  Matthew  Ar- 
nold's "  Empedocles."  Schiller's  line, 

"  Patroclus  liegt  hegraben  und  Thersites  kommt  zuriick," 

proves  not  so  much  ignorance  of  the  Aethiopis 
as  acquaintance  with  Sophocles's  Philoctetes, 
434-442.  PAUL  SHOREY. 


A  DISTINGUISHED  WORKER  FOR  THE 

INSANE.* 


Pliny  Earle  was  born  in  1809  —  that  annus 
mirdbilis  so  prolific  in  great  men  the  world 
over ;  and  in  his  field,  which  was  a  restricted 
one,  his  talents  were  great,  while,  if  he  had  not 
genius,  he  had  the  industry  and  power  of  taking 
pains,  which,  we  are  told,  are  of  the  essence  of 
genius.  He  did  not  have  a  great  part  to  play, 
yet  he  was  as  remarkable  in  his  field  as  many 
of  the  great  men  of  1809  were  in  their  larger 
fields.  It  was  in  work  among  and  for  the  insane 
that  the  significance  of  Dr.  Earle's  life  lay  ;  yet 
there  are  many  scenes  and  episodes  related  in 
his  memoirs  which  have  an  interest  and  a  charm 
for  every  reader. 

Pliny  Earle  was  of  Quaker  parentage,  being 
descended  from  Ralph  Earle,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Rhode  Island  ;  and  through  life  he  main- 
tained the  best  characteristics  and  traditions  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  though,  apparently,  not 
formally  adhering  to  that  communion.  His 
early  travels  in  Europe  brought  him  into  con- 
tact, in  both  England  and  France,  with  many 
of  the  makers  of  Quaker  history,  and  many 
other  men  and  women  who  left  their  impress 
on  their  time,  and  the  reception  he  had  from 

*  MEMOIRS  OF  PLINY  EARLE.  M.D.  With  Extracts  from 
his  Diary  and  Letters  (1830-1892),  and  Selections  from  his 
Professional  Writings  (1839-1891).  Edited,  with  a  general 
introduction,  by  F.  B.  Sanborn.  Boston :  Damrell  &  Upham. 


them  was  in  itself  a  tribute  to  great  personal 
excellence  and  attractiveness.  There  is  some- 
thing most  refreshing  in  the  account  of  these 
European  travels  at  a  period  (1839)  when  Eu- 
rope would  seem  to  have  been  more  interesting 
to  the  tourist  than  it  is  now.  The  pictures  given 
in  this  book  of  the  official  life  in  Washington 
during  the  administrations  of  Pierce,  Buchanan, 
and  Lincoln,  and  of  social  scenes  in  Washington 
and  Charleston,  are  also  most  interesting.  To 
read  at  one's  ease  to-day  about  being  "  jammed  " 
through  the  various  colored  rooms  of  the  White 
House  at  the  official  receptions  in  the  days  of 
crinoline  mingled  with  Republican  simplicity 
—  not  to  say  rudeness  —  is  more  amusing  than 
the  actual  experience  could  have  been  ;  for  Dr. 
Earle  tells  of  seeing  people  go  and  come  by 
jumping  through  the  windows,  and  of  a  foreign 
Ambassador  and  his  lady  climbing  over  piles 
of  coats  when  an  effective  blockade  of  humanity 
barred  all  the  doors,  at  a  reception  of  President 
Pierce. 

Again,  the  accounts  of  the  trip  to  Cuba  in 
1852,  and  of  the  visit  to  Havana,  Cardenas,  and 
Matanzas,  have  an  especial  interest  in  the  light 
of  more  recent  events.  Dr.  Earle  found  Cuba 
most  attractive  as  it  was  then  in  its  brief  hey- 
day of  prosperity.  Incidentally,  one  learns  with 
interest  that  President  Polk  made  an  offer  to 
Spain  of  $100,000,000  for  the  island  now  so 
disastrously  lost  to  her. 

Dr.  Earle  was"  brought  during  his  visit  to 
England  into  immediate  contact,  as  a  Quaker 
and  the  guest  of  Quakers,  with  the  work  done 
for  the  insane  by  the  Tuke  family  of  York,  the 
founders  of  the  York  Retreat.  The  work  of 
this  family  for  three  generations,  but  especially 
of  William  Tuke  in  1790  to  1800,  forms  as 
famous  an  historical  landmark  of  philanthropy 
in  England  as  does  Pinel's  universally  ap- 
plauded contemporary  heroism  in  France,  in 
being  the  first  to  remove,  and  at  his  personal 
risk,  the  chains  from  the  mad  men  and  women 
who  had  worn  them  for  years  in  the  "  bedlams  " 
of  Paris,  the  Bicetre  and  Salpetriere.  Dr. 
Earle  met  Samuel  Tuke,  a  son  of  William ; 
and  in  becoming  familiar  with  the  progress 
wrought  at  the  York  Retreat  he  no  doubt  de- 
rived inspiration  further  intensifying  his  inter- 
est in  the  insane,  and  leading  him  later  not  only 
to  oppose  the  abuses  of  mechanical  restraint 
in  caring  for  these  unfortunates,  but  also  to 
speak  and  write  against  the  scarcely  less  abhor- 
rent "  chemical  "  restraint  by  use  of  nauseating 
and  narcotizing  drugs,  and  also  of  blood-letting, 
which,  under  the  teachings  of  Rush,  the  leading 


80 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


American  authority  at  this  time  in  the  treat- 
ment of  insanity,  was  commonly  practiced. 

Dr.  Earle  met  Elizabeth  Fry,  Fowell  Bux- 
ton,  and  other  famous  Quakers  and  philan- 
thropists in  England.  He  visited  institutions 
for  the  insane  in  England,  Ireland,  Germany, 
France,  Turkey,  and  even  the  Island  of  Malta. 
In  the  Turkish  asylum,  hard  by  the  Mosque  of 
Suleiman  at  Constantinople,  he  found  the  un- 
happy insane  with  chains  round  their  necks  to 
the  number  of  over  thirty.  All,  indeed,  were 
chained  but  one,  and  that  one  was  securely 
locked  up  because  he  had  so  often  broken  his 
chains.  This  seems  barbarous  now ;  but  it 
does  not  mean  that  Turkey  was  more  barbarous 
than  other  countries  in  that  day,  for  barbarity 
toward  the  insane  was  then  well-nigh  universal. 
Nothing  was  attempted  for  any  of  the  insane 
except  those  dangerous  to  life  and  limb,  and  in 
Turkey  mild  cases  were  looked  upon  as  sacred 
objects.  Even  in  civilized  Paris,  a  worse  abuse 
than  chains  was  practiced,  or  authorized,  in  the 
Bicetre,  by  the  son  of  the  illustrious  friend  of 
the  insane,  Pinel.  Here  patients  affected  with 
delusions,  or  neglectful  of  their  tasks,  were 
fastened  in  bath-tubs  with  covers  over  the  tops 
through  which  their  heads  projected,  and  if 
they  insisted  upon  their  delusions  or  were  other- 
wise intractable,  the  cold-water  douche  was 
thrown  upon  them  until  they  would  deny  their 
delusions  or  promise  to  perform  what  was  re- 
quired of  them. 

In  1840,  shortly  after  his  return  home,  Dr. 
Earle  was  engaged  to  care  for  the  institution  of 
the  Friends  at  Frankford,  Pennsylvania.  This 
was  not  a  "  lunatic  asylum,"  as  such  establish- 
ments were  generally  called  in  that  day,  but  a 
"  Retreat  for  Persons  deprived  of  the  Use  of 
their  Reason."  Here  he  had  an  invaluable 
experience,  preparing  him  well  for  the  larger 
work  to  which  he  was  called  in  1847,  when  he 
took  charge  of  the  Bloomingdale  Asylum,  the 
department  for  the  insane  of  the  Hospital  of 
the  City  of  New  York.  His  five  years'  service 
at  this  latter  place  —  where  he  saw  and  de- 
scribed the  first  case  of  "  paresis  "  brought  to 
light  in  America,  which  malady  has  become  so 
common  since  —  was  marked  by  noteworthy 
labors  and  researches.  After  resigning  from 
Bloomingdale,  Dr.  Earle  engaged  in  studies, 
travels,  practice,  and  work  as  an  expert  on 
insanity  cases,  for  the  years  from  1849  to  1864, 
and  spent  much  time  at  the  Government  Hos- 
pital for  the  Insane,  having  charge  of  a  portion 
of  the  work,  and  meeting  with  many  remarka- 
ble experiences  in  the  development  of  this 


institution  which  received  and  cared  for  all  the 
insane  of  the  army  and  navy.  Here  he  met 
many  of  the  famous  officials,  legislators,  and 
persons  of  scientific  and  social  distinction 
abounding  in  Washington  at  this  period.  It  is 
in  this  portion  of  the  book  that  we  get  some  of 
the  cleverest  touches  of  nature  and  interesting 
side-lights  on  historical  times  and  persons.  In 
1864  Dr.  Earle  was  made  the  head  of  the  State 
Asylum  for  the  Insane  at  Northampton,  Mass., 
and  there  he  spent  twenty-one  years  of  rare 
usefulness  and  renown. 

Dr.  Earle  is  presented  to  us  in  the  portrai- 
ture of  his  biographer  as  a  man  with  few  fail- 
ings. Mr.  Sanborn  is  not  like  some  biographers 
who  have  the  air  of  saying  throughout  their 
work,  "  Oh,  how  good !  "  He  does  not  seem  to 
unduly  exalt  his  hero,  but  gives  us,  as  a  rule, 
an  exceptionally  sedate  and  sober-minded  por- 
trayal ;  hence,  a  letter  incorporated  in  the 
Washington  reminiscences,  from  Dr.  Godding, 
an  associate  of  Dr.  Earle  at  the  Government 
Hospital  for  the  Insane,  which  refreshingly 
shows  some  of  the  human  foibles  of  our  subject, 
is  especially  interesting.  Dr.  Godding  tells  us 
that  the  renowned  alienist  chewed  tobacco,  and 
that  he  endeavored  for  some  time  to  leave  off 
by  weighing  out  a  few  grains  less  daily,  but 
finally  desisted ;  also  that  he  hated  inordinately 
to  be  beaten  at  any  game  of  skill  or  hazard. 
We  also  learn  in  another  connection  that  Dr. 
Earle  was  a  punster,  and  a  depraved  one  at 
that.  This,  and  the  laconic  way  of  telling  of 
some  unseemly  things  in  Cuba  —  like  a  cocking 
main,  a  bull-baiting,  or  Sunday  festivities  —  by 
saying,  "  My  barber  related  these  things,"  or, 
"  A  man  who  was  in  Europe  when  I  was  saw 
so  and  so"  (meaning  himself),  —  these,  as  I 
said,  are  pleasingly  humorous  touches. 

We  have  not  left  ourselves  space  to  speak  of 
Dr.  Earle's  great  work  at  Northampton,  where 
he  introduced  economy,  order,  industry,  com- 
fort, enjoyment,  and  beauty  into  the  work  of 
caring  for  the  insane,  and  made  an  establish- 
ment famous  the  world  over.  Dr.  Earle  was 
the  first  to  introduce  lectures  and  readings  be- 
fore the  insane  ;  he  even  lectured  to  them  upon 
insanity  with  interest  and  advantage.  He  was 
also  the  first  to  occupy  a  chair  of  psychiatry  in 
a  medical  school  in  the  United  States. 

Dr.  Earle  could  hardly  have  had  a  better 
biographer  than  Mr.  Sanborn,  whose  biog- 
raphies of  Emerson,  John  Brown,  and  others, 
are  so  well  known.  The  material  is  handled 
with  excellent  judgment,  and  from  his  abound- 
ing stores  of  knowledge  he  gives  us  many  side- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


81 


lights,  not  to  speak  of  digressions  into  scarcely 
related  fields.  The  virtues  of  a  biographer  and 
those  of  his  subject  are  so  different  that  we 
may  often  see  very  interesting  lives  rendered 
dull,  vicious  lives  made  saintly,  charming  lives 
divested  of  every  attraction,  and  simple  lives 
made  complex  ;  and  one  does  not  wonder  that 
Thackeray  left  commands  that  no  biography 
of  him  should  be  prepared,  to  inform,  or  mis- 
inform, coming  generations.  Mr.  Sanborn's 
book  may  be  commended  to  all  who  are  inter- 
ested in  social,  industrial  and  educational  con- 
ditions during  the  middle  third  of  our  century, 
and  especially  to  philanthropists  and  others  who 
wish  to  follow  the  development  of  men  and 
institutions  devoted  to  the  care  of  the  insane 
during  the  same  period  at  home  and  abroad. 

RICHARD  DEWEY. 


BOOKS  ABOUT  DANTE.* 


Matthew  Arnold,  in  an  address  made  upon 
the  occasion  of  the  unveiling  of  the  Milton 
Memorial  Window  in  St.  Margaret's  Church, 
Westminster,  made  the  following  weighty  sug- 
gestion : 

"  In  our  race  there  are  thousands  of  readers,  pres- 
ently there  will  be  millions,  who  know  not  a  word  of 
Greek  and  Latin,  and  will  never  learn  those  languages. 
If  this  host  of  readers  are  ever  to  gain  any  sense  of  the 
power  and  charm  of  the  great  poets  of  antiquity,  their 
way  to  gain  it  is  not  through  translations  of  the  ancients, 
but  through  the  original  poetry  of  Milton,  who  has  the 
like  power  and  charm,  because  he  has  the  like  great 
style." 

We  call  this  a  weighty  saying,  because  it  points 
out  a  path  whereby  the  education  of  the  future, 
accepting  as  inevitable  the  relegation  of  clas- 
sical studies  to  a  band  of  scholars  growing  ever 
smaller  and  smaller  in  their  proportion  to  the 
whole  body  of  educated  men,  may  yet  remain 
possessed  of  a  key  to  unlock  the  doors  of  a  cul- 
ture not  wholly  different  in  kind  from  that  hith- 
erto chiefly  obtainable  by  the  study  of  Homer 
and  Sophocles,  of  Horace  and  Virgil.  Now, 
there  is  one  other  modern  poet,  and  only  one, 
who  may  in  this  respect  be  ranked  with  Milton, 

*A  DICTIONARY  OF  PROPER  NAMES  AND  NOTABLE  MAT- 
TERS IN  THE  WORKS  OF  DANTE.  By  Paget  Toynbee,  M.A. 
Oxford  :  At  the  Clarendon  Press.  New  York  :  Henry  Frowde. 

DANTE'S  TEN  HEAVENS.  A  Study  of  the  Paradise.  By 
Edmund  G.  Gardner,  M.A.  New  York  :  Imported  by  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

DANTE  AT  RAVENNA.  A  Study.  By  Catherine  Mary  Phil- 
limore.  London  :  Elliot  Stock. 

ESSAYS  ON  DANTE.  By  Dr.  Karl  Witte.  Translated  and 
edited  by  C.  Mabel  Lawrence,  B.A.,  and  Philip  H.  Wick- 
steed,  M.A.  Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


and  who  offers  in  addition  the  great  advantage 
of  being  approachable  only  through  the  medium 
of  a  foreign  language.  It  is  almost  needless 
to  add  that  this  poet  is  Dante,  or  to  say  that  a 
student  bent  upon  attaining  the  special  type  of 
culture  known  as  "  classical,"  yet  determined 
to  get  it  through  the  modern  rather  than  through 
the  ancient  languages  —  through  the  tongues 
that  are  still  spoken  rather  than  through  the 
tongues  that  are  no  longer  heard  —  can  most 
nearly  accomplish  his  purpose  by  devoting  him- 
self to  the  works  of  the  immortal  Florentine. 
The  substitute  will  not  be  an  an  exact  one,  for 
the  spirit  of  medievalism  is  not  the  spirit  of 
classical  antiquity,  but  it  is  a  closer  substitute 
than  most  people  imagine,  and  Arnold's  plea 
for  the  study  of  Milton  applies  with  twofold 
force  to  the  study  of  Dante. 

It  is,  then,  with  much  satisfaction  that  we 
note  the  signs,  multiplying  upon  every  hand, 
of  the  growing  hold  of  Dante  upon  the  world 
of  modern  culture,  and  especially  of  the  increase 
of  interest  with  which  the  study  of  this  poet  is 
being  pursued  in  England  and  America.  Re- 
viewing Mr.  T.  W.  Koch's  "  Dante  in  Amer- 
ica," a  year  or  two  ago,  we  commented  upon  the 
American  phase  of  Dante  studies,  and  we  are 
now  called  upon  to  give  a  brief  account  of  sev- 
eral Dante  publications  that  have  recently  come 
from  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Foremost 
in  importance  among  them  is  the  "  Dante  Dic- 
tionary "  of  Mr.  Paget  Toynbee,  a  work  fore- 
shadowed by  the  index  of  "  nomi  propri  e  cose 
notabili"  prepared  by  Mr.  Toynbee  for  Dr. 
Moore's  "  Oxford  "  Dante,  and  now  expanded 
from  the  few  pages  which  it  occupied  in  that 
work  to  the  dimensions  of  a  quarto  volume. 
The  amount  of  industry  that  has  gone  to  the 
making  of  this  book,  henceforth  an  indispens- 
able adjunct  to  the  labors  of  every  student  of 
Dante  and  his  period,  is  something  enormous. 
Besides  the  565  double-columned  pages  of  the 
"  Dictionary  "  proper,  there  are  about  fifty 
more  of  tables,  genealogies,  plates,  indexes,  and 
the  like.  The  articles  average  several  to  the 
page,  and  include  not  only  the  proper  names 
occurring  in  Dante,  but  also  such  miscellaneous 
subjects  as  "  Rosa  celestiale,"  "  Carnali  pec- 
catori,"  "  Imperio  Romano,"  as  well  as  the 
titles  of  all  the  books  mentioned  in  the  works 
of  the  poet.  The  material  has  been  brought 
together  from  the  most  varied  sources,  includ- 
ing the  scattered  Dante  literature  found  in 
periodicals.  The  "  Vocabolario  Dantesco  "  of 
Blanc  suggested  the  "  Dictionary,"  which,  how- 
ever, differs  from  the  former  work  in  its  restric- 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


tion  to  the  matters  described  by  the  title,  while, 
on  the  other  hand,  it  is  not  confined  to  the 
"  Divina  Commedia  "  alone.  We  note,  in  pass- 
ing, that  Mr.  Toynbee  is  now  engaged  upon  the 
preparation  of  a  "  Dante  Vocabulary  "  of  his 
own.  Together  with  Mr.  Fay's  "  Concordance," 
and  the  "  Enciclopedia  Dantesca "  of  Herr 
Scartazzini  (the  latter  now  in  course  of  publi- 
cation), the  new  "  Dictionary  "  takes  its  place 
among  the  half-dozen  of  reference  works  abso- 
lutely indispensable  to  the  student  of  Dante. 

Mr.  Edmund  Gardner's  "  Dante's  Ten 
Heavens  "  is  a  running  commentary  upon  the 
"  Paradiso,"  with  a  supplementary  chapter  de- 
voted to  the  "  Epistolae."  We  are  particularly 
glad  to  find,  in  the  publication  of  this  and  other 
recent  works,  an  increasing  attention  given  to 
that  section  of  the  Sacred  Poem  which  has  suf- 
fered the  most  from  neglect.  While  the  best 
students  and  critics  have  never  failed  to  appre- 
ciate the  ineffable  beauty  of  the  "  Paradiso," 
there  is  no  doubt  that  the  general  reader  has 
come  to  be  more  familiar  with  the  first  two 
cantiche*  or  with  the  first  alone,  than  with  the 
third.  We  still  meet  with  the  curious  opinion 
that  Dante's  essential  characteristics  were 
cruelty  and  vindictiveness ;  we  still  find,  even 
among  spiritually-minded  people,  a  lack  of 
sympathetic  understanding  of  the  poet  only  to 
be  accounted  for  by  their  undue  attention  to 
the  more  lurid  and  forbidding  aspects  of  the 
"  Inferno."  That  Dante,  so  far  from  being  cruel 
by  nature,  was  the  very  soul  of  tenderness,  and 
that  his  alleged  vindictiveness  is  in  truth  a 
quality  so  far  removed  from  that  base  passion 
that  it  is  in  reality  a  revelation  of  the  justice  of 
God  made  through  the  utterance  of  an  inspired 
spokesman,  if  such  there  ever  were,  are  propo- 
sitions so  self-evident  to  all  who  have  penetrated 
into  the  secret  chambers  of  the  poet's  conscious- 
ness that  one  almost  scorns  to  support  them  by 
argument.  The  vulgar  view  of  this  matter  is 
akin  to  the  self-revelation  of  those  who  charac- 
terize Othello  as  jealous,  unconscious  of  the 
fact  that  they  thereby  place  themselves  upon 
the  moral  level  of  lago,  to  whom,  indeed,  the 
noble  Moor  is  but  a  man  of  like  passions  to 
his  own.  A  reverent  study  of  the  whole  of 
Dante  is  the  best  corrective  of  the  grotesque 
popular  judgment,  and  such  books  as  this  of 
Mr.  Gardner  are  exceedingly  helpful  to  the 
student  who  is  in  good  earnest  desirous  of  en- 
tering into  communion  with  the  loftiest  of  poets. 
The  author's  attitude  toward  his  subject  is 
expressed  in  the  following  passage :  "  Here, 
perhaps  more  than  in  any  other  part  of  the 


poem,  does  Dante  show  himself  in  thorough 
sympathy  with  his  age,  its  doctrines  and  rudi- 
mentary science,  its  yearning  for  knowledge,  its 
delight  in  the  beauty  of  intellectual  satisfaction. 
It  is  such  works  as  the  '  Paradiso  '  that  enable 
us  to  realise  what  were  the  noblest  thoughts 
and  aspirations  of  those  ages  whose  exceeding 
light  has  so  dazzled  weak  modern  eyesight  that 
they  have  sometimes  been  called  dark,  for  in 
them  — 

"  L'occhio  si  smarria 
Come  virtii  che  a  troppo  si  confonda.' " 

To  the  discerning  critic,  certainly,  the  "  Para- 
diso "  appears,  not  merely  a  part  of  the  great 
Epic  of  the  Soul  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
comprehension  of  the  other  parts,  but,  consid- 
ered as  poetry  and  nothing  else,  from  its  initial 
vision  of 

"  La  gloria  di  Colui  che  tutto  muove," 

to  its  final  glorification  of 

"  L'Amor  che  muove  il  sole  e  1'altre  stelle," 
one  long  outpouring  of  divinely  rapturous  song. 

Miss  Phillimore's  "  Dante  at  Ravenna,"  the 
third  book  upon  our  list,  is  modestly  "  offered 
as  a  humble  contribution  to  the  mass  of  litera- 
ture and  research  which  centres  in  that  great 
name."  It  is  based,  in  the  main,  upon  Signer 
Ricci's  "I/Ultimo  Rifugio  di  Dante  Alighieri," 
which  has  been  to  some  extent  supplemented  by 
the  researches  of  the  writer,  made  in  London 
and  Oxford,  in  Paris  and  Ravenna.  The  book 
must  be  described  as  a  pleasant  performance, 
but  a  discursive  and  amateurish  one,  not  as 
scrupulous  as  it  should  have  been  in  the  veri- 
fication of  its  statements,  and  fitted  rather  for 
a  popular  than  for  a  scholarly  audience.  The 
most  interesting  part  of  the  book  is  the  closing 
chapter,  which  gives  the  strange  history  of  the 
mortal  remains  of  Dante  and  of  their  discovery 
in  our  own  time.  The  poet  himself,  his  tomb, 
and  his  beloved  Pineta,  supply  subjects  for  the 
three  illustrations  of  the  volume. 

We  owe  to  the  collaboration  of  Mr.  Philip 
H.  Wicksteed  and  Miss  C.  Mabel  Lawrence  the 
last  work  upon  our  list,  which  is  a  translation 
of  certain  "  Essays  on  Dante,"  selected  from 
the  voluminous  writings  of  Karl  Witte.  It  is 
not  too  much  to  say,  with  Mr.  Wicksteed,  that 
"  if  the  history  of  the  revival  of  interest  in 
Dante  which  has  characterized  this  century 
should  ever  be  written,  Karl  Witte  will  be  the 
chief  hero  of  the  tale."  It  is  to  his  efforts, 
more  than  to  those  of  any  other  man,  that  the 
study  of  the  poet  was  brought  out  of  the  morass 
of  allegorical  interpretation  and  mystical  spec- 
ulation to  be  set  upon  the  firm  path  of  sound 


1899.] 


83 


and  sane  scholarship.  The  list  of  his  writings 
upon  the  subject,  in  German,  Italian,  and 
Latin,  begins  with  the  classical  essay  "  Ueber 
das  Missverstandniss  Dantes,"  published  in 
1823,  and  extends  to  the  close  of  Witte's  long 
and  useful  life  in  1883,  when  his  years  num- 
bered those  of  the  century  in  which  he  lived. 
The  writings  include  twenty-five  separate  pub- 
lications, ranging  from  articles  in  the  "  Dante 
Jahrbuch  "  to  the  great  critical  edition  of  the 
"  Gottliche  Kombdie,"  besides  the  two  thick  vol- 
umes of  "  Dan  te-Forschungen,"  from  which  Mr. 
Wicksteed  has  selected  sixteen  of  the  fifty-two. 
There  are  some  interesting  things  about  Witte's 
life.  His  father  gave  him  a  John  Stuart  Mill 
education,  preparing  him  to  enter  the  Univer- 
sity of  Leipzig  at  the  age  of  nine  and  a  half, 
and  to  take  the  doctor's  degree,  with  a  mathe- 
matical thesis,  before  he  was  fourteen.  And 
as  Mill  claimed  that  whatever  he  had  accom- 
plished was  the  result,  not  of  special  abilities, 
but  of  proper  training,  so  Witte's  father 
claimed  that  his  son  had  no  exceptional  talents, 
and  was  so  delighted  with  what  his  system  had 
produced  that  he  published  a  work  in  two  vol- 
umes upon  the  development  of  the  boy's  intel- 
lect. It  is  not  strange,  then,  that  at  eighteen 
Witte  found  his  way  to  Dante,  or  that  at  twenty- 
three,  by  publishing  the  essay  already  mentioned, 
he  "  entered  the  lists  against  existing  Dante 
scholars,  all  and  sundry,  demonstrated  that 
there  was  not  one  of  them  that  knew  his  trade, 
and  announced  his  readiness  to  teach  it  to 
them."  This  essay  stands  second  among  the  six- 
teen in  Mr.  Wicksteed's  selection,  and  among 
the  most  important  of  the  others  are  "  Dante's 
Trilogy,"  "  Dante's  Cosmography,"  "  The  Eth- 
ical Systems  of  the  Inferno  and  the  Purga- 
torio,"  "The  Topography  of  Florence  about 
the  Year  1300,"  and  "Dante  and  United 
Italy."  Most  of  these  chapters  are  not  merely 
monographs  of  the  pedantic  German  type,  but 
rather  essays  of  a  highly  readable  sort,  brilliant 
and  even  eloquent  in  their  manner.  In  the 
matter  of  extracts,  Mr.  Wicksteed  has,  reluct- 
antly, adopted  the  plan  of  translating  every- 
thing, Italian,  Latin,  and  French,  into  English, 
although  he  admits  that  "  the  logic  is  all  the 
other  way."  We  do  not  think  him  well-advised 
in  so  doing  ;  the  translations  are  not  objection- 
able in  themselves,  but  they  should  have  been 
accompanied  by  the  originals,  even  at  the  cost 
of  adding  another  fifty  pages  to  the  volume. 
In  dealing  with  matters  of  controversy  he  has 
shown  better  judgment,  avoiding  the  "  running 
corrective  and  refuting  commentary  "  which 


disfigure  so  many  scholarly  works  of  this  de- 
scription, yet  supplying  footnotes  where  abso- 
lutely indispensable,  and  discussing  in  an  ap- 
pendix the  main  difficulties  involved  in  Witte's 
positions  upon  controverted  themes.  On  the 
whole,  we  are  extremely  grateful  to  the  trans- 
lators for  this  book,  which  provides  what  is 
certainly  the  best  of  Witte's  work,  and  prac- 
tically all  of  it  that  students  who  will  not  take 
the  trouble  to  learn  German  have  a  right  to 
expect.  WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


PRESENT  TENDENCIES  IN  ECONOMIC 
THOUGHT.* 


One  of  the  most  successful  professors  of  English 
literature  used  to  advise  his  students  to  read  only 
the  one  best  novel  of  any  author,  and  then  to  read 
a  book  of  the  same  general  sort  by  some  other  writer 
of  prominence :  having  read  "  John  Halifax,  Gen- 
tleman," for  example,  as  the  one  work  on  which  its 
author's  reputation  in  the  main  rests,  follow  it  with 
"  Felix  Holt  ";  or,  if  you  have  been  enjoying  Scott's 
"  Legend  of  Montrose,"  then,  and  not  till  then,  read 
Stevenson's  "  Kidnapped." 

This  advice  to  read  books  in  pairs  is  particularly 
applicable  to  works  relating  to  economics  and  to  the 
many  schemes  of  political  and  social  reform  which  are 
so  forcibly  and  so  persistently  urged  upon  the  public. 
Such  an  essay  in  American  economic  history,  for  in- 
stance, as  that  by  Professor  Hammond  on  "  The  Cot- 
ton Industry,"  in  our  present  category,  is  a  most  sav- 
ory dish  with  which  to  supplement  the  dry  bones  of 
German  economic  theory  in  Professor  Crook's  ex- 
amination of  "  Wage  Theories,"  especially  as  the 
one  book  is  excellent  of  its  kind  and  the  other  is  at 
best  only  indifferently  well  done  ;  while  books  like 
Mr.  Gronlund's  "  New  Economy  "  and  Mrs.  Stet- 
son's "  Women  and  Economics  "  need  the  wholesome 
antidote  of  Professor  Henderson's  systematic  trea- 

*  THE  NEW  ECONOMY  :  A  Peaceful  Solution  of  the  Social 
Problem.  By  Laurence  Qronlund,  M.  A.,  author  of  "  The  Co- 
operative Commonwealth,"  etc.  Chicago:  Herbert  S.  Stone 
&Co. 

WOMEN  AND  ECONOMICS  :  A  Study  of  the  Economic  Rela- 
tion between  Men  and  Women  as  a  Factor  in  Social  Evolution. 
By  Charlotte  Perkins  Stetson.  Boston :  Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 

SOCIAL  ELEMENTS  :  Institutions,  Character,  Progress.  By 
Charles  Richmond  Henderson.  New  York  :  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons. 

THE  COTTON  INDUSTRY  :  An  Essay  in  American  Economic 
History.  By  M.  B.  Hammond,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor 
in  Economics,  University  of  Illinois.  Part  I.,  The  Cotton 
Culture  and  the  Cotton  Trade.  Publications  of  the  American 
Economic  Association  —  New  Series,  No.  1.  New  York  :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

GERMAN  WAGE  THEORIES  :  A  History  of  their  Develop- 
ment. By  James  W.  Crook,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of 
Political  Economy,  Amherst  College. —  Studies  in  History, 
Economics,  and  Public  Law.  Edited  by  the  Faculty  of  Polit- 
ical Science  of  Columbia  University.  Volume  IX.,  No.  2. 
New  York :  Published  by  the  University. 


84 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


tise  on  "  Social  Elements  "  to  help  us  maintain  a 
stable  mental  equilibrium. 

"  The  New  Economy  "  is  an  exceptionally  clever 
bit  of  special  pleading ;  "  Social  Elements "  is  a 
judicial  review  of  the  several  and  often  discordant 
phases  of  our  complex  social  life.  The  author  of 
the  one  is  preaching  a  doctrine,  and  he  naturally 
writes  with  all  the  ardor  of  a  reformer  and  even  of 
an  evangelist ;  the  author  of  the  other  is  writing  a 
text-book,  —  or,  rather,  he  is  lecturing  to  students, 
for  his  book  still  retains  many  of  the  marks  of  the 
lecture  form.  He  therefore  carefully  avoids  argu- 
ing the  case,  but  takes  you  up  on  the  mountain-peak 
of  highest  scholarship  and  gives  you  a  comprehen- 
sive view  of  the  whole  field  of  social  activities,  point- 
ing out  the  peculiar  institutions,  with  the  character- 
istics and  significance  of  each. 

Professor  Henderson  has  also  given  a  distinctly 
literary  flavor  to  his  book,  not  only  by  crowding  his 
pages  with  the  noble  thoughts  of  the  poets  and  prose 
writers  of  all  ages  and  of  every  nation,  but  by  having 
a  care  to  his  own  thought,  giving  it  beauty  of  form  as 
well  as  strength  of  substance.  This  does  not  mean  that 
he  has  attempted  any  of  that  "  fine  writing  "  which 
disfigures,  but  that  he  has  chosen  his  words  and 
phrases  with  that  simplicity  which  gives  elegance  to 
his  style  and  pleasure  to  his  readers ;  he  has  not 
forgotten  that  books  are  written  to  be  read,  and  that 
the  aim  of  an  author  should  be  to  have  his  thoughts 
easily  understood.  His  work  consequently  com- 
mends itself  to  those  "  whom  extended  experience 
in  the  classroom  has  taught  to  view  with  profound- 
est  respect  the  infinite  capability  of  the  human  mind 
to  resist  the  introduction  of  knowledge."  There  is, 
moreover,  a  skilful  arrangement  of  chapters,  by 
which  we  are  led  easily  up  from  the  simple  and  the 
familiar  things  about  us  to  those  less  known  and 
more  difficult  of  comprehension,  our  interest  never 
flagging,  until  at  last  we  find  ourselves  wrestling 
with  "  Some  Problems  of  Social  Psychology,"  in 
Chapter  XV. 

Mr.  Gronlund's  logic  is  simple  in  the  extreme, 
and  his  programme  of  social  reform  sounds  so  per- 
fectly feasible  and  so  thoroughly  practical  that  the 
wonder  is  we  do  not  adopt  it  at  once.  Indeed,  the 
casual  reader,  differing  though  he  might  with  the 
author  at  nearly  every  conclusion  he  reaches,  would 
find  it  difficult  to  tell  why  they  should  have  parted 
company,  and  where  or  how  one  can  admit  the  pre- 
mises of  Mr.  Gronlund —  (1)  that  "something  must 
be  done,"  and  (2)  that  "industrial  democracy  is 
inevitable  " —  and  still  deny  the  truth  of  his  appar- 
ently logical  inference,  (3)  that  "  collectivism  is  the 
climax  "  and  the  noble  ideal  toward  which  we  should 
all  strive  with  every  means  in  our  power.  Our  im- 
mediate aim,  he  says,  should  be  to  give  to  our  work- 
ingmen  as  much  security  and  independence  as  pos- 
sible short  of  the  Cooperative  Commonwealth,  so 
that  we  may  soften,  though  not  solve,  the  labor 
problem  (p.  135).  To  this  end  he  proposes  a  party 
programme  of  eleven  measures,  six  of  state  (p.  150) 
and  five  of  national  activity  (p.  227),  as  follows  : 


1.  Obligatory  Industrial  Arbitration. 

2.  Effective  Labor  Organizations. 

3.  State  Productive  Work  for  Unemployed  (Road -mak- 
ing, e.  g.) 

4.  Municipal  Enterprises  under  State  Control  —  water,  gas, 
and  electric  light  supply,  street-car  accommodation,  telephone 
service,  etc. 

5.  State  Control  of  the  Liquor  Traffic.      This  "is  right, 
mainly  because  it  •will  abolish  the  saloon  while  not  depriving 
any  one  of  the  indulgence  in  moderate  drinking,  which  the 
State  has  no  right  to  do  "  (p.  209). 

6.  State  Socialization  of  Mines. 

7.  Nationalization  of  the  Telegraph  and  Express  Business. 

8.  Government  Banking  in  its  two  divisions  (a)  savings- 
banks,  (b)  loan-offices,  to  which 

9.  Postal  Savings  Banks  afford  a  first  step. 

10.  National  Control  of  all  Fares  and  Freight  Rates,  as  a 
step  to  the  Nationalization  of  the  Railroads. 

11.  The  Department  of  Agriculture  constituted  an  effective 
organ  for  the  farmers,  "for  buying  them  the  machinery,  the 
fertilizers,  the  seeds,  the  breeding  animals  which  they  may 
need,  —  their  organ  for  selling  their  surplus  products  for 
them"  (p.  291). 

For  each  of  these  steps  Mr.  Gronlund  offers  careful 
explanation  of  how  it  has  worked,  and  ample  justi- 
fication of  how  it  would  work  for  the  uplift  of  hu- 
manity and  the  betterment  of  the  race.  He  urges, 
moreover,  that  the  peculiar  note  of  collectivism  is 
wholly  absent  from  these  measures,  and  that  there 
is  a  good  deal  more  collectivism  in  any  one  of  our 
trusts  than  in  all  of  them  (p.  296).  Singularly 
enough,  the  means  by  which  Mr.  Gronlund  expects 
to  secure  the  adoption  of  this  platform  with  eleven 
planks  is  popular  education  in  the  public  school : 
the  substitution,  that  is,  of  Kindergarten  and  Man- 
ual Training  methods  for  the  present  undemocratic 
system  of  primary  and  secondary  education.  In 
addition  to  this  pedagogical  campaign  to  secure 
higher  ideals  in  the  next  generation,  Mr.  Gronlund 
proposes  civic  churches  (p.  350)  where  "  well- 
informed,  thoughtful  men  and  women  will  on  Sun- 
days listen  to  lectures  by  competent,  trained  teach- 
ers on  political,  economical,  and  educational  sub- 
jects, and  take  part  in  sober  discussions  thereon  — 
not  with  a  sort  of  apology  as  is  done  even  in  so-called 
'People's  Churches,'  but  conscious  that  they  are 
acting  in  unison  with  the  powers  and  forces  that 
are  working  out  the  destiny  of  humanity." 

"It  should  not  be  difficult  to  make  every  public- 
spirited  citizen  see  that,  if  we  could  gather  the  squalid 
children  teeming  in  the  tenements  of  our  large  cities 
into  sunny  Kindergartens,  teach  them  neatness  and  gen- 
tleness, open  their  eyes  to  beauty,  train  their  hands  in 
useful  activities  aud  develop  their  minds  naturally  and 
by  an  orderly  method,  the  gravest  dangers  to  our  civili- 
zation would  be  averted"  (p.  313). 

"  Manual  training  will  finally  solve  the  problem  we 
have  set  ourselves.  It  will,  in  the  first  place,  give  the 
pupil  power  to  make  the  most  of  himself,  to  know  some- 
thing thoroughly,  and  this  it  will  accomplish  by  leading 
the  youthful  mind  to  form  habits  of  observation,  of  self- 
activity,  of  self-development,  and  thus  to  become  a  self- 
educator.  And,  in  the  second  place,  it  will  actually 
make  of  the  youth  an  all-around  man — and  an  all-around 
woman,  too,  for  that  matter;  it  is  in  very  truth  itself  a 
liberal  education;  manual  training,  properly  understood, 
opens  up  the  whole  universe  of  knowledge  and  culture  " 
(pp.  323-324). 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


85 


Mr.  Gronlund  is  confident  that  a  fourteen-year-old 
boy,  educated  as  he  suggests  (and  the  experiment 
has  already  been  tried,  both  in  Boston  and  in  a 
suburb  of  Chicago)  "  will  be  fully  the  peer  in  knowl- 
edge, in  mental  acumen  and  moral  perceptions,  of 
any  of  our  young  men  of  twenty-one  who  has  just 
graduated  from  Harvard"  (p.  325).  But  it  is  not 
on  this  account  that  he  advocates  a  new  education  ; 
it  is,  rather,  as  his  sub-title  suggests,  as  a  means  to 
the  peaceful  solution  of  the  social  problem.  A  higher 
body  of  ideals  and  a  growing  consciousness  of  our 
being  social  functionaries  will  alone  "  relegate  pay, 
profits,  and  property  to  the  secondary  position,  where 
in  fact  they  belong"  (p.  42).  He  depends  upon 
the  school  to  supply  the  one,  and  the  civic  church 
the  other.  Both  are  essential,  he  insists,  as  the 
only  means  of  preventing  that  civil  war  of  classes 
for  which  socialists  are  preparing  us. 

"  The  plain  fact  is,  that  every  one  of  us,  industrially 
or  socially  employed,  whether  as  a  banker,  a  baker,  a 
teacher,  or  a  hod-carrier,  is  doing  his  work,  because  so- 
ciety, and  only  because  society,  needs  his  services  and 
needs  them  then  and  there.  A  man  may  choose  his 
function  in  the  community,  but  its  duties  are  not  of  his 
choosing"  (p.  40). 

It  is  the  conscious  social  recognition  of  this  fact  that 
will  bring  about  and  will  mark  the  new  economy. 
"  The  Trust  is  the  last  evolutionary  term  of  the  pres- 
ent social  order.  Democracy  in  any  real  sense  is  as 
yet  but  a  tendency,  though  an  irresistible  tendency  " 
(p.  27).  This  practical  programme  Mr.  Gronlund 
proposes  as  the  best  we  can  hope  for  in  the  interim 
which  must  elapse  before  mankind  is  ready  for  the 
Cooperative  Commonwealth. 

Standing  near  Mr.  Gronlund's  Civic  Church,  we 
may  confidently  look  in  the  next  century  for  Mrs. 
Stetson's  "  commodious  and  well-served  apartment 
house  for  professional  women  with  families " 
(p.  242).  It  will  be  without  kitchens,  but  there  will 
be  a  kitchen  belonging  to  the  house  from  which 
meals  can  be  served  to  the  families  in  their  rooms 
or  in  a  common  dining-room  as  preferred.  It  will 
be  a  home  where  the  cleaning  will  be  done  by  effi- 
cient workers,  not  hired  separately  by  the  families, 
but  engaged  by  the  manager  of  the  establishment ; 
and  a  roof-garden,  day-nursery,  and  kindergarten, 
under  well-trained  professional  nurses  and  teachers, 
will  insure  proper  care  of  the  children. . 

"  The  demand  for  such  provision  is  increasing  daily 
and  must  soon  be  met,  not  by  a  boarding-house  or  a 
lodging-house,  a  hotel,  a  restaurant,  or  any  makeshift 
patching  together  of  these;  but  by  a  permanent  pro- 
vision for  the  needs  of  women  and  children,  of  family 
privacy  with  collective  advantage.  This  must  be  offered 
on  a  business  basis  to  prove  a  substantial  business  suc- 
cess; and  it  will  so  prove,  for  it  is  a  growing  social  need." 

The  author's  contention  is  that  our  homes  as  at 
present  constituted  afford  none  of  those  things  which 
we  have  been  accustomed  to  associate  with  them, 
and  that  the  several  professions  involved  in  our 
clumsy  method  of  housekeeping  should  be  special- 
ized to  make  the  home  of  the  twentieth  century  in 


keeping  with  church  and  state  and  industry.  She 
wastes  no  sympathy  mourning  over  the  past,  but 
urges  that  the  economic  dependence  and  consequent 
social  subjection  of  women  has  fulfilled  its  evolu- 
tionary function  and  is  rapidly  becoming  socially 
destructive,  not  constructive ;  that  the  insufficient 
and  irritating  character  of  our  existing  form  of 
marriage  is  shown  by  the  fact  (p.  300)  "  that  women 
must  be  forced  to  it  by  the  need  of  food  and  clothes, 
and  men  by  the  need  of  cooks  and  housekeepers  "; 
that  the  home  (p.  313)  should  no  longer  be  an  eco- 
nomic entity,  with  its  cumbrous  industrial  machinery 
huddled  behind  it,  but  that  the  industries  of  the 
home  life  should  be  managed  professionally ;  that 
the  existing  relation  of  economic  dependence  does 
not  contribute  to  the  development  of  either  of  the 
three  essential  elements  of  society  —  beautiful 
women,  strong  men,  and  intelligent  children ;  that 
what  we  need  are  changes  which  shall  minister  to 
the  social  uplift  of  the  newly  specialized  American 
wife  and  mother,  and  homes  which  shall  give  play 
for  her  increasing  specialization. 

"Where  the  embryonic  combination  of  cook-nurse- 
laundress-chambermaid-housekeeper-waitress-governess 
was  content  to  be  "  jack  of  all  trades  "  and  mistress  of 
none,  the  woman  who  is  able  to  be  one  of  these  things 
perfectly  suffers  doubly  from  not  being  able  to  do  what 
she  wants  to  do,  and  from  being  forced  to  do  what  she 
does  not  want  to  do.  To  the  delicately  differentiated 
modern  brain  the  jar  and  shock  of  changing  from  trade 
to  trade  a  dozen  times  a  day  is  a  distinct  injury,  a 
waste  of  nervous  force  "  (p.  155) . 

There  is  a  sense,  therefore,  in  which  Mrs.  Stet- 
son's attractive  volume  will  serve  as  a  suitable 
counter-irritant  both  to  Professor  Henderson's  sci- 
entific analysis  of  the  five  elementary  social  institu- 
tions —  the  family,  the  schoolhouse,  industry,  the 
church,  and  the  government,  —  and  to  Mr.  Gron- 
lund's advocacy  of  the  Collectivist  Republic :  both 
books  are  written  from  what  might  be  called  the 
masculine  point  of  view,  if  a  point  could  be  said  to 
have  life ;  "  Women  and  Economics  "  shows  us  the 
woman's  side  of  the  case  in  an  entirely  new  light. 
The  author  is  not  arguing  a  case  in  court,  but  stat- 
ing a  profound  social  philosophy ;  and  she  does  this 
with  enough  wit  and  sarcasm  to  make  the  book 
very  entertaining  reading,  and  with  such  a  wealth 
of  illustration  from  the  study  of  man's  development 
from  primitive  conditions,  and  of  the  sex  relations 
of  animal  life,  as  to  make  her  theory  seem  almost 
startling  in  the  vividness  of  its  truth. 

"  This  change  is  not  a  thing  to  prophesy  and  plead 
for.  It  is  a  change  already  instituted,  and  gaining 
ground  among  us  these  many  years  with  marvellous 
rapidity  "  (p.  316). 

"  It  is  worth  while  for  us  to  consider  the  case  fully 
and  fairly;  to  introduce  conditions  that  will  change  hu- 
manity from  within,  making  for  better  motherhood  and 
fatherhood,  better  babyhood  and  childhood,  better  food, 
better  homes,  better  society, —  this  is  to  work  for  human 
improvement  along  natural  lines.  It  means  enormous 
racial  advance,  and  that  with  great  swiftness;  for  this 
change  does  not  wait  to  create  new  forces,  but  sets  free 


86 


THE    DIAL, 


[Feb.  1, 


those  already  potentially  strong,  so  that  humanity  will 
fly  up  like  a  released  spring.  And  it  is  already  hap- 
pening. All  we  need  to  do  is  to  understand  and  help  " 
(p.  317). 

We  are  the  only  animal  species  in  which  the  female 
depends  on  the  male  for  food,  the  only  animal  spe- 
cies in  which  the  sex-relation  is  also  an  economic 
relation.  Mrs.  Stetson's,  book  is  written  to  offer  a 
simple  and  natural  explanation  of  this  fact,  to  show 
its  present  significance,  and  "  to  reach  in  especial 
the  thinking  women  of  to-day,  and  urge  upon  them 
a  new  sense,  not  only  of  their  social  responsibility  as 
individuals,  but  of  their  measureless  racial  import- 
ance as  makers  of  men."  Herein  her  book  em- 
bodies the  idea  which  marks  perhaps  the  most  pro- 
nounced tendency  of  recent  thought  along  economic 
lines,  namely,  that  social  progress  is  more  and  more 
becoming  a  conscious  process,  and  that,  while  it  is 
perfectly  true  that  there  is  a  natural  and  physical 
basis  for  society  and  for  social  institutions,  it  is 
equally  true  that  in  a  large  measure  man  is  as  he 
thinks  he  is  and  as  he  wills  he  shall  be. 

The  two  books  remaining  to  be  noticed  in  this 
review  also  illustrate  this  tendency,  though  in  a  less 
degree.  They  are  both  of  them  doctors'  theses 
offered  at  Columbia,  and  therefore  represent  uni- 
versity tendencies  in  part  rather  than  those  of  the 
thinking  world  at  large.  They  deal  with  the  history 
of  a  particular  line  of  industry  and  the  evolution  of 
a  special  phase  of  German  thought ;  these  are  of 
necessity  impersonal  in  character,  and  do  not  involve 
controversy  and  criticism ;  they  are  to  be  judged 
on  the  accuracy  and  comprehensiveness  of  the  inves- 
tigation and  the  attractiveness  with  which  results 
are  presented. 

Professor  Hammond  has  made  a  careful  study 
of  the  cotton  culture  and  trade,  and  tells  us  what  we 
want  to  know  about  it.  The  effect  of  the  agricul- 
tural economy  of  the  Southern  States  produced  by 
the  cultivation  of  cotton  is  shown  in  the  introduc- 
tory chapter.  In  his  second  chapter  the  connection 
beween  slavery  and  cotton-growing  at  the  South  is 
set  forth  in  a  systematic,  judicial,  and  critical  man- 
ner ;  we  are  shown  the  necessary  relation  of  cause 
and  effect  in  social  as  well  as  chemical  matters. 
"  Cotton  was  not  responsible  for  the  origin  of  slav- 
ery in  the  South,  but  to  it  was  wholly  due  the  ex- 
tension of  that  institution.  The  movement  towards 
emancipation  was  checked  by  the  discovery  that 
cotton  could  be  profitably  cultivated  throughout  the 
whole  Southern  country"  (p.  42).  After  three 
chapters  devoted  to  the  history  of  Southern  agri- 
culture, Book  I.  closes  with  two  chapters  on  the 
present  condition  of  the  cotton  culture  and  the 
remedy  for  over-production.  This  latter,  Mr.  Ham- 
mond thinks,  is  only  to  be  found  in  the  establishment 
and  extension  of  a  proper  system  of  agricultural 
credit  (p.  196).  Book  II.  is  a  study  of  the  cotton 
trade  and  the  evolution  of  the  cotton  market,  the 
most  noticeable  feature  of  which,  since  the  Civil 
War,  has  been  the  growth  of  the  cotton  manufacture 
near  the  seat  of  the  supply  of  the  raw  material 


(p.  343).     The  cotton  industry  will  form  the  sub- 
ject of  another  volume. 

All  history  will  have  to  be  rewritten,  was  the 
reply  of  one  of  America's  greatest  historians,  Mot- 
ley, to  the  question  as  to  what  field  he  would  advise 
a  young  man  to  cultivate.  Each  succeeding  century 
—  each  generation,  almost  —  gains  a  new  outlook 
and  higher  standards  of  truth  by  which  to  measure 
the  thought  and  life  of  the  past.  We  study  what 
has  been  and  what  is,  to  show  us  what  will  be.  An 
essay  which  does  not  show  this  contrast,  and  which 
does  not  afford  better  light  to  our  path  and  lamps 
to  our  feet,  is  subject  to  the  criticism  that  it  begins 
nowhere,  ends  nowhere,  and  has  nothing  scientific 
between :  it  has  not  even  an  academic  interest. 

This  criticism  is  in  part  applicable  to  the  attempt 
of  Professor  Crook  to  write  a  history  of  the  de- 
velopment of  German  Wage  Theories.  He  be- 
gins well,  by  showing  the  dependence  of  German 
economists  on  Adam  Smith  and  the  definite  reason 
for  this  :  "  The  conditions  of  economic  life  in  the 
two  countries  were  very  different.  There  was  want- 
ing on  German  soil  the  stimulating  influence  of 
unsolved  practical  problems  of  economics"  (p.  8). 
Germany  had  no  factory  system  during  the  first  half 
of  the  century  ;  as  late  as  1882  "  42  per  cent  of 
the  German  textile  industry  was  still  conducted  in 
the  home  or  domestic  workshop"  (p.  9).  But  the 
author's  conclusion  (p.  113)  that,  when  we  have 
made  all  allowances,  the  residual  theory  fails  to 
satisfy  the  mind  completely,  is  not,  to  say  the  least, 
eminently  satisfying  in  itself,  and  there  is  nothing 
exceptionally  scientific  between  the  beginning  and 
the  end  :  one  is  forced  to  query  why  such  history  is 
written.  ARTHUR  B.  WOODFORD. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 

An  English  The    D6ed    °f    &n    English  history  of 

handbook  of  Spanish  literature,  authoritative  and 

Spanish  literature.  Up-t0-date,  has  long  been  felt,  for 
the  want  has  been  but  imperfectly  supplied  by 
Mr.  Butler  Clarke's  manual  and  by  Mr.  David 
Hannay's  volume  upon  "The  Later  Renaissance." 
As  for  Ticknor,  while  that  monumental  work  is 
not  likely  to  be  wholly  displaced  for  a  long  time, 
it  must  be  admitted  that  it  is  very  defective  in  the 
light  of  later  research.  The  need  is  now  supplied, 
as  far  as  a  single  volume  of  moderate  dimensions 
can  supply  it,  by  the  "  Spanish  Literature  "  written 
for  the  series  of  "  Literatures  of  the  World  "  (Ap- 
pleton)  by  Mr.  James  Fitzmaurice  Kelly,  of  all 
living  English  writers  the  most  competent  to  pre- 
pare such  a  book.  This  accomplished  Spanish 
scholar  and  Cervantist  not  only  knows  his  subject, 
but  he  has  also  the  literary  faculty  required  to  make 
thoroughly  interesting  reading  of  such  a  manual,  in 
which  latter  respect  his  volume  does  not  derogate 
from  the  high  standard  already  set  for  this  series 
by  Dr.  Garnett  and  Professor  Dowden.  He  has, 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


87 


too,  opinions  of  his  own,  which  is  rather  refreshing 
in  view  of  the  colorless  and  perfunctory  character 
usually  attaching  to  condensed  surveys  of  this  gen- 
eral description.  For  example,  he  remarks  of 
Senor  Echegaray  that,  "  a  delightfully  middle-class 
writer,  his  appreciation  by  middle-class  audiences 
calls  for  no  special  comment."  This  comment  will 
cause  exquisite  pain  to  the  "  advanced  "  critics  who 
hail  every  new  experimental  literary  product  as  a 
revelation  of  hitherto  unequalled  genius.  In  the 
matter  of  extracts,  the  author  is  rather  more  liberal 
than  his  predecessors  in  the  preparation  of  this 
series,  and  he  is  not  afraid  to  use  an  occasional  line 
or  two  of  Spanish.  We  are  minded  to  suggest  one 
bit  of  criticism  that  he  would  probably  have  used 
had  he  known  of  it.  Schopenhauer,  after  reading 
the  "  Numancia  "  of  Cervantes,  made  it  the  subject 
of  the  following  quatrain  : 

"  Den  Selbstmord  einer  ganzen  Stadt 
Cervantes  bier  geschildert  hat ; 
Wenn  alles  bricht,  so  bleibt  uns  nur 
Riickkehr  zum  Urquell  der  Natur." 
We  mention  this  because  it  is  the  sort  of  thing  that 
Mr.  Kelly  likes  to  introduce,  and  the  introduction 
of  which  makes  his  volume  so  more  than  usually 
readable.    We  may  add,  by  way  of  closing,  that  the 
author's  theme  is  Castilian  literature,  and  has  little 
to  say  of  books  written  in  the  Asturian,  Galician, 
and  Catalan  dialects,  or  in  that  "  spoiled  child  of 
philologers,"  the  Basque  tongue. 

The  historical  The  second  volume  of  the  "Histor- 
deveiopment  of  ical  Development  of  Modern  Europe 
Modem  Europe.  _  1849-97  "  ( Putnam)  is  equal  in 
scholarship  and  similar  in  treatment  to  its  prede- 
cessor. The  history  of  Europe  is  shown  as  a  devel- 
opment ;  movements  and  subjects  are  dealt  with  as 
"  logical  wholes."  The  separate  parts  or  movements 
considered  are  such  as  the  Second  Empire,  European 
diplomacy  in  the  Crimean  War,  the  constitutional 
development  of  Piedmont  and  the  union  of  Italy, 
the  growth  of  Prussia  and  the  struggle  for  German 
hegemony,  the  establishment  of  the  Austro-Hunga- 
rian  Monarchy,  the  Progress  of  the  Eastern  Ques- 
tion. If  we  were  called  upon  to  choose  out  of  these 
splendid  chapters,  we  would  say  Mr.  Andrews  is 
particularly  happy  in  treating  of  Napoleon  III.  and 
European  politics  in  his  time.  A  single  sentence 
summarizes  the  causes  of  the  rise  of  this  charlatan  : 
"  Lamartine,  the  idol  of  the  Parisians  ten  months 
before,  and  Cavaignac  the  dictator  of  the  June  days, 
were  both  defeated  by  a  name  and  a  legend."  The 
author  shows  how  the  Crimean  War  indirectly  was 
the  revenge  of  Europe  for  its  reactionary  policy  in 
1848 ;  how  Louis  Napoleon  himself,  hypocritically 
pretending  liberal  ideas,  profited  by  the  discon- 
tent to  acquire  glory,  calculating  that  the  political 
theories  of  England  would  force  her  to  the  French 
side.  Another  chapter  in  which  Mr.  Andrews  so 
successfully  treats  European  history  as  a  "logical 
whole"  is  that  narrating  the  unification  of  Italy. 
The  combination  of  circumstances  which  led  to  the 
French  intervention  in  Italy,  the  arrest  of  Ital- 


ian unity  at  the  very  gates  of  Rome,  the  effect  of 
'66  and  Sedan  upon  Italian  politics,  —  all  these 
are  skilfully  woven  into  one  compact  account,  mas- 
terful in  clearness  and  in  grasp.  The  book,  how- 
ever, has  a  false  end.  The  year  1878  had  been  a 
much  better  terminal  point,  for  since  that  time  new 
policies  and  purposes  have  initiated  changes  the 
wide  ends  of  which  no  man  can  guess.  What  with 
the  Dreyfus  affair  in  France,  the  crisis  in  Austria- 
Hungary,  and  the  Far  Eastern  Question,  the  future 
of  Europe  is  uncertain.  The  last  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  century  to  the  coming  historian  will  be 
rather  the  prologue  to  the  twentieth  century  than 
an  epilogue  to  the  nineteenth. 

Historic  homes  In  a  tasteful  volume  of  275  pages, 
in  the  mountains  entitled  "Historic  Homes  of  the 
of  Virginia.  South-West  Mountains,  Virginia" 

(Lippincott),  Mr.  Edward  C.  Mead  essays  to  per- 
petuate the  characteristics  of  the  famous  old  houses 
of  this  cynosural  section  of  the  Old  Dominion,  and 
gives  a  brief  anecdotal  and  genealogical  account  of 
the  families  whose  names  are  more  closely  and  his- 
torically connected  with  them.  Some  of  these  names 
—  as  Jefferson  and  Randolph  —  are  of  national,  and 
all  of  them  are  of  local,  historic  interest.  There  are 
twenty-eight  papers  in  all,  the  list  being  headed  with 
an  account  of  Monticello  —  that  political  shrine  of 
serio-comic  memory  which  is  well  symbolized  in  its 
quaintly  composite  architecture,  showing,  in  front, 
the  chaste  portico  of  a  Doric  temple,  through  which 
the  votary  passes  on  to  the  domestic  and  culinary 
arrangements  of  the  interior  and  the  rear.  Thither 
the  philosophic  Jefferson  retired,  an  honored  Pali- 
nurus,  from  the  helm  of  state,  to  prune  his  vines 
and  plant  his  cabbages,  —  and,  as  the  event  showed, 
to  be  literally  eaten  out  of  house  and  home  by 
intrusive  swarms  of  the  "  plain  people  "  who  came 
ostensibly  to  pay  their  respects  to,  but  really  to  stare 
at,  the  future  Patron  Saint  of  American  democracy. 
One  scarcely  knows  whether  to  be  more  amused  or 
disgusted  at  the  picture  of  these  Vandals  lighting 
like  locusts  on  Monticello,  "  eating  up  all  the  pro- 
duce of  the  estate,"  and  committing  a  thousand  vul- 
gar impertinences  under  the  veil  of  admiration  for 
the  persecuted  proprietor,  upon  whom  they  bestowed 
nothing  in  return  for  his  enormously  abused  hospi- 
tality save  the  crown  of  martyrdom.  Mr.  Mead 
writes  sympathetically  and  with  an  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  his  theme.  There  are  many  pleasing  half- 
tone plates,  and  the  volume  is  got  up  in  the  sump- 
tuous style  of  a  gift-book.  The  edition  is  limited  to 
750  copies. 

"  Idylls  of  the  King"  (R.  H.  Russell), 
and  "  Ten  Drawings  in  Chinatown  " 
(San  Francisco :  A.  M.  Robertson), 
two  publications  of  the  pronounced  "  Holiday  "  type, 
reached  us  too  late  for  inclusion  in  our  regular  De- 
cember reviews  of  books  of  their  class.  The  first- 
named  volume  is  a  profusely  decorated  and  rubri- 
cated flat  octavo  containing  Tennyson's  noble  epic, 
with  sixty  drawings  and  decorations  by  Messrs. 


Two  belated 
Holiday  books. 


88 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


George  and  Louis  Rhead.  The  decorations  remind 
one  of  Mr.  Walter  Crane,  and  are  in  the  main  sat- 
isfactory. The  full-page  drawings  are  in  the  pre- 
Raphaelite  or  neo-mediseval  manner,  and  range  in 
quality  from  good  to  indifferent  —  though  one  or 
two  examples  (as  the  preposterous  plate  on  page  88) 
must  in  candor  he  pronounced  positively  had.  The 
drawings  by  the  brothers  Rhead  are  undeniably 
clever  and  striking  in  their  way ;  hut  in  too  many 
instances  they  are  marred  by  a  certain  stiffness,  one 
might  almost  say  woodenness,  which  becomes  un- 
pleasantly apparent  when  one  compares  them  men- 
tally (as  is  inevitable)  with  the  work  of  such  illus- 
trators as  Hunt  and  Rossetti,  or  even  of  Madox 
Brown,  with  whose  manner  they  have  closest  affin- 
ity. But  altogether  the  publication  is  a  pleasing,  as 
it  certainly  is  a  striking  one,  and  should  find  favor 
as  a  gift-book.  The  text  is  printed  in  black  letter 
in  double  columns,  and  the  cover  is  of  white  buck- 
ram showily  stamped  in  black,  red,  and  gilt. — "  Ten 
Drawings  in  Chinatown,"  a  sort  of  combination  of 
book  and  portfolio,  is  the  joint  work  of  Mr.  Ernest 
C.  Peixotto,  who  supplies  the  pictures,  and  Mr. 
Robert  Howe  Fletcher,  who  is  responsible  for  the 
text.  The  whole  is  the  result  of  a  trip,  or  rather 
of  several  trips,  through  Chinatown,  undertaken  by 
these  gentlemen  under  the  guidance  of  a  resident 
pilot,  Wong  Sue ;  and  anyone  who  has  "  done  "  the 
sights  (and  smells)  of  San  Francisco's  bit  of  the 
Far  East  will  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  the  recorded 
impressions  of  both  narrator  and  artist.  Mr. 
Fletcher  develops  a  very  happy  vein  of  quiet  humor, 
and  his  knack  of  neat  and  graphic  description  is 
undeniable.  The  drawings  are  on  thin  paper 
mounted  on  boards,  and  they  are  sprightly  and 
artistic.  The  edition  is  limited  to  750  copies. 

It  may  be  suspected  that  if  the  amen- 
ities  of  legal  debate  were  preserved, 
and  Marie  Corelli  allowed  to  close 
the  argument  in  "The  Modern  Marriage  Market" 
(Lippincott),  as  she  was  to  open  it,  its  forensics 
would  resemble  nothing  so  much  as  the  Kilkenny 
cats  of  fable.  For  Miss  Corelli  falls  afoul  of  the 
"  Modern  Marriage  Market "  (whatever  that  is)  ; 
Lady  Jeune  falls  afoul  of  Miss  Corelli,  and  the 
M.  M.  M.;  Mrs.  Flora  Annie  Steel  of  L.  J.,  M.  C., 
and  the  M.  M.  M.;  and  Susan,  Countess  of  Malmes- 
bury,  of  all  the  foregoing,  in  a  manner  which  has 
the  elaborate  constructive  detail  of  "  The  House  that 
Jack  Built "  and  the  style  of  the  contest  between 
the  famous  cats  aforesaid.  Only,  Miss  Corelli  not 
being  permitted  a  rejoinder,  there  is  a  very  small 
tip  left  of  her  argument  indeed,  while  the  Countess 
of  Malmesbury's  flourishes  like  a  green  bay  tree :  if 
the  tropes  are  here  confused,  they  are  assuredly 
much  less  so  than  the  topic  after  it  has  passed 
through  so  many  distinguished  inkstands.  For  it  is 
a  hopeless  undertaking  to  save  even  shreds  of  "  The 
Modern  Marriage  Market."  It  is,  and  it  is  n't. 
One  of  the  contestants  avers  one  thing,  only  to  be 
supported  and  contradicted  by  each  of  those  who 


come  after.  Miss  Corelli  —  speaking,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  without  her  own  experience  —  regards  it  as 
something  dreadful,  and  descants  upon  it  in  a  way 
which  is  nothing  less  than  passionate.  Lady  Jeune 
thinks  pretty  well  of  it,  and  discusses  it  in  relation 
to  the  colonial  empire  of  Great  Britain  and  other 
closely  related  matters.  Mrs.  Steel  is  not  quite  sure, 
but  believes  upon  the  whole  that  the  Hindoo  custom 
of  child-marriage  is  better.  And  Lady  Malmesbury 
thinks  all  the  other  things  that  are  left  for  anybody 
to  think  of.  It  can  hardly  be  expected  that  the 
reader  will  think  at  all  —  if  he  is  a  man,  he  will 
not,  in  self-defence. 

In  his  chastely  elegant  little  volume 
entitled  "Tales  of  the  Enchanted 
Islands  of  the  Atlantic  "  (Macmillan), 
Colonel  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson  turns  to 
graceful  account  the  riches  of  the  hitherto  similarly 
unexploited  field  of  legendary  lore  that  the  European 
fancy  for  more  than  a  thousand  years  wove  about 
the  mysterious  isles,  real  or  fancied,  of  the  Western 
Ocean.  Although  we  cannot  quite  admit  the  accu- 
racy of  Colonel  Higginson's  sweeping  claim  that 
these  legends  are  "  a  part  of  the  mythical  period  of 
American  history,"  we  have  nothing  but  approval 
for  the  way  in  which  he  has  treated  them.  The  vol- 
ume is  conceived  in  the  spirit  and  written  in  the 
style  of  Hawthorne's  "  Wonder  Book,"  of  which  it 
forms  a  worthy  and  desirable  counterpart.  There 
are  twenty  tales  in  all,  under  such  alluring  titles  as 
"  The  Story  of  Atlantis,"  "  Taliessin  of  the  Radiant 
Brow,"  "  Merlin  the  Enchanter,"  "  Sir  Lancelot  of 
the  Lake,"  "  Maelduin's  Voyage,"  "  The  Island  of 
Satan's  Hand,"  "  Harald  the  Viking,"  «  Bimini  and 
the  Fountain  of  Youth."  Mr.  Albert  Herter  has 
supplied  a  half-dozen  full-page  illustrations,  which 
are  both  charmingly  fancied  and  artistically  done, 
and  add  decidedly  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  pret- 
tily bound,  well-printed  volume.  It  is  an  especially 
acceptable  and  stimulating  book  for  young  readers, 
whose  imaginations  are  certainly  in  little  danger  of 
over-feeding  in  these  practical  times. 

The  city  of  Penn  and  Franklin  has 
$&£££*  found  a  graceful  and  sympathetic 

popular  historian  in  Miss  Agnes 
Repplier,  whose  "  Philadelphia,  the  Place  and  the 
People  "  (Macmillan)  forms  a  suitably  sober  pendant 
to  Miss  King's  romantic  and  stirring  story  of  New 
Orleans,  its  companion  volume.  Miss  Repplier's 
always  rather  prim  style,  with  its  old-time  graces 
and  mannerisms  and  verbal  tags  out  of  Pepys  and 
the  "  Spectator,"  accords  well  with  her  present 
theme.  Beginning  with  a  kindly  sketch  of  its  ex- 
cellent though  maligned  founder,  she  sketches  with  a 
light  and  fluent  touch  the  generally  serene  though 
not  untroubled  history  of  the  Quaker  City  down  to 
present  times.  The  treatment  is  popular,  and  from 
a  literary  point  of  view  especially  the  book  calls  for 
cordial  approval.  There  are  many  illustrations, 
comprising  a  charming  portrait  of  Penn  —  who 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


must,  it  would  seem,  have  been  extremely  unlike 
the  unctuous  philosopher-farmer  of  West's  pictorial 
idyl,  "The  Treaty  at  Shackamaxon."  We  have 
nothing  but  praise  for  these  two  delightful  compan- 
ion studies  in  civic  history,  and  we  hope  to  see  other 
volumes  added  to  the  series. 


41  Sartor 
Resartus  " 
illustrated. 


At  first  thought,  "  Sartor  Resartus  " 
would  seem  to  be  one  of  the  last 
books  to  tempt  the  hand  of  an  illus- 
trator. But  even  the  Bible  is  "  pictured  "  and  "  dec- 
orated "  nowadays,  and  it  was  probably  inevitable 
that  the  illustrators  would  sooner  or  later  get  around 
to  Carlyle.  We  can  therefore  only  be  grateful  that 
the  task  has  been  elected  by  such  a  capable  artist 
as  Mr.  Edmund  J.  Sullivan,  whose  seventy-five  pen- 
and-ink  drawings  for  "  Sartor  Resartus  "  are  em- 
bodied in  a  handsome  new  edition  of  that  work  just 
issued  in  this  country  by  the  Maemillan  Co.  Mr. 
Sullivan  has  not  attempted  to  depict  the  complete 
scenes  and  episodes  of  the  book,  but  has  confined 
himself,  in  the  main,  to  portraits  of  the  principal 
characters  and  to  pictures  of  an  allegorical  or  dec- 
orative nature.  With  few  exceptions,  the  drawings 
show  considerable  originality  and  strength,  and  en- 
title the  artist  to  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of  pen-and- 
ink  draughtsmen  of  the  day.  We  fancy  the  true 
Carlylean  will  prefer  his  "  Sartor  "  unillust rated, 
but  in  any  case  he  cannot  fail  to  be  interested  in 
Mr.  Sullivan's  clever  drawings. 

if  ore  of  the  Two  more  volumes  have  appeared  of 

biographical  the  biographical  edition  of  Thack- 
Thackeray.  eray>8  workg  (Harper).  The  eighth 

•contains  "The  Newcomes,"  and  extends  to  more 
than  eight  hundred  pages,  besides  the  usual  forty  of 
introduction.  Mrs.  Ritchie's  selection  of  material 
for  her  part  of  the  book  consists  of  reminiscences 
and  letters  of  Thackeray's  schoolboyhood,  and  notes 
on  his  continental  wanderings  during  the  years 
1853-55,  when  the  novel  was  written.  It  came,  as 
will  be  noticed,  between  his  two  visits  to  America, 
and  filled  in  the  period  fairly  well,  when  we  con- 
sider that  it  took  nearly  half  a  million  words  to  tell 
the  story.  The  ninth  volume  gives  us  the  <l  Christ- 
mas Books,"  with  all  their  wealth  of  caricature 
illustration.  The  introduction  to  this  volume  is  the 
longest  yet  written,  extending  to  sixty  pages,  and 
made  proportionally  interesting  by  its  account  of 
the  relations  between  Thackeray  and  FitzGerald. 
Headers  will  remember  the  quoted  reply  of  the 
novelist  when  asked,  late  in  life,  whom  of  his  friends 
he  loved  best.  "  Old  Fitz  and  Brookfield."  The 
story  is  here  corroborated  by  Mrs.  Ritchie.  She 
says  :  "  I  have  been  wondering  whereabouts  in  my 
father's  life  the  FitzGerald  chapter  should  come  in. 
It  lasted  from  1829  to  1863,  sometimes  carried  on 
with  words  and  signs,  sometimes  in  silence,  but  it 
did  not  ever  break  off,  though  at  times  it  passed 
through  the  phases  to  which  all  that  is  alive  must  be 
subject :  it  is  only  the  dead  friendships  which  do 
not  vary  any  more."  After  the  novelist's  death, 


FitzGerald  put  together  a  book  of  Thackeray's  let- 
ters to  him,  including  many  drawings,  and  it  is  this 
unique  volume  that  has  supplied  most  of  the  mate- 
rial for  the  present  chapter.  It  contains  nothing 
more  touching  than  some  verses  written  by  Fitz- 
Gerald in  the  early  years  of  the  friendship.  Here 
is  one  of  the  stanzas : 

"  If  I  get  to  be  fifty,  may  Willy  get  too. 
And  we  '11  laugh,  Will,  at  all  that  grim  sixties  can  do. 
Old  age !    Let  him  do  of  what  poets  complain, 
We  '11  thank  him  for  making  us  children  again ; 
Let  him  make  us  grey,  gouty,  blind,  toothless,  or  silly, 
Still  old  Ned  shall  be  Ned,  and  old  Willy  be  Willy." 

Mrs.  Ritchie  adds :  "  All  through  our  own  childish 
days  the  dear  and  impressionable  friend,  so  gener- 
ous and  helpful  in  time  of  trouble,  used  to  appear 
and  disappear,  just  as  a  benevolent  supernatural 
being  might  be  expected  to  do,  whose  laws  were 
somewhat  different  from  ours,  and  for  whom  com- 
monplace and  dull  routine  hardly  existed." 

Mr.  John  A.  Gade  has  compiled  from 
original  and  orther  sources  a  reada- 
ble little  work  on  "  Book  Plates,  Old 
and  New  "  (Mansfield).  Within  small  compass  and 
in  an  interesting  manner,  he  has  told  the  story  of 
the  ex-libris  from  its  small  mediaeval  beginnings 
to  its  acceptance  as  a  latter-day  fad.  He  is  accurate 
and  sufficiently  scholarly  within  the  narrow  limits  he 
sets  himself.  It  is  not  quite  true  to  say  that  Lord 
de  Tabley  is  better  known  to-day  as  John  Leicester 
Warren,  though  to  a  collector  of  book-plates  his 
works  in  verse  would  hardly  commend  themselves 
as  contributing  to  a  fame  won  as  a  connoisseur  when 
book-plate  collectors  were  comparatively  few.  The 
volume  is  suitably  illustrated,  and  its  price  will 

make  it  useful.     

The  story  of  Lord  Nelson's  life  being 
what  it  is,  and  his  private  affairs 
being  readily  dissociable  from  his 
career  as  the  greatest  of  all  sea-fighters,  there  seems 
to  be  room  for  an  account  which  shall  include  his 
three  greatest  campaigns  and  nothing  more.  Such 
a  book  appears  in  "  The  Great  Campaigns  of  Nel- 
son" (imported  by  Charles  Scribner's  Sons),  pre- 
pared by  Mr.  Wm.  O'Connor  Morris  from  papers 
originally  contributed  to  the  "  Fall  Mall  Magazine." 
Maps  have  been  added,  and  the  lucid  chapters  may 
be  said  to  serve  as  a  compendious  hand-book  for 
Captain  Mahan's  great  work.  Necessarily,  some  of 
the  fascinating  tales  of  Nelson's  early  courage  are 
omitted,  but  the  gain  in  succinctness  is  great,  and 
the  book  seems  destined  to  serve  a  useful  end.  For 
our  own  part,  however,  we  prefer  Southey. 

Mr.  H.  T.  Newcomb's  little  volume 
™  «  Railway  Economics  "  (Railway 
World  Publishing  Co.)  may  be  read 
with  profit  by  all  who  are  interested  in  the  trans- 
portation problem,  and  especially  by  those  who  are 
in  the  habit  of  regarding  the  railways  as  all-powerful 
and  grasping  monopolies  engaged  in  plundering  the 
public.  Mr.  Newcomb  shows  that  railway  rates  are 


Three  great 

campaigns 
of  Nelson. 


90 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


The  Fourteenth 
Amendment. 


subject  to  definite  laws,  which  are  largely  beyond 
the  control  of  railway  managers ;  and  that  while 
competition  among  the  railways  themselves  cannot 
be  relied  upon  to  regulate  rates,  or  for  any  other 
useful  purpose,  there  is  a  competition  among  pro- 
ducers which  keeps  freight  rates  down  to  the  lowest 
possible  point.  A  study  of  the  undesirable  and 
wasteful  features  of  the  other  kind  of  competition 
leads  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Interstate  Com- 
merce Act  should  be  so  amended  as  to  legalize 
pooling.  

Mr.  William  D.  Guthrie's  "  Lectures 
on  the  Fourteenth  Article  of  Amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States,"  delivered  last  spring  before  the 
Dwight  Alumni  Association  in  New  York,  have 
been  published  in  book  form  by  Messrs.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co.  The  lectures  deal  first  with  the  his- 
tory of  the  amendment  and  the  principles  of  inter- 
pretation, and  then  with  the  meaning  of  such  phrases 
as  "  due  process  of  law  "  and  "  the  equal  protection 
of  the  laws  "  as  expounded  in  decisions  of  the  Su- 
preme Court.  A  multitude  of  cases  are  cited,  in 
some  of  which  Mr.  Guthrie  himself  took  part  as 
counsel,  urging  a  broad  interpretation  of  the  amend- 
ment which  "  has  done  more  than  any  other  cause  to 
protect  our  civil  rights  from  invasion,  to  strengthen 
the  bonds  of  the  Union,  to  make  us  truly  a  nation, 
and  to  assure  the  perpetuity  of  our  institutions." 
At  the  end  of  the  book  the  Constitution  is  conven- 
iently annotated  with  references  to  cases  in  which 
it  has  been  construed. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

The  Bodleian  manuscript  of  Omar  Khayyam,  discov- 
ered in  1856  by  Professor  Cowell,  and  transcribed  by 
him,  is  the  oldest  codex  of  the  poet  as  yet  known,  and 
dates  from  the  year  1460.  It  has,  furthermore,  the 
special  interest  of  being  the  manuscript  upon  which 
FitzGerald  based  his  immortal  poem.  A  photographic 
reproduction  of  this  manuscript,  with  a  transcript  into 
modern  Persian  characters,  a  prose  translation  into  En- 
glish, a  learned  commentary,  and  a  great  variety  of 
bibliographical  and  miscellaneous  annotation,  are  all 
provided  by  Mr.  Edward  Heron- Allen  in  "The  Rubaiyat 
of  Omar  Khayyam,"  a  sumptuous  volume  published  in 
this  country  (in  its  second  edition)  by  Messrs.  L.  C. 
Page  &  Co.  It  is  a  book  that  no  Omarian  can  possibly 
spare  from  his  collection. 

"  The  New  Gulliver,"  by  Mr.  Wendell  Phillips  Gar- 
rison, is  in  form  a  very  tastefully  printed  little  book 
,  issued  from  the  Marion  Press  of  Jamaica,  New  York. 
In  content,  it  is  the  story  of  the  strange  experience  of 
Mr.  Theophilus  Brocklebank,  who  rediscovered  the  coun- 
try of  the  Houyhnhnms,  left  unvisited  by  any  Yahoo 
from  the  time  of  its  original  explorer.  In  purpose,  it 
is  a  mild  satire  upon  the  relativity  of  human  knowledge 
and  the  futility  of  theological  speculation,  although  this 
purpose  is  left  rather  vaguely  defined,  with  the  inten- 
tion, we  suspect,  of  mystifying  the  reader  rather  than 
qf  contributing  to  his  real  enlightenment. 


LITERARY  NOTES. 


The  next  publication  of  the  "  Brothers  of  the  Book  " 
will  consist  of  a  reprint  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson's 
essay  on  "  The  Morality  of  the  Profession  of  Letters," 
taken  from  the  "  Fortnightly  Review  "  for  April,  1881. 

"  Bush-Fruits,"  by  Mr.  Fred  W.  Card,  is  "  a  horti- 
cultural monograph  of  raspberries,  blackberries,  dew- 
berries, currants,  gooseberries,  and  other  shrub -like 
fruits,"  just  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  The  Boy  Who  Drew  Cats  "  is  a  Japanese  fable  told; 
in  English  by  Mr.  Lafcadio  Hearn,  and  printed  on 
crepe  paper  with  colored  illustrations  as  an  issue  of  the 
"  Japanese  Fairy  Tale  Series  "  published  in  Tokyo  by 
Mr.  T.  Hasegawa.  It  is  a  charming  little  book  as  to  both 
text  and  illustration. 

One  of  the  daintiest  little  books  of  the  season,  a  book 
that  brings  joy  to  the  eye  and  the  heart  alike,  is  a  se- 
lection of  Elizabethan  lyrics  made  by  Mr.  FitzRoy 
Carrington,  illustrated  with  portraits  of  famous  Eliza- 
bethans, printed  with  sixteenth  century  spelling  and 
typography,  and  entitled  "  The  Queen's  Garland."  Mr. 
R.  H.  Russell  is  the  publisher. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  of  recent  announcements 
comes  in  prompt  fulfilment  of  our  wish,  expressed  in 
writing  of  the  Tolstoy  anniversary,  that  we  might  soon, 
have  a  uniform  English  edition  of  the  books  of  the  great 
Russian.  Such  an  edition,  in  twenty  volumes,  is  now 
under  way,  to  be  edited  by  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole,, 
and  published  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

It  is  announced  that  the  competitive  examinations  for 
the  fellowships  of  the  American  School  of  Classical 
Studies  at  Athens  will  be  held  this  year  on  March  16,, 
17,  and  18.  Candidates  are  to  enter  their  names  on  or 
before  February  1  with  Professor  B.  I.  Wheeler  (Ith- 
aca, N.  Y.),  Chairman  of  Fellowship  Committee,  from 
whom  all  information  as  to  place,  subjects,  etc.,  may  be 
obtained.  These  fellowships  yield  $600  each.  The 
Hoppin  Fellowship,  open  to  women  only,  yields  $1000. 

Lewis  Henry  Boutell,  of  Evanston,  Illinois,  who  died 
on  the  sixteenth  of  January  at  the  age  of  seventy-two, 
was  a  soldier  and  lawyer  of  much  distinction.  His  death 
deprives  THE  DIAL  of  a  valued  contributor,  and  histor- 
ical scholarship  of  a  zealous  student  whose  published 
work,  although  inconsiderable  in  quantity,  exhibited 
qualities  of  a  high  order.  His  most  important  publica- 
tion was  a  "  Life  of  Roger  Sherman,"  which  appeared 
about  two  years  ago.  This  biography  was  undertaken 
at  the  request  of  Senator  Hoar,  who  had  himself  made 
preparations  to  write  it,  and  who  transferred  the  task, 
together  with  the  materials  collected,  to  the  competent 
hands  of  Mr.  Boutell. 

In  the  death  of  William  K.  Sullivan,  on  the  seventeenth 
of  January,  Chicago  lost  one  of  the  best-known  and  most 
highly-esteemed  of  its  public  men.  THE  DIAL  records 
his  death  for  two  reasons :  As  a  member  of  the  Chicago 
Board  of  Education,  and  for  a  term  of  years  its  Presi- 
dent, he  always  stood  for  the  highest  standards  and  the 
most  enlightened  ideals  of  public  education.  As  a  pro- 
fessional newspaper  worker  for  the  greater  part  of  hi* 
active  life,  first  with  Mr.  Dana  on  the  New  York  "  Sun," 
then  with  Mr.  Horace  White  on  the  Chicago  "  Tribune," 
and  eventually  as  editor  of  the  Chicago  "  Evening  Jour- 
nal," his  influence  was  always  on  the  side  of  those  tra- 
ditions of  dignity  and  seriousness  that  are  now  fast 
disappearing  from  journalism.  Born  in  1843,  in. Water- 
ford,  Ireland,  he  came  to  this  country  in  time  to  serve 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


as  a  volunteer  in  the  closing  period  of  the  Civil  War. 
He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Illinois  Legislature,  and 
a  President  of  the  Chicago  Press  Club.  In  1890  he 
went  to  Bermuda  as  United  States  consul,  remaining  a 
year  in  that  position.  Personally,  he  was  endeared  to 
all  who  knew  him  by  his  sincerity,  his  generosity,  and 
the  fine  courtesy  of  his  manner.  There  was  nothing 
superficial  about  these  qualities;  they  were  rooted  in 
the  depths  of  his  nature. 

After  experimenting  for  some  months  with  an  Amer- 
ican issue  of  "  Literature  "  which  was  merely  the  English 
edition  imported  in  sheets  and  supplied  with  new  covers 
and  a  belated  date,  the  publishers,  Messrs.  Harper  & 
Brothers,  have  at  last  come  to  a  conclusion  which  was 
inevitable  from  the  start,  and  have  begun  the  issue  of 
what  is  in  the  genuine  sense  an  American  edition  of  this 
periodical.  That  is,  the  English  matter  is  used  only  in 
part,  and  is  supplemented  by  at  least  an  equal  amount 
of  new  matter  prepared  in  this  country.  Some  of  the 
reviews  are  signed,  and  others  are  not.  The  total  matter 
included  is  less  than  we  have  had  heretofore  (especially 
in  the  readable  department  of  "notes  "),  but  it  is  all 
chosen  with  reference  to  the  interests  of  American 
readers,  and  consequently  far  more  likely  to  attract 
subscribers.  January  10  is  the  date  with  which  this 
"  new  series  "  begins. 


TOPICS  IN  HEADING  PERIODICALS. 

February,  1899. 

Anglo-Saxon  Affinities.    Julian  Ralph.    Harper. 
Aguinaldo,  a  Character  Sketch  of.     Review  of  Reviews. 
Astronomical  Outlook,  The.    C.  A.  Young.    Harper. 
Charity,  Subtle  Problems  of.    Jane  Addams.    Atlantic. 
College  Property,  Taxation  of.   C.  F.  Thwing.   Educafl  Rev. 
Colonial  Expansion  of  U.  S.    A.  Lawrence  Lowell.  Atlantic. 
Colonial  Governments,  Drift  toward.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Constructive  Work  in  Common  Schools.  Educational  Review. 
Conventions,  Four  National.    George  F.  Hoar.    Scribner. 
Cubans,  Character  of  the.  Crittenden  Marriott.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Cyrano  de  Bergerac.    Lionel  Strachey.    Lippincott. 
Dewey  at  Manila,  With.    Joseph  L.  Stickney.    Harper. 
Dickens,  Suppressed  Plates  of.    G.  S.  Layard.    Pall  Mall. 
Diplomatic  Forecast,  A.     Austin  Bierbuwer.     Lippincott. 
Dyaks,  Among  the.    J.  T.  Van  Gestel.     Cosmopolitan. 
Forrest,  Lieut.-Col.,  at  Ft.  Donelson.    J.  A.  Wyeth.    Harper. 
History,  How  to  Study.   Anna  B.  Thompson.    Educ'l  Rev. 
Indian  on  the  Reservation.    G.  B.  Grinnell.    Atlantic. 
Interstate  Commerce,  Federal  Taxation  of.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Lincoln,  Recollections  of.    James  M.  Scovel.    Lippincott. 
Mathematics,  Limitations  of.    J.  H.  Gore.    Educational  Rev. 
Military  Ballooning,  European.    Pall  Mall. 
Newfoundland.    Sir  Charles  Dilke.    Pall  Mall. 
Northwestern  State  University.  W.  K.  Clement.  Educ'l  Rev. 
Phil anthropy, Practical, Training  for.  P. W.A.jTes.Rev.ofRevs. 
Poetry,  Enjoyment  of.    Samuel  M.  Crothers.    Atlantic. 
Poetry:  Will  it  Disappear  ?    H.E.Warner.    Lippincott. 
Psychology,  Practical  Aspects  of.    Jos.  Jastrow.  Educ'l  Rev. 
Psychology,  Talks  to  Teachers  on.     Wm.  James.     Atlantic. 
Riordan's  Last  Campaign.    Anne  O'Hagan.     Scribner. 
Rough  Riders,  Journey  of,  to  Cuba.  Theo.  Roosevelt.  Scribner. 
Signal  Corps  of  the  Army  in  the  War.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Spanish-American  War,  The.    H.  C.  Lodge.    Harper. 
Stevenson's  Life  in  Edinburgh,  Told  in  his  Letters.   Scribner. 
Subways,  City.    H.  F.  Bryant.     Cosmopolitan. 
Thackeray.     W.  C.  Brownell.    Scribner. 
Tropical  Islands,  Dutch  Management  of.   Review  of  Reviews. 
United  States  as  a  World  Power.    A.  B.  Hart.    Harper. 
War  Relief  Associations.    W.  H.  Tolman.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Westminster  Abbey,  Naval  Heroes  in.    Pall  Mall. 
William,  Emperor,  in  Holy  Land.  S.  I.  Curtiss.  Cosmopolitan. 
Wilson,  James,  and  his  Times.    D.  O.  Kellogg.    Lippincott. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

\_The  following  list,  containing  58  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Memorials,  Personal  and  Political,  1865-1895.  By 
Roundell  Palmer,  Earl  of  Selborue.  In  2  vols.,  with  por- 
traits, large  Svo,  uncut.  Macmillan  Co.  $8.  net. 

Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  on  the  Upper  Missouri:  The 
Personal  Narrative  of  Charles  Larpenteur,  1833-1872 
Edited  by  Elliott  Cones.  In  2  yols.,  illus.,  large  Svo,  un- 
cut. "  American  Explorers  Series."  Francis  P.  Harper. 
$6.  net. 

The  Emperor  Hadrian:  A  Picture  of  the  Graeco-Roman 
World  in  his  Time.  By  Ferdinand  Gregorovius ;  trans,  by 
Mary  E.  Robinson.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  415.  Macmillan 
Co.  8*.  net. 

Zoroaster :  The  Prophet  of  Ancient  Iran.  By  A.  V.  Williams 
Jackson.  Large  Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  314.  Macmillan 
Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Autobiography  of  a  Veteran,  1807-1893.  By  General 
Count  Enrico  Delia  Rocco ;  trans,  from  the  Italian  and 
edited  by  Janet  Ross.  With  portrait,  large  Svo,  gilt  top, 
uncut,  pp.  299.  Macmillan  Co.  82.50. 

Michael  Faraday:  His  Life  and  Work.  By  Silvanus  P. 
Thompson,  D.Sc.  With  portrait,  12mo,  pp.  308.  "  Century 
Science  Series."  Macmillan  Co.  81-25. 

Cavour.  By  the  Countess  Evelyn  Martinengo  Cesaresco. 
12mo,  pp.  222.  "Foreign Statesmen."  Macmillan  Co.  75c. 

James  Hunter:  An  Address.  By  Joseph  M.  Morehead. 
Svo,  pp.  76.  Greensboro,  N.  C.:  C.  F.  Thomas.  Paper. 

HISTORY. 

The  Medieval  Empire.    By  Herbert  Fisher.    In  2  vols., 

large  Svo,  uncut.    Macmillan  Co.    87.  net. 
The  Royal  Navy:  A  History  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 

Present.    By  William  Laird  Clowes.    Vol.  III.,  illus.  in 

photogravure,  etc.,  4to,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  609.    Little, 

Brown,  &  Co.    $6.50  net. 
Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  of  the  Western  Empire. 

By  Samuel  Dill,  M.A.    Large  Svo,  uncut,  pp.  382.    Mac- 
millan Co.     84.  net. 
The  American  Revolution.  By  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  George 

Otto  Trevelyan,  Bart.    Part  1,  1766-1776.    Svo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  434.    Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.     $3. 
A  Short  History  of  Switzerland.  By  Dr.  Karl  Dandliker ; 

trans,  by  E.  Salisbury.    With  maps,  large  Svo,  uncut, 

pp.  322.    Macmillan  Co.    $2.50. 
Spain:  Its  Greatness  and  Decay  (1479-1788).    By  Martin 

A.  S.  Hume ;  with  Introduction  by  Edward  Armstrong. 

12mo,  uncut,  pp.  460.     "  Cambridge  Historical  Series." 

Macmillan  Co.    81.50  net. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
Creation  Myths  of  Primitive  America  in  Relation  to  the 

Religious  History  and  Mental  Development  of  Mankind. 

By  Jeremiah  Cnrtin.  With  photogravure  frontispiece,  Svo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  532.    Little,  Brown,  &  Co.    $2.50. 
Scottish  Vernacular  Literature :  A  Succinct  History.   By 

T.  F.  Henderson.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  462.  London  : 

David  Nutt. 
The  Century  Illustrated  Monthly  Magazine.    Vol.  LVL, 

May  to  October,  1898.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  pp.  960. 

Century  Co.    $3. 
The  Rogue's  Comedy:  A  Play  in  Three  Acts.     By  Henry 

Arthur  Jones.  16mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  131.  Macmillan  Co.  75c. 
Sursum  Corda :  A  Defence  of  Idealism.  16mo,  uncut,  pp.  212. 

Macmillan  Co.    81. 
Extemporaneous  Oratory  for  Professional  and  Amateur 

Speakers.    By  James  M.  Buckley,  LL.D.    12mo,  pp.  4»0. 

Eaton  &  Mains.     81.50. 
Sermons  from  Shakespeare.    By  William  Day  Simonds. 

12mo,  pp.  110.    Chicago :  Alfred  C.  Clark  &  Co. 
Why,  When,  How,  and  What  We  Ought  to  Read.    By 

Rev.  J.  L.  O'Neil,  O.P.    Third  edition ;  12mo,  pp.  135. 

Marlier,  Callanan  &  Co.     50  cts. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 
Sartor  Resartus.  By  Thomas  Carlyle ;  illus.  by  Edmund  J. 

Sullivan.  12mo,  gilt  edges,  pp.  352.  Macmillan  Co.  82. 
The  Uncommercial  Traveller.  By  Charles  Dickens. 

"  Gadshill "  edition  ;  with  Introduction  by  Andrew  Lang. 

Svo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  425.  Charles Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 


92 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1, 


BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
Songs  and  Meditations.    By  Maurice  Hewlett.     12mo, 

uncut,  pp.  136.    Macmillan  Co.    $1.25. 
Beneath  Blue  Skies  and  Gray.     By  Ingram  Crockett. 

12mo,  uncut,  pp.  108.    R.  H.  Russell.    $1. 
'76  Lyrics  of  the  Revolution.    By  Rev.  Edward  C.  Jones, 

A.M.    With  portrait,  16mo,  pp.  134.    H.  T.  Coates  &  Co. 

75cts. 
Yale  Verse.    Compiled  by  Charles  Edmund  Merrill,  Jr. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  160.  Maynard,  Merrill  &  Co.  $1.25. 
Tales  Told  in  a  Country  Store.    By  Rev.  Alvin  Lincoln 

Snow.    Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  311.    Creston,  Iowa:  Snow  Pub'g 

Firm.    $1.40. 
Rural  Rhymes.    By  Hon.  S.  B.  McManus.    Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  157.    Curts  &  Jennings.    $1. 
Verses.  By  J.  C.  L.  Clark.  18mo,pp.24.  Lancaster, Mass.: 

Published  by  the  author.    Paper. 

FICTION. 
The  Key  of  the  Holy  House:  A  Romance  of  Old  Antwerp. 

By  Albert  Lee.    12mo,  pp.  315.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.; 

paper,  50  cts. 
Some  Marked  Passages,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Jeanne  G. 

Pennington.    Itimo,  gilt  top,  pp.  219.    Fords,  Howard  & 

Hulbert.    $1. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 
Rock  Villages  of  the  Riviera.    By  William  Scott.    Illus., 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  218.    Macmillan  Co.    $2.50. 
Puerto  Rico  and  its  Resources.     By  Frederick  A.  Ober. 

Illus.,  12mo, '  pp.  282.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Observations  of  a  Ranchwoman  in  New  Mexico.    By 

Edith  M.  Nicholl.  Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  271.  Macmillan 

Co.    $1.75. 

NATURE. 
The  Wild  Fowl  of  North  America.    By  Daniel  Girand 

Elliot,  F.R.S.E.   Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  316.  Francis  P.  Harper. 

$2.50. 

ART. 
Angels'  Wings:  A  Series  of  Essays  on  Art  and  its  Relation 

to  Life.    By  Edward  Carpenter.    Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  248.    Macmillan  Co.    $2. 

SPORT. 

The  Encyclopaedia  of  Sport.  Edited  by  the  Earl  of  Suf- 
folk and  Berkshire,  Hedley  Peek,  and  F.  G.  Aflalo.  Parts 
XIX.  and  XX.,  completing  the  work.  Each  illus.  in  pho- 
togravure, etc.,  large  8vo,  uncut.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
Per  part,  $1. 

EDUCATION.— BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND 
COLLEGE. 

Journal  of  Proceedings  and  Addresses  of  the  Thirty- 
seventh  Annual  Meeting  of  the  National  Educational  As- 
sociation, Held  at  Washington,  D.  C.,  July,  1898.  Large 
8vo,  pp.  1139.  Published  by  the  Association. 

Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  for  the  Year 
1896-97.  Vol.  II.,  large  8vo,  pp.  1200.  Washington : 
Government  Printing  Office. 

A  Complete  Latin  Grammar.  By  Albert  Harkness,  Ph.D. 
12mo,  pp.  448.  American  Book  Co.  $1.25. 

Plane  and  Solid  Geometry.  By  James  Howard  Gore, 
Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  210.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1. 

Our  Country's  Flag,  and  the  Flags  of  Foreign  Countries. 
By  Edward  S.  Holden,  LL.D.  Illus.  in  colors,  etc.,  12mo, 
pp.165.  "Home  Reading  Books."  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$1.  net. 

Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship.  By  Westel 
Woodbury  Willoughby,  Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  336.  American 
Book  Co. 

Text-Book  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene.  By 
E.  Franklin  Smith,  M.D.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  198.  Wm.  R. 
Jenkins. 

Critique  of  Some  Recent  Subjunctive  Theories.  By 
Charles  Edwin  Bennett.  8vo,  pp.  76.  "Cornell  Studies 
in  Classical  Philology."  Macmillan  Co.  50  cts. 

Altes  und  Neues:  A  German  Reader  for  Young  Beginners. 
By  Karl  Seeligmann.  12mo,  pp.  125.  Ginn  &  Co.  45  cts. 

Seed  Dispersal.  By  W.  J.  Beal,  M.S.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  89. 
Ginn  &  Co.  40  cts. 

Playtime  and  Seedtime.  By  Francis  W.  Parker  and  Nellie 
Lathrop  Helm.  Illus.  in  colors,  etc.,  12mo,  pp.  158. 
"  Home  Reading  Books."  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  32  cts. 


A    CARD  sent  to  CHARLE8  P-  EVERITT,  18  East  Twenty-third 
**  V/\l\l/  street,  New  York,  will  bring  by  return  mail  a  catalogue 


United  States  History  in  Elementary  Schools.  By  L.  L.  W. 
Wilson,  Ph.D.  Teacher's  Manual ;  12mo,  pp.  53.  Mac- 
millan Co.  30  cts. 

Three  Narrative  Poems.  Edited  by  George  A.  Watrous, 
A.M.  12mo,  pp.  107.  Allyn  &  Bacon.  30  cts. 

Select  Essays  and  Poems  of  Emerson.  Edited  by  Eva 
March  Tappan,  Ph.D.  12mo,pp.  120.  Allyn  &  Bacon.  30c. 

Spyri's  Rosenresli.  Edited  by  Helene  H.  Boll.  12010, 
pp.  62.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.  25  cts. 

La  Main  Malheureuse.  Edited  by  H.  A.  Guerber.  12mo, 
pp.  106.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.  25  cts. 

MISCELLANEO  US. 
St.  Nicholas.  Conducted  by  Mary  Mapes  Dodge.  Vol.  XXV., 

November,  1897,  to  October,  1898.   In  2  parts,  illus.,  large 

8vo.    Century  Co.    $4. 
The  World's  Exchanges  in  1898.   By  John  Henry  Norman. 

8vo,  pp.  54.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    Paper. 
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1899]  THE     DIAL  95 

THE  VICTORIAN  ERA  SERIES 

The  series  is  designed  to  form  a  record  of  the  great  movements  and  developments  of  the 
age,  in  politics,  economics,  religion,  industry,  literature,  science,  and  art,  and  of  the  life-work 
of  its  typical  and  influential  men. 

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THE  RISE  OF  DEMOCRACY 

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An  interesting  historical  account  of  British  Radicalism  of  the  first  half  of  the  century  fills  a  large  part  of  the 
volume.  .  .  .  On  the  whole,  we  are  able  to  praise  the  volume  as  a  moderate  and  impartial  view  of  the  demo- 
cratization of  the  Constitution — Athenceum. 

In  dealing  with  his  subject  Mr.  Rose  displays  considerable  independence  of  thought,  joined  to  accuracy  of 
detail  and  clearness  of  exposition.  His  style,  too,  is  vigorous;  and  on  the  whole  he  has  made  a  good  start  for 
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success. — Manchester  Guardian. 

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its  benefits,  its  faults,  and  its  limitations  —  this  little  book  can  be  unhesitatingly  recommended — Aberdeen  Journal. 

THE  ANGLICAN  REVIVAL         pi|  .*?.!•• .'.'- 

By  J.  H.  OVERTON,  D.D.,  Kector  of  Epworth  and  Canon  of  Lincoln. 

We  can  highly  recommend  this  able  history  of  Canon  Overton's,  and  we  hope  it  may  clear  the  minds  of 
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but  rather  a  judicial  record  of  the  religious  events  that  have  moulded  "  The  Anglican  Revival "  in  the  Church  of 
England  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria. — Church  Review. 

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women  who  care  to  know  just  where  the  Established  Church  is  now,  and  what  are  its  tendencies. —  Norwich 
Mercury. 

The  author  .  .  .  writes  without  bias  and  with  the  true  spirit  of  the  historian  —  only  anxious  to  secure  his 
facts  and  to  "nothing  extenuate  nor  aught  set  down  in  malice." — Weekly  Echo. 

Of  the  movement  itself,  and  its  main  actors,  Canon  Overton  gives  an  excellent  account.  He  has  the  literature 
of  the  subject  at  his  fingers'  ends,  and  the  story  could  not  be  better  told. — Sheffield  Telegraph. 

JOHN  BRIGHT  «     t 

By  C.  A.  VINCE,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 

We  have  every  reason  to  regard  this  as  the  sanest,  most  impartial,  and  intelligent  life  of  John  Bright  that 
has  been  given  to  the  public. — Birmingham  Gazette. 

Mr.  Vince  has  had  the  good  sense  to  allow  John  Bright,  as  far  as  possible,  to  speak  for  himself,  and  he  has 
shown  great  discrimination  in  the  selection  of  pithy  typical  passages  from  memorable  speeches  at  critical  junctures 
in  the  Queen's  reign. — Speaker. 

An  excellent  little  life  of  Bright,  with  a  chapter  on  Bright's  oratory  which  is  admirable  and  most  remarkable. 
It  constitutes  a  brief  but  careful  examination  of  the  characteristics  which  made  Bright  the  first  orator  of  our 
time,  and  appears  to  us  the  best  examination  of  the  peculiarities  of  modern  English  oratory  extant. —  Athenceum. 

This  little  book  seems  to  us,  in  its  way,  a  remarkable  success.  It  is  a  model  of  what  such  a  sketch  should  be  — 
sober,  well-written,  with  the  matter  well-ordered,  and  throughout  a  tone  of  judicial  care  not  unmixed  with 
enthusiasm. — A  cademy. 

Mr.  Vince's  biography  of  Bright  is  a  model  of  its  kind.  It  gives  us  an  admirable  picture  of  the  man  whom 
Lord  Salisbury  rightly  characterized  as  the  greatest  master  of  English  oratory  that  recent  generations  have  seen. 
—  Morning  Post.  

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THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  1,  1899 


(Second  Edition.) 

An  American  Cruiser 
in  the  East. 

By  JOHN  D.  FORD,  U.  S.  N., 

Fleet  Engineer,  Pacific  Station. 
With  Admiral  Dewey  at  Manila. 

1  Vol.    12mo,  cloth.    Fully  Illustrated. 
Price,  $2.50. 

Describes  a  recent  voyage  to  our  Eastern  neigh- 
bors and  new  possessions :  the  Aleutian 
Islands,  China,  Korea,  Japan,  and  the  Philip- 
pines ;  with  numerous  Photographic  Illustra- 
tions and  Maps ;  with  accounts  of  life  on  an 
American  warship ;  and  the  battles  of  the 
Yalu,  of  Cavite,  and  of  Manila,  at  which 
the  author  was  present. 

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"Manila,  Nov.  11,  1898. 
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nary globe-trotter. — The  Nation. 

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affected  in  the  results  of  the  late  American  war  with 
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towards  a  partition  of  China."  —  The  Literary 
World.  

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NEW  EDUCATIONAL  BOOKS 
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By  FERDINAND  SCHWILL,  Ph.D.,  Instructor  in  History  in  the  University  of  Chicago.  Crown  8vo,  450  pages,  $1.50  net. 
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SOCIAL  ELEMENTS 

Character  —  Institutions  —  Progress. 

By  CHARLES  RICHMOND  HENDERSON,  D.D.,  President  of  the  National  Conference  of  Charities  and  Correction,  and  Pro- 
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A  STUDY  OF  ENGLISH  PROSE  WRITERS 

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CONTENTS : 
THOMAS  DE  QUINCEY 
THOMAS  BABINGTON  MACAULAY 
WILLIAM  MAKEPEACE  THACKERAY 
JOHN  HENRY  NEWMAN 
MATTHEW  ARNOLD 
THOMAS  CARLYLE 


FRANCIS  BACON 
JOHN  MILTON 
JOHN  BUNYAN 
JOSEPH  ADDI80N 
RICHARD  STEELE 
DANIEL  DEFOE 


JONATHAN  SWIFT 
OLIVER  GOLDSMITH 
SAMUEL  JOHNSON 
EDMUND  BURKE 
CHARLES  LAMB 
WALTER  SCOTT 


GEORGE  ELIOT 
CHARLES  DICKENS 
JOHN  RUSKIN 
WASHINGTON  IRVING 
NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE 
RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON 


JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL 


OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES 


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THE  DIAL,  315  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago, 

No.  304.      FEBRUARY  16,  1899.  Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
.    105 


CONCERNING  DEGREES 

RECENT  SCHOOL  LEGISLATION  FOR  CITIES. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale 107 

COMMUNICATIONS 109 

Why  is  Poe  "  Rejected  "  in  America  ?  A.  C.  Barrows. 
Some  Causes  of  "  The  American  Rejection  of  Poe." 

Caroline  Sheldon, 
What  are  Critics  for  ?    E.  E.  Slosson. 

THE  UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD.  Samuel  Willard  112 

SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  ON  EDUCATION.     B.  A. 

Hinsdale 115 

Walker's  Discussions  in  Education.  —  Oilman's  Uni- 
versity Problems  in  the  United  States.  —  Russell's 
German  Higher  Schools. — Rouse's  History  of  Rugby 
School.  —  Balfour's  Educational  Systems  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  —  Work  and  Play  in  Girls' 
Schools. — Introduction  to  the  Study  of  History. 

CURRENT   THEATRICAL   CRITICISM.     Edward 

E.  Hale,  Jr 119 

AN   IDEALIST'S   IDEAS   OF   EVIL.     Caroline  K. 

Sherman 121 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .123 
Chambers's  Ashes  of  Empire. — Stephens's  The  Road 
to  Paris.  —  Rivera's  The  Count's  Snuff-Box.  —  Alt- 
sheler's  A  Herald  of  the  West. — Barren's  Mandera. — 
Stockton's  The  Associate  Hermits.  —  Whittaker's 
Exiled  for  Lese  Majeste".  —  Fowler's  With  Bought 
Swords.  —  Parker's  The  Battle  of  the  Strong.  — 
Maarten  Maartens's  Her  Memory.  —  Besant's  The 
Changeling.  —  Marriott- Watson's  The  Adventurers. 

—  Crockett's    The   Red   Axe.  —  Machray's   Grace 
O'Malley.  —  Capes's  Adventures  of  the  Comte  de  la 
Muette.  —  Bloundelle-Burton's  The  Scourge  of  God. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 127 

New  England  letters  and  New  England  life. — France 
as  elucidated  by  the  Dreyfus  case.  —  University  ad- 
dresses by  Principal  Caird. — The  recent  bloody  busi- 
ness in  the  Sudan. —  Parochial  history  extraordinary. 

—  Two  recent  books  on  Physiography.  —  Scrap-book 
of  the  French  Revolution.— "  The  New  Rhetoric."— 
A  new  one-volume  Bible  Dictionary.  —  A  review  of 
the  century. — Ferdinand  Brnnetiere  in  English. —  A 
minor  biography  of  Gladstone.  —  Biography  of  a 
famous  Scot. —  Court  of  the  Second  Empire. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 131 

LITERARY  NOTES 132 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  133 


CONCERNING  DEGREES. 

The  measure  providing  for  a  regulation  of 
academic  degrees  in  the  State  of  Illinois,  pre- 
pared by  President  Henry  Wade  Rogers  of 
Evanston,  and  recently  introduced  into  the 
Legislature  through  his  initiative,  marks  the 
first  serious  attempt  to  do  away  with  what  has 
long  been  a  great  evil  and  a  scandal  to  the  good 
name  of  the  State.  For  several  years  past, 
Chicago  has  harbored  certain  institutions,  ex- 
isting chiefly  on  paper,  incorporated  under  the 
lax  educational  statutes  of  the  commonwealth, 
and  engaged  in  the  nefarious  business  of  fur- 
nishing academic  or  professional  degrees  to  all 
applicants  offering  the  stipulated  consideration 
in  cold  cash.  These  rascally  traffickers  in  titles 
to  distinction  have  published  their  alluring 
offers  far  and  wide,  and  have  found  gullible 
victims  in  considerable  numbers,  mostly  in 
other  States  and  other  lands.  A  number  of 
Englishmen,  for  example,  have  become  bache- 
lors or  doctors  of  these  bogus  institutions,  and 
the  swindle  has  attracted  enough  attention  to 
be  made  a  subject  of  inquiry  in  the  English 
Parliament.  It  is  certainly  time  that  the  abuse 
should  be  ended,  and  the  measure  to  which  we 
have  referred  is  designed  to  accomplish  that 
desirable  purpose. 

In  general  terms,  it  is  proposed  that  the 
granting  of  degrees  in  Illinois  be  restricted  to 
institutions  of  approved  educational  standing, 
and  to  this  end  a  State  Commission  is  to  be 
established,  with  power  to  pass  upon  the  claims 
and  pretensions  of  institutions  that  wish  to 
bestow  degrees  upon  their  students.  So  far, 
the  proposed  measure  corresponds  to  the  sort  of 
regulation  that  already  obtains  in  other  States, 
and  that  has  been  enforced  with  such  conspic- 
uous success  in  the  State  of  New  York.  Fur- 
ther, it  is  proposed  that,  in  the  case  of  colleges 
to  be  incorporated  in  the  future,  a  minimum 
endowment  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
shall  be  an  imperative  condition  of  the  degree- 
conferring  power.  There  is  also  the  wise  pro- 
viso that  degrees  may  not  be  granted  by  any 
institutions  carried  on  for  private  gain.  It  is 
extremely  desirable  that  the  measure  which 
embodies  these  salutary  provisions  should  be 
given  statutory  force  by  the  present  Legisla- 
ture ;  and  we  urge  upon  everyone  interested 


106 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


in  the  cause  of  serious  education,  as  distin- 
guished from  sham  education,  to  lend  his  influ- 
ence to  the  enactment  of  the  proposed  law.  A 
great  many  narrow  and  selfish  interests  —  to 
say  nothing  of  dishonest  interests  —  will  be 
arrayed  against  it,  and  the  work  of  distortion 
and  misrepresentation,  which  began  as  soon  as 
the  measure  was  made  public,  will  create  an 
opposition  not  easily  to  be  overcome.  Yet  the 
good  name  and  the  dignity  of  the  State  demand 
that  the  title-factories  should  be  suppressed, 
demand  that  every  degree  henceforth  granted 
under  the  authority  of  Illinois  should  stand 
for  good  work  done,  or,  in  the  case  of  the 
honorary  degree,  for  an  achievement  judged 
to  be  worthy  by  some  reputable  institution  of 
learning. 

For  the  weak-minded  persons  who  are  willing 
to  purchase  the  fraudulent  degrees  so  obligingly 
offered  we  must  confess  that  we  have  little 
sympathy.  It  is  a  pitiful  form  of  vanity  to 
which  the  allurements  of  the  diploma-shops 
appeal,  and  we  are  not  particularly  concerned 
to  protect  that  sort  of  ambition  from  the  conse- 
quences of  its  own  foolishness.  But  the  public 
has  a  right  to  be  protected  from  charlatans  of 
all  descriptions,  and  the  granting  of  a  degree 
is  an  act  that  touches  public  interests  so  nearly 
that  the  process  should  be  hedged  about  with 
all  reasonable  restrictions.  Indeed,  the  pro- 
visions of  the  proposed  legislation  seem  to  us 
to  err,  if  anything,  upon  the  side  of  leniency, 
and  we  view  with  no  little  suspicion  the  stipu- 
lation of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  as  the 
minimum  endowment  of  degree -conferring 
institutions  hereafter  to  be  incorporated.  The 
New  York  requirement  of  five  times  this  en- 
dowment seems  to  be  the  wiser  provision  of 
the  two,  for  surely  the  latter  sum  is  none  too 
large  for  the  needs  of  any  new  college  that 
would  be  a  desirable  addition  to  those  we 
already  have  in  this  State.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  bill  is  not  made  retroactive  in  this 
matter  of  endowment,  so  that  no  injustice  to 
existing  institutions  would  result  from  its  en- 
actment. 

The  desire  to  parade  a  degree  of  some  kind 
is,  no  doubt,  one  more  illustration  of  the  instinct 
that  has  created  orders  of  nobility  in  the  older 
civilizations,  that  has  given  Frenchmen  the 
mania  for  decorations,  and  made  Germans 
such  sticklers  for  the  use  of  whatever  official 
titles  they  may  bear.  The  American  character 
is  popularly  supposed  to  have  risen  above  these 
vanities,  but  this  is  only  a  superstition.  The 
desire  of  the  individual  to  be  in  some  way  dis- 


tinguished from  his  fellows  is  so  inherent  in 
the  human  nature  which  all  peoples  have  in 
common,  that,  if  denied  vent  in  one  direction, 
it  will  find  it  in  another  —  that,  if  not  allowed 
the  gewgaws  of  knighthood  and  rank,  it  will 
find  a  substitute  in  the  mock  distinctions  that 
come  from  membership  in  societies  which  shall 
here  be  nameless,  but  of  which  no  reader  will 
have  to  look  far  for  as  many  examples  as  he 
needs.  Of  course,  the  ambition  to  possess  an 
academic  degree  is  a  shade  worthier  than  the 
ambition  to  be  a  Grand  Commander  of  some- 
thing or  other,  or  to  sport  the  proud  badge  of 
the  Scions  of  Colonial  Tax-Gatherers.  The 
former  ambition  betrays,  at  least,  some  trace  of 
the  feeling  that  intellectual  distinctions  have 
more  intrinsic  worth  than  any  others  ;  yet  even 
in  this  case  how  often  is  it  true  that  the  exter- 
nal mark  of  the  distinction  is  the  thing  sought 
after,  rather  than  the  powers  for  which  it 
should  rightfully  stand. 

The  full  force  of  this  observation  requires 
for  its  realization  that  we  take  into  account  not 
only  the  poor  souls  who  stand  ready  to  pur- 
chase degrees  outright  at  the  current  market 
rates,  but  also  those  who  bid  for  them  indi- 
rectly, who  make  gifts  to  colleges,  for  example, 
anticipating  in  return  the  honorary  doctorate. 
We  look  with  righteous  scorn  upon  the  English 
ministry  that  is  willing  to  traffic  in  titles  of 
nobility  —  making  peers  out  of  brewers  and 
stockbrokers  whose  political  contributions  have 
been  sufficiently  liberal  —  and  how  much  more 
contemptible  is  the  action  of  the  American  col- 
lege that  is  willing  to  degrade  in  similar  fashion 
the  titles  of  intellectual  aristocracy  which  it 
ought  to  guard  as  a  sacred  trust.  There  is  a 
good  deal  that  might  be  said  also  about  the 
motives  of  those  who  earn  their  degrees  in  legit- 
imate ways.  Many  students  seem  to  think  that 
getting  a  degree  is  the  be-all  and  the  end-all  of 
college  life.  "  Will  it  count  for  a  degree  ?  "  is 
the  question  they  ask  when  some  new  kind  of 
work  is  recommended  to  them.  Every  teacher 
knows  this  spirit,  and  knows  how  deadly  an 
enemy  it  is  of  all  culture  for  the  sake  of  cul- 
ture. If  the  spectacle  of  young  men  and  young 
women  actuated  mainly  by  this  motive  is  a  dis- 
heartening one,  a  spectacle  even  more  disheart- 
ening is  offered  by  those  students  of  advanced 
age  who  so  often  are  found  in  the  classes  of 
our  larger  universities,  and  who  are  so  obviously 
out  of  place  there.  We  make  no  reference  to 
men  and  women  seeking  to  round  out,  in  later 
life,  the  defective  education  of  their  youth. 
Their  pathetic  case  calls  for  nothing  but  sym- 


1899.] 


107 


pathy  and  respect.  We  do,  however,  refer  to 
those  who,  having  got  far  beyond  the  period  of 
their  lives  when  training  of  the  university  type 
was  what  they  most  needed,  submit  themselves 
to  that  training  for  the  sake  of  its  prizes.  It 
is  not  the  best  sort  of  discipline  for  them  ;  it  is 
intellectually  wasteful  rather  than  economical ; 
nothing  but  the  incentive  of  the  doctorate  im- 
pels them  to  undergo  it ;  the  act  is,  in  short, 
an  unworthy  concession  to  an  artificial  standard 
of  culture. 

It  is  this  tendency  to  make  a  fetich  of  the  de- 
gree— as  if  there  were  no  other  possible  criterion 
of  a  man's  attainments  —  that  is  responsible, 
on  the  one  hand,  for  the  disreputable  business 
of  diploma-selling,  and,  on  the  other,  for  the 
spectacle  of  gray  beards  engaged  in  the  perform- 
ance of  tasks  fitted  only  for  youth.  If  a  ficti- 
tious value  were  not  attached  to  degrees  in  the 
pedagogical  estimation,  we  should  have  neither 
the  one  nor  the  other  of  these  evils  to  deplore. 
The  common  university  attitude  toward  degrees 
is  not  unsuggestive  of  the  attitude  of  the 
church  toward  the  consecration  of  priests :  it  is 
tacitly  assumed  that  the  scholarship  has  no 
validity  which  is  not  thus  certified  at  the  hands 
of  men  who  have  themselves  gone  through  the 
academic  routine  and  received  the  consecrating 
cowl.  Yet  the  cowl  no  more  makes  the  scholar 
than  it  does  the  monk.  Again,  those  who  are 
banded  together  by  the  common  possession  of 
degrees,  especially  if  they  are  engaged  in  the 
professional  work  of  education,  are  too  apt  to 
assume  an  attitude  similar  to  that  assumed  by 
trade  unions  toward  the  outsider.  They  seem 
to  say  that,  whatever  distinction  a  man  may 
have  achieved  in  irregular  and  unorthodox  ways, 
he  cannot  really  be  a  superior  person,  because 
he  has  dared  to  court  fame  while  forsaking 
the  beaten  path.  The  tendencies  which  we 
have  thus  noted  do  not  often  go  to  the  extremes 
of  arrogance  or  fatuousness,  but  they  go  farther 
than  they  should  be  allowed  to,  and  they  some- 
times work  grave  injustice.  The  president  of 
one  of  our  leading  universities  spoke,  a  few 
years  ago,  of  the  Roman  emperor  who  wished 
that  all  his  enemies  had  a  single  neck  that 
he  might  cut  it  off  at  one  stroke,  and  then 
said  that,  for  his  part,  he  wished  that  all  de- 
grees had  a  single  neck  that  a  single  blow 
might  put  an  end  to  them.  While  we  should 
hardly  express  our  own  opinion  in  so  hot  a 
fashion  as  this,  we  can  neither  help  feeling  a 
certain  sympathy  with  the  utterance,  nor  help 
sharing  in  the  indignation  by  which  it  was 
inspired. 


RECENT  SCHOOL   LEGISLATION 
FOR  CITIES. 

When  the  article  entitled  "  City  School  Systems  " 
appeared  in  THE  DIAL  (Oct.  16,  1898),  I  hoped 
at  no  distant  day  to  return  to  the  subject,  going 
more  into  detail,  but  dealing  with  it  in  a  less  critical 
and  in  a  more  constructive  way.  Such  an  article  I 
thought  might,  at  the  present  stage  of  discussion, 
prove  helpful  to  some  readers ;  but  now  that  the 
time  to  carry  out  this  plan  has  come,  I  am  per- 
suaded that  a  still  better  one  will  be  to  review,  in 
a  general  way,  some  recent  school  legislation  that 
illustrates  the  later  movements  of  public  thought. 

The  first  act  of  legislation  to  be  noticed  related 
to  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  where,  as  was  widely  be- 
lieved at  the  time,  the  evils  of  the  old  system  had 
become  intolerable  and  the  need  of  reform  very 
urgent.  In  1887  the  General  Assembly  of  Ohio 
enacted  that  henceforth  the  superintendent  of  the 
public  schools  of  Cincinnati  should  appoint  all  the 
teachers  of  said  schools,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  board  of  education,  and  that  the 
board  or  superintendent  might  remove  teachers  for 
cause.  It  will  be  seen  that  this  is  putting  the  super- 
intendent and  the  board  in  the  same  relation  to 
appointments  that  the  President  and  Senate  of  the 
United  States  occupy,  as  prescribed  by  the  Consti- 
tution, in  relation  to  appointments  in  tbe  National 
service.  The  superintendent  nominates  teachers  to 
the  board,  which  confirms  or  rejects  the  person  or  per- 
sons nominated ;  but  if  the  board  rejects  one  of  the 
superintendent's  nominees,  it  can  do  nothing  toward 
filling  the  place  until  the  superintendent  sends  in  a 
second  nomination.  As  we  shall  see,  this  method 
of  appointing  teachers  has  since  been  adopted  in 
other  cities.  This  law  made  no  other  change  in  the 
administration  of  tbe  Cincinnati  schools. 

The  Reorganization  Act  for  the  Board  of  Edu- 
cation of  Cleveland,  passed  in  1892,  was  a  far  more 
radical  piece  of  legislation  than  the  one  just  con- 
sidered. It  is,  indeed,  the  most  radical  act  of  the 
kind  that  has  been  passed  for  any  city  up  to  date,  and 
deserves  the  careful  study  of  all  men  who  are  inter- 
ested in  the  reform  of  city  school  administration. 
As  amended,  this  act  offers  to  our  consideration  the 
following  principal  features : 

1.  The  board  of  education  consists  of  a  school 
council  and  a  school  director. 

2.  The  legislative  power  and  authority  of  the 
city  school  district  is  vested  in  a  school  council  of 
seven  members,  elected  biennially  for  the  city  at 
large  in  two  groups  consisting  of  three  and  four  mem- 
bers each,  who  receive  each  a  compensation  of  $240 
annually.    They  are  chosen  by  the  legally  qualified 
electors  for  school  purposes.    All  legislation  enacted 
by  this  council  is  by  resolution ;  and  every  resolu- 
tion involving  expenditure  of  money  or  the  approval 
of  a  contract  for  the  payment  of  money,  or  for  the 
purchase,  sale,  lease,  or  transfer  of  property  or  levy- 
ing any  tax,  or  for  the  change  or  adoption  of  any 


108 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


text-book,  must,  before  it  takes  effect,  be  presented 
certified  to  the  school  director  for  his  approval.  If 
the  director  approves  of  the  resolution,  he  shall  sign 
it,  and  it  becomes  law ;  but  if  he  does  not  approve 
it,  and  refuses  to  sign  it,  he  shall  return  it  with  his 
objections  to  the  council,  and  it  can  then  become 
law  only  when  it  receives  the  votes  of  two-thirds  of 
all  the  members.  The  council  has  power  to  provide 
for  the  appointment  of  all  necessary  teachers  and 
employees,  and  prescribes  their  duties  and  fixes 
their  compensation. 

3.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  school 
director,  who,  like  the  members  of  the  council,  is 
elected  on  a  city  ticket  by  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  city,  and,  like  them,  holds  his  office  for  the  term 
of  two  years.     He  is  required  to  devote  his  entire 
time  to  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  he  receives  a 
salary,  fixed  by  law,  of  $5000  a  year.    The  duties 
of  the  director  in  regard  to  purchasing  property, 
entering  into  contracts,  building  buildings,  making 
repairs,  providing  supplies,  etc.,  are  important,  but 
do  not  come  within  the  range  of  this  article.     It 
will  be  seen  that  the  director  is  wholly  independent 
of  the  council,  standing  to  the  people  of  the  city  in 
precisely  the  same  relation  as  the  members  of  the 
council  themselves. 

4.  The  provisions  of  the  law  relative  to  the  ap- 
pointment and   duties   of    the   superintendent   of 
instruction  are  so  important  that  I  shall  quote  the 
entire  section  that  contains  them. 

"Sec.  10.  The  school  director  shall,  subject  to  the  approval 
of  and  confirmation  by  the  council,  appoint  a  superintendent 
of  instruction,  who  shall  remain  in  office  during  good  behavior, 
and  the  school  director  may  at  any  time,  for  sufficient  cause, 
remove  him ;  but  the  order  for  such  removal  shall  be  in  writing, 
specifying  the  cause  therefor,  and  shall  be  entered  upon  the  rec- 
ords of  his  office ;  and  he  shall  forthwith  report  the  same  to  the 
council,  together  with  the  reasons  therefore.  The  superintend- 
dent  of  instruction  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  appoint  and  dis- 
charge all  assistants  and  teachers  authorized  by  the  council  to 
be  employed,  and  shall  report  to  the  school  director  in  writing 
annually,  and  oftener  if  required,  as  to  all  matters  under  his 
supervision,  and  may  be  required  by  the  council  to  attend  any 
or  all  of  its  meetings,  and,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in 
this  act,  all  employees  of  the  board  of  education  shall  be  ap- 
pointed or  employed  by  the  school  director.  He  shall  report 
to  the  council  annually,  or  oftener  if  required,  as  to  all  mat- 
ters under  his  supervision.  He  shall  attend  all  meetings  of 
the  council  and  may  take  part  in  its  deliberations,  subject  to 
its  rules,  but  shall  not  have  the  right  to  vote." 

5.  The  auditor  of  the  city  is  the  auditor  of  the 
board  of  education. 

This  important  enactment  has  exerted  a  consider- 
able influence  upon  subsequent  legislation,  although 
it  has  not  been  copied  in  its  most  radical  features. 

A  law  to  reorganize  the  school  system  of  the  city 
of  St.  Louis  passed  the  State  legislature  in  1897. 
According  to  this  law  the  superintendent  of  instruc- 
tion is  appointed  by  the  board  of  education,  which 
consists  of  twelve  members,  for  a  term  of  four  years, 
during  which  term  his  compensation  cannot  be  re- 
duced. On  his  nomination,  the  board  appoints  as 
many  assistant  superintendents  as  it  deems  neces- 
sary, and  they  may  be  removed  by  him  with  the 
board's  approval.  The  superintendent  has  general 


supervision,  subject  to  the  control  of  the  board,  of 
the  course  of  instruction,  discipline,  and  conduct  of 
the  schools,  of  text-books  and  studies ;  and  all  ap- 
pointments, promotions,  and  transfers  of  teachers, 
and  introduction  and  changes  of  text-books  and 
apparatus,  are  made  only  upon  his  recommendation. 

One  more  act  may  be  mentioned,  that  for  Toledo, 
passed  in  1898.  The  city  board  of  education  con- 
sists of  five  members,  elected  for  the  city  at  large 
by  the  electors  who  are  qualified  to  vote  at  school 
elections,  to  serve  for  the  term  of  five  years.  Only 
such  persons  can  have  their  names  put  on  the  offi- 
cial ballot,  and  receive  votes,  as  are  endorsed  in 
writing  for  members  of  the  board  to  the  city  hoard 
of  elections  by  two  hundred  of  the  legal  voters  of 
the  city  (as  above),  of  either  sex,  not  less  than  ten 
days  previous  to  the  election.  The  names  of  all 
persons  who  are  thus  certified,  the  board  of  elec- 
tions must  publish  in  the  daily  papers,  and  prepare 
ballots  containing  them,  which  ballots  must  be  voted 
at  the  annual  municipal  election  and  be  deposited 
in  a  separate  ballot-box  provided  for  this  purpose. 
Every  elector  may  vote  for  as  many  of  the  candi- 
dates on  the  ballot  as  there  are  members  to  be 
elected.  This  provision  in  regard  to  making  up  the 
official  ballot  is  believed  to  be  a  novel  feature.  The 
superintendent  of  instruction  has  the  power  to  ap- 
point, subject  to  the  approval  and  confirmation  of 
the  board,  all  teachers  authorized  to  be  employed. 

The  tendencies  of  recent  school  legislation  makes 
some  things  very  clear,  the  more  important  of  which 
may  well  be  set  down  in  numbered  order. 

1.  There  is  a  strong  and  a  growing  conviction 
in  the  minds  of  the  people  most  interested,  that  the 
old-fashioned  system  of  school  provision,  mainten- 

•  ance,  and  administration  is  not  now  adapted  to  ex- 
isting conditions,  and  must  be  thrown  aside  as 
obsolete.  At  least,  it  is  very  clear  that  such  is  the 
case  in  the  cities  that  have  been  passed  in  review, 
for  the  thing  has  already  been  done. 

2.  While  the  new  laws  show  considerable  differ- 
ences in  details,  there  is  nevertheless  a  substantial 
agreement  upon  the  main  points.     One  of  these 
points  is  that  the  old  board  of  education  was  too 
large,  was  too  carelessly  selected,   and  exercised 
powers  that  were  both  too  many  and  too  much 
diversified.    A  second  point  is  that  the  board  should 
be  practically  kept  within  legislative  limits,  and  not 
be  allowed  to  roam  at  will,  directly  or  indirectly, 
over  the  whole  field  of  administration.     The  third 
point,  and  perhaps  the  most  important  of  all,  is  that 
executive  powers  and  duties  should  be  entrusted  to 
properly  qualified  executive  departments  or  officers, 
that  should  have  a  status  clearly  recognized  by  law, 
and  so  be  independent,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent, 
of  the  action  of  the  board.     Every  one  of  these 
new  laws  recognizes  two  such  departments,  and  the 
Cleveland  law  recognizes  three.     The  latter  would 
seem  to  be  the  proper  number.     In  a  report  sub- 
mitted to  the  National  Council  of  Education  in  1888, 
I  contended  that  there  should  be  three  executive 
departments:    the   Department   of   Finance,   Ac- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


109 


counts,  and  Records ;  the  Department  of  Construc- 
tion, Repairs,  and  Supplies ;  the  Department  of 
Instruction  and  Discipline.  I  contended,  further, 
that  the  heads  of  these  departments  might  he  called 
the  auditor,  the  superintendent  of  construction, 
and  the  superintendent  of  schools ;  and  that  they 
should  he  men  of  decided  ability  and  character, 
having  each  an  expert  knowledge  of  the  important 
duties  committed  to  their  charge.  Such  modifica- 
tion of  this  recommendation  as  is  suggested  by  the 
school  director  of  Cleveland  and  the  business  man- 
ager of  some  of  the  other  cities  is  perhaps  a  desir- 
able modification  of  my  former  plan. 

On  one  point  the  testimony,  so  far  as  it  goes,  is 
quite  conclusive ;  namely,  the  great  evils"  that  have 
affected  the  public  schools,  so  far  as  they  originated 
on  the  business  side  of  the  city  system,  are  mainly 
due  to  the  composition,  character,  and  methods  of 
school  boards.  Of  course,  conditions  existing  in  the 
cities  must  be  taken  into  the  account ;  for  the  prob- 
lem of  city  school  reform  is  most  distinctly  a  part 
of  the  great  American  problem  of  the  reform  of 
municipal  government. 

The  argument  could  be  strengthened  by  taking 
account  of  reform  movements  that  have  not  yet 
crystalized  into  legislation.  Mention  may  be  made 
of  Boston,  where  the  subject  of  reorganization  on 
new  lines  has  attracted  sufficient  attention  to  bring 
it  before  the  State  legislature.  The  Report  of  the 
Chicago  School  Commission  has  already  been  made 
the  subject  of  an  elaborate  editorial  article  in  this 
journal.  The  two  largest  cities  of  Michigan,  De- 
troit and  Grand  Rapids,  are  now  moving  to  bring 
the  reorganization  of  their  school  systems  before 
the  legislature  at  the  present  session.  No  doubt 
there  are  other  movements  that  have  escaped  my 
notice.  The  general  subject  is  sure  to  attract  the 
increasing  attention  of  the  public  mind  for  some 
time  to  come.  What  the  final  type  of  school  organ- 
ization for  an  American  city  will  be,  I  do  not  un- 
dertake to  say ;  indeed,  there  is  no  reason  to  think 
that  there  will  be,  in  a  close  sense  of  the  term,  a 
single  type  of  system ;  but  there  is  little  room  to 
doubt  that  the  recent  legislation  which  has  been  re- 
viewed has  been  on  lines  that  the  future  will  approve. 

B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

WHY  IS  POE  "REJECTED"  IN  AMERICA? 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  writer  who  is  a  "  logic  machine,"  who  is  marked 
by  "  lack  of  humor  "  and  "  deficient  knowledge  of  human 
nature,"  is  hardly  fitted  to  secure  lodgment  in  the  Amer- 
ican heart,  though  he  be  "  the  greatest  intellect  America 
has  produced  —  assuredly  the  best  artist."  The  writer 
on  Poe,  in  your  issue  of  Jan.  16,  should  hardly  wonder 
at  the  rejection  of  such  a  writer,  however  he  may  regret 
it.  But,  as  he  seems  to  remain  puzzled  by  the  fact,  it 
may  be  worth  while  to  point  out  two  peculiarities  of  the 
writings  of  Poe,  pervading  them  all,  though  more  notice- 


able in  his  prose  tales  than  in  his  poems,  —  peculiarities 
which,  as  I  happen  to  know,  have  prevented  some  read- 
ers who  fully  appreciate  his  marvellous  mastery  of  lit- 
erary form  from  taking  much  delight  in  him. 

He  is  astonishingly  unrealistic :  it  is  utterly  impossible 
to  persuade  oneself  to  care  much  for  the  outcome  of  his 
fictions,  because  we  cannot  bring  ourselves  to  that  degree 
of  faith  in  them  which  is  necessary  for  sympathy.  A 
rapid  review  of  a  few  typical  tales  will  make  this  plain; 
and  it  will  be  most  satisfactory  to  select  for  that  purpose 
the  seven  tales  lately  edited  by  Professor  Perry  —  for 
Poe  is  entitled  to  be  judged  by  his  best. 

No  house  ever  fell  after  the  manner  of  the  "  Fall  of 
the  House  of  Usher";  the  assertion  is  true  of  the  story 
as  a  whole,  and  of  the  details  generally,  from  the  queer 
observations  made  by  the  narrator  as  he  approached  the 
house  to  its  final  sinking.  The  weakness  of  "  Ligeia  " 
lies  not  in  its  being  a  study  of  an  impossible  problem  — 
the  return  to  life,  in  another  person's  body,  of  a  woman 
long  dead,  —  but  in  the  unreality  of  the  scenery  amid 
which,  following  his  usual  taste,  the  struggle  is  located. 
The  process  by  which  the  victim  in  "The  Cask  of 
Amontillado  "  is  lured  to  his  doom  is  certainly  thought 
out  by  a  "  logic  machine,"  but  the  only  motive  for  the 
horrible  crime  is  the  difference  between  being  injured 
and  insulted,  —  disposed  of  in  one  sentence  of  twenty- 
one  words.  To  secure  for  the  story  that  moderate 
amount  of  credence  which  is  required  for  fiction,  the 
author  should  have  enlarged  upon  the  insult  enough  to- 
make  it  seem  possible  that  such  revenge  could  be  taken 
by  a  human  being.  Shakespeare  did  not  lead  up  to  the 
murder  of  Desdemona  by  saying  in  one  short  sentence 
that  Othello  suspected  Cassio.  A  similar  absence  of 
reported  motive  makes  it  impossible  to  sympathize  with 
the  couple  who  made  an  "  Assignation"  to -meet  in  sui- 
cide. We  could  care  for  them  by  first  getting  to  have 
faith  in  them;  we  might  actually  wish  that  their  pro- 
posed elopement  from  life  might  not  be  thwarted,  if  we 
knew  enough  about  their  past  lives  and  relationships  to 
feel  that  they  had  indeed  become  inseparable.  The 
"  Manuscript  found  in  a  Bottle  "  reports  dream-storms 
and  dream-waves.  The  particular  "  Black  Cat "  of  the 
tale  has  a  way  of  coming  to  life  after  being  killed  that 
reminds  us  of  the  other  cat  which,  the  day  after  being 
beheaded,  appeared  at  the  door  carrying  its  head  in  its 
mouth.  The  investigations  of  the  hero  of  "  The  Gold 
Bug,"  though  certainly  told  by  a  perfect  "  logic  ma- 
chine," carry  not  the  slightest  conviction,  as  is  discovered 
by  the  reader  who  notices  that  he  remains  perfectly 
passive;  he  does  not  share  the  excitement  of  the  digger 
for  the  hid  treasure,  —  does  not  care  whether  the  spade 
turns  up  gold  or  sand.  And  as  to  the  cryptogram,  we 
all  feel  from  the  very  start  that  it  is  a  "  put-up  job." 

This  strange  lack  of  realism,  or  naturalness,  in  all  Poe's 
writings  —  for  it  characterizes  his  poetry  also  —  doubt- 
less results  from  his  "  deficient  knowledge  of  human 
nature."  And  "  this  effect  defective  comes  by  cause." 
It  is  originally  due  to  a  deficient  interest  in  morals.  It 
is  a  sort  and  a  degree  of  deficiency  that  becomes  a  de- 
fect in  art;  for  it  is  severe  criticism  on  a  man's  artistic 
quality  to  assert  that  his  work  is  not  so  grounded  on 
the  passions  of  mankind  as  to  carry  the  reader  through 
to  the  end  with  a  vitalizing  interest  in  the  outcome. 
This  assertion  of  the  artistic  importance  of  morals  is 
frequently  misunderstood :  it  has  become  almost  a  fash- 
ion to  misinterpret  it.  It  is  supposed  to  imply  only  a 
desire  for  didactic  morality ;  but  it  is  simply  a  demand 
for  moral  motive  as  the  impelling  power  of  human  ac- 


110 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


tion.  We  do  not  demand  of  Poe,  or  of  any  other  liter- 
ary man,  that  he  write  goody-goody  tales,  that  he  aim 
to  show  "young  persons  "  ho  w  to  live,  or  mistake  Sunday- 
school  books  for  a  high  type  of  literature.  We  only 
rememember  that  men  are  supremely  interested  in  the 
moral  aspects  of  life,  so  that  the  way  to  interest  one's 
fellows  is  to  appeal  to  moral  motives.  It  is  a  maxim  of 
art,  which  should  be  familiar  to  every  artist  in  whatsoever 
medium  he  works,  that  the  moral  creates  enthusiasm 
and  so  secures  belief.  In  point  of  fact,  literary  illusion 
is  obtained  by  moral  warmth  rather  than  by  clear-cut 
logical  consistency. 

The  absence  of  the  moral  element  from  Poe's  writings 
will  appear  the  moment  one  attempts  to  state  the  sub- 
jects of  bis  tales  in  moral  terms.  Shakespeare's  "  Mac- 
beth "  is  a  study  of  the  effect  upon  a  man  under  tempta- 
tion of  the  assurance  that  he  can  succeed  by  crime  — 
the  co-working  of  fatalism  and  ill-desire.  Hawthorne's 
"  The  Birthmark  "  works  out  the  results  of  impatience 
with  a  slight  blemish  in  what  is  otherwise  perfect.  The 
"  Fall  of  the  House  of  Usher  "  might  have  shown  how 
gloomy  anticipations  tend  to  fulfil  themselves,  if  the 
author  had  not  involved  stone  and  mortar  in  the  ruin. 
The  problem  of  "  Ligeia  "  —  the  victory  of  will  over 
death,  —  can  be  stated,  and  there  would  have  been  a 
satisfactory  basis  for  the  action,  if  Poe  could  have  kept 
to  the  subject  —  if  he  had  not,  as  is  his  wont,  over- 
emphasized the  eyes,  the  squirming  draperies,  and  other 
such  details,  and  if  he  had  not  confused  all  moral  sense 
by  the  notion  that  there  was  something  criminal  in  taking 
a  bride  into  such  an  apartment.  If  the  murder  included 
in  "  The  Black  Cat "  is  not  utterly  motiveless,  it  is  at 
least  to  be  hoped  that  a  long  time  must  pass  before  men 
take  to  wife  -  murder  with  no  more  rational  promptings 
thereto.  Comparison  of  "  The  Gold  Bug  "  with  Stev- 
enson's "  Treasure  Island  "  reveals  at  once  the  defect  in 
Poe:  Stevenson  leads  his  reader  gradually  up  to  interest 
in  the  success  of  the  quest,  and  arouses  a  distinctly 
moral  prejudice,  to  which  much  of  our  interest  is  due; 
we  take  sides  against  the  party  among  whom  are  to  be 
found  some  of  the  most  cruel  of  the  pirates  who  had 
by  murder  and  pillage  gathered  the  treasure. 

I  do  not  care  to  weigh  against  each  other  Poe's  won- 
derful linguistic  perfection  and  his  weakness  in  that  part 
of  art  which  has  to  do  with  the  gathering  and  marshall- 
ing of  fact  and  motives.  I  only  wish  to  remind  those 
who  are  charmed  by  his  mastery  of  the  resources  of 
speech  that  it  is  vain  to  expect  our  people,  for  the  pres- 
ent at  least,  to  everlook  the  absence  of  moral  motive 
and  of  consequent  realism.  For  the  present:  if  the 
time  ever  comes  when  the  creations  of  the  opium-eater's 
imagination  are  actually  born  into  the  world  and  live 
out  their  careers,  they  will  be  apt  to  take  him  "  home 
to  their  business  and  bosoms,"  —  at  least  they  will  ad- 
mire the  prophetic  genius  which  enabled  him  to  write 
their  biographies  beforehand.  A.  C.  BARROWS. 

Columbus,  Ohio,  Feb.  7,  1899. 


SOME  CAUSES  OF  "THE  AMERICAN   REJECTION 

OF  POE." 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Is  it  altogether  a  matter  of  unfairness  and  prejudice 
that  American  readers  as  a  rule  make  little  of  Poe  ? 
Surely  Griswold's  misrepresentations  have  been  so  often 
and  so  convincingly  answered  by  Poe's  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances that  no  serious  student  of  American  letters 
is  influenced  by  their  manifest  injustice.  Does  not  the 
real  reason  lie  deeper  —  in  the  nature  of  the  poet  him- 


self, and  in  that  of  the  nation  which,  as  a  rule,  does  not 
read  him? 

In  fact,  your  contributor  who  deplores  Poe's  non- 
appreciation  by  the  mass  of  his  countrymen  has  himself 
supplied  several  good  reasons  for  it.  One  is  his  fatal 
lack  of  humor.  Let  us  take  as  an  example  the  opening 
lines  "To  Helen": 

44 1  saw  thee  once  —  once  only  —  years  ago ; 

I  must  not  say  how  many  —  but  not  many," — 
where  the  attempt  at  playfulness,  taken  in  connection 
with  the  rest  of  the  poem,  produces  an  effect  that  is 
neither  more  nor  less  than  ludicrous.  No  man  with  the 
faintest  sense  of  humor  could  have  been  guilty  of  a 
blunder  like  that.  Now,  humor  is  a  warm-hearted, 
kindly  quality,  which  endears  a  man  to  his  fellows.  He 
who  does  not  in  some  degree  possess  it  must  makeshift 
as  best  he  can  to  dwell  in  a  world  apart  from  human- 
kind; and  however  this  world  may  be  lighted  by  poetic 
fancy  and  adorned  by  imagination,  it  will  after  all  be 
only  a  cold  moonlit  region  whose  beauty  will  never  com- 
pensate for  its  loneliness.  George  Eliot  has  told  us  that 
"  there  is  no  strain  on  friendship  like  a  difference  of 
taste  in  jokes,"  and  this  is  one  explanation  of  the  dis- 
tance between  Poe  and  the  public  whom  he  failed  to 
reach:  they  had  no  common  ground  whereon  to  stand 
long  enough  to  become  acquainted  with  each  other. 

Poe  had  in  him,  it  is  true,  "  something  exotic  which 
hinted  of  another  clime  and  age."  Had  he  lived  in 
Persia  one  or  two  thousand  years  ago,  some  enter- 
prising Orientalist  might  have  discovered  him,  and 
translated  his  writings  for  the  benefit  of  a  small  but 
enthusiastic  circle  of  readers,  and  publishers  might  have 
brought  out  his  works  in  beautifully  bound  and  illus- 
trated editions  de  luxe.  There  is  scarcely  another  nine- 
teenth century  author  whose  works  afford  scope  for 
greater  originality  in  illustration. 

Poe  has  certain  qualities  that  the  most  unkindly  critics 
cannot  deny  him:  weird  and  powerful  imagination,  con- 
structive ability,  and  exquisite  melody  of  expression  in 
both  prose  and  verse.  His  perception  and  handling  of 
tone-color  are  unsurpassed  by  even  the  greatest  of  lit- 
erary artists.  There  are  certain  lines  of  his  that  linger 
in  the  memory  because  of  their  perfect  beauty  of  sound, 
while  others  come  back  frequently  because  of  the  pic- 
tures they  suggest.  But  to  many  readers,  the  realiza- 
tion of  Poe's  artistic  genius  is  only  another  source  of 
vexation.  Great  poetry  must  have  great  subjects.  Per- 
fection of  form  is  not  enough,  —  although,  in  spite  of 
Whitman  and  his  followers,  some  readers  will  continue 
to  think  beauty  of  form  one  of  the  essentials  of  genuine 
poetry.  The  great  poet,  however,  the  poet  who  lives  in 
the  hearts  of  his  own  countrymen  and  wins  for  himself 
a  lasting  place  in  the  affections  of  mankind,  must  voice 
in  some  effective  manner  the  feelings  and  thoughts 
common  to  humanity.  This  Poe  does  not  do.  As  he 
does  not  laugh  with  those  that  laugh,  neither  does  he 
weep  with  those  that  weep.  His  weeping  he  does  all 
by  himself.  In  fact,  his  most  musical  dirges,  with  their 
refrains  of  "  the  lost  Lenore,"  "  beautiful  Annabel  Lee," 
and- "Ulalume,"  seem  less  like  the  expression  of  real 
sorrow  than  complex  and  finished  studies  in  minor 
chords.  One's  heart  is  not  touched  by  them  as  by  such 
simple  lines  as  those  in  "  After  the  Burial": 
44  There 's  a  little  ridge  in  the  churchyard 
Would  scarce  stay  a  child  in  its  race, 
But  to  me  and  my  thought  it  is  wider 
Than  the  star-sown  vague  of  space." 
This  quatrain  is  a  sincere  and  beautiful  expression  of 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


ill 


human  experience.  No  heart  that  has  shrunk  before  the 
mystery  of  death  can  fail  to  vibrate  in  response  to  it. 
Even  pagan  Horace  appeals  to  us  more  than  Poe,  when 
he  says,  with  sturdy  manliness: 

"  The  sorrow  that  we  cannot  cure  may  yet 
Be  lessened  by  that  strength  of  heart 
That  in  all  trials  of  our  life  endures." 
We  are  a  strenuous  race,  we  Anglo-Normans,  and  this 
girding-up  of  the  loins  of  the  soul  in  the  face  of  bereave- 
ment has  for  us  far  more  of  pathos  than  the  most  mu- 
sical  outpourings  of  self-pity.      Herein  is  Poe's  vital 
defect:  he  indulges  too  much  in  self-pity,  and  is  too 
little  moved  by  the  sorrows  and  burdens  of  the  world. 

Poe  himself  says  that "  a  poem  deserves  its  title  only 
inasmuch  as  it  excites  by  elevating  the  mind."  Whether 
or  not  it  be  a  defect  in  our  make-up,  it  must  be  acknowl- 
edged that  for  the  most  part  Americans,  while  we  may 
be  refreshed  and  soothed  by  poems  which  give  us  "  pure 
beauty  "  and  nothing  else,  are  elevated  only  by  those 
which  voice  the  experiences  of  our  common  humanity, 
or  call  us  to  high  endeavor.  And  is  not  one  or  the  other 
or  both  of  these  elements  to  be  found  in  all  poems  which 
have  outlasted  the  century  wherein  they  were  produced  ? 

Victor  Hugo  has  told  us  that  "  while  the  poet  needs 
wings,  he  must  also  have  feet  ";  he  must  touch  the  earth 
occasionally,  must  come  near  to  us,  if  he  would  persuade 
us  to  follow  him  into  the  blue  ether.  So,  notwithstand- 
ing Poe's  many  and  varied  gifts  of  the  intellect,  the  poet 
of  our  hearts  will  for  a  long  time  continue  to  be  some 
other  than  the  poet  of  "  Lenore." 

CAROLINE  SHELDON. 

Des  Moines,  Iowa,  Feb.  5,  1899. 


WHAT  ARE   CRITICS   FOR? 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  short  time  ago  it  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  literary 
editor  of  one  of  Chicago's  most  popular  dailies  to  re- 
view "  Aylwin."  He  had  evidently  not  been  informed 
as  to  the  aristocratic  parentage  of  the  book,  for  he 
seized  upon  it  as  the  work  of  a  green  and  friendless 
writer,  only  fitted  to  be  a  target  for  humorous  sharp- 
shooting.  Accordingly  his  Procrustean  column  was 
filled  with  fragments  of  gipsy  incantations,  Welsh  dia- 
lect, and  mystical  jargon,  punctuated  with  sic's  and  (!)'s, 
and  supplemented  with  a  witty  commentary  reflecting 
ou  the  sanity  of  a  novelist  who  expected  intelligent  peo- 
ple to  interest  themselves  in  such  a  "  farrago  of  non- 
sense," and  to  read  Welsh  names  where  the  consonants 
were  in  such  large  majority.  A  few  weeks  later  the 
same  newspaper  published  another  review  of  the  same 
book,  this  time  evidently  inspired  by  the  publishers,  for 
it  included  all  those  details  about  Mr.  Watts-Dunton 
which  were  published  (usually  in  the  same  words)  in 
other  so-called  critiques  :  all  about  his  distinguished 
friends,  the  circumstances  under  which  the  book  was 
written  and  published,  an  authentic  key  to  the  charac- 
ters, some  remarks  on  the  esoteric  popularity  of  George 
Borrow  and  the  Welsh  Gipsies,  etc.  The  Pre-Raphael- 
itism,  Neo-Platonism  and  Post-Zolaism  were  neatly 
dissected  out  and  identified  with  the  skill  of  a  clinical 
snrgeon,  and  one  knew  not  which  to  admire  the  more: 
the  author  who  had  made  these  dry  bones  live,  or  the 
critic  who  discerned  their  origin  and  function. 

We  can  leave  the  explanation  of  such  incidents  to 
those  who  know  what  goes  on  behind  the  curtain  of 
anonymity.  The  managing  editor  is  not  to  be  severely 
blamed,  since  there  was  nothing  to  indicate  that  the  two 
reviews  pertained  to  the  same  subject  except  the  title  of 


the  book.  But  whether  Deutero-Critic  was  the  same 
individual  as  the  first  except  for  the  change  of  heart,  is 
not  of  importance.  What  does  shock  the  reader  is  to 
find  that  the  "  literary  column  "  of  the  average  news- 
paper is  its  most  carelessly  written  department,  with 
the  exception  of  the  dramatic  criticism,  which  is  usually 
worse.  The  athletic  editor,  the  fashion  editor,  the  culi- 
nary editor,  the  dermatological  editor,  the  horoscope 
editor,  all  seem  to  understand  their  business  and  show 
some  independence  of  judgment;  but  the  literary  editor 
often  shows  neither  independence  nor  judgment. 

What  is  demanded  by  the  reader  of  the  critic  is  not 
infallibility  but  responsibility.  We  will  overlook  his 
mistakes  if  we  only  have  his  assurance  that  he  is  doing 
the  best  that  he  can.  A  critic  in  discussing  Mr.  Paul 
Laurence  Dunbar's  recent  novel  commented  on  the  curi- 
ous fact  that  all  the  characters  were  colored  people; 
another  critic  called  attention  to  the  equally  curious  fact 
that  Mr.  Dunbar  had  introduced  no  characters  of  his 
own  race,  but  had  written  a  "  white  folks'  story."  Now 
both  these  critics  were  above  the  average,  because  they 
realized  that  there  is  a  difference  between  black  and 
white,  and  they  resisted  the  prevalent  tendency  to  call 
everything  gray;  and  it  is  probable  that  one  or  the  other 
of  them  was  partly  right. 

It  is  to  be  expected  that  a  critic  will  err,  but  we  wish  he 
would  not  boast  of  his  errancy  as  Mr.  Andrew  Lang  did 
a  few  months  ago.  His  attention  was  called  to  the  fact 
that  a  book  he  had  condemned  in  a  few  careless  words 
as  unworthy  of  notice  had  proved  a  literary  success,  and 
in  his  gracefully  facetious  way  he  explains  that  a  critic 
has  so  little  time  to  give  to  reading  that  he  cannot  be 
expected  to  know  whether  a  book  is  good  or  not,  and 
that  for  his  part  he  does  not  care  whether  his  judgments 
are  correct  or  false. 

This  confession  disturbed  me  a  good  deal,  for  I  had  been 
relying  on  Mr.  Lang's  criticisms  for  many  years.  A  book 
he  condemned  I  always  read;  and  if  he  attacked  a  book 
savagely  I  bought  it  at  once,  for  I  knew  it  must  be 
worth  owning.  By  following  this  rule  I  have  acquired 
a  select  library  of  the  world's  best  literature  with  not  a 
trashy  volume  in  it.  But  when  he  says  he  does  not 
know  and  does  not  care  whether  the  books  he  reviews 
are  good  or  bad,  my  faith  in  his  negative  infallibility  is 
rudely  shaken.  I  may  miss  some  important  work 
through  a  neglected  condemnation  on  his  part. 

A  respectable  lawyer  who,  loses  a  case,  the  respect- 
able doctor  who  kills  a  patient,  is  properly  ashamed  of 
it:  would  it  be  too  much  to  expect  of  a  respectable 
critic  who  has  pronounced  a  false  judgment  or  killed 
a  good  book  that  he  should  conceal  his  glee  over  the 
achievement?  What  is  a  critic  for,  anyway?  Is  he  to 
be  a  publisher's  echo,  a  writer  of  philosophical  essays 
with  a  book  for  a  text,  a  jester  at  the  author's  expense, 
a  bric-a-brac  collector  of  second-hand  personalities?  or 
is  it  his  duty  to  read  new  books  and  tell  us  what  they 
are?  We  would  like  to  have  the  critics  save  us  time 
and  money  by  reading  .the  twenty-five  books  published 
each  day  and  giving  us  a  trustworthy  and  impartial 
account  of  them,  so  we  can  tell  whether  we  want  to  read 
them  or  not.  We  are  not  interested  in  the  critic's  likes 
and  dislikes,  except  in  so  far  as  we  can  use  them  to  fore- 
tell our  own.  If,  after  the  critic  has  given  us  the  nec- 
essary information,  he  wants  to  tell  us  about  how  Hall 
Caine  plagiarized  from  the  Bible,  and  Watts-Dunton 
Borrow-ed  his  Gipsies,  we  may  be  interested  in  that  also. 

E.  E.  SLOSSON. 
Laramie,  Wyoming,  Feb.  10,  1899. 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


THE  UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD.* 

Fifty  years  ago  everybody  that  was  interested 
in  American  politics  and  everybody  that  read 
newspapers  had  heard  of  the  Underground 
Railroad.  It  was  much  talked  of,  but  not  by 
those  who  knew  the  most  about  it.  It  was  as 
mysterious  as  the  Iron  Mask,  or  the  Fehm- 
gericht,  or  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain  in 
the  middle  ages.  The  phrase  was  purely  meta- 
phorical. There  was  no  railroad,  and  it  was 
not  subterranean.  There  was  no  corporation  ; 
there  were  no  directors,  no  president,  no  stock- 
holders, no  track,  no  cars,  no  engines,  no  time- 
table, no  regular  time  or  place  of  trains,  no 
rates  of  fare,  no  tickets  ;  —  name  everything 
that  belongs  to  a  railroad  except  passengers 
and  conductors,  and  deny  the  existence  of  all 
that  you  have  listed,  and  you  will  be  in  the 
right.  And  the  so-called  conductors  were  not 
like  real  railway  conductors.  The  laws  of  most 
of  the  states  were  against  this  shadowy  elusive 
thing,  whatever  it  was  :  yet  in  every  community 
where  it  was  known  or  supposed  to  exist,  some 
of  the  best  men  of  the  community,  the  most 
upright,  men  who  feared  God  and  wrought 
righteousness,  were  spoken  of  as  deepest  in  its 
mysteries,  most  audacious  in  its  management. 
Can  we  call  the  "  U.  G.  R.  R."  (so  the  abbre- 
viation ran)  an  institution  ?  Slavery  was  called 
by  one  of  its  defenders  "  our  peculiar  institu- 
tion ";  surely  here  was  the  counter  peculiar 
institution. 

Slavery  was  well-organized,  had  vast  wealth, 
had  unlimited  social  support,  had  special  pro- 
visions for  its  defense  in  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  had  seats  in  Congress, 
controlled  elections,  made  presidents,  judges, 
and  officers  of  every  grade.  But  the  unorgan- 
ized counter-institution,  without  money,  without 
law,  without  political  place  or  power,  like  the 
invisible  antagonist  in  the  fairy  stories  who 
carries  a  magical  sword,  proved  to  be  such  an 
annoying  assailant  and  such  a  powerful  adver- 
sary that  it  must  be  reckoned  one  of  the  great 
causes  of  the  final  ruin  of  slavery. 

The  political  importance  of  the  escapes  of 
fugitives  and  of  the  recovery  of  them  is  made 

*THE  UNDERGROUND  RAILROAD  FROM  SLAVERY  TO 
FREEDOM.  By  Wilbur  H.  Siebert,  Associate  Professor  of 
European  History  in  Ohio  State  University.  With  an  Intro- 
duction by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Professor  of  History  in 
Harvard  University.  With  illustrations.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 


very  prominent  by  the  efforts  of  the  South  to 
recover  slaves  under  the  law  of  1793  and  to  get 
a  more  stringent  law.  "  Five  bleeding  wounds ! " 
said  the  great  orator  of  compromise  and  con- 
ciliation in  1850,  describing  the  condition  of  his 
country,  "  five  bleeding  wounds !  "  counting 
them  off  on  the  diverging  fingers  of  his  out- 
stretched hand.  Benton  cynically  said  that  if 
Clay  had  had  more  fingers  he  would  have  found 
more  wounds.  But  Benton  might  have  spared 
his  sneer,  as  he  would  have  done  had  he  fore- 
seen. Now  that  the  whole  matter  is  half  a  cen- 
tury away,  we  can  look  with  sympathy  upon 
the  efforts  of  Clay,  Calhoun,  and  Webster 
to  avoid  the  civil  war  which  they  believed  to  be 
imminent.  There  were  indeed  bleeding  wounds. 
To  Clay,  one  of  the  fatal  five  was  the  action  of 
Northern  people  when  they  aided  fugitives  and 
fought  the  slave-hunters. 

It  is  wonderful  that  he  could  have  thought 
Mason's  Fugitive-Slave  Bill  to  be  a  healing 
balm  for  that  gaping  wound.  The  remedy  was 
like  the  old  surgery  of  wounds  before  the  days 
of  Ambrose  Pare,  when  caustic  potash  was  ap- 
plied to  every  cut,  "  to  draw  out  the  peccant 
humors,"  the  creation  of  which  modern  science 
finds  due  to  the  potash  itself.  If  the  law  of  1793 
was  offensive  to  the  North  because  of  its  ten- 
dency to  provoke  breaches  of  the  peace  when 
the  slaveholder  sought  to  recover  his  slave  by 
simple  "  reprisal  "  (which  Blackstone  explains 
as  one's  taking  his  property  wherever  he  finds 
it),  and  because  it  was  a  cloak  for  kidnapping 
free  men,  how  could  it  be  supposed  that  the 
North  would  peaceably  bear  an  enactment 
which  increased  both  these  evils,  and  contained 
several  special  and  new  grievances  and  provo- 
cations ?  The  more  we  have  studied  the  pecu- 
liarities of  this  law  and  the  results  of  its  enforce- 
ment, and  the  subsequent  career  of  James  M. 
Mason,  its  author  (the  Confederate  envoy  taken 
from  the  Trent),  the  more  it  seems  plain  that 
it  was  not  intended  to  make  peace,  but  to  lead 
to  secession.  It  was  a  test  measure :  if  the 
North  will  stand  this,  slavery  is  secure ;  if  it 
will  not,  the  South  will  know  the  next  step 
must  be  secession.  The  gaping,  bleeding  wound 
was  enlarged  ;  but  slavery,  not  the  nation,  died 
of  the  hemorrhage. 

Clay's  curative  measures  were  passed  one  by 
one :  they  failed  to  go  through  together,  as  a 
real  compromise.  Nevertheless,  they  were  called 
the  compromises  of  1850.  The  admission  of 
California  gave  an  actual  majority  in  the  Sen- 
ate to  the  North,  and  shattered  forever  Cal- 
houn's  favorite  scheme  of  an  equal  balance 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


113 


there.  Texas  was  paid  not  to  make  war  upon 
the  United  States,  and  to  yield  her  claims  upon 
New  Mexico.  All  things  were  indeed  settled 
and  compromised  except  Northern  conscience 
and  love  of  liberty,  and  Southern  claims  of 
property  and  defense  of  slavery.  With  the 
new  law  to  help  him,  the  Southern  master  or 
his  agent  made  hunting-grounds  of  the  North- 
ern States.  He  became  frequent  and  very 
obvious.  Fugitives  who  had  long  rested  secure 
in  Northern  villages  and  cities  or  worked  on 
Northern  farms  fled  in  swift  alarm  to  Canada. 
Their  absence  was  eloquent.  Throughout  the 
South  the  rumor  spread,  and  suggested  flight 
to  daring  spirits.  As  masters  talked,  slaves 
learned  that  there  were  friends  of  liberty  in  the 
North  as  well  as  officers  of  oppression. 

In  the  North  every  arrest  excited  greater 
attention,  and  brought  the  peculiar  institution 
into  the  blaze  of  publicity.  The  Underground 
Railroad  increased  its  business.  The  South 
and  the  North  grew  still  more  angry  with  each 
other  as  collisions  were  more  frequent.  North- 
ern states  passed  "  Personal  Liberty  Laws  " 
and  other  measures  within  their  constitutional 
rights  to  make  recovery  difficult.  The  Supreme 
Court  of  Wisconsin  came  into  conflict  with  the 
United  States  and  its  Supreme  Court.  "  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  "  was  written,  and  sold  by  thou- 
sands and  tens  of  thousands  of  copies.  Doug- 
las's Kansas  and  Nebraska  Bill  poured  oil  on 
the  flames  by  renewing  the  political  struggle 
and  rending  the  lately  victorious  Democratic 
party. 

The  operators  on  the  Underground  grew 
bolder  ;  for  men  now  winked  at  or  aided  them 
who  had  before  denounced  them  as  disturbers 
of  the  peace  and  enemies  of  the  public  welfare. 
This  is  well  illustrated  in  the  Garner  case,  in 
Cincinnati,  in  1856.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  is 
the  relator  of  the  story  as  given  by  Professor 
Siebert.  Margaret  Garner  had  escaped  into 
Ohio  with  four  children,  and  was  hidden  near 
Cincinnati.  When  her  master  found  them, 
she  determined  to  save  her  little  ones  from 
slavery  by  the  second  of  Patrick  Henry's  alter- 
natives ;  she  killed  the  best  beloved  of  her  little 
flock,  but  succeeded  no  further.  Efforts  to  save 
her  from  returning  to  Kentucky  all  failed : 
even  a  process  against  her  for  murder  and  vio- 
lation of  the  law  of  Ohio  was  of  no  avail :  the 
property  right  of  the  master  overrode  the  crim- 
inal justice  of  Ohio.  Mr.  Hayes  was  living 
on  a  street  full  of  pro-slavery  people ;  but  this 
tragedy  converted  them  all ;  one  of  the  leaders 
among  them  called  on  Mr.  Hayes  at  his  house 


and  declared  with  great  fervor,  "  Mr.  Hayes, 
hereafter  I  am  with  you.  From  this  time  for- 
ward I  will  not  only  be  a  Black  Republican, 
but  I  will  be  a  damned  abolitionist!  "  Such 
conversions  abounded.  The  execution  of  the 
law  killed  it.  Moderate  men  in  the  North,  — 
Abraham  Lincoln,  for  example,  —  said  the 
slaveholders  were  entitled  to  a  law  for  the  re- 
covery of  their  property ;  but  it  must  now  be 
doubted  whether  even  the  allowance  of  a  jury 
trial  on  the  question  of  identity  would  have 
calmed  the  aroused  and  indignant  Northern 
people. 

The  great  contests  of  the  giants  in  Congress, 
and  the  occasional  capture  of  a  fugitive  like 
Anthony  Burns,  or  Sims,  or  Jerry  of  Syracuse, 
were  matters  of  history  open  to  all  men ;  but 
the  underlying  cause  of  much  of  the  commo- 
tion was  as  secret  as  a  fire  in  a  peat-bog.  It 
avoided  the  publicity  that  makes  history.  Now 
and  then  some  daring  or  skilful  escape  would 
be  told  in  the  Northern  newspapers  ;  but  Fred- 
erick Douglas  complained  that  all  such  narra- 
tions made  later  escapes  more  difficult  by  mak- 
ing masters  and  hunters  aware  of  the  tricks 
and  turns  and  disguises  and  resting-places  of 
the  fugitives  and  their  friends.  He  would  not 
tell  how  he  escaped  in  1838.  Henry  Box 
Brown  was  put  into  a  box  three  feet  long,  two 
feet  wide,  and  two  feet  eight  inches  deep,  and 
so  sent  by  Adams  Express  from  Richmond, 
Va.,  to  Philadelphia.  The  early  and  triumph- 
ant publication  of  the  story  put  an  end  to  such 
escapes,  and  helped  bring  the  man  who  had 
boxed  Brown,  and  who  had  aided  fugitives  for 
twenty  years,  to  the  penitentiary.  It  was  the 
policy  of  the  shrewdest  station  agents  and  con- 
ductors to  know  as  little  as  possible  of  the  work 
of  others. 

Hence,  it  happened  that  when  slavery  came 
to  an  end  and  there  was  no  reason  for  further 
concealment,  no  one  could  write  a  history  of 
the  Underground  Railroad.  Occasionally  some 
actor  in  this  drama  behind  the  scenes  would 
relate  and  publish  his  reminiscences.  There 
are  a  few  interesting  books  of  this  sort,  —  as 
the  Life  of  Levi  Coffin,  or  Still's  account  of 
things  noted  at  Philadelphia,  or  Dr.  R.  C. 
Smedley's  memoranda  of  Chester  County.  The 
men  who  had  been  most  active  were  now  for 
the  most  part  old  and  grayheaded  men,  passing 
rapidly  away.  Men  born  sixty  years  ago  had 
not  become  adult  when  the  drama  closed.  The 
stories  they  can  now  tell  are  for  the  most  part 
traditions  from  their  elders.  Seeing  that  this 
knowledge  must  soon  be  lost,  Professor  Siebert 


114 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


has  devoted  much  time  and  labor  to  the  collec- 
tion and  arrangement  of  historical  matter  re- 
lating to  the  Underground  Railroad,  which  is 
presented  in  the  volume  under  review. 

Professor  Siebert's  book  is  both  the  most 
extensive  and  the  most  comprehensive  work  of 
all  hitherto  issued  upon  this  subject.  He  dis- 
cusses his  sources  of  information  ;  the  origin, 
growth,  methods,  and  managers  of  the  Under- 
ground ;  abductions  from  the  South ;  fugitives 
in  the  North  and  in  Canada ;  prosecutions 
under  the  Acts  of  1793  and  1850  ;  the  effects 
of  the  Underground  Railroad  in  politics  and 
otherwise,  in  discussion  of  which  he  affirms  that 
"  the  U.  G.  R.  R.  was  one  of  the  greatest  forces 
which  brought  on  the  Civil  War  and  thus  de- 
stroyed slavery."  He  gives  thirty-seven  pages 
to  "  the  map  of  the  U.  G.  R.  R.  system,"  giv- 
ing one  general  and  five  local  maps.  He  gives 
in  an  appendix  the  Acts  of  1793  and  of  1850, 
and  the  fugitive  clauses  in  the  Constitution,  in 
the  Ordinance  of  1787,  and  in  the  Missouri 
Compromise ;  and  adds  another  appendix  giv- 
ing eighty-one  important  fugitive-slave  cases 
with  reference  to  the  sources  of  information 
concerning  each.  To  these  he  might  well  have 
added  from  Wheeler's  "  Law  of  Slavery  "  the 
early  case  of  Avis  in  Massachusetts,  often  cited 
as  a  leading  case ;  and  the  cases  of  Phoebe  vs. 
Jay,  Borders  vs.  the  People,  and  Willard  vs.  the 
People  in  Illinois. 

Another  valuable  appendix  is  an  extensive 
bibliography.  This  ends  with  "  Imaginative 
Works,"  listing  only  four,  of  which  one  is 
"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  and  another  is  Whit- 
tier's  Poems.  Why  not  also  Longfellow's 
"  Poems  on  Slavery,"  which  preceded  Whit- 
tier's  first  book  that  had  an  anti-slavery  poem  ? 
Why  not  Lowell  ?  And  for  novels,  there  should 
be  named  Trowbridge's  "  Neighbor  Jackwood," 
Epes  Sargeant's  "Peculiar,"  William  L.  G. 
Smith's  pro-slavery  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  as  it 
is,"  of  which  15,000  copies  were  sold  in  fifteen 
days,  and  Mrs.  Stowe's  "  Dred,"  called  later 
"  Nina  Gordon  ":  to  these  we  could  add  njany 
more  of  less  importance. 

Another  appendix  of  thirty-seven  pages  is 
called  a  "  Directory  of  the  Names  of  Under- 
ground-Railroad Operators."  The  present  re- 
viewer is  sorry  to  be  obliged  to  say  that  unless 
the  rest  of  it  is  more  accurate  than  certain  parts 
that  come  within  his  own  personal  knowledge, 
it  is  so  unreliable  as  to  be  practically  useless. 
By  defect,  it  omits  names  that  should  be  there  ; 
but  this  fault  is  naturally  incident  to  the  diffi- 
culty of  obtaining  information  at  the  present 


time,  almost  forty  years  after  the  secret  coali- 
tion ceased  operation. 

For  example,  in  Sangamon  County,  Illinois, 
the  station  at  Farmington,  near  the  present 
Farmingdale,  had  operators  Rev.  Bilious  Pond, 
Deacon  Lyman,  and  Messrs.  Estabrook  and 
Low ;  and  the  knowing  ones  sent  fugitives 
thither  rather  than  to  pro-slavery  Springfield, 
though  the  capital  was  honored  by  the  residence 
of  Luther  Ransom,  a  fearless  and  active  Gar- 
risonian.  These  names  are  not  given ;  but 
three  names  are  given  for  Sangamon,  of  so 
little  fame  that  only  surnames  represent  two  of 
them.  So  in  Morgan,  Henry  Irving  and  W.  C. 
Carter,  the  principal  "  coachmen  "  from  Jack- 
sonville, are  unnamed,  as  well  as  Julius  A. 
Willard,  whose  name  is  found  in  our  Supreme 
Court  Reports.  In  the  same  volume  with 
Willard's  case  appeared  the  case  and  name  of 
Andrew  Borders  of  Randolph,  not  listed.  Pro- 
fessor Siebert  may  be  excused  for  not  getting 
these  names  ;  but  their  absence  may  show  that 
such  a  list  or  "  directory  "  cannot  be  made. 

Again,  men  are  listed  who  never  were  Under- 
ground Railroad  operators,  but  were  known  only 
as  anti-slavery  men,  and  perhaps  lukewarm  as 
such.  The  reviewer  knew  Morgan  County 
pretty  well,  and  can  say  that  the  three  names 
given  for  that  county  should  have  no  place 
there.  Still  worse,  in  the  list  for  Jersey  County 
are  three  names  that  belong  to  Morgan ;  and 
one  of  those  had  no  active  connection  with  the 
movement.  Of  the  remaining  four  names  in 
Jersey,  who  would  recognize  in  the  Frenchy 
name  "  Garesche  "  the  sturdy  Yankee  miller, 
Joseph  Gerrish  ?  In  Henry  County,  William 
T.  Allan  (not  Allen)  appears  also  as  William 
S.  Allen,  non-existent.  McLean  is  honored 
with  the  single  name  of  Deacon  Moss  ;  but  this 
is  the  same  man  as  the  "  Dea.  Mark  Morse  "  of 
Woodford,  "  Mt.  Hope  Station,"  on  the  road  in 
1840.  Charles  Lippincott  never  lived  in  Ran- 
dolph, but  in  Madison  and  Bond.  There  is  a 
very  suspicious  identity  of  three  names  in  the 
Bond  County  list  of  Illinois  and  the  Bond 
County  list  of  Indiana. 

Leaving  Illinois,  where  more  defects  could  be 
shown,  let  us  go  to  Pennsylvania.  Here,  from 
the  list  for  Chester  County,  J.  Williams  Thorne 
should  be  transferred  to  Lancaster,  where  he 
is  erroneously  given  as  I.  William  Thorne. 
Enoch  Walker  should  be  given  to  Montgomery ; 
Philip  and  Benjamin  Price  should  be  taken 
from  Delaware  to  Chester,  where  one  of  them 
is  listed  as  Pierce.  Other  changes  should  be 
made  in  that  region ;  and  Mahlon  Brosius 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


115 


should  be  added  to  Chester.  Forty-two  per 
cent  of  the  "  Directory  "  is  given  to  Ohio,  which 
is  probably  nearer  to  accuracy.  But  the  "  Di- 
rectory "  and  the  maps  are  tentative,  partial, 
and  defective :  a  true  map  cannot  be  made. 

Let  not  this  criticism  of  the  weak  point  of 
the  book  (weak  because  its  author  attempted 
what  no  man  can  now  do)  obscure  or  hide 
from  our  readers  the  fact  that  Professor  Sie- 
bert's  work  is  the  great  work  on  its  subject, 
the  book  to  which  writers  on  American  his- 
tory must  hereafter  look  as  the  best  summary 
of  information.  It  is  an  honest  and  laborious 
attempt  to  gather  the  facts  of  the  time ;  and 
they  are  skilfully  classified  and  arranged. 
There  is  no  superflous  rhetoric.  It  must  have 
cost  the  writer  an  effort  to  omit  the  romance 
of  the  Underground  Railroad,  the  marvellous 
stories  of  escapes  and  perils  which  would  have 
made  the  volume  more  readable,  but  would 
have  made  it  less  a  sober  and  self-contained 
history.  For  those  incidents  one  must  go  to 
Still  and  S medley  and  Coffin  and  the  like.  The 
present  reviewer,  who  heard  Garrison  lecture 
sixty-eight  years  ago  to  a  scanty  audience,  and 
who  was  an  interested  observer  and  an  active 
sharer  in  the  an ti- slavery  contest  to  its  close,  is 
glad  to  see  a  presentation  of  one  of  the  greatest 
agencies  of  the  conflict  so  suitable  to  its  import- 
ance and  so  worthy  of  praise. 

The  last  paragraph  of  the  text  speaks  of  "  the 
cancellation  of  the  slave  clause  in  the  Consti- 
tution by  the  amendment  of  that  instrument." 
This  is  a  not  uncommon  error.  But  that  clause 
is  not  cancelled.  If  a  duly-bound  apprentice 
or  a  person  who  has  made  a  contract  to  labor 
for  a  specified  time  should  run  away  from  Ohio 
into  Indiana,  under  this  still-valid  clause  the 
injured  party  could  reclaim  the  fugitive,  whom 
no  law  of  Indiana  could  release  from  his  obli- 
gation .  This  clause,  used  for  the  benefit  of  the 
slaveholder,  is  valid  without  slavery,  and  is  a 
condensed  form  of  a  similar  provision  in  the 
instrument  of  union  of  the  New  England  col- 
onies in  1643,  which  was  meant  for  indentured 
servants ;  though  after  their  treaty  of  1650 
with  New  York,  it  was  extended  to  that  Dutch 
colony,  and  it  is  reported  that  under  it  one 
slave  was  reclaimed. 

The  book  is  well  printed,  and  is,  except  in  a 
few  proper  names,  free  from  typographical 
errors :  it  has  thirty-eight  pages  of  index. 
Having  been  so  interested  in  the  work  as  to  read 
every  page  of  its  text,  the  reviewer  congratu- 
lates Professor  Siebert  upon  the  completion  of 
his  monumental  labor.  SAMUEL  WILLARD. 


SOME  RECENT  BOOKS  ON.  EDUCATION.* 

General  Francis  A.  Walker  was  known  to 
the  country  in  many  ways  ;  he  was  a  man  of 
varied  talents  and  diversified  activities.  Per- 
haps it  would  not  be  an  easy  matter  to  rate  his 
ability  and  the  value  of  his  work,  relatively, 
in  the  several  spheres  of  action  in  which  he 
figured.  He  was  a  soldier  of  the  Union  and 
the  historian  of  important  phases  of  the  Civil 
War ;  he  was  superintendent  of  the  National 
Censuses  of  1870  and  1880  ;  he  was  a  student 
of  economics,  and  the  writer  of  valuable  eco- 
nomical books  ;  and  he  was  a  practical  educator. 
All  this  was  well  known  to  the  public  ;  but  we 
assume  that  the  extent  and  value  of  his  contri- 
butions to  educational  discussion  were  not 
equally  well  known.  We  have  now  before  us 
the  evidence  of  his  work  in  this  department  of 
activity,  in  the  solid  and  beautiful  volume  en- 
titled "  Discussions  in  Education,"  which  is 
made  up  of  his  occasional  addresses  and  papers. 
It  is  a  fitting  memorial  to  its  author,  and  a 
fresh  evidence  of  the  country's  loss  in  his  un- 
timely death. 

General  Walker  was  a  man  of  varied  educa- 
tional experience,  serving  at  different  times  as  a 
college  tutor,  a  college  professor,  and  President 
of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 
He  also  served  on  the  Boston  School  Board, 
and  probably  in  other  similar  administrative 
offices.  The  breadth  of  his  experience,  as  well 
as  the  natural  range  of  his  mind,  are  reflected 
in  these  "  Discussions."  The  subjects  dealt  with 
are  all  live  and  practical  subjects ;  the  author 
was  apparently  too  busy  to  deal  with  educa- 
tion under  its  historical  or  philosophical  aspects. 
The  contents  are  grouped  by  the  editor  under 

*  DISCUSSIONS  IN  EDUCATION.  By  Francis  A.  Walker, 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  late  President  of  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology.  Edited  by  James  Phinney  Munroe.  New  York : 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

UNIVERSITY  PROBLEMS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  By 
Daniel  Goit  Oilman,  LL.D.,  President  of  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity. New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

GERMAN  HIGHER  SCHOOLS.  The  History,  Organization, 
and  Methods  of  Secondary  Education  in  Germany.  By  James 
E.  Russell,  Ph.D.,  Dean  of  Teachers'  College,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

A  HISTORY  OF  RUGBY  SCHOOL.  By  W.  H.  D.  Rouse,  M.  A., 
Sometime  Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  EDUCATIONAL  SYSTEMS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND 
IRELAND.  By  Graham  Balfour,  M. A.  New  York :  Oxford 
University  Press. 

WORK  AND  PLAY  IN  GIRLS'  SCHOOLS.  By  Three  Head 
Mistresses :  Dorothea  Beale,  Lucy  H.  M.  Soulsby,  Jane 
Frances  Dove.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF  HISTORY.  By  Ch.  V. 
Langlois  and  Ch.  Seignobos  of  the  Sorbonne.  Translated  by 
G.  G.  Berry,  with  a  Preface  by  F.  York  Powell.  New  York : 
Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


116 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


four  heads:  "Technological Education,"  "  Man- 
ual Education,"  "  The  Teaching  of  Arithme- 
tic," and  "  College  Problems."  But  General 
Walker  never  deals  with  his  subject  in  a  nar- 
row or  so-called  "  practical "  way ;  right  or 
wrong,  he  always  has  his  eye  fixed  on  some 
valuable  educational  end.  Nor  does  he  tumble 
into  the  pitfall  that  always  yawns  for  the  spe- 
cialist. For  example,  he  writes  : 

"  My  own  opinion  is  that  engineering  education  is 
primarily  and  principally  an  educational  and  not  an  en- 
gineering problem;  and  that  the  judgment  of  a  strong 
and  experienced  teacher  who  has  studied  this  problem 
is  more  likely  to  be  right  than  that  of  any  engineer 
without  experience  as  a  teacher,  however  eminent  he 
may  be  in  his  profession." 

Again,  he  does  not  find  the  value  of  industrial 
education  in  special  utilities,  but  writes : 

"  I  heartily  believe  that  the  introduction  of  the  me- 
chanic arts,  and  of  sewing  and  cooking,  into  the  public 
schools,  will  do  much,  very  much,  not  only  to  increase 
the  interest  of  the  pupils  in  their  work,  as  has  been 
already  indicated,  but  to  win  for  the  schools  a  far  larger 
degree  of  interest  on  the  part  of  parents  and  a  far 
heartier  support  of  the  system  on  the  part  of  the  general 
community." 

And  again,  speaking  of  manual  training  :    . 

"  I  care  comparatively  little  for  its  influence  upon 
eye  or  hand.  Its  chief  work  in  my  view  is  educational; 
and  in  that  educational  work  I  place  foremost  its  power 
of  rectifying  the  mind  itself,  of  straightening  the  crooked 
limb,  —  so  to  speak,  —  of  strengthening  the  weak  joint, 
of  healing  the  lesion,  which,  if  not  cured,  will  proceed 
to  deep  and  irreparable  injury." 

President  Gilman's  "  University  Problems," 
like  General  Walker's  "  Discussions  in  Edu- 
cation," consists  of  the  more  weighty  utterances 
of  its  author,  during  the  last  twenty-five  years 
or  more,  on  educational  subjects.  Most  of 
these  utterances  originally  took  the  form  of 
public  addresses ;  and  such  form  they  still  re- 
tain. The  book  is  a  valuable  contribution  to 
educational  discussion.  Here  the  reader  will 
find  the  resources  and  ideals,  the  methods  and 
field,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  with  some- 
thing of  its  history,  clearly  set  forth  by  its 
President.  President  Gilman  throws  out  one 
original  suggestion  relative  to  a  National  uni- 
versity that  may  yet  prove  to  be  highly  import- 
ant. It  is,  that  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
shall  "  organize  a  plan  by  which  the  literary 
and  scientific  institutions  of  Washington  may 
be  associated  and  correlated  so  far,  and  so  far 
only,  as  relates  to  the  instruction  and  assist- 
ance, under  proper  guidance,  of  qualified  stu- 
dents." There  will  be  no  difficulty,  he  assures 
us,  about  the  funds  if  this  were  done.  As  we 
understand  him,  this  is  the  scheme  that  Dr. 
Gilman  has  in  mind  in  this  passage : 


"  If  the  university  in  Washington  could  be  so  ordered 
that  all  the  scientific  resources  of  the  nation  were  avail- 
able for  study,  under  the  guidance  of  competent  per- 
sons, without  reference  to  honors,  and  without  formal 
and  prolonged  curricula,  very  many  well-qualified  schol- 
ars —  some  who  have  graduated,  and  some  who  have 
never  been  in  college;  men  and  women;  foreigners  and 
Americans;  some  in  early  and  some  in  later  life  — 
would  there  be  gathered,  and  would  be  aided,  taught, 
and  inspired  by  the  opportunities  and  influences  thrown 
open  to  them,  in  an  amplitude  worthy  of  the  National 
Capital." 

Professor  Russell  is  fully  justified  in  assum- 
ing, as  he  does  in  his  preface  to  "  German 
Higher  Schools,"  that  there  was  room  in  our 
pedagogical  literature  for  a  new  book  on  the 
subject.  As  he  tells  us,  German  elementary 
schools  and  German  universities  have  become 
familiar  to  American  educators,  but  the  sec- 
ondary schools,  which  could  be  studied  by  us 
with  still  greater  advantage,  are  much  less 
known.  Not  only  has  he  discovered  the  want, 
but  he  has  gone  far  toward  meeting  it :  still,  no 
one  book  could  meet  it  fully.  One  hundred  and 
seven  pages  of  his  handsome  volume  are  given 
to  an  historical  account  of  German  education 
and  schools,  from  the  days  of  Columban  and 
Boniface  to  the  present  time,  and  the  remainder 
to  an  exposition  of  the  existing  system  of  sec- 
ondary education.  The  work  is  not  closely 
confined,  however,  to  secondary  schools,  and,  if 
it  were  to  be  a  good  one,  could  not  be  ;  it  must 
present  the  subject  in  its  relations  to  other 
parts  of  the  educational  system.  The  author 
shows  wide  reading  on  his  subject  and  skilful 
use  of  the  note-book.  He  sprinkles  quotation 
over  his  pages  most  plentifully,  but  he  so 
weaves  them  into  his  narrative  or  exposition  as 
not  seriously  to  impair  the  unity  of  his  compo- 
sition. But,  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  he 
shows,  when  dealing  with  the  secondary  schools 
as  they  now  exist,  a  large  first-hand  knowledge, 
obtained  by  personal  visitation  of  schools  and 
conference  with  teachers  and  educational  au- 
thorities. There  is  no  work  in  the  English 
language  known  to  us  that  contains  so  much 
and  so  valuable  information  about  the  second- 
ary schools  of  Germany.  Nor  is  the  book  a 
book  of  facts  merely ;  the  author  has  an  eye 
also  for  ideas  and  forces,  and  conducts  his  his- 
torical narration  with  constant  reference  to 
these  factors. 

We  do  not  know  how  it  may  be  with  Rug- 
beans  or  other  British  readers,  but  it  is  pretty 
safe  to  say  that  such  Americans  as  read  Mr. 
Rouse's  "  History  of  Rugby  School "  will  find 
the  centre  of  interest  in  the  external  rather 
than  the  internal  features,  as  he  portrays  them, 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


117 


of  that  famous  school.  While  these  readers 
have  a  considerable  knowledge  of  the  interior 
work  and  life  of  a  great  English  public  school, 
they  generally  know  little  of  its  exterior  his- 
tory. We  cannot  say  that,  under  this  aspect, 
Rugby  is  a  typical  school ;  undoubtedly,  these 
institutions  present  many  points  of  difference, 
but,  after  all,  the  great  public  schools,  as  well 
as  the  large  class  to  which  they  belong  —  that 
is,  the  endowed  schools  —  must  have  much  ex- 
ternal history  in  common.  Mr.  Rouse  has,  in 
general,  presented  this  side  of  his  subject  with 
commendable  fulness. 

When  Lawrence  Sheriffe,  member  of  the 
Worshipful  Company  of  Grocers,  and  grocer 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  died  in  1567,  he  left  be- 
hind him  a  will  and  accompanying  documents, 
in  which  Rugby  School  had  its  origin.  He 
was  a  Rugbean  by  birth,  and,  having  prospered 
in  business,  wished  to  leave  to  his  native  town 
a  legacy  that  would  be  productive  of  lasting 
good.  So  he  left  to  George  Harrison  and 
Barnard  Field,  trustees,  three  pieces  of  prop- 
erty :  A  mansion  house  that  he  had  built  at 
Rugby,  together  with  the  land  round  about  it, 
*'  being  altogether  one  rood  thirty  poles  or 
thereabouts  ";  the  parsonage  of  Brown  so ver, 
near  Rugby,  "  with  one  yard  of  glebe,  more  or 
less,  and  the  tithes  ";  and  one-third  of  "  the 
field  hard  by  Holborn,  some  half  mile  outside 
of  London,  commonly  called  Conduit  Close  or 
Conduit  Mead,"  —  these  pieces  of  property 
being  devoted  to  the  founding  of  an  almshouse 
and  a  public  school.  The  potency  of  Rugby 
lay  in  the  piece  of  meadow  land.  This  was  at 
the  time  of  comparatively  little  value,  but  it 
was  by  and  by  swallowed  up  by  the  great  me- 
tropolis and  so  became  a  source  of  great  and 
increasing  wealth  to  the  double  foundation. 
Although  Lawrence  Sheriffe  added  a  codicil  to 
his  will,  and  then  fortified  both  documents  with 
an  "  intente,"  he  still  left  the  business  in  great 
confusion.  As  we  have  seen,  the  foundation 
was  double,  and  it  was  a  long  time  before  the 
school  and  the  almshouse  could  be  fully  sepa- 
rated ;  the  founder  stated  his  intentions  and 
wishes  in  a  vague  and  general  manner,  not  even 
providing  for  the  succession  of  the  trusteeship ; 
while  some  of  his  relatives  who  had  some  slight 
claims  upon  his  estate  did  all  that  they  could 
do  to  destroy  the  trust  altogether.  What  with 
an  imperfect  devise,  indifferent  or  incompetent 
trustees,  suits  and  commissions  in  equity,  acts 
of  Parliament,  and  greedy  heirs,  it  was  not  a 
little  remarkable  that  the  foundation  ever  be- 
came a  great  school,  or  even  survived  at  all. 


This  point  we  had  in  mind  when  we  spoke 
above  of  the  external  history  of  Rugby.  Of  the 
many  hundreds  of  school  endowments  made  in 
England  in  the  sixteenth  century,  some,  and 
probably  many,  must  have  perished  utterly,  or 
have  been  wholly  diverted  from  their  purpose, 
by  causes  similar  to  those  that  came  so  near  to 
wrecking  Rugby. 

Still,  the  view  that  we  get  of  the  interior  of 
the  school  is  by  no  means  without  interest. 
Dealing  with  the  new  spirit  introduced  by  Dr. 
Arnold,  the  author  sets  forth  his  own  view,  as 
well  as  Arnold's,  of  one  important  feature  of 
school  discipline : 

"  Arnold  did  not  in  the  least  suffer  from  that  false 
sentimentally  common  in  our  own  generation,  which 
condemns  all  corporeal  punishment  as  degrading.  There 
can  be  no  degradation  when  none  is  felt,  and  ordinary 
boys,  as  every  practical  teacher  will  admit,  feel  none  in 
corporeal  punishment.  They  hail  it,  rather,  as  far  pre- 
ferable to  long  and  monotonous  impositions;  if  judi- 
ciously and  calmly  administered,  it  never  leaves  a  grudge 
behind,  as  impositions  often  do." 

The  reader  of  this  passage  would  naturally 
expect  to  find  Mr.  Rouse  defending  fags  and 
fagging,  and  this  he  does.  He  tells  us  that : 

"  It  raises  a  smile  to  read  what  some  eminent  edu- 
cationalists have  written  of  the  fagging  system,  as 
though  it  were  a  thing  essentially  bad,  and  only  to  be 
tolerated  because  it  cannot  be  abolished.  If  it  be  essen- 
tially bad,  that  the  young  should  serve  before  they  can 
rule,  then  the  whole  system  of  government  in  all  organ- 
ized countries,  and  in  the  army  and  navy,  and  in  com- 
merce, is  essentially  bad.  Experience  shows  that  the 
fagging  system,  if  properly  limited,  is  a  good  and  use- 
ful institution,  and  an  excellent  training  in  habits  of 
smartness  and  obedience." 

There  may  be  some  shadow  of  truth  in  this 
view  of  the  subject,  but  the  fagging  system  will 
disappear,  and  future  masters  of  Rugby,  suc- 
cessors of  Mr.  Rouse,  will  wonder  that  he  ever 
defended  it. 

Mr.  Graham  Balfour  has  attempted  to 
describe  the  three  grades  of  education  in  the 
four  countries,  England,  Ireland,  Scotland, 
and  Wales.  He  defines  his  purpose  as  not  to 
write  a  history  of  education,  but  to  give  "  an 
account  of  the  framework  of  which  education 
is  the  life  and  spirit."  "  I  have  had,"  he  says, 
"  to  deal  only  with  the  dry  bones,  for  the  first 
and  most  pressing  need  was  a  picture  of  the  ex- 
isting skeleton."  Skeletons,  even  if  grinning 
and  ghastly,  are  of  the  first  importance  to  all 
systems,  and  of  great  interest  to  all  students  of 
anatomy.  This  book  might  be  described,  there- 
fore, as  a  treatise  on  the  educational  anatomy 
of  the  four  countries  just  named.  We  do  not 
see  how  the  author  could  have  done  his  work 
better  than  he  has  done  it.  He  has  ranged 


118 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


over  the  whole  field  for  facts,  and  has  presented 
them  in  a  manner  that  shows  decided  power  of 
analysis  and  combination.  It  is  hard  to  see 
how  more  information  could  have  been  put  in 
the  same  compass,  or  how  what  is  here  found 
could  have  been  presented  in  clearer  or  more 
concise  language.  The  book  is  one  that  all 
students  of  education  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland  will  find  most  useful,  if  not  indispens- 
able. Still,  we  have  some  fear  that  readers 
who  have  not  some  considerable  previous  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject  will  find  it  too  solid  and 
compact  for  their  purpose.  But  compendiums 
are  not  written,  or  should  not  be  written,  for 
novices. 

Mr.  Balfour's  book  illustrates  in  a  striking 
way  the  extraordinary  variety  of  schools  exist- 
ing in  the  four  countries  named,  and  especially 
in  England  and  Wales,  which,  for  the  purposes 
of  elementary  teaching,  are  subject  to  the  same 
laws.  Even  the  reader  who  is  already  familiar 
with  the  field  —  that  is,  if  he  lives  on  this  side 
of  the  ocean  —  will  be  impressed  again  by  the 
utter  absence  of  controlling  ideas  and  princi- 
ples, and  the  absolute  predominance  of  empir- 
icism and  precedent,  in  British  education.  He 
will  also  be  impressed  again  by  the  progress  of 
elementary  instruction  in  recent  years.  Govern- 
ment grants  began  with  £20,000  in  1833  ;  they 
amounted  to  £800.000  in  1860,  and  reached 
£9,000,000  in  1897.  Nor  were  the  rates,  or 
local  taxes  as  we  should  call  them,  which 
amounted  to  nearly  £5,000,000,  counted  in  the 
sum  given  for  the  last  year.  Mr.  Balfour 
counts  the  educational  fund  from  public  grants, 
endowments,  and  other  sources,  for  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  at  fully  £20,000,000  an- 
nually ;  and  estimates  that  this  sum  will  have 
to  be  considerably  increased  before  existing 
wants  are  met. 

The  title-page  of  "  Work  and  Play  in  Girls' 
Schools  "  suggests  that  the  book  is  wholly  the 
work  of  the  three  head-mistresses  named,  all  of 
whom  have  at  some  time  been  members  of  the 
teaching  staff  of  the  Cheltenham  Ladies'  Col- 
lege. But  such  is  not  the  fact :  many  other 
writers  have  contributed  to  the  volume.  Nor 
are  Miss  Soulsby  and  Miss  Dove  relatively 
prominent ;  the  one  writes  the  section  on  the 
"  Moral  Side  of  Education  "  and  the  other  that 
on  the  "  Cultivation  of  the  Body."  The  veteran 
Miss  Beale  is  much  the  most  abundant  con- 
tributor to  the  book.  The  aim  of  the  authors 
is  to  cover  the  whole  field  of  girls'  education. 
Some  of  the  pedagogy  that  it  contains  is  rather 
antiquated,  and  some  of  the  exercises  recom- 


mended are  useless ;  but  on  the  whole  it  is  a  book 
of  solid  value  and  breathes  a  wholesome  spirit. 
It  may  be  observed  that  Miss  Beale  keeps  her 
good  old  English  faith  in  examinations  un- 
shaken. She  argues  with  old-time  confidence, 
and  with  perfect  truth  that,  provided  examina- 
tions are  rightly  conducted,  they  are  useful  as  a 
test  of  what  we  really  know ;  that  preparation 
for  them  enables  us  to  find  out  what  are  our 
permanent  possessions  ;  that  competitive  exam- 
inations compel  us  to  set  these  possessions  in 
order  and  estimate  their  relative  importance  ; 
that  examinations  tend  to  produce  presence  of 
mind  and  mental  self-control ;  that  they  sup- 
press wordiness  and  abolish  a  florid  style,  and 
tend  to  make  us  feel  the  supreme  importance 
of  clearness  and  accuracy.  All  the  current 
arguments  against  examinations  that  are  now 
so  popular  are  based  on  their  abuses. 

It  is  generally  agreed  among  scholars  that  no 
better  university  work  in  history  is  now  any- 
where done  than  in  Paris.  This  fact  will  give 
importance  to  the  "  Introduction  to  the  Study 
of  History,"  quite  apart  from  its  intrinsic 
merits.  MM.  Langlois  and  Seignobos  are  lec- 
turers on  history  at  the  Sorbonne,  and  they  give 
us  in  this  book,  as  we  understand  the  matter, 
the  view  of  history  and  the  general  method  of 
studying  it  that  are  now  in  favor  at  this  cele- 
brated seat  of  learning.  They  intend  to  go  to 
the  bottom  of  things,  as  this  paragraph  from 
their  preface  will  show  : 

"  We  propose  to  examine  the  conditions  and  the 
methods,  to  indicate  the  character  and  the  limits,  of  his- 
torical knowledge.  How  do  we  ascertain,  in  respect  of 
the  past,  what  part  of  it  is  possible,  what  part  of  it  is 
important,  to  know  ?  What  is  a  document  ?  How  are 
documents  to  be  treated  with  a  view  to  historical  work  ? 
What  are  historical  facts  ?  How  are  they  to  be  grouped 
to  make  history  ?  Whoever  occupies  himself  with  his- 
tory performs,  more  or  less  unconsciously,  complicated 
operations  of  criticism  and  construction,  of  analysis  and 
synthesis.  But  beginners,  and  the  majority  of  those 
who  have  never  reflected  on  the  principles  of  historical 
methodology,  make  use,  in  the  performance  of  these 
operations,  of  instinctive  methods  which,  not  being,  in 
general,  rational  methods,  do  not  usually  lead  to  scien- 
tific truth.  It  is,  therefore,  useful  to  make  known  and 
logically  justify  the  theory  of  the  truly  rational  methods 
—  a  theory  which  is  now  settled  in  some  parts,  though 
still  incomplete  in  points  of  capital  importance." 

The  keynote  of  the  work  is  that  history  is  a 
science.  Mr.  York  Powell,  in  introducing  it 
to  English  readers,  strikes  this  note  in  this 
manner : 

"  It  is  not  an  historian's  question,  for  instance,  whether 
Napoleon  was  right  or  wrong  in  his  conduct  at  Jaffa,  or 
Nelson  in  his  behavior  at  Naples;  that  is  a  matter  for 
the  student  of  ethic  or  the  religious  dogmatist  to  decide. 
All  that  the  historian  has  to  do  is  to  get  what  conclusion 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


119 


he  can  get  out  of  the  conflict  of  evidence,  and  to  decide 
whether  Napoleon  or  Nelson  actually  did  that  of  which 
their  enemies  accuse  them,  or,  if  he  cannot  arrive  at 
fact,  to  state  probability,  and  the  reasons  that  incline 
him  to  lean  to  the  affirmative  or  to  the  negative." 

The  meaning  of  this  is  that  the  historian  is  to 
look  upon  the  actions  of  men  just  as  the  geolo- 
gist looks  upon  the  eruptions  of  a  volcano  and 
the  spouting  of  a  hot  spring.  "  The  historian 
very  properly  furnishes  the  ethical  student  with 
material,"  Mr.  Powell  tells  us  further,  "  though 
it  is  not  right  to  reckon  the  ethical  student's 
judgment  upon  the  historian's  facts  as  history 
in  any  sense."  This  ideal,  we  venture  to  say, 
is  both  false  and  impossible.  The  kind  of  man 
that  Napoleon  or  Nelson  was,  is  an  historical 
question  ;  and  neither  one  is  to  be  studied  as 
though  he  were  an  elemental  non-moral  force. 
That,  no  doubt,  was  Napoleon's  own  view  of 
the  matter.  The  first  duty  of  the  historian,  and 
one  hitherto  much  neglected,  is  to  get  at  the 
facts  ;  but,  this  done,  he  is  to  seek  out  their 
causes  and  interpretation.  Moreover,  the  char- 
acter of  the  man  himself  is  a  factor  in  this  sec- 
ondary process.  Our  authors  have  produced  a 
strong  book,  and  one  that  we  gladly  recom- 
mend to  students  and  teachers  of  history ;  but 
we  protest  that  history  is  not  one  of  the  natural 
sciences.  B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


CURRENT  THEATRICAL,  CRITICISM.* 


It  is  not  the  custom  of  our  dramatic  critics 
to  collect  and  publish  their  works.  You  may 
go  into  any  well-appointed  bookstore  and  ask 
for  Mr.  Alan  Dale's  "  Life  and  the  Stage,"  or 
Mr.  Franklin  Fyles's  "  Sunlight  and  Foot- 
lights," but  you  will  not  get  them,  for  they  do 
not  exist.  So  many  libraries  consider  it  re- 
spectable to  bind  the  "  New  York  Tribune  " 
that  Mr.  William  Winter's  views  will  be  always 
accessible ;  and  now  that  Mr.  Norman  Hap- 
good  has  taken  to  the  magazines,  he  is  safe  for 
immortality.  But  as  a  rule  the  press  comments, 
even  on  our  "  metropolitan  "  stage,  are  breathed 
forth  but  once  into  the  great  expanse  of  news- 
paper readers,  and  after  a  day  or  so  are  as  if 
they  had  never  been.  In  other  countries,  men 
are  more  or  less  in  the  habit  of  publishing  their 
theatrical  criticism  ;  and  this  is  a  good  thing, 
on  the  whole,  for  it  dignifies  the  tone  of  criti- 
cism and  of  the  stage  as  well.  So  it  is  of  some 

*  ESSAYS  IN  DRAMATIC  CRITICISM.  With  Impressions  of 
Some  Modern  Plays.  By  L.  Dupont  Syle.  New  York : 
William  R.  Jenkins. 

DRYDEN'S  ESSAYS  ON  THE  DRAMA.  Edited,  with  Notes, 
by  W.  Strunk,  Jr.  New  York  :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


interest  that  Mr.  Dupont  Syle  should  have 
broken  the  ice  in  the  matter.*  His  "  Essays 
in  Dramatic  Criticism  "  contain  two  different 
kinds  of  work,  —  first,  a  number  of  essays  on 
general  dramatic  subjects  ;  and  second,  several 
critical  notices  of  current  plays. 

It  is  curious,  if  nothing  more,  that  the  stage 
which  forms  the  object  of  Mr.  Syle's  criticism 
should  be  that  of  San  Francisco.  That  will 
explain  the  fact  that  of  the  fifteen  plays  that 
he  speaks  of,  not  a  single  one  can  really  be 
said  to  be  of  any  permanent  interest.  The  best 
known  of  them  are  "  Trilby,"  "  Shore  Acres," 
and  "  The  Geisha  ";  these,  people  have  heard 
of  and  still  remember ;  the  others  were  either 
never  known  at  all  or  are  now  forgotten.  Many, 
many  people  live  in  places  Cone-night  stands) 
where  the  "  Opera  House  "  offers  very  few  real 
attractions ;  but  few  who  have  any  dramatic 
possibilities  at  all  have  gazed  on  a  list  of 
plays  of  less  interest  to  anybody  except  the 
inexperienced  and  the  confirmed  theatre-goer. 
Yet  in  this  very  fact  (and  I  think  that  Mr. 
Syle  appreciates  it  perfectly)  lies  the  chief 
interest  of  this  book.  Mr.  Syle  is  a  pretty  well 
equipped  dramatic  critic ;  he  has  seen  good 
acting  here  and  abroad,  he  is  a  professor  of 
literature  and  therefore  familiar  with  the  great 
dramatists,  he  has  the  disposition  and  reading 
of  a  critic.  Now,  if  a  competent  critic  happen 
to  live  in  San  Francisco  (or  near  it)  what  is  he 
to  do  ?  Keep  quiet  ?  Certainly  not :  let  him 
criticize  anything  in  sight.  A  good  critic  should 
be  something  like  a  good  portrait-painter  :  he 
should  work  on  the  material  at  hand,  and  not 
always  demand  the  brightest  and  best.  Prob- 
ably the  men  that  Rembrandt  and  Franz 
Hals  painted  would  have  seemed  commonplace 
enough  to  us,  at  least  some  of  them.  A  good 
critic  will  have  something  to  say  about  almost 
anything. 

These  criticisms,  then,  were  very  interesting 
to  me,  although  I  do  not  think  that  I  should 
have  cared  much  about  the  plays.  I  do  not 
know  that  they  would  be  interesting  to  every- 
body, for  doubtless  a  great  part  of  my  interest 
might  be  called  (with  an  unintentional  double 
meaning)  professional.  Perhaps  the  general 
run  of  people  would  not  care  to  read  about  plays 
that  they  have  never  seen  and  never  wish  to  see 
and  for  which  they  care  absolutely  nothing.  It 
may  be  so  ;  and  yet  Mr.  Syle  has  written  well 
concerning  them,  written  on  a  high  plane,  but 

*  It  seems  hardly  possible,  in  these  days  of  republication, 
that  no  one  should  have  done  so  before,  so  I  am  prepared  to 
be  wrong  in  this  matter.  But  it  is  certainly  an  uncommon 
practice. 


120 


[Feb.  16, 


easily  and  quite  without  pedantry  or  conven- 
tionalism. 

I  suppose  it  may  be  urged  against  these 
critiques  that  they  are  "  too  literary."  I  think  I 
have  heard  this  expression  used  of  dramatic  crit- 
icism, although  I  am  not  at  all  sure  that  I  know 
just  what  it  means.  Mr.  Syle  rather  lays  him- 
self open  to  this  allegation,  for  the  first  essays 
in  the  book  (Essays  as  distinguished  from  Im- 
pressions) are  undoubtedly  "  literary  "  in  char- 
acter. The  longest  is  an  indication  of  the 
influence  of  Moliere  on  Congreve  and  Sheridan, 
good  in  itself,  and  perhaps  rather  better  if  it 
should  lead  anyone  to  carry  on  the  inquiry  and 
ask  whether  we  can  trace  any  influence  of 
Moliere  and  Congreve  and  Sheridan  upon  Mr. 
Pinero  and  Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones.  The 
four  other  essays  are  much  shorter ;  pleasant 
reading,  but  without  much  novelty  of  idea.  The 
last  may  perhaps  be  excepted  ;  Mr  Syle,  in 
comparing  our  stage  with  the  Elizabethan 
drama,  shows  how  several  of  the  popular  ele- 
ments of  the  latter,  poetry,  eloquence,  history, 
have  of  late  found  better  means  of  expression 
than  the  drama.  So  far  he  is  quite  right ; 
probably  right  also  when  he  says  that  the  chief 
distinctive  element  of  the  art  of  the  present 
playwright  is  the  construction  of  situation, 
and  explains  thus  the  popularity  of  the  farce, 
wherein  situation  is  the  chief  dependence.  If 
this  be  so,  however,  I  hardly  follow  Mr.  Syle 
in  thinking  that  with  a  decrease  in  our  present 
commercialism,  the  drama  will  again  take  to 
itself  "  the  poetical  and  ethical  elements  which 
we  see  flourishing  in  the  works  of  the  great 
playwrights."  It  may  well  be  that  in  that 
millennium  the  drama  will  find  that  possession 
is  nine  points  of  the  law. 

But  to  return  to  the  criticism  of  contempo- 
rary plays.  Whether  the  general  reader  be 
interested  in  such  essays  or  not,  it  would  be 
rather  for  the  better,  so  far  as  the  stage  is  con- 
cerned, if  he  were  interested  and  if  there  were 
more  such  books  as  this.  We  have,  nowadays, 
so  many  books  anyway  that  a  few  more  could 
at  least  do  no  harm.  And  books  like  this  are 
in  the  way  of  doing  good  in  so  far  as  they  tend 
to  raise  the  tone  of  our  theatrical  criticism,  both 
on  the  part  of  the  critics  and  of  play-goers  as 
well.  There  is  no  doubt  that,  critics  or  not, 
people  will  keep  on  going  to  the  theatre,  and 
generally  to  see  what  they  like.  But  there  can 
be  no  doubt  either  that  they  will  also  continue 
to  talk  about  the  plays  they  have  seen  and 
therein  find  a  great  part  of  their  pleasure.  You 
buy  a  ticket  and  see  a  play  ;  but  that  is  only 


the  beginning  of  your  good  time.  After  the 
play  there  is  always  a  fresh  interchange  of 
opinion  or  repartee  at  the  theatre  supper  or  in 
the  street- car  going  home.  Then  for  a  week 
or  so  there  is  the  constant,  "  Have  you  seen 
this  or  that  ?  "  "  Well,  my  dear,  what  did  you 
think  of  it?"  "Weren't  the  dresses,"  etc., 
a  sort  of  conversation  which,  independently  of 
the  weight  of  opinion  expressed,  is  generally 
pleasant  to  the  conversers.  And  then  after- 
ward, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time,  there  is  the 
general  impression  left  by  a  play  and  its  acting, 
rarely  taking  definite  form  but  usually  present, 
the  impression  which  does  most  (when  anything 
at  all  is  done)  to  influence  taste  and  character. 
Everybody  knows  this,  and  yet  nobody  to  speak 
of  thinks  much  of  it.  With  a  book,  a  picture, 
a  piece  of  music,  we  all  think  opinion  is  im- 
portant enough  to  be  worth  our  attention.  Ah, 
but  these  are  opinions  on  the  great  books,  the 
great  pictures,  the  great  music,  not  of  mere 
contemporary  appearances,.  True  enough  ;  but 
of  the  great  plays  as  acted  plays,  we  can  never 
have  anything  but  contemporary  criticism. 
Hence,  if  we  are  going  to  have  dramatic  criti- 
cism at  all,  it  must  be  from  day  to  day,  and 
just  as  it  is  worth  while  to  have  criticism  of 
literature,  painting,  music,  so  it  is  worth  while 
to  have  some  criticism  of  the  drama.  Not  that 
people  may  thus  get  the  right  opinions  ready 
made  and  so  know  what  to  think,  but  that  they 
may  have  a  chance  to  form  for  themselves  more 
definite  ideas  and  standards  than  they  can  easily 
do  now,  when  popular  theatrical  criticism  is 
largely  impromptu  and  a  matter  of  accident. 
Let  anyone  think  whether  novel-reading  would 
be  as  much  fun  as  it  is  now  had  we  never  read 
any  literary  criticism  ;  whether  paintings  would 
be  so  absorbing  to  us  if  we  had  never  read  a 
word  about  the  art  of  the  great  painters.  And 
let  anyone  think,  too,  whether  "  good  music  " 
would  not  be  more  truly  attractive  to  many  if 
people  ever  read  any  musical  criticism.  Criti- 
cism of  anything  arouses  interest ;  it  makes  us 
notice  what  had  before  escaped  notice  ;  it  gives 
a  chance  for  opinion  either  by  agreement  or 
disagreement ;  it  encourages  thought.  So  I  saw 
Mr.  Syle's  book  with  pleasure,  just  as  I  see 
with  pleasure  the  gradually  increasing  custom 
of  publishing  plays  in  real  books.  Both  tend 
toward  the  creation  of  a  more  active,  a  sounder 
state  of  public  opinion  than  we  have  now  ;  and 
this  is  the  first  thing  necessary  to  having  better 
plays  and  better  acting.  When  people  want 
the  best,  they  will  generally  find  a  way  to  get  it. 
A  farther  view  of  this  book  is  suggested  by 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


121 


another,  published  a  little  while  ago,  namely, 
Dryden's  "  Essays  on  the  Drama,"  edited  by  W. 
Strunk,  Jr.  This  is  an  excellent  little  book.  It 
contains  the  essay  "  Of  Dramatic  Poesy,"  the 
"  Defence  "  of  the  Essay,  and  the  essay  "  Of 
Heroic  Plays,"  with  very  good  apparatus.  Mr. 
Strunk  has  done  his  work  thoroughly  ;  he  gives 
(besides  the  usual  biographical  facts  and  notes 
on  style  and  allusions)  a  history  of  the  discus- 
sion of  which  these  essays  were  a  part,  an  ac- 
count of  Dryden's  sources  and  authorities,  an 
index  of  plays  cited,  and,  in  his  notes,  a  pretty 
constant  comparison  of  Dryden's  opinions  with 
the  classics  of  criticism  of  his  time.  The  book 
gives  a  good  opportunity  for  an  introduction 
to  Dryden's  dramatic  criticism. 

In  the  presence  of  a  fairly  definite  body  of 
dramatic  criticism  as  you  will  find  in  Drydeu, 
one  inclines  to  look  to  Mr.  Syle  to  see  what 
are  the  principles  on  which  his  remarks  rest. 
It  is  true  that  Dryden's  criticism  was  the  criti- 
cism of  a  man  who  was  more  interested  in 
writing  plays  than  in  seeing  them  acted.  It  is 
true  also  that  he  spent  most  of  his  energy  upon 
the  development  of  the  action  and  on  the  ques- 
tion of  rhyme ;  and  further,  it  will  be  allowed 
that  Dryden  was  in  his  criticism  too  much 
bound  to  precedent  for  the  best  results.  Still, 
it  is  of  interest  to  have  bases  of  criticism,  un- 
less you  mean  to  have  absolutely  impressionistic 
criticism. 

Mr.  Syle  does  not  give  us  impressionistic 
criticism  :  he  gives  what  he  calls  "  impressions," 
but  they  are  really  more  like  opinions,  judg- 
ments. Now,  without  differing  especially  with 
many  of  these  opinions,  I  should  much  like  to 
know  the  guiding  principles. "  For  instance, 
Mr.  Syle  says,  "  Constructively  the  play  is 
well  made  "  (p.  94),  although  it  afterwards 
appears  that  the  first  and  fourth  acts  are  the 
strong  acts,  while  in  the  second  and  third  acts 
"  there  is  nothing  that  one  could  not  foresee 
after  listening  to  the  opening  speeches."  Else- 
where he  says,  "  It  is  a  thousand  pities  that 
the  author  who  could  conceive  such  a  character 
had  not  imagination  enough  to  set  it  forth  in 
truly  poetic  form  "  (p.  104),  whereas  another 
play  of  apparently  the  same  kind  is  at  fault 
because  its  dialogue  has  not  "  a  shred  of  wit, 
humor,  or  anything  but  a  surface  observation 
of  life  "  (p.  94).  I  do  not  mean  to  be  captious 
or  hypercritical  in  calling  attention  to  these 
remarks,  but  I  find  it  hard  to  see  from  them 
just  what  kind  of  construction,  what  kind  of 
dialogue,  Mr.  Syle  thinks  good.  If  I  did  see, 
if  I  got  at  the  fundamentals,  I  might  improve 


my  own  ideas.  I  do  not  myself  think  that  con- 
struction is  very  good  which  permits  us  to  fore- 
see the  end  of  an  act  from  the  beginning.  I 
have  not,  as  a  rule,  thought  that  we  could  ask 
for  poetic  charm  in  the  presentation  of  the 
characters  in  a  melodrama,  nor  much  wit  or 
humor  in  its  dialogue.  But  if  I  have  been 
wrong,  it  would  surely  be  interesting  to  me  to 
have  some  definite  bases  on  which  I  could  carry 
out  a  re-accommodation. 

But  perhaps  everyone  (else)  knows  all  about 
such  things  already. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 


IDEALIST'S  IDEAS  or  EVIL.* 

Professor  Royce's  latest  book  is  a  series  of 
essays,  more  or  less  related  to  each  other,  and 
all  bearing  upon  the  general  subject  of  Good 
and  Evil.  As  might  have  been  expected  from 
the  author's  previous  works,  his  point  of  view 
is  that  of  the  ethical  idealist.  This  does  not 
mean  that  Professor  Royce  is  an  idle  dreamer, 
vaguely  explaining  away  the  essential  differ- 
ences between  right  and  wrong.  On  the  con- 
trary, he  looks  facts  squarely  in  the  face  and 
holds  closely  to  the  realities  of  everyday  human 
life.  He  is  an  ethical  idealist  in  that  he  inter- 
prets the  universe  as  a  realm  whose  significance 
lies  in  the  ethical  ideals  which  its  processes 
realize. 

Of  all  the  problems  of  life,  none  are  more 
baffling  and  intricate  than  the  one  which  per- 
tains to  the  existence  of  Evil.  If  God  be  good, 
why  does  He  permit  Evil  ?  is  a  question  that 
in  one  form  or  another  has  perplexed  every 
thoughtful  being.  It  is  the  question  which 
Professor  Royce  attempts  to  answer.  To  put 
the  matter  in  concrete  form,  he  takes  the  case 
of  Job  as  illustrating  the  experience  of  suffer- 
ing humanity.  To  Job,  this  world  is  the  work 
of  a  Being  who  ought  to  be  intelligent  and 
friendly  to  righteousness.  Yet  this  God  seems 
at  times  to  show  himself  just  the  reverse.  What 
is  the  explanation?  After  considering  vari- 
ous familiar  answers  which  have  been  given  as 
solutions  to  the  problem  —  that  Evil  is  but 
transient  discipline,  that  without  Evil  there 
could  be  no  free-will,  that  we  see  only  in  part 
and  a  complete  view  would  justify  the  belief 
that  Evil  is  but  partial  good, —  Professor  Royce 
gives  his  own  interpretation.  He  regards  Evil 


*  STUDIES  OF  GOOD  AND  EVIL.    By  Josiah  Royce.    New 
York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


122 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


as  a  real  fact,  and  holds  that  its  existence  is  not 
only  consistent  with  the  perfection  of  the  world, 
but  is  necessary  for  the  very  existence  of  that 
perfection.  As  the  hero  could  never  be  hero 
without  controlling  fear  and  pain  ;  as  the  saint 
could  never  be  saint  without  overcoming  temp- 
tations to  sin,  so  a  knowledge  of  Good  is  possi- 
ble only  as  one  knows  Evil  and  subordinates  it 
to  the  Good.  "  If  moral  Evil  were  simply  de- 
stroyed and  wiped  away  from  the  external 
world,  the  knowledge  of  moral  goodness  would 
also  be  destroyed,"  is  the  language  of  Professor 
Royce.  This  reminds  one  of  St.  Thomas's  fam- 
ous argument  for  the  existence  of  God.  "  It 
has  been  asked,"  says  St.  Thomas,  "  if  there 
is  a  God,  whence  comes  Evil?  We  should 
rather  conclude  thus  :  If  there  is  Evil  there  is 
a  God,  for  Evil  would  have  no  existence  with- 
out order  in  the  Good,  the  privation  of  which 
is  Evil.  But  there  would  not  be  this  order  if 
God  did  not  exist."  Professor  Royce  holds  that 
Job's  problem  is  insoluble  upon  Job's  presup- 
position, which  is  that  God  is  an  external 
creator  and  ruler,  for  in  this  case  God  is  either 
cruel  or  helpless.  Only  when  one  regards  God 
as  the  essence  and  fulness  of  all  Being,  abso- 
lutely one  with  humanity,  suffering  in  its  pain 
and  triumphing  in  its  victory,  can  there  be  any 
satisfactory  solution  of  the  problem.  God  is 
not  the  Infinite  One  beyond  the  finite  imper- 
fections, but  the  being  whose  unity  determines 
the  very  constitution,  the  tension  and  relative 
disharmony  of  the  finite  world,  and  so  the  ex- 
istence of  Evil  is  not  only  consistent  with  the 
perfection  of  the  universe,  but  is  necessary  for 
the  very  existence  of  that  perfection. 

To  the  student  of  Hegel,  this  theory  of  the 
justification  of  Evil  is  not  new ;  nor  does  Pro- 
fessor Royce  offer  it  as  such.  The  merit  of  the 
essay  is  that  the  most  difficult  of  problems  is 
handled  in  a  clear  and  masterly  way,  and  the 
solution  given  is  in  accordance  with  the  views 
of  some  of  the  ablest  thinkers  of  the  present 
time. 

Professor  Royce  again  states  his  fundamental 
theory  in  an  essay  on  "  Tennyson  and  Pessim- 
ism." He  defends  the  position  that "  Locksley 
Hall  Sixty  Years  After,"  although  artistically 
inferior  to  the  first  "  Locksley  Hall,"  is  ethi- 
cally higher,  and,  contrary  to  general  opinion, 
far  more  satisfactory.  The  complaint  is  made 
by  the  author  that  while  Tennyson  is  one  of  the 
most  devout  of  men,  he  gives  as  his  ideal  some- 
thing that  can  be  realized  only  through  a  more  or 
less  complete  separation  from  the  world  of  con- 
crete life.  The  God  in  whom  Tennyson  believes 


is  a  God  that  hides  himself,  or  shows  himself 
only  on  rare  or  romantic  occasions  to  the  devout. 
In  no  sense  is  he  the  God  of  the  present.  He 
is  the  God  of  the  future.  This  is  shown  in  the 
first  "  Locksley  Hall."  The  young  man  is  in 
the  old  romantic  world  on  a  quest  for  the  ideal. 
He  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  commonplace. 
His  business  is  important,  but  vague  and  inde- 
scribable. Its  prominent  feature  is  that  it 
takes  him  away  from  earthly  relations  to  move 
forward,  and  neither  he  nor  anyone  else  knows 
exactly  where.  This  romantic  idealism  Pro- 
fessor Royce  claims  leads  eventually  to  pessim- 
ism ;  and  the  pessimism  of  the  second  "Locks- 
ley  Hall,"  so  far  as  it  is  pessimistic,  is  the 
explicit  statement  of  what  is  implied  in  the  first. 
The  thought  is,  Unless  God  is  here,  how  do 
you  know  he  is  elsewhere  ?  Unless  the  present 
has  divine  meaning,  What  proof  is  there  of  a 
far-off  divine  event  ?  It  is  the  recognition  of 
this  thought,  and  the  absence  of  a  vain  roman- 
ticism, that  gives  a  value  to  the  later  poem. 
For  here  Tennyson  recognizes  that  if  this  is 
God's  world,  then  these  struggles,  sins,  striv- 
ings, and  loves  must  be  the  expression  of  God's 
will :  a  truth  which  Browning  repeats  over  and 
over  again.  Like  various  other  forms  of  Evil, 
pessimism  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  a  final  ill. 
On  the  contrary,  "  the  best  man  is  the  one  who 
can  see  the  truth  of  pessimism,  can  absorb  and 
transcend  that  truth,  and  can  be  nevertheless 
an  optimist,  not  by  virtue  of  his  failure  to 
recognize  the  evil  of  life,  but  by  virtue  of  his 
readiness  to  take  part  in  the  struggle  against 
this  evil." 

One  of  the  most  interesting,  as  well  as  most 
original,  of  thes'e  essays  is  "  The  Case  of  John 
Bunyan."  The  religious  experiences  of  the 
great  writer,  as  given  in  his  remarkable  Con- 
fessions, "  Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief  of 
Sinners,"  are  summarized  by  Professor  Royce, 
and  then  interpreted,  not  in  terms  of  the  soul 
and  its  relation  to  God,  but  in  the  language  of 
the  latest  school  of  empirical  psychology.  The 
story  of  Bunyan's  religious  life  offers  a  rare 
object-lesson  to  the  student  of  normal  and  ab- 
normal mental  processes.  Bunyan  was  what 
psychologists  would  call  a  good  visualizer.  He 
was  also  an  expert  in  the  dialectics  of  the  inner 
life,  and  a  born  genius  as  to  the  whole  range  of 
language  functions,  good  and  bad.  Describing 
his  early  youth,  he  tells  us  that  he  frequently 
felt  himself  tempted  to  curse  and  swear,  or 
speak  some  grievous  thing  against  God.  These 
and  other  insistent  morbid  impulses  —  such  as 
wavering  hopes,  gloomy  doubts  and  question- 


1899.] 


123 


ings,  all  of  which  Banyan  subsumes  under  the 
name  Tempter  —  are  more  or  less  inhibited  by 
other  automatic  mental  processes,  the  result  of 
a  close  study  of  the  scriptures ;  for  a  text  con- 
demning or  encouraging  was  sure  to  come  to 
his  mind  whenever  the  oath  came  to  his  lips  or 
the  doubt  to  his  consciousness.  A  chaos  of 
motor  processes  was  the  result.  Noting  these 
and  similar  trains  of  morbid  association,  Pro- 
fessor Royce  follows  them  through  their  various 
stages,  as  reported  in  the  wonderfully  clear 
and  definite  autobiography,  marking  the  corre- 
spondence between  periods  of  low  physical  con- 
dition and  certain  religious  depressions.  Finally 
the  great  change  came,  when,  under  a  skilful 
self-imposed  mental  regimen,  Bunyan  had  no 
return  of  the  more  deeply  systemized  disorders, 
although  always  a  prey  to  elementary  insistent 
temptations  and  depressions.  The  study  of 
Bunyan's  Case  is  of  value  as  typical  of  morbid 
processes  which  have  gone  on  in  many  brains 
less  exalted  than  that  of  Bunyan  without  Buu- 
yan's  power  of  vivid  description.  While  Pro- 
fessor Royce  has  chosen  to  state  the  case  in 
psychological  terms,  he  is  careful  to  say  that 
this  does  not  in  any  wise  impair  its  worth  as  an 
ethical  study ;  for  the  problem  to  Bunyan  was 
one  of  moral  struggle,  a  struggle  in  which  he 
came  out  victorious,  recognizing  in  his  victory 
the  value  of  the  Tempter  as  well  as  the  Com- 
forter. 

The  remaining  essays  in  the  volume  bear 
upon  other  aspects  of  the  relation  of  Good  and 
Evil,  and  serve  to  illustrate  the  author's  funda- 
mental theory  that  Evil  is  essential  to  the  real- 
ization of  Good  ;  that  it  is  the  living  strife  in 
the  midst  of  which  and  by  which  God  main- 
tains Himself  in  the  world. 

CAROLINE  K.  SHERMAN. 


THE  annual  volume  for  1898  of  the  "  Proceedings  and 
Addresses  "  of  the  National  Educational  Association  has 
just  been  published  under  the  editorship  of  Mr.  Irwin 
Shepard,  secretary  of  the  Association,  and  preserves  for 
the  members  all  of  the  papers  and  discussions  of  the 
meeting  held  last  July  in  the  national  capital.  It  is  a 
thick  octavo  of  more  than  eleven  hundred  pages,  and  the 
contents  relate  to  almost  every  conceivable  phase  of  the 
educational  problem.  An  elaborate  index  makes  these 
contents  readily  available  for  reference.  We  should 
add  that  a  considerable  section  of  the  volume  is  devoted 
to  the  Chattanooga  meeting,  held  in  February,  of  the 
Department  of  Superintendence.  The  papers  here 
printed  are,  of  course,  greatly  varied  in  their  value,  and 
we  cannot  help  wishing  that  the  general  effect  were  not 
quite  so  scrappy  —  that  the  longer  papers  might  be 
longer,  and  many  of  the  shorter  ones  suppressed  alto- 
gether. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


"  Ashes  of  Empire  "  is  the  third  in  order  of  pub- 
lication of  the  series  of  romances  in  which  Mr. 
Robert  W.  Chambers  has  sought  to  write  a  pictur- 
esque history  of  the  Annie  Terrible.  Its  predeces- 
sors are  "  The  Red  Republic  "  and  "  Lorraine."  It 
will  be  followed  by  a  fourth,  dealing  with  the  oper- 
ations of  the  Army  of  the  Loire.  We  are  compelled 
to  say  that  "  Ashes  of  Empire "  is  distinctly  the 
poorest,  as  "  Lorraine  "  is  distinctly  the  best,  of  the 
three  books  thus  far  published.  The  author's  inven- 
tion seems  to  be  flagging,  and  his  sentimentalism  to 
have  become  exaggerated.  Still,  the  gift  of  romantic 
story-telling  is  his  in  so  marked  a  degree  that  one 
may  derive  a  good  deal  of  pleasure  from  the  new 
book,  which  begins  with  the  news  of  Sedan  and  the 
escape  of  the  Empress,  tells  the  pitiful  story  of  the 
siege,  and  ends  with  the  entry  of  the  victorious 
Prussians  into  the  capital.  Meanwhile,  we  are 
made  to  realize  by  ominous  mutterings  the  gather- 
ing of  the  storm  soon  thereafter  to  break  in  the 
Commune,  of  which  Mr.  Chambers  has  already 
written  in  "  The  Red  Republic."  Upon  a  previous 
occasion,  in  speaking  of  these  books,  we  have  had 
to  regret  the  author's  propensity  to  disfigure  them 
by  the  introduction  of  caricatures  of  some  of  the 
best  of  Frenchmen.  But  the  prejudices  hitherto 
made  manifest  in  the  treatment  of  Thiers  and 
Gambetta  and  Hugo  seem  feeble  in  comparison 
with  that  now  excited  by  Renan,  who  is  caricatured 
in  the  present  volume  so  offensively  that  one  feels 
nothing  but  disgust  for  a  novelist  who  could  so  per- 


*  ASHES  OF  EMPIRE.  A  Romance.  By  Robert  W.  Cham- 
bers. New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  ROAD  TO  PARIS.  A  Story  of  Adventure.  By  Robert 
Neilson  Stephens.  Boston :  L.  C.  Page  &  Co. 

THE  COUNT'S  SNUFF-BOX.  By  George  R.  R.  Rivers. 
Boston :  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

A  HERALD  OF  THE  WEST.  By  Joseph  A.  Altsheler.  New 
York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

MANDERS.    By  Elwyn  Barron.    London :  John  Macqueen. 

THE  ASSOCIATE  HERMITS.  By  Frank  R.  Stockton.  New 
York  :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

EXILED  FOR  LESS  MAJESTE.  By  James  T.  Whittaker. 
Cincinnati :  Curts  &  Jennings. 

WITH  BODGHT  SWORDS.  A  Tale  of  a  Spanish-American 
Republic.  New  York :  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  Co. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  THE  STRONG.  A  Romance  of  Two  King- 
doms. By  Gilbert  Parker.  Boston :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

HER  MEMORY.  By  Maarten  Maartens.  New  York :  D. 
Appletou  &  Co. 

THE  CHANGELING.  A  Novel.  By  Sir  Walter  Besant. 
New  York  :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  ADVENTURERS.  A  Tale  of  Treasure  Trove.  By  H.  B. 
Marriott  Watson.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  RED  AXE.  By  S.  R.  Crockett.  New  York  :  Harper 
&  Brothers. 

GRACE  O' MALLET,  PRINCESS  AND  PIRATE.  By  Robert 
Machray.  New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

ADVENTURES  OF  THE  COMTE  DE  LA  MUETTE  DURING  THE 
REIGN  OF  TERROR.  By  Bernard  Capes.  New  York  :  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 

THE  SCOURGE  OF  GOD.  A  Romance  of  Religious  Persecu- 
tion. By  John  Bloundelle-Burton.  New  York  :  D.  Appleton 
&Co. 


124 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


vert  the  truth.  This  blot  so  darkens  "  The  Ashes 
of  Empire  "  that  its  real  merits  are  likely  to  he 
overlooked. 

"  The  Road  to  Paris  "  is  a  long  one,  if  we  take 
the  new  romance  by  Mr.  R.  N.  Stephens  for  a  guide 
and  cicerone.  The  story  begins  at  Culloden  with 
the  flight  into  exile  of  the  hero's  father.  The  hero 
himself  is  born  in  the  wilds  of  Pennsylvania,  in  time 
to  grow  up  into  a  Revolutionary  soldier,  and  take 
part  in  the  fray  on  Bunker's  Hill.  He  then,  after 
escaping  from  imprisonment,  joins  the  expedition 
to  Quebec,  and  makes  the  long  march  through  Maine 
to  the  St.  Lawrence.  In  Quebec  he  appears  as  a 
spy,  escapes  detention,  and  gets  carried  away  to 
England  as  a  prisoner  of  war  under  the  supposition 
that  he  is  somebody  else.  Ethan  Allen  is  one  of 
his  fellow-prisoners  upon  this  unwilling  voyage. 
Escaping  from  his  English  prison,  he  becomes  in 
turn  a  strolling  juggler,  a  gardener's  assistant,  and 
a  fine  gentleman  of  the  town  in  Bath  and  London. 
Newgate,  Vauxhall,  and  Hyde  Park  all  make  his 
acquaintance,  and,  after  a  surprising  series  of 
intrigues  and  adventures,  he  finds  his  way  across 
the  Channel  in  a  smuggling  boat,  and  seems  at  last 
to  be  really  upon  the  road  to  Paris,  the  goal  of  his 
boyhood's  ambition.  But  before  he  enters  the  city, 
he  becomes  engrossed  in  a  sentimental  episode  with 
the  precocious  young  daughter  of  Necker  (who  was 
afterwards  to  become  the  author  of  "  Corinne"), 
and  is  also  unwillingly  mixed  up  in  an  organized 
plot  for  the  assassination  of  that  famous  Minister. 
In  consequence  of  all  this,  our  hero's  first  entrance 
into  Paris  makes  him  a  guest  of  the  Bastille,  where 
he  languishes  in  captivity  for  a  year  or  so.  Escap- 
ing again  (he  always  escapes),  he  makes  his  adven- 
turous way  into  Germany,  and  becomes  a  personage 
at  the  court  of  Hesse-Cassel.  Here  he  takes  part 
in  a  conspiracy  against  the  Landgraf ,  barely  escapes 
with  his  life,  and  carries  off  his  lady-love  in  triumph 
to  Paris,  which  he  really  enters  at  last  in  the  fashion 
to  be  desired.  The  lady  in  the  case,  it  should  be 
added,  has  figured  in  his  life  both  in  New  England 
and  in  Quebec,  so  we  know  she  is  bound  to  appear 
at  the  end  and  make  his  story  all  that  a  romance 
should  be.  Here,  indeed,  is  a  tangled  skein  of  ad- 
venturous experiences,  and  the  reader  hardly  knows, 
when  all  is  over,  whether  to  admire  the  more  the 
author's  easy  and  animated  narrative  manner,  or 
the  astonishing  ingenuity  displayed  by  him  in  mak- 
ing so  many  historical  scenes  and  situations  take  part 
in  the  shaping  of  the  hero's  destiny. 

Mr.  Elwyn  Barron,  who  some  years  ago  left 
America  for  an  English  sojourn  of  indefinite  dura- 
tion, is  now  favorably  recalled  to  the  memory  of 
his  old  circle  of  readers  by  what  may  fairly  be 
called  one  of  the  most  charming  novels  of  the  sea- 
son. "  Manders  "  is  a  Europeanized  production, — 
almost  as  much  so  as  the  later  stories  of  Mr.  Henry 
Harland,  which  it  somehow  suggests, —  and  it  strik- 
ingly illustrates,  when  compared  with  Mr.  Barren's 
earlier  writing,  the  broadening  influences  of  life  in 
the  great  centres  of  European  civilization.  Manders 


is  the  name  of  a  little  boy,  and  he  is  ostensibly  the 
hero  of  the  story,  but  in  fact  he  interests  us  less 
than  his  widowed  mother  —  a  professional  model  in 
the  Quarter  —  and  her  vacillating  but  not  unsym- 
pathetic lover,  an  American  art  student  of  ample 
means.  Mr.  Barren's  success  with  his  heroine  is 
akin  to  Du  Manner's  success  with  a  certain  girl 
whom  we  need  not  name :  it  is  the  successful  por- 
trayal of  a  woman  who  remains  pure  at  heart  amid 
surroundings  that  at  least  are  not  encouraging  to 
purity.  There  is  also  an  American  heroine  of  pro- 
nounced and  attractive  type,  besides  the  necessary 
complement  of  minor  characters.  The  author  has 
shown  much  skill  in  realizing  these  figures  for  us, 
besides  doing  it  in  a  style  that  is  excellent  on  its 
own  account.  He  has  a  form  of  expression  that  is 
crisp  and  effective,  subtly  humorous  upon  occasion, 
but  always  ready  to  rise  to  the  demands  of  a  seri- 
ous situation.  The  book  is  not  exactly  a  strong  one, 
but  it  is  exceptionally  pleasing,  and  it  rings  true. 

As  every  reader  of  Mr.  Stockton's  books  is  aware, 
the  stories  that  they  tell  cannot  possibly  be  retold  in 
abstract.  "  The  Associate  Hermits  "  is  no  exception 
to  this  rule,  and  an  outline  of  its  plot  would  give 
no  notion  whatever  of  the  quaint  humor,  the  nov- 
elty of  situation,  and  the  general  whimsicality,  which 
make  this  book  a  worthy  companion  of  its  many 
predecessors.  About  the  only  idea  that  can  be  de- 
tached without  losing  its  essential  flavor  is  the  one 
with  which  the  story  opens  —  the  idea  of  a  newly- 
wedded  couple  who,  instead  of  starting  on  a  wed- 
ding journey  themselves,  persuade  the  parents  of 
the  bride  to  do  it  for  them.  This  is  as  Stocktonian 
a  notion  as  can  be  ;  to  tell  what  follows  shall  be  his 
affair,  not  ours. 

Two  historical  romances  which  stand  rather  above 
the  usual  level  of  merit  have  for  their  subject  the 
War  of  1812.  Mr.  George  Rivers,  the  author  of 
"The  Count's  Snuff-Box,"  has  taken  the  episode 
of  the  Henry  letters  for  a  starting-point,  and  the 
"  Count "  of  the  title-page  is  the  imposter  who  posed 
as  one  Edward  de  Grill  on  upon  that  critical  occa- 
sion. Mr.  Rivers  supplements  what  is  known  his- 
torically of  that  imposter  by  embellishments  of  the 
usual  romantic  sort,  and  makes  an  agreeable  story 
of  the  whole  affair.  The  scene  is  laid  partly  on  the 
shore  of  Buzzard's  Bay  and  partly  in  Washington, 
the  burning  of  the  capital  by  a  horde  of  British  ruf- 
fians affording  a  thrilling  climax  to  the  work. 

The  burning  of  Washington  also  appears  in  "  A 
Herald  of  the  West,"  by  Mr.  Joseph  Altsheler,  but 
midway  in  this  case,  for  the  Battle  of  New  Orleans 
provides  the  climax.  Mr.  Altsheler's  book  is  more 
closely  historical  than  the  one  before  mentioned, 
and  those  who  have  read  his  two  earlier  romances  of 
American  history  do  not  need  to  be  told  that  he  is  a 
writer  of  real  power.  In  these  days,  which  are 
witnessing  a  recementation  of  the  ties  that  should 
and  must  bind  together  the  English-speaking  peo- 
ples, we  are  apt  to  forget  how  real  were  the  griev- 
ances that  brought  on  the  War  of  1812.  These  the 
author  recalls  to  us  in  plain  terms,  with  perhaps  just 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


125 


a  touch  of  the  bitterness  that  should  by  this  time 
have  disappeared  altogether,  but  certainly  with  no 
harboring  of  the  old  rancor.  The  story  is  well-knit, 
varied  of  interest,  thrilling  upon  occasion,  and  dis- 
tinctly to  be  praised. 

"  Exiled  for  Lese  Majeste' "  is  a  taking  title  for 
a  book,  and  when  a  glance  at  the  pages  shows  it  to 
be  a  story  of.  Russian  despotism  and  imprisonment 
in  Siberia,  a  certain  pleasurable  anticipation  is 
aroused.  Bat  the  expectation  is  doomed  to  disap- 
pointment upon  further  examination,  for  the  story 
proves  but  a  tenuous  thread  upon  which  the  author 
hangs  a  heavy  burden  of  miscellaneous  information 
concerning  all  subjects  under  the  sun  (and  others). 
Interminable  conversations  of  a  semi-didactic  sort 
are  the  substance  of  the  book,  while  the  romantic 
interest  is  lost  like  a  rivulet  in  the  desert.  We  can- 
not help  being  amused  at  the  audacity  of  the  writer 
in  making  his  characters  discuss  (in  the  time  of 
Nicholas  —  that  is,  in  the  early  fifties  )  such  subjects 
as  Darwinism  and  the  marvellous  growth  of  Chicago, 
and  quote  from  FitzGerald's  Omar  and  the  later 
poems  of  Longfellow.  No  such  trifling  matter  as 
an  anachronism  is  going  to  stand  in  the  way  of  this 
writer's  fancy  ;  if  he  wishes  to  point  a  moral,  he  is 
evidently  not  to  be  deterred  by  any  consideration 
of  what  the  mere  facts  will  justify. 

"  With  Bought  Swords  "  is  a  Spanish-American 
romance  of  revolution  and  intrigue,  in  which  the 
author  has  by  no  means  ma'de  the  most  of  his  mate- 
rials. The  effect  is  too  sketchy  to  be  in  any  way 
impressive.  Over  and  over  again,  situations  that 
might  have  been  worked  up  excitingly  are  merely 
hinted  at,  and  one  follows  the  story  with  some  dif- 
ficulty. We  fear  that  this  book  must  be  character- 
ized as  a  bit  of  amateurish  effort  undeserving  of 
serious  attention. 

Those  who  expected  the  new  novel  by  "  Maarten 
Maartens  "  to  be  a  work  of  such  elaborate  interest 
as  "  My  Lady  Nobody  "  or  "  God's  Fool "  will  be 
disappointed.  It  is  so  long  since  the  author  last 
came  before  the  public  that  such  an  expectation  was 
reasonable,  but  instead  of  fulfilling  it,  he  now  pre- 
sents us  with  what  is  little  more  than  a  sketch.  The 
book  is  called  "  Her  Memory,"  and  is  the  study  of 
a  man's  sorrow  when  bereft  of  a  beloved  wife,  and 
left  to  face  an  existence  made  solitary  save  by  the 
presence  of  the  little  girl  who  is  left  him.  How  the 
passionate  soul  of  the  man  rebels,  and  how  the  first 
poignancy  of  grief  gradually  becomes  tempered  into 
endurance,  how  the  lives  of  both  father  and  child 
develope  under  the  influence  of  the  tender  memory 
that  remains  to  them,  and  how  existence  in  the  end 
comes  once  more  to  take  on  its  wonted  aspect ;  all 
these  things  are  imparted  to  our  sympathies  rather 
than  to  our  intellect  by  the  writer's  graceful  art. 
Few  novelists  have  so  marked  a  temperament  as  this 
Anglicized  Dutchman  of  genius,  and  the  tempera- 
ment is  such  as  to  suggest  Thackeray  in  more  than 
one  way,  although  there  is  back  of  it  no  such  wealth 
of  intellectual  resource  as  was  possessed  by  the 
author  of  "  Vanity  Fair  "  and  "  Henry  Esmond." 


"  Her  Memory  "  is  a  welcome  visitor  to  our  table,  but 
we  cannot  help  wishing  that  it  were  ampler  in  dimen- 
sions and  richer  in  content. 

"  In  any  case  this  tale  has  no  claim  to  be  called 
a  historical  novel,"  says  Mr.  Gilbert  Parker  in  a 
note  appended  to  "  The  Battle  of  the  Strong."  We 
shall  take  the  liberty  of  qualifying  this  assertion  to 
a  certain  extent.  Admitting  the  fact  that  the  char- 
acters concerned  are  wholly  the  creations  of  the 
author,  it  must  yet  be  said  that  a  novel  may  be 
historical  even  if  no  actor  on  the  stage  of  actual 
history  treads  its  boards.  The  setting  must  be  taken 
into  account,  the  manners  and  customs  depicted, 
the  truthfulness  to  the  larger  historical  facts  of  the 
period  and  the  place  concerned.  In  these  particu- 
lars, the  book  is  a  historical  novel  in  a  high  and  fine 
sense,  just  as  Victor  Hugo's  "  Les  Mise'rables  "  is  a 
historical  novel,  and  would  remain  one  without  its 
description  of  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  There  are 
more  reasons  than  one  for  the  suggestion,  in  the 
present  connection,  of  the  great  French  masterpiece. 
It  is  made  inevitable  by  the  fact  that  Mr.  Parker's 
book  is  a  romance  of  Jersey,  for  no  one  may  write 
of  the  Channel  Islands  without  suggesting  the  writer 
who  lived  among  them  during  nearly  twenty  years' 
voluntary  exile.  There  are,  furthermore,  among 
Mr.  Parker's  pages  not  a  few  which  in  manner,  in 
epic  breadth  of  treatment,  and  in  poetic  envisage- 
ment  of  an  impressive  scene  or  situation,  constantly 
recall  to  the  mind  this  or  that  page  of  "  Quatre-Vingt- 
Treize  "  and  "  Les  Travailleurs  de  la  Mer."  Nor  is 
the  comparison  an  unworthy  one,  for  Mr.  Parker 
here  approves  himself  to  be  of  the  great  race  of  story- 
tellers, and  has  produced  a  work  that  must  be  reck- 
oned among  the  masterpieces  of  recent  fiction.  The 
scene  is  Jersey,  for  the  most  part,  although  an  im- 
portant section  of  the  romance  takes  us  to  the  Duchy 
of  Bercy,  and  the  time  that  of  the  Revolution.  The 
island  itself  remains  almost  undisturbed  during  these 
stormy  years,  but  echoes  from  Paris,  and  La  Vende'e, 
and  the  high  seas  where  English  and  French  are 
pitted  against  each  other,  reach  the  scene  from 
time  to  time,  and  bring  the  action  into  relief  against 
an  impressive  historical  background.  Still,  its  inter- 
est, which  runs  the  entire  gamut  from  the  lightest 
comedy  to  the  deepest  tragedy,  is  essentially  domes- 
tic, and  concerns  the  lives  of  a  few  Jerseymen  and 
Jerseywomen.  Among  these  the  heroine,  Guida 
de  Landresse,  shines  like  a  star  in  the  purity  of  her 
womanhood,  and  about  her  are  grouped  three  men 
who  love  her  —  one  less  than  his  ambition,  another 
with  a  too  dumb  and  dog-like  devotion,  a  third,  to 
whose  life  her  gracious  presence  gives  renewed  no- 
bility of  purpose,  and  who  wins  her  in  the  end,  after 
she  has  sounded  all  the  depths  of  grief,  and  felt  to 
the  full  the  chastening  influence  of  suffering.  The 
story  is  one  in  which  strength  and  sweetness  are  so 
subtly  commingled  that  each  intensifies  the  other. 
Mr.  Parker  has  made  judicious  use  of  a  vast  amount 
of  material  collected  for  his  work.  The  history, 
the  customs,  the  dialect,  the  folk-lore,  and  the  insti- 
tutions of  the  island  are  drawn  upon  most  effectively. 


126 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


and  when  the  climax  is  reached,  it  is  an  ancient 
legal  formula  that  provides  the  keynote  to  an 
intensely  dramatic  situation.  When  the  wronged 
Guida  appeals  for  justice  to  the  Cour  d'He*ritage,  it 
is  with  the  old  Norman  cry :  Haro,  haro  !  a  Paide, 
mon  Prince,  on  me  fait  tort !  The  effect,  as  con- 
trived by  Mr.  Parker,  is  simply  overwhelmning. 
We  might  go  on  almost  indefinitely  in  praising  this 
book  —  which  is  an  advance  upon  even  "  The  Seats 
of  the  Mighty  " —  but  enough  has  been  said  to  make 
it  clear  that  here  is  a  work  to  be  reckoned  with,  and 
to  persuade  our  readers  of  the  pleasure  that  is  in 
store  for  them. 

Sir  Walter  Besant  has  written  so  many  novels 
that  some  of  them  must  be  poorer  than  the  others, 
and  there  is  no  doubt  that  "  The  Changeling  "  is 
one  of  the  least  successful  of  them  all.  It  is  more 
discursive  than  usual,  more  obviously  artificial,  and 
has  more  resort  to  situations  and  coincidences  of  the 
kind  that  strain  the  credulity.  It  tells  of  a  mother 
who,  losing  her  infant  child,  seeks  to  spare  its  father 
the  grief  of  the  loss  by  putting  another  child  in  the 
vacant  place.  How  this  sin  finds  her  out  after  many 
years,  and  how  the  history  of  the  substituted  child 
proves  heredity  to  be  stronger  than  environment, 
are  the  two  main  themes  of  this  story,  which  is 
rather  bewildering  in  its  complications,  and  unim- 
pressive in  its  outcome. 

A  few  months  ago,  we  noticed  an  extraordinary 
romance  entitled  "  The  Lake  of  Wine,"  by  Mr. 
Bernard  Capes.  It  will  possibly  be  remembered 
that  this  title  was  derived  from  the  fanciful  name 
of  a  great  ruby,  for  the  discovery  and  possession  of 
which  many  men  ventured  (and  some  of  them  lost) 
their  lives.  In  reading  "  The  Adventurers,"  by  Mr. 
Marriott  Watson,  we  find  the  same  story,  in  its  gen- 
eral outline,  retold.  The  treasure  in  this  case  is  gold 
and  not  jewels,  but  otherwise  the  similarity  is  strik- 
ing. There  is  an  ancient  country  house  in  England, 
and  the  treasure  which  it  conceals  is  eagerly  con- 
tended for  by  the  owner  of  the  house  and  the  des- 
perate gang  of  cutthroats  who  have  learned  of  its 
existence.  In  both  cases,  also,  the  hiding-place  of 
the  treasure  is  as  unknown  to  the  one  party  as  to 
the  other.  The  chief  difference  is  in  the  style  of 
the  two  narratives,  for  that  of  "  The  Adventurers  " 
is  as  plain  and  straightforward  as  that  of  "  The  Lake 
of  Wine  "  is  affected  and  tortuous.  It  is  a  rather 
daring  thing,  for  either  writer,  thus  to  have  framed 
in  the  setting  of  the  nineteenth  century  conditions 
in  a  civilized  country  an  action  so  full  of  lawlessness 
and  bloody  violence  that  it  belongs  rather  to  Turkey 
or  to  the  sixteenth  century.  The  story  is  certainly 
interesting,  and  its  plot  is  most  ingeniously  contrived. 

In  "  The  Red  Axe,"  Mr.  Crockett  departs  from 
his  wonted  scenes  and  his  well-worn  Scots,  to  write 
of  the  robber  barons  of  mediaeval  Germany.  For 
once,  he  has  for  us  no  moss-hags  and  no  stern  Cov- 
enanters, but  instead,  Gothic  towers  and  ruthless 
bands  of  the  rough  riders  of  several  centuries  ago. 
The  book  is  very  "  bluggy."  The  hero  is  the  son 
of  the  hereditary  justiciar  to  the  Dukes  of  the  Wolf- 


mark,  and  is  himself  called  upon,  in  the  due  course 
of  events,  to  take  up  the  axe  of  the  executioner. 
Thrills  occur  upon  nearly  every  page  of  this  story, 
which  is  so  swift  in  its  action  that  one  gasps  for 
breath  in  trying  to  keep  up  with  it.  There  is  a  love- 
story,  too,  as  tender  as  any  that  the  author  has 
imagined,  and,  altogether,  the  book  affords  much 
exciting  entertainment.  .''  .f 

"  Grace  O'Malley,  Princess  and  Pirate  "  is  surely 
a  fetching  title,  and  the  covers  of  the  book  add  pic- 
torial effect  to  verbal  by  a  poster-portrait  of  the 
heroine.  The  story  turns  out  to  be  a  wild  history 
of  love  and  revenge  in  Elizabethan  Ireland,  with 
the  historical  figure  of  the  Earl  of  Desmond  set 
among  those  drawn  by  the  writer  from  his  imagina- 
tion. The  story  is  related  in  the  first  person,  and 
with  the  usual  affectation  of  an  archaic  form  of 
speech.  But,  despite  the  author's  endeavor,  his 
book  is  a  rather  dull  one,  and  he  misses  the  romantic 
touch  of  which  such  men  as  Mr.  Bloundelle-Burton, 
for  instance,  know  the  secret  so  well. 

The  "  Adventures  of  the  Comte  de  la  Muette  dur- 
ing the  Reign  of  Terror  "  is  an  interesting  romance 
of  a  rather  conventional  sort,  which  tells  how  an 
aristocrat,  by  means  of  disguise,  escaped  massacre, 
and  how  he  also  saved  the  life  of  a  fair  aristocratic 
damsel,  who  naturally  became  his  wife  when  their 
adventures  were  over.  It  is  a  picturesque  and 
thrilling  narrative,  with  the  proper  infusion  of  sen- 
timent, studied  from  the  memoirs  of  the  period,  and 
told  with  considerable  dramatic  effect. 

Mr.  Bloundelle-Burton  is  rapidly  taking  the  place, 
if  he  has  not  already  taken  it,  that  clearly  belongs 
to  him  among  writers  of  historical  romance.  Few, 
if  any,  of  his  living  fellow-workers  in  this  field  have 
a  finer  sense  of  the  requirements  of  this  form  of 
fiction,  or  a  better  equipment  for  its  production.  In 
"  The  Scourge  of  God,"  he  has  taken  for  his  theme 
the  Huguenot  persecutions  that  followed  the  Revo- 
cation. The  scene  is  laid  among  the  CeVennes,  and 
the  desolation  wrought  in  that  fair  region  by  the 
Most  Christian  King's  endeavor  to  stamp  out  a 
pestilent  heresy  is  pictured  with  vivid  and  terrible 
effect.  The  monarch  who  was  so  justly  called  the 
"  Scourge  of  God  "  does  not  appear  personally  in 
these  pages,  and  the  "femme  funeste  et  terrible" 
at  whose  behest  he  acted  appears  only  in  two  brief 
scenes ;  but,  in  a  certain  sense,  these  two  personages 
dominate  the  history,  and  their  figures  ever  loom 
up  in  the  background  of  the  imagination.  The  story 
is  one  of  the  best  in  style,  construction,  information, 
and  graphic  power,  that  have  been  written  in  recent 
years.  WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


A  "  History  of  the  World  from  the  Earliest  Histor- 
ical Time  to  the  Year  1898,"  is  the  title  of  a  volume 
prepared  by  Mr.  Edgar  Sanderson  for  "  The  Concise 
Knowledge  Library  "  (Appleton).  One  rather  gasps  at 
the  thought  of  such  a  book,  but  series  have  to  exist,  and 
volumes  must  be  made  to  fit  them.  Mr.  Sanderson  is 
a  careful  historical  scholar,  and  his  book  commands 
approval. 


\M 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


Libr 


= 


127 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

New  England         There  are  some  things  that  would 
letters  and  lead   one  to  keep  separate  in  the 

New  England  life.    mind    Mr>    W>    C>    Lawton's    " New 

England  Poets  "  (Macmillan)  and  Mrs.  Harriet  H. 
Robinson's  "Loom  and  Spindle"  (Crowell).  The 
latter  book  will  be  of  value  to  the  economist  and 
the  historian :  Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  who  contri- 
butes an  Introduction,  adds  his  authority  on  this 
point.  The  former,  as  will  be  inferred  by  the  read- 
ers of  Mr.  Lawton's  recent  book  on  Homer,  will  be 
useful  mainly  to  the  literary  student.  But  the  two 
books  came  to  us  at  the  same  time,  and  they  con- 
nect themselves  in  our  mind.  Mr.  Lawton's  book 
is  a  good  statement  of  the  position  and  the  work  of 
Emerson,  Hawthorne,  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Lowell, 
and  Holmes.  Mrs.  Robinson's  is  a  very  interest- 
ing account  of  the  life  and  characteristics  of  the 
Lowell  mill-girls  half  a  century  ago.  Mr.  Lawton, 
as  one  may  see  from  his  title,  emphasizes  the  idea 
that  these  poets  were  New  England  poets :  that 
their  lives  and  work  was  conditioned  by  their  being 
born  and  living  in  New  England.  Now,  New  En- 
gland in  the  middle  of  this  century  was  certainly  not 
all  factory-life  in  Lowell, —  and  yet  the  change  is  not 
very  severe  from  Lucy  Larcom's  "  New  England 
Girlhood  "  to  Dr.  Edward  Everett  Kale's  "  New 
England  Boyhood."  It  is  not  that  Emerson  and 
Holmes,  for  instance,  were  of  the  stock  of  which 
mill-hands  were  made.  But  the  old  families  from 
which  they  sprang  never  held  themselves  very  far 
above  the  old  families  from  which  the  mill-girls 
came,  and  in  very  many  forms  of  thought  and  modes 
of  feeling  they  never  separated  themselves  at  all. 
Everywhere  the  same  church,  the  same  school,  the 
same  town-meeting  served  for  both,  and  much  the 
same  careers  were  open  to  both.  The  Brahmin 
caste  was  really  not  a  caste,  properly  speaking,  at 
all,  for  it  never  shunned  communion  with  others. 
Of  course  these  poets  were  of  the  picked  New  En- 
gland stock,  picked  over  in  some  cases  for  genera- 
tions. That  is  true ;  but  who  picked  them,  and  for 
whom  were  they  picked  ?  Who  was  it  that  was  to 
understand  them, —  who  did  understand  them,  if  it 
comes  to  that  ?  Not  more  the  mill-girls  of  Lowell 
than  the  students  of  Harvard,  doubtless ;  but  who 
were  they  ?  The  old  Lowell  factory-life  is  especially 
interesting  because  particular  circumstances  gave 
the  opportunity  for  presenting  in  great  purity  the 
type  of  New  England,  the  worker,  the  worshipper, 
the  lover  of  the  things  of  the  mind.  This  is  seen 
in  Mrs.  Robinson's  book,  which  is  of  these  two  the 
more  interesting,  for  it  deals  with  matters  which 
are  to  the  most  of  us  half  familiar ;  it  opens  a  door 
into  the  past,  as  Lowell  says,  into  a  room  that  we 
have  heard  of  but  never  entered ;  it  tells  us  of  a 
life  eminently  characteristic  and  now  wholly  passed 
away.  But  its  interest,  to  us  at  least,  is  greatly 
heightened  by  the  fact  that  it  enables  us  to  read 
the  other  book  so  much  more  understandingly.  We 
rather  wish  that  Mr.  Lawton  had  been  able  to  read 


it  before  writing  his  own  book.  It  makes  one  under- 
stand, better  than  before,  all  the  six  that  he  writes 
of  except  Hawthorne,  and  perhaps  even  Hawthorne. 
They  are  rightly  called  "  New  England  "  poets. 
But  what  is,  or  rather  was,  New  England?  That 
is  something  which  we  need  not  try  to  say  just  here. 
There  are  a  hundred  books  to  answer  those  that 
cannot  remember,  but  the  list  will  not  be  complete 
until  it  includes  Mrs.  Robinson's  simple  record  of 
a  phase  long  gone  forever. 

France  as  France   to-day,    convulsed   by   the 

elucidated  by  Dreyf us  matter,  presents  a  curious, 
the  Dreyfus  case.  a  humiliating,  yet  a  not  altogether 
hopeless  spectacle  of  national  retrogression :  curious 
to  the  social  pathologist,  humiliating  to  the  opti- 
mistic champion  of  free  institutions,  not  altogether, 
or  indeed  by  any  means,  hopeless  to  those  who 
understand  the  transient  and  superficial  character 
of  these  periodic  outbreaks  of  French,  or  per- 
haps more  accurately  speaking,  Parisian  hysteria. 
Broadly  speaking,  the  Dreyfus  case  and  the  popular 
hallucinations  attending  it  are  the  result  of  the 
momentary  ascendency  of  forces  which  the  Revolu- 
tion overthrew  but  unhappily  could  not  extirpate. 
There  were  diseased  parts  in  the  national  body 
which  the  rude  and  sometimes  misapplied  surgery 
of  the  soi-disant  regenerators  of  France  failed  to 
cut  away,  and  which  could  not  have  been  quite  cut 
away  by  far  more  skilful  operators.  Now  a  portion 
of  the  poisonous  virus  has  worked  its  way  to  the 
surface  ;  and  the  civilized  world  looks  on  in  amaze- 
ment at  the  spectacle  of  Jesuitry,  bigotry,  caste- 
tyranny,  working  their  infamous  will  on  an  innocent 
man,  quite  as  in  the  days  of  Galas  and  La  Barre ; 
while  a  populace  that  a  decade  ago  celebrated  the 
centenary  of  the  fall  of  the  Bastille  stands  by  ap- 
plauding and  supporting  the  outrage.  Unhappily, 
there  is  now  no  Voltaire  to  smite  the  evil.  But  the 
mind  of  France  is  saner  and  her  conscience  more 
sensitive  than  in  the  days  when  the  "intellectuals  " 
of  Voltaire's  century  fought  the  battle  against  the 
foes  of  right  and  reason  that  M.  Zola  and  his  col- 
leagues are  fighting  to-day ;  and  there  is  good  ground 
of  hope  that  Frenchmen  are  even  now  shaking  off 
the  degrading  hallucination  that  condemns  the  un- 
happy Dreyfus  and  the  heroic  Picquart  to  shame 
and  torture,  while  the  reptilian  Esterhazy  and  the 
monstrous  Drumont  go  unwhipt  of  justice.  If  there 
be  to-day  any  rational  being,  outside  of  France,  who 
is  still  unconvinced  of  the  fact  that  Esterhazy  is  the 
man  who  ought  to  be  where  Dreyfus  is,  that  he  is 
the  writer  of  the  bordereau  and  the  seller  to  the 
German  attache  of  the  military  secrets  therein  listed, 
we  earnestly  commend  to  him  Mr.  F.  C.  Conybeare's 
concise  and  conclusive  little  book  entitled  "The 
Dreyfus  Case"  (Dodd).  Through  the  presentation 
of  documents,  facsimiles  of  handwriting,  etc.,  and 
through  its  well-marshalled  history  of  the  successive 
stages  and  phases  of  the  case,  it  puts  beyond  the 
shadow  of  a  doubt  the  facts  of  the  innocence  of 
Dreyfus  and  the  guilt  of  Esterhazy.  The  volume 


128 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


is  well  furnished  with  portraits  of  the  chief  actors 
in  this  remarkable  cause  cSlebrb,  beginning  with  the 
noble  Picquart  (one  of  the  brightest  names  in  the 
annals  of  contemporary  France),  and  ending  with 
Esterhazy,  whose  vice-seared  face  is  a  safe  passport 
to  the  material  hell  of  his  antiquated  faith. 

Universit  Admirable  productions  of  their  kind 

addresses  by  are  the  "  University  Addresses  "  de- 

Prindpai  Caird.  iivere(j  before  the  students  of  the 
University  of  Glasgow  by  the  late  Principal  John 
Caird,  and  now  reprinted  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  in 
a  neat  volume  of  380  odd  pages,  under  the  editorial 
supervision  of  Professor  Edward  Caird  of  Balliol 
College,  Oxford.  The  addresses  here  collected  are 
of  two  kinds :  those  customarily  delivered  by  Prin- 
cipal Caird  at  the  beginning  of  each  session,  on 
some  subject  connected  with  the  studies  of  the  Uni- 
versity, or  on  the  life  and  work  of  some  great  author 
with  whose  name  one  or  other  of  these  studies  is 
representatively  connected ;  and  those  addresses  on 
some  general  topic  of  University  Education  which 
Principal  Caird  was  in  the  habit  of  delivering  to 
the  graduates  at  the  end  of  the  session,  after  the 
graduation  ceremonies.  Of  the  former  and  more 
important  class  of  addresses,  the  volume  contains 
twelve.  Of  the  graduation  addresses,  only  two  are 
given :  "  The  Personal  Element  in  Teaching,"  and 
"  General  and  Professional  Education."  Principal 
Caird,  in  one  notable  passage,  pays  a  tribute  to  the 
universities  of  Scotland  that  may  be  quoted  here  as 
suggesting  a  useful  ideal  not,  we  think,  kept  so  fully 
in  view  as  it  should  be  in  the  great  educational 
foundations  of  our  own  country  :  "  It  is  the  glory  of 
our  Scottish  universities  that  they  have  never  been 
made  places  of  education  for  a  class,  that  no  costly 
arrangements  render  access  to  them  possible  only  for 
the  rich,  and  that  when  once  he  has  crossed  their  doors 
a  young  man  finds  himself  in  a  community  where 
intellectual  resource  is  the  only  wealth  that  wins  re- 
spect, brain  power  the  only  power  that  tells,  and 
where  honor  and  distinction  await  the  ablest  and 
worthiest,  and  await  these  alone."  This  special  tribute 
which  Principal  Caird  felt  in  conscience  justified  in 
paying  to  the  universities  of  his  own  country  applies, 
we  think,  with  equal  justice  to  those  of  Germany 
and  France.  That  any  superiorities  other  than 
those  of  mind  and  character  should,  in  an  institution 
of  learning,  be  the  marks  of  its  acknowledged  aris- 
tocracy, seems  anomalous  enough ;  but  we  fear  the 
anomaly  is  not  unknown  in  republican  America. 
Educators  especially  should  find  these  sane  and 
earnest  addresses  useful  and  stimulating. 

The  recent  ^e  COn^ e88  we  ^n<^  ^'tle  in  Mr.  G.  W. 

bloody  business  Steevens's  "With  Kitchener  to  Khar- 
inthe  Sudan.  tum  »  ( Dodd )  that  seems  to  us  to 
justify  the  lavish  encomiums  heaped  upon  it  by  the 
higher  class  of  English  reviews.  We  can  easily  see 
why  the  ordinary  newspaper  should  laud  Mr.  Stee- 
ven's  book  to  the  skies  ;  for  it  contains  just  the  sort 
of  "  hot  stuff  "  that  the  ordinary  newspaper  has  been 


for  the  past  year  or  so  especially  desirious  of  get- 
ting, and  would  have  at  almost  any  price.  If  war 
should  break  out  to-morrow  (which  God  forbid ! ) 
the  enterprising  owners  of  our  "  live  up-to-date " 
newspapers  might  well  put  Mr.  Steevens's  book  into 
the  hands  of  the  "  bright  young  men "  they  pro- 
posed sending  to  the  front,  and  say  to  them  :  "  This 
is  the  kind  of  thing  we  want."  Mr.  Steevens's  book, 
in  fine,  is  a  clever  and  well-spiced  piece  of  war-time 
reporting,  made  in  a  hurry  on  the  spot  and  meant 
for  immediate  home  consumption :  but  it  is  nothing 
more  than  that.  Its  vogue  with  the  British  public 
is  easily  explained.  The  Sirdar  is  just  now  the 
British  public's  especial  hero,  and  Mr.  Steevens  tells 
what  he  did  and  lauds  him  without  stint  or  reserva- 
tion for  doing  it ;  the  British  public,  too,  is  for  the 
first  time  in  a  quarter  of  a  century  or  more  unques- 
tionably in  a  fighting  mood,  and  Mr.  Steevens's 
battle-pictures  give  it  much  the  same  sort  of  grati- 
fication that  our  own  public  gets  from  "  kineto- 
scope  "  views  of  the  more  crucial  and  historic  pugi- 
listic events.  Reading  Mr.  Steevens's  cheery  and 
often  even  jocular  account  of  the  Sudan  campaign 
is  almost  as  good  (or  as  bad)  as  seeing  the  thing 
itself.  Mr.  Steevens  has  the  knack  of  describing 
things  vividly,  and  we  do  n't  mean  to  carp  at  him 
for  giving  his  employers  and  the  public  their  money's 
worth  of  gore  and  grewsomeness.  But  he  might,  it 
would  seem,  without  loss  of  cash  or  credit,  have 
written  less  flippantly,  and  with  a  more  apparent 
sense  of  the  fact  that  this  tragic,  if  perhaps  una- 
voidable, Sudan  business  —  this  scientific  butchery 
of  a  half-armed  mob  of  half-savage  religionists  — 
is  a  dark  and  deplorable  episode  in  the  history  of 
the  territorial  conquests  of  Western  civilization. 
Mr.  Steevens,  we  are  glad  to  note,  appears  to  recog- 
nize the  fact  that,  when  the  day  of  Omdurman  was 
done,  the  palm  of  valor  lay,  not  (broadly  speaking) 
with  the  men  who  had  been  behind,  but  with  those 
who  had  been  before,  the  guns.  The  volume  is 
supplied  with  maps  and  plans,  and  serves  to  convey 
a  tolerably  good  idea  of  General  Kitchener's  meth- 
ods of  dealing  with  the  problem  his  predecessors 
had  so  egregiously  failed  to  solve. 

Probably  there  is  but  one  religious 
Parochial  history  f  oundation  jn  this  country  whose  his- 

extraordinary.  *  .  .  . 

tory,  adequately  told,  would  require 
more  than  a  duodecimo  volume  of  three  or  four 
hundred  pages.  That  one  is  the  Parish  of  Trinity 
Church,  New  York  City.  It  is  a  notable  parish  in 
many  respects.  Its  annals  are  closely  connected 
with  those  of  the  city  in  which  it  exists.  The  du- 
ties and  responsibilities  of  its  rector  are  greater  than 
those  of  some  of  the  bishops.  It  celebrated  its 
bicentennial  in  1897,  and  the  elegant  volume  set- 
ting forth  the  proceedings  in  the  nine  churches  com- 
prised in  this  immense  city  parish  seems  to  have 
whetted  the  appetite  of  the  parishioners  for  more 
history.  So  records  running  back  to  the  early  years 
of  the  seventeenth  century  have  been  ransacked, 
and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Dix,  Rector,  has  begun  the  prepa- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


129 


ration  of  a  complete  history  of  the  parish.  The 
result  thus  far  is  a  royal  octavo  volume  of  over 
500  pages,  bringing  the  narrative  down  to  1783, — 
that  is  to  say,  down  to  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  and  the  opening  of  the  history  of  the  parish 
under  new  ecclesiastical  relations.  All  this  is  given 
with  the  promise  of  an  indefinite  number  of  volumes 
in  the  future  to  bring  the  history  down  to  the  pres- 
ent  time.  The  history  is  considerably  more  than  a 
transcript  of  musty  records.  It  contains  some  val- 
uable contributions  to  general  history.  The  author 
(who,  because  the  task  of  research  was  necessarily 
committed  to  others,  modestly  claims  to  be  merely 
an  editor)  is  not  a  thresher  of  old  straw.  He  pur- 
sues an  independent  course,  corrects  some  errors 
which  have  crept  into  general  history,  notably  con- 
cerning the  character  of  Governor  Fletcher  and  that 
of  Leisler ;  and  even  corrects  errors  into  which  he 
confesses  himself  to  have  been  drawn  in  previous 
historical  writings.  The  volume  is  handsomely 
printed,  and  illustrated  with  full-page  portraits  and 
facsimiles  of  documents.  The  publishers  (G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons)  announce  that  750  copies  of  this 
edition  have  been  printed  for  sale. 

A  volume  on  "  The  Rivers  of  North 
America  "  (Putnam)  is  offered  mod- 
estly  by  its  author,  Professor  Israel 
C.  Russell  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  as  a  "  read- 
ing lesson  for  students  "  of  physiography  or  geology. 
It  proves  to  be  a  well-digested  thesis  upon  the  effects 
of  rivers  in  fashioning  the  surfaces  of  the  regions 
where  they  are  generated  or  through  which  they 
flow.  Each  drop  of  aerial  water  does  its  work, 
infinitesimal  though  it  may  be.  With  its  fellows,  it 
takes  certain  substances  into  solution ;  others  it 
holds  in  suspension ;  manifold  more  it  pushes  along, 
as,  in  obedience  to  gravity,  it  pursues  its  devious 
way  toward  a  distant  sea,  ever  wearing  the  chan- 
nels through  which  it  flows.  Even  if,  sooner  or 
later,  it  should  be  lifted  again  by  evaporation,  it 
will  have  contributed  something,  if  it  be  only  to  lay 
down  in  another  place  the  atom  which  its  solvent 
power  seized  elsewhere.  In  time,  such  drops  will 
have  carved  the  mountains,  filled  and  seamed  the 
valleys,  eroded  the  canons,  and  transformed  all  the 
contours  of  the  earth's  surface ;  in  time,  no  coun- 
teracting upheaval  occurring,  they  will  have  re- 
moved all  elevations,  and  restored  old  ocean's  vast 
and  solitary  reign.  Professor  Russell's  logical  and 
lucid  treatment  of  his  subject  makes  his  "  reader  " 
attractive  for  both  scientist  and  layman.  —  Another 
volume  from  the  same  publishers,  "Earth  Sculp- 
ture," by  Professor  James  Geikie  of  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  describes  the  configuration  of  the 
earth's  surface  as  the  resultant  of  every  variety  of 
physical  activity,  whether  working  internally  or 
externally.  The  work  includes  the  results  of  the 
latest  geological  surveys,  notably  those  within  the 
western  half  of  the  United  States.  The  author  has 
•addressed  the  great  body  of  intelligent  readers  not 
professionally  versed  in  geology. 


Scrap-book  M.rs.  Elizabeth  Wormeley  Latimer's 

of  the  French,  "  Scrap-Book  of  the  French  Revolu- 
Revoiuiion.  tion  „  (McciUrg)  is  made  up  of  ma- 

terial gotten  together  by  the  author  in  the  course  of 
her  work  as  a  lecturer  on  the  French  Revolution. 
The  book  is  frankly  a  compilation,  and  as  such  it 
has  the  distinctive  merit  that  its  contents  are  to  a 
considerable  extent  drawn  from  unfamiliar  and 
comparatively  inaccessible  sources.  Of  especial 
interest  are  the  excerpts  from  the  series  of  mono- 
graphs on  the  events  of  the  Revolution  published 
in  the  Paris  "  Figaro "  during  the  years  1893, 
1894,  and  1895.  The  volume  opens  with  some 
rather  interesting  reminiscences  of  an  American, 
Thomas  Waters  Griffith,  who  resided  in  Paris  from 
1791  to  1799,  and  was  an  eye-witness  of  many  dra- 
matic Revolutionary  episodes.  He  saw,  for  instance, 
both  Louis  XVI.  and  his  unhappy  consort  passing 
through  the  streets  on  their  way  to  the  scaffold  — 
the  former  in  "  court-like  dress  "  in  "  a  handsome 
coach,"  the  latter  in  "  a  common  cart "  like  an  or- 
dinary malefactor,  and  attracting  comparatively 
little  attention  from  the  populace.  It  is  greatly  to 
be  regretted  that  Mr.  Griffith  was  not  a  keener  ob- 
server, or,  at  least,  that  he  did  not  more  fully  realize 
the  great  historical  and  dramatic  interest  of  the 
remarkable  scenes  he  skims  over  so  carelessly  in 
his  too  cursory  narrative.  Mrs.  Latimer's  book 
contains  a  good  deal  of  curious,  suggestive  reading, 
and  deserves  its  popularity.  There  are  twenty-nine 
portraits  in  half-tone,  including  an  interesting  one 
of  the  Rev.  Eleazer  Williams,  the  alleged  "lost 
Dauphin,"  whose  singular  story  is  given  in  the 
closing  chapters  on  "  Louis  XVII." 

Mr.  A.  G.  Newcomer  is  one  of  those 
professors  of  rhetoric  who  believe 
that  a  writer  should  consider  first 
what  he  would  say,  and  only  when  that  is  settled 
should  he  consider  what  particular  words  to  use. 
This  obvious  view  is  not  common  among  our  writers 
on  rhetoric,  although  Mr.  Newcomer's  "  Elements 
of  Rhetoric  "  (Holt)  is  by  no  means  the  only  book 
in  recent  years  which  has  been  based  upon  it.  The 
older  writers  —  Professor  Bain,  for  instance,  or 
Professor  A.  S.  Hill  —  prefer  to  begin  with  a  study 
of  words.  The  latter  especially  did  great  things  in 
the  cause  of  diction.  Their  influence  has  been  such 
that  most  people  (even  in  college  faculties)  think 
that  there  is  no  rhetorical  fault  worse  than  misspell- 
ing or  bad  grammar :  such,  at  least,  are  the  only 
faults  ever  mentioned.  The  newer  practise  is  really 
not  new :  it  has  the  authority  of  every  rhetorician 
who  ever  put  pen  to  paper,  from  the  days  of  Korax 
and  Tisias  down  to  the  time  that  Dr.  George  Camp- 
bell, with  his  speculations  on  Good  Usage,  knocked 
the  classical  rhetoric  into  a  cocked-up  hat,  so  far  as 
authority  was  concerned.  We  do  not  mean  that 
Mr.  Newcomer  is  a  neo-Aristotelian,  or  any  other 
such  creature :  his  earlier  book,  which  had  some- 
thing to  do  in  bringing  about  the  change  of  heart 
that  is  gradually  taking  place,  was  a  very  simple 


"  The  New 
Rhetoric." 


130 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


talk  to  schoolboys  and  schoolgirls  as  to  what  they 
could  write  about  best.  It  said  nothing  about  Aris- 
totle :  but  then,  it  had  nothing  of  Campbell  either. 
The  present  work,  founded  on  the  right  theory,  and 
the  result  of  individual  work  of  some  years  on  the 
right  lines,  has  a  great  deal  in  it  that  is  direct  and 
practical.  We  are  glad  to  see  it,  and  hope  we  may 
help  it  a  bit  toward  a  wide  circulation. 

It  has  been  long  years  since  a  thor- 
i?  oughly  up-to-date  one-volume  Bible 

Dictionary  made  its  appearance.  The 
numerous  discoveries  of  recent  years  in  Bible  lands 
and  adjacent  lands,  the  new  investigations  in  Bib- 
lical archaeology  and  in  Biblical  criticism,  have  de- 
manded a  re-writing  of  nearly  every  article  in  the 
Bible  Dictionaries  of  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 
Professor  John  D.  Davis  of  Princeton  Theological 
Seminary,  with  the  cooperation  of  two  of  his  col- 
leagues, Drs.  Warfield  and  Purves,  and  after  three 
years  of  incessant  labor,  has  produced  the  book  that 
is  needed  (Westminster  Press,  Philadelphia).  It  is 
a  volume  of  800  pages,  covering  the  whole  range  of 
Biblical  themes,  and  of  the  First  Book  of  Maccabees. 
It  aims  to  confine  itself  to  facts,  and  to  facts  of  the 
Scriptures  and  of  records  and  things  which  throw 
light  on  the  Bible.  It  very  wisely  leaves  out  spec- 
ulation about  the  Bible,  which  is  usually  short-lived 
and  always  of  uncertain  value.  It  is  amply,  almost 
profusely,  illustrated  with  pictures,  not  of  the  imag- 
ination, but  of  the  actual  things  themselves.  Several 
up-to-date  maps,  based  on  the  most  recent  discov- 
eries and  authorities,  were  prepared  especially  for 
this  work.  The  articles  are  well-proportioned  in 
length  and  fulness  of  treatment.  Their  position  is 
that,  not  of  a  hide-bound  conservative,  but  of  a  pro- 
gressive and  safe  leader  in  the  interpretation  of  the 
facts  of  the  Bible.  The  up-to-date  character,  the 
fulness  of  illustration,  the  wealth  of  maps,  the  pro- 
gressive position,  and  the  cheapness  of  the  volume 
ought  to  make  this  the  one-volume  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible  for  many  years  to  come. 

In  « The  Wonderful  Century  " 
theMrl  (Dodd),  Mr.  Alfred  Russel  Wallace 

discusses  in  two  aspects  the  scientific 
achievements  of  the  century  now  closing.  In  one 
group  he  enumerates  the  theoretical  discoveries 
with  the  practical  invention  resting  thereupon.  His 
list  includes  twelve  examples  of  the  first  —  such  as 
the  conservation  of  energy,  organic  evolution,  the 
ground  theories  of  chemistry ;  and  twelve  of  the 
second  —  as  railways,  telegraphs,  photography,  and 
the  use  of  anaesthetics  and  antiseptics.  With  this 
list  he  compares  all  the  discoveries  of  preceding 
ages,  of  which  he  names  fifteen  —  as  gravitation 
and  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  the  art  of  printing, 
the  mariner's  compass,  and  the  telescope.  In  a  con- 
trasted group  of  what  he  calls  the  failures  of  the 
century,  the  author  enumerates  subjects  as  to  which 
he  insists  that  the  scientific  world  has  fallen  into 
lamentable  errors,  either  by  underrating  or  by 


Ferdinand 
Bruneti&re 
in  English. 


wholly  ignoring  their  real  significance  and  value,  as 
in  the  neglect  of  phrenology  and  the  opposition  to 
hypnotism  and  psychical  research;  or  by  over- 
valuing what  he  holds  to  be  delusive  and  mischiev- 
ous, as  vaccination  and  militarism,  which  latter  he 
calls  the  curse  of  civilization.  The  book  has  an 
interest  as  illustrating  the  excursions  of  a  distin- 
guished naturalist  into  fields  outside  of  his  specialty. 
The  first  part  of  it  almost  any  well-informed  scien- 
tist might  have  written  ;  the  second  part  scarcely 
any  such  person  would  have  written. 

We  are  glad  to  have  an  English 
translation,  and  one  which  has  been 
made  with  unusual  skill,  of  M. 
Ferdinand  Brunetiere's  "  Manual  of  the  History  of 
French  Literature"  (Crowell).  The  work  is  so 
masterly  an  example  of  such  a  history,  so  solid  in 
its  scholarship  and  so  attractive  in  its  setting-forth, 
that  it  is  valuable  both  on  its  own  account  and  as  a 
model  of  how  such  a  thing  ought  to  be  done.  The 
plan  is  rather  original.  The  text  is  a  philosophical 
essay  in  the  author's  familiar  manner,  while  the 
erudition  is  relegated  to  the  footnotes  which  occupy 
about  half  of  each  page.  The  author  calls  his  work 
"  an  application  of  the  doctrine  of  Evolution  to  the 
history  of  a  great  literature."  The  translation 
bears  the  assumed  name  of  "  Ralph  Derechef." 
Sixteen  portraits  illustrate  the  volume.  —  We  are 
glad  also  to  welcome  in  this  connection  the  volume 
of  "  Brunetiere's  Essays  in  French  Literature," 
selected  and  translated  by  Mr.  D.  Nichol  Smith, 
and  imported  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
The  volume  includes  seven  of  the  author's  most 
characteristic  essays,  and  a  special  preface  written 
by  him  for  this  translation. 

Sir  Edward  W.  Hamilton's  thought- 
ful  and  commendably  temperate 
of  Gladstone.  monograph  on  Gladstone  (Scribner  ) 
has  the  prima  facie  recommendation  of  being  from 
the  pen  of  a  man  who  knew  the  great  statesman 
well  for  nearly  forty  years,  and  was  closely  asso- 
ciated with  him  during  a  considerable  portion  of 
that  period.  Sir  Edward  aims  to  convey  to  his 
readers  a  just  notion  of  Mr.  Gladstone  the  man, 
through  describing  some  of  his  intellectual  powers, 
characteristics,  and  accomplishments,  some  of  his 
ways,  aims,  and  objects,  his  likes  and  dislikes,  and 
his  general  turn  of  mind.  The  little  book  is  well 
worth  reading,  and  while  it  cannot  be  said  to  throw 
any  special  new  light  on  Mr.  Gladstone's  singularly 
complex  character,  its  observations  are  in  general 
just,  well-weighed,  and  discriminating. 

It  would  have  been  singularly  im- 
Pr°Per  to  have  had  a  «  Famous 
Scots  "  series  without  a  life  of  Sir 
William  Wallace  :  scarcely  a  Scot  is  more  famous. 
Yet  it  was  no  easy  task  to  write  that  life.  Too 
little  is  known  of  Wallace,  for  one  thing  ;  and  for 
another,  too  little  is  known  by  the  general  reader  of 
the  history  and  general  life  of  Scotland  at  the  be- 


A  minor 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


131 


ginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.  At  any  rate,  one 
gets  but  a  hazy  notion  of  the  hero  or  of  his  oppor- 
tunity, in  the  volume  by  Professor  Murison  (im- 
ported by  Scribner).  The  chief  figure  is  shadowy; 
the  circumstances  are  like  those  of  a  dream.  The 
result  may  be  imagined :  killings  and  burnings, 
victories  and  defeats,  plottings  and  betrayals, —  we 
get  a  confused  vision  of  such  matters,  but  no  clear 
understanding.  This  volume  is  hardly  as  interest- 
ing as  most  of  the  series,  a  matter  not  entirely 
chargeable  to  the  author.  It  gives  us  something  of 
an  account  of  a  simple  and  violent  career  in  a  troub- 
lous and  complicated  time.  We  think  most  readers 
will  know  more  of  Wallace  after  they  have  read  it 
than  before ;  but  further  it  would  be  rather  hard  to 
go  in  the  way  of  praise. 


Court  of 
the  Second 
Empire. 


M.  de  Saint-Amand's  "The  Court 
of  the  Second  Empire,  1856-1858  " 
(Scribner)  is  a  rather  exceptionally 
animated  and  interesting  number  of  the  sub-series 
of  this  brilliant  writer's  popular  historical  studies 
now  current.  The  three  years  bridging  the  time 
from  the  Crimean  War  to  the  Italian  war  of  1859 
form  the  epoch  covered  in  this  book.  The  salient 
episodes  treated  are  the  coronation  of  the  Czar 
Alexander  II.,  the  Orsini  attempt,  and  the  diplo- 
matic preludes  to  the  war  which  led  immediately  to 
the  liberation  from  Austrian  rule  of  northern  Italy. 
Separate  chapters  are  devoted  to  Walewski,  De 
Morny,  and  Cavour.  There  are  four  portraits. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


"The  More  Excellent  Way"  (Oxford  University 
Press)  is  a  volume  of  brief  selections  in  verse  and  prose, 
all  relating  to  the  "Life  of  Love,"  compiled  by  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Lyttelton  Gell.  The  very  wide  range  of  au- 
thors represented  would  seem  to  bear  out  the  statement 
that  "  a  poet  without  love  were  a  physical  and  moral 
impossibility."  The  selections  are  admirably  classified 
under  appropriate  readings,  and  have  been  chosen  with 
great  art  and  taste.  Less,  however,  is  to  be  said  for 
the  taste  of  the  publishers.  The  combination  of  dark 
blue  cover  with  pale-green  edges  makes  a  homely  exte- 
rior; the  same  combination  within,  used  for  type  and 
decorative  designs,  makes  a  striking  but  not  beautiful 
printed  page. 

Mr.  W.  E.  H.  Lecky's  "  Democracy  and  Liberty  " 
(Longmans)  has  just  passed  into  a  second  edition,  and 
the  author  avails  himself  of  the  opportunity  thus  pre- 
sented to  discuss,  in  a  special  introduction  of  some  fifty 
pages,  "  the  experience  of  the  last  eventful  years."  In 
the  light  of  this  experience,  the  outlook  seems  even 
gloomier  than  it  did  before,  and  the  new  introduction, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  book  itself,  is  far  from  cheerful 
reading.  But  the  problems  which  it  raises  are  to  be 
solved  only  by  facing  them  bravely  and  squarely;  and 
no  writer  of  our  time  brings  to  their  discussion  a  more 
penetrative  insight  or  a  riper  wisdom. 

Judging  from  the  example  we  have  seen,  the  novel 
"  Color  Prints  "  of  Miss  Pamela  Colman  Smith  should 
meet  with  considerable  favor.  The  term  "  print "  as 


applied  to  these  pictures  seems  to  us  ill-advised  and 
misleading,  as  it  naturally  suggests  the  use  of  litho- 
graphy or  some  other  method  of  mechanical  reproduc- 
tion. In  reality,  the  outline  only  of  the  picture  is. 
printed,  this  being  then  filled  in  by  hand  in  water-color 
and  retouched  by  the  artist.  The  colors  are  chosen  with 
taste,  and  are  carefully  applied,  and  the  effect  of  the 
finished  work  is  both  artistic  and  pleasing.  Five  sub- 
jects have  been  issued,  varying  in  price  from  two  ta 
five  dollars  each, —  remarkably  cheap,  when  the  amount 
of  work  involved  is  considered.  The  prints  are  pub- 
lished by  Mr.  R.  H.  Russell. 

Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  fondness  for  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury is  shown  once  more  in  his  volume  of  "  Miscellanies  n 
(Dodd).  Nearly  all  of  its  thirteen  papers  concern  them- 
selves with  books  or  authors  of  that  period  —  as  Gold- 
smith, Steele,  Dr.  Johnson,  Gay ;  others  have  to  do  with 
London  of  that  date  or  earlier.  "  Old  Whitehall,"  with 
a  reduced  ground-plan  of  the  Royal  Palace  as  it  was  in 
the  year  1680,  and  "  Changes  in  Charing  Cross,"  looking 
back  to  the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  are  chapters  to 
delight  the  antiquary;  for  of  Dobson,  as  of  his  favorite 
Goldsmith,  it  may  be  said,  "  He  touches  nothing  that  he 
does  not  adorn. 

A  fifth  edition  of  the  late  Professor  Martin's  "  briefer 
course  "  in  "  The  Human  Body,"  revised  by  Dr.  George 
Wells  Fitz,  has  just  been  published  by  Messrs.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  The  work  still  has  the  perfunctory  chapter 
on  narcotics,  without  which  it  could  not  be  used  in  the 
schools  of  a  number  of  States,  but  Dr.  Fitz  takes  pains 
to  state  that  this  chapter  "  is  retained  against  the  best 
judgment  of  the  reviser,  who  believes  that  the  questions 
involved  are  ethical  and  not  physiological."  The  book 
is,  of  course,  aside  from  this  defect,  one  of  the  best 
elementary  manuals  of  human  anatomy  and  physiology 
that  have  ever  been  written.  In  another  text-book  of 
the  same  subject,  written  by  Dr.  E.  Franklin  Smith, 
and  published  by  Mr.  William  R.  Jenkins,  the  chapter  on 
narcotics  volunteers  the  delightful  statement  that "  tee- 
total drinks  "  contain  from  six  to  fourteen  per  cent  of 
alcohol,  coming  somewhere  between  claret  and  cham- 
pagne in  the  list. 

"  Where  to  Educate,"  published  by  Messrs.  Brown  & 
Co.,  Boston,  is  described  as  "  a  guid«  to  the  best  private 
schools,  higher  institutions  of  learning,  etc.,  in  the  United 
States."  It  is  a  volume  of  nearly  four  hundred  pages, 
and  is  edited  by  Miss  Grace  Powers  Thomas.  She  sup- 
plies a  good  deal  of  information  that  may  give  the  book 
value  for  reference,  but  she  has  not  always  been  on  her 
guard.  Among  the  Illinois  institutions  which  are 
included  we  find,  to  our  amazement,  one  of  the  chief 
offenders  in  the  matter  of  fraudulent  degrees,  the  estab- 
lishment which  more  than  any  other  has  led  to  the  pro- 
posed legislation  which  we  discuss  in  the  editorial  pages 
of  this  issue. 

Miscellaneous  reading-books  for  the  young  are  of  all 
sorts  nowadays.  Among  the  more  recent  of  them  we 
mention  "  Uncle  Robert's  Geography  "  (Appleton),  ed- 
ited by  Mr.  F.  W.  Parker  and  Miss  Nellie  L.  Helm;. 
"  Our  Country's  Flag  and  the  Flags  of  Foreign  Coun- 
tries "  (Appleton),  by  Dr.  Edward  S.  Holden;  "  Poetry 
of  the  Seasons  "  (Silver),  compiled  by  Miss  Mary  I. 
Lovejoy;  "Historic  Boston  and  Its  Neighborhood" 
(Appleton),  by  Dr.  Edward  Everett  Hale;  "Heroes  of 
the  Middle  West"  (Ginn),  by  Mrs.  Mary  Hartwell 
Catherwood ;  and  "  First  Steps  in  the  History  of  Our 
Country  "  (Silver),  by  Messrs.  W.  A.  Mowry  and  A.  M. 
Mowry. 


132 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


[LITERARY  NOTES. 

«  Paul  et  Virginia,"  edited  by  Professor  Oscar  Kuhns, 
is  one  of  the  latest  of  the  French  texts  published  by 
Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

A  teacher's  manual  of  "United  States  History  in 
Elementary  Schools,"  by  Mrs.  L.  L.  W.  Wilson,  is 
published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  Plane  and  Solid  Germany,"  by  Dr.  James  Howard 
Gore,  is  an  elementary  text-book,  just  published  by 
Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

"  The  Attic  Theatre,"  by  Mr.  A.  E.  Haigh,  has  passed 
into  a  second  and  considerably  enlarged  edition,  which 
comes  to  us  from  Mr.  Henry  Frowde  of  the  Oxford 
Clarendon  Press. 

A  "  Critique  of  Some  Recent  Subjunctive  Theories," 
by  Mr.  Charles  Edwin  Bennett,  forms  No.  IX.  of  the 
•"  Cornell  Studies  in  Classical  Philology,"  published  by 
the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  A  Complete  Latin  Grammar,"  by  Professor  Albert 
Harkness,  is  the  final  product  of  many  revisions  and 
much  teaching  experience.  The  American  Book  Co. 
are  the  publishers. 

"The  Rig- Veda  Mantras  in  the  Grhya  Sutras"  is 
a  doctor's  dissertation  prepared  for  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University  by  Mr.  Edwin  W.  Fay,  and  published  at 
Roanoke,  Virginia. 

As  a  valentine  to  their  friends,  the  "  Brothers  of  the 
Book"  have  issued  a  beautifully-printed  leaflet  con- 
taining Mrs.  Rosamund  Marriott- Watson's  poem, "  Old 
Books,  Fresh  Flowers." 

"The  Principles  of  Agriculture"  (Macmillan),  by 
Mr.  L.  H.  Bailey,  is  a  "  text-book  for  schools  and  rural 
societies,"  written  from  the  widest  knowledge  of  its 
subject,  and  admirably  adapted  for  its  purpose. 

Miss  Bertha  Ellen  Lovewell  has  edited  "  The  Life  of 
St.  Cecilia  "  from  a  number  of  Middle  English  manu- 
scripts, and  the  monograph  is  published  by  Messrs. 
Lamson,  Wolffe,  &  Co.  in  the  series  of  "  Yale  Studies 
in  English." 

Miss  Emma  Helen  Blair  has  prepared  a  valuable 
"Annotated  Catalogue  of  Newspaper  Files  in  the  Library 
of  the  State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin."  The  work, 
which  is  a  pamphlet  of  nearly  four  hundred  pages,  ap- 
pears as  a  state  publication. 

"  A  Short  History  of  France  "  and  "  A  Short  His- 
tory of  Germany,"  both  by  Miss  Mary  Platt  Parmele, 
are  now  published  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons 
in  new  editions,  uniform  with  the  similar  volumes  upon 
England,  Spain,  and  the  United  States. 

Messrs.  Allyn  &  Bacon  publish  two  volumes  of  En- 
glish texts:  "Select  Essays  and  Poems  "  of  Emerson, 
edited  by  Miss  Eva  March  Tappan ;  and  "  Three  Nar- 
rative Poems  "  ("  The  Ancient  Mariner,"  "  Sohrab  and 
Rustum,"  "  Enoch  Arden  "),  edited  by  Mr.  George  A. 
Watrous. 

Mr.  F.  C.  Burnand,  the  editor  of  "  Punch,"  has  con- 
sented to  write  a  series  of  articles  giving  personal  remi- 
niscences of  most  of  the  authors  and  artists  connected 
with  that  famous  periodical  during  the  last  twenty-five 
years.  The  articles  will  appear  in  the  "  Pall  Mall 
Magazine." 

A  series  of  "  Ethno-Geographic  Readers  "  (Heath), 
by  Mr.  Frederick  Starr,  is  to  consist  of  three  volumes  — 
41  Strange  Peoples,"  "  American  Indians,"  and  "  How 
Men  Do."  The  first  and  third  of  these  are  still  in  pre- 


paration, but  the  second  has  been  issued,  and  proves  to 
be  a  very  readable  account  of  the  North  American 
Indian,  written  in  simple  language,  and  attractively 
illustrated.  The  reading- lesson  should  be  welcome  to 
the  boy  who  takes  it  from  such  a  book  as  this. 

The  late  A.  H.  Green  of  Oxford  left  the  manuscript 
of  an  unfinished  text-book  of  elementary  geology,  and 
his  widow  commissioned  Mr.  J.  F.  Blake  to  prepare  it 
for  publication.  The  result  is  a  volume  called  "  First 
Lessons  in  Modern  Geology,"  published  by  the  Oxford 
University  Press. 

The  publishers  of  the  Old  South  Leaflets  have  just 
issued  two  numbers  entitled  respectively  "  Lafayette  in 
the  American  Revolution  "  and  "  Letters  of  Washington 
and  Lafayette."  The  publication  is  most  timely  in  view 
of  the  Lafayette  monument,  the  gift  of  the  American 
people,  to  be  erected  in  Paris  next  year. 

Mr.  John  B.  Dunbar  has  edited  Cooper's  "  The  Last 
of  the  Mohicans,"  for  the  series  of  "  Standard  English 
Classics  "  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  It  makes 
an  attractive  volume  of  more  than  five  hundred  pages, 
and  the  boy  who  has  it  for  a  school-book  will  surely 
think  that  his  lot  is  cast  in  pleasant  places. 

"  The  Technology  Review  "  is  a  new  quarterly  peri- 
odical published  by  the  Association  of  Class  Secretaries 
of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  It  is  mod- 
elled rather  closely  upon  the  "  Harvard  Graduates  Mag- 
azine," which  amounts  to  saying  that  it  is  a  dignified 
and  creditable  production  which  we  shall  welcome  to 
our  table. 

The  volume  of  "  Studies  in  American  History  "  just 
published  by  Mr.  J.  H.  Miller,  Lincoln,  Nebraska, 
includes  the  ten  pamphlets  of  "  source  extracts  "  made 
by  Mr.  Howard  W.  Caldwell,  which  we  have  mentioned 
from  time  to  time  as  they  have  come  to  us,  and  for 
which  we  are  happy  to  find  a  word  of  renewed  com- 
mendation. 

"  The  Uncommercial  Traveller,"  with  four  illustra- 
tions by  Mr.  Harry  Furniss,  has  been  added  to  the  hand- 
some "  Gadshill "  edition  of  Dickens,  imported  by 
Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  The  spirit  of  Cruik- 
shank  and  "  Phiz  "  seems  to  have  caught  successfully 
by  Mr.  Furniss  in  his  pictures,  the  frontispiece  portrait 
being  especially  good. 

Pending  the  construction  of  a  new  and  modern  build- 
ing, which  will  be  planned  to  meet  the  needs  of  their 
constantly  increasing  business,  the  Western  Methodist 
Book  Concern  will  occupy  the  large  corner  store  of  the 
Edson  Keith  Building,  Wabash  Avenue  and  Monroe 
Street,  a  region  that  seems  likely  to  become  the  "  book- 
sellers' row  "  of  Chicago. 

"  The  World's  Painters  and  their  Pictures  "  (Ginn), 
by  Mr.  Deristhe  L.  Hoyt,  is  an  elementary  descriptive 
and  historical  manual  intended  for  school  use.  It  is 
little  more  than  a  compendium  of  the  barest  facts  and 
the  most  condensed  critical  judgments,  supplied  with 
enough  process  illustrations  to  save  the  text  from  being 
absolutely  meaningless  to  a  young  student. 

The  total  destruction  by  fire  of  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg 
&  Co.'s  fine  Chicago  bookstore,  which  occurred  on  the 
12th  inst.,  is  an  event  not  measurable  by  the  money 
loss  alone,  although  this  approaches  the  sum  of  half  a 
million  dollars.  The  store  was  renowned  as  one  of  the 
largest  and  best  in  the  world,  and  its  vast  stock  con- 
tained many  rare  items  that  cannot  be  replaced,  auto- 
graph copies,  books  in  exquisite  foreign  bindings,  treas- 
ures of  the  bookhunter  and  bibliophile,  by  whom  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


133 


loss  will  be  especially  deplored.  We  are  glad  to  an- 
nounce that  the  firm  already  occupies  new  quarters  at 
the  corner  of  Wabash  Avenue  and  Monroe  Street,  one 
square  south  of  the  old  location. 

We  have  received  from  the  Century  Co.  the  two 
bound  volumes  of  "  St.  Nicholas  "  for  1898,  as  well  as 
the  volume  of  the  "  Century  Magazine  "  for  the  half- 
year  ending  last  October.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  war 
in  these  volumes,  which  is  natural  enough,  but  there  are 
also  other  features  of  interest,  including  (as  far  as  the 
"  Century  "  volume  is  concerned)  Dr.  Mitchell's  "  Fran- 
§ois "  and  a  half  dozen  of  Mr.  Cole's  superb  wood- 
engravings. 

The  death  of  Archibald  Lampman,  on  the  tenth  of 
this  month,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-eight,  is  no  small 
loss  to  Canadian  literature  and  English  poetry.  His 
two  volumes,  "  Among  the  Millet "  and  "  Lyrics  of 
Earth,"  together  with  his  many  contributions  to  the 
periodicals,  gave  him  a  high  place  among  that  remark- 
able group  of  young  Canadian  poets  whose  work  has 
made  us  here  in  the  United  States  look  somewhat  search- 
ingly  to  our  own  laurels. 

Professor  William  Morris  Davis,  with  the  aid  of  Mr. 
William  Henry  Snyder,  has  prepared  a  school  "  Physical 
Geography  "  which  is  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 
It  is  a  volume  of  ordinary  dimensions  —  not  the  extra- 
ordinary ones  that  used  to  be  associated  with  text-books 
of  this  subject  —  very  abundantly  illustrated,  and  thor- 
oughly praiseworthy  in  its  presentation  of  theories  and 
facts.  The  name  of  Professor  Davis,  indeed,  is  all  the 
guarantee  of  excellence  that  such  a  work  needs. 

That  readable  literary  magazine,  "  The  Bookman," 
announces  the  publication  in  its  pages  of  Mr.  Paul 
Leicester  Ford's  historical  novel  of  the  American  Rev- 
olution, "  Janice  Meredith,"  the  first  instalment  to  ap- 
pear in  the  March  number.  This  story  has  already,  we 
believe,  been  running  for  several  issues  in  "  Collier's 
Weekly."  The  "  syndicate  "  method  of  publication,  it 
would  thus  appear,  is  to  be  extended  to  the  monthly 
magazines,  —  a  doubtful  experiment,  as  it  seems  to  us. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  French  lyrical  poetry,  in 
which  the  most  recent  singers  are  fairly  represented,  is 
given  us  in  the  volume  of  "  French  Lyrics "  which 
Professor  Arthur  Graves  Canfield  has  edited  for  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  Upwards  of  sixty  poets  are  included, 
with  an  average  of  four  pieces  each,  although  the  space 
given  to  Hugo,  Lamartine,  Musset,  Leconte  de  Lisle, 
and  M.  Sully-Prudhomme  makes  this  statement  one  to 
be  taken  with  allowances.  The  book  is  excellent  in 
every  way  —  in  taste,  scholarship,  and  sense  of  propor- 
tion. 

The  Committee  on  Libraries  and  Schools  of  the 
National  Educational  Association  is  at  present  engaged 
in  collecting  materials  for  a  report  to  be  made  next 
July.  The  subjects  under  consideration  include  the 
preparation  of  graded  lists  of  books  suitable  for  chil- 
dren, the  correlation  of  public  library  and  school  work, 
normal  school  work  in  the  use  of  books  by  teachers,  and 
other  related  topics.  There  is  a  wide  field  of  usefulness 
before  this  Committee,  and  the  cooperation  of  all  inter- 
ested persons  is  solicited  by  the  chairman,  Mr.  J.  C. 
Dana,  Springfield,  Mass. 

Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  announce  the  publica- 
tion of  "  The  American  Anthropologist,"  a  new  quar- 
terly journal  established  under  the  auspices  of  the 
anthropological  section  of  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science.  The  Board  of  Editors 


comprises  such  men  as  Messrs.  D.  G.  Brinton,  F.  W. 
Putnam,  W.  H.  Holmes,  Franz  Boas,  and  J.  W.  Powell 
—  in  a  word,  the  most  distinguished  American  scholars 
in  this  branch  of  science.  Each  number  will  contain 
two  hundred  pages  of  text  and  illustrations.  Four  dol- 
lars is  the  annual  subscription. 

The  Association  of  Collegiate  Aluinnge  has  recently 
added  to  its  publications  a  "  Magazine  Number  "  which 
we  have  examined  with  much  interest.  No  announce- 
ment is  made  of  its  continuation  as  a  serial  publication, 
but  we  wish  that  such  an  undertaking  might  prove  prac- 
ticable, for  a  monthly,  or  even  a  quarterly,  periodical  of 
this  character  would  be  a  welcome  addition  to  our  edu- 
cational literature.  The  contributors  include  such 
women  as  Mrs.  Alice  Upton  Pearmain,  Miss  Abby 
Leach,  Miss  Marion  Talbot,  Miss  Emily  James  Smith, 
Miss  M.  Carey  Thomas,  Miss  Louise  Brownell,  and 
Mrs.  Paul  Shorey.  Mrs.  Shorey's  interesting  paper 
upon  "  The  Collegiate  Alumiife  and  the  Public  Schools 
of  Chicago  "  affords  a  typical  illustration  of  the  sort  of 
work  the  Association  is  doing,  good  unobtrusive  work  of 
a  kind  that  might  accomplish  much  for  the  betterment 
of  public  education.  The  publication  is  issued  from 
Richmond  Hill,  New  York. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  65  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 

The  Story  of  France.  From  the  earliest  times  to  the  Con- 
sulate of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  By  Thomas  £.  Watson. 
Vol.  I.,  To  the  End  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XV.  8vo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  712.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50. 

The  Story  of  the  Civil  War.  By  John  Codman  Ropes,  LL.D. 
Part  II.,  The  Campaigns  of  1862.  With  maps  and  plans, 
large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  475.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50. 

America  in  Hawaii:  A  History  of  United  States  Influence 
in  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  By  Edmund  Janes  Carpenter. 
Illns.,  liimo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  275.  Small,  Maynard  & 
Co.  $1.50. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Historical  Manuscripts  Com- 
mission of  the  American  Historical  Association.  Large  <Svo, 
uncut,  pp.  679.  Government  Printing  Office.  Paper. 

Rhode  Island  and  the  Formation  of  the  Union.  By 
Frank  Greene  Bates,  Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  220. 
"  Columbia  College  Studies."  Macmillan  Go.  Paper. 

A  Short  History  of  France,  and  A  Short  History  of  Ger- 
many. By  Mary  Platt  Parmele.  12mo.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons.  Each,  60  cts.  net. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

My  Inner  Life :  Being  a  Chapter  in  Personal  Evolution  and 
Autobiography.  By  John  Beattie  Crozier.  Large  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  562.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $4.50. 

John  Sullivan  Dwight,  Brook-Farmer,  Editor,  and  Critic 
of  Music.  By  George  Willis  Cooke.  With  portrait,  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  297.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  $2. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
A  History  of  English  Romanticism  in  the  Eighteenth 

Century.     By  Henry  A.  Beers.     8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.  455.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.    $2. 
Plains  and  Uplands  of  Old  France :  A  Book  of  Verse  and 

Prose.    By  Henry  Copley  Greene.     Illns..  16mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  139.    Small,  Maynard  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The'ophile:  A  Miracle  Play.     By  Henry  Copley  Greene. 

With  frontispiece,  16mo,  uncut,  pp.  32.    Small,  Maynard 

&  Co.    $1.  net. 
Fireside  Fancies.  By  Beulah  C.  Garretson.   16mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  220.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.    $1.25. 
Adoheland  Stories.     By  Verner  Z.  Reed.    12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  179.    Richard  G.  Badger  &  Co.    $1. 
If  Tarn  O'Shanter'd  Had  a  Wheel,  and  Other  Poems  and 

Sketches.    By  Grace  Duffie  Boylau.    Illus.,  12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  222.    E.  R.  Herrick  &  Co.    $1.25. 


134 


THE    DIAL 


[Feb.  16, 


NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 
Complete  Works  of  Robert  Browning,  "  Camberwell  " 

edition.  Edited  by  Charlotte  Porter  and  Helen  A.  Clarke. 

In  12  vols. ,  with  photogravure  frontispieces,  24mo,  gilt  tops. 

T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.     Boxed,  $9. 
Eighteenth   Century   Letters.     Edited  by  R.   Brimley 

Johnson.    In  2  vols.,  with  photogravure  portraits,  12mo, 

gilt  tops,  uncut.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.     Per  vol.,  $1.75  net. 
The  Virginians.    By  W.  M.  Thackeray.     "  Biographical  " 

edition,  with  Introduction  by  Anne  Thackeray  Ritchie. 

Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  809.    Harper  &  Brothers. 

$1.75. 

POETRY. 
Wessex  Poems,  and  Other  Verses.     By  Thomas  Hardy ; 

illus.  by  the  author.  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  210.   Harper 

&  Brothers.    $1.75. 
Along  the, Trail:  A  Book  of  Lyrics.     By  Richard  Hovey. 

16mo,  pp.  115.    Small,  Maynard  &  Co.    $1.50. 

FICTION. 
The  Open  Question :  A  Tale  of  Two  Temperaments.    By 

C.  E.  Raimond.  12mo,  pp.  523.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.50. 
The  Wheel  of  God.    By  George  Egerton.    12mo,  pp.  364. 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1 . ;  paper,  50  cts. 
Windyhaugh.    By  Graham  Travers  (Margaret  G.  Todd, 

M.D.).    12mo,  pp.  418.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Archdeacon.     By  L.  B.  Walford.     12mo,   pp.  274. 

Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.     $1.50. 
God's  Prisoners.  By  John  Oxenham.  12mo,  pp.  314.  Henry 

Holt  &  Co.    $1.25. 
A  Writer  of  Books.    By  George  Paston.    12mo,  pp.  344. 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.;  paper,  50  cts. 

Sundown  Leflare.  Written  and  illustrated  by  Frederic 
Remington.  12mo,  pp.  115.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.25. 

That  Gay  Deceiver!  By  Albert  Ross.  12mo,  pp.  306. 
G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.  $1.;  paper,  50  cts. 

Van  Hoff ;  or.  The  New  Faust.  By  Alfred  Smythe.  12mo, 
pp.  322.  G.  W.  Dillingham  Co.  Paper,  50  cts. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 
Spinifex  and  Sand :  A  Narrative  of  Five  Years'  Pioneering 

and  Exploration  in  Western  Australia.     By  the  Hon. 

David  W.  Carnegie.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.454.    M.  F.  Mansfield  &  Co.     $5. 
A  Gold  Hunter's  Experience.  By  Chalkley  J.  Hambleton. 

16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  116.   Chicago :  Privately  printed. 

SCIENCE. 

The  History  of  Mankind.  By  Professor  Friedrich  Ratzel ; 
trans,  from  the  2d  German  edition  by  A.  J.  Butler,  M.A.; 
with  Introduction  by  E.  B.  Tylor,  D.C.L.  Vol.  III., 
completing  the  work.  Illus.  in  colors,  etc.,  large  8vo, 
gilt  top,  pp.  599.  Macmillan  Co.  $4. 

The  Foundations  of  Zoology.  By  William  Keith  Brooks, 
Ph.D.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  339.  "  Columbia  Univer- 
sity Biological  Series."  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50  net. 

A  Guide  to  'the  Study  of  the  Geological  Collections  of  the 
New  York  State  Museum.  By  Frederick  J.  H.  Merrill, 
Ph.D.  Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  262.  Albany :  University  of 
the  State  of  New  York.  Paper,  40  cts. 

POLITICAL,  SOCIAL,  AND  ECONOMIC 
STUDIES. 

Democracy  and  Liberty.  By  William  Edward  Hartpole 
Lecky.  New  edition ;  in  2  vols.,  12mo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $5. 

Democracy:  A  Study  in  Government.  By  James  H. 
Hyslop,  Ph.D.  12mo,  pp.  300.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.50. 

Slav  or  Saxon:  A  Study  of  the  Growth  and  Tendencies  of 
Russian  Civilization.  By  William  Dudley  Foulke.  Sec- 
ond edition,  revised ;  12mo,  pp.  141.  "  Questions  of  the 
Day."  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1. 

Social  Settlements.  By  C.  R.  Henderson.  18mo,  pp.  196. 
New  York :  Lentilhon  &  Co.  50  cts. 

History  of  State  Banking  in  Maryland.  By  Alfred  Cook- 
man  Bryan,  Ph.D.  Large  Svo.uncut,  pp.  144.  "Johns 
Hopkins  University  Studies."  Paper. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

The  Study  of  Holy  Scripture:  A  General  Introduction. 
By  Charles  Augustus  Briggs,  D.D.  Large  8vo,  pp.  688. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $3.  net. 


Religion  in  Greek  Literature:  A  Sketch  in  Outline.  By 
Lewis  Campbell,  M.A.  Large  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  423.  Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.  $5. 

The  Kingdom  ( Basileia) :  An  Exegetical  Study.  By  George 
Dana  Boardman.  8vo,  pp.348.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2. 

Morality  as  a  Religion :  An  Exposition  of  Some  First  Prin- 
ciples. By  W.  R.  Washington  Sullivan.  12mo,  uncut, 
pp.  296.  Macmillan  Co.  $2. 

The  Conception  of  Priesthood  in  the  Early  Church  and  in 
the  Church  of  England  :  Four  Sermons.  By  W.  Sanday, 
D.D.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  128.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1. 

Suggestive  Illustrations  on  the  Gospel  of  John.  By  Rev. 
F.  N.  Peloubet,  D.D.  12mo,  pp.  543.  E.  R.  Herrick  & 
Co.  $1.25. 

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138 


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[March  1, 


Story  of  the  People  of 
England  in  the  19th  Century 

By  JUSTIN  MCCARTHY,  M.P.,  author  of 
"Life  of  Sir  Robert  Peel,"   "The 
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taken  place  in  all  that  relates  to  applied  and 
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ships, the  electric  telegraph,  the  submarine 
cable,  the  telephone  —  all  these  are  the  growth 
of  this  wonderful  century,  which  has  done 
more  for  the  practical  movement  of  civiliza- 
tion than  all  the  centuries  that  went  before. 
The  portraits  of  the  great  men  who  led  all  these 
different  movements  are  carefully  and  vividly 
drawn,  and  the  object  is  to  impress  the  mind 
of  the  reader  with  a  clear  idea  of  each  man  and 
of  each  man's  work  in  that  period  of  English 
history. 

The  West  Indies. 

A  History  of  the  Islands  of  the  West 
Indian  Archipelago,  together  with  an 
account  of  their  Physical  Characteris- 
tics, Natural  Resources,  and  Present 
Condition.   By  AMOS  KIDDKK  FIBRE, 
A.M.,  author  of  "The  Jewish  Scrip- 
tures," "  The  Myths  of  Israel,"  etc. 
No.  55  in  The  Story  of  the  Nations 
Series.  Fully  illustrated.  Large  12mo, 
$1.50;  half  leather,  gilt  top,  $1.75. 
The  events  of  the  past  year  have  begotten, 
at  least  in  the  United  States,  a  new  and  keener 
interest  not  only  in  Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico,  but 
in  all  of  that  great  group  of  American  islands 
which  still  remain  so  largely  under  European 
control.     Professor  Fiske's  purpose  has  been 
to  compress  within  the  compass  of  one  moder- 
ate volume,  and  yet  to  present  with  adequate 
form  and  color  and  in  a  popular  style,  the 
information  about  the  West  Indies — their  his- 
tory and  physical  aspects,  their  natural  re- 
sources and  material  condition,  their  political 
relations,  and  apparent  destiny  —  which  would 
meet  the  needs  of  that  numerous  but  undefln- 
able  person,  the  "general  reader." 

The  Life  of  George  Borrow. 

The  Life,  Writings,  and  Correspondence 
of  George  Borrow,  1803-1881,  author 
of  "  The  Bible  in  Spain."  "  Laven- 
gro,"  etc.  Based  on  Official  and 
other  Authentic  Sources.  By  WILL- 
IAM I.  KNAPP,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  and  late 
of  Yale  and  Chicago  Universities.  In 
2  vols.  8vo. 

George  Borrow  was  born  in  East  Dereham, 
Norfolk,  England,  in  1803.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  was  articled  to  a  solicitor  at  Norwich. 
He  spent  much  of  his  time  studying  languages, 
for  which  he  had  a  great  gift,  acquiring  among 
other  tongues  that  of  the  gypsies.  After  much 
adventurous  roaming  and  many  struggles,  in 
1833  he  received  the  appointment  as  agent  of 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  in  which 
capacity  he  traveled  extensively,  learning  with 
marvellous  ease  the  language  of  each  country 
visited  by  him.  He  was  noted  for  his  eccen- 
tricities, his  fondness  for  the  gypsies,  his  pas- 
sion for  athletic  exercises,  bis  scorn  for  the 
gentilities  of  life  and  his  vigorous  advocacy  of 
the  doctrines  of  the  Church  of  England.  Bor- 
row was  the  author  of  many  works  and  trans- 
lations, the  most  important  of  these  being 
" Lavengro  "  and  "  The  Bible  in  Spain." 


Roman  Africa. 

Archaeological  Walks  in  Algiers   and 
Tunis.    By  GASTON  BOISSIER.   With 
4  maps.    Large  12mo,  $1.75. 
M.  Boissier  needs  no  introduction  to  an 
American  public.    Those  who  have  read  his 
previous  books  are  already  familiar  with  the 
simplicity  and  clearness  of  his  style,  and  real- 
ize that  his  work  is  based  upon  a  foundation 
of  thorough  scholarly  knowledge. 

Fresh  Impressions  of  the  Earlier  Works  of 

Gaslon  Boissier: 

CICERO  AND  HIS  FRIENDS.    $1.75. 
ROME  AND  POMPEII.     $2.50. 
THE  COUNTRY  OF  HORACE  AND  VIRGIL. 
$2.00. 

A  companion  work  to  the  above : 
THE  RIVIERA,  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN. 
By  C.  LENTHBRIC.    Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 

Mysteries  of  Police  and 
Crime. 

A  General  Survey  of  Wrong-doing  and 
Its    Pursuit.      By    Major    ARTHUR 
GRIFFITHS,  one  of  Her  Majesty's  In- 
spectors of  Prisons,  author  of  "  Chron- 
icles of    Newgate,"   "Memorials  of 
Milbank,"  etc.    2  vols.    8vo,  $5.00. 
CONTENTS:  Police,  Past  and  Present  —  Ju- 
dicial Errors  —  Captains  of  Crime  —  Crimes  of 
the  Highway  —  Murder  Mysteries  —  The  Poi- 
soners —  Crimes  of  Greed  and  Acquisitiveness 
—  Associations  of  Criminals. 

Volcanoes. 

Their  Structure  and  Significance.     By 
T.  G.  BONNEY,  D.Sc.,LL.D..  F.R.S., 
Professor  of  Geology  at  University 
College,  London.   No.  5  in  The  .Science 
Series.     Illustrated.     12mo,  $2.00. 
The  author  has  endeavored   to   lead   the 
reader,   through    descriptions  of  the  varied 
phenomena  of  volcanic  action  in  the  present 
and  in  the  past,  toward  ascertaining  by  infer- 
ence the  cause  or  causes  of  eruptions.    The 
book  opens  with  an  account  of  "  a  living  vol- 
cano," instances  being  given  which  explain  it 
at  every  stage  from  birth  to  death.     Then, 
after  some  preliminary  explanations  of  certain 
technicalities,  the  author  conducts  the  reader, 
as  it  were,  to  the  dissecting  theatre  and  points 
out  what  may  be  the  discoveries  in  this  method 
of  study.     In  the  last  chapter  he  sums  up  the 
results  to  which  his  investigations  have  pointed 
and  presents  the  conclusions  to  which  they 
lead. 

New  and  Cheaper  Edition. 

John  Marmaduke. 

A  Romance  of  the  English  Invasion  of 
Ireland  in  1649.  By  SAMUEL  HARDEN 
CHURCH,  author  of  "Life  of  Oliver 
Cromwell."      Sixth    edition.      Illus- 
trated.  8vo,  $1.25;  Hudson  Library, 
No.  35,  16mo,  paper,  50  cts. 
The  author  has  produced  a  thoroughly  inter- 
esting  story,  abounding   in  stirring   scenes 
which  force  themselves  on  the  attention  of  his 
readers,  and  peopled  with  a  sufficiency  of  clear- 
drawn,  vivid,  lifelike  characters,  the  loveliest 
of  whom,  the  heroine,  Catharine  Dillon,  is  an 
unforgettable  woman. 

The  Christ. 

A  Poetical  Study  of  His  Life  from  Ad- 
vent to  Ascension.  By  O.  C.  AURIN- 
GER  and  JEANIE  OLIVER  SMITH. 
12mo,  $1.25. 


The  New  Far  East. 

A  Study  of  Present  Political  Conditions 
and  Prospects.    By  ARTHUR  DIOSY, 
Vice- Chairman  of  the  Council  of  the 
Japan  Society.     With  12  illustrations 
from    special    designs    by    KUBOTA 
BEISEN,  of  Tokio,  a  reproduction  of 
a  cartoon  designed  by  His  Majesty  the 
German    Emperor,   and    a    specially 
drawn  map.     8vo,  $3.50. 
The  author,  who  is  the  founder  of  the  Japan 
Society,  shows  that  Japan  is  not  only  a  trav- 
eller's paradise,  "  a  pleasant  land  of  beautiful 
scenery,  a  country  inhabited  by  an  interesting 
race,  with  charming,  gentle  manners,"  but 
also  (as  has  been  evident  since  her  defeat  of 
China)  the  land  of  a  brave  and  serious  nation 
of  fighting  and  thinking  men  —  a  nation  capa- 
ble of  being,  and  determined  to  be,  a  dominant 
factor  in  the  Eastern  world.     China,  credited 
until  her  overthrow  with  boundless  stores  of 
latent  strength,  is  shown  to  be  an  inert  mass, 
drifting    toward    disintegration.      Mr.   Di6sy 
sketches  the  changes  in  manners  and  customs 
that  have  produced  "  the  new  Japan,"  and 
concludes  with  a  consideration  of  political  con- 
ditions in  the  East,  and  a  suggestion  as  to  the 
expedient  Oriental  policy  of  England  in  the 
future.    The  book  is  illustrated  by  Kubota. 
Beisen,  a  Japanese  artist  well-known  in  this 
country,  where  he  visited  and  held  exhibitions 
of  his  work  in  1893-1894. 

Lone  Pine. 

The  Story  of  a  Lost  Mine.     By  R.  B. 

TOWNSHEND.     12mo,  $1.25. 

A  tale  of  the  adventures  of  a  white  man  in 
New  Mexico  with  Indians,  both  honest  and 
treacherous.  The  white  man,  by  dint  of  good 
marksmanship  with  rifle  and  revolver,  and  also 
by  dint  of  quick  wits,  rescues  from  marauding 
Navajoes  the  girl  whom  they  have  stolen,  and 
vanquishes  his  enemies.  The  book  is  full  of 
incident  and  of  descriptions,  accurate  as  well 
as  picturesque,  of  life  among  the  Pueblos. 

The  Children  of  the  Mist. 

By  EDEN  PHILLPOTTS,  authorof  "  Down 
Dartmoor  Way,"  "  Lying  Prophets," 
etc.  8vo. 

A  realistic  novel  dealing  with  conditions  in 
a  Devonshire  village.  The  author  carries  sev- 
eral families  through  ten  years  of  life,  showing 
how  remarkably  their  destinies  are  interwoven. 
The  main  character  is  a  quixotic  young  fellow, 
whose  heady  disposition  constantly  brings 
trouble  upon  him  and  his  devoted  wife,  but 
who  frees  himself  at  last  from  his  difficulties 
by  force  of  honesty  and  bravery.  Of  this  book, 
Mr.  R.  D.  Blackmore,  the  author  of  "  Lorna 
Doone,"  writes :  "  I  was  simply  astonished  at 
the  beauty  and  power  of  this  novel.  A  pleasure 
is  in  store  for  many,  and  literature  is  enriched 
with  a  wholesome  and  genial  and  noble  tale." 

The  Law  and  History  of 
Copyright  in  Books. 

By  AUGUSTINE  BIRRELL.  Q.C.,  Mem- 
ber of  Parliament  and  Quaim  Profes- 
sor of  Law  at  University  College,  Ox- 
ford.    8vo,  $1.25  net. 
The  author  of  "  Obiter  Dicta,"  in  his  agree- 
able   manner  and   perspicuous  style,   traces 
from  its  beginnings  the  history  of  public  ac- 
knowledgment that  an  author  has  legal  rights 
in  the  profits  of  his  creations.     Referring  to 
this  book,  an  authority  in  matters  of  copyright 
says  :   "  It  impresses  me  as  an  exceedingly 
effective  presentation  of  the  subject-matter, 
and  I  judge  that  it  ought  to  be  of  service,  not 
only  to  the  legal  profession,  but  also  to  libra- 
rians,  literary  men,   and  students  of  social 
conditions." 


Q.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS,  New  York  and  London 


1899]  THE     DIAL  139 


SPRING  PUBLICATIONS  FOR  1899 

TITLE.                                              Fiction                     AUTHOR.  PRICE. 

I,  THOU,  AND  THE  OTHER  ONE AMELIA  E.  BARB $1  25 

(The  latest  and,  according  to  some,  the  best  of  Mrs.  Barr's  novels.) 

THE  ENCHANTED  STONE LEWIS  HIND 1  25 

(A  mystical  romance  of  Oriental  characters.     The  scene  is  laid  in  London.) 

THE  SILVER  CROSS S.  R.  KEIGHTLEY 1  25 

(A  new  novel  by  the  author  of  "  The  Crimson  Sign.") 

THE  SONG  OF  THE  RAPPAHANNOCK IKA  S.  DODD 1  25 

(Powerful  stories  of  the  Civil  War,  first  published  in  "  McClure's  Magazine.") 

Biography 

MARYSIENKA K.  WALISZEWSKI 2  00 

(A  new  biography  by  the  author  of  "  The  Romance  of  an  Empress.") 

LIFE  OF  DR.  R.  W.  DALE,  LL.D BY  His  SON      ....      net    4  00 

(A  sympathetic  account  of  the  author  of  "  Christ  and  the  Future  Life.") 

M  Letters 

RUSKIN'S  LETTERS  TO  ROSSETTI  AND  OTHERS  .     JOHN  RUSKIN 3  50 

(One  of  the  most  important  contributions  to  the  Ruskin  literature  of  the  world.) 

Miscellaneous 

THE  EUROPEAN  TOUR GRANT  ALLEN .     1  25 

(A  new  and  original  guide-book  for  the  principal  countries  of  Europe.) 

THE  GAMBLING  WORLD «  ROUGE  ET  NOIR " 350 

(A  comprehensive  and  amusing  history  of  gambling  in  all  its  forms.) 

BOOKS  I  HAVE  READ ANONYMOUS 1  00 

(An  ingenious  work  in  which  to  jot  down  one's  impressions  of  books  read.) 

JOUBERT'S  THOUGHTS KATHERINE  LYTTELTON  ...     1  50 

(With  an  impressive  and  scholarly  preface  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.) 

Religion 

THE  RESTORED  INNOCENCE R.  J.  CAMPBELL    .     .     .      net        50 

(A  new  and  important  issue  in  the  series  of  "  Little  Books  on  Religion.") 

THE  COMMANDMENTS  OF  JESUS R.  F.  HORTON  .     .     .     ./"".f/   1  50 

(A  new  work,  similar  in  general  style  to  his  previous  volumes.) 

Poetry 

LYRICS  OF  THE  HEARTHSIDE PAUL  LAURENCE  DUNBAR  .     .     1  25 

(This  is  the  first  book  of  poetry  he  has  written  since  his  "  Lyrics  of  Lowly  Life.") 

MY  LADY'S  SLIPPER DORA  SIGERSON     .....    1  25 

(A  new  volume  of  poetry  by  Miss  Sigerson,  now  Mrs.  Clement  K.  Shorter.) 

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140 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


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Physical  Geography 


Young's  General  Astronomy. 

Revised  Edition.  By  Professor  C.  A.  YOUNG,  of 
Princeton  University.  Half  leather.  630  pages. 
Illustrated.  $2.75. 

Byrd's  Laboratory  Manual  in  Astronomy. 

By  MARY  E.  BYRD,  Director  of  the  Observatory, 
Smith  College.  273  pages.  $1.25. 

Selections  from  Cowper's  Poems. 

Edited  by  Professor  JAMES  O.  MURRAY,  of  Prince- 
ton University.  243  pages.  $1.00.  Athenaeum 
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Hoyt's  World's  Painters  and  their  Pictures. 

By  DERISTHE  L.  HOYT,  of  the  Massachusetts  Nor- 
mal Art  School.  272  pages.  Fully  illustrated.  $1.25. 

Catherwood's  Heroes  of  the  Middle  West. 

By  MARY  HARTWELL  CATHERWOOD.  141  pages. 
Illustrated.  50  cents. 

Hastings  and  Beach's  Physics. 

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Fassett's  Colonial  Life  in  New  Hampshire. 

By  JAMES  H.  FASSETT,  Superintendent  of  Schools, 
Nashua,  N.  H.  145  pages.  Illustrated.  60  cts. 


By  William  M.  Davis, 

Professor  of  Physical  Geography  in  Harvard  University, 

ASSISTED  BY 

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THIS  NEWEST  TEXT- BOOK  on  Physical 
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The  Wire = Cutters. 

By  Mrs.  M.  E.  M.  DAVIS,  author  of  "  Under  the  Man- 
Fig,"  etc.     Crown  8vo,  $1.50. 

A  story  of  Texas  village  and  country  life,  told  with 
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Fields,  Factories,  and  Workshops. 

OR,  Two  SISTER  ARTS,  INDUSTRY  AND  AGRICULTURE. 

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Prince  Kropotkin  discusses  with  great  ability  and 
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A  West  Point  Wooing, 

and  Other  Stories. 

By  CLARA  LOUISE  BURNHAM,  author  of  "  A  Great 
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Mrs.  Burnham's  West  Point  stories  are  so  well  told 
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The  Federation  of  the  World. 

By  BENJAMIN  F.  TRUEBLOOD,  LL.D.,  Secretary  of  the 
American  Peace  Society.  16mo,  $1.00. 
In  this  little  book  Dr.  Trueblood  makes  a  strong, 
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the  interest  of  peace, —  a  federation  of  the  world,  based 
on  sound  economic  as  well  as  humane  principles.  It 
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vey of  the  condition  of  the  nations,  its  recognition  of 
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larger  interests  of  mankind. 


Diana  Victrix. 

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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


MR.  WATSON'S  "  STORY  OF  FRANCE 


Simple 
and  direct; 
rapid  and 
graphic." 


FROM   THE    EARLIEST  TIMES   TO   THE 
CONSULATE  OF  NAPOLEON  BONAPARTE 

By 

The  Hon.  Thomas  E.  Watson. 


Cloth,  8vo. 

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OF  GREAT  VALUE  AND  INTEREST,  POWERFUL  AND  CONVINCING. 

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BOOKS  JUST  PUBLISHED  OR  IMMEDIATELY  FORTHCOMING. 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ENGLISH 
THOUGHT. 

A  STUDY  IN  THE  ECONOMIC  INTERPRETATION  OF  HISTORY. 
By  SIMON  N.  PATTEN,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Cloth,  8vo,  $3.00. 


THE  LESSON  OF  POPULAR  GOVERNMENT 

By  GAMALIEL  BRADFORD,  A.B.  (Harvard).    Just  Ready. 

In  two  volumes. 

An  argument  that  democracy  is  the  form  of  government 
likely  to  persist  and  predominate  in  spite  of  defects. 


Stories  from 

American  History  Series. 
New  volume. 


THE  STORY  OF  OLD  FORT  LOUDON, 

A  TALE  OF  THE  CHEROKEES  AND  THE  PIONEERS  OF  TEN- 
NESSEE, 1760.  By  CHARLES  EGBERT  CRADDOCK,  author 
of  "The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,"  etc. 
Illustrated  by  E.  C.  PEIXOTTO. 


Just  Beady. 
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MY  LADY  AND  ALLAN  DARKE. 

By  CHARLES  DONNEL  GIBSON.    Cloth,  12mo,  $1.50. 
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HUGH  GWYETH. 

A  ROUNDHEAD  CAVALIER.    By  BEULAH  MARIE  Dix. 

Cloth,  12mo,  $1.50. 
A  story  of  the  time  of  Prince  Rupert. 


Beautifully 
Illustrated. 


JAPAN. 

By  Mrs.  HUGH  FRASER,  author  of  "  Palladia,"  etc. 
A  most  fascinating  book  of  letters,  written  during  the  author's  resi- 
dence in  Japan  as  wife  of  the  British  Minister. 


Medium  8vo, 
Cloth,  $7.50. 


EUROPEAN  HISTORY. 

AN  OUTLINE  OF  ITS  DEVELOPMENT.  By  GEORGE  B.  ADAMS, 
Professor  of  History,  Yale  University,  author  of  "The 
Growth  of  the  French  Nation."  Fully  Illustrated. 

Crown  8vo,  $1.40  net. 


A  HISTORY  OF  GREECE. 

FOR  HIGH  SCHOOLS  AND  ACADEMIES.  By  GEORGE  WILLIS 
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opment of  the  Athenian  Constitution."  Illustrated. 

Crown  8vo,  $1.10  net. 


THE  DAWN  OF  REASON. 

MENTAL  TRAITS  IN  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS,  WITH  SPECIAL 

The  evolution  REFERENCE  TO  INSECTS.     By  JAMES  WEIR,  Jr.,  M.D., 

of  the  mind.  author  of  "  The  Physical  Correlation  of  Religions  Emotion 

and  Sexual  Desire." 


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FRIENDLY  VISITING  AMONG  THE  POOR. 

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[March  1, 1899. 


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NEW  AND  REVISED  EDITION. 

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the  Copyright  Act,  and  the  effort  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the  new  law 
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No.  305. 


MARCH  1,  1899.       Vol.XXVL 


CONTENTS. 


THE  LITERARY  LIFE 


PAGE 

.  143 


LITERARY  STANDARDS.    K.  W.  Conanl      ...  145 

COMMUNICATIONS 147 

School  Legislation  for  Large  Cities  and  Small. 

Aaron  Gave. 

The  Renaissances  in  Japan.    Ernest  W.  Clement. 
An  English  Version  of  "  Barbara  Freitchie." 

/.  G.  M. 
"  Death  to  the  Spanish  Yoke."     Alexander  Jessup. 

THE  MEMORIALS  OF  LORD  SELBORNE.  E.  G.  J.  149 

THE    SECOND    YEAR    OF    THE    CIVIL   WAR. 

Charles  H.  Cooper 151 

THE  FUNCTIONS  AND  REVENUES  OF  GOVERN- 
MENT.   Max  West 153 

TWO   GREAT  EVANGELISTS.    Hiram  M.  Stanley  154 

TRAVEL  IN  MANY  LANDS.  Ira  M.  Price  .  .  .156 
Conway's  With  Ski  and  Sledge.  —  Hyne's  Through 
Arctic  Lapland.  —  Robertson's  Chitral.  —  Mrs. 
Armstrong-Hopkins's  Within  the  Purdah.  —  Little's 
Through  the  Yangtse  Gorges.  —  Rathborne's  Camp- 
ing and  Tramping  in  Malaya.  —  Stoddard's  A  Cruise 
under  the  Crescent.  —  Rose's  With  the  Greeks  in 
Thessaly.  —  Burrows's  The  Land  of  the  Pigmies. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 158 

More  history  of  the  Royal  Navy. — Story  of  the  Union 
of  Italy.  —  "  Trimalchio's  Dinner." — Twelve  cen- 
turies of  British  history. — C.  A.  Dana's  Recollections 
of  the  Civil  War. — Newly  discovered  early  poems  of 
Shelley. — Social  life  and  requirements  in  the  British 
Army. — Modern  German  culture. —  Growth  and  curi- 
osities of  South  London.  —  Foundations  and  mutual 
relations  of  the  sciences.  —  American  essays  and  ad- 
dresses. —  Historic  Pilgrimages  in  New  England.  — 
With  De  Soto  in  Florida. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 162 

LITERARY  NOTES 163 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 163 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  164 


THE  LITERARY  LIFE. 

There  are  many  deserving  persons  to  whom 
"  The  Pen  and  the  Book  "  —  for  thus  is  Sir 
Walter  Besant's  latest  pronouncement  entitled 
—  will  bring  cheer.  They  are  the  persons  who 
fondly  imagine  themselves  to  be  leading,  wholly 
or  in  part,  the  Literary  Life,  yet  who  find  the 
public  looking  somewhat  askance  at  their  pro- 
fession, and  inclined  to  subject  their  pretensions 
to  a  considerable  discount.  They  are  haunted 
by  the  fear  that  their  efforts  will  be  disparag- 
ingly dubbed  journalism ;  or,  even  if  it  be  ad- 
mitted that  they  produce  what  are  to  outward 
seeming  books,  that  the  harsh  world  will  clas- 
sify these  productions  among  the  biblia  a-biblia 
of  Charles  Lamb's  famous  catalogue.  Smart- 
ing under  such  cynical  thrusts,  these  worthy 
souls  may  take  heart  again  at  the  words, 
"  When,  therefore,  we  speak  of  the  Literary 
Life,  it  should  include  all  those  who  produce 
literature."  And,  lest  any  modest  scribbler 
should  still  be  in  doubt  as  to  whether  this 
definition  is  catholic  enough  to  cover  his  own 
product,  the  assurance  quickly  follows :  "  I 
include  the  whole  of  current  printed  work  — 
good  and  bad,  the  whole  production  of  the 
day  —  whatever  is  offered."  Being  thus  con- 
vinced that  he  is  leading  the  Literary  Life  — 
of  which  he  may  even  have  had  no  suspicion 
up  to  this  time  —  our  supposititious  writer  will 
be  pleased  to  read  a  little  farther  on,  that  "  the 
Literary  Life  may  be,  in  spite  of  many  dangers 
and  drawbacks,  by  far  the  happiest  life  that 
the  Lord  has  permitted  mortal  man  to  enjoy." 
This  is  warming  to  the  cockles  of  the  heart, 
and  he  would  be  a  morose  penman  indeed  who 
could  fail  to  catch  something  of  the  glow  of  the 
author's  cheery  optimism. 

Sir  Walter's  roseate  imagination  is  at  its  best 
when  he  is  engaged  in  a  statistical  presentation 
of  the  reading  public,  or  when  he  is  contrasting 
the  Literary  Life  of  the  eighteenth  century  with 
that  of  the  nineteenth  or  twentieth.  "  Look  here, 
upon  this  picture,  and  on  this,"  he  seems  to  say 
as  he  pens  the  following  contrasted  passages : 

"  Corae  back  with  me  for  a  moment  to  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  .  .  .  Everybody  proclaimed  in 
some  way  or  other  by  his  appearance  the  nature  of  his 
calling:  and  everybody  enjoyed  in  this  way  such  dignity 
and  respect  as  belonged  to  his  calling.  How  did  the 
poet  appear?  He  was  to  be  seen  every  day  and  all  day 


144 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


long:  he  haunted  the  coffee-houses,  the  eating-houses, 
and  the  taverns  of  Fleet  Street  and  its  neighborhood. 
Alone  among  men  he  had  no  uniform.  Yet  he  could  be 
recognized  by  his  rags.  Everybody  knew  the  company 
of  wits  in  the  tavern:  they  were  notoriously,  horribly 
poor;  notoriously  they  had  neither  principles  nor  honour; 
nor  dignity:  for  a  guinea,  it  was  said,  they  would  write 
satires,  epigrams,  anything  for  or  against  either  side  or 
anybody.  Since  the  people  only  saw  the  ragged  side, 
they  supposed  that  the  whole  army  was  in  rags;  it 
seemed  to  them  the  only  profession  whose  normal  or 
customary  condition  was  one  of  rags. 

"  Let  us  consider  next  what  is  the  kind  of  life  led 
daily  by  the  modern  man  of  letters  —  not  a  great  genius, 
not  a  popular  author:  but  a  good  steady  man  of  letters 
of  the  kind  which  formerly  had  to  inhabit  the  garrets 
of  Grub  Street.  This  man,  of  whom  there  are  many  — 
or  this  woman,  for  many  women  now  belong  to  the  pro- 
fession—  goes  into  his  study  every  morning  as  regu- 
larly as  a  barrister  goes  to  chambers;  he  finds  on  his 
desk  two  or  three  books  waiting  for  review;  a  MS.  sent 
him  for  an  opinion ;  a  book  of  his  own  to  go  on  with  — 
possibly  *a  life  of  some  dead  and  gone  worthy  for  a 
series ;  an  article  which  he  has  promised  for  a  magazine ; 
a  paper  for  the  «  Dictionary  of  National  Biography ' ; 
perhaps  an  unfinished  novel  to  which  he  must  give  three 
hours  of  absorbed  attention.  This  goes  on,  day  after 
day,  all  the  year  round.  There  is  never  any  fear  of 
the  work  failing  as  soon  as  the  writer  has  made  himself 
known  as  a  trustworthy  and  an  attentive  workman.  The 
literary  man  has  his  club:  he  makes  an  income  by  his 
labour  which  enables  him  to  live  in  comfort,  and  to  ed- 
ucate his  children  properly.  Now,  this  man  a  hundred 
years  ago  would  have  been  —  what  you  have  seen  —  an 
object  of  contempt  for  his  poverty  and  helplessness:  the 
cause  of  contempt  for  Literature  itself." 

The  picture  thus  outlined  for  us  of  the  life  of 
the  professional  literary  worker  of  our  own 
times  is  certainly  a  pleasant  one,  and  it  does 
not  seem  to  us  overdrawn,  except  possibly  as  to 
the  practical  certainty  of  continuous  employ- 
ment. It  is,  however,  a  life  that  is  possible 
only  in  a  very  small  number  of  the  largest 
centres  of  population  and  publishing  enterprise. 
In  the  United  States,  for  example,  it  is  unques- 
tionably possible  in  New  York,  precariously 
possible  in  about  three  other  cities,  and  prac- 
tically impossible  anywhere  else. 

If  Sir  Walter  works  no  great  wonders  with 
his  descriptions,  he  certainly  does  with  his 
figures.  We  may  possibly  allow  his  estimate 
that  twenty  thousand  persons  in  England  are 
to-day,  wholly  or  in  part,  leading  the  Literary 
Life,  although  to  do  this  the  words  "  in  part " 
must  receive  much  emphasis,  since  the  census 
returns  show  less  than  six  thousand  actually 
classified  as  authors,  editors,  and  journalists. 
For  the  United  States,  we  should  have  nearly 
to  double  these  figures ;  and  we  reflect,  not 
without  amusement,  that  even  the  lesser  num- 
ber provided  by  the  census  must  include  the 
editors  of  country  newspapers  and  the  compilers 


of  city  directories.  Still,  we  may  admit  that  in 
this  country  forty  thousand  persons  may  pos- 
sibly, at  some  time  or  other,  do  some  kind  of 
writing  for  publication  in  books  or  periodicals. 
But  when  we  come  to  Sir  Walter's  notion  of 
the  reading  public,  the  imagination  fairly  balks 
at  the  figures  offered  for  our  acceptance.  First 
of  all,  he  estimates  that  in  1750  the  "  possible 
readers  or  inquirers  after  new  books  "  numbered 
thirty  thousand  in  the  three  kingdoms.  Eighty 
years  later,  in  1830,  this  number  may  have 
increased  to  fifty  thousand.  So  far,  so  good. 
These  figures  are  certainly  conservative  enough. 
But  when  the  author  contemplates  the  reading 
public  that  to-day  awaits  the  new  English  books, 
he  loses  the  sense  of  proportion.  Because  one 
hundred  and  twenty  millions  of  people  all  over 
the  earth  are  able  to  read  the  English  language, 
he  assumes  that  most  of  them  are  eagerly  fol- 
lowing the  literary  developments  of  the  period. 
For  seventy  years  ago,  he  will  allow  only  one 
person  in  about  five  hundred  to  have  been 
"  interested  in  new  books."  Now,  owing  to  the 
spread  of  popular  education,  he  thinks  of  the 
whole  five  hundred  (including  children  in 
arms)  as  readers.  In  other  words,  while  mak- 
ing excessive  reductions  for  the  earlier  years 
selected  for  comparison,  he  allows  no  deductions 
at  all  for  the  present  and  the  future.  This 
statement  will  seem  so  astonishing  as  to  need 
a  quotation  in  verification.  Here  it  is  :  "  In 
fifty  years'  time,  unless  some  check  —  some 
everwhelming  national  disaster  —  happens  to 
this  country,  or  the  United  States,  or  to  our 
colonies,  the  population  of  the  English-speaking 
race  will  be  more  than  doubled.  There  will  be 
at  least  two  hundred  and  fifty  millions  —  all  of 
them,  on  an  average,  far  better  educated  than 
at  the  present  moment,  and  all  readers  of 
books."  We  are  willing  to  allow  an  enormous 
increase  in  the  present  ratio  of  readers  to  non- 
readers,  as  compared  with  the  ratio  of  1830  ; 
but  if  the  latter  be  taken  as  one  to  five  hundred, 
the  former  can  hardly  be  taken  as  larger  than 
twenty-five  to  five  hundred. 

The  sort  of  arithmetic  wherewith  Sir  Walter 
seeks  to  enhance  the  opportunities  of  the  Lit- 
erary Life  of  the  present  day  must  be  illus- 
trated more  specifically.  We  are  willing  to  be 
liberal,  and  to  accept,  for  example,  the  conclu- 
sions of  the  following  sentence  :  "  Sixty  years 
ago  there  was  no  Chicago  at  all :  now  there  is 
a  city  with  two  million  inhabitants,  of  whom 
one-half  are  decently  educated  and  read  books, 
and  quite  one  hundred  thousand  are  interested 
in  new  literature."  Observe,  however,  that  this 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


145 


is  a  ratio  of  only  one  to  twenty,  as  compared 
with  the  author's  ratio  for  1830,  and  is  a  very 
different  thing  from  the  claim  that  nearly 
everybody  belongs  to  the  audience  upon  which 
a  new  writer  can  count.  This  is  simply  an 
appeal  from  Philip  drunk  with  optimism  to 
Philip  sober  in  the  presence  of  facts.  But  we 
cannot  find  much  sobriety  in  the  author's  no- 
tions of  the  number  of  readers  to  be  reckoned 
for  each  individual  copy  of  a  book  or  periodical. 
He  actually  counts  an  average  of  twenty  readers 
for  every  copy  of  a  magazine  and  five  hundred 
for  every  copy  of  a  book.  To  say  that  these 
estimates  are  wild  is  to  use  moderate  language. 
One  of  the  most  popular  of  our  American 
monthlies  some  years  ago  claimed  a  million 
readers  on  the  strength  of  an  average  circu- 
lation of  two  hundred  thousand  copies.  We 
thought  this  claim  of  five  readers  to  a  copy 
excessive,  and  the  publishers  obviously  went  as 
far  as  they  dared  in  making  it.  But  Sir  Walter 
would  give  them  four  millions  of  readers  instead 
of  a  poor  single  million.  As  for  the  five  hun- 
dred readers  that  Sir  Walter  counts  for  each 
copy  of  a  popular  novel,  we  must  insist  upon  a 
discount  of  at  least  ninety-five  per  cent. 
Twenty-five  readers  would  be  a  generous  esti- 
mate, and  we  doubt  if  a  circulating- library 
copy  ever  got  up  to  the  five  hundred  mark. 
Most  books  would  be  in  tatters  after  going 
through  the  hands  of  one  hundred,  or  at  the 
most  two  hundred,  readers. 

It  is  evident  that  the  above  remarks  are  not 
to  be  taken  as  a  review  of  "  The  Pen  and  the 
Book."  Indeed,  we  have  not  touched  upon  its 
main  contents,  which  embody  an  elaborate 
setting-f  orth  of  the  commercial  aspect  of  author- 
ship, although  we  may  take  up  this  subject  in 
the  near  future.  As  a  champion  of  the  writer 
in  his  relations  with  the  publisher,  Sir  Walter 
has  been  a  stout  fighter  for  many  years  past, 
and  in  this  book  he  presents  the  results  of  a 
thorough,  practical  investigation  of  the  methods 
of  publishing  and  the  cost  of  producing  books. 
He  has  made  many  enemies  by  his  work  in  this 
field,  and  his  assertions  have  occasioned  a  great 
deal  of  acrimonious  debate.  We  have  read  a 
considerable  quantity  of  this  controversial  mat- 
ter, and  are  bound  to  say  that  Sir  Walter  is 
armed  cap-a-pie  to  meet  his  assailants,  and  that 
he  usually  has  the  best  of  the  argument.  We  also 
wish  to  say  that  writers  inexperienced  in  deal- 
ing with  publishers  will  find  profitable  reading  in 
"  The  Pen  and  the  Book,"  to  say  nothing  of  the 
pleasure  to  be  got  from  its  skilful  literary  pre- 
sentation of  a  subject  of  much  general  interest. 


LITER AR  Y  STANDARDS. 

When  and  where  is  to  appear  the  true  Prophet  of 
the  Literati,  —  he  who  is  to  stand  and  cry,  Behold 
the  ideal  taste,  the  perfect  writer,  the  Ultimate 
Authority  !  We  hear  much  about  the  "  best  literary 
taste,"  and  the  conscientious  toilers  of  the  pen,  those 
who  have  not  yet  reached  the  comfortable  conclu- 
sion that  they  know  it  all,  spend  many  an  anxious 
hour  in  self-examination,  more  or  less  illuminated  by 
the  feeble  "  glims  "  of  favorable  or  adverse  critics. 

What  a  help  and  comfort  it  would  seem  to  be, 
alike  to  writers,  readers,  and  publishers,  if  some 
literary  Mahomet  might  arise  to  declare  with  con- 
vincing power,  "  There  is  but  one  Standard,  and  I 
am  its  Prophet !  "  Then  all  of  us  —  or  at  least  all 
afflicted  with  a  conscience  —  might  give  o'er  the 
weary  search  for  the  ideal,  for  we  would  know  just 
what  to  write  about  and  how;  and  readers  who 
valued  their  mental  and  moral  status  would  know 
just  what  to  read ;  and  the  world's  shelves  would 
groan  no  more  under  the  load  of  books  which  infal- 
lible publishers  have  brought  to  an  ill-conceived 
birth. 

But  would  we?  Even  though  a  literary  angel 
should  come  from  Heaven  with  unimpeachable  cre- 
dentials, would  it  make  any  appreciable  difference  ? 
Would  the  number  of  false  and  foolish  books  be 
seriously  diminished?  Would  the  millions  leave 
off  soddening  their  none  too  nimble  wits  in  a  steep 
of  sickly  sentiment  and  vapid  thought?  I  fear  not. 

And  yet  every  writer  who  has  high  ideals,  and 
has,  besides,  the  saving  grace  to  feel  dissatisfied  with 
his  own  accomplishment,  has  moments  when  he 
longs  for  one  clear,  sure  voice  amid  the  cackle  of 
conflicting  criticism, —  one  bright,  fixed  polestar  in 
the  uncertain  sky.  He  has  tasted  the  "  classics," 
only  to  be  more  fully  persuaded  how  wisely  and 
wittily  Mark  Twain  has  described  them.  He  sam- 
ples modern  models,  only  to  find  many  men,  many 
minds.  Each  author  has  his  constituency  of  ad- 
mirers ;  to  others  he  is  either  indifferent  or  alto- 
gether anathema.  One  is  too  psychological,  another 
is  all  "  fight  and  love  "  stories ;  one  is  naughty  with- 
out being  nice,  another  too  nice  to  be  either  naughty 
or  interesting ;  here  one  discusses  "  problems,"  there 
it  is  a  problem  that  he  is  discussing ;  this  one  ser- 
monizes, that  scandalizes ;  one  is  too  smart,  another 
too  simple  ;  this  one  buries  his  little  grain  of  thought 
in  a  bushel  of  verbiage,  that  one  sends  forth  the 
children  of  his  brain  too  scantily  clothed  for  de- 
cency ;  alike  in  the  dense  air  of  realism  and  in  the 
rarified  air  of  hyper-idealism  we  gasp  for  breath : 
and  so  it  goes. 

In  such  a  state  of  things,  what  is  the  writer  and 
reader  to  do  who  is  ambitious  to  improve  his  style 
and  cultivate  his  taste :  is  he  to  go  with  the  crowd, 
calling  all  things  good  which  others  call  good,  or  is 
he  to  lay  himself  open  to  the  charge  of  conceit  and 
presumption  by  daring  to  exercise  his  independent 
judgment,  even  of  the  Immortals?  Is  it  all  a  delu- 
sion, anyhow,  this  talk  about  higher  and  lower 


146 


THE    DIAL, 


[March  1, 


taste,  —  the  distinction  heing  as  valid  as  that  well- 
known  difference  between,  orthodoxy  and  hetero- 
doxy ?  If  there  is  no  absolute  standard,  how  shall 
one  taste  be  higher  or  another  lower?  Perhaps, 
after  all,  it  is  only  a  matter  of  time,  circumstance, — 
and  luck. 

Worse  yet,  the  past  sheds  no  light  on  the  present 
or  the  future.  The  books  which  delighted  the 
fathers  excite  in  us  either  distaste  or  the  very  gentle 
interest  of  the  "  classicist."  Books  change  and  we 
change  with  them  ;  but  is  it  up  or  down  ?  In  short, 
is  there  any  real  literary  evolution? 

There  is  but  one  way  out  of  this  fog  of  other 
people's  tastes  and  opinions :  to  see  that  our  ques- 
tion is  only  one  phase  of  a  much  larger  one.  That 
question  is  world-wide  and  world-old :  Pontius  Pilate 
was  not  the  first  to  ask  it ;  it  knows  no  bounds 
of  time  or  space.  The  whole  literary,  moral,  and 
social  order,  nay,  even  the  universe  itself,  ravels 
out  into  a  pitiful  reductio  ad  dbsurdum  unless  we 
assume  the  existence  of  an  Absolute  Standard  of 
truth  and  beauty.  This  is  a  necessity,  not  of  reli- 
gion only,  but  of  sanity  as  well. 

A  second  postulate  is  equally  imperative:  the 
soul  of  man  is  made  in  the  image  of  that  Standard, 
and  its  normal  growth  is  along  the  lines  of  eternal 
verities. 

These  two  postulates  being  granted,  things  begin 
to  clear  up.  Now  we  are  less  anxious  to  know  what 
A,  B,  and  C  think  of  the  thoughts  we  have  written, 
than  to  know  they  are  true.  Now  we  can  go  on 
bravely  and  hopefully,  our  only  concern  being  the 
normal  development  of  that  germ  of  the  Infinite 
within  us.  Now  we  know  that  all  distortions  of 
truth,  all  affectations  of  beauty,  being  violations  of 
eternal  laws,  must  come  to  naught ;  whatever  vogue 
they  may  have  at  first,  they  are  ephemerae. 

But  the  path,  though  clearer,  is  still  far  from 
easy.  Eternal  vigilance  is  the  price  of  sanity.  The 
beginnings  of  error  are  as  infinitesimally  insidious 
as  the  microscopic  germs  which  infect  the  body ; 
and  the  mind  has  a  fatal  facility  for  repeating  an 
error  once  begun,  until  it  becomes  a  bias,  then  a 
habit,  and  finally  a  characteristic.  Life  is  a  Sisy- 
phean task  of  sifting  and  weighing,  of  making 
errors  and  correcting  them,  but  ever  "  approximat- 
ing nearer  and  nearer  to  the  limit  of  the  variable," 
as  the  mathematicians  say.  That  limit  is  Perfect 
Judgment.  That  is  the  goal  and  rest  of  all  this 
fitful  fever. 

In  all  this  struggle  to  approximate  the  truih,  of 
course  the  wise  will  not  neglect  the  help  to  be  derived 
from  others'  taste  and  judgment ;  but  once  the  evi- 
dence on  any  point  is  all  before  us,  it  is  ourselves  who 
must  decide.  Of  course  we  shall  make  mistakes, — 
that,  all  are  bound  to  do  in  any  case ;  but  better 
sometimes  wrong  than  always  servile.  Let  us  go 
forward  bravely,  in  the  full  assurance  that  the  laws 
of  our  being  are  the  laws  of  Infinite  Right. 

But  there  is  one  essential  condition,  without  it 
there  is  no  progress  and  no  sanity :  we  must  be  abso- 
lutely honest  with  ourselves.  How  can  he  know 


truth  who  lies  even  to  his  own  soul !  He  (or  she) 
who,  for  love  of  gain  or  fame,  cajoles  himself  to 
believe  that  wrong  is  right ;  who,  for  pride  or  con- 
ceit of  opinion,  will  not  allow  himself  to  see  his 
error  ;  who  twists  the  truth  to  fit  a  story  or  a  theory  ; 
who  from  love  of  ease  seeks  not  to  know  the  truth, 
or  stifles  it  for  fear  of  others'  criticism,  —  none  such 
need  ever  hope  for  perfect  judgment  or  perfect  taste. 
Truth  is  the  oxygen  of  the  soul.  While  they  im- 
agine they  are  clever,  they  are  fools,  for  they  are 
asphyxiating  their  own  souls  to  an  eternal  death. 

But  would  not  the  subjection  of  all  literature  to  the 
test  of  truth  be  a  long  step  backward,  reducing  us  to 
sermons  and  scientific  theses?  By  no  means, —  even 
granting  that  sermons  and  theses  are  invariably  ves- 
sels of  truth.  Broadly  speaking,  all  literature  which 
makes  for  the  betterment  of  man,  either  directly, 
or  indirectly  through  saneful  wit  and  humor,  is  true 
literature.  It  need  not  be  professedly  moral,  but 
its  influence  must  not  be  immoral.  To  that  extent, 
Tolstoi  is  right.  All  literature  which  presents  ideas 
with  which  the  facts  do  not  agree ;  which  excites 
silly,  morbid,  or  vulgar  feelings  and  aspirations ; 
which  makes  a  jest  of  that  which  is  sacred,  shame- 
ful, or  revolting;  which  vulgarizes  by  too  great 
familiarity  with  vulgarity  ;  which  makes  the  wrong 
appear  the  better  reason ;  which  apotheosizes  vice 
or  calls  buffoonery  humor,  —  all  such  literature,  of 
infinite  variety  of  shade  and  grade,  is  either  dis- 
tinctly vicious  or  at  best  is  trashy.  No  wonder  that 
such  fatal  and  fantastic  notions  of  life  and  happi- 
ness shock  the  world  by  working  out  their  logical 
and  inevitable  conclusions  in  crime  and  suicide  from 
the  flood  of  trash  literature  continually  poured  forth, 
even  through  our  public  libraries,  to  glut  the  morbid 
appetite  of  those  least  able  to  discriminate. 

But  is  there  any  best  literary  style?  The  best 
style  is  any  style  which  best  subserves  the  ends  of 
true  literature.  It  is  a  mistake  to  take  for  granted 
that  there  is  no  longer  room  for  originality  in  style, 
treatment,  or  subject.  Well  worked  though  the 
field  now  seems  to  be,  there  are  doubtless  undiscov- 
ered tracts  of  virgin  soil  only  awaiting  the  pioneer 
pen  to  laugh  back  with  as  rich  a  harvest  as  has 
ever  yet  been  seen.  To  the  fathers,  who  found  per- 
fect satisfaction  in  "  Rasselas  "  or  "  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield,"  it  doubtless  seemed  that  the  Ultima 
Thule  of  popular  literature  had  been  reached  ;  now 
those  literary  superlatives  are  relegated  to  the  dig- 
nified and  dubious  limbo  of  "  classics."  The  varia- 
tions of  the  written  thought,  as  of  all  things  human, 
are  the  variations  of  the  human  soul ;  and  they  are 
infinite. 

Three  examples  out  of  many  illustrate  this  point 
of  originality :  Carlyle,  Emerson,  Kipling.  Each 
had  an  independent  mind,  which,  boldly  desert- 
ing the  trodden  paths,  struck  out  for  itself  into  the 
woods  an  original  line  of  thought  and  style.  At 
first  the  world,  always  shy  of  truth  in  unaccustomed 
guise,  refused  to  follow ;  now  it  hails  them  gladly 
to  Parnassus. 

But  these  were  geniuses.     Verily ;  yet  we  who, 


1899.] 


147 


alas,  are  only  common  clay,  may  profit  by  their  ex- 
ample. We  too  are  free  to  try  new  paths  in  style 
and  subject ;  perchance  even  we  can  find  something 
to  write  about  fresher  than  the  worn-to-death  rela- 
tion of  the  sexes,  and  tell  it  in  a  best  way  of  our 
own  devising.  Mr.  Stephen  Crane  made  the  attempt 
gallantly  enough,  but  only  half-successfully.  His 
well-praised,  well-execrated  little  book  holds  a  few 
gems  of  expression  which  glisten  like  diamonds  in 
a  dreary  waste  of  sand.  Mr.  Crane's  psychology 
is  positively  painful ;  but  in  "  The  Ked  Badge  of 
Courage  "  he  really  struck  a  new  lead  in  flashlight 
word-pictures  which  is  worth  developing ;  some  day 
the  man  or  woman  is  coming  who  will  do  it,  if  he 
does  not. 

Poets  are  born,  publishers  are  made :  writers 
must  be  both  born  and  made.  None  need  lose 
heart,  for  none  can  say  what  is  in  him  until  he  has 
done  his  best.  But  right  here  is  the  danger  point. 
That  Best  is  no  Jonah's  gourd,  but  a  plant  of  slowest 
growth,  fed  by  thought,  study,  and  experience,  — 
mayhap  watered  by  tears  and  watched  with  care, 
only  to  bloom  as  the  westering  shadows  lengthen. 
But  whether  or  no  it  bloom  in  this  world  is  a  minor 
matter ;  the  great  matter  is,  Have  we  written  our- 
selves down  as  a  part  of  the  Truth  and  the  Beauty 
which  are  Eternal  ?  "  Let  each  paint  the  thing  as 
he  sees  it,  for  the  God  of  things  as  they  are." 

R.  W.  CONANT. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

SCHOOL  LEGISLATION  FOR  LARGE  CITIES 

AND  SMALL. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Recent  and  current  school  legislation  for  cities  is 
rightfully  attracting  attention.  With  the  illustration  of 
the  Cleveland  law  and  its  six  years  of  trial,  sufficient 
evidence  is  presented  of  the  efficacy  of  at  least  some  of 
the  changes  thereby  accomplished.  The  discussion  and 
presentation  of  the  subject  so  far  contemplates  and 
provides  for  the  conduct  of  schools  in  large  cities  only. 
The  measures  presented  by  the  Chicago  Commission, 
also  of  the  Detroit  Committee,  are  quite  similar.  In  a 
general  way,  the  belief  that  they  suggest  needed  reforms 
is  generally  accepted.  For  the  thirty  cities  in  the 
country  reported  by  the  Commissioner  of  Education  as 
exceeding  one  hundred  thousand  population,  the  propo- 
sition stated  must  be  accepted  as  pointing  to  a  more 
efficient  school  administration.  Provision  for  these 
thirty  cities,  if  applicable  to  them  alone,  leaves  nearly 
six  hundred  other  cities  with  a  population  exceeding 
eight  thousand,  the  schools  of  which  are  all  at  least  of 
equal  importance  to  the  country  with  those  of  these  great 
cities. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  two  chief  features  of  the 
proposed  reform  are:  first,  the  divorce  of  the  board  of 
education  from  executive  duty,  and  confining  it  to  leg- 
islation ;  second,  the  placing  of  the  direct  personal 
responsibility  where  a  strict  account  for  acts  can  be  de- 
manded and  easily  given. 

While  it  is  possible  that  the  framers  of  the  proposed 
legislation  have  in  mind  primarily,  as  the  Chicago  Com- 


mission announces,  that  organization  which  shall  be  best 
for  a  given  city,  it  will  be  found  that  a  city  which  for 
any  reason  is  unable  to  provide  and  maintain  two  dis- 
tinct departments  in  administration  —  namely,  business 
and  educational  —  if  the  board  confine  itself  to  legisla- 
tion, can  unite  the  two  under  one  executive  officer. 

The  superintendent  of  schools  in  smaller  cities  is  able, 
or  should  be  able,  to  execute  not  only  efficiently  on  the 
educational  side  but  also  on  the  business  side.  Observa- 
tions of  several  smaller  cities  in  the  country  illustrate 
that  where  this  has  been  the  practice  for  a  series  of 
years  the  schools  have  been  accorded  a  measure  of 
reputable  standing.  While  modifications  will  be  de- 
manded of  the  Detroit,  St.  Louis,  or  Chicago  plan,  for 
cities  of  fifty  thousand  people,  they  will  be  slight;  but 
the  erection  of  divers  departments  in  other  than  large 
cities  will  bring  embarrassment  financially,  and  ulti- 
mately an  unsatisfactory  outcome. 

As  Dr.  Hinsdale  said  in  your  last  issue,  it  may  be  that 
no  single  type  of  system  will  follow  the  present  interest 
in  this  subject.  To  my  mind  it  is  reasonably  certain 
that  a  general  type  of  management  of  schools  in  cities 
will  be  found  to  exist  ere  long,  not  only  in  the  thirty  great 
cities  of  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  people,  but  also 
in  the  cities  of  less  size.  It  is  not  so  great  a  misfortune 
that  thought  and  study  has  been  exclusively  for  the  great 
communities;  but,  after  all,  if  a  commission  similar  to 
the  Chicago  Commission  should  undertake  to  formulate 
a  plan  for  cities  in  the  neighborhood  of  fifty  thousand 
people,  more  communities  would  be  directly  benefitted 
than  at  present.  AARON  GOVE. 

Denver,  Colo.,  Feb.  SO,  1899. 

THE  RENAISSANCES  IN  JAPAN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  ) 

It  is  a  trite  but  none  the  less  true  saying,  that  "  his- 
tory repeats  itself."  The  capture  of  Constantinople  by 
the  Turks  in  the  fifteenth  century  scattered  the  learned 
men  of  the  East  and  their  learning  over  the  West,  and 
produced  throughout  Europe  a  Renaissance  whose  vast 
influence  has  never  yet  been  accurately  measured,  and 
which  was  undoubtedly  one  of  the  chief  elements  in 
modern  civilization.  Again,  it  was  Tartar  hordes,  which, 
about  two  hundred  years  later,  overthrew  the  reigning 
native  dynasty  of  China,  and  unwittingly  produced  in 
the  neighboring  land  of  Japan  a  Renaissance  which  led 
ultimately  to  the  Restoration  of  1868,  and  was  evidently 
one  of  the  chief  elements  in  the  civilization  of  New 
Japan.  For,  as  the  Greek  scholars,  fleeing  from  Con- 
stantinople, took  refuge  in  various  countries  of  Europe, 
likewise  many  patriotic  Chinese  scholars  fled  from  their 
native  land  and  took  refuge  in  Japan.  Or,  as  the  fugi- 
tive Greek  savants  stirred  up  throughout  Western  Eu- 
rope a  revival  of  learning,  in  like  manner  the  fugitive 
Chinese  scholars  aroused  in  Japan  a  deeper  interest  in 
Oriental  learning. 

The  influence  exerted  in  Japan  by  the  learned  Chi- 
nese refugees,  especially  by  one  named  Shu  Shun-sui,  was 
considerable.  This  one  man  was  in  1665  invited  by 
Mitsukuni,  the  famous  Prince  of  Mito,  to  take  up  his 
abode  with  that  clan.  The  Mito  Prince  was  at  the  time 
engaged  in  the  preparation  of  the  "  Dai  Nihon  Shi,"  or 
"  Great  Japanese  History,"  which  "  had  so  powerful  an 
influence  in  forming  the  public  opinion  which  now  up- 
holds the  Mikado's  throne  ";  and  he  invited  the  assist- 
ance of  at  least  one  of  these  Chinese  scholars  in  correcting 
this  work,  which  was  written  in  Chinese.  And  although 
there  is  no  positive  evidence  that  this  assistance  extended 


148 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


beyond  textual  correction,  yet  it  is  not  at  all  improbable 
that  even  this  slight  opportunity  was  utilized  for  teach- 
ing loyalty  to  the  central  authority. 

But,  besides  the  direct  and  indirect  literary  work  of 
these  learned  refugees,  we  must  not  lose  sight  of  the 
deeper  interest  which,  by  their  very  presence,  was  nat- 
urally aroused  in  the  study  of  Chinese  literature  and 
philosophy.  It  is,  of  course,  a  difficult  matter  to  trace 
clearly  the  extent  of  such  influence;  but  it  is  generally 
admitted  by  those  who  have  studied  the  subject,  that 
the  presence  of  Chinese  literati  in  Japan  did  give  a 
greater  impetus  to  learning.  It  is,  indeed,  true  that  the 
revival  of  learning  had,  before  their  arrival,  begun  un- 
der the  auspices  of  lyeyasu  himself,  who,  after  he  had 
conquered  a  peace,  reorganized  the  Empire  on  the  f  uedal 
basis,  and  practically  settled  upon  the  policy  of  seclu- 
sion and  crystallization,  "  determined  also  to  become 
the  architect  of  the  national  culture."  He  encouraged 
study,  especially  of  the  Chinese  classics,  and  stimulated 
education.  It  is,  therefore,  no  wonder  that  the  Chinese 
savants  received  a  warm  welcome;  and  it  seems,  under 
the  circumstances,  as  if  they  had  "  come  to  the  king- 
dom for  such  a  time  as  this." 

But  this  Renaissance  had  a  still  wider  influence,  which 
extended  even  to  political  affairs.  There  were,  in  fact, 
three  lines  along  which  the  Japanese  were  gradually  led 
back  to  Imperialism.  One  line  was  Confucianism,  which 
taught  loyalty ;  another  was  historical  research,  which 
exhibited  the  Shogun  as  a  usurper;  and  a  third  was  the 
revival  of  Pure  Shinto,  which  accompanied  or  followed 
the  second.  But  the  Japanese  so  modified  Chinese 
Confucianism  as  to  substitute  loyalty  for  filial  duty  as 
the  most  important  element.  "  The  Shinto  and  the 
Chinese  teachings  became  amalgamated  in  a  common 
cause,  and  thus  the  philosophy  of  Chu  Hi,  mingling  with 
the  nationalism  and  patriotism  inculcated  by  Shinto, 
brought  about  a  remarkable  result."  To  change  slightly 
the  figure  used  above,  the  Japanese  were  led  over  three 
roads  from  Feudalism  to  Imperialism.  There  was  the 
broad  and  straight  highway  of  historical  research:  on 
the  right  side,  generally  parallel  with  the  main  road, 
and  often  running  into  it,  was  the  path  of  Shinto;  on 
the  opposite  side,  making  frequently  a  wide  detour  to 
the  left,  was  the  road  of  Confucianism;  but  eventually 
all  these  roads  led  to  Kyoto  and  the  Emperor. 

It  seems  as  if,  with  the  aid  of  Chinese  savants,  the 
famous  Mito  Prince,  Mitsukuni,  the  "Japanese  Maece- 
nas," a  scholar  himself  and  the  patron  of  scholars,  set 
on  foot  a  Renaissance  in  literature,  learning,  and  poli- 
tics, and  has  been  appropriately  styled  "  the  real  author 
of  the  movement  which  culminated  in  the  Revolution  of 
1868."  And  the  effects  of  this  Renaissance  aie  still 
being  felt  in  another  Revival  of  Learning,  this  time  along 
Occidental  lines.  To  what  will  this  new  Revival  lead  ? 

ERNEST  W.  CLEMENT. 
Tokyo,  Japan,  Feb.  1,  1899. 


AN  ENGLISH  VERSION  OF  "BARBARA 

FREITCHIE." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  his  admirable  work  on  "  Stonewall  Jackson  and 
the  American  Civil  War,"  the  author,  Colonel  Hender- 
son, says  of  his  hero:  "  So  general  was  the  belief  in  his 
stern  and  merciless  nature,  that  a  great  poet  did  not 
hesitate  to  link  his  name  with  a  deed  which,  had  it  actu- 
ally occurred,  would  have  been  one  of  unexampled 
cruelty.  Such  calumnies  as  Whittier's  '  Barbara  Frit- 
chie,' "  etc.  (Vol.  I.,  p.  80.) 


The  point  is  not  important  —  but  one  wonders  where 
the  "  calumny  "  is  in  Whittier's  poem,  or  what  sort  of 
a  version  of  it  circulates  in  England.  The  poem  merely 
says  that  when  Jackson  rode  up  the  street  of  Frederick 
City  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  and  "  the  old  flag  met 
his  sight,"  he  ordered  his  men  to  blaze  away  at  it,  which 
they  did;  but  later,  when  the  owner  of  the  flag,  Dame 
Barbara,  appeared  on  the  scene  and  snatched  the  fallen 
flag,  and  leaned  far  out  o'er  the  window-sill  and  shook 
it  forth  with  a  royal  will,  Jackson  announced  that  any- 
one who  touched  a  hair  of  her  gray  head  should  die  like 
a  dog,  or  words  to  that  effect. 

The  facts  on  which  the  poem  is  based  have  been  dis- 
puted, and  the  whole  thing  is  perhaps  a  little  apochry- 
phal;  but  it  is  hard  to  see  where  the  "unexampled 
cruelty  "  would  come  in,  were  everything  actually  true 
that  is  stated  in  the  poem.  j.  Q..  j^ 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  Feb.  24,  1899. 


"DEATH  TO  THE  SPANISH  YOKE." 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Apropos  of  the  various  discussions  of  war  poems  that 
have  appeared  in  THE  DIAL,  I  would  like  to  call  your 
attention  to  one  which  has  no  greater  defects  than  many 
which  have  been  exploited  as  the  war  poems  of  the  cen- 
tury. Its  publication  was  anonymous. 

The  verses  contain,  at  least,  elements  of  what  Stev- 
enson calls  "  the  fervid  participation  of  the  moment." 
Whether  they  exhibit  any  marked  poetic  talent,  the 
reader  may  judge  for  himself. 

ALEXANDER  JESSUP. 
Westfeld,  Mass.,  Feb.  16,  1899. 

[Our  correspondent's  letter  makes  us  anxious  to 
have  it  understood  that  the  discussions,  and  not  the 
war  poems,  are  what  have  appeared  in  THE  DIAL. 
We  print  this  war  poem,  however,  and  with  it  the 
lines  from  which  it  is  clumsily  and  impudently 
cribbed,  in  order  that  "  the  reader  may  judge  for 
himself  "  as  to  its  "  poetic  talent,"  and  especially 
its  quality  of  "  fervid  participation  of  the  moment " 
which  our  correspondent  discerns  in  it.  It  is  a  hard 
thing  to  say  of  our  Jingo  poetry,  that  this  is  no  worse 
than  most  of  it ;  but  we  fear  it  is  true.  We  do  not 
wonder  it  was  published  anonymously. — EDB.  DIAL.] 


AMEKICAN  JINGO  POET. 
Where  shall  the  Spaniards  rest, 

•Whom  our  shots  sever, 
From  all  that  life  holds  best 

Parted  forever  ? 
Where  our  shots  thickly  fly, 

Death  is  their  pillow, 
As  all  true  Spaniards  die, 

Under  the  billow. 

There  on  Manila  bay 

Cool  waters  are  laving, 
There  on  the  crested  spray 

Our  shots  are  paving 
Death  to  the  Spanish  yoke, 

Parted  forever, 
Never  again  to  wake, 

Never,  oh  never ! 

Her  wings  shall  the  sea-bird  flap 

O'er  the  false-hearted, 
Their  warm  blood  the  waves  shall 
lap 

Ere  life  be  parted ; 
Shame  and  dishonor  sit 

By  their  side  ever, 
Victory  shall  hallow  it 

Never,  oh  never ! 


SIR  WALTER  SCOTT. 
Where  shall  the  lover  rest, 

Whom  the  fates  sever, 
From  his  true  maiden's  breast 

Parted  forever  ? 
Where  thro'  groves  deep  and  high 

Sounds  the  far  billow, 
Where  early  violets  die 

Under  the  willow. 

There  through  the  Summer  day 

Cool  streams  are  laving ; 
There  while  the  tempests  sway 

Scarce  are  boughs  waving ; 
There  thou  thy  rest  shall  take 

Parted  forever, 
Never  again  to  wake, 

Never,  oh  never ! 

Her  wing  shall  the  eagle  flap 

O'er  the  false-hearted, 
His  warm  blood  the  wolf  shall 
lap 

Ere  life  be  parted  ; 
Shame  and  dishonor  sit 

By  his  grave  ever, 
Blessing  shall  hallow  it 

Never,  oh  never ! 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


149 


THE  MEMORIALS  OF  LOUD  SELBORNE.* 

The  concluding  instalment,  in  two  sizable 
volumes,  of  the  late  Earl  of  Selborne's  "  Me- 
morials "  is  mainly  a  restatement  of  the  author's 
views  on  the  major  public  questions  which  arose 
during  the  period  covered  (1865-1895),  and 
an  explanation  of  his  professional  and  official 
course  regarding  them.  Some  of  the  chapters  are 
rather  freely  diluted  with  matter  that  will  inter- 
est Lord  Selborne's  relatives  and  closer  friends 
rather  than  the  public  at  large  ;  but  the  volumes 
on  the  whole  may  safely  be  pronounced  solid  and 
informing,  if  not  especially  animated  or  graphic, 
additions  to  the  large  and  growing  stock  of 
reminiscences  of  Victorian  times.  Lord  Sel- 
borne's gifts  and  temperament  were  hardly  such 
as  to  qualify  him  to  shine  as  a  writer  of  memoirs 
of  the  lighter  personal  and  reminiscential  order, 
a  species  of  writing  in  which  many  a  social 
trifler  equipped  with  a  lively  pen  and  a  taste 
for  gossip  might  easily  have  excelled  him.  Of 
chat  about  notable  contemporaries,  therefore, 
the  volumes  will  seem  to  many  readers  to  con- 
tain disappointingly  little. 

That  Lord  Selborne,  where  the  subject  was 
an  imposing  one  and  where  his  sympathies  were 
deeply  engaged,  was  no  mean  hand  at  painting 
a  portrait  and  defining  a  character,  his  strong 
and  refreshingly  independent  characterization 
of  Gladstone  conclusively  shows.  Now  that 
Mr.  Lecky  has,  in  a  recent  preface,  calmly  pro- 
nounced "  the  texture  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  intel- 
lect "  to  have  been  of  the  "  commonplace " 
order,  we  may  confidently  look  to  see  the  inev- 
itable reactionary  tide  of  disparagement  of  the 
Grand  Old  Man  of  liberalism  and  parliament- 
ary manosuvre  fairly  set  in.  Much  evil  has  of 
course  been  spoken  of  Mr.  Gladstone  in  the 
past  by  his  political  foes,  who,  not  content  with 
attacking  his  policy,  have  impugned  his  motives, 
and  even  attempted  to  injure  his  character  by 
the  foulest  aspersions.  But  detraction  of  that 
sort  is  politics,  not  criticism ;  and  we  suspect 
that  the  recent  verdict  of  Mr.  Lecky  himself 
regarding  the  quality  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  intel- 
lect is  tinged  by  his  known  opinion  of  the 
quality  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  measures,  more 
especially  his  Irish  agrarian  measures  ;  for  it  is 
difficult  for  even  a  philosopher  to  admit  that  a 

*  MEMORIALS,  PERSONAL  AND  POLITICAL,  1865-1895.  By 
Ronndell  Palmer,  Earl  of  Selborne.  In  two  volumes.  With 
portraits.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


fruit  he  happens  to  personally  dislike  can  spring 
from  any  but  an  inferior  and  weakly  tree.  Lord 
Selborne  disagreed  pretty  sharply  with  Mr. 
Gladstone  on  some  points,  almost  from  the  first 
years  of  their  connection  ;  and  he  was  very  far 
from  keeping  pace  with  his  early  oracle  and 
paragon  in  the  latter's  dramatic  yet  gradual 
and  deliberate  advance  from  the  one  extreme 
to  the  other  of  British  opinion.  This  advance 
(the  term  is  perhaps  open  to  criticism  as  a 
question- begging  one)  Lord  Selborne,  who  had 
himself  gathered  caution  and  conservatism  with 
ripening  years  in  the  usual  and  normal  way, 
must  have  inwardly  regarded  as  a  sort  of  intel- 
lectual and  political  Rake's  Progress  on  the 
part  of  the  once  u  rising  hope  "  of  all  that  was 
venerable  and  established  in  England.  Nor 
does  he  refrain  from  using  language  of  some 
bitterness  when  he  comes  to  speak  of  the  clos- 
ing phase  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  career.  If  it  be 
true,  says  Lord  Selborne,  that  down  to  the  end 
of  June,  1886,  Gladstone  "  kept  the  great  con- 
troversy on  the  heights,"  it  was  certainly  not 
long  afterwards  that  he  ceased  to  do  so,  his 
power  of  self-persuasion  affecting  his  moral 
judgments  in  a  way  that  would  have  been 
deemed  impossible  in  earlier  years.  In  the  con- 
stant stress  and  turmoil  of  electioneering  since 
1886,  in  which  he  played  the  leading  part,  there 
was  little  to  remind  men  of  the  Gladstone  of 
old,  save  the  old  eloquence,  energy,  and  daunt- 
less courage,  qualities  more  remarkable  than 
ever  when  displayed  by  the  man  past  eighty. 

"A  new  '  transmigration  of  spirit'  cauae  over  him; 
he  accepted  it  with  as  much  alacrity  and  apparent  self- 
satisfaction  as  if  it  had  always  been  so;  he  invested  it 
with  the  authority  of  his  age,  his  name,  his  character; 
and  under  its  influence  the  statesman  was  transformed 
into  the  demagogue.  Mr.  Parnell  became,  for  four  years, 
until  he  himself  broke  the  spell,  the  special  object  of  his 
admiration ;  and  other  violent  spirits  of  the  '  League  ' 
were  glorified  as  heroes  and  martyrs.  .  .  .  He  became 
the  apologist  of  the  methods  by  which  his  new  allies 
carried  on  their  warfare  against  landlords  and  the  law 
in  Ireland.  .  .  .  All  sorts  of  schemes  for  parliament- 
ary interference  with  rights  of  property,  and  with 
the  freedom  of  capital  and  labor,  budded  and  blos- 
soined  under  the  capacious  shelter  of  the  new  Liberal 
« umbrella,'  not  without  a  sanguine  hope  that,  in  the  good 
time  coming,  they  would  be  entertained  by  the  great 
leader  'with  an  open  mind':  and  there  was  no  'plain 
speaking'  to  discourage  that  hope.  What  the  final 
issue  of  these  things  may  be,  cannot  be  foretold;  but  if 
it  should  be  the  decay  and  degradation  of  British  states- 
manship, and  the  triumph  of  anarchical  forces,  hostile 
to  the  life  of  freedom,  « while  they  shout  her  name,'  Mr. 
Gladstone  will  have  contributed  to  it  more  than  any 
other  man." 

Searching  history  for  a  parallel  to  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's peculiarities  as  a  statesman,  Lord  Sel- 


150 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


borne  hits,  not  infelicitously,  upon  the  Emperor 
Joseph  II.,  as  drawn  by  Mr.  Lecky. 

"  Ambitious,  fond  of  power,  and  at  the  same  time 
restless  and  impatient,  his  mind  was  to  the  highest  de- 
gree susceptible  to  the  political  ideas  that  were  floating 
through  the  intellectual  atmosphere  of  Europe;  and  he 
was  an  inveterate  dreamer  of  dreams.  Large,  compre- 
hensive, and  startling  schemes  of  policy,  —  radical 
changes  in  institutions,  manners,  tendencies,  habits,  and 
traditions, —  had  for  him  an  irresistible  fascination." 

Impatient  of  opposition  to  his  opinion  of  the 
moment,  Mr.  Gladstone's  opinions  were  in  a 
constant  and  continuous  state  of  flux  and  de- 
composition. His  view  of  any  given  question 
of  importance  was  changing,  even  while  he  was 
maintaining  it  with  the  zeal  and  apparent  con- 
viction of  a  prophet.  "  With  great  appearance 
of  tenacity  at  any  given  moment,  his  mind  was 
apt  to  be  moving  indirectly  down  an  inclined 
plane."  Mr.  Gladstone  could  be  quoted  against 
Mr.  Gladstone  on  almost  any  leading  or  funda- 
mental public  question  whatever.  To  find  a 
powerful  and  convincing  plea  against  what 
Mr.  Gladstone  was  urging  to-day,  you  had  only 
to  turn  back  to  what  Mr.  Gladstone  was  urging 
yesterday.  Agrarian  schemes  that  yesterday 
were  stigmatized  as  "  rapine  "  and  "  plunder  " 
were  extenuated  and  even  justified  to-day  as 
quite  excusable  and  useful  moves  in  a  patriotic 
Plan  of  Campaign.  "  Boycotting,"  that  in 
1882  was  denounced  as  "  combined  intimida- 
tion, made  use  of  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
private  liberty  of  choice  by  fear  of  starvation, 
—  inflicting  ruin,  and  driving  men  to  do  what 
they  did  not  want  to  do,  and  preventing  them 
from  doing  what  they  had  a  right  to  do,"  be- 
came, after  1886,  under  the  magic  of  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's faculty  of  self-persuasion  and  matchless 
dialectic,  mere  "  exclusive  dealing,"  or  a  form 
of  trades-unionism  that  was  "  the  only  available 
weapon  for  the  Irish  people,  in  their  weakness 
and  poverty,  against  the  wealthy  and  powerful." 

It  would  be  easy  to  go  on  quoting  from  the 
tale  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  thousand  and  one 
"  magnificent  inconsistencies  "  (as  his  hardier 
admirers  called  them)  in  proof  of  the,  to  our 
thinking,  not  very  damaging  fact  that  the  au- 
thor of  them  was  as  different  as  could  be  from 
the  more  common  type  of  man  who  goes  through 
life  a  complacent  slave  to  the  faith  he  was  born 
in.  But  Lord  Selborne's  strictures  clearly  go 
deeper  than  the  charge  of  mere  inconsistency. 
If  we  are  to  accept  his  view  unreservedly  (which 
we  do  not),  Mr.  Gladstone  became  in  his  later 
years  of  political  activity  "  a  demagogue," 
an  inflamer  of  popular  animosities,  of  class 
hatreds  and  class  cupidities,  —  all  this  for  the 


sake  of  personal  popularity  and  party  advan- 
tage. He  degenerated  into  a  sort  of  "  Sand 
Lots  "  haranguer  of  genius,  the  more  dangerous 
because  of  his  genius.  He  was  not  honest, 
either  with  himself  or  with  others. 

"  He  had  a  wonderful  power  of  not  seeing  what  he 
did  not  like.  He  was  a  master  of  the  art  of  throwing 
dust  into  the  eyes  of  those  who  were  proper  subjects  for 
that  operation;  and  he  could  practise  it  not  less  skil- 
fully upon  himself." 

Let  us  turn  for  a  moment  to  the  lights  of  Lord 
Selborne's  by  no  means  altogether  or  intention- 
ally disparaging  portrait  of  his  former  chief. 
The  secret  of  Mr.  Gladstone's  great  popularity 
he  finds  in  the  opinion  generally  entertained  of 
the  purity  of  his  motives,  the  elevation  of  his 
character,  in  his  sympathy  with  the  people  and 
desire  for  their  good,  rather  than  in  his  energy, 
eloquence,  and  intellectual  gifts.  Humanity 
turned  to  him  naturally,  as  to  a  friend,  as  to 
one  who  felt  more  than  other  men  of  like  gifts 
and  station  the  common  kinship  of  all. 

"  His  private  life  was  indeed  without  a  flaw.  .  .  .  He 
preferred  misconstruction  to  missing  opportunities  of 
doing  good.  .  .  .  His  interests  were  wide  and  cosmo- 
politan; his  acquirements  were  multifarious,  and  all  at 
his  command.  He  was  a  lover  of  music,  poetry,  the 
drama,  and  the  fine  arts.  .  .  .  He  spoke  more  than  one 
European  language  almost  as  easily  as  his  own.  He 
was  very  high,  if  not  first,  in  the  first  rank  of  modern 
orators ;  —  an  orator  of  the  diffuse  florid  kind,  Ciceronian 
rather  than  Demosthenic,  lofty  when  dignity  was  neces- 
sary, and  at  all  times  fluent  and  animated;  abounding 
in  illustration  and  metaphor  ;  every  word  in  the  right 
place,  every  sentence  well  turned." 

American  readers  will  be  particularly  inter- 
ested in  Lord  Selborne's  account  of  the 
"  Alabama  "  arbitration.  He  was  consulted 
professionally  by  his  government  during  the 
negotiations  prior  to  the  Treaty  of  Washington, 
and  he  acted  as  counsel  for  Great  Britain  be- 
fore the  Geneva  Tribunal.  The  maltreatment 
of  this  country  by  the  British  authorities  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War,  in  the  matter  of  the  Con- 
federate privateers,  is  now  res  adjudicate/,  and 
admitted  and  deplored  matter  of  history.  But 
Lord  Selborne,  with  an  advocate's  obstinacy, 
still  endeavors  to  put  America  in  the  wrong. 
If  we  won  our  case  at  Geneva  it  was  mainly 
through  our  bluster  and  chicane,  through  the 
bias  of  arbitrators,  through  the  generous  for- 
bearance of  Great  Britian,  —  that  is  the  spirit 
of  his  contention.  He  intimates  that  our  nego- 
tiators at  the  outset  felt  the  importance  of 
"  either  complicating  the  question  by  irrelevant 
issues,  or  to  some  extent  prejudicing  it  by  the 
terms  of  reference."  He  hints  darkly  at  the 
"  wiles  and  subtleties  "  of  the  American  law- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


151 


yers,  at  the  "  loaded  dice  "  with  which  America 
was  allowed  by  the  Rules  to  "  play  the  game  of 
hazard."  With  a  wooden  insensibility  to  the 
essential  fact  that  in  the  eyes  of  America  the 
trial  at  Geneva  was  symbolic,  —  that  America 
stood  at  the  bar  of  the  Tribunal,  not  as  a  mere 
claimant  of  so  many  dollars  and  cents  in  a  suit 
for  damages,  but  to  demand  moral  satisfaction 
and  moral  reparation  in  the  sight  of  the  world 
for  a  great  wrong,  —  Lord  Selborne  sneers  at 
the  feeling  injected  into  the  American  "  Case." 
Its  tone,  he  complains,  "was  acrimonious,  totally 
wanting  in  international  courtesy."  Perhaps  it 
was.  Perhaps  the  American  "  Case  "  was  es- 
sentially such  that  not  to  state  it  in  strong 
language  would  be  tantamount  to  not  stating  it 
at  all.  Perhaps  a  nation  still  smarting  under 
the  recollection  of  the  jeers,  contumely,  and 
material  damage  inflicted  upon  it  by  a  "  neu- 
tral "  power,  while  its  own  hands  were  tied  by 
civil  war,  was  justified  in  revealing  a  sense  of 
wrong  even  in  a  formal  statement  of  its  griev- 
ances. The  question  is  often  asked,  "  Why  does 
America  dislike  England  ?  "  and  ingenious  ex- 
planations are  offered.  But  there  is  a  plain 
and  sufficient  answer  to  that  question,  and  that 
is,  "  Because  England  has  shown  in  the  past 
so  often  and  so  offensively  that  she  disliked 
America."  She  never  showed  it  so  conclusively 
as  during  our  Civil  War,  when  our  difficulties 
absolved  her  from  the  immediate  need  of  cau- 
tion. The  "  Alabama "  incident  was  but  a 
flagrant  episode  in  the  painful  story  of  the  atti- 
tude toward  us  of  the  British  Government  and 
the  British  cultured  and  influential  classes  dur- 
ing that  period.  Russia  alone  stood  our  friend, 
our  friend  in  need ;  and  to  forget  that  now 
would  be  the  blackest  ingratitude. 

What  was  the  "  Alabama  "  ?  Let  us  answer 
that  question  in  the  words  of  a  distinguished 
Englishman,  Mr.  W.  E.  Forster,  the  friend 
and  colleague  of  John  Bright,  who  stood  the 
eloquent  champion  of  the  North,  while  Mr. 
Gladstone  was  complacently  proclaiming  that 
Jefferson  Davis  "  had  made  an  army,  had  made 
a  navy,  and,  more  than  that,  had  made  a  na- 
tion." Said  Mr.  Forster :  "  The  'Alabama  '  was 
a  British  ship,  built  by  British  ship-builders, 
and  manned  by  a  British  crew  ;  she  lured  prizes 
to  destruction  under  a  British  flag,  and  was 
paid  for  by  money  borrowed  from  British  cap- 
italists." All  the  logic-chopping  and  learned 
technicalities  of  Lord  Selborne  at  Geneva  could 
not  obscure  those  facts.  During  her  two-years 
cruise  the  "Alabama"  took  some  seventy  North- 
ern vessels,  and  literally  drove  our  commerce 


from  the  seas.  As  an  English  historian  says : 
"  She  went  upon  her  destroying  course  with  the  cheers 
of  English  sympathizers  and  the  rapturous  tirades  of 
English  newspapers  glorifying  her.  Every  misfortune 
that  befell  an  American  merchantman  was  received  in 
this  country  with  a  roar  of  delight." 

Let  us  add  that  when  the  "  Alabama,"  in 
her  first  encounter  with  an  antagonist  of  any- 
thing like  her  own  class  and  armament,  was 
shot  to  pieces  after  a  brief  engagement,  her 
fate  was  mourned  sincerely  and  patriotically  by 
a  chagrined  British  public.  It  was  the  last 
action  between  a  British  and  an  American 
vessel. 

The  student  of  the  questions  of  church  and 
law  reform  dealt  with  in  these  concluding  vol- 
umes will  find  Lord  Selborne's  reflections 
thereon  of  no  little  value.  The  correspondence 
with  which  the  work  is  freely  interspersed  is  of 
fair  interest,  and  the  author's  occasional  devia- 
tions from  the  dignified,  if  somewhat  diffuse, 
exposition  of  his  own  political  views  into  the 
lighter  paths  of  reminiscence  will  be  welcomed 
by  the  average  reader.  The  editing  has  been 
conscientiously  done  by  Lady  Sophia  Palmer, 
Lord  Selborne's  daughter  and  literary  trustee. 
The  volumes  are  notably  well  made  and  con- 
tain several  portraits.  E.  G.  J. 


THE  SECOND  YEAR  or  THE  CIVIL  WAR.* 

Mr.  Ropes  is  giving  to  the  world  what  seems 
likely  to  be  the  standard  history  of  our  great 
Civil  War.  As  we  took  occasion  to  say  when 
his  first  volume  appeared,  he  approaches  his 
work  in  the  spirit  of  a  historian  and  not  as  an 
advocate  of  any  general  or  any  policy.  Now 
that  a  third  of  a  century  has  elapsed  since  the 
close  of  the  war,  the  leading  actors  have  all 
passed  off  the  stage,  and  the  country  has  en- 
tered upon  a  new  era  of  its  history,  there  seems 
to  be  no  reason  why  a  really  impartial  and 
authoritative  narrative  of  that  period  cannot  be 
written ;  and  there  is  much  to  warrant  the 
opinion  that  Mr.  Ropes  has  produced  that  nar- 
rative in  its  broad  lines  and  its  general  judg- 
ments of  individuals  and  of  movements  and 
campaigns. 

The  volume  opens  with  the  startling  victory 
at  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson,  which  broke  the 
Confederate  line  and  recovered  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee  for  the  Union.  The  incapacity  of 

*THE  STORY  OF  THE  CIVIL  WAR.  By  John  Codman 
Ropes.  Volume  II.  The  Campaigns  of  1862.  New  York: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


152 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


General  Halleck  is  shown  at  the  outset,  and 
continuously  through  the  whole  volume.  It 
becomes  clear  that  he  undertook  this  campaign 
recklessly,  without  the  knowledge  of  his  supe- 
riors and  without  the  cooperation  of  his  asso- 
ciate commanders  in  the  West.  Mr.  Ropes 
asserts  that  Halleck  "had  no  scheme  in  his 
mind,"  and  that  jealousy  was  a  probable  mo- 
tive of  his  precipitate  action.  The  administra- 
tion was  planning  a  campaign  in  East  Tennes- 
see ;  Halleck  was  afraid  that  his  command 
would  be  absorbed  in  that  of  Buell,  so  he 
plunged  into  his  campaign  and  compelled  the 
government  to  follow  his  lead.  It  was  probably 
the  wisest  move  he  could  make ;  but  the  man- 
ner of  making  it,  and  the  way  in  which  it  was 
followed  up,  deserve  the  severest  censure. 

The  next  step  shows  the  "great  reckless- 
ness "  of  General  Grant  at  Pittsburg  Landing. 
It  was  known  to  him  and  to  his  superior  officer, 
General  Halleck,  that  the  enemy  was  near  in 
great  force ;  yet  the  army  was  retained  in  an 
exceedingly  faulty  position,  with  no  outposts, 
no  preparation  to  receive  the  enemy,  no  line  of 
battle  or  defense.  The  various  camps  were 
established  without  system  or  plan  of  coopera- 
tion. "  All  the  well-known  maxims  of  war 
applicable  to  such  a  position  were  absolutely 
unheeded  by  General  Grant.  Probably  there 
never  was  an  army  encamped  in  an  enemy's 
country  with  so  little  regard  to  the  manifest 
risks  which  are  inseparable  from  such  a  situa- 
tion." The  Union  generals  estimated  the  ene- 
my's forces  at  eighty  thousand,  against  forty 
thousand  of  their  own  forces ;  yet  they  were 
blissfully  unexpectant  of  an  attack,  and  when 
it  came  it  was  a  complete  surprise.  Grant  was 
not  on  the  field  for  several  hours  after  the  en- 
gagement opened,  and  even  after  he  came  every 
general  acted  for  and  by  himself.  He  is  de- 
clared to  have  been  at  that  time  "  incapable  of 
assuming  the  entire  control  and  direction  of  a 
great  battle,"  and  "  not  equal  to  an  emergency 
of  this  magnitude."  The  opportune  arrival  of 
Buell's  troops  enabled  Grant  to  win  a  great 
victory  the  second  day ;  but  then  came  his 
lamentable  failure  to  follow  up  and  destroy  the 
demoralized  enemy.  There  was  no  reason  why 
he  should  not  have  done  so,  but  "  he  utterly 
failed  to  seize  the  opportunity,"  "  he  entirely 
failed  to  rise  to  the  height  of  this  occasion." 
If  he  had  done  what  he  might  have  done,  the 
Confederacy  would  have  been  irretrievably 
weakened  by  the  annihilation  of  one  of  its  two 
great  armies.  Evidently,  Grant  had  not  yet 
found  himself. 


We  cannot  follow  the  interesting  discussion 
of  the  several  campaigns  of  the  eventful  year 
of  1862,  and  must  content  ourselves  with  stat- 
ing a  few  of  Mr.  Ropes's  judgments  of  men 
and  events.  It  is  interesting  to  contrast  his 
estimates  of  the  leading  Federal  generals  with 
those  of  the  enemy.  Those  of  the  North,  with 
the  simple  exception  of  Buell,  are  shown  to 
have  been  failures  more  or  less  complete.  Hal- 
leck, McClellan,  Pope,  and  Burnside  make  a 
poor  showing  beside  A.  S.  Johnston,  J.  E. 
Johnston,  and  Lee.  The  appointment  of  Hal- 
leck, though  the  natural  one  at  the  time,  was  as 
bad  as  could  have  been  made.  He  was  without 
insight  to  detect  the  crisis  of  a  campaign,  or 
energy  to  strike  when  the  moment  of  advan- 
tage came.  He  is  shown,  in  this  impartial  nar- 
rative, as  a  weak  man,  self-confident,  greedy  of 
power,  ready  to  assume  responsibility,  unwill- 
ing to  cooperate  generously  with  his  associates, 
guilty  of  disastrous  blunders.  He  was  not  a 
soldier  by  temperament  or  ability,  though  he 
had  written  a  highly  esteemed  book  on  the  art 
of  war  and  was  accounted  an  authority  on  mili- 
tary questions. 

In  his  discussion  of  General  McClellan  and 
the  famous  Peninsular  Campaign,  Mr.  Ropes  is 
much  less  harsh  than  most  writers,  though  the 
General's  weaknesses  are  plainly  indicated. 
His  constitutional  slowness,  his  excessive  cau- 
tion, his  inability  to  estimate  his  enemy's  power 
and  his  consequent  failure  to  take  advantage  of 
his  opportunities  to  strike  a  fatal  blow,  —  all 
these  well-known  defects  are  clearly  shown. 
But  his  skill  as  a  tactician  and  organizer,  and 
as  a  leader  of  men,  are  also  set  forth ;  and 
though  his  career  as  a  whole-  is  shown  to  be  a 
failure,  and  his  defects  the  cause  of  the  loss  of 
many  thousands  of  lives  and  of  the  prolonga- 
tion of  the  war,  the  reader  feels  that  full  jus- 
tice has  been  done  him.  He,  too,  had  oppor- 
tunities, during  this  eventful  year,  to  inflict  a 
fatal  blow  upon  the  enemy ;  but  he  failed  to 
use  these  opportunities,  and  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  lives  were  the  penalty  of  his  incompe- 
tency.  As  for  Pope  and  Burnside,  there  is  no 
need  of  taking  space  to  show  that  Mr.  Ropes 
agrees  with  all  other  writers  in  declaring  them 
almost  absurdly  incompetent  for  the  high  posi- 
tions to  which  they  were  appointed. 

So,  while  the  administration  was  groping 
about  for  competent  leaders  for  its  armies,  it 
was  training  them,  at  fearful  cost,  for  future 
victories.  Meanwhile,  the  civilians  at  the  head 
of  the  government,  having  little  confidence  in 
their  military  agents,  interfered  and  directed, 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


153 


and  made  the  bad  conditions  worse.  It  is  a  sad 
story,  but  may  as  well  be  frankly  told. 

The  Confederates,  on  the  other  hand,  were 
able  to  find  at  the  outset  competent  leaders  for 
their  armies.  These,  too,  made  blunders,  and 
many  of  them ;  but  they  were  able  men,  and 
used  the  forces  committed  to  them  wisely  and 
on  the  whole  successfully.  Of  General  Lee 
Mr.  Ropes  says : 

"  In  intellect  it  may  be  doubted  whether  he  was  supe- 
rior to  the  able  soldier  whom  be  succeeded;  .  .  .  but 
in  that  fortunate  combination  of  qualities  —  physical, 
mental,  and  moral  —  which  go  to  make  up  a  great  com- 
mander, General  Lee  was  unquestionably  more  favored 
than  any  of  the  leaders  of  the  Civil  War.  .  .  .  Lee's 
position  was  unique ;  no  army  commander  on  either  side 
was  so  universally  believed  in  —  so  absolutely  trusted. 
Nor  was  there  ever  a  commander  who  better  deserved 
the  support  of  his  government,  and  the  affection  and 
confidence  of  his  soldiers." 

Lee  was  undoubtedly  reckless,  astonishingly  so, 
in  his  operations  during  this  year,  and  gave 
many  opportunities  to  his  enemies.  But  he 
knew  the  calibre  of  the  men  opposed  to  him, 
and  that  he  could  take  liberties  with  them 
which  he  could  not  have  taken  with  competent 
generals ;  and  the  results  justified  his  reckless 
boldness.  He  depended  greatly,  too,  on  his 
able  subordinates,  especially  Stonewall  Jack- 
son, who  never  but  once  failed  him. 

A  portfolio  of  excellent  maps  accompanies 
the  volume.  We  shall  look  with  interest  for 
Mr.  Ropes's  next  volume,  which  will  deal  with 
the  stirring  campaigns  of  Chancellorsville  and 
Gettysburg  in  the  East  and  Vicksburg  in  the 
West.  CHARLES  H.  COOPER. 


THE  FUNCTIONS  AND  REVENUES  OF 
GOVERNMENT.* 


The  word  "  finance  "  has  been  persistently 
used  in  English,  both  in  everyday  usage  and 
to  some  extent  even  in  the  works  of  economic 
writers,  as  a  general  term  referring  rather 
indefinitely  to  the  whole  range  of  monetary  and 
commercial  affairs.  But  the  Science  of  Finance, 
in  the  more  correct  sense  in  which  Professor 
Adams  uses  the  term,  has  to  do  only  with  pub- 
lic expenditures  and  public  income,  and  the 
relations  necessarily  involved  in  their  consid- 
eration ;  it  "  undertakes  an  analysis  of  the  wants 
of  the  State  and  of  the  means  by  which  those 

*  THE  SCIENCE  OF  FINANCE.  An  Investigation  of  Public 
Expenditures  and  Public  Revenues.  By  Henry  Carter  Adams, 
Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor  of  Political  Economy  and  Finance  at 
the  University  of  Michigan.  (American  Science  Series  — 
Advanced  Course).  New  York  :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


wants  may  be  supplied."  Problems  of  money, 
currency,  and  banking,  which  have  to  do  merely 
with  the  mechanism  by  which  financial  opera- 
tions are  carried  on,  are  not  admitted  to  a  place 
in  the  science ;  much  less  are  questions  of 
"  private  financiering,"  such  as  have  to  do  with 
the  management  of  business  corporations.  It 
was  natural  enough  that  the  same  word  should 
be  popularly  applied  to  the  revenues  of  states 
and  cities  and  to  the  funds  of  private  corpora- 
tions, but  this  double  use  of  the  word  has  led 
to  no  little  confusion. 

Nearly  all  writers  on  the  Science  of  Finance 
devote  comparatively  little  attention  to  expendi- 
tures, or  else  neglect  that  side  of  the  subject 
altogether ;  and  the  result  in  either  case  is  un- 
satisfactory. It  would  seem  that  public  expendi- 
tures, considering  the  variety  and  importance  of 
the  objects  for  which  they  are  incurred,  might 
well  receive  even  more  attention  than  the  man- 
ner of  meeting  them  ;  but  the  science  of  public 
expenditures  is  as  yet  undeveloped,  except  as  a 
mere  introduction  to  the  study  of  revenues. 
Professor  Adams  has,  indeed,  done  not  a  little 
to  develop  it,  first  in  his  "  Relation  of  the 
State  to  Industrial  Action  "  and  to  some  extent 
in  his  "  Public  Debts,"  and  now  in  his  more 
comprehensive  "  Science  of  Finance."  He  says 
that  "  the  Science  of  Finance  has  no  opinion 
respecting  the  question  of  the  proper  limit  of 
public  duties,"  but  his  actual  treatment  of  the 
subject  is  by  no  means  so  inadequate  as  this 
disclaimer  might  lead  one  to  expect.  A  few 
passages  by  way  of  illustration  : 

"  It  is  futile  to  urge  disarmament,  and  the  consequent 
extinction  of  the  military  budget,  so  long  as  there  con- 
tinues to  be  a  conflict  of  legal  ideas.  ...  It  is  no  acci- 
dent that  the  first  approach  to  a  successful  tribunal  for 
the  arbitration  of  international  disputes  should  rest  upon 
negotiations  for  a  treaty  between  England  and  the 
United  States,  for  these  peoples  practise  the  same  sys- 
tem of  jurisprudence.  Their  theory  of  rights,  and  the 
method  by  which  they  aim  to  enforce  those  rights,  are 
the  same.  A  standing  international  tribunal  resting  on 
agreement  between  England  and  Russia,  however,  or 
between  the  United  States  and  China,  is  beyond  the 
range  of  reasonable  expectation  at  the  present  time ;  for 
it  is  only  upon  the  basis  of  a  common  system  of  juris- 
prudence that  a  system  of  international  law  can  be 
developed  which  shall  render  the  preparation  for  war 
unnecessary." 

"  A  local  government  may  very  properly  enter  upon 
a  more  comprehensive  line  of  activities  than  the  national 
government,  since  the  more  restricted  the  territory  over 
which  a  government  has  jurisdiction,  the  greater  likeli- 
hood will  there  be  of  community  of  interests  among  its 
citizens." 

"  It  seems  probable,  when  one  regards  the  social  evils 
wrought  by  corporations  in  certain  industries  of  collec- 
tive interests,  that  local  governments  at  least  will  ex- 


154 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


pand  rather  than  contract  the  sphere  of  government 
administration." 

"  It  is  essential  for  the  modern  State  to  support  pub- 
lic instruction,  because  there  is  no  other  way  to  guard 
against  the  fading  of  its  own  ideals  through  the  rise  of 
an  aristocracy  of  learning.  It  is  natural  thatinstitutions 
that  look  to  the  wealthy  for  further  endowments  should 
be  influenced  in  their  administration  by  the  interests  of 
the  wealthy  class;  .  .  .  and  it  requires  no  great  insight 
to  perceive  that  the  final  result  of  exclusive  reliance 
upon  private  benefactions  for  any  phase  or  grade  of  ed- 
ucation will  be  that  the  instruction  provided  will  riot 
only  reflect  the  interests  of  a  class,  but  will  be  confined 
to  a  class.  ...  A  State  which  aims  to  perpetuate  de- 
mocracy cannot  decline  to  make  ample  provision  at 
public  expense  for  all  phases  and  forms  of  education. 
In  no  other  way  can  a  system  of  public  instruction,  which 
is  by  far  the  most  potent  agency  in  shaping  civilization, 
be  brought  to  the  support  of  democracy." 

Again,  we  are  told  that  the  normal  law  of 
public  expenditures  for  the  enforcement  of  fac- 
tory legislation,  and  for  public  commissions,  is 
that  such  expenditures  will  continue  to  increase 
until  industrial  development  has  run  its  course, 
or  until  the  character  of  government  itself  shall 
have  been  changed  by  some  great  upheaval ; 
that  governments  must  continually  increase  the 
amount  of  money  at  the  disposal  of  their  statis- 
tical service ;  that  expenditures  for  forestry, 
irrigation,  and  public  improvements  for  the  ben- 
efit of  commerce  will  also  increase  with  the 
growth  of  society ;  but  that,  on  the  other  hand, 
expenditures  for  the  protective  functions  of  the 
State,  as  distinguished  from  its  developmental 
functions,  tend  to  decrease  in  proportion  as  the 
protective  service  of  the  State  succeeds.  There 
is  here  at  least  the  foundation  of  a  science  of 
public  activities. 

Professor  Adams  rejects  the  statistical  method 
of  studying  public  expenditures,  and  confines 
himself  to  a  theoretical  discussion,  because  the 
former  could  not  be  satisfactorily  applied,  and 
because  the  latter  is  essential  in  any  case.  But 
besides  the  a  priori  method  on  the  one  hand 
and  the  purely  statistical  method  on  the  other, 
there  is  the  historical  -  comparative  method, 
which  is  often  applied  to  particular  problems 
of  public  economy,  and  might  be  employed  in 
developing  the  science  as  a  whole.  A  theoret- 
ical treatment,  even  when  so  philosophical  as 
that  of  Professor  Adams,  is  not  wholly  satis- 
factory, because  the  considerations  which  de- 
termine governmental  action  are  of  an  eminently 
practical  nature,  and  may  easily  vary  from 
place  to  place  ;  while  at  the  same  time  a  merely 
statistical  study  would  not  be  enough,  chiefly 
because  the  more  important  results  of  govern- 
mental action  are  incapable  of  quantitative 
measurement.  Neither  political  philosophy  nor 


statistics,  therefore,  ought  to  be  expected  to 
determine  what  are  the  proper  functions  of 
government. 

The  consideration  of  public  revenues  also 
involves  a  study  of  certain  governmental  activ- 
ities, which  Professor  Adams  classifies  into 
industries  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing revenue,  those  in  which  revenue  is  incidental 
to  service,  and  those  undertaken  primarily  for 
service ;  and  for  each  class  a  distinct  rule  is 
given  for  the  adjustment  of  charges.  The  main 
division  of  the  work,  however,  is  devoted  to 
Taxation.  Here,  after  elucidating  the  princi- 
ples, and  approving  progressive  rates  as  being 
most  in  accordance  with  individual  ability,  the 
author  devotes  a  chapter  to  "  Suggestions  for 
a  Revenue  System."  He  would  assign  to  the 
federal  government  the  taxation  of  interstate 
commerce,  in  addition  to  the  customs  and  ex- 
cise duties ;  to  the  States  he  would  give  taxes 
on  the  business  of  corporations,  other  than 
interstate  commerce,  and  on  inheritances  ;  and 
to  the  local  governments  he  would  assign  taxes 
on  land,  on  professional  incomes,  on  licenses, 
and  on  municipal  franchises.  The  theoretical 
basis  of  this  proposed  arrangement  is  that  each 
government  should  tax  those  industries  with 
which  it  holds  some  fundamental  or  constitu- 
tional relation. 

Twelve  years  ago  Professor  Adams  wrote 
that  "  one  of  the  chief  difficulties  under  which 
we  in  this  country  suffer,  in  our  endeavors  to 
solve  the  problem  of  monopolies,  arises  from 
the  fact  that  our  publicists  and  statesmen  pro- 
ceed in  profound  ignorance  of  the  meaning  and 
purpose  of  the  science  of  finance."  For  that 
ignorance  they  have  no  longer  any  excuse. 

MAX  WEST. 


Two  GREAT  EVANGELISTS.* 

An  evangelist,  in  a  broad  sense,  is  one  with 
a  gospel  message  who  goes  about  rousing  men 
to  a  higher  and  better  life.  Matthew  Arnold 
was  a  literary  evangelist,  proclaiming  every- 
where by  word  of  voice  and  pen  the  gospel  of 
literary  culture.  Henry  Drummond,  as  is  evi- 
dent from  Dr.  George  Adam  Smith's  masterly 
biography,  was  above  all  else  a  Christian  evan- 
gelist, filled  with  a  glowing  love,  who  stirred 
men  of  all  circles  and  conditions,  by  voice  and 
printed  word.  But  Drummond's  greatest  work 

*THE  LIFE  or  HENRY  DRUMMOND.  By  George  Adam 
Smith.  New  York  :  Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

NEWMAN  HALL,  AN  AUTOBIOGRAPHY.  Illustrated.  New 
York  :  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


155 


was  with  the  educated  classes,  and  particularly 
with  college  students ;  and  the  movements  which 
he  set  on  foot  with  them  are  still  powerful  and 
progressive.  Drummond's  sincerity,  open- 
mindedness,  intellectuality,  and  sympathy  with 
science,  made  him  the  friend  and  helper  of  vast 
numbers  whose  religious  life  was  being  troubled 
by  doubts  suggested  by  science.  The  enormous 
success  of  his  "  Natural  Law  in  the  Spiritual 
World,"  and  of  many  of  his  Addresses,  lay  in 
his  identifying  Nature  with  Christianity,  and 
showing  the  natural  foundation  of  Christianity 
as  a  law  of  love.  From  whichever  side  we  take 
Drummond's  position,  as  either  naturalistic 
Christianity  or  Christianized  naturalism,  it  was 
a  gospel  of  a  reconciliation  of  science  and  relig- 
ion which  appealed  very  powerfully  to  his  read- 
ers and  hearers. 

"  To  Henry  Drummond,  Christianity  was  the  crown 
of  the  evolution  of  the  whole  universe.  The  drama 
which  absorbed  him  is  upon  a  stage  infinitely  wider  than 
the  moral  life  of  man.  The  soul,  in  its  battle  against  evil, 
in  its  service  for  Christ,  is  no  accident  or  exception,  thrown 
upon  a  world  all  hostile  to  its  feeble  spirit.  But  the 
forces  it  represents  are  the  primal  forces  of  the  universe ; 
the  great  laws  which  modern  science  has  unveiled  sweep- 
ing through  life  from  the  beginning  work  upon  the  side 
of  the  man  who  seeks  the  things  that  are  above." 

Professor  Smith  opens  his  work  with  a  strong 
sketch  of  the  man  in  his  winning  personality. 

"  We  watched  him,  our  fellow-student  and  not  yet 
twenty-three,  surprised  by  a  sudden  and  a  fierce  fame. 
Crowds  of  men  and  women  in  all  the  great  cities  of  our 
land  hung  upon  his  lips,  innumerable  lives  opened  their 
secrets  to  him,  and  made  him  aware  of  his  power  over 
them.  When  his  first  book  was  published,  he,  being 
then  thirty-three,  found  another  world  at  his  feet;  the 
great  of  the  land  thronged  him;  his  social  opportunities 
were  boundless;  and  he  was  urged  by  the  chief  states- 
man of  our  time  to  a  political  career.  This  was  the 
kind  of  a  trial  which  one  has  seen  wither  some  of  the 
finest  characters,  and  distract  others  from  the  simplicity 
and  resolution  of  their  youth.  He  passed  through  it 
unscathed;  it  neither  warped  his  spirit  nor  turned  him 
from  his  accepted  vocation  as  a  teacher  of  religion.  .  .  . 
There-  was  a  never  a  glimpse  of  a  phylactery  nor  a 
smudge  of  unction  about  his  religion.  He  was  one  of 
the  purest,  most  unselfish,  most  reverent  souls  you  ever 
knew,  but  you  would  not  have  called  him  a  saint.  The 
name  he  went  by  among  younger  men  was « The  Prince'; 
there  was  a  distinction  and  a  radiance  upon  him  that 
compelled  the  title." 

While  Professor  Smith  cannot  easily  and  nat- 
urally call  a  man  who  plays  cricket  and  bil- 
liards and  enjoys  a  good  cigar  a  "  saint,"  yet 
he  compares  Drummond's  influence  to  that  of 
a  mediaeval  saint.  He  was  the  confessor  of 
multitudes  of  men  and  women  of  all  classes. 

"  They  brought  him  alike  their  mental  and  phys- 
ical troubles.  Surest  test  of  a  man's  love  and  holiness, 
they  believed  in  his  prayers  as  a  remedy  for  their  dis- 


eases and  a  sure  mediation  between  their  sinful  souls 
and  God.  It  is  with  a  certain  hesitation  that  one  asserts 
so  much  as  this,  yet  the  evidence  in  his  correspondence 
is  indubitable;  and  as  the  members  of  some  great 
churches  are  taught  to  direct  their  prayers  to  the  fam- 
ous saints  of  Christendom,  so,  untaught  and  naturally, 
as  we  shall  see,  more  than  one  have  since  his  death 
found  themselves  praying  to  Henry  Drummond." 

Professor  Smith  traces  and  emphasizes  Drum- 
mond's progress  from  the  strict  orthodoxy  of 
his  early  life  to  his  later  more  enlarged  and 
liberal  views  by  which  his  evangelism  gained 
power  with  men  of  high  education  and  thought. 
Evolutionary  Science  and  Biblical  Criticism 
came  to  have  great  weight  with  him,  and  he 
gave  up  verbal  inspiration,  and  found  in  rev- 
elation an  evolution.  ,.'.; 

A  clear  account  is  given  of  Drummond's 
evangelism  in  Glasgow,  with  Moody  and  San- 
key,  and  among  British,  American,  and  Aus- 
tralian students.  This  book  also  includes  letters 
and  diaries  of  travel  in  America,  Africa,  and 
the  new  Hebrides.  These  are  often  bright  and 
vivid,  as  in  this  African  sketch : 

"  At  Zomba,  on  the  Sabbath,  we  had  a  service  for  the 
natives  —  the  real '  Missionary  Record '  kind  of  a  thing; 
white  men  with  Bibles  under  a  spreading  tree,  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick  crowd  of  naked  natives.  We  sang 
hymns  from  a  hymn-book  in  the  native  tongue  to  Scotch 
psalm-tunes,  and  then  spoke  through  an  interpreter. 
Unfortunately,  the  service  was  brought  to  rather  an 
abrupt  conclusion.  I  had  just  finished  speaking  when 
a  tremendous  shriek  rose  from  the  crowd,  and  the  con- 
gregation dispersed  in  a  panic  in  every  direction.  A 
hugh  snake  had  fallen  from  the  tree  right  into  the  thick 
of  them.  A  bombshell  could  not  have  done  its  work 
faster,  but  no  one  was  hurt,  and  the  beast  disappeared 
like  magic  beneath  some  logs.  The  snakes  rarely  do 
harm,  and  I  have  never  heard  of  a  serious  case." 

While  we  cannot  say  that  this  book  is  over- 
eulogistic,  yet  we  miss  the  marks  of  common 
and  weak  humanity.  Drummond  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  had  a  redeeming  vice  ;  we  should 
have  felt  better  satisfied  to  have  known,  say, 
that  at  least  once  in  his  life  he  got  angry  and 
swore  profanely.  Peter  and  Paul  and  all  the 
saintly  characters  of  Scripture  have  their  fail- 
ings, but  Drummond  stands  out  in  these  pages 
as  an  admirable  and  perfect  Crichton.  But, 
after  all,  we  are  glad  to  believe  that  here  is  the 
highest  type  of  Christian  knight,  sans  peur  et 
sans  reproche,  an  ideal  soul,  earnest,  tender, 
true,  of  noblest  spirituality  and  deepest  sincer- 
ity. But  we  cannot  esteem  Drummond  a  great 
man,  nor  yet  that  he  attained  his  full  stature 
and  maturity.  We  feel  that  here  was  a  prom- 
ising tree  forced  to  too  early  and  abundant 
fruitage,  and  so  exhausted  for  the  most  mature 
and  permanent  work.  Professor  Smith  has 


156 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


certainly  given  us  an  able  and  interesting  his- 
tory of  an  eager,  high-wrought  soul,  plunged 
in  the  vortex  of  our  later  nineteenth  century 
life,  moved  by  most  manifold  currents,  and  yet 
attaining  a  most  noble  and  useful  life. 

Another  great  evangelist,  who  resembled 
Drummond  in  his  power  of  Christian  love,  but 
was  more  narrow  in  his  interests  and  straighter 
in  his  orthodoxy,  was  Newman  Hall.  We  have 
from  his  pen  a  chatty  and  pleasant  "  Autobi- 
ography," in  which  he  seeks  to  keep  out  of 
"  the  track  of  ordinary  religious  memoirs  "  in 
not  speaking  exclusively  of  his  public  career 
and  religious  experience,  but  also  speaking 
freely  of  himself  in  all  his  relations  with  the 
men  of  his  time,  and  narrating  incidents  of  all 
kinds.  He  tells  a  number  of  first-rate  stories, 
two  of  which  we  must  quote.  At  Ferriby,  — 
"The  old  parish  clerk  one  Sunday  surprised  the  con- 
gregation by  announcing,  in  his  usual  monotone, « Let  us 
sing  to  the  praise  and  glory  of  God,  a  psalm  of  my  own 
composing  —  a  psalm  of  my  own  composing!'  ...  In 
a  family  of  my  church  was  a  devoutly-behaved  dog, 
which  regularly  occupied  its  accustomed  seat  at  family 
prayers,  and  remained  motionless  till  the  '  Amen '  at  the 
close.  One  day  when  I  was  conducting  the  service,  I 
read  the  fifth  chapter  of  the  Revelation,  and  when  I 
came  to  the  fourteenth  verse, '  And  the  four  beasts  said 
Amen! '  the  dog  jumped  from  his  chair  and  began  bark- 
ing as  usual,  as  if  all  were  over.  This  was  too  much 
for  the  assembly's  gravity;  host  and  hostess,  servants 
and  friends,  could  not  prevent  laughter  blending  with 
barking,  and  the  service  ended  with  the  dog's  '  Amen.'  " 

Dr.  Hall  gives  a  chapter  to  Gladstone,  which 
throws  some  light  on  that  statesman's  character. 
There  is  also  interesting  mention  of  his  ac- 
quaintance with  John  Bright,  Lord  Shaftes- 
bury,  Dean  Stanley,  Spurgeon,  and  others. 
Newman  Hall's  pastorates,  both  in  Hull  and 
London,  were  thoroughly  evangelistic  in  their 
nature.  It  was  at  Hull  that  he  composed  the 
tract  "  Come  to  Jesus,"  which  has  circulated  by 
the  million.  During  the  Civil  War,  Dr.  Hall 
was  influential  as  a  friend  of  the  North,  and 
his  American  evangelizing  tours,  of  which  he 
gives  a  sketch,  will  be  recalled  by  many.  The 
mild  and  gentle  spirit,  the  fervid  and  simple 
piety,  of  the  author  pervades  his  book,  which  is 
of  interest  on  many  accounts,  and  has  consid- 
erable value  for  the  religious  historian. 

HIRAM  M.  STANLEY. 


Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.  have  put  together 
into  a  bound  volume  the  six  pamphlets  of  the  "  River- 
side Literature  Series  "  which  constitute  the  "  College 
Requirements  in  English  for  Careful  Study  "  for  the 
coming  three  years.  Milton,  Shakespeare,  Addison, 
Burke,  and  Macaulay  are  the  authors  selected  for  this 
ingenious  form  of  torture. 


TRAVEL,  IN  MANY  LANDS.* 


Arctic  exploration  has  received  a  new  impetus 
within  the  last  decade.  The  ice-bound  lands  in  the 
frigid  zones  have  suddenly  assumed  a  new  import- 
ance. Sir  Martin  Conway's  experiences  in  Spitz- 
bergen  since  the  beginning  of  1896  have  done  much 
to  set  us  right  in  our  estimate  of  that  country.  The 
results  of  his  first  adventures,  in  1896,  were  em- 
bodied in  his  "  First  Crossing  of  Spitsbergen."  The 
present  volume,  "  With  Ski  and  Sledge  over  Arctic 
Glaciers,"  is  to  be  regarded  as  an  appendix  to  that 
account.  In  company  with  Mr.  E.  J.  Garwood,  a 
geologist  and  photographer,  and  two  Norwegians, 
this  undaunted  Englishman  set  out  to  investigate 
many  of  the  tremendous  glaciers,  ice  fjords,  and 
lofty  snow  and  ice  mountains  of  this  arctic  land, 
four  hundred  miles  north  of  North  Cape,  and  unin- 
habited by  any  permanent  population.  To  read 
the  crisp  account  of  their  tramps  over  ice  gorges 
and  chasms,  through  blinding  snowstorms,  and  on 
their  ski.  or  snowshoes,  is  close  akin  to  enjoying 
the  same  experiences.  An  expert's  popular  descrip- 
tion of  the  movements  of  a  great  glacier,  and  of  its 
final  crash  into  the  waters  of  the  bay,  is  a  bit  of 
exceedingly  good  reading.  The  important  result  of 
this  brief  two  months'  trip  was  the  determination 
of  the  fact  that  Spitsbergen  is  not,  as  held  by  earlier 
explorers,  covered  with  an  ice-sheet.  This  term 
does  not  describe  the  condition  of  things  in  arctic 
lands,  and  should  be  expunged  from  the  geograph- 
ical vocabulary.  The  so-called  ice-sheets  are  merely 
glacial  and  mountain  areas  on  either  side  of  water- 
sheds tending  toward  the  sea.  Neither  do  glaciers 
excavate  great  valleys,  as  popularly  held.  The 
familiar,  easy  method  of  telling  his  story  inspires 
confidence  in  the  author's  knowledge  and  his  ability 
to  arrive  at  sound  conclusions. 

*  WITH  SKI  AND  SLEDGE  OVER  ARCTIC  GLACIERS.  With 
Map  and  Illustrations.  By  Sir  Martin  Conway.  New  York : 
M.  F.  Mansfield. 

THROUGH  ARCTIC  LAPLAND.  With  Map  and  many  Illus- 
trations. By  Cutcliffe  Hyne.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

CHITRAL  :  The  Story  of  a  Minor  Siege.  With  Maps  and 
thirty-two  half-tone  Illustrations.  By  Sir  George  S.  Robert- 
son, K.C.S.I.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

WITHIN  THE  PURDAH  :  Personal  Reminiscences  of  a  Med- 
ical Missionary  in  India.  Illustrated.  By  S.  Armstrong- 
Hopkins,  M.D.  New  York:  Eaton  &  Mains. 

THROUGH  THE  YANGTSE  GORGES  :  or,  Trade  and  Travel  in 
Western  China.  With  Map  and  Illustrations.  By  Archibald 
John  Little,  F.R.G.S.  New  York:  Imported  by  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

CAMPING  AND  TRAMPING  IN  MALAYA  :  Fifteen  Years'  Pio- 
neering in  the  Native  States  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.  With 
Map  and  Illustrations.  By  Ambrose  B.  Rathborne,  F.R.G.S. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

A  CRUISE  UNDER  THE  CRESCENT:  From  Suez  to  San 
Marco.  With  Illustrations  in  the  Text.  By  Charles  Warren 
Stoddard.  Chicago :  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 

WITH  THE  GREEKS  IN  THESSALT.  With  twenty-three 
Illustrations  by  W.  T.  Mand,  Maps  and  Plans.  By  W.  Kin- 
naird  Rose.  Boston :  L.  C.  Page  &  Co. 

THE  LAND  OF  THE  PIGMIES.  Profusely  Illustrated.  By 
Captain  Guy  Burrows ;  with  an  Introduction  by  Henry  M. 
Stanley.  New  York :  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


157 


In  "  Through  Arctic  Lapland  "  we  have  the  nar- 
rative of  two  daring  Englishmen  who  set  sail  from 
London  to  test  their  adventurous  spirits  in  the  far 
north.  They  land  at  Yards,  on  the  north  coast  of 
Finland,  in  early  summer.  Their  goal  is  the  Gulf 
of  Bothnia,  four  hundred  miles  overland  toward  the 
south.  To  discourage  them  at  the  outset,  they  find 
that  in  the  summer  no  route  of  travel  exists  in  that 
direction ;  in  fact,  the  frequency  of  lakes  and 
swamps  makes  such  an  adventure  next  to  impossible. 
But  the  doughty  Englishmen  push  ahead,  secure 
short-route  guides,  travel  double  the  straight-line 
distance,  wade  through  swamps,  row  across  lakes, 
float  down  rivers,  tramp  through  forests,  until,  weary 
yet  wiser  men,  they  hail  the  sails  of  a  Swedish  ves- 
sel in  the  northernmost  harbor  of  Bothnia.  These 
polyglot  and  much-travelled  travellers  show  a  prodi- 
gious amount  of  pluck  in  enduring  hardships,  man- 
aging obstreperous  Lapps  and  Finns,  fighting  mill- 
ions of  vicious  musquitos,  and  keeping  good-natured 
through  it  ill.  The  customs  and  habits  of  the  peo- 
ples of  that  almost  solitary  country  are  told  in  a 
humorous  and  spicy  narrative  by  Mr.  Cutcliffe 
Hyne,  amply  illustrated  by  the  sketches  of  Mr. 
Hayter,  the  author's  companion. 

Chitrdl  is  located  on  the  Chitral  river,  one  of  the 
sources  of  the  Indus  river,  up  in  the  district  of  the 
Hindu  Kush  mountains.  "  The  dominant  note  of 
Chitrdl,"  says  Sir  George  S.  Robertson,  author  of 
"  Chitral,  the  Story  of  a  Minor  Siege,"  "  is  bigness 
combined  with  desolation ;  vast,  silent  mountains 
cloaked  in  eternal  snow,  wild  glacier-born  torrents, 
cruel  precipices,  and  pastureless  hillsides  where  the 
ibex  and  the  markhor  find  a  precarious  subsistence." 
Down  deep  in  the  gorges  of  these  oppressive  and 
ever-present  mountains  resides  a  restless  and 
wretched  population  of  natives,  controlled  almost 
wholly  by  the  devotees  of  Mohammed.  The  con- 
test for  sovereignty  among  the  native  claimants  to 
the  throne  precipitated  a  revolution  in  the  winter  of 
1894-95.  Chitnil  is  almost  on  the  borderland 
between  British  India  and  Afghanistan,  and  was 
under  the  protectorate  of  England.  The  assassina- 
tion of  the  local  ruler  led  to  an  attempt  by  the  ruler 
at  Kabul  to  assume  control  of  the  district.  The 
British  Indian  troops  which  had  gone  to  the  rescue 
were  defeated,  driven  within  their  fort,  and  besieged 
for  nearly  two  months.  In  the  meantime,  detach- 
ments of  native  soldiers  under  English  officers  were 
hurrying,  in  the  dead  of  winter,  from  the  north  and 
from  the  south  to  rescue  their  comrades.  Some  of 
these  men  were  ambushed,  others  were  taken  by 
treachery,  and  still  others  suffered  untold  hardships 
in  crossing  snow-capped  and  snow-bound  mountains. 
The  besieged  gallantly  held  out,  through  great  suf- 
fering, until  the  approach  of  English  troops  caused 
the  flight  of  the  besiegers  and  the  rescue  of  the  be- 
sieged. This  is  a  thrilling  and  tragical  story,  told 
in  chaste  and  forceful  language  by  the  commander 
in  the  siege.  Its  political  significance  gives  it  a 
value  which  far  outranks  that  of  ordinary  books  of 
war  or  of  travel. 


The  far-reaching  influence  of  a  medical  mission- 
ary, especially  that  of  a  wise  woman,  among  the 
vast  populations  of  India,  is  shown  with  surprising 
effect  by  Dr.  Armstrong-Hopkins  in  her  book  en- 
titled "  Within  the  Purdah."  The  down-trodden, 
hopeless  condition  of  woman,  not  only  in  the  secluded 
harems  of  princes  but  in  open  air  everyday  life,  is 
enough  to  make  one  either  pessimistic  or  actively 
energetic  in  inaugurating  new  means  of  relief.  While 
the  British  government  has  done  much  to  mitigate 
the  deadly  power  of  vicious  customs,  there  is  a  wide 
chasm  between  the  woman  of  India  and  ordinary 
comfort  and  freedom.  This  book  shows  where  Great 
Britain  and  other  enlightened  nations  can  accom- 
plish marvels  for  this  caste-enslaved  and  suffering 
people.  The  native  princes  can  be  won  by  shrewd- 
ness and  skill  of  the  right  kind  to  banish  heartless 
and  harmful  rites,  and  to  order  themselves  and  their 
subjects  according  to  higher  principles  of  govern- 
ment and  human  right. 

The  Yangtse  is  to  China  what  the  Mississippi  is 
to  the  United  States.  It  drains  the  heart  of  China, 
embracing  an  area  of  600,000  square  miles,  with 
a  population  of  about  180,000,000  of  as  industrious 
and  peaceful  a  people  as  are  to  be  found  on  the 
earth's  surface.  This  area  is  now  known  as  the 
"  British  sphere  of  influence."  Its  great  river  is 
navigable  by  the  largest  ocean  steamers  as  far  as 
Hankow  —  six  hundred  miles  inland  ;  then  for  five 
hundred  more  by  steamboats  to  Ichang.  From  this 
point  upwards  it  is  almost  one  succession  of  gorges 
and  rapids,  through  a  most  picturesque  and  wild 
country,  though  densely  populated.  English  trade 
on  the  banks  of  this  river  has  reached  enormous 
proportions.  Ten  years  ago,  Professor  A.  J.  Little, 
author  of  "  Through  the  Yangtse  Gorges,"  excited 
his  influence  to  push  navigation  farther  up  stream. 
After  the  China-Japanese  war  he  succeeded  in  se- 
curing concessions  of  various  kinds.  Within  the 
past  year  he  has  himself  conducted  a  steamer  through 
several  dangerous  series  of  rapids  five  hundred  miles 
above  Ichang  to  Chung-king,  the  highest  point  of 
steam  navigation  yet  reached.  In  addition  to  a 
clear  and  concise  narrative  of  the  methods  of  navi- 
gation and  difficulties  encountered  on  the  way,  Mr. 
Little  shows  by  statistics  the  wonderfully  rich  re- 
sources of  this  inland  empire,  this  river  empire.  The 
power  of  English  diplomats  and  merchants  is  seen 
in  every  gain  made  in  the  confidence  of  the  China- 
man. The  book  is  full  of  rare  incidents  observed 
by  a  wide-awake  scholarly  Englishman. 

The  Malay  peninsula  proper,  extending  south- 
ward from  Indo-China,  is  850  miles  long  by  210  in 
its  widest  part,  —  between  10°  30'  N.  and  1°  22'  N. 
Its  territory  embraces  about  82,000  square  miles, 
and  its  population  is  about  1,400,000.  Its  most 
noted  seaport  is  Singapore.  Fifteen  years  in  the 
jungles,  on  the  mountain  sides,  and  in  the  malarial 
plains  of  this  little-known  peninsula,  form  the  basis 
of  Mr.  Rathborne's  book  on  "  Camping  and  Tramp- 
ing in  Malaya."  In  his  brief  preface,  the  author 
acknowledges  that  he  is  more  skilled  in  the  use  of 


158 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


the  parang,  to  cut  his  way  through  the  jungles,  than 
in  the  use  of  the  pen.  Mr.  Rathborne  takes  his 
own  method  of  telling  his  story.  He  describes  with 
great  detail  many  of  his  numerous  tramps  and  trips 
back  and  forth  through  the  peninsula  and  along  its 
shore  lines.  Mingled  with  this  description  of  the 
immediate  occurrences  of  his  trip,  we  find  frequently 
little  scraps  of  early  history  —  as  in  the  case  of 
Malacca,  —  accounts  of  curious  habits  of  the  wild 
animals  of  the  jungles,  illustrated  by  some  experi- 
ence of  his  own,  and  of  the  character  of  the  natives. 
Incidentally,  the  resources,  the  products,  the  mixed 
population,  the  dangers,  and  the  prospects  of  the 
country  receive  ample  mention.  The  lack  of  good 
roads,  the  thickness  of  the  forests,  the  lurking  wild 
beasts,  and  the  enemies  of  human  life,  on  the  land 
and  in  the  air,  tested  the  patience  and  endurance  of 
this  Briton.  The  English  government,  though  able 
to  do  much  for  the  natives,  has  not  lived  up  to  its 
opportunity  (p.  126).  It  has  not  suppressed,  but 
rather  has  encouraged  by  licensing,  some  of  the 
worst  vices  in  the  land.  In  spite  of  these  things, 
the  British  forces  have  suppressed  the  state  of  an- 
archy of  two  decades  ago,  and  are  gradually  lifting 
the  natives  up  to  a  higher  plane  of  living.  The 
whole  story  is  enlivened  by  vigorous  illustration. 

Mr.  Charles  Warren  Stoddard's  "  Cruise  under 
the  Crescent "  is  a  chatty  record  of  his  tour  along 
the  conventional  route  of  travellers  to  Syria.  In  a 
very  familiar,  off-hand  style,  he  describes  his  jour- 
ney from  Port  Said  to  Jerusalem,  to  Damascus,  to 
Baalbek,  to  Beirut,  to  Athens,  to  Stamboul,  and  so 
on.  The  text  is  besprinkled  with  sketches,  many 
of  them  giving  quite  an  adequate  idea  of  the  thing 
represented.  The  observations  of  the  author  show 
in  an  interesting  way  the  impressions  made  upon 
the  acute  mind  of  an  intelligent  traveller. 

The  Greco- Turkish  war  was  short,  sharp,  and  de- 
cisive. But  its  results  cannot  be  measured.  Many 
shrewd  and  acute  correspondents  were  on  the  field 
to  note  for  permanent  preservation  the  events  of 
each  day.  Mr.  Rose,  author  of  "  With  the  Greeks 
in  Thessaly,"  must  have  been,  we  judge,  among  the 
best  of  these.  This  compact  little  volume  testifies 
to  his  activity  and  descriptive  power.  He  was  the 
special  war  correspondent  of  Reuters,  London,  and 
consequently  had  the  best  of  opportunities  for  close 
observation  on  the  field.  The  political  matters  dis- 
cussed are  based,  says  the  author,  upon  information 
of  men  who  were  close  to  the  political  movements 
of  the  day.  The  narrative  preserves  with  great 
faithfulness  the  exact  form  in  which  it  was  written 
in  the  heat  of  conflict.  The  plans  and  maps  help 
one  to  secure  a  very  vivid  picture  of  that  sudden 
and,  to  the  Greeks,  disastrous  plunge  of  the  Turk- 
ish army  into  Thessaly. 

Central  Africa  has  not  ceased  to  be  of  genuine 
interest,  both  to  the  diplomat  and  to  the  anthro- 
pologist. In  the  heart  of  that  Dark  Continent  are 
many  unexplored  regions  and  unsolved  mysteries. 
Captain  Burrows,  author  of  "  The  Land  of  the  Pig- 
mies," had  many  facilities,  as  an  officer  in  the  em- 


ploy of  Belgium,  for  wide  observation.  The  char- 
acter of  the  native  tribes  in  different  districts  of  the 
Congo  Free  State  are  extremely  interesting.  The 
cannibal  natives  are  not  all  extinct,  but  rather  flour- 
ish, though  in  the  presence  of  the  white  man  they 
endeavor  to  conceal  their  custom.  The  pigmies  of 
Central  Africa,  though  occupying  but  small  space  in 
this  volume,  are  a  unique  little  people,  whom  Cap- 
tain Burrows  had  good  opportunities  for  studying. 
Many  of  the  real  problems  of  Central  African  trade 
are  yielding  to  the  introduction  of  the  railroad  and 
its  increasing  activities.  Enough  illustrations  are 
inserted  in  this  book  to  make  it  a  picture-volume  of 
Central  African  peoples  and  customs. 

IRA  M.  PRICE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


More  history  of 
the  Royal  Navy. 


With  Volume  III.,  now  ready,  Mr. 
William  Laird  Clowes's  monumental 
and  lavishly  equipped  history  of 
"  The  Royal  Navy  "  (Little,  Brown,  &  Co.)  passes 
the  half-way  stage  in  its  progress  toward  completion 
in  the  forthcoming  fifth  volume.  The  sufficiently 
comprehensive  and  liberal  lines  on  which  the  work 
was  projected  we  have  already  set  forth  somewhat 
fully  in  our  review  of  the  opening  instalment  (THE 
DIAL,  Sept.  1,  1897).  The  present  volume  covers 
the  civil  history  of  the  Navy,  the  major  and  minor 
operations  of  its  military  history,  and  the  record  of 
voyages  and  discoveries,  during  the  period  1714- 
1792,  inclusive.  The  contributors  are  Mr.  William 
Laird  Clowes,  Mr.  L.  Carr  Laughton,  Sir  Clements 
R.  Markham,  and  Captain  A.  T.  Mahan  —  Captain 
Mahan's  quota  occupying  about  a  third  of  the  vol- 
ume, and  treating  in  that  admirable  naval  writer's 
usual  masterly  way  of  the  major  operations  of  the 
War  of  the  American  Revolution.  Owing  to  the 
unexpected  length  of  some  of  the  articles,  the  editor 
has  been  compelled  to  reserve  Mr.  W.  H.  Wilson's 
chapter  on  the  minor  operations  of  the  Revolution 
for  inclusion  in  the  volume  next  forthcoming.  Mr. 
Clowes  takes  occasion  to  allude  in  his  preface  in 
laudatory  terms  to  the  recent  exploits  of  the  Amer- 
ican Navy  at  Santiago  and  "  Manilla  "  (as  he  elects 
to  spell  it),  and  to  indicate  a  hope  that  when  the 
British  sailor's  turn  at  the  laurels  shall  come  he 
will  be  found  in  no  way  inferior  to  his  "  brothers  of 
the  New  World."  It  is  to  be  feared  that  the  British 
sailor's  professional  anxiety  to  emulate  the  recent 
achievements  of  these  same  long  lost  and  newly  dis- 
covered American  "  brothers "  may  prove  a  not 
inconsiderable  stumbling-block  in  the  way  of  disarm- 
ament projects  and  peace  ideals  generally.  Mr. 
Clowes's  work  is  not,  and  cannot  reasonably  be 
expected  to  be,  quite  impeccable  in  point  of  minor 
errors  of  detail  that  might  have  been  rectified  by 
searching  and  constant  reference  to  original  sources. 
We  are  inclined  to  admit  the  reasonableness  of  his 
plea  that  "  to  be  content  with  nothing  short  of  abso- 
lute completeness  and  finality  in  an  undertaking  of 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


159 


this  kind  "  would  involve  the  drawback  that "  neither 
the  initiator,  nor,  after  his  death,  any  of  his  suc- 
cessors, would  live  long  enough  to  finish  the  work." 
On  the  whole,  the  volumes  thus  far  are  so  much 
fairer,  more  accurate,  and  more  comprehensive  than 
any  former  presentation  of  British  naval  history 
.  that  only  critics  of  the  captious  sort  will  fail  to  be 
truly  grateful  for  them.  The  numerous  illustrations 
are  well  selected  and  handsomely  executed,  and 
there  is  an  index  to  each  volume. 


Story  of 
the  Union 
of  Italy. 


Mr.  W.  J.  Stillman,  since  his  retire- 
ment from  active  service  as  Italian 
correspondent  of  the  London 
"  Times,"  has  engaged  himself  busily  in  certain 
long-projected  literary  undertakings.  One  of  these 
—  the  preparation  of  his  memoirs  —  will  doubtless 
result  in  a  book  of  the  most  readable  sort,  a  book  the 
appearance  of  which  we  anticipate  with  much  pleas- 
ure. Meanwhile,  Mr.  Stillman  has  already  com- 
pleted another  task  which  he  was  peculiarly  well- 
fitted  to  perform,  and  tells  us,  in  a  new  volume  of 
the  "  Cambridge  Historical  Series,"  the  thrilling 
story  of  "  The  Union  of  Italy  "  (Macmillan).  Hav- 
ing made  this  statement,  we  hasten  to  qualify  two 
of  the  words  which  it  contains.  Mr.  Stillman  is 
certainly  well-fitted  to  write  of  the  Risorgimento, 
but  prejudice  and  the  disillusionment  of  advancing 
years  have  conspired  to  impair  his  powers  of  judg- 
ment ;  the  story  itself  is  certainly  thrilling,  but  Mr. 
Stillman's  narrative  is  so  matter-of-fact  that  it 
would  hardly  help  anyone  unacquainted  with  the 
great  action  which  it  chronicles  to  understand  the 
Italian  poems  of  Mrs.  Browning  and  Mr.  Swinburne. 
Still,  we  are  much  indebted  to  the  author  for  what 
he  has  done.  He  was  a  close  observer  of  at  least 
the  later  phases  of  the  revolutionary  movement,  in 
which  he  himself  all  but  participated,  and  he  has 
had  a  wide  acquaintance  with  the  men  who  were 
conspicuous  in  that  movement.  Admiration  for 
Cavour  has  unfortunately  had  upon  him  the  effect 
that  it  has  had  upon  some  other  historians  of  the 
period  :  it  has  made  him  grossly  unfair  to  Mazzini, 
unfair  mainly  in  the  negative  way  of  saying  little 
about  him,  but  occasionally  unfair  in  the  more  un- 
pleasant ways  of  innuendo  and  contemptuous  char- 
acterization. That  the  Union  of  Italy  was  far  more 
the  work  of  Mazzini  than  of  Cavour  is  a  proposition 
that  we  hold  to  be  beyond  question,  and  no  history 
of  that  achievement  in  which  Mazzini  does  not  ap- 
pear as  the  central  figure  can  be  more  than  a  his- 
tory of  its  externals. 

Professor  Harry  Thurston  Peck  has 
done  much  for  classical  scholarship, 
and  at  the  same  time  has  shown  a 
breadth  of  culture  and  a  versatility  of  mind  very 
commendable  in  this  day  of  intense  specialization. 
His  latest  production  —  in  the  shape  of  a  book  at 
least  —  is  a  translation  of  Petronius  into  very  ver- 
nacular English  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.),  with  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  editorial  accompaniment.  In 


"  Trimalchio's 
Sinner." 


his  introduction,  the  editor  has  sketched  briefly  the 
history  of  prose  fiction  in  Greece  and  Rome.  Prose 
fiction,  as  opposed  to  theological  myth,  derives  from 
the  beast  fable,  which  is  purely  oriental  in  its  origin. 
The  romance,  historical  and  of  adventure,  the  novel 
of  character,  the  novel  of  pastoral  life,  all  find  their 
beginnings  here.  Lost  to  Western  Europe  in  the 
Dark  Ages,  these  tales,  blended  with  the  traditions 
of  the  Teutonic  peoples,  found  their  way  into  the 
"  Gesta  Romanorum,"  that  "perfect  mirage  of  odds 
and  ends,"  the  connecting  link  between  the  fiction  of 
classic  times  and  the  fiction  of  to-day.  Following 
this,  we  have  a  brief  characterization  of  Petronius, 
a  history  of  the  "  Satira,"  and  a  word  of  criticism, 
or  rather  encomium,  which  closes  with  this  dictum : 
"  To  seek  a  fitting  parallel  for  his  strangely  brilliant 
fiction,  we  must  pass  over  the  intervening  centuries 
and  find  it  only  in  our  own  century  and  in  the  lit- 
erary art  of  modern  France."  As  a  third  feature 
of  the  introduction,  Professor  Peck  gives  us  a  note 
of  presentation  to  Trimalchio  himself,  with  a  hint 
of  the  riches  in  store  for  us.  This  very  fittingly 
leads  to  the  dinner  itself,  where  we  have  game  made 
out  of  pork,  and  peacock  eggs  cut  from  pastry.  The 
extravagant  luxury  of  the  table  is  typical  of  an  age 
when  wealth  came  easily  and  the  appetites  were 
men's  gods.  "  Trimalchio's  Dinner  "  is  valuable  as 
a  picture  of  the  life  of  the  Roman  bourgeoisie.  In 
Trimalchio  himself,  we  have  the  Roman  freedman 
who  has  accrued  vast  wealth  suddenly.  Proud  of 
his  estates,  well-meaning,  generous  to  a  fault,  boast- 
ful of  his  libraries  in  Greek  and  Latin,  ignorant  of 
the  very  forms  of  his  own  tongue,  he  is  a  veritable 
snob.  To  the  scholar,  the  original,  in  the  many  little 
details  of  life,  is  of  archaeological  value;  and  the 
text  offers  much  of  linguistic  interest  to  the  gen- 
eral reader  as  well.  The  book  closes  with  a  valu- 
able bibliography  of  the  primitive  forms  of  fiction, 
of  Greek  and  Roman  fiction,  of  Roman  life  in  the 
time  of  Petronius,  of  the  text  and  translations.  The 
translation  is  well  done,  and  the  rollicking  humor 
of  the  original  is  sustained  throughout.  The  Latin 
slang  finds  equivalents  in  English  which  are  cer- 
tainly effective,  although  at  times  rather  startling. 
The  illustrations  are  very  helpful,  and  the  entire 
make-up  of  the  book  is  commendable. 

A  satisfactory  review  of  Sir  James  H. 
Twelve  Mries  Ram8ay's  u  Foundations  of  England" 

of  British  history.  * 

(Macmillan)  would  require  a  mono- 
graph in  itself  if  the  points  of  interest  to  the  eager 
historical  student  were  to  be  adequately  noted  and 
commented  upon.  The  work  is  an  authoritative 
narrative,  in  two  large  volumes,  of  the  history  of 
England  from  55  B.  C.  to  1154  A.  D.  It  is  author- 
itative in  the  sense  that  not  a  fact  is  given  nor  an 
opinion  expressed  for  which  the  writer  does  not  cite 
volume  and  page  of  the  book  or  document  from 
which  he  has  drawn  his  material.  The  style  is  in 
no  way  remarkable,  nor  is  there  any  novelty  of 
method  to  attract  the  reader  of  history  who  looks 
for  striking  characterizations;  but  for  reference 


160 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


purposes,  for  convenience  to  the  student  in  discov- 
ering quickly  what  the  best  scholarship  has  deter- 
mined in  regard  to  the  institutions  of  any  particular 
period,  the  work  is  simply  invaluable.  It  will  he 
a  standard  work  of  reference  in  every  college  library 
in  the  country.  A  point  of  somewhat  unusual  inter- 
est is  the  location  fixed  upon  for  the  battle  of  Mons 
Grampius,  or  Groupius,  as  the  author  prefers  to  call 
it.  The  view  taken  is  that  in  the  year  84  A.  D. 
Agricola  advanced  from  Ardoch  to  Perth,  from 
Perth  to  Coupar  Angus,  and  from  Coupar  Angus 
to  Delvine,  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river 
Tay  some  thirty-five  miles  northeast  of  Stirling. 
This  site  agrees  perfectly  with  the  details  of  the 
battle  as  given  by  Tacitus,  and  explains  the  neces- 
sity for  the  curious  cavalry  manoeuvre  which  decided 
the  day  in  favor  of  the  Roman  army.  The  jutting 
promontory  of  the  Redgale  Braes  made  it  impossi- 
ble for  the  Roman  cavalry,  after  its  first  charge  on 
the  Caledonian  left,  to  wheel  round  the  rear  of  the 
enemy's  position,  and  compelled  it  to  pass  back  of 
the  Roman  infantry  in  order  to  make  the  final  and 
decisive  charge  against  the  right.  Two  excellent 
maps  accompany  the  description  of  this  battle. 

c  A.  Dana's  The  war  articles  Dv  Charles  A.  Dana, 
Recollections  of  recently  published  in  one  of  the  mag- 
the  Civil  war.  azine8,  have  been  gathered  into  a 
comely  volume  entitled  "  Recollections  of  the  Civil 
War"  (Appleton).  When  read  as  a  whole  they 
prove  to  be  fascinating  in  the  pungency  of  the  style 
and  the  clear  directness  of  the  story-telling.  The 
book  is  also  important  as  a  contribution  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  time,  for  the  author's  official  position  took 
him  into  the  heart  of  things,  and  he  has  secured  the 
accuracy  which  is  apt  to  be  wanting  in  reminiscences, 
by  reference  to  his  almost  daily  reports  of  what  he 
saw  and  heard.  Mr.  Dana  joined  Grant's  army  in 
March,  1863,  commissioned  to  act  as  representative 
in  the  field  for  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  to  report 
everything  that  should  be  of  interest  to  the  govern- 
ment at  Washington.  He  was  with  the  armies 
through  the  whole  Vicksburg  campaign,  through  the 
Chattanooga  campaign  from  September  to  Decem- 
ber, and  through  the  Wilderness  campaign  of  1864. 
During  the  intervals  between  these  campaigns,  and 
during  the  last  year  of  the  war,  he  was  in  service 
in  the  War  Department  at  Washington,  in  intimate 
relations  with  the  leading  men,  especially  President 
Lincoln  and  Secretary  Stanton.  The  mere  state- 
ment of  these  opportunities  will  show  what  the  book 
must  be,  written  by  a  journalistic  genius  like  Mr. 
Dana.  Its  interest  is  all  the  greater  from  the  ab- 
sence of  any  formal  narrative  of  the  author's  ser- 
vice and  adventures.  He  passes  over  the  details, 
giving  striking  incidents,  brief  character  sketches, 
interesting  anecdotes,  and  vivid  descriptions  of  such 
events  as  the  battles  of  Chickamauga  and  Chat- 
tanooga, and  Grant's  death-grapple  with  Lee  in  the 
Wilderness.  His  chapter  on  Lincoln  and  his  Cab- 
inet is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  studies  of  the 
great  War  President  yet  put  into  print,  while  nearly 


the  whole  book  is  an  indirect  study  of  Stanton  and 
Grant.  The  book  is  one  of  the  most  readable,  as 
well  as  authentic,  of  those  pertaining  to  the  Civil 
War.  

Newly  discovered  lt  is  a  curious  feeling  with  which  one 
early  poems  takes  up  the  "  all  but  facsimile  re- 

of  SMiey.  print)»  just  published  by  Mr.  John 

Lane,  of  the  "  Original  Poetry  by  Victor  &  Cazire." 
Forty  years  ago  Dr.  Richard  Garnett  discovered,  in 
a  rare  periodical  named  "  Stockdale's  Budget,"  that 
a  volume  with  the  above  title  had  been  published  by 
Shelley  in  1810,  and  that  subsequently,  after  a  few 
copies  had  gone  into  circulation,  the  youthful  poet 
had  destroyed  the  greater  part  of  the  edition.  For 
these  forty  years  the  possibility  of  unearthing  one  of 
the  few  copies  that  escaped  destruction  had  hovered, 
as  an  elusive  dream,  over  the  fancies  of  Shelleians 
in  particular  and  bibliophiles  in  general.  At  last  a 
copy  came  to  light,  bound  up  with  other  pamphlets 
in  a  book  that  had  come  down  from  the  library  of 
the  Rev.  C.  H.  Grove,  a  brother  of  the  Harriet 
Grove  to  whom  many  of  the  poems  were  addressed. 
To  Dr.  Garnett  appropriately  fell  the  task  of  editing 
a  reprint  of  this  unique  copy,  and  the  result  is  now 
before  us,  enriched  by  an  editorial  preface.  These 
pieces,  written  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  add  nothing 
to  Shelley's  poetical  reputation,  and  indeed  the  most 
striking  thing  about  them  is  the  way  in  which  they 
illustrate  the  fact  that  a  great  poet  may  begin  his 
career  in  the  most  unpromising  way.  But  they  add 
a  necessary  chapter  to  the  poet's  life,  and  it  is  a 
great  satisfaction  to  have  discovered  what  seemed 
so  hopelessly  lost.  We  have  read  a  certain  amount 
of  carping  comment  upon  this  republication,  to  the 
general  effect  that  it  does  no  honor  to  the  poet's 
memory ;  but  this  seems  to  us  curiously  beside  the 
point.  Dr.  Garnett  puts  the  matter  in  a  nutshell 
when  he  says  of  the  question  whether  the  book 
should  have  been  reprinted,  that  "  the  question  ap- 
pears pertinent,  but  only  to  the  uninitiated."  It 
certainly  does  not  appear  pertinent  to  us,  and  we 
shall  not  discuss  it. 

Social  life  and  Such  a  b°°k  a8  "  Social    Life  in  the 

requirements  in  British  Army  "  (Harper)  serves  two 
the  British  Army.  U8ef  ui  en(j8.  In  Great  Britain  it  is 
a  manual  of  etiquette  and  social  usage,  aiding  those 
ambitious  of  prestige  in  the  Household  Brigade  in 
learning  what  to  do,  to  be,  and  to  wear ;  in  Amer- 
ica it  points  out  the  marked  differences  between  that 
European  army  which  is  most  like  our  own,  and  the 
small  but  useful  body  of  our  fellow-citizens  which 
many  Americans  vaguely  dread  under  the  title  of 
"  a  standing  army."  Nothing  but  such  a  book  as 
this,  written  by  "  A  British  Officer,"  and  illustrated 
by  Mr.  R.  Caton  Woodville  from  drawings  made 
on  the  spot,  could  accent  these  differences,  and  ac- 
cent them  in  a  manner  which  leaves  us  better  satis- 
fied with  our  own  military  establishment.  We  learn 
that  a  man  must  have  an  independent  income  of 
no  mean  size  if  he  is  to  hold  his  own  in  one  of  the 
"  crack "  British  regiments,  the  maintenance  of  a 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


161 


stable  for  official  duties  in  the  cavalry  comprising 
also  a  number  of  polo  ponies  and  racing  horses, 
with  an  occasional  hunter,  the  original  outlay  run- 
ning up  into  several  thousands  of  dollars  or  their 
British  equivalents.  Though  England  maintains 
several  military  academies  of  the  highest  efficiency, 
many  of  her  officers  pass  through  the  hands  of  a 
military  "  coach,"  and,  by  undergoing  a  somewhat 
severe  examination,  enter  as  commissioned  officers 
directly  from  civilian  life.  To  obtain  a  commission 
in  the  most  desirable  regiments,  ascertained  wealth 
and  social  position  are  essentials  ;  and  the  traditions 
of  the  corps  take  the  place  of  the  American's  edu- 
cation at  West  Point  in  maintaining  the  reputation 
of  the  army.  It  is  evident  that  much  can  be  said 
in  argument  between  systems  so  diverse.  The  book 
is  interestingly  written,  and  replete  with  detail. 


Modern 
German, 
culture. 


The  man  of  culture  of  the  present 
day  —  as  distinguished  from  the 
scholar,  the  scientist,  the  philosopher 
on  the  one  hand,  and  the  artist  or  the  amateur  on 
the  other  —  probably  owes  more  to  contemporary 
France  than  to  contemporary  Germany.  He  has 
more  of  it  in  him.  Certainly  taking  the  whole 
century,  French  literature  and  French  painting  have 
been  more  stimulating  than  German ;  French  pol- 
itics and  French  life  have  been  on  the  whole  inter- 
esting to  more  people  than  German.  We  think 
this  is  so  in  America,  in  spite  of  the  large  German 
element  with  us;  in  spite  of  the  number  of  our 
own  people,  students  and  artists,  who  have  worked 
in  Germany ;  in  spite  of  the  influence  of  German 
music  and  musicians,  of  German  philosophy  and 
German  scholarship.  You  will  find  a  dozen  who 
read  a  French  novel  to  one  who  reads  a  German 
novel,  a  dozen  plays  from  the  French  to  half  a 
dozen  from  the  German,  a  dozen  travellers  familiar 
with  Paris  to  one  who  knows  Berlin.  But  it  is  this 
very  thing,  to  our  mind,  that  gives  a  particular  value 
to  Professor  Kuno  Francke's  "Glimpses  of  Mod- 
ern German  Culture  "  (Dodd).  It  is  a  book  which 
may  serve  to  open  the  way  to  a  great  many  who  are 
now  unaware  how  wonderfully  rich  is  Germany  to- 
day in  books,  pictures,  music,  political  ideas,  in 
things  which  when  once  known  are  as  keenly  inter- 
esting to  the  cultivated  mind  as  anything  that  can 
be  found  in  France.  Without  going  into  compari- 
sons, a  lover  of  French  painting  and  poetry  may 
find  something  new  and  worth  while  in  the  pictures 
of  Boecklin  and  Thoma,  in  the  poems  of  Johanna 
Ambrosius  and  Gustav  Falke.  And  if  anyone 
insists  on  comparing,  we  may  say  that  there  are  no 
French  dramatists  superior  to  Hauptmann  and 
Sudermann  (Mr.  Francke  would  probably  add  Wil- 
denbruch,  but  we  should  not),  no  political  forces 
in  France  more  interesting  than  Bismarck  and  the 
Social  Demokratie.  As  to  music  and  scholarship, 
nothing  need  be  said  except  just  to  mention  them 
in  filling  out  the  idea  of  what  is  included  in  the 
phrase  "  Modern  German  Culture."  So  far  as  de- 
tails are  concerned,  we  differ  here  and  there  from 


Orowth  and 
curiosities  of 
South  London. 


Mr.  Francke :  as  to  "  The  Sunken  Bell,"  for  in- 
stance, we  hesitate  to  agree  entirely,  as  to  Bismarck 
we  are  very  doubtful,  as  to  Wildenbruch  we  heartily 
disagree.  There  are  naturally  differences  of  opin- 
ion in  such  things :  Mr.  Francke  probably  would 
have  more  to  say  for  his  views  than  appears  here, 
had  he  the  occasion.  In  these  essays  he  had  to  say 
his  say  in  small  compass,  for  the  papers  are  rather 
short,  many  of  them  having  been  articles  in  "  The 
Nation "  and  other  periodicals.  We  have  been 
somewhat  exercised  of  late  over  breakfast-books. 
If  a  man  breakfasts  alone,  has  a  little  time  over  his 
breakfast  and  does  not  read  the  daily  paper  just 
then,  he  will  hardly  find  a  better  moment  in  the 
day  for  a  little  reading.  But  of  course  it  is  not 
every  book  that  will  do :  one  must  select  pretty 
carefully.  We  rather  think  that  Mr.  Francke's 
book  would  be  a  pleasant  breakfast  companion  for 
a  fortnight :  the  essays  are  short  and  suggestive. 
Afterwards  one  may  go  back  to  Gibbon's  "  Mem- 
oirs," or  Lander's  "Conversations,"  or  any  other 
old  stand-by.  

Sir  Walter  Besant  has  taken  a  nota- 
ble interest  in  the  history  of  what  is 
now  London.  He  has  already  writ- 
ten two  volumes  on  London  and  Westminster,  de- 
scriptive of  the  origin  and  growth  of  those  ancient 
places,  with  their  part  in  the  modern  London.  He 
now  offers  a  volume  on  "  South  London  "  (Stokes). 
It  is  not  strictly  a  history,  but  a  series  of  seventeen 
chapters  selected  out  of  a  vast  mass  of  material  on 
the  subject.  He  begins  with  South wark  marsh,  and 
takes  up  the  growth  of  the  place,  the  customs  of  the 
people,  numerous  tragical  and  humorous  incidents 
in  the  life  of  those  clashing  times,  and  the  growth 
in  the  political  ideas  of  his  forefathers.  This  is 
all  done  in  the  pleasing  and  graceful  style  of  Mr. 
Besant.  The  vividness  and  reality  of  the  scenes 
described  are  heightened  by  a  great  number  of 
choice  illustrations,  a  result  of  the  skill  of  Mr.  Percy 
Wadham.  Londoners,  and  Londoners'  descendants, 
will  find  in  this  luxurious  volume  ample  fascination 
for  several  hours  of  very  pleasurable  reading. 

Foundation* and  In  " The  Groundwork  of  Science" 
mutual  relations  (Putnam),  Professor  St.  George 
os  the  sciences.  Mivart  discusses  the  common  foun- 
dation of  all  the  sciences  and  the  relationships  exist- 
ing between  them.  Epistemology  is  the  science  of 
the  sciences.  After  an  enumeration  of  the  sciences, 
notable  for  some  very  proper  omissions,  his  specific 
topics  are  the  objects  and  the  methods  of  science ; 
the  physical,  psychical,  and  intellectual  antecedents 
of  science ;  the  relation  of  science  to  language ;  the 
causes  of  science,  and  the  nature  of  its  groundwork. 
The  work  is  timely  and  is  eminently  suggestive.  It 
is  itself  an  example  of  the  clearness  of  thought  and 
of  diction  which  should  characterize  all  scientific 
discussions.  From  the  conclusion  we  quote,  as  a 
fitting  dominant  chord :  "  The  action  of  an  all- 
pervading  but  unimaginable  intelligence  alone 
affords  us  any  satisfactory  conception  of  the  uni- 


162 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


verse  as  a  whole,  or  of  any  single  portion  of  the 
cosmos  which  may  he  selected  for  exclusive  study." 
—  A  work  of  somewhat  similar  purpose,  issued  by 
the  same  publishers,  is  "  The  Sphere  of  Science,"  by 
Professor  Hoffman  of  Union  College.  After  open- 
ing his  subject  by  a  method  not  widely  different 
from  that  used  by  Dr.  Mivart,  Dr.  Hoffman  gives 
less  attention  to  the  purely  metaphysical  construc- 
tion of  an  ideal  edifice  in  which  the  various  sciences 
shall  appear  in  their  true  and  intimate  relationships, 
and  more  to  the  share  which  each  has  in  the  devel- 
opment of  human  knowledge  in  its  present  stage  of 
forwardness.  Particular  interest  attaches  to  the 
author's  discussions  of  the  limitations  of  science, 
and  his  resum6  of  the  recent  progress  made  in  vari- 
ous directions.  The  works  of  Dr.  Mivart  and  Dr. 
Hoffman  are  in  a  large  degree  complementary,  and 
may  well  be  read  together. 

Dr.  Mellen  Chamberlain,  whose  essay 
American  esiayt  on  «  fhe  Revolution  Impending  "  is 

and  addresses.  111          <•  •  ^t     *»        i 

so  valuable  a  feature  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary history  gathered  into  Winsor's  "  Narrative 
and  Critical  History  of  America,"  presents,  under 
the  leading  title  "John  Adams"  (Houghton),  a 
series  of  essays  and  addresses  which  deal  mainly 
with  American  history  and  American  leaders.  Be- 
sides the  second  President,  Josiah  Quincy  and 
Daniel  Webster  are  considered  in  appreciative 
sketches.  Constitutional  and  institutional  questions 
are  discussed,  along  with  critical  estimates  of  the 
results  of  historical  study  as  shown  in  the  volumes 
by  Professor  McMaster  and  Mr.  Palfrey.  In  the 
collection  of  seventeen  papers  much  insight  into 
life  is  shown,  and  many  thoughts  are  crystallized 
into  words  for  the  inspiration  of  those  who  welcome 
each  addition  to  the  store  of  volumes  of  essays  bear- 
ing upon  American  character  and  history. 


Historic 


England  history  is  an  appar- 
ently  exhaustless  fountain.  However 
New  England.  much  may  be  studied,  some  new 
phase  continually  presents  itself  for  examination, 
and  the  apparently  trivial  things  of  daily  life  in  the 
olden  time  may  be  so  described  as  to  make  enter- 
taining and  profitable  reading.  "  Historic  Pilgrim- 
ages in  New  England  "  (Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.)  is 
one  of  a  rapidly  increasing  class  of  books  given  to 
details  of  the  homes  and  the  customs  of  Americans. 
The  familiar  plan  of  answering  the  questions  of  a 
bright  young  companion  is  adopted,  and  much  that 
is  valuable  information  is  thus  set  forth.  There  are 
many  illustrations,  some  of  them  uncommon,  some 
very  familiar  ;  and  the  book  will  serve  to  while  away 
more  than  one  hour  with  the  fathers  of  New  England. 

Those  gay  armored  knights  under 
De  Soto  must  have  cut  a  queer  figure, 
roaming  through  the  torests  and 
swamps  of  the  southern  country  in  search  of  gold, 
or  perhaps  with  a  faint  hope  of  finding  the  fabled 
fountain  of  perpetual  youth.  There  was  little  of 
actual  accomplishment  for  Spain,  but  there  was  a 


eJSofo 

in  Florida. 


great  deal  of  romance,  which  culminated,  perhaps, 
in  the  death  of  the  leader  of  the  expedition  and  his 
midnight  burial  in  the  river  which  so  often  is  asso- 
ciated with  his  name.  "  De  Soto  in  the  Land  of 
Florida  "  (Macmillan)  is  a  very  interesting  book,  in 
the  preparation  of  which  Miss  Graqe  King  has 
shown  the  same  skill  she  manifested  in  "New  Or- 
leans "  and  in  that  story  of  Bienville  which  finds 
place  in  the  "  Makers  of  America  "  series.  It  is 
not  too  difficult  for  the  pleasure  and  profit  of  youth, 
nor  is  it  so  simple  in  narration  as  to  fail  to  attract 
the  special  student  of  American  history. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


"  Harper's  Scientific  Memoirs  "  is  the  name  given  to 
a  new  series  of  small  books  which  aim  to  publish,  in 
careful  English  translations,  what  may  be  called  the 
original  documents  of  science.  Professor  Joseph  S. 
Ames  is  to  be  the  general  editor  of  the  series.  The 
following  two  volumes  have  appeared:  "  The  Free  Ex- 
pansion of  Gases "  and  "  Prismatic  and  Diffraction 
Spectra."  The  former  comprises  papers  by  Gay-Lussac, 
Joule,  and  Thomson;  the  latter  the  classical  papers  of 
Joseph  Fraunhofer.  A  few  of  the  titles  promised  for 
early  publication  are:  "Rontgen  Rays,"  "Solutions," 
"  Properties  of  Ions,"  and  "  The  Wave  Theory  of  Light." 

"  The  Shifting  and  Incidence  of  Taxation  "  (Macmil- 
lan), by  Professor  Edwin  R.  A.  Seligman,  has  just  passed 
into  a  second  edition,  which  has  given  the  author  an  oppor- 
tunity to  subject  the  work  to  a  thoroughgoing  revision. 
It  is  so  changed,  both  in  its  historical  and  positive  parts, 
as  to  be  practically  a  new  volume.  Among  the  altera- 
tions may  be  noted  the  fuller  treatment  of  the  early 
English  literature  of  the  subject,  the  addition  of  a  chap- 
ter on  the  physiocrats,  the  rewriting  of  the  chapter  on 
the  mathematical  theory,  the  closer  study  of  import 
duties  and  stamp  taxes,  and  the  added  index  and  bibli- 
ography. The  work  is  thus  made  far  more  valuable 
than  before,  and  a  still  greater  credit  to  American 
scholarship  in  this  difficult  field. 

"  Bible  Stories  "  is  the  title  of  a  supplementary  vol- 
ume of  "  The  Modern  Reader's  Bible  "  (Macmillan) . 
Like  the  rest  of  the  series  to  which  it  belongs,  this  vol- 
ume is  prepared  by  Mr.  Richard  G.  Moulton.  It  is 
announced  as  a  "  children's  number  "  of  the  series,  and 
contains  stories  from  the  Old  Testament  only.  A  sim- 
ilar volume  of  New  Testament  stories  is  in  course 
of  preparation.  A  much  bigger  book  which  deserves 
mention  in  the  same  connection  is  Mrs.  Harriet  S.  B. 
Beale's  "  Stories  from  the  Old  Testament  for  Children  " 
(Stone).  Here  the  stories  are  frankly  retold  in  simple 
language,  as  in  Lamb's  "Tales  from  Shakespeare," 
whereas  Mr.  Moulton's  volume  does  not  depart  (except 
for  omissions)  from  the  revised  scriptural  text. 

"  The  Arte  or  Crafte  of  Rhethoryke,"  by  Leonard 
Cox,  who  was  a  preacher  and  schoolmaster  in  the  reigns 
of  Henry  VIII.  and  Edward  VI.,  is  the  first  text-book 
of  rhetoric  in  the  English  language.  The  date  of  its 
first  edition  is  uncertain,  but  it  cannot  have  been  far 
from  1530.  It  is  now  reprinted  under  the  editorship 
of  Dr.  Frederic  Ives  Carpenter,  with  notes  and  a  learned 
introduction,  and  appears  as  a  highly  acceptable  addition 
to  the  series  of  "  English  Studies  "  published  under  the 
auspices  of  the  University  of  Chicago. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


163 


LITERARY  NOTES. 


The  Macmillan  Co.  publish  a  volume  of  selections 
from  Pope's  "  Iliad,"  edited  by  Mr.  Albert  H.  Smyth 
for  school  use. 

Miss  Beatrice  Harraden,  it  is  reported,  will  soon  make 
a  second  visit  to  the  United  States,  with  California  for 
her  objective  point. 

"  Der  Letzte,"  a  story  by  Herr  von  Wildenbruch, 
edited  by  Dr.  F.  G.  G.  Schmidt,  is  published  by  Messrs. 
D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

Mr.  William  Dudley  Foulke's  "  Slav  or  Saxon  "  (Put- 
nam), already  twelve  years  old,  now  appears  in  a  revised 
edition.  It  is  one  of  the  "  Questions  of  the  Day,"  just 
as  before. 

A  selection  of  "  Scenes  de  Voyages  de  Victor  Hugo  " 
(Holt),  edited  by  Mr.  Thomas  Bertrand  Bronson,  makes 
a  very  attractive  little  volume  for  school  use.  The  ex- 
tracts are  from  "  Le  Rhin." 

"  The  Story  of  the  Cotton  Plant,"  by  Mr.  F.  Wilkin- 
son, is  the  latest  addition  to  "  The  Library  of  Useful 
Stories,"  published  by  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  and 
already  numbering  more  than  a  dozen  neat  volumes. 

The  series  of  articles  on  "  Successful  Houses,"  which 
have  been  appearing  for  some  time  in  the  pages  of 
"  The  House  Beautiful,"  are  now  published  in  a  hand- 
somely-illustrated volume  by  Messrs.  Herbert  S.  Stone 
&  Co. 

The  first  monthly  number  of  "  A  Kipling  Note  Book," 
devoted  to  "  illustrations,  anecdotes,  bibliographical  and 
biographical  facts  anent  this  foremost  writer  of  fic- 
tion," is  published  by  Messrs.  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  A. 
Wessels. 

Lessing's  "  Minna  von  Barnhelm,"  edited  by  Mr. 
A.  B.  Nichols,  is  published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  & 
Co.,  and  has  the  unusual  feature  (for  a  school  book)  of 
a  series  of  twelve  illustrations  from  the  etchings  by 
Chodowiecki. 

"Our  Nation's  Peril:  Social  Ideals  and  Social  Pro- 
gress "  is  the  title  of  a  pamphlet  by  Dr.  Lewis  G.  Janes, 
just  published  by  Messrs.  James  H.  West  &  Co.  It  is 
a  scholarly  and  philosophical  protest  against  the  pre- 
vailing spirit  of  imperialism. 

A  new  novel  by  Count  Tolstoy  is  to  be  published  in 
May.  English  readers  will  be  more  fortunate  than 
Russian,  for  they  will  get  the  complete  work,  whereas 
it  is  reported  that  the  Russian  censor  will  reduce  it 
by  one-third  for  home  consumption. 

Hereafter  there  is  to  be  a  special  American  edition 
of  "  The  Statesman's  Year  Book."  The  section  upon 
the  United  States  will  be  greatly  enlarged,  thereby 
making  what  has  always  been  an  indispensable  work  of 
reference  even  more  indispensable  than  before.  Mr. 
Carroll  D.  Wright  will  be  the  American  editor  and  the 
Macmillan  Co.  the  publishers. 

In  emulation  of  the  plays  of  the  "  Hasty  Pudding 
Club  "  at  Harvard  and  the  "  Students'  Opera  Company  " 
at  Columbia,  the  students  of  the  University  of  Chicago 
will  present  a  musical  comedy  entitled  "  The  Deceitful 
Dean,"  on  the  evening  of  March  10,  at  the  University 
Gymnasium.  The  play  has  been  written  by  local  Uni- 
versity talent,  and  the  parts  will  be  taken  by  fifty 
persons. 

The  "  Bulletin  of  the  New  York  State  Museum  "  for 
last  November  (a  government  publication)  is  "  A  Guide 
to  the  Study  of  the  Geological  Collections  of  the  New 


York  State  Museum,"  prepared  by  Dr.  Frederick  J.  H. 
Merrill.  It  is  a  very  valuable  work  for  students  and 
teachers  of  geology,  having  over  one  hundred  full- 
page  photographic  plates.  To  put  it  within  the  reach 
of  schools,  it  is  supplied  at  the  merely  nominal  price  of 
forty  cents.  In  sending  out  this  publication  for  review, 
there  goes  with  it  the  following  note,  which  is  so  sug- 
gestive of  what  other  States  might  do  that  it  deserves 
reproduction:  "The  present  director  and  his  associates 
are  without  exception  warmly  interested  in  securing  a 
more  active  cooperation  of  the  Museum  and  its  staff 
with  the  teachers  of  science  in  the  colleges  and  schools 
of  the  State,  which  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  the 
Museum  have  heretofore  made  impracticable,  and  will 
be  very  glad  of  suggestions  from  teachers  in  any  insti- 
tution in  the  University.  Science  teachers  ought  to 
feel  some  measure  of  responsibility  for  notifying  the 
Museum  of  matters  of  interest  in  their  locality  and  act- 
ing as  associate  or  honorary  members  of  the  Museum 
staff,  the  scientific  officers  of  which  will  in  turn  be  glad, 
as  far  as  practicable,  to  visit  schools  where  their  ser- 
vices are  requested,  and  give  advice  and  suggestions 
regarding  collections,  field  work,  and  other  matters  of 
interest." 


TOPICS  IN  HiEADING  PERIODICALS. 

March,  1899. 

Alexander,  John  W.    Harrison  S.  Morris.     Scribner. 
Alexander's  Victory  at  Issus.    B.  I.  Wheeler.     Century. 
British  Experience  in  Governing  Colonies.  James  Bryce.  Cent. 
Cable-Cutting  at  Cienfuegos.   C.  McR.  Winslow.    Century. 
Chavannes,  Puvis  de.    Marie  L.  Van  Vorst.     Pall  Mall. 
Chinese  Physicians  in  California.  W.  M.  Tisdale.   Lippincott. 
Cranks  and  their  Crotchets.    John  Fiske.    Atlantic. 
Cuba.    Joseph  A.  Nunez.     Lippincott. 

Cuban  Reconstruction,  Young  Leaders  in.  Review  of  Reviews. 
Dickens  Suppressed  Plates.    Q.  S.  Layard.     Pall  Mall. 
Egypt,  Sketches  in.    C.  D.  Gibson.    Pall  Mall. 
Eliot,  Pres.,  as  Educational  Reformer.  W.  De  W.  Hyde.  Allan. 
English  Characteristics.    Julian  Ralph.    Harper. 
Farmer's  Balance-Sheet  for  1898.  F.  H.  Spearman. Rev.ofRevs. 
Faure,  M.  Felix.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Forrest,  Major-General,  at  Brice's  Cross-Roads.    Harper. 
Fort  Dearborn  Massacre,  The.    Simon  Pokagon.    Harper. 
Hoar,  Senator,  Reminiscences  of.     Scribner. 
House,  Modern  City,  Building  of.    Russell  Sturgis.    Harper. 
Imperialism,  an  Estimate.    Owen  Hall.    Lippincott. 
Indian  Prince,  Court  of  an.    R.  D.  Mackenzie.     Century. 
Kaiser,  The,  in  Palestine.  Frederick  Greenwood.   Pall  Mall. 
Kindergarten  Child  —  after  the  Kindergarten.    Atlantic. 
Las  Guasimas,  Battle  of.    Theodore  Roosevelt.    Scribner. 
Literature  of  Middle  West.  Johnson  Brigham.  Rev.ofRevs. 
Literature,  Vital  Touch  in.    John  Burroughs.     Atlantic. 
London  Lawyer,  Recollections  of  a.  G.  B.  Smith.  Lippincott. 
Manila,  Capture  of.    Maj.-Gen.  F.  V.  Greene.     Century. 
Mendicity  as  a  Fine  Art.    Francis  J.  Ziegler.    Lippincott. 
Otis,  Maj.-Gen.  E.  S.    W.  C.  Church.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Philippine  Types  and  Characteristics.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Philippines,  Native  Population  of .  CaroyMora.  Rev.ofRevs. 
Politics,  Higher,  A  Wholesome  Stimulus  to.     Atlantic. 
Porto  Rico,  Condition  of.    W.  H.  Ward.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Railway  Service,  Heroes  of  the.     Century. 
Sherman,  General,  Diary  of  his  Tour  of  Europe.     Century. 
Spanish  Capital,  Scenes  in  the.     Arthur  Houghton.    Century. 
Southern  Mountains,  Our  Contemporary  Ancestors  in.   Allan. 
Theatre,  Business  of  a.    W.  J.  Henderson.    Scribner. 
Theatre,  Upbuilding  of  the.    Norman  Hapgood.   Atlantic. 
War  Censor,  Experiences  of  a.    Grant  Squires.    Atlantic. 
"Winslow,"  The,  at  Cardenas.   J.  B.  Bernadou.    Century. 
Woman,  Modern,  with  Social  Ambitions.  Robt.  Grant.  Scrib. 
Writers  that  are  Quotable.    Bradford  Torrey.    Atlantic. 


164 


THE    DIAL 


[March  1, 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  59  titles,   includes  books 
received  by  THB  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
Letters  of  Robert  Browning  and  Elizabeth  Barrett 

Barrett.   1845-1846.    With  Prefatory  Note  by  R.  Barrett 

Browning  and  Notes,  by  F.  G.  Kenyon,  Explanatory  of  the 

Greek  Words.    In  2  vols.,  with  portraits  and  facsimiles, 

8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.    Harper  &  Brothers.     $5. 
Mysteries  of  Police  and  Crime  :    A  General  Survey  of 

Wrongdoing  and  its  Pursuit.    By  Major  Arthur  Griffiths. 

In  2  vols.,  large  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut.    G.  P.  Putnam's 

Sons.    $5. 
Three  Studies  in  Literature.    By  Lewis  E.  Gates.    16mo, 

uncut,  pp.  211.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Physician:  An  Original  Play  in  Four  Acts.    By  Henry 

Arthur  Jones.     16mo,  pp.  114.    Macmillan  Co.    75  cts. 
Thoughts.  By  Ivan  Panin.  Revised  and  augmented  edition  ; 

24mo,  pp.  124.    Graf  ton,  Mass.:  Published  by  the  author. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Life  of  General  George  Gordon  Meade,  Commander  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  By  Richard  Meade  Bache. 
Illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  596. 
Henry  T.  Coates  &  Co.  $3. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

The  Temple  Classics.  Edited  by  Israel  Gollancz,  M.A. 
New  vols.:  Homer's  Iliad,  trans,  by  Chapman,  2  vols.; 
History  of  the  Holy  Graal,  trans,  by  Sebastian  Evans, 
2  vols.;  Marcus  Aurelius,  1  vol.;  Little  Flowers  of  St. 
Francis,  newly  trans,  by  T.  W.  Arnold.  Each  with  photo- 
gravure frontispiece,  24mo,  gilt  top,  uncut.  Macmillan  Co. 
Per  vol.,  50  cts. 

BOOKS  OF  VERSE. 
Poems  of  Expansion.    By  John  Savary.    12mo,  pp.  129. 

F.  Tennyson  Neely. 
Some  Verses.    By  Helen  Hay.    16mo,  uncut,  pp.  72.    H.  S. 

Stone  &  Co.    $1. 

FICTION. 
Bagged  Lady.    By  William  Dean  Howells.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  359.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.75. 
The  Heart  of  Denise,  and  Other  Tales.   By  S.  Levett  Yeats. 

With  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  272.    Longmans,  Green,  & 

Co.    $1.25. 
The  Story  of  Old  Fort  Loudon.    By  Charles  Egbert  Crad- 

dock.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  409.     Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 
Short  Rations:  Short  Stories.    By  Williston  Fish.     Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  192.    Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.25. 
The  Knight  of  the  Golden  Chain.    By  R.  D.  Chetwode. 

12mo,  pp.  311.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.;  paper,  50  cts. 
Mammy's  Reminiscences,  and  Other  Sketches.   By  Martha 

S.  Gielow.   Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  109.   A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.   $1. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 
The  Porto  Rico  of  To-Day:  Pen  Pictures  of  the  People  and 

the  Country.    By  Albert  Gardner  Robinson.   Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  240.    Charles  Seribner's  Sons.     $1.50. 
Roman  Africa:  Archaeological  Walks  in  Algeria  and  Tunis. 

By  Gaaton  Boissier  ;  authorized  English  version  by  Ara- 

bella Ward.     With  maps,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  344.    G.  P. 

Putnam's  Sons.     $1.75. 
The  Cruise  of  the  Cachalot  :  Round  the  World  after  Sperm 

Whales.    By  Frank  T.  Bullen,  First  Mate.    Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  379.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 

THEOLOGY  AND  RELIGION. 

A  Manual  of  Patrology  :  Being  a  Concise  Account  of  the 
Chief  Persons,  Sects,  Orders,  etc.,  in  Christian  History  up 
to  the  Period  of  the  Reformation.  By  Wallace  Nelson 
Stearns,  A.M.;  with  Introduction  by  J.  H.  Thayer,  D.D. 
Large  8vo,  pp.  176.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50  net. 

The  Profit  of  the  Many  :  The  Biblical  Doctrine  and  Ethics 
of  Wealth.  By  Edward  Tallmadge  Root.  12mo,  pp.  321. 
F.  H.  Revell  Co.  $1.25. 

Lights  and  Shadows  of  American  Life.  By  Rev.  A.  C. 
Dixon,  D.D.  12mo,  pp.  197.  F.  H.  Revell  Co.  $1. 

"  Wherein  ?  "  :  Melachi's  Message  to  the  Men  of  To-Day. 
By  Rev.  G.  Campbell  Morgan.  12mo,  pp.  131.  F.  H. 
Revell  Co.  75  cts. 


Stories  from  the  Old  Testament  for  Children.  By  Harriet 
S.  B.  Beale.  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  409.  H.  S.  Stone  &  Co. 

Old  Testament  Bible  Stories.  Edited  by  Richard  G. 
Moulton.  24mo,  uncut,  pp.  310.  "  Modern  Reader's 
Bible."  Macmillan  Co.  50  cts. 

Mountain  Tops  with  Jesus :  Calls  to  a  Higher  Life.  By 
Rev.  Theodore  L.  Cuyler,  D.D;  24mo,  pp.  74.  F.  H. 
Revell  Co.  25  cts. 

Why  I  Am  Not  an  Infidel.  By  Robert  Nourse.  With  por- 
trait, 12mo,  pp.  62.  F.  H.  Revell  Co.  Paper,  15  cts. 

SCIENCE. 

Essay  on  the  Bases  of  the  Mystic  Knowledge.  By 
E.  Re"ce*jac ;  trans,  by  Sara  Carr  Upton.  8vo,  pp.  287. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

Experimental  Morphology.  By  Charles  Benedict  Daven- 
port, Ph.D.  Part  Second,  Effect  of  Chemical  and  Physical 
Agents  upon  Growth.  Illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  225.  Mac- 
millan Co.  $2.  net. 

A  History  of  Physics  in  its  Elementary  Branches.  Includ- 
ing the  Evolution  of  Physical  Laboratories.  By  Florian 
Cajori,Ph.D.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  323.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.60  net. 

A  Short  History  of  Astronomy.  By  Arthur  Berry,  M.A. 
Illus.,  16rao,  pp.  440.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50  net. 

Lectures  on  the  Evolution  of  Plants.  By  Douglas 
Honghton  Campbell,  Ph.D.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  319.  Mac- 
millan Co.  $1.25. 

ECONOMIC  STUDIES. 

The  Shifting  and  Incidence  of  Taxation.  By  Edwin  R.  A. 
Seligman.  Second  edition,  completely  revised  and  en- 
larged. 8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  337.  Macmillan  Co. 
$3.  net. 

Friendly  Visiting  among  the  Poor:  A  Handbook  for 
Charity  Workers.  By  Mary  E.  Richmond.  16mo,  pp.  225. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1. 

EDUCATION— BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND 

COLLEGE. 
Essays  on  the  Higher  Education.    By  George  Trumbull 

Ladd.    12mo,  pp.  142.    Charles  Scribner's  Sons.    $1.  net. 
A  Laboratory  Manual  of  Astronomy.   By  Mary  E.  Byrd, 

A.B.    8vo,  pp.  273.    Ginn  &  Co.     $1.35. 
A  History  of  Greece  for  High  Schools  and  Academies.   By 

George  Willis  Botsford,  Ph.D.    8vo,  pp.  381.    Macmillan 

Co.    $1.10. 
College  Requirements  in  English  for  the  Years  1900, 1901, 

1902.     12mo.     Honghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 
Lessing's  Minna  von  Barnhelm.  Edited  by  A.  B.  Nichols. 

Illus.,  16mo,  pp.  163.     Henry  Holt  &  Co.    60  cts. 
Hugo's  Scenes  de  Voyages.    Edited  by  Thomas  Bertrand 

Bronson,  A.M.     24mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  277.     Henry 

Holt  &  Co.    50  cts. 
Saintine's  Picciola.    Trans,  and  edited  by  Abby  L.  Alger. 

12mo,  pp.  166.    Ginn  &  Co.    40  cts. 
George  Eliot's  Silas  Marner.    Edited  by  W.  Patterson 

Atkinson,  A.M.    16mo,  pp.  202.    Allyn  &  Bacon.    40  cts. 
Through  the  Year:  Supplementary  School  Reading.     By 

Anna  M.  Clyde  and  Lillian  Wallace.     Books  One  and 

Two ;  each  illus.,  8vo.    Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.     Per  vol., 

36  cts. 
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ited   by   Laurence    Fossler.       With    frontispiece,    16mo 

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German  Sight  Reading.     By  Idelle  B.  Watson.    16mo, 

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Moliere's  Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme.    Edited  by  F.  M. 

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Co.    30  cts. 
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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


165 


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168  THE     DIAL  [March  1,  1899. 

THE  VICTORIAN  ERA  SERIES 

The  series  is  designed  to  form  a  record  of  the  great  movements  and  developments  of  the 
age,  in  politics,  economics,  religion,  industry,  literature,  science,  and  art,  and  of  the  life-work 
of  its  typical  and  influential  men. 

Under  the  general  editorship  of  Mr.  J.  Holland  Rose,  M.A.,  late  scholar  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  England,  the  individual  volumes  will  be  contributed  by  leading  specialists  in  the 
various  branches  of  knowledge  which  fall  to  be  treated  in  the  series. 

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for  the  library.  Price,  $1.25  per  volume. 

NOW  READY 

THE  RISE  OF  DEMOCRACY 

By  J.  HOLLAND  ROSE,  M.A.,  late  scholar  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  (editor  of  the  series). 

An  interesting  historical  account  of  British  Radicalism  of  the  first  half  of  the  century  fills  a  large  part  of  the 
volume.  .  .  .  On  the  whole,  we  are  able  to  praise  the  volume  as  a  moderate  and  impartial  view  of  the  demo- 
cratization of  the  Constitution — Athenaeum. 

In  dealing  with  his  subject  Mr.  Rose  displays  considerable  independence  of  thought,  joined  to  accuracy  of 
detail  and  clearness  of  exposition.  His  style,  too,  is  vigorous;  and  on  the  whole  he  has  made  a  good  start  for 
what  promises  to  be  a  useful  and  instructive  series —  Glasgow  Herald. 

If  the  remaining  volumes  of  the  "  Victorian  Era  Series  "  are  written  in  as  able,  temperate,  and  judicious  a 
spirit  as  the  first,  "The  Rise  of  Democracy,"  by  J.  H.  Rose,  M.A.,  we  anticipate  for  it  a  great  and  deserved 
success. — Manchester  Guardian. 

For  all  who  wish  to  get  an  unbiased  view  of  the  Radical  movement  in  England  during  the  present  century  — 
its  benefits,  its  faults,  and  its  limitations  —  this  little  book  can  be  unhesitatingly  recommended. — Aberdeen  Journal. 

|  THE  ANGLICAN  REVIVAL          )  I 

By  J.  H.  OVERTON,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Epworth  and  Canon  of  Lincoln. 

We  can  highly  recommend  this  able  history  of  Canon  Overton's,  and  we  hope  it  may  clear  the  minds  of 
many  as  to  the  history  of  "  The  Anglican  Revival."  It  is  by  no  means  a  party  or  an  extreme  statement  of  facts, 
but  rather  a  judicial  record  of  the  religious  events  that  have  moulded  "  The  Anglican  Revival "  in  the  Church  of 
England  during  the  reign  of  Queen  Victoria. — Church  Review. 

Dr.  Overton's  contribution  to  this  series  of  handy  books  is  a  volume  that  is  well  worth  reading  by  men  and 
women  who  care  to  know  just  where  the  Established  Church  is  now,  and  what  are  its  tendencies —  Norwich 
Mercury. 

The  author  .  .  .  writes  without  bias  and  with  the  true  spirit  of  the  historian  —  only  anxious  to  secure  his 
facts  and  to  "  nothing  extenuate  nor  aught  set  down  in  malice." —  Weekly  Echo. 

Of  the  movement  itself,  and  its  main  actors,  Canon  Overton  gives  an  excellent  account.  He  has  the  literature 
of  the  subject  at  his  fingers'  ends,  and  the  story  could  not  be  better  told. — Sheffield  Telegraph. 

1     ~  JOHN  BRIGHT  .    t 

By  C.  A.  VINCE,  M.A.,  late  Fellow  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 

We  have  every  reason  to  regard  this  as  the  sanest,  most  impartial,  and  intelligent  life  of  John  Bright  that 
has  been  given  to  the  public. — Birmingham  Gazette. 

Mr.  Vince  has  had  the  good  sense  to  allow  John  Bright,  as  far  as  possible,  to  speak  for  himself,  and  he  has 
shown  great  discrimination  in  the  selection  of  pithy  typical  passages  from  memorable  speeches  at  critical  junctures 
in  the  Queen's  reign. — Speaker. 

An  excellent  little  life  of  Bright,  with  a  chapter  on  Bright's  oratory  which  is  admirable  and  most  remarkable. 
It  constitutes  a  brief  but  careful  examination  of  the  characteristics  which  made  Bright  the  first  orator  of  our 
time,  and  appears  to  us  the  best  examination  of  the  peculiarities  of  modern  English  oratory  extant. —  Athenceum. 

This  little  book  seems  to  us,  in  its  way,  a  remarkable  success.  It  is  a  model  of  what  such  a  sketch  should  be  — 
sober,  well-written,  with  the  matter  well-ordered,  and  throughout  a  tone  of  judicial  care  not  unmixed  with 
enthusiasm. — Academy. 

Mr.  Vince's  biography  of  Bright  is  a  model  of  its  kind.  It  gives  us  an  admirable  picture  of  the  man  whom 
Lord  Salisbury  rightly  characterized  as  the  greatest  master  of  English  oratory  that  recent  generations  have  seen. 
—  Morning  Post.  

For  sale  by  all  Booksellers,  or  sent,  postpaid,  on  receipt  of  price,  by  the  Publishers, 

CHICAGO  HERBERT  S.  STONE  &  CO.        NEW  YORK 


TRB  DIAL  PRESS,  CHICAGO. 


i//  SEMI-MONTHLY  JOURNAL  OF 

(ftritkism,  gisntssiott,  anfr  Information. 


EDITED  BY        )  Volume  xxvi. 

FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE,  j       No.  306. 


TWT  A-pntr  1  A    IQQO        10  ct*.  a  copy.  \    315  WABABH  AVE. 

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THE  STOLEN  STORY,  AND  OTHER  NEWSPAPER  STORIES. 

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CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS,  153-157  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


170 


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[March  16, 


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PROFESSOR  DANIEL  GIRAUD  ELLIOT'S  BIRD  BOOKS. 
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Under  Editorship  of  Dr.  ELLIOTT  COUES. 

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No.  1.    The  Journal  of  Major  Jacob  Fowler. 

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Book-collectors  and  lovers  of  books  in  general  will  find  in  this  interesting  work  much  out-of-the-way  matter 
and  valuable  hints.  Nearly  every  page  tells  of  some  curious  find,  the  values  of  certain  kinds  of  books,  or  location 
of  "hunting  grounds."  The  ten  chapters  treat  on  In  Eulogy  of  Catalogues,  A  Comparison  of  Prices,  Some 
Lucky  Finds,  The  Forgotten  Lore  Society,  Some  Hunting  Grounds  of  London,  Vagaries  of  Book  Hunters,  How 
Fashion  Lives,  The  Rules  of  the  Chase,  The  Glamour  of  Bindings,  The  Hammer  and  the  End. 

RECOLLECTIONS  OF  LINCOLN  AND  DOUGLAS, 

FORTY  YEARS  AGO. 

By  an  Eye- Witness.     12mo,  cloth,  uncut,  48  pages,  portraits  and  plates  on  Japan  paper $1.50 

Only  200  copies  privately  issued  for  the  author,  50  of  which  are  for  sale.  Owing  to  the  small  number  offered 
for  sale  this  work  promises  to  be  in  a  short  time  a  very  rare  Lincoln  book.  The  author  only  tells  what  he  saw  or 
knew.  Interesting  description  of  the  Chicago  Wigwam,  early  Chicago,  etc. 


PRICES  OF  BOOKS. 

By  HBNBY  B.  WHEATLEY.  12mo,  cloth,  275  pages  .  .  .  net  $1.75 
An  inquiry  into  the  changes  in  the  prices  of  books.  This  valuable 
work  treats  on  Prices  of  Manuscripts,  Early  Printed  Books,  Prices  of 
Early  English  Literature,  Caxtons,  etc.,  Book  Collecting  as  an  Invest- 
ment, Early  Bibles,  etc. 

A  collector  who  desires  to  be  well  posted  on  values  of  rare  books  will 
find  this  volume  a  most  important  bibliographical  aid. 

Dr.  Couet'1  Other  Works  on  Western  Exploration. 

ZEBULON  M.  PIKE'S  EXPEDITIONS. 

To  Headwaters  of  the  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Mexico,  Texas,  reprinted 
from  the  original  edition  and  carefully  edited  by  Dr.  Coues,  3  vols., 

8vo net  $10.00 

Large-paper  edition net    20.00 

NEW  LIGHT  ON  THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF 
THE  GREATER  NORTHWEST. 

Important  hitherto  unpublished  Journals  of  ALEXANDER  HENRY,  Fur 
Trader,  and  DAVID  THOMPSON,  Geographer  and  Explorer,  1799-1814. 
Exploration  and  adventure  among  the  Indians  on  the  Red,  Saskatche- 
wan, and  Columbia  Rivers.  Carefully  edited,  with  copious  critical 
commentary,  by  Dr.  COUES.  New  maps,  etc.  3  vols.,  8 vo  net  $10.00 
Large-paper  edition net  $20.00 


WEATHER  LORE. 

A  Collection  of  Proverbs,  Sayings,  and  Rules,  with  folding  Chart  of 
Cloud  Forms.  By  RICHARD  INWARDS,  President  of  the  Royal  Mete- 
orological Society.  Third  Edition,  revised  and  augmented.  8vo, 
233  pages $2.50 

THE  LIBRARY  SERIES. 

Edited,  with  introductions,  by  Dr.  GAHNETT,  Keeper  of  Printed  Books 

in  the  British  Museum.   Crown  8vo,  cloth.   Published  at     net    $1.75 

No.  1.  THE  FREE  LIBRARY,  Its  History  and  Present  Condition. 

By  J.  J  OGLE,  of  Bootle  Free  Library.    352  pages. 
No.  2.  LIBRARY  CONSTRUCTION  AND  ARCHITECTURE.    By 

FRANK  J.  BCRGOYNE,  of  the  Tate  Central  Library,  Brixton. 

141  illustrations. 
No.  3.  LIBRARY  ADMINISTRATION.    By  J.  MACFARLANE,  British 

Museum. 
No.  4.  THE  PRICES  OP  BOOKS.    By  H.  B.  WHBATLEY,  of  the 

Society  of  Arts. 

SILAS  WOOD'S  SKETCHES  OF  THE  TOWN 
OF  HUNTINGTON,  LONG  ISLAND. 

From  the  First  Settlement  to  the  End  of  the  Revolution.  Reprinted 
from  the  excessively  rare  original  with  Notes  by  W.  S.  PELLETREAU. 
Portrait.  Edition  limited  to  215  copies net  $2.00 


Catalogue  of  Out-of-Print  Books,  issued  regularly,  mailed  on  application. 

FRANCIS  P.  HARPER,  17  East  Sixteenth  Street,  New  York. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


171 


Scribner's  Spring  Announcement 


The  Authoritative  Narrative  of  the  Santiago  Campaign. 

IN  CUBA  WITH  SHAFTER.      By  Lieut.- Col.  J.  D.  Miley. 

With  12  /COLONEL  MILEY  was  General  Shatter's  Chief  of  Staff  during  the  Santiago  With  4 

Portraits  of  ^    Campaign.     His  book  is  an  authoritative  description,  from  the  headquarters  Maps  from 

leading  point  of  view,  of  the  difficulties  and  obstacles  which  the  United  States  troops  official 

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A  story  of  absorbingly  interesting  adventure.  The 
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A  TEXAS  RANGER. 
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The  true  story  of  a  young  man  who  enlisted  in  the 
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IN  THE  KLONDYKE. 
By  Frederick  Palmer. 

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THE  ORCHESTRA 

AND   ORCHESTRAL  MUSIC. 

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"  Music  Lover's  Library,"  a  series  designed  for  the 

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character,  dealing  with  the  historical,  biographical, 

anecdotal,  and  descriptive  aspects  of  the  subject  as  well 

as  with  its  purely  musical  and  aesthetic  features.    With 

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MEZZOTINTS  IN  MODERN  MUSIC. 
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12mo,  $1.50. 

Mr.  Huneker's  book  treats  of  the  modern  masters  of 
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that  will  be  sure  to  attract  wide  attention,  for  his 
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LIFE  OF  DANTON.     By  Hilaire  Belloc. 

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RAMAKRISHNA:    His  Life   and  Sayings. 

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THE  HISTORY  OF  YIDDISH  LITERATURE 

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Mr.  Wiener  has  collected  from  scattered  sources 
examples  of  a  genuine  literature  especially  strong  in 
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IF  I  WERE  A  MAN. 
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172 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


NEW  AND  TIMELY  PUBLICATIONS 


A  KEN  OF  KIPLING: 

A  BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  RUDYARD  KIPLING. 

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DR.  NEESEN'S  BOOK  ON  WHEELING. 

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Full  List  of  New  and  Recent  Publications  and  Importations  sent  on  application. 

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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


173 


D.  APPLETON  &  CO.'S 


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JUST  PUBLISHED. 

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simplicity  that  makes  the  reading  easy  and  enjoyable,  while  affording  a 
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may  be  quoted  as  among  the  best  modern  examples  of  beautiful  and 
eloquent  line-work." — Literature. 


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Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Biographies, 
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It  is  the  aim  of  this  series  to  represent,  as  widely  as 
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out the  continent  of  Europe.  It  so  happens  that 
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at  present  little  known  in  this  country.  Among  them 
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The  following  are  now  ready  :  — 

THE  DAWN. 


By  EMILE  VERHAEREN. 

SYMONS. 


Translated  by  ARTHUR 


Deserves  a  welcome  from  the  world  of  letters,  for  it  introduces  a  series 
which  has  long  been  wanted,  and  which  is  bound  to  be  of  great  interest. 
"  The  Dawn  "  is  interesting,  suggestive,  original  in  style  and  aim. 

— The  Academy. 

Mr.  Symons's  version  is  astonishingly  good  in  portions.  Some  of  the 
greater  passages  are  rendered  with  a  vigor,  a  subtlety,  and  an  insight 
that  reminds  one  how  strong  is  the  poetic  force  of  the  translator. 

— The  Bookman. 

THE  STORM. 

By   OSTROVSKY.     Translated  by   CONSTANCE 
GARNETT. 

The  work  of  translation  has  "been  admirably  done,  and  reproduces 
with  excellent  effect  the  strength  and  simplicity  which  are  the  charac 
teristic  qualities  of  the  style  of  the  original.  The  work  itself  is  a  fine 
play. — The  Scotsman. 

A  wonderful  analysis  of  a  provincial  society  untouched  by  the  ideas 
of  civilized  Europe.  No  book  of  Tolstoi's  makes  you  feel  Russia  so 
distinctly.  "  The  Storm  "  is  at  once  a  satire,  a  drama,  and  a  poem ; 
and  one  is  not  surprised  to  hear  of  its  success  on  the  Russian  stage. 

— The  Critic  (London). 

THREE  PLAYS. 

Alladine  and   Palomides,  Interior,  and 
The  Death  of  Tintagiles. 

By  MAURICE  MAETERLINCK.      Translated  by 
ALFRED  SUTRO  and  WILLIAM  ARCHER. 

In  active  preparation,  volumes  by  Villiers  De  L'Isle 
Adam,  Strindberg,  Ibsen,  Brieux,  and  Sienkiewicz,  trans- 
lated respectively  by  Theresa  Barclay,  N.  Erichsen, 
Prof.  C.  H.  Herford,  Lucas  Malet,  and  E.  L.  Voynich. 

Arrangements  are  also  in  progress  with  representa- 
tive dramatists  of  Germany,  Spain,  Italy,  and  other 
countries.  Further  translations  have  been  promised  by 
Dr.  Garnett,  Walter  Leaf,  Justin  H.  McCarthy,  G.  A. 
Greene,  and  others.  

CHARLES  H.  SERQEL  CO.,  Publishers, 

358  Dearborn  Street,  Chicago. 


176 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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Octavo.     400  pages.      Cloth,  $1.50. 

This  book  is  a  mine  of  information  concerning  these  new  possessions  or  wards  of  the  United  States. 
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It  is  a  story  of  well  sustained  interest,  written  in  Mrs.  Harrison's 
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Octavo.     Cloth,  $8.50. 

"In  A.  De  Burgh's  memoir  of  •  Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Austria,'  we  have  a  book  which  is  sure  to  attract  attention  and  have  many  readers.    A 
very  acceptable  feature  of  the  work  is  the  large  number  of  illustrative  pictures  it  contains  —  pictures  both  of  persons  and  of  places. " — London  Globe. 


Letters  of  Walter  Savage  Landor,  Private  and  Public.    Edited  by  STEPHEN 

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THE    DIAL 


177 


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A  M  cAit.  60,000  meanings.  Thoroughly  revised  and  abso- 

A  New  bdition  to  iuteiy  perfect.  Pronunciation  fully  explained, 
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ORVILLE  ELDER'S 
NEW  STORY. 


P1CKEY :  A  Thrilling  Romance.  By  Orvllle  Elder.  A  thorough-going  story  of  Life,  I^ove,  and 
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MY  YOUNG  MASTER,  OLD  EBENEZER,  THE  JUCK- 
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DICK  AND  JACK'S  ADVENTURES  ON  SABLE  ISLAND. 

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MAN ASHLEY.  12mo,  cloth,  illustrated $1.00 

TAN  PILE  JIM ;  or,  A  Yankee  Waif  Among  the  Blue 

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AIR  CASTLE  DON ;  or,  From  Dreamland  to  Hardpan. 

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Masterpieces  of  Foreign  Fiction. 


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CAMILLE.    By  A.  DUMAS,  fils. 
success  has  been  unrivaled. 

MADAME  BOVARY.  By  GUSTAVB  FLAUBERT.  The  herald 
of  a  literary  revolution. 

DUCHESS  ANNETTE.    By  A.  DUMAS,  fils.    The  famous 
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CAMORS.    By  OCTAVE  FEUILLET.    A  dazzling  picture  of 
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without  a  peer. 
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HERRMANN  THE  MAGICIAN.      His  Life;  His  Secrets. 

By  H.  J.  BURLINGAME.  In  this  startling  volume  by  the  inventor  and 
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178 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16r 


LONGMANS,  GREEN,  &  Co.'s  NEW  BOOKS 


A  NEW  BOOK  BY  SIR  GEORGE  TREVELYAN. 

THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION,  1766=1776. 

By  Sir  GEORGE  OTTO  TREVELYAN,  Bart., 

Author  of  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord  Macaulay,"  and  "  The  Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox." 
8vo.    Pp.  xiv.-434.    With  a  Map  of  Boston.    Cloth,  gilt  top,  $3.00. 

"Those  brilliant  qualities  of  style  which  were  so  preeminent  in  the  author's  'The  Life  and  Letters  of  Lord  Maeaulay  ' 
and  '  Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox '  are  distinguishable  in  '  The  American  Revolution.'  Rare  indeed  is  the  book 
wherein  it  may  be  stated  that  there  is  no  line  which  has  not  its  particular  interest.  In  reading  Sir  George,  attention  never 
wanders,  for  he  has  all  the  talents  of  the  ablest  of  story-tellers,  and  that  is  precisely  the  quality  many  historians  lack.  We 
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Under  the  African  Sun. 

A  Description  of  Native  Races  in  Uganda 
Sporting  Adventures  and  Other  Experiences 

By  W.  J.  ANSORGE,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P., 
Medical  Officer  to  Her  Majesty's  Government  in 
Uganda.  With  134  illustrations  from  photographs 
by  the  author,  and  two  colored  plates.  Large  8vo, 
pp.  xiv.-355,  $5.00.  Just  ready. 

*#*  Dr.  Ansorge,  medical  officer  to  the  British  Government 
in  Uganda,  has  written  a  very  graphic  and  accurate  account 
of  that  country  before  the  establishment  of  the  Protectorate. 
The  relentless  side  of  civilization  is  rapidly  sweeping  away 
many  phases  of  native  life  worth  recording,  and  with  the 
shriek  of  the  locomotive  the  picturesque  and  barbarous  must 
certainly  disappear.  Dr.  Ansorge,  whose  work  gave  him 
many  opportunities  of  observing  savage  ritual,  custom,  and 
myth  —  unrevealed,  may  be,  to  men  of  other  professions  —  is 
also  a  keen  sportsman  and  an  accomplished  naturalist,  and  in 
the  last  chapters  of  his  book  he  describes  the  physical  features 
of  the  country,  giving  an  account  of  some  new  species  of  lep- 
idoptera  which  he  discovered.  The  illustrations,  from  photo- 
graphs by  the  author,  form  a  special  feature  of  the  work. 
There  are  no  fewer  than  16  full-page  plates,  117  text  illustra- 
tions, and  two  colored  plates,  these  last  being  illustrative  of 
the  natural-history  section  of  the  book. 

England  in  the  Age  of  Wycliffe. 

By  GEORGE  MACAULAY  TREVELYAN,  B.A.,  Fellow  of 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  8vo.  Nearly  ready. 
*#*  The  object  of  this  volume  is  to  give  a  general  picture 
of  English  society,  politics  and  religion,  at  a  certain  stage  in 
their  progress.  It  recounts  also  the  leading  and  characteristic 
events  of  the  same  period  in  English  history  .  .  .  the  meet- 
ing point  of  the  mediaeval  and  the  modern,  and  so  of  pecu- 
liar|interest.  Mr.  Trevelyan  bases  his  work  on  original  au- 
thorities, many  of  which  have  now  been  unearthed  for  the 
first  time  in  the  Public  Record  Office  and  the  British  Museum. 

A   NEW  BOOK  BY  MB.  ANDREW  LANG. 

The  Companions  of  Pickle. 

Being  a  Sequel  to  "Pickle  the  Spy."  By  ANDREW 
LANG.  With  4  photogravure  portraits.  8vo,  pp. 
xii.-308,  $5.00. 

***  Certain  criticisms  on  the  theory  that  "  Pickle  the  Spy'" 
was  Glengarry  induced  the  author  to  look  further  into  the 
Jacobite  documents  at  Windsor  Castle  and  elsewhere.  The 
result  is  this  volume  on  "  The  Companions  of  Pickle,"  a  set 
of  eighteenth-century  portraits.  Among  these  is  a  biography, 
from  MS.  and  other  sources,  of  the  last  Earl  Marischal,  brother 
of  Field-Marshall  Keith,  and  friend  of  Frederick  the  Great. 


A  NEW  HISTORY  OF  BRITISH  INDIA  IN  FIVE 
VOLUMES. 

A  History  of  British  India. 

By  SIR  WILLIAM  WILSON  HUNTER,  K.C.S.I.,  M.  A., 
LL.D.,  a  Vice- President  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 
Vol.  L,  Introductory  to  the  Overthrow  of  the  English 
in  the  Spice  Archipelago.  8vo,  $5.00. 

Selected  Examples  of  Decorative  Art  from 
South  Kensington  Museum. 

Published  with  the  sanction  of  the  Department  of  Sci- 
ence and  Art,  South  Kensington,  London.  Edited  by 
F.  E.  WITTHAUS.  Published  monthly  ;  price  $1.00 
each  part.  Parts  I.  and  II.  now  ready;  part  III. 
immediately. 
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mailed  to  any  address  upon  request. 

New  Edition. 

Democracy  and  Liberty. 

By  WILLIAM  EDWARD  HARTPOLE  LECKY.     With  en- 
tirely  new  introduction   (52   pages).     Vol.   I.,   pp. 
xxiii.^568  ;  Vol.  II.,  pp.  xix.-601,  $5.00. 
In  the  Introduction  the  author  devotes  a  few  pages  to  ex- 
amine how  far  the  experience  of  the  last  eventful  years  has 
confirmed  or  disproved  the  general  principles  it  laid  down. 
"But  the  chief  interest  of  this  Introduction  lies  in  its  epi- 
logue .  .  .  Mr.  Lecky  .  .  .  devotes  30  out  of  the  52  pages  the 
Introduction  contains  to  an  estimate  of  the  character  and 
political  work  of  Mr.  Gladstone.  .  .  .   Eminently  judicial  in 
tone,  written  evidently  with  considerable  personal  knowledge, 
masterly  in  its  analysis  of  character,  and  often  singularly 
happy  in  its  phrasing." — The  Times  (London). 

Wood  and  Garden. 

Notes  and  Thoughts,  Practical  and  Critical,  of  a  Work- 
ing Amateur.  By  GERTRUDE  JEKYLL.  With  very 
numerous  illustrations  from  photographs  by  the  au- 
thor. 8vo,  $3.50.  Immediately. 

Health  in  the  Nursery. 

By  HENRY  ASHBY,  M.D..  F.R.C.P.,  Physician  to  the 
Manchester  Children's  Hospital,  and  Lecturer  on  the 
Diseases  of  Children  at  the  Owens  College.  With 
25  illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  pp.  xii-228,  $1.25. 


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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


179 


LONGMANS,  GREEN,  &  Co.'s  NEW  BOOKS 


By  H.   EIDER    HAGGARD. 

SWALLOW. 

A  Story  of  the  Great  Trek. 
By  H.  RIDER  HAGGARD, 

AUTHOR  OF  "SHE,"  "ICING  SOLOMON'S  MINES,"  "JOAN 

HASTE,"  "THE  WIZARD,"  Etc. 

With  12  full-page  illustrations.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  orna- 
mental, $1.50. 

The  Archdeacon. 

A  Story.  BY  Mrs.  L.  B.  WALFORD,  author  of  "  The 
Baby's  Grandmother,"  "Leddy  Marget,"  etc.,  etc. 
Crown  8vo,  $1.50. 

The  Traditional  Poetry  of  the 
Finns. 

By  DOMENICO  COMPARETTI,  Socio  dell'  Accademia  dei 
Liucei,  Membre  de  I'Acade'mie  des  Inscriptions,  etc. 
Translated  by  Isabella  M.  Anderton.  With  intro- 
duction by  Andrew  Lang.  8vo,  $5.00. 

Lectures  on  the  National  Gallery. 

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tury—  II.  The  Origin  of  the  Venetian  School  of  Paint- 
ing, Giovanni  Bellini III.  Sandro  Botticelli  and  His 

School. 

Religion  in  Greek  Literature: 

A  Sketch  in  Outline.  By  LEWIS  CAMPBELL,  M.  D., 
LL.D.,  Emeritus  Professor  of  Greek,  and  formerly 
Gifford  Lecturer  in  the  University  of  St.  Andrews. 
8vo,  $5.00. 

Builders  of  Greater  Britain. 

Edited  by  H.  F.  WILSON,  M.  A.     New  volume. 
Lord  Clive;  the  Foundation  of  British 
Rule  in  India. 

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Foreign  Courts  and  Foreign  Homes. 

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Temple,  and  the  Retreat  from  Moscow,  were  told  by  eye- 
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the  'Alabama'  and  'Kearsarge.' 

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By  the  author  of  "  THE  CHEVALIER  D'AURIAC." 

THE  HEART  OF  DENISE, 

And  Other  Tales. 
By  S.  LEVETT  YEATS, 

AUTHOR  OF  "THE  CHEVALIER  D'AURIAC,"  "THE 

HONOUR  OF  SAVELLI,"  Etc. 

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Early  Italian  Love  Stories. 

Taken  from  the  original  by  UNA  TAYLOR.     With  pho- 
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Contents: — FOURTEENTH  CENTURY:  Salvestra — The 
Death-Dream  —  The  Lady  of  Belmonte.     FIFTEENTH 
CENTURY:    The  House  of   the   Lepers — The  Falcon 
Keeper  — The  Price  of  Madonna  Laura.     SIXTEENTH 
CENTURY:    The  Defeat  of  Grazia— The  Faith  of  Filo- 
tima  — The  Love-Ring  — The  Judgment  of  the  Serpent 
—  The    Drowning  of    Malgherita  —  The  Refusal  of 
Fenicia. 

Memories  of  an  Old  Collector. 

By  Count  MICHAEL  TYSKIEWICZ.  Translated  from  the 
French  by  Mrs.  Andrew  Lang.  With  9  plates.  Crown 
8vo,  $1.75. 

"...  Full  of  interest  to  the  lover  of  art,  especially,  per- 
haps, to  such  as  are  at  once  connoisseur  and  plutocrat.  M. 
de  Tyskiewicz  was,  as  is  well  known,  a  fortunate  collector  of 
the  antique,  and  he  tells  most  pleasant  memories  of  his  vic- 
tories as  well  as  of  his  occasional  failures  and  mistakes.  He 
is,  too,  very  candid,  and  many  of  the  secrets  of  that  prison- 
house  of  aesthetic  treasure,  the  British  Museum,  are  laid  bare 
for  our  edification." — Literature. 

My  Inner  Life: 

Being  a  Chapter  in  Personal  Evolution.  By  JOHN 
BEATTIE  CROZIER,  author  of  "  Civilization  and  Pro- 
gress," etc.  8vo,  pp.  xix-562,  $4.50. 

COMPLETION  OF  THE  VERNE  Y  MEMOIRS. 

The  Memoirs  of  the  Verney  Family 

from  the  Restoration  to  the  Revolu- 
tion—1660  to  1696. 

Compiled  from  the  Letters  and  illustrated  by  the  por- 
traits at  Claydon  House.  By  MARGARET  M.  VERNEY. 
Fourth  volume.  Bringing  the  family  history  down 
to  the  death  of  Sir  Ralph  Verney.  With  11  photo- 
gravure portraits  and  7  other  illustrations.  8vo,  gilt 
top,  xiv-510,  $6.00. 

Men  and  Movements  in  the 
English  Church. 

By  REV.  ARTHUR  ROGERS,  Central  Falls,  Rhode  Island. 

With  4  photogravure  portraits.    Crown  8vo,  gilt  top, 

$1.50. 

"  .  .  .  In  its  way  a  model  of  disinterested  and  intelligent 
presentation.  It  is  a  book  to  be  read  at  this  particular  time 
with  special  interest,  because  it  throws  a  flood  of  light  on  the 
temper  and  spirit  of  the  English  Church." —  Outlook  (N.  Y). 


LONGMANS,  GREEN,  &  CO.,  Publishers,  91-93  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


180  THE     DIAL  [March  16, 


JOHN   LANE'S  NEW  BOOKS 


THE  COLLECTED  POEMS  OF  WILLIAM  WATSON. 

With  Portrait  by  EDMUND  H.  NEW.     Crown  8vo,  $2.50. 

Also  a  LARGE  PAPER  EDITION  of  20  Copies,  for  America,  $10.00  net. 

The  London  Daily  News  says :  "  The  swing  and  rush  of  the  verse  in  the  great  themes  ;  its  epigrammatic  felicity  in  others ;  its 
mastery  in  all  of  the  science  of  this  highest  of  the  high  arts,  will  make  the  volume  a  model  for  the  craftsman,  and  abiding  delight  to 
all  who  possess  what,  we  fear,  must  still  be  called  the  acquired  taste  for  fine  things  finely  said." 

JUST  OUT,  THIRD  EDITION — Revised,  with  a  long  Prefatory  Note  upon  the  character  of  SINFI  LOVELL. 

THE  SEQUEL  TO  "AYLWIN." 

THE  COMING  OF  LOVE:  Rhona  Boswell's  Story,  and  Other  Poems. 

By  THEODORE  WATTS- DUNTON,  Author  of  "  Aylwin."     Crown  8vo,  $2.00. 

Literature  says :  "  In  '  The  Coming  of  Love '  (which,  though  published  earlier,  is  a  sequel  to  '  Aylwin ')  he  has  given  us  an  un- 
forgettable, we  cannot  but  believe  an  enduring  portrait ;  one  of  the  few  immortal  women  of  the  imagination.  Rhona  Boswell  comes 
again  into  '  Aylwin.' " 

PART  I.  READY. 

THE  NATURAL  HISTORY  OF  SELBORNE. 

By  GILBERT  WHITE.     Edited  by  GRANT  ALLEN.     With  upwards  of  200  Illustrations  by  EDMUND  H. 
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THE  EARLY  WORK  OF  AUBREY  BEARDSLEY. 

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akin  to  that  of 


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Complete   Poetic  and    Dramatic   Works  of 

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Complete  Poetical  Works  of  John  Keats. 

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pletely misunderstood  figures  in  modern  European  history.  This  book  is  the  story  of  her  life,  written  not 
from  the  outside  by  a  mere  collector  of  records,  but  by  a  lady  of  her  court,  who  was  an  intimate  personal  friend. 

THE    JACKSONIAN    EPOCH.     By  CHARLES  H.  PECK.     8vo,  Cloth,  Uncut  Edges  and 

Gilt  Top.     $2.50. 

A  remarkably  strong  presentation  of  the  political  history  of  our  country  from  the  battle  of  New  Orleans  to 
the  succession  of  Mr.  Tyler  to  the  Presidency.  That  was  the  formative  period  of  our  politics,  and  nowhere 
else  can  the  history  of  this  epoch  be  found  in  a  single  work. 

WESSEX   POEMS   AND   OTHER   VERSES.    By  THOMAS  HARDY.    With  Thirty- 
two  Illustrations  by  the  Author.    Crown  8vo,  Cloth  Extra,  Uncut  Edges  and  Gilt  Top.    $1.75. 

THE    OPEN    QUESTION.      A  Tale  of  Two  Temperaments.      By  ELIZABETH  ROBINS 

(C.  E.  Raimond).     Post  8vo,  Cloth,  Ornamental.     $1.50. 
"It  would  not  surprise  us  if  this  proved  to  be  the  novel  of  the  season." — Pall  Mall  Gazette  (London). 

RAGGED   LADY.     By  WILLIAM  DEAN  HOWELLS.    A  Novel.     Illustrated  by  A.  I.  KELLER. 

Post  8vo,  Cloth.     $1.75. 

Mr.  Howells  has  always  been  a  trained  observer  of  human  life.  He  sees  everything  clearly,  and  has  the 
power  of  making  his  readers  see  just  as  clearly.  His  powers  of  observation,  his  keen  reading  of  human 
motives,  and  his  ability  to  delineate  his  observations  concisely  and  accurately  have  never  been  shown  to  better 
advantage  than  in  his  latest  contribution  to  American  fiction. 

THE    "CAPSINA."    A  Historical  Novel.    By  E.  F.  BENSON.    374  Pages.    Post  8 vo,  Cloth, 

Ornamental. 

The  stirring  times  which  took  place  in  Greece  during  the  Greek  War  of  Independence,  in  1820-1821,  are 
pictured  in  a  graphic  and  vital  way  by  Mr.  Benson.  The  book  will  hold  the  reader's  attention  by  its  action 
and  the  remarkable  vitality  which  characterizes  all  of  Mr.  Benson's  works. 

AN    INCIDENT,    AND    OTHER    HAPPENINGS.      Short  Stories.     By  SARAH 
BARNWELL  ELLIOTT.     With  Illustrations.     Post  8vo,  Cloth,  Ornamental.     $1.25. 

SHORT    RATIONS.     Short  Stories.     By  WILLISTON  FISH.     Illustrated.     Post  8vo,  Cloth, 
Ornamental.     $1.25. 

ESPIRITU    SANTO.     A  Novel.     By  HENRIETTA  DANA  SKINNER.     Post  8vo,  Cloth,  Orna- 
mental.    $1.25. 

THE    RIVER    SYNDICATE.      Short  Stories.     By  CHARLES  E.  CARRTL.      Illustrated- 
Post  8vo,  Cloth,  Ornamental.     $1.25. 

SUNDOWN    LEFLARE.    Short  Stories.    By  FREDERIC  REMINGTON.    Illustrations  by  the 
Author.     Post  8vo,  Cloth,  Ornamental.     $1.25. 

NEW  YORK     HARPER  &  BROTHERS,  PUBLISHERS          LONDON 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


185 


The  Macmillan  Company's  New  Books. 


Just  Ready. 

THE  LESSON  OF  POPULAR  GOVERNMENT. 


Important 
and  interesting. 


By  GAMALIEL  BRADFORD,  A.B.  (Harvard). 
A  defence  of  Democracy,  arguing  that  in  spite  of  its 
defects  it  is  the  best  and  will  be  the  predominating 
form  of  government. 


In  two  Volumes. 
Cloth,  8vo. 

Just  Ready. 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ENGLISH 
THOUGHT. 

A  STUDY  IN  THE  ECONOMIC  INTERPRETATION  OF  HIS- 
TORY.   By  SIMON  N.  PATTEN,  Professor  of  Political 
Economy  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  bring  out  the  connection  be- 
tween the  economic  events  that  determine  a  nation's  prosper- 
ity and  the  thought  and  feelings  of  the  people. 


THE  THEORY  OF  THE  LEISURE  CLASS. 

AN  ECONOMIC  STUDY  IN  THE  EVOLUTION  OF  INSTITU- 
TIONS. By  THORSTEIN  B.  VEBLEN,  Ph.D.,  Instructor 
in  Political  Economy  and  Managing  Editor  of  the 
Journal  of  Political  Economy  in  University  of  Chicago. 
The  book  deals  with  the  leisure  class  as  an  institution,  and 

gives  an  account  of  its  rise  and  development  and  of  its  place 

as  a  factor  in  the  culture  of  to-day. 


A  HISTORY  OF  ENGLISH   DRAMATIC   LITERATURE. 

To  the  Death  of  Queen  Anne. 

By  A.  W.  WARD,  Litt.D.     New  edition,  three  volumes.     Cloth,  8vo,  $9.00  net. 

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so  thorough  as  to  amount  almost  to  the  labor  of  preparing  a  new  volume. 


HUGH  GWYETH. 

A  ROUNDHEAD  CAVALIER.     By  BEULAH  MARIE  Dix. 

Cloth,   I2mo,  $1.50. 


MY  LADY  AND  ALLAN  DARKE. 

By  CHARLES  DONNEL  GIBSON. 

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plantation,  and  it  is  a  wonderful  story  cleverly  done. 


THE  STORY  OF  OLD  FORT  LOUDON. 

A  Tale  of  the  Cherokees  and  the  Pioneers  of  Tennessee,  1760. 

By  CHARLES  EGBERT  CRADDOCK,  author  of  "  The  Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Mountains,"  "  Where  the  Battle 
was  Fought,"  etc.     Illustrated  by  E.  C.  PEIXOTTO.     12mo,  cloth. 


JAPAN. 

By  Mrs.  HUGH  FRASER,  author  of  "  Palladia,"  "  The 
Looms  of  Time,"  "  A  Chapter  of  Accidents,"  etc. 
Two  volumes.    Medium  8vo.    Several  hundred  illus- 
trations. $7.50. 
As  the  wife  of  the  British  Minister  to  Japan,  the  author 
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has  been  enabled  to  use  in  a  very  fascinating  way. 


WEST  AFRICAN  STUDIES. 

By  Miss  MARY  KINGSLEY,  author  of  "  Travels  in  West 
Africa,"  etc.  Cloth,  8vo,  $5.00. 

Of  her  earlier  work  The  Dial  said : 

"  This  work  impresses  one  as  a  strong,  original,  vivacious, 
and  important  book.  .  .  .  The  illustrations  are  good  and  the 
appendices  valuable." 


THE  DAWN  OF  REASON. 

MENTAL  TRAITS  IN  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS,  WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO  INSECTS. 
B7  JAMES  WEIR,  Jr.,  M.D.,  author  of  "  The  Psychical  „, 

Correlation  of  Religious  Emotion  and  Sexual  De-  Clear 

of  the  Mind.  sire>r,  etc  clQth    12mo    $1  2g  and  brief. 


FRIENDLY  VISITING  AMONG  THE  POOR. 

A  HANDBOOK  FOR  CHARITY  WORKERS. 
By  MARY  E.  RICHMOND,  General  Secretary  Charity  Or- 
ganization Society  of  Baltimore.    Cloth,  12mo,  $1. 


THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THRIFT. 

By  MARY  WILLCOX  BROWN,  General  Secretary  of  the 
Watson's  Children's  Aid  Society,  Baltimore. 

Cloth,   I2mo,  $1.00. 


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186 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 1899. 


NOTABLE  BOOKS 


TO  BE  PUBLISHED  BY 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 


DURING  THE  SPRING  OF   1899. 


BIOGRAPHY. 

BENSON.  — Life  and  Letters  of  Archbishop  Benson. 
Edited  by  his  Son.  With  portraits.  Two  Vols.,  8vo,  Cloth. 

NEWMAN.— Cardinal    Newman    as    Anglican    and 

Catholic. 

Together  with  Correspondence.  A  Study  by  EDMUND  SHERIDAN 
PUBCELL,  author  of  "The  Life  of  Cardinal  Manning."  With  Por- 
traits. 8vo,  Cloth. 

QUICK.— The  Life  and  Remains  of  Rev.  R.  H.  Quick, 
author  of  "  Essays  on  Educational  Reformers,"  etc.  Edited  by 
F.  STORR,  editor  of  The  Journal  of  Education  (London).  Cloth,  8  vo. 

SPINOZA.  — His  Life  and  Philosophy. 

By  Sir  FREDERICK  POLLOCK,  Bart.  Cloth,  8vo. 

WISE.  — The  Life  of  Henry  A.  Wise. 

By  his  Grandson,  the  late  BARTON  H.  WISE.    With  Portraits. 

Cloth,  12iiio,  $2.50. 

The  book  contains  a  great  number  of  personal  anecdotes  concern- 
ing its  subject,  who  was  a  Member  of  Congress  1833-44,  Minister 
to  Brazil  1811  17,  Governor  of  Virginia  at  the  time  of  the  John 
Brown  Raid,  and  personally  a  character  of  prominence  and  influ- 
ence, as  well  as  valuable  material  hitherto  unpublished. 

HISTORY. 

RHYS.  —  The  Welsh  People :  Their  Origin,  Language, 

and  History. 

By   JOHN   RHYS,  University  of    Oxford,  and    DAVID    B.  JONES. 

Cloth,  8vo. 
STEPHENS.  — Syllabus  of  European  History. 

With  Bibliographies,  1600-1890.  By  H.  MORSB  STEPHENS,  Cornell 
University.  Crown  8vo. 

WATSON.  — The  Story  of  France. 

FROM  THE  EARLIEST  TIMES  TO  THE  CONSULATE  OP  NAPOLEON  BONA- 
PARTE. By  the  Hon.  THOMAS  E.  WATSON.  Two  volumes. 

Medium  8vo,  Cloth.    Vol.  I.,  $2.50.    Vol.  II.,  In  press. 
"Lucid,  vivid,  magnetic." — Inter  Ocean. 

WHITE.— The  Roman  History  of  Appian  of  Alex- 
andria. 
Translated  from  the  Greek  by  HORACE  WHITE,  LL.  D.  Two  Volumes. 

FICTION. 

CANAVAN. —  Ben  Comee:  A  Tale  of  Rogers'  Rangers. 
By  M.  J.  CANAVAN.  Cloth,  12mo. 

CHURCHILL.  —  Richard  Carvel. 

By  WINSTON  CHURCHILL,  author  of  "The  Celebrity."    Cloth,  12mo. 
Of  "  The  Celebrity,"  one  of  the  largest  dailies  said  :  "  It  is  the 
most  clever,  ingenious,  and  simply  inimitable  novel  that  has  almost 
ever  appeared  in  the  line  of  pure  comedy." 

DONNELLY.  — Jesus  Delaney. 

By  JOSEPH  G.  DONNELLY,  formerly  Consul-General  for  the  United 
States  in  Mexico.  Cloth,  12mo. 

DUDNEY.  —  The  Maternity  of  Harriott  Wicken. 

By  Mrs.  HENRY  DUDNEY. 
GARLAND.  — The  Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly. 

By  HAMLIN  GARLAND.  A  New  and  Revised  Edition.  Cloth,  12mo. 
RISLEY.  —  Men's  Tragedies. 

By  R.  V.  RISLEY,  author  of  "  The  Sentimental  Vikings,"  etc. 

POLITICAL  ECONOMY,  Etc. 

CLARK.  — Outlines  of  Civil  Government. 
By  F.  H.  CLABK,  Lowell  High  School,  San  Francisco. 

A  supplement  to  the  abridged  edition  of  Bryce's  "American 
Commonwealth. " 

EATON.—  The  Government  of  Municipalities. 

By  DOEMAN  B.  EATON,  Ex-Commissioner  U.  S.  Civil  Service. 
GIDDINGS.  —  Democracy  and  Empire. 

By  FRANKLIN  H.  GIDDINGS,  author  of  "  Principles  of  Sociology,"  etc. 

PHILOSOPHY. 

WARD. —  Naturalism  and  Agnosticism. 

By  JAMBS  WARD,  LL.  I). , Professor  of  Mental  Philosophy,  Cambridge. 


LITERATURE,  ESSAYS,  Etc. 

CORSON.— An  Introduction  to  the  Poetical  and  Prose 
Works  of  John  Milton. 

By  Professor  HIRAM  CORSON,  LL.D.,  Cornell  University. 
CROSS. —  The  Development  of  the  English  Novel. 

By  Professor  W.  L.  CROSS,  Yale  University.  Cloth,  12mo. 

GAYLEY. —  Representative  English  Comedies. 

Under  the  General  Editorship  of  Professor  CHARLES  MILLS  GAYLEY, 

University  of  California.  Five  Volumes. 

HIGGINSON.— Old  Cambridge. 

By  THOMAS  WENTWOBTH  HIGOINSON.  The  first  of  a  series  of 
National  Studies  in  American  Letters. 

LEWIS.  —  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Literature. 
By  Professor  EDWIN  H.  LEWIS,  University  of  Chicago. 

LIDDELL. — Chaucer's  Prologue  and  Knight's  Tale. 
Edited  by  Professor  MARK  H.  LIDDELL,  University  of  Texas. 

TRENT.  — John  Milton:  A  Short  Study  of  his  Life 

and  Works. 
By  Professor  W.  P.  TRENT,  University  of  the  South. 

WHITE.— A  Selection  of  Poems  for  School  Reading. 
Edited  by  Principal  MARCUS  WHITE,  State  Normal  Training  School, 
New  Britain,  Conn. 

WOODBERRY.  —  Heart  of  Man. 
By  GEORGE  E.  WOODBERBY. 

SCIENCE. 

CAMPBELL.—  The  Elements  of  Practical  Astronomy. 
Second  Edition,  Revised  and  Enlarged.  By  W.  W.  CAMPBELL, 
Lick  Observatory. 

CREW.— Physics  for  Beginners. 

FOR  USE  IN  COLLEGES  AND  SECONDARY  SCHOOLS.  By  HENRY  CREW, 
Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Physics  in  the  Northwestern  University. 

LACHMAN.— The  Spirit  of  Organic  Chemistry. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Current  Literature  of  the  Subject.  By 
Professor  ARTHUR  LACHMAN,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Oregon.  With  an 
Introduction  by  Professor  PAUL  C.  FREER,  Ph.D.,  University  of 
Michigan. 

PARKER  and  HAS  WELL.— A  Manual  of  Zoology. 
By  T.  JEFFREY  PARKER,  D.Sc.,  F.R.S.,  and  WILLIAM  A.  HASWELL. 
Edited,  and  adapted  for  use  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

THE  RURAL  SCIENCE  SERIES. 

Edited  by  L.  H.  BAILEY,  of  Cornell  University. 
FAIRCHILD.—  Rural  Wealth  and  Welfare. 

By  GEORGE  T.  FAIRCHILD,  of  Berea  College. 
KING.  —  Irrigation  and  Drainage. 

By  F.  H.  KING,  University  of  Wisconsin,  author  of  "  The  Soil." 

THEOLOGY,  THE  BIBLE,  Etc. 

CHEYNE    and   BLACK.  —  Encyclopaedia   Biblica.     A 

Dictionary  of  the  Bible. 

Editors,  the  Rev.  T.  K.  CHEYNB,  LL.D.,  Canon  of  Rochester,  and 
J.  S.  BLACK,  LL.D.,  assisted  by  sixty  of  the  greatest  living  theolo- 
gians and  Biblical  scholars.  In  four  Svo  volumes,  $4.00  each. 

McCURDY.  — TheJHistory,  Prophecy,  and  the  Monu- 
ments of  Israel  and  the  Nations. 
By  Professor  JAMBS  FREDERICK  McCuRDY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  University 
College,  Toronto. 

Vol.  III.   TO  THE  END  OF  THE  EXILE  AND  THE   CLOSE 
OF  THE  SEMITIC  REGIME  IN  WESTERN  ASIA. 

MOULTON.  —  The  Bible  Story  Book. 

Edited  by  RICHARD  G.  MOULTON,  University  of  Chicago.  With 
Introduction  and  Brief  Notes.  In  two  Volumes. 

Vol.   I.  THE  OLD  TESTAMENT.    Ready.    Cloth,  50  cents. 
Vol.  II.  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT.     In  press. 

VAN  DYKE.  —  The  Gospel  for  a  World  of  Sin. 

By  HENRY  VAN  DYKE,  D.D.,  author  of  "The  Gospel  for  an  Age  of 
Doubt,"  etc.,  to  which  the  above  is  a  companion.  Cloth,  81.25. 


Send  for  the  Lists  of  Forthcoming  Books,  and  of  Books  Issued  during  1898,  by 

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Journal  of  SLiterarg  Criticism,  Discussion,  anfc  Information. 


THE  DIAL  (founded  in  1880  )  is  published  on  the  1st  and  16th  of 
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No.  SOB.         MAKCH  16,  1899.      Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER 187 

COMMUNICATIONS 189 

American  Variants  of  Nursery  Classics.      Charles 

Welsh. 
Was  Poe  Mathematically  Accurate?    Albert  H. 

Tolman. 
The  Machine  Theory  of  History.    James  F.  Morton. 

LEWIS  CARROLL  OF  WONDERLAND.    E.  G.  J.  191 

ARISTOTELIANISM      AND      THE      MODERN 

SPIRIT.     William  A.  Hammond 193 

SIR       RICHARD       BURTON'S       POSTHUMOUS 

PAPERS.    Josiah  Benick  Smith 196 

HISTORICAL  TREASURE  TROVE.     James  Oscar 

Pierce 197 

FAITH  AND  FANTASY.    John  Bascom 198 

Mrs.  Humphry  Ward's  New  Forms  of  Christian 
Education.  —  Wenley's  The  Preparation  for  Chris- 
tianity. —  Bishop  Potter's  Addresses  to  Women  En- 
gaged in  Church  Work.  —  Halstead's  Christ  in  the 
Industries.  —  Waco's  The  Sacrifice  of  Christ.  — 
Andrews's  Christianity  and  Anti-Christianity.  — 
Welldon's  The  Hope  of  Immortality. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 200 

A  survivor  of  the  great  Indian  Mutiny.  —  The  Ger- 
man Emperor  in  private  life.  —  Fur  Trading  on  the 
Upper  Missouri.  —  A  builder  of  Great  Britain's  colo- 
nial policy. —  A  general  index  to  the  Library  Journal 
— Vase  paintings  as  illustrating  Greek  tragedy. —  An 
English  biography  of  Mirabeau. —  The  prose  of  a  poet 
laureate.  —  Afternoons  in  a  college  chapel.  —  The 
lampblack  school  of  biography.  —  A  plea  for  the 
Seminoles. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 203 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  SPRING  BOOKS  ....  204 
LITERARY  NOTES  .  210 


AUTHOR  AND  PUBLISHER. 

In  our  last  issue,  occasion  was  had  to  say 
something  of  "the  literary  life  "  as  seen  through 
the  colored  spectacles  of  Sir  Walter  Besant ; 
and  it  was  hinted  that  the  commercial  aspects  of 
authorship,  as  viewed  by  that  doughty  defender 
of  the  claims  of  literary  property,  might  pro- 
vide us  with  another  subject  for  discussion, 
drawn,  like  the  former,  from  Sir  Walter's  recent 
volume,  "  The  Pen  and  the  Book."  Since  Mr. 
Kipling  is  happily  on  the  road  to  recovery  from 
his  severe  illness,  and  since  no  other  matter  of 
pressing  importance  just  now  looms  above  the 
bookman's  horizon,  we  may  as  well  as  anything 
else  take  our  own  hint,  and  say  a  few  words 
upon  a  subject  that  it  is  no  longer  possible, 
thanks  to  Sir  Walter's  activities,  for  a  literary 
journal  to  ignore.  Just  six  years  ago,  we  took 
for  a  subject  of  editorial  discussion  the  work 
done  for  men  of  letters  by  the  English  Society 
of  Authors  and  its  distinguished  chairman,  and 
were  happy  to  pay  our  tribute  of  commendation 
to  the  helpfulness  and  thoroughgoing  character 
of  that  work.  Since  then,  both  the  Society  and 
its  quondam  chairman  have  been  pegging  stead- 
ily away  at  their  rather  ungrateful  task,  and 
the  persistence  with  which  they  have  impressed 
upon  the  public  the  fundamental  principles  that 
should  govern  authors  in  their  business  rela- 
tions has  had  an  easily  appreciable  effect,  al- 
though the  work  of  enlightenment  is  as  yet  by 
no  means  complete. 

That  these  missionary  labors  still  have  much 
to  accomplish  is  evident,  not  merely  from  Sir 
Walter's  regretful  admission  that,  in  spite  of 
all  that  has  been  said  upon  the  subject,  "au- 
thors as  a  rule  know  nothing  "  about  the  busi- 
ness side  of  their  profession,  but  particularly 
from  the  "draft  agreements"  issued  last  sum- 
mer by  a  representative  committee  of  English 
publishers.  This  document  was  so  amazing  in 
its  pretensions,  so  obviously  grasping  in  its 
claims,  that  even  those  authors  least  inclined 
to  be  combative  were  startled  out  of  their  easy 
acquiescence  in  the  existing  order  of  relations 
between  publishers  and  authors,  and  began  to 
ask  themselves  if,  after  all,  there  might  not  be 
something  worth  their  attention  in  this  discus- 
sion about  the  conditions  of  publication  which 


188 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


they  had  hitherto  regarded  as  so  much  noisy 
and  hollow  clamor.  The  Society  of  Authors 
must  have  chuckled  rather  audibly  at  seeing 
the  enemy  thus  play  into  their  hands,  for  no 
publication  of  the  Society  itself  had  ever  af- 
forded so  powerful  a  support  to  its  position  as 
this  unabashed  statement  of  what  the  publish- 
ers claimed  as  fairly  due  to  themselves.  As 
Sir  Walter  says : 

"  Whether  these  agreements  are  eventually  with- 
drawn or  modified,  or  not,  they  will  remain  as  a  proof 
that  nothing  that  has  been  said  as  to  the  rapacity  of 
publishers  as  a  class  comes  anywhere  near  the  truth,  if 
this  committee  is  representative.  Every  possible  open- 
ing for  a  fresh  claim  is  eagerly  seized  upon:  all  the 
charges  and  accounts,  according  to  these  agreements, 
are  to  be  over-stated  as  a  right:  percentages  of  any- 
thing the  publisher  pleases  are  to  be  added:  all  sums 
of  money  received  are  to  be  treated  as  belonging  to 
the  publisher,  less  whatever  royalties  he  may  choose 
to  give  :  all  rights  whatever  are  to  be  theirs  :  they 
even  claim  as  their  own  the  dramatic  and  translation 
rights!" 

Sir  Walter's  indictment  against  English 
publishers  is  thus  sustained,  as  far  as  some  of 
its  counts  are  concerned,  by  the  admission  of 
the  publishers  themselves.  His  accusation  is 
stated  in  the  following  general  terms,  which, 
we  need  hardly  add,  he  fortifies  by  matters 
of  actual  fact  that  have  come  to  his  knowl- 
edge. 

"  I  have  no  hesitation  whatever  in  alleging  as  a  sim- 
ple fact  that  has  been  brought  home  to  me  by  ten  or 
twelve  years  of  investigation  into  the  commercial  side 
of  literature,  that  many  publishers,  including  some  of 
the  great  houses,  have  made  it  their  common  practice 
to  take  secret  percentages  on  the  cost  of  every  item  : 
to  charge  advertisements  which  they  have  not  paid  for  : 
and  in  this  manner  to  take  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
book  very  much  more  than  they  were  entitled  to  do  by 
the  agreement." 

Now  these  charges  are  very  serious,  and  are 
not  to  be  disposed  of  by  calling  people  names. 
Whatever  may  be  thought  of  Sir  Walter's 
judgment  —  and  that  seems  to  us  not  infre- 
quently at  fault  —  no  one  can  seriously  impugn 
his  veracity,  and  we  have  no  hesitation  in  ac- 
cepting anything  which  he  reports  as  fact, 
whether  it  be  the  treatment  of  an  author  in 
some  particular  case,  or  the  actual  estimates 
given  for  cost  of  production,  or  the  detailed 
statement  of  some  "  custom  of  the  trade " 
which  is  used  by  publishers  for  the  purpose  of 
increasing  their  share  of  the  profits  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  helpless  writer  of  books. 

Few  authors  realize  the  number  of  distinct 
rights  which  they  possess  in  their  books.  In 
the  case  of  a  novel,  at  least,  there  are  no  less 
than  eight  rights  from  which  an  English  au- 


thor, if  his  vogue  be  considerable,  may  expect 
some  gain.  They  are  the  English  and  Ameri- 
can serial  rights,  the  English  and  American 
volume  rights,  the  colonial  and  continental 
rights,  and  the  rights  of  translation  and  dram- 
atization. If  an  author  is  not  wary,  he  is 
warned  that  his  publisher  will  slip  into  the 
contract  some  innocent  appearing  clause  where- 
by some  or  all  of  these  rights  are  transferred 
without  their  original  possessor's  fully  realiz- 
ing what  he  is  about.  Certainly,  an  author 
should  take  expert  advice  in  such  a  matter,  just 
as  he  would  take  it  in  a  realty  transaction.  The 
conveyancing  of  literary  property,  as  of  any 
other,  calls  for  skill  and  special  knowledge, 
which  are  not  possessed  by  one  man  of  letters 
in  a  dozen. 

The  production  of  a  book  is  a  business  en- 
terprise in  which  an  author  and  a  publisher 
are  jointly  interested,  and  the  fundamental 
question  of  all  is  that  of  an  equitable  distribu- 
tion of  whatever  profits  may  result  from  the 
enterprise.  We  all  know  what  publishers  say 
when  this  question  is  raised.  The  burden  of 
their  plea  is  the  risk  that  they  perforce  incur, 
the  uncertainty  of  human  affairs  in  general 
and  of  book-publishing  in  particular,  the  heavy 
miscellaneous  expenses  of  their  business,  and 
the  thousand  and  one  cares  of  which  they  re- 
lieve the  author.  If  they  have  acquired  the 
art  of  saying  these  things  suavely  and  impres- 
sively, they  soon  reduce  the  average  author  to 
a  condition  of  mind  in  which  he  is  disposed 
to  accept  gratefully,  as  so  much  unmerited 
largess,  anything  that  may  be  offered  him,  and 
to  depart  from  the  interview  with  the  feeling 
that  publishers  are  the  most  benevolent  of 
men.  Now,  there  is  something  in  all  of  these 
considerations  ;  there  is  more,  for  example,  than 
Sir  Walter  is  willing  to  allow.  Nevertheless, 
he  does  the  cause  of  letters  good  service  by  hold- 
ing a  brief  for  the  helpless  author-plaintiff,  and 
by  subjecting  the  claims  of  the  publisher-defend- 
ant to  a  closer  scrutiny  than  his  client  is  in  a 
position  to  give  them.  There  is  a  good  deal  of 
the  bogy  element  in  the  average  publisher's  talk 
about  risk.  Publishers  of  experience  usually 
know  enough  about  their  business  to  avoid  tak- 
ing many  real  risks,  although  their  pretended 
risks  are  numerous.  If  it  is  practically  certain 
that  a  thousand  copies  of  any  book  of  the  ordin- 
ary sort  will  find  purchasers,  there  is  no  risk  in 
its  publication.  The  author  may  be  allowed  a 
ten  per  cent  royalty,  and  enough  will  remain  to 
make  a  fair  profit  for  the  publisher.  Now,  the 
large  publishing  houses  do  not  accept  many 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


189 


books  for  which  this  moderate  sale  is  not  a  prac- 
tical certainty,  and  the  profits  of  one  reasonably 
successful  book  will  make  up  for  the  loss 
incurred  through  a  number  of  the  occasional 
ventures  that  do  not  sell  to  the  extent  of  even 
a  thousand  copies.  As  for  the  division  of  the 
profits,  Sir  Walter  is  of  the  opinion  that  one- 
third  to  the  publisher  and  two-thirds  to  the 
author,  after  charging  up  all  legitimate  ex- 
penses, would  be  an  equitable  apportionment. 
If  we  do  not  go  so  far  as  this,  and  are  content 
to  claim  that  author  and  publisher  should  share 
equally,  it  will  still  be  evident  that  the  royalty 
of  ten  per  cent,  customary  in  this  country  for 
the  majority  even  of  fairly  successful  authors, 
does  not  give  them  anything  like  half  the  profits 
arising  from  their  books.  The  sales  have  only 
to  reach  two  or  three  thousand  to  make  this  a 
very  one-sided  arrangement,  as  will  be  evident 
enough  from  an  inspection  of  Sir  Walter's  fig- 
ures, or  of  any  similar  figures  based  upon  the 
conditions  of  production  in  this  country.  In 
fact,  we  need  in  the  United  States  some  such 
missionary  work  as  has  been  done  by  him  in 
conjunction  with  the  Society  of  Authors  in  En- 
gland, and  their  activities  should  stimulate  a 
similar  movement  among  ourselves.  Perhaps 
we  may  profit  by  their  example  to  the  extent 
of  avoiding  the  bitterness  of  feeling  that  has 
been  engendered  in  English  publishing  circles, 
but  the  interests  of  American  authorship  need 
to  be  championed  with  the  same  zeal  and  dis- 
tinguished ability. 

The  "method  of  the  future,"  Sir  Walter 
believes  and  emphatically  declares,  is  to  be  the 
method  which  treats  the  publisher  as  an  agent 
working  upon  commission,  "  who  will  take  none 
but  commission  books,  who  will  take  his  com- 
mission, and  no  more."  This  suggestion  has 
been  received  with  much  derision  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter's publisher  critics,  and  some  of  them  have 
gone  so  far  as  to  characterize  it  as  absurd  if 
not  impossible.  But  its  champion  has  abund- 
ant facts  at  his  disposal  in  support  of  the  propo- 
sition, and  discussion  of  the  subject  has  just 
brought  him  a  very  effective  ally  in  the  person 
of  Mr.  Herbert  Spencer,  who  speaks  of  Sir 
Walter's  proposed  method  as  "  that  which  I 
have  pursued  for  the  last  fifty  years,  and  with 
the  most  satisfactory  results."  More  than  a 
score  of  years  ago,  Mr.  Spencer  testified  before 
the  Copyright  Commission  that  by  this  plan  he 
received  about  thirty  per  cent  (of  the  published 
price)  upon  a  first  edition  of  one  thousand 
copies,  and  more  than  forty  per  cent  upon  sub- 
sequent editions  printed  from  plates. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

AMERICAN  VARIANTS  OF  NURSERY  CLASSICS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  old  nursery  rhymes  and  jingles,  children's  play- 
ing games,  etc.,  which  have  been  current  in  baby-land 
for  hundreds  of  years,  have,  like  every  other  kind  of 
folk-lore,  been  subject  to  all  sorts  of  variants  or  cor- 
ruptions, call  them  what  you  will;  and  the  standard 
text  always  cited  in  disputed  readings  is  that  of  Halli- 
well  —  an  English  authority. 

But  our  own  distinctly  developing  national  charac- 
teristics, local  influence,  and  the  cosmopolitan  admix- 
tures in  American  life,  have  had  their  effect  upon  these 
Nursery  Classics,  and  not  only  has  a  whole  group  of 
distinctively  American  variants  grown  up,  but  a  very 
great  number  of  fresh  additions  to  nursery  and  child-lore 
have  been  made  since  the  first  "  Mother  Goose  "  was 
reprinted  in  this  country. 

A  number  of  friends  all  over  the  States  are  helping 
in  the  collection  of  new  material  of  this  kind,  and  if  any 
of  your  readers  are  sufficiently  interested  in  the  subject 
to  take  the  trouble  to  write  down  any  of  the  nursery 
rhymes  and  jingles  with  which  they  may  be  familiar, 
and  send  them  to  me,  especially  those  they  know  to  be 
local  or  distinctly  American,  they  may  help  to  bring  to 
light  much  that  would  otherwise  escape,  and  will  aid  in 
the  most  interesting  work  of  showing  how  far  America 
has  gone  in  the  direction  of  evolving  a  National  Nursery 


Literature  of  its  own. 


CHARLES  WELSH. 


67%  Wyman  Street,  Jamaica  Plain,  Boston,  Mass. 
March  5,  1899. 

WAS  FOE  MATHEMATICALLY  ACCURATE? 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  wish  to  comment  upon  two  sentences  in  the  inter- 
esting article  of  Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore  in  THE 
DIAL  of  Jan.  16,  entitled  "  The  American  Rejection  of 
Poe": 

"  Poe,  a  logic  machine,  was  absolutely  incapable  of  those 
pleasing  flaws  and  deficiencies  which  allow  other  people  to 
have  a  good  opinion  of  themselves.  He  always  added  up  true." 

Probably  most  persons  would  think  of  "  The  Gold- 
Bug  "  as  the  best  illustration  of  the  accurate  working  of 
Poe's  mind.  The  celebrated  "  cryptograph  "  there  found 
solves  itself  all  right,  I  presume.  There  are  some 
mathematical  statements  in  this  story,  however,  which 
seem  to  me  impossible. 

The  negro,  Jupiter,  is  compelled  by  his  master, 
William  Legrand,  to  climb  "  an  enormously  tall  tulip- 
tree,  which  .  .  .  far  surpassed  ...  all  other  trees 
which  I  had  then  ever  seen,  in  the  beauty  of  its  foliage 
and  form,  in  the  wide  spread  of  its  branches,  and  in  the 
general  majesty  of  its  appearance."  The  first  great 
branch  was  "  some  sixty  or  seventy  feet  from  the 
ground."  Jupiter  is  told  to  pass  by  six  large  limbs  on 
a  particular  side  of  this  tree,  and  to  climb  out  upon  the 
seventh.  This  last  proves  to  be  a  dead  branch,  but 
capable  of  bearing  the  negro's  weight,  and  he  climbs 
"  mos'  out  to  the  eend."  Here  he  discovers  a  skull 
nailed  to  the  limb.  Legrand  tells  him  to  use  the  "  gold- 
bug,"  tied  to  the  end  of  a  string,  as  a  plumb-line,  drop- 
ping it  through  "  the  left  eye  of  the  skull."  A  peg  is 
driven  into  the  ground  at  the  precise  spot  where  the 
beetle  falls.  Legrand  then  fastened  one  end  of  a  tape- 
measure  "  at  that  point  of  the  trunk  of  the  tree  which 
was  nearest  the  peg,  .  .  .  unrolled  it  till  it  reached  the 


190 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


peg,  and  thence  further  unrolled  it,  in  the  direction 
already  established,  .  .  .  for  the  distance  of  fifty  feet." 
About  the  spot  thus  obtained  as  a  centre,  the  three  as- 
sociates excavated  a  pit  four  feet  in  diameter  to  the 
depth  of  seven  feet,  but  found  nothing.  It  was  then 
discovered  that  Jupiter  had  dropped  the  beetle  through 
the  wrong  eye.  The  next  time  it  fell  at  "  a  spot  about 
three  inches  "  from  the  previous  point.  "  Taking,  now, 
the  tape  measure  from  the  nearest  point  of  the  trunk 
to  the  peg,  as  before,  and  continuing  the  extension  in  a 
straight  line  to  the  distance  of  fifty  feet,  a  spot  was  in- 
dicated, removed  by  several  yards  from  the  point  at 
which  we  had  been  digging." 

The  impossibility  of  the  statement  italicized  will  be 
at  once  apparent.  If  the  skull  was  found  ten  feet  away 
from  the  trunk  of  the  tree  —  was  it  not  farther  ?  — 
the  centre  of  the  new  circle  for  digging  was  about 
six  times  three  inches  from  the  point  about  which  they 
dug  at  first.  If  the  skull  were  only  five  feet  from  the 
trunk,  the  second  point  for  digging  would  be  about 
thirty-three  inches  from  the  first. 

The  journey  of  the  three  associates  to  the  place 
where  the  chest  was  discovered  lay  "  through  a  tract  of 
country  excessively  wild  and  desolate."  After  travel- 
ling "for  about  two  hours,"  they  "entered  a  region 
infinitely  more  dreary  than  any  yet  seen.  It  was  a 
species  of  tableland,  near  the  summit  of  an  almost  in- 
accessible hill,  densely  wooded  from  base  to  pinnacle, 
and  interspersed  with  huge  crags  that  appeared  to  lie 
loosely  upon  the  soil.  .  .  .  Deep  ravines,  in  various  di- 
rections, gave  an  air  of  still  sterner  solemnity  to  the 
scene." 

The  chest  found  contained  "  rather  more  than  four 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars "  in  gold  coins  of 
various  nations,  "  estimating  the  value  of  the  pieces,  as 
accurately  as  we  could,  by  the  tables  of  the  period." 
The  gold  dollar  of  the  United  States  weighs  25  4-5 
grains,  and  there  are  7,000  grains  in  the  avoirdupois 
pound.  Gold  coin  to  the  value  of  $450,000  would 
weigh,  roughly  stated,  about  1,655  pounds.  Poe  tells  us 
that  the  weight  of  the  other  valuables  in  the  chest  "  ex- 
ceeded three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  avoirdupois," 
not  including  "one  hundred  and  ninety-seven  superb 
gold  watches."  This  makes  the  total  weight  of  treasure 
over  2,000  pounds.  The  three  companions,  unexhausted 
by  their  journey  and  prolonged  digging,  carried  home 
one-third  of  this  treasure  in  the  solid  chest  over  the 
route  indicated  above.  They  reached  their  hut  "in 
safety,  but  after  excessive  toil,  at  one  o'clock  in  the 
morning."  After  a  rest  of  one  hour,  they  set  off,  "  armed 
with  three  stout  sacks,"  to  secure  the  remaining  two- 
thirds  of  the  booty.  They  got  back  to  the  hut  with  this, 
"just  as  the  first  faint  streaks  of  the  dawn  gleamed 
from  over  the  treetops  in  the  East."  On  the  second  re- 
turn journey,  if  my  estimates  "  add  up  true,"  each  of 
the  three  must  have  carried  about  450  pounds  of  gold 
and  gems.  Certainly,  at  the  time  of  this  achievement, 
Poe  —  who  tells  the  story  as  if  himself  the  third  party 
in  the  enterprise  — had  not  weakened  his  bodily  powers 
by  dissipation. 

In  "  The  Murders  in  the  Rue  Morgue  "  we  read : 
"On  the  hearth  were  two  or  three  long  and  thick 
tresses  of  gray  human  hair,  also  dabbled  with  blood,  and 
seeming  to  have  been  pulled  out  by  the  roots."  Later 
in  the  story,  the  infallible  Dupin  says:  "You  saw  the 
locks  in  question  as  well  as  myself.  Their  roots  (a 
hideous  sight !)  were  clotted  with  fragments  of  the  flesh 
of  the  scalp  —  sure  token  of  the  prodigious  power  which 


had  been  exerted  in  uprooting  perhaps  half  a  million  of 
hairs  at  a  time."     (The  italics  are  mine.) 

The  Bible  suggests  that  God  alone  can  accurately 
number  the  hairs  upon  the  human  head;  but  I  cannot 
think  that  it  would  have  involved  any  impiety  if  Poe 
had  made  his  partial  estimate  in  this  passage  a  little 
more  reasonable. 

Let  us  disabuse  our  minds,  then,  of  the  notion  that 
Poe  always  "adds  up  true." 

Poe's  fame  is  secure,  though  he  can  never  be  popu- 
lar. His  was  essentially  an  original  mind :  he  was  a  lit- 
erary discoverer,  and  the  world  does  not  often  forget  its 
discoverers.  His  message  is  mainly,  perhaps,  to  literary 
craftsmen.  Whether  we  think  of  the  detective  story; 
of  the  scientific  romance,  since  carried  further  by  Jules 
Verne  and  others;  of  what  I  can  only  call  "the  short- 
story  of  atmosphere  ";  of  certain  fundamental  truths  in 
"  the  philosophy  of  composition  ";  of  the  true  theory  of 
English  versification,  since  elaborated  by  Sidney  Lanier; 
or  of  Poe's  own  peculiar  type  of  intensely  musical  poetry, 
with  its  fascinating  use  of  tone-color,  parallelism,  and 
repetition — we  can  say,  I  believe,  with  substantial  truth, 
that  he  was 

".  .  .  .  the  first  that  ever  burst 
Into  that  silent  sea." 

ALBERT  H.  TOLMAN. 

The  University  of  Chicago,  March  6,  1899. 


THE  MACHINE  THEORY  OF  HISTORY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Will  you  permit  me  a  word  with  reference  to  that 
"  machine  theory  "  of  history  to  which  Dr.  Hinsdale,  in 
your  issue  of  Feb.  16,  justly  takes  exception?  History 
is  a  science,  and  should  be  scientifically  studied.  Sci- 
ence is  concerned  with  facts.  The  facts  respect  the 
nature,  action,  evolution,  and  effects  of  substances  and 
forces.  The  facts  of  history  have  regard  to  men,  and 
ought  to  exhibit  the  action,  development,  and  progres- 
sive influence  of  the  forces  of  his  nature.  We  wish 
to  learn  from  history  what  man  has  done,  and  why  he 
has  done  certain  things. 

As  in  a  natural  science  we  learn  the  significance  of 
phenomena  from  their  causes  and  effects,  so  in  history 
we  find  the  meaning  of  man's  actions  in  his  character, 
the  motives  that  control  or  direct  his  movements.  Only 
in  this  way  can  we  make  a  just  estimate  of  an  actor's 
career,  and  gain  trustworthy  and  valuable  instruction 
from  the  experience  of  those  who  have  preceded  us. 
What  signified  the  deeds  of  a  Pericles,  an  Alexander,  a 
Marcus  Aurelius,  or  a  Caracalla?  Do  we  find  the  mean- 
ing of  their  lives  in  the  isolated  phenomena  called  their 
acts,  without  inquiring  whether  these  were  laudable  or 
culpable?  In  some  cases,  perchance,  two  persons  of 
opposite  character  did  like  things.  Did  their  doings 
have  the  same  significance  and  influence?  If  we  wished 
to  direct  our  life  by  theirs,  should  we  simply  ask  what 
things  they  did? 

The  reciter  of  acts  and  occurrences  is  merely  a  diar- 
ist, an  annalist,  or  a  compiler.  The  historian,  worthy 
of  the  name,  is  not  a  mere  collector  of  political  or  social 
phenomena.  He  must  form  judgments  of  men  and  re- 
late their  acts  to  their  character.  He  must  be  judicial, 
and  must  know  the  conclusions  of  science  in  its  promi- 
nent departments;  for  he  should  tell  us  not  merely  what 
men  have  done,  but  what  their  lives  have  meant. 

JAMES  F.  MORTON. 

Andover,  N.  H.,  March  3,  1899. 


1899.] 


191 


00ks. 


LEWIS  CARROLL,  OF  WONDERLAND.* 


That  was  a  sensible  bit  of  advice  given  to 
"  Lewis  Carroll "  in  a  letter  from  his  occa- 
sional publisher,  Mrs.  Gatty,  in  1867,  in  which, 
after  complimenting  her  correspondent  on  the 
quality  of  a  sketch  about  to  appear  in  her  mag- 
azine, the  lady  went  on  to  say : 

"  One  word  more.  Make  this  [story]  one  of  a  series. 
You  have  great  mathematical  abilities,  but  so  have 
hundreds  of  others.  This  talent  is  peculiarly  your  own, 
and  as  an  Englishman  you  are  almost  unique  in  pos- 
sessing it.  If  you  covet  fame,  therefore,  it  will  be,  I 
think,  gained  by  this." 

"Lewis  Carroll  "  (as  perhaps  not  a  few  read- 
ers may  even  to-day  need  to  be  reminded)  was 
the  pen-name  of  the  Reverend  Charles  L. 
Dodgson,  Mathematical  Lecturer  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  an  author  of  repute  in 
the  abstruse  field  mildly  disparaged  by  Mrs. 
Gatty.  For  a  period  covering  almost  the  last 
half-century,  he  belonged  to  "The  House," 
scarcely  ever  leaving  it ;  and,  says  his  biogra- 
pher (himself  of  Christ  Church),  "  I,  for  one, 
can  hardly  imagine  it  without  him."  While 
attending  closely  to  his  professional  studies  and 
duties,  he  early  began  relaxing  his  mind  and 
indulging  his  natural  bent  in  writing  humorous 
verses  for  "  The  Comic  Times,"  a  London  imi- 
tator of  "  Punch,"  which  soon  after  became 
merged  in  a  new  venture,  "  The  Train  ";  and 
it  was  in  «  The  Train  "  (of  May,  1856)  that 
his  future  famous  pseudonym,  "  Lewis  Car- 
roll," first  appeared. 

Under  the  date  July  4, 1862,  there  is  a  very 
interesting  entry  in  the  Diary  : 

"  I  made  an  expedition  up  the  river  to  Godstow  with 
the  three  Liddells;  we  had  tea  on  the  bank  there,  and 
did  not  reach  Christ  Church  till  half-past  eight.  .  .  . 
On  which  occasion  I  told  them  the  fairy-tale  of  '  Alice's 
Adventures  Underground,'  which  I  undertook  to  write 
out  for  Alice." 

It  was  on  this  summer  afternoon  that  Mr. 
Dodgson  improvised  for  the  amusement  of  the 
three  little  girls  who  accompanied  him  those 
adventures  in  "  Wonderland,"  which  were  later 
re-written  for  publication  by  the  advice  of 
George  Macdonald,  who  had  seen  the  story  in 
the  original  manuscript  as  written  out  by  the 
narrator  for  Miss  Alice  Liddell.  "  Alice " 
herself  (now  Mrs.  Reginald  Hargreaves)  gives 

*THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  LEWIS  CARROLL  (Rev.  C.  L. 
Dodgson).  By  Stuart  Dodgson  Collingwood.  Illustrated. 
New  York  :  The  Century  Co. 


the  following  pleasant  account  of  the  momen- 
tous excursion  up  the  Thames  : 

"Most  of  Mr.  Dodgson's  stories  were  told  to  us  on 
river  expeditions  to  Nuneham  or  Godstow,  near  Oxford. 
My  eldest  sister  was  c  Prirna,'  I  was  '  Secunda,'  and 
'  Tertia '  was  my  sister  Edith.  I  believe  the  beginning 
of  '  Alice '  was  told  one  summer  afternoon  when  the 
sun  was  so  burning  that  we  had  landed  in  the  meadows 
down  the  river,  deserting  the  boat  to  take  refuge  in  the 
only  bit  of  shade  to  be  found,  which  was  under  a  new- 
made  hayrick.  Here  from  all  three  came  the  old  peti- 
tion, « Tell  us  a  story,'  and  so  began  the  ever  delightful 
tale.  Sometimes  to  tease  us  Mr.  Dodgson  would  stop 
suddenly  and  say,  '  And  that's  all  till  next  time.'  « Ah, 
but  it  is  next  time,'  *  would  be  the  exclamation  from 
all  three;  and  after  some  persuasion  the  story  would 
begin  afresh.  Another  day,  perhaps,  the  story  would  be 
begun  in  the  boat,  and  Mr.  Dodgson,  in  the  middle  of 
telling  a  thrilling  adventure,  would  pretend  to  go  fast 
asleep,  to  our  great  dismay." 

On  July  4,  1865,  just  three  years  after  the 
memorable  row  up  the  river,  Miss  Liddell  re- 
ceived the  first  presentation  copy  of  "  Alice's- 
Adventures  in  Wonderland,"  the  second  copy 
going  to  Princess  Beatrice. 

In  1867  Mr.  Dodgson  published  his  book 
on  "  Determinants,"  and  we  can  fancy  the  sur- 
prise of  the  Christ  Church  undergraduate* 
when  they  learned  that  "  Lewis  Carroll "  of 
"  Wonderland  "  was  none  other  than  their  pre- 
ceptor of  the  lecture  hall  and  author  of  that 
learned  treatise. 

In  1857  Mr.  Dodgson  first  met  Tennyson, 
whom  he  thus  describes : 

"A  strange  shaggy-looking  man ;  his  hair,  moustache, 
and  beard  looked  wild  and  neglected ;  these  very  much 
hid  the  character  of  the  face.  He  was  dressed  in  a 
loosely  fitting  morning  coat,  common  grey  flannel  waist- 
coat and  trousers,  and  a  carelessly  tied  black  silk  hand- 
kerchief. His  hair  is  black;  I  think  the  eyes  too;  they 
are  keen  and  restless  —  nose  aquiline  —  forehead  high 
and  broad  —  both  face  and  head  are  high  and  manly. 
His  manner  was  kind  from  the  first;  there  is  a  dry  lurk- 
ing humor  in  his  style  of  talking." 

Mr.  Dodgson's  faculty  for  seeing  things  in  a 
funny  or  extravagant  light  is  illustrated  by  his 
amusing  descriptions  of  Berlin,  which  place  he 
visited  while  on  a  continental  tour  with  Dr. 
Liddon. 

".  .  .  Wherever  there  is  room  on  the  ground  [they 3 
put  either  a  circular  group  of  busts  on  pedestals,  in 
consultation,  all  looking  inwards  —  or  else  the  colossal 
figure  of  a  man  killing,  about  to  kill,  or  having  killed 
(the  present  tense  is  preferred)  a  beast;  the  more  pricks 
the  beast  has,  the  better, —  in  fact,  a  dragon  is  the  cor- 

*  "  And  ever,  as  the  story  drained 

The  wells  of  fancy  dry, 
And  faintly  strove  that  weary  one 

To  put  the  subject  by, 
'  The  rest  next  time  '  —  'It  is  next  time  !' 
The  happy  voices  cry." 

(From  verses  prefacing  the  "Wonderland.")' 


192 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


rect  thing,  but  if  that  is  beyond  the  artist  he  may  con- 
tent himself  with  a  lion  or  a  pig.  The  beast-killing 
principle  has  been  carried  out  everywhere  with  a  relent- 
less monotony,  which  makes  some  parts  of  Berlin  look 
like  a  fossil  slaughter-house." 

Early  in  1869  Mr.  Dodgson's  "Phantas- 
magoria "  was  published,  and  a  few  days  later 
the  first  chapter  of  "  Behind  the  Looking- 
Glass  "  was  sent  to  the  press.  In  1871  the  lat- 
ter story  appeared,  and  at  once  scored  a  huge 
success.  "  I  can  say  with  a  clear  head  and 
conscience  "  (wrote  Henry  Kingsley  to  the  au- 
thor) "  that  your  new  book  is  the  finest  thing 
we  have  had  since  '  Martin  Chuzzlewit '." 
"  Jabberwocky,"  Mr.  Collingwood  says,  was  at 
once  recognized  as  "  the  best  and  most  original 
thing  in  the  book";  and  we  learn,  as  to  the 
origin  of  this  (to  our  thinking)  rather  silly 
production,  that  it  was  composed  as  a  contri- 
bution to  a  game  of  "  verse-making  "  at  an 
evening  party.  Much  may  be  risked  with  a 
public  that  accepts  rhymed  gibberish  as  humor ; 
and  in  1876  Mr.  Dodgson  put  forth  his  "  Hunt- 
ing of  the  Snark,"  a  chef-d'oeuvre  of  sheer 
nonsense  over  which  John  Bull  grinned  for  a 
twelvemonth.  By  the  Browning  Clubs  "  The 
Snark  "  was  rapturously  hailed  as  a  godsend  in 
the  way  of  a  new  repository  of  hidden  mean- 
ings, until  the  author  set  speculation  of  that 
sort  at  rest  by  calmly  announcing  that  his  poem 
had  no  meaning  at  all.  "  I  'm  very  much  afraid," 
he  wrote  to  an  anxious  elucidator  of  poetic  rid- 
dles in  America,  "  that  1  did  n't  mean  anything 
but  nonsense,"  —  thus  closing  forever  a  most 
promising  field  of  research. 

In  1879  appeared  Mr.  Dodgson's  most  elabo- 
rate mathematical  work,  "  Euclid  and  His  Mod- 
ern Rivals,"  an  original  book  in  its  way,  cast 
in  dramatic  form,  and  relieved  by  humorous 
touches  in  the  author's  happier  and  saner  vein. 
In  1883  occurred  his  controversy  with  the 
"  trade,"  in  the  course  of  which  appeared  his 
pamphlet  on  "  The  Profits  of  Authorship." 
Touching  the  publisher's  share  of  the  spoils, 
he  wrote : 

"The  publisher  contributes  about  as  much  as  the 
bookseller  in  time  and  bodily  labor,  but  in  mental  toil 
and  trouble  a  great  deal  more.  I  speak  with  some 
personal  knowledge  of  the  matter,  having  myself,  for 
some  twenty  years,  inflicted  on  that  most  patient  and 
painstaking  firm,  Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.,  about  as 
much  wear  and  worry  as  ever  publishers  have  lived 
through.  The  day  when  they  undertake  a  book  is  a 
dies  nefastus  with  them.  ...  I  think  the  publisher's 
claim  on  the  profits  is  on  the  whole  stronger  than  the 
bookseller's." 

"  A  Tangled  Tale,"  one  of  the  best  of  Mr. 
Dodgson's  books,  and  a  most  quaint  and  de- 


lightful medley  of  fun  and  mathematics,  came 
out  in  1885.  A  brief  quotation  will  show  the 
whimsical  turn  of  the  humor.  "  Balbus  "  (a 
tutor)  and  his  pupils  go  in  search  of  lodgings, 
and  one  of  the  party,  after  the  usual  questions, 
anxiously  inquires  of  the  landlady  "  if  the  cat 
scratches." 

"  The  landlady  looked  round  suspiciously,  as  if  to 
make  sure  the  cat  was  not  listening.  « I  will  not  deceive 
you  gentlemen,'  she  said.  « It  do  scratch,  but  not  with- 
out you  pull  its  whiskers  !  It  '11  never  do  it,'  she  re- 
peated slowly,  with  a  visible  effort  as  if  to  recall  the  exact 
words  of  some  written  agreement  between  herself  and 
the  cat,'  «  without  you  pulls  its  whiskers  ! '  « Much  may 
be  excused  in  a  cat  so  treated,'  said  Balbus  as  they  left 
the  house  and  crossed  to  No.  70,  leaving  the  landlady 
curtseying  on  the  doorstep,  and  still  murmuring  to  her- 
self, as  if  they  were  a  form  of  blessing  — '  not  without 
you  pulls  its  whiskers ' !  " 

Mr.  Dodgson's  next  book  was  "  The  Game 
of  Logic  "  (1887),  an  elementary  method  for 
children,  rendered  palatable  by  such  quaint 
syllogisms  as 

"  No  bald  person  needs  a  hair-brush ; 
No  lizards  have  hair : 

No  lizard  needs  a  hair  brush." 

"  Sylvie  and  Bruno  "  was  issued  in  1889,  and 
its  sequel  "  Sylvie  and  Bruno  Concluded  "  fol- 
lowed four  years  later.  In  this  work,  Mr. 
Collingwood  says,  are  embodied  the  ideals  and 
sentiments  most  dear  to  the  author.  It  is  didac- 
tic in  aim,  written  with  a  definite  purpose  of 
turning  its  writer's  influence  to  account  in  en- 
forcing neglected  truths ;  but  it  falls  short  of  the 
fresh  and  spontaneous  "  Alice  "  books  as  a  work 
of  art  —  considerably  short  of  them,  we  think. 

Mr.  Dodgson  died  at  Guildford  Rectory,  on 
January  14,  1898,  and  he  lies  in  Guildford 
Churchyard,  under  a  white  cross  bearing  the 
name  "  Lewis  Carroll "  —  surely  one,  in  a  spe- 
cial sense,  to  conjure  with.  "  Lewis  Carroll " 
may  be  numbered  with  those  writers  of  our 
day  who  have  added  a  new  note  to  literature ; 
therefore  his  books  have  that  in  them  which  is 
likely  to  win  them  readers  for  many  years  to 
come.  "  Alice  in  Wonderland  "  may  well 
prove  to  be  one  of  the  world's  books  whose 
freshness  time  cannot  stale.  Mr.  Collingwood's 
Life  leaves  with  us  the  wholesome  impression 
of  a  singularly  pure  and  engaging  character, 
and  no  lover  of  "  Lewis  Carroll  "  should  fail  to 
read  it.  The  book  is  a  pretty  one,  richly  illus- 
trated, mainly  with  photographic  plates  of  Mr. 
Dodgson's  friends,  including  portraits  of  Ten- 
nyson, Alice  Liddell,  Hunt,  Millais,  the  Ros- 
settis,  Tenniel,  Ellen  and  Kate  Terry,  Mr. 
Ruskin  —  the  last,  one  is  constrained  to  hope, 
a  bad  likeness.  E.  G.  J. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


193 


ARISTOTELJANISM  AND  THE  MODERN 
SPIRIT.* 


It  is  true,  Aristotelianism  has  been  shorn  of 
its  authority  as  an  officially  sanctioned  system 
of  philosophy  and  science,  —  a  species  of  au- 
thority, however,  contradictory  to  the  spirit  of 
that  system  and  of  its  originator.  It  is  no 
longer  the  official  philosophy  of  the  academic 
world,  or  even  of  the  Roman  court  as  in  the 
days  of  the  Scholastics.  But  had  the  free, 
inquiring,  progressive  spirit  of  Aristotle  lived 
amongst  the  Scholastics,  he  would  unquestion- 
ably have  been  an  anti- Aristotelian.  He  would 
have  joined  the  ranks  of  his  historical  adver- 
saries. Authority,  in  the  sense  of  a  binding  or 
school  dogma,  is  a  fetich  to  which  Aristotle 
never  paid  homage.  On  the  other  hand,  there 
is  another  form  of  authority  still  left  to  him, 
namely,  the  authority  which  proceeds  from  the 
prestige  of  a  great  reputation  and  from  intrinsic 
reasonableness  of  doctrine.  It  cannot  be  gain- 
said that  there  is  a  cogency  merely  in  a  great 
name  or  reputation  which  forces  or  tends  to 
force  assent.  The  popular  ascription  of  supe- 
riority to  any  man  carries  with  it  the  conces- 
sion of  authority  in  that  particular  reference. 
It  is  a  type  of  hero-worship,  in  which  we  now- 
adays reserve  to  ourselves  the  democratic  free- 
dom of  electing  our  authorities  in  terms  of  our 
own  prejudices. 

Generally  speaking,  we  have  in  philosophy 
and  science  no  authority  foisted  on  us,  save 
what  comes  from  the  officialdom  of  popular 
opinion,  or,  in  certain  circles,  from  ecclesiast- 
ical tradition.  Belief  in  the  possibility  of  an 
absolute  exorcism  of  the  supposed  evil  spirit  of 
authority  is  merely  the  hallucination  of  a  man 
who  sees  visions.  And  even  if  such  exorcism 
were  possible,  there  is  ground  for  reasonable 
doubt  whether  it  would  be  desirable.  The  spirit 
of  trust,  of  reverence  for  authority,  and  the  con- 
tentment of  a  conservative  mind,  are  real  safe- 
guards to  the  direction  of  development.  Mere 
motion  is  not  always  progress,  and  radicalism 
is  not  a  synonym  of  advancement.  Against 
excesses  of  radicalism  and  the  spirit  of  mere 
mobility  we  are  equipped  with  a  wholesome 
counter-instinct  of  reverence  for  the  traditional 
and  of  caution  in  revolutionary  measures. 

The  early  years  of  the  struggle  of  modern 
science  under  the  influence  of  Bacon  and  the 
anti- Scholastics  are  often  characterized  as  a 

*  ARISTOTLE  AND  THE  EARLIER  PERIPATETICS.  Being  a 
translation  from  Zeller's  Philosophy  of  the  Greeks,  by  B.  F.  C. 
Costelloe,  M.A.,  and  J.  H.  Muirhead,  M.A.  In  two  volumes. 
New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 


revolt  against  the  bondage  of  Aristotelianism 
and  as  emancipation  from  the  errors  of  that 
system.  To  such  a  degree  is  this  true,  that 
writers  are  often  disposed  to  blame  Aristotle 
personally  and  to  regard  him  as  the  arch-enemy 
of  progress.  In  view  of  this  attitude  on  the 
part  of  modern  critics  of  the  progress  of  sci- 
ence, it  is  curious  to  note  the  fact  that  Aristotle 
a  year  before  he  died  fled  from  Athens  owing 
to  an  indictment  for  heresy  and  ultra-progres- 
siveness  ;  while  the  progressive  liberals  of  the 
Baconian  era  bring  an  indictment  against  him 
as  the  inspiring  genius  of  the  ultra-conservatives. 
Thus,  owing  to  the  immense  change  in  the 
Zeitgeist,  diametrically  opposite  charges  are 
brought  against  the  same  philosopher. 

The  truth  is  that  Aristotle  is  not  to  be  meas- 
ured by  the  use  made  of  a  part  of  his  system 
by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  but  by  the 
advancement  in  science  made  by  him  over  his 
own  predecessors  and  by  the  intrinsic  worth  of 
his  own  philosophy  ;  i.e.,  he  is  to  be  measured 
both  by  reference  to  his  historical  environment 
and  the  then  contemporary  state  of  science,  as 
well  as  by  the  test  of  the  reasonableness  and 
suggestiveness  of  his  doctrines.  He  is  in  no- 
wise chargeable  with  the  stagnation  of  the 
middle  ages,  unless  we  are  to  censure  the  mag- 
nitude of  his  genius  for  reducing  Europe  dur- 
ing these  long  centuries  to  almost  abject  intel- 
lectual slavery.  The  fault  was  not  in  the  master, 
but  in  the  slave.  Further,  we  cannot  rationally 
pass  censure  on  him  for  not  having  observed 
that  which  can  be  seen  only  by  the  aid  of  a 
microscope  or  other  instrument  of  modern 
invention.  It  is  mainly  by  virtue  of  instru- 
mental equipment,  the  collection  of  large  bodies 
of  material,  the  organized  cooperation  of  sci- 
entists, and  the  increased  facilities  for  record 
and  distribution  of  results  of  investigations, 
that  modern  science  has  triumphed  over  the 
ancient,  and  not  by  virtue  of  any  superior 
intellectual  endowment  or  acumen.  On  the 
other  hand,  where  modern  science  has  gained 
in  intension  it  has  lost  in  extension.  It  is,  to 
be  sure,  satisfied  with  this  sacrifice  of  the  quan- 
titative for  the  qualitative.  At  the  time  Aris- 
totle wrote,  the  methods  of  the  exact  sciences 
were  not  known.  One  would,  therefore,  expect 
to  find  him  most  successful  in  ethics,  politics, 
and  metaphysics ;  and  this  we  find  to  be  true, 
although  modern  scientists  have  bestowed  un- 
measured praise  on  his  work  in  the  investiga- 
tion of  nature.  This  praise  is  due  mainly  to 
the  fact  that  he  clearly  saw  the  superior  value 
of  the  objective  over  the  subjective  method  in 


194 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


natural  science,  and  saw  it  in  spite  of  the  well- 
nigh  complete  bondage  of  his  contemporaries  to 
a  priori  speculation. 

For  this  reason  certain  modern  scientists 
have  bestowed  on  the  Stagirite  praise  as  exag- 
gerated as  were  the  denunciations  of  Bacon, 
UamuH,  or  Luther.  Between  the  unqualified 
detraction  on  the  one  hand,  mere  dreary  ex- 
posure of  mistakes,  and  the  inordinate  praise 
and  impossible  eulogies  on  the  other,  Zeller 
maintains  a  sobriety  of  criticism  which  forces 
the  reader's  confidence.  Cuvier,  on  the  con- 
trary, commenting  on  the  "  History  of  Ani- 
mals," says :  "  I  cannot  read  this  book  without 
being  ravished  with  astonishment.  Indeed,  it 
is  impossible  to  conceive  how  a  single  man  was 
able  to  collect  and  compare  the  multitude  of 
particular  facts  implied  in  the  numerous  gen- 
eral rules  and  aphorisms  contained  in  this  work, 
and  of  which  his  predecessors  never  had  any 
idea."  Buffon,  speaking  of  the  same  work, 
says  :  "  Aristotle's  '  History  of  Animals  '  is 
perhaps  even  now  the  best  work  of  its  kind ; 
he  probably  knew  animals  better  and  under 
more  general  views  than  we  do  now."  Even 
George  H.  Lewes,  who  quotes  the  foregoing 
passages  from  "  The  French  Historians  of  Na- 
ture," and  who  has  the  strong  anti-metaphys- 
ical bias  of  Positivism  and  is  usually  a  severe 
critic  of  Aristotle,  in  speaking  of  Aristotelian- 
ism  in  general,  says  :  "  His  [Aristotle's]  attain- 
ments surpassed  those  of  every  known  philos- 
opher ;  his  influence  has  only  been  exceeded 
by  the  great  founders  of  religions."  St.  George 
Mivart  goes  the  length  of  saying  ("  Contem- 
porary Evolution,"  p.  179)  :  "  What  is  needed, 
and  what  evolution  will  in  fallibly  bring  about, 
is  not  a  return  to  a  philosophy,  but  a  return  to 
the  philosophy.  For  if  metaphysics  are  possi- 
ble, there  is  not,  and  never  was  or  will  be,  more 
than  one  philosophy,  which,  properly  under- 
stood, unites  all  speculative  truths  and  elimi- 
nates all  errors :  the  philosophy  of  the  philoso- 
pher—  Aristotle."  Romanes,  who  cannot  be 
accused  of  having  any  bias  for  Aristotle,  says  : 
"  Whether  we  look  to  its  width  or  to  its  depth, 
we  must  alike  conclude  that  the  range  of  Aris- 
totle's work  is  wholly  without  a  parallel  in  the 
history  of  mankind."  ("  Contemporary  Re- 
view," Vol.  59,  p.  276.)  Luther,  whose  attacks 
on  Aristotle  exhibit  an  animus  which  one  would 
expect,  usually  denounces  him  in  toto,  but  in 
one  passage  (Bd.  Ixii.,  p.  262,  Erlangen  ed.) 
he  concedes  Aristotle's  excellence  in  ethics, 
while,  in  a  high-handed  way,  he  summarily  and 
unexplainedly  condemns  his  philosophy  of  na- 


ture :  "Aristoteles  ist  der  besten  Lehrer  einer  in 
Philosophia  morali,  wie  man  ein  fein  ziichtig 
ausserlich  Leben  fiihren  soil ;  in  naturali  Phil- 
osophia taug  er  nichts."  Again  :  "  Der  weise 
Mann  Aristoteles  schleusset  fast  dahin,  es  sei 
die  Welt  von  Ewigkeit  gewesen.  Da  muss 
man  je  sagen,  er  habe  gar  nichts  von  dieser 
Kunst  gewusst"  (Bd.  xxiii.,  p.  241).  This 
denunciation  was  all  because  Aristotle's  cos- 
mical  theories,  especially  that  of  the  eternity 
of  the  world,  conflicted  with  the  Lutheran  the- 
ology. 

Between  the  exaggerated  praise  of  Buffon 
and  the  exaggerated  denunciation  of  Luther, 
there  is,  as  usual,  a  truer  middle  ground. 
While  Aristotle's  works  teem  with  scientific 
blunders,  they  are  also  filled  with  fundamental 
and  epoch-making  truths,  and  it  is  not  an  over- 
statement of  historical  fact  to  say  that  no  spirit 
in  the  progress  of  civilization  has  exerted  so 
profound  an  influence  on  the  life  of  science  as 
Aristotle.  In  the  pre-scholastic  centuries  this 
influence  was  exerted  mainly  through  the  trea- 
tises on  Logic ;  but  from  the  time  of  Thomas 
Aquinas  the  introduction  of  natural  science 
into  the  Western  world  by  the  Arabs,  the  entire 
body  of  the  Aristotelian  canon  was  known  to 
European  scholars.  It  must  not  be  supposed 
that  Aristotelianism  is  at  the  present  moment 
extinct.  The  religious  system  of  John  of 
Damascus,  which  is  founded  on  Aristotle's  log- 
ical and  metaphysical  doctrines,  is  to  this 
day  recognized  as  the  standard  of  orthodox 
dogmatic  theology  in  the  Greek  Church,  while 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  under  the  pa- 
tronage of  the  present  Pope,  Leo  XIII. ,  the 
influence  of  the  Aristotleian  Aquinas  is  espe- 
cially in  the  ascendant.  So  that  Aristotelian- 
ism  is  still  a  living  and  vital  element  in  these 
two  immensely  potent  forces  of  the  Greek  and 
Roman  ecclesiastical  organizations. 

The  height  of  Aristotle's  influence  was 
reached  in  the  twelfth  century,  at  which  time 
he  dominated  the  best  educated  and  most  subtle 
minds  of  Europe.  In  the  early  part  of  that 
century  the  Arabs  of  Spain  became  the  masters 
of  the  schoolmen,  and  through  Averroes  (Ibn 
Raschd)  made  themselves  powerful  factors  in 
the  contemporary  civilization  ;  but  the  Spanish 
Aristotelianism  stood  for  pantheism  in  which 
all  special  providence  was  denied.  This  doc- 
trine was  formally  repudiated  by  the  Latin 
Church,  and  in  1270  was  anathematized  by  the 
Bishop  of  Paris.  Besides  Thomas  Aquinas, 
Albert  the  Great  was  a  leading  figure  in  the 
Aristotelianism  of  that  century,  and  a  little 


1899.] 


later  Dante  was  moulded  in  the  study  of  the 
Stagirite.  In  his  vision  in  the  fourth  canto 
of  the  "  Paradise  "  he  speaks  thus  of  il  maestro  : 

"  When  I  had  lifted  up  my  brows  a  little 
The  master  I  beheld  of  those  who  know 
Sit  with  his  philosophic  family. 
All  gaze  upon  him  and  do  him  honor." 

(iv.  131,  Longfellow"1  s  Translation.) 

During  the  Renaissance  the  "  Ethics  "  and 
"  Politics  "  were  widely  read.  In  the  seven- 
teenth century  Aristotle's  influence  waned, 
owing  to  the  tendency  in  the  new  natural  sci- 
ence to  independent  observation.  Again,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century  we  find 
an  important  revival  of  Aristotelian  studies 
under  the  leadership  of  Trendelenburg.  It  is 
the  beginning  of  a  period  characterized  by  the 
rise  of  historical  criticism  and  the  wane  of  dog- 
matism, whose  direction  was  largely  given  by 
Lessing,  himself  a  devoted  student  of  Aristotle. 
In  the  early  decades  the  Berlin  Academeny  of 
Sciences  issued  the  great  standard  quarto  edi- 
tion of  all  the  works,  including  "  Scholia,"  etc., 
on  which  was  employed  the  flower  of  Ger- 
many's scholarship ;  in  the  thirties,  Barthe- 
lemy  Saint  -  Hilaire  began  his  monumental 
French  version,  which  he  lived  to  complete  after 
sixty  years  of  labor  interrupted  at  intervals  by 
civic  duties.  Grote,  the  historian,  left  us  the 
torso  of  two  volumes  that  illustrate  even  more 
than  his  other  writings  his  splendid  industry. 
It  was  this  work,  to  which  Grote  was  devoting 
the  last  years  of  his  failing  health  but  perennial 
enthusiasm,  that  induced  him  to  decline  a  peer- 
age of  the  United  Kingdom  offered  in  the  pre- 
miership of  Gladstone. 

Besides  the  foregoing,  a  large  number  of 
volumes  on  particular  parts  or  aspects  of  Aris- 
totle's system  have  appeared  in  Germany, 
France,  and  England,  but  nothing  has  been 
published  during  the  century  of  more  consid- 
erable moment  for  Aristotelian  studies  than  the 
two  volumes  of  Zeller  now  before  us,  giving 
as  they  do  a  systematic  exposition  of  the  sig- 
nificance and  content  of  the  whole  of  the  Peri- 
patetic philosophy,  with  a  critical  estimation 
of  its  value  and  defects,  and  an  account  of  its 
external  history.  One  is  especially  glad  to  have 
it  in  English,  for  we  have  nothing  whatever 
that  satisfies  this  lacuna  in  our  literature. 
Zeller  is,  without  exception,  the  most  skilful 
interpreter  of  Greek  philosophical  ideas  that 
ever  put  pen  to  the  subject,  and  it  will  be  many 
a  long  year  before  his  work  is  antiquated.  He 
has  a  rare  combination  of  fine  critical  acumen, 
power  of  lucid  and  orderly  statement,  just  dis- 
crimination of  the  values  of  evidence,  immense 


patience  for  detail,  astounding  range  and  pre- 
cision of  learning,  and  withal  a  judicial  spirit 
in  the  handling  of  controversial  matter.  He 
rejects  without  flinching  all  interpretations 
inspired  by  harmonistic  tendencies,  however 
skilfully  they  may  rescue  Aristotle's  consist- 
ency and  relieve  him  from  the  charge  of  con- 
tradiction ;  and  everywhere  he  maintains  a 
rigidly  conscientious  attitude  toward  the  canons 
of  evidence.  Although  he  does  not  underesti- 
mate the  profound  intrinsic  significance  of  the 
Aristotelian  system  or  its  great  influence  on  the 
processes  of  civilization,  he  never  attempts  to 
smoothe  away  difficulties  by  forced  explana- 
tions. He  has  the  courage  to  leave  these  dis- 
crepancies as  they  are. 

The  translators  have  done  skilful  work  in 
giving  us  a  really  English  treatise,  which  brings 
the  reader  scarcely  a  suggestion  of  its  foreign 
source.  Zeller  never  fails  to  make  his  state- 
ments in  clear,  unmistakable  sentences,  very 
unlike  the  usual  treatise  that  comes  from  Ger- 
man scholars.  His  manner  of  writing  is  akin 
to  that  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  genius ;  and  his 
translators  have  been,  for  this  reason,  the  more 
easily  able  to  provide  an  English  version  which 
might  well  have  been  originally  an  English 
Classic.  The  volumes  have  a  value  of  the  first 
order.  One  is  almost  disposed  to  think  of  them 
as  definitive  in  their  method  of  structure,  while 
their  subject-matter  is  indubitably  of  lasting 
interest. 

The  ultimate  problems  of  philosophy  may 
still  be  awaiting  their  satisfactory  solution,  and 
men  of  science  have  now  and  again  decried  the 
attempt  as  impossible  ;  yet,  as  Kant  says  in  the 
l&itik  der  reinen  Vernunft  (Max  Miiller's 
trans.,  p.  xxxi.)  :  "  It  is  vain  to  assume  a  kind 
of  artificial  indifferentism  in  respect  to  inquiries 
the  object  of  which  cannot  be  indifferent  to 
human  nature."  The  teachings  of  Aristotle 
are  of  both  historical  and  present  interest.  In 
certain  disciplines,  the  important  thing  is  not 
the  state  of  contemporary  science,  but  the  per- 
sonality of  the  thinker.  In  ethics,  e.  g.,  the 
deliverances  of  great  spirits  are  not  so  much 
affected  by  the  conditions  of  science  as  by  the 
temperament  of  the  man,  the  character  of  his 
will,  and  the  energy  of  his  feeling  and  vision. 
The  utterances  of  such  spirits  on  subjects  of 
this  kind  do  not  become  obsolete.  What  was 
said  by  Socrates,  Aristotle,  Marcus  Aurelius, 
and  Jesus,  on  the  nature  of  the  moral  life  is  in 
the  main  universally  applicable,  and  not  pe- 
culiar to  conditions  of  time  or  place.  In 
questions  where  one  is  concerned  with  the 


196 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


immutable  principles  of  human  nature,  the 
deliverances  of  men  who  have  had  a  genius  for 
morality  (men  may  have  a  genius  for  morality 
as  much  as  for  mathematics)  are  as  little  sub- 
ject to  obsoletism  as  the  Homeric  epics,  the 
creations  of  Dante,  or  the  divine  forms  of 
Gothic  art.  And  these  problems  of  the  human 
spirit  and  its  relation  to  the  conduct  of  life 
and  to  the  nature  and  knowledge  of  reality, 
although  they  may  be  most  difficult  of  solu- 
tion, none  the  less  they  do  lie  nearest  to  the 
heart.  The  answers  we  find  to  such  ques- 
tions amongst  the  Greeks,  and  particularly  in 
Aristotle,  are  marked  by  the  rigor  of  original- 
ity, clear,  simple,  without  artificiality.  Greece, 
to  use  an  idea  of  Trendelenburg's,  is  not  our 
gray  antiquity  so  much  as  the  fresh  youth  of 

Pm  *  WILLIAM  A.  HAMMOND. 


SIR  RICHARD  BURTON'S  POSTHUMOUS 
PAPERS.* 


When  Richard  Burton  died  at  Trieste  in 
1890,  the  world  lost  an  intrepid  explorer,  a 
keen  observer,  and  a  polyglot  scholar.  His  ad- 
venturous career  was  unique  in  the  nineteenth 
century,  and  will  find  no  successor  in  the  twen- 
tieth. He  had  ranged  the  habitable  globe  — 
the  Orient  and  tropics  by  preference ;  and 
had  studied  anthropology  at  first-hand,  with  an 
unsurpassed  equipment  for  his  work.  In  him 
were  united  English  tenacity,  Anglo-Saxon 
restlessness,  a  gift  for  languages  like  that  of 
Mezzofanti,  and  a  certain  trampling  brusque 
power  of  description  that  always  seemed  confi- 
dent of  winning  by  the  mere  fascination  of  its 
material. 

Burton  was  a  "  much-neglected  traveller "; 
what  honors  he  had  came  late ;  and  the  posthum- 
ous honor  which  may  come  from  this  triad  of 
essays  will  hardly  add  to  his  varied  fame,  though 
in  certain  respects  they  are  faithful  suggestions 
of  the  man.  In  addition  to  the  forty-eight 
works  published  during  his  life,  there  were  left 
at  his  death  some  twenty  MSS.,  the  publication 
of  which  was  placed  absolutely  within  the  dis- 
cretion of  his  widow,  Lady  Burton.  She  pub- 
lished her  "  Life  of  Sir  Richard  Barton,"  and 
editions  of  his  "  Arabian  Nights,"  "  Catullus," 
and  "  II  Pentamerone ";  and  was  arranging 
for  the  publication  of  others,  when  she  died 


*  THE  JEW,  THE  GYPSY,  AND  EL  ISLAM.  By  Sir  Richard 
F.  Burton.  Edited  by  W.  H.  Wilkins.  Chicago :  Herbert 
S.  Stone  &  Co. 


(March,  1896)  ;  and  the  MSS.  —  with  the  dis- 
cretion—  were  entrusted  to  Mr.  Wilkins. 

The  three  papers  now  brought  together  by 
Mr.  Wilkins  are  of  unequal  merit.  The  first 
one,  "The  Jew,"  is  an  unfavorable  criticism 
upon  the  most  persistent  race  in  history :  its 
steadily  anti-Semitic  spirit  would  delight  the 
soul  of  Pastor  Stoecker  or  the  Jew-baiting  pop- 
ulace of  Paris.  Burton's  various  Eastern  con- 
sulates enabled  him  to  know  the  Jews  of  the 
Orient  widely  and  well ;  but  his  attempt  to  de- 
fend the  atrocities  against  the  Jews  of  the 
Middle  Ages  by  the  suggestion  of  previous 
greater  atrocities  committed  by  them  is  gratu- 
itous. The  chapter  on  the  Talmud  is  interest- 
ing ;  but  the  mingled  absurdity  and  vindictive- 
ness  of  its  anti-Gentile  teachings  are  shown  up 
with  a  relish  which  is  unpleasant  to  contem- 
plate. The  truth  is  that  none  of  us,  as  nations, 
can  turn  over  the  leaves  of  our  darker  youth 
without  wincing  ;  and  it  is  unfair  to  erect  the 
police  reports  of  the  Levant  into  a  studied 
indictment  of  a  race  whose  achievements  and 
services  to  civilization  are  conceded  by  all  who 
read  history  with  untrammelled  judgment. 

"  The  Gypsy  "  is  an  attractive  ethnological 
study,  for  the  writing  of  which  Burton  was 
admirably  well-equipped,  even  if  he  had  not  in 
his  veins  that  infusion  of  Romany  blood  with 
which  he  was  generally  credited.  Its  merits 
are  somewhat  impaired  by  a  lack  of  proportion  : 
nearly  half  of  the  150  pages  being  a  polemic 
against  the  claims  of  M.  Paul  Bataillard  to 
priority  in  identifying  the  Gypsies  with  the  Jat 
of  the  banks  of  the  Indus.  This,  as  well  as  the 
comparative  word-lists,  can  naturally  be  of 
interest  to  very  few  outside  the  ranks  of  experts 
in  "  Chinganology."  But  the  chapters  devoted 
to  a  survey  of  the  "  children  of  out-of-doors  "  in 
the  various  continents,  whether  called  Gitano, 
Zigeuner,  Tzigane,  or  Jat,  are  really  fascinat- 
ing, and  could  have  been  written  by  no  one 
else.  Burton  penetrated  everywhere,  was  under- 
stood of  the  Gypsies  in  all  lands,  and  learned 
their  traditions  and  character  with  a  complete- 
ness approached  by  no  other  Englishman,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  his  great  contemporary,  George 
Borrow. 

"  El  Islam,"  the  third  in  this  group  of  studies, 
is  an  essay  of  about  sixty-five  pages.  It  was 
written,  as  Mr.  Wilkins  tells  us,  about  1853, 
soon  after  that  daring  and  successful  pilgrim- 
age to  Mecca  which  made  Burton  famous.  It 
is  a  sympathetic  apologia  for  the  "  Saving 
Faith  ";  and  the  tone  is,  on  the  whole,  both 
moderate  and  philosophic.  With  Burton's 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


197 


usual  lack  of  perspective,  however,  nearly  two- 
thirds  of  the  paper  is  given  to  a  resume  of  the 
other  great  religions  displaced  by  Islamism  in 
the  Orient ;  and  the  author  has  thus  left  him- 
self only  about  twenty-five  pages  in  which  to 
establish  his  proposition.  He  sets  himself  the 
task  of  correcting  what  he  believes  to  be  the 
four  most  popular  errors  of  the  time  (i.  e., 
1853)  in  regard  to  El  Islam.  These  are,  in 
his  own  words,  as  follows  : 

I.  "  It  is  determined  to  be  merely  a  receptive 
faith,  and  therefore  adapted  only  to  that  por- 
tion of  mankind  whose  minds,  still  undeveloped 
and  uncultivated,  are  unripe  for  a  religion  of 
principles."      The  author  affirms  this  to  be 
"  partly  correct  of  the  corrupted,  untrue  of  the 
pure,  belief ;   it  will  somewhat  apply  to  the 
tenets  of  the  Turks  and  Persians,  but  not  to 
those  of  the  first  Muslims   and   the  modern 
Wahabis." 

II.  "  Men  object  that  The  Saving  Faith  is 
one  of  pure  sensuality."     This  is  refuted  by  a 
summary  of  the  numerous  injunctions  of  the 
Koran,  condemning  nearly  all  the  pleasures  of 
this  life ;  followed  by  the  claim  that  "  those 
who  best  know  El  Islam,  instead  of  charging  it 
with  sensuality,  lament  its  leaven  of  asceticism. 
They  regret  to  see  men  investing  these  fair 
nether  scenes  with  mourning  hues  ;  '  the  world 
is  the  Muslim's  prison,  the  tomb  his  stronghold, 
and  Paradise  his  journey's  end.'  But  this  could 
not  be  otherwise.    Asceticism  and  celibacy  are 
the  wonted  growth  of  hot  and  Southern  cli- 
mates, where  man  appears  liable  to  a  manner 
of  religious  monomania." 

III.  "  The  third  error  is  that  the  Founder  of 
the  Saving  Faith  began  his  ministry  as  an  en- 
thusiast and  ended  it  as  an  impostor."  Burton's 
answer  to  this  is  substantially  the  tu  quoque, 
claiming  for  Mohammed  the  full  measure  of 
sincerity  conceded  to  other  Founders. 

IV.  "  The  fourth  error  is  that  Muhammad, 
unable  to  abolish  certain  superstitious  rites  and 
customs  of  the  ancient  and  Pagan  Arabs,  incor- 
porated them  into  his  scheme,  and  thus  propi- 
tiated many  that  before  avoided  him."    In  the 
author's  answer  to  this,  which  is  too  long  to 
quote  entire,  we  are  prepared  for  his  "  conclu- 
sion of  the  whole  matter,"  as  follows : 

"  Muhammad's  mission,  then,  was  one  purely  of  re- 
form. He  held  that  four  dispensations  had  preceded 
his  own,  and  that  his  object  was  to  restore  their  pristine 
purity.  But  the  Adamical  had  been  obsoletized  by  the 
Noachian  scheme;  and  this  by  the  Mosaic,  which,  in  its 
turn  becoming  defunct,  had  left  all  its  powers  and  pre- 
rogatives to  Christianity;  thus  also  the  latter  dispensa- 
tion, in  the  fulness  of  time,  had  been  superseded  by  the 


revelations  of  the  Saving  Faith.  All  the  past  was  now 
effete  and  abrogated.  All  the  future  would  be  mere 
imposture;  for  his  was  the  latest  of  religions,  he  the 
Soul  of  the  Prophets." 

The  book,  it  should  be  added,  is  beautifully 
printed  and  bound  ;  is  provided  with  an  index ; 
and  has  a  finely  etched  portrait  of  Sir  Richard 
Burton,  from  the  painting  by  Lord  Leighton. 

JOSIAH  RENICK  SMITH. 


HISTORICAL  TREASURE  TROVE.* 


The  historian  who  records  the  recent  mani- 
festations of  good -will  and  esteem  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  should 
give  prominent  place  to  the  restoration  to  Mass- 
achusetts, in  1897,  of  the  original  manuscript 
of  Governor  Bradford's  History  of  "  Plimoth 
Plantation."  No  later  occurrence  between  the 
two  peoples,  though  in  itself  more  sensational, 
can  testify  more  unequivocally  of  an  undercur- 
rent of  mutual  respect  and  affection  than  the 
romantic  episode  of  this  restoration.  This 
record  of  a  chapter  in  our  early  history  is  the 
candid  and  dignified  statement,  by  one  of  the 
foremost  actors,  in  language  modest  and  unaf- 
fected, of  that  dramatic  movement  in  the  evo- 
lution of  modern  freedom  which  made  the 
Pilgrims  from  eastern  England  the  first  found- 
ers of  a  newer  England  on  the  Western  con- 
tinent. It  is  the  contemporaneous  recital,  by 
one  of  themselves,  of  the  successive  acts  for 
several  decades  of  that  Pilgrim  company  whose 
career  has  made  a  wonderful  impress  upon  the 
history  of  the  world,  and  of  whom  it  was  well 
said  by  Governor  Wolcott,  in  his  address  ac- 
knowledging the  receipt  of  the  precious  volume : 
"  In  the  varied  tapestry  which  pictures  our 
national  life,  the  richest  spots  are  those  where 
gleam  the  golden  threads  of  conscience,  cour- 
age, and  faith,  set  in  the  web  by  that  little 
band." 

The  Bradford  manuscript  is  a  spontaneous 
revelation  of  that  conscience,  courage,  and 
faith ;  and  as  such,  it  is  held  dear  in  the  affec- 
tions of  all  Americans.  Lost  to  us  for  nearly 
a  hundred  years,  it  was  found  in  the  archives 
of  the  established  church  of  that  nation  which 
has  so  often  been  represented  as  our  hereditary 
enemy.  After  thirty-seven  years  of  unsuccess- 
ful attempts  to  recover  it,  the  patient  and  affa- 
ble solicitations  of  Senator  Hoar  and  Ambas- 


*  BRADFORD'S  HISTORY  OF  "PLIMOTH  PLANTATION." 
From  the  original  manuscript.  Printed  by  order  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court,  Boston,  1898. 


198 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


sador  Bayard  succeeded.  Good-will  was  in- 
voked, rather  than  diplomacy,  and  it  awoke  an 
answering  chord  of  good-will  in  Great  Britain  : 
the  ecclesiastical  authorities  in  the  mother-land 
surrendered  to  the  commonwealth  of  Massa- 
chusetts the  custody  of  her  heirloom,  the  sur- 
render being  accompanied  by  conditions  so 
little  burdensome  as  to  evince  the  sincere  es- 
teem which  prompted  it.  The  story  of  the  loss, 
the  search,  and  the  recovery  is  told  in  the  intro- 
duction to  the  handsome  reprint  of  the  old  man- 
uscript which  the  commonwealth  has  recently 
issued. 

This  history  was  printed  in  1856  from  a  copy 
which  had  been  secured  in  England,  so  that  its 
contents  are  already  known  to  historical  stu- 
dents. The  present  issue  is,  however,  timely, 
and  will  be  welcomed  by  American  readers.  It 
is  a  verified  representation  of  the  text  of  Gov- 
ernor Bradford,  retaining  all  the  variations  of 
his  independent  spelling.  Facsimiles  of  a  few 
pages  of  his  manuscript  form  appropriate  illus- 
trations to  the  text.  While  this  edition  does 
not  pretend  to  compete,  in  the  esteem  of  anti- 
quarians with  the  elaborate  edition  which  repro- 
duces the  whole  manuscript  in  facsimile,  it  will 
find  high  place  with  the  reading  public,  by 
virtue  of  its  clear  typography  and  its  well- 
ordered  index. 

The  quaint  and  almost  archaic  style  of  Brad- 
ford's prose  is  far  from  tiresome,  and  he  is  so 
faithful  an  annalist,  and  so  free  from  undue 
self-assertion,  as  to  give  to  his  unfashionable 
diction  a  charm  of  its  own.  The  faith,  hope, 
and  courage  of  that  band  of  adventurous  pil- 
grims shine  through  his  pages,  tempered  by  a 
charity  which  lends  to  the  whole  narrative  a 
tone  of  impartiality  characteristic  of  true  his- 
tory. Important  episodes  are  often  illustrated 
by  copies  of  original  documents,  as  in  the  cases 
of  the  Mayflower  Compact,  the  articles  of  the 
New  England  confederation,  and  much  of  the 
correspondence  between  the  Pilgrims  and  the 
adventurers.  Such  writings  give  us  history 
from  original  sources ;  and  imprints  like  this 
of  writings  of  that  class  are  appreciated  and 
read  with  avidity  by  that  largely  increasing 
public  who  are  delving  in  early  American  an- 
nals, and  are  daily  finding  new  episodes  of  mar- 
vellous interest  in  our  Colonial  experiences. 
JAMES  OSCAR  PIERCE. 


MR.  WILLIAM  ARCHER,  the  well-known  English  dra- 
matic critic,  is  shortly  to  visit  the  United  States  for  the 
purpose  of  writing  a  series  of  articles  on  "  The  Stage  in 
America."  The  articles  will  appear  in  what  is  now  an 
international  magazine,  the  "  Pall  Mall." 


FAITH  AND  FANTASY.* 


Faith,  from  the  very  nature  of  the  case,  is  espe- 
cially exposed  to  becoming  fantasy.  Faith  deals 
with  the  deeper  implications  of  our  sensuous  life. 
The  unseen  and  eternal  are  open  to  it.  This  ex- 
ploration, slipping  the  restraints  of  experience,  is 
especially  liable  to  become  fanciful.  Hardly  another 
doctrine  could  have  so  opened  the  doors  of  imagina- 
tive thought  —  of  reason  winged  by  fancy  —  as  the 
assertion  that  absolute  truth  is  contained  in  Scrip- 
ture, and  is  open  to  any  man's  unfolding.  The 
processes  of  each  mind  are  thus  given  a  final  author- 
ity which  needs  no  correction  from  the  flow  of  events. 
Religious  truth  is  made  independent  of  that  com- 
prehensive scheme  of  things  of  which  it  is  a  part. 
The  rationalistic  fancy  of  the  ill-trained  spirit  meets 
with  no  check  from  the  moral  experience  of  the 
world,  and  with  no  instruction  from  the  historical 
unfolding  of  our  spiritual  life.  The  lesson  of  events 
is  lightly  set  aside  in  behalf  of  an  immature  render- 
ing of  the  fundamental  conditions  and  principles 
of  our  being.  Faith  suffers  the  disparagement  of 
fancy,  because  it  takes  no  pains  to  steady  itself  by 
an  accumulative  rendering  of  the  spiritual  events  of 
the  world. 

We  are  disposed  to  accept  as  the  keynote  of  the 
present  criticism  the  brief  discourse  on  "  New  Forms 
of  Christian  Education,"  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward. 
Not  because  the  religious  thought  of  the  world  is 
ready  to  fall  into  harmony  under  it,  but  because  it 
best  presents  the  true  constructive  centre,  subject 
to  which  the  unison  of  faith  is  to  be  reached.  Mrs. 
Ward  summarizes  her  own  view  of  Christian  Edu- 
cation with  much  distinctness.  Thus,  she  says  in 
conclusion : 

"  Each  of  those  relations  and  duties  may,  if  we  will, 
be  connected  with  the  beloved  and  sacred  name  of  him 
who  stands  both  by  inherent  genius  and  by  the  irrevo- 
cable choice  of  men  at  the  head  of  the  spiritual  life  of 
Europe,  and  still  bequeaths  even  to  our  far-off  genera- 
tions the  maintenance  and  spread  of  his  work.  All 
things  may  be  done  to  God  in  Christ;  and  that  our  chil- 
dren should  learn  from  us  so  to  do  them  is  the  task  of 
Christian  education.  Only  in  the  patient  struggle  to 
fulfil  it  week  by  week,  and  day  by  day,  till  the  educa- 
tion of  childhood  merges  in  the  sterner  education  of 
maturity,  can  we  hope,  parent  and  child,  teacher  and 
taught,  for  the  growth  which  alone  is  true  life  —  growth 
in  that  temper  at  once  of  self-surrender  and  indomitable 

*NEW  FORMS  OF  CHRISTIAN  EDUCATION.  By  Mrs.  Hum- 
phry Ward.  New  York :  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co. 

THE  PREPARATION  FOR  CHRISTIANITY.  By  R.  N.  Wenley. 
Chicago :  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co. 

ADDRESSES  TO  WOMEN  ENGAGED  IN  CHURCH  WORK.  By 
the  Right  Reverend  the  Bishop  of  New  York.  New  York  : 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

CHRIST  IN  THE  INDUSTRIES.  By  William  Riley  Halstead. 
Cincinnati :  Curts  &  Jennings. 

THE  SACRIFICE  OF  CHRIST.  By  Henry  Wace,  D.D.  New 
York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

CHRISTIANITY  AND  ANTI-CHRISTIANITY.  By  Samuel  J. 
Andrews.  New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

THE  HOPE  OF  IMMORTALITY.  By  the  Rev.  J.  E.  E. 
Welldon.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


hope,  which  yields  all  that  man  has  and  does,  his  forms 
of  faith,  no  less  than  the  grosser  claims  of  self  and  flesh, 
to  the  action  of  the  indwelling,  all-transforming  God, 
whereof  the  chief  representative  in  history  is  Jesus 
Christ." 

The  address  seems  to  us  to  be  more  pervaded  by  the 
sense  of  loss  than  by  that  of  gain.  Our  attention 
is  drawn  rather  to  the  salvage  that  attends  upon  a 
disastrous  wreck  than  to  the  pure  metal  which  comes 
forth  when  the  dross  has  been  purged  from  the  ore 
in  a  refining  process.  The  certainty  of  faith  is 
greater,  not  less,  when  its  data  have  been  subjected 
to  the  most  thorough  sifting  of  experience.  Only 
then  are  the  breadth  and  inescapable  force  of  our 
inferences  apparent. 

The  second  book  on  our  list,  "  The  Preparation 
for  Christianity,"  lies  in  line  with  this  correction  of 
belief  by  the  history  of  its  development. 

"  The  atmosphere  of  our  lives  was  created  by  Him, 
far  more  completely  than  the  majority  of  us  are  even 
vaguely  aware;  our  institutions  have  been  molded  by 
His  spirit;  our  most  effective  ideals  centre  in  Him;  and 
upon  His  career  and  all  its  consequences  rests  our  hope 
for  eternity.  These  are  not  opinions,  but  facts  capable 
of  no  dispute  whatsoever,  simply  because  they  are  his- 
torical, and  have  been  becoming  more  and  more  of  the 
essence  of  history  for  nigh  two  thousand  years.  Conse- 
quently, no  Christian  can  have  a  firmer  foundation  for 
his  faith  than  that  which  rests  immovable  upon  the  his- 
torical influence  issuing  from  the  life  of  Christ  "  (p.  22). 

We  are  glad  of  a  new  work  from  Professor  Wenley. 
His  thought  is  wont  to  be  free  and  stimulating. 
The  purpose  of  the  present  volume  is  to  trace  the 
•converging  influences  of  Grecian,  Jewish,  and  Ro- 
man civilization  on  Christianity.  Any  adequate 
treatment  is  exceedingly  difficult.  The  theme  read- 
ily lends  itself  to  the  intense  and  vague.  The  book 
has  marked  excellences.  The  criticism  we  should 
be  most  inclined  to  make  is  that  the  discussion  is 
too  purely  one  of  ideas,  —  a  tracing  of  the  intel- 
lectual and  spiritual  inheritance  that  has  come  down 
to  us.  The  thought  would  have  been  made  more 
definite,  and  at  the  same  time  more  comprehensive, 
if  the  social  life  of  which  these  ideas  were  the  fer- 
ment —  the  social  life  which  limited  them  and  was 
limited  by  them  —  had  been  more  fully  given.  This 
would  have  been  in  keeping  with  an  introductory 
chapter  in  which  the  author  lays  strong  emphasis  on 
the  unity  of  our  lives  in  society.  The  entire  theme, 
however,  is  like  a  rich  and  widely  branching  mine 
to  be  worked  by  many  in  many  generations.  Our 
author  returns  from  his  exploration  with  his  own 
treasures. 

"Addresses  to  Women  Engaged  in  Church 
Work  "  is  a  small  volume  made  up  of  a  few  brief 
lectures  —  waifs  of  stimulus  and  guidance  in  an  ac- 
tive life.  They  lay  little  claim  to  literary  form, 
but  they  are  full  of  that  earnest  spiritual  temper 
which  renders  the  words  and  acts  of  Bishop  Potter 
so  valuable.  The  themes  are  of  a  character  fitted 
to  renew  thought  and  impulse. 

The  author  of  "  Christ  in  the  Industries  "  ex- 


plains his  purpose  at  once.  "  It  is  written  for  busy 
people,  who  have  no  time  for  an  extended  treatise, 
and  perhaps  no  tastes  for  the  details  of  sociological 
study,  and  yet  would  like  to  keep  abreast  of  modern 
movements,  and  of  the  new  applications  of  Chris- 
tian thought."  The  volume  lies  in  the  line  of  this 
intention.  Its  subjects  are :  "  The  Dignity  of 
Labor,"  "  Social  Transformations,"  "  Some  Friends 
of  Labor,"  "  Industrial  Problems,"  "  The  Future  of 
Labor  in  America."  The  volume  is  plain,  whole- 
some bread,  which  should,  in  one  form  or  another, 
be  on  every  man's  table. 

"  The  Sacrifice  of  Christ "  is  another  effort  to 
soften  the  colors  in  which  orthodox  belief  has 
painted  the  death  of  Christ,  and  to  give  them  a  more 
subdued  and  natural  expression.  So  far  it  is  a 
response  —  one  that  has  often  been  made  —  to  that 
deepening  impression  by  which  the  whole  procedure 
of  salvation  becomes  growth  under  the  wide  uni- 
versal conditions  of  physical  and  spiritual  law.  So 
far,  we  may  feel  disposed  to  commend  the  treatise, 
and  yet  we  must  think  that  a  little  more  of  the 
same  process  leaves  only  the  faintest  outline  of  the 
old  conception.  It  is  replaced  by  a  less  definite, 
but  far  more  glorious,  vision  of  spiritual  life  steadily 
unfolding  within  itself. 

"  Christianity  and  Anti-Christianity  "  is  a  much 
belated  volume.  A  title  more  immediately  disclos- 
ing the  purpose  of  the  book  would  have  been  "  Christ 
and  Anti-Christ."  Of  all  the  fancies  which  have 
fastened  on  Christian  faith,  few  have  been  more  per- 
sistent and  more  misleading  than  that  of  Anti-Christ. 
The  primary  purpose  of  the  author  is  to  bring  for- 
ward this  shattered  and  discarded  image,  pad  it  into 
shape  once  more  with  the  errors  and  alleged  errors 
of  science,  literature,  and  social  life,  and  set  it  up  as 
a  menace  to  unbelievers,  and  an  historic  landmark  on 
the  road  to  the  New  Jerusalem.  That  he  does  his 
work  with  more  moderation  than  is  wont  to  belong 
to  this  kind  of  effort,  is  but  scant  atonement  for  un- 
dertaking it  at  all.  No  labor  could  be  more  futile 
than  one  designed  to  crowd  the  truly  prosperous 
events  of  our  spiritual  life  off  from  their  present 
natural  basis  and  force  them  back  on  the  out-worn 
uninstructive  and  unreal  conceptions  associated  with 
Anti-Christ. 

"  The  Hope  of  Immortality  "  is  another  evidence 
both  of  faith  and  of  the  want  of  faith.  If  by  faith 
we  mean  the  rational  hold  of  the  mind  on  truths 
which  cannot  be  proved,  yet  seem  to  it  deeply 
involved  in  the  facts  before  it,  then  no  doctrine 
makes  a  more  direct  appeal  to  faith  than  that  of 
immortality.  The  mind  that  has  slight  hold  of  the 
underlying  principles  of  the  spiritual  world  will 
always  accept  this  belief  with  hesitancy.  Those 
who  find  the  foundations  of  religious  doctrine  dis- 
turbed by  the  changing  currents  of  speculation  will 
begin  at  once  to  distrust  the  full  consummation  of 
faith  expressed  in  immortality.  It  is  not  strange 
then  that  many  are  striving  to  restore  to  the  eye 
those  spiritual  forces  that  find  their  completion  in  a 


200 


THE    DIAL, 


[March  16, 


future  life.  "  The  Hope  of  Immortality  "  is  a  sys- 
tematic, methodical  treatise.  It  moves  leisurely  and 
comprehensively.  It  treats  of  the  nature,  history, 
and  value  of  this  belief ;  of  its  evidence  under  two 
aspects,  external  and  internal ;  and  of  the  amplifi- 
cations of  the  belief  by  Christianity.  It  is  not  quite 
sufficiently  touched  by  the  spiritual  temper  of  our 
time.  It  is  still  possessed  by  convictions  which  have 
somewhat  lost  their  hold.  This  is  seen  in  the  weight 
it  gives  to  the  internal  evidence,  the  nature  of  the 
spirit.  It  lays  emphasis  on  its  indiscerptible  char- 
acter. This  argument  implies  more  knowledge  than 
we  have  of  the  nature  of  spirit,  and  proves  quite 
too  much.  On  the  other  hand,  the  author  does  not 
sufficiently  amplify  and  enforce  the  moral  argument. 
As  physical  predictions  fail  us,  spiritual  predictions 
gain  power.  The  spirit  of  the  book  is  of  the  best. 

JOHN  BASCOM. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


A  survivor  Colonel   Edward    Vibart   gives    an 

of  the  great  extremely  interesting  account  of  his 

Indian  Mutiny.  personai  experiences  in  India  during 
the  Mutiny,  in  his  "  The  Sepoy  Mutiny  "  (imported 
by  Scribner).  At  the  time  of  the  outbreak  Colonel 
Vibart  was  a  young  subaltern  in  a  regiment  of  na- 
tive infantry  occupying  cantonments  two  miles  to 
the  northwest  of  Delhi.  He  is  now  the  sole  surviving 
officer  of  that  garrison.  When  the  news  reached 
the  cantonments  of  the  riots  in  the  city  following  the 
arrival  there  of  the  mutinous  sepoys  from  Meerut, 
detachments  were  sent  out  to  quell  the  disturbance  ; 
but  it  soon  became  evident  that  the  native  troops 
were  disaffected,  as  they  offered  no  resistance  to 
the  mutineers,  suffering  them  to  murder  the  Eu- 
ropean officers  before  their  eyes  and  even  joining  in 
the  bloody  work.  Colonel  Vibart  with  his  regiment 
proceeded  to  the  Cashmere  Gate,  which  they  occu- 
pied, and  in  the  fortified  enclosure  of  which  he  and 
the  other  European  officers  presently  found  them- 
selves entrapped  and  besieged  by  a  bloodthirsty 
band  of  native  soldiery  composed  largely  of  their 
own  men,  who  deserted  en  masse  as  soon  as  free- 
dom of  choice  between  their  European  masters  and 
their  revolted  fellow-countrymen  was  clearly  offered 
to  them.  The  position  of  the  little  group  of  besieged 
English,  whose  numbers  had  been  in  the  meantime 
increased  by  the  addition  of  several  refugees,  among 
them  four  ladies,  from  Delhi,  soon  became  desper- 
ate. Their  place  of  refuge  was  a  trap,  and  flight 
was  the  sole  alternative  to  death  and  mutilation  at 
the  hands  of  the  now  everywhere  victorious  muti- 
neers. The  escape  of  Colonel  Vibart  and  his  com- 
panions from  the  Cashmere  Gate  into  the  open 
country  seems  little  short  of  miraculous,  and  we 
have  read  few  tales  of  similar  adventure  more  thrill- 
ing than  the  recital  of  the  subsequent  wanderings 
from  village  to  village  through  a  roused  and  hostile 
country  of  this  little  band  of  fugitives.  The  sepoys 


were  at  times  hot  on  their  trail  and  in  plain  sight 
from  their  places  of  hiding,  and  they  were  more 
than  once  in  imminent  danger  of  violence  at  the 
hands  of  disaffected  townspeople.  Occasional 
instances  of  kindness  at  the  hands  of  compassionate 
natives  are  grateful  to  read  of  ;  and  but  for  the 
offices  of  these  dusky  good  Samaritans  whose  char- 
itable hands  offered  the  starving  and  exhausted 
fugitives  furtive  gifts  of  milk  and  chupatties,  Colonel 
Vibart  and  his  companions  would  certainly  never 
have  lived  to  tell  the  tale  of  their  flight  from  Delhi. 
That  tale  is  told  modestly  and  directly  ;  and  to  it  is 
added  an  account  of  the  author's  subsequent  share  in 
the  siege  of  Delhi,  and  in  the  operations  at  Cawn- 
pore  and  Lucknow.  Colonel  Vibart  saw  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  three  princes  summarily  slain  by 
Hodson,  whose  action  in  thus  taking  the  law  into 
his  own  hands  he  mildly  condemns  as  "  a  most  inju- 
dicious act  "  !  We  should  call  it  plain  murder  — 
essentially  a  military  lynching,  and  not  a  whit  better 
morally  than  the  sepoy  atrocities  for  which  it  was  a. 
reprisal.  There  is  no  evidence  whatever  that  the 
princes  shared  in  the  massacre  of  Europeans  in 
Delhi  ;  and  a  British  officer  who,  after  the  siege  was- 
over  and  the  victory  won,  deliberately  slew  his  help- 
less and  unresisting  prisoners  in  cold  blood  and  with 
his  own  hand,  simply  put  himself  on  a  level  with 
Nana  Sahib,  and  stained  the  for  the  most  part  glo- 
rious record  of  the  suppression  of  the  Bengal  Mu- 
tiny. Colonel  Vibart's  book  contains  some  interest- 
ing plates,  some  of  them  from  photographs  dating 
back  to  the  period  treated.  Two  supplementary 
chapters,  by  P.  V.  Luke  and  Colonel  Mackenzie, 
the  one  giving  the  "true  version"  of  the  so-called 
"  fateful  telegram  "  popularly  believed  to  have  saved 
India,  the  other  narrating  the  particulars  of  the 
Meerut  outbreak,  are  given  ;  and  there  is  some 
interesting  supplementary  matter  in  the  Appendix. 


The  German  temperate  and  judicial  tone  of 

Emperor  in  M.  Maurice  Leudet's  chatty  book, 

private  life.  "The    Emperor    of    Germany    at 

Home  "  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.),  is  to  be  commended. 
As  a  Frenchman,  M.  Leudet  has  not  forgotten 
Sedan,  and  he  plainly  looks  forward  to  a  day  of 
reckoning  with  Germany  ;  but  he  speaks  by  no 
means  unkindly  of  the  Germans,  and  not  disrepect- 
f  ully  of  their  Emperor.  To  his  view  William  II. 
is  an  ambitious,  somewhat  flighty,  yet  clever  and 
versatile  young  man,  who  believes  that  a  King's 
business  is  to  be  a  King,  and  not  the  ward  of  a 
Chancellor  or  the  mandatory  of  a  majority.  That 
William  is  vain,  with  a  pompous,  peacock  species  of 
vanity,  that  prompts  him  to  sun  himself  in  the 
public  eye  in  raiment  of  gorgeous  hues  and  infinite 
variety,  M.  Leudet  does  not  deny  ;  but  he  scouts 
the  notion  that  the  erratic  young  ruler  is  a  mere 
empty  megalomaniac  —  the  neurotic  "William  the 
Witless  "  of  the  more  irreverent  English  journals. 
William's  particular  bete  noire  is  England;  and 
against  her  he  would  combine  Russia,  Germany,  and 
France  —  a  scheme  which  M.  Leudet  regards  with 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


201 


much  disfavor.  Republican  America,  with  its  irrev- 
erent notions  of  royalty  and  its  habit  of  jeering  at 
the  pretensions  and  theoretical  sacrosanctity  of 
Consecrated  Persons  in  general,  William  naturally 
dislikes,  regarding  her  politics  and  her  pork  with  a 
jealous  and  hostile  eye.  To  M.  de  Blowitz  he  once 
observed  :  "  I  fear  on  one  side  the  danger  of  a  cer- 
tain invading  and  continued  extension  with  which 
Europe  is  threatened  by  one  of  her  races"  (the 
English,  thinks  M.  Leudet),  "armed  with  all  the 
resources  which  civilization  puts  and  will  put  at  the 
service  of  her  ambition ;  and  on  the  other  side  I 
fear  the  intervention  of  the  New  World,  which  is 
beginning  to  develope  appetites  from  which  it  has 
been  up  to  now  free,  and  which  will  before  long 
wish  to  interfere  in  the  affairs  of  the  Old  World 
and  to  meet  half  way  the  ambitions,  always  waking, 
which  are  stirring  around  us."  The  famous  tele- 
gram to  old  Kriiger,  and  the  doings  of  "  Brother 
Henry  "  at  Manila,  may  be  taken  as  some  evidence 
of  the  sincerity  of  the  above  manifesto.  All  in  all, 
the  Emperor  of  Germany  appears  in  M.  Leudet's 
pages  to  be,  politically  considered,  a  personage  whose 
demise  the  world  in  general  will  in  all  probability 
regard  with  an  equanimity  bordering  on  satisfaction. 
He  is  temperamentally  a  disturbing  factor  whose 
elimination  will  make  for  European  stability.  M. 
Leudet's  book  contains  a  good  deal  of  detailed  de- 
scription of  the  Berlin  royal  family  and  manage, 
drawn  largely  from  a  recently  published  German 
book  on  the  successor  of  Frederick  III.,  by  Herr 
Oscar  Klaussmann.  To  show  the  reader  William  II. 
in  private  life  is  M.  Leudet's  aim,  though  political 
questions  are  pretty  freely  touched  upon  through- 
out. Judging  from  the  pictorial  display  in  this  book, 
the  Emperor  has,  among  other  eccentricities,  a  mania 
for  getting  himself  photographed. 

Fur  trading  Following  "The  Journal  of  Jacob 

on  the  Upper  Fowler,"  lately  issued  in  the  "Amer- 
Missisnppi.  ican  Explorers  Series  "  (F.  P.  Har- 

per), we  now  have  "  Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  on 
the  Upper  Missouri,"  by  Charles  Larpenteur.  The 
author  was  a  Frenchman  who  made  his  way  direct 
from  France  to  the  Upper  Missouri  in  1833,  in  the 
palmy  days  of  trapping  and  fur-trading  in  the  vast 
region  extending  to  the  Rocky  Mountains ;  and  in 
this  region  he  remained  until  his  death,  in  1872, 
most  of  the  time  in  the  service  of  the  American  Fur 
Company.  His  personal  narrative  is  an  admirable 
mirror  of  the  trapping  and  fur-trading  life  on  both 
its  savage  and  civilized  sides,  if  indeed  it  can  be  said 
to  have  had  any  civilized  side.  The  selfish  and 
cynical  indifference  of  the  trappers,  traders,  and 
companies  to  the  well-being  of  the  Indians,  we  have 
not  seen  shown  up  in  a  more  striking  manner.  For 
example,  in  the  winter  of  1844  Larpenteur  was  or- 
dered by  his  superior  at  Fort  Union  to  take  an  "  out- 
fit "  and  go  a  hundred  miles  northward  into  the 
British  Possessions,  to  trade  with  the  Cree  and 
Chippewa  Indians  for  robes.  He  and  his  two  com- 
panions suffered  from  cold  and  hunger  almost  unto 


death,  but  he  was  successful  in  his  object.  He  traded 
for  two  hundred  and  thirty  robes,  giving  for  them 
five  gallons  of  alcohol,  on  which  the  camp  got  twice 
drunk,  and  some  flimsy  cloths  and  trinkets  like 
hand  looking-glasses.  "  This  ended  the  business," 
he  remarks,  "  there  being  no  liquor  and  hardly  any 
robes  left  in  camp."  The  weather  was  such  that  a 
mule  froze  to  death  standing  bolt  upright  in  his 
shelter,  while  buffalo  robes  were  almost  the  only 
protection  that  the  savages  had  against  the  cold. 
The  editor  estimates  that  the  percentage  of  profit 
in  the  transaction  must  have  been  several  thousand. 
Very  realistic,  too,  are  Larpenteur's  pen-pictures  of 
the  Indian  agents  he  had  known,  most  of  whom 
were  under  the  immediate  influence  of  the  Amer- 
ican Fur  Company,  and  so  incapable  of  doing  the 
Indians  justice.  He  describes  them  with  such  pic- 
turesque bits  of  description  as  "  The  greenest  of  all 
agents  I  ever  saw ";  "  a  great  drunkard ";  "  a 
drunken  gambler  ";  "  a  drunkard  and  a  gambler  "; 
"  a  jovial  old  fellow  who  had  a  very  fine  paunch 
for  brandy,  and  when  he  could  not  get  brandy  would 
take  almost  anything  which  would  make  drunk 
come,"  etc.  The  book  is  opportune,  coming  at  a 
time  when  we  are  all  much  borne  down  with  the 
white  man's  burden.  It  is  edited  in  Dr.  Coues's 
usual  skilful  manner,  and  brought  out  in  its  pub- 
lisher's usual  handsome  style. 

A  builder  of  ^  fashionable  young  man  whose  de- 

Great  Britain's       sire  for  social  position  was  so  great  as 

colonial  policy.         to  jead  hjm  to  ab(Juct  from  boarding. 

school  an  heiress,  and  to  carry  her  from  the  heart 
of  England  first  to  Edinburgh  and  then  to  France, 
could  hardly  be  expected  to  develope  into  a  man  of 
ability  in  statecraft.  Such,  however,  was  the  long 
step  taken  by  Edward  Gibbon  Wakefield,  a  short 
account  of  whose  life  and  labors  is  now  given  by 
Mr.  R.  Garnett  in  a  volume  of  the  series  called 
"  Builders  of  Greater  Britain  "  (Longmans).  Wake- 
field's  aggressive  method  of  conquering  matrimonial 
good  fortune  (and  incidentally  a  seat  in  Parlia- 
ment) resulted  in  dismal  failure;  for  the  friends 
of  the  lady  soon  succeeded  in  rescuing  her,  and 
in  having  the  House  of  Lords  by  special  act  set 
aside  an  irregular  marriage  cerremony  performed  in 
Scotland,  while  the  abductor  was  given  a  sentence 
of  three  years'  imprisonment  in  Newgate  gaol. 
Parliamentary  life  was  forever  closed  to  Wakefield 
by  this  incident,  but  his  undeniable  genius  and 
indomitable  enthusiasm  resulted  in  the  end  in  creat- 
ing for  him  an  enviable  position  as  a  sort  of  non- 
oflicial  adviser  to  the  crown  ministers  in  charge  of 
colonial  affairs.  How  he  attained  that  position,  and 
how  he  used  it,  are  well  told  by  the  author,  with 
numerous  selections  from  Wakefield's  writings  and 
private  letters.  The  inclusion  of  Wakefield  in  the 
list  of  colonial  "  builders  "  in  the  present  series  is  a 
surprise,  for  he  alone  had  no  direct  agency  in  con- 
ducting exploration  or  in  expanding  English  terri- 
tory and  control.  His  work  was  rather  that  of  the 
theoretician  who  lays  down  rules  of  general  policy 


202 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


A  general 
index  to  the 


and  advocates  certain  lines  of  expansion.  His  great 
and  enduring  fame  rests  mainly  upon  the  fact  that 
to  him  more  than  to  any  other  is  due  the  adoption 
by  England  of  her  modern  colonial  policy  — "  to 
let  colonies  be  extensions  of  England,  with  the  same 
constitution  as  at  home,  with  their  own  parliaments 
on  the  spot,  and  Governments  responsible  to  them 
under  the  Queen's  Viceroys  who  connect  them  with 
her  supremacy."  This  assuredly  renders  him  as 
much  a  builder  of  the  Empire  as  the  actual  organ- 
izer in  any  particular  colony.  The  author's  defense 
of  the  New  Zealand  Company,  aside  from  Wake- 
field's  connection  with  it  and  responsibility  for  its 
actions,  seems  non-essential  to  the  purpose  of  the 
hook.  The  delineation  of  his  hero's  somewhat  erratic 
character  and  the  analysis  of  his  labors  are  given 
with  discriminating  judgment  and  with  excellent 
summation.  

The  "  General  Index  to  the  Library 
Journal,"  long  demanded  by  mem- 

Library  Journal.      berg    Qf    the    profession5    has    at    last 

been  published  by  the  American  Library  Associa- 
tion. It  covers  the  twenty-two  years  (and  volumes) 
from  1876  to  1897,  inclusive,  and  provision  is  made 
for  a  manuscript  extension  by  leaving  the  right  half 
of  each  page  blank.  There  are  130  of  these  half- 
printed  pages,  with  an  average  of  something  over 
fifty  entries  to  the  page.  Obviously  from  these 
figures,  it  is  not  a  minute  index  —  such  an  index 
would  have  meant  a  volume  six  or  seven  times  as 
large  as  that  now  published  ;  nevertheless  it  affords 
a  means  of  ready  reference  to  everything  of  im- 
portance in  the  files  of  the  "Journal."  The  index 
is  chiefly  the  work  of  Mr.  F.  J.  Teggart,  with  the 
assistance  of  Miss  Helen  E.  Haines,  both  of  whom 
"  deprecate  having  their  work  compared  with  the 
ideal  library  standard  of  indexing,  in  view  of  the 
limitations  necessarily  imposed  upon  them  in  their 
work."  A  glance  over  the  entries  shows  Mr.  Cutter 
and  Mr.  Dewey  to  have  been  the  most  frequent  con- 
tributors to  the  "Journal,"  each  of  them  having  about 
a  page  and  a  half  of  references.  Mr.  Paul  L.  Ford 
and  the  late  Dr.  Poole  come  next  in  the  number  of 
entries  given  to  individual  names.  The  work  will 
prove  of  great  value  to  all  libraries,  whether  or  not 
they  possess  complete  sets  (now  almost  unobtain- 
able) of  the  periodical  which  is  thus  indexed. 

Vase  paintings  Professor  John  H.  Huddilston's  re- 
as  illustrating  cent  volume  on  "  The  Attitude  of  the 
Greek  tragedy.  Qreek  Tragedians  Toward  Art"  is 
now  followed  by  "  Greek  Tragedy  in  the  Light  of 
Vase  Paintings  "  (Macmillan),  showing  the  other 
side  of  the  question.  As  the  earlier  treatise  col- 
lected all  the  passages  in  Greek  tragedy  where  the 
poet  shows  familiarity  with  the  potter's  art,  so  the 
later  one  attempts  to  trace  the  effect  of  tragedy 
upon  conception  and  treatment  of  subject  by  the 
vase  decorator.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Sopho- 
cles, whose  dramas  contain  fewest  allusions  to  pot- 
tery or  comparisons  drawn  from  the  industry,  is 
also,  according  to  Dr.  Huddilston's  theory,  the  poet 


An  English 


Mirabeau, 


who  least  influenced  the  designs  of  later  potters. 
The  greater  popularity  of  the  works  of  ^Eschylus 
and  Euripides  in  furnishing  subjects  for  illustration 
he  attributes  to  their  greater  creative  power  ;  the 
scenes  as  treated  by  Sophocles  are  less  original. 
One  feels  that  "  Greek  Tragedy  in  the  Light  of 
Vase  Paintings  "  will  have  greater  interest  for  ar- 
chaeologists than  for  students  of  tragedy,  in  spite  of 
the  author's  hope,  expressed  in  the  preface,  that  his 
work  will  appeal  to  the  latter  class.  More  important 
for  vase  painting  than  for  tragedy  is  an  understand- 
ing of  the  relation  between  them.  We  may  think 
that  at  times  Dr.  Huddilston  has  fallen  into  the 
temptation  of  assuming  parallelism  of  tragic  scene 
and  vase  painting  where  none  exists,  or  of  attribut- 
ing the  frequency  of  a  design  to  the  great  popu- 
larity of  a  poem,  when  really  it  was  due  to  the  con- 
ventionalizing of  a  scene  by  the  potters  themselves, 
or  to  their  tendency  to  duplicate  patterns.  But  one 
must  appreciate  the  painstaking  scholarship  that  the 
book  represents,  and  must  be  grateful  for  some  ad- 
mirable reproductions  of  Greek  vases.  Such  repro- 
ductions are  all  too  rare,  and  every  fresh  addition 
is  welcome.  _ 

^n  *ke  Preface  to  his  lucid  and  tem- 
perate  little  sketch  of  Mirabeau  in 
the  „  Foreign  Statesmen  "  series 
(Macmillan),  Mr.  P.  F.  Willert  states  that  he  does 
not  know  that  "  much  of  importance  has  been 
written  in  English  about  Mirabeau,  except  an  essay 
by  Macaulay."  We  beg  leave  to  call  Mr.  Willert's 
attention  to  the  important  volumes  treating  largely 
and  professedly  of  the  public  career  of  the  brilliant 
French  politician  by  Professor  von  Hoist,  as  a  work 
that  might  possibly  lead  to  certain  modifications  of 
his  own  views.  In  the  main,  however,  Mr.  Willert 
is  in  accord  with  Professor  von  Hoist  as  to  Mira- 
beau's  course  and  character  —  and  also,  let  us  add, 
in  regard  to  Lafayette,  whom  he  roundly  pronounces 
"  a  prig,"  a  judgment,  in  our  opinion,  too  severe. 
There  was  undoubtedly  a  tinge  of  self-complacency, 
a  hint  of  the  poseur,  in  the  attitude  of  the  knight 
of  the  "  white  horse,"  on  grand  occasions,  that  did 
not  fail  to  excite  the  smiles  of  watchful  contempo- 
raries like  Gouverneur  Morris,  and  can  hardly  be 
charged  entirely  to  the  score  of  race  ;  but  Lafayette 
played  altogether  too  forceful  a  part  in  the  drama 
of  his  time  to  be  set  down  as  a  mere  "  prig."  His 
foibles  were  patent  ;  he  failed  to  see  and  to  seize 
his  one  grand  opportunity  of  mastering  the  radical 
movement,  when  that  movement  momentarily  col- 
lapsed before  the  determined  onset  of  the  Constitu- 
tional party  on  the  day  of  the  "  Massacre  of  the 
Champ  de  Mars."  He  is  dwarfed  in  history  by  the 
proximity  of  such  Titans  as  Mirabeau  and  Danton  ;. 
but  his  hands  were  clean.  Mr.  Willert  has  turned 
the  continental  authorities  on  Mirabeau  to  excellent 
account,  notably  the  full  and  impartial  biography 
("  Das  Leben  Mirabeaus  "  )  of  Professor  Alfred 
Stern.  The  little  book  may  be  read  through  in  a 
couple  of  sittings,  and  (with  the  exception  noted)' 
it  contains  the  essence  of  the  fuller  narratives. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


203 


Neither  so  simple  as  to  appear  barren, 
The  prose  of  a  nor  8O  ornate  as  to  become  "  precious," 

poet  laureate.  .       ,  .•..•».•      »  i  <•      11         •    , 

the  third  of  Mr.  Alfred  Austin  s  prose 
works,  "Lamia's  Winter- Quarters  "  (Macmillan) 
steers  skilfully  a  middle  course  between  all  manner 
of  faults.  There  is  something  in  the  attitude  of 
a  poet-laureate  seeking  distinction  in  prose  which 
is  bound  to  excite  adverse  criticism ;  but  it  may 
safely  be  averred  that  the  critics  here  will  belong 
to  that  larger  class  who  do  not  read  the  books  they 
animadvert  upon.  And,  for  the  first  time  since 
Beowulf  and  his  compeers,  it  seems  to  be  true  that 
there  are  fewer  persons  writing  really  good  prose 
in  English  than  there  are  verse-writers  of  consider- 
able distinction,  making  a  possible  dubbing  as  prose- 
laureate  perhaps  the  more  worthy  title  of  the  two. 
In  any  event,  Mr.  Austin  is  now  to  be  congratulated 
on  having  not  only  added  a  third  work  to  the  En- 
glish prose  classics,  but  on  having  invented  in  the 
first  instance  a  vehicle  for  the  setting  of  his  verses 
which  lends  both  them  and  the  vehicle  itself  addi- 
tional charms.  For  in  this  he  retains  his  original 
dramatis  persons,  the  Poet  among  them,  and  from 
his  lips  fall  from  time  to  time  lyrics  of  much  charm 
and  spontaneity.  Indeed,  the  word  "  charm  "  is  one 
to  be  used  of  the  book  as  a  whole :  manly  men, 
lovely  women,  an  admirable  mise  en  scene,  smoothly 
flowing  prose,  elegant  verse,  the  whole  embodied  in 
a  book  having  many  mechanical  beauties,  all  work- 
ing to  that  single  end.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  note  that 
the  former  volumes,  "  The  Garden  that  I  Love  "  and 
"  In  Veronica's  Garden,"  have  met  with  proper 
appreciation  in  their  own  country,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  Americans  will  not  deny  themselves  a 

similar  pleasure.   _ 

Afternoons  Prof  essor  F.  G.  Peabody  gives  to  the 

in  a  college  students  of  Harvard  University  brief 

chapel.  addresses  on  religious  subjects  in  the 

setting  of  a  beautiful  service.  A  volume  of  these 
addresses  is  now  published  by  Messrs.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.  The  addresses  read  well  and  carry 
out  into  the  wider  world  the  message  of  the  quiet, 
restful,  reverential  hours  of  the  old  chapel.  One 
feels  as  he  reads  that  he  is  in  the  company  of  noble 
spirits  who  love  to  talk  of  high  themes  and  whose 
purpose  it  is  to  live  true  and  pure  and  useful  lives. 
The  time  given  is  too  short  for  the  heavy  university 
sermon,  weighted  with  ponderous  discussions  of 
metaphysics,  but  long  enough  to  spur  young  and 
restless  students  to  worthy  endeavor.  The  author 
is  master  of  a  charming  style,  crisp  and  chaste,  well 
suited  to  fill  a  small  canvas  with  figures  and  hints 
without  crowding  and  confusion. 


The  lampblack  pendulum  of  biographical  writ- 

schooiof  ing  seems  to  have  reached  the  limit 

biography.  Qf   reajigm   jn  tne   various  "true" 

sketches  of  American  public  men  now  appearing. 
"  The  True  Benjamin  Franklin,"  by  Sidney  George 
Fisher  (Lippincott),  is  another  attempt  at  this  lit- 
erary iconoclasm.  A  portrait  which  shows  "  wart 
and  all "  may  suit  a  Cromwell  and  be  true  to  nature ; 


but  one  which  paints  the  wart  and  omits  the  por- 
trait is  not  true.  .Doubtless  this  mania  for  realism 
is  but  a  reaction  from  the  heroic  drawing  of  Weems 
and  his  kin ;  but  to  paint  the  shadows  without  the 
high  lights  is  no  more  fair  than  to  paint  the  high 
lights  without  the  shadows.  To  conjure  into  ille- 
gitimacy the  affectionate  title  of  "  daughter  "  given 
by  an  old  man  to  his  friend's  child  becomes  easy 
when  one  sin  in  that  direction  has  been  committed. 
No  one  was  more  keen  to  his  shortcomings  than 
Franklin,  and  no  one  kept  a  better  calendar  of  his 
own  sins  ;  but  to  measure  his  deeds  by  our  standard 
is  as  cruel  as  it  is  unjust.  One  waits  with  bated 
breath  the  publication  of  the  next  attempt  at  lamp- 
black biography.  It  may  be  a  "  true  "  life  of  the 
angel  Gabriel.  

"Red  Patriots"  (The  Editor  Pub- 
A .plea for  lighing  Co.,  Cincinnati)  is  a  tale  of 

the  Seminoles.  «       i      ITT  «  i«ii 

the  oemmole  Indians,  into  which  the 
author  has  put  an  earnest  spirit  and  a  realizing  sense 
of  the  wrongs  done  this  family  of  red  men.  The 
usual  account  of  the  Seminoles  tells  of  a  runaway 
offshoot  of  the  Creek  nation,  which  found  a  home 
in  Florida,  and  became  a  menace  to  the  Southerners 
because  of  predatory  excursions,  or,  more  offensive 
yet,  established  a  rendezvous  for  refugee  slaves. 
This  notion  finds  no  favor  in  "  Red  Patriots."  There 
were  two  sides  to  every  quarrel  with  the  Southern 
Indians,  and  the  facts  presented  in  evidence  seem 
to  show  that  more  often  the  white  man  rather  than 
the  red  was  the  first  offender.  The  object  of  the 
present  publication  is  to  claim  a  proper  place  in 
history  for  the  Seminoles,  and  especially  to  do  full 
justice  to  the  fame  of  Osceola,  one  of  the  most  noted 
of  the  chiefs.  The  book  is  full  of  references  to 
official  documents  and  records,  and  bears  the  stamp 
of  faithful  investigation  ;  but  there  is  a  notable  lack 
of  literary  polish,  and  the  typographical  work  is  as 
wretched  as  the  quality  of  paper  used  is  inexcus- 
ably poor. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  introductory  essay  written  by  Mr.  Lewis  E.  Gates 
for  his  three  volumes  of  selections  from  Jeffrey,  New- 
man, and  Arnold  have  been  detached  from  the  books  in 
which  they  first  appeared,  and  brought  together  (the 
Jeffrey  rewritten  and  expanded)  into  an  independent 
volume  called  "  Three  Studies  in  Literature  "  (Mac- 
millan). This  is  as  it  should  be,  for  the  essays  were 
much  too  good  to  remain  in  the  semi-obscurity  of  their 
text-book  form,  and  we  are  glad  once  more  to  commend 
them  as  striking  examples  of  literary  criticism  and 
interpretation.  The  Newman,  particularly,  is  as  good 
as  anything  that  has  been  done  upon  the  subject. 

"  Historic  Nuns,"  by  Bessie  R.  Belloc,  comes  to  us 
from  the  London  press  of  Duckworth  &  Co.  Mary 
Aikenhead,  Catherine  McAulay,  Mme.  Duchesne,  and 
Mother  Seton  of  Emmettsburg,  are  the  four  excellent 
women  whose  lives,  privations,  and  manifold  good  works 
have  engaged,  if  not  exactly  inspired,  Miss  Belloe's  pen 
The  narratives  are  condensed  from  approved  sources. 


204 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  SPRING  BOOKS. 

THE  DIAL'S  customary  Spring  Announcement  List, 
published  herewith,  shows  this  year  to  be  one  of  consider- 
able activity  and  enterprise  in  the  publishing  trade.  Over 
600  titles  are  included,  representing  sixty  American 
publishers.  It  is  not  intended  to  include  in  this  list  any 
books  already  issued  and  entered  in  our  regular  List  of 
New  Books;  and  all  the  books  here  given  are  presum- 
ably new  books  —  new  editions  not  being  included  un- 
less having  new  form  or  matter.  The  list  presents, 
therefore,  a  real  survey  of  the  new  and  forthcoming 
books  of  the  Spring  of  1899,  carefully  classified,  and 
compiled  from  authentic  data. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Life  of  William  Morris,  by  J.  W.  Mackail,  illus.  by  E.  H. 
New. —  Life  of  Francis  Turner  Palgrave,  by  his  daughter, 
Gwenllian  Palgrave,  illus.  —  The  Early  Married  Life  of 
Maria  Josepha,  Lady  Stanley,  from  1796,  edited  by  J.  H. 
Adeane,  with  portraits. —  Memories  of  Half  a  Century,  by 
Kev.  R.  W.  Hiley,  D.D.,  with  portrait.—  Queen  Elizabeth, 
by  the  Right  Hon.  Mandell  Creighton,  D.D.,  new  and 
cheaper  edition.  —  The  Last  Years  of  St.  Paul,  by  Abb6 
Constant  Fouard,  trans,  by  Rev.  George  F.  X.  Griffith. — 
Memoir  of  the  Rev.  W.  Sparrow  Simpson,  D.D.,  compiled 
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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


205 


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Sword,  by  John  Strange  Winter. —  My  Lady  Frivol,  by 
Rosa  Nouchette  Carey.  (J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.) 


206 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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an  old  tale  of  Huguenot  days,  edited  by  William  Henry 
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ART  AND  ARCHITECTURE. —  Music. 

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Shrubs,  for  garden,  lawn,  and  park  planting,  by  Lucius  T. 
Davis,  illus.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


207 


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208 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


209 


Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Literature,  by  Edwin  Herbert 
Lewis,  Ph.D. —  A  Selection  of  Poems  for  School  Reading, 
by  Marcus  White,  Ph.B. —  Outlines  of  Civil  Government, 
by  P.  H.  Clark. —  The  Elements  of  Practical  Astronomy, 
by  W.  W.  Campbell,  second  edition,  revised  and  enlarged. 

—  A  Manual  of  Zoology,  by  T.  Jeffrey  Parker  and  William 
A.  Has  well,  edited  and  adapted  for  use  in  the  U.  S.  and  Can- 
ada.—  Physics  for  Beginners,  by  Henry  Crew,  Ph.D. — 
Three- Year  Preparatory  Course  in  French,  by  Charles  F. 
Kroeh,  A.M.,  Third  Year's  Course.  —  Phonic  Reader,  by 
Norman  Fergus  Black.  —  Child- Life    Readers,  by  Etta 
Austin  Blaisdell  and  Mary  Frances  Blaisdell,4  vols.,  illus. 

—  Selections  from  the  Greek  Lyric  Poets,  edited  by  Her- 
bert Weir  Smyth,  Ph.D.,  Vol.  I.,  The  Melic  Poets.— 
Chaucer's  Prologue  and  the  Knight's  Tale,  edited  by  Mark 
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M.  A. —  Macmillan's  Pocket  English  Classics,  9  new  vols. — 
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Composition  and  Rhetoric,  by  Robert  Herrick,  A.B.,  and 
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First  Lessons  in  Linear  Perspective,  by  F.  R.  Honey,  Ph.D., 
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sixth  revised  edition,  $2.  net.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

BOOKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

The  Statesman's  Year  Book  for  1899,  American  edition,  ed- 
ited by  Carroll  D.  Wright,  LL.D.  —  A  Dictionary  of  the 
Bible,  edited  by  Rev.  T.  K.  Cheyne,  M.  A.,  and  J.  S.  Black, 
M.A.,  4  vols.,  each  $4.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

The  Dictionary  of  Statistics,  by  M.  G.  Mulhall,  fourth  edi- 
tion, revised  to  June,  1898,  and  enlarged,  $8.50. —  Men  and 
Women  of  the  Time,  a  dictionary  of  contemporaries,  ed- 
ited by  G.  Victor  Plarr,  M. A.,  15th  edition,  revised  and 
brought  down  to  the  present  time,  $7.50.  (George  Rout- 
ledge  &  Sons.) 

A  Grammar  of  the  Bohemian  or  Czech  Language,  by  W.  R. 
Morfill,  M.A.,  $1.50.  (Oxford  University  Press.) 

The  SalvA- Webster  Spanish-English  and  English-Spanish 
Dictionary,  new  edition,  $1.  (Laird  &  Lee.) 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

Shakespeare's  Works,  "  Eversley  "  edition,  edited  by  Prof. 
C.  H.  Herford,  10  vols. —  Representative  English  Comedies, 
edited  by  Charles  Mills  Gayley,  5  vols.  —  "  Temple  Clas- 
sics," new  vols.:  North's  Plutarch,  in  10  vols. —  "  Temple 
Dramatists,"  new  vol.:  Otway's  Venice  Preserved.  (Mac- 
millan Co.) 

Cambridge  Editions  of  the  Poets,  new  vols.:  Complete  Poet- 
ical Works  of  Milton,  edited  by  William  Vaughn  Moody  ; 
Complete  Poetical  Works  of  Keats ;  each  with  portrait 
and  vignette,  $2. —  Poems,  by  Henry  Timrod,  new  memo- 
rial edition,  with  portrait  and  biographical  sketch,  $1.50 
net.  —  The  Antigone  of  Sophocles,  trans,  into  English  by 
George  H.  Palmer.  (Hough  ton,  Mifflin  &  Co.) 

The  Connklie  Humaine  of  Honored  de  Balzac,  trans,  from  the 
French  by  Katharine  Prescott  Wormeley,  33  vols.,  with 
100  photogravure  plates  by  French  artists,  per  vol.,  $1.50. 
—  Works  of  Alphonse  Daudet,  first  vols.:  Fromont  and 
Risler,  trans,  by  George  Burnham  Ives,  with  introduction 
by  W.  P.  Trent ;  The  Nabob,  trans,  by  George  Burnham 
Ives,  with  introduction  by  Brander  Matthews,  2  vols.;  with 
photogravure  frontispieces,  per  vol.,  $1.50. — Works  of 
Edward  Everett  Hale,  new  library  edition,  Vol.  II.,  In 
His  Name,  and  Christmas  Stories ;  Vol.  III.,  Ten  Times 
One,  and  other  stories ;  per  vol.,  $1.50.  (Little,  Brown, 
&Co.) 

The  Works  of  Mark  Twain,  "  Autograph  "  edition,  with  bio- 
graphical and  critical  essay  by  Brander  Matthews,  22  vols., 
illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  by  various  artists,  limited 
subscription  edition,  $220.  (American  Publishing  Co.) 

Departmental  Ditties,  by  Rudyard  Kipling,  typographical 
fac- simile  of  the  first  (Lahore)  edition,  $2.50  net.  —  The 
Betrothed,  by  Rudyard  Kipling,  illus.  by  Blanche 
McManus,  $1. — The  Vampire,  by  Rudyard  Kipling,  with 
frontispiece,  75  cts.  (M.  F.  Mansfield  and  A.  Wessels.) 

Complete  Works  of  W.  M.  Thackeray,  "  Biographical "  edi- 
tion, edited  by  Mrs.  Anne  Thackeray  Ritchie,  concluding 
vols.:  Vol.  XII.,  Denis  Duval,  etc.;  Vol.  XIII.,  Miscel- 
lanies; each  illns.,  $1.75.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 

Arthur  Gordon  Pym,  The  Gold  Bug,  and  The  Murders  of  the 
Rue  Morgue,  by  Edgar  Allan  Poe,  illus.  by  A.  D.  McCor- 
mack,  $1.50.  (New  Amsterdam  Book  Co.) 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

Old  Glory  Series,  new  vol.:  Fighting  in  Cuban  Waters,  or 
Under  Schley  on  the  "Brooklyn,"  by  Edward  Strate- 
meyer,  illus.,  $1.25. — Young  People's  History  of  England, 
by  George  Makepeace  Towle,  new  edition,  illns.,  $1.  (Lee 
&  Shepard.) 

The  Stories  Polly  Pepper  Told,  by  Margaret  Sidney,  illus., 
$1.50.— The  Story  of  Our  War  with  Spain,  told  for  young 
Americans,  by  Elbridge  S.  Brooks,  illus.,  $1.50. —  Yester- 
day Framed  in  To-day,  by  "  Pansy  "  (Mrs.  G.  R.  Alden), 
illus.,  $1.50. —  A  Modern  Sacrifice,  by  "Pansy,"  illus., 
75  cts.  —  The  Despatch  Boat  of  the  Whistle,  a  story  of 
Santiago,  by  William  O.  Stoddard,  illus.,  $1.25.  (Loth- 
rop  Publishing  Co.) 


210 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


The  Cougar-Tamer,  and  other  stories  of  adventure,  by  Frank 
Welles  Calkins,  illus.,  $1 .50.— Ickery  Ann,  and  Other 
Boys  and  Girls,  by  Elia  W.  Peattie,  $1.25.  (H.  S.  Stone 
&Co.) 

When  Boston  Braved  the  King,  a  story  of  Tea- Party  times, 
by  William  E.  Barton,  illus.,  $1.50.  — Cadet  Standish  of 
the  St.  Louis,  a  story  of  our  naval  campaign  in  Cuban 
waters,  by  William  Drysdale,  illus.,  $1.50.  —  A  Daughter 
of  the  West,  the  story  of  an  American  princess,  by  Evelyn 
Raymond,  illns.,  $1.50.  (W.  A.  Wilde  &  Co.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Life  Masks  of  Great  Americans,  by  Charles  H.  Hart,  illus., 
$5.  net.  —  Kipling  Kalendar  for  1900,  with  bas-relief 
mount  by  J.  Lockwood  Kipling.  (Doubleday  &  McClure 
Co.) 

The  Private  Stable,  its  establishment,  management,  and  ap- 
pointments, by  "  Jorrocks,"  illus.,  $3.  net.  (Little,  Brown, 
&Co.) 

The  Gambling  World,  anecdotal  memories  and  stories  of  per- 
sonal experience,  by  "  Rouge  et  Noire,"  illus.,  $3.50.  — 
Books  I  Have  Read,  a  blank  book  for  personal  entries,  $1. 
(Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.) 

Benjamin  on  Sales,  a  treatise  on  the  law  of  sale  of  personal 
property,  by  Judah  P.  Benjamin,  seventh  American  edi- 
tion, newly  edited  and  revised  by  Hon.  Edmund  H.  Ben- 
nett and  Samuel  C.  Bennett,  $6.  net.  (Houghton,  Mifilin 
&Co.) 

Duality  of  Voice,  an  outline  of  original  research,  by  Emil 
Sutro.  —  Methods  and  Problems  of  Spiritual  Healing,  by 
Horatio  W.  Dresser,  $1.  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

The  History  of  Gambling  in  England,  by  John  Ashton,  $2.50. 
—  Old  Time  Drinks  and  Drinkers,  by  Alice  Morse  Earle, 
illus.,  $1.25.  (H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.) 

Mad  Humanity,  by  Dr.  Forbes  Winslow,  $2.50. —  Prisons  and 
Prisoners,  by  Rev.  J.  W.  Horsley,  $1.25.  —  Raiders  and 
Rebels  in  South  Africa,  by  Elsa  Goodwin  Green,  illus., 
$1.50  net.  (M.  F.  Mansfield  &  A.  Wessels.) 

Photographic  Reproduction  of  the  Unique  Manuscript  of  the 
Kashmirian  Atharva-Veda,  the  so-called  Paippalada- 
Cakha,  issued  under  the  supervision  of  Professor  Bloom- 
field,  limited  edition,  $25.  (Johns  Hopkins  Press. ) 

The  Palseography'of  Greek  Papyri,  by  Frederic  G.  Kenyon, 
M.A.,  illus.,  $2.60.  (Oxford  University  Press. ) 

Political  Hits,  cartoons,  by  W.  A.  Rogers,  $5. — Cissie  Loftus, 
an  illustrated  souvenir,  by  Justin  Huntley  McCarthy. 
(R.  H.  Russell.) 

Wheeling,  hints  and  advice  from  the  physician's  standpoint, 
by  Victor  Neesen,  M.D.,  illus.,  75cte. — Reading  and  Read- 
ers, by  Clifford  Harrison,  $1.  (New  Amsterdam  Book  Co.) 

Through  Boyhood  to  Manhood,  a  plea  for  ideals,  by  Ennis 
Richmond. — Golf  and  Golfers,  by  Horace  G.  Hutchinson. 
(Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.) 

The  Laws  and  Principles  of  Whist,  by  "  Cavendish,"  revised 
edition,  $1.50  net.  (Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

From  the  Child's  Standpoint,  studies  of  child-nature,  by 
Florence  Hull  Winterburn,  $1.25. — Nursery  Ethics,  by 
Florence  Hull  Winterburn,  new  edition,  $1.  (Baker  & 
Taylor  Co.) 

The  Crocus  Tragedy,  a  gift  book  for  Easter  and  other  occa- 
sions, by  R.  M.  Streeter,  printed  in  2  colors,  illus.,  $1. 
(Potter  &  Putnam  Co.) 

I  Have  Called  You  Friends,  by  Irene  E.  Jerome,  illuminated 
by  the  author,  new  edition,  $2.  (Lee  &  Shepard.) 

Gospel  of  the  Stars,  or  Astrology  for  the  People,  by  "  Ga- 
briel" (James  Hingston),  $1.  (Continental  Publishing 
Co.) 

Left  Overs,  how  to  transform  them  into  palatable  and  whole- 
some dishes,  by  Mrs.  S.  T.  Rorer,  50  cts.  (Arnold  &  Co.) 


Mr.  William  Johnson  Stone  is  of  those  who  entertain 
the  forlorn  hope  of  naturalizing  strictly  classical  metres 
in  English  poetry,  and  he  has  just  published,  through 
Mr.  Henry  Frowde,  an  argumentative  pamphlet  in  sup- 
port of  this  view.  It  is  entitled  "  On  the  Use  of  Clas- 
sical Metres  in  English,"  and  however  essentially  ques- 
tionable the  argument  may  be,  it  is  urged  with  much 
force,  and,  what  is  better,  illustrated  by  a  really  beau- 
tiful version  of  about  one  hundred  lines  from  the 
«  Odyssey." 


LITERARY  NOTES. 


"  The  Scapegoat,"  by  Mr.  Hall  Caine,  has  just  been 
published  by  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  in  a  new  edi- 
tion, which  is  almost  a  new  book,  so  extensively  has  it 
been  revised  and  amended. 

Professor  Patrick  Geddes,  of  Edinburgh,  will  speak 
before  the  Twentieth  Century  Club  of  Chicago  on  the 
thirtieth  of  this  month.  "  Schemes  and  Dreams  of  a 
Great  City  "  will  be  the  subject  of  his  address. 

Mr.  Gosse's  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Dr.  John  Donne, 
Dean  of  St.  Paul's,"  upon  which  he  has  been  long  en- 
gaged, will  be  published  soon.  The  University  of  St. 
Andrews  has  just  conferred  the  honorary  degree  of 
LL.D.  on  Mr.  Gosse. 

The  Rev.  Andrew  Kennedy  Hutchinson  Boyd,  known 
to  more  readers  by  his  initials  than  by  his  name,  died 
early  this  month,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four.  The  "  Rec- 
reations of  a  Country  Parson "  was  his  best  known 
work,  although  he  published  many  other  volumes. 

Something  of  a  new  departure  is  to  be  made  by  the 
Turnbull  lectures  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  A 
course  on  Wagner,  to  be  given  by  Mr.  H.  S.  Chamber- 
lain, has  been  announced.  Dr.  Paulsen,  of  Berlin,  will 
give  a  series  of  lectures  next  year  at  the  same  Univer- 
sity. 

Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke,  who  is  now  quite  definitely 
said  to  have  accepted  a  professorship  of  English  litera- 
ture at  Princeton  University,  will  be  the  speaker  at  the 
next  convocation  of  the  University  of  Chicago.  The 
date  will  be  April  1 ;  and  the  subject  of  the  address, 
"  Democracy  and  Culture." 

Mr.  Chalkley  J.  Hambleton,  of  Chicago,  has  printed 
privately  a  small  volume  called  "  A  Gold  Hunter's  Ex- 
perience." The  book  is  not,  as  one  might  expect,  an 
account  of  some  recent  expedition  to  the  Klondike,  but 
rather  the  story  of  an  expedition  made  by  the  author  to 
Pike's  Peak  in  1860,  "  made  up  partly  from  memory 
and  partly  from  old  letters  written  at  the  time  to  my 
sister  in  the  East."  It  is  a  belated  bit  of  history,  but 
none  the  less  interesting  for  that. 

Two  recent  numbers  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  publica- 
tions (Johns  Hopkins  Press,  Baltimore)  consist  of 
studies  of  slavery  in  New  Jersey  by  Henry  Seofield 
Cooley,  and  of  the  causes  of  the  Maryland  Revolution 
of  1689  by  Francis  Edgar  Sparks.  Rejecting  the  usual 
statement  that  this  revolution  was  produced  by  a  few 
ambitious  men  through  a  false  story  of  a  Roman  Cath- 
olic plot,  the  author  of  the  latter  pamphlet  traces  it  to 
an  over-development  of  the  strong  Palatinate  system  of 
government  during  the  thirty  years  preceding.  The 
former  pamphlet  traces  the  history  of  slavery  in  its 
beginnings  under  proprietary  government,  its  increase 
under  the  Crown  government,  and  the  spread  of  the 
Quaker  abolition  feeling  until  the  gradual  abolition  law 
of  1804.  The  largest  number  of  slaves  at  any  time 
within  the  state  was  about  12,000  in  1800. 

"  A  Laboratory  Manual  in  Astronomy  "  (Ginn),  by 
Miss  Mary  E.  Byrd,  emphasizes  the  growing  apprecia- 
tion of  observational  and  experimental  methods  in  all 
departments  of  teaching.  At  first  thought,  it  seems  as 
if  these  methods  were  beyond  the  reach  of  most  schools 
and  colleges,  as  far  as  astronomy  is  concerned,  on  ac- 
count of  the  expensiveness  of  the  equipment  necessary, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  advanced  mathematical  knowl- 
edge presupposed.  Bui  the  author  of  this  volume 
shows  that  a  great  deal  may  be  done  with  simple  means, 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


211 


and  her  book  fairly  justifies  its  title.  We  are  a  little 
suspicious  of  "  home-made  telescopes,"  but  there  is  no 
doubt  that  many  observations  and  simple  calculations 
are  within  the  reach  of  young  students,  and  afford  an 
admirable  sort  of  discipline  in  scientific  thought  and 
method.  

DANIEL  LEWIS  SHOREY. 

Chicago  has  been  singularly  unfortunate  during  the 
last  few  months  in  the  loss  of  a  number  of  men  repre- 
senting the  highest  type  of  intelligent  citizenship. 
Within  a  comparatively  brief  period,  we  have  had  mel- 
ancholy occasion  to  report  the  deaths  of  E.  G.  Mason, 
J.  L.  High,  L.  H.  Boutell,  and  W.  K.  Sullivan.  To 
that  list  must  now  be  added  the  name  of  Daniel  Lewis 
Shorey,  who  died  after  a  two  months'  illness,  on  the 
fourth  of  March,  at  the  age  of  seventy-five.  Mr.  Shorey 
will  be  remembered  by  our  readers  as  an  occasional 
contributor,  but  there  are  far  more  cogent  reasons  than 
that  for  recording  in  these  columns  a  tribute  to  his  mem- 
ory. Few  Chicagoans  have  been  so  thoroughly  identi- 
fied with  the  higher  intellectual  life  and  social  aspira- 
tions of  the  community  as  was  Mr.  Shorey,  even  during 
the  busiest  years  of  his  professional  career;  and  few  have 
left  behind  them  so  much  good  work,  accomplished  with- 
out ostentation,  for  the  furtherance  of  culture.  He  was 
born  in  Maine,  January  31,  1824,  and  was  educated  at 
Phillips  Andover,  Dartmouth,  and  the  Harvard  Law 
School.  He  taught  for  a  few  years  in  New  Hampshire, 
Massachusetts,  and  Washington,  and  was  admitted  to 
the  Massachusetts  bar  in  1854.  The  year  following,  he 
removed  to  Davenport,  Iowa,  where  he  practised  for 
ten  years,  also  serving  terms  as  city  attorney  and  pres- 
ident of  the  school  board.  In  1865  he  came  to  Chicago, 
and  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  for 
twenty-five  years.  When,  after  the  Great  Fire,  it  was 
proposed  to  establish  a  public  library  in  Chicago,  Mr. 
Shorey  took  an  active  interest  in  the  matter,  and  drafted 
the  Illinois  statute  of  1872,  one  of  the  first  and  best  of 
the  State  laws  relating  to  public  libraries.  He  became 


a  member  of  the  first  library  board  organized  under  this 
law,  and  occupied  that  position  for  eight  years.  This 
led  to  his  friendship  with  the  late  W.  F.  Poole,  one  of 
the  closest  friendships  of  his  life,  lasting  for  twenty 
years.  Of  the  nine  members  of  that  first  library  board, 
Mr.  Julius  Rosenthal  is  now  the  sole  survivor.  In  1880 
Mr.  Shorey  became  a  member  of  the  City  Council,  serv- 
ing the  public  in  this  capacity  for  six  years.  In  1890 
he  retired  from  his  profession,  took  a  long  trip  abroad, 
and,  returning,  settled  down  to  spend  his  closing  years 
in  his  library.  He  read  widely  and  deeply  in  several 
directions,  particularly  in  the  history  of  the  French 
Revolution,  upon  which  subject  he  had  made  himself  an 
authority.  His  contributions  to  THE  DIAL  were  among 
the  results  of  these  studies.  The  establishment  of  the 
University  of  Chicago  soon  after  his  retirement,  and  his 
appointment  as  a  Trustee  of  the  institution,  provided  a 
happy  outlet  for  his  surplus  energies.  Living  close  to 
the  University,  he  visited  it  almost  every  day  down  to 
his  last  illness,  and  devoted  himself  to  its  interests  with 
a  zeal  that  few  men  in  similar  positions  have  time  to 
display.  It  was  peculiarly  fitting  that  the  funeral  ser- 
vices, held  on  the  seventh  of  this  month,  should  have 
been  given  a  quasi-official  character  by  the  participation 
of  the  University  authorities.  The  tale  of  his  public 
services  is  not  complete  without  mention  of  his  eighteen 
years'  presidency  of  the  Western  Unitarian  Conference, 
and  his  lifelong  activity  in  the  cause  of  liberal  religion. 
Of  Mr.  Shorey's  character  it  is  difficult  to  speak  ade- 
quately in  a  few  words.  No  one  could  know  him  closely 
without  thinking,  with  Hamlet  of  Horatio,  that  he  was 

"  E'en  as  just  a  man 
As  e'er  my  conversation  coped  withal." 

Preserving  throughout  his  life  a  youthful  freshness  of 
feeling,  his  nature  was  so  genuine,  and  his  integrity  so 
absolute,  that  he  won  both  love  and  respect  in  a  meas- 
ure beyond  most  of  his  fellow-men,  and  his  death  leaves, 
to  those  who  knew  him  intimately,  the  sense  of  an  irre- 
parable loss,  of  a  void  that  can  never  be  filled. 


AN  INDEX  OF  ADVERTISERS 

APPEARING  IN  THE  DIAL'S  SPRING  ANNOUNCEMENT  NUMBER,  1899. 


NEW  YORK.  PAGE 

Macmillan  Co 185,  186 

Scribner's  Sons,  Charles 169,  171 

Longmans,  Green,  &  Co 178,  179 

Harper  &  Brothers 184 

Appleton  &  Co.,  D 173,  214 

Harper,  Francis  P 170 

Barnes  &  Co.,  A.  8 174 

Putnam's  Sons,  G.  P 216 

Holt  &  Co.,  Henry 183 

New  Amsterdam  Book  Co '    .     .  172 

Lane,  John 180 

Oxford  University  Press 213 

Cassell&  Co.,  Ltd 213 

Mansfield  &  Wessels 175 

Bangs  &  Co.  . 215 

Baker  &  Taylor  Co 221 

Lentilhon  &  Co 214 

Potter  &  Putnam  Co 221 

Jenkins,  William  R 221 

Public  Opinion 217 

Gillott  &  Sons 215 

Boorum  &  Pease  Co 215 

New  York  Bureau  of  Revision     ....  222 
Editorial  Bureau    ....  .222 


NEW  YORK  — Continued.      PAGE 

Royal  Manuscript  Society 214 

Grant,  F.  E 214 

Benjamin,  Walter  Romeyn 214 

Blackwell,  Henry 214 

Berlin  Photographic  Co 221 

American  Shakespearian  Magazine  .    .    .  214 

BOSTON. 

Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co 181 

Crowell  &  Co.,  Thomas  Y 212,223 

Lee  &  Shepard 183 

Sanborn&Co.,  Benj.  H. 222 

Bird,  Frank  W 214 

L'Echo  de  la  Semaine 221 

Unitarian  Mission  Committee      ....  215 

PHILADELPHIA. 

Lippincott  Co.,  J.  B 176 

Jewish  Publication  Society 214 

Boname,  L.  C 221 

CHICAGO. 

Stone  &  Co.,  Herbert  8 218,  219 

Laird  &  Lee 177 

American  Book  Company 224 


CHICAGO  — Continued.        FAOE 

Rand,  McNally  &  Co 182 

Open  Court  Publishing  Co 223 

Sergei  Co.,  Charles  H 175 

Scott,  Foresman  &  Co 215 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication  .  .  .  220 
Western  Methodist  Book  Concern  ...  220 

Pilgrim  Press 220 

Brentano's 221 

Flanagan,  A 221 

Arts  &  Crafts  Publishing  Co 222 

Thurston  Teachers'  Agency 221 

Fisk  Teachers'  Agency 221 

Armour  Institute 221 

Santa  Fe  Route 222 

Illinois  Central  Railroad 222 

Perkins,  Dwight  H 214 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

G.&C.Merriam  Co., Springfield, Mass.  214,  215 
Spectator,  The,  London,  England  .  .  .  223 
Spencer,  Walter  T.,  London,  England  .  221 
Baker's  Book  Shop,  Birmingham,  England  215 
Editor  Publishing  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O.  .  .  222 
Davidson,  Mrs.  H.  A.,  Albany,  N.  Y.  .  .  221 
Travelers  Insurance  Co.,  Hartford,  Conn.  222 


212  THE     DIAL.  [March  16, 

THOMAS  Y.  CROWELL  &  CO.'S 

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Shakespeare  in  France. 

By  J.  J.  JUSSERAND,  author  of  "English  Wayfaring 
Life,"  "  The  English  Novel  in  the  Time  of  Shakespeare," 
etc.  Photogravure  frontispiece,  and  numerous  illustra- 
tions in  the  text.  8vo. 

Two  Women  in  the  Klondike. 

By  MARY  E.  HITCHCOCK.  With  over  100  illustrations 
from  photographs.  8vo. 

Industrial  Cuba. 

Being  a  Study  of  the  Present  Commercial  and  Industrial 
Conditions,  with  Suggestions  as  to  the  Opportunities  Pre- 
sented in  the  Islands  for  American  Capital,  Enterprise, 
and  Labor.  By  ROBERT  P.  PORTER,  Special  Commis- 
sioner for  the  United  States  to  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 
With  maps  and  fifty-nine  illustrations.  8vo. 

The  Life  of  George  Borrow. 

The  Life,  Writings,  and  Correspondence  of  George  Bor- 
row, 1803-1881.  author  of  "  The  Bible  in  Spain,"  etc.  By 
WILLIAM  I.  KNAPP,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D.,  and  late  of  Yale  and 
Chicago  Universities.  In  two  volumes.  8vo. 

Nature  Studies  in  Berkshire. 

By  JOHN  COLEMAN  ADAMS.  With  illustrations  in  photo- 
gravure from  original  photographs  by  ARTHUR  SCOTT. 
Large  8vo. 

Ornamental  Shrubs. 

For  Garden,  Lawn,  and  Park  Planting.  By  Lucius  D. 
DAVIS.  Fully  illustrated.  8vo. 

Our  Insect  Friends  and  Foes. 

How  to  Collect,  Preserve,  and  Study  Them.  By  BELLE 
S.  CRAQIN,  A.  M.  Fully  illustrated.  12mo. 

The  Passing  of  Prince  Rozan. 

A  Romance  of  the  Sea.    By  JOHN  BICKERDYKE.  12mo. 

Miss  Cayley's  Adventures. 

By  GRANT  Allen,  author  of  '•  Flowers  and  Their  Pedi- 
grees," etc. 

The  Children  of  the  Mist. 

By  EDEN  PHILLPOTTS,  author  of  "  Down  Dartmore 
Way,"  "Lying  Prophets,"  etc.  12mo. 

Lone  Pine. 

A  Story  of  a  Lost  Mine.  By  R.  B.  TOWNSHEND.  12mo. 
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218 


THE    DIAL 


[March  16, 


HERBERT  S.  STONE  &  COMPANY 

ELDRIDQE  COURT    CHICAGO 


BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  "THE  SOWERS.1 


With  Twenty  Eight 

Full-Page  Illustrations. 


12mo,  Cloth,  About  400 

Pages.    Price,  $1.75. 


By  HENRY  SETON  MERRIMAN, 

Author  of  «  With  Edge  Tools,"  "  In  Kedar's  Tents,"  "  Roden's  Corner,"  etc. 

Mr.  Merriman's  success  has  been  steadily  growing  since  the  publication  of  "  The  Sowers."  This  new  novel  has 
not  been  published  serially  in  this  country,  and  will,  therefore,  come  to  the  public  with  absolute  freshness.  Except 
for  "Dross  "—the  proofs  of  which  he  has  just  finished  reading  —  there  will  be  no  other  book  by  Mr.  Merriman  this  year. 


"  After-Supper  Songs." 

By  ELIZABETH  COOLIDGE.    With  twenty-four  medal- 
lions in  colors.     Quarto,  cloth,  $2.00. 

This  volume  of  songs  for  children  was  issued  the  week  before  Christ- 
mas, and  was  not,  therefore,  sold  at  any  except  the  Chicago  bookstores. 
The  entire  first  edition  was  sold  during  the  week.  No  better  evidence 
could  be  given  of  the  selling  qualities  of  the  work. 

"The  History  of  Gambling  in  England." 

By  JOHN  ASHTON.    8vo,  cloth,  82.50. 

Mr.  Ashton  has  made  an  extremely  interesting  volume  on  this  sub- 
ject. He  describes  the  origin  of  gambling  in  England  ;  the  different 
games  of  chance  and  how  they  are  played  ;  and  tells  hundreds  of 
amusing  anecdotes  about  celebrated  gamblers. 

'•The  Cougar  -  Tamer,  and  Other  Stories  of  Ad- 
venture." 

By  FRANK  WELLES  CALKINS.    With  seven  full-page 
illustrations.     12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

The  book  is  made  up  of  fifteen  stories  of  adventure  in  the  West. 
They  originally  appeared  in  the  Youth1*  Companion,  where  they  were 
featured  as  one  of  the  best  series  of  stories  of  adventure  that  the  pub- 
lication bad  ever  printed. 

The  illustrations  —  by  Jay  Hanbridge,  Emerson,  and  others  —  are 
admirable. 

"The  Perfect  Wagnerite." 

By  G.  BERNARD  SHAW,  author  of  "Plays  Pleasant  and 

Unpleasant."    12mo,  $1.25. 

The  author's  preface  explains  the  work.  "  This  is  a  commentary  on 
'  The  Ring  of  the  Niblungs.'  I  offer  it  to  those  enthusiastic  admirers  of 
Wagner  who  are  unable  to  follow  his  ideas ;  although  they  are  unable  to 
follow  his  ideas,  and  do  not  understand  in  the  least  the  dilemma  of 
Wotan,  though  they  are  filled  with  indignation  at  the  irreverence  of  the 
Philistines,  who  frankly  aver  that  they  find  the  remarks  of  the  god  too 
often  tedious  and  nonsensical." 

"A  Short  History  of  the  United  States." 

By  JUSTIN  HUNTLY  MCCARTHY.    With  a  complete 

Index.     12mo,  $1.50. 

A  history  of  the  United  States  from  the  standpoint  of  an  English- 
man will  prove  interesting  at  this  time,  when  there  is  so  much  talk  of 
an  Anglo-American  alliance.  The  author  has  not  attempted  to  defend 
England  in  her  relations  with  this  country,  but  tells  in  an  impartial 
manner  the  plain  story  of  America's  development. 

"Love's  Dilemmas." 

By  ROBERT  HERRICK.    Six  Short  Stories,  only  one  of 
which  has  been  printed  before.   With  a  cover  designed 
by  WILL  BRADLEY.    16mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 
The  stories  are  all  significant.    They  mean  something,  they  have  a 
perceptible  relation  to  life.    Mr.  Herrick  is  so  thoughtful  a  student  of 
character  that  his  strokes  count.    You  may  dislike  his  idea,  you  may 
even  quarrel  with  it ;  but  it  makes  you  think.    Behind  it  you  feel  a  cer- 
tain insight  into  motives  and  emotions,  into  the  problem  of  the  trans- 
mutation of  character  into  action.    It  is  not  an  infallible  insight,  but  it 
is  keen.     And  its  edge  is  almost  as  sharp  in  dealing  with  these  light 
themes  as  with  the  prof  ounder  difficulties  of  "  The  Gospel  of  Freedom. " 

"  Ickery  Ann,  and  Other  Girls  and  Boys." 

By  ELIA  W.  PEATTIE,  author  of  "  A  Mountain  Wo- 
man," "  The  Shape  of  Fear,"  etc.    With  a  cover  design 
by  FRANK  HAZENPLUG.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 
Mrs.  Peattie  has  collected  a  number  of  her  stories  for  children  from 
the  Youth's  Companion,  St.  Nicholas,  etc.,  and  they  are  now  issued  in 
attractive  book  form.    The  author's  reputation  is  steadily  and  speedily 
growing,  and  these  stories  will  be  found  not  only  worthy  of  her  name, 
but  notable  as  forming  her  first  volume  for  children. 


"D'Arcy  of  the  Guards"  or  "The  Fortunes  of 
War." 

By  Louis  EVAN  SHIPMAN,  author  of  "  Urban  Dia- 

logues."   16mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 

A  rollicking,  cheerful  story,  with  an  Irish  hero  and  an  American 
heroine.  The  action  takes  place  on  the  highway  near  London,  in  Lon- 
don, and  in  Philadelphia  in  colonial  times.  Mr.  Shipman  has  written 
with  evident  enjoyment,  and  has  given  to  his  style  much  of  gaiety  and 
wit.  In  its  climax,  however,  it  rises  to  a  real,  dramatic  situation,  at 
which  the  reader  cannot  fail  to  feel  a  thrill  of  excitement.  It  is  a  quick- 
reading  book,  and  one  which  will  be  difficult  to  lay  aside  without 
finishing. 

"The  Wolf's  Long  Howl." 

By  STANLEY  WATERLOO,  author  of  "The  Story  of 
Ab,"  etc."  Uniform  with  "A  Man  and  a  Woman." 
12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

The  great  success  of  the  "  Story  of  Ab  "  has  encouraged  the  pub- 
lishers to  put  into  book  form  some  of  the  best  of  Mr.  Waterloo's  short 
stories.  Several  of  them  have  appeared  in  English  and  American  peri- 
odicals, but  the  majority  are  now  printed  for  the  first  time. 

"  A  Fair  Brigand." 

By  GEORGE  HORTON,  author  of  "  Aphroessa,"  "  Con- 

stantino," etc.,  late  U.  S.  Consul  at  Athens.     With 

many  illustrations.     16mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 

Mr.  Horton  has  written  an  amusing,  and  at  times  exciting,  tale  of 

adventure  among  the  brigands  who  inhabit  the  country  around  Mt. 

Olympus,  and  he  has  incidentally  given  what  is    probably  the  only 

truthful  picture  that  has  been  written  of  life  in  modern  Greece.    Takis, 

the  celebrated  Greek  brigand,  who  was  tried  in  Athens  just  before  the 

Greek-Turkish  war,  on  the  charge  of  cutting  off  the  ears  of  his  cap- 

tives, is  one  of  the  leading  characters  in  the  book.     In  the  closing 

scenes  in  Athens,  many  well-known  persons  are  introduced  under  a 

thin  disguise  of  romance. 

"  Robert,  Earl  Nugent." 

By  CLAUD  NUGENT.  With  many  reproductions  in 
photogravure  and  half-tone  from  family  portraits  by  Sir 
Godfrey  Kneller,  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  Gainsborough, 
and  others.  8vo,  cloth,  $3.50. 

"  Successful  Houses." 

By  OLIVER  COLEMAN.    Finely  illustrated.    8vo,  cloth, 

$1.50. 

Every  room  in  the  house  is  taken  up  in  the  book  and  methods  of 
treatment  suggested.  Mr.  Coleman's  articles  have  been  widely  read  in 
The,  House  Beautiful,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  book  on  Interior 
Decoration  has  ever  been  published  which  is  so  practical  and  so  com- 
pletely governed  by  the  requirements  of  good  taste.  Many  half-tone 
illustrations  of  interiors  accompany  the  text. 

"Lucifer:  A  Theological  Tragedy." 

By  GEORGE  SANTAYANA.    16mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 


Mr.  Santayana's  volume  of  "  Sonnets  and  Other  Poems,"  published 


together  with  the  entire  play,  and  should  appeal  largely  to  thoughtful 
readers. 

"  Etiquette  for  Americans." 

Second  impression.  16mo,  cloth,  $1.25. 
It  is  probable  that  no  woman  thoroughly  qualified  to  write  upon  this 
subject  would  be  willing  to  sign  her  name  to  this  book.  It  is  written  by 
a  person  who  is  regarded  all  over  the  country  as  an  authority  upon  this 
subject.  Matters  of  good  form  are  so  constantly  changing  that  there  is 
at  present  a  great  need  for  such  a  book. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


219 


HERBERT  S.  STONE  &  COMPANY 

ELDRIDQE  COURT    CHICAGO 


"The  Carcellini  Emerald." 

With  Other  Tales  by  Mrs.  BURTON  HARRISON.    Illus- 
trated.    12mo.  cloth,  $1.50. 
Mrs.  Harrison  has  gathered  six  of  her  best  stories  into  a  volume 

which  is  illustrated  by  some  of  our  foremost  artists.  The  book  is  likely 

to  be  widely  popular. 

"Can  We  Disarm?" 

By  JOSEPH  McCABE,  in  collaboration  -with  GEORGES 
DARIEN,  author  of  "  Biribi."     12mo,  $1.25. 
A  very  timely  book  on  a  subject  of  universal  interest.    The  authors 
have  brought  together  and  arranged  the  arguments  on  both  sides  of  the 
question,  and  have  offered  a  plan  that  might  be  generally  satisfactory 
to  the  powers.     The  arguments  are  carefully  substantiated  from  the 
latest  statistics. 

"The  Spanish  -  American  War." 

By  Eye  Witnesses.  Fully  illustrated.  8vo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
This  volume  represents  a  unique  method  of  giving  the  history  of 
the  present  war  with  Spain.  Arrangements  were  made  with  corre- 
spondents at  the  front  to  furnish  stories  of  the  battles  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  non-combatant.  Valuable  photographs  and  drawings  of 
the  different  battles  in  progress  have  been  secured  and  reproduced  in 
this  volume.  So  far  as  is  known,  this  is  the  only  occasion  upon  which 
the  history  of  a  war  has  been  recorded  in  this  fashion. 

"The  Vengeance  of  the  Female." 

By  MARRION  WILCOX,  author  of  "A  Short  History  of 
the  War  with  Spain,"  etc.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
Mr.  Wilcox  has  written  a  book  for  persons  of  leisure.     It  is  a  ram- 
bling account  of  experiences  and  characters  he  has  had  to  do  with  in 
several  parts  of  the  globe.     He  does  not  seek  to  explain  or  to  instruct 
or  even  to  suggest  insistently.     His  observations  of  the  life  he  has 
shared  in  Spain  and  Italy  were  written  down  because  they  seemed  es- 
sential, it  is  true  ;  but  entertainment  is  essential  now  and  then. 


"Sand  'n'  Bushes." 

By  MARIA  LOUISE  POOL.    Uniform  with  "  A  Golden 

Sorrow."    12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

Messrs.  Herbert  S.  Stone  &  Co.  have  been  so  fortunate  as  to  secure 
another  novel  by  Miss  Pool,  and  to  all  the  readers  of  "In  Buncombe 
County  "  and  "  In  a  Dyke  Shanty  "  the  announcement  will  be  of  espe- 
cial interest.  The  new  book  is  characterized  by  all  the  humor  and 
keenness  of  description  that  have  made  Miss  Pool's  previous  work 
famous. 

"The  Awakening." 

By  KATE  CHOPIN,  author  of  "  A  Night  in  Acadie," 
"  Bayou  Folks,"  etc.    12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
Mrs.  Chopin  has  written  a  very  remarkable  novel,  which  is  likely  to 
occasion  considerable  sensation.     It  is  essentially  a  story  for  women ; 
it  tells  the  intimate  life  —  the  mental,  emotional,  and  moral  develop- 
ment —  of  one  woman  in  such  a  way  that  its  appeal  is  very  large.     The 
style  is  curiously  analytical  and  feminine,  and  yet  of  such  force  as  to 
make  the  final  scene  very  effective. 

"Stories  from  the  Old  Testament  for  Children." 

By  HARRIET  S.  B.  BEALE.    12mo,  $1.50.  ' 

Although  many  books  have  already  been  written  upon  this  subject, 
the  present  volume  will  be  read  because  it  contains  merely  the  story  of 
the  Old  Testament  without  the  "preaching"  which  is  inevitably  to  be 
found  in  such  books.  The  author  has  told  the  story  simply  and  leaves 
the  moral  to  be  deducted  by  the  reader. 

"Some  Verses." 

By  HELEN  HAY.     Second  impression.    16mo,  cloth, 

$1.00. 

For  three  or  four  years  Miss  Hay's  poems  have  been  appearing  in 
the  various  magazines  and  have  attracted  the  attention  from  critical 
persons  which  their  real  cleverness  deserves.  They  are  now  collected 
under  an  unpretentious  title  and  offered  to  the  public  simultaneously 
with  their  author's  return  to  America. 


THE  VICTORIAN  ERA  SERIES. 


The  series  is  designed  to  form  a  record  of  the  great  move- 
ments and  developments  of  the  age,  in  politics,  economics,  re- 
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224  THE     DIAL  [March  16,  1899. 

.,      THE  RIGHTS  AND  DUTIES 

OF 


BY 

WESTEL  WOODBURY  WILLOUGHBY,  Ph.D. 

^Associate  in  Political  Science  at  the  Johns  Hopkins  University,  author  of 
"  The  Mature  of  the  State:  A  Study  in  Political  Philosophy," 
"  Government  and  ^Administration  in  the  United 
States,"  "  The  Supreme  Court:  Its  Consti- 
tutional Relations"  etc. 

Cloth,  12mo,  336  pages.    Price,  $1.00 

'"THE  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  present  to  American  youths  practical 
information  as  to  the  rights  and  duties  which  attach  to  American 
citizenship.  In  the  effort  to  do  this  in  the  clearest  and  most  logical 
form,  the  author  has  developed  the  general  principles  of  civil  gov- 
ernment from  a  study  of  the  nation's  growth  and  development, 
instead  of  pursuing  the  usual  stereotyped  method  of  giving  a  running 
commentary  upon  the  Constitution.  Progressive  Teachers  will  rec- 
ognize that  this  is  the  only  method  capable  of  leading  to  sound 
conclusions  and  definite  results  in  the  study. 


Copies  of  Willoughby's  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship 

will  be  sent,  prepaid,  to  any  address  on  receipt  of  the  price  by  the  Publishers, 

AMERICAN 
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CHICAGO  521-531  Wabash  Avenue 

Chicago 


THE  DIAL   PRESS,  CHICAGO. 


THE 


^  SEMI -MONTHLY  JOURNAL  OF 

Critkism,  gtsmssion,  attfr  Jf  nfornmiton. 


EDITED  BY        )  Volume  xxvi.         ntrm  A  rr»    AT>T?TT    i    i  QQQ  w  ct*.  a  copy.  (   315  WABASH  AVE. 

FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE.  J       No.  307.  UttlVAUV,  AjTlWXl  1,  loW»  82.ayear.     (  Opposite  Auditorium. 


LITERATURE 


T  F  you  are  looking  out  for  Spring  books ;  if  you  have  the  work 
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JOURNAL  OF  LITERARY  CRITICISM 

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and  contains  English,  French,  German,  and  other  international 
letters  and  articles,  as  well  as  purely  American  critical  work. 

Furthermore,  such  authors  as  Rudyard  Kipling,  George  Mere- 
dith, Edmund  Gosse,  and  Austin  Dobson  are  from  time  to  time 
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226 


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[April  1, 


BOOKS  OF  IMPORTANCE 


FORTIETH  THOUSAND 

MR.  DOOLEY 

IN    PEACE    AND    IN    WAR 

Cloth,  $1.25. 


WASHINGTON'S 
FAREWELL  ADDRESS 

With  a  Prefatory  Note  by 
WORTHINGTON   C.  FORD 

Containing  a  Facsimile  of  Washington's 
Original  Draft,  contained  in  the  letter  to 
James  Madison.  Paper  boards,  60  cts. 


THE  MEMORY  OF 
LINCOLN 

Edited  by 
M.  A.  DE WOLFE   HOWE 

Poems  selected,  with  an  Introduction  by 
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gravure. Cloth,  ornamental,  $1.00. 


JOHN  SULLIVAN   DWIQHT 

BROOK   FARMER,  EDITOR,  and   INTERPRETER  OF   MUSIC 

A   BIOGRAPHY 

By 

GEORGE  WILLIS   COOKE 

With  a  Portrait  of  Dwight  and  a  Facsimile  of  Manuscript.  Cloth,  $2.00. 
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once  as  invaluable  to  the  student  of  New  England  life  and  literature  a  generation  ago. 
The  work  contains  a  number  of  interesting  letters  that  have  never  before  appeared  in  print. 
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FIFTH  THOUSAND 

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SMALL,  MAYNARD  AND  COMPANY 

No.  6   BEACON   STREET,    BOSTON 


1899.]  THE     DIAL  227 

e/tf  Series  of  Brief  Memoirs  of  Eminent  Americans 

THE  BEACON  BIOGRAPHIES 


M.  A.  DEWOLFE   HOWE,  Editor 


Messrs.  SMALL,  MAYNABD  AND  COMPANY  beg  to  announce  that  they  will  publish  on 
April  15  the  first  five  volumes  of  THE  BEACON  BIOGRAPHIES,  as  follows:  — 
PHILLIPS   BROOKS,   by  the  Editor 
DAVID   Q.   FARRAQUT,  by  JAMES   BARNES 
ROBERT   E.   LEE,  by  W.  P.  TRENT 

JAMES   RUSSELL   LOWELL,  by  EDWARD   EVERETT   HALE,  JR. 
DANIEL  WEBSTER,    by   NORMAN    HAPQOOD 

They  are  also  able  to  announce  the  following  volumes  as  in  preparation :  — 
JOHN   JAMES   AUDUBON,    by   JOHN   BURROUGHS 
EDWIN    BOOTH,    by   CHARLES   TOWNSEND   COPELAND 
AARON    BURR,    by    HENRY   CHILDS   MERWIN 
JAMES   FENIMORE  COOPER,  by  W.  B.  SHUBRICK  CLYMER 
BENJAMIN    FRANKLIN,    by    LINDSAY   SWIFT 

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paper  has  been  selected  with  great  care,  and  the  type  used  is  a  new  face  specially  cut. 

The  subjects  of  the  various  Biographies  as  they  appear  are  to  be  men  of  the  most  vari- 
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The  normal  extent  of  a  Beacon  Biography  is  around  20,000  words.  Sixty  or  seventy 
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SMALL,  MAYNARD  AND  COMPANY 

No.  6   BEACON   STREET,    BOSTON 


228 


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[April  1, 


11    EAST   SIXTEENTH   STREET, 
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MANUAL  OF  BIBLE  HISTORY  in  Connection  with  the  General  History  of  the  World. 
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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


229 


Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.'s  New  Books 


Life  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton. 

By  GEORGE  C.  GORHAM.    With  Portraits,  maps,  and 

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$6.00. 

The  life  of  Lincoln's  great  War  Secretary,  written 
with  the  aid  of  Stanton's  family.  Stanton  was,  perhaps, 
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his  book  is  a  work  of  notable  value  as  a  contribution  to 
the  history  of  the  Civil  War  and  as  a  memorial  of  Stan- 
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Papias  and  His  Contemporaries. 

A  Study  of  Religious  Thought  in  the  Second  Cen- 
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of  an  era  which  holds  a  significant  and  mysterious  place 
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The  Conjure  Woman. 

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Edition,  a  beautiful  book.     $3.00,  net. 

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Charlotte  Cushman : 

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Mr.  George  Ripley,  the  eminent  literary  critic  of  the 

N.  Y.  Tribune,  when  this  book  was  first  published,  said: 

"  The  point  of  view  in  which  the  present  work  assumes  an  exceeding 

interest  is  that  of  the  portraiture  of  a  rare  and  noble  woman  rather 

than  of  a  critical  estimate  of  an  illustrious  dramatic  artist." 

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For  the  Vacation  Tourist  in  Europe.  By  WILLIAM  J. 
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In  Nature's  Image. 

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The  Gentle  Art  of  Pleasing. 

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A  New  England  Story.     By  ELIZABETH  GLOVER. 

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THE  DIAL 

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THE  DIAL,  315  Wabash  Are.,  Chicago. 


No.  307. 


APKIL  1,  1899.        Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


NEWSPAPER  SCIENCE 


PAGK 

.  233 


COMMUNICATION 236 

Poe  Again.     Charles  Leonard  Moore. 

THE  SCOUTS  OF  SPRING.    (Sonnet.)     Emily  Hunt- 

ington  Miller 237 

THE    BROWNING    LOVE-LETTERS.      Anna   B. 

McMahan 238 

THE  STORY  OF  A  FAMOUS  IMPOSTURE.    B.  A. 

Hinsdale 240 

DAUDET  AND  HIS  FAMILY.    Benjamin  W.  Wells  242 

MEXICO  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES.     Frederick 

Starr 243 

RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .244 
Miss  Robins's  The  Open  Question.  —  Miss  Godfrey's 
Poor  Human  Nature.  —  Pemberton's  The  Phantom 
Army.— Oxenham's  God's  Prisoner.  Lee's  The  Key 
of  the  Holy  House.  —  Bentley  and  Scribner's  The 
Fifth  of  November.  —  Dole's  Omar  the  Tentmaker. 
—  Larned's  Rembrandt. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 246 

Avian  anatomy. —  Types  of  socialism  in  English  lit- 
erature.— Memoirs  of  the  wife  of  an  English  martyr. 
— A  "Social  Settlement"  handbook. —  Architecture 
among  the  poets.  —  A  new  edition  of  Browning.  — 
Growth  of  American  influence  in  Hawaii.  —  A  new 
physiology. —  The  Spanish  Revolution  of  thirty  years 
ago. — A  new  short  history  of  Switzerland. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 248 

LITERARY  NOTES 249 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS    .    .    .    .    .250 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  250 


NE  WSPAPER  SCIENCE. 

Walter  Bagehot,  in  one  of  his  letters,  speaks 
of  somebody's  books  as  containing  "  a  pale 
whitey-brown  substance,  which  people  who  don't 
think  take  for  thought,  but  it  is  n't."  All  of 
us  who  do  much  miscellaneous  reading  in  cur- 
rent literature  corne  to  be  painfully  familiar 
with  the  substance  thus  described,  and  to  won- 
der, on  the  one  hand,  how  it  can  be  evolved 
from  minds  that  seem  to  work  normally  in  the 
everyday  relations  of  life,  and,  on  the  other, 
how  it  can  prove  acceptable  to  the  mental  pal- 
ate of  so  many  readers,  for  many  readers  there 
must  be  to  account  for  its  voluminous  and  con- 
tinued production.  Such  an  account  of  the 
vagaries  of  intellection  as  is  given  by  Mr.  John 
Fiske,  in  his  recent  "  Atlantic  "  article  upon 
various  kinds  of  "  cranks,"  is  an  amusing  thing 
to  read,  of  course,  but  in  another  aspect  —  an 
aspect  that  persists  in  the  field  of  vision  after 
the  humorous  one  has  faded  —  its  effect  is  sad- 
dening, almost  disheartening.  Cling  as  tena- 
ciously as  we  may  to  a  belief  in  the  essential 
rationality  of  the  human  intellect,  our  faith 
suffers  many  a  rude  shock  when  we  see  one 
form  after  another  of  irrationalism  sweeping 
over  the  public  mind,  threatening  almost  to  its 
foundations  the  empire  of  logic.  Illustrations 
of  this  power  of  the  irrational  to  set  intellects 
awry  abound  on  every  hand,  and  may  be  drawn 
alike  from  great  things  and  from  small.  The 
irrationality  of  imagining  that  our  conduct  as 
a  nation  toward  the  people  of  the  Philippine 
Islands  can  be  made  to  square  with  the  prin- 
ciples upon  which  we  have  hitherto  shaped  our 
national  life  and  carved  out  our  success  is  of  a 
piece  with  the  irrationality  that  claims  next 
year  for  the  first  of  a  new  century  instead  of 
the  last  of  an  old  one.  The  former  is  a  matter 
of  grave  import  to  countless  millions  of  people ; 
the  latter  is  a  belated  bit  of  scholasticism  ;  both, 
to  the  psychologist,  are  interesting  examples 
of  the  way  in  which  pure  reason  gets  flouted 
when  it  runs  counter  either  to  a  passion  or  a 
whim. 

There  was  a  time,  not  very  long  ago,  when 
we  hoped  great  things  from  our  rapidly  expand- 
ing schemes  of  education,  which  were  to  make 


234 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


for  rationality  in  so  many  ways.  The  teaching 
of  science,  particularly,  was  to  raise  up  a  new 
generation  with  a  new  mental  habit.  The 
preachers  of  this  gospel  said  that  all  our  intel- 
lectual ailments  proceeded  from  the  fatal  defect 
in  educational  methods  that  made  words  rather 
than  things  the  chief  object  of  attention.  Some- 
thing analogous  to  the  degeneracy  of  inbreed- 
ing was  the  consequence  of  the  manner  in  which 
each  new  generation  was  content  to  deal  mainly 
with  the  merely  verbal  inheritance  of  the  past, 
instead  of  benefitting  by  a  vivifying  contact 
with  the  concrete  facts  of  nature.  Science  was 
to  change  all  this,  to  keep  men  in  constant 
touch  with  life,  leaving  the  dead  past  to  bury 
its  dead,  and  henceforth  to  base  all  our  convic- 
tions upon  the  solid  foundations  of  observation 
instead  of  the  uncertain  indications  of  author- 
ity. Well,  science  has  had  pretty  much  its  own 
way  in  education  for  the  past  quarter-century, 
yet  the  generation  that  it  has  helped  to  train 
seems  hardly  less  prone  to  superstition  than 
were  those  that  preceded.  Such  mockeries 
of  the  scientific  spirit  as  parade  under  the 
names  of  palmistry  and  psychical  research  and 
"Christian  "  science,  and  countless  other  man- 
ifestations of  the  unregulated  intellect,  rear 
their  heads  unabashed,  and  bear  witness  to 
the  persistence  of  the  irrational  even  under 
conditions  that  would  seem  the  most  adverse 
to  the  prosperity  of  such  aberrations  of  the 
intelligence. 

This  flourishing  of  the  unscientific  in  what  is 
commonly  supposed  to  be  peculiarly  the  age  of 
science  is  doubtless  the  result  of  instincts  too 
deeply  seated  in  the  human  consciousness  to  be 
readily  accessible  to  the  appeal  of  educational 
and  other  rationalizing  influences.  Yet  we  can- 
not wholly  acquit  these  influences  themselves  of 
all  responsibility  for  a  state  of  things  so  dis- 
creditable to  human  intelligence.  Our  educa- 
tional methods  must  somehow  be  defective, 
must  fail  in  seriousness  of  application  if  not  in 
grasp  of  the  problem  to  be  coped  with,  while 
those  ancillary  agencies  upon  which  education 
has  a  right  to  count  seem  to  be  far  removed 
indeed  from  any  adequate  realization  of  their 
high  mission.  While  the  church,  and  the  polit- 
ical party,  and  the  industrial  organization,  and 
the  publisher  of  books,  and  the  various  kinds 
of  purveyors  of  entertainment  to  the  commu- 
nity, are  all  in  part  answerable  for  this  failure 
to  realize  the  opportunities  offered  them  to  con- 
tribute to  intellectual  advancement,  the  most 
conspicuous  offender  in  this  respect  is  that  type 


of  the  modern  newspaper,  far  too  frequently 
met  with,  which  panders  to  the  lower  intellec- 
tual instincts  quite  as  noticeably  as  to  the  lower 
social  and  moral  instincts  of  its  readers.  We 
wish  to  emphasize  this  distinction  just  at  present 
because,  although  many  voices  have  been  raised 
to  protest  against  the  low  moral  tone  of  the 
greater  part  of  contemporary  journalism,  the 
fact  that  its  intellectual  tone  is  equally  low  has 
failed  to  attract  the  attention  due  it  as  a  com- 
mentary upon  our  boasted  success  in  carrying 
on  the  work  of  popular  education. 

Mr.  J.  L.  Lamed,  speaking  before  the  libra- 
rians at  Cleveland  two  or  three  years  ago,  made 
use  of  these  impressive  and  well-weighed  words : 

"  The  common  school,  making  possible  readers,  and 
the  newspaper  inviting  them  to  read,  arrived  together  at 
a  conjunction  which  might  have  seemed  to  be  a  happy 
miracle  for  the  universalizing  of  culture  in  the  western 
world.  The  opportunity  which  came  then  into  the  hands 
of  the  conductors  of  the  news  press,  with  the  new  powers 
that  had  been  given  them,  has  never  been  paralleled  in 
human  history.  They  might  have  been  gardeners  of 
Eden  and  planters  of  a  new  paradise  on  the  earth,  for 
its  civilization  was  put  into  their  hands  to  be  made  what 
they  would  have  it  to  be.  If  it  could  have  been  possible 
then  to  deal  with  newspapers  as  other  educational  agen- 
cies are  dealt  with;  to  invest  them  with  definite  moral 
responsibilities  to  the  public;  to  take  away  from  them 
their  commercial  origin  and  their  mercenary  motive;  to 
inspire  them  with  disinterested  aims;  to  endow  them  as 
colleges  are  endowed;  to  man  them  for  their  work  as 
colleges  are  manned,  with  learning  and  tried  capacity  in 
the  editorial  chairs  —  if  that  could  have  been  possible, 
what  imaginable  degree  of  common  culture  might  not 
Europe  and  America  by  this  time  be  approaching  ?  As 
it  is,  we  are  to-day  disputing  and  striving  to  explain  to 
one  another  a  condition  of  society  which  shames  all  who 
think  of  it." 

We  know  now  that  these  things  were  not  pos- 
sible, although  we  believe  that  they  may  yet 
become  possible,  and  it  is  just  because  we  hold 
this  belief  that  it  seems  important  to  empha- 
size as  frequently  and  as  sharply  as  we  may 
the  contrast  between  what  our  newspapers  are 
doing  for  education  in  the  true  sense  and  what 
they  might  so  easily  take  it  upon  themselves  to 
do.  And  in  saying  these  hard  truths  of  a  per- 
verted newspaper  press,  we  wish  to  give  the 
frankest  recognition  to  those  journals,  found 
here  and  there,  whose  aims,  both  intellectual 
and  moral,  are  entirely  creditable  to  their  pub- 
lishers, and  which  are  particularly  instructive 
because  they  indicate  the  course  that  others 
might  take  to  the  immense  benefit  of  their 
prestige,  and  not  impossibly  also  to  the  benefit 
of  their  subscription  and  advertising  accounts. 
While  it  is  true  that  some  of  the  greatest  com- 
mercial successes  in  American  journalism  have 


1899.] 


THE    DIAJL 


235 


been  gained  by  newspapers  of  the  most  debased 
and  ruffianly  description,  it  is  also  true  that 
the  most  dignified  examples  of  our  journalism 
have  proved,  if  not  the  most  successful,  at  least 
successful  enough  to  gratify  any  reasonable 
ambition.  The  choice  by  no  means  lies  between 
success  at  the  price  of  decency  and  failure  with 
the  preservation  of  self-respect. 

In  order  to  provide  some  sort  of  justification 
for  the  title  given  to  these  remarks,  we  must 
turn  from  the  foregoing  abstract  considerations 
to  something  in  the  nature  of  concrete  illustra- 
tion. We  all  know  that  "  newspaper  science  " 
is  a  term  of  reproach,  and  the  reason  is  not  far 
to  seek.  The  same  spirit  of  sensationalism  that 
leads  to  the  detailed  chronicling  of  a  prize  fight 
or  a  criminal  trial  leads  also  to  the  exploitation 
of  every  sort  of  mental  vagary  that  cloaks  itself 
with  the  respectable  name  of  science.  Whether 
it  be  a  belated  alchemist  who  claims  to  have 
discovered  the  stone  of  the  philosophers,  or  an 
exponent  of  the  newest  and  most  extravagant 
occultism,  whether  it  be  a  palmist  or  a  "  mind- 
reader  "  or  a  "faith- healer,"  whether  it  be  a 
Shaconian  or  a  circle-squarer  or  a  pyramid  en- 
thusiast or  a  direful  prophet  with  a  tale  of  the 
coming  destruction  of  the  world,  there  is  no  per- 
son so  scientifically  impossible  that  he  cannot  get 
into  the  newspapers,  and  enlist  their  services  in 
the  propaganda  of  his  pet  eccentricity  or  insane 
delusion.  He  can  get  himself  taken  seriously, 
or  at  least  serni-seriously,  and  that  is  what  he 
wants.  For  all  such  persons  notoriety  is  the 
very  breath  of  life,  and  the  newspapers  provide 
it  without  scruple,  because  in  so  doing  they  can 
at  the  same  time  provide  the  weak-minded  sec- 
tion of  their  readers  with  a  new  variety  of 
mental  dissipation.  The  most  incredible  inan- 
ities, the  most  preposterous  notions,  the  most 
meaningless  pseudo-science  are  thus  given  a 
currency  that  is  denied  even  to  the  genuine 
achievements  of  investigation. 

This  work  is  done,  moreover,  in  so  blunder- 
ing and  hap-hazard  a  way  that  the  spirit  of 
sensationalism  is  not  enough  completely  to  ac- 
count for  it.  There  is  usually  in  addition  some 
admixture  of  an  ignorance  so  dense  that  one 
can  only  marvel  at  the  number  of  essentially 
uneducated  people  who  by  some  mysterious 
dispensation  get  their  lucubrations  into  print. 
We  recall  a  newspaper  article  published  in 
Chicago  some  years  ago  which  undertook  to 
instruct  a  confiding  public  upon  the  subject  of 
ozone.  The  account  was  a  brief  one,  but  it 
contrived  to  include  statements  to  the  effect  that 


the  true  nature  of  ozone  was  not  fully  under- 
stood, that  it  got  its  name  "  from  the  peculiar 
odor,  which  resembles  that  produced  when  a 
succession  of  electric  sparks  are  passed  through 
the  air,"  that  Faraday  considered  it  "  identical 
with  the  medicinal  quality  in  electricity,"  that 
the  effect  of  inhaling  it  was  very  "  exhiliatory," 
and  that  M.  Jules  Verne  had  once  told  an 
interesting  "  story  of  the  wild  doings  in  a  vil- 
lage which  became  accidentally  permeated " 
with  ozone.  This  illustration  is  trivial  enough, 
no  doubt,  but  it  is  so  extremely  typical  of  the 
sort  of  "  newspaper  science  "  we  are  concerned 
with  that  it  will  serve  as  well  as  another.  The 
wonder  of  it  is,  of  course,  that  any  person  so 
absolutely  ignorant  of  elementary  chemistry 
should  write,  and  that  any  newspaper  should 
print,  so  astonishing  a  farrago  of  misinforma- 
tion. 

One  more  illustration  must  suffice  us.  An 
improved  method  for  the  liquefaction  of  air  has 
recently  attracted  much  attention,  and  the 
newspapers  have  naturally  taken  it  up.  The 
same  newspaper  which  was  responsible  for  the 
remarkable  statements  about  ozone  to  which 
reference  was  just  made  quotes  the  inventor  as 
"  stating  that  with  three  gallons  of  the  liquid 
he  had  repeatedly  made  ten  gallons,  and  that 
he  could  go  on  doing  so  for  any  length  of  time." 
"  There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  this  assertion  " 
is  the  astonishing  editorial  comment  upon  this 
astonishing  statement.  Now  if  this  means  that 
the  energy  liberated  from  the  aerification  of  a 
certain  quantity  of  the  liquefied  air  is  sufficient, 
without  any  auxiliary  energy,  to  reduce  a  still 
larger  quantity  to  the  liquid  form,  it  is  the  flat- 
test of  impossibilities,  for  it  denies  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  conservation  of  energy,  which  is 
the  fundamental  principle  upon  which  all  phys- 
ical science  rests.  A  schoolboy  less  omniscient 
than  Macaulay's  should  know  such  a  statement 
to  be  impossible,  and  he  should  know  it  with  a 
firmness  of  conviction  that  should  make  him 
willing  to  stake  his  life  upon  it.  If  a  school- 
boy can  get  through  a  common  high  school  ed- 
ucation without  knowing  this  and  other  uni- 
versal principles  of  the  same  order  there  must 
have  been  something  radically  wrong  about  his 
instruction.  And  it  is  because  we  are  inclined 
to  think  that  there  often  is  something  radically 
wrong  about  the  teaching  of  elementary  science, 
that  such  teaching  is  too  apt  to  make  information 
rather  than  intellectual  discipline  its  chief  aim, 
that  we  have  wished  to  provide  this  moral  with 
the  sharpest  possible  of  points. 


2g6 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


COMMUNICA  TION. 

POE  AGAIN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Is  it  not  strange  how  Foe's  name  is  usually  the  signal 
for  a  free  fight  ?  One  might  go  up  and  down  the  streets 
proclaiming  that  Longfellow  or  Bryant  or  Whitman 
or  anybody  was  the  greatest  American  poet,  and  all 
would  be  somnolent  and  calm.  But  to  speak  of  Foe 
in  that  connection  is  to  evoke  cudgels.  In  my  case 
it  is  all  Donny  brook  to  a  single  shillelah.  One  critic, 
indeed,  whom  I  am  proud  to  call  my  friend,  Mr. 
Pennypacker  of  the  Philadelphia  "  Inquirer,"  has  stood 
forth  to  champion  the  champion  of  an  oppressed  poet. 
Mr.  Pennypacker  is  in  some  sense  the  father  of  the 
new  Poe  cult,  so  it  is  only  right  he  should  fight  for  his 
offspring. 

Although  I  assumed  in  my  article  printed  in  THE 
DIAL  some  time  since  that  there  was  a  widespread  pre- 
judice against  Poe,  I  am  surprised  at  the  extent  of  it. 
One  correspondent,  dating,  of  all  places,  from  Baltimore, 
is  particularly  incensed.  He  claims  it  to  be  a  well-known 
fact  that  whenever  Poe  wished  to  make  a  parade  of 
learning  he  was  in  the  habit  of  getting  Professor  Anthon 
to  coach  him.  I  did  not  refer  to  the  vexed  question  of 
Poe's  scholarship  in  my  article,  deeming  it  superfluous 
to  do  so.  In  all  probability  Poe  had  the  same  sort  of 
learning  as  had  Shakespeare,  Goethe,  and  Emerson. 
It  was  rich  and  various  and  vital,  rather  than  exact 
and  dull  and  dead.  He  knew  at  least  the  alphabets 
of  the  whole  circle  of  sciences  and  arts,  —  knew  their 
relations  to  each  other  and  their  bearings  on  human 
life.  And  when  he  wanted  any  special  information  he 
knew  what  slave  of  the  lamp,  Anthon  or  another,  to 
summon  up  to  get  it  for  him.  The  notion  that  he  had 
Professor  Anthon  on  tap  during  the  whole  of  his  lit- 
erary life  is  really  a  humorous  one.  We  must  imag- 
ine him  sending  an  order  for  an  assorted  bill  of  erudi- 
tion, and  getting  in  return,  as  per  invoice,  samples  and 
supplies  of  such  goods  to  deck  his  show-window.  In 
nine  cases  out  of  ten  such  a  procedure  would  be  more 
trouble  to  any  man  who  had  wits  of  his  own  than  to 
study  up  the  subjects  for  himself.  The  same  corre- 
spondent also  states  that  be  has  talked  with  several 
New  York  literary  men  about  Poe,  and  they  all  gave 
him  a  bad  character.  Very  likely.  New  York  literary 
men  are  capable  of  anything.  My  correspondent  has 
the  advantage  over  me  in  knowing  them,  and  I  cannot 
contradict  him.  I  have  gone  up  to  New  York  more  than 
once,  but  I  always  camped  on  a  hillside  and  preached 
the  destruction  of  the  city  from  afar. 

However,  my  proper  purpose  in  recurring  to  the  Poe 
question  is  to  answer,  as  far  as  I  may,  the  temperate 
and  courteous  communications  which  have  appeared  in 
THE  DIAL.  With  Professor  Tolman  I  have  very  little 
quarrel.  I  have  no  doubt  he  is  sealed  of  the  tribe  of 
Poe  himself.  His  analysis  of  Poe's  "  additions  "  is 
amusing.  I  always  suspected  there  was  something  queer 
about  that  treasure  chest,  but  I  never  worked  it  out. 
Such  errors,  however,  are  even  more  trivial  than  Shake- 
speare's anachronisms,  and  do  not  touch  what  I  meant 
when  I  spoke  of  his  inerrancy.  I  referred  to  what 
I  might  term  the  mathematics  of  character,  —  that 
sense  of  logic  in  him  which  compelled  him  to  think 
straight  and  act  straight  in  a  world  which  is  fond  of 
curves  and  compliances.  I  have  no  desire  to  make  Poe 
out  an  angel  or  an  uusinning  man.  He  was  doubtless 


nothing  of  the  sort.  But  his  faults  were  such  as  com- 
port with  truth.  His  great  sin  indeed  was  the  same 
as  Dante's,  and  he  has  doubtless  long  been  treading 
with  bended  back  that  ledge  of  Purgatory  where  Pride 
is  punished. 

Professor  Tolman  says  that  Poe  can  never  be  pop- 
ular. Mr.  Harvey,  on  the  other  hand,  claims  that 
he  is  popular,  or  at  least  widely  prized.  This  is  the 
crux  of  the  case.  He  was  immensely  popular  in  his 
lifetime  —  his  work  startled  the  public  and  vivified 
magazines  —  and  yet  he  was  unpaid.  He  is  popular 
in  death — "The  Raven,"  I  suppose,  is,  after  Gray's 
"  Elegy,"  the  best-known  short  poem  in  the  language 
—  and  yet  he  is  proscribed.  It  is  the  horrible  injustice 
of  this  fate  which  moved  me  to  protest. 

Mr.  Harvey,  in  spite  of  real  fairness,  is  dominated  by 
the  traditional  conception  of  Poe  as  a  sort  of  a  Giant 
Pape  sitting  in  the  door  of  a  cave  strewn  with  hu- 
man bones  and  grinning  horribly.  It  does  not  appear 
to  me  that  Poe  is  often  baleful  or  ghastly;  his  art  is 
usually  controlled  by  too  strong  a  sense  of  beauty  to  be 
really  unpleasant.  But  he  is  prevailingly  tragic.  If 
Mr.  Harvey  will  look  squarely  at  the  masterpieces  of 
tragic  poetry  he  will  find  that  they  are  all  of  the  char- 
nel  and  the  pit.  What  breath  of  plain  air  is  there  in  the 
"  JEdipus  Tyrannos,"  or  "  Macbeth,"  or  the  greater  part 
of  "  Faust "?  Is  there  not  in  all  of  them  the  intense 
and  contorted  atmosphere  of  a  thunderstorm?  And 
with  lesser  tragedians,  such  as  Ford  or  Webster  or  Emily 
Bronte,  the  sheer  horror  is  still  more  accentuated.  The 
difference  between  these  writers  and  Poe  is  that  they  get 
their  tragic  effects  from  human  beings,  while  he  deals 
mainly  with  abstractions.  From  a  Greek  point  of  view, 
and  even  more  from  that  of  the  art  of  the  East,  this 
conventionalizing  and  generalizing  may  be  defended  as 
tending  to  unity,  proportion,  and  effect. 

And  this  brings  me  to  Mr.  Barrows's  charge  against 
Poe  of  a  want  of  realism,  naturalness,  or,  to  put  it  in 
its  strongest  word,  truth.  Truth,  like  heaven,  has  many 
mansions.  Every  age  inhabits  a  different  one  —  or  to 
be  more  accurate,  mankind  vibrates  between  its  town 
house  of  conventionality  and  its  home  amid  the  forests 
and  the  floods.  In  the  day  of  the  "  Spectator,"  Shake- 
speare was  thought  a  barbarian  or  a  wildly  irregular 
genius.  In  the  time  of  the  domestic  novel,  Poe  naturally 
went  to  the  wall.  The  volcanoes  are  extinct  or  are  piped 
to  furnish  heat  to  our  hot-houses.  The  witch  Imagina- 
tion has  been  thrust  out  of  doors  and  the  hag  Fact 
installed  in  her  place.  Our  ideal  felicity  is  a  balance  at 
our  bankers,  a  country  villa,  and  everything  handsome 
about  us.  But  the  slicked-up  human  being  is  a  savage 
still.  Fire  and  flood  and  famine  and  disease  and  war 
still  exist.  The  perturbations  of  nature  and  the  pas- 
sions of  man  are  still  untamed.  And  because  Poe,  in 
an  odd  enough  way  I  grant,  expresses  these  primal 
things,  he  is  nearer  eternal  truth  than  the  painters  and 
reporters  of  the  surface  of  society. 

It  may  be  answered  me  that  there  are  other  primal 
things  —  sunlight  and  peace  and  happiness.  Of  course. 
But  Tragedy  does  not  much  deal  with  them.  People 
may  say  that  they  do  not  like  Tragedy  — that  they  will 
not  read  Tragedy.  The  incredible  childishness  of  the 
American  mind  does  say  something  of  the  sort.  And 
it  identifies  the  artist  with  his  art;  it  executes  the  bearer 
of  bad  tidings;  it  hisses  the  villain  of  the  melodrama 
from  the  stage.  The  consent  of  the  rest  of  the  world, 
however,  calls  him  the  greatest  poet  who  faces  the 
darkest  storm  of  life,  who  searches  the  deepest  chasms 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


237 


and  climbs  the  most  inaccessible  peaks  of  human  nature. 
Poe's  art  is  tragic  —  therefore  it  deals  with  evil  —  it 
could  not  do  otherwise.  But  that  he  compromises  with 
evil  or  is  wanting  in  moral  motives  is  a  singular  error. 
The  reverse  is  the  case  to  a  degree  that  hurts  his  art. 
His  spirituality  and  high-mindedness  are  everywhere 
apparent.  Conscience  comes  too  easily  upon  the  scene; 
the  Furies  lurk  around  every  corner;  Nemesis  follows 
upon  the  slightest  transgression.  It  is  only  neces- 
sary to  compare  him  with  Stevenson  to  bring  this  out. 
Stevenson  deals  with  evil  almost  in  the  spirit  of 
mischief.  The  worse  his  characters  are  the  better  he 
likes  them.  He  as  much  exceeds  the  sane  tolerance  of 
Shakespeare,  which  accepts  evil  because  it  is  necessary 
and  then  does  justice  to  it,  as  Foe  falls  short  of  such  an 
outlook. 

"  Place  aux  dames  "  is  an  honored  custom,  and  I  hope 
my  woman  critic  will  forgive  me  for  leaving  her  com- 
munication to  the  last.  I  do  it  because  it  is  perhaps 
the  most  important  one  I  have  to  deal  with.  To  give 
up  Poe  as  a  heartless  genius  is  too  much  —  it  leaves  his 
intellect  living  in  too  dry  a  place.  My  own  view  of 
the  matter  is  that  his  nature  vibrated  between  the  two 
poles  of  thought  and  feeling;  that  it  was  his  super- 
sensitiveness,  his  extra  emotionality,  which  brought  him 
half  his  hurts,  and  which  caused  him  to  case  himself 
as  in  a  shell  against  the  world.  To  those  who  accept 
Lowell's  flippant  characterization  of  Poe  as  one  whose 
heart  had  been  squeezed  out  by  his  brain,  it  must  seem 
strange  that  nearly  all  his  best  poems  were  dictated  by 
personal  affection  —  were  tributes  to  those  he  loved. 
It  is  true  they  are  not  like  the  usual  run  of  poems  of 
the  affection  —  the  keepsake  kind.  Poe  was  a  conscious 
artist  even  when  most  moved,  when  most  inspired. 
"  Ulalume  "  was  rejected  originally  by  a  woman  editor, 
and  it  is  a  strange  dirge  for  a  dead  wife.  One  of  the 
main  uses  of  books  of  travel,  however,  is  to  teach  us 
that  all  men  do  not  think  or  feel  alike.  In  this  matter 
of  high  sentiment,  as  Matthew  Arnold  would  scoffingly 
phrase  it,  the  Anglo-Saxon  temperament  is  not  to  have 
the  last  word.  I  do  not  see  that  Poe's  embodiment  of 
his  wife  in  Ulalume  is  more  out  of  the  way  than  Pe- 
trarch's personifications  and  canonizations  of  Lady  Laura, 
or  than  Dante's  using  Beatrice  to  typify  the  Divine 
Wisdom  and  putting  in  her  mouth  immeasurable  ser- 
mons of  scholastic  philosophy.  Petrarch  and  Dante  have 
not  been  accounted  heartless  men,  though  both  of  them 
were  probably  more  faithless  to  their  loves  than  Poe. 
It  will  be  admitted,  I  think,  that  it  is  difficult  as  well 
as  ungracious  to  argue  with  a  woman.  Their  methods 
of  thought  are  different  from  those  of  men;  and,  be- 
sides, like  Britomart  in  Spenser,  they  always  tilt  with 
enchanted  lances.  My  critic  reproaches  Poe  for  not  voic- 
ing the  common  feelings  of  mankind  and  then  when  he 
does  this  very  thing,  coining  his  heart  blood  into  tokens 
of  beauty  which  must  be  current  forever  —  she  turns 
upon  him  and  taunts  him  with  the  musical  outpourings 
of  self  pity.  What  will  satisfy  her?  A  poet  must 
speak  his  feelings  and  he  must  not.  Resolve  me  this 
riddle.  As  for  girding  up  his  loins  in  the  strenuous 
Anglo-Norman  fashion  —  I  should  like  to  know  what 
else  Poe  was  doing  all  his  life.  I  know  of  no  poet  who 
played  his  part  in  a  manlier  way.  He  faced  the  world 
with  fierce  independence.  He  cringed  to  no  one  and 
asked  no  help.  He  labored  honestly  to  support  his 
family.  He  paid  his  own  "  freight,"  which  we  have 
the  authority  of  Eugene  Field  for  asserting  that  Horace 
did  not  do.  He  did  not  go  gallivanting  after  strange 


women.  And  when  his  wife  died  he  mourned  her  in  an 
immortal  poem.  In  the  name  of  all  the  Gods  and  fishes 
what  can  the  most  exacting  feminine  ask  more? 

I  have  only  one  thing  else  to  notice,  and  that  is  what 
somebody  calls  the  "  bad  physics  and  worse  metaphys- 
ics "  of  the  "  Eureka."  I  am  not  to  speak  of  physics, 
yet  I  can  see  there  are  some  considerable  errors  in  the 
piece.  A  notable  one  is  a  grossly  absurd  theory  as  to 
the  variations  in  vegetation  in  high  latitudes  in  past 
times.  The  received  hypothesis  is  that  they  were  caused 
by  the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's  orbit.  Poe  was  per- 
fectly cognizant  of  Kepler's  laws  and  the  'mistake  is  a 
mere  oversight.  There  are  other  flaws,  but  I  do  not  be- 
lieve enough  of  them  to  make  his  physics  at  all  foolish. 
His  main  position,  the  finite  nature  of  the  physical  uni- 
verse, is,  I  understand,  coming  to  be  the  accepted  astro- 
nomical view.  As  to  his  metaphysics,  he  shares  the  fate 
of  all  other  philosophers  in  that  they  are  not  provable. 
But  this  thought  is  interesting  and  in  the  main  original. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  things  in  "  Eureka  "  is  the 
suggestion  of  a  new  method  of  proof  —  or  of  a  sense  for 
reaching  such  a  proof,  which  he  names  the  intuitional  fac- 
ulty. To  a  certain  extent  this  faculty  is  the  same  as  Kant's 
moral  judgment  that  issues  "categorical  imperatives," 
and  it  is  still  more  closely  akin  to  Cardinal  Newman's 
Illative  Sense.  That  the  physicists  and  English  School 
of  philosophers  deny  the  existence  of  any  such  judgment 
or  faculty  or  sense  does  not  rob  Poe  of  the  credit  of  a 
bold  speculation. 

And  now  I  am  done.  It  is  not  the  least  my  desire  to 
claim  for  Poe  a  place  with  the  great  world  poets. 
I  think,  though,  that  he  is  the  most  vital  and  universal 
force  in  letters  America  has  yet  produced.  As  com- 
pared with  Tennyson,  when  one  takes  him  with  all  his 
best  and  makes  the  necessary  omissions  and  excep- 
tions from  Tennyson,  they  are,  I  think,  about  equal  in 
range  and  equal  in  execution.  And  the  underivable 
and  daemonic  spark  burns  brighter  in  Poe  than  in  the 
English  poet.  On  the  whole,  I  would  rank  him  beside 
the  great  originating  poets  of  the  beginning  of  the 
century,  beside  Wordsworth,  Byron,  Shelley,  Keats, 
Leopardi,  and  Heine.  If  this  estimate  is  true  he  has  not 
had  his  just  deserts.  That  it  is  true  is  my  thesis,  which, 
as  I  think  I  have  sufficiently  defended  it,  I  deliver  to 
the  judgment  of  others. 

CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE.    ' 

Philadelphia,  March  17,  1899. 


THE  SCOUTS  OF  SPRING. 


Whom  does  she  summon  from  her  cohorts  fleet, 
This  Mother  Nature,  for  her  scouts  to  set, 
While  the  brown  woods  with  melting  snows  are  wet, 
Along  the  line  of  Winter's  slow  retreat, 
Lest  backward  turn  his  chill  reluctant  feet? 
Like  star-eyed  babes,  half  held  in  slumber  yet, 
Smiling  at  vanished  dreams  with  vague  regret, 
The  brave  Houstonias  lift  their  faces  sweet; 

Camped  on  the  sodden  leaves,  Arbutus  breathes 
Her  challenge  to  each  bold  rough-rider  blast; 

Hepatica,  in  robes  of  softest  blue, 
Guards  the  grim  hollows  with  her  scentless  wreaths. 
Defenceless,  frail,  the  pure  array  troops  past: 
So  Nature  writes  her  parable  anew. 

EMILY  HUNTINGTON  MILLER. 


238 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


00h*. 


THE  BROWNING  LOVE  -  LETTERS.* 


Probably  the  majority  of  right-minded  and 
duly  reticent  persons  learned  with  surprise,  not 
to  say  a  distinct  shock,  that  the  son  of  Robert 
and  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  was  to  present 
to  the  world,  in  cold  type,  the  private  corre- 
spondence of  his  parents  preceding  their  mar- 
riage. Could  any  circumstances  justify  such 
a  proceeding?  Could  it  be  anything  but  a 
desecration  to  remove  the  veil  which  fittingly 
is  permitted  to  screen  the  most  interior  and 
sacred  moments  of  life  from  the  gaze  of  the 
public?  Have  the  living  a  right  to  publish 
what  the  dead  have  refrained  from  publishing, 
especially  when  it  has  been  written  for  the  eyes 
of  one  person  only  ? 

However  one  may  have  answered  these  ques,- 
tions  before  opening  the  volumes,  whoever  now 
reads  the  whole  of  these  1135  pages  of  love- 
letters — for  love-letters  they  are,  even  from  the 
very  first  —  will  hesitate  no  longer  in  gratitude 
that  literature  and  life  have  been  enriched  by 
classics  of  a  new  order.  The  qualification  here 
made  —  to  read  the  whole  —  needs  emphasis  ; 
because  if  one  were  to  pick  up  the  volumes  with 
a  deficient  knowledge  of  the  very  peculiar  lim- 
itations and  situations  surrounding  the  writers, 
and  read  only  a  page  here  and  there  at  random, 
it  is  quite  possible  he  will  lay  them  down  with 
derision  or  even  disgust.  But  this  is  also  true 
of  Dante's  Vita  JVuova,  or  Shakespeare's  Son- 
nets, or  any  of  the  other  love-classics  of  litera- 
ture. They  all  presuppose  a  sympathetic  mood, 
and  some  degree  of  knowledge  of  the  situation, 
on  the  part  of  the  reader. 

Two  special  reasons  may  be  urged  in  the 
present  instance  for  setting  aside  the  usual  con- 
siderations of  reservation  from  the  printed 
page :  first,  because  Robert  Browning  and 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  have  come  to  stand 
as  the  type  of  manned  lovers  in  all  time,  as  truly 
as  Dante  and  Beatrice  have  come  to  stand  for  the 
type  of  the  romantic  and  idealizing  sentiment  of 
man  for  woman,  in  all  time ;  second,  because 
there  is  here  no  "  raking  of  a  man's  desk  "  when 
he  has  ceased  to  be  able  to  guard  it,  since  Mr. 
Browning  left  the  collection  with  his  son,  say- 
ing, "  Do  with  them  as  you  please,  when  1  am 
dead  and  gone." 

*  LETTERS  OF  ROBERT  BROWNING  AND  ELIZABETH  BAR- 
RETT BARRETT,  1845-1846.  In  two  volumes.  New  York : 
Harper  &  Brothers. 


Moreover,  the  world  is  not  in  danger  of  be- 
ing reminded  too  often  that  there  is  a  genius 
for  loving,  and  that  it  may  be  just  as  admir- 
able, and  is  perhaps  even  more  rare,  than  a 
genius  for  poetry  or  music  or  painting  or  sci- 
ence. When  superlative  gifts  both  for  lov- 
ing and  for  poesy  are  combined,  as  in  these 
two  persons,  rare  and  precious  indeed  to  the 
world  are  the  fruits  thereof !  Of  such,  came 
the  "  Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese."  These 
indeed  would  be  denied  us,  and  even  more 
strenuously,  by  the  same  canons  that  would 
deny  us  the  "  Letters."  For  not  only  were 
these  not  written  for  general  circulation,  they 
were  not  written  even  for  the  eye  of  the  one 
lover  who  inspired  them,  but  merely  as  the  ex- 
pression of  an  over-full  heart.  In  fact,  these 
now  famous  sonnets  were  never  shown  to  Mr. 
Browning  himself  until  months  after  his  mar- 
riage. At  Pisa,  one  day,  as  he  stood  looking 
out  of  the  window,  a  packet  was  thrust  into 
his  pocket  from  behind,  by  his  wife,  who  begged 
him  to  destroy  it  if  he  did  not  approve,  and 
then  immediately  fled  from  the  room  while  he 
should  read  it.  But  Browning  dared  not  reserve 
to  himself  what  he  recognized  at  once  as  "  the 
finest  sonnets  since  Shakespeare."  So,  under 
the  purposely  misleading  title  "  Sonnets  from 
the  Portuguese,"  Mrs.  Browning  was  persuaded 
to  include  them  in  the  next  edition  of  her  works, 
published  three  years  later.  Time  is  the  great 
reconciler,  and  after  some  years  these  "  Let- 
ters "  will  come  to  their  own  among  the  classics 
of  love-prose,  as  the  "  Sonnets  "  have  won  long 
since  their  unquestioned  place  in  love-poetry. 
Indeed,  Mrs.  Browning's  turns  of  expression 
here  not  infrequently  recall  the  sonnet  senti- 
ments and  phrases,  though  there  is  no  direct 
allusion  to  their  composition,  unless  this  may 
be  counted  as  one : 

"  You  shall  see  some  day  at  Pisa  what  I  will  not 
show  you  now.  Does  not  Solomon  say  that  '  there  is  a 
time  to  read  what  is  written '?  If  he  does  n't  he  ought." 

But,  aside  from  the  consideration  that  since 
"  all  mankind  love  a  lover  "  they  must  perforce 
love  such  lovers  as  these,  the  "  Letters  "  will  go 
far  to  correct  many  hitherto  generally  accepted 
errors  of  biography.  For  example,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Mr.  Gosse  we  have  believed  that 
"  During  the  months  of  their  brief  courtship, 
closing,  as  all  the  world  knows,  in  their  clan- 
destine flight  and  romantic  wedding  of  Septem- 
ber 12,  1846,  neither  poet  showed  any  verses 
to  the  other."  No  statement  could  be  farther 
from  the  truth.  In  the  first  place,  eighteen 
mouths  of  courtship  scarcely  can  be  called 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


239 


"  brief,"  either  as  to  time  or  as  to  opportunities 
of  acquaintance.  It  included  ninety  personal 
interviews  and  between  three  and  four  hun- 
dred of  these  very  long  and  intimately  confi- 
dential letters,  in  which  each  disclosed  to  the 
other  not  only  the  feelings  of  the  moment  but 
incidents  of  their  preceding  lives,  descriptions 
of  family  traits,  daily  habits,  personal  friends, 
etc.  Passing  over  the  words  "  clandestine  " 
and  "  romantic  " —  though  they  convey  a  false 
impression,  since  it  was  necessity  alone  that 
compelled  a  secrecy  most  distasteful  and  for- 
eign to  both  natures  —  nothing  could  be  more 
misleading  than  that  they  did  not  share  their 
writings  with  each  other.  Their  letters  reveal 
a  continual  consultation  about  the  work  that 
each  was  doing.  Especially  this  was  true  of 
Mr.  Browning's  compositions  during  these 
months  of  1845  and  1846.  »  The  Flight  of  the 
Duchess"  was  sent  to  Miss  Barrett  almost  stanza 
by  stanza  as  written  ;  "  Saul  "  in  its  first  form 
received  her  comments,  and  it  was  she  who 
suggested  that  the  printer's  marks  should  indi- 
cate that  it  was  published  as  a  fragment ; 
"  Luria  "  and  "  A  Soul's  Tragedy  "  were  read 
by  her  in  their  proof-sheets,  and  here  are  pages 
of  her  advice  about  them.  Collaboration  even 
was  once  proposed  by  him,  to  which  she  re- 
sponded : 

"  If  you  would  like  to  « write  something  together ' 
with  me,  /  should  like  it  still  better.  I  should  like  it 
for  some  ineffable  reasons.  And  I  should  not  like  it  a 
.bit  the  less  for  the  grand  supply  of  jests  it  would  ad- 
minister to  the  critical  Board  of  Trade,  about  visible 
darkness,  multiplied  by  two,  mounting  into  palpable 
obscure.  We  should  not  mind  .  .  .  should  we  ?  You 
would  not  mind,  if  you  had  got  over  certain  other  con- 
siderations deconsiderating  to  your  coadjutor.  Yes  — 
but  I  dare  not  do  it  ...  I  mean,  think  of  it  ...  just 
now,  if  ever." 

It  is  plain  all  through  that  each  found  a  true 
inspiration  in  the  other.  Before  their  meeting, 
he  had  written : 

"  You  do  what  I  always  wanted,  hoped  to  do,  and 
only  seem  now  likely  to  do  for  the  first  time.  You 
speak  out,  you, — I  only  make  men  and  women  speak  — 
give  you  truth  broken  into  prismatic  hues,  and  fear  the 
pure  white  light,  even  if  it  is  in  me,  but  I  am  going  to 
try;  so  it  will  be  no  small  comfort  to  have  your  com- 
pany just  now,  seeing  that  when  you  have  your  men  and 
women  aforesaid,  you  are  busied  with  them,  whereas  it 
seems  bleak,  melancholy  work  this  talking  to  the  wind." 

After  a  meeting  had  been  secured  through  the 
kindness  of  their  common  friend  Mr.  Kenyon, 
and  the  rule  of  a  weekly  visit  had  been  estab- 
lished, Browning  writes : 

"  You  do  not  understand  what  a  new  feeling  it  is  for 
me  to  have  someone  who  is  to  like  my  verses  or  I  shall 
not  ever  like  them  after!  So  far  differently  was  I  cir- 


cumstanced of  old,  that  I  used  rather  to  go  about  for 
a  subject  of  offence  to  people;  writing  ugly  things  in 
order  to  warn  the  ungenial  and  timorous  off  my  grounds 
at  once.  I  shall  never  do  so  again  at  least !  As  it  is, 
I  will  bring  all  I  dare,  in  as  great  quantities  as  I  can  — 
if  not  next  time,  after  then  —  certainly.  I  must  make 
an  end,  print  this  Autumn  my  last  four  '  Bells,'  Lyrics, 
Romances, « The  Tragedy,'  and  then  go  on  with  a  whole 
heart  to  my  own  Poem  —  indeed,  I  have  just  resolved 
not  to  begin  any  new  song,  even,  till  this  grand  clear- 
ance is  made." 

Let  those  who  declaim  against  Browning's 
obscurity  thank  Miss  Barrett  that  the  case  is 
no  worse.  That  "  Sordelloisms,"  as  she  called 
them,  appear  at  times,  even  in  his  letters,  ought 
to  go  far  to  remove  the  frequent  charge  of 
"  wilful  obscurity,"  since  it  is  not  to  be  con- 
ceived that  in  his  love-letters  would  any  man 
"  wilfully  "  be  anything  less  than  clear.  In 
this  sprightly  fashion  she  writes  to  him  of  one 
of  his  best-known  and  most  melodious  lyrics 
now  called  "Home-Thoughts  from  Abroad." 

"  Your  spring-song  is  full  of  beauty,  as  you  know  very 
well  —  and  '  that 's  the  wise  thrush  '  so  characteristic  of 
you  (and  of  the  thrush  too)  that  I  was  sorely  tempted 
to  ask  you  to  write  it  twice  over  .  .  .  and  not  send  the 
first  copy  to  Mary  Hunter,  notwithstanding  my  promise 
to  her.  And  now,  when  you  come  to  print  these  frag- 
ments, would  it  not  be  well  to  stoop  to  the  vulgarism  of 
prefixing  some  word  of  introduction,  as  other  people  do, 
you  know  ...  a  title  ...  a  name?  You  perplex  your 
readers  often  by  casting  yourself  on  their  intelligence 
in  these  things.  .  .  .  Now  these  fragments  .  .  .  you 
mean  to  print  them  with  a  line  between  .  .  .  and  not 
one  word  at  the  top  of  it  —  now  do  n't  you?  And  then 
people  will  read 

'  Oh,  to  be  in  England,' 

and  say  to  themselves, '  Why,  who  is  this?  .  .  .  Who 's 
out  of  England? '  Which  is  an  extreme  case,  of  course; 
but  you  will  see  what  I  mean.  .  .  .  And  often  I  have 
observed  how  some  of  the  very  most  beautiful  of  your 
lyrics  have  suffered  just  from  your  disdain  of  the  usual 
tactics  of  writers  in  this  one  respect." 

These  glimpses  into  the  workshop,  so  to  speak, 
are  of  especial  value  because  biography  hitherto 
has  not  been  satisfactory  in  the  case  of  either 
poet.  The  standard  "  Life  "  of  Robert  Brown- 
ing—  by  Mrs.  Orr —  though  accurate  and  full 
as  to  external  details,  is  singularly  barren  of 
any  insight  into  the  poetic  side  of  the  man,  and 
one  fails  to  trace  in  it  that  connection  which 
we  know  must  exist  between  the  life  and  the 
life-product  of  any  man.  And  Mrs.  Browning's 
biographers  have  been  so  much  at  sea  that  they 
have  differed  even  as  to  the  date  of  her  birth. 

Charming  discussions  of  such  subjects  as 
lovers  in  all  ages  are  wont  to  write  of  —  such 
as  the  books  they  read,  the  persons  they  meet, 
the  thoughts  of  each  day,  and  the  dreams  both 
by  day  and  night  —  are  here  to  be  found  in 
rich  profusion,  as  may  be  seen  by  consulting 


240 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


the  copious  Index  at  the  close.  There  is  temp- 
tation to  quote  what  they  have  to  say  of  their 
contemporaries  —  Tennyson,  Carlyle,  Words- 
worth, Mill,  Landor,  and  other  celebrities. 
Moreover,  both  had  great  gifts  as  letter-writers, 
and  their  words  invite  citation  as  specimens  of 
good  literature,  —  never  stilted  or  formal,  but 
sparkling  and  often  playful  as  letters  should  be. 
But,  after  all,  it  is  the  two  principal  figures 
that  make  the  charm  of  the  book.  Meeting  in 
the  full  maturity  of  their  poetic  powers  and 
richly  endowed  natures,  without  previous  en- 
tanglements or  even  youthful  fancies,  each 
finds  in  the  other  the  most  perfect  companion- 
ship, inspiration,  protection,  that  life  can  know. 
Now,  as  never  before,  can  we  realize  not  only 
the  full  significance  of  the  "  Sonnets  from  the 
Portuguese,"  but  also  how  it  was  not  poetic 
effect  but  simple  truth  that  prompted  Robert 
Browning's  "  Prospice,"  "  One  Word  More," 
the  invocation  to  "  Lyric  Love,"  and  that  stanza 
of  "  By  the  Fireside  ": 

"  I  am  named  and  known  by  that  hour's  feat. 

There  took  my  station  and  degree ; 
So  grew  my  own  small  life  complete, 
As  nature  obtained  her  best  of  me." 

ANNA  BENNESON  MCMAHAN. 


THE  STORY  OF  A  FAMOUS  IMPOSTURE.* 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1558  there  was 
published  in  Venice  a  small  octavo  volume  of 
but  fifty-eight  folios,  consisting  of  two  parts, 
wholly  distinct  in  character,  and  put  together 
in  one  book  only  because  the  leading  actors  in 
both  were  members  of  the  same  family.  The 
first  part,  which  is  about  four-fifths  of  the  whole, 
relates  to  travels  in  Persia  by  Caterino  Zeno, 
Venetian  Ambassador  to  that  country  in  1471- 
73  ;  it  is  of  undeniable  authenticity  in  its  main 
features,  but  of  no  great  value.  The  second 
part,  having  the  sub-title,  —  "  Concerning  the 
Discovery  of  the  Islands  Frislanda,  Eslanda, 
Engroueland,  Estotilanda,  and  Icaria,  made 
by  the  two  brothers  Zeni,  Messire  Nieolb,  the 
Knight,  and  Messire  Antonio,  with  a  map  of 
the  said  Islands,"  —  has  made  a  great  noise 
in  the  world,  and  yet,  if  we  may  accept  the 
verdict  of  Mr.  Fred.  W.  Lucas,  "is  pure  fic- 
tion and  wholly  valueless.  This  part  consists 

*  THE  ANNALS  OF  THE  VOYAGES  OF  THE  BROTHERS  NfcoL& 
AND  ANTONio  ZENO  in  the  North  Atlantic  about  the  End 
of  the  Fourteenth  Century,  and  the  Claim  Founded  thereon 
to  a  Venetian  Discovery  of  America.  A  Criticism  and  an 
Indictment.  By  Fred.  W.  Lucas,  author  of  "  Appendiculae 
Historic*,"  etc.  Illustrated  by  facsimiles.  London  :  Henry 
Stevens  Son  &  Stiles. 


mainly  of  letters  purporting  to  have  been  written 
by  the  two  Brothers  Zeni,  and  giving  accounts 
of  the  important  discoveries  they  had  made  in 
the  far  northern  seas.  These  discoveries  relate 
to  certain  countries  and  islands,  several  of  which 
are  mentioned  in  the  sub-title,  the  names  of 
which  even  general  readers  of  history  will  re- 
member to  have  seen  on  old  maps  strewn  about 
in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  story  really 
involves  the  question  of  the  discovery  of  Amer- 
ica a  full  century  before  Columbus  crossed  the 
Sea  of  Darkness.  The  book,  says  Mr.  Lucas, — 
"  Went  forth  to  the  world  with  the  prestige  of  the 
well-known  names  of  Zeno,  Barbaro,  and  Marcolini 
attached  to  it ;  and  it  appears  to  have  been  at  once  ac- 
cepted, without  question,  as  genuine  history  and  geog- 
raphy ;  indeed,  there  seems  to  have  been  no  reason  why, 
at  that  time,  it  should  not  have  been  so  accepted.  The 
cartography  of  the  Northern  Atlantic  was  still  confused. 
Many  non-existent  islands  appeared  upon  the  best  maps 
of  the  time.  It  was  still  a  question  whether  Greenland 
was  united  to  the  Continent  of  Europe,  or  to  America, 
or  to  both,  or  whether  it  was  part  of  Asia,  or  an  island. 
The  latter  question  was,  indeed,  still  open  until  Peary's 
recent  explorations  settled  the  fact  that  it  was  an  island." 

The  influence  of  the  Zeno  book,  which  had 
Nicolb  Zeno  the  younger  for  its  author,  who 
said  he  found  the  materials  in  the  family  home 
in  Venice,  was  far-reaching  and  lasting.  Mr. 
Lucas  devotes  thirteen  of  his  folio  pages  to 
illustrations  of  its  influence  upon  subsequent 
publications,  especially  maps,  but  stops  short 
long  before  reaching  the  end  of  the  list  that  he 
might  have  given,  having  said  enough  to  show 
that  for  nearly  a  hundred  years  after  their  pub-' 
lication  the  book  and  map  were  generally  looked 
upon  as  authentic.  Still,  doubts  as  to  their 
genuineness  soon  began  to  appear,  and  have 
continued  to  grow  until  the  authority  of  the 
whole  story,  while  by  no  means  destroyed,  has 
become  greatly  impaired.  Mr.  Lucas  no  doubt 
hopes  to  deal  it  a  death-blow. 

It  was  in  no  way  strange  that  the  Zeno  doc- 
uments, both  book  and  map,  should  have  been 
accepted  as  genuine  in  the  sixteenth  century ; 
but,  considering  the  gross  improbability  of  some 
of  the  incidents,  the  discrepancies  that  exist 
between  the  book  and  the  map,  and  the  impos- 
sibility of  adjusting  the  story  to  the  facts  of 
history  and  geography,  it  would  certainly  seem 
strange  that  it  has  retained  any  authority  at 
all.  In  fact,  the  most  ingenious  and  far-fetched 
devices  have  been  resorted  to  to  remove  the 
difficulties  that  the  book  presents.  Two  exam- 
ples may  be  given.  The  elder  Zeno,  writing  to 
his  brother  Antonio,  says  he  found  on  the  island 
of  Frislanda  a  great  Lord  named  Zechmni, 
master  of  some  islands  called  Porlanda,  "  who 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


241 


was  certainly  as  worthy  of  immortal  remem- 
brance as  any  other  who  has  ever  lived  in  this 
world,  on  account  of  his  great  valor  and  many 
good  qualities."  Of  course  the  Zeno  adherents 
must  identify  this  puissant  chief,  which  they 
do,  or  at  least  some  of  them,  by  finding  him  in 
Henry  Sinclair  of  Roslyn,  Earl  of  the  Orkneys 
and  Caithness  by  the  investiture  of  King  Hacon 
of  Norway  in  1379.  To  say  nothing  of  histor- 
ical questions,  the  derivation  of  Zechmni  from 
Henry  Sinclair  is  a  philological  feat  upon  which 
a  layman,  at  least,  had  better  not  comment. 
Again,  one  'feature  of  the  marvellous  tale  of  a 
fisherman  who  cuts  an  important  figure  in  the 
letters,  is  that  a  king  in  Estotoland,  an  island 
situated  in  the  far  Western  ocean,  dwelt  in  a 
populous  city  with  walls,  and  had  Latin  books 
in  his  library,  which  neither  he  nor  anyone 
about  him  could  read, —  a  tale  that  moves  Mr. 
John  Fiske,  who  never  lets  slip  a  good  story  if 
he  can  help  it,  to  ask  :  "  Pruning  this  sentence 
of  its  magniloquence,  might  it  perhaps  mean 
that  there  was  a  large  palisaded  village,  and 
that  the  chief  had  some  books  in  Roman  char- 
acters, a  relic  of  some  castaway  which  he  kept 
as  a  fetich." 

We  cannot  deal  with  Mr.  Lucas's  specific 
answers  to  the  arguments  that  have  been  ad- 
vanced in  defense  of  the  book,  but  rather  make 
room  for  his  own  final  conclusions,  which  are 
as  follows : 

"  1.  That,  though  Nfcol6  and  Antonfo  Zeno  may  have 
sailed  into  the  North  Sea,  and  may  even  have  visited 
the  Continental  Frislanda,  Frisia,  or  Friesland,  and 
may  have  written  letters  to  Venice  during  their  travels, 
Nfcol6  Zeno,  the  younger,  certainly  did  not  compile  his 
narrative  from  any  such  letters,  but  from  the  published 
works  of  Bordone,  Olaus  Magnus,  and  other  authors 
indicated  above. 

"  2.  That  the  two  accounts  of  Greenland  attributed 
to  Nfcolo  and  Antonfo  Zeno  are  untrue  as  applied  to 
that  country,  and  could  not  have  been  honestly  written 
by  any  persons  who  had  visited  it. 

"3.  That  there  is  no  evidence  that  Antonfo  Zeno 
ever  visited  any  part  of  America,  or  any  of  its  islands, 
as  claimed  by  Marco  Barbaro,  Terra-Rosso,  Zurla, 
Beauvois,  and  others;  nor,  indeed,  do  the  Annals  them- 
selves state  that  he  did  so. 

"  4.  That  there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  either 
Christopher  Columbus  or  Juan  de  la  Cosa  ever  heard 
of  '  Frislanda.' 

"  5.  That,  in  fact,  no  such  island  as  Zeno's  Frislanda 
ever  existed,  his  map  of  it  having  been  compounded 
from  earlier  maps  of  Iceland  and  the  Faroes. 

"  6  That  Zichmni,  if  such  a  man  ever  existed,  was 
certainly  not  identical  with  Henry  Sinclair,  Earl  of 
Orkney. 

"  7.  That  the  story  that  the  « Carta  de  Navegar  '  was 
copied  from  an  old  map  found  in  the  archives  of  the 


Zeno  family  is  a  pure  fiction;  and  that  it  was,  in  fact, 
concocted  from  several  maps  of  various  dates  and  nation- 
alities, and  not  from  any  one  map. 

"  8.  That  a  sufficient  motive  for  the  compilation  of 
Zeno's  story  and  map  is  to  be  found  in  a  desire  to  con- 
nect, even  indirectly,  the  voyages  of  his  ancestors  with 
a  discovery  of  America  earlier  than  that  by  Columbus, 
in  order  to  gratify  the  compiler's  family  pride  and  his 
own  personal  vanity,  and  to  pander  to  that  Venetian 
jealousy  of  other  maritime  nations  (especially  of  the 
Genoese)  which  was  so  strong  in  the  early  days  of  the 
decadence  of  the  great  Venetian  Republic,  and  which, 
later  on,  appeared  so  forcibly  in  the  works  of  Terra- 
Rossa,  Zurla,  and  other  Venetian  writers. 

"  9.  That  however  harmless  may  have  been  the  orig- 
inal motive  of  Nfcol6  Zeno,  the  younger,  for  the  com- 
pilation of  the  narrative  and  map,  it  ceased  to  be 
innocent  when  he  reedited  his  map  for  publication  in 
Ruscelli's  edition  of  Ptolemy  (1561),  whose  work  was, 
in  Zeno's  time,  accepted  as  the  greatest  authority  on 
geography. 

"  10.  That  Zeno's  work  has  been  one  of  the  most 
ingenious,  most  successful,  and  most  enduring  literary 
impostures  which  has  ever  gulled  a  confiding  public." 

No  doubt  some  readers  will  think  that  a 
publication  which  justifies  such  a  characteriza- 
tion as  this  hardly  merits  such  elaborate  treat- 
ment as  Mr.  Lucas  and  his  publisher  have 
bestowed  upon  it ;  but  the  author  replies  to  all 
such  critics,  that  while  the  importance  of  the 
book  from  a  practical  point  of  view  has  long 
ceased  to  exist,  it  still  possesses  an  historical 
and  a  literary  interest,  because  upon  the  story 
contained  in  it  is  founded  a  claim  on  behalf  of 
the  Venetians  to  a  pre-Columbian  discovery  of 
America,  and  also  because  the  acceptance  of 
the  Zeno  map  as  genuine  by  Mercator  and 
Ortelius,  the  two  leading  cartographers  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  the 
cause  of  great  confusion  in  the  maps  drawn 
during  the  latter  part  of  that  century  and  for 
nearly  two  hundred  years  afterwards. 

We  must  not  dismiss  Mr.  Lucas's  work  with- 
out characterizing  it  as  an  excellent  piece  of 
historical  investigation,  and  a  most  sumptuous 
volume  typographically  considered.  The  Zeno 
story  is  reproduced  both  in  the  original  and  in 
translation ;  while  there  are  eighteeen  beautiful 
large  facsimiles  of  important  maps  in  plates  in 
the  appendix,  besides  numerous  smaller  fac- 
similes of  other  maps  at  the  backs  of  half-titles 
and  the  ends  of  chapters.  The  all-important 
bibliography  has  also  received  due  attention. 
Students  of  the  subject  will  welcome  the  vol- 
ume for  its  original  matter  and  its  beautiful 
form,  regardless  of  their  views  of  the  author's 
conclusions. 

B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


242 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


DATJDET  AND  HIS  FAMILY.* 

The  volume  on  Alphonse  Daudet  and  his 
family  inaugurates  the  uniform  series  of  Dau- 
det's  works  in  English  projected  by  pub- 
lishers who  have  already  deserved  well  of 
French  fiction  by  their  edition  of  Dumas.  We 
could  have  wished  for  the  present  series  a  more 
auspicious  beginning ;  for  this  book  is  unsatis- 
factory in  spite  of  its  dainty  binding  and  ex- 
cellent printing.  Its  faults  are  various.  In 
the  first  place,  the  material  is  not  homogeneous, 
save  in  the  mediocrity  of  all  its  parts.  In  the 
second  place,  it  is  not  well  translated.  The 
French  shines  through  the  English  quite  too 
often,  and  the  English  itself  is  not  seldom  ques- 
tionable in  vocabulary  and  in  style.  We  should 
not  say,  "  My  father  writes  using  a  little  plank 
screwed  to  the  wall "  (p.  5)  ;  we  should  say, 
"  shelf  "  or  "  board."  We  should  not  speak  of 
"great  books,  dripping  with  emotion  and  sweet- 
ness "  (p.  28)  ;  nor  should  we  say  "  he  broke 
me  into  my  Latin"  (p.  42).  "  Would"  for 
"  should  "  is  also  common,  and  such  infelicities 
as  "  I  made  it  a  reproach  to  him  to  have  never 
put,"  etc.  (p.  51),  are  constant.  We  have 
marked  many  other  passages,  but  it  is  hardly 
worth  while  to  cite  them.  If  it  were  important 
that  the  reader  should  know  what  Messrs.  Leon 
and  Ernest  Daudet  say,  there  would  be  some 
reason  for  desiring  a  revised  version.  As  it  is 
not  a  matter  of  the  least  consequence  to  the 
understanding  or  enjoyment  of  Daudet  whether 
they  are  presented  correctly  or  presented  at  all, 
we  may  as  well  turn  from  the  translations  to  the 
originals  of  the  book  before  us. 

These  are  three.  Last  in  place  and  first  in 
value,  such  as  it  is,  is  M.  Ernest  Daudet's  sketch 
of  the  youth  and  ancestry  of  the  brothers.  This 
was  made  in  1881,  and  has  no  novelty  to-day. 
It  serves  usefully  to  check  the  fancy  of  his 
brother's  "  Little  What's  his  Name,"  and  adds 
some  interesting,  though  so  far  as  we  discern, 
not  particularly  significant,  details  as  to  the 
family  ancestry.  It  is  soberly  written,  in  a  gen- 
erous and  fraternal  spirit.  It  could  be  read  at 
any  time  with  a  certain  mild  pleasure.  But  it 
will  be  hailed  with  the  devout  fervor  with  which 
the  thirsty  pilgrim  greets  the  oasis  in  the  desert 
by  those  who  approach  it  through  the  interme- 
diate section  of  the  volume,  an  "  Appendix  " 
of  eighty-one  pages  in  which  M.  Leon  casts 
into  the  form  of  "  a  dialogue  between  my  father 


*  ALPHONSE  DAUDET.  By  L6on  Daudet.  To  which  is 
added  "  The  Daudet  Family,"  by  Ernest  Daudet.  Translated 
from  the  French  by  Charles  de  Kay.  With  portrait.  Boston : 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 


and  me  "  some  half-digested  "  thoughts  "  on  the 
imagination.  The  purpose,  result,  or  organic 
unity  of  this  composition  we  have  been  unable 
to  discover.  We  surmise,  however,  that  its 
purpose  was  to  pad  an  over-thin  book,  of  which 
most  readers  will  have  had  more  than  enough 
before  they  get  to  it,  so  that  its  result  will  be 
nil.  As  to  its  organic  unity,  it  has  at  least  as 
much  as  the  first  part,  the  Memoir  proper, 
which  is  about  as  unsatisfactory  to  analyze  as  a 
jelly-fish.  You  discern  a  sort  of  rudimentary 
organism  at  the  start,  acephalous  and  inverte- 
brate though  it  be ;  but  when  you  have  dissected 
this  out  it  shrivels  away,  and  what  is  left  is  a 
glutinous  mass  of  platitudinous  literary  jelly. 

The  book,  this  part  of  it,  is  throughout 
maudlin  at  intervals,  "  writ,"  as  Lord  Byron 
would  say,  "  in  a  manner  that  is  my  aversion," 
peppered  with  "O  destiny!  "  "O  Shakespeare!" 
and  similar  literary  hysterics.  So  far  as  we 
can  see,  it  does  not  contain  a  single  new  liter- 
ary fact  of  moment,  a  single  new  critical  point 
of  view.  It  threshes  the  old  grain  over  again, 
adding  a  good  deal  of  paternal  admonition  to 
young  Leon,  that  would  be  more  edifying  if  he 
had  not  taken  pains  to  make  the  scandals  of 
his  own  domestic  life  as  familiar  to  leading 
French  newspapers  as  the  dignity  of  his  father's 
home  has  been  to  the  readers  of  Mr.  Sherard's 
excellent  biographical  study. 

Occasionally  the  carelessness  of  composition 
betrays  M.  Leon  Daudet,  and  he  deviates  into 
unintentional  humor.  Here,  for  instance,  are 
a  few  lines  describing  young  Alphonse  at  a  fire : 
"  He  appeared  on  the  scene  of  the  combat  pour- 
ing water  on  himself  and  having  water  poured 
on  him,  holding  a  lance  in  his  hand  "  (p.  25). 
An  edifying  spectacle  he  must  have  made  of 
himself.  The  French  pompier  is  always  a 
goodly  spectacle,  but  Alphonse,  pouring  water 
on  himself  with  one  hand  and  holding  a  lance 
in  the  other,  standing  at  his  post,  Casabianca- 
like,  "  till  the  flames  came  and  burned  off  his 
eyelashes  and  licked  his  hands,"  is  heroic  in  his 
way,  a  worthy  candidate  for  a  Montyon  prize. 
After  this,  one  does  not  wonder  to  find  the  au- 
thor aver  that  "  unless  I  am  mistaken  the  grand 
(say  gr-r-r-and)  philosophical  system  that  we 
shall  have  to-morrow  will  put  emotion  in  the 
first  rank  and  will  subordinate  all  else  to  it." 
Evidently  common  sense  will  have  to  take  a 
back  seat  if  ever  the  "astre  noir"  is  in  the 
ascendant.  Meantime,  to  train  himself  for  that 
consummation  we  are  told  that  Alphonse  "  did 
not  boggle  to  compare  "  the  Stanley  of  Dark- 
est Africa  "  with  the  victor  of  Austerlitz " 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


243 


(p.  45),  nor  George  Meredith  with  Hamlet 
(p.  46)  "  in  that  cottage  where  lights  and 
shades  played  about  his  aureole  "  (p.  47). 

It  seems  a  pity  not  to  extend  this  fascinating 
anthology  from  the  family  memoir  of  the  great 
romancer.  I  have  cited  only  from  the  first 
quarter  of  M.  Leon  Daudet's  work,  and  the 
fourth  of  its  treasures  has  not  been  told.  I  must 
draw  this  appreciation  to  a  close  ;  but  here  is  a 
nugget  of  political  wisdom  that  one  would  not 
willingly  spare.  Apropos  of  Dreyfus  :  "  On 
the  morning  of  the  catastrophe  I  promised  him 
( Alphonse  Daudet)  that  Rochef  ort  [of  all  men  ] 
would  come  in  person  to  confirm  him  in  his 
certainty.  The  idea  of  the  visit  delighted  him, 
because  he  much  admired  the  great  pamph- 
leteer and  recognized  in  him  a  unique  gift  of 
observation  analagous  to  the  divining  power  of 
Drumont "  (p.  53).  To  all  who  know  the  men, 
this  anti-climax  is  record-breaking,  colossal. 

As  to  M.  Leon  Daudet's  memoirs  as  a  whole, 
I  looked  forward  with  singular  eagerness  to  its 
appearance  in  the  Revue  de  Paris,  and  felt  a 
perplexed  disappointment  from  fortnight  to 
fortnight  as  I  first  read  its  parts.  Then  came 
the  book,  to  increase  vexation  by  concentrating 
puerility.  I  must  plead,  therefore,  for  indul- 
gence if  on  this  third  reading  of  "  needy  noth- 
ing trimmed  in  jollity  "  I  close  with  the  author's 
own  words  (p.  44)  :  "  Every  book  is  an  organ- 
ism. If  its  organs  are  not  in  place  it  must  die 
and  its  corpse  become  a  nuisance."  I  do  not 
think  this  book  will  be  long  in  reaching  the 
corpse  stage.  On  the  whole,  however,  I  think 
the  most  epigrammatic  summing  up  of  my  idea 
on  this  "  Memoir  "  would  be  in  Shakespeare's 
words  :  "  Bottom,  thou  art  translated." 

BENJAMIN  W.  WELLS. 


MEXICO  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES.* 


Senor  Romero,  the  late  distinguished  minis- 
ter from  Mexico  to  the  United  States,  was  ex- 
ceptionally qualified  to  write  authoritatively 
upon  the  relations  between  the  two  countries. 
He  twice  held  a  cabinet  position  in  his  own 
country,  so  that  he  was  familiar  with  its  con- 
dition and  policies.  He  was  twice  accredited  to 
this  country  —  first  during  President  Lincoln's 
administration  and  again  after  but  a  short 
interval  spent  at  home.  He  was  practically 
a  continuous  resident  in  our  country  from 
the  Civil  War  to  the  time  of  his  death  a  few 
months  since.  It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that 

*  MEXICO  AND  THE  UNITED  STATES.    By  Matias  Romero. 
Volume  I.    New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


no  representative  of  a  foreign  country  at  Wash- 
ington ever  made  a  better  impression  or  gained 
a  higher  position  —  personal  or  official. 

The  first  280  pages  of  this  bulky  volume  now 
before  us  for  review,  "  Mexico  and  the  United 
States,"  are  taken  up  with  "  Geographical  and 
Statistical  Notes  on  Mexico."  This  part  of  the 
work  has  already  appeared  as  an  independent 
volume  and  has  been  noticed  in  THE  DIAL.  The 
remaining  pages,  almost  five  hundred  in  num- 
ber, are  important  historic  or  economic  studies. 

In  two  papers  —  "  Genesis  of  Mexican  Inde- 
pendence "  and  "  Philosophy  of  Mexican  Rev- 
olutions " — Mr.  Romero  shows  that  revolutions 
in  Mexico  are  not  mere  exhibitions  of  turbu- 
lence, but  natural,  perhaps  necessary  events  in 
a  normal  evolution  from  peculiar  conditions. 

A  study  follows  of  "  Anglo-Saxon  and  Ro- 
man Systems  of  Jurisprudence."  It  is  a  com- 
mon impression  in  the  United  States  that  the 
legal  systems  of  the  two  countries  are  extremely 
unlike  and  that  justice  is  a  thing  unknown  in 
Mexico.  Mr.  Romero  clearly  distinguishes 
common  law  and  equity  —  English  Law  and 
Roman  Law.  Both  exist  in  our  country.  So, 
too,  both  exist,  though  unequally  developed,  in 
Mexico.  The  paper  is  an  interesting  statement 
of  the  exact  conditions  prevalent  in  the  two 
countries.  It  may  be  remarked  in  passing  that 
Mexican  Law  is  not  administered  to  the  dis- 
advantage of  Americans  in  the  Republic ;  fre- 
quently its  terms  are  modified  in  favor  of  our 
citizens  as  a  matter  of  national  comity. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the 
book,  as  dealing  with  a  question  which  has 
threatened  international  complications  and 
which  is  not  even  now  settled,  is  "  The  Mexi- 
ican  Free  Zone."  This  "free  zone,"  estab- 
lished by  the  Mexican  government  at  the  solic- 
itation of  the  northern  states  —  especially  Tam- 
aulipas  —  has  much  distressed  some  of  our 
wordy  politicians.  It  has  been  asserted  that 
it  has  given  opportunity  for  enormous  smug- 
gling operations  and  has  defrauded  our  govern- 
ment of  vast  sums.  Mr.  Romero,  either  as 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  in  Mexico  or  as 
Minister  from  Mexico,  has  never  been  an  advo- 
cate of  "  the  Free  Zone."  He  however  shows, 
conclusively,  by  statistics .  and  argument,  that 
no  serious  disadvantage  can  have  come  to  the 
United  States  from  its  existence,  that  the  con- 
trary really  has  happened,  and  that  no  great 
advantage  has  accrued  to  Mexico. 

In  "  Silver  and  Wages  in  Mexico "  and 
"  Silver  Standard  in  Mexico  "  are  discussions 
of  sociologic-economic  questions  of  timely  inter- 


244 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


est.  It  is  a  mistake  to  draw  conclusions  for 
either  country  from  the  other.  Conditions  in 
the  two  are  fundamentally  different.  That 
Mexico  is  flourishing  to-day  with  a  silver  stand- 
ard does  not  prove  that  the  United  States  would 
do  so.  Distribution  of  wealth,  character  of 
resources,  nature  of  the  laboring  population,  all 
are  elements  in  the  problem. 

The  final  chapter  on  "  The  Pan-American 
Conference  of  1889  "  is  interesting  as  present- 
ing a  straightforward  statement  of  (a)  the 
originating  of  the  idea,  (6)  the  purposes,  (c) 
the  make-up  and  work  of  this  interesting  gath- 
ering. What  we  thought  of  the  meeting  has 
some  value  :  how  it  impressed  the  other  partici- 
pating nations  is  of  greater  value  —  especially 
at  this  moment  when  we  stand  in  an  entirely 
new  position  with  reference  to  other  countries. 
It  is  certain  that  the  conference  did  not  do  all 
that  was  expected  of  it,  that  it  did  not  impress 
our  neighbors  strongly  with  our  disinterested- 
ness, but  it  did  do  something  in  bringing 
together  representatives  of  neighboring  coun- 
tries which  have  many  common  interests  and 
must  perforce  have  many  inter-relations. 

These  chapters  have  already  appeared  as  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature,  and  particu- 
larly to  "  The  North  American  Review."  It  is, 
however,  a  good  idea  to  publish  them  in  a  con- 
nected and  permanent  form.  Mr.  Romero, 
either  by  appendices  or  by  changes  and  inter- 
polations in  the  text,  brings  the  matter  quite  up 
to  date.  "  Mexico  and  the  United  States  "  will 
be  an  important  work  of  reference  for  politi- 
cians, for  students  of  social  and  economic  ques- 
tions, and  for  the  increasingly  large  class  of 
persons  who  for  one  reason  or  another  are 
interested  in  our  nearest  southern  neighbor. 
FREDERICK  STARR. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


"  The  Open  Question  "  was  published  in  England 
some  months  ago,  and  attracted  much  attention  by 
its  bold  presentation  of  an  ethical  problem  with 
which  few  writers  venture  to  grapple.  The  name 
of  the  author,  "C.  E.  Raimond,"  had  previously 
been  attached  to  a  number  of  novels,  none  of  which 
had  proved  particularly  noteworthy,  although  they 
were  remembered  by  their  readers  with  a  certain 

*THE  OPEN  QUESTION.  By  C.  E.  Raimond.  New  York  : 
Harper  &  Brothers. 

POOR  HUMAN  NATURE.  A  Musical  Novel.  By  Elizabeth 
Godfrey.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

THE  PHANTOM  ARMY.  Being  a  Story  of  a  Man  and  a  Mys- 
tery. By  Max  Pemberton.  New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

GOD'S  PRISONER.  A  Story.  By  John  Oxenham.  New 
York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


satisfaction.  Presently  it  transpired  that  their 
authorship  was  pseudonymous,  and  that  the  person- 
ality of  Miss  Elizabeth  Robins,  already  widely 
known  as  an  actress  in  the  later  plays  of  Dr.  Ibsen, 
was  concealed  beneath  the  non-committal  name  that 
figured  upon  the  title-page.  No  pretense  of  keeping 
the  secret  is  any  longer  made,  and  the  American 
publishers  of  "  The  Open  Question "  frankly  an- 
nounce it  as  the  work  of  Miss  Robins.  Upon  read- 
ing the  book,  we  are  not  surprised  at  the  interest 
which  it  has  excited,  for  it  has  qualities  that  set  it 
far  apart  from  the  common  run  of  fiction.  Yet  the 
impression  gained  from  reading  many  English  com- 
ments upon  the  novel  was  very  different  from  the 
impression  which  the  novel  itself  produces.  It  pre- 
sents a  problem,  no  doubt,  and  one  of  the  most 
startling ;  but  in  such  a  case  the  manner  is  every- 
thing, and  this  particular  problem,  which  becomes 
merely  brutal  in  a  bare  statement,  may  be  treated 
with  the  utmost  delicacy,  as  the  performance  of 
Miss  Robins  attests.  Briefly  put,  it  is  the  problem 
presented  by  two  lovers,  who  are  closely  related  by 
blood,  and  who  both  inherit  a  constitution  predis- 
posed to  the  attack  of  consumption.  Have  two  such 
people  any  right  to  the  happiness  that  they  most 
desire?  We  can  imagine  the  reply  to  this  question 
of  our  greatest  ethical  teachers,  the  fierce  negative 
of  Carlyle,  the  more  suave  but  equally  emphatic 
negative  of  Renan  and  Mr.  Raskin.  And,  absolutely 
speaking,  we  should  be  bound  to  answer  with  them. 
But  the  case  as  it  here  lies  before  us  is  too  compli- 
cated to  be  decided  offhand.  It  is  weakened  by  the 
notion  that  the  fears  of  the  lovers  may  be  imaginary, 
for  they  are  represented  as  under  the  obsession  of 
the  theoretical  idea  rather  than  as  attacked  by  the 
disease,  while  modern  science,  as  we  know,  emphat- 
ically denies  that  consumption  is  hereditary,  the 
most  that  it  admits  being  hereditary  susceptibility. 
Again,  the  question  of  consanguineous  marriage 
is  an  open  one,  as  far  as  the  exact  limits  of  dan- 
ger or  safety  are  concerned.  In  consequence  of  all 
this,  we  cannot  help  feeling  that  the  author  of 
this  book  has  failed  to  make  out  a  case  clear  enough 
to  justify  —  even  if  otherwise  justifiable  —  her  con- 
clusion. She  seems  herself  to  take  too  hard  and 
fast  a  view  of  the  matter,  to  be  over-influenced  by 
what  are,  after  all,  no  more  than  theoretical  con- 
siderations. Her  actual  solution  is  to  bring  her 
lovers  into  a  compact  whereby  they  purchase  a  year 
of  happiness  with  the  pledge  that  they  will  end  their 
own  lives  rather  than  entail  disease  upon  any  life 
yet  unborn.  Here  is  an  "open  question"  indeed, 
one  upon  which  we  will  not  presume  to  pass  judg- 
ment. It  is  all  very  effectively  and  even  poetically 
managed,  and  the  idea  loses  most  of  its  harshness  in 

THE  KEY  OF  THE  HOLY  HOUSE.  A  Romance  of  Old  Ant- 
werp. By  Albert  Lee.  New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

THE  FIFTH  OF  NOVEMBER.  By  Charles  S.  Bentley  and 
F.  Kimball  Scribner.  Chicago  :  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 

OMAR  THE  TENTMAKER.  A  Romance  of  Old  Persia.  By 
Nathan  Haskell  Dole.  Boston  :  L.  C.  Page  &  Co. 

REMBRANDT.  A  Romance  of  Holland.  By  Walter  Cranston 
Lamed.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


245 


the  working-out.  And  the  story,  on  its  way  up  to 
this  tragic  ending,  is  full,  not  only  of  interest  and 
acute  observation,  but  has  no  small  measure  of 
those  finer  qualities  which  betoken  genius.  There 
are  occasional  longueurs  in  the  way  of  semi-didactic 
discussion,  but  at  least  three-quarters  of  the  book  is 
fairly  glowing  with  life,  and  the  chief  characters 
are  creations  in  a  very  fine  sense  of  that  term. 

"  Poor  Human  Nature,"  by  Miss  Elizabeth  God- 
frey, is  called  "  a  musical  novel  "  upon  the  title-page, 
but  hardly  deserves  the  description.  It  is  mostly 
concerned  with  musical  people,  to  be  sure,  for  its 
leading  characters  are  the  principals  in  the  royal 
opera  of  Blankenstadt,  and  a  great  deal  of  the  talk 
is  about  operatic  matters.  But  the  author  evinces 
no  power  to  make  verbal  interpretation  of  music, 
and  has  only  the  externals  of  the  singer's  life  to  set 
before  us.  When  we  contrast  this  treatment  of  the 
art  with  that  found  in  "  Evelyn  Innes,"  for  example, 
the  difference  is  seen  to  be  so  great  as  to  be  one  of 
kind.  Miss  Godfrey's  novel  is  little  more  than  a 
sentimental  love  story,  a  story  of  the  general  type  to 
which  "  The  First  Violin  "  belongs.  It  would  have 
been  essentially  the  same  story  had  its  characters 
been  poets  or  painters  instead  of  singers.  In  other 
words,  the  artistic  terms  in  which  it  is  stated  are  of 
the  interchangeable  sort.  This  does  not  prevent  it 
from  being  a  fairly  acceptable  novel  of  the  kind  in 
which  sentiment  almost  achieves  the  convincing  ac- 
cent of  passion.  The  workmanship  is  nicely  fin- 
ished, and  the  outcome  is  not  too  gloomy. 

"  An  attempt  to  depict  the  emprise  of  a  man  who 
is  a  victim  of  the  Napoleonic  idea"  is  what  Mr. 
Pemberton  tells  us  he  has  made  in  writing  "The 
Phantom  Army."  His  hero  is  a  Spaniard  of  extra- 
ordinary charm  and  strength  of  character  —  at  least 
he  is  intended  to  be  all  this  —  who  gathers  about 
him  a  band  of  devoted  adherents,  and  who  seeks 
with  their  aid  to  overthrow  the  Spanish  government, 
and  even  to  overrun  the  rest  of  Europe.  The  au- 
dacity of  his  strategy  leads  him  to  several  successful 
engagements,  but  he  is  overcome  in  the  end,  and 
suffers  the  death  that  such  brigands  deserve.  Mr. 
Pemberton  has  evidently  got  much  of  his  material 
from  a  study  of  Carlist  conspiracies  and  methods, 
with  which  he  seems  closely  familiar.  His  work  is 
brilliant  episodically  rather  than  successful  as  a 
whole,  and  one  feels  that  the  romance  was  planned 
upon  a  scale  too  large  for  the  author's  powers. 

Despite  a  fault  or  two  of  construction,  and  a  few 
loose  ends  in  its  complicated  plot,  "  God's  Prisoner," 
by  Mr.  John  Oxenham,  remains  one  of  the  most 
captivating  works  of  fiction  that  it  has  often  been  our 
good  fortune  to  read.  Beginning  with  a  hot-blooded 
murder  in  London,  it  ends  among  the  islands  of  the 
South  Pacific,  and  its  leading  character  has,  in  the 
interval,  gone  through  a  series  of  the  most  romantic 
and  startling  experiences.  The  author's  invention 
is  unflaggingly  brilliant,  and  his  narrative  manner 
both  direct  and  forcible.  We  will  not  summarize 
the  plot :  that  would  be  in  this  case  peculiarly  un- 
fair to  the  reader,  besides  being  a  totally  inadequate 


way  of  conveying  a  notion  of  the  remarkable  qual- 
ities of  the  story.  The  reader  bent  upon  excite- 
ment alone,  and  the  reader  who  delights  in  the  better 
qualities  of  romance  —  in  literary  form  and  psy- 
chological portrayal, —  will  alike  find  their  account 
in  a  book  which  we  counsel  them  not  to  miss. 

As  far  as  our  recollection  goes,  Mr.  Albert  Lee 
is  a  newcomer  in  the  field  of  romantic  fiction,  and 
his  "  Key  of  the  Holy  House  "  is  certainly  a  prom- 
ising piece  of  work.  The  scene  is  sixteenth  century 
Antwerp,  and  the  chief  incidents  are  connected  with 
the  Spanish  tyranny  and  the  methods  of  the  Inqui- 
sition. We  have  glimpses  of  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
and  the  Beggars  of  the  Sea  are  our  companions  for 
a  time.  An  English  episode  near  the  close  gives  us 
brief  sight  of  the  Queen,  and  altogether  there  is 
much  brightly-colored  interest  in  the  story,  both 
historical  and  inventive.  To  mention  a  small  mat- 
ter, Mr.  Lee's  Dutch  names  seem  a  trifle  uncertain 
in  their  orthography.  On  the  first  page,  for  exam- 
ple, we  have  "  Nordenstrasse  "  instead  of  "Noord- 
enstraat." 

Messrs.  C.  S.  Bentley  and  F.  Kimball  Scribner 
have  collaborated  in  the  production  of  "  The  Fifth 
of  November  "  a  historical  romance  that  makes  no 
great  pretensions  and  that  is  put  together  in  a 
straightforward  and  conscientious  way.  Its  subject 
is,  of  course,  the  Gunpowder  Plot,  having  Guy 
Fawkes  for  a  central  figure,  and  providing  brief 
views  of  the  King,  Monteagle,  Catesby,  and  other 
historical  characters.  The  fanatical  spirit  that  led 
to  the  Plot  is  well  reproduced  in  the  dialogue,  and 
the  utter  villainy  of  the  thing  is  sufficiently  tem- 
pered by  our  interest  in  the  ringleaders  and  our 
sympathy  with  their  motives  to  make  the  story  a 
possible  one. 

Two  interesting  examples  of  what  may  be  called 
the  biographical  as  distinguished  from  the  historical 
romance  have  recently  been  published.  In  one  of 
them  Mr.  Nathan  Haskell  Dole  has  told  the  story 
of  Omar's  life.  In  the  other  Mr.  Walter  Cranston 
Larned  has  subjected  Rembrandt  to  similar  treat- 
ment. Mr.  Dole's  "  Omar  the  Tentmaker  "  displays 
much  knowledge  of  Persian  history  and  life  in  the 
eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries,  and  the  meagre  sup- 
ply of  facts  that  have  come  down  to  us  concerning 
Omar's  own  life  is  in  this  case  liberally  eked  out 
with  selections  from  his  verses,  taken  from  several 
translations,  and  including  many  of  which  Fitz- 
Gerald  had  no  knowledge  or  took  no  cognizance. 
The  result  of  this  pastiche  of  history  and  poetry  is 
distinctly  readable,  although  it  fails  to  create  the 
illusion  proper  to  romance.  At  least,  it  creates  only, 
and  that  for  an  occasional  moment,  such  illusion  as 
there  is  in  an  Arabian  Night's  Entertainment.  We 
are  a  little  startled  to  make  acquaintance  with  an 
Omar  who  is  a  lover  in  the  concrete  sense,  familiar 
as  we  are  with  the  poet  who  sings  so  tenderly  of 
love  in  the  abstract ;  but  this  proves  merely  an  epi- 
sode in  Mr.  Dole's  romance,  and  the  interest  speedily 
lapses  into  the  strictly  historical  and  philosophical. 
But  we  can  hardly  forgive  him  for  making  the  poet 


246 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


anticipate  the  fin  de  siecle  pun  upon  Omar  and 
Homer.  What  Mr.  Dole  calls  "  an  Oriental's  exces- 
sive fondness  for  playing  on  words  "  should  not  be 
used  as  a  cloak  for  his  own  paronomastic  depravity. 
Mr.  Larned's  "  Rembrandt "  embodies  the  essen- 
tial facts  in  the  artist's  career,  his  sudden  rise  to 
fame,  the  history  of  his  most  famous  pictures  — 
«  The  Anatomy  Lesson,"  "  The  Night  Watch,"  and 
"  The  Syndics  "  —  the  pathetic  story  of  his  financial 
embarrassments,  and,  above  all,  the  romance  that 
has  so  linked  the  name  of  Saskia  with  his  own  that 
we  can  never  think  of  the  one  without  recalling  the 
other.  The  whole  narrative  is  informed  with  so 
generous  an  enthusiasm,  and  written  with  so  vivid 
a  sympathy,  that  we  can  easily  pardon  its  excess  of 
sentimentality  and  the  vagueness  of  its  character 
delineations.  The  book  helps  us,  somehow,  to  feel 
the  wonder  of  Rembrandt's  consummate  art,  and 
that  is  doubtless  what  the  author  chiefly  wished  it 

to  "0>  WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


As  Prosector  of  the  Zoological  So- 
Avian  Anatomy,  ciety  of  London,  it  has  fallen  to  Mr. 

Frank  E.  Beddard  to  bring  to  a  suc- 
cessful completion  in  his  "  Structure  and  Classifi- 
cation of  Birds  "  ( Longmans)  a  treatise  upon  the 
subject  of  avian  anatomy  which  his  predecessors, 
Garrod  and  Forbes,  had  projected.  The  book  is 
timely,  for  there  has  been  no  comprehensive  work 
of  recent  date  upon  this  subject,  in  the  English  lan- 
guage, which  at  all  compares  with  the  Monograph 
of  Fiirbringer,  or  Gadow's  extended  treatise  in 
Broun 's  Thierreich,  published  in  German.  English 
investigators,  of  whom  Mr.  Beddard  is  one,  have 
long  been  leaders  in  this  field  and  the  author  has 
not  lacked  for  material  at  hand.  Over  250  figures, 
drawn  from  original  memoirs,  adorn  the  volume, 
and  with  very  few  exceptions  they  come  from  En- 
glish sources,  the  names  of  Huxley,  Mivart,  Garrod, 
Mitchell,  Forbes,  Selater,  and  Beddard  being  oft 
repeated  as  authorities.  The  book  is  a  condensed 
and  somewhat  systematic  presentation  of  the  most 
important  facts  of  comparative  avian  anatomy,  and 
an  extended  discussion  and  application  of  these 
facts  to  the  classification  of  the  group  of  birds.  In 
this  phase  of  the  work  it  is  an  advance  upon  any 
hitherto  published.  It  is  to  be  expected  that  old 
systems  of  classification  would  be  disturbed  some- 
what by  this  process.  We  are  therefore  not  sur- 
prised to  find  that  the  author  has  severed  the  owls 
from  their  long  association  with  the  hawks  and  has 
shifted  them  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  goat-suck- 
ers ;  and  to  find  him  arguing  for  the  primitive  re- 
lationships of  the  pico-passerine  group  and  the 
degeneracy  of  the  Struthionidce  as  a  type.  For 
those  who  pursue  at  a  distance  the  study  of  orni- 
thology with  an  opera-glass  as  a  pastime  or  as  an 
avocation,  this  book  will  not  be  light  reading,  though 


doubtless  suggestive  and  profitable ;  for  those  who 
with  scalpel  and  lens  seek  the  sterner  discipline  of 
a  science,  it  will  be  invaluable. 


Types  of  socialism.  In  "Social  Ideals  in  English  Let- 
in  English  ters  "  (  Houghton )  Miss  Vida  D. 
literature.  Scudder  writes  with  the  same  careful 
scholarship,  clear  criticism,  and  alluring  style  as  in 
her  earlier  work,  "  The  Life  of  the  Spirit  in  English 
Poetry."  Beginning  as  far  back  as  William  Lang- 
land  and  Sir  Thomas  More  —  who  are  classed  as 
Utopian  socialists  born  out  of  due  time  —  the  aim 
of  the  book  is  to  show  the  varied  types  of  socialism 
from  time  to  time  expressed  in  English  literature. 
The  principal  space  —  about  one-half  of  the  volume 
—  is  given  to  the  great  prose  writers  of  the  last 
half-century.  The  novelists  Thackeray,  Dickens, 
and  George  Eliot,  and  the  essayists  Carlyle,  Ruskin, 
and  Matthew  Arnold,  are  dealt  with  as  prophets  of 
socialism  in  twelve  chapters  of  admirable  construc- 
tive criticism.  The  concluding  chapter  on  "  Con- 
temporary England"  is  so  delightfully  optimistic 
that  even  one  who  does  not  share  in  the  author's 
enthusiam  for  social  settlements  cannot  fail  to  enjoy 
its  pleasing  picture  of  the  present  and  its  prophecy 
for  the  future.  "  The  mystic  of  former  times,  re- 
acting against  conventions  and  longing  for  simplicity 
of  life,  fled  like  Thoreau  into  the  wilderness  ;  the 
mystic  of  the  present,  actuated  by  the  same  impulse, 
flees  not  from  but  to  the  world,  —  betakes  himself, 
not  to  the  woods,  but  to  a  crowded  city  district,  and 
steeps  his  soul  in  the  joy  of  the  widest  human  sym- 
pathy he  can  attain.  .  .  .  Children  of  privilege  and 
children  of  toil  will  be  united  in  these  groups  ; 
thinkers  and  laborers,  women  and  men  of  delicate 
traditions  and  fine  culture,  mingled  in  close  spiritual 
fellowship  with  those  whose  wisdom  has  been  gained 
not  through  opportunity  but  through  deprivation. 
.  .  .  They  will  realize  in  a  measure  the  old  dream 
of  Langland, —  fellow  pilgrims  of  Truth,  while  they 
share  life  and  labor  in  joyous  comradeship." 

Memoirs  of  the  ^ew  characters  stand  out  more  nobly 
wife  of  an  in  history  than  Lord  William  Russell, 

English  martyr.        martyr  to  the  cause  of  English  liberty 

under  the  second  Charles.  Few  have  been  treated 
more  exhaustively,  as  a  result.  Yet  the  "  Memoirs 
of  Lady  Russell"  (Macmillan),  setting  forth  the 
facts  in  the  life  of  his  wife  and  widow,  come  to  the 
reader  in  much  the  light  of  a  revelation.  She  was 
his  elder  in  years,  a  widow  when  he  met  her ;  she 
survived  him  a  full  forty  years,  devoted  to  his 
memory  until  the  end  ;  the  honor  which  would  have 
been  his  had  he  not  been  so  mercilessly  slain  came 
to  his  descendants  through  her  offices  ;  in  every  way 
her  career  is  a  notable  one.  There  is  a  confused 
prefatory  note  to  the  volume  which  leaves  the  fact 
of  preparation  for  the  press  much  in  doubt.  It 
would  seem  that  Lady  Stepney,  une  grande  dame  of 
four  generations  ago,  brought  the  contents  together 
from  the  family  documents  in  her  possession.  Fall- 
ing into  the  hands  of  Colonel  Pollok,  her  grand- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


247 


nephew,  they  are  now  published  with  his  authority. 
It  seems  ungracious  to  criticize  one  so  far  beyond 
the  reach  of  this  modern  world,  but  Lady  Stepney 
has  injured  her  work  seriously  by  making  it,  chiefly, 
a  religious  tractate,  her  illustrious  kinswoman's 
long  and  virtuous  life  lending  itself  as  readily  for 
the  pointing  of  a  moral  as  for  the  adornment  of  a 
tale.  Lady  Russell  was  indeed  a  devoted  maid, 
wife,  and  mother,  and  the  book  is  to  be  read  with 
profit  in  the  human  even  more  than  the  doctrinal 
sense.  A  brief,  interesting,  but  not  cogently  re- 
lated memoir  of  Lady  Herbert,  widow  of  the  brave 
Sir  Edward  who  fought  for  his  king  so  gallantly  at 
Naseby,  is  added  by  way  of  conclusion.  It  serves 
to  increase  the  dislike  felt  for  Charles  II.,  but  is  not 
of  great  importance. 


A  "Social 
Settlement 
handbook. 


Messrs.  Lentilhon  &  Co.,  of  New 
York,  have  begun  the  publication  of 
a  convenient  series  of  "  Handbooks 
for  Practical  Workers  in  Church  and  Philanthropy," 
edited  by  Professor  Samuel  M.  Jackson,  of  New 
York  University.  Among  the  first  volumes  of  the 
series  is  a  little  book  on  "  Social  Settlements,"  by 
Professor  C.  R.  Henderson,  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago. It  opens  with  an  historical  introduction  sketch- 
ing the  changes  in  life  and  thought  which  led  up  to 
the  newer  and  higher  forms  of  philanthropy,  followed 
by  an  account  of  the  immediate  genesis  of  the  Uni- 
versity Settlements  in  England.  Here  one  finds 
the  names  of  Dr.  Thomas  Arnold,  Professor  Thomas 
Hill  Green,  Mr.  Ruskin,  Frederick  Denison  Mau- 
rice, Charles  Kingsley,  and  John  Richard  Green,  as 
well  as  those  of  Edward  Denison,  Arnold  Toynbee, 
and  Canon  Barnett ;  and,  in  connection  with  the 
progress  of  the  movement  in  England,  those  of  both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barnett,  Mr.  Percy  Alden,  and  Mrs. 
Humphry  Ward.  There  are  chronological  lists  of 
the  University,  College,  and  Social  Settlements  of 
England  and  America,  and  brief  notices  of  many  of 
the  more  important  Houses.  Part  II.  is  devoted  to 
the  "  Theory  of  the  Settlement,"  as  shown  mainly 
by  the  writings  of  leaders  in  the  movement ;  and  in 
the  third  and  final  part  of  the  volume  the  author 
describes  the  manifold  methods  of  Settlement  work, 
exhibits  a  systematized  "  table  of  activities,"  and 
offers  many  practical  suggestions  to  inexperienced 
workers.  The  book  is  a  compendium  of  desirable 
information  in  small  compass  and  convenient  form. 
It  bears  some  evidences  of  haste  in  preparation  and 
in  printing,  but  its  defects  are  not  such  as  will 
interfere  with  its  usefulness  to  readers  who  wish  to 
inform  themselves  about  the  Settlement  movement. 


Among  the  books  recently  imported 
by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  is 
a  little  volume  by  Mr.  H.  Heathcote 
Statham,  entitled  "  Architecture  among  the  Poets  " 
—  a  long  essay,  originally  published  as  a  series  of 
articles  in  "The  Builder."  It  deals,  as  may  be 
inferred  from  its  name,  with  the  references  made 
to  architecture  by  the  greater  poets  —  or,  to  speak 


precisely,  by  the  greater  Greek,  Latin,  and  English 
poets.  The  points  made  are  two :  first,  that  archi- 
tecture, which  ranks  among  the  least  popular  of  the 
arts,  has  been  of  no  such  value  to  the  poets  as  have 
painting  and  music ;  second,  that  the  love  of  archi- 
tecture for  its  own  sake,  and  the  perception  of  the 
racial  and  intellectual  significance  of  style,  belong 
to  modern  poetry  alone.  The  classics  are  repre- 
sented by  Homer  and  Virgil,  and  the  "  entirely  fan- 
ciful "  Homeric  architecture  is  compared  with  the 
realistic  description  of  Priam's  palace  which  we  find 
in  the  "  jEneid."  The  English  poets  are  then  re- 
viewed chronologically,  the  elder  being  shown  as 
affiliated,  in  regard  to  architectural  terms  and  im- 
agery, with  the  classic  writers,  while  "  the  new  feel- 
ing," merely  suggested  in  eighteenth-century  poetry, 
becomes  evident  in  the  early  romantic  school,  and 
rises  to  its  full  height  in  the  poets  of  our  own  time. 
The  author's  especial  enthusiasm  is  for  Browning, 
in  whose  pages,  as  he  very  rightly  declares,  may  be 
found  a  stronger  descriptive  power  and  a  greater 
knowledge  of  architecture  than  in  those  of  any  other 
English  poet.  Of  American  poets,  he  mentions 
only  Longfellow  and  Poe,  quoting  the  former  liber- 
ally, the  latter  only  in  a  few  lines  from  "  The 
Haunted  Palace  ";  Lowell,  whose  "  Cathedral  "  we 
think  worth  notice  in  such  an  essay,  is  evidently 
forgotten.  The  literary  criticism  of  the  book  is  a 
minor  matter;  though  generally  correct,  and,  hav- 
ing the  virtue  of  simplicity,  it  lacks  the  literary 
touch.  Its  illustrations  are  dainty  and  its  ensemble 
pleasant.  

Devotees  of  Robert  Browning  have 

A  new  edition  i    •         <•  lie 

of  Browning.  no  cause  to  com  plain  of  any  lack  of 
variety  in  the  editions  of  their  chosen 
poet  offered  by  the  publishers.  First  of  all,  we  had 
the  many-volumed  library  editions  supplied,  respect- 
ively, by  Messrs.  Houghton,  MifHin  &  Co.  and  the 
Macmillan  Go.  Then,  the  former  house  issued  their 
one-volume  "  Cambridge  "  edition,  which  the  latter 
house  soon  followed  with  their  attractive  "  Globe  " 
edition  in  two  volumes.  We  have  now  to  call  atten- 
tion to  the  edition  in  twelve  volumes  just  published  by 
Messrs.  T.  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.,  which  for  some  purposes 
is  more  desirable  than  any  of  the  others,  particularly 
for  all  careful  students  of  the  poet.  This  "  Cam- 
berwell "  edition  is  in  pocket  volumes,  four  inches 
by  six  in  size,  and  is  provided  with  annotations  by 
Miss  Charlotte  Porter  and  Miss  Helen  A.  Clarke, 
the  editors  of  "  Poet- Lore."  It  is  hardly  necessary 
to  say  how  entirely  competent  these  editors  are  for 
the  task,  or  with  what  sympathy  they  have  per- 
formed it.  There  is  a  general  biographical  intro- 
duction to  the  edition,  and  a  special  introduction  to 
each  volume ;  the  notes  occur  at  the  end,  and  include 
digests  of  each  poem.  The  text  is  the  poet's  latest 
revision  of  1888-89,  and  includes  in  addition  many 
fugitive  pieces,  among  them  the  unfortunate  Fitz- 
Gerald  lines  (which  had  better  have  been  left  un- 
printed),  and  the  prose  essay  on  Shelley.  The  lines  of 
each  poem  are  numbered  for  easy  reference.  Each 


248 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


volume  has  a  photogravure  frontispiece  and  a  deco- 
rative title-page.  The  whole  set  comes  in  a  tasteful 
box.  We  cannot  thank  the  editors  and  publishers 
too  warmly  for  this  convenient  and  entirely  delight- 
ful edition  of  a  great  English  poet. 


Growth  of  f  ^6    Present    Cen- 

American  influence  tury  Bus  ton  was  the  centre  of  activ- 
m  Hawaii.  j^v  jn  ^e  reijgiOU8  an(j  commercial 

enterprises  which  the  American  people  directed 
toward  the  Hawaiian  Islands.  In  Boston  and  from 
official  sources  Mr.  E.  J.  Carpenter  has  gathered 
the  material  for  an  opportune  and  very  interesting 
history,  "  America  in  Hawaii  "  (Small,  Maynard  & 
Co.),  of  the  growth  of  American  influence  in  our 
new  territory,  from  the  landing  of  the  little  ship- 
load of  missionaries  from  Boston  in  1819  to  the 
culmination  in  the  annexation  ceremonies  of  August 
12,  1898.  The  tale  is  of  more  than  passing  inter- 
est and  is  told  with  dramatic  effect.  The  history 
is  written  from  the  American  point  of  view  and  with 
professed  sympathy  for  the  annexation  movement, 
though  the  treatment  of  persons  and  policies  is  as  a 
rule  candid  and  fair.  The  author's  zeal  for  dramatic 
effect  leads  him  to  make  England  the  villain  of  the 
play,  in  spite  of  her  repudiation  of  the  seizure  of 
the  Islands  by  Lord  George  Paulet  in  1843,  and  of 
her  uniformly  neutral  position  in  recent  years. 
This  same  zeal,  coupled,  perhaps,  with  a  lack  of 
familiarity  with  details  of  local  history,  has  led  to 
some  misleading  statements  of  minor  importance. 
The  part  that  Boston  merchants  have  played  in  the 
development  of  American  commerce  with  the  Islands 
is  well  told.  The  early  sandalwood  trade  with  China 
and  the  rise  and  decline  of  the  whale  fishery  in  the 
Pacific  are  described  at  length,  but  the  growth 
of  the  sugar  industry  is  barely  mentioned,  though 
Whitney's  edition  of  Jarvis  gives  a  very  good  ac- 
count of  it  up  to  1872.  This,  however,  is  a  story, 
not  of  Boston,  but  of  Honolulu  and  San  Francisco. 


Mr.  Louis  J.  Rettger's  bulky  volume 
of  "  Studies  in  Advanced  Physiol- 
ogy "  (Terre  Haute:  Inland  Publish- 
ing Co.)  is  a  compilation  from  standard  treatises  of 
the  principal  facts  of  human  anatomy,  histology,  and 
hygiene,  with  some  attention  to  the  experimental 
phases  of  the  science  and  to  the  subject  of  physio- 
logical chemistry.  The  work  is  confessedly  not 
critical  and  some  of  the  illustrations  are  veterans  in 
the  service  ;  the  figures  illustrative  of  cell-division, 
for  example,  are  quite  out  of  date  in  this  day  of 
cytological  research.  There  is  no  index,  an  inex- 
cusable omission  in  a  work  of  this  character.  The 
book  presents,  however,  an  advance  both  in  the 
choice  of  material  and  in  the  method  of  treatment, 
over  many  elementary  treatises  often  used  in  our 
academies  and  normal  schools.  The  effect  of  alco- 
hol upon  the  system  is  treated  in  a  brief  and  sensible 
manner,  with  a  noticeable  absence  of  exaggeration 
and  a  commendable  candor.  Teachers  and  boards 
of  education  will  find  many  practical  suggestions 


for  the  control  and  suppression  of  contagious  dis- 
eases in  the  public  schools  in  the  rules  of  the  Indi- 
ana State  Board  of  Health,  which  are  given  in  full 
in  the  chapter  upon  Public  Health.  The  history  of 
the  science  is  also  well  treated  in  the  opening  chapter. 

The  Spanish  ^°  most  Americans,  General  Prim 

Revolution  of         and  Sefior  Castelar  are  but  shadowy 

thirty  years  ago.        figures  Qn  the  fiel(J  Qf  modem  history, 

and  the  Spanish  Revolution  of  thirty  years  ago  is 
but  little  better  known  than  the  petty  revolutions  of 
mediaeval  Italy.  But  now  that  Spanish  affairs  have 
taken  on  a  new  interest  for  us,  Mr.  E.  H.  Strobel's 
account  of  "  The  Spanish  Revolution,  1868-1875  " 
(Small,  Maynard  &  Co.)  will  be  read  with  pleasure 
and  profit.  It  is  not  easy  to  get  started  in  the  book, 
for  it  is  a  section  taken  out  of  a  projected  larger 
work  and  so  fails  to  give  the  necessary  information 
as  to  parties  and  conditions.  But  when  one  gets 
into  the  current  of  the  narrative  he  finds  it  most 
interesting.  The  story  is  dramatic  in  its  rapid 
changes,  its  making  and  unmaking  of  kings  and 
republics.  "  In  six  years  the  Spaniards  had  seen  a 
panorama  of  governments  pass  before  them,  .  .  . 
each  a  failure  and  each  in  turn  replaced  by  another 
failure."  The  restoration  of  Alfonso  of  Bourbon 
closed  the  series  of  changes,  but  not  the  misfortunes 
of  that  unhappy  country. 

l^l°  ^ne  8tream  °f  books  about  that 
most  interesting  nation,  Switzerland, 
and  fa  history,  another  has  been 
added,  "A  Short  History  of  Switzerland"  (Mac- 
millan)  by  Dr.  Karl  Dandliker.  The  author  writes 
with  authority,  having  previously  produced  a  three- 
volume  standard  work  on  the  same  subject.  The 
present  volume  contains  all  the  common  helps  for 
easy  reference,  —  numbered  paragraphs  with  bold- 
faced headings,  maps,  index,  chronological  table, 
dates  at  the  top  of  the  page,  and  the  like.  It  is  not 
easy  reading,  for  during  eight  centuries  this  little 
country  in  the  middle  of  Europe  has  had  relations, 
friendly  or  as  prospective  prejr,  with  the  warring 
powers  on  all  sides  of  her,  and  this  complex  history 
cannot  be  put  into  less  than  three  hundred  pages  in 
a  flowing  narrative  style.  But  the  work  is  valuable 
as  a  trustworthy  epitome  of  Swisd  history,  and  as 
such  can  be  heartily  commended. 


A  new 
short  history 
oj  Switzerland. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  "Biographical"  Thackeray  (Harper)  is  nearing 
completion.  "  The  Virginians  "  and  "  The  Adventures 
of  Philip  "  have  recently  been  added  to  the  edition,  leav- 
ing but  two  more  volumes  to  follow.  "  The  Virginians  " 
vies  with  "The  Newcomes"  in  length,  each  of  them 
running  to  more  than  eight  hundred  pages.  Mrs.  Ritchie's 
introductory  chapters  are  as  delightful  as  ever.  The 
former  is  concerned  mainly  with  the  second  visit  to 
America  ;  the  latter  with  Thackeray's  "  Cornhill  " 
editorship.  We  quite  agree  with  this  observation: 
"  «  Philip '  did  not  have  the  success  it  deserved.  To  me 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


249 


it  seems  to  contain  some  of  the  wisest  and  most  beauti- 
ful things  my  father  ever  wrote." 

Messrs.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  have  just  issued  an 
attractive  little  book  that  should  find  many  purchasers 
—  "The  Memory  of  Lincoln."  It  is  a  collection  of 
eighteen  lyric  tributes  to  the  martyr-President,  compris- 
ing all  worthy  of  preservation  that  have  appeared  to 
the  present  time,  with  an  interesting  introductory  essay 
on  "  The  Poetic  Memory  of  Abraham  Lincoln,"  by  the 
editor  of  the  volume,  Mr.  M.  A.  De  Wolfe  Howe.  The 
book  is  furnished  with  a  fine  frontispiece  portrait  of 
Lincoln.  —  The  same  publishers  send  us  "  Washington's 
Farewell  Address,"  with  a  prefatory  note  by  Mr. 
Worthington  Chauncey  Ford  —  forming  a  little  book 
that  should  be  in  every  American's  library. 

The  well-known  series  of  "  Monographs  on  Artists," 
edited  and  written  jointly  with  other  authors  by  Pro- 
fessor H.  Knackfuss,  have  heretofore  been  accessible 
only  in  the  German  text.  We  are  glad  to  note  that 
Messrs.  Lemcke  &  Buechner  of  New  York  have  now 
begun  the  publication  of  the  series  in  .English,  the  trans- 
lation being  the  work  of  Mr.  Campbell  Dodgson  of  the 
British  Museum.  Two  volumes,  devoted  to  Raphael 
and  Holbein,  have  been  published,  and  are  issued  in 
handsome  mechanical  form  with  a  profusion  of  well- 
printed  illustrations.  The  series  when  complete  will 
form  a  satisfactory  history  of  all  the  great  periods  of  art. 

The  following  are  the  latest  publications  among  French 
and  German  texts:  "  Le  Siege  de  Paris,"  by  M.  Fran- 
cisque  Sarcey  (Heath),  edited  by  Mr.  I.  H.  B.  Spiers; 
"  La  Main  Malheureuse  "  (Heath),  an  anonymous  story, 
edited  by  Miss  H.  A.  Guerber;  "  Conjugaison  des  Verbes 
Francois"  (Jenkins),  by  M.  Paul  Bercy;  "  Altes  und 
Neues  "  (Ginn),  a  reader  for  beginners,  edited  by  Mr. 
Karl  Seeligmann ;  and  "  Rosenresli,"  by  Frau  Johanna 
Spyri  (Heath),  edited  by  Miss  Helene  H.  Boll. 

The  series  of  "  Temple  Classics,"  published  in  this 
country  by  the  Macmillan  Co.,  now  numbers  more  than 
fifty  volumes,  forming  as  handsome  and  well-chosen  a 
little  library  as  could  be  desired.  Nearly  every  great 
literature  and  period  of  literature  is  represented  in  the 
series,  some  of  the  latest  volumes  to  be  published  being 
Chapman's  translation  of  the  Iliad;  "  The  High  History 
of  the  Holy  Graal,"  now  translated  for  the  first  time 
from  the  French  by  Dr.  Sebastian  Evans;  "The  Little 
Flowers  of  St.  Francis,"  newly  translated  by  Professor 
T.  W.  Arnold;  Casaubon's  translation  of  Marcus  Aure- 
lius;  Browning's  "Men  and  Women";  Mrs.  Browning's 
"  Aurora  Leigh  ";  and  the  first  two  of  ten  volumes  con- 
taining North's  version  of  Plutarch. 

The  following  German  text-books  have  recently  been 
published:  Grillparzer's  "Sappho"  (Ginn),  edited  by 
Dr.  C.  C.  Ferrell;  Kleist's  "  Prinz  Friedrich  von  Horn- 
burg  "  (Ginn),  edited  by  Dr.  John  S.  Nollen;  six 
"  Waldnovellen  "  (Heath),  by  Herr  R.  Baumbacb,  ed- 
ited by  Dr.  Wilhelm  Bernhardt;  "  Allgemeine  Meere- 
skunde  "  (Heath),  by  Herr  Johannes  Walther,  edited  by 
Miss  Susan  A.  Sterling;  "  Die  Schriften  des  Wald- 
Schulmeisters  "  (Holt),  by  Herr  Peter  Rosegger,  edited 
by  Mr.  Laurence  Fossler;  "German  Sight  Reading" 
(Holt),  by  Miss  Idelle  B.  Watson;  and  "A  German 
Reader"  (Macmillan),  edited  by  Dr.  Waterman  T. 
Hewett.  Recent  French  texts  are  "  La  Tulipe  Noire  " 
(Heath),  by  A.  Dumas,  edited  by  M.  C.  Fontaine; 
Moliere's  "Le  Bourgeois  Gentilhomme  "  (Heath),  ed- 
ited by  Mr.  F.  M.  Warren ;  and  "  La  Retraite  de  Moscou" 
(Holt),  by  the  Comte  de  Se'gur.edited  by  Mr.  O.  B.  Super. 


LITERARY  NOTES. 

"Quentin  Durward,"  in  two  volumes,  is  the  latest 
addition  to  the  "  Temple  "  edition  of  Scott's  novels,  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

The  Macmillan  Co.  have  published  a  third  edition  of 
Mr.  George  Birkbeck  Hill's  "  Gordon  in  Central  Africa, 
1874-1879,"  which  first  appeared  eighteen  years  ago. 

"  Our  Feathered  Friends,"  by  Miss  Elizabeth  Grinnell 
and  Mr.  Joseph  Grinnell,  is  an  illustrated  reading  book 
for  young  pupils  just  published  by  Messrs.  D.  C,  Heath 
&  Co. 

Dr.  Charles  Waldstein  is  now  in  this  country  occu- 
pied in  lecturing  before  the  Archaeological  societies  and 
other  audiences  upon  the  subjects  of  Greek  art  and  the 
results  of  recent  excavations. 

Mr.  Clifton  Johnson  has  prepared  an  abridged  edition 
of  "  Don  Quixote  "  for  "  school  and  home  reading." 
Except  for  the  considerable  omissions,  the  text,  which  is 
Ormsby's  translation,  is  left  practically  unchanged. 

"  Art  and  the  Beauty  of  the  Earth  "  is  the  title  of  a 
lecture  by  William  Morris,  delivered  in  1881,  and  now 
printed  with  the  author's  own  "  golden  "  type  at  the 
Chiswick  Press.  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  are 
the  publishers. 

A  new  and  revised  edition  of  Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett's 
charming  volume  of  sketches  and  translations,  entitled 
"  Earthwork  Out  of  Tuscany,"  first  issued  three  years 
ago,  has  been  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons 
in  connection  with  Messrs.  Dent  of  London.  A  number 
of  rather  slight  pencil  sketches,  made  by  Mr.  James 
Kerr-Lawson,  are  contained  in  this  edition. 

A  happy  outcome  of  the  recent  tribute  publicly  paid 
to  Mr.  Carl  Schurz  for  his  distinguished  services  in  so 
many  good  causes  is  the  endowment  fund  of  twenty 
thousand  dollars  contributed  by  the  German- Americans 
of  New  York.  Columbia  University  is  to  be  the  trustee 
of  this  fund,  one  half  of  which  provides  a  fellowship  in 
German  literature  and  the  other  half  is  to  be  used  to  buy 
books  for  the  Germanic  department  of  the  University. 

Professor  Benjamin  Moore  is  the  author  of  an  "  Ele- 
mentary Physiology  "  published  by  Messrs.  Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.,  which  we  can  recommend  most  heartily 
for  its  attractive  presentation,  compact  form,  and  sci- 
entific accuracy.  We  note,  further,  that  the  index  con- 
tains no  reference  to  alcohol,  tobacco,  or  narcotics, 
which  fact  will  probably  prove  a  still  stronger  recom- 
mendation to  all  teachers  who  wish  to  deal  seriously 
with  the  subject. 

It  is  announced  that  there  remain  in  the  hands  of  the 
heirs  of  the  late  George  Brinley,  some  copies  of  the 
parts  of  the  Brinley  Catalogue,  with  the  exception  of 
the  first,  also  some  copies  of  the  index,  and  of  the  price- 
lists.  So  long  as  they  last  these  will  be  sent  gratuit- 
ously to  any  public  library  making  application  for  them, 
specifying  the  parts  required,  and  enclosing  fifteen  cents 
for  each  part  (five  cents  for  price-lists)  to  cover  postage 
and  mailing  expenses  —  applications  to  be  addressed  to 
W.  I.  Fletcher,  Librarian  of  Amherst  College,  Amherst, 
Mass. 

Emile  Erckmann  died  about  the  middle  of  last  month. 
As  the  associate  of  Alexandre  Chatrian,  who  died  in 
1890,  he  contributed  not  a  little  to  the  instruction  and 
entertainment  of  his  fellow-countrymen,  and  the  Erck- 
mann-Chatrian  series  of  historical  novels,  if  at  times 
somewhat  flamboyant  in  their  patriotism,  and  if  lacking 


250 


THE    DIAL 


[April  1, 


in  the  finer  literary  qualities  of  fiction,  achieved  a  note- 
worthy and  well-deserved  success.  They  were  whole- 
some literature,  although  not  the  best  of  art.  The 
partnership  of  the  two  men  lasted  for  something  like 
forty  years,  and  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  instances 
of  collaboration  in  literary  history.  A  short  time  be- 
fore Chatrian's  death,  an  unfortunate  quarrel  estranged 
the  two  novelists.  Erckmann  was  born  in  1822,  and 
had  lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-six  years. 

The  new  uniform  edition  of  "  Sketches  and  Studies 
in  Italy  and  Greece  "  (imported  by  Scribner),  by  the 
late  John  Addington  Symonds,  is  now  made  complete 
by  the  publication  of  the  third  volume.  This  volume  is 
the  richest  of  the  three,  for  it  includes  the  marvellous 
chapters  on  Siena,  Perugia,  and  Orvieto,  the  subtle  and 
sympathetic  studies  of  Lucretius  and  Antinous,  while 
from  the  titles  of  still  other  chapters  the  magic  names  of 
Amalfi,  Psestum,  Capri,  Syracuse,  Girgenti,  and  Athens, 
meet  the  reader's  eye.  These  studies  are  literature  of 
a  very  noble  sort  and  will  bear  repeated  perusal.  It  is 
a  great  pleasure  to  have  them  all  collected  in  the  present 
set  of  dignified  volumes. 

Several  novel  features  will  distinguish  the  "  British 
Anthologies  "  which  Professor  Edward  Arber  is  editing 
for  the  Oxford  Press,  from  other  collections  of  English 
verse  which  have  appeared.  The  series  will  contain 
some  two  thousand  five  hundred  entire  poems  and  songs 
(exclusive  of  extracts  which  have  been  inserted  spar- 
ingly), printed  for  the  most  part  in  large  type  on  stout 
paper  in  crown  octavo  volumes,  and  published  at  a  pop- 
ular price.  Some  three  hundred  authors  will  be  repre- 
sented, a  few  for  the  first  time  in  any  anthology.  Use 
has  been  made  of  the  earliest  and  most  authoritative 
texts,  but  the  spelling  and  punctuation  have  been  re- 
vised where  necessary.  Each  volume  will  consist  of 
three  hundred  pages  of  text,  to  which  are  added  an 
index  of  first  lines  and  authorities,  and  a  glossary. 
Pains  have  been  taken  to  prevent  lines  being  turned. 
Each  volume  will  be  identified  by  its  title  with  the  chief 
poet  of  the  period  treated,  and  together  with  his  works 
will  be  printed  the  compositions  of  his  contemporaries 
and  anonymous  poems  of  the  same  date.  Not  one-fifth 
of  the  total,  however,  will  be  anonymous.  Ten  volumes 
have  already  been  arranged  for  —  The  D unbar  Anthol- 
ogy, 1401-1508;  The  Surrey  and  Wyatt,  1509-1547; 
The  Spenser,  1548-1591  ;  The  Shakespeare,  1592- 
1616;  The  Jonson,  1617-1637  ;  The  Milton,  1638- 
1674;  The  Dryden,  1675-1700;  The  Pope,  1701-1744; 
The  Goldsmith,  1745-1774;  and  The  Cowper  Anthol- 
ogy, 1775-1800.  Of  these  the  Shakespeare,  Jonson, 
and  Milton  volumes  will  be  published  immediately,  and 
the  remainder  will  follow  in  quick  succession.  Profes- 
sor Arber's  reputation  and  experience  in  editing  reprints 
—  his  experience  extending  over  thirty  years  —  are  a 
sufficient  guarantee  that  these  Anthologies  will  be  schol- 
arly, and  that  he  will  avoid  the  pitfalls  into  which  so 
many  compilers  of  collections  of  verse  have  fallen.  As 
an  illustration  of  the  labor  spent  on  the  volumes  it  may 
be  interesting  to  state  that  no  fewer  than  fifty-five  texts 
have  been  verified  at  the  Bodleian  from  sources  which 
are  not  to  be  found  in  any  public  library  in  London,  not 
excluding  the  British  Museum.  The  natural  grouping 
of  the  poems,  the  historical  basis  on  which  the  volumes 
have  been  planned,  the  notes  and  glossaries,  will  com- 
mend these  "  British  Anthologies  "  to  systematic  stu- 
dents of  English  literature  at  home  and  abroad,  and  it 
is  hoped  that  the  fulness,  variety,  and  freshness  of  the 
selections  will  appeal  to  all  classes  of  readers. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

April,  1899. 

Anatomical  Nature  Casts.    H.  W.  Armstead.    Mag.  of  Art. 
Atlantic  Fleet  in  Spanish  War.    W.  T>  Sampson.     Century. 
Bismarck's  Witches'  Kitchen.    Karl  Blind.    Pall  Mall. 
Boston  Subway,  The  New.    G.  J.  Varney.    Lippincott. 
British  Colonial  Conception,  Growth  of.  W.  A.  Ireland.  Allan. 
Buckingham,  Duke  of.    Charles  Morris.    Lippincott. 
Cervera,  Admiral,  Rescue  of.    Peter  Keller.    Harper. 
Citizenship,  The  Newer.    Henry  Davies.     Self  Culture. 
City  House,  Modern,  Equipment  of.  Russell  Sturgis.  Harper. 
City  Life,  Improvements  in.    C.  M.  Robinson.    Atlantic. 
College  President,  Evolution  of.  H.  A.  Stimson.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Constitutional  Government  Imperilled.  E.  B.  Smith.  Self  Cult. 
Corinth,  American  Discoveries  at.  R.B.Richardson.  Century. 
Cromwell,  a  tricentenary  study.    S.  H.  Church.    Atlantic. 
Cromwell  and  his  Court.    Amelia  E.  Barr.    Harper. 
Czar's  Peace  Conference,  The.    E.  M.  Bliss.    Rev.  ofRevietvs. 
Death,  The  Ape  of.    Andrew  Wilson.    Harper. 
Earthquake,  Appearance  of  an.    F.  H.  Dewey.    Lippincott. 
Evil,  The  Mystery  of.    John  Fiske.    Atlantic. 
Franklin  as  Printer  and  Publisher.    P.  L.  Ford.     Century. 
French  President,  The  New.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Hawaii,  American  and  "Malay"  in.W.L.Marvin.Bev.o/iJeus. 
Housman,  Laurence,  Work  of .    Gleason  White.    Mag.  of  Art. 
Jerusalem,  Round  about.    J.  James  Tissot.     Century. 
Johnson,  Men  Who  Impeached.    F.  A.  Burr.    Lippincott. 
Kensington  Palace.    Mary  Howarth.    Pall  Mall. 
Kipling  in  America.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Klondyke,  A  Winter  Journey  to.  Frederick  Palmer.  Scribner. 
Landscape- Painters,  A  Society  of.  Arthur  Fish.  Mag.  of  Art. 
Lenbach,  Franz.    Joseph  Anderson.     Pall  Mall. 
Liquid  Air.    William  C.  Peckham.     Century. 
Manila  Campaign,  The.    Gen.  F.  V.  Greene.     Century. 
Manila,  Surrender  of.    J.  T.  McCutcheon.     Century. 
Mines,  Lost,  Legends  of .    MaryE.Stickney.    Lippincott. 
Municipal  Misrule.    F.  Spencer  Baldwin.     Self  Culture. 
Musicians,  American,  A  Group  of.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Names,  Our  Naturalized.     W.  W.  Crane.    Lippincott. 
New  England  Hill  Town,  A.    R.  L.  Hartt.    Atlantic. 
"Oregon,"  Trial  of  the.    L.  A.  Beardslee.    Harper. 
Philippines,  Problems  in  the.  S.  W.  Belford.  Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Princeton  University.    J.  G.  Hibben.     Self  Culture. 
Relaxation,  The  Gospel  of.     William  James.     Scribner. 
Rembrandt.    Walter  Armstrong.    Magazine  of  Art. 
Ritualism  in  England.    Goldwin  Smith.     Self  Culture. 
Rome,  Aspects  of.    Arthur  Symons.    Harper. 
Rough  Riders  at  San  Juan.    Theodore  Roosevelt.     Scribner. 
Solar  System  and  Recent  Discoveries.   T.  J.  J.  See.    Atlantic. 
Theatre,  Limits  of  the.    John  La  Farge.    Scribner. 
Tyre,  The  Siege  of.     B.  I.  Wheeler.     Century. 
Versailles,  The  Election  at.  Lucy  M.  Salmon.  Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Views  Afoot.    Charles  C.  Abbott.    Lippincott. 
Windsor,  Queen's  Furniture  at.    E.  M.  Jessop.    Pall  Mall. 


IJIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  128  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.]  ,  ., 

HISTORY. 
Historical  Sketches  of  Notable  Persons  and  Events  in  the 

Reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.    By  Thomas  Carlyle  ; 

edited  by  Alexander  Carlyle,  B.A.    8vo,  uncut,  pp.  354. 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $3. 
The  Fight  for  Santiago :  The  Story  of  the  Soldier  in  the 

Cuban  Campaign  from  Tampa  to   the   Surrender.     By 

Stephen  Bonsai.    Illus.,  large  8vo,  pp.  543.    Doubleday  & 

McClure  Co.    $2.50. 
The  Sinking  of  the  "Merrimac":  A  Personal  Narrative. 

By  Richmond  Pearson  Hobson,  U.  S.  N.     Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.  306.    Century  Co.    $1.50. 
The  "  Maine  " :  An  Account  of  her  Destruction  in  Havana 

Harbor.    By  Captain  Charles  D.  Sigsbee,  U.  S.  N.   Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  270.     Century  Co.     $1.50. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


251 


The  West  Indies.  By  Amos  Kidder  Fiske,  A.M.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  414.  "Story  of  the  Nations."  Q.P.Putnam's 
Sons.  $1.50. 

A  Short  History  of  the  Saracens :  Being  a  Concise  Ac- 
count of  the  Rise  and  Decline  of  the  Saracenic  Power.  By 
Ameer  Ali  Syed,  M.A.  Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  638.  Macmillan 
Co.  $3. 

BIOGRAPHY. 

Life  and  Letters  of  Lewis  Carroll  (Rev.  C.  L.  Dodgson). 
By  Stuart  Dodgson  Colling  wood.  Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top, 
uncut,  pp.  448.  Century  Co.  $2.50. 

Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Austria:  A  Memoir.  By  A.  De 
Burgh.  Illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  383.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$2.50. 

Gordon  in  Central  Africa,  1874-1879.  Compiled  from  orig- 
inal letters  and  documents  by  George  Birkbeck  Hill, 
D.C.L.  Illns.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  456.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.75. 

A  Boy  in  the  Peninsular  War:  The  Services,  Adventures, 
and  Experiences  of  Robert  Blakeney ;  an  Autobiography. 
Edited  by  Julian  Sturgis.  With  map,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  382.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $4. 

Lord  Clive  and  the  Foundation  of  British  Rule  in  India.  By 
Sir  Alexander  John  Arbuthnot.  With  portrait,  12mo, 
pp.  318.  "  Builders  of  Greater  Britain."  Longmans, 
Green,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

Pollok  and  Aytoun.  By  Rosaline  Masson.  12mo,  pp.  156. 
"Famous  Scots."  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  75  cts. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
Letters  of  Walter  Savage  Landor,  Private  and  Public. 

Edited  by  Stephen  Wheeler.    With  photogravure  portraits, 

8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  369.    J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     $3. 
A  History  of  English  Dramatic  Literature  to  the  Death 

of  Queen  Anne.      By  Adolphus  William  Ward,  Litt.D. 

New  and  revised  edition ;  in  3  vols.,  8vo,  gilt  tops,  uncut. 

Macmillan  Co.     $9.  net. 
A  History  of  Japanese  Literature.    By  W.  G.  Ashton, 

C.M.G.      12mo,  pp.  408.     "  Literatures  of  the  World." 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.50. 
Early  Italian  Love  Stories.    Taken  from  the  originals  by 

Una  Taylor;  illus.  in  photogravure,  etc.,  by  H.  J.  Ford. 

4to,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  144.   Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.    $5. 
The  Traditional  Poetry  of  the  Finns.   By  Domenico  Com- 

paretti ;  trans,  by  Isabella  M.  Anderton  ;  with  Introduc- 
tion by  Andrew  Lang.    8vo,  uncut,  pp.  359.     Longmans, 

Green,  &  Co.     $5. 
The  Law  and  History  of  Copyright  in  Books:  Seven 

Lectures.     By  Augustine   Birrell,   M.P.      12mo,  uncut, 

pp.  228.    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.    $1.25. 
Book  Auctions  in  England  in  the  Seventeenth  Century 

(1676-1700).     By  John  Lawler.     16mo,  uncut,  pp.  241. 

"  Book-Lover's  Library."  A.  C.  Armstrong  &  Son.  $1.25. 
The  French  Revolution  and  the  English  Poets :  A  Study 

in  Historical  Criticism.   By  Albert  Elmer  Hancock,  Ph.D. 

12mo,  pp.  197.    Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.25. 
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ON  THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN   FRONTIER. 
By  William  Harvey  Brown. 

With  32  illustrations  and  2  maps.     8vo,  $3.00. 

"  This  is  by  all  odds  the  best  story  of  adventure  which 
the  new  year  has  brought.  It  is  modestly  yet  graphically 
told,  it  is  all  true,  and  great  events  figure  in  its  pages." — 
Boston  Journal. 


IN  THE  KLONDYKE. 
By  Frederick  Palmer. 

Many  illustrations  from  photographs.  12mo,  $1.50. 
A  most  satisfactory  account  of  a  winter  journey,  as  well 
as  of  a  winter  residence  in  the  Klondyke.  The  author  has 
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ceeded in  conveying  a  better  idea  of  a  Klondyke  mining 
town,  than  has  thus  far  been  accessible  elsewhere. 


BY   THE   AUTHOR    OF   "HOW   TO   KNOW   THE    WILD   FLOWERS." 

HOW  TO   KNOW  THE   FERNS. 

By  Mrs.  FRANCES  T.  PARSONS  (formerly  Mrs.  Dana). 

With  144  illustrations.     Crown  8vo,  $1.50  net. 

"The  inspiration  that  entered  into  and  made  'How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers'  so  deservedly  popular  has  not  been 
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By  the  same  Author:   HOW  TO   KNOW  THE  WILD   FLOWERS. 

With  many  illustrations.    Forty-third  thousand.    Crown  8vo,  $1.75  net. 

THE  WAR  AND    OUR  NEW  POSSESSIONS. 
IN  CUBA  WITH   SHAFTER. 

By  Lieut.- Col.  JOHN  D.  MILEY,  Chief  -  of  •  Staff  under  General  Shatter. 

With  12  portraits  of  leading  Generals  and  4  military  maps  in  colors  of  Santiago  and  vicinity.     12mo,  $1.50. 
"  It  deserves  a  wide  and  critical  reading.    In  some  aspects  it  is  a  most  important,  as  it  undoubtedly  is  the  most  accu- 
rate, contribution  yet  made  to  the  military  history  of  the  Spanish  War." — Boston  Herald. 


THE  PORTO  RICO  OF  TO-DAY. 
By  A.  G.  Robinson. 

With  3  maps  and  24  illustrations.    12mo,  $1.50. 

"  It  has  received  high  praise  from  those  who  know  the 
island  well  as  being  an  intelligent  and  faithful  study  of 
present  conditions  in  Porto  Rico." —  The  Nation. 

COMMERCIAL  CUBA. 

A    BOOST  FOR   BUSINESS   MEN. 

By  William  J.  Clark. 

With  8  maps,  7  plans,  and  40  full-page  illustrations, 
and  a  Commercial  Directory  of  Cuba.  Large  8vo,  $4. 
"  A  noble  volume,  replete  with  information." — Philadel- 
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THE  CUBAN  AND  PORTO  RICAN 

CAMPAIGNS. 
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Twentieth  thousand.     12mo,  $1.50. 
"  The  most  vivid  and  readable  of  all  books  on  the  war." 
—  Boston  Herald. 

OUR  NAVY  IN  THE  WAR  WITH  SPAIN. 
By  John  R.  Spears. 

With   125   illustrations   from  photographs  and  with 

charts  and  diagrams.     12mo,  $2.00. 

"Will  last  as  an  authority  on  the  navy's  work." — New 
York  Mail  and  Express. 


YESTERDAYS   IN  THE   PHILIPPINES. 

By  JOSEPH  EARLE  STEVENS. 

With  32  full-page  illustrations  from  photographs.     Ninth  thousand.     12mo,  $1.50. 

"  Mr.  Stevens  has  seen  everything  in  the  islands  worth  seeing,  and  has  described  what  he  has  seen  in  a  most  interesting 
aner." — Philadelphia  Evening  Telegraph. 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS,  153  =  157  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York. 


258 


THE    DIAL 


(April  16, 


HOUQHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  CO.'S 
NEW   BOOKS.         ~" 


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Friends. 

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of  letters. 

Through  Nature  to  God. 

By  JOHN  FISKE.     16mo,  $1.00. 

This  book  discusses,  in  Mr.  Fiske's  large  and  luminous  way, 
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Letters  of  Thomas  Carlyle  to  his 
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Thaddeus  Stevens. 

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Complete    Poetic    and    Dramatic 
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and  Notes,  Translations  of  Milton's  Latin  poems, 
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sketch.  With  a  fine  portrait  and  an  engraved  title- 
page  containing  a  vignette  of  Milton's  home.  Large 
crown  8vo,  $2.00. 
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SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS.     SENT,  POSTPAID,  BY 

HOUGHTON,  MIFFLIN  &  CO.,  PUBLISHERS,  BOSTON, 


1899.]  THE  DIAL  259 

A  LETTER  ABOUT   BOOKS 

NEW  YORK,  April  12,  1899.  literary  style  and  a  quiet,  subtle  humor. 
My  Dear  Vero :  No  matter  how  much  you  may  have 

You  ask  me  to  suggest  some  books  read  about  the  Spanish- American  War, 

worth  taking  to  the  country  this  sum-  you  cannot  afford  to  miss  the  story  of 

mer  for  "  a  large  family  of  grown  folks  two  of  its  chief  episodes,  treated  with 

and  youngsters."     But  you  don't  tell  exceptional  skill  in  Captain  Sigsbee's 

me  what  books  you  have  already  read,  Maine  and  Lieutenant  Hobson's  Sink- 

or  how  many  you  want  to  take.     How-  ing  of  the  Merrimac,  while  the  capture 

ever,  here  goes,  even  at  the  risk  of  an  of  Santiago  is  graphically  narrated  in 

occasional  miss.  George    Kennan's    "  Campaigning    in 

I  take  it  for  granted  you  have  read  Cuba."  In  reading  these,  or  any  other 
Henry  James's  and  Marion  Crawford's  books  on  the  war,  you  will  be  greatly 
latest  novels,  Dr.  Mitchell's  "Hugh  helped  by  Hill's  authoritative  "Cuba 
Wynne"  and  "Francois"  (two  of  the  and  Porto  Kico,"  of  which  a  new  edi- 
great  successes  of  recent  years)  and  Mrs.  tion  has  just  come  out. 
Harrison's  "  Good  Americans."  But  It  is  years  since  you  first  read  the 
perhaps  you  've  not  yet  heard  the  hoof-  "Alice  "  books ;  your  children  are  read- 
beats  of  David  Gray's  "  Gallops  "  can-  ing  them  now ;  and  you  and  they  will 
tering  into  popular  favor,  nor  seen  the  be  equally  delighted  with  the  biography 
glittering  wings  of  Long's  "  Mme.  of  the  creator  of  Wonderland  and  the 
Butterfly"  -that  pretty  and  pathetic  maker  of  the  Looking  -  Glass  —  the 
ephemeron  of  the  new  Japan.  "Life  and  Letters  of  Lewis  Carroll," 

One  of  the  best  worth  reading  of  the  by   his   nephew,    S.    D.    Colling  wood, 

latest  works  of  fiction   is   Dr.  Barry's  With  its  stories  and  photographs  of  the 

"  Two  Standards " — a  remarkable  novel  heroine   of  two  of  the   most   popular 

of  London  life  at  the  close  of  the  nine-  children's    books   ever  written,  this  is 

teenth  century,  especially  noteworthy  as  really  a  new  "Alice  "  book, 
coming  from  a  Catholic  priest.    Every-         Of  course  I  need  say  nothing  about 

one  is   reading  this  romance,  just  as  Kipling's  "  Jungle  Books  "  and  "  Cap- 

everyone  will  soon  be  reading  "  No.  5  tains  Courageous,"  for  the  youngsters 

John   Street,"    by  Richard  Whiteing.  had  probably  read  them  two  or  three 

Though  only  just  issued,  this  has  caught  times  before  their  friend  the  author  — 

the  eye  of  the  reviewers  to  an  extent  the  friend  and  benefactor  of  every  boy 

that  even  the  author  can  hardly  have  or  girl  that  reads  the  English  language 
foreseen.    The  life  of  the  "  Upper  Ten  "       -fell  ill  in  New  York  and  came  so 

as   well   as   of  the  "Other   Half"  is  near  to  dying. 

illuminated  in  this  story  as  by  flashlight.         If  this  list  is  too  brief,  drop  me  a 

And  it  is  a  new  experience  to  find  the  line,  and  I  '11  add  some  good  things  to 

results  of  an  earnest  study  of  social  con-  it.     Yours  till  next  time, 
ditions  set  forth  with  all  the  graces  of  BEN  TROVATO. 


260 


THE    DIAL, 


[April  16,  1899. 


The  Macmillan  Company's  New  Books. 


LETTERS  FROM  JAPAN : 


A   RECORD    OF   MODERN   LIFE   IN   THE   ISLAND    EMPIRE. 

Superbly  By  Mrs.  HUGH  FRASER,  author  of  "  Palladia,"  "  The  Two  Volumes. 

Illustrated.  Looms  of  Time,"  etc.  Cloth,  $7.50. 

Clever  letters  to  her  home  people  from  the  wife  of  a  British  Minister  during  a  three  years'  residence  in  the 
empire.  Beautiful  original  photographs  illustrate  also  that  quaint  charm  peculiar  to  Japan. 

"  The  letters  are  not  too  serious,  and  never  flippant ;  they  faithfully  reflect,  in  graphic  and  colorful  phrases,  each  passing 
phase  of  life  as  it  stamped  itself  on  a  receptive  mind.  .  .  .  Really  charming  pen-pictures  of  the  country  are  diversified  by 
delightful  character  sketches." — Evening  Transcript  (Boston). 


A  Companion  to 
"The  Student's 
Life  of  Jesus." 


THE  STUDENT'S   LIFE  OF  PAUL. 

By  GEORGE  HOLLEY  GILBERT,  Professor  of  New  Testament  Litera-  just  Ready. 

ture  and  Interpretation,  Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  Cloth    12mo 

The  aim  of  the  book  is  to  present  a  biography  of  Paul  apart  from  his  «|  25  net 

teaching,  and  in  a  "simple,  scientific,  accessible,  and  useful  form." 
Professor  JAMES  ORR  of  Edinburgh  describes  the  earlier  work  as : 


1  CLEAR,  CONDENSED,  SCHOLARLY,  JUDICIOUS, 


MOST  HELPFUL  AND  SATISFACTORY." 


Just  Ready. 


THE  GOSPEL  FOR  A  WORLD  OF  SIN. 

By  HENRY  VAN  DYKE,  D.D.,  Pastor  of  the  Brick  Cloth  Extra 

Church,  New  York,  author  of  "  The  Gospel  for  an  c      s         <6 1  ?5 

Age  of  Doubt,"  to  which  the  new  book  is  a  companion. 


"  The  most  vital,  suggestive,  helpful  book  we  know  in  the 
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THE  DAWN  OF  REASON. 

MENTAL  TBAITS  IN  THE  LOWER  ANIMALS.  By  JAMES  WEIR, 
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mental  action  in  the  lower  animals. 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  ENGLISH 
THOUGHT. 

A  STUDY  IN  THE  ECONOMIC  INTERPRETATION  OF  HISTORY. 
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"  Full  of  interest  and  suggestion ;  usually  clearly,  often  cleverly,  writ- 
ten ;  at  once  the  evidence  of  and  incitement  to  thought." —  Churchman. 


"  Dr.  Van  Dyke's  lectures  form  one  of  the  most  eloquent 
defenses  of  Christianity  that  we  have  yet  met  with." —  The 
Academy  (London). 

THE  LESSON  OF  POPULAR  GOVERNMENT 

By  GAMALIEL  BRADFORD.    2  vols.,  $4.00. 

A  constructive  and  critical  attempt  to  show  that  not  only 
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the  best  form  so  far  developed. 

"  Luminous,  exhaustive,  and  instructive  at  every  point.  "-Transcript. 

THE  THEORY  OF  THE  LEISURE  CLASS. 

AN  ECONOMIC  STUDY  IN  THE  EVOLUTION  OF  INSTITUTIONS. 

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able skill  .  .  .  immensely  educative." —  The  Criterion. 


HUGH   GWYETH :  A  Roundhead  Cavalier. 


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are  rare." 

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INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  STUDY  OF 
LITERATURE. 

By  Professor  EDWIN  HERBERT  LEWIS,  Ph.D.,  University  of 
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By  Prof.  ARTHUR  LACHMAN,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Oregon. 
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No.  308. 


APRIL  16,  1899.       Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
.    261 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  OUTLOOK 

THE  FRIEND  OP  JASPER   PETULENGRO. 

Alfred  Sumner  Bradford 263 

A  SKEIN  OF  MANY  YARNS.    E.  G.  J 265 

THE   AMERICAN   BUTTERFLY  BOOK.     Charles 

A.  Kofoid 267 

THE  "LITERARY"  PLAY.    Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr.  269 

A  ROUND-UP  OF  THE  BOOKS  OF  THE  WAR. 

John  J.  Culver 272 

Sigsbee's  The  "  Maine."  —  Hobson's  The  Sinking  of 
the  "Merrimac." —  Wheeler's  The  Santiago  Cam- 
paign. —  Parker's  The  Qatling  Gun  Detachment  at 
Santiago. —  Miley's  In  Cuba  with  Shaf ter. —  Bonsai's 
The  Fight  for  Santiago.  —  Davis's  The  Cuban  and 
Porto  Kican  Campaigns.  —  Spears's  Our  Navy  in  the 
War  with  Spain.  —  Goode's  With  Sampson  through 
the  War.  —  Kennan's  Campaigning  in  Cuba.  —  Mar- 
shall's The  Story  of  the  Rough  Riders. —  Hemment's 
Cannon  and  Camera.  —  The  Spanish- American  War. 
— Halstead's  The  Story  of  the  Philippines.— Wilcox's 
Short  History  of  the  War  with  Spain. —  Morris's  The 
War  with  Spain. —  Howard's  Fighting  for  Humanity. 

RECENT  POETRY.  William  Morton  Payne  .  .  .274 
Hardy's  Wessex  Poems. — Hewlett's  Songs  and  Medi- 
tations. —  Wilson's  The  Shadows  of  the  Trees.  — 
Savage's  Poems. — Musgrove's  The  Dream  Beautiful. 
—  Guthrie's  A  Booklet  of  Verse.  —  Crockett's  Be- 
neath Blue  Skies  and  Gray.  —  Hovey's  Along  the 
Trail.—  Gordon's  For  Truth  and  Freedom.— White's 
Songs  of  Good  Fighting. —  Miss  Peabody's  The  Way- 
farers. —  Miss  Gannon's  The  Song  of  Stradella.  — 
Miss  Lowe's  The  Immortals.  —  Miss  Hay's  Some 
Verses. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 278 

Democracy :  its  evils  and  their  remedy.  —  Queen 
Elizabeth's  great  minister.  —  Two  new  books  on 
Porto  Rico.  —  Mr.  Jones's  plays  in  book  form.  — 
Essays  on  phases  of  evolution.  —  An  unaccountable 
history  of  the  United  States.  —  Recollections  of  a 
British  officer  in  the  Peninsula. —  The  pioneering  and 
building  of  a  railroad.  —  The  struggle  for  Italian 
unity.  —  A  concise  biography  of  Cavour. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 281 

LITERARY  NOTES     .    .    . 282 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  282 


THE  EDUCATIONAL  OUTLOOK. 

During  the  session  of  the  Illinois  Legisla- 
ture now  just  ended,  two  educational  measures 
of  the  highest  importance  were  presented  to 
that  body  for  consideration.  One  of  them  pro- 
vided for  the  control  of  degree-conferring  insti- 
tutions, to  the  end  that  the  scandal  of  the 
fraudulent  issue  and  sale  of  diplomas  should 
cease  ;  the  other  sought  to  create  a  new  organi- 
zation for  the  public  schools  of  Chicago,  to 
the  end  that  politics  and  personal  influence 
might  be  eliminated  from  their  management, 
and  statutory  sanction  be  given  to  those  fun- 
damental principles  of  educational  administra- 
tion which  are  now  accepted  with  practical 
unanimity  by  all  educational  leaders.  The  for- 
mer of  these  measures  was  popularly  known 
as  the  "  Rogers  Bill,"  from  the  fact  that  it  was 
championed  by  the  president  of  the  North- 
western University ;  the  other  was  similarly 
dubbed  the  "  Harper  Bill,"  from  the  fact  that 
it  emanated  from  a  commission  having  the 
president  of  the  University  of  Chicago  for  its 
chairman.  Both  measures  were  discussed  by 
us  at  the  time  of  their  introduction  into  the 
Legislature,  and  are  thus,  in  their  general  terms, 
familiar  to  our  readers.  Both  measures  made 
for  progress,  and  were  the  outcome  of  an  en- 
lightened intelligence  applied  to  the  educational 
situation  in  Chicago.  There  now  remains  to 
us  to  chronicle,  not  merely  the  defeat  of  these 
measures,  but  the  significant  fact  that  they  did 
not  even  receive  respectful  consideration,  that 
they  were  rejected  with  derision  and  contumely. 

We  are  free  to  say  that  we  were  not  at  any 
time  of  the  sanguine  souls  who  anticipated  any 
other  outcome  than  this.  It  was  almost  a  fore- 
gone conclusion  that  a  body  of  timorous  poli- 
ticians of  the  sort  that  we  choose  to  have  for 
our  law-makers  would  not  discuss  such  propo- 
sitions as  these  upon  rational  grounds ;  that 
they  would  be  swayed  by  what  seemed  to  them 
the  prevailing  sentiment  of  the  public.  We  say 
"  seemed,"  and  wish  to  emphasize  the  word, 
because  what  seems  to  be  public  opinion  in  such 
cases  is  usually  the  opinion  of  a  small  minority, 
made  up  chiefly  of  interested  persons  who  are 
fearful  lest  their  weakness  be  exposed  and  the 
privileges  they  have  usurped  be  wrested  from 
them.  These  persons  promptly  rally  about  the 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


legislative  lobbies  when  attack  is  threatened,  and 
their  angry  buzzing  enables  them  to  gain  their 
ends  without  much  resort  to  the  two-edged 
weapons  of  logic  and  rational  discussion.  Those 
who  form  the  real  majority,  meanwhile,  have 
too  much  inertia  to  be  moved  to  speedy  action, 
and  have  only  just  begun  to  bestir  themselves 
when  the  question  is  already  disposed  of,  and 
the  powers  of  darkness  have  once  more  pre- 
vailed. 

Since  the  result  of  this  preliminary  effort  in 
the  direction  of  educational  reform  has  been 
about  what  was  expected,  we  cannot  fairly  say 
that  we  are  discouraged.  Much  public  interest, 
including  some  of  the  intelligent  kind,  has  been 
aroused  by  the  discussion,  and  the  movement 
now  well  started  is  sure  to  gather  impetus  as 
the  months  go  on,  and  we  are  as  assured  of  its 
ultimate  triumph  as  we  were  of  the  temporary 
setback  it  has  just  experienced.  Out  of  the  dis- 
tracting conflict  of  theories  that  has  enlivened 
educational  discussion  during  the  past  score  of 
years,  there  have  gradually  emerged  certain 
controlling  ideas  that  have  risen  above  the  plane 
of  the  debatable,  and  are  sure  to  impress  them- 
selves eventually  upon  our  school  systems.  This 
slow  but  sure  development  of  unity  out  of  diver- 
sity, of  order  out  of  chaos,  in  the  educational 
domain  is  an  indication  altogether  encouraging 
to  those  who  have  the  cause  of  education  at 
heart,  and  when  we  take  a  comprehensive  view 
it  is  the  one  fundamental  indication  of  recent 
discussion.  A  quarter  of  a  century  ago,  such 
journals  as  "  The  Educational  Review "  and 
"  The  School  Review,"  such  reports  as  those 
of  the  Committee  of  Ten  and  the  Committee 
of  Fifteen,  such  a  piece  of  legislation  as  the 
Massachusetts  high-school  law  of  1891,  even 
such  a  Commission  as  framed  the  law  which 
has  just  been  defeated  in  Illinois,  would  have 
been  simply  impossible.  The  conditions  that 
made  all  these  things  possible  have  come  into 
existence  in  this  country  during  very  recent 
years.  Looking  at  the  general  situation  in  this 
light,  it  cannot  fail  to  appear  encouraging,  in 
spite  of  the  failure  of  the  Illinois  Legislature 
to  rise  to  the  opportunity  set  before  it,  and  in 
spite  of  the  reactionary  spirit  displayed  by  a 
considerable  section  of  the  teaching  force  in 
the  schools  of  Chicago. 

We  may  also  take  encouragement  from  the 
experience  of  New  York  City  during  the  past 
few  years.  Not  more  than  five  or  six  years 
ago,  the  condition  of  public  education  in  that 
community  seemed  well-nigh  hopeless.  So  far 
had  its  methods  of  administration  fallen  behind 


the  times,  that  its  school  system,  instead  of 
leading  those  of  our  American  cities,  had  be- 
come an  object  of  contempt.  Yet  a  single  term 
of  the  mayoralty,  owing  to  the  fortunate  elec- 
tion of  an  officer  strong  enough  to  inaugurate 
and  carry  out  a  thoroughgoing  reform,  sufficed 
to  put  the  schools  of  New  York  nearly  where 
they  belong,  at  the  head  of  our  municipal  sys- 
tems. The  present  problem  in  Chicago  is 
nothing  like  as  difficult  as  was  the  New  York 
problem,  and  there  is  every  reason  to  anticipate 
for  it  a  satisfactory  solution.  With  a  Super- 
intendent determined  to  exercise  the  preroga- 
tives that  rightfully  belong  to  his  office,  and 
with  a  Mayor  (just  reflected  for  his  second 
term)  who,  although  he  may  have  made  mis- 
takes, has  nevertheless  taken  a  more  active 
and  intelligent  interest  in  the  city  schools  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  for  twenty  years  has 
done,  the  outlook  is  reassuring  to  those  who 
hold  as  the  most  sacred  of  all  causes  the  cause 
of  public  education. 

We  wish  to  repeat  upon  this  occasion  what 
we  said  three  months  ago,  that  the  report  of  the 
Educational  Commission  of  last  year,  together 
with  the  accompanying  draft  of  a  new  school 
law,  was,  taken  as  a  whole,  an  expression  of 
the  most  enlightened  ideas  upon  the  subject 
with  which  it  dealt,  and  that  its  adoption,  with 
a  few  amendments,  would  be  the  most  fortunate 
thing,  educationally,  that  could  happen  to 
Chicago.  At  least  nine-tenths  of  it  was  alto- 
gether praiseworthy  and  desirable,  and  if  the 
remaining  one-tenth  was  open  to  question,  our 
sense  of  its  value  as  a  whole  was  so  high  that 
we  would  have  been  willing  to  accept  the  ques- 
tionable sections  for  the  sake  of  the  great 
improvement  promised  by  the  rest.  Doubtless 
this  would  not  have  been  necessary,  for  a  lit- 
tle rational  discussion  would  have  excised  the 
merely  tentative  suggestions  of  the  plan,  leav- 
ing only  those  features  upon  which  enlightened 
educators  now  agree  with  almost  complete 
unanimity.  Had  the  document  been  dealt  with 
in  this  spirit,  recognizing  the  disinterested  zeal 
of  the  body  that  gave  a  year  of  hard  work  to 
its  formulation,  admitting  the  soundness  of  most 
of  its  positions  and  calmly  weighing  the  few 
that  seemed  doubtful,  we  might  have  chronicled 
its  fate  without  any  touch  of  bitterness.  But 
it  has  been  painfully  obvious  to  all  who  have 
followed  this  discussion,  that  interest  and  pas- 
sion had  much  more  to  do  with  the  rejection  of 
the  plan  than  did  anything  that  might  fairly 
deserve  the  name  of  argument,  that  the  teach- 
ers who  attacked  it  used  the  weapons  of  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIA1, 


263 


politician  rather  than  those  of  the  educator, 
and  that  —  to  borrow  a  phrase  from  a  recent 
cause  celebre  in  New  York  —  there  are  some 
"  fine  old  educational  mastodons  "  still  lumber- 
ing about  our  social  jungles.  The  influences 
that  led  to  the  defeat  of  the  proposed  law  were 
mainly  of  the  lower  sort ;  they  came  from  the 
least  competent  and  progressive  elements  of  the 
teaching  body ;  they  were  appeals  to  prejudice 
rather  than  to  intelligence;  and  they  accom- 
plished their  purpose  by  resorting  to  wilful 
misrepresentation.  As  for  the  Legislature  that 
made  itself  the  tool  of  these  influences,  we  can- 
not do  better  than  say  of  it,  in  the  words  of  the 
Chicago  "  Evening  Post,"  that  it  "  rests  like  a 
dead  weight  upon  every  movement  that  is  calcu- 
lated to  promote  the  best  educational  interests 
of  the  commonwealth." 


THE  FRIEND   OF  JASPER 
PETULENGRO. 

Perhaps  you  are  wearied  of  the  sometimes  dizzy 
heights  of  romanticism  and  the  oftentimes  monot- 
onous plains  of  realism.  Then  form  acquaintance 
with  a  man  who,  if  he  find  you  a  kindred  spirit, 
shall  show  you  a  new  country  which  is  yet  an  old 
one ;  a  traveller  through  whose  eyes  you  shall  see 
things  which  are  strange,  yet  familiar;  a  writer 
whose  words  go  to  the  making  of  the  essay  proper, 
which  is  "  the  world  viewed  thro'  the  prism  of  indi- 
viduality." Through  the  prism  of  this  man's  individ- 
uality you  shall  have  a  view  of  life,  unique,  full  of 
strange  lights  and  shades,  of  a  clearness  sometimes 
startling. 

The  man  is  George  Borrow  —  litterateur  and 
travelling  tinker,  zealous  churchman  and  enthu- 
siast in  the  manly  art  of  self-defense,  literary  hack 
and  nature  worshipper,  acute  philologist  and  "  pal " 
of  the  Romany  dials.  Never  was  there  so  strange 
a  combination  in  one  personality ;  never  was  there 
a  better  illustration  of  the  saying  of  the  Autocrat : 
"  This  body,  in  which  we  cross  the  isthmus  between 
the  two  oceans,  is  not  a  private  car  but  an  omnibus." 
Sorrow's  writings  are  comparatively  unknown  ;  but 
book-lovers  have  a  strongly  developed  property 
instinct,  and  find  an  added  attraction  in  the  thought 
that  a  favorite  author  is  little  known  or  caviare. 
The  reader  of  "  Lavengro  "  has  that  sense  of  inti- 
macy and  possession  that  means  so  much  to  those 
born  with  the  book-mark. 

Borrow's  whole  leaning  was  toward  the  unusual, 
and  circumstances  seemed  always  to  incline  him  in 
that  direction  ;  he  was  born  for  adventure,  as  other 
men  to  trouble :  the  cause  lay  not  in  his  surround- 
ings, but  in  himself.  "One  finds  in  Rome  only 
what  one  takes  there,"  and  Borrow  took  with  him 
a  freshness  of  observation  and  an  attitude  of  mind 
not  paralleled  in  literature. 


His  first  meeting  with  the  Gypsies,  who  were  to 
so  strongly  affect  his  after  life,  is  worth  noting  as 
characteristic  both  of  his  style  of  narrative  and  of 
the  man.  He  has  come  suddenly  upon  the  Petul- 
engro  family,  which  is  evidently  engaged  in  the 
making  of  counterfeit  money. 

"  I  '11  strangle  thee,"  said  the  beldame,  dashing  at 
me.  "  Bad  money,  is  it?  " 

"  Leave  him  to  me,  wifelkin,"  said  the  man,  interpos- 
ing; "  you  shall  see  how  I  '11  baste  him  down  the  lane." 

Myself.  I  tell  you  what,  my  chap,  you  had  better  put 
down  that  thing  of  yours ;  my  father  lies  concealed  within 
my  tepid  breast,  and  if  to  me  you  offer  any  harm  or 
wrong,  I  '11  call  him  forth  to  help  me  with  his  forked 
tongue. 

Man.  What  do  you  mean,  ye  Bengui's  bantling?  I 
never  heard  such  discourse  in  all  my  life:  playman's 
speech  or  Frenchman's  talk  —  which,  I  wonder?  Your 
father  !  tell  the  mumping  villain  that  if  he  comes  near 
my  fire  I  '11  serve  him  out  as  I  will  you.  Take  that  — 
Tiny  Jesus !  what  have  we  got  here?  Oh,  delicate  Jesus  ! 
what  is  the  matter  with  the  child? 

I  had  made  a  motion  which  the  viper  understood ;  and 
now,  partly  disengaging  itself  from  my  bosom,  where  it 
had  lain  perdu,  it  raised  its  head  to  a  level  with  my 
face,  and  stared  upon  my  enemy  with  its  glittering  eyes. 

The  man  stood  like  one  transfixed,  and  the  ladle  with 
which  he  had  aimed  a  blow  at  me,  now  hung  in  the  air 
like  the  hand  which  held  it;  his  mouth  was  extended, 
and  his  cheeks  became  of  a  pale  yellow,  save  alone  that 
place  which  bore  the  mark  which  I  have  already  de- 
scribed, and  this  shone  now  portentously,  like  fire.  He 
stood  in  this  manner  for  some  time;  at  last  the  ladle  fell 
from  his  hand,  and  its  falling  appeared  to  rouse  him 
from  his  stupor. 

"  I  say,  wifelkin,"  said  he  in  a  faltering  tone,  «•  did 
you  ever  see  the  like  of  this  here  ?  " 

But  the  woman  had  retreated  to  the  tent,  from  the 
entrance  of  which  her  loathly  face  was  now  thrust,  with 
an  expression  partly  of  terror  and  partly  of  curiosity. 
After  gazing  some  time  longer  at  the  viper  and  myself, 
the  man  stooped  down  and  took  up  the  ladle;  then,  as 
if  somewhat  more  assured,  he  moved  to  the  tent,  where 
he  entered  into  conversation  with  the  beldame  in  a  low 
voice. 

The  recontre  ends  in  his  being  made  "  brother  " 
to  young  Jasper  Petulengro,  the  future  Gypsy 
"  Pharoah  "  and  his  mentor  in  the  Romany  world 
—  that  world  that  was  to  know  the  young  scholar 
as  "  Lavengro  "  and  the  "  Romany  Rye,"  and  which 
was  to  serve  him  as  an  intermittent  home,  a  refuge 
and  very  present  help  in  time  of  trouble.  From  this 
meeting  the  Gypsy  motif  begins  to  appear  in  his 
life,  and  in  a  few  years  the  Romany  Chals  were  to 
him  brothers  and  the  Romany  women  sisters,  though 
some  of  the  latter  (like  the  murderously  inclined 
Mrs.  Herne,  with  her  brimstone  disposition)  were 
exceptions  to  the  rule. 

No  one  can  tell  how  much  of  Borrow's  work  is 
autobiography,  but  one  feels  that  his  writings  are 
dyed  through  and  through  with  his  experience  and 
his  individuality.  The  style  is  unusual  and  faulty ; 
and  yet  the  wild  life,  the  broken  narrative  whose  se- 
quel may  appear  in  a  place  entirely  unlooked  for,  the 
mass  of  information  on  out-of-the-way  subjects,  — 


264 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


perhaps  the  touching  for  the  evil  chance,  perhaps 
horse-charming,  perhaps  the  forgotten  meaning  of 
a  word, — all  contribute  to  a  whole  which  is  strangely 
fascinating. 

His  style  is  faulty ;  true,  but  he  can  limn  a  per- 
sonality or  a  landscape  with  a  vividness  that  many 
a  master  of  style  would  rejoice  to  possess.  For  a 
man  with  angles  in  his  character,  Borrow  has  an 
affection ;  for  all  affectation  and  humbug,  only 
scorn.  The  thoughts  and  motives  of  his  men  and 
women  are  never  analyzed,  but  the  reader  feels  that 
he  knows  the  make-up  of  the  nature  before  him. 
There  is  the  talk  with  Jasper : 

"  « What  is  your  opinion  of  death,  Mr.  Petulengro  ? ' 
said  I,  as  I  sat  down  beside  him. 

" '  My  opinion  of  death,  brother,  is  much  the  same  as 
that  in  the  old  song  of  Pharaoh,  which  I  have  heard  my 
grandam  sing  — 

"  Cana  marel  o  manus  chivios  anck5  pay, 
Ta  rovel  pa  leste  o  chavo  ta  romi." 

When  a  man  dies,  he  is  cast  into  the  earth,  and  his  wife 
and  child  sorrow  over  him.  If  he  has  neither  wife  nor 
child,  then  his  father  and  mother,  I  suppose;  and  if  he 
is  quite  alone  in  the  world,  why,  then  he  is  cast  into  the 
earth,  and  there  is  an  end  of  the  matter.' 

" «  And  do  you  think  that  is  the  end  of  man  ? ' 

"  '  There  's  an  end  of  him,  brother,  more 's  the  pity.' 

"  « Why  do  you  say  so  ? ' 

" '  Life  is  sweet,  brother.' 

" «  Do  you  think  so  ? ' 

"  '  Think  so!  —  There  's  night  and  day,  brother,  both 
sweet  things;  sun,  moon,  and  stars,  brother,  all  sweet 
things ;  there 's  likewise  a  wind  on  the  heath.  Life  is 
very  sweet,  brother;  who  would  wish  to  die  ? ' 

"  <  I  would  wish  to  die ' 

"  '  You  talk  like  a  gorgio  —  which  is  the  same  as  talk- 
ing like  a  fool  —  were  you  a  Rommany  Chal  you  would 
talk  wiser.  Wish  to  die,  indeed !  —  A  Ilommany  Chal 
would  wish  to  live  forever!' 

"  « In  sickness,  Jasper  ? ' 

"'There  's  the  sun  and  stars,  brother.' 

" '  In  blindness,  Jasper  ?  ' 

" '  There 's  the  wind  on  the  heath,  brother ;  if  I  could 
only  feel  that,  I  would  gladly  live  forever.  Dosta,  we  '11 
now  go  to  the  tents  and  put  on  the  gloves;  and  I'll  try 
to  make  you  feel  what  a  sweet  thing  it  is  to  be  alive, 
brother!'" 

In  that  talk  you  have  the  underlying  spirit,  the 
motif,  of  the  Gypsy.  Does  the  thought  never  come 
to  you  on  one  of  those  days  when  you  weary  of  the 
city  street,  that  the  spirit  there  outlined,  the  feeling 
of  joy  in  mere  living,  is  an  inheritance  which  we 
have  practically  thrown  away,  refined  out  of  our 
lives?  There  comes  to  most  men  some  experience 
—  perhaps  it  is  standing  on  the  border-line  of  the 
great  forest  that  breaks  the  sweep  of  a  northern 
prairie  and  breathing  the  sweet  cold  wind  of  spring 
that  sweeps  the  plain  and  roars  in  the  bending  trees 
overhead,  perhaps  it  is  facing  the  salt  breath  of  the 
ocean — which  gives  them  a  taste  of  the  divine  elixir. 
The  thought  is  thenceforth  with  them  that  we  are 
far  from  that  part  of  happiness  that  should  come 
from  mere  physical  existence,  that  primal  feeling 
still  strong  in  the  Romany  blood. 


How  few  words  are  required  to  indicate  the  man 
who  knows  how  to  use  his  mother  tongue,  and  how 
often  do  we  find  this  noble  simplicity  in  Borrow,  a 
manner  of  writing  that  carries  with  it  more  than 
the  mere  signification  of  the  words.  When  applied 
to  character-drawing  this  quality  becomes  extremely 
effective,  as  in  his  talks  with  Isopel  Berners.  Hers 
is  a  magnificent  character,  and  though  she  is  alone 
among  all  the  women  of  fiction,  one  feels  that  here 
is  a  true  reading  of  one  of  those  almost  indecipher- 
able manuscripts,  women. 

Borrow,  like  Keats  and  Stevenson,  believed  in 
the  body ;  he  revelled  in  outdoor  life,  in  violent 
sports,  and  especially  in  "  the  manly  art."  How 
delightful  is  the  narration  of  how  the  shabby  old 
gentleman,  by  means  of  his  Broughton  guard  and 
chop  taught  him  by  the  immortal  Sergeant  himself, 
served  out  the  bruising  coachman,  the  bully  of  the 
line.  But  better  yet  is  Sorrow's  own  contest  with  the 
Flaming  Tinman,  the  best  man  in  the  north  country. 
Mr.  Stoddard  refers  to  this  as  the  finest  thing  of  the 
kind  in  literature ;  and  one  must  certainly  go  far  ta 
match  it.  In  the  fight  of  the  frail  youth  against  the 
burly  ruffian  shines  clear  and  bright  the  indomitable 
spirit  which  characterized  him,  that  spirit  which  in 
later  years  made  possible  the  "Bible  in  Spain." 

This  slight  sketch  cannot  consider  that  side  of 
Borrow  shown  in  his  philological  work  and  in  his 
travels,  both  illuminated  by  his  strangely  fascinating 
personality  ;  but  it  should  not  close  without  a  rec- 
ognition of  the  fact  that  his  character  is  essentially, 
and  in  the  best  sense,  religious.  Therein  lies  the 
secret  of  his  strange  success  in  gaining  the  good- will 
of  natures  differing  apparently  so  widely  from  his 
own,  be  they  those  of  the  Romany  Chals,  the  Fancy, 
or  the  Welch  preaching  brotherhood.  This  feeling 
is  shown  in  his  tribute  to  the  wandering  preachers, 
as  he  comes  across  one,  standing  on  the  seashore, 
preaching  salvation  to  the  fishers  gathered  around 
him,  amid  the  roar  and  boom  of  the  breakers.  The 
ending  of  this  episode  is  particularly  Borrowesque : 

"  I  would  have  waited  till  he  had  concluded,  in  order 
that  I  might  speak  to  him  and  endeavor  to  bring  back 
the  ancient  scene  to  his  mind;  but  suddenly  a  man 
came  hurrying  to  the  monticle  mounted  on  a  speedy 
horse,  and  holding  by  the  bridle  one  yet  more  speedy, 
and  he  whispered  to  me,  'Why  loiterest  thou  here? 
knowest  thou  not  all  that  is  to  be  done  before  midnight?  ' 
and  he  flung  me  the  bridle;  and  I  mounted  the  horse 
of  great  speed  and  I  followed  the  other  who  had  already 
galloped  off.  And  as  I  departed  I  waved  my  hand  to 
him  on  the  monticle,  and  I  shouted  '  Farewell,  brother  T 
the  seed  came  up  at  last  after  a  long  period  ! '  Then  I 
gave  the  speedy  horse  his  way,  and  leaning  over  the 
shoulder  of  the  galloping  horse  I  said, « Would  that  my 
life  had  been  like  his,  even  like  that  man's  ! ' ' 

With  this  saying,  that  shows  the  true  George  Bor- 
row, let  us  say  Good-day  to  "  Lavengro,"  but  let  it 
be  an  Ave  as  well  as  Vale,  and  be  it  in  the  words 
of  the  Hungarian  master  of  horse  at  the  Horncastle 
Fair :  "  Here 's  to  the  Romany  Rye  !  Here 's  to  the 
Sweet  Master"!  ^LFBED  SUMNER  BRADFORD. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


265 


A  SKEIN  or  MANY  YARXS.* 

Mr.  Frank  T.  Bullen's  fascinating  and 
instructive  account  of  his  cruise  of  some  twenty- 
two  years  ago  round  the  world  on  the  bluff  old 
New  Bedford  whaler  "  Cachalot "  makes  its 
appearance  fortified  by  the  glowing  endorse- 
ment of  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling.  In  an  open 
letter  to  the  author,  Mr.  Kipling  assures  him 
that  his  book  is  "  immense,"  that  he  has  "  never 
read  anything  that  equals  it  in  its  deep-sea 
wonder  and  mystery,"  that "  it 's  a  new  world  " 
he  has  "  opened  the  door  to,"  and  so  forth. 
All  this  praise  from  Sir  Hubert  Stanley  must 
make  Mr.  Bullen  feel  as  good  as  if  he  were 
homeward  bound  with  a  fair  wind,  a  "  full " 
ship,  and  a  Captain's  "  lay  "  to  reckon  his  share 
of  the  voyage  on  ;  and  we  congratulate  him  on 
his  feelings.  But  (it  may  be  well  to  point  out) 
Mr.  Kipling's  practical  experience  of  sperm- 
whaling  being  limited,  his  testimony  to  the 
"  immensity  "  of  Mr.  Bullen's  book  must  be 
taken  cum  grano,  and  as  going  to  its  literary 
merits  mainly.  Mr.  Kipling  can  hardly  claim 
to  be  an  expert  witness  in  the  case  from  the 
technical,  or  New  Bedford,  standpoint ;  else, 
we  make  bold  to  say,  he  must  have  felt  bound 
to  pick  a  small-sized  hole  or  two  even  in  the 
coat  of  Mr.  Frank  T.  Bullen. 

Not  that  we  by  any  means  presume  to  charge 
Mr.  Bullen  with  sailing  under  false  colors  when 
he  styles  himself  "  First  Mate  "  (plain  "  Mate  " 
would,  by-the-bye,  have  been  the  corrector 
form  for  a  whaleman),  or  with  having  gained 
his  whaling  experience  through  the  easy  and 
not  untried  process  of  "  pumping "  some  an- 
cient New  Bedford  or  Provincetown  mariner 
caught  on  the  wharves  and  "  held  up  "  for  the 
purpose.  The  keel  of  more  than  one  popular 
"  sea-story  "  we  could  mention  that  has  been 
eulogized  as  "  immense "  by  critics  who  (as 
Mr.  Bullen  might  say)  could  not  tell  a  binnacle 
from  a  bung-knocker  or  a  "  scrap  "  from  a 
"horse-piece,"  has  been  laid  pretty  much  in 
that  way.  But  Mr.  Bullen's  book  is  unmistak- 
ably from  a  hand  that  knows  an  "  iron-pole  " 
as  well  as  a  pen-handle.  He  will  understand 
us  when  we  say  that  there  is  very  little  "  white- 
horse  "  about  it.  Its  author  clearly  is  (or  has 
been)  a  sailor,  and,  more  than  that,  a  whaler. 

*  THE  CRUISE  OF  THE  CACHALOT  :  Round  the  World  after 
Sperm  Whales.  By  Frank  T.  Bullen,  First  Mate.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


We  gladly  admit  that  his  narrative,  at  its  best, 
is  as  salt  as  Lot's  wife  and  as  breezy  as  Nan- 
tucket  ;  that  he  describes  the  process  of  "  rais- 
ing," striking,  killing,  cutting  in,  and  trying 
out  a  whale  far  better  than  we  have  seen  it 
described  elsewhere ;  that  his  bordereau  of  a 
whaleship's  proper  gear,  tackle,  apparel,  and 
furniture  is  full  and  accurate,  from  try-works 
to  chock-pins.  But,  nevertheless,  we  can 't 
help  wondering  how  it  is  that  Mr.  Bullen,  with 
all  this  store  of  professional  knowledge  at  his 
fingers'  ends,  should  here  and  there  make  slips 
in  his  terminology  that  would  grate  on  the  ear 
of  a  green  hand  four  months  out  of  New  Bed- 
ford. Maybe  the  slips  are  intentional,  and  due 
to  the  author's  pardonable  desire  to  make  him- 
self clear  to  the  lay  reader ;  but  slips  they  are, 
and  in  the  very  shibboleth  of  his  calling.  For 
example,  what  practical  whaleman,  clothed  and 
in  his  right  mind,  was  ever  known  to  style  the 
flukes  of  a  whale  the  "tail,"  as  Mr.  Bullen 
does  with  rasping  frequency?  And  did  Mr. 
Bullen,  while  aboard  the  "  Cachalot,"  ever  hear 
a  boat-steerer  called  a  "  harpooner,"  or  a  lone 
whale  a  "  solitary  "  ? 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Bullen's  book  is  the 
first  one  of  its  kind  we  have  met  with  that  is 
free  from  certain  stereotyped  errors  of  writers 
on  his  subject  —  the  annoyingly  persistent  one, 
in  particular,  that  represents  the  man  at  the 
mast-head  as  singing  out  "  There  she  blows  !  " 
at  sight  of  a  spout.  Possibly  a  very  green  hand 
(remembering  the  formula  given  in  the  books) 
might  do  so  —  once.  But  Mr.  Bullen  sets  us 
right  on  this  point.  He  reproduces  with  pho- 
nographic truth  that  magic  cry  from  the  crow's- 
nest  that  is  to  a  whaleship  what  the  blast  of 
Gabriel's  trump  will  be  to  a  graveyard. 

"  I  turned  in  at  four  o'clock  A.  M.  from  the  middle 
watch  and,  as  usual,  slept  like  a  babe.  Suddenly  I 
started  wide  awake,  a  long  mournful  sound  sending  a 
thrill  to  my  very  heart.  As  I  listened  breathlessly, 
other  sounds  of  the  same  character  but  in  different  tones 
joined  in,  human  voices  monotonously  intoning  in  long 
drawn-out  expirations  the  single  word  '  bl-o-o-o-o-w  !  ' 
.  .  .  '  There  she  white  waters  !  Ah,  bl-o-o-o-w,  blow, 
blow  ! ' " 

There  are  also  one  or  two  little  inaccuracies 
or  inconsistencies  not  exactly  of  a  technical  sort 
in  Mr.  Bullen's  book  that  we  must  point  out. 
He  starts  out  by  describing  the  "  Cachalot "  as 
a  full-rigged  ship,  which  she  appears  to  be 
in  the  pictures;  but  later  on  he  calls  her  a 
"barque" —  square-rigged  on  the  fore  and  main 
masts,  and  fore-and-aft  rigged  on  the  mizzen, 
like  most  of  the  New  Bedford  fleet.  This  is  a 
small  matter,  perhaps,  but  we  expect  accuracy 


266 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


from  a  sailor  on  these  points.  But  the  oddest 
of  Mr.  Bullen's  lapses  is  the  extraordinary 
"  sea-change  "  suffered  by  the  speech  of  Mr. 
Count,  Mate  of  the  "  Cachalot,"  in  the  course 
of  the  narrative.  Early  in  the  voyage  Mr. 
Count  is  made  to  say : 

"  I  've  seen  a  fif ty-bar'l  bull  make  the  purtiest  fight 
I  ever  hearn  tell  ov  —  a  fight  that  lasted  twenty  hours, 
stove  three  boats,  'n'  killed  two  men.  Then,  again,  I  've 
seen  a  hundred  'n'  fifty  bar'l  whale  lay'n'  take  his  grooel 
'thout  hardly  wunkin'  'n  eyelid  —  never  moved  ten 
fathom  from  fust  iron  till  fin  eout.  So  yew  may  say, 
boy,  that  they  're  like  peepul  —  got  their  iadividooal 
pekewlyarities,  an'  thar  's  no  countin'  on  'em  for  sartain 
nary  time." 

One  would  scarcely  expect  this  same  Mr.  Count 
(become  Captain  on  the  death  of  the  "  Cacha- 
lot's "  original  "  Old  Man  ")  to  get  off  the  fol- 
lowing neat  little  speech  to  the  crew  a  few 
months  later  on : 

"  Men,  Captain  Slocum  is  dead,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
I  command  the  ship.  Behave  yourselves  like  men,  not 
presuming  upon  kindness  or  imagining  that  I  am  a  weak, 
vacillating  old  man  with  whom  you  can  do  as  you  like, 
and  you  will  find  in  me  a  skipper  who  will  do  his  duty 
by  you  as  far  as  lies  in  his  power,  nor  expect  more  from 
you  than  you  ought  to  render." 

Nothing  like  promotion  and  a  "  good  voy- 
age" to  polish  up  one's  English,  it  seems. 
There 's  another  little  count  (no  pun  intended) 
in  our  not  very  serious  indictment  of  Mr.  Bul- 
len.  He  has  not  perhaps  overdrawn  the  bru- 
tality that  reigned  for  the  most  part  on  board 
the  particular  vessel  he  chanced  to  ship  on. 
But  he  tends  (unintentionally  no  doubt)  to 
give  the  impression  that  such  brutality  is  the 
rule  on  all  these  vessels,  and  that  the  New 
Bedford  whaler  generally  is,  or  was,  like  the 
"  Cachalot,"  more  or  less  a  "  floating  hell." 
Now,  Mr.  Bullen  must  know  that  such  is  not 
the  case.  The  conditions  of  the  service  —  the 
perils  of  the  calling,  the  length  of  the  voyages, 
the  great  disparity  in  numbers  between  officers 
and  crew,  the  often  reckless  and  unruly  char- 
acter of  the  latter,  etc. —  make  it  necessary  that 
order  be  maintained  with  a  firm  hand,  and  that, 
from  first  to  last,  forecastle  be  kept  in  awe  of 
cabin.  In  bad  cases  something  like  a  reign  of 
terror  is  the  sole  alternative  to  insubordination 
and  disaster ;  and,  it  must  be  owned,  there  are 
cases  where  the  reign  of  terror  is  due  more  to 
the  savagery  of  the  officers  than  the  character 
of  the  men.  But  there  are  "  home  ships  "  as 
well  as  "hell  ships"  sailing  out  of  New  Bedford, 
with  men  and  not  brutes  in  command  of  them. 
We  recall  one  good  old  barque  of  Mr.  Bullen's 
time  (and  there  were  others  of  her  class)  whose 
Mate  was  a  hero  every  inch  of  him,  and  a  gen- 


tleman to  boot ;  whose  crew  was  a  happy  fam- 
ily of  "  shipmates  all ";  and  whose  good  old 
Skipper  (now  at  rest)  was  a  type  of  old-fash- 
ioned Down  East  piety.  There  was  a  tradition, 

indeed,  that  Captain  C ,  momentarily 

"  downed  "  by  the  Old  Adam,  had  once  been 
heard  to  swear  ;  but  the  occasion  was  a  trying 
one.  The  ship  was  lying  "  hove  to  "  in  a  gale, 
when  a  great  sperm  whale  rose  alongside,  blow- 
ing and  wallowing  in  the  brine  not  twenty  fath- 
oms to  leeward,  and  gazed  calmly  at  his  enemies. 
Lowering  the  boats  in  such  a  sea  was  out  of  the 
question  ;  and  there  was  much  strong  language. 
"  There  goes  a  hundred  an'  twenty  bar'ls  plum 
to ,  by  the  great  Jehosaphat !  "  said  Cap- 
tain C ,  as  he  went  below  to  hide  his 

feelings.  That  night  (so  the  story  ran)  the 
men  who  stole  aft  to  peep  at  the  clock  back 
of  the  binnacle  saw  through  the  cabin  skylight 
the  penitent  "  Old  Man  "  poring  over  his 
"  big  ha'  Bible  "  till  well  in  the  Middle  Watch  ; 
and  who  can  doubt  that  his  peace-offering  was 
accepted  ? 

Mr.  Bullen  is  not  a  good  hand  at  dialect. 
Happily,  there  is  not  much  of  it  in  his  book, 
and  there  is  but  one  variety.  Yankees,  "  Por- 
tagees,"  "  niggers,"  all  the  "  Cachalot's  "  poly- 
glot crew,  are  made  to  speak  pretty  much  the 
same  preternatural  lingo  —  a  sort  of  cross  be- 
tween the  Whitechapel  "  patter  "  of  Mr.  Alfred 
Chevalier  and  the  speech  of  the  plantation 
"darky."  Fancy  a  Vermont  Yankee  fresh 
from  the  ploughtails  talking  in  this  way,  for 
instance :  "I  doan  see  de  do' way  any  mo'  at 
all,  sir."  Did  Mr.  Kipling  ever  hear  anything 
like  that  up  Brattleboro'  way,  we  wonder? 

But  Mr.  Bullen  is  a  capital  hand  at  descrip- 
tion, and  he  writes  from  a  memory  packed  with 
scenes  and  processes  that  nine  out  of  ten  of  his 
readers  will  have  never  seen  described  before. 
Of  his  style,  the  following  pathetic  episode  may 
serve  as  a  sample.  A  cow  whale  has  been 
"  struck "  with  the  harpoon,  and  the  author 
goes  on  to  describe  the  denouement: 

"  But,  for  all  the  notice  taken  by  the  whale,  she 
might  never  have  been  touched.  Close  nestled  to  her 
side  was  a  youngling  of  not  more,  certainly,  than  five 
days  old,  which  sent  up  its  baby-spout  every  now  and 
then  about  two  feet  in  the  air.  One  long,  wing-like  fin 
embraced  its  small  body,  holding  it  close  to  the  massive 
breast  of  the  tender  mother,  whose  only  care  seemed  to 
be  to  protect  her  young,  utterly  regardless  of  her  own 
pain  and  danger.  If  sentiment  were  ever  permitted  to 
interfere  with  such  operations  as  ours,  it  might  well  have 
done  so  now;  for  while  the  calf  continually  sought  to 
escape  from  the  enfolding  fin,  making  all  sorts  of  puny 
struggles  in  the  attempt,  the  mother  scarcely  moved 
from  her  position,  although  streaming  with  blood  from 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


267 


a  score  of  wounds.  Once,  indeed,  as  a  deep  searching 
thrust  entered  her  very  vitals,  she  raised  her  massy 
flukes  high  in  air  with  an  apparently  involuntary  move- 
ment of  agony;  but  even  in  that  dire  throe  she  remem- 
bered the  possible  danger  to  her  young  one,  and  laid  the 
tremendous  weapon  as  softly  down  upon  the  water  as  if 
it  were  a  feather  fan.  ...  So  in  the  most  perfect  quiet, 
with  scarcely  a  writhe,  nor  any  sign  of  flurry,  she  died, 
holding  the  calf  to  her  side  until  her  last  vital  spark  had 
fled,  and  left  it  to  a  swift  despatch  with  a  single  lance- 
thrust." 

Naturally,  there  are  marvels  not  a  few  in 
Mr.  Bullen's  book  which  landsmen  will  find 
hard  to  accept  as  fact.  They  will  "  shy  "  at 
some  of  his  stories  (mere  commonplaces  of 
whaling)  pretty  much  as  the  Gold  Coast  chief 
did  at  the  missionary's  assertion  —  that  in  his 
own  country  he  had  seen  water  get  so  hard  in 
winter  that  men  walked  on  it  and  sawed  it  up  in 
blocks.  "  Gospel  man  heap  liar  !  "  roared  the 
indignant  Bongo  —  who  had  already  accepted 
some  of  the  good  man's  toughest  Old  Testament 
stories  without  a  quiver ;  and  we  have  no  doubt 
some  of  Mr.  Bullen's  unsalted  readers  will  feel 
at  times  like  using  language  similar  to  that  of 
the  Gold  Coast  skeptic.  But  while  Mr.  Bul- 
len's experiences  and  adventures  certainly  lose 
nothing  in  the  telling,  we  cheerfully  vouch  for 
the  substantial,  and  in  proper  cases  the  literal, 
truth  of  his  narrative.  It  forms,  we  believe, 
the  first  published  account  from  the  seaman's 
standpoint  of  a  sperm-whaling  voyage  in  a  New 
Bedford  ship  ;  and  the  "  Cachalot's  "  voyage, 
it  should  be  added,  took  her  into  the  South 
Atlantic,  the  Pacific,  the  Indian  Oceans,  and 
the  Japan  and  Okhotsk  Seas,  round  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope  and  the  Horn,  and  to  many  re- 
mote ports  and  islands  little  known  even  in 
these  globe-trotting  days. 

In  fine,  Mr.  Bullen's  book  is  brimful  of 
truths  that  are  far  stranger  than  most  men's 
fiction,  and  it  is  as  instructive  as  it  is  readable. 
The  marvels  of  the  deep  sea  are  mirrored  in 
his  pages,  and  the  novel  phase  of  human  life 
and  character  he  paints  is  painted  substantially 
to  the  life.  It  was  an  odd  chance  that  threw 
a  man  of  Mr.  Bullen's  unquestionable  literary 
talent  into  so  rude  and  unpromising  a  calling ; 
but  it  was  a  happy  one.  In  its  declining  days, 
whaling  has  found  in  him  its  picturesque  his- 
torian.    E.  G.  j. 

THE  Annual  Report  for  1896  of  the  Smithsonian 
Institution  has  just  come  to  hand  from  the  Government 
Printing  Office.  It  is  a  volume  of  more  than  eleven 
hundred  pages  and  nearly  as  many  illustrations,  two 
hundred  of  these  being  full-page  plates.  Archaeology 
and  prehistoric  art  are  the  chief  subjects  of  the  essays 
contained  in  the  volume. 


THE  AMERICAN  BUTTERFLY  BOOK.* 

The  collecting  habit  is  a  natural  one,  and  is 
by  no  means  confined  to  the  bower-bird  of 
Australia  or  the  arctic  foxes  of  Franz-Josef 
Land.  Intellectual  and  even  esthetic  diversion 
may  be  found   in  the  collecting  of  postage- 
stamps  or  of  old  blue  china ;  but  objects  of 
natural  history  are  par  excellence,  the  spoil  of 
the  amateur  collector.    Here  is  found  not  only 
the  widest  range  of  choice  but  also  the  greatest 
freedom  of  access ;  it  is  here  that  the  zeal  for 
classification  enjoys  its  fullest  gratification  and 
the  search  for  the  beautiful  its  natural  satisfac- 
tion.   The  collection  and  study  of  butterflies  is 
a  favorable,  and  has  long  been  a  favorite,  pur- 
suit for  the  amateur  as  well  as  for  the  specialist. 
The  natural  beauty  of  these  common  objects 
excites  the  interest  and  holds  the  attention. 
The  methods  of  capture  are  somewhat  simple, 
and  the  expenditure  attending  the  instalment 
and  maintenance  of  a  collection  is  relatively 
slight.    The  student  has  unrivalled  opportuni- 
ties for  the  study  of  many  of  the  most  interest- 
ing biological  problems  of  the  day,  such  as 
variation,  seasonal  and  sexual  dimorphism,  and 
the  effects  of  the  various  elements  of  the  en- 
vironment, such  as  food  and  temperature,  upon 
the  form  and  color  of  the  full-grown  organism  ; 
he  also  has  the  privilege  of  contributing  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  life-histories  of  many  forms 
which  are  as  yet  unknown;  furthermore,  his 
pursuit  is  quite  free  from  the  objectionable 
features  which  pertain  to  the  robberies  of  the 
bird's-nesting  oologist  and  the  bloody  business 
of  many  an  amateur  ornithologist.     There  is 
little  esthetic  or  economic  objection  to  any 
diminution  in  the  numbers  of  butterflies  and 
caterpillars  that  may  result  from  his  activity. 
The  lack  of  an  illustrated,  inexpensive,  and 
at  the  same  time  fairly  complete  manual  of  this 
group  has  been  hitherto  a  serious  obstacle  to 
the  growth  of  amateur  interest  in  butterflies  in 
this  country.     Europe  and  the  Continent  are 
more  fortunate  in  this  respect.     We  have,  to 
be  sure,  several  most  excellent  and  inexpensive 
handbooks  by  eminent  authorities,  but  these  are 
limited  in  their  geographical  scope  to  parts  of 
the  country,  include  but  a  part  of  the  species, 
and  are  in  no  case  fully  illustrated.    The  mono- 
graphs  of  Edwards  and  Scudder,  with  their 


*  THE  BUTTERFLY  BOOK  :  A  Popular  Guide  to  a  Knowledge 
)f  the  Butterflies  of  North  America.  By  W.  J.  Holland, 
Ph.D.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Chancellor  of  the  Western  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  Director  of  the  Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburg, 
Pa.,  etc.  With  48  Plates  in  Color-Photography.  New  York  • 
Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 


26S 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


superb  lithographed  plates,  are  too  expensive 
for  any  but  the  larger  libraries,  or  the  most 
self-denying  specialist ;  but  even  these  fail  to 
figure  many  of  the  American  species. 

This  need  of  an  illustrated  manual  bids  fair 
to  be  supplied  by  Chancellor  Holland's  "  But- 
terfly Book."  It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  author 
to  provide  a  popular  handbook  of  the  diurnal 
Lepidoptera  of  this  continent  north  of  Mexico. 
The  opening  chapters  deal  in  a  pleasing  man- 
ner with  the  anatomy  and  development  of  the 
butterfly,  collecting  apparatus,  and  the  breed- 
ing of  specimens,  the  arrangement  and  preserva- 
tion of  collections,  the  classification  of  the  group, 
and  the  literature  of  the  subject.  The  remain- 
der of  the  book  is  taken  up  with  a  systematic 
and  descriptive  catalogue  of  species,  all  of  which 
are  figured.  Brief  descriptions  are  given,  not 
only  of  the  butterfly,  but  also  of  the  egg,  cater- 
pillar, and  chrysalis,  wherever  these  are  known. 
In  many  instances  both  sexes  are  figured,  and 
in  some  cases  both  the  upper  and  the  under 
sides  of  the  wings  are  shown,  while  supple- 
mentary figures  which  elucidate  anatomical 
structures  of  diagnostic  importance  are  to  be 
found  in  the  text.  Details  of  color  and  of 
structure  which  may  be  derived  from  a  study  of 
the  illustrations  are  to  a  large  extent  eliminated 
from  the  descriptions.  In  all,  about  550  forms 
are  described  and  figured  ;  while  Mr.  Skinner's 
recently  published  "  Synonymic  Catalogue  of 
North  American  Rhopalocera  "  ascribes  645  to 
the  territory  covered  by  this  work.  The  manual 
is  thus  not  an  exhaustive  one.  It  should  be 
noted,  however,  that  over  five-sixths  of  the  spe- 
cies are  described  and  figured  ;  that  practically 
the  whole  of  the  butterfly  fauna  east  of  the 
Mississippi  River  is  included  ;  that  the  omitted 
forms  are  either  small  and  insignificant  (as, 
e.  g.,  many  of  the  Hesperidce),  and  are  thus  of 
little  popular  interest,  or  they  are  of  doubtful 
specific  rank  and  cannot  be  readily  distin- 
guished from  their  nearest  relatives.  Further- 
more, no  work  on  American  butterflies  presents 
so  exhaustive  an  iconography  of  our  lepidop- 
teran  fauna. 

In  the  preface  to  the  book  the  author  says : 
"  I  flatter  myself  that  I  have  possessed  peculiar  facil- 
ities for  the  successful  accomplishment  of  the  undertak- 
ing I  have  proposed  to  myself,  because  of  the  possession 
of  what  is  admitted  to  be  undoubtedly  the  largest  and 
most  perfect  collection  of  the  butterflies  of  North  Amer- 
ica in  existence,  containing  the  types  of  W.  H.  Edwards, 
and  many  of  those  of  other  authors."  •> 

The  number  of  such  "  types  "  or  specimens  that 
served  for  the  first  published  description  of  the 
species,  which  are  figured  in  the  book,  is  stated 


in  a  descriptive  circular  issued  by  the  publish- 
ers to  be  "  fully  three  hundred."  The  scientific 
value  of  this  fact  is,  however,  largely  lost,  for 
such  figures  are  in  no  way  designated  in  the 
descriptions  of  the  plates,  and  are  but  rarely 
indicated  in  the  text. 

Scattered  through  the  book  are  a  number  of 
apt  quotations,  ranging  from  grave  to  gay,  or 
even  facetious  at  times,  and  anecdotal  digres- 
sions which  are  more  or  less  germane  to  the 
subject.  These  add  variety,  though  perhaps 
not  always  dignity,  to  the  theme. 

The  most  noticeable  feature  of  the  work,  and 
one  that  is  destined  to  attract  wide  attention,  is 
the  series  of  forty-eight  plates,  which  exhibit  in 
their  natural  colors  over  five  hundred  different 
butterflies.  These  are  shown  in  all  the  charming 
array  of  brilliant  coloring  and  delicate  tints  of 
the  originals,  with  an  accuracy  and  faithfulness 
that  is  as  wonderful  as  it  is  surprising.  The 
plates  are  prepared  from  photographs  of  the 
actual  butterflies,  by  the  so-called  process  of 
color-photography,  or  three-color  printing.  The 
results  of  the  application  of  this  method  to  the 
illustration  of  this  scientific  subject  are  most 
gratifying,  and  promise  much  for  the  future. 
These  plates  rival  the  most  skilful  and  expen- 
sive chromo-lithography  —  if,  indeed,  they  do 
not  surpass  it  —  in  the  accuracy  with  which  the 
general  color  effect,  as  well  as  the  specific  tints 
of  an  intricate  pattern,  are  reproduced.  The 
optical  limitations  of  photography  are  such  that 
the  structural  details  are  at  times  obscured  in 
the  figures,  but  these  can  be  illustrated  readily 
by  other  methods.  The  American  press  is  to 
be  congratulated  upon  its  signal  success  in  this 
new  venture,  for  this  volume  exhibits  a  marked 
advance  over  the  work  of  the  Societe  de  Pho- 
tographic en  Couleurs  a  Puteaux  put  forth 
recently  in  Delage,  and  Herouard's  "  Traite  de 
Zoologie  Concrete." 

To  suggest  shortcomings  in  a  work  which  has 
so  many  commendable  features  seems  indeed  to 
be  gratuitous,  especially  as  any  suggested  de- 
fects are  rather  only  sins  of  omission,  and  the 
very  low  price  at  which  the  book  is  sold  is  per- 
haps both  their  occasion  and  excuse.  In  the 
first  place,  there  is  no  synopsis  of  the  group, 
and  there  are  no  keys,  natural  or  artificial,  for 
the  determination  of  genera  and  species.  Char- 
acters of  diagnostic  value  are  not  emphasized 
sufficiently  in  the  text.  The  collector  is  thus 
encouraged  to  ignore  structural  details  which 
form  the  basis  of  classification,  and  to  descend 
to  the  level  of  the  philatelist,  merely  scanning 
the  plates  for  the  identification  of  his  speci- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


269 


mens.  More  recognition  of  variants  and  of  vari- 
able forms,  and  a  fuller  discussion  of  the  syn- 
onomy  and  more  references  to  literature,  would 
add  to  the  utility  of  the  book  to  a  considerable 
degree.  The  cultural  value  of  the  work  would 
be  greatly  enhanced  by  a  more  generous  recog- 
nition of  the  butterfly  as  a  living  thing  and  a 
part  of  the  economy  of  nature.  To  stimulate 
an  interest  in  its  life-history,  its  activities,  and 
its  relations  and  exquisite  adjustments  to  the 
animate  and  inanimate  world  about  it,  is  quite 
as  desirable  as  to  rouse  an  ambition  for  a  com- 
plete collection  of  "painted  beauties"  —  dead, 
to  be  sure,  but  impaled  in  orderly  array  and 
duly  designated  by  the  proper  Latin  binomial. 
Finally,  stouter  binding  and  tougher  paper  are 
most  desirable  in  a  handbook  destined  to  the 
hard  usage  which  this  one  is  sure  to  receive. 

The  publishers  are  to  be  congratulated  upon 
the  production  of  so  excellent  a  model,  mark- 
ing, we  trust,  a  new  epoch  in  methods  of  sci- 
entific illustration.  The  author  has  prepared 
a  most  excellent  handbook  of  a  fascinating  sub- 
ject, and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  companion 
volume,  "  The  Moth  Book,"  may  not  be  long 
delayed.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID. 


THE 


PLAY.* 


Not  a  year  ago  I  saw  an  article  on  the  edi- 
torial page  of  an  influential  journal,  which 
began  by  saying  that  "  another  literary  artist  " 
had  "  undertaken  to  reunite  literature  and  the 
stage,  whose  divorce  has  been  so  often  and  so 
dogmatically  declared  by  the  melodramatists." 
This  interested  me :  I  had  heard  talk  of  the 
divorce,  although  I  had  not  known  that  the 
melodramatists  were  responsible  for  it,  and  I 
was  glad  to  hear  of  the  reconciliation  which  the 
article  went  on  to  speak  of  as  almost,  if  not 
possibly  quite,  successful.  That  seemed  to  me 
a  good  deal  for  one  single  work  to  accomplish, 
and  I  became  curious  about  it.  The  literary 
artist  in  question  was  Mrs.  Craigie,  or  "John 
Oliver  Hobbes  "  (I  'm  sure  I  do  n't  know  which 
to  call  her  —  or  him  ;  it 's  very  awkward  indeed 
about  the  pronouns),  and  the  means  of  recon- 
ciliation was  "The  Ambassador,"  which  ap- 
peared in  print  not  so  very  long  ago. 

It  struck  me  at  the  time  as  rather  curious 
that  "  John  Oliver  Hobbes  "  should  be  spoken 
of  as  a  path-breaker,  as  one  of  the  very  few 
literary  fellows  who  had  to  do  with  the  theatre. 

*  THE  AMBASSADOR  :  A  Comedy  in  Four  Acts.    By  John 
Oliver  Hobbes.    New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 


In  this  country,  I  know,  the  line  is  pretty 
sharply  drawn  ;  but  then,  we  are  not  talking  of 
this  country :  "  The  Ambassador  "  was  pre- 
sented in  London.  I  found,  however,  as  I  went 
on,  that  the  article  was  extremely  exclusive  in 
its  conception  of  Literature.  This  appeared 
when  I  read  later  that  "  Dumas  and  Pinero  are 
almost  the  only  men  who  take  a  high  grade  of 
literary  art  to  the  theatre."  You  see  it  was 
before  "  Cyrano  de  Bergerac  "  had  become 
known  among  us,  and  before  the  author  of 
"  Catherine  "  had  been  elected  to  the  Academy. 
Still,  to  confine  ourselves  to  the  dramatists  of 
our  own  tongue,  why  was  Mr.  Henry  Arthur 
Jones  left  out  ?  That  was  surely  too  bad.  It 
must  have  been  an  oversight,  for  "  Michael  and 
His  Lost  Angel "  has  been  in  print  for  some 
years,  so  that  anyone  may  see  how  literary 
Mr.  Jones  is.  Mr.  Jones,  I  suppose,  may  have 
consoled  himself  at  being  classed  as  unliterary 
along  with  Ibsen,  Hauptmann,  Sudermann, 
d'Annunzio,  Echegaray,  and  many  Frenchmen. 

But,  after  all,  what  is  a  "  literary  play  "  ? 
What  is  meant  by  "  taking  literary  art  to  the 
theatre  "  ?  I  don't  know  anything  else  to  say 
except  that  a  literary  play  is  one  that  can  be 
printed  in  a  book  and  read  with  satisfaction  by 
a  cultivated  person  (i.  e.,  somebody  like  myself  : 
that 's  what  a  man  generally  means  when  he 
says  "  cultivated  person  ").  I  do  n't  see  much 
that  can  be  said  beyond  that.  The  fact  that  a 
man  is  or  is  not  professionally  connected  with 
the  theatre  has  nothing  to  do  with  it.  Moliere 
was  an  actor,  Lessing  a  dramatic  critic,  Sheri- 
dan a  manager ;  yet  they  contributed  to  litera- 
ture much  more,  so  far  as  the  drama  is  con- 
cerned, than  Voltaire,  Klopstock,  and  Addison, 
who  were  distinctly  men  of  letters. 

It  may  seem  foolish  to  say  that  a  literary 
play  is  one  that  is  printed  in  a  book.  Still, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  there  have  been 
"  literary  plays  "  which  never  made  a  part  of  lit* 
erature,  solely  because  they  were  never  printed. 
People  saw  them,  liked  them  perhaps,  and  for- 
got them ;  and  there  was  an  end  of  it.  But  if 
you  print  your  play  and  get  the  right  people  to 
read  it  and  like  it,  then  it  becomes  literature, 
in  the  sense,  of  course,  that  a  great  many  other 
things  become  literature. 

If,  however,  we  think  of  literature  in  a  more 
confined  sense,  what  then  ?  Is  there  not  some- 
thing aside  from  the  accident  of  paper  and 
print  about  a  play  that  we  can  say  is  literary  ? 
Suppose  there  are  two  plays  that  both  please 
us ;  do  we  not  often  think  of  one  as  literary 
and  the  other  not?  A  man  said  to  me  not 


270 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


long  since  that  "  The  Liars  "  was  literature  : 
but  I  never  heard  that  said  of  "  Tess  of  the 
d'Urbervilles."  What  is  there  about  one  play 
that  there  is  not  about  the  other  ?  If  you  see 
the  two  plays  you  are  certainly  more  moved  by 
"  Tess  ":  why,  then,  is  it  not  more  literary  ? 

I  do  not  know,  I  'm  sure.  Print  the  two  and 
perhaps  I  could  tell.  But  just  now  let  us  re- 
turn to  "  The  Ambassador." 

"  The  Ambassador  "  may  be  compared  (in 
fact,  one  cannot  well  help  comparing  it)  with 
Pinero's  "  The  Princess  and  the  Butterfly." 
They  are  plays  of  much  the  same  general 
character,  comedies  of  character  and  incident, 
set  in  the  same  world,  mostly  in  the  same  place, 
more  or  less  alike  in  plot  though  not  in  motive. 
Being  so  nearly  alike,  then,  any  difference 
ought  to  be  very  clear.  Now,  as  it  is  well 
known  that  Mr.  Pinero  is  a  practical  play- 
wright, and  not  a  literary  man  tempted  to  the 
theatre,  we  may  have  here  a  means  of  seeing 
what  is  the  difference  between  a  playwright's 
play  and  a  literary  play. 

It  will  interest  you  to  read  the  two  plays 
within  a  short  space  of  time  and  try  to  see 
whether  there  is  any  real  difference  between 
them.  It  would  not  seem  to  be  in  the  plot : 
Mrs.  Craigie's  plot  is  the  simpler,  but  not  any 
more  literary.  In  fact,  both  are  somewhat 
stagey.  Pinero's  play  is  of  a  middle-aged  man 
and  a  middle-aged  woman  who  were  once  in 
love  with  each  other.  Twenty  years  after  their 
youth  they  meet  and  think  they  will  marry  each 
other.  Each  marries  somebody  else  who  has 
been  introduced  into  the  play  solely  for  that 
purpose.  In  "  The  Ambassador  "  the  middle- 
aged  man  has  several  middle-aged  ladies  who 
like  to  flirt  with  him.  He  marries  none  of 
them,  but  falls  in  love  with  a  young  woman 
who  has  to  be  disengaged  from  a  worthy  young 
baronet,  who  gets  engaged  to  somebody  else. 
The  difference  is  that  Mr.  Pinero's  plot  is  a 
little  more  regular  in  a  way :  each  pair  illus- 
trates the  same  notion.  Mrs.  Craigie's  second 
pair  has  no  very  great  reason  for  existence. 
Mr.  Pinero's  play  is  also  a  little  more  involved  : 
there  are  more  complications  in  it — a  young  lady 
of  doubtful  parentage,  for  instance.  Neither 
action  is  absolutely  natural  or  probable,  though 
both  are  natural  or  probable  enough  for  the 
stage.  "  The  Ambassador,"  being  the  simpler, 
is  somewhat  the  more  natural. 

Nor  would  the  difference  seem  to  be  in  the 
characters.  St.  Orbyn  and  Sir  George  Lam- 
orant,  indeed,  might  change  for  each  other 
sometime  just  for  fun,  and  few  would  notice 


the  difference:  two  middle-aged  and  pretty  well- 
preserved  gentlemen  who  fall  in  love  rather 
suddenly,  and  without  your  really  believing 
either  to  be  serious.  St.  Orbyn  is  rather  a 
cheerful  diplomatist,  it  is  true,  and  Sir  George 
is  a  man  of  the  world  rather  down  in  the  mouth 
at  being  middle-aged  ;  but  otherwise  the  differ- 
ence would  depend  largely  on  the  actors.  Of 
course,  the  other  characters  do  not  by  any  means 
run  parallel.  Still,  you  might  compare  Las- 
celles  and  St.  Roche,  if  you  like,  or  the  ladies 
who  come  and  call  on  the  princess  with  the 
ladies  who  come  and  call  on  Lady  Beauvedere. 
Doubtless  a  person  more  familiar  with  the 
world  these  remarkable  people  move  in  would 
see  points  of  difference  ;  but  I  do  not  see  much. 
On  the  stage  they  would  probably  wear  differ- 
ent colored  frocks. 

Then  there  is  the  dialogue.  Here,  too,  there 
is  a  likeness,  as  there  must  be  in  any  good  rep- 
resentation of  the  talk  of  well-bred  people. 
There  is  a  good  deal  of  sparkle,  of  course,  — 
Mrs.  Craigie's  probably  the  more  genuine. 
Take  these  two  specimens.  The  first  is  from 
"  The  Princess." 

LADY  RINGSTEAD:  I  confess  I  hardly  care  to  sit  down 
to  dinner  at  half-past  six. 

MRS.  SABISTON:  Oh,  I  do  n't  mind  that,  but  I  cannot 
undertake  to  rise  at  half-past  seven. 

This  is  from  "  The  Ambassador  ": 

LADY  BEAUVEDERE:  Nearly  ran  away  !  Why,  every- 
one knows  that  if  she  had  n't  been  thrown  from  her  horse 
and  killed  that  very  morning  —  on  her  way  to  meet  him. 

ST.  ORBYN:  I  never  attend  post-mortems  on  a  con- 
science. 

It  seems  somewhat  of  the  same  piece,  and  rather 
a  well-known  web  at  that. 

Yet,  on  looking  back  over  what  I  have  writ- 
ten I  must  confess  to  having  rather  deceived 
the  reader.  All  the  things  I  have  said  were 
alike,  are  alike,  I  believe,  —  but  there  are 
also  differences.  I  am  not  sure  that  these  dif- 
ferences make  "  The  Ambassador  "  more  liter- 
ary, but  I  suspect  they  do  :  at  least,  I  am  pretty 
sure  that  they  made  "  The  Princess  and  the 
Butterfly  "  more  successful  on  the  stage. 

Take  the  dialogue :  there  is  much  that  is 
alike,  certainly.  But  here  are  two  passages 
coming  at  precisely  the  same  place  in  the  two 
plays,  the  place  where  the  middle-aged  man 
and  the  young  girl  have  just  arranged  matters. 
The  first  is  by  Mr.  Pinero. 

SIR  GEORGE:  I  have  loved  you  since  —  oh,  for  these 
many  days.  You  know  it. 

FAY,  almost  inaudibly  :  Yes. 

SIR  GEORGE:  You  —  you  —  you  return  my  love  ? 

FAY,  faintly :  You  know  it. 

SIR  GEORGE:  For  how  long  have  you  loved  me  ? 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


271 


FAY:  Since  —  for  these  many 
And  here  it  is  in  "  The  Ambassador  ": 

ST.  ORBYN:  I  want  to  tell  you  how  much  —  but  if  I 
could  say  how  much  it  would  be  little  —  I  love  you. 

JULIET  :  Why  ? 

ST.  ORBYN:  Because  you  are  pretty  .  .  .  and  yet 
that 's  not  the  reason  either. 

JULIET:  What,  then. 

ST.  ORBYN:  Because  you  are  honest  .  .  .  that 'snot 
the  reason  either. 

JULIET:     What?     Well,  guess  again  ! 

ST.  ORBYN:  Because  .  .  .  Oh,  Juliet,  it  is  because 
you  make  me  forget  the  reasons  why  ! 

JULIET:  Then  remember  the  reasons  why  not.  lam 
poor.  .  .  . 

ST.  ORBYN:  So  are  the  angels. 

JULIET:  And  then  .  .  . 

ST.  ORBYN:  Well,  dearest? 

JULIET:  .  .  You  make  me  forget  the  reasons  why  not. 

There  is  a  difference,  certainly :  there 's  not 
a  shadow  of  a  doubt  Mrs.  Craigie  is  the  more 
natural  and  (to  me)  more  charming ;  but  I 
rather  think  that  Mr.  Pinero  would  call  forth 
more  applause,  especially  when  he  repeats  his 
little  bit  with  a  slight  change  in  the  course  of 
a  minute. 

Then  as  to  the  characters.  I  spoke  of  the 
two  men  :  they  certainly  are  more  or  less  alike. 
But  the  two  women  :  as  certainly  they  are 
not.  Juliet  and  the  Princess  are  two  very  dif- 
ferent people.  It  is  rather  idle  to  try  to  ex- 
plain the  difference  to  any  purpose  in  short 
compass  and  without  quotation.  But  the  fact 
of  it  calls  our  attention  to  another  thing.  Mr. 
Pinero's  characters  are  all  more  or  less  built 
on  the  model  furnished  by  the  idea  of  his  play. 
They  are  people  on  whom  middle-age  works 
differently.  Thus,  one  is  a  woman  who  still 
loves  her  husband,  and  one  is  a  woman  who 
chiefly  loves  her  dinner.  Of  the  men,  one  re- 
mains young  in  middle-age,  or  would  like  to ; 
and  another  has  become  middle-aged  in  the 
midst  of  his  youth.  In  other  words,  the  charac- 
ters are  more  or  less  consistent  with  the  scheme, 
or  balanced  against  each  other,  but  not  espec- 
ially real.  Mrs.  Craigie's  characters  are  uncon- 
strained by  any  such  conventionalities,  and  are 
therefore,  other  things  being  equal,  rather  more 
life-like. 

And  then  as  to  plot :  the  two  are  truly  very 
much  alike,  but  Mrs.  Craigie's  is  much  the 
simpler.  In  "  The  Princess  and  the  Butterfly," 
Sir  George  has  a  ward  whom  he  thinks  is  the 
daughter  of  his  brother.  She  meanders  pic- 
turesquely through  the  play,  having  nothing  to 
do  with  it  until  Sir  George  finds  out  that  she 
is  not  his  brother's  daughter  but  the  daughter 
of  some  old  Italian,  having  been  changed  in  the 


cradle.  So  he  kisses  her,  and,  though  that  is 
not  his  intention  at  the  time,  falls  in  love  with 
her  afterwards.  Certainly  a  very  romantic  love- 
making  :  certainly  that  belongs  to  the  stage, 
no  one  would  claim  it  for  literature.  Then 
there  is  another  complication,  a  great  mix-up 
about  a  woman  of  shady  reputation  who  is  en- 
gaged to  a  deluded  young  Frenchman :  she 
goes  where  she  should  not,  and  there  is  a  quar- 
rel which  leads  to  a  duel,  and  the  deluded  man 
who  provokes  the  duel  becomes  good  and  mar- 
ries a  little  girl  who  is  only  in  the  play  to  be 
ready  for  him.  As  to  the  "  Ambassador,"  the 
only  complication  comes  to  nothing  by  the  reso- 
lute refusal  of  all  parties  to  suspect  each  other 
of  what  would  be  very  unlikely.  That  appeals 
to  me  :  I  like  it.  But  I  rather  think  the  com- 
plication would  do  better  on  the  stage :  it  gives 
more  "  go  "  to  the  business  to  have  Demailly 
throw  water  on  Sir  George,  and  to  have  Fay 
appear  in  harlequin's  clothes,  especially  when 
that  part  is  taken  by  a  lady  who  looks  well  in 
tights. 

So  I  think  "  The  Ambassador  "  is  the  more 
literary :  that  is,  it  contains  things  that  please 
me  more  as  I  read  the  plays  over  quietly  at 
home,  please  me  more  than  do  various  things 
about "  The  Princess  and  the  Butterfly."  Still, 
I  doubt  not  that  the  latter  play  was  the  more 
successful  on  the  stage  (at  any  rate,  it  was  suc- 
cessful enough  to  come  over  here,  as  "  The 
Ambassador  "  has  not  yet),  and  very  probably 
for  the  very  things  that  are  not  wholly  pleasing 
to  one  who  only  reads. 

In  the  Fifth  Reader,  or  perhaps  the  Fourth, 
there  used  to  be  a  tale  about  two  sculptors  who 
made  two  statues  to  go  up  and  be  set  on  a  very 
high  place.  The  reader  may  remember  it :  one 
statue  seemed  very  coarse  and  rude  till  it  got 
where  it  was  intended  to  be ;  the  other,  which 
was  very  charming  and  delicate  when  examined 
down  below,  lost  a  good  deal  when  it  was  put 
in  place.  1  think  it  is  the  same  thing  here. 
Mr.  Pinero  knows  the  stage  better  than  Mrs. 
Craigie  :  he  is  somewhat  conventional  and  con- 
fined, it  is  true,  but  he  must  know  the  stage. 
Ladies  wear  rouge  on  the  stage  and  put  black 
lines  under  their  eyes,  I  believe,  and  do  other 
things  that  would  not  render  them  attractive  in 
the  parlor  ;  and  so  do  the  men.  I  fancy  that 
it  may  be  that  some  of  these  things  that  we 
do  n't  like  about  Mr.  Pinero  may  be  necessary 
for  the  right  effect  across  the  footlights. 

But  the  others, —  the  delicacies,  the  delight- 
ful half-tones,  —  why  must  they  miss  their 
effect?  Why  can  they  never  be  put  rightly 


272 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


on  the  stage  ?  Why  can  they  get  no  farther 
than  to  be  realized  by  the  kindly  imagination  ? 
Why  should  we  not  like  them  when  we  saw  them 
in  real  flesh  and  blood?  Even  if  the  other 
things  be  necessary,  why  should  we  not  have 
these  too  ? 

Be  content,  my  dear  insatiable  ;  your  keenest 
pleasures,  your  most  delightful  half-minutes, — 
do  you  really  wish  to  share  them  with  the  mul- 
titude? EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 


A    ROUND-UP    OF    BOOKS    OF    THE   WAR.* 

If  students  of  history  smile  at  the  coloring  given 
the  facts  in  the  war  of  1812,  where  the  retreat  after 
Lundy's  Lane  is  converted  into  a  victory,  and  the 
sacking  of  York,  the  Canadian  capital,  is  omitted 
in  order  to  leave  the  British  without  reason  for  the 
reprisals  at  Washington,  they  will  frown  at  the  ex- 
posure of  national  weaknesses  which  make  up  most 
of  the  histories  of  the  war  with  Spain.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  intelligent  world  of  to-day  for  the  sen- 
timent "  My  country,  right  or  wrong,"  and  there 
should  be  no  place  for  the  sensation-mongering  with 
which  an  unscrupulous  press  is  now  contaminating 
our  books.  Of  the  many  volumes  relating  to  the  war 
which  have  come  from  the  pens  of  our  soldiers  and 
sailors,  there  is  little  complaint  to  be  made ;  they 
are  for  the  most  part  sober,  dignified,  intelligent, 


*  THE  "  MAINE  ":  An  Account  of  her  Destruction  in  Havana 
Harbor.  By  Charles  D.  Sigsbee.  New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

THE  SINKING  OF  THE  "  MERRIMAC."  By  Richmond  Pear- 
son Hobson.  New  York  :  The  Century  Co. 

THE  SANTIAGO  CAMPAIGN.  By  Joseph  Wheeler.  Boston : 
Lamson,  Wolffe  &  Co. 

THE  GATLING  GUN  DETACHMENT  AT  SANTIAGO.  By  John 
H.  Parker.  Kansas  City  :  The  Hudson- Kimberly  Publishing 
Company. 

IN  CUBA  WITH  SHAFTEK.  By  John  D.  Miley.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  FIGHT  FOR  SANTIAGO.  By  Stephen  Bonsai.  New 
York :  The  Donbleday  &  McClure  Co. 

THE  CUBAN  AND  PORTO  RICAN  CAMPAIGNS.  By  Richard 
Harding  Davis.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

OUR  NAVY  IN  THE  WAR  WITH  SPAIN.  By  John  R.  Spears. 
New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

WITH  SAMPSON  THROUGH  THE  WAR.  By  W.  A.  M.  Goode. 
New  York :  The  Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

CAMPAIGNING  IN  CUBA.  By  George  Kennan.  New  York : 
The  Century  Co. 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  ROUGH  RIDERS.  By  Edward  Marshall. 
New  York  :  The  G.  W.  Dillingham  Co. 

CANNON  AND  CAMERA.  By  John  C.  Hemment.  New  York: 
D.  Appleton  &  Co. 

THE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAR.  By  Eye- Witnesses.  Chi- 
cago :  Herbert  S.  Stone  &  Co. 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  PHILIPPINES.  By  Murat  Halstead. 
Chicago  :  The  Dominion  Company. 

A  SHORT  HISTORY  OF  THE  WAR  WITH  SPAIN.  By  Mar- 
rion  Wilcox.  New  York  :  The  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  WAR  WITH  SPAIN.  By  Charles  Morris.  Philadelphia  : 
The  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

FIGHTING  FOR  HUMANITY  ;  or,  Camp  and  Quarter-Deck. 
By  Oliver  O.  Howard.  New  York  :  F.  Tennyson  Neely. 


impartial,  and  painstaking.  Of  others  prepared  by 
civilians,  whether  in  or  out  of  the  field,  most  of  those 
hewed  out  by  the  swords  of  fighting  journalists 
add  new  terrors  —  of  slander,  untruth,  partiality, 
suppression  of  vital  facts,  and  vituperation  —  to 
what,  in  General  Sherman's  profoundly  truthful 
phrase,  was  already  Hell.  It  is  hardly  needful  to 
repeat  here  the  fact,  patent  to  everyone  who  glances 
at  any  of  these  volumes,  that  they  are  the  raw  ma- 
terial of  history  rather  than  history  itself,  the  pro- 
toplasm from  which  time  and  patient  study  shall 
eventually  bring  something  organic.  So  far,  there 
appears  to  be  hardly  a  suspicion  of  sources  of 
information  outside  of  our  own  country  which  must 
be  consulted  to  insure  accuracy  of  statement;  and  the 
prevailing  assumption  that  there  can  be  no  other 
side  to  a  controversy  in  which  the  United  States 
is  a  party,  is  the  final  proof  that  these  volumes  are 
largely  tentative  and  ephemeral. 

If  there  is  any  general  fault  in  the  books  written 
by  the  various  officers  of  our  army  and  navy,  it  is 
that  they  are  too  long.  Captain  Sigsbee's  account 
of  the  destruction  of  the  "  Maine,"  for  example, 
could  have  been  kept  in  half  the  space.  There  is 
in  this  work,  too,  an  assumption  of  Spanish  guilt 
which  is  not  justified  by  tbe  facts  which  have  so  far 
come  to  light,  however  strongly  it  may  be  inferred ; 
and  there  is  a  notable  lack  of  information  from  that 
side,  though  it  was  at  hand  and  available.  But  the 
story  of  the  sinking  of  the  great  battleship  has  much 
merit  as  a  bit  of  literary  work.  This  is  quite  as 
true  of  Lieutenant  Hobson's  personal  narrative  of 
the  sinking  of  the  "  Merrimac,"  in  spite  of  his  lack 
of  reserve  in  describing  the  actual  submergence  of 
the  vessel.  But  he  dwells  too  long  upon  the  minor 
matters  of  his  imprisonment,  making  an  anti-climax 
in  spite  of  the  thrilling  scenes  attending  his  return 
to  his  own  flag.  Had  there  been  judicious  suppres- 
sion in  the  account  of  his  detention  by  Spain,  the 
book  would  be  nearly  perfect ;  even  as  it  is,  it  de- 
serves wide  circulation.  If  other  naval  officers  can 
write  half  as  well  as  these  two,  it  is  a  pity  that  they 
are  so  ill-represented  in  our  literature. 

Major-General  Joseph  Wheeler  has  limited  him- 
self to  a  bare  —  almost  bald  —  statement  of  fact, 
and  to  a  reproduction  of  official  reports  from  his 
own  papers  and  those  of  his  superiors  and  subordi- 
nates. His  book  on  "  The  Santiago  Campaign  "  is 
interesting  in  spite  of  this,  and  will  increase  in  value 
with  the  years.  Lieutenant  John  H.  Parker  was 
not  only  in  command  of  "  The  Gatlings  at  Santiago," 
but  it  was  due  to  him  that  there  were  any  Gatlings 
there.  What  he  has  to  say  of  machine-guns  in  the 
battle-line,  and  of  their  effect  when  opposed  to  artil- 
lery, is  of  real  importance.  Had  all  our  officers 
been  possessed  of  a  tithe  of  Lieutenant  Parker's  zeal 
and  intelligence  there  would  have  been  fewer  mis- 
takes. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Miley  served  as  aide-decamp 
to  the  general  commanding  the  expedition  against 
Santiago,  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  war. 
His  book,  "  In  Cuba  with  Shafter,"  has  therefore 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


273 


all  the  intimacy  of  a  personal  narrative  and  much 
of  the  importance  of  an  official  document.  Bather 
with  this  and  the  foregoing  books  than  with  those 
of  the  professional  journalists  and  compilers  is  to  be 
ranked  Mr.  Stephen  Bonsai's  account  of  "The  Fight 
for  Santiago."  All  of  these  show  General  Shatter 
to  be  a  patient,  hard-working,  thoughtful  man,  who, 
till  he  succumbed  to  illness  which  deserves  pity 
rather  than  abuse,  was  doing  the  best  he  possibly 
could  do  under  extreme  disadvantages  which  were 
by  no  means  of  his  making. 

It  is  well  to  remind  the  public  here  that  the  losses 
by  sickness  and  mismanagement  before  Santiago 
were  due  chiefly  to  the  deliberate  inattention  of  Con- 
gress, for  many  years,  to  the  needs  of  both  army  and 
navy.  That  preparation  for  war  in  the  face  of  war 
is  not  only  the  least  efficient  but  the  most  expen- 
sive preparation,  has  assuredly  been  clearly  demon- 
strated ;  but  so  great  is  the  inertia  of  our  people,  that 
the  new  Congress  will  probably  be  found  quite  as 
incompetent  to  give  us  the  skill  and  practice  so  sadly 
needed  as  these  which  have  now  left  their  shameful 
record  behind.  The  evils  of  the  spoils  system,  in 
which  Congressmen  from  both  houses  played  an  unen- 
viable part,  the  unwillingness  of  the  Administration 
to  accept  war  as  a  probability  or  to  stand  out  against 
an  apportionment  of  military  offices  among  mere 
politicians  when  there  were  trained  soldiers  kept  in 
idleness,  the  favoritism  in  the  navy  which  has  led 
to  such  unnecessary  wrangling  and  dispute, —  these 
are  matters  for  the  dispassionate  hand  of  time  to  set 
down  without  fear  and  without  malice.  The  thou- 
sands of  ruined  lives  resulting  from  the  expeditions 
in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico  were  offered  up  on  an  altar 
of  national  ignorance  and  indifference  erected  long 
before  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  —  an  altar  which 
has  not  yet  been  thrown  down. 

In  the  face  of  these  facts,  and  in  the  face  of  the 
books  which  have  already  been  mentioned,  it  is  im- 
possible to  acquit  Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis  and 
Mr.  John  R.  Spears  of  malice.  In  "  The  Cuban 
and  Porto  Rican  Campaigns,"  the  former  is  fairly 
scurrillous  in  his  attacks  upon  General  Shaf  ter,  while 
he  exalts  General  Miles  to  a  point  which  forces  him 
to  omit  all  mention  of  the  illness  which  fell  upon 
the  soldiers  in  Porto  Rico,  though  every  whit  as 
severe  and  extensive  as  that  in  Cuba ;  while  Mr. 
Spears,  in  "  Our  Navy  in  the  War  with  Spain," 
makes  a  similar  attack  upon  Commodore  Schley,  at 
the  same  time  apotheosizing  Admiral  Sampson. 
Both  journalists  suppress  and  distort  the  facts  to 
suit  their  ends,  and  both  have  written  books  which 
are  to  be  classed  as  fiction  rather  than  sober  history. 

It  may  be  well  to  add  here  that  the  insinuations 
of  cowardice  which  are  made  against  Shafter  and 
Schley  respectively  are  unsupported  by  any  facts. 
In  respect  of  Admiral  Schley  and  Admiral  Sampson, 
it  must  be  remembered  that  both  had  served  their 
country  faithfully  and  without  reproach  up  to  the 
opening  of  the  war  with  Spain,  when  Sampson  was 
placed  in  command  of  one  who  was  his  senior  and 
had  been  his  superior  officer  during  the  War  of  the 


Rebellion.  There  both  officers  behaved  as  Amer- 
ican sailors  have  always  behaved,  though  Sampson 
had  the  ill  luck  to  lose  the  ship  on  which  he  was 
executive  officer,  the  monitor  "  Petapsco,"  in 
Charleston  harbor,  a  fact  which  may  be  looked  for 
in  vain  in  Mr.  Spears's  "  History  of  Our  Navy." 
Since  the  war,  Sampson  has  presided  over  the  des- 
tinies of  the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis  with 
dignity  and  decorum,  has  aided  materially  in  bring- 
ing our  ordnance  to  the  point  of  efficiency  shown  in 
this  war  when  in  charge  of  the  Ordnance  Depart- 
ment, and,  as  Mr.  Spears  reminds  us,  has  written 
an  admirable  paper  on  "  The  Naval  Defence  of 
Our  Coast."  Nothing  is  said  of  Schley's  remark- 
able record,  but  it  might  have  been  told  that  he  has 
landed  blue- jackets  in  Central  America,  in  Corea, 
and  in  the  Cho-Sen  Islands  ;  has  cleared  up  the  dif- 
ficulties with  Chile  ;  has  rescued  the  Greeley  expe- 
dition to  the  North  Pole,  —  in  short,  has  been  in 
active  and  continuous  service,  doing  deeds  rather 
than  writing  essays  or  conducting  experiments.  It 
is  not,  then,  the  records  of  the  two  men  which  gave 
Sampson  the  position  of  commanding  officer  which 
availed  him  so  little,  as  Mr.  Spears  disingenuously 
suggests. 

Mr.  Goode,  who  was  "  With  Sampson  through 
the  War  "  as  correspondent  of  the  Associated  Press, 
is  a  little  fairer  than  Mr.  Spears  and  not  quite  so 
fond.  His  praise  does  not  lack  discrimination,  but 
his  partisanship  is  nevertheless  complete.  He  sup- 
presses, for  example,  all  mention  of  the  dispatch 
from  Sampson  ordering  Schley  to  hold  his  fleet  off 
Santiago ;  and,  following  Sampson  again,  he  regards 
Schley's  obedience  to  this  order  to  be  reprehensible. 
This  is  the  more  unpardonable,  because  Admiral 
Sampson  has  evidently  supplied  the  writer  with  most 
of  his  material,  including  a  chapter  of  his  own.  Mr. 
Goode,  too,  has  his  quarrel  with  Shafter,  evidently 
by  way  of  retribution  for  the  General's  criticism  of 
the  Navy.  Yet  the  work  shows  painstaking,  even 
to  the  extent  of  drawing  upon  the  Spanish  for 
information. 

"Campaigning  in  Cuba,"  Mr.  George  Kennan's 
account  of  services  performed  in  connection  with 
the  Red  Cross  Society,  is  a  vivid  picture  of  suffer- 
ing and  hardship,  ameliorated  in  a  considerable  de- 
gree by  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Kennan  and  his  associates. 
The  book,  commendable  in  almost  all  respects,  is 
injured  by  the  persistency  with  which  references  to 
Siberian  matters  are  dragged  in,  and  far  more  by 
a  determination  to  hold  General  Shafter  responsible 
for  all  the  calamities  which  fell  under  the  writer's 
vision  among  the  American  soldiers.  Both  Colonel 
Miley  and  Lieutenant  Parker  disprove  Mr.  Ken- 
nan's  statement  that  the  lack  of  surgical  attendance 
was  due  to  the  commanding  general. 

The  vivid  account  of  "  The  Rough  Riders  "  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  Edward  Marshall,  the  newspaper 
correspondent  who  achieved  the  distinction  of  being 
severely  wounded  while  joining  in  a  charge,  is  well 
worth  reading,  filled  as  it  is  with  dramatic  pictures 
by  an  eye-witness  of  the  exciting  events  in  the  ca- 


274 


THE    DIAL, 


[April  16, 


reer  of  that  famous  regiment.  As  is  perhaps  inevit- 
able in  such  a  book,  it  lacks  a  sense  of  proportion. 
Without  in  the  least  reflecting  upon  the  character  of 
the  work  done  by  that  excellent  volunteer  organiza- 
tion, there  is  here  accorded  a  meed  of  praise  which 
is  surpassing  in  both  quantity  and  quality.  It  is  well 
to  remember  that  not  less  than  a  thousand  volunteer 
regiments,  both  North  and  South,  were  equally  instant 
in  performing  their  duty  as  they  understood  it  dur- 
ing the  Civil  War.  Let  us  not  forget  that  we  laughed 
at  battles  like  Caney  and  San  Juan  when  the  Cubans 
and  Spaniards  were  fighting  two  years  or  so  ago, 
and  that  some  notion  of  relative  values  must  be  pre- 
served or  Gettysburg  and  the  Wilderness  will  take 
on  the  dimensions  of  skirmishes.  Mr.  Marshall,  too, 
has  something  to  urge  against  Shafter,  which  rests 
more  upon  his  mere  averment  than  upon  any  facts 
he  chooses  to  relate. 

The  books  remaining  are  of  lesser  moment,  though 
having  value  as  repositories  of  material.  Mr.  John 
C.  Hemment  is  an  expert  photographer  whose  zeal 
carried  him  not  only  to  Santiago  but  into  the  firing- 
line  in  search  of  subjects  for  his  camera.  To  him 
are  due  many  of  the  pictures  that  have  given  those 
at  home  so  vivid  a  conception  of  the  war,  and  it  is 
in  these  pictures  that  the  interest  of  his  "  Cannon 
and  Camera"  chiefly  lies.  Another  abundantly 
illustrated  book  is  "  The  Spanish- American  War  by 
Eye-Witnesses,"  compiled  from  original  sources, 
chiefly  the  daily  press.  It  is  episodic,  but  of  much 
interest,  the  materials  being  well  chosen.  Mr. 
Murat  Halstead  describes  the  battle  of  Manila  in 
"The  Story  of  the  Philippines,"  styling  himself 
"Historian  of  the  Philippine  Expedition."  His 
voluminous  work  is  encyclopaedic  in  its  scope,  but 
with  neither  alphabetical  arrangement  nor  index. 
It  also  is  illustrated. 

"  A  Short  History  of  the  War  with  Spain,"  the 
work  of  Mr.  Marrion  Wilcox,  is  an  agreeable  dis- 
appointment, being  fair,  comprehensive,  succinct, 
and,  considering  the  material  at  hand  when  it  was 
put  forth,  accurate.  "  The  War  with  Spain,"  by 
Mr.  Charles  Morris,  is  written  down  to  the  many, 
is  filled  with  errors,  and  will  be  a  real  grief  to  those 
who  welcomed  his  compendium  of  facts  relating  to 
our  navy.  General  0.  0.  Howard,  in  "  Fighting  for 
Humanity,"  confines  himself  to  the  means  taken  for 
the  christianization  of  American  soldiers  and  sailors, 
and  his  book  is  of  religious  rather  than  warlike  inter- 
est. It  will  supply  some  interesting  paragraphs  to 
the  future  historian. 

Though  the  war  itself  was  waged  with  the  wea- 
pons of  civilization,  the  controversies  which,  have 
attended  its  close  have  the  savor  of  those  ill-smelling 
contrivances  still  in  use,  we  believe,  among  the  Chi- 
nese. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  unseemly  partisanship 
in  respect  of  such  dissensions  may  give  way  to  a 
spirit  of  reform,  —  turning  our  national  energies  to 
the  prevention  of  future  scandals  rather  than  to  the 
reanimation  of  issues  which  need  nothing  so  much 
as  decent  burial.  JOHN  j,  CuLVER. 


RECENT  POETRY.* 


The  "  Wessex  Poems  and  Other  Verses  "  of  Mr. 
Thomas  Hardy  display  much  rugged  strength  and 
an  occasional  flash  of  beauty,  but  they  are  evidently 
nothing  more  than  the  literary  diversions  of  a  man 
who  has  cast  his  best  intellectual  effort  in  other 
moulds  of  expression.  Yet  at  moments  they  exhibit 
qualities  that  almost  persuade  us  a  true  poet  was 
lost  when  Mr.  Hardy  became  a  novelist.  Some- 
times it  is  merely  a  haunting  phrase,  such  as  "  at 
mothy  curfew-tide,"  that  arrests  our  attention ;  at 
others  it  is  a  longer  passage  of  striking  power,  such 
a  passage,  for  example,  as  this  from  the  lines  ad- 
dressed "to  a  lady  offended  by  a  book  of  the 
writer's  ": 

"  So  be  it.     I  have  borne  such.    Let  thy  dreams 
Of  me  and  mine  diminish  day  by  day, 
And  yield  their  place  to  shine  of  smugger  things  ; 
Till  I  shape  to  thee  but  in  fitful  gleams, 
And  then  in  far  and  feeble  visitings, 
And  then  surcease.    Truth  will  be  truth  alway." 

Sometimes,  again,  although  rarely,  it  is  an  entire 
poem,  such  as  "  Heiress  and  Architect,"  perhaps  the 
strongest  of  all  Mr.  Hardy's  pieces,  too  long  to 
quote,  and  too  compactly  knit  to  bear  dismember- 
ment. But  we  may  find  space  for  "  Nature's  Ques- 
tioning," which  contains  the  essence  of  the  poet's 
message. 

"  When  I  look  forth  at  dawning,  pool, 

Field,  flock,  and  lonely  tree, 

All  seem  to  look  at  me 
Like  chastened  children  sitting  silent  in  a  school ; 

"Their  faces  dulled,  constrained,  and  worn, 

As  though  the  master's  ways 

Through  the  long  teaching  days 
Their  first  terrestrial  zest  had  chilled  and  overborne. 


*  WESSEX  POEMS,  and  Other  Verses.  By  Thomas  Hardy. 
New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

SONGS  AND  MEDITATIONS.  By  Maurice  Hewlett.  New 
York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

THE  SHADOWS  OF  THE  TREES,  and  Other  Poems.  By 
Robert  Burns  Wilson.  New  York :  R.  H.  Russell. 

POEMS.  By  Philip  Henry  Savage.  Boston :  Copeland  & 
Day. 

THE  DREAM  BEAUTIFUL,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Charles 
Hamilton  Musgrove.  Louisville :  John  P.  Morton  &  Co. 

A  BOOKLET  OF  VERSE.  By  William  Norman  Guthrie. 
Cincinnati :  The  Robert  Clarke  Co. 

BENEATH  BLUE  SKIES  AND  GRAY.  Poems  by  Ingram 
Crockett.  New  York :  R.  H.  Russell. 

ALONG  THE  TRAIL.  A  Book  of  Lyrics.  By  Richard  Hovey. 
Boston :  Small,  Maynard  &  Co. 

FOR  TRUTH  AND  FREEDOM.  Poems  of  Commemoration. 
By  Armistead  C.  Gordon.  Staunton,  Va.:  Albert  Shultz. 

SONGS  OF  GOOD  FIGHTING.  By  Eugene  R.  White.  Boston : 
Lamson,  Wolffe  &  Co. 

THE  WAYFARERS.  By  Josephine  Preston  Peabody.  Boston: 
Copeland  &  Day. 

THE  SONG  OF  STRADELLA,  and  Other  Songs.  By  Anna 
Gannon.  Philadelphia:  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

THE  IMMORTALS.  By  Martha  Perry  Lowe.  Boston :  The 
Botolph  Book  Co. 

SOME  VERSES.  By  Helen  Hay.  Chicago:  Herbert  S. 
Stone  &  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


275 


"  And  on  them  stirs,  in  lippings  mere 

(As  if  once  clear  in  call, 

But  now  scarce  breathed  at  all)  — 
'  We  wonder,  ever  wonder,  why  we  find  us  here. 

"  '  Has  some  Vast  Imbecility, 

Mighty  to  build  and  blend, 

But  impotent  to  tend, 
Framed  us  in  jest,  and  left  us  now  to  hazardry  ? 

"  '  Or  come  we  of  an  Automaton 

Unconscious  of  our  pains  ?  .  .  . 

Or  are  we  live  remains 
Of  Godhead  dying  downwards,  brain  and  eye  now  gone  ? 

"'  Or  is  it  that  some  high  Plan  betides, 

As  yet  not  understood, 

Of  Evil  stormed  by  Good, 
We  the  Forlorn  Hope  over  which  Achievement  strides  ? ' 

"  Thus  things  around.    No  answerer  I  .  .  . 

Meanwhile  the  winds,  and  rains, 

And  Earth's  old  glooms  and  pains 
Are  still  the  same,  and  gladdest  Life  Death  neighbors  nigh." 

This  is  one  of  the  undated,  and  presumably  later, 
poems  ;  its  pessimism  is  that  of  "  Tess  "  and  "  Jude 
the  Obscure."  But  a  similar  note  is  struck  in  several 
pieces  that  bear  the  date  1866,  which  shows  that 
Mr.  Hardy  has  consistently  maintained  the  same 
attitude  toward  the  fundamental  problems  of  exist- 
ence. More  than  thirty  years  ago  he  could  pen  such 
verses  as  these : 

"  How  arrives  it  joy  lies  slain, 
And  why  unblooms  the  best  hope  ever  sown  ? 
Crass  Casualty  obstructs  the  sun  and  rain, 
And  dicing  Time  for  gladness  casts  a  moan  .  .  . 
These  purblind  doomsters  had  as  readily  strown 
Blisses  about  my  pilgrimage  as  pain." 

Of  the  "  Wessex  poems  "  proper  we  have  said  noth- 
ing, for  they  form  the  least  interesting  part  of  the 
collection.  But  there  must  be  at  least  one  word  of 
mention  for  the  simple  and  appropriate  sketches 
made  by  the  author  himself  to  illustrate  his  poems. 
Mr.  Maurice  Hewlett's  "  Songs  and  Meditations  " 
are  dated  more  than  two  years  back,  but  the  vol- 
ume which  contains  them  has  only  recently  been 
sent  us  for  review,  an  occurrence  which  we  doubt- 
less owe  to  the  large  measure  of  popularity  so  de- 
servedly won  by  Mr.  Hewlett's  prose  romance  of 
last  year.  These  poems  are  all  that  we  should  expect 
from  the  author  of  "  The  Forest  Lovers "  and 
"  Earthwork  out  of  Tuscany."  They  have  a  dis- 
tinction of  manner  and  of  phrase  that  is  almost 
unfailing,  and  that  at  one  moment  suggests  Mr. 
Henley,  at  another  Patmore,  and  at  still  another 
our  own  Emerson.  Yet  no  one  could  fairly  charge 
Mr.  Hewlett  with  being  imitative,  for  his  utterance 
is  distinctly  his  own,  as  this  "  Dirge  "  witnesses : 

"How  should  my  lord  come  home  to  his  lands? 
Alas  for  my  lord,  so  brown  and  strong ! 
A  lean  cross  in  his  folded  hands, 
And  a  daw  to  croak  him  a  resting  song. 

"  And  in  autumn  tide  when  the  leaves  fall  down, 
And  wet  falls  as  they  fall,  drip  by  drip, 
My  lord  lies  wan  that  was  once  so  brown, 
And  the  frost  cometh  to  wither  his  lip. 

"  My  lord  is  white  as  the  morning  mist, 
And  his  eyes  ring'd  like  the  winter  moon  : 
And  I  will  come  as  soon  as  ye  list  — 
O  love,  it  is  time  ?    May  the  time  be  soon !  " 


Here,  in  a  very  different  measure,  is  an  utterance 
even  more  original : 

"  Man  is  a  cage  of  pain, 
His  thought  is  a  pure  thin  fire 
That  beateth  against  the  bars 
And  bonds  of  his  grosser  part, 
Astrain  for  the  sky.    And  behold 
The  flame  roareth  and  rendeth, 
And  the  war  nor  stayeth  nor  endeth ! 

"  Then  at  last  when  the  bars 
Of  the  body  shatter'd  and  torn 
Cleave  asunder,  the  flame 
Winneth  the  bitter  stars 
(Keener  than  scimitars), 
And  man  lieth  prone  in  shame : 
Better  not  to  be  born ! " 

The  elusive  charm  of  such  a  poem  as  "  Artemision  " 
is  not  to  be  described,  but  the  pleasure  of  feeling  it 
is  within  the  reach  of  every  reader. 

"  Now  Winter  stealeth  out  like  a  white  nun, 
Cloaking  her  face  behind  her  icy  fingers, 
And  men  each  day  look  longer  at  the  Sun, 
While  late  and  later  yet  the  sweet  light  lingers. 

"  Fast  by  the  hedgerows,  bit  by  gales  of  March, 
A  chaplet  for  thy  brows  of  delicate  leaves  — 
Tendrils  of  briony,  ruby  tufts  of  larch, 
Wood  sorrel,  crocus  pale,  the  New  Year  weaves. 

"Yet  is  thy  smile  half  wintry,  as  forlorn 

To  view  thy  state  too  solemn  for  thy  years, 
And  half  amazed  as  a  flower's,  late  born, 
And  not  more  quick  for  pleasure  than  for  tears. 

"Thy  month  austere  telleth  thy  cloistral  fashion : 
March  frost  thy  pride  is,  March  wind  thy  pent  passion." 

We  miss  from  this  volume  a  very  beautiful  sonnet 
upon  the  Botticelli  Madonna  of  the  Uffizii,  published 
in  "  The  Athenaeum  "  several  years  ago. 

Nature  and  the  soul  of  man,  the  solace  of  the 
one  for  the  doubts  and  perplexities  of  the  other  — 
these  are  the  intertwined  themes  of  Mr.  Robert 
Burns  Wilson's  volume  called  "  The  Shadows  of  the 
Trees."  This  closing  stanza  of  "  A  Walk  with  a 
Child  "  may  be  taken  as  a  highly  characteristic  ex- 
ample of  Mr.  Wilson's  work  : 

"  Come,  I  will  cast  this  cloak  of  care  aside, 
And  break  the  world's  false  armour  from  my  breast : 
His  kingdom,  from  thine  eyes,  God  doth  not  hide ; 
Come,  we  together,  will  go  forth  to  rest, 
Somewhere  —  secure  —  wrapped  in  the  sacred  dream 

Which  haply,  waiteth  still, 
Close  nestled  in  the  hollow  of  yon  hill 
Amidst  the  drifting  leaves.    There  shall  the  wild 
And  inarticulate  whisperings,  once  more, 
Speak,  with  unlying  tongues.    Once  more  the  stream 
Shall  sing  of  beauty  which  remaineth  ever : 
No  more  shall  bitter  tears  for  lost  endeavour 
Be  known  to  us.    All  things  that  should  have  been, 
Shall  vex  us  not.    Thy  steps  shall  go  before 
Towards  God's  kingdom.    On  the  hidden  door 
Thy  hand  shall  knock,  and  we  shall  enter  in." 

The  final  philosophy  of  the  poet  finds  its  best  ex- 
pression in  this  stanza  from  "  Dust  and  Ashes  ": 
"  There  be  but  two  things  which  the  soul  may  find 
On  this  sad  earth,  and,  finding,  should  hold  fast, — 

The  soul  of  beauty,  which  dwells  in  the  mind 
And  hence  in  all  things,  for  all  things  are  cast 
In  our  soul's  proper  measure  ;  and  the  last 

And  best  is  love ;  love  truly  can  repay 


276 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


The  heart's  full  sacrifice,  for  love,  being  past 

Leaves  something  with  us  that  no  fate  can  slay ; 
And  if  love  linger  till  the  end  be  here, 
What  cause  have  we  for  sorrow  then,  what  cause  for  fear  ?  " 

These  two  quotations  afford  sufficient  evidence  of 
the  fact  that  Mr.  Wilson's  poetry  is  out  of  the  com- 
mon, that  it  displays  a  deeper  passion  and  a  finer 
gift  than  most  minor  singers  have  at  their  command. 
We  should  like  to  enforce  this  proposition  by  nu- 
merous further  extracts,  but  space  forbids  more  than 
one  other,  a  stanza  from  the  poem  which  asks  a 
question  that  often  before  this  has  put  a  too  com- 
placent optimism  to  shame. 

"  Would  we  return 

If  love's  enchantment  held  the  heart  no  more, 
And  we  had  come  to  count  the  wild,  sweet  pain, 
The  fond  distress,  the  lavish  tears,  but  vain ; 
Had  cooled  the  heart's  hot  wounds  amidst  the  roar 
Of  mountain  gales,  or,  on  some  alien  shore 
Worn  out  the  soul's  long  anguish,  and  had  slain 
The  dragon  of  despair ;  if  then  the  train 
Of  vanished  years  came  back,  and,  as  of  yore, 
The  same  voice  called,  and,  with  soft  eyes  beguiling, 
Our  lost  love  beckoned,  through  time's  grey  veil  smiling, 
Would  we  return  ?  " 

One  thing,  and  one  only,  about  Mr.  Wilson's  vol- 
ume we  regret.  We  find  among  the  contents  a 
battle  song  called  "  Remember  the  Maine."  The 
sooner  that  discreditable  phase  of  last  year's  war  is 
forgotten,  the  better  it  will  be  for  bur  national 
reputation. 

The  "  Poems  "  of  Mr.  Philip  Henry  Savage  are, 
for  the  most  part,  trifling  and  fanciful,  although  the 
light  touch  of  the  writer  sometimes  sounds  a  chord 
of  deep  feeling,  as  in  these  lines : 

"  This  crystal  sapphire  of  the  sky 
Is  saner  far  than  you  and  I, 
Who  in  our  passions  and  our  dreams 
Gun  ever  more  to  wild  extremes. 

"  The  pure  perfection  of  the  sea 
Lies  not  in  mirth  and  tragedy ; 
But  like  the  silence  of  the  snows 
In  breadth  of  beauty  and  repose. 

u  God  give  one  moment,  ere  we  die, 
As  crystal  clear  as  the  blue  sky, 
Serene  as  ocean,  white  as  snow, 
And  glowing  as  the  heavens  glow." 

Mr.  Savage  is  often  happy  in  his  form  of  expres- 
sion, but  not  often  as  happy  as  this. 

"  The  Dream  Beautiful,"  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Musgrove, 
is  a  small  and  not  unpleasing  volume  of  a  conven- 
tional sort  of  verse.  We  are  glad  to  reproduce 
"  Cain,  or  Christ?  "  two  quatrains  written  for  Easter 
of  last  year,  which  express  what  so  many  thousands 
were  feeling  at  that  time. 

"  Athwart  the  blazing  ramparts  of  the  day 

The  white- robed  hosts  of  peace  come  hand  in  hand, 
White  palms  and  lilies  strew  the  joyous  way, 
And  Christ,  the  risen  King,  smiles  o'er  the  land. 

"  Behind  the  sullen  fortress  of  the  night 

Cain's  armed  legions  wait  with  feverish  breath, 
While  high  above  them,  lost  to  mortal  sight, 
Hover  the  black  and  steadfast  wings  of  Death." 

Mr.  William  Norman  Guthrie  has  approved  him- 
self an  essayist  of  sobriety  and  force,  but  he  has  not 


acquired  freedom  of  motion  when  hampered  by  the 
restriction  of  rhyme  and  rhythm.  Such  lines  as 
these  — 

"  Dear  moon.    So  white,  so  swift. 
That  fliest  from  cloud  to  cloud 
Athwart  each  starry  drift,  — 

How  haughty  and  virgin-browed ! 
There  clings  about  thy  form 
A  circle  of  hallowed  light. 
It  glides,  and  hides  the  swarm 
Of  stars  that  would  hide  thy  flight "  — 

are  of  the  best  that  we  can  find  in  "  A  Booklet  of 
Verse,"  a  modest  publication  just  put  forth  by  Mr. 
Guthrie. 

Mr.  Crockett's  volume  of  lyrics  called  "  Beneath 
Blue  Skies  and  Gray  "  is  one  to  be  read  with  con- 
siderable pleasure,  although  the  measures  are  some- 
what cloying  in  their  sweetness,  and  a  few  senti- 
ments receive  so  much  reiteration  as  to  grow 
monotonous.  The  poet's  inspiration  comes  almost 
wholly  from  natural  beauty,  which  clearly  means  a 
great  deal  to  him.  His  observation,  too,  seems  usu- 
ally to  have  been  faithful,  although  we  cannot  at 
all  understand  him  when  he  writes  of 

"  The  creek,  where  liriodendrons  tall, 
Lift  high  their  golden  cups," 

and  we  are  doubtful  of  the  sense  in  which  he  means 
us  to  take  the  forced  figure  in 

"  The  mocking-bird  is  joyous  there 
In  wild  parabolas  of  song." 

His   best   may    be   illustrated   by   this  sonnet   to 

"  October." 

"  Dim  are  the  emeralds  of  dead  Summer's  crown, 
And  to  her  throne,  where  rubies  flash  and  glow, 
October  comes  with  queenly  step  and  slow, 
Pale  asters  braided  in  her  tresses  brown. 
The  blue  curled  banners  of  the  mist  hang  down, 
The  milkweed  bolls  are  white  with  silken  snow, 
The  thistle's  silver  argosies  out-blow, 
And  insect  voices  chant  their  Queen's  renown. 
With  tender  eyes  of  happy,  dreamful  light 
She  looks  abroad  on  spreading  fallow  lands, 
On  soft  gray  skies  and  wooded  hillsides  bright, 
The  aged  Year's  offering  in  her  outstretched  hands  : 
The  partridge  pipes  a  welcome  —  leaping  white 
The  brook  sings  welcome  from  its  leaf -strewn  sands." 

Some  pretentious  occasional  poems,  in  which  the 
note  is  too  forced  to  be  altogether  pleasant,  a  group 
of  love  songs  and  sonnets,  often  prettily  done,  but 
never  more  than  that ;  and  a  few  pieces  suggested 
by  the  war  with  Spain,  form  the  chief  contents  of 
Mr.  Hovey's  lyrical  collection  called  "  Along  the 
Trail."  The  things  last  mentioned  come  first  in 
the  volume,  and,  being  mostly  sound  and  fury,  do 
not  predispose  to  a  favorable  judgment  of  what  is 
to  follow.  It  is  claimed,  we  believe,  that  the  phrase 
"Remember  the  Maine,"  as  it  occurs  in  one  of 
these  pieces,  is  Mr.  Hovey's  own.  If  so,  we  wish 
him  joy  of  it,  and  of  the  ignoble  uses  to  which  it 
has  been  put.  We  will  illustrate  his  better  work  by 
means  of  the  following  sonnet : 

"  My  love  for  you  dies  many  times  a  year, 

And  a  new  love  is  monarch  in  his  place. 

Love  must  grow  weary  of  the  fairest  face  ; 
The  fondest  heart  must  fail  to  hold  him  near. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


For  love  is  born  of  wonder,  kin  to  fear  — 

Things  grown  familiar  lose  the  sweet  amaze  ; 

Grown  to  their  measure,  love  must  turn  his  gaze 
To  some  new  splendor,  some  diviner  sphere. 
But  in  the  blue  night  of  your  endless  soul 

New  stars  globe  ever  as  the  old  are  scanned  ; 
Goal  where  love  will,  you  reach  a  farther  goal, 
And  the  new  love  is  ever  love  of  you. 
Love  needs  a  thousand  loves,  forever  new, 

And  finds  them  —  in  the  hollow  of  your  hand." 

A  set  of  translations  from  MaHamae"  are  about  the 
most  successful  things  in  Mr.  Hovey's  new  volume. 
They  have  no  lasting  value  as  poetry,  but  neither 
have  their  originals,  and  they  do  reproduce  some- 
thing of  the  striking  verbal  effects  at  which  the 
poet  chiefly  aimed. 

The  pamphlet  into  which  Mr.  Armistead  C.  Gor- 
don has  gathered  a  group  of  four  occasional  and 
memorial  poems  is  so  slight  a  thing  in  appearance 
that  it  might  easily  be  overlooked.  We  are  glad  to 
call  attention  to  it,  for  the  quality  of  the  verse  is 
of  a  higher  order  than  is  usual  in  such  productions, 
and  is  inspired  by  a  deeper  sentiment.  In  its  mem- 
ories of  the  War,  this  verse  is  strongly  Southern 
(or  rather  Virginian)  in  its  sympathies.  Here  is  a 
stanza,  good  as  a  whole,  and  made  peculiarly  im- 
pressive by  the  poignant  pathos  of  the  closing  verse : 

"  When  came  the  bitter  end,  the  bugle  blew 

Its  last  sad  note,  that  brought  the  blinding  tears 
Down  wasted  cheeks  from  eyes  that  only  knew 
Honor  and  Death  through  all  the  weary  years. 
The  long  hard  fight  was  done ; 
Silenced  was  every  gun ; 
And  what  we  lost,  e'en  now  they  do  not  dream,  who  won." 

One  of  the  poems  was  written  for  the  University  of 
Virginia,  and  contains  this  fine  tribute  to  the  mem- 
ory of  its  founder. 

"  One  name,  before  which  none  in  all  time  ever 
Hath  been  or  shall  be,  shining  there  is  writ :  — 

Worker  of  Revolutions,  mighty  giver 
Of  Freedom's  charter,  and  the  Voice  of  it. 

When  kingdoms  shake,  and  iron  empires  fall, 

Through  multitudinous  time  shall  ring  the  clarion  call 

"  Of  the  eternal  lesson  that  he  taught :  — 
1  The  gift  of  God  is  Freedom.'    Never  gift 
In  all  the  ages  with  his  promise  fraught, 

Hath  been  bestowed  like  this  one  to  uplift 
Mortality  to  godhood,  and  to  light 
Man's  pathway  through  the  years  till  Time  be  put  to  flight." 

The  sympathy  which  we  felt  for  Mr.  Kipling 
during  his  recent  illness  may  fairly  be  matched  by 
the  sympathy  that  he  at  all  times  deserves  for  his 
sufferings  at  the  hands  of  the  parodists.  Here,  for 
example,  is  a  volume  called  "  Songs  of  Good  Fight- 
ing," and  the  sort  of  thing  it  contains  is  almost 
wholly  this : 

"  We  left  a  town  where  the  sun  stood  slant  on  the  fardled 

dead  in  the  whetted  square  — 
The  murrey  sun  on  a  cruise  foredone  fluxed  the  West  to  a 

tawny  glare, 
And  a  cozening  wind  coaxed  at  our  sails,  as  we  set  forth  to 

Otherwhere." 

The  author  of  this  volume  appears  to  be  a  very 
bloodthirsty  young  person,  and  our  slighting  com- 
ment upon  his  work  is  made  with  some  trepidation. 


"  The  Wayfarers  "  is  the  title  of  a  book  of  song 
by  Miss  Josephine  Preston  Peabody.  It  is  also  the 
title  of  the  opening  poem,  a  sort  of  allegory  of  the 
spiritual  pilgrimage,  beautifully  told  and  strangely 
impressive.  Here  is  one  stanza  that  will  bear  read- 
ing apart  from  the  rest : 

"  A  red,  red  rose  the  early  sun 

Came  up,  as  glad  as  any  guest ; 
A  white,  white  rose  whose  bloom  was  done, 
The  moon  did  wane  unto  the  west. 
The  waking  fields  breathed  warm  and  stirred 
Small  presences  of  song,  half  heard  ; 

The  wan  stars  closed  against  the  day  like  flowers  that  fold 
them  for  their  rest." 

It  is  a  relief  to  find  in  this  collection,  after  the  wil- 
derness of  lyrics  and  sonnets  through  which  most 
minor  poets  bid  us  find  a  way,  an  attempt  to  do 
something  else.  We  refer  to  a  small  group  of 
"  Idyls,"  Tennysonian  or  Landorian  in  their  inspi- 
ration. Such  verse  as  the  following,  while  not  re- 
markable, is  sweet  and  satisfying.  The  subject  is 
"  Orpheus  in  Hades." 

"  But  when  he  came 

The  trance  of  snow  was  troubled.    Like  the  spring, 
I  felt  sweet  stir  of  long-forgotten  roots, 
Soft  wakening  in  darkness,  and  afraid. 
Ever  the  air  grew  warmer,  drew  a  breath 
Against  the  immortal  heart-throb  of  the  strings ; 
Till  with  some  portent  like  a  thunder-burst, 
My  sleep  was  rifted.  .  .  .  There  stood  I,  agaze, 
With  them  that  gathered  round  him  where  he  sang 
Bright  as  a  torch  in  the  bewildered  eyes 
Of  wistful  hearers,  pressing  close,  to  melt 
The  lonely  peace  away." 

In  "The  Song  of  Stradella,"  by  Miss  Anna 
Gannon,  we  have,  to  begin  with,  two  longish  poems. 
One  of  them  gives  the  book  its  title,  and  the  other 
is  "  A  Dream  of  Shakespeare's  Women,"  the  charm- 
ing embodiment  of  a  happy  thought.  We  have  also 
a  number  of  simpler  pieces,  that  display  a  moder- 
ate degree  of  poetic  taste  and  sensibility.  "A  Song 
of  Best "  is  a  typical  illustration. 

"  I  heard  a  song  of  rest  so  infinite 

That  even  thought  was  silenced,  and  a  peace 
Fell  on  the  spirit  softer  than  the  light 
Of  quiet  stars  when  dreary  day  shall  cease. 

"  Who  hath  not  drifted  to  that  fairy  shore  ? 

Who  hath  not  longed  to  find  that  isle  so  blest, 

Where  hope  shall  cheat  and  fate  betray  no  more, 

And  all  life's  fever  turn  to  dreamless  rest  ?  " 

Many  of  these  pieces  are  reminiscences  of  scenes, 
persons,  and  books,  gracefully  obvious,  and  leaving 
no  deep  impression  upon  the  memory. 

"The  Immortals"  is  a  small  book  of  obituary 
poetry,  devoted  for  the  most  part  to  singing  the 
virtues  of  deceased  Bostonians.  A  few  outsiders,  as 
Chatterton,  Shelley,  and  Schubert,  are  admitted  to 
this  company,  and  all  are  extolled  in  hackneyed 
commonplaces  that  parade  in  the  form  of  verse. 
There  is  no  original  beauty,  no  freshness  of  criti- 
cism, no  inspiration  in  these  pieces.  Such  lines  as 
the  following,  inscribed  to  Shelley,  which  might  have 
been  written  fifty  years  ago,  are  enough  to  make 
the  poet  turn  in  his  grave : 


278 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


"  Yea,  verily  there  is  a  God  in  heaven : 
To  know  Him,  unto  thee  it  was  not  given. 
He  yearned  to  draw  thee  to  his  mighty  breast, 
And  soothe  thy  weary,  flattering  heart  to  rest." 

A  score  or  more  of  sonnets  and  sonnet-like  poems, 
together  with  something  like  the  same  number  of 
brief  lyrics,  make  up  the  contents  of  a  small  volume 
of  verse  by  Miss  Helen  Hay.  It  is  verse  that  de- 
serves more  than  a  perfunctory  commendation,  for 
it  bears  evidence  upon  every  page  of  poetic  sensi- 
bility and  the  artistic  conscience.  Miss  Hay  is 
clearly  of  those  who  work  upon  their  verses  until  the 
first  rough  spontaneity  is  overlaid  with  the  polish 
that  betokens  painstaking  craftmanship,  and  then 
again  until  this  polish  is  made  so  transparent  that 
the  first  freshness  reappears,  softened  and  subdued. 
The  lyric  impulse  is  very  strong  in  these  pieces, 
often  attuned  to  the  chord  of  passion,  yet  rarely 
without  the  reflective  element  that  makes  of  a  poem 
something  more  than  sensuousness  alone.  Let  us 
take  this  sonnet  for  an  illustration : 

"  Kiss  me  but  once,  and  in  that  space  supreme 
My  whole  dark  life  shall  quiver  to  an  end, 
Sweet  Death  shall  see  my  heart  and  comprehend 
That  life  is  crowned,  and  in  an  endless  gleam 
Will  fix  the  color  of  the  dying  stream, 
That  Life  and  Death  may  meet  as  friend  with  friend 
An  endless  immortality  to  blend ; 
Kiss  me  but  once,  and  so  shall  end  my  dream. 
And  then  Love  heard  me  and  bestowed  his  kiss, 
And  straight  I  cried  to  Death  :  I  will  not  die ! 
Earth  is  so  fair  when  one  remembers  this ; 
Life  is  but  just  begun !     Ah,  come  not  yet ! 
The  very  world  smiles  up  to  kiss  the  sky, 
And  in  the  grave  one  may  forget  —  forget." 

In  these  verses  the  passion  is  warm  and  throbbing ; 
how  spiritualized  another  mood  may  make  it  ap- 
pears in  the  following  sonnet,  which  we  reproduce 
both  for  its  own  strange  ethereal  beauty  and  for  the 
instructive  contrast  which  it  affords  when  set  beside 
the  other : 

"  Ah,  love,  my  love,  upon  this  alien  shore 
I  lean  and  watch  the  pale  uneasy  ships 
Slip  thro'  the  waving  mist  in  strange  eclipse, 
Like  spirits  of  some  time  and  land  of  yore. 
I  did  not  think  my  heart  could  love  thee  more, 
And  yet,  when,  lightlier  than  a  swallow  dips, 
The  wind  lays  ghostly  kisses  on  my  lips, 
I  seem  to  know  of  love  the  eternal  core. 
Here  is  no  throbbing  of  impassioned  breath 
To  beat  upon  my  cheek,  no  pulsing  heart 
Which  might  be  silenced  by  the  touch  of  Death, 
No  smile  which  other  smile  has  softly  kissed, 
Or  doting  gaze  which  Time  must  draw  apart, 
But  spirit's  spirit  in  the  trailing  mist." 

As  for  Miss  Hay's  lyrics,  we  are  tempted  to  call 
them  less  lyrical  than  the  sonnets.  In  other  words, 
there  is  a  marked  reflective  element  in  both  her 
groups  of  pieces,  and  in  the  song  proper  this  ele- 
ment should  be  felt  rather  than  expressed  as  defi- 
nitely as  it  is  here,  at  least  in  a  few  cases.  But  we 
would  not  close  these  comments  without  again  indi- 
cating our  sense  of  the  finish  and  the  distinction  of 
Miss  Hay's  volume,  which  we  wish  were,  and  trust 
will  in  time  become,  a  much  larger  one. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


Democracy :  ^he  Poetical  reformer,  as  well  as  the 

its  evih  and  student  of  political  philosophy,  will 

their  remedy.  fin(j    profe88or  James    H.    Hyslop's 

pungent  and  venturesome  little  study  of  "  Democ- 
racy "  (Scribner)  decidedly  interesting.  Unlike 
Mr.  Lecky  and  most  recent  critics  of  Democracy, 
Professor  Hyslop  does  not  content  himself  with 
fault-finding,  with  showing  wherein  and  how  griev- 
ously this  form  of  government,  which  was  ushered 
in  with  such  salvos  and  plaudits  and  golden  predic- 
tions a  century  ago,  has  fallen  short  of  the  millen- 
nial hopes  formed  of  it.  "  Barking  at  the  Devil," 
he  says,  "  is  not  sufficient."  He  therefore  not  only 
points  out  (in  a  very  plain-spoken  and  peppery  way) 
wherein  our  political  system  is  in  its  workings  intoler- 
ably defective,  but  he  grapples  boldly  with  the  much 
more  difficult  task  of  proposing  specific  remedies 
for  the  most  crying  defects.  He  offers  for  debate 
a  set  of  apparently  feasible  remedial  devices  which 
go  to  form  "  a  complete  system  of  government  which 
is  neither  a  reaction  toward  monarchy,  nor  an  ac- 
ceptance of  the  status  quo"  Professor  Hyslop  takes 
care  to  say  that  his  scheme  is  not  offered  as  an  object 
of  immediate  practical  politics,  but  only  as  a  general 
conception  to  be  borne  in  mind  when  proposing 
measures  of  reform.  Broadly  stated,  the  direction 
of  political  reforms  should  be,  Professor  Hyslop 
thinks,  that  of  specializing  the  functions  of  govern- 
ment, simplifying  those  of  the  citizen,  and  of  increas- 
ing the  powers  of  the  executive.  The  remedies  he 
suggests,  it  must  be  added,  are  not  in  the  direction 
of  those  popular  nostrums,  the  referendum  and  the 
initiative  — which,  however,  he  admits  to  be  democ- 
racy's logical  and  natural  consequences  which  may 
have  to  be  allowed  to  develop  their  course.  His 
plan  may  be  regarded,  then,  either  as  a  substitute 
for  the  referendum  and  the  initiative,  or  as  a  remedy 
to  be  resorted  to  after  these  shall  have  been  tried 
and  found  wanting.  Briefly  stated,  Professor  Hys- 
lop's plan  is  to  enlarge  the  executive's  appointing 
power,  to  curtail  the  power  of  removal  through  the 
establishment  of  an  independent  Court  of  Impeach- 
ment and  Removal,  and  to  modify  the  legislature's 
method  of  passing  its  laws.  The  "  court  of  removal " 
he  regards  as  the  key  to  his  entire  system  of  reform. 
That  system  we  cannot  attempt  to  state  here  in  de- 
tail, much  less  to  discuss  ;  but  we  heartily  commend 
it  as  well  worth  the  study  and  consideration  of  our 
readers.  It  is  not  often  that  one  finds  a  political 
treatise  so  thoughtful  and  philosophical,  yet  at  the 
same  time  so  practical,  aggressive,  and  stimulating, 
as  is  this  of  Professor  Hyslop's. 

Mr.  Martin  A.  S.  Hume  is  a  diligent 
Queen  Elizabeth's  and  8ucce88ful  student  of  the  Eliza- 

great  minister.  __ .  , 

bethan  age.  His  two  monographs, 
"  The  Courtships  of  Queen  Elizabeth  "  and  "  The 
Year  after  the  Armada,"  are  now  succeeded  by  "  The 
Great  Lord  Burghley  "  (Longmans),  a  solid  octavo 
of  500  pages,  in  which  the  career  of  Elizabeth's 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


great  minister  is  followed  with  fidelity  from  begin- 
ning to  end.  Any  writer  who  attempts  to  do  this 
in  500  pages  mast  sacrifice  something :  and  Mr. 
Hume  has  sacrificed  much.  With  every  temptation 
to  he  picturesque,  to  describe,  like  Green,  the  En- 
glish people,  to  stir  his  readers'  blood  with  the  heroic 
achievements  of  that  awakening  age  in  which  En- 
gland first  found  herself,  he  has  resolutely  stuck  to 
his  task.  It  was  probably  not  easy  writing,  and  it 
is  rather  hard  reading :  Cecil's  cautious  and  self- 
seeking  policy  during  the  reigns  of  Edward  VI.  and 
Mary  was  essentially  unheroic ;  and  his  forty  years  of 
power  under  Elizabeth  are  splendid  chiefly  in  their 
devotion  to  England's  interest  and  William  Cecil's 
advancement.  The  annals  of  a  half-century's  tor- 
tuous intriguing  may  be  as  tedious  as  those  of  that 
much  prosperity ;  and  the  fact  that  Lord  Burghley 
lived  safely  through  a  period  crowded  with  brilliant 
but  disastrous  careers  vindicates  his  worldly  wisdom, 
but  withholds  the  meed  of  nobility.  It  was,  indeed, 
as  Macaulay  has  remarked,  no  place  for  a  Riche- 
lieu :  the  sovereign  was  too  masterful.  Strange 
compound  of  her  father's  coarse  violence  and  her 
mother's  light  vanity,  Elizabeth  Tudor  had  her  own 
dower  of  sagacity  ;  and  though  she  smiled  on  flat- 
terers, she  always  came  back  to  the  grave  and  pa- 
tient man  who  sat  in  her  presence  and  gave  her 
what  she  knew  to  be  the  best  advice.  She  had 
many  suitors,  and  talked  always  of  marriage :  but, 
Maiden  Queen  though  she  was  and  remained,  she 
had  an  intellectual  husband  in  her  great  Lord  Treas- 
urer. He  steered  the  ship  of  the  realm  with  infinite 
skill  and  determination,  by  his  own  methods,  through 
the  troublous  waters  of  threatened  war  with  Spain, 
France,  and  Scotland :  and  the  jibe  of  his  enemies 
—  "  regnum  Cecilianum  " —  was  founded  in  fact. 
He  saved  Elizabeth  from  herself,  often  with  no  ac- 
knowledgment but  complaint ;  yet  when  she  visited 
him  in  his  sick-room,  and  the  servant  cautioned  her 
to  stoop  on  entering  the  low  door,  the  Queen  replied, 
"  For  your  master  only  will  I  stoop,  but  not  for  the 
King  of  Spain."  Mr.  Hume's  plan  is,  as  above 
indicated,  analytic,  not  descriptive.  He  steadily 
disentangles  for  our  behoof  the  intricate  web  of 
manoeuvres,  intrigues,  plots  and  counter-plots,  which 
made  into  one  fabric  English,  French,  and  Span- 
ish affairs ;  and  has  no  space  —  or  but  little  — 
for  the  story  of  the  Armada,  Mary  of  Scotland's 
execution,  or  the  rise  and  fall  of  Ralegh.  He  has 
done  his  chosen  work  well  and  thoroughly,  and  ap- 
parently without  prejudice ;  and  his  estimate  of 
Lord  Burghley  will  probably  command  assent. 

Porto  Rico  is  one  of  the  choicest 
islands  of  the  Greater  Antilles.  As 
a  newly-acquired  possession  of  the 
United  States  it  has  aroused  almost  universal  inter- 
est. Located  as  it  is  on  about  the  same  parallels  as 
Jamaica,  it  presents  immense  possibilities  as  a  source 
of  our  tropical  products.  Mr.  F.  A.  Ober's  "  Puerto 
Rico  and  its  Resources  "  (Appleton)  is  an  admirable 
compend  of  useful  information  about  this  charming 


little  island.  With  good  discrimination  he  discusses 
its  commercial  and  strategic  value,  its  coastal  fea- 
tures, its  climate,  seasons,  products,  natural  history, 
government,  and  people,  and  its  history  down  to  the 
present.  With  about  3,600  square  miles  of  territory 
and  more  than  800,000  population,  it  presents  few 
possibilities  for  anyone  besides  capitalists,  tourists, 
and  educators.  Eighty-six  per  cent  of  its  peoples 
—  more  than  one-half  of  whom  are  white,  three- 
fourths  of  the  remainder  mulattos,  and  one-fourth 
blacks  —  are  entirely  illiterate.  The  lack  of  trans- 
portation facilities,  enough  railroads,  and  good  high- 
ways, limit  the  productivity  of  the  soil,  though  it 
can  readily  grow  under  proper  conditions  almost 
any  tropical  product.  Counterbalancing  this  lux- 
uriant tropical  life  are  the  evenness  of  the  temper- 
ature, the  humidity  of  the  atmosphere,  the  frequency 
of  storms  and  hurricanes.  The  evident  work  for 
the  United  States  is  to  prepare  good  transportation 
facilities  for  the  island,  teach  the  Porto  Ricans  the 
possibilities  of  tropical  agriculture,  and  to  establish 
schools.—"  The  Porto  Rico  of  To-day  "  (Scribner), 
by  Mr.  Albert  Gardner  Robinson,  is  a  series  of  pen- 
pictures  of  the  people  and  the  country.  In  sixteen 
breezy  chapters,  the  author  sketches  his  experiences 
and  observations  in  company  with  the  military  cam- 
paign which  invaded  Porto  Rico  last  August.  Life 
on  a  troop-ship,  lack  of  organization  in  the  "  ag- 
glomeration "  of  soldiers  which  entered  the  island, 
personal  encounters,  and  varied  experiences  during 
several  weeks  on  the  island,  are  appetizingly  set 
before  the  reader.  Mr.  Robinson's  observations  on 
the  future  possibilities  of  the  island  are  eminently 
sane,  and  cannot  but  do  good  among  that  restless 
class  of  people  who  are  always  plunging  into  risks 
with  little  or  no  capital.  Amateur  adventurers  of 
any  kind  should  read  both  of  these  books  before 
rushing  to  Porto  Rico.  As  set  forth  in  these  vol- 
umes, the  field  is  an  ideal  one  for  foundation  work 
in  lifting  up  and  training  a  susceptible  and  tractable 

people.  

We  have  already  had  occasion  to 

Mr  Jones'*  plays  express  our  opinion  of  the  8UCC6SS  of 
in  book  form.  H.-TT  i  i  -r  •  « 

Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  in  serious 
drama,  so  far  as  literature  is  concerned.  And  we 
suppose  that  he  must  wish  to  have  his  plays  regarded 
as  literature:  else  why  should  he  publish  them? 
With  the  stage  we  have  little  to  do :  our  readers 
have  probably  before  this  had  occasion  to  form  their 
opinions  as  to  Mr.  Jones's  ability  there.  But  an 
acted  play  is  not  literature,  and  we  do  not  judge  it 
as  if  it  were.  We  are  not  in  the  habit  of  getting 
our  literature  viva  voce :  we  get  it  in  books.  Other 
things  we  call  "  literary  "  —  pictures  and  plays,  for 
instance  ;  but  it  is  by  a  sort  of  figure  of  speech.  The 
drama  is  a  thing  by  itself  ;  it  has  its  own  canons 
and  its  own  critics.  But  when  a  play  is  put  into 
print,  then  it  pretends  to  be  literature,  either  is  lit- 
erature or  is  not,  for  any  one  of  us,  as  any  one  of 
us  may  decide.  It  is  as  foolish  to  judge  a  printed 
play  by  what  it  might  be  if  it  were  acted,  as  it  is  to 
judge  a  play  on  the  stage  by  what  it  might  be  if  it 


280 


[April  16, 


Essays  on 
p hates  of 
Evolution. 


were  printed.  "The  Rogue's  Comedy  "  ( Macmillan) 
is,  we  imagine,  better  as  a  play  to  be  read  than  as  one 
to  be  acted,  although  Mr.  Jones  probably  aimed  at 
no  such  end.  We  recollect  to  have  heard  that  it 
was  by  no  means  as  successful  as  "  The  Liars,"  for 
instance.  One  of  the  reasons  cfffered  for  its  quali- 
fied failure  was  that  it  had  no  real  love-story.  This 
is  practically  the  case :  the  play  gives  us  the  career 
of  a  charlatan,  and  the  amusement  comes  mostly 
from  its  satire.  Another  thing  that  was  probably 
ineffective  on  the  stage  was  this :  the  charlatan's  own 
son,  who,  never  having  known  his  father,  has  been 
successfully  trying  to  expose  him,  brings  matters  to 
a  head,  —  and  the  fellow  goes  away  without  telling. 
The  Rogue  and  his  wife  sail  for  America  without 
discovering  himself  to  his  son,  who  marries  the 
young  lady  and  possibly  finds  out  afterwards.  This 
may  not  have  pleased  the  audience.  We  think, 
however,  that  it  will  please  the  reader.  At  any 
rate,  one  will  enjoy  this  play,  and  several  more  of 
Mr.  Jones's  things  that  are  yet  to  be  published. 
It  must  be  remembered,  though,  that  some  of  the 
volumes  are  not  so  good  as  others  —  to  put  it  mildly. 

Under  the  title  of  "Foot-Notes  to 
Evolution  "  ( Appleton )  there  has 
appeared  from  the  facile  pen  of  Pres- 
ident Jordan  a  volume  of  essays  on  evolutionary 
topics  which  presents  even  more  than  the  title  prom- 
ises ;  for  it  sets  forth  in  fresh  and  attractive  guise, 
not  some  incidental  jottings  upon  the  subject,  but  a 
skilful  treatment  of  the  main  theme  in  some  of  its 
most  important  phases.  The  various  conceptions 
of  the  term  "  evolution  "  are  discussed  and  objec- 
tions are  vigorously  raised  against  mistaken  appli- 
cations of  the  word  and  illegitimate  extensions  of  its 
scope.  The  doctrine  of  descent  reappears  as  "  The 
Kinship  of  Life,"  and  "  The  Heredity  of  Richard 
Roe  "  is  the  text  for  a  lucid  and  non-partisan  pre- 
sentation and  criticism  of  the  theories  of  Galton  and 
Weismann.  Heredity,  irritability,  individuality, 
natural  selection,  self-activity,  altruism,  isolation, 
and  inheritance  are  all  recognized  and  discussed 
as  elements  of  organic  evolution.  Professor  E.  G. 
Conklin  contributes  a  chapter  on  the  factors  of 
organic  evolution,  in  which  he  rejects  both  Weis- 
mann and  Lamarck  and  counsels  a  return  to  Dar- 
win. Professor  F.  M.  McFarland  also  adds  a 
popular  discussion  of  the  physical  basis  of  heredity, 
in  which  recent  discoveries  in  cell-life  —  and  some 
of  the  latest  speculations  about  the  same  —  are  freed 
from  their  technicalities  and  elucidated  for  the  gen- 
eral reader.  President  Jordan  loses  no  opportunity 
to  enforce  the  relation  of  biological  laws  and  theo- 
ries to  the  questions  of  philosophy  and  to  the  un- 
solved problems  of  our  modern  civilization.  The 
chapter  on  hereditary  inefficiency  is  a  strong  protest 
against  the  perpetuation  of  crime  and  pauperism 
which  our  treatment  of  the  delinquent  classes  now 
affords,  and  his  discussion  of  the  woman  of  pessim- 
ism and  the  woman  of  evolution  is  a  vigorous  pro- 
test, on  biological  grounds,  against  Schopenhauer's 


misogynous  tirade.  The  breadth  of  view,  the  free- 
dom from  the  trammels  alike  of  science  and  of 
dogma,  the  freshness  and  authenticity  of  the  illus- 
trative data,  and  above  all  the  pleasing  style,  render 
this  book  one  of  the  best  of  the  popular  treatises 
upon  this  ever-interesting  subject. 

An  unaccountable  Jt  is  hard  to  account  for  Mr.  Justin 
history  of  the  Huntly  McCarthy's  "Short  History 

United  Stales.  of  the  United   Stateg  »  (R.  S.  Stone 

&  Co.)  except  as  an  unusually  desperate  case  of 
cram  and  potboiling.  It  is  superficially  conceived 
and  crudely  executed,  and  is  often  childish  in  its 
blundering  incompetency.  A  more  inadequate  and 
misjudged  sketch  of  the  Civil  War,  for  example,  we 
do  not  remember  to  have  seen.  There  is  not  even 
a  coherent  outline,  and  men  and  movements  are 
jumbled  together  in  an  altogether  hopeless  muddle. 
All  the  disasters  of  the  North  in  the  first  two  years 
of  the  war  are  laid  in  a  bundle  upon  the  shoulders 
of  one  man  —  McClellan.  There  is  not  a  mention 
of  Pope  and  his  rout  (the  name  is  not  even  in  the 
index ) ;  Burnside  and  Fredericksburg  receive  a 
single  line,  and  Chancellorsville  is  to  this  historian 
apparently  unknown.  Instead,  we  are  told  that 
"  McClellan's  removal  happily  handed  the  destinies 
of  the  armies  of  the  North  into  the  hands  of  greater 
men,"  and  that  with  his  disappearance  "  the  story 
of  the  war  took  a  new  meaning  and  the  fortune  of 
the  cause  began  to  wear  an  unfamiliar  brightness," 
—  the  brightness,  namely,  of  Fredericksburg  and 
Chancellorsville,  which  succeeded  the  Union  gloom 
of  Antietam  !  The  reading  of  a  single  book  written 
by  his  fellow-countryman,  Colonel  Henderson,  might 
have  saved  Mr.  McCarthy  from  blunders  such  as 
these.  Minor  blunders  may  be  exemplified  by  the 
placing  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  second  election  after  the 
close  of  the  war  —  in  1865  instead  of  1864, —  and 
naming  Fremont  as  the  Republican  nominee  of  that 
campaign.  The  gem  of  the  book  is  perhaps  in  the 
chapter  treating  of  our  recent  war  on  Spain,  in  which 
we  are  told  that  "  Spain  would  do  nothing,  promise 
nothing,  perform  nothing  for  the  better  treatment 
of  Cuba.  All  she  would  do  was  to  declare  war  on 
the  United  States."  It  is  depressing  to  think  that 
any  educated  Englishman  could  suppose  this  to  be 
the  sort  of  stuff  Americans  wish  to  read. 


Recollections  of  a  There  is  meat  enough  in  the  sizable 
British  officer  volume  entitled  "  A  Boy  in  the  Pen- 
in  the  Peninsula.  ingular  War  "  (Little,  Brown,  &  Co.) 

to  furnish  out  handsomely  a  half-dozen  average 
military  novels.  While  the  incidents  in  the  narra- 
tive (including  the  writer's  own  exploits)  certainly 
lose  nothing  in  the  telling,  its  staple  is  truth,  not 
fiction.  The  author  is  Robert  Blakeney ;  and  he 
narrates  in  a  very  stirring  and  circumstantial  way 
the  story  of  his  services,  experiences,  and  adven- 
tures as  a  subaltern  in  the  Twenty-eighth  Regiment 
in  the  Peninsula  with  the  allied  armies  against  the 
French.  Blakeney  was  of  Irish  birth  and  English 
blood,  and  he  joined  his  regiment  at  the  age  of  fif- 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


281 


teen  in  1804.  During  the  next  ten  years  he  had 
fighting  enough  to  last  most  men  for  a  lifetime,  and 
he  could  certainly  bear  witness  to  the  truth  of 
General  Sherman's  aphorism  that  "  War  is  hell." 
His  story  of  the  storming  and  sacking  of  Badajoz 
(cleansed  and  softened  as  it  is  by  the  editor)  is 
shocking  beyond  description.  The  British  sol- 
diers got  completely  out  of  control  of  their  officers, 
in  whose  sight  (if  we  are  to  credit  Blakeney)  they 
perpetrated  crimes  inconceivable  by  a  decent  imag- 
ination. Blakeney  left  the  army  in  1828,  and  he 
seems  to  have  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life  in 
administrative  posts  in  the  foreign  civil  service. 
He  was  for  a  time  Health  Inspector  in  the  Island 
of  Zante ;  and  it  was  during  this  period  that  the 
present  memoir  was  prepared.  The  manuscript  has 
been  furbished  up  and  prepared  for  the  press  by 
the  author's  son-in-law,  Mr.  Julian  Sturgis ;  and  it 
is  well  worth  the  pains  he  has  bestowed  upon  it. 
Notably  interesting  are  the  pen-pictures  of  Welling- 
ton and  his  officers,  the  story  of  the  retreat  through 
Spain  to  Corunna  with  Sir  John  Moore ;  the  ac- 
count of  the  death  of  that  general,  and  of  the  bat- 
tles of  Corunna,  Barossa,  Badajoz,  etc. 

The  pioneering  ®*  tne  ™aterial  means  which  have 
and  building  contributed  to  make  the  outward  life 

of  a  railroad.  of  to.day  different  from  that  of  sixty 
years  ago,  certainly  the  railroad  is  foremost.  Yet 
to  the  majority  of  people  a  vista  of  rails  and  ties 
and  a  train  with  its  crew  are  about  all  the  notions 
called  up  by  the  name.  Mr.  Warman,  in  his  "  Story 
of  the  Railroad  "  (Appleton),  has  endeavored  to 
give  a  general  idea  of  the  vastness  of  the  interests 
and  the  variety  of  the  personnel  involved  in  the 
great  railroad  systems  of  the  West.  And  yet  there 
are  many  phases  of  the  work  which  he  only  hints  at, 
—  as,  for  instance,  the  legislative  management, 
which  would  make  a  couple  of  interesting  volumes  ; 
the  financiering,  of  which  Mr.  Adams  has  told  some- 
thing ;  the  operation,  the  most  complex  yet  most 
perfect  business  mechanism  in  existence.  In  fact, 
it  is  the  pioneering  and  the  building  of  a  railroad 
with  which  the  book  is  chiefly  concerned,  and  this 
in  large  measure  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe.  There  is  adventure  and  romance  enough  con- 
nected with  the  building  of  any  great  transconti- 
nental railroad,  but  probably  the  Santa  Fe  had  more 
than  its  share  of  these  elements.  As  a  consequence, 
Mr.  Warman's  recital,  liberally  illustrated  as  it  is, 
is  a  fascinating  story  which  ought  to  be  much  pre- 
ferred to  a  novel  by  those  who  want  "  a  true  story." 

The  recollections  of  General  Count 
The  struggle  for  Enrico  Delia  Rocca,  embracing  the 

period  from  1807  to  1893,  are  chiefly 
occupied  with  the  important  events  of  the  struggle 
for  Italian  unity.  General  Rocca  was  in  an  excep- 
tionally favorable  position  to  know  whereof  he  has 
written,  since  he  himself  took  a  prominent  part  in 
the  contest,  having  been  intimately  associated  with 
King  Victor  Emanuel  as  his  chief  of  staff,  and 


A  concise 
biography  of 
Cavour. 


intrusted  with  several  delicate  diplomatic  missions. 
His  "  Autobiography  of  a  Veteran  "  (Macmillan)  is 
accordingly  an  interesting  contribution  to  the  his- 
tory of  the  period.  The  book  is  remarkable  in  the 
fact  that,  although  it  is  a  record  of  matters  in  which 
the  author  had  a  leading  part,  it  is  singularly  free 
from  the  vitiating  influence  of  personal  bias  and  from 
harsh  criticisms  of  opponents.  Remarkably  supe- 
rior to  jealousy,  General  Rocca  was  able  to  honor 
Cavour  and  to  be  just  to  Garibaldi  and  Mazzini. 

The  Countess  Cesaresco  has  written 
a  very  interesting  account  of  the  life 
and  work  of  the  great  Italian  diplo- 
matist and  statesman,  Cavour,  which  forms  a  vol- 
ume of  the  "  Foreign  Statesmen  "  series  ( Mac- 
millan) .  Not  too  much  has  been  attempted  by  the 
author,  and  enough  has  been  done  to  furnish  within 
the  limits  of  220  pages  an  account  of  the  career, 
from  early  youth,  of  the  man  to  whom,  more  than 
to  any  other,  Italian  unity  is  due  —  an  account  which 
will  meet  the  requirements  of  the  general  reader. 
While  the  student  of  history  will  naturally  have 
recourse  to  Cavour's  correspondence  and  the  pub- 
lished documents  which  throw  light  on  his  career, 
readers  who  wish  a  vivid  presentation  of  the  man  as 
he  lived  and  worked  will  find  this  book  exceedingly 
interesting  and  profitable.  The  side-lights  thrown 
upon  contemporary  history,  and  Russian,  Austrian, 
French,  and  English  diplomacy,  constitute  an  attrac- 
tive feature  of  the  work. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

"  The  French  Revolution  and  the  English  Poets  " 
(Holt),  by  Dr.  Albert  Elmer  Hancock,  is  unfortunate 
in  the  fact  that,  although  completed  before  the  appear- 
ance in  book  form  of  Professor  Dowden's  lectures  upon 
exactly  the  same  subject  for  the  Princeton  Sesquicen- 
tennial,  its  publication  has  been  delayed  until  now.  As 
the  work  of  a  beginner  in  criticism,  it  would  not  be 
fair  to  institute  any  comparison  at  all  between  this 
book  and  its  predecessor  in  point  of  publication,  let 
us  rather  say  that  the  present  work  is  so  well  done 
that  we  have  read  it  with  much  satisfaction,  and  that 
our  shelves  have  room  for  it  as  well  as  for  Professor 
Dowden's  volume.  Professor  Lewis  E.  Gates  contri- 
butes a  few  introductory  pages  to  the  book.  Indeed, 
what  with  the  dedication  to  Professor  Wendell,  and  the 
further  miscellaneous  acknowledgements  of  the  preface, 
the  trail  of  Harvard  is  over  the  whole  —  no  very  bad 
thing  for  a  book,  all  things  considered. 

"  The  Rights  and  Duties  of  American  Citizenship," 
by  Dr.  W.  W.  Willoughby,  is  a  school-book  of  more 
than  ordinary  value  recently  published  by  the  American 
Book  Co.  The  book  has  two  sections,  the  first  devoted 
to  the  elements  of  political  science  in  general,  and  the 
second  to  a  description  of  civil  government,  both  na- 
tional and  local,  in  the  United  States.  The  author  is 
fully  abreast  of  the  most  progressive  methods  of  dealing 
with  these  subjects,  and  his  work  is  sound,  practical, 
and  compact.  Our  only  criticism  is  that  there  does  not 
seem  to  be  quite  enough  matter  in  the  book  to  fit  it  for 
use  in  the  higher  schools  for  which  it  is  intended. 


282 


THE    DIAL 


[April  16, 


IjlTERARY   NOTES. 

"  Algebra  for  Schools,"  by  Mr.  George  M.  Evans,  is 
published  by  Messrs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

"  Tristram  Shandy  "  in  two  volumes,  with  notes  by 
Mr.  Walter  Jerrold,has  appeared  in  the  Dent-Macmillan 
series  of  "  Temple  Classics." 

The  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  have  just 
sent  us  the  "  American  Baptist  Year-Book  "  for  1899, 
edited  by  Dr.  J.  G.  Walker. 

A  daintily-printed  little  pamphlet  containing  some 
useful "  Notes  on  Bookbinding  "  is  sent  us  by  Mr.  Henry 
Blackwell,  the  New  York  binder. 

"  A  Short  History  of  Spain,"  by  Miss  Mary  Pratt 
Parmele,  is  reissued  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons, 
uniform  with  the  other  "  short  histories  "  of  this  writer. 

"  In  Lantern-Land  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  literary 
monthly,  published  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  edited  by 
Mr.  Charles  Dexter  Allen,  author  of  "  American  Book 
Plates." 

"The  Story  of  the  West  Indies,"  by  Mr.  Arnold 
Kennedy,  is  published  by  Messrs.  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  Co. 
in  a  small  volume  belonging  to  "  The  Story  of  the  Em- 
pire "  series. 

"  La  Greene  "  is  a  new  monthly  publication  issued  by 
Messrs.  Charles  E.  Brown  &  Co.,  of  Boston.  Each  issue 
will  consist  of  a  complete  short  story,  the  first  number 
containing  Kipling's  "  My  Lord  the  Elephant." 

Volume  III.  has  just  been  published  in  the  new 
"  Bohn  "  edition  of  Bishop  Berkeley's  works,  edited  by 
Mr.  George  Sampson.  "  The  Analyst,"  "  The  Querist " 
and  "  Siris  "  are  among  the  contents  of  this  volume. 

A  monograph  "  On  the  Sources  of  the  Nonne  Prestes 
Tale,"  by  Miss  Kate  Oelznor  Peterson,  is  published  for 
Radcliffe  College  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  It  is  a  pam- 
phlet of  144  pages,  with  a  bibliography  and  extensive 
index. 

"  The  Fairy  Land  of  Science,"  by  Miss  Arabella  B. 
Buckley,  has  long  enjoyed  a  deserved  popularity  with 
young  people,  and  we  welcome  the  revised  and  extended 
edition  that  has  just  been  published  by  Messrs.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co. 

"The  Story  of  Geographical  Discovery,"  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Jacobs,  which  tells  pleasantly  and  accurately 
"  how  the  world  became  known,"  has  just  been  published 
by  Messrs.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  in  their  "  Library  of 
Useful  Stories." 

A  timely  publication  of  the  Doubleday  &  McClure 
Co.  is  the  small  book  containing  Cyrano  de  Bergerac's 
"Voyage  to  the  Moon,"  in  the  seventeenth  century 
translation  of  Lovell,  slightly  corrected  by  comparison 
with  the  original  French  text. 

Three  editions  of  the  "  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  "  papers 
for  school  use  have  come  to  us  at  the  same  time.  The 
publishers  are  the  Messrs.  Macmillan,  Heath,  and  Ginn, 
and  the  editors  are,  respectively,  Miss  Zelma  Gray,  Mr. 
W.  H.  Hudson,  and  Miss  Mary  E.  Litchfield. 

"  The  Wild  Fowl  of  the  United  States  and  British 
Possessions,"  by  Mr.  Daniel  Giraud  Elliot,  is  published 
by  Mr.  Francis  P.  Harper.  It  is  a  handsome  volume, 
with  many  plates,  intended  for  the  guidance  of  the 
sportsman  and  the  instruction  of  the  amateur  ornithol- 
ogist. 

Messrs.  Williams,  Barker  &  Severn,  of  Chicago,  send 
out  an  interesting  catalogue  of  a  choice  collection  of 
books  to  be  sold  by  them  at  auction  on  the  17th  and 


18th  of  this  month.  A  copy  of  Boydell's  Shakespeare 
handsomely  bound  in  green  morocco,  Racinet's  "  La 
Costume  Historique  "  bound  in  the  original  twenty  parts, 
and  a  number  of  richly-illustrated  art  works  are  among 
the  more  important  items  in  the  lot. 

"  A  Berkeley  Year,"  being  brief  essays  on  the  aspects 
of  nature  in  California,  combined  with  a  "  bird  and 
flower  calendar,"  is  a  tasteful  volume  edited  by  Miss 
Eva  V.  Carlin,  and  published  by  the  Woman's  Auxili- 
ary of  the  First  Unitarian  Church  of  Berkeley,  Cali- 
fornia. 

"  The  Atlantic  Monthly  "  has  secured  for  serial  pub- 
lication a  new  historical  novel,  dealing  with  the  Poca- 
hontas  period  of  Virginian  history  and  legend,  by  Miss 
Mary  Johnston,  whose  "  Prisoners  of  Hope"  has  received 
such  high  and  deserved  praise  from  many  critical 
quarters. 

Messrs.  L.  C.  Page  &  Co.  are  now  the  American 
publishers  of  the  novels  of  Signer  d'Annunzio,  having 
purchased  the  four  works  hitherto  bearing  the  imprint 
of  Messrs.  G.  H.  Richmond  &  Co.,  and  having  also  ar- 
ranged for  the  early  publication  of  "  II  Fuoco  "  in  an 
English  translation. 

It  was  a  happy  idea  to  bring  together  into  one  con- 
venient volume  two  such  masterpieces  of  critical  writing 
as  Matthew  Arnold's  "  Sweetness  and  Light "  and  the 
"  Essay  on  Style  "  by  Walter  Pater.  The  little  book 
containing  them  forms  a  volume  of  the  "  Miniature 
Series  "  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

A  second  edition  of  "  The  Day-Book  of  Wonders," 
by  Mr.  David  Morgan  Thomas,  has  just  been  published 
by  Mr.  T.  Fisher  Unwin.  Mr.  Thomas  provides  a  "  won- 
der "  for  every  day  in  the  year,  and  his  book  fills  over  six 
hundred  closely  printed  pages.  It  is  a  treasury  of  curi- 
ous information,  mostly  scientific,  gleaned  from  exten- 
sive reading,  and  fortified  by  references  to  the  authorities 
drawn  upon. 

Li IST  OF  NKAV  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  111  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Buskin,  Rossetti,  and  Preraphaelitism:  Papers— 1854  to 
1862.  Arranged  and  edited  by  William  Michael  Rossetti. 
Illus.  in  photogravure,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  327. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $3.50. 

Jean-Jacques  Rousseau  and  the  Cosmopolitan  Spirit  in 
Literature:  A  Study  of  the  Literary  Relations  between 
France  and  England  during  the  18th  Century.  By  Joseph 
Texte  ;  trans,  from  the  French  by  J.  W.  Matthews.  8vo, 
uncut,  pp.  393.  Macmillan  Co.  $2. 

The  History  of  Yiddish  Literature  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  By  Leo  Wiener.  8vo,  pp.  402.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $2.  net. 

The  Spirit  of  Place,  and  Other  Essays.  By  Alice  Meynell. 
16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  106.  John  Lane.  81.25. 

The  Fourteenth  Century.  By  F.  J.  Snell.  12mo,  uncut, 
pp.  428.  "Periods  of  European  Literature."  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50  net. 

Joubert :  A  Selection  from  his  Thoughts.  Trans,  by  Kath- 
arine Lyttelton  ;  with  Preface  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward. 
12mo,  pp.  277.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.25. 

Chapters  on  Jewish  Literature.  By  Israel  Abrahams, 
M.A.  12mo,  pp.  275.  Philadelphia :  Jewish  Publication 
Society.  $1.25. 

A  Voyage  to  the  Moon.  By  Monsieur  Cyrano  de  Bergerac ; 
edited  by  Curtis  Hidden  Page.  Illus.,  24mo,  pp.  219. 
Doubleday  &  McClure  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

The  Memory  of  Lincoln.  Poems  Selected,  with  Introduc- 
tion, by  M.  A.  De  Wolfe  Howe.  With  portrait,  16mo,  gilt 
top,  uncut,  pp.  65.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  $1. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


283 


Nouvelle-France  et  Nouvelle-Angleterre.  Par  Th.  Bent- 
zon.  )2mo,  uncut,  pp.  320.  Paris :  Calmann  Le'vy.  Paper. 

Washington's  Farewell  Address.  With  prefatory  Note  by 
Worthington  Chauncey  Ford.  18mo,' uncut,  pp.  32.  Small, 
Maynard  &  Co.  50  cts. 

On  the  Sources  of  the  Nonne  Prestes  Tale.  By  Kate 
Oelzner  Petersen.  8vo,  pp.  144.  "  Radcliffe  College  Mono- 
graphs." Ginn  &  Co.  Paper. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

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THE  STORY  OF 

The  Rough  Riders 

By  EDWARD  MARSHALL. 

The  most  intensely  interesting  book  of  modern  times.  The 
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1899.]  THE     DIAL  287 

The  Finest  Edition  of  The  Waverley  Novels  Ever  Published. 

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in  the  English  language."—  Review  of  Reviews. 


American 

Edition, 

1899. 


THE  SPIRIT  OF  ORGANIC  CHEMISTRY. 

AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  CURRENT  LITERATURE  OF  THE 
SUBJECT. 

By  Prof.  ARTHUR  LACHMAN,  Ph.D.,  University  of  Oregon. 
With  an  Introduction  by  Prof.  PAUL  C.  FREER,  M.D.,  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  Cloth,  12mo,  $1.50  net. 


THE  ARITHMETIC  OF  CHEMISTRY. 

A  SIMPLE  TREATMENT  OF  CHEMICAL  CALCULATIONS. 
By  JOHN  WADDELL,  Ph.D.,  formerly  at  Edinburgh  Univer- 
sity. Cloth,  16mo,  90  cents  net. 
An  accurate,  simple,  and  systematic  treatment  of  the  subject ;  tables 
are  appended  of  the  metric  system,  atomic  weights,  equations  in  fre- 
quent use,  four-place  logarithms,  etc. 


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THE    DIAL 


[May  1,  1899. 


D.  Appleton  &  Company's  New  Books 


A.  CON  AN  DOYLE'S  NEW  NOVEL. 

A  DUET  WITH  AN  OCCASIONAL  CHORUS. 

By  A.  CONAN  DOYLE,  author  of  "  Uncle  Bernac;"  "  Briga- 
dier Gerard,"  "The  Memoirs  of  Sherlock  Holmes," 
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BIRD -LIFE. 

A  Guide  to  the  Study  of  our  Common  Birds.    By  FRANK  M. 
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,  gardens  into  the  kindergarten  are  very  suggestive  and  useful.     In  fact, 
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the  contents  of  the  present  volume." 

READY  SHORTLY— PROFESSOR  RIPLEY'S  GREAT  WORK 

THE  RACES  OF  EUROPE. 

A  Sociological  Study.  By  WILLIAM  Z.  RIPLET,  Ph.D., 
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of  Technology,  Lecturer  in  Anthropology  at  Columbia 
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A  STRIKING  AND  TIMELY  NOVEL. 

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"  In  '  The  Mormon  Prophet '  Miss  Lily  Dougall  has  told,  in  strongly 
dramatic  form,  the  story  of  Joseph  Smith  and  of  the  growth  of  the 
Church  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints,  which  has  again  come  prominently 
before  the  public  through  the  election  of  a  polygamist  to  Congress.  .  .  . 
Miss  Dougall  has  handled  her  subject  with  consummate  skill.  .  .  .  She 
has  rightly  seen  that  this  man's  life  contained  splendid  material  for  a 
historical  novel.  She  has  token  no  unwarranted  liberties  with  the  truth, 
and  has  succeeded  in  furnishing  a  story  whose  scope  broadens  with  each 
succeeding  chapter  until  the  end."—  New  York  Mail  and  Express. 

'"The  Mormon  Prophet'  is  no  less  interesting  than  curious  ;  and 
while  it  may  become  a  topic  for  discussion  by  upholders  of  various  relig- 
ious beliefs,  yet  its  chief  merit  will  be  appreciated  by  those  who  enjoy 
meeting  new  characters  and  new  scenes  in  fiction."—  New  York  Liter- 
ature. 

MISS   FOWLER'S   NEW  NOVEL. 

A  DOUBLE  THREAD. 

By  ELLEN  THORN YCROFT  FOWLER,  author  of  "  Concerning 

Isabel  Carnaby,"  etc.     12mo.  cloth,  $1.50. 

The  brilliancy  of  "  Concerning  Isabel  Carnaby  "  is  accentuated  in 
this  new  novel,  which,  moreover,  will  be  found  to  represent  even  more 
distinctly  a  story-telling  purpose.  There  is  a  peculiar  plot,  with  certain 
most  unexpected  developments,  and  the  author's  ingenuity  in  construc- 
tion is  no  less  apparent  than  the  wit,  incisiveness,  and  intense  modernity 
of  her  dialogue.  The  new  novel  deals  for  the  most  part  with  English 
country-house  life. 

IDYLLS  OF  THE  SEA. 

By  FRANK  T.  BULLEN,  author  of  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Cach- 
alot," etc.  $1.25. 

The  success  which  Mr.  Bullen  has  won  by  the  force  and  vividness  of 
"  The  Cruise  of  the  Cachalot"  imparts  a  special  interest  to  the  announce- 
ment of  his  forthcoming  book,  "  Idylls  of  the  Sea."  This  book  sketches 
various  phases  of  the  life  and  experiences  of  those  who  go  down  to  the 
sea  in  ships.  It  is  not  confined  to  the  whaler's  exploits,  but  includes 
the  things  which  are  seen  and  the  adventures  which  are  undergone  by 
all  manner  of  men  upon  the  sea.  The  keen  observation  and  dramatic 
quality  of  the  author's  first  book  are  vividly  illustrated  in  this  fasci- 
nating volume. 

LOVE  AMONG  THE  LIONS. 

By  F.  ANSTEY,  author  of  "  Vice  Versa,"  etc.    Illustrated. 

12mo,  cloth,  $1.00. 

This  delicious  little  comedy  is  a  happy  illustration  of  the  unexpected 
turns  of  Anstey's  quaint  humor.  The  plot  must  be  discovered  by  the 
reader  and  not  betrayed  prematurely.  The  illustrations  are  in  har- 
mony with  the  text.  The  novelette  represents  Anstey  at  his  best,  and 
it  will  be  found  an  excellent  promoter  of  good  spirits. 

WINDYHAUQH. 

A  Novel.  By  GRAHAM  TRAVERS,  author  of  "  Mona  Maclean, 
Medical  Student,"  "  Fellow  Travellers,"  etc.  12mo,  cloth. 
$1.50. 

NEW  AND  REVISED  EDITION. 

THE  SCAPEGOAT. 

A  Romance  and  a  Parable.  By  HALL  CAINE,  author  of  "The 
Christian,"  "The  Manxman."  "The  Deemster,"  "The 
Bondman,"  etc.  Uniform  with  the  author's  works.  12mo. 
cloth,  $1.50. 

"A  BOOK  THAT  WILL  LIVE." 

DAVID  HARUM. 

A  Story  of  American  Life.  Ey  EDWARD  NOYES  WESTCOTT. 
12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

RECENT  VOLUMES  IN 

Appletons'  Town  and  Country  Library. 

Each,  12mo,  cloth,  $1.00;  paper,  50  cents. 
No.  263.    PURSUED  BY  THE  LAW.     By  J.  MACLAREN 

COBBAN,  author  of  "  The  King  of  Andaman,"  etc. 
No.  262.     PAUL  CARAH,  CORNISHMAN.      By  CHARLES 

LEE. 
No.  261.    PHAROS,  THE  EGYPTIAN.    By  GUY  BOOTHBY, 

author  of  "  Doctor  Nikola,"  "  The  Lust  of  Hate," 

"  A  Bid  for  Fortune,"  etc. 


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TITS  DIAL  (founded  in  1880  )  is  published  on  the  1st  and  16th  of 
each  month.  TERMS  OF  SUBSCRIPTION,  82.00  a  year  in  advance,  postage 
prepaid  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Mexico;  in  other  countries 
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No.  309. 


MAY  1,  1899.          Vol.  XXVL 


CONTENTS. 


THE  ENDOWED  THEATRE .    .  295 

THE  "  DIAL  "  OF  1840-45.    J.  F.  A.  Pyre  ....  297 

COMMUNICATIONS 300 

A  Publisher's  Protest.    Alfred  Nutt. 

Admiral   Sampson  at  Santiago  —  A  Correction. 

W.  A.  M.  Goode. 
What  the  Japanese  Read.    Ernest  W.  Clement. 

AIRS  OF  SPRING.     (Poem.)    John  Vance  Cheney     .  301 

GREAT    GENERALS    IN    BLUE    AND    GRAY. 

Francis  W.  Shepardson 302 

OLD-AGE  LETTERS  OF  SAVAGE  LANDOR.   Tuley 

Francis  Huntington 305 

TWO  EPOCHS  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPIRE.    William 

Cranston  Lawton 306 

THE  WHITE  MAN'S  PROBLEM.    E.  M.  Hopkins  .  308 

RECENT    FOREIGN    FICTION.      William   Morton 

Payne 309 

Jokai's  The  Nameless  Castle. — Jokai's  A  Hungarian 
Nabob. — Miss  Lagerlof's  The  Story  of  Gosta  Berling. 

—  Miss    Lagerlb'f's  The   Miracles  of  Antichrist.— 
Sienkiewicz'  Sielanka. —  Bourget's  Antigone. —  Miss 
Guiney's    The    Secret    of    Fougereuse.  —  Claretie's 
Vicomte  de  Puyjoli. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 311 

French  fiction  of  the  nineteenth  century. — Letters  of 
a  literary  circle. — The  greatness  and  decay  of  Spain. 

—  The  "feminine  renaissance"  and  its  prophet. — 
An  abusive  attack  upon  Mr.  Fronde. — Modern  teach- 
ings on  degeneracy  and  heredity. — Dr.  Briggs  on  the 
study  of  Scripture.  —  The  famous  "common-sense 
philosopher."  —  Etiquette  and  aristocracy.  —  Forms 
and  phases  of  insanity.  —  A  book  from  idle  days  in 
the  Riviera. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 314 

LITERARY  NOTES 314 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 315 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  315 


THE  ENDOWED  THEATRE. 

The  recent  visit  of  Mr.  William  Archer  to 
this  country,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  close 
study  of  theatrical  conditions  on  our  side  of  the 
Atlantic,  will  doubtless  result  in  a  highly  in- 
structive series  of  papers  for  the  English  peri- 
odical which  commissioned  him  to  make  the 
investigation,  and  has  already  called  fresh 
attention  to,  and  evoked  fresh  discussion  of,  a 
number  of  old  questions  connected  with  the 
art  of  the  dramatist  and  theatrical  manager. 
Mr.  Archer  is  himself  peculiarly  well-equipped 
for  such  a  task  as  he  has  undertaken.  Among 
English  dramatic  critics  he  occupies  the  fore- 
most place.  He  has  both  knowledge  and  so- 
berness, and  these  qualities  combined  make 
him  a  far  more  significant  writer  of  dramatic 
criticism  than  the  effeminately  whimsical 
Mr.  Beerbohm,  the  sensationally  sentimental 
Mr.  Scott,  and  the  audaciously  paradoxical  Mr. 
Shaw.  Even  the  writing  of  Mr.  Walkley, 
brilliant  and  fascinating  as  it  is,  lacks  the 
solidity  of  Mr.  Archer's  criticism,  because  it 
does  not  seem  to  be  as  firmly  based  upon  the 
fundamental  principles  of  dramatic  art,  or  as 
widely  conversant  with  the  modern  literature 
of  the  play. 

Among  the  many  evils  connected  with  the 
English-speaking  stage  of  our  own  time,  Mr. 
Archer  marks  out  the  "  actor-manager,"  the 
"  star  system,"  and  the  "  long  run  "  for  his  most 
emphatic  denunciation.  In  the  address  which 
he  gave  in  this  country  before  the  Twentieth 
Century  Club  of  Chicago  and  Columbia  Uni- 
versity of  New  York,  he  sought  to  answer 
the  question,  "  What  can  be  done  for  the 
drama  ?  "  and  bore  down  upon  these  three  evils 
with  much  weight.  We  imagine,  however,  that 
for  his  audiences  upon  these  two  occasions  he 
was  slaying  the  slain,  for  our  cultivated  public 
hardly  needs  to  be  persuaded  that  stars  and 
long  runs  and  actor  -  managers  are  directly 
inimical  to  all  artistic  endeavor  for  the  better- 
ment of  our  theatrical  conditions.  We  are 
as  familiar  as  Englishmen  are  with  the  bad 
influence  of  these  things,  —  or,  if  we  have  not 
suffered  as  much  from  the  actor-manager,  we 


296 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


have  for  our  very  own  the  additional  evil  of 
the  "  theatrical  syndicate,"  which  more  than 
tips  the  scale  (this  to  be  taken  ironically)  in 
our  favor. 

We  must,  however,  hasten  to  dislodge  from 
the  minds  of  our  readers  the  notion  that  Mr. 
Archer  was  merely  destructive  in  his  criticism. 
Nothing  could  be  farther  than  this  from  the 
truth.  Unlike  Mr.  Zangwill,  our  English  vis- 
itor of  six  months  ago,  who  dealt  with  the  same 
general  subject  of  the  low  theatrical  estate  of 
England  and  America,  Mr.  Archer  had  definite 
things  to  propose.  And  if  his  address  was 
without  the  pointed  epigrams  and  the  flashes 
of  humor  that  made  Mr.  Zangwill  so  entertain- 
ing a  speaker,  it  provided  ample  compensation 
for  the  lack  of  those  superficialities  in  its  ra- 
tional suggestions,  enforced  as  these  were  by 
examples  of  what  other  countries  have  actually 
"  done  for  the  drama."  In  a  general  way,  Mr. 
Archer  was  for  the  establishment  of  an  endowed 
theatre,  but  with  a  difference  from  the  usual 
speculations  upon  this  subject,  in  that  the  sug- 
gested endowment  was  to  be  private  rather  than 
municipal,  a  matter  for  the  voluntary  enterprise 
of  subscribers  rather  than  for  the  forced  enter- 
prise of  tax-payers.  Considered  from  the  point 
of  view  of  probability,  we  agree  with  Mr. 
Archer  in  looking  forward  to  a  private  rather 
than  a  public  endowment,  although  we  think 
it  would  be  entirely  proper  for  the  municipality 
to  act  in  such  a  matter.  And  we  need  hardly 
remind  our  readers  that  THE  DIAL  has  always 
advocated  the  endowed  theatre,  as  it  has  always 
urged  the  desirability  of  the  endowed  newspa- 
per. One  of  these  days,  moreover,  the  idea  is 
going  to  take  practical  shape  in  the  mind  of 
some  philanthropist,  who  will  prefer  to  make 
his  gift  to  the  public  in  this  way  rather  than 
to  establish  a  new  hospital  or  art  gallery  or 
public  library. 

Mr.  Archer  spoke  at  considerable  length  of 
the  successful  way  in  which  certain  German 
theatres  —  notably  the  Deutsches  Theater  of 
Berlin  and  the  Volkstheater  of  Vienna  —  have 
dealt  with  this  problem  of  supplying  the  "  inner 
public" — the  public  which  wants  good  art, 
which  demands  that  ideas  shall  be  set  above 
accessories  in  its  plays  —  with  its  dramatic  en- 
tertainment. There  is  no  reason  why  such 
theatres,  the  product  of  endowment  and  sub- 
scription, should  not  be  duplicated  in  our  own 
country,  and  even  prove  successful  as  commer- 
cial enterprises,  no  reason,  that  is,  unless  it  be 
that  our  own  "inner  public"  is  not  large  enough. 
There  is  the  rub,  no  doubt.  The  German  pub- 


lic, the  French  public,  the  Italian  public,  the 
Scandinavian  public,  all  contrive,  in  any  city 
of  considerable  or  even  moderate  size,  to  sup- 
port a  stage  in  healthful  activity,  and  this  is 
just  what  the  English  public  has  hitherto  failed 
to  do.  They  have  a  good  inherited  tradition ; 
we  have  cared  so  little  for  ours  that  we  have 
lost  it  altogether.  Mr.  Henry  Fuller,  who  has 
recently  been  saying  some  unpalatable  things 
about  our  lack  of  artistic  aptitudes,  would  prob- 
ably observe  (in  his  not  too  serious  way)  that 
it  is  not  in  us,  racially  or  temperamentally, 
really  to  care  for  dramatic  art,  or  to  foster  it 
in  the  fashion  of  the  Continental  peoples.  Per- 
haps it  is  not ;  but  the  experiment  is  worth  try- 
ing, and  as  long  as  it  remains  untried,  we  shall 
have  hopes.  The  saving  element  of  the  situa- 
tion may  not  impossibly  come  from  the  fact 
that  we  are  not  as  English  a  people  as  our  name 
implies ;  that  we  have  so  much  admixture  of 
other  strains  as  to  make  the  case  a  new  one, 
not  to  be  judged  by  the  analogies  of  the  past. 
Our  immigrants  often  practice  segregation 
themselves,  but  their  children  become  pretty 
well  blended  into  the  common  American  nation- 
ality, and  who  can  tell  a  priori  just  what  apti- 
tudes and  potentialities  will  characterize  the 
resulting  race. 

What  we  want  of  our  stage,  and  what  we 
believe  will  be  given  us  at  no  distant  day,  at 
least  in  our  largest  cities,  by  endowment  or 
otherwise,  is,  in  a  word,  this  :  We  want  a  play- 
house with  no  stars,  no  popular  successes,  no 
waste  in  the  form  of  expensive  unessentials. 
We  want  upon  the  boards  of  this  playhouse  a 
body  of  trained  and  conscientious  actors,  capa- 
ble of  playing  many  parts  every  year,  bound 
to  the  institution  both  by  loyalty  to  its  funda- 
mental idea  and  by  such  material  inducements 
as  shall  insure  an  honorable  career  and  a  com- 
fortable retirement.  We  want  this  playhouse 
to  have  a  repertory  of  the  most  varied  sort, 
catholic  enough  to  include  every  genre  of  mer- 
itorious dramatic  writing,  but  rigorously  ex- 
cluding what  is  sensational,  childish,  or  merely 
vulgar.  We  want  it  to  present  the  classical 
drama  of  English  and  foreign  literatures  fre- 
quently enough  to  give  those  who  wish  it  an 
opportunity  to  become  acquainted  with  the  mas- 
terpieces of  ancient  and  modern  dramatic  art. 
We  want  it  to  be  constantly  on  the  lookout  for 
promising  works  by  new  writers,  extending  to 
them  the  frankest  recognition,  yet  never  mak- 
ing a  fad  of  any  one  of  them,  or  any  school  of 
them.  We  want  it  to  be  both  grave  and  gay, 
a  place  to  which  we  may  resort  for  diversion 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


297 


and  for  edification  alike.  We  want  it  to  be  a 
place  in  which  young  persons  may  learn  some- 
thing about  life,  and  acquire  standards  of  taste, 
yet  a  place  from  which  young  persons  should 
sometimes  be  excluded,  not  by  administrative 
prescription,  but  rather  by  the  judgment  and 
discrimination  of  their  elders.  Finally,  we  want 
it  to  be  a  place  in  which,  while  nothing  is  neg- 
lected that  will  heighten  the  legitimate  interest 
of  the  drama,  ideas  shall  be  paramount  to  all 
other  considerations  in  the  selection  and  the 
mounting  of  the  pieces  to  be  produced. 

It  does  not  seem  to  us  that  the  plan  thus  out- 
lined is  beyond  the  range  of  the  immediately 
practicable.  In  New  York  and  Chicago  cer- 
tainly, in  Boston  and  Philadelphia  possibly,  the 
public  that  desires  such  a  theatre  is  large 
enough  to  justify  its  establishment.  There  must 
be  thousands  of  people  in  those  cities  who  would 
support  such  a  theatre  to  the  extent  of  from 
ten  to  one  hundred  dollars  each,  every  year. 
What  is  needed  is  the  organizing  power  neces- 
sary to  bring  these  people  into  cooperation, 
with  possibly  the  stimulus  of  the  provisional 
gift  of  a  site  and  a  building.  We  notice  that 
Mr.  Howells,  while  commenting  on  the  whole 
favorably  upon  this  suggestion,  seems  to  think 
that  the  well-to-do  class  of  people  who  would 
control  the  management  of  such  a  theatre  might 
impose  a  censorship  inimical  to  the  free  devel- 
opment of  the  drama.  "  In  a  theatre  founded 
or  controlled  by  them,  no  play  criticising  or 
satirizing  society  could  be  favored,"  he  says, 
and  instances  "  An  Enemy  of  the  People," 
"Arms  and  the  Man,"  "Die  Weber,"  and  "  Die 
Ehre,"  as  plays  that  could  not  hope  for  pre- 
sentation. This  seems  to  us  the  merest  bug- 
bear, and  the  force  of  the  criticism  is  certainly 
not  increased  by  the  reference  to  "  what  has 
happened  in  some  of  our  higher  institutions  of 
learning."  Mr.  Howells  makes  a  much  hap- 
pier suggestion  when  he  finds  an  analogy 
between  the  subscription  theatre  and  the  sub- 
scription lecture  organizations  which  exist  in 
many  parts  of  the  country,  and  which,  for  a 
moderate  fee,  give  themselves  "  the  pleasure  of 
seven  or  eight  lectures  during  the  season,  from 
men  who  are  allowed  to  speak  their  minds. 
With  a  subscription  of  twenty-five  dollars  they 
could  have  as  many  plays,  from  dramatists 
who  also  spoke  their  minds  ;  and  if  the  experi- 
ment were  tried  in  ten  or  twenty  places,  we 
should  have  at  once  a  free  theatre,  where  good 
work  could  make  that  appeal  to  the  public 
which  it  can  now  do  only  on  almost  impossi- 
ble terms." 


THE  " DIAL"  OF  1840-45. 

There  is  hardly  a  more  interesting  episode  in  the 
history  of  American  periodical  literature  than  that 
formed  by  the  conception,  rise,  and  fall  of  the  mag- 
azine called  "  The  Dial,"  covering  the  period  from 
1840  to  1845.  This  short-lived  hopeful  of  litera- 
ture is  not  to  be  ranked  with  the  ephemera,  but 
holds  some  such  place  in  the  history  of  American 
magazines  as  the  young  Marcellus  and  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  occupy  in  the  history  of  men  :  fascinating 
the  imagination  by  the  appeal  of  brilliant  promise, 
early  death,  and  pathetic  unfulnlments.  Like  that 
other  renowned  periodical,  "  The  Germ,"  which  was 
started  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  just  a  de- 
cade later,  it  began  as  the  organ  of  a  coterie.  What 
"  The  Germ "  was  to  Pre- Raphael!  tism  in  Great 
Britain,  that  "  The  Dial  "  was  to  Transcendentalism 
in  New  England.  If  the  first  issue  of  "  The  Germ  " 
contained  Rossetti's  "  Blessed  Damozel,"  "  The 
Dial  "  was  launched  with  the  equally  characteristic 
though  less  precious  freight  of  Emerson's  "  Prob- 
lem" and  "  Woodnotes."  One  aimed  to  be  the 
germ,  the  other  to  be  the  dial  of  "  a  movement." 

"  The  Dial "  began  as  the  organ  of  a  coterie  and 
a  movement,  and  it  never  became  anything  more. 
It  was  never,  in  fact,  successful  in  meeting  the  intel- 
lectual necessities,  even  of  those  with  whom  it  orig- 
inated. Yet,  on  account  of  the  very  impracticable 
and  too  ambitious  character  of  its  aspirations,  it  all 
the  more  typified  and  expressed  the  movement  with 
which  it  was  connected.  To  some  of  its  promoters, 
indeed,  it  seemed  to  fly  too  high ;  to  others  it  seemed 
of  the  earth,  too  earthy.  Its  plans  were  broad  and 
diverse,  but  its  material  capital  was  very  limited ;  and, 
while  aspiring  to  give  expression  to  all  sides  of  the 
restless  activities  of  mind  and  spirit  which  drew  to- 
gether Emerson,  Alcott,  Parker,  and  other  divergent 
sympathizers,  it  was  frequently  compelled  to  print 
what  it  could  get  or  depend  largely  on  the  writing  of 
some  individual,  now  one  and  now  another.  Thus,  it 
failed  of  the  breadth  aimed  at,  while  at  the  same  time 
it  lacked  unity  and  consecutiveness  of  character  and 
purpose.  As  a  result,  the  ambitious  Protean  flopped 
about  mightily  for  four  years,  and  then  expired.  In 
its  giant  throes  it  showed  as  many  brilliant  colors 
as  the  dolphin ;  but  it  was  out  of  water  from  the 
first,  and  seems  never  to  have  had  in  it  the  possi- 
bility of  living. 

The  natural  desire  which  enthusiasm  has  for 
sympathy  and  for  expression  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion, at  Cambridge,  in  1836,  of  a  club  of  the  more 
independent  thinkers  and  vigorous  spirits  who  then 
and  there  came  across  one  another.  Transcendental- 
ism, as  it  has  long  been  called,  had  been  in  the  air 
for  some  time.  A  number  of  youthful  enthusiasts, 
readers  of  Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  and  Shelley,  the 
first  apostles  of  Carlyle,  and  ardent  students  of  Ger- 
man philosophy,  young  fellows  of  unusual  brilliancy 
and  intellectual  aggressiveness,  graduated  from  Har- 
vard College  in  the  years  from  1832  to  1836.  Many 
of  them  were  budding  Unitarian  preachers.  Most 


298 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


of  them  were  looking  for  greater  spirituality  than 
had  hitherto  been  characteristic  of  American  thought. 
Their  interests  were  varied  —  theological,  social, 
political,  literary;  but  this  they  had  in  common, 
that  they  were  young,  enthusiastic,  generous,  and 
strongly  American.  They  wanted  "  life,"  and 
wanted  it  "more  abundantly"  than  it  had  been 
vouchsafed  them  in  the  conventional  religion  and 
literature  of  the  times.  These  young  theorizers 
naturally  looked  about  for  an  opportunity  to  express 
themselves  in  their  own  way,  which  was,  in  general, 
a  new  way,  a  free  way,  and  not  in  accord  with  the 
spirit  and  method  of  the  established  journals.  Thus, 
among  them  the  subject  of  a  literary  club  which 
should  publish  a  magazine  of  its  own  became  a  sub- 
ject of  correspondence  as  early  as  1833.  This  dis- 
cussion grew  animated  in  1835  ;  but  subsided  with 
the  removal  to  Bangor,  Maine,  of  the  Rev.  F.  H. 
Hedge,  who  had  corresponded  freely  with  Margaret 
Fuller  upon  the  subject. 

It  was  after  the  bi-centennial  celebration  of  Har- 
vard College,  in  1836,  that  Emerson,  Hedge,  Rip- 
ley,  and  Putnam,  four  young  Unitarian  ministers, 
got  into  some  discussion  of  the  narrow  tendencies  of 
thought  in  the  churches.  They  "  talked  the  matter 
over  at  length  ";  and  this  consultation  led  to  another, 
the  following  September,  at  the  house  of  George 
Ripley  in  Boston,  where  they  were  reinforced  by 
Theodore  Parker,  0.  A.  Brownson,  and  others, 
among  them  two  remarkable  women,  Margaret 
Fuller  and  Elizabeth  Peabody.  Thus  began  the 
meetings  of  an  informal  club,  afterwards  known 
among  its  members  as  "  The  Hedge  Club."  It  was 
also  occasionally  known,  as  in  Alcott's  diary,  as  the 
"  Symposium,"  and  to  the  world  at  large  its  mem- 
bers were  herded  under  the  title  of  "  The  Trans- 
cendentalists."  For  some  years  the  club  continued 
to  meet  in  a  peripatetic  way,  now  at  Concord,  with 
Emerson  ;  now,  for  the  sake  of  Dr.  Convers  Francis, 
in  Watertown ;  and  sometimes  in  Boston. 

The  idea  of  a  journal  was  in  their  thoughts  from 
the  first,  and  was  urged  with  especial  vigor  by 
Alcott,  who  desired  an  outlet  for  his  "  Orphic  Say- 
ings," and  other  idealistic  and  Delphic  "  Scrip- 
tures." A  model  was  found  in  the  "New  Monthly 
Magazine,"  published  in  England  by  an  eccentric 
character,  one  Heraud,  who  was  ridiculed  by  Carlyle 
and  Leigh  Hunt,  and  "forgiven"  by  J.  S.  Mill, 
"  for  interpreting  the  universe,  now  that  I  find  he 
cannot  pronounce  the  <h's.'"  The  fact  that  this 
periodical  made  a  shift  to  live  seems  to  have  nour- 
ished the  hopes  of  Alcott  and  others  for  a  journal 
of  the  "  Spiritual  Philosophy."  Frequent  mention 
of  the  new  organ  occurs  toward  the  close  of  1839, 
and  "  the  proposed  '  Dial,' "  a  title  which  Alcott 
used  for  parts  of  his  diary,  was  discussed  by  Mar- 
garet Fuller  at  the  "  Symposium  "  of  September  18. 
The  urgent  efforts  of  Mr.  Brownson  to  merge  the 
enterprise  with  his  "  Boston  Quarterly,"  and,  instead 
of  publishing  "  The  Dial,"  to  open  the  pages  of  the 
"Quarterly"  to  these  new  writers,  was  rejected, 
apparently  because  Brownson's  review  was  "  pledged 


to  a  party  in  politics,"  and  took  "  too  narrow  ground 
both  in  philosophy  and  literature."  A  letter  of 
Miss  Fuller's,  dated  January  1, 1840,  and  addressed 
to  the  Rev.  W.  H.  Channing,  speaks  of  the  first 
number  as  practically  assured  for  April  1.  She 
concludes :  "  At  Newport  you  prophesied  a  new 
literature  :  shall  it  dawn  in  1840  ?  "  During  the 
next  few  months  we  find  her  industriously  whipping 
in  the  contributors  ;  and  though  this  was  not  accom- 
plished in  time  to  publish  in  April,  the  prospectus 
came  out  early  in  May,  and  the  first  number  was 
issued  July  1,  from  the  press  of  Messrs.  Weeks, 
Jordan  &  Co.,  Boston,  under  the  editorship  of  Miss 
Fuller,  with  George  Ripley  as  assistant. 

The  first  number  of  "The  Dial"  contained  an 
"Introduction  to  the  Readers"  by  Emerson,  and 
two  poems,  one  of  them  his  now  familiar  poem  be- 
ginning, 

"  I  like  a  church,  I  like  a  cowl." 

There  were  also  two  poems  by  Thoreau ;  poems  by 
Emerson's  brother  and  sister ;  an  article  of  thirteen 
pages  on  "  The  Divine  Presence  in  Nature  and  the 
Soul,"  by  Theodore  Parker;  several  poems  by  C.  P. 
Cranch  and  others ;  a  reyiew  of  Brownson's  writings 
by  Ripley ;  Chapter  I.  of  Channing's  "  Ernest  the 
Seeker";  Alcott's  "Orphic  Sayings";  half  a  dozen 
articles,  mostly  critical,  by  Miss  Fuller  herself ;  and 
some  others.  As  time  went  on,  one  or  two  con- 
tributors were  added  to  the  list ;  but  this  volume 
may  be  considered  as  fairly  typical.  Lowell,  later, 
gave  them  a  few  sonnets ;  W.  E.  Channing  contri- 
buted some  of  his  verses  and  was  discussed  in  a  crit- 
ical notice  in  the  second  number.  James  Freeman 
Clarke,  also,  wrote  for  some  of  the  later  numbers. 

Few  were  satisfied  with  the  first  number  of  "  The 
Dial."  In  the  first  place,  there  were  some  melan- 
choly errors  in  typography — one  of  Thoreau's  poems 
was  especially  mangled.  Naturally,  also,  there  were, 
even  among  transcendentalists,  degrees  of  transcen- 
dentalism. Alcott,  for  example,  represented  the  ex- 
treme of  mysticism,  and  wanted  too  much  of  what 
Carlyle  called  a  "  potato-philosophy."  There  was 
not  sufficient  departure  from  accepted  standards  and 
conventional  modes  of  expression  to  suit  him.  He 
wrote,  in  the  true  "  Orphic  "  vein,  to  Heraud :  " '  The 
Dial '  partakes  of  our  vices,  it  consults  the  mood 
and  is  awed  somewhat  by  the  bearing  of  existing 
orders,  yet  it  is  superior  to  our  other  literary  organs, 
and  satisfies,  in  part,  the  hunger  of  our  youth.  It  satis- 
fies me  not,  nor  Emerson.  It  measures  not  the  meri- 
dian, but  the  morning  ray ;  the  nations  wait  for  the 
gnomon  that  shall  mark  the  broad  noon."  The  dan- 
ger from  Alcott  and  other  less  eccentric,  but  also  less 
able  ultra-transcendentalists,  was,  that  they  should 
cast  discredit  on  the  entire  enterprise,  by  their  ab- 
surd impracticalities.  The  "Orphic  Sayings"  of 
Alcott  were,  of  course,  the  especial  butt  of  those 
who  were  inclined  to  poke  fun,  and  were  much 
parodied.  "  The  worst  of  these,"  says  Mr.  T.  W. 
Higginson,  "  Mr.  Alcott  composedly  pasted  into  his 
diary,  indexing  them,  with  his  accustomed  thorough- 
ness and  neatness,  as  'Parodies  on  Orphic  Sayings.' " 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


299 


But  the  editors  found  it  necessary  to  suppress  "  the 
first  man  Pythagoras  would  ask  for  if  he  came  to 
Concord,"  and,  as  kindly  and  judiciously  as  possi- 
ble, "  held  him  down." 

Theodore  Parker  furnished,  perhaps,  the  oppo- 
site extreme  from  Alcott.  His  work  was  solid  virile 
common-sense,  and  looked,  for  the  most  part,  to  the 
practical  application  of  ideas  to  life.  What  his 
ideas  were  he  showed  later  on  in  his  "  Massachu- 
setts Quarterly  Review."  This  was  to  be,  he  said, 
"  a  '  Dial '  with  a  beard  ";  somebody  else  has  said 
that  it  was  "  a  beard  without  anything  else."  Nev- 
ertheless, Parker's  work  was  more  calculated  to 
"  take  "  than  that  of  any  of  the  others,  not  except- 
ing Emerson,  who  is  reported  to  have  said  himself 
that  Parker's  articles  "  sold  the  numbers."  It  is 
rather  interesting  to  note  that  the  only  early  "  Dial  " 
to  which  Parker  contributed  nothing  should  have 
been  the  one  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  Carlyle,  elic- 
iting this  criticism  :  "  The  '  Dial,'  too,  it  is  all  spirit- 
like,  aeriform,  aurora-borealis-like.  Will  no  Angel 
body  himself  out  of  that ;  no  stalwart  Yankee  man 
with  color  in  the  cheeks  of  him,  and  a  coat  on  his 
back?"  Emerson  evidently  saw  and  regretted  this 
tendency  of  "  The  Dial  "  people  to  fire  in  the  air  ; 
among  other  things  to  the  same  effect,  he  said  in 
his  diary :  "It  ought  to  contain  the  best  advice  on 
the  topics  of  government,  temperance,  abolition, 
trade,  and  domestic  life.  ...  It  ought  to  go  straight 
into  life  with  the  devoted  wisdom  of  the  best  men 
in  the  land.  It  should  —  should  it  not?  —  be  a  de- 
gree nearer  to  the  hodiernal  facts  than  my  writings 
are.  I  wish  to  write  pure  mathematics,  and  not  a 
culinary  almanac  or  application  of  science  to  the 
arts." 

The  force  of  this  conviction,  Emerson  was  to  have 
an  opportunity  of  testing,  much  against  his  desires. 
"  The  Dial "  passed  into  his  hands  at  the  end  of  its 
second  year.  The  strain  of  the  editorship  had  been 
more  than  Miss  Fuller  could  bear.  She  was  at  this 
time  compelled  to  make  her  living ;  but "  The  Dial " 
was  not  so  much  a  bread-winner  as  a  bread-loser. 
At  the  end  of  two  years  she  prepared,  with  much 
regret,  to  give  up  the  struggle,  and  wrote  to  Emer- 
son that  unless  he  or  Parker  should  be  willing  to 
become  responsible  for  the  periodical  it  must  surely 
go  to  the  ground.  Parker  was  quite  unable  to  incur 
the  obligation,  and  as  Emerson  would  not  "will- 
ingly let  it  die,"  rather  than  have  it  fall  into  the 
hands  of  the  Canaanites  he  concluded  to  try  it  for 
a  time.  During  the  two  years  that  it  continued 
to  live,  he  was  its  banker,  editor,  and  chief  con- 
tributor. 

After  "  The  Dial  "  passed  into  Emerson's  hands, 
Thoreau  contributed  more  and  more  liberally,  and 
finally  turned  to  prose,  where  he  for  the  first  time 
struck  his  best  vein.  Parker's  devotion  to  the  mag- 
azine had  been  largely  a  tribute  to  Miss  Fuller ; 
to  her  assistance  he  had  come  with  greater  and 
greater  vigor  toward  the  close  of  her  incumbency. 
The  table  of  contents  of  her  last  number  shows  him 
to  have  written  a  good  part  of  that  issue.  After 


she  was  relieved  by  Emerson,  Parker's  contribu- 
tions fell  off  rapidly,  and  Thoreau  forged  into  his 
place. 

In  spite  of  the  loss  of  Parker,  however,  one  seems 
to  see  a  slight  change  toward  a  more  substantial 
and  helpful  dealing  with  the  real  problems  of  life 
which  it  was  the  opinion  of  Emerson  "  The  Dial " 
ought  to  undertake.  In  some  cases,  to  be  sure  —  as, 
for  example,  in  his  essay  on  "  Agriculture  in  Massa- 
chusetts "  —  one  is  rather  humorously  aware  of  the 
conscious  effort  to  deal  with  practical  matters  in  a 
practical  way.  Emerson,  trying  to  carry  himself 
jauntily  whilst  giving  advice  to  farmers  about 
whether  they  shall  sell  their  cows  in  the  autumn  or 
in  the  spring,  is  not  conducive  to  gravity. 

Much  of  Emerson's  best  work,  both  prose  and 
verse,  was  first  published  in  "  The  Dial,"  for  the 
sake  of  keeping  the  thing  on  its  feet,  when  he  might 
profitably  have  published  elsewhere.  Of  his  reviews 
and  shorter  criticisms,  written  especially  for  "  The 
Dial,"  not  so  much  can  be  said  in  the  way  of  praise. 
Their  quality  is  considerably  below  that  of  the  pieces 
which  were  written  for  other  purposes  and  after- 
ward found  their  way  into  the  pages  of  the  struggling 
magazine.  Emerson  was  not  at  his  best  as  a  re- 
viewer. In  dealing  with  characteristics,  and  the 
salient  features  of  a  great  artist's  spiritual  message, 
he  is  himself  great ;  but  in  criticism  of  the  minuter 
sort,  in  dealing  with  technique  and  those  matters 
which  appertain  to  art,  he  betrays  frequently  a  sur- 
prising weakness.  Often,  too,  he  fails  of  the  dis- 
tinction of  manner  which  attends  him  on  other 
subjects.  In  fact,  if  anything  tends  to  weaken  the 
general  tone  of  Emerson's  literary  criticism,  it  is 
that  he  condescends  to  deal  occasionally  in  the  con- 
ventional euphuisms  of  the  reviewer,  the  polite 
inanity  of  which  Carlyle  so  early  washed  his  hands. 
There  is  more  than  a  touch  of  this  in  Emerson's 
mild  characterization  of  Carlyle's  "  remarkable 
style."  When  he  comes  to  modern  literature,  he 
sometimes  lacks  proportion,  and  can  speak  in  the 
same  breath  of  Wordsworth,  Byron,  Coleridge, 
Shelley,  and  Felicia  Hemans.  As  a  rule,  how- 
ever, Emerson  is  superior  to  these  weaknesses,  and 
usually  his  humorous  good  sense  stands  by  him 
manfully  against  the  assault  of  whole  battalions 
of  the  nonsense  and  freakishness  of  that  senti- 
mental time. 

The  fight  to  keep  afloat  such  a  periodical  as  "  The 
Dial "  proved  more  than  Emerson  could  stand,  and 
after  a  losing  battle  of  two  years  he  also  gave  it  up. 
He  left  the  pumps,  and  the  water-logged  craft  dove 
to  the  bottom.  The  difficulties  of  successfully  con- 
ducting such  a  magazine  were  well-nigh  insuperable. 
It  was  a  constant  drain  on  Emerson.  It  never  suc- 
ceeded in  paying  anything  either  to  editors  or  con- 
tributors, and  had  only  twelve  copies  for  free  dis- 
tribution. Frequently  these  gratuitous  compositions 
would  fail  to  come  to  hand  as  promised,  and  then 
the  editors  were  compelled  to  fill  in  the  gaps  with 
their  "  ready  pen,"  since  the  scissors  were  not  to  be 
The  unfortunate  number  which  fell  under 


300 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


the  bilious  eye  of  Carlyle  was  a  particularly  slim 
one,  got  out,  under  great  strain,  by  Miss  Fuller,  who 
"  wrote  eighty-five  of  its  one  hundred  and  thirty-six 
pages." 

These  difficulties,  of  course,  account  to  a  consid- 
erable degree  for  the  shortcomings  of  "  The  Dial," 
its  lack  of  unity,  its  frequent  haziness,  its  repetitions 
and  its  lack  of  consecutiveness ;  account,  in  short, 
for  its  want  of  that  indispensable  thing,  distinct 
character  as  a  periodical.  Many  magazines  of  infe- 
rior power  have  been  better  organized  and  have 
exhibited  more  individuality  in  themselves,  with 
far  less  to  draw  upon  in  their  several  contributors. 
Yet  on  the  whole  it  must  be  said,  probably,  that  the 
failure  of  "  The  Dial "  was  more  the  fault  of  the 
times  than  of  the  managers  or  the  contributors.  That 
its  spiritual  aim  was  too  high  or  too  bold  to  enlist 
the  interest  of  any  large  class  of  Americans  of  that 
time  is  fairly  evident.  Certainly  "  the  Transcen- 
dentalists  "  were  not  a  large  contingent  in  American 
society  in  1840-45.  "  The  Dial "  was  undoubtedly 
"  the  precious  life-blood,"  if  not  "  of  a  master  spirit " 
at  least  of  a  great  many  "  remarkable  "  writers,  and 
it  quickened  the  veins  of  many  others ;  but  it  was 
rather  intended  to  do  its  work  by  being  "  treasured 
up  to  a  life  beyond  life "  than  by  an  immediate 
effect  on  the  organs  of  society  in  its  own  time. 

TJ.   rr  •      •*    f  H7-        •  J-  F- 

The  University  of  Wisconsin. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

A    PUBLISHER'S    PROTEST. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THB  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  March  16  appears  an  article  entitled 
"  Author  and  Publisher,"  upon  which  I  trust  you  will 
allow  me  to  comment.  I  pass  by  the  fact  that  it  repro- 
duces in  all  their  vague  recklessness  the  vaguest  and 
most  reckless  statements  of  Sir  Walter  Besant.  To 
polemise  against  these  were  worse  than  useless.  But, 
luckily  or  unluckily,  a  couple  of  very  definite  assertions 
are  risked,  and  it  is  these  I  wish  to  challenge.  I  quote 
the  ipsissima  verba  of  the  article: 

"  If  it  is  practically  certain  that  a  thousand  copies  of  any 
book  of  the  ordinary  sort  will  find  purchasers,  there  is  no  risk 
in  its  publication." 

Obviously  it  must  be  meant  that  it  is  practically  certain 
that  the  thousand  copies  will  find  purchasers,  and  that 
a  sale  of  one  thousand  copies  is  sufficient  to  cover  ex- 
penses. 

Now,  in  the  first  place,  a  vast  number  of  works  are 
printed  in  editions  of  less  than  1000,  in  editions  of  750, 
500,  or  even  250.  I  enclose  a  catalogue  of  my  publica- 
tions, in  which  I  have  marked  with  a  cross  books  of  which 
less  than  1000  have  been  printed,  in  the  majority  of 
cases  editions  of  500.  So  far,  then,  from  its  being  pos- 
sible to  count  upon  a  sale  of  1000  for  works  of  this 
class,  one  does  not  dream  of  doing  so;  on  the  contrary, 
one  makes  one's  calculations  upon  the  basis  that  a  sale 
of  300  copies  will  cover  prime  outlay, —  and,  let  me  add, 
one  is  frequently  disappointed  in  one's  expectation,  sell- 
ing perhaps  150  or  200  only,  instead  of  the  estimated 
300.  It  is  quite  evident  that  for  books  of  this  kind  50 


copies  more  or  less  may  make  all  the  difference  between 
profit  and  loss;  equally  evident  that  however  carefully 
the  publisher  makes  his  calculations  he  cannot  be  sure 
of  selling  up  to  the  required  limit,  and  therefore  must 
take  a  risk  which  in  the  case  of  a  £2  2s.  or  £3  3s.  book 
may  easily  run  into  a  large  sum. 

I  know  what  will  be  answered.  Such  books,  it  will 
be  asserted,  are  published  on  commission  only.  I  can 
only  say  that  nine  out  of  every  ten  of  the  books  I  have 
marked  in  my  catalogue  with  a  cross,  to  indicate  that  less 
than  1000  were  printed,  are  published  solely  at  my  risk, 
without  any  help  or  subsidy  whatsoever.  And  I  could 
cite  many  of  an  even  more  scholarly  and  abstruse  nature 
than  certain  of  my  publications;  e.  g.,  Mr.  Frazer's  edi- 
tion of  Pausanias,  the  cost  of  production  of  which  is 
borne  wholly  by  the  publisher.  Then  it  will  be  said, 
"  Oh,  but  the  statement  applies  to  ordinary  books,"  and 
the  books  you,  Mr.  Nutt,  publish,  and  the  class  of  books 
you  have  in  view,  are  not  ordinary  books;  they  are  books 
for  the  select  few,  for  the  scholar  and  the  book-lover, 
not  for  the  man  in  the  street."  Very  well.  Then  I  ask 
what  is  meant  by  an  ordinary  book  ?  And,  so  far  as  I 
can  see,  the  answer  must  be :  a  book  which  is  practically 
certain  to  sell  to  the  extent  of  1000  copies,  and  the  sale 
of  1000  copies  of  which  is  certain  to  pay  prime  outlay. 
In  which  case,  I  submit,  the  bold  assertion  on  which  I 
comment  becomes  a  singularly  inept  La  Palissade. 

In  the  second  place,  just  as  the  1000  copy  limit  of 
sale  is  meaningless  as  applied  to  certain  books  because 
the  calculations  respecting  them  are  made  on  a  300  to 
500  sale  basis,  so  it  is  equally  meaningless  when  applied 
to  the  still  vaster  class  of  popular  (which  should  be 
ordinary)  books  which  cannot  bring  in  profit  until  the 
sales  have  reached  figures  of  from  3000  to  20,000.  In 
the  case  of  perhaps  the  majority  of  illustrated  children's 
books,  and  of  educational  works,  the  sale  of  1000  copies 
would  be  insufficient  to  cover  the  illustrator's  or  the 
editor's  fee,  let  alone  other  expenses.  And  books  of 
this  class  are,  to  the  extent  of  ninety  per  cent,  publishers' 
ventures.  Here  again,  it  is,  I  think,  obvious  that  if 
profit  calculations  have  to  be  made  on  the  basis  of  sales 
running  into  thousands,  it  is  absolutely  impossible  to 
avoid  a  certain  amount  —  nay,  a  considerable  amount  — 
of  risk. 

So  far,  my  criticism  of  the  first  assertion  to  which  I 
take  exception.  The  fact  is,  I  venture  to  think,  that 
the  writer  of  the  article,  like  Sir  Walter  Besant  him- 
self, has  in  view  a  single  class  of  book  only :  the  medium- 
priced  novel  or  hack-library  book,  biography,  essays,  or 
what  not,  books  in  which  the  elements  of  cost  are  almost 
exclusively  paper,  print,  binding,  and  in  the  case  of 
which  the  authors  depend  for  their  remuneration  upon 
royalties.  I  should  think  it  likely  that  with  books  of 
this  class  the  1000  copy  limit  of  sale  may  be  appli- 
cable. But  in  the  case  of  works  of  erudition,  of  beau- 
tifully illustrated  books,  of  popular  educational  works, 
of  popular  gift  and  children's  books,  that  limit  is  wholly 
inapplicable,  either  because  such  a  sale  never  can  be 
reached,  or  because  it  must  be  largely  exceeded.  And 
my  complaint  against  Sir  Walter  Besant,  and  against 
the  writer  of  "  Author  and  Publisher,"  is  that  they 
keep  their  eyes  fixed  upon  the  least  deserving,  the  least 
intrinsically  valuable,  portion  of  the  total  output  of 
books  —  current  hack-fiction  —  to  the  utter  neglect  of 
the  abiding,  the  vitally  essential  elements  of  literature. 
And  this  brings  me  to  the  second  count  of  my  indict- 
ment. 

Sir  Walter  Besant's  emphatic  declaration  that  "  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


301 


method  of  the  future  in  publishing  is  one  which  treats 
the  publisher  as  an  agent  working  upon  commission, 
who  will  take  none  but  commission  books,  who  will 
take  his  commission,  and  no  more,"  is  quoted  with  en- 
tire gravity  and  apparent  approval.  Yet  can  anything 
be  more  outrageously  silly  ?  Even  if  the  large  class  of 
collective  publications — encyclopaedias,  dictionaries,  and 
the  like,  where  obviously  the  commission  principle  be 
applied  —  be  left  out  of  account,  and  only  individual 
work  be  considered,  does  Sir  Walter  Besant,  does  the 
writer  of  "  Author  and  Publisher,"  really  think  that  the 
average  man  of  science,  college  professor,  local  histo- 
rian, jurist,  theologian,  or  medical  man,  is  willing  or  is 
able  to  bear  the  cost  of  bringing  the  result  of  his  labors 
before  the  world  ?  Mr.  Spencer's  example  is  quoted, 
in  ignorance,  I  would  fain  believe,  of  the  true  import  of 
his  testimony.  For  Mr.  Spencer  has  put  it  on  record 
(I  quote  his  own  words) :  "  The  losses  I  suffered  my- 
self were  great,  and  continued  for  many  years."  How 
many  scholars  would  be  able,  how  many  willing,  to  face 
"  great  and  continued  loss  for  many  years  "  ?  And 
what  a  comment  upon  the  glib  statement  that  there  is 
no  risk  in  publishing!  One  of  the  foremost  philosophers 
of  the  century  has  to  wait  for  years,  has  to  risk  great 
loss,  before  he  derives  profit  from  his  books.  Supposing 
he  had  died  with  his  task  but  half  achieved  (and  pre- 
mature death  has  caused  many  a  publishing  venture  to 
fail),  it  is  safe  to  say  that  the  losses  Mr.  Spencer  speaks 
of  never  would  have  been  converted  into  a  balance  on 
the  right  side.  The  average  scholar  cannot  count' upon 
combining  in  himself  genius,  long  life,  and  —  a  hand- 
some private  income. 

I  can  only  speak  with  certainty  of  my  own  publica- 
tions, but  I  can  most  certainly  affirm  that  if  I  had  waited 
to  be  "  commissioned  "  I  should  never  have  published 
the  "  Tudor  Translations,"  or  Sommer's  edition  of  the 
"Morte  Darthur,"  or  the  "Grimm  Library,"  or  the 
"  Tudor  Library,"  or  "  Painter's  Palace  of  Pleasure,"  or 
the  "  Bibliotheque  de  Carabas,"  or,  in  fact,  ninety-nine 
out  of  every  one  hundred  books  I  have  published.  I 
am  always  looking  for  the  intelligent  author  who  will 
publish  on  commission.  But  in  the  very  nature  of 
things  the  majority  of  authors  are  not  and  cannot  be 
capitalists,  and  publishing  more  than  any  other  manu- 
facturing business  requires  capital.  Sir  Walter  Besant's 
"  method  of  the  future  "  would  prevent  the  publication 
of  nearly  every  book  that  is  worth  publishing  at  all. 

ALFRED  NUTT. 

London,  April  14,  1899. 


[Mr.  Nutt  forestalls  our  rejoinder  to  his  main 
contention.  When  we  spoke  of  "  any  book  of  the 
ordinary  sort "  it  was  with  the  express  purpose  of 
excluding  the  classes  of  books  which  we  quite  agree 
with  him  in  thinking  would  require  a  larger  sale 
than  1000  copies  to  prove  profitable  ventures.  Nor 
had  we  the  remotest  intention  of  implying  that 
works  of  the  special  and  scholarly  class  illustrated 
by  Mr.  Nutt's  own  catalogue  were  likely  to  sell  to 
the  extent  of  1000  copies.  As  for  his  grievance 
that  we  quote  Sir  Walter  Besant "  with  entire  grav- 
ity and  apparent  approval,"  we  can  only  say  that 
the  approval  is  not  so  "  apparent "  as  he  thinks,  but 
that  Sir  Walter's  opinions  are  entitled  to  at  least  as 
respectful  a  consideration  as  are  those  of  his  pub- 
lisher-critics.—  EDK.  THE  DIAL!. 


ADMIRAL  SAMPSON  AT  SANTIAGO.  - 

A  CORRECTION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  a  notice  of  my  book  "  With  Sampson  through  the 
War,"  in  your  last  issue,  the  reviewer  says :  "  He  sup- 
presses, for  example,  all  mention  of  the  dispatch  from 
Sampson  ordering  Schley  to  hold  his  fleet  off  Santiago." 

On  page  306  of  the  book  the  dispatch  referred  to  as 
suppressed  will  be  found  mentioned  and  commented 
upon  to  the  extent  of  half  a  page. 

Your  reviewer  adds:  "This  is  more  unpardonable, 
because  Admiral  Sampson  has  evidently  supplied  the 
writer  with  most  of  his  material,  including  a  chapter  of 
his  own." 

Admiral  Sampson  supplied  me  with  none  of  the  ma- 
terial except  that  which  is  directly  credited  to  him  — 
i.  e.,  his  chapter,  and  a  few  short  interviews.  My  mate- 
rial was  obtained  from  personal  observation  and  from 
the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Navigation,  where  you  will 
find  in  full  all  the  official  matter  referred  to  in  my  book. 

As  your  reviewer's  statements  reflect  upon  the  hon- 
esty of  purpose  of  Admiral  Sampson  and  myself,  I  trust 
you  will  do  me  the  favor  to  publish  this  letter. 

New  York,  April  21,  1899.  '      '      ' 

WHAT  THE  JAPANESE  READ. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  tastes  of  the  Japanese  in  reading  are  illustrated 
in  a  table  accompanying  a  recent  official  report  from  the 
Imperial  Library  at  Tokyo,  of  which  I  send  you  a  sum- 
mary. During  a  period  of  twenty-four  days  covered 
by  the  report,  the  readers  numbered  7,770,  and  the 
books  called  for  were  classified  as  follows: 

Japanese  and    European 
Chinese  works.       works. 

Theology  and  religion 635  14 

Philosophy  and  education 2,368  145 

Literature  and  languages 8,038  998 

History,  biography,  geography,  travel     .    .    9,768  460 

Law,  politics,  sociology,  economy,  statistics    6,577  304 

Mathematics,  natural  philosophy,  medicine      9,506  388 

Engineering,  military  arts,  industries      .    .    4,943  205 

Miscellaneous  books 4,840  530 

The  table  will  interest  American  readers  as  showing 
how  large  is  the  number  of  European  works  included. 
It  may  be  added  that  the  Japanese  are  decidedly  a 
reading  people.  Even  the  "  jinrikisha  man,"  waiting  on 
the  street-corner  for  a  customer,  is  generally  to  be  seen 
reading  a  newspaper,  magazine,  or  book.  And  in  Japan 
also,  "  of  making  many  books  there  is  no  end." 

ERNEST  W.  CLEMENT. 

Tokyo,  April  5,  1899. 


AIRS  OF  SPRING. 

Among  the  willow  tassels  buzz  the  bees; 

Just  sun  enough  to  warm  the  butterfly, 
Dropt  like  the  bright  leaf  fallen  from  autumn  trees, 

To  stir  the  light-heart  squirrel  scampering  by; 

A  numb  snake  coiled  upon  a  sunny  mound; 

Green  of  young  mosses  on  the  shadow's  bed; 
Faint  odors  —  trustful  incense  from  the  ground, 

In  misty  lift  where  sleep  the  winter's  dead; 

Anemones  here,  arbutus,  violets  there; 

The  wind  is  busy  with  the  maple  flowers; 
Shy  blisses  glimmer  up  and  down  the  air 

Where  once  again  they  hover  —  love's  own  hours. 
JOHN  VANCE  CHENEY. 


302 


THE    DIAL, 


[May  1, 


00ks. 


GREAT  GENERALS  nsr  BLUE  AND  GRAY.* 

Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson  occupies  a  pecu- 
liar place  among  the  heroes  of  American  his- 
tory. As  the  story  of  the  great  Civil  War  is 
being  told,  in  these  days  when  the  passions  of 
a  generation  ago  are  forgotten  and  the  intensely 
partisan  volumes  of  contemporary  writers  are 
revised  with  a  cooler  judgment,  the  worth  of 
this  great  soldier  of  the  Lost  Cause  becomes 
increasingly  apparent.  No  one  can  estimate 
what  a  power  for  good  in  healing  the  wounds 
of  a  fratricidal  strife  one  thought  has  been  :  If 
an  intensely  earnest,  devoted  Christian  man 
like  u  Stonewall  "  Jackson  believed  in  the  jus- 
ness  of  the  contention  of  the  South  and  was 
willing  to  give  his  life  for  his  convictions,  then 
no  one  from  the  other  side  has  the  right  to 
make  sweeping  condemnation  of  "  rebels  "  and 
"  traitors  "  without  a  fair  and  unbiased  exam- 
ination of  the  questions  at  issue  in  the  great 
contest  which  nearly  severed  the  bonds  of 
American  union. 

Some  such  thought  as  this  must  explain  the 
welcome  given  to  the  two  noble  volumes  by 
Colonel  Henderson,  in  which,  with  grace  of  lit- 
erary style  and  wealth  of  graphic  aid,  he  has 
attempted  the  interpretation  of  the  life  of  a 
great  commander.  Himself  learned  in  military 
lore,  no  better  one  could  have  been  chosen  to 
paint  the  portrait  of  a  general  who  took  with 
him  into  the  field  the  invaluable  treasures  of  a 
well-ordered  mind  enriched  by  years  of  study 
of  the  achievements  of  the  world's  leading  sol- 
diers. In  the  twelve  hundred  pages,  besides 
the  thread  of  the  life-story  of  Jackson,  the 
reader  will  find  many  a  paragraph  that  will 
stimulate  careful  thought,  many  a  bright  phrase 
that  will  illumine  the  darkness  of  conflict,  many 
a  brilliant  description  that  will  charm.  There 
can  be  no  doubt  that  this  work  will  be  the 
standard  biography  of  Jackson,  and  that,  there- 
fore, the  literature  of  the  Civil  War  has  received 
a  notable  addition. 

The  personality  of  the  hero  is  everywhere, 
and  naturally  so.  It  is  probable  that  no  one 

*  STONEWALL  JACKSON  AND  THE  AMERICAN  CIVIL  WAR. 
By  Lieut.-Col.  G.  F.  R.  Henderson,  Major,  the  York  and 
Lancashire  Regiment ;  Professor  of  Military  Art  and  History 
in  the  Staff  College.  In  two  volumes.  With  portraits,  maps, 
and  plans.  New  York  :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

LIFE  OP  GENERAL  GEORGE  GORDON  MEADE,  Commander 
of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  By  Richard  Meade  Bache. 
Illustrated  with  portraits  and  maps.  Philadelphia :  Henry  T. 
Coates  &  Co. 


could  tell  the  details  of  the  career  of  this  sol- 
dier of  the  South  without  feeling  his  heart  warm 
with  enthusiasm  toward  one  who  was  intensely 
popular,  although  his  life  throughout  was  char- 
acterized by  rigid  reserve,  whose  student's  na- 
ture gave  him  self-control,  who  manifested  tact 
in  many  a  critical  moment  because  of  this  self- 
possession,  who  cared  little  for  the  praise  of  his 
fellow  men,  and  who  seemed  to  enjoy  surround- 
ing himself  and  his  plans  with  a  veil  of  deep 
mystery.  In  boyhood  and  youth,  in  the  train- 
ing days  of  the  Mexican  War,  and  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  the  Valley,  wherever  Jackson  appeared 
he  was  a  power.  His  brain  worked  for  others  ; 
he  did  the  thinking  and  oftentimes  the  doing 
as  well.  Perhaps  the  facts  sustain  such  a  notion, 
but  there  is  such  a  fascination  in  the  narrative 
that  one  who  seeks  to  criticise  is  led  to  wonder 
whether  this  uniformity  of  laudation  may  not 
be  a  defect  of  judgment,  the  presence  of  which 
should  lead  to  a  closer  examination  of  state- 
ments about  other  men  and  things  which  are 
interwoven  into  the  story. 

It  is  probable,  also,  that  no  one  could  tell 
the  details  of  the  career  of  Jackson  without 
being  in  sympathy  with  the  cause  for  which  he 
fought  and  died.  When  one  is  gone,  the  tes- 
timony of  a  friend  is  more  to  be  desired  than 
the  tribute  of  an  enemy.  A  Northerner,  in 
these  days  of  reconciliation  and  reunion,  might 
write  appreciatively  of  a  Southern  general, 
might  give  him  due  credit  for  honesty  of  pur- 
pose, for  skill  in  strategy,  for  valor  in  conflict ; 
and  yet  there  would  be  the  certain  bias  of  one 
who  was  reared  under  different  conditions  and 
with  opposing  fundamental  notions.  In  like 
manner,  if  in  any  part  of  this  work  there  is  ap- 
pearance of  too  great  praise  for  the  Southern 
leaders  and  too  much  sympathy  for  the  Confed- 
eracy, the  unpleasant  thought  will  come  that  this 
intensity  of  feeling  may  prevent  that  impartial 
examination  of  facts  which  an  alien  might  be 
expected  to  make  when  studying  military  move- 
ments in  the  light  of  sober  history,  with  a  defi- 
nite view  of  contributing  to  the  literature  of 
warfare  rather  than  to  that  of  partisanship. 

It  is  more  than  likely  that  a  writer  who  had 
had  soldierly  training  and  military  sympathies 
would  far  better  express  the  true  estimate  of 
the  life  of  a  great  general  than  any  civilian 
possibly  could  do.  At  the  same  time,  in  case 
of  conflict  between  the  military  authorities  and 
the  civil,  the  bias  of  personal  opinion  and  tech- 
nical training  would  certainly  operate  in  cloud- 
ing the  judgment  to  some  degree.  In  every 
war  there  are  times  when  the  desires  of  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


803 


civil  authority  go  counter  to  the  views  of  the 
military.  Sometimes  time  shows  that  the  civil 
arm  was  to  blame ;  sometimes  the  reverse  is 
true.  In  Jackson's  career,  as  in  that  of  many 
a  general  of  the  Civil  War,  there  were  occa- 
sions when  the  feeling  between  these  two  forms 
of  authority  was  intense.  No  one  needs  to  read 
far  in  Colonel  Henderson's  volumes  in  order  to 
find  the  strength  of  his  opinion  that  the  civil 
authorities  are  too  apt  to  interfere  with  generals 
in  the  field,  and  that  things  would  go  much 
better  were  the  military  authorities  to  be  given 
entire  control.  There  are  many  who  would 
contend  that  history  does  not  sustain  the  cor- 
rectness of  such  a  view. 

Having  now  a  writer  who  has  become  thor- 
oughly imbued  with  the  idea  of  the  nobility  of 
character  of  his  subject,  who  either  had  a  pre- 
viously formed  conception  of  the  justice  of  that 
hero's  cause  or  reached  such  a  conclusion  after 
a  sympathetic  study,  and  who  has  the  military 
bent  of  mind,  the  inevitable  tendency  will  be 
that  the  heroic  element  will  be  made  too  prom- 
inent, and  that  every  obstacle  will  give  way 
before  the  mighty  genius  which  Providence  has 
determined  shall  triumph.  No  matter  how  over- 
whelming the  odds,  victory  will  be  sure  to  come ; 
or,  if  it  fails,  will  be  prevented  only  because  of 
the  want  of  hearty  cooperation  on  the  part  of 
someone  else. 

These  seem  to  be  the  lines  of  criticism  along 
which  the  volumes  devoted  to  Stonewall  Jack- 
son may  be,  perhaps  harshly,  reviewed.  But 
there  is  a  sense  in  which  these  criticisms  only 
increase  the  praise  due  the  author.  One  feels 
that  the  history  of  a  life  is  presented  from  the 
standpoint  of  that  life.  The  reader  here  sees 
things  as  Stonewall  Jackson  saw  them.  He 
understands  how  the  problem  of  slavery  ap- 
peared to  a  thoughtful  man  of  the  South.  In 
the  words  of  Mrs.  Jackson : 

"  He  found  the  institution  a  responsible  and  trouble- 
some one,  and  I  have  heard  him  say  that  he  would 
prefer  to  see  the  negroes  free,  but  he  believed  that 
slavery  was  sanctioned  by  the  Creator  himself,  who 
maketh  men  to  differ,  and  instituted  laws  for  the  bond 
and  free.  He  therefore  accepted  slavery  as  it  existed 
in  the  South,  not  as  a  thing  desirable  in  itself,  but  as 
allowed  by  Providence  for  ends  which  it  was  not  his 
business  to  determine." 

The  reader  understands  how  it  came  about 
that  men  believed  that  injustice  was  done  them 
in  the  Union,  and  were  willing  to  fight  and  die, 
if  necessary,  to  sustain  their  convictions  when 
once  deliberately  formed.  The  point  of  view 
can  be  appreciated,  even  if  the  arguments  given 
do  not  seem  decisive.  The  chapter  on  the 


causes  of  the  war  does  not  give  attention  to 
many  topics  which  were  influential  in  bring- 
ing about  the  struggle.  Statements  are  made 
which  are  to  be  taken  with  much  allowance. 
There  is  apparent  inconsistency  in  places,  — 
as,  for  example,  where  the  old  fear  of  slave 
insurrection  is  used  to  warrant  rebellion  after 
the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln ;  while,  ten 
pages  later,  the  safety  of  the  women  and  chil- 
dren in  the  midst  of  war's  alarms,  when  only 
the  slaves  were  near,  is  used  to  show  the  false- 
ness of  any  such  ideas  of  the  wrong  treatment 
of  slaves  as  were  set  forth  in  "Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin." 

A  reasonable  argument  for  the  justification 
of  the  South  in  rebellion  is  sought  in  many 
pages,  and  then  much  of  truth  is  hinted  at  inci- 
dentally in  a  single  paragraph  : 

"  It  is  impossible  to  determine  how  far  the  profes- 
sional politician  was  responsible  for  the  Civil  War.  But 
when  we  recall  the  fact  that  secession  followed  close  on 
the  overthrow  of  a  faction  which  had  long  monopolized 
the  spoils  of  office,  and  that  this  faction  found  compen- 
sation in  the  establishment  of  a  new  government,  it  is 
not  easy  to  resist  the  suspicion  that  the  secession  move- 
ment was  neither  more  nor  less  than  a  conspiracy  hatched 
by  a  clever  and  unscrupulous  cabal." 

The  volumes  under  consideration  are  remark- 
ably strong  in  two  respects.  They  set  forth  a 
striking  picture  of  Jackson  as  a  man,  and  they 
show  the  value  of  strategy  in  warfare.  Because 
Jackson  was  so  successful  as  a  strategist,  he 
probably  appealed  to  the  author  as  one  of  the 
best  of  characters  around  whom  might  be  woven 
the  arguments  for  the  most  careful  study  of 
military  science. 

The  man  appears  everywhere.  "  He  never 
smoked,  he  was  a  strict  teetotaller,  and  he  never 
touched  a  card."  He  was  "  as  exact  as  the 
multiplication  table,  and  as  full  of  things  mil- 
itary as  an  arsenal."  "  Few  detected  beneath 
that  quiet  demeanor  and  absent  manner,  the 
existence  of  energy  incarnate  and  an  iron  will." 
"  As  the  playful  tenderness  he  displayed  at 
home  was  never  suspected,  so  the  consuming 
earnestness,  the  absolute  fearlessness,  whether 
of  danger  or  responsibility,  the  utter  disregard 
of  man,  and  the  unquestioning  faith  in  the 
Almighty,  which  made  up  the  individuality 
which  men  called  Stonewall  Jackson,  remained 
hidden  from  all  but  one"  (his  wife).  Such 
brief  extracts  show  glimpses  of  the  man  as  he 
appeared  to  his  fellows. 

As  to  his  skill  in  strategy,  there  is  need  for 
little  comment.  He  was  an  ardent  admirer  of 
Napoleon  Bonaparte.  He  studied  his  cam- 
paigns with  eagerness.  He  noted  particularly 


304 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


the  "  swiftness,  daring,  and  energy  of  his  move- 
ments."    One  paragraph  will  suffice : 

" « With  God's  blessing  (this  was  a  favorite  phrase 
with  him)  let  us  make  thorough  work  of  it.'  When  once 
he  had  joined  battle,  no  loss,  no  suffering  was  permitted 
to  stay  his  hand.  He  never  dreamed  of  retreat  until  he 
had  put  in  his  last  reserve.  Yet  his  victories  were  won 
rather  by  sweat  than  blood,  by  skilful  manoeuvring 
rather  than  sheer  hard  fighting.  '  I  had  rather  lose  one 
man  in  marching  than  five  in  battle,'  and  in  order  to 
achieve  an  easy  triumph  his  men  were  marched  till  they 
dropped  in  scores.  But  the  marches  which  strewed  the 
wayside  with  the  footsore  and  the  weaklings  won  his 
battles.  The  enemy,  surprised  and  outnumbered,  was 
practically  beaten  before  a  shot  was  fired,  and  success 
was  attained  at  a  trifling  cost." 

The  story  of  George  Gordon  Meade  suffers 
by  comparison  with  the  splendid  narrative  by 
Colonel  Henderson,  and  yet  there  are  many 
points  of  similarity.  The  early  experiences  of 
the  two  future  generals  of  the  Rebellion  were 
much  the  same.  Each  followed  his  prelimin- 
ary training  at  West  Point  with  service  in  the 
Mexican  War,  and  this  similarity  of  experience 
has  naturally  produced  a  similarity  of  treatment 
on  the  part  of  the  two  widely  separated  writers. 
Each  has  decided  views  regarding  the  superior 
worth  of  strategy  in  warfare,  and  each  reaches 
the  conclusion  stated  in  the  words  of  Colonel 
Henderson  :  "  Providence  is  more  inclined  to 
side  with  the  big  brains  than  with  the  big  bat- 
talions." 

It  is  exceedingly  interesting  to  compare  the 
views  of  the  two  authors  as  set  forth  in  the 
Jackson  life  under  the  chapter  heading  "  Se- 
cession "  and  in  the  Meade  story  under  "  The 
Cause  of  the  Civil  War  "  and  in  a  second  chap- 
ter entitled  "  Truths  and  Popular  Errors  Re- 
garding the  Civil  War."  The  parallelism  might 
be  further  illustrated  by  a  reference  to  the 
numerous  maps  and  plans  furnished  by  each 
work,  the  Meade  biography  being  illustrated 
by  twenty-two  diagrams,  some  of  them,  how- 
ever, lacking  the  clearness  of  delineation  de- 
sired by  the  student ;  and  the  Jackson  volumes 
by  over  thirty  similar  graphic  helps. 

In  style,  however,  Mr.  Bache  lacks  the  clear- 
ness of  his  contemporary.  The  sentences  are 
often  involved  and  the  phrases  stilted.  It  is 
somewhat  difficult  to  read  passage  after  passage, 
where  the  thought  is  expressed  in  the  style  of 
this  selected  sentence : 

"  The  absurdities  which  the  contemplation  of  a  mul- 
titude of  sovereign  states,  without  marked  geographical 
boundaries,  which  have  lived  for  nearly  a  century  to- 
gether the  common  life  of  a  nation,  coupled  with  the 
right  of  secession  at  any  time,  exhibit  to  us,  are  infinite." 

This  life  of  Meade,  being  the  first  one  in  a 


generation  since  the  war,  might  have  been  made 
a  model,  truth  and  error  being  separated  in  the 
cold  light  of  dispassionate  recital.  Laudation 
of  an  uncle  by  a  nephew  might  be  expected, 
but  a  few  sentences  will  indicate  the  spirit 
which  seems  to  mark  the  volume. 

It  was  Sheridan's  "  habitual  practice  never 
to  blench  from  claiming  more  than  the  merit 
in  whatever  he  was  concerned"  (page  36). 
McClellan  was 

"  A  man  without  the  poise  that  is  capable  of  directing 
to  great  deeds.  .  .  .  Put  to  the  actual  test  of  war,  and 
suspicions  of  his  shortcomings  for  his  task  beginning  to 
invade  the  sober  common-sense  of  the  people,  not  to  be 
in  the  long  run  deceived  as  to  what  concerns  them  nearly, 
some  abatement  of  this  arrogance  became  perceptible, 
although  he  still  had  so  false  a  view  of  his  relations  as 
a  military  man  to  the  civil  power  that  he  could  reconcile 
himself  to  writing  to  the  President  a  letter  unprece- 
dented in  its  assumption  of  ability  to  counsel  in  a 
sphere  the  threshold  of  which  he  should  not  have 
touched  "  (page  173). 

Halleck,  too,  receives  such  compliments  as 
the  following : 

"  Halleck  .  .  .  made  progress  so  slow  towards  Cor- 
inth, in  Mississippi,  moving  fifteen  miles  in  six  weeks, 
that  the  enemy  availed  himself  of  the  ample  time  placed 
at  his  disposal  to  evacuate  the  place  with  all  his  mate- 
rial, and  leave  only  the  husks  of  victory  behind.  Yet 
Halleck  was  the  general  who,  from  Washington,  subse- 
quently told  McClellan  that  his  men  did  not  march 
enough  for  exercise.  .  .  .  His  generalship,  however,  had 
not,  as  we  have  seen,  prevented  Halleck  from  being 
called  to  Washington  as  general-in-chief  of  the  armies 
of  the  United  States  "  (page  249). 

Perhaps  it  is  unnecessary  to  give  further 
illustrations.  One  general  after  another  is 
treated  in  such  frank  manner.  One  after  an- 
other is  given  trial  only  to  fail.  Finally  from 
the  mists  of  defeat  and  demoralization  and  de- 
spair the  true  hero  (Meade)  emerges,  and  from 
that  auspicious  moment  mistakes  are  few  and 
difficulties  are  trifles. 

Getting  such  an  impression  of  the  tone  of 
mind  of  the  author,  the  result  of  examination  is 
disappointing.  "  The  alternative  which  has 
been  discarded  always  seems  to  have  extraordin- 
ary fascination  for  the  average  human  mind,  so 
easy  is  it  to  demonstrate  success  of  the  thing  not 
tried."  Such  is  the  text  which  serves  to  illus- 
trate the  truth  that  Meade  was  right  and  that 
all  his  critics  were  wrong,  and  if  that  statement 
be  not  accepted  as  convincing,  then  let  every 
critic  beware,  or  each  will  be  treated  with  such 
stinging  comment  as  is  given  one  or  two  mild 
opponents  of  General  Meade's  policy. 

Returning  once  again,  for  a  moment,  to  a 
comparison  of  the  two  works  reviewed,  the 
reader  feels  that  Colonel  Henderson  is  partial 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


305 


to  his  hero,  but  this  partiality  is  evidently  the 
result  of  such  deep  study  of  the  man  and  his 
time,  that  it  becomes  part  of  the  nature  of  the 
writer,  who  sends  his  message  from  the  heart. 
In  the  case  of  Mr.  Bache,  the  conviction  is 
strong  that  the  desire  to  have  the  last  word 
with  a  generation  of  writers  about  the  war,  and 
the  over-anxiety  to  have  a  great  general  prop- 
erly appreciated  by  posterity,  have  clouded  the 
judgment  to  such  an  extent  that,  in  contro- 
verted questions,  the  Life  of  General  Meade 
can  scarcely  be  taken  as  a  safe  guide  to  the 
anxious  seeker  after  the  truth. 

FRANCIS  W.  SHEPARDSON. 


OLD-AGE  LETTERS  or  SAVAGE  IIANDOR.* 

Any  work  bearing  the  name  of  Landor  would 
be  certain  to  arouse  the  expectation  of  the  lit- 
erary public.  There  are  several  reasons  for 
this.  In  the  world  of  letters  Landor  was  a 
unique  figure.  "  I  am  and  will  be  alone  as  long 
as  I  live,  and  after,"  he  wrote  Brougham  ;  and 
the  judgment  thus  pronounced  upon  himself 
has  been  accepted  as  final.  He  was,  indeed,  a 
sort  of  paradox.  To  some,  to  most  perhaps, 
his  manner  was  rough  and  crabbed,  while  to 
others  it  seemed  imbued  with  all  the  affable 
grace  of  old-world  gallantry ;  the  air  of  defi- 
ance with  which  he  hedged  himself  in  prevented 
many  from  seeing  that  he  possessed  a  delicacy 
of  sentiment  almost  unparalleled  in  others  ;  his 
childish  crochets,  his  whims,  his  caprices,  were 
but  the  cloaks  to  a  larger  and  nobler  nature ; 
and  his  slavery  to  impulse  was  at  least  extenu- 
ated by  his  kingly  contempt  for  all  that  was 
mean  and  vile  and  base.  To  this  man  have  been 
applied  more  epithets,  good  and  bad,  than  to  any 
English  writer  of  this  century,  perhaps  of  any 
century.  Carlyle,  who  had  the  ability  that 
genius  always  has  of  describing  a  person  or  a 
thing  in  the  word  or  the  phrase  which  is  a  dis- 
covery, summed  them  all  up  in  his  "  unsubdu- 
able  old  Roman  !  "  Always  at  war  with  the 
world,  ready  to  marshall  his  armies  at  a  mo- 
ment's notice,  though  sometimes  borne  back  by 
force  of  numbers  and  never  victorious,  he  yet 
never  acknowledged  defeat.  He  lived  and  died 
fighting.  At  times  it  pleases  me  to  think  that, 
as  Coleridge  detected  in  himself  "  a  smack  of 
Hamlet,"  so  we  may  detect  in  Landor  a  smack 
of  the  mad  Lear.  "  The  mind  of  Lear,"  Haz- 

*  LETTERS  OF  WALTER  SAVAGE  LANDOR,  PRIVATE  AND 
PUBLIC.  Edited  by  Stephen  Wheeler.  Illustrated.  Phil- 
adelphia :  J.  8.  Lippincott  Go. 


litt  once  said, —  and  what  I  quote  may  be  ap- 
plied with  almost  equal  force  to  the  mind  of 
Landor, — "  is  like  a  tall  ship  driven  about  by 
the  winds,  buffeted  by  the  furious  waves,  but 
that  still  rides  above  the  storm,  having  its 
anchor  fixed  in  the  bottom  of  the  sea ;  or  it  is 
like  the  sharp  rock  circled  by  the  eddying  whirl- 
pool that  foams  and  beats  against  it,  or  like  the 
solid  promontory  pushed  from  its  basis  by  the 
force  of  an  earthquake."  And  Landor,  like 
Lear,  we  remember,  was  the  wizard  who  dis- 
turbed the  elements. 

The  letters  of  such  a  man  as  this,  it  would 
seem,  ought  to  be  particularly  interesting,  be- 
cause in  them  we  should  naturally  look  for 
some  expression  of  this  singular  personality. 
But  when  we  open  the  book  before  us,  the 
"  Letters  of  Walter  Savage  Landor,"  we  meet 
at  the  very  start  with  a  slight  disappointment. 
The  title  promises  rather  too  much,  for  the 
book  actually  contains  only  a  small  part  of 
Landor's  correspondence.  We  have  here  the 
letters  written  by  him  to  Lady  Graves-Sawle, 
before  and  after  her  marriage,  and  to  her 
mother,  during  the  years  1838  to  1863.  In 
addition  to  these  letters, —  which,  with  the  ex- 
ception, so  far  as  I  can  find,  of  only  three  short 
extracts  printed  in  Foster's  biography  of  Lan- 
dor, have  hitherto  been  unpublished,  —  are 
reprinted  the  public  letters  which  Landor  ad- 
dressed to  "  The  Examiner  "  during  the  years 
1838  to  1855.  These  public  letters  may  be 
dismissed  with  a  word.  Their  tone  and  point 
of  view  are  pretty  well  suggested  in  the  follow- 
ing passage : 

"  In  my  views  on  politics  I  have  given  offense  to  many 
good  and  sensible  men.  Perhaps  I  may  be  erroneous 
in  some  of  my  opinions,  but  is  it  quite  certain  that  they 
themselves  are  exempt  from  fallibility  in  all  of  theirs  ? 
Permit  me  to  ask  whether  they  have  given  proofs  to 
the  world  of  more  research,  more  intellect,  more  infor- 
mation, more  independence  ?  I  come  forward,  not  to 
offend,  but  to  conduct;  not  to  quarrel,  but  to  teach;  and 
I  would  rather  make  one  man  wiser  than  ten  thousand 
friendly  to  me;  yet  I  profess  no  indifference  to  the  fav- 
ourable opinion  of  those  writers  who  influence  the  public 
judgment.  I  suspect  both  of  moroseness  and  of  false- 
hood such  as  are  guilty  of  this  arrogant  and  contemptu- 
ous demeanor.  It  is  only  small  dogs  that  run  after  the 
stones  cast  at  them;  and  these  small  dogs,  importunate 
to  be  petted  and  prompt  at  tricks,  are  of  a  breed  not 
remarkable  for  sagacity  or  fidelity. 

"  Dependent  on  no  party,  influenced  by  none,  abstain- 
ing from  the  society  and  conversation  of  the  few  public 
men  I  happen  to  be  acquainted  with,  for  no  other  reason 
than  because  they  are  in  power  and  office,  I  shall  con- 
tinue, so  long  as  I  live,  to  notice  the  politics  and  politi- 
cians which  may  promote  or  impede  the  public  welfare." 
Not  all  of  these  public  letters  were  worth  pre- 
serving, nor  are  they  likely  to  entertain  the 


306 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


general  reader.  Some  of  them,  nevertheless, 
are  manly  appeals  for  justice,  and  their  chief 
merit,  I  take  it,  is  to  show  that  Landor  was  at 
all  times  the  friend  of  the  oppressed  and  the 
enemy  of  the  oppressor. 

It  is  the  private  letters  that  constitute  the 
more  valuable  portion  of  the  book.  As  might 
be  supposed,  these  contain  some  interesting 
impressions  of  men  and  things.  A  few  of 
these  impressions  are  really  good, —  as  this  one 
of  Byron,  for  instance :  "  In  Byron  there  is 
much  to  admire  but  nothing  to  imitate :  for 
energy  is  beyond  the  limits  of  imitation."  But 
more,  by  far,  are  of  the  "  slap-dash  "  sort  as 
Lowell  once  characterized  them,  which  are 
interesting  only  because  they  bear  the  stamp  of 
Landor's  originality.  Of  this  kind  are  Lan- 
dor's  statements  that  Aubrey  de  Vere's  "  En- 
glish Misrule  and  Irish  Misdeeds  "is  "a  work 
which  unites  the  wisdom  of  Bacon  with  the  elo- 
quence of  Burke,"  that  "  The  world  has  seen 
only  one  man  in  two  thousand  years  so  eloquent 
as  Kossuth,"  that  Mrs.  Somerville  was  "  the 
most  wonderful  woman  the  world  ever  saw," 
and  so  on. 

The  letters  themselves  are  not  as  quotable 
as  one  familiar  with  Landor's  works  would  ex- 
pect. Of  the  following  extracts,  which  will 
serve  as  well  as  any,  perhaps,  to  illustrate  the 
author's  manner  in  this  form  of  invention,  the 
last,  if  I  mistake  not,  are  in  a  strain  somewhat 
unusual  with  Landor. 

"  It  is  a  horrible  thing  to  have  many  literary  friends. 
They  are  apt  to  fancy  that,  however  your  time  may  be 
occupied,  you  must  at  all  events  have  enough  to  read 
what  they  send  you.  Alas  !  alas  !  There  are  few  who 
have  time  enough  to  read  even  all  the  very  good  books 
that  have  been  written,  old  and  new ;  and  who  can  neglect 
the  good  for  the  bad  without  compunction  and  remorse  ? 
...  In  regard  to  small  authors,  restless  for  celebrity, 
and  wriggling  on  their  level  walks  like  worms  exposed 
to  the  sunshine,  I  have  scarcely  ever  seen  one  of  these 
poor  creatures  who  did  not  at  one  time  excite  my  smiles, 
and  at  another  my  pity.  .  .  .  When  years  have  stored 
your  mind  with  observation,  you  will  continue  to  prefer 
Goldsmith  to  Bulwer,  Miss  Edgeworth  to  Lady  Morgan, 
Madame  de  Se'vigne'  to  Chateaubriand:  in  other  words, 
the  very  best  to  the  very  worst." 

"  There  are  few  of  us  who  do  not  know  how  a  little 
grief  swells  a  greater.  Have  you  never  seen  two  drops 
of  rain  upon  a  window,  where  the  larger  has  been  qui- 
escent until  the  lesser  was  drawn  into  it  —  then  it 
dropped." 

"  Do  not  let  the  fishermen  catch  all  the  trout,  for 
they  are  pretty  creatures,  and  I  am  delighted  to  see 
them  playing  on  the  surface  of  the  water.  The  very 
oldest  of  them  may  sometimes  be  detected  in  this  idle 
occupation  —  so  there  is  a  sort  of  sympathy  between  us." 

"  You  did  right  in  not  killing  the  grouse.  Let  men 
do  these  things  if  they  will.  Perhaps  there  is  no  harm 
in  it  —  perhaps  it  makes  them  no  crueller  than  they 


would  be  otherwise.  But  it  is  hard  to  take  away  what 
we  cannot  give  —  and  life  is  a  pleasant  thing  —  at  least 
to  birds.  No  doubt  the  young  ones  say  tender  things 
to  one  another,  and  even  the  old  ones  do  not  dream  of 
death." 

"  I  have  been  to  visit  your  flowers  —  they  are  doing 
well,  and  the  roses  I  planted  seemed  glad  to  see  me." 

Thoughts  like  the  last  hint  at  the  precise  value 
of  this  collection  of  letters.  To  begin  with, 
there  is  no  treasure-trove  of  thought  here.  Two- 
thirds  of  the  letters  were  written  to  a  young 
and  inexperienced  girl  wholly  incapable  of  draw- 
ing from  Landor  his  best  ideas.  The  author, 
however,  has  thrown  about  this  light  gossip  of 
his  old  age  a  charm  that  certainly  delights  the 
reader.  Landor  evidently  had  no  thought  of 
the  public  in  mind  when  he  wrote  these  letters, 
although,  now  that  they  are  published,  they  may 
in  a  measure  satisfy  the  curiosity  the  public 
always  has  to  get  a  peep  at  the  interior  of  the 
green-room.  They  add  nothing  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  Landor,  although  they  do  emphasize 
the  fact  that  under  favorable  circumstances  he 
could  be  agreeable  —  even  amiable.  In  other 
words,  the  old  Roman  has  for  once  put  off  his 
armor  and  donned  the  toga  of  a  peaceful  citizen 
of  Rome, —  although,  it  must  be  owned,  we 
never  quite  rid  ourselves  of  an  uneasy  feeling 
that  after  all  he  may  have  his  weapons  within 
easy  reach,  ready  to  be  seized  at  a  moment's 
notice.  TULEY  FRANCIS  HUNTINGTON. 


TWO    EPOCHS    OF    THE    ROMAN    EMPIRE.* 


The  great  name  of  Gregorovius  (1821— 
1891 )  is  chiefly  associated  with  mediaeval 
Rome.  This  was  the  subject  of  his  first  his- 
torical study,  and,  as  recast  in  1883,  the  work 
displays  all  his  mastery  of  form  and  abundance 
of  accurate  scholarship.  The  story  of  the  em- 
peror who  settled  the  boundaries  and  the  for- 
eign policy  of  the  Roman  Empire,  who  made 
the  last  and  greatest  effort  to  revive  the  full 
splendor  of  Hellenic  paganism,  is  well  deserv- 
ing of  such  a  monograph.  For  the  man  of  gen- 
eral culture,  the  sixty-sixth  chapter  of  Meri- 
vale's  standard  work  may  suffice.  But  every 
serious  student  of  Roman  history  will  find  Gre- 
gorovius' book  a  necessity. 

Our  American  specialists  in  any  such  field 
are,  however,  as  I  believe,  almost  invariably 

*THB  EMPEROR  HADRIAN.  By  Ferdinand  Gregorovius. 
Translated  by  Mary  E.  Robinson.  New  York :  The  Macmil- 
lan  Co. 

ROMAN  SOCIETY  IN  THE  LAST  CENTURY  OF  THE  WESTERN 
EMPIRE.  By  Samuel  Dill.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


307 


accustomed  to  the  use  of  German  books.  The 
present  translation  must  have  been  intended 
almost  solely  for  insular  students  ;  it  is  not 
intended,  however,  for  the  mere  general  reader. 
The  French,  Latin,  and  Greek,  which  occurs 
abundantly  in  the  foot-notes,  is  never  translated : 
German  is  left  standing  only  in  the  titles  of 
other  works  cited. 

Now,  that  a  generation  of  students  equipped 
in  just  this  peculiar  fashion  really  exists  in 
England,  there  is  abundant  reason  to  believe. 
In  spite  of  all  ties,  of  old  kin  and  recent  roy- 
alty, our  cousins  still  turn  their  backs  on  the 
parent  Teutonic  speech,  in  which  half  the  vol- 
umes of  constant  reference  in  almost  every 
American  scholar's  working  library  are  writ- 
ten. German  is  a  sealed  book  to  many  —  per- 
haps to  most  —  Oxford  or  Cambridge  gradu- 
ates to-day. 

But  if  such  a  condition  is  to  be  endured  and 
accepted,  it  must  at  least  be  faced  consistently. 
Especially,  such  a  work  as  this  must  be  duly 
adapted  to  the  reader  —  we  should  in  courtesy 
say  the  student  —  who  knows  no  German,  and 
will  not  learn  it. 

A  mere  translation  of  Gregorovius'  text,  and 
of  the  German  portion  of  his  foot-notes,  does 
not  fully  accomplish  this  end.  Three-fourths 
of  the  references  in  the  notes  are  still  to  books 
cited  by  their  German  titles.  In  many  cases, 
English  translations  exist ;  in  others,  references 
were  possible  to  English  or  French  books.  The 
only  supplementary  material  in  the  English 
edition  appears  to  be  the  all-too-brief  and 
luminous  "  Introduction,"  of  four  pages,  by 
Professor  Henry  Pelham.  The  swift  sketch 
therein  given  of  Hadrian's  larger  imperial 
policy  supplies  a  real  defect  in  Gregorovius' 
own  work.  But  nearly  every  page  needed  the 
aid  of  the  same  masterly  hand,  in  the  English 
reader's  interest. 

Thus,  to  Merivale,  from  whose  closing  vol- 
ume nearly  everyone  will  turn  to  this  mono- 
graph, there  is  apparently  no  reference  at  all. 
That  such  a  vade  mecum  as  Teuffel's  "  History 
of  Latin  Literature  "  is  available  in  English,  as 
as  well  as  in  German,  has  apparently  not  been 
revealed  to  the  conscientious  translator.  In- 
deed, I  find  no  serious  attempt  to  supplement 
the  bibliographical  material  for  the  fifteen  years 
since  Gregorovius'  own  work  appeared.  To 
take  a  most  glaring  instance,  in  the  special 
"Bibliography"  (pp.  382-402),  Theodor 
Mommsen  is  credited  with  three  German  and 
two  Latin  monographs  ;  there  is  no  mention  of 
the  existence,  in  German  or  English,  of  his 


great  work  on  the  "  Provinces  under  the  Em- 
pire " ! 

We  must  say,  on  the  whole,  then,  that  almost 
any  student  in  America  who  needs  Gregoro- 
vius' book  at  all  will  prefer  the  original,  espe- 
cially if,  as  is  probable,  an  edition  has  appeared, 
or  shall  soon  appear,  with  revised  bibliography. 

Though  unable  to  compare  this  version  with 
the  original  text,  I  have  the  impression  that 
the  translator  has  done  her  work  faithfully. 
The  printing  has  also  been  careful,  and  the 
outward  appearance  of  the  book  is  most  luxu- 
rious. In  general,  the  task  undertaken  seems 
to  have  been  well  performed.  But  the  truth 
is,  the  mere  "  oversetting  "  of  a  valuable  and 
scholarly  monograph  into  another  language  is 
in  itself  unscholarly  and  unsatisfactory.  The 
competent  specialist,  who  should  alone  attempt 
to  introduce  an  alien  book  to  his  own  people, 
will  inevitably  find  himself  adapting  it  to  the 
known  needs  of  the  new  audience.  This  has 
not  been  attempted  at  all  in  the  present  instance. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  speak  in  a  much  heartier 
tone  of  Professor  Dill's  book.  The  outward 
form,  and  in  some  degree  the  subject,  set  it 
beside  the  "Hadrian,"  at  least  upon  the  re- 
viewer's desk.  Our  only  quarrel,  if  any,  is 
with  its  title.  We  hold  with  Professor  Bury, 
that  there  never  was  a  Western  empire,  at  any 
rate  until  the  coronation  of  Charles  the  Great. 
From  the  time  of  Constantine,  the  seat  of  em- 
pire was  on  the  Bosporus ;  while  Rome  or  Milan 
or  Ravenna  was,  even  in  Diocletian's  day,  but 
an  outpost,  or  at  best  a  provincial  capital.  Pro- 
fessor Dill  undertakes  to  show  how  much  clas- 
sical culture  yet  survived  in  Italy,  and  in 
Western  Europe  generally,  through  that  terri- 
ble century  from  the  first  incoming  of  the  Visi- 
goths to  the  disappearance  of  the  poor  puppet 
overburdened  with  the  mighty  cognomen  Rom- 
ulus Augustulus.  The  very  name  of  "  Roman 
Society,"  in  a  local  sense,  seems  to  me  all  but 
effaced  by  Alaric's  harrying  (410  A.  D.). 

But  the  task  essayed  is  accomplished  with 
diligence  and  learning,  with  grace,  even  with 
semi-poetic  imagination,  kept  duly  reined  in  by 
sober  conscientiousness.  The  materials,  indeed, 
are  upon  the  whole  scanty  and  unsatisfying. 
The  courtly  orator  Symmachus,  Ausonius,  and 
Sidonius  Apollinaris,  poets  whose  very  names 
are  but  half-remembered,  —  such  are  the  cen- 
tral figures ;  for  the  mightier  champions  of  early 
Christianity  arise  to  destroy,  not  to  uphold,  the 
dying  civilization.  So  much  the  defter  is  the 
artist's  hand. 

What  do  the  degenerate  heirs  of  a  perishing 


308 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


empire  think  about,  before  they  go  over  the 
cataract  ?  Doubtless  they  meditate  as  little  as 
possible ;  least  of  all  about  their  own  unworthi- 
ness,  as  contrasted  with  their  ancestors.  Of 
what  are  the  folk  of  Madrid  thinking  to-day  ? 
As  little  as  may  be  of  Santiago  and  Manila ; 
never,  if  they  can  help  it,  of  Ferdinand  and 
Charles  and  Philip.  Their  talk  is  of  the  mor- 
row's bullfight.  The  cultivated  classes  of  Can- 
ton and  Pekin  are  doing  little  hard  thinking. 
So,  doubtless,  it  was  in  Rome,  at  least  until 
Alaric  actually  thundered  at  the  gate. 

A  more  interesting  but  unanswerable  query 
— to  end  half-querulously  as  we  began  —  would 
be  :  What  did  the  wisest  and  most  far-sighted 
of  the  Goths,  the  Franks,  or  the  Lombards 
think,  when  first  they  began  to  realize  that  the 
star  of  Rome  was  setting  forever,  that  the  future 
mastery  of  the  world  was  theirs  ?  How  much 
of  childish  savagery  was  there  really  in  their 
thoughts?  Did  they  pour  into  the  lands  of 
older  culture  and  milder  climate  as  mere  ma- 
rauders, or  seeking  a  real  home  ?  How  early, 
how  swiftly,  how  easily,  did  the  blending  of 
North  and  South  begin  ? 

We  shall  never  know.  But  as  we  see  the 
complete  merging  of  the  two  at  last,  we  almost 
question  if  the  new  voice  is  so  certain  to  be 
right  in  assuring  us,  even,  that 

"East  is  East  and  West  is  West,  and  never  the  twain  shall 
meet." 

Strong  races  meet,  and  clash,  —  and  finally 
blend.  Amid  political  and  economic  changes, 
the  world  over,  more  momentous  than  have  oc- 
curred for  many  centuries,  there  is  to-day  a 
certain  timeliness,  a  peculiar  interest,  in  Pro- 
fessor Dill's  scholarly  and  imaginative  sketch. 
WILLIAM  CRANSTON  LAWTON. 


THE  WHITE  MAN'S  PROBLEM.* 

It  is  not  absolutely  necessary  that  a  new  book 
shall  deal  with  the  Philippines,  or  Cuba,  or  the 
Hawaiian  Islands,  in  order  to  be  of  interest 
from  the  point  of  view  from  which  most  En- 
glish readers  are  studying  the  relations  of 
English  to  less  enlightened  races.  Wherever 
colonization  is  in  progress,  problems  are  being 
worked  out  that  are  of  the  deepest  interest  to 
all  students  of  the  relations  between  a  superior 
and  an  inferior  race  occupying  the  same  terri- 
tory ;  and  at  the  present  time  such  students  are 

*  ON  THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  FRONTIER.  By  William  Harvey 
Brown.  With  illustrations  and  maps.  New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 


very  likely  to  be  Americans.  Hence,  at  the 
present  time  a  study  by  an  American  of  what 
has  been  doing  in  South  Africa  in  the  past  few 
years  may  well  be  characterized  as  timely,  not 
in  the  same  sense  as  was  Professor  Worcester's 
book  on  the  Philippines,  but  in  the  larger 
sense  that  it  comes  when  every  source  of  infor- 
mation and  light,  even  incidental,  is  likely  to 
be  welcomed  and  utilized. 

In  more  respects  than  one,  the  opening  to 
settlement  of  Mashonaland  and  Matabeleland 
was  analogous  to  undertakings  in  which  the 
United  States  is  now,  more  or  less  against  its 
will,  engaged.  There  was,  in  the  one  case,  a  race 
determinedly  hostile  to  be  dealt  with  ;  in  the 
other,  a  race  avowedly  friendly,  which  after  a 
while  revolted  against  the  new  ways  of  the  white 
man  and  especially  the  white  man's  habit  of 
regular  labor,  and  in  its  revolt  inflicted  greater 
sufferings  upon  the  whites  than  did  the  other. 
The  ultimate  result  was  the  same  in  the  two 
cases.  It  was  not  primarily  the  driving  out  of 
a  resident  people  by  an  army  of  invaders  ;  there 
was  in  the  territory  ample  space  for  all  its  occu- 
pants, black  and  white,  and  for  a  hundredfold 
more.  But  the  new  comers  believed  in  labor, 
and  had  the  effrontery  to  ask  their  black  neigh- 
bors to  break  through  their  traditions  and  labor 
also ;  that  it  was  for  hire  did  not  matter,  un- 
less, indeed,  it  made  matters  worse.  Then  there 
was  revolt  and  bloodshed,  and  finally  a  rees- 
tablishing of  the  social  order  upon  a  new  basis, 
the  power  being  now  definitely  in  the  hands 
of  the  white  man,  that  he  might  secure  him- 
self against  further  revolt  and  at  the  same  time 
compel  the  black  to  accept  certain  things  that 
should  ultimately  make  for  his  salvation.  If 
the  book  makes  one  thing  clear  more  than  an- 
other, it  is  that  no  permanent  improvement 
can  be  made  in  a  benighted  race  that  is  not 
based  upon  power,  upon  the  actual  use  of  the 
strong  hand  as  it  is  needed ;  that  there  is  no 
such  thing  as  moral  suasion  in  dealing  with  a 
savage,  except  in  so  far  as  the  savage  suspects 
that  there  is  power  behind  it. 

But  the  author  of  this  book  discusses  this 
and  other  political  problems  only  by  implica- 
tion. His  object  is  to  give  a  straightforward 
narrative  of  his  own  personal  experiences  as  a 
member  of  the  band  of  pioneers  who  pushed 
through  the  wilderness  to  Mashonaland,  founded 
the  town  of  Salisbury,  and  eventually,  as  part 
of  a  larger  force,  subdued  the  uprising  inspired 
by  Lo  Bengula  and  put  an  end  to  the  power 
of  the  Matabele  king.  As  a  young  man  recently 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Kansas,  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


309 


author  found  his  way  to  South  Africa  as  col- 
lector for  the  Smithsonian  Institution ;  and 
happened  there  in  exciting  times,  which  speed- 
ily made  the  young  scientist  a  soldier  and 
a  gold-seeker,  and  finally  a  prosperous  land- 
owner. Through  what  perils  he  made  his  way 
may  best  be  read  in  the  pages  of  his  book, 
though  the  story  is  told  so  modestly  that  one 
needs  to  read  many  a  passage  a  second  time  to 
realize  what  it  means.  Most  marked  in  book 
as  in  author  is  its  plain,  unassuming  style,  its 
manner  even  and  direct.  Of  especial  interest, 
and  perhaps  best  written,  are  the  chapters 
treating  of  family  and  village  life  among  the 
natives.  That  the  author,  by  virtue  of  his  ex- 
ploits as  a  provider  of  skins  for  the  Smithso- 
nian, and  consequently  of  much  meat  for  the 
natives,  had  won  their  entire  confidence,  is  fully 
evidenced  by  the  freedom  with  which  they  im- 
parted to  him  their  few  traditions  —  as  of  the 
sun  setting  in  the  headwaters  of  a  great  river 
and  calmly  floating  eastward  until  morning ; 
and  by  the  certainty  with  which  a  young  woman 
who  disliked  her  affianced  purchaser  appealed 
to  him  to  provide  her  a  way  of  escape  —  by 
marrying  her  himself. 

If  there  had  been  any  intention  of  making 
the  book  in  any  sense  political  in  character, 
much  might  have  been  made  of  the  doings  of 
Mr.  Cecil  Rhodes  and  his  dealings  with  the 
important  questions  affecting  the  new  colony. 
But  as  with  regard  to  other  matters  political, 
these  doings  and  dealings  are  left  to  speak  for 
themselves.  One  may  easily  draw  inferences 
with  regard  to  the  author's  opinion  of  Mr. 
Rhodes,  and  it  is  very  evident  that  Mr.  Brown 
is  not  a  hero-worshipper  if  Mr.  Rhodes  is  to  be 
the  hero ;  while  on  the  other  hand,  if  it  seems 
that  Mr.  Rhodes  has  taken  especial  care  of  the 
interests  of  Mr.  Rhodes  and  of  his  Company  as 
distinguished  from  the  interests  of  the  general 
Rhodesian  public,  he  has  nevertheless  dealt 
with  very  hard  questions  in  an  eminently  wise 
way,  wiser  than  it  may  seem  to  an  observer  at 
a  distance.  And  without  Mr.  Rhodes,  there 
could,  of  course,  have  been  no  Rhodesia. 

The  world  has  grown  so  small,  and  is  becom- 
ing so  well  known  in  all  its  parts,  that  we  may 
hardly  hope  to  see  many  more  added  to  the 
number  of  interesting  books  devoted  solely  to 
narrative  of  personal  travel  and  adventure  in 
strange  lands.  But  "  On  the  South  African 
Frontier  "  is  certainly  one  that  has  a  message  of 
interest  to  the  general  reader  and  that  will  well 
repay  a  few  hours  of  study. 

E.  M.  HOPKINS. 


RECENT  FOREIGN  FICTION.* 

A  considerable  number  of  the  romantic  fictions 
of  Mr.  Maurus  Jokai  have  found  their  way  into  a 
sort  of  English  during  the  past  ten  years,  but  they 
have  generally  been  open  to  the  suspicion,  if  the 
fact  were  not  avowed,  of  translation  through  the 
German,  and  we  have  never  felt  that  they  brought 
us  into  close  contact  with  the  thought  of  the  writer. 
They  seem,  moreover,  to  have  been  chosen  from  the 
great  mass  of  available  material  in  a  rather  hap- 
hazard way,  and  we  have  not  found  it  easy  to  find 
in  them  any  adequate  justification  of  the  author's 
immense  reputation  in  his  own  country.  The  firm  of 
publishers  who  have  now  become  the  authorized  rep- 
resentatives of  the  Hungarian  novelist  in  this  coun- 
try have  undertaken  to  reproduce  some  of  his  novels 
more  faithfully  than  others  have  done,  and  in  direct 
translations  by  competent  hands.  Few  readers  un- 
derstand the  importance  of  direct  translation  in  such 
a  case,  or  the  great  difficulty  of  transferring  ideas 
from  an  agglutinative  to  an  inflected  vehicle  of  ex- 
pression. We  will  frankly  say  that  the4wo  romances 
now  before  us  have  impressed  us  more  than  any  of 
their  predecessors  in  English  garb  as  saying  just 
what  their  author  must  have  meant  to  say  in  his 
own  speech,  and  as  confirming  his  title  to  rank  among 
the  foremost  romanticists  of  the  century.  They  are 
fantastic  in  their  conception  and  careless  in  their 
attention  to  matters  of  detail,  for  these  are  doubt- 
less essential  features  of  the  writer's  genius,  but 
their  effect  is  more  coherent,  or  less  kaleidoscopic, 
than  that  of  earlier  versions,  which  we  take  to  be 
good  evidence  that  they  have  been  intelligently 
translated.  The  first  of  them,  "  The  Nameless 
Castle,"  is  provided  with  a  preface  by  the  author 
himself,  and  a  sketch  of  his  activity  by  "  Neltje 
Blanchan  "  which  is  appreciative  and  just.  The 
story  is  of  the  Napoleonic  time,  and  of  the  Hun- 
garian army  raised  in  1809  to  resist  the  invader.  It 
has  for  its  heroine  a  daughter  of  King  Louis  XVI., 
saved  from  her  enemies  by  devoted  royalist  sympa- 

*  THE  NAMELESS  CASTLE.  A  Novel.  By  Maurus  Jokai. 
Translated  from  the  Hungarian  by  S.  E.  Boggs.  New  York : 
Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

A  HUNGARIAN  NABOB.  By  Dr.  Maurus  Jokai.  Translated 
by  R.  Nisbet  Bain.  New  York :  Doubleday  &  McClure  Co. 

THE  STORY  OP  GOSTA  BERLINO.  Translated  from  the 
Swedish  of  Selma  Lager]  of  by  Pauline  Bancroft  Flach.  Bos- 
ton :  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

THE  MIRACLES  OF  ANTICHRIST.  A  Novel.  Translated 
from  the  Swedish  of  Selma  Lagerlof  by  Pauline  Bancroft 
Flach.  Boston :  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

SIELANKA  :  A  Forest  Picture,  and  Other  Stories.  By  Hen- 
ryk  Sienkiewicz.  Translated  by  Jeremiah  Curtin.  Boston  : 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 

ANTIGONE,  and  Other  Portraits  of  Women  (Voyageuses). 
By  Paul  Bourget.  Translated  by  William  Marchant.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  SECRET  OF  FOUGEREUSE.  A  Romance  of  the  Fif- 
teenth Century.  From  the  French  by  Louise  Imogen  Quiney. 
Boston ;  Marlier,  Callanan  &  Co. 

VICOMTE  DE  PUYJOLI.  A  Romance  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution. By  Jules  Claretie.  Englished  by  Emma  M.  Phelps. 
New  York :  R.  F.  Fenno  &  Co. 


310 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


thizers,  who  centre  their  hopes  in  a  possible  restora- 
tion which  shall  bring  her  to  the  throne  of  her 
ancestors.  Her  death  makes  the  device  innocent 
enough,  a  device  justified,  for  the  rest,  by  the  inter- 
est of  the  romance  that  has  been  woven  about  her 
fortunes. 

"An  Hungarian  Nabob,"  the  second  of  these 
translations,  is  one  of  the  author's  earlier  books, 
having  been  published  nearly  half  a  century  ago, 
and  pictures  Hungarian  life  in  a  still  earlier  period 
of  the  century,  namely,  in  the  twenties.  Its  interest 
is  varied  and  sustained,  and  we  can  easily  under- 
stand that  it  is  reckoned  among  the  classics  of  Hun- 
garian fiction.  The  translator  has  taken  the  liberty 
of  cutting  out  "  a  good  third  of  the  original  work," 
in  order  that  the  book  "  should  attract  at  first  sight." 
We  consider  such  mutilations  unwarrantable,  and 
feel  bound  to  protest  against  them  upon  every  pos- 
sible occasion. 

A  young  Swedish  priest  in  the  district  of  Varm- 
land  is  so  addicted  to  drink  that  he  is  expelled  from 
his  parish  and  becomes  an  outcast.  Filled  with  re- 
morse, he  is  about  to  take  his  own  life,  when  he  is 
saved  by  a  wealthy  and  philanthropic  woman,  the 
proprietor  of  large  estates  and  productive  industries. 
This  woman  has  collected  about  her  a  number  of 
picturesque  ne'er-do-weels,  who  have  become  her 
pensioners,  and  whom  she  provides  with  a  home, 
food,  clothing,  and  whatever  else  they  may  want. 
Gosta  Berling,  the  drunken  priest,  becomes  one  of 
these  pensioners.  Presently,  through  a  turn  of  the 
wheel  of  fortune,  this  Lady  Bountiful  is  expelled 
from  her  home,  and  the  pensioners  remain  in  pos- 
session. They  live  riotous  lives  and  indulge  in 
all  sorts  of  mad  freaks.  It  is  evident  enough  that 
the  story  thus  outlined  has  unusual  originality,  and 
promises  new  sensations  even  to  the  most  jaded 
taste.  But  the  outline  conveys  no  notion  whatever 
of  the  book  itself,  for  the  case  is  one  in  which  the 
scheme  counts  for  nothing  and  the  treatment  for 
everything.  Imagine,  then,  that  all  of  these  things 
are  told,  not  as  by  some  first-hand  observer,  but  in 
the  form  which  they  have  assumed  among  a  super- 
stitious and  poetically-minded  people  after  trans- 
mission from  mouth  to  mouth  for  a  hundred  years 
or  so.  The  story  takes  upon  itself  heroic  propor- 
tions, and  becomes  invested  with  the  attributes  of 
the  epic.  It  becomes,  in  fact,  the  "  saga  "  of  Gosta 
Berling,  as  the  author  calls  it,  and  not  the  "  story  " 
that  the  translator  has  so  unhappily  preferred  to  style 
it  in  the  English  version.  The  work  is  certainly 
impressive,  although  we  cannot  say  that  it  is  alto- 
gether a  work  of  art.  It  is  too  incoherent,  too  rhap- 
sodical, to  deserve  that  title.  But  it  is  an  exceed- 
ingly interesting  exam  pie  of  what  young  Scandinavia 
is  now  doing  in  literature,  for  its  author,  Miss  Selma 
Lagerlof,  is  one  of  the  very  newest  of  Swedish 
writers.  Its  success,  moreover,  in  its  present  form, 
has  been  such  as  to  warrant  the  speedy  preparation 
of  another  of  Miss  Lagerlof s  romances  for  the 
English-speaking  public,  and  to  this  second  work 
we  will  now  direct  our  attention. 


"The  Miracles  of  Antichrist"  is  a  work  that 
represents  a  maturer  stage  in  the  development  of 
this  talented  writer,  although  it  still  has  the  inco- 
herent and  episodical  character  of  the  earlier  book. 
In  this  case,  Miss  Lagerlof  has  turned  from  the 
Swedish  to  the  Sicilian  peasantry  for  her  subject, 
and  her  insight  into  the  racial  and  temperamental 
characteristics  of  a  people  so  remote  from  her  own 
is  really  remarkable.  The  fantastic  basis  of  the 
story  is  provided  by  a  false  image  of  the  Bambino 
of  Aracoeli,  which  somehow  finds  its  way  into  a  vil- 
lage on  Mount  JEtna,  and  is  believed  to  have  mirac- 
ulous virtues.  It  brings  various  blessings  to  the 
village  folk,  but  these  are  of  the  temporal  rather 
than  the  spiritual  sort ;  in  short,  they  are  the  mira- 
cles of  Antichrist.  In  some  strange  way,  not  clearly 
worked  out,  the  spirit  of  socialism  is  identified  with 
Antichrist,  and  the  one  who  made  the  falsified 
image  scratched  upon  its  crown  the  inscription : 
"  My  kingdom  is  only  of  this  world."  There  is  no 
continuous  story  of  much  interest,  but  there  are 
many  faithful  and  sincere  studies  of  character,  and 
many  portions  of  the  work  glow  with  a  strange  poet- 
ical beauty.  Miss  Lagerlof  is  assuredly  a  writer  to 
be  reckoned  with  in  the  new  development  of  Scan- 
dinavian literature. 

"  Sielanka  "  is  a  companion  volume  to  "  Hania  " 
in  the  authorized  uniform  edition  of  translations 
from  Mr.  Henryk  Sienkiewicz,  as  made  by  Mr. 
Jeremiah  Curtin.  It  contains  seventeen  pieces,  of 
which  nine  were  published  in  two  small  volumes 
several  years  ago.  Of  those  nine,  "  Bartek  the 
Victor,"  "  Yanko  the  Musician,"  and  "  The  Light- 
house Keeper  of  Aspinwall "  have  been  generally 
recognized  as  remarkable  examples  of  the  short 
story,  and  they  remain  the  best  things  in  the  present 
volume,  although  we  should  place  with  them  the 
tragedy  called  "  For  Bread,"  which  tells  the  story 
of  two  Polish  emigrants  to  the  United  States. 
Among  the  remaining  pieces  are  two  in  dramatic 
form  —  a  sketch  in  one  scene,  and  a  five-act  drama 
— and  a  vigorous  piece  of  literary  criticism  hpropos 
of  M.  Zola's  nov.els. 

Readers  of  "  Cosmopolis,"  that  admirable  inter- 
national review  that  came  to  an  untimely  end  last 
November,  were  the  first  to  be  introduced  to  the 
examples  of  female  portraiture  to  which  M.  Paul 
Bourget  gave  the  collective  title  of  "  Voyageuses." 
There  were  six  of  them  altogether,  carefully  studied 
pictures  of  charmingly  or  pathetically  attractive  wo- 
men "  seen  for  a  week,  a  day,  an  hour —  the  romance 
of  whose  lives  I  divined  (or,  perhaps,  imagined)  from 
some  sudden  incident  of  travel."  We  are  glad  to 
have  these  stories  in  Mr.  William  Mai-chant's  trans- 
lation, which  is  far  above  the  ordinary  level  of  such 
work,  as  the  stories  themselves  are  above  the  level 
of  the  novelist's  productions.  Indeed,  we  are  im- 
pelled to  say  that  the  delicate  charm  of  M.  Bourget's 
style,  and  the  penetrative  sympathy  with  which  he 
has  studied  human  life,  appeal  to  us  more  strongly 
from  this  book  than  from  any  other  that  he  has 
written. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


311 


"The  Secret  of  Fougereuse  "  is  a  romance  of 
Provence  in  the  fifteenth  century,  and  is  said  to  be 
taken  "  from  the  French."  Of  the  literal  truth  of 
this  statement  we  have  our  suspicions,  for  the  name 
of  no  French  author  is  given,  and  the  romance  does 
not  read  like  a  translation.  At  all  events,  we  may 
thank  Miss  Guiney,  whatever  the  source  of  her  ma- 
terials, for  an  exquisite  piece  of  literature,  and,  if  it 
be  indeed  a  translation,  we  can  only  murmur,  0  si 
sic  omnes.  The  romance  is  of  the  time  of  the  crafty 
French  monarch  who  lives  forever  in  the  pages  of 
"  Quentin  Durward,"  although  it  is  more  immedi- 
ately connected  with  the  court  of  the  good  but  weak 
King  Rene'.  Tout  passe  fors  aymer  Dieu  is  the 
motto  of  the  book,  and  tells  the  secret  of  Guy  de 
Fougereuse,  the  hero.  For  this  brave  knight  and 
steadfast  friend  is  endowed  with  spiritual  no  less 
than  with  physical  heroism,  and  has  no  other  secret 
than  the  service  of  a  higher  Master  than  even  the 
King.  Brought  to  trial  for  his  life  upon  charges  of 
sorcery,  the  secret  comes  out,  he  is  triumphantly 
vindicated,  and  exchanges  the  garb  of  knighthood 
for  that  of  the  monk.  A  still  greater  triumph  awaits 
him  when  his  burning  love  softens  the  heart  of  his 
most  malignant  foe,  and  reclaims  what  had  seemed 
to  be  a  spirit  hopelessly  lost.  The  religious  feature 
of  this  story  is  strongly  pronounced,  but  this  does  not 
prevent  it  from  being  a  very  stirring  picture  of  its 
age,  while  its  style  is  a  constant  delight  to  the  sense. 

The  last  of  our  present  list  of  books  is  the 
"  Vicomte  de  Puyjoli,"  a  translation  made  by  Miss 
Emma  M.  Phelps  from  the  French  of  M.  Jules 
Claretie.  It  is  a  romance  of  the  French  Revolution, 
with  all  the  familiar  accessories  —  unregenerate 
royalists,  stern  republicans,  revolutionary  tribunals, 
suspects,  Emigres,  ci-devants,  the  statuesque  St.- Just, 
the  big  Danton,  the  repulsive  Marat,  and  the  rest. 
The  special  hero  of  the  tale  is  one  Charles  de  la 
Bussiere,  a  poor  player,  whose  devotion  to  his  friends 
during  the  dark  days  of  Thermidor  saved  many 
heads  from  the  guillotine.  Hackneyed  as  the  whole 
subject  is,  it  receives  fresh  interest  from  M.  Clare- 
tie's  treatment,  and  as  the  story  progresses  to  its 
climax,  the  attention  of  its  readers  becomes  almost 
breathless.  WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


French  fiction  "A  Century  of  French  Fiction" 
of  the  (Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.)  is  the  latest 

nineteenth  century,  contribution  of  Professor  Benjamin 
W.  Wells  to  a  series  of  studies  in  modern  European 
literature  that  have  won  for  their  writer  a  high 
place  among  our  critical  essayists.  Like  its  prede- 
cessors, this  book  is  characterized  by  sobriety  of 
judgment  and  charm  of  expression,  and  impresses 
the  reader  throughout  with  the  painstaking  processes 
by  which  the  author  approaches  whatever  task  lies 
before  him.  He  discusses,  or  at  least  names,  no  less 
than  688  stories  by  115  novelists,  and  before  ven- 


turing to  discuss  them,  has  read  them  all,  note-book 
in  hand.  So  we  feel  confident  that  his  generaliza- 
tions are  true  critical  syntheses,  and  not  the  airy 
speculations  that  are  sometimes  imposed  upon  a 
complacent  public.  The  French  fiction  of  the  nine- 
teenth century  is  Mr.  Wells's  subject,  and  it  is  dis- 
cussed in  seventeen  chapters.  Of  these,  three  (or 
about  a  fourth  of  the  whole  book)  are  devoted  to 
Balzac,  "  the  greatest  novelist  of  France,  and  per- 
haps of  the  world."  Eight  other  chapters  are  spe- 
cial studies  of  Stendhal,  Me'rime'e,  Gautier,  George 
Sand,  Flaubert,  Daudet,  Maupassant,  and  M.  Zola. 
The  six  remaining  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  con- 
sideration of  groups  of  less  important  writers.  We 
are  unable  to  justify  the  treatment  of  Hugo  as  a 
mere  member  of  the  romantic  group  along  with 
Lamartine  and  Dumas,  and  for  our  own  part  we 
have  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  the  excessive  crit- 
ical reaction  against  Hugo,  even  as  a  novelist,  will 
be  followed  in  the  coming  century  by  a  swing  of  the 
pendulum  whereby  his  reputation  will  come  once 
more  into  its  own.  But  we  have  no  other  serious 
quarrel  with  the  perspective  in  which  Mr.  Wells 
presents  his  subjects,  and  we  have  taken  much  satis- 
faction in  his  lucid  expositions.  More  careful  proof- 
reading would  have  corrected  such  things  as  "  Cau- 
casse,"  " Cimourdin,"  "Listz,"  " Thernardier,"  and 
"  Le  Maitre  des  Forges  ";  would  probably  have 
omitted  the  second  article  in  "The  Cat  and  the 
Racket ";  and  would  not  have  left  "  The  Mansion 
of  Penarvan  "  to  stand  for  "  La  Maison  de  Penar- 
van."  Surely  it  is  not  the  habitation,  but  the  house, 
in  the  sense  of  family,  that  we  are  to  understand  by 
the  title  of  Sandeau's  novel. 

A  single  new  letter  from  Charles 
uterary  circle.  Lamb  to  Thomas  Manning  would  be 

sufficient  reason,  if  not  sufficient  ma- 
terial, for  a  new  volume.  Unfortunately,  Mr.  E.  V. 
Lucas  is  unable  to  offer  us  any  such  Milesian  Mul- 
lets :  he  has  letters  from  Lamb  and  letters  from 
Manning,  but  not  to  each  other.  Robert  Lloyd,  to 
whom  are  addressed  most  of  the  letters  in  his  volume 
entitled  "Charles  Lamb  and  the  Lloyds"  (Lippin- 
cott),  was  one  of  those  persons  who,  though  not  espe- 
cially remarkable  themselves,  have  the  faculty  of 
attracting  remarkable  persons  to  them.  The  same 
thing  is  to  be  said,  perhaps,  of  his  brother;  but 
Charles  Lloyd  probably  had  more  individual  genius, 
and  therefore  was  less  able  to  attract  and  hold  the 
regard  of  other  geniuses.  For  a  time,  however, 
Charles  Lloyd  was  one  of  a  more  brilliant  group  than 
his  brother  Robert  ever  knew:  Coleridge,  Lamb, 
Wordsworth,  Southey,  DeQuincey,  all  in  their  youth- 
ful days  before  being  really  famous.  But  it  would 
seem  that  Robert  had  the  more  attractive  character ; 
men  took  to  him  more.  He  was  not  such  a  genius 
as  his  brother,  and  got  no  such  sermons  from  Cole- 
ridge ;  but  then,  he  got  better  letters  from  Charles 
Lamb,  which,  whether  it  consoled  him  or  not,  is  at 
least  happy  enough  for  us.  Among  these  young 
people  sizzling  with  genius  appears  the  staid  figure 


312 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


of  Charles  Lloyd  senior,  who  amuses  himself  by 
translating  Homer  into  the  metre  of  Pope.  This 
harmless  occupation  has  resulted  well  for  humanity, 
in  that  it  brought  forth  three  letters  from  Miss  Anna 
Seward,  the  Swan  of  Litchfield,  than  whom  the  world 
never  knew  (in  her  sex)  a  more  affected  book-club 
president.  These  are  newly  discovered  letters,  and 
on  the  whole  the  find  had  something  of  value.  Of 
the  letters  from  Lamb,  some  are  quite  charming, 
though  none  (of  course)  are  quite  as  good  as  our  old 
favorites.  The  letters  from  Coleridge  are  as  foolish 
as  he  was  at  the  time  he  wrote  them.  The  letters 
of  Miss  Seward  are  so  preposterous  as  to  be  of  great 
value.  Several  letters  of  Robert  Lloyd's,  especially 
those  written  to  his  wife  during  a  visit  to  London, 
are  also  worth  reading.  Around  these  jewels  Mr. 
Lucas  has  arranged  a  very  nice  setting  of  minor 
stones  and  of  the  pure  and  lovely  gold  of  his  own 
writing.  _ 


The  greatness  f  excellence  is  main- 

and  decay  tained  by  the  editor  of  the  "  Cam- 

&  Spain.  bridge  Historical  Series"  (Macmil- 

lan)  in  the  successive  volumes  on  the  modern  history 
of  the  great  nations  of  to-day.  One  of  the  best  is 
Martin  A.  S.  Hume's  on  "  Spain  :  Its  Greatness 
and  Decay"  (1479-1788).  It  is  a  melancholy 
story,  for  Spain  had  every  advantage  for  success  in 
national  development.  If  only  the  modern  spirit 
could  have  entered,  that  unfortunate  country  would 
not  now  be  the  object  of  the  world's  contemptuous 
pity.  But  the  Bull-fight  and  the  Inquisition  have 
remained  typical  of  Spain's  social  and  religious  con- 
dition ;  greed  and  oppression  have  made  up  its  pol- 
itics. The  formation  of  the  centralized  monarchy 
by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  the  glorious  reign 
of  Carlos  I.  (Charles  V.),  are  described  in  an  intro- 
duction of  a  hundred  pages  by  Mr.  Edward  Arm- 
strong. Then  the  author  takes  up  the  narrative 
with  the  opening  of  the  reign  of  Philip  II.,  appar- 
ently the  most  glorious  portion  of  Spain's  history, 
but  really  the  beginning  of  her  decay.  All  the 
forces  that  make  for  national  prosperity  were  neg- 
lected, while  Spain  went  out  to  do  battle  for  the 
Papal  Supremacy  and  to  extirpate  all  Protestant 
heresy  from  Europe.  The  European  complications 
and  mighty  wars  that  followed  are  described,  at  the 
end  of  which  Spain  is  found  exhausted  and  demor- 
alized, and  disappears  from  active  participation  in 
the  world's  affairs.  But  the  main  interest  is  that 
indicated  by  the  sub-title  of  the  book  —  the  story  of 
the  decay  of  a  great  nation.  The  book  contains 
bibliography,  index,  and  maps. 


The  "feminine 

renatssance  " 
and  its  prophet. 


To  Put  one'8  finger  on  a 

ical  moment  "  in  modern  history  is 
something  of  an  achievement.  It  has 
been  done  for  the  African  slave  trade  and  its  aboli- 
tion in  England  ;  it  has  been  done  there  for  prison 
reform  ;  the  recent  biography  of  Miss  Clough  did  it 
partially  for  the  higher  education  of  woman  in  Great 
Britain  ;  and  now  comes  Mrs.  Emma  Rauschenbusch- 
Clough  with  "  Mary  Wollstonecraf  t  and  '  The  Rights 


An  abusive 
attack  upon 
Mr.  Froude. 


of  Women '  "  (Longmans),  to  perform  a  similar 
service  for  that  widespread  and  far-reaching  move- 
ment which  might  perhaps  be  styled  the  Feminine 
Renaissance.  The  work  is  interesting  to  the  gen- 
eral reader  and  to  the  historian.  Mary  Wollstone- 
craft  led  one  of  the  unhappiest  of  lives,  and  the  real 
services  she  rendered  her  sex  have  been  obscured  by 
the  more  brilliant  career  of  her  daughter,  the  second 
Mary  Wollstonecraf  t,  author  of  "  Frankenstein  " 
and  wife  to  the  poet  Shelley.  Mrs.  Rauschenbusch- 
Clough  gives  the  facts  in  the  mother's  chequered 
life  with  sympathy  and  succinctness,  and  then  expa- 
tiates upon  her  reply  to  Edmund  Burke's  "  Reflec- 
tions on  the  Revolution  in  France,"  which  she  fairly 
proves  to  be  the  sounding  of  the  first  trumpet  on 
behalf  of  a  sex  which  from  being  "  down-trodden  " 
is  almost  taking  on  the  characteristics  of  the  down- 
treading.  The  influence  of  this  magnum  opus  on 
contemporaneous  thought  is  the  occasion  for  dis- 
playing a  quantity  of  real  erudition,  and  the  chain 
which  connects  the  theoretical  "  Rights  of  Woman  " 
in  1792  with  the  practical  rights  they  have  secured 
in  1899  is  firmly  wrought  and  secure. 

By  dint  of  knocks  so  hard  that  they 
become  abusive,  Mr.  David  Wilson 
effectually  defeats  his  own  object  in 
his  book  on  "Mr.  Froude  and  Carlyle"  (Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.).  The  rather  bulky  volume  is  an 
attempt  to  make  Froude  out  as  pretty  much  every- 
thing a  rational  man  would  wish  not  to  be,  in  revenge 
for  the  misfortunes  of  the  Carlyle  Biography.  Even 
if  the  reader  begins  the  book  with  strong  preposses- 
sions in  Mr.  Wilson's  favor,  he  will  end  with  the 
conviction  that  no  one  can  be  quite  so  feeble  and 
depraved  as  Froude  is  made  out  to  be.  There  seems 
little  reason  to  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  author's 
criticism  of  Froude's  course  in  the  publication  of 
the  letters,  etc.,  but  the  injustice  of  attacking  his 
personal  character  and  private  life,  setting  him  down 
as  a  hypocrite  who  bartered  his  soul  for  money,  as 
a  weakling  and  libertine  in  one,  and  a  friend  delib- 
erately false,  is  quite  too  much,  and  sympathy  veers 
to  the  side  of  the  over-abused.  Mr.  Wilson,  in  his 
preface,  threatens  to  write  a  life  of  Carlyle  himself  ; 
if  he  cannot  bring  to  it  a  wider  range  of  thought,  a 
higher  tolerance,  and  a  nobler  charity  than  manifest 
themselves  in  these  pages,  the  book  should  remain 
unwritten.  

Modem  teaching  »*•  E.  S.  Talbot,  the  author  of  «  De- 
on  degeneracy  generacy,  its  Causes,  Signs,  and 
and  heredity.  Results"  (imported  by  Scribner), 
tells  us  that  he  has  been  at  work  more  than  twenty 
years  in  a  limited  department  of  biology  connected 
with  his  profession  as  dentist.  He  had  sought  for  an 
explanation  of  observed  local  defects  in  individuals, 
and  had  discovered  that  the  causes  were  sometimes 
not  to  be  found  short  of  a  deep  study  of  the  entire 
constitution  and  heredity.  From  these  personal 
investigations  the  author  was  led  out  into  a  study  of 
the  general  doctrine  of  degeneracy,  atavism,  and 
arrested  development,  and  now  gives  us  a  summary 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


313 


of  the  teachings  of  the  most  important  authorities, 
American  and  European.  The  discussion  is  of  very 
great  social  importance,  and  covers  such  subjects  as 
the  stigmata  of  degeneracy,  heredity,  atavism,  con- 
sanguineous and  neurotic  marriages,  intermixture  of 
races,  toxic  agents,  contagious  and  infectious  dis- 
eases, climate,  soil,  and  food,  school  strain,  the  de- 
generate cranium,  and  other  anatomical  signs,  marks 
of  reversion,  and  degeneracy  of  mentality  and  mo- 
rality. Parents,  teachers,  legislators,  judges,  and 
charity  workers  need  to  be  familiar  with  the  as- 
sured results  and  even  the  hypotheses  of  this  vol- 
ume. The  style  is  necessarily  somewhat  technical, 
but  any  intelligent  person  can,  with  the  occasional 
use  of  a  modern  dictionary,  apprehend  the  mean- 
ing. Dr.  Talbot  has  personally  made  some  contri- 
butions to  knowledge,  and  has  here  put  together 
reasonings  which  should  influence  social  thinking 
and  conduct.  

Dr  Briggs  Back  in  1883  Professor  Briggs  issued 

<m  the  study  a  volume  entitled  "Biblical  Study." 

of  Scripture.  Thig  voiume  proved  so  popular  that 

it  has  been  issued  from  the  press  nine  times  since 
that  date.  The  giant  strides  made  in  Biblical  meth- 
ods and  study  since  1883,  and  the  numerous  new 
results  acquired,  demanded  a  revision  of  the  original 
work.  This  book,  "  The  Study  of  Holy  Scripture  " 
(Seribner),  is  a  revision,  with  considerable  addi- 
tions on  the  subjects  of  Canon,  Text,  Higher  Criti- 
cism, Literary  Study  of  the  Bible,  and  Interpreta- 
tion of  Scriptures.  Many  of  the  688  pages  of  this 
new  book  on  careful  comparison  are  identical  with 
pages  in  the  506  of  the  old  book.  Others  are  modi- 
fied by  the  change  of  only  a  few  words,  while  valu- 
able new  material  adds  many  new  pages  and  several 
chapters  to  the  book.  The  original  twelve  chapters 
have  become  expanded  into  twenty-six.  It  is  a  pity 
that  the  whole  work  could  not  have  been  written 
anew.  A  higher  critic  can  often  discover  the  seams 
between  the  documents  of  '83  and  those  of  '98.  In 
spite  of  this  unevenness  in  style  and  character,  the 
author  has  laid  under  tribute  to  his  pen  the  best  lit- 
erature extant  on  the  themes  he  discusses,  and  the 
literature  is  cited  in  foot-notes,  by  title,  volume, 
and  page.  The  style  and  spirit  of  the  author  are 
not  always  to  be  commended,  especially  when  he  is 
crying  down  his  opponent  or  dogmatising  on  the  view 
presented.  But  the  addition  of  new  material  and  a 
new  paragraphing  of  the  text  constitute  the  chief 
value  of  this  re-issue  of  a  useful  book. 


The  famous  ^  would,  we  suspect,  be  a  very  dif- 

"  common-sense  ficult  task  to  narrate  the  life  of 
philosopher."  Thomas  Reid,  and  to  describe  his 
philosophical  system  in  such  a  way  as  to  enthral  the 
reader  and  at  the  same  time  leave  him  with  a  clear 
understanding  of  the  famous  "  Common  Sense  Phil- 
osophy." In  fact,  it  would  not  be  too  easy  to  effect 
either  one  of  these  results,  even  at  the  sacrifice  of 
the  other :  of  the  two,  the  latter  would  probably  be 
the  simpler  accomplishment.  Reid  was  a  noteworthy 


figure  in  the  history  of  philosophy.  He  was  certainly 
a  famous  Scot.  As  such  he  deserves  the  volume  by 
Professor  Campbell  Fraser  which  has  recently  ap- 
peared in  the  "  Famous  Scots  "  series  (imported  by 
Scribner).  The  volume  will  certainly  be  of  more 
interest  to  one  who  wishes  to  get  a  general  idea  of 
Reid's  philosophy  than  to  one  who  has  only  an  intel- 
ligent curiosity  on  biography  in  general.  Yet  Pro- 
fessor Campbell  Fraser  tells  the  life  easily,  and  gives 
us  a  curious  picture  of  retired  eighteenth-century 
university  existence.  Those  who  look  a  little  into 
philosophy  will  probably  like  the  book  best  ;  but 
others,  with  a  more  merely  human  interest,  will  be 
likely  to  find  something  to  their  minds. 

A  book  of   "  Etiquette  for  Amer- 


Forms  and 
phases  of 
insanity. 


anonymously  by  Messrs.  H.  S.  Stone 
&  Co.,  could  readily  have  a  review  extending  into 
a  history  of  the  American  people,  so  many  and  so 
varied  are  the  causes  which  make  a  demand  for 
such  a  treatise.  This,  like  others  of  its  kind,  is  a 
vade  mecum  for  the  manufacture  of  aristocrats  out 
of  the  most  variously  assorted  material  imaginable. 
It  is  the  work  of  a  woman  —  evidently  a  bright  one 
—  and  is  intended  for  those  who  have  passed  the 
self-made  stage  and  are  preparing  to  enter  the  upper 
walks  of  life  as  ready-made.  It  is  humorous,  as 
such  books  must  always  be,  but  it  differs  from  others 
in  having  its  humor  known  by  its  writer.  There 
is  a  chapter  on  the  "  Treatment  of  Reporters," 
which  is  a  gem  in  its  patronage  of  that  useful  ad- 
junct to  social  distinction.  (See  Dooley  on  Golf, 
passim).  _ 

Dr.  L.  Forbes  Winslow,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  English  alienists,  has  col- 
lected some  of  the  results  of  his  sci- 
entific studies  and  observations  in  a  volume  entitled 
"  Mad  Humanity  "  (M.  F.  Mansfield  &  Co.).  How 
ignorant  the  world  at  large  is  regarding  the  import- 
ant topic  of  insanity,  these  pages  abundantly  prove  ; 
for,  though  the  malady  is  a  growing  one  and  pecu- 
liarly a  concomitant  of  civilization  so-called,  Dr. 
Winslow  shows  that  we  still  retain  something  of  the 
superstition  which  made  the  insane  in  a  special 
sense  the  work  of  the  Almighty.  The  work  is  pro- 
fusely illustrated,  is  dedicated  to  Lombroso,  and  the 
voice  of  authority  speaks  from  its  many  pages. 

A  book  from  ^  mildly  interesting  volume  results 

idle  days  in  from  Mr.  William  Scott's  investiga- 

te Riviera.  tjons  among  <(  The  Rock  Villages  of 

the  Riviera"  (Macmillan).  There  are  no  scientific 
nor  historical  truths  enunciated  which  are  not  suffi- 
ciently well  known,  and  the  author  has  been  satis- 
fied to  go  to  popular  sources  for  the  little  learning 
which  he  expends  on  his  subject  —  not  always  with 
accuracy.  He  was  in  the  Riviera  with  nothing  else 
to  do,  the  little  towns  of  ancient  birth  and  mediaeval 
fortification  attracted  him,  and  he  wandered  about 
among  them,  obtaining  exercise  and  sufficient  men- 


314 


THE    DIAL 


[May  1, 


tal  occupation  to  keep  him  satisfied  for  the  time. 
Then  be  mistook  the  interest  he  had  taken  in  the 
matter  for  a  general  interest,  and  put  forth  a  book 
which  will  do  no  particular  good,  has  no  particu- 
lar reason  for  existence,  and  can  do  no  particular 
harm. 


BRIEFER  MENTION, 


Mr.  Frank  Russell's  unbound  volume  of  "  Explora- 
tions in  the  Far  North  "  (University  of  Iowa  Press) 
contains  an  account,  quite  fully  illustrated  from  photo- 
graphs, of  a  collector's  journeys  in  the  Mackenzie  River 
Region  and  the  Barren  Grounds  of  British  America. 
Descriptions  are  given  of  the  native  manner  of  life, 
including  a  record  of  some  Cree  Myths;  and  there  is 
much  about  the  animal  life  of  the  country,  with  a  chap- 
ter on  musk-ox  hunting.  The  work  is  plainly  and  suc- 
cinctly written,  and  is  of  considerable  interest  and  value. 

With  the  twelfth  volume  of  the  "  Biographical " 
Thackeray  (Harper),  we  come  within  one  of  the  last, 
and  Mrs.  Ritchie's  memoranda  take  on  a  melancholy 
tinge,  although  greatly  softened  in  the  retrospect,  as  she 
nears  the  closing  years  of  her  father's  life.  Indeed, 
these  pages  seem  to  be  the  end  of  the  random  biography, 
for  they  tell  of  Thackeray's  brief  illness  and  peaceful 
death.  The  contents  of  this  volume  are :  "  The  Wolves 
and  the  Lamb,"  "  Lovel  the  Widower,"  the  "  Round- 
about Papers,"  and  the  torso  of  "  Denis  Duval,"  includ- 
ing a  hitherto  unprinted  chapter  of  that  novel,  which 
might  have  been  the  author's  greatest,  had  he  lived  to 
complete  it. 

The  treatise  of  Egidio  Colonna's  "  De  Regimine  Prin- 
cipiuin"  was  written  about  1286,  and,  after  the  inven- 
tion of  printing  went  through  no  less  than  eleven  editions, 
from  1473  to  1617.  A  French  translation,  or  "  rather 
a  cleverly  prepared  version  "  of  the  work  forms  the 
contents  of  an  interesting  thirteenth  century  MS.  owned 
by  Mr.  J.  E.  Kerr,  Jr.,  of  New  York,  and  this  is  now 
published,  with  notes,  under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Paul  Molenaer.  The  title  is  "  Li  Livres  du  Gouv- 
ernement  des  Rois,"  and  the  whole  material  offered 
makes  a  handsome  volume  of  nearly  five  hundred  pages, 
issued  by  the  Macmillan  Co.  for  the  Columbia  Univer- 
sity Press. 

A  sixth  volume  in  the  uniform  "  Eversley  "  edition  of 
Richard  Holt  Hutton's  writings  has  just  been  published 
by  the  Macmillan  Co.  with  the  title,  "  Aspects  of  Re- 
ligious and  Scientific  Thought."  Like  earlier  volumes 
of  this  edition,  the  contents  are  reprinted  from  "  The 
Spectator,"  where  they  did  service  as  leaders  or  reviews. 
There  are  more  than  fifty  of  them  in  all,  upon  a  great 
variety  of  subjects,  mostly  of  an  interest  sufficiently  per- 
manent to  warrant  this  reproduction  in  attractive  book 
form. 

The  "  American  Art  Annual "  for  1898  is  the  first 
volume  of  what  we  trust  may  prove  to  be  a  long-lived 
series.  Its  chief  feature  is  a  classified  list  of  galleries, 
private  collections,  societies,  and  schools,  classified  ac- 
cording to  cities,  and  filling  over  three  hundred  pages. 
We  have  besides  directories  of  artists,  institutions,  and 
dealers,  reviews  of  the  year  at  home  and  abroad,  sales 
and  exhibitions  of  the  past  and  coining  years,  obituary 
notices,  and  special  articles.  The  work  is  abundantly 
illustrated.  Miss  Florence  N.  Levy  is  the  editor,  and 
the  Macmillan  Co.  have  undertaken  the  publication. 


IiITERAKY   NOTES. 


The  third  volume  of  North's  Plutarch  and  De  Quin- 
cey's  "  Confessions  of  an  English  Opium  Eater  "  are  the 
latest  additions  to  the  Dent-Macmillan  series  of  "  Tem- 
ple Classics." 

"  Composition,"  by  Mr.  Arthur  W.  Dow,  is  "  a  series 
of  exercises  from  a  new  system  of  art  education,"  pub- 
lished in  a  handsome  quarto  volume  by  Mr.  J.  M. 
Bowles,  of  Boston. 

Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  publish  "  An  Intro- 
duction to  the  Differential  and  Integral  Calculus  and 
Differential  Equations,"  by  Mr.  F.  Glanville  Taylor.  It 
is  a  volume  of  between  five  and  six  hundred  pages. 

Mr.  James  Henry  Brownlee  is  the  compiler,  and  the 
Werner  Co.  the  publishers,  of  a  volume  of  verses,  mostly 
doggerel,  called  "  War-Time  Echoes,"  relating  to  (we 
can  hardly  say  inspired  by)  the  recent  war  on  Spain. 

"  The  Return  of  the  O'Mahony,"  by  no  means  the 
poorest  of  the  late  Harold  Frederic's  novels,  although 
not  nearly  as  well  known  as  the  others,  has  just  been 
published  in  a  new  edition  by  the  G.  W.  Dillingham  Co. 

There  are  a  few  additional  poems  in  the  edition  of 
Miss  Lilian  Whiting's  "From  Dreamland  Sent,"  just 
issued  by  Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.;  otherwise  the 
volume  contains  the  matter  published  in  the  first  edi- 
tion, four  years  ago. 

"  Rontgen  Rays,"  translated  and  edited  by  Dr.  George 
F.  Barker;  and  "The  Modern  Theory  of  Solution," 
translated  and  edited  by  Dr.  Harry  C.  Jones,  form  the 
third  and  fourth  volumes  in  the  series  of  "  Scientific 
Memoirs  "  published  by  Messrs.  Harper  &  Brothers. 

Two  little  booklets  that  should  find  favor  with  col- 
lectors of  "  Kiplingiana  "  have  been  published  recently 
by  Messrs.  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  A.  Wessels.  The  first 
is  a  study  of  "  The  Religion  of  Kipling,"  by  Mr.  W.  B. 
Parker,  associate  editor  of  the  "Atlantic  Monthly";, 
the  second,  a  reprint  of  two  issues  of  the  Horsmonden 
School  "  Budget "  containing  a  facetious  letter  from 
Mr.  Kipling,  together  with  Mr.  Max  Beerbohm's  cari- 
cature of  the  writer. 

Professor  Edwin  A.  Grosvenor's  "  Contemporary  His- 
tory of  the  World  "  (Crowell)  "  attempts  to  outline  the 
most  prominent  political  events  in  Europe  and  North 
America  during  the  last  fifty  years."  It  was  planned 
in  some  sort  as  a  continuation  of  Duruy's  "  General 
History,"  which  stops  at  1848,  and  the  same  general 
method  and  manner  of  narration  are  employed.  The 
same  publishers  send  us  a  new  edition  of  Duruy's  "An- 
cient History  "  in  Professor  Grosvenor's  revision. 

The  first  annotated  edition  of  "  Cyrano  de  Bergerac  " 
for  the  classroom  has  just  been  issued  by  Messrs. 
Henry  Holt  &  Co.  The  editor,  Professor  Oscar  Kuhns, 
gives  much  interesting  light  on  the  manners  of  the 
times,  and  on  the  historic  persons  who  suggested  the 
characters  to  M.  Rostand.  He  also  gives  Coquelin's 
description  of  the  first  night,  and  of  his  acquaintance 
with  the  author.  Special  emphasis  is  laid  on  the  play 
as  a  picture  of  an  interesting  period,  as  well  as  on  its 
theatrical  effectiveness. 

Sir  Frederick  Pollock's  "  Spinoza:  His  Life  and 
Philosophy  "  (Macmillan)  has  been  for  some  score  of 
years  the  standard  English  work  upon  the  great  philos- 
opher whose  thought  has  so  deeply  penetrated  the  con- 
sciousness of  our  time,  and  seems  to  grow  more  modern 
with  the  passing  centuries.  We  are  now  glad  to  note 
the  appearance  of  a  second  edition,  which  was  greatly 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


315 


needed  in  view  of  the  new  material  for  the  study  of 
Spinoza  provided  by  recent  scholarly  investigations. 
Only  the  later  additions  to  Spinoza  bibliography  now 
appear  in  the  introduction,  and  for  such  references  as 
were  previously  included  readers  are  directed  to  Van 
der  Linde  and  the  British  Museum  catalogue.  The  life 
by  Colerus  (London,  1706)  "  done  out  of  French,"  serves 
as  an  appendix. 

Amidst  the  hurly-burly  of  hasty  books  on  the  Spanish 
war,  we  are  glad  to  see  a  revival  of  interest  in  works 
relating  to  the  more  heroic  period  of  the  Rebellion. 
Besides  the  really  great  book  on  Stonewall  Jackson 
(reviewed  in  this  issue),  we  have  had  new  biographies 
of  Generals  Meade  and  Sherman,  and,  more  recently, 
of  Secretary  Stanton  and  Thaddeus  Stevens  —  the  latter 
two  certainly  among  the  most  striking  and  picturesque 
subjects  to  be  found  in  American  public  life. 

The  recent  popular  clamor  in  England  for  a  moderate- 
priced  edition  of  FitzGerald's  "  transversion  "  of  the 
Rubaiyat  has  at  last  been  met  by  Messrs.  Macmillan, 
the  holders  of  the  English  copyright,  who  now  issue 
the  work  in  their  familiar  "  Golden  Treasury  Series." 
The  full  text  of  the  first  and  fourth  editions  is  given, 
together  with  FitzGerald's  introduction  and  notes,  the 
text  of  the  stanzas  which  appeared  in  the  second  edi- 
tion only,  a  list  of  all  variations  between  the  four 
editions,  and  a  comparative  table  of  stanzas.  It  is  alto- 
gether safe  to  say  that  FitzGerald's  immortal  rendering 
has  reached  its  definitive  form  in  this  tasteful  and 
inexpensive  edition. 


TOPICS  ix  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

May,  1899. 

Army,  American,  Birth  of.    Horace  Kephart.    Harper. 
Australasian  Extensionsof  Democracy.  H.D.  Walk 
Birds'  Love.     W.  T.  Green.    Pali  Mall. 
Captains,  The  Story  of  the.     Century. 
Civil  Service  and  Colonization.     F.  N.  Thorpe.     Harper. 
Clarke,  Charles  and  Mary  Cowden.  Mrs.  J.  T.  Fields.  Century. 
Comines,  Philippe  de.    Emily  S.  Whiteley.    Lippincott. 
Conventions  and  Gatherings  of  1899.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Deep- Water  Shipping.    H.  P.  Whitmarsh.    Atlantic. 
Democracy  and  Suffrage.    M.  L.  G.     Lippincott. 
Educational  Improvements  in  Cities.  C.M.Robinson.  Atlantic. 
Glasses  and  their  Uses.    J.S.Stewart.    Lippincott. 
International  Law  in  the  War  -with  Spain.   Review  of  Reviews. 
Jouett,  Matthew  Harris.    C.  H.  Hart.    Harper. 
Liquor  Problem,Economic  Aspects  of.  H.W.Farnam..4^an<tc. 
London,  Keeping  House  in.    Julian  Ralph.    Harper. 
London  of  Pepys.    Augustus  J.  C.  Hare.    Pall  Mall. 
Manhattan  Company,  The,  1799-1899.  J.  K.  Bangs.  Harper. 
Mediaeval  Goldsmith's  Work.    H.  C.  Greene.     Scribner. 
Movements,  American  Fondness  for.   E.  L.  Fell.    Lippincott. 
Musical  Impressions  of  a  Poet.    Sidney  Lanier.     Scribner. 
Parliament,  Silhouettes  in.    F.  J.  Higginbottom.    Pall  Mall. 
Philippines,  Question  of  the.    John  F.  Kirk.    LippincoH. 
Porto  Rico.     W.  V.  Pettit.    Atlantic. 

Quincy,  Mayor,  of  Boston.    G.  E.  Hooker.    Rev.  of  Reviews. 
Rembrandt's  Etchings.     Frederick  Wedmore.    Pall  Mall. 
San  Francisco  Charter,  The  New.  Albert  Shaw.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Santiago  since  the  Surrender.   Gen.  Leonard  Wood.  Scribner. 
Scandinavian  Contention,  The.  Julius  Moritzen.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Secession,  The  Orator  of.    W.  G.  Brown.    Atlantic. 
Slum,  Battle  with  the.    Jacob  A.  Riis.    Atlantic. 
Solar  Eclipse  at  Benares.    R.  D.  Mackenzie.     Century. 
St.  John's,  Newfoundland.    P.  T.  McGrath.     Pall  Mall. 
The  Hague,  Our  Delegation  to.    Review  of  Reviews. 
Viceroy  of  India,  Installation  of.    G.  W.  Steevens.    Scribner. 
War  Correspondents,  Our.     R.  H.  Davis.     Harper. 
Wilkins,  Mary  E.    Charles  M.  Thompson.    Atlantic. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  109  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Letters  of  Thomas  Carlyle  to  his  Youngest  Sister.  Edited, 
with  an  Introductory  Essay,  by  Charles  Townsend  Cope- 
land.  Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  276.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  82. 

Aspects  of  Religious  and  Scientific  Thought.  By  the 
late  Richard  Holt  Hutton  ;  selected  from  the  "Spectator," 
and  edited,  by  his  neice,  Elizabeth  M.  Roscoe.  With  por- 
trait, 12mo,  uncut,  pp.  415.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 

Modern  Plays.  Edited  by  R.  Brimley  Johnson  and  N. 
Erichsen.  First  vols.:  The  Dawn,  by  Emile  Verhaeren, 
trans,  by  Arthur  Symons :  The  Storm,  by  Ostroysky,  trans, 
by  Constance  Garnett ;  Three  Plays,  by  Maurice  Maeter- 
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319 


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THE    DIAL 


[May  1,  1899. 


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BY  THE  AUTHOR   OF  "HOW  TO  KNOW  THE   WILD  FLOWERS" 

HOW  TO  KNOW  THE  FERNS 

A  Guide  to  the  Names,  Haunts,  and  Habits  of  Our  Native  Ferns 

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t  <  r\  F  the  ferns,  as  of  the  flowers,  she  writes  as  one  who  not  only  knows  but  loves  them.    The  charm  of  her  fern  book  is 
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CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS,  153  =  157  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


322 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


George  Borrow. 

The  Life,  Writings,  and   Correspondence   of  George 
Borrow,  1803-1881.     Based  on  Official  and  Other 
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George  Borrow  was  born  in  East  Dereham,  Norfolk,  En- 
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WEMYSS  REID.  In  2  vols.  With  over  200  Illustra- 
tions. 8vo,  per  set,  $4.50. 

Mr.  Gladstone's  life  was  so  full  and  his  interests  and  work 
were  so  diverse  that  the  editor  of  this  biography,  Sir  Wemyss 
Reid,  felt  the  expediency  of  dividing  the  many  phases  of  his 
subject's  career  and  character  for  treatment  among  different 
writers,  each  the  person  most  fitted  by  association  with  Mr. 
Gladstone,'  or  by  knowledge  of  public  affairs,  to  discuss  the 
subject  treated  by  him.  In  the  editing  the  various  contribu- 
tions have  been  welded  into  a  harmonious  and  well-balanced 
biography.  Among  the  contributors  are  Canon  MacColl, 
G.  W.  E.  Russell,  Henry  W.  Lucy,  Arthur  J.  Butler,  Alfred 
F.  Robbins,  F.  W.  Hirst,  and  others. 

The  People  of  England 

in  the  19th  Century. 

By  JUSTIN  MCCARTHY,  M.P.  In  2  vols.  Nos.  53  and 
54  in  The  Story  of  the  Nations  Series.  Fully  Illus- 
trated. Large  12mo,  each  $1.50. 

"  The  Story  of  England's  Nineteenth  Century"  isa  picture, 
rather  than  a  record  of  England's  development  in  all  the  arts 
of  peace  since  the  close  of  the  great  war  with  Napoleon.  Since 
that  time  a  complete  revolution  has  taken  place  in  all  that 
relates  to  applied  and  industrial  science.  Railways,  ocean 
steamships,  the  electric  telegraph,  the  submarine  cable,  the 
telephone  —  all  these  are  the  growth  of  this  wonderful  cen- 
tury, which  has  done  more  for  the  practical  movement  of  civ- 
ilization than  all  the  centuries  that  went  before.  The  portraits 
of  the  great  men  who  led  all  these  different  movements  are 
carefully  and  vividly  drawn,  and  the  object  is  to  impress  the 
mind  of  the  reader  with  a  clear  idea  of  each  man  and  of  each 
man's  work  in  that  period  of  English  history. 

Alaska. 

Its  History  and  Resources,  Gold-Fields,  Routes,  and 
Scenery.  By  MINER  BRUCE.  Second  edition,  revised 
and  enlarged.  With  60  Illustrations  and  6  Folding 
Maps.  8vo,  250  pages. 

Mr.  Bruce  is  an  authority  on  Alaska,  having  travelled  for 
ten  years  in  the  territory  in  the  interest  of  the  government 
and  also  in  connection  with  private  enterprises.  Mr.  Bruce's 
volume  includes  a  brief  history  of  the  territory,  together  with 
detailed  information  concerning  its  resources,  these  compris- 
ing among  other  things,  minerals,  fur,  timber,  and  fish.  The 
work  also  contains  a  full  description  of  the  various  mining 
camps  and  the  routes  thither. 


Shakespeare  in  France. 

By  J.  J.  JUSSERAND,  author  of  "  English  Wayfaring 
Life,"  "  The  English  Novel  in  the  Time  of  Shake- 
speare," etc.  Photogravure  Frontispiece,  and  numer- 
ous Illustrations  in  the  text.  8vo,  $6.00. 

In  this  new  volume,  abundantly  illustrated  with  portraits 
of  actors  and  authors,  views  of  the  old  Hostel  de  Bourgogne 
and  other  French  theatres,  and  cuts  illustrative  of  tastes  and 
manners  especially  with  reference  to  the  drama,  M.  Jusserand 
has  studied  the  story  of  the  fame  enjoyed  by  Shakespeare  in 
France  in  the  two  last  centuries.  Mole,  Mile.  Fleury,  Talma, 
Clairon,  Le  Kain,  Garrick,  Mrs.  Siddons,  have  their  part  to 
play  in  the  story,  which  is  carried,  in  an  epilogue,  down  to  the 
1830  romantic  movement,  and  to  our  own  days. 

Industrial  Cuba. 

Being  a  Study  of  Present  Commercial  and  Industrial 
Conditions,  with  Suggestions  as  to  the  Opportunities 
presented  in  the  Island  for  American  Capital,  Enter- 
prise, and  Labor.  By  ROBERT  P.  PORTER,  Special  Com- 
missioner for  the  United  States,  Cuba,  and  Porto  Rieo. 
With  62  Illustrations  and  4  Maps.  8vo,  438  pages. 

This  volume  deals  with  the  economic  and  political  condi- 
tion and  outlook  in  Cuba.  It  deals  with  the  live  questions  in 
that  island,  which  are  interesting  every  intelligent  citizen  in 
the  United  States.  There  is  literally  no  chapter  in  it  that  does 
not  have  some  bearing,  and  which  does  not  give  useful  infor- 
mation on  the  problems  which  the  Administration  is  endeav- 
oring to  solve,  and  which  General  Brooke  and  his  staff  of 
provincial  governors  are  at  this  moment  working  to  solve  sat- 
isfactorily to  the  people  of  Cuba. 

Two  Women  in  the  Klondike. 

The  Story  of  a  Journey  to  the  Gold-Fields  of  Alaska. 
By  MARY  E.  HITCHCOCK.  With  a  Map  of  Alaska  and 
105  Illustrations  from  Photographs.  8vo,  500  pages. 

The  volume  presents  the  record  of  a  journey  undertaken 
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incidents.  The  volume  is  enriched  by  over  100  illustrations, 
and  will  contain  an  authoritative  map  of  Alaska,  showing  the 
trails  and  steamboat  routes  to  the  gold-fields. 

Children  of  the  Mist. 

By  EDEN  PHILLPOTS,  author  of  "  Down  Dartmoor 
Way,"  «  Lying  Prophets,"  etc.  8vo,  $1.50. 

R.  D.  BLACKMOKE,  the  author  of  "  Lorna  Doone,"  writes 
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works,  I  was  simply  astonished  at  the  beauty  and  power  of 
this  novel.  But  true  as  it  is  to  life  and  place,  full  of  deep 
interest,  rare  humor,  and  vivid  descriptions,  there  seemed  to 
be  risk  of  its  passing  unheeded  in  the  crowd  and  rush  and 
ruck  of  fiction.  .  .  .  Literature  has  been  enriched  with  a 
wholesome,  genial,  and  noble  tale,  the  reading  of  which  is  a 
pleasure  in  store  for  many." 

Vassar  Studies. 

By  JULIA  A.  SCHWARTZ,  A.M.  ('96).  With  11  Illus- 
trations. 12mo,  $1.25. 

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For  the  King,  and  Other  Poems. 

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QD      DI  TTNT  A  JI/I'C     CONIC 
.     T".     tT\J  I  1>/\W  O    O*J1>IO, 


27  and  2?  West  Twenty-third  Street,  NEW  YORK. 
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she  is  the  cleverest  woman  in  London  society  ;  and  the  reader  will  believe  it.  ...  Miss  Sedgwick  has  a  subtle  and  distin- 
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They 


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324 


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[May  16,  1899. 


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No.  310. 


MAY  16,  1899.         Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTENTS. 


THE  MENACE  TO  FREE  DISCUSSION    ....  325 
THE  KIPLING  HYSTERIA.    Henry  Austin    .    .    .327 

COMMUNICATIONS 329 

The  Passing  of  the  Man-Poet.    Philister. 
Tennyson  Bibliographies.    Albert  E.  Jack. 

BOND    AND    FREE.     (Poem.)      William    Cranston 

Lawton 329 

MR.  MURRAY'S  BYRON.    Melville  B.  Anderson    .  330 

THE  WRITINGS  OF  PRESIDENT  MONROE.    B.  A. 

Hinsdale 333 

ILLUSTRATIONS     OF    THE    MODERN    PLAY. 

Edward  E.  Hale,  Jr 334 

RUSKIN,      ROSSETTI,      PR^RAPHAELITISM. 

Margaret  Steele  Anderson 336 

MUSICAL    MATTERS,    AND    OTHERS.     William 

Morton  Payne 338 

Lanier's  Music  and  Poetry.  —  Krehbiel's  Music  and 
Manners  in  the  Classical  Period. —  Henderson's  How 
Music  Developed.  —  Henderson's  The  Orchestra  and 
Orchestral  Music. —  Huneker's  Mezzotints  in  Modern 
Music.  —  Apthorp's  By  the  Way.  —  Cooke's  John 
Sullivan  Dwight.  —  Phipson's  Voice  and  Violin.  — 
Carpenter's  Angels'  Wings.  —  Shaw's  The  Perfect 
Wagnerite. —  Rnnciman's  Old  Scores  and  New  Read- 
ings. —  Blackburn's  The  Fringe  of  an  Art.  —  Lavig- 
nac's  Music  and  Musicians. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 343 

Men  and  measures  of  Jackson's  time.  —  Chapters 
from  the  inner  life  of  a  philosopher.  —  Mystery  and 
romance  of  the  Austrian  empress. —  The  sportsman's 
encyclopaedia.  —  A  forecast  of  electric  science  fifty 
years  ago.  —  A  modern  book  on  an  ancient  city.  — 
With  Peary  near  the  Pole. —  A  heroine  of  the  nations. 
—  Home  and  private  life  of  Tolstoy.  —  The  law  of 
copyright. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 346 

LITERARY  NOTES 347 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  348 


THE  MENACE   TO  FREE  DISCUS- 
SION. 

The  opponents  of  the  imperial  policy  in  gen- 
eral, and  of  our  unconstitutional  Philippine  war 
in  particular,  have  good  cause  for  congratula- 
tion in  the  outburst  of  fanatical  intolerance 
which  their  defense  of  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  democratic  civilization  has  recently 
evoked.  This  sort  of  bigotry,  arrogating  to 
itself  the  name  of  patriotism,  might  be  a  dan- 
gerous symptom  in  any  body  politic  less  organ- 
ically sound  than  the  American  ;  but  in  our 
own  case  it  may  hardly  be  considered  more 
serious  than  a  severe  fever  that  will  run  its 
course  and  pass  away.  The  American  public 
may  for  a  time  be  deluded  by  dreams  of  empire 
and  the  imaginary  duty  of  assuming  "  bur- 
dens," but  we  cannot  believe  that  it  has  lapsed 
for  good  from  the  faith  that  has  made  our  na- 
tion great,  and  we  are  quite  certain  that  it  is 
sound  at  heart  where  the  great  question  of  free 
speech  and  the  expression  of  honest  convictions 
is  concerned. 

The  fever  that  is  temporarily  upon  us  should 
not,  however,  be  left  exactly  to  the  vis  medi- 
catrix  naturae  when  its  mitigation  by  rational 
appliances  is  possible,  although  one  is  strongly 
tempted  so  to  leave  it  by  certain  of  its  manifes- 
tations. When,  for  example,  it  takes  the  fat- 
uous form  of  denouncing  as  unpatriotic  and 
even  treasonable  the  attitude  and  the  utterances 
of  those  whom  sober-minded  Americans  most 
delight  to  honor — of  such  men  as  ex-Presidents 
Cleveland  and  Harrison,  Senators  Hoar  and 
Edmunds,  Bishops  Potter  and  Spalding,  Presi- 
dents Eliot  and  Rogers  and  Jordan,  Professors 
James,  Laughlin,  and  Sumner,  and  Messrs. 
Godkin,  Schurz,  and  Charles  Francis  Adams — 
its  very  violence  affords  the  best  promise  of  a 
speedy  recovery.  One  would  hardly  resent  for 
himself  any  kind  of  epithet  that  associated  him 
with  such  men  as  these ;  the  attribution  would 
arouse,  rather  than  any  personal  feeling  (save 
that  of  pride  in  the  association),  a  sense  of 
mingled  indignation  and  contempt  for  those  who 
could  prefer  so  ridiculous  a  charge  against  so 
distinguished  a  company. 


326 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


But  the  philosopher,  however  clearly  he  may 
foresee  the  outcome  of  the  conflict,  is  not 
thereby  justified  in  holding  himself  aloof  from 
the  field,  when  there  is  any  possibility  that  his 
efforts  may  hasten  the  desired  end.  It  is,  then, 
quite  impossible  for  us  to  pass  by  without  com- 
ment certain  recent  exhibitions  of  the  spirit  of 
intolerance  in  dealing  with  the  question  that 
so  gravely  concerns  our  country  at  the  present 
day.  There  are  many  indications  of  an  attempt, 
tacitly  or  otherwise  concerted,  on  the  part  of 
those  who  support  the  Philippine  policy  of  the 
Administration,  to  terrorize  its  opponents  into 
silence  until  the  nation  shall  have  become  so 
far  committed  to  its  present  course  that  with- 
drawal will  be  practically  impossible.  No  one 
can  examine  with  a  candid  mind  the  ephemeral 
literature  of  this  subject  without  recognizing 
the  fact  that,  broadly  speaking,  the  appeal  of 
the  anti-imperialists  is  an  appeal  to  reason, 
while  the  appeal  of  the  imperialists  is  an  ap- 
peal to  sentiment,  to  prejudice,  to  passion,  to 
everything,  in  a  word,  that  is  not  reason  or 
akin  to  it. 

Things  have  come  to  a  grave  pass  indeed, 
although  we  persist  in  regarding  the  aberration 
as  merely  temporary,  when  so  many  organs  of 
public  opinion  have  nothing  better  with  which 
to  meet  the  arguments  of  those  who  oppose  our 
present  administrative  course  than  the  old  cry, 
"  My  country,  right  or  wrong,"  and  the  studied 
use  of  invective.  In  the  last  analysis,  this  is 
the  essential  argument  and  this  the  character- 
istic method  of  the  agencies  that  have  rallied 
to  the  support  of  the  war  against  the  Philippine 
people  as  it  was  of  those  that  rallied  to  the  sup- 
port of  the  war  against  Spain.  Even  the  abusive 
term  "  copperhead,"  which  has  lost  little  of  its 
virulence  in  the  years  that  have  passed  since 
its  invention,  is  now  freely  applied  by  reckless 
editors  and  clergymen  to  men  of  national  rep- 
utation whose  every  word  and  deed  has  always 
been  inspired  by  the  loftiest  ideals  and  the 
finest  patriotism.  There  is  no  American  now 
living,  for  example,  who  deserves  better  of  his 
fellow-countrymen  than  Mr.  Charles  Eliot  Nor- 
ton, who  represents  more  adequately  the  higher 
American  conscience,  just  as  Lowell  and  Curtis 
represented  it  when  their  voices  were  still  raised 
in  admonition  and  appeal ;  yet  Mr.  Norton,  for 
his  courage  in  giving  utterance  to  his  deepest 
convictions  upon  the  events  of  the  past  year, 
has  been  subjected  to  violent  denunciation, 
frantically  undignified,  and  from  every  point 
of  view  unworthy  of  the  traditions  of  American 
manhood. 


A  still  more  serious  menace  to  the  right  of 
free  discussion  is  afforded  by  the  case  of  Mr. 
Edward  Atkinson,  now  fresh  in  the  public 
mind.  Wanton  calumny  and  wilful  misrepre- 
sentation could  not  well  go  farther  than  they 
have  done  in  this  instance.  Every  intelligent 
American  knows  Mr.  Atkinson  to  be  a  scholar 
of  the  highest  distinction  and  a  gentleman  who 
illustrates  the  best  type  of  American  citizen- 
ship. Yet  the  newspaper  press  of  the  country 
has  busied  itself  of  late  with  the  circulation  of 
reports  skilfully  fabricated  for  the  purpose  of 
bringing  him  into  disrepute.  He  has  been 
charged  with  attempts  to  create  sedition  among 
our  soldiers  in  the  Philippine  Islands  by  send- 
ing them  pamphlets  in  which  they  are  coun- 
selled to  disobey  orders  and  even  to  desert  from 
the  ranks.  That  such  a  story  as  this  could  be 
believed  by  any  rational  being  is  a  significant 
illustration  of  the  present  excited  temper  of 
the  public  mind,  and  indicates  a  danger  that 
should  be  faced  before  it  assumes  uncontrolla- 
ble dimensions. 

The  simple  facts  of  the  case  are  these  :  Mr. 
Atkinson  prepared  two  pamphlets  in  which  his 
views  of  war  in  general,  and  of  the  present  war 
in  particular,  were  set  forth  with  the  cogent 
logic  of  which  he  is  so  complete  a  master.  These 
pamphlets  were  introduced  into  the  debates  of 
Congress  at  its  last  session  and  printed  as  pub- 
lic documents  of  the  United  States  government. 
About  three  weeks  ago,  "  moved  by  a  sense  of 
profound  indignation  because  it  was  said  that 
parents  of  Nebraska  volunteers  in  the  Philip- 
pines were  not  allowed  to  communicate  with 
their  sons,  and  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
whether  or  not  the  United  States  mails  were  or 
were  not  open  to  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  residing  in  Manila,"  Mr.  Atkinson  noti- 
fied the  administration  that  he  wished  to  send 
some  pamphlets  to  the  islands,  and,  receiving 
no  reply,  made  a  test  case  by  posting  copies  of 
these  pamphlets  to  Admiral  Dewey,  the  chief 
officers  of  the  army,  and  the  members  of  the 
Peace  Commission  —  to  eight  persons  alto- 
gether. "  If  this  be  treason,  make  the  most  of 
it,"  Mr.  Atkinson  might  well  say,  and  a  sensa- 
tional newspaper  press  certainly  has  made  the 
most  of  it.  When  we  read  that  the  Cabinet, 
in  solemn  conclave,  has  taken  measures  to  ex- 
clude these  pamphlets  from  the  mails,  we  seem 
to  be  dealing  with  government  as  it  is  pictured 
in  comic  opera  rather  than  as  it  is  practised  by 
a  great  nation.  And  when  we  recall  the  fact 
that  the  pamphlets  thus  excluded  are  public 
documents  of  the  United  States  Senate,  we  may 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


S27 


get  some  notion  of  what  Senator  Hoar  meant 
the  other  day  when  he  spoke  of  taking  up  this 
subject  upon  some  future  occasion. 

One  more  illustration  of  the  existing  menace 
to  free  discussion,  and  we  have  done.  The 
meeting  held  in  Chicago  on  the  thirtieth  of 
April  for  the  purpose  of  protesting  against  the 
war  in  the  Philippines  was  so  notable  for  the 
sober  dignity  of  the  addresses  made,  for  the 
deep  earnestness  with  which  they  were  received, 
and  for  the  high  character  of  the  immense  au- 
dience which  the  occasion  brought  together, 
that  it  made  a  profound  impression  upon  the 
public  mind.  The  presiding  officer  of  this 
meeting  was  President  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  of 
the  Northwestern  University,  and  his  special 
contribution  to  the  programme  was  a  statement 
of  the  Philippine  question  from  the  standpoint 
of  international  law,  upon  which  he  is  an  emi- 
nent authority.  The  conditions  under  which 
Dr.  Rogers  was  placed  invested  his  activity 
upon  this  occasion  with  an  unusual  degree  of 
moral  courage,  and  all  fair-minded  persons, 
whether  they  may  agree  with  his  opinions  or 
not,  will  hold  him  higher  in  their  esteem  than 
ever  before,  just  because  he  has  convictions, 
and  recognizes  the  duty  of  giving  them  utter- 
ance, whatever  the  cost.  The  way  in  which 
Dr.  Rogers  has  been  attacked,  during  the  past 
fortnight,  by  ribald  newspapers  and  hot-headed 
individuals,  is  perhaps  the  best  illustration  that 
has  yet  come  to  our  notice  of  the  malign  influ- 
ences that  are  now  at  work  endeavoring  to 
stifle  free  discussion  by  terrorism,  and  is  cer- 
tainly a  disgrace  to  our  civilization.  But  such 
an  incident  as  this,  however  unpleasant  to 
chronicle  as  it  is  at  the  time,  is  really  a  hope- 
ful happening,  and  impels  us  to  recur  directly 
to  what  we  would  have  our  readers  take  for  the 
keynote  of  the  present  discussion  —  namely  : 
that  with  a  public  like  ours,  intolerance  always 
reacts  upon  the  intolerant,  and  prepares  the 
way  for  its  own  discomfiture. 


"  BALLADS,  Critical  Reviews,  Tales,  Various  Essays, 
Letters,  Sketches,  etc."  make  up  the  miscellaneous  con- 
tents of  the  thirteenth  and  last  volume  of  the  "  biog- 
raphical "  Thackeray  (Harper).  It  proves  to  be  the 
stoutest  volume  of  the  thirteen,  and  surprisingly  inter- 
esting. Mrs.  Ritchie's  introduction  alone  extends  to 
upwards  of  eighty  pages,  and  her  random  biography, 
now  completed,  is  here  supplemented  by  a  reprint  of 
Mr.  Leslie  Stephen's  article  on  Thackeray  written  for 
the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biography."  There  are 
nearly  two  hundred  and  fifty  pages  of  the  poems  alone 
—  a  quantity  of  matter  far  greater  than  most  readers 
imagine,  —  and  the  illustrations  provided  with  this  vol- 
ume are  unusually  numerous  and  interesting. 


THE  KIPLING  HYSTERIA. 

Only  the  hardihood  of  intense  conviction,  coupled 
with  a  stern  sense  of  duty,  impels  men,  as  a  rule, 
to  advance  an  opinion  diametrically  opposite  to  the 
general,  at  a  time  when  that  general  opinion  has 
developed  into  a  cult,  and  a  cult  militant  to  boot. 
But  there  is  always  high  need,  in  all  matters  human, 
of  men  who  are  willing  to  stand  alone  or  with  few 
at  their  side. 

In  the  domain  of  letters  proper  there  is  perhaps 
no  such  constant  necessity  for  this  as  in  civics,  pol- 
itics, or  religious  affairs.  Yet  we  note  in  literary 
annals  how  frequently  the  protesting  voice  of  one 
period  becomes  the  commanding  voice  of  another. 
The  voices  of  Wordsworth  and  Shelley,  for  exam- 
ple, though  promulgating  different  protests  and 
artistic  preachments,  combined  to  influence  for  the 
better  the  makers  of  English  verse  in  the  last  half 
century.  To  less  trivial  themes,  to  loftier  views  of 
the  function  of  Art,  they  directly  and  indirectly 
incited ;  and  to  a  straightforwardness  and  simplic- 
ity of  style,  in  the  main,  that  reached  its  highest 
and  most  shining  point  in  the  calm  work  of  Tenny- 
son, concerning  whom  our  best  critical  writer  has 
said :  "  His  alone  are  idiosyncratic  poems.  By  the 
enjoyment  or  non-enjoyment  of  the  '  Morte  D' Ar- 
thur '  or  of  the  '  (Enone  '  I  would  test  anyone's 
ideal  sense.  Other  bards  produce  effects  which  are, 
now  and  then,  otherwise  produced  than  by  what  we 
call  poems ;  but  Tennyson,  an  effect  which  only  a 
poem  does." 

Now  we  have  recently  been  commanded  by  a 
storm  of  tongues  to  consider  that  the  true  poetic 
heir  of  Alfred  the  Great  has  arrived  in  the  pictur- 
esque person  of  Rudyard  Kipling.  He  has  been 
acclaimed  the  laureate  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  — 
which,  however,  as  an  ethnic  entity  has  about  as 
much  vital  value  as  Sairy  Gamp's  mysterious  chum, 
Mrs.  Harris ;  and  a  prodigious  amount  of  hyster- 
ical and  chimerical  stuff  has  been  written  of  him, 
and  even  to  him,  by  disciples  and  imitators  toward 
whom  he  doubtless  entertains  a  feeling  compound 
of  ennui  and  contempt. 

To  this  hysteria  of  unreasoned  admiration,  to  this 
toy  tempest  of  flatulent  adulation,  the  dangerous 
illness  of  this  forceful  and  brilliant  writer  has  nat- 
urally given  increase.  But  already  signs  of  a  reac- 
tion are  appearing.  Trained  minds  are  beginning 
to  question  the  new  gospel  of  poesy  and  morals,  art 
and  ethics,  as  enunciated  by  and  personified  in  this 
immensely  clever  and  uniquely  interesting  English- 
man. Dr.  Felix  Adler  recently,  while  cheerfully 
admitting  the  talents  of  Kipling,  dared  to  denounce 
his  teaching  as  a  gospel  of  force,  pernicious  in  the 
extreme  and  antagonistic  to  the  true  spirit  of  democ- 
racy and  of  civilization.  It  is  not,  however,  with 
Kipling's  jingoism  and  frank  cynicism  toward  infe- 
rior races,  as  the  Apostle  of  Force,  of  Might  against 
Right,  that  literature  is  concerned,  except  inasmuch 
as  these  essentially  pagan  and  very  antiquated  sen- 
timents might  be  shown  to  affect  his  art. 


328 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


Since  the  writer  of  this  was  one  of  the  first,  if 
not  the  very  first,  of  American  reviewers  to  call 
attention  to  Kipling's  powers  as  a  composer  of  short 
stories,  he  cannot  be  accused  of  any  animosity  on 
this  point.  Indeed,  he  maintained  stoutly  the  rare 
promise  indicated  in  the  early  output,  when  other 
critics  were  deriding  it,  and  even  Mr.  Howells  — 
to  adopt  the  amusing  phrase  of  a  New  York  jour- 
nal —  was  "  refusing  Kipling  a  niche  in  the  Temple 
of  Fame,"  probably  because  Mr.  Howells  had  been 
too  lavish  of  his  niches,  and  had  n't  any  fresh  ones 
on  hand  just  then,  with  the  varnish  dry  and  war- 
ranted not  to  crack. 

But  how  has  that  early  promise  been  kept?  Bet- 
ter than  most  early  promises,  beyond  a  doubt ;  yet, 
while  in  the  realm  of  the  short  story  Kipling  stands 
with  Cable  and  Bret  Harte,  can  he  sanely  be  said 
to  overtop  them ;  and  has  he  as  a  presenter  of  hu- 
man character  come  anywhere  near  Thackeray  or 
George  Eliot  —  to  say  nothing  of  Balzac  ?  Stress 
is  laid  on  the  extraordinary  familiarity  he  shows 
with  the  technics  and  terminologies  of  different  occu- 
pations and  trades.  But  all  that  sort  of  stuff  can 
be  easily  "  crammed."  Any  first-rate  journalist  will 
turn  out  a  story  on  a  subject  of  which  he  knew 
naught  forty-eight  hours  before,  if  he  can  get  access 
to  a  good  library  or  even  mingle  socially  for  a  few 
hours  with  men  who  have  the  terms  of  that  subject 
at  their  tongue's  end. 

In  the  loftier  region  of  poetry,  what  has  Kipling 
done  that  should  make  him  a  laureate  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race,  even  supposing  there  were  such  a  thing? 
Can  any  calmly  critical  mind  regard  the  "  Barrack- 
Room  Ballads  "  as  more  than  clever  ephemeralities, 
destined  not  even  to  the  same  place  in  future  liter- 
ary estimation  as  Lowell's  "  Biglow  Papers  "  now 
hold?  The  "Last  Chantey,"  though  marred  by 
several  serious  blemishes  in  technique,  strikes  a  bold, 
high  note,  and  makes  a  felicitous  nuptial  of  the  gro- 
tesque and  sublime  which  would  have  delighted  that 
master  in  similar  effects,  Edgar  Poe.  The  "  Mary 
Gloster,"  though  somewhat  too  risque",  Virginians 
pnerisque,  is  a  piece  of  rare  power;  and  some 
other  things  in  like  wise  undoubtedly  entitle  Kipling 
to  serious  consideration  as  a  poet. 

But,  on  the  other  hand,  are  not  the  most  of  his 
verses  on  the  same  plane  with  the  work  of  many 
minor  English  and  American  poets ;  and  are  not 
some,  which  have  achieved  wide  popularity,  echoes 
of  other  bards?  Such  phrases  as  "Euchred  God 
Almighty's  storm,"  "  Bluffed  the  Eternal  Sea," 
must  have  raised  an  amused  and  flattered  smile  on 
Bret  Harte's  face;  and  the  metrical  manner  of 
"  The  Vampire  "  is  that  of  Poe  in  his  ballad  of 
"  Annabel  Lee  "  —  a  rather  bad  manner,  too,  in 
some  thinking,  or,  at  least,  one  close  to  triviality. 
The  phrase  "  hank  of  hair,"  by  the  bye,  is  "  rem- 
inisced "  from  Browning's  poem  "  James  Lee's 
Wife." 

As  for  the  much-belauded  "  Recessional,"  while 
the  sentiment,  aside  from  laying  claim  to  Jehovah 
as  peculiarly  the  God  of  the  English,  is  far  healthier, 


saner,  and  more  to  the  purpose  of  civilization,  than 
much  of  Kipling's,  who  will  seriously  assert  that  so 
far  as  technique  or  style  goes  there  are  not  a  dozen 
Englishmen  who  could  have  put  the  case  as  well  or 
better?  Mr.  Austin  doesn't  count  for  much,  of 
course,  though  that  luckless  official  laureate  has 
written  some  good  verses ;  but,  surely,  Henley,  or 
Rennell  Rodd,  has  given  earnest  of  better  work 
than  this.  And  if  we  may  venture  to  consider 
critically  that  jingo  jingle,  "  The  White  Man's 
Burden  "  entirely  apart  from  its  horrible  cynical 
indifference  to  the  plainest  facts  of  modern  history, 
what  can  be  said  in  defense  of  its  style?  Taking 
the  same  measure  as  that  of  Heber's  noble  hymn 
"  From  Greenland's  Icy  Mountains,"  to  do  which 
in  itself  seems  like  a  covert  sneer  against  the  spirit 
of  Christianity,  the  laureate  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
myth  falls  far  behind  the  good,  unlaurelled  bishop 
in  technique,  as  anyone  can  see  by  comparing  the 
two  productions.  Heber's  is  double-rhymed,  flow- 
ing, musical :  and  without  rhetorical  inversions  of 
phrase.  It  leaves  on  the  inner  ear  of  the  mind,  as 
on  the  outer,  a  sense  of  beauty  as  well  as  a  sense  of 
benevolence.  Kipling's  is  calculated  to  make  those 
who  "learn  Messiah's  name"  learn  it  chiefly  to 
curse  with. 

Must  not  a  great  poet  be  a  reflector,  at  least, 
if  not  an  inspirer,  of  the  noblest  passions  of 
his  age  and  of  the  unfolding  spirit  of  general  hu- 
manity ? 

How  much  nobler  than  anything  Kipling  has  cas- 
ually emitted  in  his  glorifications  of  force  or  his 
clanging  apotheoses  of  machinery,  British  muscle 
and  British  trade,  are  these  quiet  lines  of  Rennell 
Rodd  —  a  name  dimly  known  to  his  own  country- 
men, and  not  at  all  to  us !  Singing  to  future  men 
of  Future  Man,  this  poet  declares  : 

"  They  shall  build  their  new  romances,  new  dreams  of  a  world 

to  be; 
Conceive  a  snblimer  outcome  than  the  end  of  the  world 

we  see ; 
And  their  maids  shall  be  pure  as  morning  and  their  youth 

shall  be  taught  no  lie  ; 
But  all  shall  be  smooth  and  open  to  all  men  beneath  the 

sky. 
And  the  shadow  shall  'pass  that  we  dwell  in,  till  under  the 

self-same  sun 
The  names  of  the  myriad  nations  are  writ  in  the  name  of 

one." 

Not  writ  by  the  sword,  0  ye  semi-civilized  Apostles 
and  Disciples  of  Force  and  Fraud,  but  by  the  pen. 
It  is  this  lamentable  large  lack  in  the  spirit,  in  the 
outlook  and  the  insight,  in  the  foresight,  if  you  will, 
of  the  richly-endowed  man  of  talent,  now  recipient 
of  so  much  loose  laudation  in  American-speaking 
lands,  which  moves  a  warm  admirer  of  his  talent, 
and  of  all  talents,  to  assert  that,  unless  that  lack 
shall  be  remedied,  he  has  not  the  making  of  a  great, 
enduring  poet.  That  he  may  break  away  from 
false  ideals,  and  renounce  bad  literary  manners, 
remains  a  hope.  He  is  yet  gloriously  young,  and 
to  youth  all  things  are  possible. 

HENRY  AUSTIN. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


329 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

THE  PASSING  OF  THE  MAN-POET. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  the  current  issue  of  "  The  Nation,"  the  reviewer 
of  recent  poetry  rightly  finds  that  the  best  of  that  poetry 
is  by  women.  There  is  nothing  surprising  in  this.  It 
is  more  surprising  that,  as  opinion  trends,  there  should 
now  be  any  poetry  at  all  to  speak  of  that  is  not  by  women. 
The  fact  is,  men  (manly  men,  I  mean)  are  growing  more 
and  more  shy  of  writing  poetry,  or  at  least  of  letting 
people  know  they  do  it,  because  they  feel  that  a  man 
making  verses  is  more  or  less  a  ridiculous  object.  So 
if  they  do  make  verses  it  is  usually  sub  rosa,  in  the 
secresy  of  their  sanctums,  and  with  every  precaution 
against  being  caught  red-handed  in  the  act.  Our  age 
is  practical.  The  sensibility  that  men  used  a  hundred 
years  ago  to  pride  themselves  on  is  nowadays  looked  on 
as  a  weakness  —  in  men  at  least.  Prose  is  felt  to  be 
the  essentially  masculine  form  of  expression,  and  the 
more  prosaic  the  prose  the  more  masculine  it  is  felt  to 
be.  The  old  lurking  popular  notion  that  there  is  some- 
thing unmanly,  or  unmasculine,  in  the  make-up  of  the 
poet  has  gained  ground.  As  Justin  McCarthy  says 
somewhere,  "  A  poet,  with  a  great  many  people,  seems 
a  sort  of  woman."  They  expect  to  find  him  —  as  Chi- 
cago's acute  thinker,  "  Mr.  Dooley,"  expected  to  find  Mr. 
Richard  Harding  Davis  —  "in  a  shirt-waist."  They 
accept  him  grudgingly  as  a  man,  an  all-round  manly 
man,  only  on  condition  that  his  poetry  is  essentially 
good  strong  prose,  virile  prose  cut  up  in  lengths,  like 
Mr.  Kipling's.  Their  gorge  rises  at  the  notion  of  a  big, 
brawny,  bearded  he-creature  like  Tennyson,  with  the 
frame  of  a  coal-heaver  and  the  face  of  a  buccaneer, 
chirping  about  "  Airy,  fairy  Lilian,"  crooning  cradle- 
songs,  or  caterwauling  in  erotic  strain  over  love  and  the 
moon.  This  current  impression  of  a  hard-fact,  practical 
age  —  the  impression,  namely,  that  writing  verse  is  an 
effeminate  pursuit  —  has  to  be  reckoned  with  by  men 
who  want  to  keep  the  respect  of  their  ruggeder  fellows. 
Will  anyone  deny  that  Mr.  Lecky  went  down  several 
pegs  in  the  estimation  of  the  practical  world  as  a  virile 
philosophic  thinker  the  moment  he  shocked  his  friends 
with  that  ill-omened  volume  of  verse  ?  That  the  book 
contained  proof  positive  that  Mr.  Lecky  was  not  a  poet 
did  not  much  help  the  matter,  for  few  people  read  it. 
In  fine,  the  trend  of  opinion  points  to  the  eventual  van- 
ishing of  the  man-poet.  This  view  will  probably  find 
small  grace  in  your  eyes;  and  to  forestall  rebuke  I  sub- 
scribe myself  PHILISTER. 
Kansas  City,  May  10,  1899. 


TENNYSON  BIBLIOGRAPHIES. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Within  very  recent  years  at  least  four  noteworthy 
bibliographies  of  Tennyson's  works  have  appeared  :  Dr. 
Van  Dyke's  in  the  Study  of  Tennyson  (now  in  its  tenth 
edition),  Professor  Dixon's  in  his  Tennyson  Primer, 
Lord  Tennyson's  in  the  Memoir,  and  Dr.  Rolfe's  in  the 
Cambridge  Tennyson.  Students  of  the  poet  are  under 
the  greatest  obligation  to  these  workers,  for  they  have 
given  us  a  substantially  correct  and  complete  list  of  all 
his  most  important  works.  Especially  must  we  who  are 
unfortunately  isolated  from  great  libraries  cherish  the 
sense  of  personal  gratitude  for  these  guides  through 
Tennyson  land. 

There  is  one  respect,  however,  in  which  these  other- 
wise excellent  guides  are  likely  to  lead  the  special  stu- 


dent astray:  they  give  so  much  that  they  tempt  us  to 
believe  they  give  all.  But  this  they  do  not  do.  For 
example,  no  one  mentions  a  later  edition  of  the  "  Poems  " 
than  the  eighth,  published  in  1853,  and  having  men- 
tioned so  many  the  natural  inference  is  that  this  eighth 
edition  was  the  last.  The  mind  is  lead  almost  unavoid- 
ably to  this  conclusion  in  following  the  very  full  lists 
of  Dr.  Van  Dyke  and  Professor  Dixon,  where  complete- 
ness seems  to  be  aimed  at.  But  the  fact  is,  however, 
that  between  the  year  1853,  when  the  eighth  edition  was 
published,  and  the  year  1872,  when  according  to  Prof- 
essor Dixon  the  next  edition  appeared,  there  were  issued 
no  less  than  eleven  editions,  as  follows:  the  ninth  in 
1853,  the  tenth  in  1855,  eleventh  in  1856,  twelfth  in 
1858,  thirteenth  in  1860,  fourteenth  in  1862,  fifteenth 
in  1863,  sixteenth  in  1864,  seventeenth  in  1865,  eight- 
eenth in  1866,  and  the  unnumbered  edition  by  Strahan 
&  Co.  in  1870.  These  are  all,  except  the  last,  from  the 
same  (Moxon)  press  as  the  earlier  editions;  are  num- 
bered as  above;  and  corrections  and  additions,  slight 
to  be  sure,  are  found  in  most  of  them;  so  that  they 
deserve  a  place  in  a  complete  bibliography. 

What  is  true  of  the  "  Poems  "  is  equally  true  of  "  The 
Princess,"  "  In  Memoriam,"  "  Maud,"  and  the  "  Idylls 
of  the  King."  Professor  Dixon  mentions  no  later  edi- 
tion of  "  In  Memoriam  "  than  the  fourth  published  in 
1851,  nor  any  later  of  «  The  Princess  "  than  the  fifth  in 
1853,  nor  any  later  of  "  Maud  "  than  the  second  in  1856. 
But  there  are  many  later  editions,  not  mere  reprints 
but  numbered  editions  usually  with  alterations.  Of 
"  In  Memoriam  "  there  are  at  least  eighteen  editions, 
of  "  The  Princess  "  seventeen,  and  of  "  Maud  "  four- 
teen. Some  of  these  later  editions  are  of  much  import- 
ance,—  for  example,  the  sixth  of  "  In  Memoriam." 

Excellent  as  are  these  lists  already  published,  still  it 
is  evident  that  an  exhaustive  bibliography  of  Tennyson's 
works  is  a  desideratum. 

ALBERT  E.  JACK. 

Lake  Forest  University,  May  8,  1899. 


BOND  AND  FREE. 


Head  downward,  brutelike,  pent  in  selfish  ways 
Who  wanders  stumbling,  shall  decry  at  best 
The  vision  shattered,  meaningless,  confused: 
Kosmos,  for  him,  to  Chaos  turned  again. 
And  ever  as  the  pathway  onward  runs 
The  life  and  color  vanish  from  the  scene. 
If  he  had  comrades,  mute  they  slip  away 
Into  the  shadow  as  the  twilight  nears. 
Companionless  and  dreaded  is  the  dusk: 
Grimmer  and  closer  steals  the  spectre  pale. 

But  he  who  seeks  and  holds  the  bench  assigned, 
Although  it  be  the  lowest,  straightway  feels 
His  straining  muscles  keep  harmonious  time 
To  the  great  pulse  that  bears  the  galley  on. 
His  foamswept  porthole  rims  a  glorious  world. 
With  every  passing  hour  the  vision  clears, 
A  simpler  meaning  linking  all  to  each. 
Sped  by  his  stroke  —  with  those  who  toil  beside  — 
Triumphant  fares  the  great  ship  past  the  shores 
Of  time,  upon  the  path  to  wider  ways. 
Perchance,  in  happiest  hours,  he  wins  a  glimpse 
Of  that  unmeasured  curve  whereon  we  sweep 
Through  countless  a3ons  toward  the  goal  undreamed. 
WILLIAM  CRANSTON  LAWTON. 


330 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


o0ks. 


MR.  MURRAY'S  BYRON.* 

It  is  now  many  years  since  Matthew  Arnold, 
speaking  of  Wordsworth  and  of  Byron,  made 
his  somewhat  bold  prophecy :  "  When  the  year 
1900  is  turned,  and  our  nation  comes  to  recount 
her  poetic  glories  in  the  century  which  has  then 
just  ended,  the  first  names  with  her  will  be 
these."  This  was  said  at  a  time  when  some- 
thing was  still  to  be  expected  from  Tennyson 
and  Browning  and  Lowell,  and  when  Kipling 
was  but  a  boy  of  sixteen.  We  are  now  very 
near  the  date  referred  to,  and  already  the 
achievements  of  the  nineteenth  century  seem 
to  recede  in  rapidly  diminishing  perspective. 
Partly,  doubtless,  owing  to  the  influence  of  Ar- 
nold himself,  English  (or  Anglo-American) 
criticism  is  less  provincial  than  formerly,  and 
consequently  saner  and  less  intolerant.  Byron 
is  coming  to  hold  some  such  place  in  our  esti- 
mate as  he  has  long  held  in  the  estimate  of  the 
"  Amphictyonic  Council  of  European  opinion  " 
which  Arnold  used  to  appeal  to.  He  is  no  longer 
without  honor  even  in  his  own  country.  It 
seems  a  piece  of  justice  which  may  fitly  be  called 
poetic,  that  now,  in  the  closing  year  of  the  cen- 
tury, a  John  Murray  in  Albemarle  Street 
should  be  engaged  in  the  publication,  on  the 
most  generous  scale,  of  the  complete  works  of 
Lord  Byron. 

Nearly  two  years  ago  I  spoke  in  these"  col- 
umnsf  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Henley's  interesting  first 
volume  of  an  edition  of  Byron.  Inasmuch  as  no 
second  volume  has  been  issued,  it  may  be  pre- 
sumed that  the  project  has  been  dropped.  Con- 
sidering the  greater  completeness  and  attract- 
iveness of  Mr.  Murray's  edition,  the  withdrawal 
of  Mr.  Henley  from  the  field  is  on  the  whole  not 
greatly  to  be  regretted.  Could  he  be  prevailed 
upon  to  utilize  his  materials  in  another  way, 
and  to  devote  his  great  talents  to  the  writing 
of  a  definitive  biography  of  Byron,  including 
a  critical  survey  of  the  work  and  an  estimate 
of  the  genius  of  the  poet,  Mr.  Henley  would 
be  doing  us  a  greater  service  than  by  persisting 
in  the  production  of  an  edition  which  must  inev- 
itably take  a  secondary  place.  It  appears  that 


*THB  WORKS  OF  LORD  BYRON.  A  New,  lie  vised,  and 
Enlarged  Edition.  With  illustrations.  Letters  and  Journals  : 
Volumes  I.  and  II.  Edited  by  Rowland  E.  Prothero,  M.A., 
formerly  Fellow  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford.  Poetry :  Vol- 
ume I.  Edited  by  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge,  M. A.  London: 
John  Murray,  Albemarle  Street.  New  York :  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons. 

I  See  THE  DIAL,  September  1, 1897. 


Mr.  Murray  has  at  command  great  masses  of 
unpublished  Byron  manuscripts  which  are  be- 
ing utilized  for  the  present  edition.  Thus, 
while  Mr.  Henley's  volume  contains  231  letters, 
Mr.  Murray's  two  volumes,  covering  the  same 
period,  contain  379.  The  text  varies  consid- 
erably in  detail,  and  there  are  some  passages 
omitted  by  Henley  and  restored  in  the  present 
edition.  It  is  to  be  presumed  that  these  pas- 
sages, which  often  contain  some  freedom  of  ex- 

o 

pression,  are  restored  from  originals  to  which 
Mr.  Henley  was  denied  access  ;  but  one  is  puz- 
zled to  find  some  such  free  expressions  in  Hen- 
ley's text  which  are  omitted  in  Murray's.  There 
are  two  instances  of  this  in  the  letter  to  Drury 
of  June  25,  1809. 

Mr.  Prothero,  the  editor  of  the  "  Letters  and 
Journals,"  informs  us  that  a  bundle  of  letters 
from  Byron's  father  "  still  exists,  to  attest,  with 
startling  plainness  of  speech,  the  strength  of 
the  tendencies  which  John  Byron  transmitted 
to  his  son."  The  only  passage  containing  an 
allusion  to  the  child  is  printed  here  ;  but  why 
not  print  them  all  ?  It  would  be  absurd  to  sup- 
press them  at  this  time  of  day  on  account  of 
their  "  startling  plainness  of  speech."  In  an 
age  when  even  novelists  deem  it  necessary  to 
invent  pedigrees  for  their  heroes,  the  suppres- 
sion of  a  "  human  document "  of  such  interest 
as  these  letters  is  a  sheer  anachronism.  Noth- 
ing that  advances  our  knowledge  of  man  should 
be  withheld.  Moreover,  in  the  present  instance 
the  suppression  is  a  wrong  to  the  poet's  mem- 
ory, which  would  surely  be  held  in  greater 
honor  could  we  know  more  about  "  his  birth's 
invidious  bar."  They  would  form  quite  as  ap- 
propriate an  appendix  as  do  the  letters  of  Ber- 
nard Barton  or  of  Lady  Caroline  Lamb. 

For  Mr.  Prothero's  editing  of  the  Letters  I 
have  little  but  praise.  He  is  vigilant,  judicious, 
and  —  barring  a  few  minor  slips  —  accurate. 
His  notes  are  not  masterpieces  of  characteriza- 
tion like  many  of  Mr.  Henley's,  nor  have  they 
the  defects  incident  to  the  latter's  lively  tem- 
per and  positive  opinions.  Mr.  Prothero's  notes 
are  very  full  —  perhaps  as  full  as  Mr.  Hen- 
ley's :  they  are  never  obtrusive  or  impertinent, 
and  they  often  contain  information  not  supplied 
by  the  earlier  editor.  Most  of  the  notes  are 
biographical ;  no  one  is  mentioned  in  the  let- 
ters about  whom  something  is  not  told  us.  The 
same  is  true  of  Mr.  Coleridge's  edition  of  the 
early  poems.  These  notes  will  make  this  edi- 
tion a  mine  of  information  concerning  Byron's 
friends  and  contemporaries.  Sometimes  infor- 
mation given  by  Mr.  Prothero  is  repeated  by 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


331 


Mr.  Coleridge,  and  there  is  no  system  of  cross- 
references  to  notes  on  the  same  subject.  Thus, 
in  Volume  II.  of  the  "  Letters  and  Journals  " 
there  is  a  long  note,  beginning  at  page  314,  on 
Monk  Lewis.  At  page  356  there  is  a  short 
note  concerning  him ;  and  at  page  317  of  the 
Poems  Mr.  Coleridge  gives  another  biography 
of  Lewis,  apropos  of  the  reference  to  him  in 
"  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers."  -We 
can  only  trust  that  it  is  the  intention  of  the 
editors  to  enable  the  reader  to  coordinate  all 
these  notes  by  means  of  an  index  at  the  end  of 
the  whole  work  ;  but  even  with  an  index  a  sys- 
tem of  cross-references  is  a  time-saver,  partic- 
ularly in  a  work  like  this  of  many  volumes.  Of 
Mr.  Coleridge's  work  I  will  only  say  that  it 
seems  to  be  well  done,  although  his  scrupulos- 
ity in  giving  variant  readings  for  the  "  Hours 
of  Idleness  "  seems  a  bit  pedantic.  Variant 
readings  to  poems  that  are  themselves  of  no 
human  interest,  except  as  having  been  written 
by  a  great  poet  in  the  nonage  of  his  muse,  might 
surely  be  dispensed  with.  If  the  dulness  of  the 
verse  is  mortal,  these  variants  give  us  "  super- 
fluous death."  Encouraged  by  such  a  fatal 
example,  some  candidate  for  University  honors 
may  any  day  present  us  with  an  apparatus  crit- 
icus  to  the  "  Poems  of  Two  Brothers,"  or  a 
variorum  edition  of  "  Original  Poetry  by  Victor 
and  Cazire  " ! 

In  the  Preface  to  the  Letters,  Mr.  Prothero 
sets  forth  three  special  grounds  on  which  they 
appeal  "  to  all  lovers  of  English  literature." 
"  They  offer,"  he  asserts,  "  the  most  suggestive 
commentary  on  his  poetry  ;  they  give  the  truest 
portrait  of  the  man  ;  they  possess,  at  their  best, 
in  their  ease,  freshness,  and  racy  vigor,  a  very 
high  literary  value."  Every  one  of  these  asser- 
tions may  be  true,  but  I,  for  one,  cannot  accept 
them  without  question.  Perhaps  a  brief  exam- 
ination of  them  here  may  be  at  least  suggestive. 
Let  us  select  one  or  two  passages  which  are 
good  samples  of  what  we  find  by  way  of  com- 
mentary on  the  poems.  Byron  writes  laconic- 
ally to  Murray  under  date  of  September,  1813  : 

"  Dear  Sir,  —  Pray  suspend  the  proofs  for  I  am  bit- 
ten again  and  have  quantities  for  other  parts  of  The 
Giaour." 

Again  in  November  to  Moore,  with  reference 
this  time  to  "  The  Bride  of  Abydos  ": 

"All  convulsions  end  with  me  in  rhyme;  and  to  sol- 
ace my  midnights,  I  have  scribbled  another  Turkish 
story  —  not  a  Fragment  —  which  you  will  receive  soon 
after  this.  It  does  not  trench  upon  your  kingdom  in 
the  least,  and  if  it  did,  you  would  soon  reduce  me  to 
my  proper  boundaries.  You  will  think,  and  justly,  that 
I  run  some  risk  of  losing  the  little  I  have  gained  in 
fame,  by  this  further  experiment  on  public  patience; 


but  I  have  really  ceased  to  care  on  that  head.  I  have 
written  this  and  published  it,  for  the  sake  of  the  em- 
ployment, —  to  wring  my  thoughts  from  reality,  and 
take  refuge  in '  imaginings,'  however  '  horrible ' ;  and  as 
to  success  !  those  who  succeed  will  console  me  for  a 
failure  —  excepting  yourself  and  one  or  two  more, 
whom  luckily  I  love  too  well  to  wish  one  leaf  of  their 
laurels  a  tint  yellower.  This  is  the  work  of  a  week, 
and  will  be  the  reading  of  an  hour  to  you,  or  even  less, 
—  and  so  let  it  go  .  .  ." 

The  curious  interest  of  many  passages  of 
which  these  are  favorable  examples  is  undeni- 
able. If  merely  these  two  were  from  the  hand 
of  Sophocles  or  of  Shakespeare  and  had  rela- 
tion to  works  of  theirs,  a  certain  number  of  inter- 
esting inferences  might  be  drawn  from  them. 
They  are  sufficient  to  show  that  the  author  is 
probably  on  good  terms  with  his  publisher  and 
with  one  or  two  rival  poets  ;  that  he  writes  rap- 
idly and  is  apt  to  be  seized,  at  inconvenient 
moments,  with  the  impulse  to  make  additions 
and  alterations  ;  that  he  puts,  or  affects  to  put, 
a  modest  estimate  upon  what  he  writes,  and  is 
willing  to  be  thought  to  have  "  ceased  to  care  " 
for  fame ;  that  there  is  something  in  his  life 
which  he  does  not  enjoy  thinking  about  and  so 
writes  to  solace  his  midnights  ;  —  these  infer- 
ences might  fairly  be  drawn,  and  in  default  of 
other  evidence  many  others  would  doubtless  be 
made,  and  would  have  more  or  less  weight  ac- 
cording to  one's  faith  in  the  truthfulness  of  the 
writer.  Inferences  like  these,  when  abundantly 
supported  by  external  evidence,  are  doubtless 
contributions  to  biographical  knowledge,  and 
so  to  our  knowledge  of  man.  But  in  what  im- 
portant respect  do  they  supply  a  commentary 
upon  the  poems  in  question  ?  Do  we  appre- 
ciate the  "  Giaour  "  or  the  "  Bride  "  one  whit 
the  better  for  knowing  these  things,  or  from 
knowing  that  the  author  chose  to  assert  them  ? 
Does  not  the  poetry  of  Byron  find  its  best  com- 
mentary in  the  events  and  the  conditions  of  the 
time  in  which  he  lived  ?  Is  not  the  character 
of  its  author  writ  large  upon  every  page  of  it  ? 
Are  not  the  self-revelations  Byron  gives  us  in 
his  poetry  incomparably  deeper  and  truer  than 
those  given  by  the  Letters  ? 

This  is  of  course  not  the  place  for  anything 
like  a  satisfactory  examination  of  such  ques- 
tions as  these.  In  going  over  the  Letters  once 
more,  they  have  presented  themselves  to  me 
more  and  more  obstinately.  Not  that  I  would 
for  a  moment  deny  the  very  great  interest  of 
the  Letters ;  but  who  can  fail  to  see  that,  in 
comparison  with  the  poetry,  the  Letters  are 
superficial  and  external  ?  Still,  the  true  Byron 
is  here, —  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  it ;  and  the 
true  Byron  none  the  less  that  he  is  often  un- 


332 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


true  to  his  better  self.  Here  are  Byron's  flip- 
pant wit,  his  impatience,  his  rebellious  temper, 
his  foible  of  taking  his  role  at  times  for  reality, 

—  of  forgetting  himself  at  moments  in  the  part 
he  fancies  he  plays.    Tangled  in  with  this  com- 
plex   skein  we  descry  traits    of    penetrating 
insight,  of  English  moderation  and  good  sense, 
of  delicate  generosity,  of  self-forgetful  friend- 
liness.   In  order  to  perceive  all  this,  one  must 
have  some  faith  in  the  man  and  not  be  so  hasty 
as  to  mistake  a  passing  cloud  for  the  sun's 
eclipse.    In  order  to  know  Byron  for  the  manly 
fellow  he  is,  one  must  have  the  tact  to  take  him 
off  his  guard.    The  moment  he  fancies  the  eye 

%of  the  world  fixed  curiously  upon  him,  he  be- 
comes self-conscious  ;  and  what  follows  is  too 
apt  to  be  something  for  which  there  is  no  one 
sufficient  English  word,  but  which  the  French 
expressively  term  grimace.  The  sad  miscon- 
ception that  some  have  fallen  into,  that  Byron 
is  a  hollow  personage  —  one  chiefly  histrionic 

—  may  be  partly  due  to  unsympathetic  and 
undiscriminatiug  reading  of  his  Letters  and 
Journals.     The  quite  external  things  they  re- 
cord need  to  be  related  by  the  reader  to  other 
things  that  are  not  recorded,  —  to  a  thousand 
causes  that  are  not  disclosed  to  the  casual  or 
impatient  reader.     In  brief,   an  exercise  of 
imagination  is  required  in  order  to  create  the 
true,  deep,  living  Byron  from  the  data  furnished 
by  the  Betters.     Letters,  journals,  anecdotes, 
show  him  as  he  looked, —  not  altogether  as  he 
was.     They  show  Byron  in  two  dimensions ; 
an  effort  of  creative  imagination  may  body  him 
forth  in  three  dimensions. 

To  claim  "  a  very  high  literary  value  "  for 
these  Letters  implies  the  ascription  to  them  of 
qualities  by  virtue  of  which  they  would  retain 
an  interest  quite  independent  of  their  author- 
ship. In  the  time  of  Madame  de  Sevigne,  letter- 
writing  was  a  branch  of  fine  art,  and  her  letters 
belong  to  literature  as  undeniably  as  do  the 
"  Characters  "  of  La  Bruyere.  Madame  de 
Sevigne  is  at  her  best  in  her  letters  ;  Byron  is, 
in  a  literary  sense,  pretty  nearly  at  his  worst  in 
his.  He  dashed  them  off  at  the  last  moment  be- 
fore going  to  bed  in  the  small  hours,  and  they 
commonly  show  the  low  spirits  of  a  man  jaded 
with  pleasure,  bored  by  society,  or  exhausted  by 
production.  "  I  am  dull  and  drowsy,  as  usual. 
I  do  nothing,  and  even  that  nothing  fatigues 
me."  Confidences  like  these  would  be  worse 
than  tedious  coming  from  a  person  otherwise 
unknown.  Such  things  are  the  mere  expression 
of  the  momentary  mood,  or  even  excuses  for 
slap-dash  brevity.  Byron  seldom  takes  pleas- 


ure in  writing  a  letter,  but  writes  the  necessary 
things  in  the  tersest  terms.  His  letters  to  Mur- 
ray often  have  the  ring  of  a  skipper  giving 
orders  in  the  teeth  of  a  gale.  Not  that  he  is 
morose,  but  dead  tired :  one  fairly  sees  him 
fling  pen  on  table  and  himself  into  bed.  When 
he  chances  to  be  in  high  spirits,  as  he  occasion- 
ally is,  he  lets  himself  run  on  in  an  amusing  if 
not  always  a  becoming  style.  The  anecdotage 
of  the  Letters  strikes  one  as  not  especially 
tasteful ;  and  the  philosophy  is  that  of  one  who 
says  in  his  haste  that  all  men  are  liars, —  and 
other  things  almost  as  bad  !  The  letters  writ- 
ten during  his  travels  in  the  East  are  for  the 
most  part  extremely  summary,  not  to  say  per- 
functory. There  is  absolutely  nothing  of  that 
loving  and  lingering  description  which  delights 
us  in  the  letters  written  from  Italy  by  Shelley 
just  ten  years  later.  There  are,  indeed,  two 
long  letters  of  Byron  to  his  mother,  —  one  from 
Gibraltar  giving  some  account  of  his  adven- 
tures with  the  women  of  Spain  ;  another  de- 
scribing his  visit  to  Ali  Pacha.  To  judge  from 
the  Letters,  the  incident  of  his  travels  to  which 
he  attached  the  greatest  importance  was  his 
exploit  of  swimming  the  Hellespont,  which  he 
refers  to  in  at  least  ten  different  letters.  It  is 
obvious  that  he  was  reserving  all  his  art  for 
"  Childe  Harold,"  which  is  the  real  diary  of  his 
voyage,  and  to  which  the  Letters  furnish  but  a 
lean  commentary. 

The  volumes  before  us  contain  only  the 
Letters  down  to  the  end  of  1813,  when  Byron 
had  not  yet  completed  his  twenty-fifth  year. 
Those  that  are  to  come  will  be  in  most  respects 
more  interesting,  and  the  great  numbers  of 
unpublished  ones  are  looked  forward  to  with 
some  curiosity.  When  this  beautiful  edition  is 
once  completed,  we  shall  be  for  the  first  time 
in  a  position  to  form  something  like  a  true 
image  of  what  the  man  Byron  really  was.  By 
that  time,  too,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  a  truer  esti- 
mate of  Byron  the  poet  will  prevail.  Re-read 
to-day,  his  poetry  seems  singularly  fresh, — 
partly,  doubtless,  by  reason  of  the  fashionable 
neglect  of  it.  That  it  has  some  saving  quali- 
ties, I  believe  :  but  this  is  a  large  subject  which 
must  be  reserved  for  a  later  article. 

MELVILLE  B.  ANDERSON. 


THE  "  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution"  for  the  year  1896-97  has  just 
come  from  the  Government  Printing  Office,  and  is  a 
volume  of  nearly  seven  hundred  pages.  Six  hundred 
of  these  are  papers  of  the  highest  value  upon  a  great 
variety  of  scientific  subjects,  by  the  most  eminent  spe- 
cialists of  America  and  Europe. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


333 


THE  WRITINGS  or  PRESIDENT  MONROE.* 

Historically,  the  new  interest  that  has  sprung 
up  in  the  writings  of  our  early  statesmen  is  a 
most  encouraging  feature  of  our  intellectual 
life.  Politically,  we  do  not  feel  so  confident. 
It  is  indeed  difficult  to  judge  in  such  matters ; 
but  we  cannot  lay  aside  the  belief  that  the  new 
interest  belongs  much  more  to  students,  teach- 
ers, and  writers  of  history,  than  to  our  politi- 
cians and  statesmen.  Still,  if  this  is  the  case 
it  does  not  follow  that  the  new  interest  will 
not  touch  and  influence  politics  ;  for  the  work 
of  the  scholars  and  writers,  through  their 
own  writings  and  the  men  that  they  send  out 
from  the  colleges  and  universities,  is  sure  to 
enter  more  or  less  into  the  circles  of  political 
life. 

The  list  of  splendid  editions  of  the  works  of 
early  American  statesmen  that  the  Messrs. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  have  brought  out  within 
the  last  few  years,  beginning  with  Alexander 
Hamilton  and  closing  for  the  time  with  James 
Monroe,  has  immediately  prompted  the  forego- 
ing remarks.  Some  of  these  editions  have  been 
second  or  third  ones,  although  generally  or 
always  more  complete  than  the  earlier  editions ; 
others  are  wholly  new.  This  is  the  case  with 
this  last  candidate  for  the  public  favor :  no 
collection  of  the  writings  of  Monroe  until  now 
had  ever  apppeared.  In  view  of  his  long  and 
successful  career  of  more  than  fifty  years,  this 
seems  not  a  little  strange.  Monroe  was  a  gal- 
lant soldier  in  the  Revolution ;  served  in  the 
legislature  and  executive  council  of  Virginia ; 
sat  in  the  Old  Congress  and  in  the  National 
Senate  ;  was  twice  governor  of  his  native  state  ; 
represented  his  country  in  France,  Spain,  and 
England  ;  was  a  prominent  member  of  Presi- 
dent Madison's  cabinet ;  was  twice  president 
himself,  and  finally  retired  from  the  public 
view  as  he  laid  down  the  presidency  of  the  con- 
vention which  sat  in  1829-30  to  revise  the 
constitution  of  Virginia.  And  yet,  as  Presi- 
dent Oilman  said  in  the  introduction  to  his 
useful  biography : 

"  No  adequate  memoir  of  his  life  has  been  written; 
and  while  the  papers  of  Washington,  Adams,  Jefferson, 
and  Madison  —  his  four  predecessors  in  the  office  of 
president  —  have  been  collected  and  printed  in  a  con- 
venient form,  the  student  of  Monroe's  career  must 
search  for  the  data  in  numerous  public  documents  and 
in  the  unassorted  files  of  unpublished  correspondence." 

*  THE  WHITINGS  OF  JAMES  MONROE.  Including  a  collec- 
tion of  his  public  and  private  papers  and  correspondence,  now 
for  the  first  time  printed.  Edited  by  Stanislas  Murray  Ham- 
ilton. Volumes  I.  and  II.,  1778-1796.  New  York :  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 


We  offer  no  explanation  of  this  strange  fact, 
although  we  shall  presently  state  a  circumstance 
that  may  suggest  a  part  of  the  explanation. 
But  now  the  reproach,  whatever  the  cause  may 
have  been,  is  about  to  be  removed  ;  we  have 
the  first  two  volumes  of  an  edition  of  Monroe 
that  promises  to  be  all  that  our  historical  schol- 
ars and  public  men  could  reasonably  expect. 
The  materials  to  draw  upon,  the  editor  thus 
describes : 

"  Monroe  has  left  material  in  the  shape  of  notes, 
together  with  a  large  collection  of  letters  from  and  to 
the  most  distinguished  men  of  this  and  other  countries. 
In  the  early  period,  while  in  congress,  his  correspond- 
ence with  Jefferson  and  Madison  is  the  most  conspicu- 
ous. With  both,  for  nearly  the  whole  of  his  life,  he 
maintained  relations  of  great  confidential  intercourse, 
and  was  closely  connected  with  them  in  many  important 
official  trusts.  Such  intercourse  led  to  a  constant  inter- 
change of  intelligence,  opinions,  and  views,  resulting  in 
an  immense  mass  of  correspondence  and  documentary 
history.  That  which  marks  the  period  of  the  War  of 
1812  is  of  great  importance  in  exhibiting  the  untiring 
zeal  and  patriotism  that  lightened  the  public  councils 
of  the  nation  during  that  gloomy  period.  The  letters 
written  during  his  missions  to  France,  Spain,  and  En- 
gland, contain  instructive  lessons  to  students  in  Amer- 
ican diplomacy." 

Of  the  places  where  these  materials  are  found, 
he  tells  us : 

"  The  greater  part  of  this  collection  was  acquired  by 
Congress  from  Monroe's  heirs,  under  an  appropriation 
of  $20,000  by  Act  approved  March  3,  1849.  These 
manuscripts  are  now  deposited  in  the  Bureau  of  Rolls 
and  Library  of  the  Department  of  State,  handsomely 
mounted  and  bound  and  calendared ;  others  are  in  our 
greater  libraries  and  familiar  archives,  and  many  yet 
remain  in  the  hands  of  individual  owners.  From  the 
greater  collection  this  edition  is  substantially  drawn; 
but  generous  and  cordial  responses  from  other  sources 
have  enabled  me  to  include  many  of  the  scattered 
papers." 

The  first  volume  consists  mainly  of  letters. 
The  series  opens  with  one  to  Washington  dated 
June  28, 1778,  and  closes  with  one  to  Jefferson, 
June  6, 1794, —  dates  which  will  suggest  to  the 
reader  that  the  series  does  not  cover  the  most 
important  events  of  Monroe's  life.  And  yet 
many  interesting  transactions  are  included 
within  these  two  dates.  We  may  mention  in 
particular  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution. Monroe  was  a  member  of  the  Virginia 
convention  that  ratified  the  Constitution,  and, 
as  is  well  known,  took  the  wrong  side  ;  but  this 
he  did  in  a  manner  thoroughly  consonant  with 
the  general  tenor  of  his  mind  and  life,  —  that 
is,  with  moderation.  The  letters  that  deal  with 
these  matters,  especially  those  to  Jefferson, 
while  they  perhaps  do  not  yield  new  light,  are 
nevertheless  interesting  reading.  Writing  to 
Jefferson,  then  in  Paris,  April  10, 1788,  Mon- 


334 


THE    DIAL, 


[May  16, 


roe  sums  up  the  situation  as  he  sees  it  at  the 
time,  with  these  words  : 

"  The  event  of  this  business  is  altogether  incertain,  as 
to  its  passage  thro  the  Union.  That  it  will  nowhere  be 
rejected  admits  of  little  doubt.  And  that  it  will  ulti- 
mately, perhaps  in  2  or  three  years  terminate  in  some 
wise  and  happy  establishment  for  our  country,  is  what 
we  have  good  reason  to  expect." 

On  July  12  of  the  same  year,  after  the  Vir- 
ginia ratification,  he  explains  to  the  same  cor- 
respondent that  it  is  really  a  conditional  ratifi- 
cation, and  offers  some  remarks  upon  the  course 
pursued  throughout  by  Washington  : 

"  The  conduct  of  Genl.  Washington  upon  this  occasion 
has  no  doubt  been  right  and  meritorious.  All  parties 
had  acknowledged  defects  in  the  federal  system,  and 
been  sensible  of  the  propriety  of  some  material  change. 
To  forsake  the  honorable  retreat  to  which  he  had  retir'd, 
&  risque  the  reputation  he  had  so  deservedly  acquired, 
manifested  a  zeal  for  the  public  interest,  that  could  after 
so  many  and  illustrious  services,  &  at  this  stage  of  his 
life,  scarcely  have  been  expected  from  him.  Having, 
however,  commenc'd  again  on  the  publick  theatre,  the 
course  which  he  takes  becomes  not  only  highly  inter- 
esting to  him  but  likewise  so  to  us :  the  human  character 
is  not  perfect;  if  he  partakes  of  those  qualities  which 
we  have  too  much  reason  to  believe  are  almost  insep- 
arable from  the  frail  nature  of  our  being,  the  people  of 
America  will  perhaps  be  lost.  Be  assured  his  influence 
carried  this  government;  for  my  own  part  I  have  a 
boundless  confidence  in  him,  nor  have  I  any  reason  to 
believe  he  will  ever  furnish  occasion  for  withdrawing  it. 
More  is  to  be  apprehended  if  he  takes  a  part  in  the  pub- 
lic councils  again,  as  he  advances  in  age,  from  the  de- 
signs of  those  around  him  than  from  any  disposition  of 
his  own." 

The  two  appendices,  together  making  some 
ninety  pages,  contain  the  two  forms  of  a  pam- 
phlet on  the  Constitution  that  Monroe  laid  be- 
fore his  constituents  on  the  eve  of  the  Virginia 
convention,  the  first  one  of  which,  however, 
was  never  published. 

Volume  II.,  consisting  also  of  correspond- 
ence, covers  the  three  years  1794-5-6.  Events 
now  move  much  more  rapidly  than  before  ;  for 
Monroe  is  the  minister  plenipotentiary  of  his 
country  in  Paris,  which  is  seething  with  all  the 
interests  and  passions  of  the  Revolution.  The 
first  letter  is  from  Randolph  to  Monroe,  con- 
veying Washington's  instructions  ;  the  last  one, 
from  Monroe  to  Pickering,  Secretary  of  State, 
just  before  the  minister's  recall  from  the  em- 
bassy. The  threatening  relations  of  the  two 
republics  are  all  the  time  at  the  front,  but  other 
important  questions  —  as  Jay's  Treaty,  and  the 
negotiations  with  the  Barbary  States  and  Spain 
—  are  not  far  in  the  background.  The  letters 
are  nearly  all  addressed  to  the  Secretary  of  State 
and  Washington,  the  French  Committee  of  Pub- 
lic Safety  and  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Mad- 


ison and  Jefferson.  Notes  are  more  frequent 
than  in  the  previous  volume.  The  editor  will 
find  a  provoking  blunder  in  the  "  Contents  ":  the 
letters  to  Madison  and  the  Secretary  of  State 
have  changed  places  (pp.  456, 460).  The  value 
of  both  volumes  is  enhanced  by  "  annals  "  of 
Monroe's  life,  which  materially  assist  the  reader 
in  keeping  track  of  contemporary  events. 

The  place  that  President  Monroe  will  hold  in 
history  is  already  settled,  at  least  so  far  as  his 
general  classification  is  concerned.  Particular 
facts  in  his  life  may  become  more  significant  or 
less  significant  as  time  goes  on  ;  these  Writings 
will  more  fully  illuminate  his  public  career ; 
but  nothing  can  occur  that  will  advance  him  to 
the  first  rank  among  our  statesmen,  or  relegate 
him  to  the  third  rank.  In  this  sense  he  is  a 
second-rate  man,  standing  well  up  in  his  class. 
This  is  the  circumstance  referred  to  above  as 
possibly  tending  to  explain  why  his  works  have 
never  before  been  published.  To  us,  the  most 
interesting  feature  in  his  long  and  useful  life  is 
his  thorough  comprehension  of  the  problem  of 
the  territorial  integrity  of  the  Nation,  what  it 
involved,  and  the  policies  by  which  it  must  be 
maintained.  One  interesting  instance  or  proof 
of  this  comprehension  is  covered  by  the  open- 
ing volume  :  namely,  his  opposition,  in  common 
with  Southern  men  generally,  to  any  surrender 
or  yielding  of  our  rights  on  the  Mississippi,  at 
the  time  of  Jay's  unsuccessful  negotiations  with 
Gardoqui.  The  remarks  that  we  had  intended 
to  offer  on  this  interesting  topic,  however,  may 
well  be  held  in  reserve  until  the  progress  of  the 
publication  brings  further  evidence  of  the  same 
comprehension  before  us.  B.  A.  HINSDALE. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  THE  MODERN  PLAY.* 

Some  people  like  to  read  plays, —  but  on  the 
whole,  in  this  country  at  least,  they  are  in  a 
minority.  There  are  not  nearly  so  many  peo- 
ple who  enjoy  reading  a  play  they  have  not  seen, 
as  enjoy  reading  a  novel.  This  is  in  some  re- 
spects a  little  singular.  We  may  remember 
how  stupid  Alice  thought  her  sister's  book  be- 
cause it  had  no  conversations.  Now,  a  play  is 
all  conversation.  We  shall  remember  too,  prob- 
ably, if  we  try  to  think,  that  most  people  dislike 
in  novels  —  and  therefore  skip  —  descriptions, 
whether  studies  of  scenery  or  analyses  of  char- 

*  MODERN  PLAYS.  First  volumes.  The  Dawn,  by  Emile 
Verhaeren,  translated  by  Arthur  Symons.  The  Storm,  by 
Alexander  Ostrovsky,  translated  by  Constance  Garnett.  Alla- 
dine  and  Palomides,  Interior,  The  Death  of  Tintagiles ;  by 
Maurice  Maeterlinck ;  translated  by  Alfred  Sutro  and  William 
Archer.  Chicago :  Charles  H.  Sergei  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


335 


aeter.  A  play  leaves  character  and  scenery, 
when  you  read  it,  largely  to  the  tender  mercies 
of  our  imagination.  In  fact,  a  play  has  a  great 
deal  that  we  like  in  a  novel,  and  it  does  not 
have  a  good  deal  that  we  do  not  like.  Why, 
then,  should  not  people  like  to  read  plays? 

One  thing  that  may  have  something  to  do 
with  the  matter  is  that  the  drama  is  not,  in 
America,  an  entirely  recognized  branch  of  lit- 
erature, or  rather  of  contemporary  literature. 
Say  what  we  will  of  what  ought  to  be,  the  fact 
is  that  it  is  not,  taking  the  general  conception 
of  literature  which  commonly  obtains.  When 
we  think  of  current  literature,  we  think  of 
novels,  poems,  essays,  histories,  but  not  of  plays. 
This  may  be  a  cause  or  an  effect  of  people's  not 
reading  plays ;  it  would  take  too  long  to  deter- 
mine which. 

Abroad,  the  drama  is  far  more  a  recognized 
branch  of  literature.  In  America  there  are 
certainly  several  novelists  and  poets  who  have 
now  and  then  cast  their  .work  in  dramatic  form, 
but  as  a  rule  it  is  merely  for  their  own  amuse- 
ment, or  as  an  experiment,  or  as  a  wholly  minor 
matter.  Nor  do  these  dramatic  pieces  see  the 
stage  except  in  private.  On  the  other  hand, 
our  dramatists  do  not  publish  their  plays :  they 
write  for  the  stage,  and  not  for  book  form. 
Thus,  although  we  may  hear  that  "  Secret  Ser- 
vice "  or  "  Nathan  Hale  "  has  "  literary  quality," 
or  "is  literature,"  or  something  of  the  sort,  yet 
there  is  no  good  way  of  knowing  anything 
about  it. 

To  some  degree,  the  matter  is  different  in 
England.  There,  two  of  the  popular  play- 
wrights, Mr.  Pinero  and  Mr.  Jones,  publish 
their  plays ;  and  so  do  two  of  the  non-popular, 
Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  and  Mr.  Davidson.  Still, 
even  in  England  the  matter  does  not  go  quite  as 
far  as  it  does  on  the  Continent.  In  Germany 
and  France,  in  Norway  and  Belgium,  we  have 
the  spectacle,  curious  to  us,  of  men  of  letters 
of  commanding  reputations  both  at  home  and 
abroad  being  dramatists,  and  generally  dram- 
atists successful  on  the  stage.  Hence  there  is 
more  point  in  translating  foreign  plays  than 
there  would  be  in  translating  English  plays. 
English  and  American  plays  are  not  as  a  rule 
significant  of  anything  except  the  popular  taste ; 
Continental  plays  often  are.  Ibsen,  Maeter- 
linck, Rostand,  Sudermann,  Hauptmann,  these 
are  representative  names,  as  representative 
almost  as  any  in  contemporary  letters  that  could 
be  found. 

Thus,  although  we  may  not  think  of  it  at 
once,  a  series  like  "  Modern  Plays,"  of  which 


the  first  three  volumes  are  before  us,  offers  us 
something  which  we  may  well  be  really  glad  to 
have.  Plays  have  been  as  a  rule  less  translated 
than  novels.  We  can,  it  is  true,  read  almost 
all  of  Ibsen  or  Maeterlinck  in  English,  but  we 
can  read  only  a  play  or  two  of  Hauptmann, 
Sudermann,  Rostand,  and  generally  nothing  at 
all  by  many  lesser  men  whose  work  yet  has  a 
good  deal  of  interest.  The  plays  chosen  for 
translation  in  this  series  have  a  good  deal  of 
interest :  there  are  also  a  number  of  interesting 
plays  which  are  not  so  far  announced.  Thus, 
it  is  good  to  have  something  by  Villiers  de 
1'Isle  Adam,  and  of  Emile  Verhaeren,  espe- 
cially if  one  likes  to  read  Maeterlinck :  we  get 
thereby  a  better  idea  of  the  tendencies  of  dra- 
matic writing.  But  I  cannot  see  why  we  have 
nothing  in  the  list  by  the  German  dramatists ; 
even  if  the  work  of  the  strongest  men  is  to 
appear  elsewhere,  there  are  other  plays,  like 
Ernst  Rosmer's  "Konigskinder  "  or  Fulda's 
"Talisman,"  to  show  that  there  are  dramatists 
in  Germany  as  well  as  in  Belgium  or  Norway 
or  Russia. 

But  to  turn  to  the  plays  that  are  translated, 
instead  of  carping  about  those  that  are  not. 
Of  the  three  volumes  issued,  "The  Storm,"  by 
Ostrovsky,  is  probably  the  greatest  stranger  to 
all  not  especially  acquainted  with  Russian  lit- 
erature. It  is  a  modern  play  in  the  same  sense 
in  which  we  might  call  "  La  Dame  aux  Game- 
lias"  modern;  it  was  written  about  the  same 
time.  But  of  course  mere  chronology  does  not 
settle  such  a  matter :  we  think  of  "  The  Ordeal 
of  Richard  Feverel"  as  being  "modern"  in  a 
sense  in  which  "  David  Copperfield  "  and  "  Pen- 
dennis  "  are  not,  although  the  three  come  in  the 
same  decade.  Still,  I  rather  think  that  "  The 
Storm"  is  of  about  the  same  generation  as 
"Fathers  and  Sons"  or  "War  and  Peace," 
which  means  that,  however  good  in  itself,  it  is 
hardly  significant  of  contemporary  thought. 

Good  in  itself  the  play  is.  Realism  has  lost 
a  little  of  its  fascination  for  us,  partly  through 
self  -  consciousness  and  its  consequences.  A 
realist  nowadays  can  hardly  help  being  self- 
conscious,  can  he?  Mr.  Gissing  shows  genius  in 
not  being  so.  Ostrovsky  wrote  before  realism 
was  fashionable,  and  it  is  therefore  refreshing 
to  read  his  play.  Something  has  been  said  as 
to  its  value  in  psychology  and  its  reflecting  the 
life  of  Russia.  On  the  whole,  so  far  as  those 
matters  are  concerned,  I  should  be  more  inter- 
ested in  the  work  of  a  psychologist,  or  of  a 
traveller,  say.  In  reading  a  play,  I  like  it  to 
be  chiefly  a  play.  This  "  The  Storm  "  is,  what- 


336 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


ever  else,  although,  as  Miss  Garnett  remarks, 
it  is  delightfully  untheatrical. 

"  The  Dawn,"  by  Emile  Verhaeren,  I  am  not 
inclined  to  value  very  highly.  There  are  un- 
doubtedly some  rather  stirring  things  about  its 
method, —  for  instance,  the  curious  handling  of 
the  Groups  which  "  act  as  a  single  person  of 
multiple  and  contradictory  aspects."  There  are 
other  things,  too ;  but  if  you  ask  for  more  than 
method,  I  think  you  will  find  the  play  strangely 
vague  and  illusory.  It  is  a  curious  thing  that 
when  writers  are  dealing  with  Revolution  they 
prefer  to  deal  in  sounding  generalities.  It  was 
so  in  "The  Revolt  of  Islam,"  in  "The  Tragic 
Comedians,"  in  "The  Princess  Casamassima." 
You  hear  of  wonderful  things,  but  you  get  small 
idea  of  what  these  things  really  are.  Something 
of  this  difficulty  exists  in  "  The  Dawn."  Now  in 
real  life  when  we  get  a  leader  of  the  people  who 
deals  only  with  phrases  we  call  him  a  demagogue. 
I  am  not  able  to  offer  evidence  that  Jacques 
Herenien  was  a  greater  man  than  Cleon  or 
Dennis  Kearney,  although  I  think  that  was 
M.  Verhaeren's  idea. 

The  "Three  Plays"  of  Maeterlinck  have 
been  translated  before ;  indeed,  two  of  them  in 
this  volume  are  reprinted.  They  are,  however, 
excellent  plays  to  have  in  the  series,  for  they 
are  very  characteristic.  "Alladine  and  Palo- 
mides"  is  representative  of  a  romantic  class 
consisting  otherwise  of  "Pelleas  and  Meli- 
sande  "  and  "  Aglavaine  and  Selysette."  "  In- 
terior "  represents  the  realistic  class  to  which 
belong  "The  Intruder"  and  "The  Blind." 
"The  Death  of  Tintagiles"  hardly  represents 
any  class,  although  there  is  a  good  deal  in  it 
that  reminds  one  of  the  fourth  act  of  "  The 
Princess  Maleine."  Still,  I  always  think  of  the 
play  by  itself :  I  think  it  has  always  been  my 
favorite.  The  romantic  plays  I  cannot  persuade 
myself  to  care  for,  except  in  a  literary  way. 
The  realistic  plays  I  certainly  do  like,  in  spite 
of  their  symbolism.  It  might  seem  that  a  play 
which,  like  "The  Death  of  Tintagiles,"  com- 
bined the  drawbacks  of  both,  would  be  less 
agreeable  than  either.  On  the  contrary,  as  I 
have  said,  I  like  it  better  than  the  others,  pos- 
sibly because  it  is  more  purely  characteristic 
of  its  author. 

"  Modern  Plays  "  then,  are  so  far  interesting; 
and  from  the  announcements  it  would  seem  that 
the  rest  would  be  so.  One  thing  at  least  may 
be  said :  Here  are  plays  that  you  can  probably 
never  see  on  the  stage ;  if  you  want  to  know 
about  them  you  will  have  to  trust  to  the  books. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE,  JR. 


RTJSKIN,  ROSSETTI,  PR^RAPHAELITISM.* 

The  publication  of  private  correspondence 
should  have  its  reason  not  merely  in  the  fact 
that  the  writers  were  persons  of  distinction,  but 
also  in  some  intrinsic  charm  of  the  letters,  or 
in  their  relation  to  particular  time,  influence, 
or  social  conditions.  To  students  of  the  En- 
glish romantic  movement,  the  volume  "  Ruskin, 
Rossetti,  Prseraphaelitism " — a  collection  of 
letters  and  other  papers,  edited  by  Mr.  W.  M. 
Rossetti  —  cannot  fail  to  be  of  interest,  but 
even  they  will  hardly  claim  for  its  publication 
such  ideal  apology.  The  names  are  distin- 
guished indeed,  but  there  is  no  special  grace 
of  writing,  and  the  matter  —  with  certain  nota- 
ble exceptions,  which  constitute  about  a  fourth 
of  the  volume  —  is  either  purely  personal  or  of 
small  importance,  while  the  connection,  even  of 
the  excepted  fourth,  with  Prasraphaelite  prin- 
ciples and  history  is  but  slightly  apparent  save 
to  those  already  familiar  and  concerned  with 
them.  It  is  for  such,  perhaps,  that  the  book  is 
intended ;  certainly  they  will  be  its  close  read- 
ers, and  they  will  probably  find  in  the  more  im- 
portant passages  an  excuse,  at  least,  for  the 
publication  of  the  whole. 

The  papers  —  which  include,  besides  letters, 
a  few  miscellaneous  items,  and  fragments  from 
the  diaries  of  Madox  Brown  and  W.  M.  Ros- 
setti—  belong  to  the  period  between  1854  and 
1862.  Among  the  most  interesting  —  as  one 
who  knows  his  Ruskin  might  expect  —  are  Rus- 
kin's  letters  to  Rossetti,  which  suggest  keenly 
the  writer's  character  and  beliefs.  Their  criti- 
cism is,  as  a  rule,  concerned  with  Rossetti's  own 
work,  but  once  or  twice  becomes  quite  general 
in  application.  In  a  letter  of  1854  —  with 
regard  to  some  ordered  sketches  —  the  critic 
preaches  thus  to  the  young  painter : 

"  Now  about  myself  and  your  drawings.  I  am  not  more 
sure  of  anything  in  this  world  (and  I  am  very  positive 
about  a  great  many  things)  than  that  the  utmost  a  man 
can  do  is  that  which  he  can  do  without  effort.  All  beau- 
tiful work  —  singing,  painting,  dancing,  speaking  —  is 
the  easy  result  of  long  and  painful  practice.  Immedi- 
ate effort  always  leads  to  shrieking,  blotching,  postur- 
ing, mouthing.  If  you  send  me  a  picture  in  which  you 
try  to  do  your  best,  you  may  depend  upon  it  it  will  be 
beneath  your  proper  mark  of  power,  and  will  disappoint 
me.  If  you  make  a  careless  couple  of  sketches,  with 
bright  and  full  colour  in  them,  you  are  sure  to  do  what 
will  please  me.  ...  I  don't  say  this  in  the  slightest  de- 
gree out  of  delicacy,  to  keep  you  from  giving  me  too 
much  time.  If  I  really  liked  the  laboured  sketch  better, 
I  would  take  it  at  once.  I  tell  you  the  plain  truth  — 

*  RUSKIN,  ROSSETTI,  PRERAPHAELITISM  :  Papers— 1854 
to  1862.  Arranged  and  edited  by  William  Michael  Ros- 
setti. Illustrated  in  photogravure.  New  York :  Dodd,  Mead 
&Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


837 


and  I  always  said  the  same  to  Turner  — '  If  you  will  do 
me  a  drawing  in  three  days,  I  shall  be  obliged  to  you  ; 
but  if  you  take  three  months  to  do  it,  you  may  put  it 
behind  the  fire  when  it  is  done.'  And  I  should  have  said 
precisely  the  same  thing  to  Tintoret  or  any  other  very 
great  man.  I  don't  mean  to  say  you  oughtn't  to  do  the 
hard  work.  But  the  laboured  picture  will  always  be  in 
part  an  exercise  —  not  a  result.  You  oughtn't  to  do  many 
careless  or  slight  works,  but  you  ought  to  do  them  some- 
times ;  and,  depend  upon  it,  the  whole  cream  of  you  will 
be  in  them." 

Equally  in  character  are  Raskin's  scattered  bits 
of  technical  criticism,  whether  on  matters  ar- 
tistic or  matters  literary ;  for  example,  his  plea, 
after  reading  some  of  Rossetti's  translations 
from  the  Italian,  "  for  entire  clearness  of  mod- 
ern and  unantiquated  expression";  or,  again, 
the  following  bit  of  advice  —  in  a  letter  to  Miss 
Siddal  —  regarding  the  use  of  color : 

"  Work  as  much  as  possible  in  colour.  I  do  not  care 
whether  they  be  separate  drawings  or  illuminations,  but 
try  always  to  sketch  with  colour  rather  than  with  pen- 
cil only  —  I  mean  so  far  as  is  agreeable  to  you.  The 
slightest  blot  of  blue  or  green  is  pleasanter  to  me  than 
a  whole  month's  work  with  chalk  or  ink." 

Whatever  it  may  have  been  at  a  later  time, 
Ruskin's  attitude  toward  Rossetti  is  here  one 
of  extreme  friendliness  and  admiration,  — 
proved  by  a  delicate  liberality,  not  only  to  Ros- 
setti himself,  but  also  to  Miss  Siddal,  to  whom 
the  painter  was  then  affianced.  In  an  early 
letter  —  one  almost  too  intimate  to  be  quoted 

—  he  puts  his  buying  in  a  way  which  is  at  once 
airy  and  earnest.     He  says : 

"  Thus  then  it  stands.  It  seems  to  me  that,  amongst 
all  the  painters  I  know,  you  on  the  whole  have  the 
greatest  genius,  and  you  appear  to  me  also  to  be  —  as  far 
as  I  can  make  out  —  a  very  good  sort  of  person.  I  see 
that  you  are  unhappy  and  that  you  can 't  bring  out  your 
genius  as  you  should.  It  seems  to  me  then  the  proper 
and  necessary  thing,  if  I  can,  to  make  you  more  happy, 
and  that  I  should  be  more  really  useful  in  enabling  you 
to  paint  properly  and  keep  your  room  in  order  than  in 
any  other  way." 

Of  the  letters  written  by  Rossetti,  only  two 
are  of  special  importance,  the  others,  indeed, 
giving  occasional  glimpses  of  his  character,  but 
revealing  nothing  more  than  has  been  revealed 
in  correspondence  heretofore  published.  These 
two  —  addressed  to  Mr.  Charles  Eliot  Norton 

—  contain  news  which  takes  us  back  into  the 
very  midst  of  a  group  of  ardent  young  roman- 
ticists.   The  first  —  dated  July,  1858  —  gives 
an  account  of  the  tempora  painting,  now  per- 
ished, in  the  Union  Debating  Hall  at  Oxford. 
It  is  difficult  to  select  passages  for  quotation, 
but  the  following  will  perhaps  be  most  sug- 
gestive : 

"  I  may  now  go  on  to  tell  you  something  about  the 
Oxford  pictures.  I  dare  say  that  you  know  that  the 


building  is  one  by  Woodward  —  the  Debating  Room  of 
the  Union  Society.  Its  beauty  and  simple  character 
seemed  to  make  it  a  delightful  receptacle  for  wall  paint- 
ings, and  accordingly  a  few  of  us  thought  we  would 
decorate  it,  as  an  experiment  in  a  style  to  which  I, 
for  one,  should  like  to  devote  the  whole  of  my  time 
better  than  to  any  other  branch  of  art.  With  the  ex- 
ception of  Arthur  Hughes  and  myself,  those  engaged 
upon  it  have  made  there  almost  their  debut  as  paint- 
ers; they  are  Edward  Jones,  W.  Morris  (of  whom 
you  saw  some  stories  in  the  O(xford)  and  C(ambridge) 
Mag(azine),  and  who,  I  think,  must  have  sent  you 
his  volume  of  poems,  Spencer  Stanhope,  Pollen,  and 
V.  C.  Prinsep.  Jones's  picture  is  a  perfect  masterpiece, 
as  is  all  he  does.  His  subject  in  the  series  (which  you 
know  is  from' the  Mort  Arthur)  represents  Merlin  be- 
ing imprisoned  beneath  a  stone  by  the  Damsel  of  the 
Lake. 

"  My  own  subject  ...  is  Sir  Launcelot  prevented 
by  his  sin  from  entering  the  chapel  of  the  San  Grail. 
He  has  fallen  asleep  before  the  shrine  full  of  angels, 
and  between  him  and  it  rises,  in  his  dream,  Queen 
Guenevere,  the  cause  of  all.  She  stands  gazing  at  him, 
with  her  arms  extended  in  the  branches  of  an  apple-tree. 
As  a  companion  to  this  I  shall  paint  a  design,  which  I 
have  made  for  the  purpose,  of  the  attainment  of  the 
San  Grail  by  Launcelot's  son  Galahad,  together  with 
Bors  and  Percival.  .  .  .  The  works,  you  know,  are  all 
very  large — the  figures  considerably  above  life-size, 
though  at  their  heighth  from  the  ground  they  hardly 
look  so.  I  trust,  when  the  work  is  finished,  you  will 
see  it  some  day.  There  is  no  work  like  it  for  delight- 
fulness  in  the  doing,  and  none,  I  believe,  in  which  one 
might  hope  to  delight  others  more  according  to  his 
powers." 

The  second  letter  to  Professor  Norton  — 
written  in  January,  1862  —  tells  of  "  the 
firm  of  Morris,  Marshall,  Faulkner  and  Co., 
Art  workmen,"  and  encloses  a  prospectus. 
Burne-Jones  is  again  mentioned,  and  this  time 
with  a  prophecy  which  has  long  been  ful- 
filled. Apropos  of  the  new  firm,  Rossetti 
says : 

"  Our  commissions  as  yet  are  chiefly  in  stained  glass, 
but  I  wish  you  could  see  a  painted  cabinet  with  the  his- 
tory of  St.  George,  and  other  furniture  of  great  beauty 
which  we  have  in  hand.  .  .  .  Morris,  and  Webb  the 
architect,  are  our  most  active  men  of  business  as  regards 
the  actual  conduct  of  the  concern ;  the  rest  of  us  chiefly 
confine  ourselves  to  contributing  designs  when  called 
for,  as  of  course  the  plan  is  to  effect  something  worth 
doing  by  cooperation,  but  without  the  least  interfering 
with  the  individual  pursuits  of  those  among  us  who  are 
painters.  A  name  perhaps  new  to  you  on  our  list  — 
but  destined  to  be  unsurpassed,  perhaps  unequalled,  in 
fame  by  any  name  of  this  generation  —  is  Edward 
Burne-Jones.  He  is  a  painter  still  younger  than  most 
of  us  by  a  good  deal,  and  who  has  not  yet  exhibited, 
except  at  some  private  places;  but  I  cannot  convey  to 
you  in  words  any  idea  of  the  exquisite  beauty  of  all  he 
does.  To  me  no  art  I  know  is  so  delightful,  except  that 
of  the  best  Venetians." 

Among  the  "  miscellaneous  items  "  is  a  no- 
tice, taken  from  "The  Athenaeum,"  of  the 
Praraphaelite  Exhibition  of  1857.  In  this, 


THE    DIAL, 


[May  16, 


Millais  is  spoken  of  as  "  the  chief  of  the  sect," 
Holman  Hunt  as  "  the  apostle  of  the  order," 
and  Rossetti  as  "  the  original  founder  of  the 
three-lettered  race,  who  is  generally  spoken  of 
by  them  in  a  low  voice  "  and  who  "  does  not 
and  will  not  exhibit  in  public."  Praeraphaelit- 
ism  is  praised,  however,  in  that  "  its  errors, 
eccentricities,  and  wilful  aberrations  are  fast 
softening  and  modifying."  A  few  months  later 
there  was  held  in  New  York  an  exhibit  of  pic- 
tures by  English  artists,  in  which  the  Prse- 
raphaelites  were  largely  represented  —  and  it 
is  claimed  by  Mr.  Stillman  that  their  work  was 
more  fully  appreciated  in  America  than  in 
England.  Captain  Ruxton,  the  manager  of  the 
exhibit,  wrote :  "  P.  R.  Bism  takes  with  the 
working  men.  They  look,  and  they  look,  and 
they  look,  and  they  say  something  that  the  au- 
thor of  the  picture  would  be  pleased  to  hear." 
I  have  indicated  only  the  important  matter 
of  the  volume.  The  poems  by  Miss  Siddal  are 
notable,  but  mainly  so  because  of  her  early 
environment ;  the  letters  from  Robert  Brown- 
ing are  unimportant ;  and  the  literary  criticism, 
though  extremely  interesting,  consists  of  mere 
fragments.  As  for  reading  from  these  papers 
either  the  Prasraphaelite  doctrines  or  the  char- 
acteristics of  Rossetti's  genius — a  genius  which 
far  transcended  all  that  that  early  "  ism  "  could 
suggest  —  such  reading  is,  as  I  have  said,  for 
those  who  know.  They  will  mark  (for  example) 
a  letter  of  Coventry  Patmore's  which  affirms 
the  symbolism  of  "  The  Passover,"  and  one  of 
Ruskiu's  which  denies  it ;  and  they  will  recall 
Rossetti's  beautiful  sonnet  for  "  The  Passover," 
which  begins  — 

"  Here  meet  together  the  prefiguring  day 
And  day  prefigured  —  " 

a  comment  which,  even  if  inspired  by  Patmore, 
points  out  the  discerning  critic.  Such  faint 
hints  as  to  Rossetti's  qualities  occur  quite 
often  in  the  book,  and  the  little  poem  "  At 
Last " —  one  of  those  mentioned  —  is  distinctly 
Praeraphaelite ;  but  as  to  the  meaning,  spirit, 
and  ideals  of  Praeraphaelitisrn,  there  is  nothing 
definite.  The  letters  quoted,  however,  breathe 
something  of  the  atmosphere  of  their  time  — 
and  herein  lies  their  chief  value.  The  illustra- 
tion of  the  book  is  in  photogravure  —  the  pic- 
tures selected  for  this  being,  with  a  single 
exception,  Rossetti's  work.  The  exception,  a 
picture  by  W.  L.  Windus,  is  one  which  Rossetti 
greatly  admired,  and  which  takes  its  subject 
from  the  naive  and  passionate  old  ballad  of 
"  Burd  Helen." 

MARGARET  STEELE  ANDERSON. 


MUSICAL,  MATTERS,  AND  OTHERS.* 

The  books  which  are  grouped  together  for  men- 
tion in  this  article  are  all  concerned,  wholly  or  in 
part,  with  musical  history  or  aesthetics ;  yet  in  two 
or  three  cases  the  contents  are  of  so  varied  a  nature 
that  this  commentary  cannot  avoid  touching  upon 
extra-musical  matters,  and  the  qualification  of  our 
title  is  thus  accounted  for.  Before  taking  the  books 
up  one  by  one,  we  would  like  to  call  attention  to 
the  recent  marked  development,  of  which  there  is 
much  more  evidence  than  this  list  of  books  affords, 
of  popular  interest  in  musical  subjects,  of  a  better 
taste  among  listeners  to  music,  and  of  a  clearer 
comprehension  of  both  the  aims  and  the  technique 
of  the  art.  The  number  of  people  who  can  listen 
to  a  musical  performance  with  intelligence  and  ap- 
preciative sympathy  was  never  before  in  this  coun- 
try so  large  as  it  is  at  present,  and  it  is  a  fortunate 
thing  that  the  popular  literature  of  the  subject  should 
keep  pace  with  the  growth  of  interest. 

The  book  to  which  attention  shall  be  called  first 
of  all  is  the  collection  of  essays  upon  "  Music  and 
Poetry,"  which  Mrs.  Sidney  Lanier  has  just  brought 
together,  partly  from  the  periodicals  of  twenty  and 
thirty  years  ago,  partly  from  the  manuscripts  left 
by  her  husband  at  his  death.  It  is  well  known  that 
Lanier  was  a  musician  of  no  mean  accomplishment, 
but  it  is  not  quite  so  well  known  —  although  it  migbt 
be  inferred  safely  enough  from  his  treatise  upon 
English  verse  as  well  as  from  the  volume  of  his  own 
poems  —  that  he  was  a  serious  philosophical  thinker 

*  Music  AND  POETRY.  Essays  upon  Some  Aspects  and 
Inter-Relations  of  the  Two  Arts.  By  Sidney  Lanier.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

Music  AND  MANNERS  IN  THB  CLASSICAL  PERIOD.  Essays 
by  Henry  Edward  Krehbiel.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons. 

How  Music  DEVELOPED.  A  Critical  and  Explanatory  Ac- 
count of  the  Growth  of  Modern  Music.  By  W.  J.  Henderson. 
New  York  :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  ORCHESTRA  AND  ORCHESTRAL  Music.  By  W.  J. 
Henderson.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

MEZZOTINTS  IN  MODERN  Music.  By  James  Huneker.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

BY  THE  WAT.  By  William  Foster  Apthorp.  Two  volumes. 
Boston :  Copeland  &  Day. 

JOHN  SULLIVAN  DWIGHT,  BROOK-FARMER,  EDITOR,  AND 
CRITIC  OF  Music.  A  Biography  by  George  Willis  Cooke. 
Boston :  Small,  Maynard,  &  Co. 

VOICE  AND  VIOLIN.  Sketches,  Anecdotes,  and  Reminis- 
cences. By  Dr.  T.  L.  Phipson.  Philadelphia :  J.  B.  Lippin- 
cott  Co. 

ANGELS'  WINGS.  A  Series  of  Essays  on  Art  and  Its  Rela- 
tions to  Life.  By  Edward  Carpenter.  New  York:  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

THE  PERFECT  WAGNERITE.  A  Commentary  on  the  Ring 
of  the  Niblungs.  By  Bernard  Shaw.  Chicago :  Herbert  S. 
Stone  &  Co. 

OLD  SCORES  AND  NEW  READINGS  :  Discussions  on  Musical 
Subjects.  By  John  F.  Runciman.  New  York :  M.  F.  Mans- 
field &  Co. 

THE  FRINGE  OF  AN  ART  :  Appreciations  in  Music.  By 
Vernon  Blackburn.  New  York :  M.  F.  Mansfield  <fe  Co. 

Music  AND  MUSICIANS.  By  Albert  Lavignac.  Translated 
by  William  Marchant.  Edited,  with  Additions  on  Music  in 
America,  by  H.  E.  Krehbiel.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


339 


upon  the  art  of  music,  its  physical  and  psycholog- 
ical bases,  and  the  secret  of  its  deep  appeal  to  the 
soul.  That  Lanier  was  this  also,  is  made  evident 
by  the  three  essays  which  open  the  present  volume, 
and  which  have  for  their  titles  "  From  Bacon  to 
Beethoven,"  "  The  Orchestra  of  To-day,"  and  "  The 
Physics  of  Music."  The  first  of  these  essays  is  the 
most  important  in  the  volume,  and  furnishes  it  with 
a  key-note.  The  title  embodies  an  antithesis  which 
the  author  frames  for  the  purpose  of  showing  how 
very  modern  an  art  (as  we  understand  it)  music  is, 
and  which  he  hastens  to  illustrate  by  a  quotation 
from  the  "  Essays,"  in  which  "  the  wise  fool  Fran- 
cis" expresses  his  contempt  for  all  "fiddling." 
Having  asserted  the  claim  of  music  to  be  considered 
the  modern  art  par  excellence,  the  author  goes  on 
to  make  it  very  clear  that  a  musical  composition  has 
no  power  to  tell  a  story,  although  it  may  heighten 
the  effect  of  a  story  by  association  with  it.  "  Per- 
haps the  most  effectual  step  a  man  can  take  in 
ridding  himself  of  the  clouds  which  darken  most 
speculations  upon  these  matters  is  to  abandon  imme- 
diately the  idea  that  music  is  a  species  of  language 
—  which  is  not  true,  —  and  to  substitute  for  that 
the  converse  idea  that  language  is  a  species  of  music." 
He  meant  by  this  substantially  what  Pater  meant 
when,  in  "  The  School  of  Giorgione,"  he  said :  "All 
art  constantly  aspires  towards  the  condition  of  mu- 
sic. Music,  then,  and  not  poetry,  as  is  so  often 
supposed,  is  the  true  type  or  measure  of  perfected 
art."  We  believe  this  idea  to  be  fundamental  to 
all  rational  discussion  of  musical  aesthetics.  Yet 
Lanier  does  not  go  to  the  extreme  of  condemning 
"  programme-music,"  but  rather  urges  that,  although 
we  should  not  be  misled  by  it  into  an  unsound  logic, 
we  may  very  properly  enjoy  it  for  what  it  really  does 
accomplish.  "  Certainly  if  programme-music  is  ab- 
surd, all  songs  are  nonsense."  Again,  nothing  could 
be  more  soundly  or  beautifully  put  than  Lanier's 
claim  that  music  is  a  moral  agent.  These  sentences 
will  illustrate  the  point  of  view  :  "  Just  as  persist- 
ently as  our  thought  seeks  the  Infinite,  does  our 
emotion  seek  the  Infinite."  "It  cannot  be  that 
music  has  taken  this  place  in  the  deepest  and  holiest 
matters  of  man's  life  through  mere  fortuitous  ar- 
rangement." The  other  musical  essays  contained 
in  this  collection  are  less  valuable  than  that  hitherto 
under  discussion,  and  one  of  them,  "  The  Physics 
of  Music,"  is  devoted  to  some  rather  unworthy  quib- 
bling over  some  contentions  of  Richard  Grant  White, 
who  certainly  knew  more  about  the  physical  aspect 
of  music  than  Lanier  was  willing  to  admit,  although 
he  never  reached  a  true  philosophy  of  the  art.  The 
literary  essays  are  upon  such  subjects  as  Bartholo- 
mew Griffin,  Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  John  Barbour, 
Paul  Hayne,  and  the  use  of  nature-metaphors  in 
poetry.  They  are  all  suggestive  and  worth  reprint- 
ing, although  rather  fragmentary  in  their  character. 
Mr.  Krehbiel's  volume  of  essays  on  "  Music  and 
Manners  in  the  Classical  Period  "  is  devoted  to  five 
main  subjects.  The  first  two,  "  A  Poet's  Music  " 
and  "  Haydn  in  London,"  are  studies  based  upon 


manuscript  volumes  in  the  author's  possession.  The 
second  of  these  titles  explains  itself ;  the  first  relates 
to  Thomas  Gray,  whose  nine  volumes  of  annotated 
transcriptions  of  music,  made  by  the  poet  in  Italy 
about  1740,  contain  examples  of  many  forgotten 
composers  and  singers  of  the  early  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. These  two  essays  have  a  certain  measure  of 
curious  historical  interest,  but  little  of  any  other 
kind.  In  "A  Mozart  Centenary,"  Mr.  Krehbiel 
records  his  impressions  of  the  Salzburg  festival  of 
1891.  The  account  is  agreeably  readable,  and  is 
supplemented  by  a  brief  paper  on  "  Da  Ponte  in 
New  York."  Da  Ponte,  it  will  be  remembered,  was 
the  librettist  of  "  Don  Giovanni "  and  "  Le  Nozze." 
He  came  to  New  York  in  1805,  and  died  there  in 
1838.  His  activity  as  a  teacher  of  Italian  and  an 
interpreter  of  Dante  in  America  has  been  discussed 
by  Mr.  T.  W.  Koch  in  his  valuable  work,  "  Dante 
in  America,"  but  it  has  remained  for  Mr.  Krehbiel 
to  write  the  story  of  his  life,  as  far  as  it  can  be  re- 
covered, and  to  settle  some  disputed  points  in  its 
chronology.  In  "  Beethoven  and  His  Biographer," 
Mr.  Krehbiel  writes  of  the  life  of  A.  W.  Thayer, 
with  extracts  from  his  note-books,  and  describes  the 
Beethoven  Museum  at  Bonn.  The  closing  essay, 
entitled  "  Reflections  at  Weimar,"  brings  into  con- 
junction and  comparison  the  two  periods  of  Wei- 
mar's artistic  efflorescence  —  the  period  of  Goethe 
and  that  of  Liszt. 

Mr.  W.  J.  Henderson's  "  critical  and  explanatory 
account  of  the  growth  of  modern  music ' '  is  one  of 
the  most  satisfactory  books  of  its  kind  that  we  have 
ever  read.  It  is,  of  course,  an  elementary  sketch, 
being  intended  for  the  wider  public  that  takes  an 
interest  in  music  without  knowing  much  about  it, 
but,  within  these  limits,  it  is  an  exceptionally  suc- 
cessful performance.  If  we  were  to  make  any  gen- 
eral criticism  upon  its  perspective,  it  would  be  that 
opera  gets  a  disproportionate  share  of  attention.  The 
history  is  considered  under  three  periods,  the  poly- 
phonic, the  classic,  and  the  romantic.  The  first  "  is 
chiefly  notable  for  its  intellectual  characteristics. 
It  displays  immense  mastery  of  the  elementary  ma- 
terials of  music  and  an  enormous  profundity  of 
thought  in  purely  technical  processes."  In  the  sec- 
ond period  "  we  find  wonderful  symmetry  of  form, 
a  continual  subordination  of  profound  learning  to  a 
pleasing  style,  and  a  sweetness  and  serenity  of  the 
emotional  atmosphere."  In  the  third  period,  "  one 
finds  a  constant  struggle  for  the  definite  expression 
of  the  profoundest  emotions  of  our  nature.  Its 
forms  are  flexible,  its  diction  the  richest  attainable, 
and  its  conception  of  beauty  based  largely  on  its 
ideal  of  truth."  Speaking  generally  of  these  periods, 
the  author  properly  says  : 

"  In  listening  to  the  music  of  any  composer,  the  hearer 
should  take  into  account  the  general  tendency,  purpose, 
and  scope  of  musical  art  of  his  period,  and  also  the  par- 
ticular aims  of  the  composer.  No  one  has  a  right  to  say 
that  Mozart  failed  because  he  did  not  accomplish  what 
Beethoven  did.  Mozart  accomplished  all  that  could  be 
accomplished  with  the  resources  of  musical  art  in  his 


340 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


day,  and  he  himself  enormously  enlarged  those  re- 
sources. That  is  the  achievement  of  a  genius.  Every- 
one has  a  right  to  say  that  Donizetti  and  Bellini  failed 
because  they  not  only  did  not  succeed  in  accomplishing 
all  that  it  was  possible  to  accomplish  in  opera  in  their 
time,  but  deliberately  ignored  the  fundamental  princi- 
ples of  the  art  and  also  the  immense  advances  in  its 
technic  made  by  Gluck  and  Mozart.  Everyone  must 
admit  that  Verdi  has  achieved  the  triumph  of  a  great 
master  in  his  '  Falstaff,'  for  he  has  utilized  everything 
contributed  to  operatic  art  by  its  leading  geniuses,  old 
and  new,  and  yet  has  produced  an  entirely  original  and 
independent  work." 

Besides  such  general  criticism  as  this,  the  sanity  of 
which  is  obvious,  Mr.  Henderson  naturally  has  occa- 
sion to  enrich  his  history  with  much  critical  com- 
ment of  the  specific  sort.  With  this  we  are  gen- 
erally in  agreement,  although  we  should  not  he 
willing  to  say,  for  example,  that  "  there  is  no  depth, 
no  sincerity,  in  the  music  of  Rossini."  There  is 
not  much,  it  is  true ;  but  "  William  Tell  "  remains 
one  of  the  immortal  masterpieces  of  the  lyric  drama. 
On  the  other  hand,  we  believe  that  Mr.  Henderson 
strikes  the  true  critical  note  in  his  treatment  of  the 
man  who  was  until  about  a  year  ago  the  greatest  of 
living  composers. 

"  Some  time,  I  think,  if  not  soon,  the  world  will  see 
how  profoundly  representative  of  his  nation  and  his 
time  Brahms  was,  and  he  will  be  hailed,  as  Milton  was, 
an  organ  voice  of  his  country.  The  irresistible  serious- 
ness of  Germany  has  never  spoken  with  more  convincing 
accent  than  in  the  music  of  Brahms.  There  is  a  feeling 
in  this  music  which  is  far  removed  from  the  possibility 
of  a  purely  sensuous  embodiment." 

Another  book  by  Mr.  Henderson,  the  first  in  a 
new  "  Music  Lover's  Library,"  is  entitled  "  The 
Orchestra  and  Orchestral  Music."  It  may  best  be 
described  in  the  author's  own  prefatory  words,  as 
"  simply  an  attempt  to  give  to  music  lovers  such 
facts  about  the  modern  orchestra  as  will  help  them 
in  assuming  an  intelligent  attitude  toward  the  con- 
temporaneous instrumental  body  and  its  perform- 
ances." Further,  "the  author  has  endeavored  to 
put  before  the  reader  a  description  of  each  instru- 
ment, with  an  illustration  which  will  enable  him  to 
identify  its  tone  when  next  heard  in  the  delivery  of 
the  passage  quoted."  Other  chapters  are  devoted 
to  the  methods  of  scoring,  historically  considered,  to 
the  evolution  of  the  conductor,  and  to  the  evolution 
of  orchestral  composition.  The  task  attempted  is 
no  easy  one,  and  Mr.  Henderson  has  been  perhaps 
as  successful  as  was  to  be  expected.  Such  a  matter 
as  the  theory  of  transposing  instruments  is  not  easy 
of  comprehension  to  the  amateur.  The  writer  does 
not  seem  always  to  have  given  his  explanations  in 
the  simplest  form  possible.  He  gives  a  long  account, 
with  examples  in  notation,  of  the  pitch  of  the  string 
family  of  instruments.  It  would  have  been  better 
to  say  outright  that  the  viola  is  a  fifth  lower  than 
the  violin,  and  to  describe  the  double-bass  as  tuned 
in  fourths,  exactly  reversing  the  G  D  A  E  of  the 
violin.  But  this  is  a  minor  matter.  The  book  is 
mostly  matter-of-fact  in  its  statements,  although  now 


and  then  an  anecdote  or  a  bit  of  criticism  comes  in 
to  enliven  the  treatise.  Of  the  latter,  this  is  an 
example : 

"  A  symphony  of  Mozart  orchestrated  in  the  Richard 
Strauss  style  would  be  a  tinted  Venus;  while  a  tone 
poem  of  Strauss  scored  a  la  Mozart  would  be  like  one 
of  Cropsey's  autumn  landscapes  reduced  to  the  dead 
level  of  a  pen-and-ink  drawing." 

By  way  of  anecdote,  the  following  is  so  good  that  it 
must  be  quoted : 

"  A  conductor  once  went  from  another  city  to  Boston 
to  conduct  an  orchestra  at  the  first  appearance  in  this 
country  of  an  eminent  pianist,  whose  piece  de  resistance 
was  to  be  Liszt's  E  flat  concerto.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  scherzo  there  are  some  lightly  tripping  notes  for  the 
triangle,  which  the  player  struck  too  heavily  to  please 
the  conductor's  fancy.  He  rapped  with  his  baton  to  stop 
the  orchestra. 

" « Sir,'  he  said,  gravely,  addressing  the  triangle  player, 
'those  notes  should  sound  like  a  blue-bell  struck  by  a 
fairy.' 

"Whereupon  the  whole  body  of  instrumentalists  burst 
into  uncontrollable  laughter.  I  told  this  story  subse- 
quently to  a  New  York  musician,  a  member  of  Theodore 
Thomas's  orchestra,  and  he  looked  so  amazed  that  I  said : 

" '  But  does  n't  Mr.  Thomas  talk  to  you  at  rehearsal  ? ' 

" '  Oh,  yes!     Oh,  certainly! '  was  the  reply. 

"  '  Well,  what  does  he  say  ? ' 

"'He  says  «D n!"'" 

The  book  is  illustrated  by  many  passages  of  music 
printed  in  notation,  and  with  eight  portraits  of  emi- 
nent conductors,  from  Haydn  to  Mr.  Nikisch. 

Mr.  James  Huneker's  "  Mezzotints  in  Modern 
Music  "  have  for  their  subjects  Brahms,  Tschai- 
kowsky,  Chopin,  R.  Strauss,  Liszt,  and  Wagner. 
There  is  also  a  chapter  on  the  literature  of  Etudes 
for  the  piano.  Indeed,  Mr.  Huneker's  interest  in 
the  men  of  whom  he  writes  is  predominantly  pian- 
istic,  although  his  windows  are  frequently  opened 
for  a  wider  outlook.  The  chapter  on  Brahms  is 
highly  eulogistic,  although  not  unreservedly  so,  yet 
the  writer  is  not  without  high  appreciation  of  Wag- 
ner. On  the  whole,  however,  he  holds  Brahms  to 
have  been  the  greater  and  the  more  enduring  artist 
of  the  two.  Mr.  Huneker's  style  is  too  pretentious, 
but  he  often  says  striking  things.  Here  is  a  passage 
concerning  the  closing  movement  of  Tschaikowsky's 
"  Pathetic  "  symphony  in  B  minor  : 

"  Since  the  music  of  the  march  in  the  « Eroica,'  since 
the  mighty  funeral  music  in  '  Siegfried,'  there  has  been 
no  such  death  music  as  this  adagio  lamentoso,  this  as- 
tounding torso,  which  Michel  Angelo  would  have  under- 
stood and  Dante  wept  over.  It  is  the  very  apotheosis  of 
mortality,  and  its  gloomy  accents,  poignant  melody,  and 
harmonic  coloring  make  it  one  of  the  most  impressive  of 
contributions  to  mortuary  music.  It  sings  of  the  en- 
tombment of  a  nation,  and  is  incomparably  noble,  dig- 
nified, and  unspeakably  tender.  It  is  only  at  the  close 
that  the  rustling  of  the  basses  conveys  a  sinister  shud- 
der; the  shudder  of  the  Dies  Irse  when  the  heavens  shall 
be  a  fiery  scroll  and  the  sublime  trump  sound  its  sum- 
mons to  eternity." 

Such  writing  cannot  be  freed  from  the  charge  of 
extravagance,  although  the  subject  in  this  case 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


341 


almost  justifies  it.  But  the  writer  strains  for  his 
literary  effects  too  frequently  and  too  much  to  pro- 
duce the  best  impression.  In  his  reaction  from  the 
academic  manner  in  criticism,  he  goes  too  far,  like 
some  of  his  English  contemporaries,  of  whom  we 
shall  have  a  word  to  say  a  little  later  in  this  review. 

Mr.  W.  F.  Apthorp's  two  small  volumes  entitled 
"  By  the  Way  "  consist  of  short  essays  upon  musical 
subjects  originally  written  for  the  programme-books 
of  the  Boston  Symphony  Orchestra  during  five  years 
of  the  writer's  editorship  of  that  publication.  Al- 
though he  has  set  himself  about  "  furbishing  them 
up  a  bit"  for  publication  in  book  form,  these  essays 
remain  essentially  what  they  were  when  written  — 
musical  journalism  of  a  better  than  the  usual  sort, 
yet  hardly  literary  productions  in  the  more  dignified 
sense.  The  process  of  furbishing  should  at  least 
have  expunged  such  colloquialisms  as  "from  the 
word  go  "  or  that  particularly  vile  phrase  "  a  par- 
ticularly brainy  composer."  It  should  also  have  led 
the  writer  to  look  up  his  Moliere  and  avoid  the  error 
of  saying  "  trombe  marine  "  for  "  trompette  marine." 
These  essays  are  upon  all  sorts  of  subjects.  A  few 
taken  at  random  are  "  Musical  Slips,"  "  The  Influ- 
ence of  Surroundings,"  "  People  Who  Hate  Music," 
"  Some  Points  in  Modern  Orchestration,"  "  Tschai- 
kowsky  in  Paris,"  and  "  Musical  Reminiscences  of 
Boston  Thirty  Years  Ago."  The  last  of  these  is 
one  of  a  peculiarly  interesting  group  anecdotal  in 
character.  We  have  heard,  but  do  not  remember 
to  have  seen  in  print  before,  the  anecdote  of  Billow, 
coming  upon  the  platform  after  an  atrociously  bad 
piece  of  vocalization,  and  softly  preluding  on  the 
theme  from  the  Ninth  Symphony : 

"  O  brothers,  these  tones  no  longer  !  Rather  let  us 
join  to  sing  in  cheerful  measures  a  song  of  joyfulness." 

He  had  an  intelligent  audience,  and  the  joke  achieved 
complete  success.  Readers  of  Longfellow's  early 
prose  will  recall  the  story  of  the  French  dramatist 
author  whose  piece  was  entitled  "  L'amour  a  vaincu 
Loth"  (vingt  culottes)  the  announcement  of  which 
was  greeted  from  the  gallery  with  the  cry,  "  Qu'il 
en  donne  une  a  1'auteur,"  the  author  being  known 
as  an  impecunious  and  seedy  individual.  This  story 
is  matched  by  Mr.  Apthorp  as  follows :  An  actor 
had  the  line  :  "  Mon  pere  k  manger  m'apporte,"  and 
the  interpellation  from  the  gallery  was  :  "  Eh  bien ! 
alors,  pourquoi  done  que  tu  ne  files  pas  ?  "  Upon 
one  of  Mr.  Apthorp's  essays  we  feel  impelled  to 
comment.  He  is  writing  of  "  The  Non-Musician's 
Enjoyment  of  Music,"  and  seems  really  puzzled  to 
understand  how  it  is  that  a  man  may  take  pleasure 
in  hearing  a  composition  of  the  technical  structure 
of  which  he  cannot  possibly  have  any  grasp.  That 
a  musician  should  be  thus  perplexed  makes  us  sus- 
picious that  he  himself  does  not  enjoy  music  in  the 
true  sense  —  that  he  subordinates  the  essence  of 
such  enjoyment  to  its  accidents.  It  is  much  as  if  a 
philologist  should  ask  how  a  reader  can  enjoy  Shake- 
speare without  knowing  anything  of  the  natural 
history  of  Shakespeare's  language,  or  of  the  rhe- 
torical and  syntactical  terminology  with  which  the 


philologist  sets  forth  his  analysis.  No  doubt  the 
complete  knowledge  of  the  musician  may  add  to  his 
enjoyment  of  a  composition,  but  to  assume  that  it 
supplies  the  chief  element  of  that  enjoyment  is  to 
misapprehend  the  very  nature  of  all  artistic  achieve- 
ment. The  musician  and  the  non-musician  alike 
enjoy  in  music  the  rich  emotional  experience  of  the 
composer,  in  which  they  become  temporary  partici- 
pants ;  this  is  the  chief  thing  to  say.  In  addition, 
the  musician  gets  a  certain  intellectual  satisfaction 
out  of  his  appreciation  of  the  structure  of  the  work 
to  which  he  is  listening,  but  this  is  of  small  account 
in  comparison  with  the  message  which  the  music 
has  for  all  listeners  alike,  for  the  untrained  no  less 
than  for  the  trained. 

The  transition  is  a  natural  one  from  Mr.  Ap- 
thop's  little  books,  which  are  largely  reminiscent  of 
the  musical  life  of  Boston  in  the  sixties  and  seven- 
ties, to  the  interesting  biography  of  John  Sullivan 
Dwight,  who  was  for  nearly  half  a  century  the  mu- 
sical autocrat  of  the  city  in  which  he  lived.  In  pre- 
paring this  biography  Mr.  George  Willis  Cooke  has 
done  a  highly  acceptable  piece  of  work,  besides  con- 
tributing an  important  new  chapter  to  the  spiritual 
history  of  New  England's  greatest  period.  The 
interest  of  Dwight's  life  is,  of  course,  more  than  a 
narrowly  musical  one.  It  relates  to  Brook  Farm 
and  the  Saturday  Club  only  in  lesser  measure  than 
to  the  art  that  he  chose  for  his  special  domain  of 
criticism.  He  knew  most  of  the  choice  spirits  of 
his  time,  and  enjoyed  both  their  esteem  and  their 
love.  The  story  of  his  life  is  thus  deeply  rooted  in 
all  that  was  noblest  and  best  in  mid-century  New 
England,  and  the  associations  evoked  by  its  pages 
are  indeed  various.  This  extra-musical  interest  is 
so  great  that  the  book  will  find  as  many  readers 
among  those  why  do  not  care  for  the  art  ("  Es  muss 
doch  solche  Kauze  geben '')  as  among  those  who 
do.  As  a  critic  of  music,  and  as  editor  of  his 
"Journal "  for  twenty  years,  the  influence  of  Dwight 
upon  the  development  of  taste  was  great  and  lasting, 
—  this  in  spite  of  obvious  limitations  and  short- 
comings. And  there  is  always  something  inspiring 
in  the  contemplation  of  any  life  which,  like  his,  is 
consistently  devoted  to  the  furtherance  of  high 
ideals,  and  which  scorns  to  purchase  popular  favor 
at  the  price  of  sincerity. 

Dr.  T.  L.  Phipson,  the  author  of  "  Voice  and 
Violin,"  is  an  old-timer  in  more  senses  than  one. 
A  writer  who  speaks  of  the  "  sublime  beauties  "  of 
Bellini,  comparing  that  tuneful  composer  with  Dante 
and  Shakespeare,  cannot  be  taken  very  seriously ; 
yet  his  volume  of  "  Sketches,  anecdotes,  and  remin- 
iscences is  by  no  means  devoid  of  a  certain  sort  of 
interest.  The  author  is  himself  a  veteran  violinist, 
and  this  is  not  the  first  book  of  the  kind  that  he  has 
put  forth.  He  draws  upon  a  rich  fund  of  pleasant 
material,  gleaned  from  out-of-the-way  sources  and 
a  life  of  personal  associations  with  his  fellow-artists, 
the  whole  being  arranged  with  little  or  no  coherence, 
and  interesting  in  bits  rather  than  as  an  entirety. 

Music  is  only  an  incident,  although  an  important 


342 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


one,  in  the  series  of  "  essays  on  art  and  its  relation 
to  life  "  that  Mr.  Edward  Carpenter  has  brought 
together  into  a  volume  entitled  "  Angels'  Wings." 
The  titular  essay  has  for  its  text  the  query  of  many 
a  child,  on  viewing  the  winged  figures  of  sculpture 
and  painting,  as  to  how  these  beings  got  their  clothes 
on,  a  query  supplemented  in  maturer  years  by  one 
concerning  the  anatomical  difficulties  of  the  concep- 
tion of  a  winged  human  figure.  To  the  author,  the 
abandonment  of  wings  in  the  later  developments  of 
art  is  symbolical  of  the  process  by  which  art  first 
becomes  real,  and  enters  into  the  fullest  relations  with 
life.  "Art  and  Democracy  "  is  the  essential  subject  of 
this  entire  volume  (as  it  is  the  literal  subject  of  one 
of  the  chapters),  and  we  must  say  that  we  approached 
the  author's  treatment  with  misgivings.  There  has 
been  so  much  rubbish  written  of  late  upon  this  sub- 
ject, from  Count  Tolstoy  down  to  the  least  of  the 
Whitmaniacs,  that  suspicion  is  surely  justifiable  in 
such  a  case.  Relief  soon  came,  however,  in  a  char- 
acterization of  Count  Tolstoy's  "  What  Is  Art  ?  "  as 
"  that  strange  jumble  of  real  acumen  and  bad  logic, 
of  large-heartedness  and  fanaticism,"  and  the  fur- 
ther expression  of  regret  that  the  great  Russian 
writer  "  should  be  so  completely  dominated  by  the 
fear  of  the  senses."  Mr.  Carpenter's  attempted 
parallel  between  Wagner,  Millet,  and  Whitman, 
also  gave  us  pause,  until  it  was  discovered  that  he 
did  not  push  it  to  an  illegitimate  extent.  Our  mis- 
givings thus  removed,  it  was  discovered  that  the 
essays  were  both  stimulating  and  subtly  suggestive, 
the  product  of  a  trained  and  regulated  intellect, 
occupied  with  matters  of  the  gravest  human  con- 
cern. The  strictly  musical  section  of  the  work  is 
confined  to  the  two  chapters  devoted  to  the  sonatas 
and  later  symphonies  of  Beethoven.  Here  we  have 
aesthetic  interpretation  of  a  very  fine  sort,  which 
contrives  to  express  the  full  of  enthusiasm  without 
plunging  into  excess  of  rhapsody.  We  commend 
these  beautiful  chapters  to  all  lovers  of  music. 

There  has  been  much  talk  in  England  during  the 
past  two  or  three  years  concerning  the  "  new  criti- 
cism "  of  music.  The  foremost  exponents  of  this 
development  are  Mr.  G.  Bernard  Shaw  and  Mr. 
James  F.  Runciman,  who  have  had  for  their  spe- 
cial organ  "  The  Saturday  Review,"  and  whose  most 
characteristic  work  is  represented  by  two  volumes 
now  at  hand.  Of  this  "  new  criticism  "  in  general 
it  may  be  said  that  it  is  so  violent  a  reaction  from 
the  severely  academic  and  technical  method  that  it 
tends  to  defeat  itself  by  its  own  excesses.  It  is 
bound  to  be  startling  at  any  cost,  and  in  its  strain- 
ing for  effects  it  strays  far  from  the  paths  of  sobri- 
ety. Yet  we  cannot  deny  that  it  makes  interesting 
reading,  is  provocative  of  thought,  and  that  a  sound 
kernel  is  nearly  always  to  be  extracted  from  the 
husks  of  its  paradoxical  envelope.  Mr.  Shaw's  "  The 
Perfect  Wagnerite,"  for  example,  is  the  work  of  a 
writer  who  really  does  appreciate  the  greatness  of 
the  Wagnerian  art,  and  this  being  the  case  we  shall 
not  quarrel  with  him  for  seeking  to  make  a  pre- 
posterous interpretation  of  the  Niblung  story  accord- 


ing to  Wagner.  If  it  amuses  him  to  read  a  socialistic 
system  of  doctrine  into  the  "  Ring,"  it  amuses  his 
readers  no  less  ;  and  we  have  no  fear  that  they  will 
take  the  vagary  any  too  seriously.  We  are  given, 
for  instance,  such  extraordinary  interpretations  as 
this  of  the  Tarnhelm  : 

"  This  helmet  is  a  very  common  article  in  our  streets, 
where  it  generally  takes  the  form  of  a  tall  hat.  It 
makes  a  man  invisible  as  a  shareholder,  and  changes 
him  into  various  shapes,  such  as  a  pious  Christian,  a 
subscriber  to  hospitals,  a  benefactor  of  the  poor,  a  model 
husband  and  father,  a  shrewd,  practical,  independent 
Englishman,  and  what  not,  when  he  is  really  a  pitiful 
parasite  on  the  commonwealth,  consuming  a  great  deal, 
and  producing  nothing,  knowing  nothing,  believing 
nothing,  and  doing  nothing  except  what  all  the  rest  do, 
and  that  only  because  he  is  afraid  not  to  do  it,  or  at  least 
pretend  to  do  it." 

Mr.  Runciman,  dedicating  his  "  Old  Scores  and 
New  Readings  "  to  the  quondam  editor  of  the 
"  Review  "  in  which  the  chapters  first  saw  the  light, 
makes  some  attempt  to  explain  the  attitude  toward 
music  of  the  "  new  critic." 

"  If  criticism  is  to  be  written  at  all,  it  must  be  written 
with  a  view  of  giving  us  new  sensations  and  emotions 
and  thoughts:  it  must  open  a  new  world  to  our  view, 
the  world  created  by  the  energy  and  temperament  of 
the  man  who  writes  it.  ...  I  claim  to  look  at  music 
with  the  expert's  knowledge  and  with  all  my  faculties, 
to  see  it  always  in  relation  to  humanity,  to  all  the  activ- 
ities, thoughts,  desires,  joys,  and  sorrows  of  humanity: 
in  a  word,  in  relation  to  life.  To  me  an  opera  or  mass 
of  Mozart  or  a  symphony  of  Beethoven  is  not  only  a 
complete  thing,  but  also  an  extension  of  the  composer's 
individuality,  which  I  never  forget  nor  could  find  it 
possible  to  forget." 

This  is  certainly  a  lucid  statement  of  a  doctrine 
essentially  sound,  our  only  objection  being  to  its 
excess  of  emphasis  upon  the  subjective  element  of 
criticism ;  for  in  music,  as  in  literature,  we  believe 
in  the  existence  of  objective  standards,  which  it  is 
the  business  of  the  critic  to  recognize,  and  to  assert 
in  every  possible  way.  Mr.  Runciman  is  three- 
fourth  a  sane  and  rational  critic ;  the  other  fourth 
of  him,  we  regret  to  say,  is  compounded  of  paradox 
and  prejudice.  But  he  has  all  due  reverence  for 
the  masters  —  Bach,  Beethoven,  and  Wagner — and 
expresses  it  in  no  merely  perfunctory  forms  of 
speech.  He  has,  moreover,  the  saving  grace  of  a  true 
appreciation  of  Mozart,  and  he  who  has  this  cannot 
go  far  astray.  Mr.  Runciman  has  produced  what  is 
certainly  one  of  the  most  readable  books  of  musical 
criticism  that  have  ever  come  to  our  notice. 

Mr.  Vernon  Blackburn,  who  for  a  time  took  Mr. 
Runciman's  place  as  critic  for  the  "  Saturday,"  is  a 
gentler  spirit  who  writes  graceful  little  papers  round 
about  music  —  "  The  Fringe  of  an  Art,"  he  appro- 
priately names  his  volume.  He  is  a  trifle  over- 
subtle  at  times,  as  in  the  following  distinction  be- 
tween melody  and  tune : 

"Tune  is  melody  a  little  overripe.  The  adjectives 
that  are  applicable  to  melody  are  of  an  order  altogether 
different  from  those  applicable  to  tune.  You  associate 
tune  with  a  suspicion  of  slang;  melody  demands  the 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


343 


language  of  literature.  The  quality,  for  instance,  that 
gives  melody  the  title  of  '  beautiful '  inspires  you  to  call 
a  tune  '  fetching.'  Gluck  never  wrote  a  '  tune  '  in  his 
life;  Rossini  seldom  wrote  pure  melody." 

And  yet  there  is  an  undoubted  truth  back  of  this 
rather  strained  antithesis.  Sometimes  Mr.  Black- 
burn gives  us  a  pretty  epigram,  as  when  he  calls 
Tschaikowsky  "  a  barbarian  smitten  by  the  musical 
Zeit-geist"  And  sometimes  he  writes  words  of 
true  inspiration,  as  these  of  Wagner's  last  work : 

"  Just  now  I  compared  the  whole  work  to  the  opening 
and  shutting  of  a  flower;  and  I  would  use  the  same 
illustration  to  describe  the  separate  motifs — and  particu- 
larly the  Good  Friday  music  —  of « Parsifal.'  They  open, 
as  it  were,  like  the  petals  of  a  flower,  slowly  expanding, 
to  reveal  the  depth  and  beauty  of  the  blossom,  and  they 
close  rhythmically,  leaving  unutterable  memories,  and 
dim,  tearful  signs  of  beauty  within  the  inner  circles  of 
the  heart.  They  are  full  of  thoughts  that  lie  too  deep 
for  tears.  Long  after  the  ear  has  listened  to  the  actual 
sound,  they  return  with  a  power,  with  an  overwhelming 
and  indefinite  shadowing,  that  make  this  music  a  thing 
forever  apart  and  sacred." 

If  one  had  to  restrict  his  musical  library  to  a 
single  volume,  we  doubt  if  he  could  do  better  than 
select  the  work  called  "Music  and  Musicians" 
which  has  just  been  translated  from  the  French  of 
M.  Albert  Lavignac.  It  is  only  a  few  months  since 
we  reviewed  M.  Lavignac's  admirable  work  on 
Wagner ;  and  we  find  in  this  new  volume  the  same 
lucidity  of  exposition,  the  same  economy  of  arrange- 
ment, and  the  same  comprehensiveness  that  make 
the  Wagner  volume  one  of  the  very  best  that  have 
ever  been  prepared  upon  its  subject.  "Music  and 
Musicians"  gives  us  the  acoustics  of  music,  the  gram- 
mar of  the  art,  the  description  of  the  instruments 
which  express  it,  and  its  history  stated  with  much 
biographical  and  bibliographical  detail.  The  volume 
is  in  fact,  although  not  in  form,  a  veritable  encyclo- 
paedia of  music,  and  will  be  found  equally  satisfac- 
tory as  a  work  of  reference  and  as  a  text-book  for 
the  actual  study  of  counterpoint,  the  structure  of 
instruments,  the  history  of  music,  and  the  physical 
basis  of  musical  production.  A  few  supplementary 
pages,  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Krehbiel,  add  American  com- 
posers to  M.  Lavignac's  list,  and  put  the  finishing 
touch  of  usefulness  upon  a  work  which  we  cordially 
recommend  to  both  students  and  general  readers. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

Whatever  else  the  critics  may  say  of 
Mr*  Charles  H.  Peck's  book  on  "The 
Jacksonian  Epoch "  (Harper),  they 
are  pretty  certain  to  agree  that  it  is  readable.  The 
period  has  always  been  one  of  great  interest  to  stu- 
dents of  our  history  and  politics,  and  it  is  more  likely 
to  become  still  more  interesting  than  less  as  time 
goes  on.  No  doubt  the  "  questions  "  of  the  epoch, 
or  at  least  most  of  them,  are  now  seen  to  have  been 


monstrously  exaggerated  by  the  men  who  partici- 
pated in  their  discussion  ;  but  the  loss  of  interest  on 
this  score  is  more  than  made  up  by  the  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  epoch  itself  as  a  period  of  national 
transition.     Then,  Mr.  Peck  is  well  read  on  his 
theme,  and  has  thrown  his  materials  into  good  lit- 
erary form.     He  is,  indeed,  altogether  too  sure  of 
some  things,  but  his  very  positiveness  will  be  one  of 
the  best  features  of  his  book  to  some  minds.     An- 
other of  his  merits  is  his  distinct  conception  of  the 
fact  that,  in  the  epoch  treated,  far  less  was  due  to 
what  Carlyle  called  "  individualities,"  and  far  more 
to  general  causes,  than  our  fathers  supposed.     He 
sees  clearly,  for  example,  that  General  Jackson  was 
a  man  of  his  time,  and  the  Jackson  party  a  party 
of  its  time ;  he  sees  that  the  American  republic  was 
bound  not  only  to  become  democratized,  but  to  be- 
come democratized  in  a  rude  way ;   and  yet  he 
might  advantageously  have  used  space  that  he  has 
given  to  minor  matters  to  give  a  fuller  and  better 
exposition  of  the  causes  that  made  these  things  inev- 
itable.   The  topic  is  an  inviting  one,  and  has  never 
been  adequately  treated  in  all  its  bearings  by  any 
writer.     So  confident  a  writer  as  our  author  with 
such  a  subject  could  not  have  avoided  offering  nu- 
merous moot  points  to  the  critic.     Here  it  must  be 
said  that  if  he  is  never  dull  he  is  often  wrong  or 
paradoxical.    We  read  on  one  page  that  John  Ran- 
dolph, having  retired  from  political  leadership,  "  re- 
mained to  the  end  of  his  days  the  most  consistent 
advocate,  barring  his  occasional  extravagances  and 
abberrations,  of  the  true  theory  of  government," 
and  on  another  page  that  he  organized  the  South 
to  a  systematic  defense  of  the  slaveholding  interest, 
and  formulated  the  political  theory  by  which  it  was 
to  be  maintained ;  moreover,  this  theory  "was  wholly 
derived  from  the  political  doctrines  with  which  he 
had  begun  public  life."    The  meaning,  of  course,  is 
that  Randolph's  devotion  to  slavery  was  merely  one 
of  his   "  extravagances "   or  "  abberrations,"   and 
ought  not  to  be  counted  against  him  in  determining 
his  rank  as  a  political  philosopher.    Mr.  Peck  adds  : 
"  It  is  one  of  the  seeming  paradoxes  of  politics  that 
the  ablest  early  exponents  of  democracy  were  slave- 
holders."    From  his  point  of  view  he  should  have 
added,  "  and  often  aristocrats."    The  account  of  the 
introduction  of  the  spoils  system  presents  some  very 
just  observations  and  important  facts  that  the  stu- 
dent of  the  time  needs  to  heed,  but  it  cannot  be 
accepted  as  a  proper  presentation  of  the  subject. 
Mr.  Peck  thinks  that  John  Quincy  Adams  was  more 
to  blame  for  the  system  than  Jackson,  owing  to  his 
absolute  refusal  to  allow  political  considerations  to 
influence  the  retention  or  selection  of  appointees, 
which  stimulated  the  clamor  and  the  efforts  of  the 
multiplying  "  outs."     Even  more  unsatisfactory  is 
the  handling  of  the  slavery  question.     The  author 
sees  that  slavery  was  a  great  evil,  but  he  criticizes 
all  the  men  who  strove  to  oppose  it,  and  the  Aboli- 
tionists with  great  fierceness ;  but  he  does  not,  that 
we  remember,  drop  a  single  hint  as  to  what  should 
have  been  done  in  reference  to  slavery.     Nothing 


344 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


is  easier  than  to  criticize  every  practical  proposition 
that  was  ever  made,  looking  to  the  doing  away  of 
the  institution,  or  to  restricting  its  influence  ;  but  it 
was  in  the  country,  and  something  had  to  be  done 
about  it,  as  a  writer  of  history  at  this  late  day  ought 
to  discern.  

Chapters  from  There  are  few  books  of  the  P*81  year 
the  inner  life  which  thoughtful  readers  will  find 

of  a  philosopher.       better  worth  peru8al  than  J^  J^ 

Beattie  Crozier's  remarkable  piece  of  mental  auto- 
biography entitled  "My  Inner  Life"  (Longmans). 
Mr.  Crozier  is  the  distinguished  author  of  two  pro- 
found and  original  works  (one  of  them  as  yet  un- 
finished) in  the  field  of  social  philosophy  ;  and  upon 
the  general  system  therein  unfolded  the  present  Life 
has  certain  specific  bearings.  As  we  gather  from 
the  author's  brief  Autobiography,  one  of  the  main 
considerations  that  led  him  to  compose  the  present 
work  was  the  belief  that  the  philosophic  system 
elaborated  in  his  books  on  "  Civilization  and  Pro- 
gress "  and  "  The  History  of  Intellectual  Develop- 
ment "  could  be  most  clearly  expounded  and  in  a 
measure  popularized  through  a  detailed  account  of 
the  successive  steps  by  which  it  grew  and  took  shape 
in  his  own  mind.  We  may  therefore  regard  "  My 
Inner  Life  "  not  only  as  an  autobiography  proper 
(and  it  is  a  thoroughly  charming  and  singularly 
candid  one),  but  as  in  some  sort  a  clew  or  supple- 
ment to  the  author's  larger  works.  With  a  gener- 
ous leaven  of  lighter  episode  and  digression,  Mr. 
Crozier  traces  in  the  main  the  story  of  his  intel- 
lectual life  and  effort,  from  the  immature  days  of 
his  early  dabblings  in  phrenology  down  to  the  period 
of  measurably  settled  philosophic  conviction.  The 
chapters  describing  the  author's  earlier  examination 
of  the  various  abstruser  philosophic  systems  are  rich 
in  comment  and  suggestion,  and  they  should  prove 
most  helpful  to  the  tyro  in  need  of  those  brief  indi- 
catory hints  or  flashes  of  elementary  exposition  and 
illustration  which  so  often  are  to  the  puzzled  be- 
ginner the  magic  key  to  the  essential  understanding 
of  a  novel  system  of  thought.  Mr.  Crozier's  account 
of  the  simple  mental  devices  and  homely  compari- 
sons that  helped  him  through  his  first  perplexities 
in  respect  to  thinkers  like  Kant  and  Emerson  may 
well  prove  serviceable  to  the  student  whose  path  is 
blocked  by  like  difficulties.  Very  delightful  and 
refreshingly  free  from  stale  conventions  are  Mr. 
Crozier's  chapters  on  men  like  Macaulay,  De  Quin- 
cey,  Hazlitt,  Carlyle,  Arnold,  Addison, —  the  exem- 
plars of  literary  form  to  whom  he  turned  succes- 
sively during  the  period  of  his  efforts  to  achieve  a 
style  that  might  serve  to  allure  the  public  to  a  con- 
sideration of  his  ideas.  The  opening  chapters  of 
the  volume  sketch  with  a  light  and  animated  touch 
the  story  of  the  writer's  boyhood  in  a  Canadian 
town,  and  introduce  to  us  some  odd,  Shandean 
humorists  —  notably  a  queer  character  called  the 
"  Man  with  the  Bootjack,"  of  whom  Mr.  Crozier 
might  make  much  should  he  care  to  turn  his  hand 
to  fiction.  The  book  has  a  rich  anecdotal  and  remi- 


niscential  side.  The  most  amusing  chapter  in  this 
kind  tells  of  a  visit  to  Carlyle  at  Chelsea,  under- 
taken by  the  author  with  a  view  of  finding  counsel 
and  solace  at  a  time  of  spiritual  difficulties.  He 
found  the  oracle  in  a  bad  humor,  which  was  vented  in 
abuse  of  eminent  fellow-thinkers  whom  Mr.  Crozier 
was  rash  enough  to  quote  as  worth  consideration. 
Stuart  Mill,  for  instance,  was  waved  aside  by  the 
sage  as  "  a  thin,  wire-drawn,  sawdustish,  logic- 
chopping  kind  of  body,"  while  Herbert  Spencer  was 
flatly  dubbed  "  An  immeasurable  ass  !  "  As  to  the 
latter  thinker,  Mr.  Carlyle  went  on  to  say :  "  And 
so  ye  have  been  meddling  with  Spencer,  have  ye  ? 
He  was  brought  to  me  by  Lewes,  and  a  more  con- 
ceited young  man  I  thought  I  had  never  seen.  He 
seemed  to  think  himself  just  a  perfect  Owl  of 
Minerva  for  knowledge !  "  and  then,  looking  fiercely 
at  Mr.  Crozier,  "  ye  '11  get  little  good  out  of  him, 
young  man."  Must  it  not  be  regretfully  owned 
that,  with  all  his  genius,  Thomas  Carlyle's  nature 
was  warped  by  some  of  the  meanest,  most  hateful 
qualities  that  can  disfigure  humanity  ?  Mr.  Crozier's 
book  is  a  rarely  readable,  multifarious,  and  nutri- 
tive one  of  is  kind ;  and  we  heartily  recommend  it 
to  our  readers.  

Mystery  and  '^nat  t^ie  ^ate  Elizabeth  of  Austria, 

romance  of  the  a  woman  whose  dislike  of  publicity 
Austrian  Empress,  became  latterly  a  sort  of  mania,  and 
who  had  ever  loved  to  draw  the  veil  of  privacy  alike 
over  her  benefactions  and  her  sorrows,  should  have 
met  death  at  the  hands  of  a  man  whose  chief  motive 
for  his  deed  was  a  thirst  for  notoriety,  suggests  a  dra- 
matic contrast.  Not  long  before  the  tragedy  at  Gen- 
eva, Luccheni,  the  assassin,  said  to  a  friend,  "  I  am 
going  to  kill  some  person  of  high  rank,  so  that  I  can 
at  last  see  my  name  in  the  newspapers."  This 
wretched  fellow  seems  to  have  been  a  mere  "  notori- 
ety crank"  of  the  dangerous  sort  who  turn  naturally 
to  murder  as  the  swiftest  and  surest  means  of  gaining 
the  distinction  they  crave.  The  web  of  the  career  of 
Elizabeth  of  Austria  was  woven  largely  of  sorrow 
and  romance,  and  the  terrible  closing  episode  of 
her  life  was  scarcely  more  grimly  tragic  than  some 
incidents  that  preceded  it.  Elizabeth  was  warm- 
hearted, generous,  visionary,  and  eccentric.  She 
was  a  rarely  interesting  and  striking  personality, 
and  much  was  written  of  her  during  her  life  and 
immediately  after  her  death.  The  two  handsome 
volumes  now  before  us  —  "  Elizabeth  Empress  of 
Austria,"  by  A.  De  Burgh  (Lippincott),  and  "The 
Martyrdom  of  an  Empress"  (Harper), —  represent, 
we  think,  the  first  attempts  at  a  full  and  definitive 
account  of  her  life  and  character.  Both  books  are 
extremely  readable,  and  each  occupies  a  field  of  its 
own.  Mr.  De  Burgh  gives  us  a  fairly  written  and 
tolerably  accurate  continuous  biographical  sketch, 
in  which  the  profuse  and  well  chosen  illustrations 
form  a  commendable  feature.  The  anonymous  au- 
thor of  "The  Martyrdom  of  an  Empress"  confines 
herself  in  the  main  to  matter  of  her  own  personal  ob- 
servation and  recollection.  Her  attitude  is  frankly 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


345 


that  of  an  adorer  of  her  heroine,  and  her  adoration  is 
clearly  unfeigned  and  not  ill-grounded.  She  des- 
cribes herself  as  having  been  for  some  time  the 
Empress's  "  only  confidante  and  truest  friend,"  and 
readers  seeking  personal  details  and  "revelations" 
as  to  family  concerns  and  secrets  will  find  their 
account  in  her  hook.  A  notable  chapter  is  the  one 
wherein  the  writer  unriddles,  or  professes  to  unriddle, 
the  ghastly  episode  at  Mayerling,  to  which  the  gos- 
siping world  has  long  sought  the  key.  The  book 
is  picturesquely  and  effusively  written,  and  bears 
every  evidence  of  originating  from  the  fulness  of 
immediate  knowledge.  Many  guesses  will  doubt- 
less be  made  at  the  author's  identity.  There  are  a 
number  of  pleasing  illustrations,  mainly  portraits. 

In  our  issue  of  March  1,  1898,  we 

reviewed  at  8ome  lensth  the  initial 

volume  of  the  Earl  of  Suffolk  and 
Berkshire's  "  Encyclopaedia  of  Sport."  The  second 
and  concluding  volume  (Li  —  Z)  of  this  sumptuous 
work  is  now  issued  (Putnam)  and  it  shows  the  same 
wealth  of  illustration  and  degree  of  expert  collabo- 
ration that  we  praised  in  its  predecessor.  There 
are  twenty  full-page  photogravures,  together  with 
a  profusion  of  text-cuts ;  and  the  table  of  contents 
shows  a  great  array  of  names  whose  authority  sports- 
men throughout  the  English-speaking  world  will 
recognize.  Among  these  we  may  note  Sir  W.  M. 
Conway,  Mr.  Theodore  Roosevelt,  Mr.  John  Bick- 
erdyke,  Mr.  Caspar  Whitney,  Captain  Hutton,  Mr. 
G.  E.  A.  Ross,  Lord  Dunraven,  Mr.  A.  Rogers, 
Mr.  A.  E.  T.  Watson,  Mr.  A.  Trevor-Battye,  etc. 
In  short,  each  article  has  been  undertaken  by  a  well- 
known  expert  and  enthusiast  in  the  branch  of  sport 
it  treats  of.  Racing,  Riding,  Mountaineering,  the 
Moors,  the  Partridge,  the  Pheasant,  the  Red  Deer, 
Rowing,  Yachting,  Shooting,  Salmon,  Wrestling, 
Trout,  Swimming,  Skating,  are  among  the  leading 
themes  in  this  volume.  We  were  a  little  surprised  to 
find  included  an  article  on  Snakes  —  snake-hunting 
being  a  form  of  sport  we  should  scarcely  expect  to 
see  anyone  given  to.  But  Mr.  P.  W.  L'Estrange, 
who  contributes  this  section,  writes  with  due  enthu- 
siasm of  his  pet  pastime,  and  favors  us  with  some 
explicit  directions  how  to  catch  and  keep  snakes  — 
which  we  shall  be  very  careful  not  to  follow.  The 
volumes  make  a  good  showing  in  their  substantial 
bindings  of  dark-green  buckram ;  and  they  certainly 
form  a  very  desirable  adjunct  to  the  sportsman's 
library.  

A  forecaster  of  Dr-  Sylvanus  P.  Thompson  has  done 
electric  science  a  real  service  in  his  clear  and  concise 
fifty  year,  ago.  memoir  of  the  great  physicist  Fara- 
day (Macmillan).  At  the  Royal  Institution  of 
London,  Faraday  was  the  connecting  link  between 
Davy  and  Tyndall.  Beginning  with  chemistry,  his 
work  was  expended  mainly  upon  studies  which  led 
to  the  discovery  of  the  fundamental  principles  of 
the  electric  science  of  to-day.  His  mental  vision 
was  singularly  acute.  It  discriminated  clearly  the 
facts  revealed  by  his  skilful  experimentation,  it  per- 


ceived the  relations  between  these  facts  and  the 
science  then  known,  and  by  an  intuition  almost 
divine  it  discerned  the  avenues  leading  to  further 
progress.  Like  our  own  Henry,  he  made  his  life 
wholly  unselfish.  He  bent  all  his  energies  to  the 
elucidation  of  science,  and  was  singularly  oblivious 
to  the  seductions  of  wealth.  For  years  he  served 
the  Royal  Institution  for  the  pittance  of  $500  per 
annum,  with  fuel,  lights,  and  the  house-room  of  two 
apartments  for  himself  and  his  wife.  Afterwards 
he  was  made  rich  with  a  pension  of  $1500  per  an- 
num. Although  constantly  making  discoveries  of 
great  commercial  value,  he  never  claimed  for  them 
any  patent  rights.  It  cannot  be  said  of  him,  as  of 
a  famous  American  electrician,  that  the  grass  could 
not  grow  in  the  path  between  his  laboratory  and  the 
patent  office.  The  most  notable  of  Faraday's  dis- 
coveries were  those  of  terrestrial  magnetism ;  the 
para-magnetic  or  dia-magnetic  qualities  which  char- 
acterize and  classify  all  substances ;  and  the  basic 
principles  of  magneto-electric  induction  which  fore- 
shadowed all  the  remarkable  modern  developments 
in  dynamic  electricity  and  the  uses  of  electric  mo- 
tors. He  was  not  forgetful  of  the  practical  utilities 
of  the  forces  he  found.  For  example,  in  1847  he 
proposed  to  the  officials  of  Trinity  House  to  mark 
harbor  channels  with  incandescent  lights  carrying 
electric  platinum  wire  spirals,  and  later  gave  much 
attention  to  the  lighting  of  lighthouses  by  electricity. 
His  life  furnishes  a  most  inspiring  chapter  in  the 
history  of  modern  science. 

Scattered  through  the  pages  of  his- 
tory,  such  accounts  as  there  are  of 
the  city  of  Rouen  leave  little  impres- 
sion of  its  importance  ;  brought  into  the  compass  of 
a  single  book  —  as  in  the  pretty  volume  in  the 
"  Mediaeval  Towns  "  series  (Macmillan)  written  by 
Mr.  Theodore  Andrea  Cook,  illustrated  by  Helen 
M.  James  and  Jane  E.  Cook, — ^the  ancient  city 
fairly  looms.  The  book  is  interesting,  and  serves 
to  bind  one's  knowledge  into  a  Compact  and  port- 
able sheaf.  Rouen  is  recalled  as  the  closing  scene 
in  the  tragic  history  of  Joan  of  Arc.  It  is  also  the 
city  whence  William  the  Bastard  set  forth  for  his 
conquest  of  England  ;  the  home  of  those  delicious 
kings  of  Yvet6t  whom  BeVanger  sang  and  Thack- 
eray kept  in  memory  ;  the  birthplace  of  Corneille, 
for  whom  a  street  has  been  named  ;  the  place  of 
Lord  Clarendon's  death ;  the  former  residence  of 
Pascal,  where  he  invented  his  calculating  machine, 
—  and  a  long  list  of  other  matters  of  less  interest 
are  to  be  gathered  from  these  annals.  The  book  is 
delicately  and  beautifully  illustrated,  and  well  pro- 
vided with  maps. 

Lieutenant  Peary  made  two  cam- 
paigns  to  northern  Greenland  in  the 
seasons  of  '91 -'92  and  '93 -'94. 
Among  his  associates  was  a  hardy  Norwegian  youth, 
Eivind  Astrup,  who  was  both  a  close  observer,  and 
a  ready  fellow  for  all  the  peculiar  conditions  which 
befall  an  explorer.  This  young  man  has  given  us, 


346 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


in  "With  Peary  Near  the  Pole"  (Lippincott),  a 
very  readable  book.  After  briefly  outlining  the  two 
campaigns,  he  takes  the  points  of  interest  by  chap- 
ters. The  most  instructive  of  these  are  "  The  Na- 
tives of  Smith's  Sound,"  "  Hunting,"  "  Sledge  Jour- 
neys of  the  Esquimaux,"  "  The  Esquimaux  Manner 
of  Life,  Customs,  Character,  Moral  and  Social 
Circumstances,"  "  Intelligence  and  Artistic  Gifts, 
Religious  Ideas,  Customs,"  etc.  The  Greenland  dog 
also  claims  large  attention,  as  he  is  the  most  import- 
ant factor  in  Esquimau-travelling.  The  author 
vividly  sets  before  his  readers  the  hardships  of  that 
frozen  clime,  the  life  of  its  hardy  occupants,  and 
the  struggle  for  existence  on  the  part  of  every  liv- 
ing thing.  The  results  of  the  expeditions  were  not 
great,  but  the  good  done  the  natives,  the  more  cer- 
tain definition  of  some  coast-line  of  Greenland,  and 
a  knowledge  through  other  eyes  of  the  life  of  those 
regions,  fully  justify  the  appearance  of  this  contri- 
bution of  Mr.  Astrup. 

In  the  "  feminine  renaissance  "  now 

uPon  U8'  .one  of  the  most  interesting 
features  is  the  sort  of  book  which  is 
becoming  possible  through  the  remarkable  interest 
taken  by  woman  in  herself  and  her  ancestresses. 
While  a  number  of  paltry  novels  continue  to  pour 
out  upon  the  world  for  the  more  belated  of  the 
sisterhood,  such  a  book  as  "  The  Reign  of  Margaret 
of  Denmark "  (London :  T.  Fisher  Unwin),  by  Mary 
Hill,  is  surely  in  response  to  the  newly  awakened 
sense  of  feminine  importance.  Queen  Margaret 
was  one  of  those  earlier  women  who  found  time 
both  to  rock  the  cradle  and  to  rule  the  world  (to 
adapt  Wallace's  phrase),  the  latter  very  literally  so 
far  as  the  Scandinavian  peninsula  is  concerned.  She 
was  daughter  to  that  King  Valdemar  who  made  a 
rather  famous  reply  to  the  Pope  upon  occasion ; 
wife  to  Hakon,  King  of  Norway  ;  mother  to  Olaf , 
King  of  Denmark ;  mother  by  marriage  to  Philippa, 
daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  England  ;  conqueror  of 
Albert,  king  of  Sweden,  upon  whose  captive  head 
she  set  a  fool's  cap  in  reply  to  an  earlier  gift  from 
him  of  a  stone  to  sharpen  her  scissors  on ;  and  was 
in  every  respect  a  queenly,  almost  a  kingly,  woman. 
Miss  Hill  has  brought  the  scanty  facts  concerning 
her  into  a  succinct  and  very  entertaining  narrative, 
which  should  be  exceedingly  encouraging  to  all  wo- 
men of  to-day  who  need  encouragement. 


Matter  as  intimate  as  that  which  goes 
to  make  up  P.  A.  Sergyeenko's  "  How 
Count  L.  N.  Tolstoy  Lives  and 
Works  "  (Crowell)  is  seldom  free  from  f ulsomeness ; 
but  if  a  minor  modern  Boswell,  Sergyeenko  is  still 
a  Boswell, —  moreover,  he  has  a  keen  sense  of  hu- 
mor. Pleasant  anecdote  enlivens  his  pages,  and 
goes  far  to  redeem  what  might  be  called  the  "  cant 
of  familiarily  with  the  great."  Upon  an  occasion, 
Tolstoy  was  recognized  on  the  street  by  an  admirer 
not  less  drunk  than  enthusiastic.  Rushing  up  to 
the  author,  with  rolling  eye,  he  exclaimed,  "  Oh, 


Home  and 
private  life 
of  Tolstoy. 


Count  Tolstoy,  I  am  your  adorer  and  imitator !  " 
The  irrepressible  American,  man  and  woman,  visits 
the  Count  with  frequency.  Two  of  our  women 
called  one  day  to  inform  him  that  they  had  travelled 
around  the  world  in  opposite  directions,  and  were 
now  met  at  his  house  in  accordance  with  their  agree- 
ment. "  You  might  have  made  a  better  use  of  your 
time,"  said  he.  "  There !  I  told  you  he  'd  say  some- 
thing like  that,"  they  exclaimed  to  one  another. 
The  book,  for  all  its  praise,  leaves  the  chief  of  Rus- 
sian writers  human,  which  is  probably  all  that  should 
be  asked  from  it  in  addition  to  the  undoubted  en- 
tertainment it  provides.  Miss  Isabel  F.  Hapgood 
furnishes  the  translation,  and  the  book  is  attrac- 
tively illustrated. 

Mr.  Augustine  Birrell,  essayist,  mem- 
ber of  parliament,  queen's  counsel, 
and  professor  of  law  at  University 
College,  London,  is  an  ideal  lecturer  on  such  a  topic 
as  is  now  embodied  in  "  The  Law  of  Copyright "; 
and  his  small  book  forms  a  suitable  and  valuable 
appendix  to  the  greater  work  on  the  same  subject 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam,  who, 
fitly,  is  the  publisher  also  of  Mr.  Birrell's  book. 
The  latter  has  given  the  subject  a  literary  treat- 
ment — what  could  deserve  one  more  ?  —  and  is  most 
amiably  enthusiastic  over  the  future.  While  he  adds 
not  a  great  deal  to  the  information  contained  in  the 
larger  American  work,  he  does  present  another 
point  of  view,  and  is  exceedingly  encouraging. 


The  law  oj 
copyright. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Mme.  Blanc  (Th.  Bentzon)  is  a  most  industrious 
maker  of  books,  and  turns  to  the  account  of  "  copy  " 
whatever  sort  of  experience  happens  to  come  her  way. 
A  list  of  no  less  than  thirty-three  volumes  is  now  cred- 
ited to  her  pen,  the  last  of  these  being  a  collection  of 
"  Notes  de  Voyage  "  concerning  "  Nouvelle-France  et 
Nouvelle-Angleterre"  (Paris:  C.  Le"vy).  Three-fourths 
of  this  readable  volume  are  devoted  to  Canada,  its 
women,  its  education,  and  its  scenery.  The  other  fourth 
is  a  series  of  rapid  impressions  of  New  England.  Mme. 
Blanc  is  always  a  pleasing  writer,  and  we  have  read 
these  random  sketches  with  much  interest. 

The  «  Text-Book  of  General  Physics  "  (Ginn),  pre- 
pared by  Drs.  Charles  S.  Hastings  and  Frederick  E. 
Beach  of  Yale  University,  is  a  work  of  advanced  grade 
for  the  use  of  colleges  and  scientific  schools.  It  is  es- 
sentially "  a  strictly  quantitative  study  of  various  trans- 
ferences and  transformations  of  energy,"  and  as  such, 
treats  the  subject  of  mechanics  in  an  exceptionally 
thorough  manner.  It  presupposes  trigonometry  but  not 
calculus.  We  note  one  special  feature  in  the  form  of  a 
chapter  on  the  limiting  powers  of  optical  instruments. 

A  welcome  volume  in  the  "  Temple  Classics  "  series 
(Macmillan)  is  that  containing  the  "  Shorter  Poems  "  of 
Shelley,  edited  by  Mr.  H.  Buxton  Forman.  The  vol- 
ume includes  only  what  may  be  called  the  longest  of 
Shelley's  shorter  poems,  fifteen  or  sixteen  in  all;  the 
short  lyrics  being  (presumably)  reserved  for  a  separate 
volume. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


347 


LITERARY  NOTES. 

«  An  Oral  Arithmetic,"  by  Mr.  J.  M.  White,  is  just 
published  by  the  American  Book  Co. 

"  Nature  Study  for  Grammar  Grades  "  by  Mr.  Wilbur 
8.  Jackman,  is  a  recent  publication  of  the  Macmillan  Co. 

The  American  Book  Co.  publish  a  new  edition  of 
"  The  Guyot  Geographical  Reader  and  Primer,"  by 
Mrs.  Mary  Howe  Smith  Pratt. 

The  "  Bacchse  "  of  Euripides,  text  and  translation 
into  English  verse,  edited  by  Professor  Alexander  Kerr, 
is  published  by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 

To  the  series  of  small  books  called  "  History  for 
Young  Readers  "  (Appleton),  a  volume  on  "  Spain,"  by 
Mr.  Frederick  A.  Ober,  has  just  been  added. 

Mr.  Hamlin  Garland's  "  Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly  " 
is  now  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co.,  from  whom 
we  have  just  received  a  tasteful  new  edition  of  the 
novel. 

Dr.  B.  A.  Hinsdale's  well-authenticated  work  on 
"  The  Old  Northwest,"  issued  several  years  ago,  is  to 
appear  in  a  new  and  revised  edition  from  the  press  of 
Messrs.  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co. 

Messrs.  Eldredge  &  Brother  publish  a  revised  edi- 
tion of  the  text-book  by  John  S.  Hart,  entitled  "  A 
Manual  of  Composition  and  Rhetoric."  The  revision 
has  been  made  by  Professor  James  Morgan  Hart. 

Professor  N.  P.  Gilman,  whose  book  on  "  Profit  Shar- 
ing "  appeared  a  few  years  ago^  is  at  work  on  a  related 
volume  to  be  issued  in  the  Fall  by  Messrs.  Houghton, 
Mifflin  &  Co.  with  the  title  «  A  Dividend  to  Labor." 

The  phenomenal  success  of  "  Mr.  Dooley  "  justifies 
his  publishers  (Messrs.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.)  in  an- 
nouncing a  new  book  by  him, "  Mr.  Dooley  in  the  Hearts 
of  his  Countrymen,"  to  be  published  in  a  few  months. 
His  first  book,  "  Mr.  Dooley  in  Peace  and  in  War,"  has, 
it  is  said,  reached  a  sale  of  fifty  thousand  copies. 

The  Chautauqua  Assembly  announcements  for  1899 
include  a  number  of  courses  in  literature,  among  them 
being  lectures  by  Professor  C.  T.  Winchester  of  Wes- 
leyau  University;  Professor  Alcee'  Fortier  of  Tulane 
University ;  and  Mr.  Walter  H.  Page,  the  editor  of  the 
"  Atlantic  Monthly,"  who  will  treat  "  The  Practical  As- 
pects of  Literature." 

A  call  has  been  issued  for  the  organization  of  an 
Illinois  Historical  Society,  an  institution  which  is  emi- 
nently desirable.  A  preliminary  meeting  of  those  inter- 
ested will  be  held  at  the  University  of  Illinois,  on  the 
nineteenth  of  this  month,  and  all  who  wish  to  do  so  are 
invited  to  attend.  A  special  rate  of  one  fare  for  the 
round  trip  to  Champaign  can  be  had  from  all  points  in 
the  State. 

The  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  in  Chicago  has, 
it  is  stated  by  the  daily  press,  instructed  the  school 
principals  to  teach  their  pupils  that  "  thru "  spells 
through,  "  altho  "  spells  although,  and  other  philological 
vagaries.  If  there  are  any  "  fine  old  educational  mas- 
todons "  in  our  School  Board,  this  seems  to  be  a  case 
where  the  mastodontic  foot  should  be  put  down,  and 
put  down  hard. 

A  valuable  addition  to  American  bibliography  is  fur- 
nished in  the  new  Catalogue  of  Authors  whose  works 
are  published  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  Bos- 
ton. It  includes  the  best  of  our  native  writers  of  the 
century,  and  illustrates  the  supremacy  of  this  house  in 
American  literature.  The  catalogue,  with  more  than 


two  hundred  pages,  well  printed  and  neatly  bound  in 
boards,  gives  brief  biographical  sketches  of  the  authors, 
with  the  titles  of  their  books  and  the  year  of  their  pub- 
lication. Great  care  has  been  taken  to  secure  accuracy 
and  precision  of  statement.  The  frontispiece  contains 
a  photogravure  of  a  group  of  six  great  American  authors 
—  Longfellow,  Emerson,  Hawthorne,  Whittier,  Holmes, 
and  Lowell. 

Heretofore  there  has  been  but  one  scientific  journal 
in  the  world  devoted  to  the  prevention  and  cure  of  tuber- 
culosis; this  was  published  at  Paris.  Another  of  like 
character  has  now  been  started  in  this  country,  at  Ashe- 
ville,  N.  C.  It  is  a  well-printed  quarterly,  with  Dr. 
Karl  von  Ruck,  a  prominent  specialist,  as  editor,  and 
Mr.  A.  H.  McQuilkin,  well  and  favorably  known  in 
Chicago,  as  publisher. 

It  is  expected  that  the  "  War  of  the  Rebellion  — 
Record  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies,"  that 
most  elaborate  of  our  Government  publications,  will  be 
completed  in  little  over  a  year.  Begun  in  1874,  the 
work  has  gone  deliberately  on,  and  will  represent,  when 
completed,  an  outlay  of  nearly  three  millions  of  dollars. 
The  total  number  of  volumes  will  be  one  hundred  and 
twenty-nine,  of  which  only  about  fifteen  are  yet  un- 
priuted  or  undistributed. 

The  University  of  Wisconsin  has  hitherto  had  no 
summer  session,  although  Madison  has  been  a  favorite 
meeting-place  for  institutions  of  the  Chautauqua  type. 
The  University  now  announces  a  summer  school  of  six 
weeks'  duration,  beginning  July  3,  1899.  The  courses 
cover  all  the  principal  departments,  and  are  fully 
manned  by  resident  and  non-resident  lecturers.  Credit 
toward  degrees  will  be  given  for  work  done  at  this  ses- 
sion, just  as  has  been  the  case  from  the  start  with  the 
University  of  Chicago,  of  whose  example  the  sister  insti- 
tution is  evidently  emulous. 

Some  curious  questions  regarding  the  rights  of  liter- 
ary property  are  raised  by  a  suit  against  Messrs.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons,  brought  by  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling,  who 
appears  to  have  quite  regained  his  vigorous  health.  It 
seems  that  the  firm  named  lately  purchased  from  various 
American  publishers  of  Mr.  Kipling's  works  some  copies 
of  these  books  in  sheets,  which  they  then  bound  up  in 
their  own  styles  of  covers  and  offered  for  sale  in  their 
retail  store  in  complete  sets.  So  far,  there  was  nothing 
unusual  in  this,  the  re-binding  of  books  being  common 
in  the  retail  trade,  and  the  sheets  purchased  yielding 
Mr.  Kipling,  of  course,  whatever  royalty  was  fixed  be- 
tween him  and  his  authorized  publishers  who  sold  the 
sheets  to  the  Messrs.  Putnam.  There  was  thus  evidently 
no  intention  to  interfere  with  the  author's  rights  of  roy- 
alty, since  he  was  sure  of  his  legal  percentages,  no  mat- 
ter in  what  form  the  works  were  sold.  But  in  re-binding 
the  volumes  the  Messrs.  Putnam  had  given  the  set  the 
name  of  "  Brushwood  edition,"  and  used  decorations 
which  are  claimed  to  be  in  the  nature  of  trade-marks; 
and  here  the  legal  rights  are  not  so  easily  determinable. 
A  further  grievance  is  the  inclusion,  in  this  alleged  "  edi- 
tion," of  matter  which  Mr.  Kipling  repudiates;  and  the 
arrangement  of  the  pieces  and  the  general  scheme  he 
regards  as  unauthorized  and  injurious.  The  develop- 
ments of  the  suit  will  be  watched  with  much  interest. 
It  is  but  fair  to  add  that  the  defendants  have  a  reputa- 
tion for  punctiliousness  in  their  regard  for  the  rights  of 
authors  as  well  as  for  the  courtesies  of  the  trade;  and 
any  injury  sustained  by  Mr.  Kipling  through  them  will 
be  felt  to  be  an  inadvertence  rather  than  a  deliberate 
or  conscious  attempt  at  wrong. 


348 


THE    DIAL 


[May  16, 


LIST  OP  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  84  titles,   includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 
Oliver  Cromwell :  A  History.   By  Samuel  Harden  Church, 

Litt.D.     "  Commemoration  "  edition  ;  illus.  in  photogra- 
vure, large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  550.    G.  P.  Putnam's 

Sons.    $6.  net. 
Story  of  the  Princess  des  Ursins  in  Spain  (Camarera- 

Mayor).     By  Constance  Hill.    Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

pp.  256.    R.  H.  Russell.     $1.75. 
Tbaddeus  Stevens.  By  Samuel  W.  McCall.  16mo,  gilt  top, 

pp.  369.     "American  Statesmen."    Houghton,  Mitfiin  & 

Co.    $1.25. 

HISTORY. 
Austria.    By  Sidney  Whitman,  with  the  collaboration  of 

J.  R.  Mcllraith.    Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  407.     "  Story  of  the 

Nations."    G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.50. 
History  up  to  Date :  A  Concise  Account  of  the  War  of  1898. 

By  William  A.  Johnston.    Illus.,  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  258. 

A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.    Si. 50. 
Germany :  Her  People  and  their  Story.    By  Augusta  Hale 

Gifford.     Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  604.    Lothrop 

Publishing  Co.     81.75. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 
A  Literary  History  of  Ireland.    From  the  Earliest  Times 

to  the  Present  Day.     By  Douglas  Hyde,  LL.D.    With 

frontispiece,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  654.     "Library  of 

Literary  History."     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $4. 
Retrospects  and  Prospects:  Descriptive  and  Historical 

Essays.     By  Sidney   Lanier.     12mo,   pp.  228.    Charles 

Scribner's  Sons.    $1.50. 
Godfrida :  A  Play  in  Four  Acts.   By  John  Davidson.  16mo, 

uncut,  pp.  123.    John  Lane.    $1.50. 
Pan  and  the  Young  Shepherd :  A  Pastoral  in  Two  Acts. 

By  Maurice  Hewlett.    I2mo,  uncut,  pp.  140.    John  Lane. 

$1.25. 
Heart  of  Man.    By  George  Edward  Woodberry.    12mo, 

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The  Writings  of  James  Monroe.     Edited  by  Stanislaus 

Murray  Hamilton.    Vol.  II.,  1794-1796.     Large  8vo,  gilt 

top,  uncut,  pp.  494.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $5. 
The  Law's  Lumber  Room.    By  Francis  Watt.    Second 

series ;  16mo,  uncut,  pp.  202.    John  Lane.     $1.50. 
The  Penalties  of  Taste,  and  Other  Essays.     By  Norman 

Bridge.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  164.   H.  S.  Stone  &  Co. 
The  Religion  of  Mr.  Kipling.    By  W.  B.  Parker.    16mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  22.  M.  F.  Mansfield  &  A.  Wessels.  50c. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

The  Rubaiyat  of  Omar  Khayyam.  Rendered  into  English 
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"  Golden  Treasury  Series."  Macmillan  Co.  $1. 

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Illus.,  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  751.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
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The  Antigone  of  Sophocles.  Translated,  with  Introduc- 
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Temple  Classics.  Edited  by  Israel  Gollancz,  M.A.  New 
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The  Maternity  of  Harriott  Wicken.  By  Mrs.  Henry 
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One  Poor  Scruple:  A  Seven  Weeks'  Story.  By  Mrs.  Wil- 
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Fur  and  Feather  Tales.  By  Hamblen  Sears.  Illus.,  12mo, 
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Through  the  Storm:  Pictures  of  Life  in  Armenia.  By 
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On  the  Edge  of  the  Empire.  By  Edgar  Jepson  and  Cap- 
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Scribner's  Sons.  $1.50. 

Professor  Hieronimus.  By  Amalie  Skram ;  trans,  from 
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Mutineers.  By  Arthur  E.  J.  Legge.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  341. 
John  Lane.  $1.50. 

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King  or  Knave,  Which  Wins  ?  An  Old  Tale  of  Huguenot 
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Paul  Carah,  Cornishman.  By  Charles  Lee.  12mo,  pp:305. 
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For  Better  or  Worse?  By  Conrad  Howard.  12mo,  uncut, 
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Carpet  Courtship :  A  Story  of  Some  Imperfect  Persons.  By 
Thomas  Cobb.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  171.  John 
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The  Recovered  Continent:  A  Tale  of  the  Chinese  Invasion. 
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POETRY  AND  VERSE. 
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History  of  the  Know  Nothing  Party  in  Maryland.  By 
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PSYCHOLOGY. 

Psychology  and  Life.  By  Hugo  Miinsterberg.  8vo,  gilt 
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Studies  in  the  Psychology  of  Woman.  By  Laura  Mar- 
holm  ;  trans,  by  Georgia  A.  Etchison.  12mo,  gilt  top, 
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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


349 


TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

The  Philippines  and  Round  About.  By  Major  Q.  J.  Young- 
husband.  Illus.,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  230.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50. 

NATURE. 

A  Guide  to  the  Wild  Flowers.  By  Alice  Lounaberry ; 
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LAW. 

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Chicago :  Callaghan  &  Co. 

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The  Story  of  Our  War  with  Spain.     By  Elbridge  S. 

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themselves,  and  still  further  illustrate  what  may  be  accom- 
plished with  the  camera  by  skill  and  experience. 

British  Birds'  Nests : 

How,  Where,  and  When  to  Find  and  Identify 
Them.  By  RICHARD  KEARTON,  F.Z.S.  With  130  illus- 
trations of  Nests,  Eggs,  Young,  etc.,  in  their  natural  situ- 
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Selections  from  the  Sources  of 
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e^    WHO'S  WHO  in  America         ' 

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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


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By  Mrs.       "  Tragical  and  pathetic, 
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T-.  a  terrible   fascination."  — 

DUDENEY.  Evening  Telegraph. 

Rose  of  Dutcher's  Coolly. 

New  revised  edition.    $1.50. 
By  "  Beyond  all  manner  of 

'  doubt  one  of  the  most  pow- 

HAMLIN    erful     novels     of     recent 
GARLAND,  years." — New  Age. 

The  Celebrity. 

Eighth  Edition.     $1.50. 

"  Immeasurably  fascin- 
By         ating." — Boston  Her  aid. 

Richard  Carvel. 


The  strong,  broad  treat- 
ment of  the  plot  is  a  far  cry 
$1.50.      from  the  skilful  lightness  of 
"The  Celebrity,"  but  no 
less  original  or  absorbing. 


By  GEORGE  E.  WOODBERRY,  author  of 
"The  North  Shore  Watch,"  etc. 

"  Very  attractive  pages,  .  .  .  loftily  ideal." 
—  The  Nation.  Cloth,  $1.50. 

BIOGRAPHY,  Etc. 

By  his  grandson,  the  TflP  I  if  p  nf 
late  BARTON  H.  WISE,  *  IIC  U11C  Ul 
of  Richmond,  Va.  Henry  A. 

Cloth,  Crown  8vo,  I17. 

$3.00.  Wise. 

An  able  picture  of  the  famous  War 
Governor  of  Virginia  in  the  John  Brown 
crisis. 

Edited   by  F.  STORR,    ,.,.       ... 
editor  of  The  Journal     1  HC  LlIC 


of   Education,    Lon- 

don. 
Cloth.    Nearly  Beady. 

Of  unusual  value  to 
all  interested  in  educa-  R.  JJ. 
tional  matters. 


of  the 
Rev. 


Principles 

By  Professor  C.  T.  ftf 

WINCHESTER,  Wesley- 
an  University.     Cloth.     I  jf  ApafV 

Nearly  Beady.  ,     ^ 

Criticism. 


By  HAMLIN  GARLAND, 
author  of  "Main  Trav- 
elled Roads,"  etc. 
Cloth. 

Nearly  Beady. 
Sketches  in  prose  and 
verse,  the  literary  re- 
sults of  the  author's 
recent  tramp  overland 
to  the  gold  fields. 

"  'A  German  Garden' 
emits  a  flowerlike  aro- 
ma of  freshness  and 
purity.  "-JETette  Sanborn. 

' '  A  charming  book . " 
—  Literature. 

Cloth,  $1.75. 


The 

Trail 

of  the 

Gold- 
Seeker. 

Elizabeth 
and  her 
German 
Garden. 


By  the  author  of ' '  Eliz-  . 

abeth  and  her  Ger-  A 

man  Garden."  c^ll-A..,. 

cloth,  $1.50.  Solitary 

"Delicate,      sympa-    Slimmer. 
thetic  observations,"the 
Outlook  says  of  her  earlier  book,  like 
this,  reflections  of  a  cultivated  English- 
woman on  various  phases  of  a  retired  life 
in  Germany. 


DEFECTIVE  EYESIGHT  :  The  Principles  of  its  Relief  by  Glasses. 

By  D.  B.  ST.  JOHN  ROOSA,  M.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor  Emeritus  of  Diseases  of  the  Eye,  New  York  Post-Graduate  Medical 
School  and  Hospital ;  Surgeon  to  the  Manhattan  Eye  and  Ear  Hospital ;  Consulting  Surgeon  to  the  Brooklyn  Eye  and  Ear 
Hospital,  Etc.  Just  Beady.  Cloth,  12mo,  $1.00  net. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  66  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York. 


358 


THE    DIAL 


[Juue  1,  1899. 


D.  Appleton  &  Company's  New  Books 


PROFESSOR  RIP  LEY'S  GREAT  WORK. 

THE  RACES  OF  EUROPE. 

A  Sociological  Study.  By  WILLIAM  Z.  RIPLKT,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  Sociology,  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Tech- 
nology ;  Lecturer  in  Anthropology  at  Columbia  University,  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Crown  8vo,  cloth,  650  pages,  with 
85  Maps  and  235  Portrait  Types.  With  a  Supplementary  Bibliography  of  nearly  2000  Titles,  separately  bound  in  cloth. 
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Professor  Ripley's  important  work  furnishes  a  lucid  description  of  the  present  living  population  of  Europe  from  the  stand- 
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observant  traveller  who  ventures  beyond  the  great  cities,  and  who  would  understand  the  life  history  of  the  European  peas- 
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Ready  Shortly:    ALASKA  AND  THE  KLONDIKE. 

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Mining  in  the  Northwest  Territory  of  Canada.   By  ANGELO  HEILPRIN,  Professor  of  Geology  at  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London,  Past-President  of  the  Geographical  Society 
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It  may  fairly  be  said  that  Professor  Heilprin's  interesting  and  authoritative  book  presents  for  the  first  time  an  accurate 
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assistance  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  publication. 


MR.    BULLEN'S    NEW  BOOK. 

IDYLLS  OF  THE  SEA. 

By  FKANK  T.  BULLEN,  author  of  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Cach- 
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"  Books  like'  this  are  rare.  '  The  Idylls '  gives  us  a  new  sensation, 
fresh,  delightful,  and  stimulating.  It  is  salt  with  the  sea  winds  and 
glowing  with  the  colors  of  the  sea." — London  Literary  World. 

IMPERIAL  DEMOCRACY. 

By  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN,  Ph.D.,  President  of  Leland  Stan- 
ford, Junior,  University.  12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
Dr.  Jordan's  striking  and  timely  book  presents  the  various  phases 
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the  Philippines  and  discusses  various  plans  of  conduct.  He  draws  les- 
sons from  our  management  of  Alaska.  While  the  author  is  opposed  to 
American  control  of  subject  races,  his  discussions  are  broad  and  fair, 
and  his  statements  of  the  arguments  on  either  side  will  prove  of  gen- 
eral interest  and  value  at  this  time. 

A  DUET  WITH  AN  OCCASIONAL  CHORUS. 

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dier Gerard,"  etc.  Uniform  with  other  books  by  Dr.  Doyle. 
12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  STORY  OF  THE  BRITISH  RACE. 

By  JOHN  MUNRO,  C.E.,  author  of  "  The  Story  of  Electricity." 
A  new  volume  in  the  "  Library  of  Useful  Stories."  Illus- 
trated. 16mo,  cloth,  40  cents. 

EDUCATION  BY  DEVELOPMENT. 

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FRIEDRICH  FROEBEL.  Translated  by  JOSEPHINE  JARVIS. 
"  International  Education  Series."  12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

THE  MORMON  PROPHET. 

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donna of  a  Day,"  and  "The  Zeit-Geist."  12mo,  cloth, 
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MISS   FOWLER'S   NEW  NOVEL. 

A  DOUBLE  THREAD. 

By  ELLEN  THORNYCROFT  FOWLER,  author  of  "  Concerning 
Isabel  Carnaby,"  etc.     12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 
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A  HISTORY  OF  BOHEMIAN  LITERATURE. 

By  FRANCIS,  COUNT  LUTZOW.  A  new  novel  in  the  "  Litera- 
atures  of  the  World"  series,  edited  by  EDMUND  GOSSE. 
12mo,  cloth,  $1.50. 

Beginning  with  the  "  Question  of  the  Manuscripts,"  the  author  takes 
up  the  hymns,  dating  probably  from  the  tenth  century,  which  are  the 
earliest  uncontested  writings.  In  developing  the  theme  of  early  Bohe- 
mian poetry  several  valuable  translations  are  furnished  as  illustrations. 
Another  large  phase  of  the  subject,  the  development  of  Bohemian 
prose  in  the  sixteenth  century,  is  fully  treated,  together  with  the  various 
new  impulses  of  the  last  hundred  years.  The  author  has  developed  a 
comparatively  unknown  field  with  tact  and  scholarly  discrimination, 
and  his  treatment  of  the  subject  is  happily  reinforced  by  translations 
of  characteristic  examples  of  Bohemian  literature. 

A  HISTORY  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NATION. 

By  ANDREW  C.  MCLAUGHLIN,  Professor  of  American  His- 
tory in  the  University  of  Michigan.  "  Twentieth  Century  " 
series.  With  many  Maps  and  Illustrations.  12mo,  cloth, 
$1.40  net. 

The  purpose  of  this  book  is  to  trace  the  main  outlines  of  national 
development,  to  show  how  the  American  people  came  to  be  what 
they  are. 

These  events  have  been  so  narrated  that  the  reader  will  come  to  an 
appreciation  of  his  political  surroundings  and  of  the  political  duties  that 
devolve  upon  him.  For  this  reason  especial  attention  has  been  paid  to 
political  facts,  to  the  rise  of  parties,  to  the  issues  involved  in  elections, 
to  the  development  of  governmental  machinery,  and,  in  general,  to 
questions  of  government  and  administration. 

The  illustrative  feature  and  especially  the  maps  have  received  the 
most  careful  attention,  and  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  be  found  accurate, 
truthful,  and  illustrative.  In  short,  the  book  is  believed  worthy  of  a 
place  in  the  front  rank  of  the  Twentieth  Century  Text-Books. 

RECENT  VOLUMES  IN 

Appletons'  Town  and  Country  Library. 

Each,  12mo,  cloth,  $1.00;  paper,  50  cents. 
No.  263.    PURSUED  BY  THE  LAW.      By  J.  MACLAREN 

COBBAN,  author  of  "  The  King  of  Andaman,"  etc. 
No.  264.    MADAME  IZAN.     By  Mrs.  CAMPBELL-PRAED, 

author  of  "  Vulma,"  "  Mrs.  Tregaskiss." 
No.  265.    FORTUNE'S    MY  FOE.     By  J.   BLOUNDELLE- 

BURTON,  author  of  "  The  Scourge  of  God,"  etc. 


V  The  above  books  are  for  sale  by  all  Booksellers;  or  they  will  be  sent  by  mail  upon  receipt  of  price  by  the  Publishers, 

D.  APPLETON  &  COMPANY,  72  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


THE  DIAL 


Journal  of  iLtttrarg  Criticism,  J9igcu00ion,  ant)  Information. 


No.  311. 


JUNE  1,  1899.         Vol.  XXVI. 


CONTEXTS. 


AN  AMERICAN  ACADEMY 359 

TWO     ORDERS     OF    CRITICS.      Charles   Leonard 

Moore 360 

COMMUNICATIONS 362 

A  Philistine  View  of  Poetry.     Wallace  Bice. 
Is  the  "  Man-Poet "  Passing  ?    S.  E.  B. 
The  Right  of  Free  Speech.     W.  H.  Johnson. 

KNAPP'S  LIFE  OF  GEORGE  BORROW.    E.  G.  J.  363 

LOWELL    AND    HIS    FRIENDS.     Tuley   Francis 

Huntington 367 

FOLK-LORE  TALES  OF  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 

Frederic  Starr 370 

THE  NEW  EAST  AND  THE  NEW  SOUTH  OF 

THE  OLD  WORLD.    Hiram  M.  Stanley  .    .    .370 
DS&y's  The  New  Far  East.  —  Mrs.  Fraser's  Letters 
from  Japan.  —  Brown's  On  the  South  African  Fron- 
tier. —  Ansorge's  Under  the  African  Sun.  —  Miss 
Kingsley's  West  African  Studies. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 373 

Petrarch  as  scholar  and  man  of  letters.  —  Letters  of 
18th  century  essayists. —  Memoirs  of  an  English  gen- 
tleman and  scholar. —  Some  American  men  of  letters. 
—  Some  famous  old  English  book  auctions.  —  A 
famous  Frenchwoman  at  the  court  of  Spain.—  Heroes 
of  the  U.  S.  Navy. —  Old-time  criticism. —  The  latest 
of  the  plays  of  H.  A.  Jones.  —  A  classic  of  fresh- 
water ichthyology. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 376 

LITERARY  NOTES 377 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 377 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  378 


AN  AMERICAN  ACADEMY. 

What  we  once  called  "  the  Academy  game  " 
has  of  late  been  going  merrily  on  in  the  pages 
of  "  Literature  "  —  that  is,  in  the  American 
edition  thereof  —  under  the  genial  direction  of 
Mr.  John  Kendrick  Bangs,  and  it  seems  to  be 
worth  while  to  announce  the  outcome,  and  point 
two  or  three  of  the  more  obvious  morals  of  this 
and  other  similar  plans  for  organizing  a  body 
of  "  immortals  "  on  our  own  side  of  the  Atlan- 
tic. It  is  difficult  for  minds  of  a  certain  class 
to  escape  from  the  obsession  of  this  idea.  That 
it  has  worked  well  in  France  is  not  seriously 
to  be  disputed,  in  spite  of  sarcasms  about  the 


"  forty-first  armchair,"  and  the  unpleasant  part 
played  by  intrigue  and  wire-pulling  in  filling 
the  vacant  seats.  The  French  Forty  have,  on 
the  whole,  always  constituted  a  distinguished 
body  of  thinkers  and  men  of  letters.  If  their 
number  has  failed  to  include,  now  and  then, 
some  writer  who  was  one  of  the  chief  intellec- 
tual forces  of  his  time,  it  has  rarely  given  place 
to  a  writer  who  was  either  a  charlatan  or  a 
nonentity.  If  it  has  not  always  risen  to  the 
height  of  its  opportunities,  at  least  it  has  not, 
on  the  other  hand,  fallen  far  below  them. 

The  secret  of  this  relative  and  considerable 
success  in  bodying  forth,  for  two  centuries  and 
a  half,  the  fine  idea  of  Richelieu,  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  popular  suffrage  has  had  next  to 
nothing  to  do  with  the  selection  of  academi- 
cians. It  also  suggests  the  reason  why  an 
American  Academy  would  not  be  likely  to  be 
a  body  truly  representative  of  American  cul- 
ture. In  other  words,  our  democracy  is  still 
far  from  having  learned  the  lesson  that  it  is  a 
farcical  proceeding  to  settle  some  questions  by 
popular  vote,  and  we  cannot  imagine  any  plan 
of  organization  likely  to  win  general  accept- 
ance which  should  not  be  based,  in  consider- 
able measure,  upon  the  suffrages  of  more  people 
than  could  possibly  be  expected  to  act  intelli- 
gently in  so  delicate  a  matter. 

Even  the  body  of  readers  gathered  by  so 
distinctly  bookish  a  periodical  as  "  Literature  " 
displays  little  judgment  in  its  choice,  as  may 
be  seen  by  an  inspection  of  the  following  list  of 
names,  the  outcome  of  a  ballot  extending  over 
several  weeks. 


W.  D.  Howells  ....  84 
John  Fiske 82 


Mark  Twain  .... 
Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich 
Frank  R.  Stockton 
Henry  James      .     . 
S.  Weir  Mitchell     . 
BretHarte     .     .     . 
John  Burroughs 
Edmund  C.  Stedman 


George  W.  Cable    .     . 
Charles  Dudley  Warner 
Donald  G.  Mitchell      . 
Henry  Van  Dyke    .     . 
James  Whitcomb  Riley 
Richard  Henry  Stoddarc 
Miss  Wilkins      .     .    . 
Margaret  Deland    .     . 
Richard  Harding  Davis 
Bronson  Howard    , 


45 
43 
36 
36 
36 
34 
27 
2X 
19> 
11 


Since  each  participant  in  this  ballot  voted  for 
ten  persons,  and  the  total  number  of  votes  is. 
well  within  one  thousand,  we  are  safe  in  assum- 
ing that  about  one  hundred  voters  are  repre- 
sented. It  is  a  small  number,  no  doubt,  but 
little  significance  need  be  attached  to  that  fact% 
for  had  the  number  of  voters  been  ten  or  a  hun- 
dred times  as  great,  we  doubt  if  the  result  would 
have  been  essentially  different  from  that  now 


360 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


recorded.   And  a  glance  at  that  result  is  enough 
to  show  its  critical  worthlessness. 

To  substantiate  this  judgment,  let  us  exam- 
ine the  list  somewhat  in  detail.  While  the 
claim  that  Mr.  Howells  is  our  foremost  man  of 
letters  is  not  far  astray,  if  at  all,  it  may  yet  be 
reasonably  urged  that  Mr.  Stedinan,  who  is  at 
once  our  leading  poet  and  our  leading  critic,  is 
even  better  entitled  to  head  the  list.  And  the 
place  of  Mr.  Stoddard  should  at  least  be  very 
near  the  head.  The  critical  ineptitude  that 
could  set  Mr.  Riley  above  Mr.  Stoddard,  or  set 
him  anywhere  in  such  a  list  of  twenty,  is  alone 
sufficient  to  prove  our  case.  And  Mr.  Stockton, 
delightful  as  is  his  gift  of  whimsical  humor,  is 
probably  as  much  surprised  as  any  of  his  read- 
ers to  find  himself  outranking  Mr.  James,  Mr. 
Harte,  and  Mr.  Stedman,  to  say  nothing  of 
half  a  dozen  others.  And  Mr.  Davis,  what  on 
earth  is  he  doing  in  this  gallery  ?  Such  ab- 
surdities as  these,  and  others  almost  equally 
glaring,  make  the  list  too  freakish  to  deserve 
serious  attention. 

For  one  reason,  however,  not  yet  adduced,  we 
wish  to  take  it  seriously  for  a  moment.  Three- 
fourths  of  the  names  selected  are  of  poets  and 
novelists  ;  to  their  company  being  admitted,  by 
way  of  makeweight,  one  historian,  one  natural- 
ist, one  old-fashioned  essayist,  one  clergyman  of 
letters,  and  one  dramatist.  Considered  merely 
as  a  list  of  poets  and  novelists,  it  is  conspicu- 
ously defective,  for  Mr.  Gilder,  Mr.  Eggleston, 
Mr.  Crawford,  Miss  Murfree,  and  Miss 
Thomas,  at  least,  perhaps  several  others,  count 
for  more  than  some  of  the  writers  included. 
But  the  fatal  defect  of  the  list,  of  course,  is  to  be 
found  in  its  failure  to  include  some  of  the  most 
honored  men  in  American  letters,  simply  be- 
cause they  are  not  primarily  novelists  or  poets. 
We  scan  the  list  in  vain  for  the  two  deans  of 
our  literary  guild,  Dr.  Hale  and  Colonel  Hig- 
ginson ;  we  note  with  absolute  amazement  the 
absence  of  the  most  typical  academician  we 
have,  Mr.  Charles  Eliot  Norton.  It  is  for 
such  reasons,  rather  than  for  any  vagaries  of 
ranking,  that  the  list  is  so  distinct  an  illustra- 
tion of  what  the  membership  of  our  Academy 
ought  not  to  be. 

They  do  these  things  much  better  in  the  home 
of  academies.  A  few  weeks  ago,  the  ranks  of 
the  French  Forty  were  complete,  a  condition 
which  had  not  previously  obtained  for  more 
than  a  score  of  years.  A  classification  of  the 
members  showed  the  following  results :  eight 
historians,  five  each  of  the  classes  of  politicians, 
professors,  dramatists,  and  novelists,  four  poets, 


two  critics,  two  journalists,  one  ecclesiastic,  one 
lawyer,  one  sculptor,  and  one  scientist ;  in  a 
word,  nine  novelists  and  poets,  thirty-one  rep- 
resentatives of  other  types  of  intellectual  dis- 
tinction. This  tells  the  whole  story.  We  might 
find  it  difficult  to  honor  so  many  politicians 
and  dramatists,  but  our  Academy,  constituted 
in  the  same  spirit,  would  find  places  for  such 
men  as  Senator  Hoar,  Professor  William  James, 
Mr.  E.  L.  Godkin,  Bishop  Potter,  and  Mr.  St. 
Gaudens, —  to  take  typical  examples  of  the  five 
classes  absolutely  ignored  in  the  list  we  have 
been  considering.  It  is  because  no  form  of 
popular  vote  would  ever,  by  any  possibility, 
single  out  the  men  most  deserving  of  this  sort 
of  distinction  that  the  plebiscite  Academy  can 
never  be  anything  but  a  rather  bad  jest. 


TWO    ORDERS   OF  CRITICS. 

Keats  said  that  one  of  the  three  things  his  time 
afforded  for  rejoicing  was  Hazlitt's  depth  of  taste. 
In  the  enunciation  of  general  principles,  the  illum- 
ination of  dark  passages  of  the  mind,  Keats  was 
himself  a  better  critic  than  Hazlitt.  The  sense  of 
pleasure  in  literature  and  art,  and  the  expression  of 
it,  is  the  marked  thing  in  Hazlitt ;  the  attempt  to 
get  at  the  meaning  and  underlying  principles  of 
poetry,  the  characteristic  of  Keats.  Sir  Richard 
Steele's  saying,  that  it  was  a  great  service  one  man 
did  another  to  tell  him  the  manner  of  his  being 
pleased,  about  indicates  Hazlitt's  achievement.  We 
might  call  this  method  of  criticism  the  criticism  of 
enjoyment ;  the  other,  the  criticism  of  definition. 

When  Hazlitt  writes  a  sparkling  and  vivacious 
character  of  Millamant,  when  Walter  Pater  re- 
paints in  words  a  picture  of  Leonardo,  when  Ste. 
Beuve  projects  on  his  pages  the  personalities  of 
Cowper  or  Guerin,  they  each  and  all  of  them  ex- 
ercise a  minor  sort  of  creative  art.  They  are  poets 
themselves  —  or  the  satellites  of  poets.  They  reflect 
a  light  and  heat  from  their  principals,  though  they 
have  little  power  or  vitality  of  their  own.  But 
when  Aristotle  takes  his  compasses  and  fixes  the 
bounds  of  the  different  kinds  of  poetry ;  when 
Lessing  defines  the  provinces  of  poetry,  painting, 
and  sculpture  ;  when  Coleridge  gives  us  the  distinc- 
tion between  imagination  and  fancy ;  or  when  Ar- 
nold decomposes  diction  and  provides  such  phrases 
as  "  natural  magic  "  or  "  the  grand  style  "  to  denote 
different  qualities  of  expression,  we  are  confronted 
by  another  order  of  critical  talent,  a  kind  which 
has  none  of  the  half- creative  warmth  of  the  first, 
none  of  its  engaging  sympathy,  but  which,  never- 
theless, is  probably  more  useful  and  more  permanent. 
The  one  kind  of  criticism  is  qualified  by  depth  of 
taste ;  the  other,  by  lucidity  of  reason. 

I  am  very  far  from  denying  reasoned  judgment 
to  Hazlitt,  or  Pater,  or  Ste.  Beuve,  or  to  critics  who 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


361 


share  their  gifts.  They  have  enough  of  it  to  set  up 
whole  colleges.  But  it  is,  I  think,  a  secondary  thing 
with  them.  The  main  appeal  with  them  is  to  taste, 
to  sympathy.  They  deal  with  particulars  rather 
than  with  generals.  They  are  sensitively  made  to 
respond  to  excellence  in  special  shapes.  They  viv- 
idly realize,  and  compel  us  to  realize,  concrete  mani- 
festations of  beauty  or  greatness.  But  we  have  to 
take  them  on  faith ;  their  power  over  us  is  as  of  a 
laying  on  of  hands.  Hazlitt  is  perhaps  the  most 
vivid  and  various  of  English  Essayists.  He  said  of 
himself  that  nothing  but  abstract  ideas  made  any 
impression  on  him ;  but  surely  he  was  mistaken 
here.  What  impressed  him  most  was  that  figured 
world  existent  in  books  and  pictures.  No  one  ever 
had  a  deeper  sense  of  its  reality.  But  when  Haz- 
litt tries  to  think,  he  is,  if  not  a  child,  at  least  a 
very  boyish  philosopher.  No  single  generalization 
of  his  is  a  lamp  for  one's  private  feet  or  a  star  to 
pilot  the  world.  I  must  confess  to  a  very  moderate 
appetite  for  Pater's  books.  His  style  —  so  sweet,  so 
cloying,  so  sticky  —  is  not  for  me.  Yet  he  has  sub- 
tle gifts  of  discrimination  and  definition.  His  re- 
marks as  to  the  architectural  necessities  of  style, 
and  about  the  quality  of  soul  in  style,  are  very  ad- 
mirably put,  if  they  are  not  entirely  new.  And 
there  is  a  web  of  close  reasoning  in  all  his  works. 
But  his  force  is  elsewhere  than  in  analysis.  He  is 
a  half  artist,  a  half  creator.  He  tries  to  reproduce 
in  prose  the  cadences  of  the  verse  he  loves,  and  he 
tries  to  re-create  with  words  the  forms  and  colors  of 
the  statues  and  paintings  that  are  ever  hovering  in 
his  eye.  Ste.  Beuve  is  a  library,  and  to  dismiss 
him  in  a  sentence  is  absurd.  Yet  I  believe  his  weak- 
ness is  akin  to  that  of  the  two  critics  I  have  dis- 
cussed. Dealing  with  particulars,  he  is  always 
sound ;  dealing  with  generals,  he  is  usually  vague 
and  unsatisfactory.  His  basis  is  the  shifting  un- 
certain one  of  taste.  We  are  at  sea  with  him.  Every 
direction  is  a  road,  and  one  is  as  good  as  another. 
His  definition  of  a  classic  is  a  good  example  of  his 
strength  and  weakness.  It  is  admirably  thought  out 
on  the  side  of  order,  elegance,  and  art ;  it  fails  en- 
tirely on  the  side  of  power,  inspiration,  and  person- 
ality. It  seems  expressly  framed  to  exclude  the 
great  books  of  the  Bible,  Shakespeare,  and  most  of 
the  Greeks.  A  definition  is,  as  it  were,  a  fence. 
A  fence  is  certainly  at  fault  when  it  leaves  almost 
everything  of  value  outside  of  it. 

The  criticism  of  taste,  of  enjoyment,  is  a  great 
breeder  of  fads  and  fancies  and  errors  ;  but  it  is  also 
a  propagator  of  enthusiasms.  It  seizes  upon  some 
partial  truth  and  makes  a  banner  of  it,  and  calls  the 
cohorts  of  literature  to  its  back  to  press  to  victory. 
The  armed  camp  of  opposition  awakes,  and  the  strife 
is  on  that  keeps  the  world  of  ideas  from  stagnating. 
The  motto  on  the  flag  changes  every  decade :  now 
it  is  the  revival  of  the  classics  ;  now  the  exploitation 
of  the  naive  and  the  new ;  now  realism  ;  now  roman- 
ticism. Great  minds  liberate  themselves  in  the 
struggle,  and  do  work  which  probably  bears  little 
relation  to  the  theories  on  which  it  was  founded. 


The  abstract  definitions  and  distinctions  of  the  other 
kind  of  criticism  do  not  in  any  similar  degree  con- 
tribute to  human  sociability  or  literary  production. 
When  once  propounded  they  are  almost  as  self- 
evident  as  the  axioms  of  mathematics.  Like  mathe- 
matical axioms,  also,  they  are  apt  to  be  brief,  and  not 
to  depend  on  literary  style  for  their  value.  Analyt- 
ical treatises  of  extent  of  course  exist,  such  as  the 
Poetics  of  Aristotle,  the  Laokoon  of  Leasing,  and 
the  aesthetic  systems  fathered  by  nearly  every  great 
German  philosopher.  But  pretty  nearly  all  of 
these  are  represented  to  the  world  by  a  few  phrases 
or  distinctions  which  have  the  validity  of  laws.  Such 
are  the  Unities  of  Aristotle,  at  least  the  unity  of 
action ;  Lessing's  discovery  that  poetry  is  a  time- 
art,  and  painting  and  sculpture  are  space-arts,  with 
the  corollary  that  description  is  not  a  main  business 
of  poetry ;  Schiller's  theory  of  the  play  origin  or 
nature  of  art ;  and  so  forth.  Pregnant  phrases 
and  sentences  which  are  criticisms  of  definition  have 
been  dropped  by  great  writers  of  all  kinds.  Such 
authors  find  their  enjoyment  in  original  work,  and 
criticism  for  them  is  not  an  affair  of  pleasure  or 
gratified  taste,  but  a  problem  of  guiding  principles. 
Shakespeare's  "  The  lunatic,  the  lover,  and  the 
poet "  is  a  criticism  of  definition.  So  is  Lord 
Bacon's  description  of  "  historians,  compilers,  and 
critics"  as  "takers  of  second  prizes."  Shelley's  asser- 
tion that  "  poets  are  the  unacknowledged  legislators 
of  the  world  "  is  one ;  and  so  is  De  Quincey's  sep- 
aration of  the  literature  of  knowledge  and  the  lit- 
erature of  power.  Perhaps  the  best  recent  criticism 
of  definition  is  Mr.  Theodore  Watts-Dunton's  class- 
ification of  poets  as  those  of  Relative  and  of  Absolute 
Vision.  Perhaps  this  distinction  derives  from  Cole- 
ridge's eternal  object  and  subject,  and  it  may  draw 
something  from  that  famous  passage  in  the  "  Mod- 
ern Painters  "  where  Ruskin  contrasts  the  sculptor 
who  carved  the  griffin  he  had  seen  with  the  other 
sculptor  who  merely  carved  a  griffin  as  he  thought 
it  ought  to  be.  But  Mr.  Watts-Dunton's  distinction 
is  not  merely  profound  —  it  is  a  good  working  one. 
It  may  be  objected  that  the  criticism  of  definition 
has  covered  the  whole  ground ;  that,  like  mathe- 
matics or  logic,  it  is  nearly  a  finished  business.  But 
it  has  to  deal  with  a  subject-matter  —  the  produc- 
tions of  the  human  spirit,  infinitely  more  varied  than 
numbers  or  the  relations  of  sentences.  And,  besides, 
new  applications  of  old  principles  are  always  in 
order.  We  moderns  call  ourselves  the  heirs  of  the 
ages ;  and  in  a  measure  and  in  a  material  way  we 
are  so.  We  have  huge  accumulations  of  books,  and 
art  treasures,  and  the  like.  But  all  these  posses- 
sions are  not  in  any  single  man's  head,  still  less  in 
the  general  mind.  Every  generation  comes  forward 
full  of  bounce  and  confidence,  and  with  an  unim- 
paired fund  of  original  ignorance.  It  does  not  know 
anything  about  literature  or  art,  but  it  knows  what 
it  likes.  It  has  a  taste,  the  taste  of  the  age.  It  is 
a  serious  objection  to  the  theories  of  heredity  and 
evolution,  that  the  idea  of  excellence  is  not  progres- 
sive in  the  human  mind.  Have  our  grandfathers 


362 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


labored  for  nothing,  that  our  heads  are  so  unfur- 
nished? Sir  Francis  Galton  says,  if  I  remember 
rightly,  that  as  the  modern  Englishman  is  to  the 
Hottentot  so  was  the  Athenian  of  the  best  period  to 
the  modern  Englishman.  Man's  faculty  of  forget- 
ting is  as  miraculous  as  his  gift  of  memory.  And 
so  it  happens  that  in  art  and  literature  and  criticism 
we  are  all  the  time  beginning  anew.  This  newness 
of  impulse  and  experience  is  a  fine  thing.  In  bustle 
and  change  is  production.  The  literature  of  every 
age  must  be  a  record  of  what  that  age  has  experi- 
enced, not  necessarily  in  action  alone,  but  in  thought 
and  fancy.  Yet  there  are  things  also  which  are 
enduring,  and  the  best  criticism  will  not  allow  the 
taste  of  the  age  to  be  imposed  upon  it,  but  will  rather 
seek  to  impose  upon  the  age  the  long-tested  precepts 
o  per  ec  ion.  CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 

A  PHILISTINE  VIEW  OF  POETRY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  ) 

How  to  reply  to  the  "  Philister  "  who  in  your  last  issue 
attacks  the  manhood  of  the  poet,  and  be  both  truthful 
and  parliamentary  at  the  same  time,  is  not  an  easy  mat- 
ter, so  wholly  unfounded  is  every  leading  statement  he 
makes.  With  prefatory  apologies  for  a  series  of  flat 
contradictions,  let  me  then  say:  That  the  reviewer  of 
recently  published  verse  in  "  The  Nation  "  should  find 
better  poems  from  women  than  from  men  is  surprising 
—  and  purely  adventitious.  It  is  so  unusual  that  it 
probably  never  happened  before,  and  it  may  never  hap- 
pen again.  There  are  now  an  average  of  ten  volumes 
of  original  verse  being  published  every  week  in  the  En- 
glish-speaking world  —  about  five  hundred  every  year. 
Of  these,  not  less  than  fifty  deserve  to  be  read  by  all 
who  know  and  love  literature  in  its  highest  form  of  ex- 
pression; and  of  these  fifty,  about  forty  are  written  by 
men.  Women  are  not  holding  their  own  in  poetical  ex- 
pression—  are  making  nothing  like  the  impression  in 
poetry  that  they  are  making  in  almost  every  other 
department  of  the  world  of  letters,  particularly  in 
romance  and  essay  writing.  Any  magazine  —  almost 
any  newspaper  —  should  convince  "  Philister  "  that  there 
were  never  so  many  persons  struggling  for  poetic  fame, 
and  that  the  proportion  of  men  among  them  was  never 
so  large  as  now.  It  is  true  that  the  poetry  of  most  men 
does  not  "  pay  "  in  the  monetary  sense ;  but  that  is  an 
advantage  which  almost  no  other  department  of  litera- 
ture enjoys,  and  its  effects  are  rather  favorable  than 
otherwise,  as  the  growing  body  of  beautiful  English 
verse  abundantly  attests. 

The  notion  that  there  is  "  something  unmanly,  or  un- 
masculine,  in  the  make-up  of  a  poet"  is  neither  "  old," 
"lurking,"  nor  "popular,"  nor  is  it  "gaining  ground." 
There  is  a  feeling  among  English-speaking  persons 
whose  associations  are  remote  from  cultivated  society 
that  all  artists  are  in  some  way  reprehensible ;  but  these 
folk  set  all  forms  of  enjoyment  for  enjoyment's  sake  in 
the  same  category,  notably  athletic  exercise.  This  feel- 
ing, which  is  no  older  than  puritanism,  is  frowned  upon 
by  everyone  pretending  to  civilization,  and  is  losing 
ground  along  with  other  forms  of  illiteracy.  There  has 


never  been  a  time,  from  Homer  to  Browning  and  Tenny- 
son, when  the  poet  was  not  worshipped  —  in  the  old  sense 
of  the  word  —  by  intellect  and  cultivation;  and  though 
we  are  to-day  in  a  sort  of  poetical  interregnum,  many 
men  now  writing  will  attain  undoubted  worship  of  the 
same  sort.  Mr.  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman,  one  of  the 
most  respected  men  of  business  in  Wall  street,  and  a 
manly  and  virile  writer  of  manly  and  virile  poems  (and 
essays  as  well),  had  occasion  to  say  a  few  months  ago 
that  many  Americans  who  have  put  forth  poems  within 
the  last  fifteen  years  would  have  achieved  eminence 
had  they  written  earlier;  Mr.  J.  Churton  Collins  has 
said  the  same  for  the  Englishman,  and  Mr.  William 
Sharp  for  the  Celt:  and  it  is  a  truism  to  anyone  who 
knows  contemporaneous  verse.  This  verse  is  conspic- 
uously robust;  and  one  must  have  queer  notions  of  ef- 
feminacy who  thinks  Tennyson,  Browning,  Meredith, 
Lowell,  Stedman,  Stoddard,  and  a  score  more  of  our 
modern  "  man-poets,"  are  "  effeminate  "  !  There  are 
even  in  your  correspondent's  own  Kansas  City  a  number 
of  men  now  striving  earnestly  and  manfully  for  poetic 
reputation;  and  it  is  conceivable  that  the  residents  of 
that  Missouri  metropolis  might  be  as  willing  to  go  down 
to  fame  as  the  townsmen  of  these  poets,  as  —  to  draw  an 
example  from  "  practical "  life  —  of  those  virile  men  of 
business  who  canned  "  roast "  beef  for  the  American 
soldiers  during  the  recent  war. 


WALLACE  RICE. 


Chicago,  May  20,  1899. 


IS  THE  "MAN-POET"  PASSING? 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  am  not  a  poet  nor  the  son  of  a  poet,  so  that  any 
remarks  that  follow  are  not  prompted  by  the  "  pinch  of 
the  shoe."  Your  contributor,  in  his  communication  (is- 
sue of  May  16)  on  "  The  Passing  of  the  Man-Poet," 
seems  for  some  reason  to  have  swung  to  an  extreme  of 
cynicism,  and  it  occurred  to  me  that  possibly  the  "  pinch  " 
was  on  the  foot  of  "  Philister  "  himself.  But  the  West- 
ern city  from  which  he  writes  would  hardly  be  favor- 
able to  the  production  of  "  a  big,  brawny,  bearded  he- 
creature  like  Tennyson  .  .  .  chirping  about '  Airy,  fairy 
Lilian ' ";  no,  that  would  be  expecting  too  much.  Per- 
haps we  should  not  be  disappointed  if  we  sought  there 
for  men  of  the  class  to  which  "Mr.  Dooley"  belongs: 
men  who  represent  the  contributor's  idea  of  the  incar- 
nation of  the  practical  tendencies  of  our  age;  men  who 
can  talk  politics  over  the  bar,  and  make  occasional  re- 
marks that  are  commented  upon  by  even  "  Cousin 
George  "  Dewey.  Yes,/m  de  siecle  common-sense,  and 
plenty  of  it  —  the  kind  that  thinks  poetry  should  be 
given  over  to  women  because  of  a  lurking  popular  no- 
tion that  "  there  is  something  unmanly,  or  unmasculine, 
in  the  make-up  of  a  poet" —  such  common-sense  is  doubt- 
less what  would  most  richly  reward  a  searcher  in  that 
city.  Your  contributor  would  have  us  believe  that  men, 
manly  men,  in  this  age  must  yield  to  vulgar  notions  about 
matters  of  art.  Granting  for  a  moment  that  this  notion 
about  poets  has  a  real  existence,  is  it  not  true  that  there 
is  a  popular  notion  about  painters  and  artists  in  general 
similar  to  that  about  poets  ?  Suppose  that  this  lurking 
popular  notion  were  allowed  to  grow  into  a  prejudice 
strong  enough  to  put  down  men  who  are  burning  with 
the  divine  flame  of  artistic  inspiration:  we  should  cer- 
tainly have  an  age  prosaic  indeed.  But  this  is  just  what 
"  Philister  "  says  we  are  now  coming  to  —  except  for  the 
poetry  of  women.  Though  it  could  be  done,  it  is  not 
our  purpose  to  take  the  time  and  space  to  produce  an 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL, 


363 


array  of  facts  showing  that  some  of  the  best  poetry  of 
the  age  is  written  by  men;  manly  men,  who  are  not 
ashamed  that  they  write  poetry.  The  opinion  of  the 
reviewer  in  "  The  Nation  "  is  the  opinion  of  an  individual 
who  had  a  pile  of  books  on  his  table,  among  which  (and 
he  probably  did  not  read  all  of  them)  he  thought  the  best 
parts  were  written  by  women ;  he  is  seconded  in  his  opin- 
ion by  "  Philister  ":  two  opinions  make  the  passing  of  the 
man-poet !  In  all  previous  literature,  two  great,  really 
great,  women-poets  have  appeared:  Sappho  and  Mrs. 
Browning.  The  great  men-poets  are  almost  numberless. 
Is  the  ratio  to  be  reversed  at  once  ? 

But  possibly  your  contributor  did  not  intend  his  com- 
munication to  be  taken  seriously.  If  he  did  not,  he  has 
allowed  his  cynicism  to  carry  him  too  far.  He  not  only 
does  not  encourage  the  writing  of  poetry  by  men,  but 
he  contemptuously  discourages  it;  and  he  discourages 
not  only  the  writing  of  poetry,  but  indirectly  all  forms 
of  artistic  endeavor  that  do  not  exactly  coincide  with 
popular  notions.  What  cynics  say  must  usually  be  taken 
with  due  allowance  for  the  cynical  mood.  And  so  we 
should  doubtless  take  what  is  said  by  "  Philister." 

Q       'C1        II 

Russellville,  Ky.,  May  19,  1899. 


THE  RIGHT  OF  FREE  SPEECH. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.  ) 

I  wish  with  all  my  heart  to  congratulate  THE  DIAL 
on  its  spirited  defense  of  the  genuine  American  prin- 
ciple of  freedom  of  speech.  The  Republic  of  Letters 
has  no  room  for  the  official  censor,  and  to  be  safe  within 
its  own  domain  it  must  at  all  times  maintain  its  Monroe 
Doctrine  of  letters,  forbidding  the  encroachment  of  the 
monarchical  principle  of  censorship  even  upon  the  neigh- 
boring realm  of  political  discussion.  The  man  who  does 
not  see  that  the  attack  upon  Mr.  Atkinson  threatens 
literature  itself  has  simply  failed  to  follow  the  matter 
to  its  logical  end.  One  of  the  great  powers  across  the 
sea  has  been  imprisoning  men  of  the  type  of  Mr.  Atkin- 
son about  as  fast  as  they  have  appeared  during  recent 
years,  but  it  has  also  included  men  of  the  type  of  the 
author  of  "  Mr.  Dooley."  Granting  the  premises  on 
which  it  imprisons  the  one,  it  is  perfectly  logical  in 
including  the  other.  Our  own  authorities  stop  where 
they  do,  not  because  they  have  a  logical  stopping-place, 
but  because  they  fear  the  people  at  the  polls.  They 
will  go  further  if  the  people  show  themselves  satisfied 
with  the  first  step.  It  has  already  been  hinted  from 
Washington  that  the  same  censorship  might  be  applied 
at  home,  if  deemed  desirable  in  the  future,  and  that 
Mr.  Atkinson  might  possibly  be  subjected  to  a  criminal 
prosecution.  Now,  with  conditions  as  they  are,  the 
press  is  liable  to  bring  forth  at  any  time  a  comedy  on 
some  such  theme  as  "  The  Genesis  of  an  Empire,"  before 
the  effective  sarcasm  of  which  the  heat  of  the  authori- 
ties would  wax  much  greater  than  before  the  Massa- 
chusetts pamphleteer.  The  material  is  at  hand  for  such 
a  play,  and  every  city  of  size  in  the  Union  would  have 
a  fine  audience  at  hand  for  it.  If  it  should  come,  would 
it  be  prohibited  as  seditious  ? 

The  country  is  strong  enough,  and  ought  to  be  intel- 
ligent enough,  to  rise  above  persecution  for  opinion's 
sake,  whether  that  persecution  be  through  the  press  and 
platform,  or  the  Postoffice  Department  and  the  Federal 
courts.  Imperialism  can  furnish  no  satisfactory  return 
for  the  sacrifice  of  the  principles  of  free  speech. 

W.  H.  JOHNSON. 

Granville,  Ohio,  May  23,  1S99. 


KNAPP'S  LIFE  OF  GEORGE  BORROW.* 

In  point  of  documental  richness,  Dr.  Knapp's 
Life  of  that  eccentric  man  and  original  writer, 
George  Borrow,  should  prove  a  pleasant  sur- 
prise to  even  sanguine  Borrovians.  So  far  as 
we  now  know,  the  only  noteworthy  omission  in 
this  kind  is  the  sheaf  of  newly  discovered  let- 
ters of  Borrow  to  the  Bible  Society ;  and  one  is 
almost  glad,  out  of  sympathy  with  Dr.  Knapp, 
who  has  been  at  such  immense  pains  to  ferret 
out  every  shred  and  scrap  of  writing  necessary 
to  the  completeness  of  his  collection,  to  learn 
that  the  new  "  find  "  is  of  no  special  intrinsic 
importance.  Dr.  Knapp's  plan  has  been  to 
allow  the  original  writings  to  speak  for  them- 
selves wherever  feasible.  His  book  may  there- 
fore be  defined  as  in  the  main  a  mosaic  of 
documents  relating  to  Borrow,  so  arranged, 
explained  and  supplemented  as  to  give  the  care- 
ful reader  a  tolerably  clear  idea  of  what  the 
real  Borrow  really  was  and  did.  Not  that  Dr. 
Knapp  has  essayed  the  impossible  task  of  re- 
ducing George  Borrow  to  the  humdrum  level 
of  commonplace  humanity,  or  the  ungrateful 
one  of  proving  him  to  have  been,  for  all  his 
mystic  assumptions  and  bravura  airs,  a  mere 
poseur  and  exploiter  of  human  gullibility,  of 
the  Cagliostro  or  George  Psalmanazar  stripe. 
On  the  contrary,  Dr.  Knapp  inclines  to  take 
Borrow,  except  as  to  his  linguistic  attainments, 
pretty  much  at  his  own  valuation.  "  Laven- 
gro  "  he  accepts  as  substantially  an  autobiog- 
raphy —  which  of  course  it  is,  although,  as 
Borrow  put  it,  "  in  Robinson  Crusoe  style." 
Perhaps  we  shall  not  go  far  wrong  if  we  regard 
that  extraordinary  book,  and  its  sequel  "  Ro- 
many Rye,"  as  reflecting  the  life  and  adven- 
tures of  George  Borrow  as  seen  through  the 
prism  of  George  Sorrow's  imagination.  Let 
us  glance  at  this  remarkable  life  in  outline, 
with  the  aid  of  the  dry  light  of  Dr.  Knapp's 
researches. 

George  Henry  Borrow,  born  at  East  Dere- 
ham,  Norfolk,  July  5,  1803,  was  the  younger 
son  of  Captain  Thomas  Borrow,  an  athletic 
Cornishman  of  good  family,  and  Ann  Perfre- 
rnent,  a  Norfolk  woman  of  French  Huguenot 
extraction.  Ann  Perfrement,  prior  to  her  mar- 
riage, was  an  actress  of  small  parts  at  Dereham 


*LIFE,  WRITINGS,  AND  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  GEORGE 
BORROW  (1803-1881).  By  William  I.  Knapp,  Ph.D.  In  two 
volumes.  Illustrated.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


364 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


Theatre.  Captain  Borrow  rose  from  the  ranks. 
He  had  "  taken  the  Queen's  shilling  "  to  evade 
arrest  as  ringleader  and  chief  combatant  in  a 
rural  riot,  in  the  course  of  which  he  had  sig- 
nalized his  known  prowess  by  knocking  down 
a  score  or  so  of  people,  including  a  peace  offi- 
cer. Captain  Sorrow's  puissant  fists  were 
much  in  evidence  throughout  his  career.  He 
won  fame  as  the  conqueror  of  the  celebrated 
bruiser,  "  Big  Ben,"  in  a  Homeric  combat  in 
Hyde  Park ;  and  he  must  have  wept  for  joy 
to  hear  of  his  son's  immortal  victory  over  the 
"  Flaming  Tinman."  These  facts  about  the  elder 
Borrow  are  noted  as  partly  accounting  for  the 
pugilistic  bent  of  his  gifted  son,  who  was  much 
given  to  the  ways  and  company  of  "  the  fancy," 
who  attended  many  a  "  merry  mill "  in  the 
days  of  his  vagrom  youth,  who  celebrated  in 
manly  prose  the  deeds  of  Spring,  Cribb,  Oli- 
ver, Painter,  and  Molineaux,  and  who  was  him- 
self, in  his  prime,  second  to  few  men  in  England 
in  the  use  of  nature's  weapons.  "  Don  Jorge  " 
(who  must  have  distributed  "  apostolic  blows 
and  knocks "  almost  as  freely  as  Bibles  in 
Spain)  thus  summed  up  in  rhyme  his  youthful 
gifts  and  attainments : 

"  A  lad  who  twenty  tongues  can  talk, 
And  sixty  miles  a  day  can  walk ; 
Drink  at  a  draught  a  pint  of  rum, 
And  then  be  neither  sick  nor][dumb ; 
Can  tune  a  song  or  make  a  verse, 
And  deeds  of  Northern  kings  rehearse ; 
Who  never  will  forsake  his  friend 
While  he  his  bony  fist  can  bend ; 
And,  though  averse  to  brawl  and  strife, 
Will  fight  a  Dutchman  with  a  knife ; 
Oh,  that  is  just  the  lad  for  me, 
And  such  is  honest  six-foot-three." 

George  Borrow's  regular  schooling  (there 
was  not  much  of  it)  was  had  at  Edinburgh 
High  School,  and  latterly  at  Norwich  Gram- 
mar School,  where  he  slighted  his  set  tasks, 
and  plunged  ardently  into  the  study  of  the  Ko- 
mance  languages  under  such  chance  tutorship 
as  offered  itself.  At  Norwich  he  led  an  irreg- 
ular life,  quite  in  the  Lavengro  way,  consorting 
much  with  bruisers,  strollers,  horse-dealers,  and 
other  loose  fish,  including  Thurtell,  who  after- 
wards murdered  .William  Weare,*  and  was 
hanged  at  Hertford  in  1824,  as  Borrow's  other 
crony,  David  Haggart,  had  been  hanged  at 
Edinburgh  in  1821.  Queer  beginnings  these 
for  the  future  translator  and  disseminator  of 
the  Gospel !  It  is  difficult  to  acquit  young 
Borrow  of  a  taste  for  bad,  or  at  least  loose, 

* "  His  throat  they  cut  from  ear  to  ear 

His  brains  they  battered  in  ; 
His  name  was  Mr.  William  Weare, 
He  lived  in  Lyon's  Inn." —  Old  Song. 


company,  though  in  his  case  it  sprang  from  an 
overflow  of  animal  vigor  and  an  inborn  impa- 
tience of  restraint  and  convention.  High- 
mettled  youth  is  apt  to  confound  the  lawless 
and  vicious  with  the  spirited  and  romantic,  until 
experience  and  reflection  come  to  its  aid.  No 
man  could  be  morally  sounder  at  the  core  than 
was  George  Borrow  ;  and,  after  all,  these  grimy 
doings  and  grimier  companionships  of  his  un- 
regenerate  youth  were  grist  for  the  mill  of  the 
future  Lavengro.  What  Borrovian  regrets 
them  ?  Another  of  Borrow's  Norwich  friends 
was  scholarly,  free- thinking,  loose-living  Will- 
iam Taylor,  whose  precept  and  example  did 
him  no  good.  At  Norwich,  too,  his  old  gypsy 
friend  Jasper  Petulengro  (now  "  orphaned  " 
through  the  transportation  of  his  worthy  pa- 
rents) again  turned  up ;  and  many  and  weird 
were  the  dialogues  of  the  twain  on  lonely 
Household  Heath,  where  the  wind  blew,  and 
the  stars  shone,  and  "  Mr.  Petulengro  "  devel- 
oped his  truly  great  theory  of  the  beauty  and 
the  delight  of  life. 

In  1819  Borrow  was  articled  for  five  years 
to  a  firm  of  solicitors  at  Norwich,  with  whom 
he,  naturally,  learned  little  law,  and  a  vast 
amount  of  matter  that  had  nothing  at  all  to  do 
with  law.  He  had  formerly  studied  Latin, 
Greek,  Irish,  French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and 
English-Gypsy  ;  he  now  began  Welsh,  Danish, 
German,  Hebrew,  Arabic,  Gaelic,  and  Arme- 
nian —  as  if  he  meant  to  rise  superior  to  the 
curse  of  the  builders  of  Babel.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  Borrow's  knowledge  of  tongues  was 
always  and  at  best  wide  rather  than  deep.  In 
point  of  quantity  he  was,  as  Dr.  Knapp  says, 
"  prodigious  "  (at  the  age  of  twenty  he  is  re- 
ported to  have  "  translated  with  facility  and 
elegance  twenty  different  languages  "),  and,  as 
to  quality,  he  was  undoubtedly  considerably 
more  than  the  mere  smatterer.  But  it  is  not 
on  his  scholarship,  but  on  his  remarkable  style 
as  a  writer  of  English  prose  from  1841  to  1862, 
that  his  reputation  rests. 

In  1821  Borrow  met  Sir  John  Bowring,  then 
engaged  in  translating  his  way  into  public  office 
and  emoluments,  and  at  once  "  fell  into  the 
translation  snare."  Bowring,  a  shrewd  man, 
regarded  translating  merely  as  a  stepping- 
stone  to  office,  and  he  throve  accordingly ; 
poor  Borrow,  on  the  contrary,  regarded  it  as  a 
life-absorbing  work  that  would  yield  him  fame 
and  a  competence.  For  ten  years  of  mortifi- 
cation and  poverty  he  was  under  this  delusion, 
translating  into  English  rhyme  Welsh  ("  ten 
thousand  lines  of  Ab  Gwilym  "  !),  Danish,  and 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


365 


German,  and  hunting  a  market  for  his  indif- 
ferent and  unsalable  wares.  Sorrow's  father 
died  in  1824,  and  in  that  year  his  term  in  the 
solicitor's  office  expired.  So  he  packed  up  his 
precious  versions  of  "  Faustus,"  the  "  Ancient 
Songs  of  Denmark,"  and  the  everlasting  "  Ab 
Gwilym,"  and  set  out  for  London,  eager  to 
"  begin"  Then  came  a  long  season  of  poorly 
paid  and  unpaid  pen-drudgery,  casual  gypsy- 
ing,  actual  want, —  of  "  drifting  on  the  sea  of 
the  world  "  and  of  "  digging  holes  in  the  sand 
and  filling  them  up  again,"  as  Borrow  mourn- 
fully put  it, —  which  we  may  pass  over.  These 
years  included  that  mysterious  "  veiled  period  " 
of  seven  years,  which  Borrow  hints  were  spent 
in  "  roving  adventure "  in  distant  countries, 
but  which  Dr.  Knapp  prosaically  concludes 
were  mainly  passed  between  London  and  Nor- 
wich in  "  doing  common  work  for  booksellers  " 
and  earning  the  indispensable  modicum  of 
daily  bread.  It  was  George  Borrow's  humor 
to  mystify,  and  he  was  quite  willing  his  ad- 
mirers should  infer  from  his  vague  hints  that 
this  really  commonplace  and  squalid  interim  of 
eclipse  in  his  "  Robinson  Crusoe "  autobiog- 
raphy was  spent  in  romantic  wanderings  and 
strange,  nay  unhallowed,  enterprises  in  the 
Orient,  over  which  it  were  well  to  drop  the  veil. 
Dr.  Knapp  assigns  as  Borrow's  two  leading 
principles : 

"  (1)  What  was  disastrous  in  his  career  was  carefully 
concealed,  and  the  proofs  (he  thought)  destroyed.  (2) 
The  secrets  thus  obliterated  were  treasured  up,  and 
duly  reappear  in  his  writings  under  other  names  and 
characters,  more  or  less  distorted  to  evade  detection 
and  interpretation.  A  third  might  be  added,  viz.  that 
he  never  created  a  character,  and  that  the  originals  are 
easily  recognizable  to  one  who  thoroughly  knows  his 
times  and  his  writings." 

Borrow  gave  up  the  fight  in  London  in  1830, 
and  returned  to  Norwich,  where  he  tarried  three 
years,  still  "  digging  holes  in  the  sand  and  fill- 
ing them  up  again."  Just  how  the  wind  was 
tempered  to  him  at  this  time  does  not  clearly 
appear,  and  we  find  his  artist  brother  John 
(equally  in  the  dark  it  seems)  writing  him 
from  Mexico,  "  You  never  tell  me  what  you 
are  doing ;  you  can't  be  living  on  nothing." 
This  brother,  who  was  of  a  practical  turn,  first 
recommended  the  army  (for,  he  cheerfully 
urged,  "  you  would  make  a  good  grenadier  "), 
then  "  sticking  to  the  law  ";  and  he  once  ob- 
served, with  considerable  truth,  "  I  am  con- 
vinced that  your  want  of  success  in  life  is  more 
owing  to  your  being  unlike  other  people  than 
to  any  other  cause."  Thus  was  the  very  qual- 
ity, by  virtue  of  which  in  the  main  George 


Borrow  lives  and  grows  in  the  minds  of  men 
to-day,  sincerely  deplored. 

At  last,  in  1833,  the  dawn  came.  George 
Borrow's  hitherto  burdensome  acquirements 
were  to  be  turned  to  profitable  account.  The 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  happened  to 
need  an  agent  versed  in  Eastern  languages  to 
superintend  the  printing  at  St.  Petersburg  of 
a  Manchu  translation  of  the  New  Testament ; 
and  Borrow  was  recommended  by  Mr.  Gurney 
of  Norwich  as  precisely  the  man  for  the  work. 
The  preliminary  bargain  was  promptly  struck 
—  much  to  the  amusement  of  respectable  Nor- 
wich, which  laughed  consumedly  to  think  of 
the  quondam  chum  of  Thurtell  and  disciple  of 
godless  "  Billy "  Taylor  thus  suddenly  con- 
verted into  an  instrument  for  saving  the 
heathen.  Says  Miss  Martineau  : 

"  When  this  polyglott  gentleman  appeared  before  the 
public  as  a  devout  agent  of  the  Bible  Society  in  foreign 
parts,  there  was  one  burst  of  laughter  from  all  who  re- 
membered the  old  Norwich  days." 

But  it  was  to  be  "  the  devout  agent,"  and 
not  Norwich  "  gigmanity,"  who  laughed  last. 
Borrow  spent  his  stipulated  six  months  in 
studying  Manchu-Tartar,  then  passed  the  Soci- 
ety's competitive  examination  brilliantly,  and, 
on  July  31,  1833,  started  for  Russia.  Dr. 
Knapp's  chapters  on  the  Russian  mission  show 
Borrow  in  a  new  light.  His  duties  were  ardu- 
ous (the  entire  conduct  of  the  business  in  hand 
fell  upon  him),  and  he  performed  them  with  a 
tact,  zeal,  and  practical  "  push  "  that  surprised 
and  delighted  his  employers.  The  Government 
imprimatur  secured,  which  was  no  small  task 
to  begin  with,  Borrow  contracted  for  his  mate- 
rial, engaged  his  printers,  taught  them  to  set 
the  strange  type,  bullied,  bribed,  or  cajoled 
them  back  to  their  work  when  they  went  "  on 
strike,"  battled  successfully  with  the  thousand- 
and-one  difficulties  of  red-tapeism,  ignorance, 
and  human  wrong-headedness  that  daily  beset 
him,  and,  in  September,  1835,  had  his  whole 
edition  of  one  thousand  copies  of  the  Manchu 
Scriptures  ready  for  use.  He  had  also,  largely 
with  his  own  hands,  cleansed,  separated,  and 
generally  repaired  an  abandoned  font  of  Man- 
chu type  which  had  been  apparently  ruined  in 
the  disastrous  inundation  of  the  Neva  ten  years 
before.  The  stipulated  work  done,  Borrow 
astounded  the  Committee  with  the  "  noble 
offer  "  to  himself  distribute  his  Bibles  in  the 
benighted  regions  of  the  then  dim  and  myste- 
rious Far  East.  In  his  own  words,  he  "  would 
wander,  Testament  in  hand,  overland  to  Pe- 
king," by  way  of  Lake  Baikal  and  Kiakhta, 


366 


[June  1, 


"  with  side-glances  at  Tartar  hordes."  This 
scheme,  long  seriously  considered  by  the  Soci- 
ety, in  the  end  came  to  naught ;  but,  says  Dr. 
Knapp  slyly,  "  Borrow  always  believed  that  he 
went  to  Kiakhta,  China,  and  over  the  East, 
and  so  did  the  readers  of  his  books."  When 
it  came  to  his  repute  as  a  traveller,  George 
Borrow  never  stood  in  his  own  light. 

Of  the  details  of  Sorrow's  colportage  in 
Spain,  nothing  need  be  said  here.  Dr.  Knapp 
tells  us  not  much  that  is  new  in  this  connec- 
tion, but  he  throws  some  light  on  what  has 
been  doubtful.  It  was  evidently  more  due  to 
•  the  unfavorable  change  in  Spanish  politics  in 
1838,  than  to  differences  with  his  principals  at 
home,  that  Borrow's  work  in  Spain  was  dis- 
continued. Such  a  mission  as  his  could  not 
flourish  under  a  reactionary  regime.  How  he, 
his  work,  and  his  immortal  book,  appeared  in 
orthodox  Spanish  eyes,  is  manifest  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage  from  the  "  History  of  Religious 
Dissent  in  Spain  "  by  Don  Menendez  Pelayo  : 

"  The  first  emissary  of  these  Societies  was  a  Quaker 
by  the  name  of  George  Borrow,  a  hoity-toity  indi- 
vidual of  little  learning  and  less  wit,  and  with  a  large 
amount  of  gullibility.  Borrow  wrote  a  most  absurdly 
grotesque  book  on  his  travels  in  Spain,  of  which  we 
might  say  as  of  Tirante  el  Blanco,  that  it  is  a  '  storehouse 
of  amusement  and  a  mine  of  diversion ' —  a  book,  in 
fine,  capable  of  exciting  roars  of  laughter  in  the  most 
ascetic  of  readers." 

The  laughter  of  Don  Menendez  himself  over 
Borrow's  account  of  his  countrymen  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  of  the  mirthful  and  jocund 
order. 

Borrow's  marriage  to  Mrs.  Clarke,  in  1840, 
put  an  end  to  his  wanderings  and  his  vagrant- 
ism,  gave  him  a  comfortable  home  in  England, 
and  the  leisure  he  needed  for  his  real  work  in 
life.  Of  his  wife  he  contentedly,  if  unroman- 
tically,  writes,  in  "  Wild  Wales,"  that  she  is  a 
"perfect  paragon  of  wives — can  make  puddings 
and  sweets  and  treacle  posset,  and  is  the  best 
woman  of  business  in  Eastern  Anglia."  Evi- 
dently Lavengro  was  in  a  snug  harbor  at  last. 
The  pair  settled  down  at  Oulton  Cottage, 
Lowestoft,  where  Borrow  proceeded  to  finish 
the  "  Gypsies  of  Spain,"  his  first  original  book, 
the  dutiful "  paragon  of  wives  "  acting  as  aman- 
uensis. The  gipsying,  tinkering  days  of  the 
wind-swept  heath  and  the  roadside  dingle  were 
gone  indeed  —  but  their  memory,  as  we  know, 
loomed  tinged  and  softened  through  the  mists 
of  time.  The  "  Gypsies  "  was  duly  finished  and 
submitted  to  Murray,  as  Dr.  Smiles  relates  : 

"In  November,  1840,  a  tall  athletic  gentleman  in 
black  called  upon  Mr.  Murray,  offering  a  MS.  for  pe- 


rusal and  publication.  Mr.  Murray  could  not  fail  to 
be  taken  at  first  sight  with  this  extraordinary  man.  He 
had  a  splendid  physique,  standing  six  feet  two  in  bis 
stockings,  and  he  had  brains  as  well  as  muscles,  as  his 
works  sufficiently  show." 

The  "  Gypsies  "  was  published  in  April, 
1841,  and  succeeded  fairly  well.  Then  came 
"  The  Bible  in  Spain  "  (substantially  a  mosaic 
of  the  author's  letters  to  the  Bible  Society), 
issued  in  December,  1842,  which  at  once  took 
the  reading  and  the  reviewing  world  by  storm. 
In  England  the  sales  far  outran  the  hopes  of 
author  and  publisher.  As  to  America  (alas  !), 
the  two  works  were  printed  at  New  York  and 
Philadelphia  "  in  tens  of  thousands,"  "  by  three 
rival  houses  ";  and  from  these  sales,  we  learn, 
George  Borrow  "  derived  nothing "  !  The 
wronged  man  wrote  to  his  wife : 

"  A  letter  appeared  last  Saturday  in  the  'Athenseum ' 
which  states  that  an  edition  of  thirty  thousand  copies 
has  just  been  brought  out  in  America.  I  really  never 
heard  of  anything  so  infamous." 

Let  us  congratulate  ourselves  that  our  law- 
makers have  now  shown  signs  of  a  dawning  or 
rudimentary  conscience  in  respect  of  the  rights 
of  the  foreign  author. 

The  origin,  progress,  and  character  of  "  La- 
vengro "  are  satisfactorily  indicated  in  Dr. 
Knapp's  copious  extracts  from  Borrow's  corre- 
spondence. The  book  was  "  on  the  stocks  " 
virtually  before  the  "  Bible  "  was  issued.  On 
October  2,  1843,  Borrow  wrote  to  Murray  : 

"  The  book  I  am  at  present  about,  will  consist  of  a 
series  of  Rembrandt  pictures  interspersed  here  and  there 
with  a  Claude.  I  shall  tell  the  world  of  my  parentage, 
iny  early  thoughts,  and  habits;  how  I  became  a  sapengro, 
or  viper-catcher;  my  wanderings  with  the  regiment  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  in  which  latter  place 
my  jockey  habits  first  commenced.  Then  a  great  deal 
about  Norwich,  Billy  Taylor,  Thurtell,  etc.,  etc. ;  how  I 
took  to  study  and  became  a  lav-engro.*  .  .  .  Whenever 
the  book  comes  out  it  will  be  a  rum  one." 

A  "  rum  one  "  it  was,  in  all  conscience, — 
too  "  rum  "  for  the  wiseacres  of  the  reviews, 
who  shook  their  sapient  heads  at  it,  and  con- 
demned it  with  scarcely  a  dissenting  voice. 
Borrow,  of  course,  was  furious,  and  laid  about 
him  like  an  angry  bull  tormented  by  a  swarm 
of  gnats.  In  the  preface  to  a  later  edition  he 
declared  that  he  had  had  the  honor  of  being 
rancorously  abused  "  by  every  unmanly  scoun- 
drel, every  sycophantic  lacquey,  and  every  po- 
litical and  religious  renegade  in  Britain  f";  and 
in  his  Appendix  he  truculently  held  up  his 
critics,  "  blood  and  foam  streaming  from  their 

*  Word- master. 

t  These  were  the  words  of  the  autograph  original.  Murray 
judiciously  softened  them  into :  "  by  the  very  people  of  whom 
the  country  has  least  reason  to  be  proud." 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


367 


jaws."  Sorrow's  abuse  of  his  censors  was  of 
course  as  ill-judged  and  ineffectual  as  was  their 
dispraise  of  his  book.  No  author,  as  somebody 
observes,  was  ever  permanently  written  down 
(or,  let  us  add,  written  up)  by  anyone  but 
himself ;  and  time  is  verifying  Dr.  Hake's  pre- 
diction that  "  '  Lavengro's  '  roots  will  strike 
deep  into  the  soil  of  English  letters." 

But  we  must  now  take  leave  of  Dr.  Knapp's 
valuable  book.  After  the  death,  in  1869,  of 
Borrow's  wife,  the  course  of  his  life  ran  un- 
eventfully and  drearily  to  the  end.  The  old 
fitful  hypochondria  dogged  his  closing  years ; 
and  the  "  Romany  Rye  "  died  alone  —  in  the 
more  melancholy  sense  of  the  word,  as  there  is 
reason  to  believe  —  at  Oulton,  on  July  26, 
1881.  Soon  afterward  the  cottage  was  pulled 
down  and  the  grounds  were  modernized  ;  but 
the  summer-house  where  "  Lavengro "  was 
written  still  stands  among  the  trees  —  a  shrine 
for  Borrovian  pilgrims. 

On  the  score  of  style,  Dr.  Knapp's  book  can- 
not in  candor  be  praised  ;  but  it  is  on  the  whole 
a  noteworthy  and  useful  performance,  for  which 
students  of  Borrow  especially  will  be  thankful. 

E.  G.  J. 


LOWELL,  AND  HIS  FRIENDS.* 


Dr.  Edward  Everett  Hale  has  drunk  deep 
from  the  Fountain  of  Youth  ;  for,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fact  that  he  wants  but  a  few  years  of 
attaining  to  the  dignity  of  an  octogenarian, 
he  still  writes  with  all  the  vigor  of  the  happy 
prime  of  manhood.  Not  all  his  years  and  labors 
have  exhausted  his  inventiveness.  His  work  is 
still  characterized  by  the  features  which  distin- 
guished it  years  ago.  It  is  marked  by  the 
same  genial  humor,  the  same  wholesome  optim- 
ism, the  same  sound  sense ;  and  the  charm  of 
his  style — with  its  ease,  its  simplicity,  its  seem- 
ing disregard  of  method  —  is  as  fascinating  as 
ever.  He  is  still  the  supreme  master  of  the 
material  in  which  he  works. 

In  his  latest  work,  "  James  Russell  Lowell 
and  his  Friends,"  his  object,  he  reminds  us, 
was  not  so  much  to  give  a  history  of  Lowell's 
life  as  "  to  show  the  circumstances  which  sur- 
rounded his  life  and  which  account  for  the 
course  of  it."  Here  certainly,  there  was  need 
of  a  supreme  master  of  material,  for  the  friends 
Lowell  made  in  the  course  of  his  many-sided 
career  were  legion,  and  a  less  gifted  author 

*  JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL  AND  HIS  FRIENDS.  By  Edward 
Everett  Hale.  With  portraits,  facsimiles,  and  other  illustra- 
tions. Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 


than  Dr.  Hale  might  easily  have  been  led  to 
say  too  much.  That  Dr.  Hale  has  not  said  too 
much,  goes  without  saying.  In  an  age  gone 
mad  with  the  ungovernable  desire  of  sweeping 
up  the  chips  of  every  author's  literary  work- 
shop and  of  displaying  these  worthless  frag- 
ments to  the  gaze  of  the  public,  it  is  refreshing 
to  come  across  such  a  book  as  this,  for  the  self- 
restraint  which  the  author  has  shown  in  exclud- 
ing from  his  book  all  that  was  not  absolutely 
essential  is  as  admirable  as  it  is  unusual. 
Added  to  this  there  was  the  intimate  personal 
knowledge  of  the  men  and  manners  described, 
which  has  enabled  Dr.  Hale  to  reproduce  the 
life  of  the  time  —  the  thoughts,  the  feelings, 
and  the  actions  of  these  men  of  whom  he  him- 
self was  an  associate.  The  result  of  all  this  is 
that,  no  matter  what  period  of  Lowell's  life  we 
follow  —  whether  it  be  his  childhood  and  boy- 
hood at  Elmwood,  his  undergraduate  days  at 
Harvard,  his  rustication  to  Concord,  his  asso- 
ciations in  Boston  in  the  forties,  his  inner  com- 
panionship with  the  young  men  and  women 
known  respectively  as  "  The  Club  "  and  "  The 
Band,"  his  entrance  upon  a  career  of  letters, 
his  experiences  as  public  speaker  and  editor, 
his  professorship  at  Harvard  or  his  connection 
with  politics  and  war,  his  ministry  in  Spain 
and  England  or  his  last  years  in  the  Elmwood 
of  his  youth  —  no  one  can  rise  from  the  perusal 
of  this  book  without  feeling  that  he  has  learned 
to  know  Lowell  as  a  man  better  than  ever  be- 
fore, that  he  has  come  to  regard  Lowell  with 
something  of  the  affection  that  most  people 
bestow  upon  Longfellow,  and  that  of  all  men 
living  Dr.  Hale  was  the  one  best  fitted  to  bring 
us  to  an  appreciation  of  the  really  loveable  side 
of  Lowell's  character. 

It  would  be  manifestly  impossible,  in  the 
space  of  a  brief  article,  to  give  the  reader  any 
adequate  idea  of  Dr.  Bale's  treatment  of  the 
several  phases  of  Lowell's  life,  unless  we  were 
to  select  some  one  or  two  for  special  considera- 
tion. Perhaps  the  two  most  interesting  por- 
tions of  his  book  are  the  chapters  dealing  with 
Harvard  during  Lowell's  undergraduate  days, 
and  with  Boston  in  the  forties,  just  as  Lowell 
was  entering  upon  his  literary  career. 

When  Lowell  entered  Harvard  in  1834  — 
to  follow  Dr.  Hale's  account  —  that  institution 
was  what  we  should  now  call  an  Academy. 
There  were  some  two  hundred  and  fifty  stu- 
dents, most  of  whom  were  between  the  ages  of 
sixteen  and  twenty-two  ;  and  these  gave  their 
days  and  nights  —  when  they  were  studiously 
inclined  —  to  the  study  of  Latin,  Greek,  and 


368 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


mathematics.  On  three  days  of  the  week, 
Monday,  Wednesday,  and  Friday,  teachers  of 
modern  languages  appeared,  and  everyone  not 
a  freshman  was  obliged  to  choose  some  one  of 
these  languages  and  pursue  it  for  four  terms. 
When  the  student  came  to  count  up  his  credits, 
however,  a  modern  language  was  worth  only 
half  as  much  as  a  classical  language.  Later  in 
his  career  the  student  read  rhetoric,  logic,  moral 
philosophy,  political  economy,  chemistry,  and 
natural  history.  There  was  at  that  time  no 
study  of  English  literature,  although  excellent 
drill  was  had  in  writing  the  English  language. 
A  day  in  the  older  Harvard  was  a  rather  dull 
affair.  You  attended  morning  and  evening 
prayers  in  the  chapel,  half  the  year  at  six  in 
the  morning  and  six  in  the  evening,  or,  when 
the  days  shortened,  as  late  as  half-past  seven  in 
the  morning  and  as  early  as  quarter  past  four 
in  the  afternoon.  After  morning  prayers  you 
went  to  the  class-rooms  and  recited  your  lessons. 
The  rest  of  the  day  you  spent  in  the  library, 
or  reading  and  studying  in  your  own  room. 
In  Lowell's  undergraduate  days,  Josiah  Quin- 
cey  was  president  of  the  college  —  the  man  who 
had  been  a  leader  of  the  old  Federalists  in 
Congress,  who  had  opposed  Eandolph  and  Jef- 
ferson, and  who,  like  Socrates,  believed  he  had 
a  "  Daimon  "  to  direct  him.  Fortunately  for 
Lowell,  Edward  Tyrrel  Channing,  one  of  those 
great  teachers  who  have  an  individuality  to  im- 
press upon  their  students,  was  then  a  member 
of  the  Faculty,  and  to  him,  says  Dr.  Hale,  was 
due  the  English  of  Emerson,  Holmes,  Sumner, 
Clarke,  Bellows,  Lowell,  Higginson,  and  other 
men  who  came  under  his  training.  And  if  one 
stops  to  think  of  it  what  a  tribute  this  is ! 
When  Longfellow  came  to  Cambridge  in  1836, 
he  inaugurated  a  sort  of  renaissance  in  modern 
continental  literature.  He  was  fresh  from  study 
in  Europe*  he  came  from  Bowdoin  —  thus  show- 
ing the  Cambridge  undergraduates  that  accom- 
plished men  could  be  trained  outside  of  Harvard 
—  and  he  was  already  known  as  a  man  of  let- 
ters. At  that  time  the  atmosphere  of  Harvard 
was  distinctly  a  literary  one  ;  and  Longfellow's 
arrival  made  it  more  so.  Dr.  Hale  says  that 
the  books  which  the  fellows  took  from  the  col- 
lege library,  and  those  they  bought  for  their 
own  subscription  libraries,  were  books  of  liter- 
ature —  that  is,  "  mere  "  literature.  One  of 
the  books  seen  everywhere,  for  instance,  was  a 
volume  printed  in  Philadelphia,  containing  the 
poems  of  Coleridge,  Shelley,  and  Keats.  We 
are  told  that  Emerson's  copy  of  Tennyson's  first 
volume  of  poems  passed  eagerly  from  hand  to 


hand,  and  that  Carlyle's  books  were  purchased 
and  read  as  fast  as  they  appeared.  Three  or 
four  literary  societies  helped  to  foster  this  love 
of  literature,  as  did  also  the  Alpha  Delta  Phi 
when  it  was  founded.  The  truth  seems  to  be 
that  if  the  fellows  did  dabble  in  anything  be- 
sides literature,  they  were  very  like  to  show  an 
indifference  splendidly  illustrated  by  one  of 
Dr.  Hale's  anecdotes.  He  says  : 

"  In  the  year  1840, 1  was  at  West  Point  for  the  first 
time,  with  William  Story,  Lowell's  classmate  and  friend, 
and  with  Story's  sister  and  mine.  We  enjoyed  to  the 
full  the  matchless  hospitality  of  West  Point,  seeing  its 
lions  under  the  special  care  of  two  young  officers  of  our 
own  age.  They  had  just  finished  their  course,  as  we  had 
recently  finished  ours  at  Harvard.  One  day  when  Story 
and  I  were  by  ourselves,  after  we  had  been  talking  of 
our  studies  with  these  gentlemen,  Story  said  to  me: 
'  Ned,  it  is  all  very  well  to  keep  a  stiff  upper  lip  with 
these  fellows,  but  how  did  you  dare  tell  them  that  we 
studied  about  projectiles  at  Cambridge  ?  ' 

" « Because  we  did,'  said  I. 

"'Did  I  ever  study  projectiles  ? '  asked  Story,  puzzled. 

" ' Certainly  you  did,'  said  I.  « You  used  to  go  up  to 
Peirce  Tuesday  and  Thursday  afternoons  in  the  summer 
when  you  were  a  junior,  with  a  blue  book  which  had  a 
white  back.' 

"'I  know  I  did,' said  Story;  'and  I  was  studying 
projectiles  then  ?  This  is  the  first  time  I  ever  heard 
of  it.'  " 

Not  five  of  the  fellows,  says  Dr.  Hale,  saw  a 
daily  newspaper,  and  the  isolation  from  the 
world  outside  of  Cambridge  and  Boston  was 
well  nigh  complete.  Even  as  late  as  1860,  the 
men  at  Harvard  paid  little  attention  to  what 
was  going  on  elsewhere, —  a  fact  made  clear  by 
the  story  which  follows.  The  accuracy  of  this 
story  has  been  questioned,  but  Dr.  Hale  says 
he  has  taken  care  to  verify  all  its  details. 

"  One  of  Lowell's  fellow  professors  told  me  this  curi- 
ous story,  which  will  illustrate  the  narrowness  of  New 
England  observation  at  that  time.  There  appeared  at 
Cambridge  in  the  year  1860  a  young  gentleman  named 
Robert  Todd  Lincoln,  who  ...  is  quite  well  known  in 
this  country  and  England.  This  young  man  wished  to 
enter  Harvard  College,  and  his  father,  one  Abraham 
Lincoln,  who  has  since  been  known  in  the  larger  world, 
had  fortified  him  with  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Dr. 
Walker,  the  president  of  the  college.  This  letter  of 
introduction  was  given  by  one  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  who 
was  a  person  also  then  quite  well  known  in  political  life, 
and  he  presented  the  young  man  to  Dr.  Walker  as  being 
the  son  of  his  friend  Abraham  Lincoln,  '  with  whom  I 
have  lately  been  canvassing  the  State  of  Illinois.'  When 
this  letter,  now  so  curious  in  history,  was  read,  Lowell 
said  to  my  friend  who  tells  me  the  story,  '  I  suppose  I 
am  the  only  man  in  this  room  who  has  ever  heard  of 
this  Abraham  Lincoln;  but  he  is  the  person  with  whom 
Douglas  has  been  traveling  up  and  down  in  Illinois, 
canvassing  the  State  in  their  new  Western  fashion,  as 
representatives  of  the  two  parties,  each  of  them  being 
the  candidate  for  the  vacant  seat  in  the  Senate.'  What 
is  more,  my  friend  says  it  is  probably  true  that  at  the 
moment  when  this  letter  was  presented  by  young  Robert 


1899.] 


369 


Lincoln,  none  of  the  faculty  of  Harvard  College,  ex- 
cepting Lowell,  had  ever  heard  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 
The  story  is  a  good  one,  as  showing  how  far  it  was  in 
those  days  possible  for  a  circle  of  intelligent  men  to 
know  little  or  nothing  of  what  was  happening  in  the 
world  beyond  the  sound  of  their  college  bell." 

So  much  for  Harvard.  Dr.  Hale  begins  his 
account  of  Boston  in  the  forties  with  the  state- 
ment that  he  despairs  of  making  anyone  appre- 
ciate the  ferment  in  the  life  of  Boston  at  that 
time.  However  that  may  be,  he  has  assuredly 
written  a  most  entertaining  account.  Boston 
was  then  a  town  where  everybody  knew  pretty 
nearly  everbody  else,  he  says,  and  where,  as 
someone  said,  "You  could  go  anywhere  in  ten 
minutes."  Most  of  the  people  were  of  the  old 
Puritan  stock,  who  "  lived  to  the  glory  of  God  " 
and  who  "  believed  in  the  infinite  capacity  of 
human  nature."  Whatever  they  did,  they  did 
on  a  generous  scale  and  as  if  confident  of  suc- 
cess. Boston,  in  fact,  "  became  the  headquar- 
ters for  New  England,  and  in  a  measure  for  the 
country,  of  every  sort  of  enthusiasm,  not  to 
say  of  every  sort  of  fanaticism.  .  .  .  There 
was  not  an  '  ism  '  but  had  its  shrine,  nor  a  cause 
but  had  its  prophet." 

Those  were  the  days,  too,  of  "  The  Five  of 
Clubs,"  known  also  as  the  "  Mutual  Admira- 
tion Society,"  which  was  composed  of  Charles 
Sumner  and  his  law  partner,  George  Stillman 
Hillard;  H.  W.  Longfellow;  Cornelius  Con  way 
Felton,  professor  of  Greek  at  Harvard  and 
afterwards  president  of  the  college  ;  and  H.  R. 
Cleveland.  Here  is  the  story  of  an  epigram 
which  the  Club  made  upon  "  In  Memoriam  ": 
"  The  firm,  then  Ticknor  &  Fields,  were  Tennyson's 
American  publishers.  They  had  just  brought  out  '  In 
Memoriam.'  One  of  the  five  gentlemen  looked  in  as  he 
went  down  town,  took  up  the  book,  and  said, « Tennyson 
has  done  for  friendship  what  Petrarch  did  for  love,  Mr. 
Fields,'  to  which  Mr.  Fields  assented;  and  his  friend  — 
say  Mr.  Hillard  —  went  his  way.  Not  displeased  with 
his  own  remark  when  he  came  to  his  office  —  if  it  were 
Hillard — he  repeated  it  to  Sumner,  who  in  turn  repeated 
it  to  Cleveland,  perhaps,  when  he  looked  in.  Going 
home  to  lunch,  Sumner  goes  in  at  the  shop,  takes  up 
the  new  book,  and  says,  « Your  Tennyson  is  out,  Mr. 
Fields.  What  Petrarch  did  for  love,  Tennyson  has  done 
for  friendship.'  Mr.  Fields  again  assents,  and  it  is  half 
an  hour  before  Mr.  Cleveland  enters.  He  also  is  led  to 
say  that  Tennyson  has  done  for  friendship  what  Petrarch 
has  done  for  love;  and  before  the  sun  sets  Mr.  Fields 
receives  the  same  suggestion  from  Longfellow,  and  then 
from  Felton,  who  have  fallen  in  with  their  accustomed 
friends,  and  look  in  to  see  the  new  books,  on  their  way 
out  to  Cambridge." 

In  this  same  chapter,  "  Boston  in  the  Forties," 
there  is  a  paragraph  about  Emerson  which  is 
worth  quoting,  partly  because  it  shows  how  Dr. 
Hale  makes  use  of  Lowell's  friends  to  enliven 


his  book  and  partly  because  it  hints  at  some 
of  the  practical  difficulties  Lowell  himself  had 
to  overcome  when  he  adopted  a  literary  career : 
"  The  truth  was  that  literature  was  not  yet  a  profes- 
sion. The  men  who  wrote  for  the  '  North  American ' 
were  earning  their  bread  and  butter,  their  sheets,  blan- 
kets, fuel,  broadcloth,  shingles,  and  slates  in  other  en- 
terprises. Emerson  was  an  exception;  and  perhaps  the 
impression  as  to  his  being  crazy  was  helped  by  the 
observation  that  these  '  things  which  perish  in  the  using ' 
came  to  him  in  the  uncanny  and  unusual  channel  of 
literary  workmanship.  Even  Emerson  printed  in  the 
'  North  American  Review '  lectures  which  had  been 
delivered  elsewhere.  He  told  me  in  1849,  after  he  had 
returned  from  England,  that  he  had  then  never  received 
a  dollar  from  the  sale  of  any  of  his  own  published  works. 
He  said  he  owned  a  great  many  copies  of  his  own  books, 
but  that  these  were  all  the  returns  which  he  had  received 
from  his  publishers.  And  Mr.  Phillips  told  me  that 
when,  after  '  English  Traits,'  published  by  him,  had  in 
the  first  six  months'  sales  paid  for  its  plates  and  earned 
a  balance  besides  in  Emerson's  favor,  Emerson  could 
not  believe  this.  He  came  to  the  office  to  explain  to 
Mr.  Phillips  that  he  wanted  and  meant  to  hold  the 
property  in  his  own  stereotype  plates.  And  Mr.  Phil- 
lips had  difficulty  in  persuading  him  that  he  had  already 
paid  for  them  and  did  own  them.  Emerson  was  then 
so  unused  to  the  methods  of  business  that  Mr.  Phillips 
had  also  to  explain  to  him  how  to  indorse  the  virgin 
check,  so  that  he  could  place  it  at  his  own  bank  account." 

Perhaps  these  passages  will  suffice  to  show  at 
least  the  entertaining  character  of  this  work. 
While  not  all  the  passages  here  quoted  bear 
directly  upon  Lowell's  life,  it  should  be  re- 
marked that  the  reader  is  never  allowed  to  for- 
get that  Lowell  is  the  central  figure  of  this 
biography.  Each  period  of  his  life  is  treated 
with  a  true  sense  of  the  proportion  due  it, 
although  the  chief  object  of  the  work,  as  already 
stated,  was  rather  to  show  Lowell's  environ- 
ment and  the  extent  to  which  his  life  and  char- 
acter were  the  products  of  that  environment. 
The  pleasure  of  tracing  with  Dr.  Hale  the 
course  of  Lowell's  career,  and  be  assured  it  is 
no  small  pleasure,  we  must  leave  to  the  reader. 

It  should  be  said,  in  conclusion,  that  the 
attractiveness  of  Dr.  Hale's  book  is  enhanced 
by  more  than  two  score  of  portraits,  facsimiles, 
and  other  illustrations,  that  in  the  course  of 
his  narration  not  a  few  of  Lowell's  poems  are 
printed  which  either  have  not  appeared  before 
in  print  or  are  not  now  easily  accessible.  The 
most  important  of  these  poems,  and  a  really 
beautiful  poem  it  is,  is  one  of  sixty  lines  called 
"  My  Brook,"  which  was  written  at  Whitby  in 
1889  and  published  the  next  year  in  the  "  New 
York  Ledger."  Owing  to  the  circumstances  of 
its  publication,  it  does  not  appear  in  the  "  Li- 
brary edition  "  of  Lowell's  works. 

TULEY  FRANCIS  HUNTINGTON. 


370 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


FOLK-LORE  TAL.ES  or  AMERICAN 
INDIANS.* 


Jeremiah  Curtin  needs  no  introduction  to  the 
folk-lore  student  or  to  the  lover  of  good  litera- 
ture. In  his  folk-lore  work  he  is  an  original 
investigator,  gathering  his  stories  at  first  hand. 
His  collections  of  Irish  and  Slav  folk-tales  are 
unsurpassed.  The  book  before  us,  "  Creation 
Myths  of  Primitive  America,"  while  not  his 
first  work  upon  American  Indian  legends,  is 
the  first  he  has  presented  in  form  for  popular 
reading.  The  stories  are  gathered  from  two 
Californian  tribes  —  the  Wintu  and  the  Yana. 
These  tribes  have  little  importance  numerically, 
and  present  a  rather  low  grade  of  culture. 
Their  stories  are,  however,  rather  unusually 
consistent  and  well-told. 

Mr.  Curtin  recognizes  two  cycles  of  myths 
among  American  tribes.  "  The  first  cycle  of 
myths  —  that  is,  those  which  relate  to  creation, 
in  other  words  to  the  metamorphoses  of  the 
first  people  or  gods  into  everything  which  is  in 
the  world,  including  the  world  itself  —  is  suc- 
ceeded by  another  in  which  are  described  the 
various  changes,  phenomena,  and  processes 
observed  throughout  nature.  In  this  second 
cycle  .  .  .  light  and  darkness,  heat  and  cold, 
opposing  winds,  heavenly  bodies,  appear  as 
heroes  and  leading  actors."  These  two  groups 
Mr.  Curtin  calls  creation  myths  and  action 
myths.  If  these  two  are  to  be  recognized  — 
and  they  should  be,  although  they  are  often 
confused  and  intermingled  —  a  third  group 
should  be  as  clearly  recognized.  Barbarous  or 
savage  myths  may  profitably  be  distinguished 
as  three  in  kind  —  cosmogonic  or  creation 
myths,  hero  or  action  myths,  and  migration 
legends. 

Mr.  Curtin  considers  only  cosmogonic  myths 
in  this  little  book.  Nine  of  those  he  presents 
are  from  the  Wintu,  thirteen  from  the  Yana. 
They  present  considerable  similarity,  and  illus- 
trate one  system  of  thought.  In  an  introduc- 
tory chapter  the  author,  rather  laboredly,  dis- 
cusses "  the  Indian  myth  system."  He  quotes 
a  native  American  as  saying : 

"There  was  a  world  before  this  one  in  which  we 
are  living  at  present;  that  was  the  world  of  the  first 
people,  who  were  different  from  us  altogether.  Those 
people  were  very  numerous,  so  numerous  that  if  a  count 
could  be  made  of  all  the  stars  in  the  sky,  all  the  feathers 
on  birds,  all  the  hairs  and  fur  on  animals,  all  the  hairs 
of  our  own  heads,  they  would  not  be  so  numerous  as  the 
first  people." 

Mr.   Curtin    claims    that    the    creation   story 

*  CREATION  MYTHS  OF  PRIMITIVE  AMERICA.  By  Jeremiah 
Curtin.  Boston :  Little,  Brown,  &  Co. 


always  begins  with  these  conditions,  and  traces 
the  actions  of  these  "  first  people  "  and  their 
final  destruction  or  transformation  giving  rise 
to  the  world,  animals,  plants,  and  man. 

Certainly  these  Wintu  and  Yana  stories  illus- 
trate such  a  system.  But  is  it  not  a  little  un- 
fortunate at  this  time  to  emphasize,  as  Mr. 
Curtin  thus  does,  the  unity  of  the  American 
tribes  ?  All  tribes  do  not  give  just  such  stories. 
We  should  cease,  for  a  little,  asserting  the  great 
likeness  of  all  American  Indians  —  that "  when 
you  have  seen  one  Indian  you  have  seen  all." 
Do  not  the  works  of  Boas  on  American  phys- 
ical types  and  the  Northwest  Coast  myths,  and 
the  monographic  studies  of  the  Bureau  of  Eth- 
nology, show  our  present  need  to  be  the  exam- 
ination of  tribes  in  detail  and  the  bringing  out 
of  differences  rather  than  of  similarities  ?  Just 
now,  to  lay  out  great  systems  for  the  whole 
"  race  "  is  confusing  rather  than  helpful. 

Of  course  the  stories  are  well-told :  trust 
Mr.  Curtin  for  that.  The  great  number  of 
actors  and  the  strange  names  make  it  difficult 
sometimes  to  follow  the  narration,  but  on  the 
whole  the  legends  exhibit  quaint  ingenuity  and 
shrewdness.  Sometimes  they  show  bold  and 
lofty  conceptions.  The  book  is  rather  elegantly 
made  up,  but  the  binding  is  bad  :  the  pages  are 
likely  to  fall  out  with  a  single  reading. 

FREDERICK  STARR. 


THE  NEW  EAST  AND  THE  NEW  SOUTH 
or  THE  OLD  WORLD.* 

A  new  order  of  things  is  rapidly  making  its  way 
in  the  Old  World,  and  nowhere  more  rapidly  than 
in  the  Far  East.  In  Mr.  Arthur  Di<5sy's  book 
on  "  The  New  Far  East,"  we  have  an  enthusiastic 
brief  for  Japan,  proving  by  her  late  conquest  of  the 
Chinese  her  right  and  power  as  "  a  dominant  fac- 
tor in  Eastern  Asia."  Much  to  the  disadvantage 
of  the  Chinese  and  Koreans,  he  compares  them  with 
the  Japanese  in  their  costumes,  manners,  and  char- 
acters. In  passing,  he  gives  a  curious  origin  to  the 
immense  broad-brimmed  hat. 

"  An  ancient  Korean  king  is  alleged  to  have  intro- 
duced them  in  order  to  put  a  stop  to  the  continual  riots 
and  brawls  that  disturbed  the  country.  In  those  early 
days  the  Korean  was,  as  as  he  still  is,  a  born  plotter  and 

*THE  NEW  FAR  EAST.  By  Arthur  Diosy.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

LETTERS  FROM  JAPAN.  By  Mrs.  Hugh  Eraser.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

ON  THE  SOUTH  AFRICAN  FRONTIER.  By  W.  H.  Brown. 
Illustrated.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

UNDER  THE  AFRICAN  SUN.  By  W.  J.  Ansorge.  Illus- 
trated. New  York :  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

WEST  AFRICAN  STUDIES.  By  Mary  H.  Kingsley.  Illus- 
trated. New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


371 


exceedingly  fond  of  fighting  —  not,  indeed,  of  the  strife 
with  weapons  on  the  battlefield,  but  of  a  good  rough- 
and-tumble  contest  with  fists  and  feet,  cudgels  and 
stone-throwing,  such  as  the  lower  classes  indulge  in  to 
this  day,  in  the  first  month  of  the  year,  ward  against 
ward  in  a  city,  and  village  against  village  in  the  coun- 
try. To  him  it  is  as  much  a  '  divarsion '  as  to  any 
« broth  of  a  bhoy '  in  the  palmy  days  of  Donnybrook 
Fair.  This  sportive  pugnacity  is  not  the  only  point  of 
resemblance  between  the  characteristics  of  Koreans  and 
Milesians;  both  races  combine  charm  of  manner  with 
a  disinclination  for  sustained  effort  in  serious  matters; 
both  are  much  attracted  by  politics  of  a  militant  sort. 
The  condition  of  an  earthenware  hat,  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter, after  a  lively  scrimmage  between  rival  factions, 
may  easily  be  imagined.  Even  that  reproach  to  our 
civilization,  the  silk  hat,  would  come  better  out  of  the 
fray.  Now,  a  broken  hat  gives  a  disreputable  appear- 
ance to  its  wearer  in  any  civilized  community;  in  ancient 
Korea  it  entailed  more  serious  consequences  than  mere 
loss  of  outward  respectability.  Its  possession  rendered 
the  purchase  of  a  new  hat  unnecessary,  as  it  involved, 
when  brought  under  official  notice,  the  instant  decapi- 
tation of  the  owner.  Nor  was  this  the  only  advantage 
of  the  hat  as  a  preserver  of  the  public  peace :  it  became 
simply  impossible  for  the  disaffected  to  put  their  heads 
together  for  the  purpose  of  plotting  treason  when  their 
skulls  were  surrounded  by  brittle  brims  a  yard  across." 

The  author  regards  the  Japanese  as  having  no  great 
vices  and  being  free  from  many  of  the  smaller  ones. 
For  example  : 

"  The  Japanese  cannot  swear,  even  if  he  had  a  mind 
to;  his  language  will  not  allow  itself  to  be  thus  defiled; 
it  contains  absolutely  no  '  swear- words.'  This  limita- 
ation  has  its  inconveniences;  when  a  Japanese  takes  to 
playing  golf  he  is  obliged  to  learn  English." 

The  Japanese,  Mr.  Di<5sy  maintains,  are  not  merely 
imitative,  they  are  constructing  a  new  civilization 
as  an  expression  of  their  own  virtues  and  powers, 
the  European  civilization  being  merely  an  external 
stimulus.  The  enterprising  cheap  industry  of  Japan 
threatens  the  industrial  supremacy  of  the  West. 
The  power  of  Russia  and  the  inaptness  of  Britain 
in  the  Far  East  are  emphasized.  Russia  regards 
it  as  her  heaven-sent  destiny  to  rule  Asia  and  Eu- 
rope, to  be  the  World-Power,  and  the  Peace  Con- 
ference is  but  "  the  truce  of  the  Bear."  Only  if 
Britain  ally  herself  with  Japan  and  the  United 
States,  can  Russia  he  kept  in  hounds.  Such  are  the 
author's  conclusions,  and  the  book  is  certainly  of 
interest  and  value  as  giving  much  real  information 
on  the  vexed  Eastern  question  from  one  who  evi- 
dently has  an  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  peoples 
of  the  Orient. 

Another  interesting  hook  on  the  New  Japan  is 
Mrs.  Hugh  Eraser's  "  Letters  from  Japan,"  a  very 
pleasant  account  from  the  standpoint  of  a  three 
years'  residence  in  Tokyo  and  of  some  excursions 
in  the  country.  The  picturesque  in  landscape  and 
people,  and  the  poetic  in  legend  and  folklore,  attract 
Mrs.  Eraser,  and  she  is  of  course  greatly  interested 
in  the  Japanese  woman  and  child,  both  of  whom 
she  much  admires.  The  intense  patriotism  of  the 
Japanese,  their  unbounded  simple-minded  pride  in 


their  nation,  was  never  more  manifest  than  in  the 
matter  of  the  attack  by  a  Japanese  on  the  Cesare- 
vitch  in  1891. 

"  The  theatres  were  closed,  the  shops  and  markets 
abandoned;  everywhere  people  spoke  in  groups  and 
with  profound  sadness  in  their  tones.  The  little  daugh- 
ter of  Viscount  A  oka,  the  Minister  for  Foreign  Affairs 
(she  is  ten  years  old),  heard  the  announcement  of  the 
outrage  with  a  stony  face,  and  went  away  in  silence  to 
her  room.  There,  for  hours,  she  lay  on  the  floor  in  an 
agony  of  grief  and  shame,  moaning, '  I  am  a  Japanese  ! 
I  must  live  with  this  shame  !  I  cannot — I  cannot!'  .  .  . 
A  little  samurai  girl,  a  mere  child  of  sixteen,  I  think, 
was  in  service  near  Yokohama.  She  travelled  to  Kyoto, 
dressed  herself  in  holiday  robes,  composed  her  little 
body  for  death  by  tying  her  sash  tightly  round  her 
knees  after  the  custom  of  samurai  women,  and  cut  her 
throat  in  the  doorway  of  the  great  government  offices. 
They  found  on  her  two  letters:  one,  a  farewell  to  her 
family;  the  other  containing  a  message,  which  she 
begged  those  who  found  her  to  convey  to  the  Emperor, 
saying  that  she  gave  her  life  gladly,  hoping  that  though 
so  lowly  it  might  wipe  out  the  insult,  and  she  entreated 
him  to  be  comforted  by  her  death.  Her  name,  they 
say  was  Yuko,  which  means  full  of  valor.  .  .  .  People 
who  were  on  board  the  Cesarevitch's  ship  told  me  that 
it  seemed  to  sink  with  gifts ;  the  decks,  the  saloons,  the 
passages  were  encumbered,  and  still  they  came  and 
came  and  came  !  The  universality  and  spontaneousness 
of  the  manifestation  gave  it  an  overwhelming  value, 
which  the  Prince  here  and  his  parents  at  home  were 
quick  to  appreciate.  Rich  people  gave  out  of  their 
riches,  and  objects  of  unexampled  beauty  and  rarity 
were  brought  out  from  the  treasure-houses  and  sent 
with  messages  of  love  and  respect  to  the  boy  who  lay 
healing  of  his  wounds  in  Kobe  Harbour.  The  poor  sent 
the  most  touching  gifts  —  the  rice  and  shoyu,  the  fish 
and  barley-flour,  which  would  have  fed  the  little  family 
for  a  year;  poor  old  peasants  walked  for  days  so  as  to 
bring  a  tiny  offering  of  eggs." 

Mrs.  Eraser  has  much  to  say  of  the  social  life  of 
the  highest  circles  of  the  Japanese  officials  ;  she  had 
exceptional  opportunities  of  observation,  and  do- 
mestic life  is  portrayed  with  sympathetic  insight. 
If  ladies  can  be  interested  in  books  of  travel,  they 
will  assuredly  like  this  one.  The  illustrations  are 
abundant  and  dainty. 

Africa,  the  New  South  of  the  Old  World,  ia 
changing  most  rapidly  in  the  Far  South.  In  the 
hook  entitled  "  On  the  South  African  Frontier," 
Mr.  W.  H.  Brown  recounts  his  experiences  and  ob- 
servations "  during  seven  years'  participation  in  the 
settlement  and  development  of  Rhodesia."  The 
hook  "  treats  variedly  of  travel,  collecting,  hunting, 
prospecting,  farming,  scouting,  fighting,"  and  "  had 
its  origin  principally  in  a  desire  to  give  to  my 
fellow-countrymen  in  America  a  clearer  idea  than 
it  has  been  possible  to  glean  from  fragmentary  ac- 
counts, appearing  from  time  to  time,  of  the  events 
which  have  taken  place  during  the  past  nine  years 
in  connection  with  Anglo-Saxon  conquest  and  colo- 
nization on  the  South  African  frontier."  Mr.  Brown 
had  a  hand  in  the  opening  up  of  Rhodesia,  a  country 
larger  than  France  and  Germany  combined,  with  a 
climate  like  that  of  California ;  a  country  fertile, 


372 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


and  rich  in  gold,  iron,  and  coal.  The  natives  made 
trouble  on  the  African  frontier  much  as  the  Indians 
did  on  our  frontier,  and  several  thrilling  tales  are 
given  of  conflicts  between  the  whites  and  blacks  in 
the  Matabele  and  Mashona  uprisings.  Mr.  Brown 
had  a  varied  experience  with  them  in  war  and  peace. 
He  notes  an  interesting  trait  of  the  Banyai. 

"High  up  among  the  rocks,  in  almost  inaccessible 
places,  these  timid  beings  dwelt  in  neighborly  proximity 
to  the  baboons  and  monkeys.  Their  fields  were  in  the 
valleys  below,  where  they  raised  Kafir  corn,  mealies, 
and  melons.  .  .  .  The  Banyai  were  apparently  good- 
natured  creatures,  small  of  stature,  though  symmetri- 
cally and  strongly  built.  The  scouting  party  came  upon 
a  man  working  in  his  field,  near  whom  were  several  big, 
shaggy  baboons,  industriously  digging  for  roots.  The 
savage  was  frightened  at  the  appearance  of  the  white 
men,  but  the  baboons  worked  on,  paying  little  heed  to 
the  intruders.  .  .  .  During  the  interview  the  baby 
baboons,  up  among  the  rocks  near  the  dwelling  of  the 
natives,  were  heard  crying,  exactly  like  human  babies. 
The  Banyai  were  asked  if  the  baboons  did  not  molest 
the  children,  but  they  replied,  '  No,  they  are  friends 
with  one  another.' " 

"Under  the  African  Sun,"  by  W.  J.  Ansorge, 
concerns  itself  with  the  heart  of  Africa  and  the  rise 
there  of  the  Uganda  Protectorate  under  British  rule. 

"  The  Uganda  Protectorate  does  not  mean  simply 
Uganda  —  the  kingdom  which  the  famous  autocrat  King 
Mtesa  ruled  over  once  upon  a  time  —  but  it  includes 
also  the  vast  realms  around  it,  territories  where  no 
white  man  has  ever  passed,  lakes  only  recently  dis- 
covered by  hardy  explorers  and  travellers,  and  races  of 
men  differing  from  each  other  in  language,  in  manners, 
and  in  customs.  Those  who  read  stirring  records  of 
exploration  and  discoveries  associated  with  names  like 
Livingstone,  Speke,  Grant,  and  Mungo  Park,  are  very 
much  mistaken  if  they  imagine  that  similar  achieve- 
ments are  out  of  their  reach  because  all  that  can  be  dis- 
covered has  been  discovered.  Within  the  last  few  years 
Count  Teleki  has  added  to  the  map  two  new  lakes 
lying  close  together,  and  named  by  him  Lake  Rudolph 
and  Lake  Stephanie." 

Mr.  Ansorge's  work  was  not,  however,  that  of  ex- 
ploration ;  but  as  medical  officer  and  administrator 
he  visited  the  various  stations  in  Uganda,  and  re- 
cords in  this  book  impressions  of  travel  made  since 
1894,  describing  the  various  districts  and  tribes,  and 
giving  some  notes  on  hunting  and  collecting.  Per- 
haps the  most  interesting  of  the  tribes  he  visited 
were  the  Kavirondo.  This  people  are  not  savages, 
nor  even  the  lowest  of  barbarians,  being  farmers 
and  iron-workers ;  yet  it  is  the  fashion  of  all  to  go 
entirely  nude. 

"Scanty  dress  may  naturally  be  expected  amongst 
savages  of  a  low  type  and  living  in  a  tropical  climate, 
but  to  find  oneself  among  a  race  absolutely  naked  is  a 
strange  experience;  and  yet  within  a  few  weeks  or 
months  the  novelty  wears  off,  and  one  fails  to  notice 
anything  extraordinary  in  such  a  mode  of  life.  The 
inhabitants  of  Kavirondo  recall  the  state  of  mankind  in 
the  Garden  of  Eden  before  the  Fall.  Banana-trees  and 
other  tropical  vegetation  around  the  huts,  at  least  in 
some  parts  of  their  country,  would  strengthen  this 
impression  of  being  in  a  garden,  were  it  not  for  the  tree- 


less grass-plains  outside  the  village.  Young  and  old  go 
about  in  the  same  primeval  garb.  Women  often  wear 
a  curious  ornament,  in  the  shape  of  a  tail,  which  con- 
sists of  a  number  of  plaited  strings  manufactured  out  of 
some  sort  of  vegetable  fibre.  A  tiny  apron  of  the  same 
material  is  worn  by  a  few  of  the  women.  As  it  is  never 
worn  by  the  unmarried,  I  was  told  that  its  presence  was 
the  equivalent  for  the  European  wedding-ring;  but  I 
am  sure  this  is  incorrect,  as  I  have  come  across  numbers 
of  young  mothers  and  wives  without  this  apron,  and 
have  seen  widows  with  and  without  it.  I  believe  it  is 
simply  a  fashion,  like  the  tail,  without  another  object." 

The  latter  portion  of  the  book  is  taken  up  with 
hunting  adventures  with  elephants,  lions,  rhinocer- 
oses, hippopotami,  gazelles,  antelopes,  and  smaller 
game.  This  simple,  clear,  modest  narrative  makes 
attractive  and  agreeable  reading,  and  the  abundant 
illustrations  are  very  good. 

While  the  advance  of  British  influence  is  more 
rapid  in  South  and  Central  Africa  than  in  West 
Africa,  yet  here  also,  as  Miss  Kingsley  indicates  in 
her  "  West  Africa  Studies,"  England  is  fast  increas- 
ing her  power.  But  Miss  Kingsley  devotes  some 
chapters  to  a  sharp  indictment  of  the  English  Colo- 
nial system,  ending  thus : 

"  You  have  got  a  grand  rich  region  there,  populated 
by  an  uncommon  fine  sort  of  human  being.  You  have 
been  trying  your  present  set  of  ideas  on  it  for  over  400 
years;  they  have  failed  in  a  heart-breaking  drizzling  sort 
of  way  to  perform  any  single  solitary  one  of  the  things 
you  say  you  want  done  there.  West  Africa  to-day  is 
just  a  quarry  of  paving-stones  for  Hell,  and  those  stones 
were  cemented  in  place  with  men's  blood  mixed  with 
wasted  gold." 

Miss  Kingsley  probably  knows  more  at  first-hand 
about  African  fetish  than  any  other  living  person, 
and  there  is  much  that  is  suggestive  in  her  treat- 
ment of  the  subject.  She  finds  in  fetish  a  thoroughly 
natural  and  logical  point  of  view  which  culminates 
in  the  highest  philosophy.  She  can  even  learn  wis- 
dom from  a  witch  doctor. 

"  He  talked  for  an  hour,  softly,  wordily,  and  gently ; 
and  the  gist  of  what  that  man  talked  was  Goethe's  Pro- 
metheus. I  recognized  it  after  half  an  hour,  and  when 
he  had  done,  said,  "  You  got  that  stuff  from  a  white  man.' 
'  No,  sir,'  he  said,  « that  no  be  white  man  fash,  that  be 
country  fash;  white  man  no  fit  to  savee  our  fash.' 
•Aren't  they,  my  friend?'  I  said;  and  we  parted  for 
the  night,  I  the  wiser  for  it,  he  the  richer." 
Fetish  often  infects  white  people  in  Africa,  and  we 
suspect  Miss  Kingsley  is  too  much  of  a  fetishist  to 
give  the  thorough  objective  analysis  which  science 
requires,  though  many  of  her  remarks  are  very 
penetrating.  Superstition  everywhere  is  logical 
and  rational  in  its  own  childish  and  foolish  way. 
Miss  Kingsley  has  many  vivid  sketches  of  the  native 
African  and  we  must  close  this  notice  with  one  ad- 
mirable bit  on  African  volubility. 

"  Woe  to  the  man  in  Africa  who  cannot  stand  perpet- 
ual uproar.  Few  things  surprised  me  more  than  the  rarity 
of  silence  and  the  intensity  of  it  when  you  did  get  it. 
There  is  only  that  time  which  comes  between  10:30  A.  M. 
and  4:30  P.  M.,  in  which  you  can  look  for  anything  like 
the  usual  quiet  of  an  English  village.  We  will  give 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


373 


man  the  first  place  in  the  orchestra;  he  deserves  it.  I 
fancy  the  main  body  of  the  lower  classes  of  Africa  think 
externally  instead  of  internally.  You  will  hear  them 
when  they  are  engaged  together  on  some  job  —  each 
man  issuing  the  fullest  directions  and  prophecies  con- 
cerning it,  in  shouts ;  no  one  taking  the  least  notice  of 
his  neighbors.  If  the  head  man  really  wants  them  to  do 
something  definite,  he  fetches  those  within  his  reach  an 
introductory  whack;  and  even  when  you  are  sitting  alone 
in  the  forest  you  will  hear  a  man  or  woman  coming  down 
the  narrow  bush-path  chattering  away  with  such  energy 
and  expression  that  you  can  hardly  believe  your  eyes 
when  you  learn  from  him  that  he  has  no  companion." 

HIRAM  M.  STANLEY. 


BRIEFS  ox  jSTEW  BOOKS. 


Petrarch  as  There  are  some  men  in  the  history 

scholar  and  of  European  culture  whose  manifold 

man  oj  letters.  activities  ref  use  to  be  brought  within 
any  single  category.  As  writers,  they  occupy  a 
place  in  the  history  of  literature ;  but  all  that  may 
legitimately  be  said  of  them  by  the  literary  histor- 
ian is  quite  inadequate  to  explain  why  they  loom  so 
large  in  the  broader  history  of  the  human  spirit. 
Francis  Bacon,  Ludwig  Holberg,  and  Leonardo  da 
Vinci  were  such  men ;  such,  preeminently,  were 
Erasmus  and  Voltaire.  And  it  is  no  mere  "  aberra- 
tion of  national  pride  "  that  impels  the  greatest  of 
Italian  poets  and  critics  now  living  to  group  the 
name  of  Petrarch  with  those  of  Erasmus  and  Vol- 
taire, as  being,  in  their  respective  ages,  the  intel- 
lectual arbiters  of  Europe.  This  statement,  indeed, 
is  such  a  commonplace  to  the  student  of  European 
humanism  that  we  marvel  at  its  seeming  to  need  a 
defence,  even  for  the  popular  mind,  at  the  hands  of 
the  men  who  have  prepared  the  very  interesting 
book  about  Petrarch  now  before  us.  This  book, 
which  has  for  a  title  "  Petrarch  :  The  First  Modern 
Scholar  and  Man  of  Letters  "  (Putnam),  is  the  joint 
work  of  Professors  James  Harvey  Robinson  and 
Henry  Winchester  Rolfe.  It  consists  mainly  of 
selections  from  Petrarch's  letters ;  but  the  editors 
have  added  much  matter  of  their  own  in  the  way 
of  criticism,  biography,  and  connective  tissue.  The 
result  is  such  a  presentation  of  the  subject  to  English 
readers  as  had  not  previously  been  made,  and  we 
are  heartily  glad  to  have  it.  And  it  is  an  important 
thing  to  set  Petrarch  right  in  the  popular  estimate. 
"  It  is  a  sad  commonplace  to  the  thoughtful  student 
of  the  past  that  the  successful  reformer  is  sometimes 
remembered  for  his  weaknesses  rather  than  for  his 
true  strength.  Nothing  is  easier  than  to  pronounce 
Voltaire  a  shallow  deist,  Erasmus  a  timorous  dys- 
peptic crying  peace  when  there  was  no  peace,  and  to 
see  in  Petrarch  only  the  lifelong  victim  of  an  unfor- 
tunate love  affair."  When  we  remember  that  "  to 
their  author,  the  incomparable  sonnets  seemed  little 
more  than  a  youthful  diversion,"  we  begin  to  get 
some  notion  of  the  true  perspective  of  his  life.  He 
himself  wrote  of  them  thus  disparagingly :  "  These 


popular  songs,  the  result  of  my  youthful  distress, 
now  overwhelm  me  with  shame  and  regret,  although, 
as  we  see,  they  are  still  acceptable  enough  to  those 
suffering  from  the  same  malady."  Again,  we  should 
recall  the  fact  that,  if  it  is  important  for  us  to  know 
Petrarch  for  what  he  was  in  the  history  of  culture, 
we  are  abundantly  provided  with  the  necessary  ma- 
terials. Say  our  editors :  "  There  is  perhaps  no  other 
historical  character  before  the  age  of  Luther,  with  the 
possible  exception  of  Cicero,  who  has  left  so  complete 
and  satisfactory  account  of  his  spiritual  life  and  en- 
vironment." Thus  we  see  that  both  the  need  and  the 
matter  for  such  a  book  as  the  one  before  us  made  its 
preparation  desirable ;  and  in  recognizing  the  one 
and  dealing  so  intelligently  with  the  other,  Messrs. 
Robinson  and  Rolfe  have  laid  us  under  a  consider- 
able obligation.  Among  the  interesting  features  of 
Petrarch's  correspondence  here  given  are  some  of 
the  "  Letters  to  Dead  Authors,"  the  letters  to  and 
about  Rienzo,  the  famous  description  of  the  ascent 
of  Mount  Ventoux,  and  a  series  of  letters  and  ex- 
tracts from  letters  in  illustration  of  his  classical 
studies.  

Letters  of  Two  tastefully  printed  volumes  of  the 

18th  century  letters  of  Swif t,  Addison,  and  Steele, 

essays.  and  of  john80n  and    Chesterfield, 

edited  by  Mr.  R.  Brimley  Johnson  (Holt),  intro- 
duce a  series  of  a  literary  form  most  interesting  to 
literary  connoisseurs.  The  letter  presented  in  serial 
groups,  "  each  sufficiently  large  to  create  an  atmos- 
phere," and  together  illustrative  of  the  style  and 
manners  of  the  age  chosen,  is  a  new  and  welcome 
departure  that  promises  to  succeed,  for  the  field  is 
rich.  In  this  century  of  Queen  Anne  and  the  first 
Georges,  letter-writing  was  an  art ;  and  then  flour- 
ished also  political  parties  and  party  literature. 
Although  the  tone  of  literature  was  lowered  by  the 
combative  spirit,  the  fierce  contention  brought  forth 
the  greatest  of  English  satirists  and  the  most  orig- 
inal writer  of  his  age ;  it  unfolded  the  genius  of 
the  retiring  scholar  who  gave  to  English  literature 
a  perfectly  graceful  style ;  and  its  varying  issues 
carried,  now  high,  now  low,  the  gay,  imprudent,  but 
generous,  witty,  and  lovable  adventurer,  Dick  Steele, 
whose  name  is  always  linked  with  those  of  Swift 
and  Addison.  In  this  turmoil,  political  and  literary, 
we  see  on  terms  of  intimacy  the  affairs  great  and 
small  of  each  character.  But  familiarity  does  not 
breed  contempt.  Delightful  are  Steele's  misspelled 
letters, "  the  most  spontaneous  unfeigned  love-letters 
in  the  language."  Addison  appears  here,  as  always, 
the  Greek  ideal,  a  just  harmony  of  the  virtues,  noth- 
ing in  excess,  everything  in  measure,  a  model  in 
propriety.  Of  the  239  pages  of  Volume  I.,  178, 
or  three-quarters,  are  given  to  Swift ;  and,  indeed, 
the  purpose  of  the  book  is  to  correct  the  common 
mistaken  judgment  of  him  derived  from  the  essays 
of  Macaulay,  Thackeray,  and  Taine.  This  is  the 
book's  chief  claim  to  a  place  on  our  already  crowded 
shelves.  The  editor  has  placed  the  reading  public 
under  obligation  for  a  real  contribution  to  its  knowl- 


374 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


edge ;  he  has  put  into  convenient  form  interesting 
letters  available  until  now  "  only  in  more  or  less 
elaborate  and  expensive  complete  editions,  or  in 
small  anthologies  containing  at  most  half  a  dozen 
letters  by  the  same  writer."  The  introductions  do 
not  attempt  to  cover  the  whole  history  of  the  time, 
and  the  notes  are  not  chronological  tables.  Very 
properly,  the  letters  are  left  to  tell  their  own  story, 
and  thus  the  volumes  seem  well  calculated  for  lovers 
of  literature  who  enjoy  the  selection  of  letters,  and 
can  connote  the  historical,  biographical,  and  literary 
setting.  

Memoir*  of  an          The  name  of    Henl7  Reeve  is  not  a 

English  gentleman  familiar  one  to  the  American  public, 
and  scholar.  an(j  one  mav  question  whether  it  was 

much  more  widely  known  at  home.  This  is  sug- 
gested by  the  words  that  Mr.  Lecky  dedicated  to 
his  memory  in  the  "  Edinburgh  Review,"  over 
whose  destinies  Mr.  Reeve  had  presided  for  forty 
years.  •'  The  career  of  Mr.  Henry  Reeve  is  per- 
haps the  most  striking  illustration  in  our  time  of 
how  little  in  English  life  influence  is  measured  by 
notoriety.  To  the  outer  world,  his  name  was  but 
little  known.  He  is  remembered  as  the  translator 
of  Tocqueville,  as  the  editor  of  the  '  Greville  Mem- 
oirs,' as  the  author  of  a  not  quite  forgotten  book  on 
Royal  and  Republican  France,  showing  much  knowl- 
edge of  French  literature  and  politics  ;  as  the  holder 
during  fifty  years  of  the  respectable,  but  not  very 
prominent,  post  of  Registrar  of  the  Privy  Council. 
To  those  who  have  a  more  intimate  knowledge  of 
the  political  and  literary  life  in  England,  it  is  well 
known  that  during  nearly  the  whole  of  his  long  life 
he  was  a  powerful  and  living  force  in  English  litera- 
ture ;  that  few  men  of  his  time  have  filled  a  larger 
place  in  some  of  the  most  select  circles  of  English 
social  life;  and  that  he  exercised  during  many 
years  a  political  influence  such  as  rarely  falls  to 
the  lot  of  any  Englishman  outside  of  Parliament, 
or  indeed  outside  the  Cabinet."  But  it  is  not  for 
the  interest  that  we  may  find  in  this  career,  singu- 
larly long  and  full  as  it  was,  nor  for  the  pleasure 
and  profit  of  knowing  a  fine  specimen  of  English 
gentleman,  that  the  two  stately  volumes  of  Reeve's 
"  Memoirs  "  (Longmans)  have  their  sole  nor  indeed 
their  main  value.  It  is  rather  for  the  familiar  con- 
tact into  which  they  bring  us  with  many  of  the  great 
political  events  and  many  of  the  most  prominent 
men  of  Europe  during  the  century  just  closing. 
One  must  not  look  to  these  volumes  for  "  revela- 
tions ";  but  the  near  glimpses  and  the  direct  im- 
pressions of  famous  men,  both  of  England  and  the 
Continent,  and  the  selections  from  their  letters  to 
him,  refresh  and  enlarge  our  knowledge  of  them. 
It  was  not  a  colorless  medium  in  which  they  are 
here  reflected.  He  brought  to  the  observation  of 
the  men  he  met  very  positive  opinions  of  his  own 
—  prejudices,  if  you  will ;  but  this  contributes  to 
heighten  the  vividness  if  not  the  truthfulness  of  his 
pictures  —  as,  for  instance,  in  his  account  of  his  first 
meeting  with  Victor  Hugo  and  Balzac. 


Mr.  M.  A.  De Wolfe  Howe's  volume 

Some  American  "American  Bookmen  "  (Dodd, 

men  of  letters.  ••••       i    „    ri      \     i  ml 

Mead  &  Co. )  does  not  call  for  the 
particular  comment  which  would  properly  be  given 
it  were  its  contents  not  already  widely  known.  The 
series  of  articles  of  which  it  consists  was  originally 
published  in  "  The  Bookman."  This  fact  probably 
accounts  for  what  seems  to  us  an  unfortunate  title : 
in  the  ordinary  use  of  the  word  (if  there  be  an  or- 
dinary use  of  a  word  so  uncommon)  a  number  of 
the  men  of  letters  here  spoken  of  were  not  bookmen. 
We  hesitate  to  think  of  Walt  Whitman  as  a  book- 
man, as  Mr.  Howe  himself  remarks  ;  and  we  should 
add  Emerson  or  Hawthorne.  But  a  title  is  often  a 
minor  matter :  the  title  in  its  simplest  significance 
has  in  this  case  little  connection  with  the  treatment. 
In  some  other  ways  the  name  does  give  an  idea  of 
the  book,  which  is  not  a  history  of  American  liter- 
ature, nor  a  series  of  criticisms  of  American  men 
of  letters,  although  it  contains  a  good  deal  that  is 
historical  and  is  written  under  the  guidance  of  crit- 
ical estimate.  It  is  a  series  of  biographical  sketches 
of  the  chief  figures  in  our  literature,  well  written 
and  well  illustrated.  A  book  like  this  is  of  a  good 
deal  of  value  just  now.  Not  that  we  have  not 
enough  books  about  American  literature.  There 
have  been  published  in  the  last  few  years  half  a 
dozen  school  histories.  Nor  that  this  book  is  (or 
pretends  to  be)  an  adequate  treatment  of  the  de- 
velopment of  letters  in  America.  We  can  afford 
to  wait  for  such  a  book  until  the  end  of  the  first 
century  of  American  letters,  which  we  incline  to 
place  in  the  year  1909,  the  centennial  of  "  Knick- 
erbocker's New  York."  But  while  we  wait,  public 
interest  is  aroused  and  public  opinion  is  stirred  by 
such  books  as  this.  Mr.  Howe  had  here  a  good 
opportunity,  to  which  he  proved  himself  quite  equal. 
He  includes  the  chief  of  our  men  of  letters ;  he 
writes  a  fluent  account  with  rich  illustration  by  por- 
trait, picture,  and  facsimile ;  he  has  always  some- 
thing of  the  critical  idea  in  mind,  and  yet  never 
really  departs  from  his  own  plan  to  present  his  facts 
"  primarily  as  a  narrative."  We  are  not  sure  that 
there  is  any  other  book  which  takes  just  the  place 
for  which  this  is  planned  :  we  certainly  do  not  think 
of  any  that  is  better. 

Somefamou,  Bibliophiles  will  find  some  interest- 
oid  English  ing  facts  handily  and  compactly  got 

took  auction*.  together  in  Mr.  John  Lawler's  "  Book 
Auctions  in  England  in  the  Seventeenth  Century," 
the  latest  addition  to  "  The  Book-Lover's  Library  " 
(Armstrong).  The  subject  of  book  auctions  at  this 
period  has  not  heretofore  been  treated  in  any  de- 
tailed form,  information  relating  to  them,  except 
what  may  with  difficulty  be  gleaned  from  the  orig- 
inal catalogues,  being  meagre  and  scattered.  Mr. 
Lawler's  little  book,  therefore,  fills  a  want.  Though 
book  auctions  had  been  common  in  Holland  at  least 
since  1604,  the  custom  of  disposing  of  libraries  sub 
Jiasta  did  not  begin  in  England  till  1676,  at  which 
date  a  sale  was  held  by  William  Cooper,  a  dealer 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


375 


dwelling  at  the  sign  of  the  "  Pelican  "  in  Little 
Britain.  The  example  of  Cooper,  who  probably 
took  his  cue  from  the  Elzevirs,  soon  found  imitators, 
the  method  at  once  commending  itself  to  collectors 
and  persons  wishing  to  dispose  of  their  libraries. 
So  from  1676  to  1700  over  a  hundred  auctions  were 
held,  which  meant  the  disposal  of  some  350,000 
works,  bringing  about  £250,000  —  or  a  much 
greater  sum  if  reckoned  in  the  money  value  of  to-day. 
The  auctions  soon  spread  to  the  provinces,  and  were 
held  even  in  booths  at  country  fairs.  Dunton 
boasted  of  shipping  "  ten  tuns  "  of  books  to  Ireland 
to  be  sold  under  the  hammer.  Those  were  days  of 
good  bargains,  too,  —  of  what  would  now  be  bar- 
gains undreamed  of  by  the  most  sanguine  collector, 
in  books  that  now  form  the  summum  bonum  of  his 
pursuit.  Fancy  getting  Holland's  "  HerOologia,"  with 
the  fine  portraits  by  Pass,  for  seven  shillings ;  Edward 
VI. 's  "  Prayer  Book  "  of  1552  for  sixteen  shillings  ; 
the  Jenny  Geddes  "  Prayer  Book  "  of  1637  for  four 
shillings  ;  or  a  first  edition  Bacon's  "  Advancement 
of  Learning  "  for  one  shilling !  One's  mouth  waters 
at  many  such  an  item  in  these  old  lists.  Mr.  Law- 
ler's  book  comprises  a  general  Introduction,  followed 
by  separate  chapters  on  William  Cooper's  sales, 
Edward  Millington's  sales,  those  of  other  auction- 
eers of  the  century,  the  sale  of  Dr.  Barnard's  library, 
and  John  Dunton's  Irish  book  auctions.  There  is 
an  index.  

Afamou*  jn  a  pretty  volume  entitled  "  Story 

Frenchwoman  ,    ,    r_  ,J  ,       TT     .       .  .     f 

at  the  court  or  the  Jrrmcess  des  ursms  in  Spam 

of  Spain.  (R.  jj.  Russell),  we  have  an  account 

of  one  of  those  women  of  two  centuries  ago,  who 
occupied  high  social  station  and  made  it  the  means 
of  wielding  real  political  influence.  In  1701,  the 
Princess  des  Ursins,  then  fifty-nine  years  of  age, 
was  appointed  Camarera-Mayar  at  the  court  of  the 
newly-established  Bourbon  dynasty  in  Spain.  Her 
previous  history  and  her  experience  in  diplomatic 
affairs  seemed  to  Louis  XIV.  to  fit  her  for  this  post, 
and  it  was  expected  by  him  that  her  influence  would 
serve  to  keep  the  vacillating  Philip  V.  of  Spain 
faithful  to  French  interests  in  the  war  of  the  Span- 
ish Succession,  then  just  breaking  over  Europe. 
The  author  of  the  present  work,  Miss  Constance 
Hill,  shows  us  that  in  this  expectation  Louis  XIV. 
was  disappointed,  for  from  the  moment  of  her  ar- 
rival in  Spain  the  Princess  threw  herself  heart  and 
soul  into  the  cause  of  the  Spanish  Bourbons  —  a 
course  highly  satisfactory  to  the  King  of  France  at 
first,  but  later  distasteful  to  him  when  he  would 
have  sacrificed  the  interests  of  his  grandson  to  the 
necessities  of  French  policy.  To  her,  indeed,  more 
than  to  any  other  one  person  was  due  the  stubborn 
courage  which  animated  the  loyal  party  in  Spain, 
at  a  time  when  all  seemed  lost.  Her  discriminat- 
ing judgment  of  men,  her  careful  estimate  of  the 
relative  importance  of  events,  her  good  sense  in  the 
every-day  affairs  of  life,  her  skill  in  diplomacy,  and 
above  all  her  unfailing  good  nature  and  cheerful 
courage,  are  made  plain  by  the  pleasantly  written 


narrative  of  her  labors  and  by  excellent  selections 
from  her  letters  to  Madame  de  Maintenon  and 
other  personages  of  note  in  France.  Even  in  her 
fall  from  power,  after  the  contest  with  Austria  was 
over  and  the  battle  won,  we  sympathize  with  her 
and  admire  her  bravery,  for  in  a  measure  she  for- 
feited her  position  because  she  dared  to  attempt  a 
reformation  of  that  bHe  noir  of  so  many  Spanish 
politicians,  the  Holy  Inquisition.  Possibly  her  part 
in  the  direction  of  Spanish  policy  is  overestimated 
in  the  present  volume,  but  certainly  she  was  an 
influential  woman,  and  her  story  is  here  prettily  told. 

The    new  glory   of   the  American 

Heroes  of  the  TVT  u  •   u  •      i.  •  i     i 

u.  s.  Navy.  Navy,  which  is  shown  on  one  side  by 

the  great  increase  in  number  and  im- 
provement in  character  of  the  men  anxious  for 
naval  service  since  the  war  with  Spain,  is  reflected 
on  another  side  by  such  a  book  as  "  From  Reefer 
to  Rear- Admiral "  (Stokes),  prepared  a  few  years 
before  his  death  by  the  late  Rear- Admiral  Benja- 
min F.  Sands,  U.S.  N.  The  word  "Reefer  "in 
the  title  is  misleading  to  a  landsman,  as  indicating 
a  rise  from  the  ranks ;  whereas  Sands  was  a  duly 
appointed  midshipman  from  the  beginning  of  his 
long  and  successful  career.  It  is  such  a  life  as  his 
which  shows  how  unbroken  is  the  tradition  of  our 
forces  afloat.  Sands,  who  was  in  active  service  for 
forty-seven  years,  from  1828  to  1874,  including  both 
the  Mexican  and  Civil  Wars,  was  the  contemporary 
of  Dewey,  Sampson,  and  Schley,  as  he  was  of  Far- 
ragut  and  Porter,  the  former  having  been  a  lieu- 
tenant on  the  first  ship  in  which  Sands  saw  service, 
and  as  the  three  great  admirals  of  the  war  with 
Spain  were  of  the  two  great  admirals  in  the  war 
between  the  States.  David  D.  Porter  was  at  the 
gallant  taking  of  Tabasco  from  the  Mexicans,  as 
well  as  the  gallant  taking  of  Fort  Fisher  from  the 
South ;  and  Farragut  served  with  Porter's  father, 
David  Porter,  Jr.,  in  the  famous  cruise  of  the 
"  Essex  "  in  the  war  of  1812  ;  while  David  Porter, 
Jr.,  was  in  the  fight  of  the  "  Constellation  "  and  the 
"  Insurgente  "  in  the  naval  war  with  France,  serv- 
ing under  Captain  Thomas  Truxton,  one  of  the  naval 
heroes  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  later  with 
Decatur,  Macdonough,  Barney,  and  the  rest,  off 
Tripoli.  David  Porter,  Sr.,  was  also  a  Revolution- 
ary hero.  Sands  was  a  gallant  officer,  but  his  more 
memorable  exploits  were  in  the  direction  of  the  sci- 
ences. Here  he  was  something  of  an  extremest, 
inventing  a  deep-sea  sounding  apparatus,  and  being 
an  astronomer  at  the  bead  of  the  Naval  Observa- 
tory. The  book  is  excellent  reading,  even  if  it 
makes  no  great  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  history. 


Old-time 
criticism. 


Ought  those  who  like  Mr.  Meredith's 
novels  to  like  his  poetry  also  ?  And 
what  is  to  be  said  of  the  novels  them- 
selves ?  And  what  should  we  remember  of  the  De 
Veres  ?  And  of  Matthew  Arnold's  poems,  now  half 
a  century  old  ?  Anyone  who  is  in  a  state  of  sus- 
pense on  these  matters,  and  desires  something  to 


376 


THE    DIAL, 


[June  1,. 


effect  a  precipitate,  may  turn  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Dixon's 
"  In  the  Republic  of  Letters  "  (imported  by  Scrib- 
ner).  These  essays  have  been  already  published 
in  magazines ;  their  author  is  Professor  of  English 
Literature  in  Mason  College,  Birmingham.  So 
much  will  give  a  hint  of  what  help  Mr.  Dixon  will 
give  the  seeker.  We  have  read  the  essays  with 
interest.  There  are  many  critical  essays  published 
nowadays :  in  each  we  try  to  distinguish  some  new 
note.  Here  we  distinguish  none  ;  but  to  make  up, 
we  hear  at  times  the  clear,  beautiful  music  which 
is  now  more  like  a  reminiscence  of  some  golden 
days  of  youthful  appreciation  than  an  allurement 
toward  anything  to  come.  There  is  no  harm  in  that : 
we  are  prone  to  be  too  eager  for  "  new  notes  "  and 
"  modern  ideas  ";  there  is  such  a  thing  as  a  charm, 
a  beauty  which  is  always  old  —  as  old,  say,  as  New- 
man, or  Pascal,  or  Plato, —  and  which  is  still  mod- 
ern in  spite  of  the  Des  Goncourts  and  Mr.  Ruskin. 
We  would  hardly  say  that  Mr.  Dixon's  work  has 
the  charm  of  those  great  persuasive  writers  whom 
we  have  just  thought  of.  It  does,  however,  have 
something  more  like  it  than  we  have  found  in  much 
critical  writing  that  has  of  late  come  to  our  notice, 
—  which  is  in  some  ways  not  saying  very  much, 
but  in  others  is  more  than  a  little. 


The  latest  of  In  "  The  Physician  "  (  Macmillan ), 
the  plays  of  the  latest  of  the  plays  of  Mr.  Henry 
H.  A.  Jones.  Arthur  Jones  to  come  to  us  in  book 
form,  we  find  the  same  originality  of  imagination 
and  the  same  conventional  staginess  of  treatment 
that  have  excited  and  depressed  us  before.  It  is 
something  fresh  and  real  to  take  for  protagonist  a 
famous  specialist  in  nervous  diseases  who  feels  that 
his  own  life  is  poisoned  by  some  strange  trouble  that 
his  greatest  skill  cannot  cure.  There,  it  seems  to 
us,  the  dramatist  has  a  chance  for  some  pretty  deep- 
sea  sounding  in  the  human  heart.  But  it  also  seems 
to  us  that  it  is  not  making  the  most  of  so  good  a 
chance  to  set  your  specialist  down  for  six  months' 
attendance  on  a  temperance  worker  who  is  a  victim 
to  alcoholism  to  the  extent  of  about  one  spree  a 
month,  all  unsuspected  by  his  charming  fiancee 
whose  tender  solicitude  it  is  that  calls  in  the  doctor. 
When  one  has  got  as  far  as  that,  it  is  not  hard  to 
foresee  that  the  drunkard  will  escape  the  specialist 
and  die  in  the  gutter,  and  that  the  doctor's  cruel 
nervous  disease  will  be  cured  by  the  love  of  the 
ex-fiancee.  Mr.  Jones  has  been  very  successful 
in  pleasing  the  many  who  gather  in  the  theatres  to 
see  and  hear ;  it  will  be  interesting  to  see  how 
far  he  will  please  those  who  stay  at  home  and  read 
books.  

In  the  early  part  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, that  eccentric  naturalist  Con- 
statine  Samuel  Rafinesque  published 
in  "  The  Western  Review  and  Miscellaneous  Maga- 
zine "  of  Lexington,  Ky.,  a  series  of  articles  on  the 
fishes  of  the  Ohio  River.  These  were  subsequently 
issued  in  book  form,  under  the  title  "  Ichthyologia 


A  classic  of 
fresh-icaler 
ichthyology. 


Ohiensis."  This  work  contains  the  original  descrip- 
tions of  a  considerable  number  of  the  fresh-water 
fishes  of  the  Mississippi  river  system  ;  for  the  author 
had  the  evil  fortune  —  at  least  so  far  as  his  suc- 
cesses are  concerned — to  stumble  upon  and  to  name 
many  of  the  most  common  species  of  this  great  river 
and  its  tributaries.  Indeed,  he  often  wove  a  scien- 
tific description  from  an  idle  fisherman's  tale,  with- 
out ever  seeing  the  mythical  fish.  Execrable  as 
much  of  Rafinesque's  work  was,  his  "  Ichthyologia 
Ohiensis  "  has  become  the  foundation  of  fresh-water 
ichthyology  in  America.  For  many  years  his  de- 
scriptions were  often  ignored,  but  the  stricter  appli- 
cation of  rules  of  nomenclature  in  these  later  years 
has  made  his  work  the  starting-point  for  all  who 
would  deal  comprehensively  with  the  subject.  Dr. 
R.  E.  Call  has  done  the  science  a  service  by  his 
carefully  edited  reprint  (Burrows  Brothers)  of  this 
ichthyological  classic.  The  book  contains  a  portrait, 
several  facsimiles,  a  complete  bibliography  of  Ra- 
finesque's ichthyological  publications,  and  a  brief 
sketch  of  this  versatile  but  unfortunate  naturalist. 
The  volume  is  handsomely  gotten  up,  and  will  be  a 
welcome  addition  to  the  library  of  every  student  of 
our  fresh-water  fishes. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


Heretofore,  our  own  country  has  been  represented  in 
"  The  Statesman's  Year  Book "  by  a  modest  outline 
account  of  its  form  of  government  and  existing  admin- 
istration, inserted  somewhere  between  Turkey  and  Ura- 
guay  in  the  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  manual. 
With  the  1899  issue  (Macmillan)  this  is  all  changed, 
and  the  United  States  now  glories  in  an  extensive 
chapter,  set  in  the  forefront  of  the  volume,  filling 
nearly  three  hundred  pages,  and  made  authoritatiye 
by  the  name  of  Mr.  Carroll  D.  Wright.  The  other 
features  of  the  work  remain  practically  as  in  earlier 
editions. 

Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  are  engaged  in  publish- 
ing a  "  Centenary  "  edition  of  Balzac,  in  Miss  Worme- 
ley's  translation.  There  are  to  be  thirty-three  volumes 
in  all,  of  which  the  first  two  have  just  been  issued. 
These  include  "  Pere  Goriot,"  "  The  Marriage  Contract," 
"  Memoirs  of  Two  Young  Married  Women,"  and  "  Al- 
bert Savarus."  Each  volume  has  three  photogravure 
illustrations.  The  same  publishers  send  us  "  Fromont 
and  Risler"  ("  Sidonie  ") ,  translated  by  Mr.  George 
Burnham  Ives,  in  a  new  uniform  edition  of  Daudet, 
which  will  extend  to  twenty  volumes. 

Mrs.  Anna  Bowman  Dodd's  "  Cathedral  Days  "  and 
"  In  and  Out  of  Three  Normandy  Inns  "  have  achieved 
a  well-deserved  popularity  during  the  decade  or  so  that 
they  have  been  before  the  public.  They  are  now  re- 
issued in  a  handsome  new  edition  by  Messrs.  Little, 
Brown,  &  Co. 

Dr.  George  Willis  Botsford's  "  History  of  Greece  for 
High  Schools  and  Academies,"  just  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.,  is  a  handsome  volume,  well  supplied 
with  illustrations,  maps,  analyses,  and  other  apparatus, 
which  is  interesting  to  read,  scholarly  in  statement,  and 
in  every  way  highly  commendable. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


377 


JLiITERARY   NOTES. 


The  Open  Court  Publishing  Co.  send  us  a  new  edition, 
in  paper  covers,  of  "  Buddhism  and  its  Christian  Critics," 
by  Dr.  Paul  Carus. 

Mr.  Charles  W.  Bain  has  edited  the  seventh  book  of 
the  "  Odyssey  "  for  the  "  School  Classics  "  published  by 
Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co. 

"  Redgauntlet "  and  "  St.  Ronan's  Well,"  each  in  two 
volumes,  have  been  added  to  the  pretty  Dent-Scribner 
edition  of  Scott's  novels. 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang's  "  Myth,  Ritual,  and  Religion," 
in  two  volumes,  is  published  in  a  new  edition  by  Messrs. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  • 

Messrs.  Eldredge  &  Brother  publish  "  A  Text-Book 
of  Elementary  Botany,  including  a  Spring  Flora,"  by 
Professor  W.  A.  Kellerman. 

"  The  Story  of  the  British  Race,"  by  Mr.  John  Munro, 
is  published  by  Messrs.  D.  Appletou  &  Co.  in  their 
"  Library  of  Useful  Stories." 

"  The  Technique  of  the  French  Alexandrine "  is  a 
doctoral  dissertation  presented  to  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
versity by  Mr.  Hugo  Paul  Thieme. 

Goethe's  "  Wilhelm  Meister,"  in  two  volumes,  has 
just  been  published  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons 
in  their  "  Centenary  "  edition  of  Carlyle. 

Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons  import  a  new  vol- 
ume of  "  The  Muses'  Library,"  being  "  The  Poems  of 
Thomas  Carew,"  edited  by  Mr.  Arthur  Vincent. 

A  "  Collection  of  Poetry  for  School  Reading,"  edited 
by  Mr.  Marcus  White,  and  designed  for  children  from 
ten  to  fifteen  years  of  age,  is  published  by  the  Macmil- 
lan  Co. 

"  Our  Right  to  Acquire  and  Hold  Foreign  Territory," 
is  a  "  question  of  the  day  "  discussed  by  Mr.  Charles 
A.  Gardiner  in  a  pamphlet  published  by  Messrs.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons. 

A  new  edition  of  De  Morgan's  book  "  On  the  Study 
and  Difficulties  of  Mathematics,"  is  one  of  the  most 
acceptable  of  the  books  recently  issued  by  the  Open 
Court  Publishing  Co. 

Messrs.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  publish  a  new  edition, 
at  a  reduced  price,  of  "  Without  Dogma,"  the  powerful 
psychological  novel  of  modern  Poland.  The  translation 
is  by  Miss  Iza  Young. 

"  Sir  Bevis,"  being  an  "  adaptation  "  of  the  "  Wood 
Magic  "  of  Richard  Jefferies,  made  into  a  reading-book 
for  young  people  by  Miss  Eliza  Josephine  Kelley,  is  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Giun  &  Co. 

"  Books  I  Have  Read,"  published  by  Messrs.  Dodd, 
Mead,  &  Co.,  is  one  of  Lamb's  biblia  a-biblia.  It  is  a 
blank  book  intended  for  readers  of  other  books  who  may 
wish  to  note  down  their  impressions. 

"Sound "is  the  first  volume  of  "A  Text-Book  of 
Physics,"  to  appear  in  five  sections.  It  is  the  work  of 
Professors  J.  H.  Poynting  and  J.  J.  Thompson,  and  is 
published  in  America  by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

Mr.  Samuel  Harden  Church's  "  Oliver  Cromwell," 
duly  reviewed  by  us  when  published  five  years  ago,  is 
now  put  forth  by  the  Messrs.  Putnam  in  a  sumptuous 
"  Commemoration "  edition,  with  eighteen  full-page 
illustrations.  The  edition  is  limited  to  six  hundred 
copies. 

Baedeker's  "  United  States  "  (imported  by  Scribner) 
has  reached  a  "  second  revised  edition,"  in  which  we 
notice  no  material  changes.  It  is  a  model  of  condensa- 


tion and  reasonably  up-to-date  information,  and  we 
counsel  travelling  Americans,  no  less  than  visiting 
Europeans,  to  add  it  to  their  luggage,  no  matter  how 
slender  the  latter  may  be.  Mr.  J.  F.  Muirhead,  who 
has  become  a  resident  of  this  country,  continues  to  be 
the  editor  of  this  highly  useful  publication. 

Two  new  volumes,  the  fourth  and  fifth,  in  the  "  His- 
tory of  Egypt,"  of  composite  authorship,  have  j  ust  been 
imported  by  Messrs.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  Professor 
Mahaffy  writes  the  volume  upon  the  period  of  the 
"  Ptolemaic  Dynasty,"  while  the  period  of  "  Roman 
Rule  "  has  fallen  to  the  pen  of  Mr.  J.  Graftou  Milne. 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,  containing  103  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THB  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

Life,  Writings,  and  Correspondence  of  George  Borrow 
(1803-1881).  Based  on  official  and  other  authentic  sources. 
By  William  I.  Knapp,  Ph.D.  In  2  vols.,  illus.,  8vo,  gilt 
tops,  uncut.  6.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $6. 

Life  of  Danton.  By  A.  H.  Beesly.  With  photogravure 
portraits,  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  355.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
$4.50. 

The  Life  of  William  Ewart  Gladstone.  Edited  by  Sir 
Wemyss  Reid.  In  2  vols.,  illus.,  large  8vo.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $4.50. 

The  Life  and  Work  of  Thomas  Dudley,  the  Second  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts.  By  Augustine  Jones,  A.M.  Illus., 
8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  484.  Houghton,  Mitflin  &  Co.  $5. 

George  Miiller  of  Bristol,  and  his  Witness  to  a  Prayer- 
Hearing  God.  By  Arthur  T.  Pierson ;  with  Introduction 
by  James  Wright.  Illus.,  8vo,  pp.  461.  Baker  &  Taylor 
Co.  $1.50. 

Recollections  of  Lincoln  and  Douglas  Forty  Years  Ago. 
By  an  Eye- Witness.  Illus.,  16mo,  uncut.  New  York: 
Privately  Printed.  $1.50. 

Adam  Smith.  By  Hector  C.  Macpherson.  12mo,  pp.  160. 
"Famous  Scots."  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  75  cts. 

HISTORY. 

The  Civil  War  on  the  Border:  A  Narrative  of  Military 
Operations  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  the  Indian 
Territory,  during  the  Years  1863-65.  By  Wiley  Britton. 
Vol.  II.;  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  546.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $3.50. 

A  History  of  Egypt.  New  vols.:  Under  the  Ptolemaic 
Dynasty,  by  J.  P.  Mahaffy ;  and  Roman  Rule,  by  J.  Graf  ton 
Milne,  M.  A.  Each  illus.,  12mo,  uncut.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  Per  vol.,  $2.52. 

The  Story  of  the  People  of  England  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century.  By  Justin  McCarthy.  Part  II.,  1832-1898. 
Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  261.  "  Story  of  the  Nations."  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $1.50. 

The  Old  Northwest:  The  Beginnings  of  our  Colonial  Sys- 
tem. By  B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Ph.D.  Revised  edition  ;  with 
maps,  8vo,  pp.  430.  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.  81.75. 

Selections  from  the  Sources  of  English  History,  B.  c.  55 
—A.  D.  1832.  Arranged  and  edited  by  Charles  W.  Colby. 
M.A.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  325.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
$1.50. 

The  Story  of  the  British  Race.  By  John  Munro.  24mo. 
pp.  228.  "  Library  of  Useful  Stories."  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
40  cts. 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Unaddressed  Letters.  Edited  by  Frank  Athelstane  Swet- 
tenham,  K.C.M.G.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  312.  John  Lane. 
$1.50. 

More.  By  Max  Beerbohm.  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  201.  John 
Lane.  $1.25. 

New  Series  of  Modern  Plays.  First  vols.:  Alabama,  by 
Augustus  Thomas ;  The  Weavers,  by  Gerhart  Hauptmann, 
trans,  from  the  German  by  Mary  Morison :  Lonely  Lives, 
by  Gerhart  Hauptmann,  trans,  by  Mary  Morison.  Each 
16mo.  R.  H.  Russell.  Per  vol.,  $1. 


378 


THE    DIAL 


Character  not  Creeds :  Reflections  from  Hearth  and  Plow- 
Beam.  By  Daniel  Fowler  DeWolf,  A.M.  12mo,  pp.  258. 
Robert  Clarke  Co.  $1.25. 

Anna  Ruina:  A  Drama.  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  101. 
London :  David  Nntt. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

The  Works  of  Honore"  de  Balzac,  "  Centenary  "  edition. 
Translated  by  Katharine  Prescott  Wormeley.  Vol.  I., 
Pere  Goriot,  and  The  Marriage  Contract ;  Vol.  II.,  Me- 
moirs of  Two  Young  Married  Women,  and  Albert  Savarus. 
Each  illus.  in  photogravure,  12mo,  gilt  top.  Little,  Brown, 
&  Co.  Per  vol.,  $1.50. 

The  Poems  of  Thomas  Carew.  Edited  by  Arthur  Vincent. 
With  photogravure  portrait,  18mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  264. 
"  Muses' Library."  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.75. 

Fromont  and  Risler  ("Fremont  Jenne  et  Risler  Aine""). 
By  Alphonse  Daudet;  trans,  by  George  Burnham  Ives. 
With  photogravure  frontispiece,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  489.  Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $1.50. 

The  Works  of  Shakespeare,  "Eversley"  edition.  Edited 
by  C.  H.  Herford,  Litt.D.  Vol.  III.;  12mo,  uncut,  pp.  500. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.50. 

Goethe's  Wilhelm  Meister.  Trans,  from  the  German  by 
Thomas  Carlyle.  "  Centenary  "  edition  ;  in  2  vols.,  with 
portraits,  8vo,  uncut.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50. 

The  Waverley  Novels,  "Temple"  edition.  New  vols.: 
St.  Ronan's  Well,  and  Redgauntlet.  Each  in  2  vols.,  with 
photogravure  frontispieces,  24mo,  gilt  tops.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  Per  vol.,  80  cts. 

Without  Dogma:  A  Novel  of  Modern  Poland.  By  Henryk 
Sienkiewicz ;  trans,  from  the  Polish  by  Iza  Young.  Pop- 
ular edition ;  with  photogravure  frontispiece,  12mo,  pp.  423. 
Little,  Brown,  &  Co.  $1. 

Cassell's  National  Library,  New  Series.  Edited  by  Prof. 
Henry  Morley.  First  vols.:  Shakespeare's  Hamlet,  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,  and  Julius  Caesar.  Each  in  1  vol., 
24mo.  Cassell  &  Co.  Per  vol.,  paper,  10  cts.;  cloth,  20  cts. 

POETRY  AND  VERSE. 
Poems.    By  Ernest  Hartley  Coleridge.   12mo,  uncut,  pp.  107. 

John  Lane.    $1.50. 
The  Silence  of  Love.     By  Edmond  Holmes.    8vo,  uncut, 

pp.  56.    John  Lane.     $1.25. 
Within  the  Hedge.    By  Martha  Gilbert  Dickinson.    12mo, 

uncut,  pp.  127.     Doubleday  &  McClure  Co.     $1. 
Jingle  and  Jangle,  and  Other  Verses  for  and  about  Children. 

By  William  S.  Lord.   12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  58.   F.  H.  Revell 

Co.    75  cts. 

FICTION. 
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uncut,  pp.  330.    H.  S.  Stone  &  Co.    $1.75. 
The  Fowler.  By  Beatrice  Harraden.  12mo,  pp.  345.   Dodd, 

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Men's  Tragedies.    By  R.  V.  Risley.    12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 

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A  Double  Thread.    By  Ellen  Thorneycrof  t  Fowler.    12mo, 

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ii. 


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382 


THE    DIAL 


[June  1, 


READY  JUNE  1. 


44 


MARY  CAMERON 


A  ROMANCE  OF  FISHERMAN'S   ISLAND. 

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ings. $1.50. 

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familiar  plant  life. 

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Witness  to  a  Prayer  - 

Hearing  God. 

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to  1898. 

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This  book  is  a  collection  of  studies  of  child-nature 

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OF  HARTFORD,  CONN. 
JAMES  Q.  BATTERSON,  President. 

S.  C.  DUNHAM,  Vice-Pres.  JOHN  E.  MORRIS,  Sec'y- 

ISSUES  OCCIDENT  POLICIES, 

Covering  Accidents  of  Travel,  Sport,  or  Business, 
at  home  and  abroad. 

ISSUES  LIFE  &  ENDOWMENT  POLICIES, 

All  Forms,  Low  Rates,  and  Non-Forfeitable. 

ASSETS,  $25,315,442.46.         LIABILITIES,  $21,209,625.36. 

SURPLUS,  $4,105,817.10. 
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Armour  Institute  of 
Technology . . .  Chicago 


THE  PLAN  OF  ORGANIZATION 

EMBRACES 

1.  The  Technical  College,  an  engineering  school 
of  high  grade,  having  thorough  courses  in 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING, 
ELECTRICAL  ENGINEERING, 
ARCHITECTURE,  and 

MATHEMATICS  AND  PHYSICS. 

These  courses  are  each  four  years  in  length.    There 
is  also  a  two  years'  course  in  Architecture. 

2.  Armour  Scientific  Academy,  a  thorough-going 
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mission to  the  engineering  courses  of  the  Technical 
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east  and  west. 

3.  The  Associated  Departments,  including  The 
Department  of  Domestic  Arts,  The  Kindergarten 
Normal   Department,  The  Department  of  Music, 
and  The  Department  of  Shorthand  and  Typewriting. 


Direct  general  correspondence 

to 
F.  W.  GUNSAULUS, 

President. 


Address  inquiries  about  courses 

of  instruction  to 
THOS.  C.  RONEY, 
Dean  of  the  Faculty. 


The  Institute  Year  Book  will  be  sent  upon  application. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


383 


A  Summer 
Vacation 

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kee, Waukesha,  Madison,  Devil's  Lake, 
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White  Bear,  Duluth,  Ashland,  Marquette, 
and  the  resorts  of  Wisconsin,  Northern 
Michigan  and  Minnesota,  Dakota  Hot 
Springs,  Denver,  Colorado  Springs,  Mani- 
ton,  Glenwood  Springs,  or  in  the  valleys 
and  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
California.  Exceptionally  fine  train  serv- 
ice to  all  points.  Low-rate  tourist  tickets 
and  pamphlets  upon  inquiry  at  ticket 
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CHICAGO  &  NORTH  =  WESTERN 
RAILWAY. 


Ticket  Office,  193  Clark  Street. 


Passenger  Station,  corner  Wells  and  Kinzie  Sts. 

HAUNTS  IN  THE  WILD  WOODS 
AND  GAY  PLACES  FOR  SUMMER  OUTINGS. 

Either,  or  both,  can  be  found  along  the  lines  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  R'y  in  Wisconsin,  Min- 
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Among  the  many  delightful  summer  resorts  are  Dele- 
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For  pamphlet  of  "  Summer  Tours,"  and  "  Fishing  and 
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two-cent  stamp,  GEO.  H.  HEAFFORD,  Gen'l  Pass.  Agt., 
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Numbers  6,  7,  and  8 


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Operating  the  steel  side-wheel 
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CITY  OF  CHICAGO  and 

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and  the  popular  passenger  propeller 

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P.  M.,  daily.  Regular  steamer  also  leaves  Chicago  at 
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The  12:30,  noon,  trip  does  not  commence  until  June  26. 
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J.  H.  GRAHAM,  Pres., 

Benton  Harbor,  Mich. 
J.  S.  MORTON,  Sec'y  and  Treas., 
Benton  Harbor,  Mich. 

G.  P.  CORY,  Gen'l  Agent, 
Foot  Wabash  Avenue,  48  River  Street,  Chicago. 


384 


THE    DIAL. 


[June  1,  1899. 


COMPOSITION  AND  RHETORIC 

FOR  SCHOOLS  y 

By  ROBERT  HERRICK,  A.B.,  Assistant  Professor  of  English  in  thq,  University 
of  Chicago;  and  LINDSAY  TODD  DAMON,  A.B.,  Instructor  in  English 
in  the  University  of  Chicago. 


PART  I. 

Preliminary 

Work. 


COMPOSITION  —  ORAL  AND  WRITTEN  —  WHAT  TO  WRITE  ABOUT 
—  DEVELOPMENT  OF  SUBJECTS  —  DIVIDING  SUBJECTS  INTO  PARA- 
GRAPHS —  BUILDING  SENTENCES  —  A  REVIEW  OF  PUNCTUATION  — 
How  TO  INCREASE  A  VOCABULARY  —  LETTERS. 

The  authors  believe  that  in  the  earlier  years  of  English  work  the 
critical  side  of  teaching  should  be  subordinated  to  the  constructive,  stimulative  side,  and  that 
the  pupil  should  be  encouraged  to  write  freely,  and  to  form  habits  of  thought  and  of  invention, 
before  his  expression  is  minutely  criticized. 


PART  II. 

Usage. 


GOOD  USE  DEFINED  —  THE  STANDARDS  OF  GOOD  USE  —  BAR- 
BARISMS—  IMPROPRIETIES  —  IDIOM  AND  TRANSLATION-ENGLISH  — 
GRAMMAR  —  GOOD  USE  IN  THE  SENTENCE. 

This  Part  contains  a  discussion  of  the  laws  that  govern  writing, 
of  the  Standards  of  Good  Use,  viz.:  Present,  National,  and  Reputable  Use ;  somewhat  extended 
chapters  on  Barbarisms  and  Improprieties,  including  a  full  treatment  of  "  shall "  and  "  will," 
"should"  and  "would,"  with  copious  illustrative  examples  and  exercises. 


PART  III. 
Diction. 


WORDINESS  —  RIGHT  CHOICE  OF  WORDS. 

Here  is  taken  up  the  consideration  of  the  allied  subjects  of  Dif- 
fuseness,  Tautology,  Redundancy,  Verbosity,  Figures  of  Speech,  etc., 
illustrated  by  a  variety  of  helpful  exercises. 

CLEARNESS   IN  SENTENCES  —  UNITY  —  COHERENCE  —  FORCE  IN 
SENTENCES  :  EMPHASIS,  LENGTH,  PERIODICITY  AND  PARALLELISM 

—  SINGLE  PARAGRAPHS. 

Certain  principles  underlie  the  proper  construction  of  both  the 
sentence  and  the  paragraph,  and  the  authors  have  set  forth  these 
laws  fully  in  this  part  of  the  book. 

THE   STRUCTURE   OF   THE  WHOLE   COMPOSITION  —  SUMMARIES 

—  ORIGINAL   COMPOSITION  -^-  LITERARY    LAWS  —  DESCRIPTIVE 
AND  NARRATIVE  WRITING  —  EXPOSITORY  AND  ARGUMENTATIVE 
WRITING. 

At  some  point  in  his  work  the  student  should  be  given  a  some- 
what comprehensive  view  of  Rhetoric  as  governed  by  fixed  laws  and  principles.  The  authors 
have  briefly  outlined  this  treatment  of  the  subject  in  Part  V. 

One  Volume,  476  Pages,  Cloth.     Price,  $1.00. 


PART  IV. 

Rhetorical  Laws 

of  the  Sentence 

and  the 

Paragraph. 


PART  V. 

The  Whole 

Composition. 


SCOTT,  FORESMAN  AND  COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS, 

378-388  WABASH   AVENUE,  CHICAGO. 


THE  DIAL   PRESS,  CHICAGO. 


THE    DIAL 

^  SEMI-MONTHLY  JOURNAL  OF 

ifttcrarg  Critkism,  gtsrussrott,  attfr  Information. 


EDITED  BY  )  Volume  XXVI. 

FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE.  }       A<>.  372. 


CHICAGO,  JUNE  16,  1899. 


10  ct».  a  copy.  (  FINE  AKTS  BUILDING. 
52.  a  year.     \        Rooms  610-630-631. 


FOR  THE  OUT  =  DOOR  SEASON 


"  Here  are  new  colors  and  new  beauties  held  up  to  those  who  see  well  already,  with  new  eyes  for  those  who 
cannot  see  at  all." —  NEW  YORK  TIMES. 

BY  THE  AUTHOR  OF  "HOW  TO  KNOW  THE  WILD  FLOWERS." 

HOW  TO  KNOW  THE  PERNS 

A    GUIDE   TO   THE    NAMES,    HAUNTS, 
AND  HABITS  OF  OUR  NATIVE  FERNS. 

By  FRANCES  THEODORA  PARSONS 

(FORMERLY  MRS.   DANA). 

With  144  Illustrations  by  MARION  SATTERLEE  and  ALICE  J.  SMITH. 
Crown  8vo.     Price,  $1.50  net. 


CONTENTS: 


FERNS  AS  A  HOBBY. 
WHEN  AND  WHERE  TO  FIND  FERNS. 
EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS. 
FERTILIZATION,  DEVELOPMENT,  AND 
FRUCTIFICATION  OF  FERNS. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  GENERA. 

HOW  TO  USE  THE  BOOK. 

GUIDE. 

FERN  DESCRIPTIONS. 

INDEX. 


"  A  FTER  a  delightful  introductory  chapter  on  « Ferns  as  a  Hobby,'  the  author  goes  on  to  the  explanation  of 
/\  terms,  to  the  fertilization,  development,  and  fructification  of  ferns,  the  notable  fern  families,  and  the 
description  of  individual  ferns.     The  illustrations,  by  camera  and  pencil,  are  numerous  and  exceedingly  fine, 
completing  a  book  that  must  prove  a  lasting  delight  to  all  nature-lovers." —  Boston  Evening  Transcript. 


"  'T'HIS  book  follows  the  plan  of  «  How  to  Know  the 
1  Wild  Flowers '  [now  in  its  43d  thousand].  It 
is  fully  illustrated,  and  will  be  of  great  service  to  all 
who  have  not  had  the  opportunity  of  early  training  in 
wood-lore.  « How  to  Know  the  Ferns '  not  only  iden- 
tifies the  ferns,  but  their  family  relations  and  neighbors. 
It  will  beyond  doubt  receive  a  general  welcome." — 
The  Outlook. 


11  /*~\F  the  ferns,  as  of  the  flowers,  she  writes  as  one 
\_J  who  not  only  knows  but  loves  them.  The  charm 
of  her  fern  book  is  as  irresistible  and  pervading  as  is 
the  charm  of  nature  itself.  This  gifted  and  enthusi- 
astic naturalist  knows  the  ferns  literally  '  like  a  book,' 
and  her  book  makes  the  first  lesson  of  the  novice  in 
the  lore  of  fern  life  an  easy  and  a  delightful  task." — 
New  York  Mail  and  Express. 


BY  THE  &AME  AUTHOR. 

How  to  Know  the  Wild  Flowers 

A  GUIDE  TO  THE    NAMES,   HAUNTS,  AND  HABITS  OF  OUR    COMMON   WILD    FLOWERS. 

Forty-third  Thousand,  Revised  and  Enlarged. 

With  156  Illustrations  by  Marion  Satterlee.    Crown  8vo,  $1.75  net. 

"  T    AM  delighted  with  it.  ...  You  have  combined  love  of  out-door  life  with  what  gives  a  tenfold  zest  to 
1    this  love  —  the  trained  literary  appreciation  of  the  writers  who  have  had  eyes  to  see  and  the  skill  to  write 
about  what  they  have  seen  in  the  woods  and  fields." —  Hon.  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 


CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS,  153  =  157  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York 


386 


THE    DIAL, 


[June  16,  1899. 


The  Macmillan  Company's  New  Books. 


The  Life  and  Remains  of  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Quick, 


By  F.  Storr, 

Editor  of 
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The  life  of  a  noted  educator,  schoolmaster,  and 
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Wordsworth  and  the  Coleridges, 


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"  A  notable  volume  of  reminiscences.  No  more  interesting 
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THE  DIAL 


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THE  DIAL,  Fine  Arts  Building,  Chicago. 


No.  812. 


JUNE  16,  1899.        Vol.  XXVL 


CONTENTS. 


BOYS  AND  GIRLS  AND  BOOKS 


PAGE 

.  387 


SPIRIT  OF  SONG.     (Poem.)     Clinton  Scollard     .    .  389 

COMMUNICATIONS 389 

Mr.  Kipling's  "  Cynical  Jingoism  "  toward  the  Brown 

Man.    Henry  Wysham  Lanier. 
Free  Discussion  of  the  Philippine  Question.    David 

Starr  Jordan. 
Scorn  not  the  Ass.     W.  R.  K. 

AUBREY      BEARDSLEY      IN      PERSPECTIVE. 

G.  M.  E.  Twose 391 

OUR  NEW  ISLAND  POSSESSIONS.  Ira  M.  Price  394 
Lala's  The  Philippine  Islands.  —  Younghusband's 
The  Philippines  and  Round  About. — Noa's  The  Pearl 
of  the  Antilles.  —  Morris's  Our  Island  Empire.  — 
Vivian  and  Smith's  Everything  About  Our  New 
Possessions. 

ECONOMICS       AND       PHILANTHROPY       OF 

RUSKIN.    Max  West 396 

STUDIES  OF  SOCIETY  AND  HUMANITY.    C.  E. 

Henderson 398 

Giddings's  The  Elements  of  Sociology.  —  Wright's 
Practical  Sociology.  —  Woods's  The  City  Wilderness. 
—  Wyckoff 's  The  Workers :  The  West.  —  Riis's  Out 
of  Mulberry  Street. —  Mrs.  Bosanquet's  The  Standard 
of  Life,  and  Other  Studies.  —  Fletcher's  That  Last 
Waif.  —  Bird's  The  Cry  of  the  Children. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 400 

McCarthy's  19th  century  England.  —  Critical  essays 
from  the  French.  —  The  problem  of  the  tides.  — 
Memories,  literary  and  political.  —  The  American 
acting  drama.  —  Completion  of  Ratzel's  History  of 
Mankind.  —  "More"  from  Max  Beerbohm.  —  Two 
forgotten  men  of  letters.  —  Mrs.  Meynell's  new  vol- 
ume. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 403 

LITERARY  NOTES 404 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  404 


BOYS  AND   GIRLS  AND  BOOKS. 

The  curse  (we  use  the  word  deliberately) 
which  at  present  rests  upon  the  teaching  of 
English  literature  in  our  elementary  and  sec- 
ondary schools  is  the  imposition  upon  young 
people  of  a  priori  programmes.  We  try  to 
inculcate  a  love  of  literature  by  making  boys 
and  girls  read  books  that  they  do  not  like,  sim- 
ply because  in  our  Olympian  opinion,  and  from 
our  superior  point  of  view,  they  ought  to  like 
them.  The  result  is  the  natural  one  that  a 
large  proportion  of  our  grammar  and  high- 
school  children  learn  to  hate  the  very  name  of 
literature,  and  by  our  injudicious  treatment  are 
cut  off  (many  of  them  for  good)  from  one  of 
the  chief  joys  of  life.  And  yet  nearly  all  of 
them  have  their  literary  interests,  have  some- 
where in  their  mental  make-up  the  germs  of 
good  taste.  Any  intelligent  teacher,  free  to 
deal  with  the  problem  presented  by  a  particu- 
lar individual  or  even  a  particular  class  of  stu- 
dents, can  get  at  these  interests  and  develope 
these  germs.  But  this  necessary  freedom  in 
diagnosis  and  treatment  is  denied  to  most  teach- 
ers by  the  stupidity  of  the  authorities  placed 
over  them,  and  they  are  condemned  to  the  hope- 
less task  of  working  within  the  rigid  limits  of 
prescribed  texts  and  courses.  The  colleges,  for 
example,  announce  that  they  will  examine  can- 
didates in  certain  texts,  and  the  consequence 
of  this  announcement  is  that  thousands  of  hap- 
less young  students  (to  take  two  peculiarly 
flagrant  cases  of  recent  years)  are  set  to  study- 
ing Defoe's  "  History  of  the  Plague "  and 
Burke's  speech  on  "  Conciliation."  Small  won- 
der if,  under  these  circumstances,  the  study  of 
literature  itself  becomes  a  plague,  because  ab- 
solutely devoid  of  the  sort  of  conciliation  that 
is  really  needed.  And  if  undue  deference  is 
not  paid  to  the  requirements  of  the  colleges, 
there  is  never  any  lack  of  doctrinaires  among 
superintendents  and  committeemen  to  devise 
programmes  that  are  equally  well  calculated  to 
destroy  the  nascent  liking  for  literature  that  is 
the  normal  possession  of  healthy  young  minds. 

This  way  of  dealing  with  the  most  sacred 
interests  of  children  is  educational  quackery 
and  nothing  else,  whether  it  proceed  from  auto- 
cratic individuals  or  from  bodies  of  educators 
in  solemn  conclave.  It  is  the  proprietary- 


388 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


medicine  principle  applied  to  the  treatment  of 
the  mind.  The  fatuousness  of  prescribing  cer- 
tain texts  to  be  studied  by  children  in  certain 
stages  of  their  education  is  so  amazing  that 
words  are  inadequate  to  deal  with  it.  That 
one  man's  meat  is  another  man's  poison  is  a 
statement  as  true  in  psychology  as  it  is  in  phys- 
iology. Imagine  a  body  of  representative  phys- 
icians meeting  for  the  purpose  of  preparing  a 
course  of  drugs  to  be  administered  uniformly 
to  young  people  of  certain  ages.  At  fifteen, 
let  us  say,  they  should  take  calomel  for  so  many 
months,  quinine  for  so  many  others,  and  thus 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  development. 
The  illustration  is  grotesque,  no  doubt,  yet  it 
offers  a  fair  parallel  to  the  methods  of  many 
educators  when  dealing  with  this  delicate  ques- 
tion of  literary  instruction.  Mr.  Ruskin  once 
described  himself  as  "  a  violent  Tory,"  and  the 
contemplation  of  such  methods  as  these  should 
be  enough  to  make  "  a  violent  Individualist " 
of  everyone  having  a  proper  appreciation  of 
the  aims  to  be  kept  in  view  by  the  teacher  of 
literature.  "  Chaos  is  come  again  "  would 
doubtless  be  the  cry  of  the  partisans  of  routine 
should  their  precious  schemes  be  roughly  set 
aside  in  the  interests  of  the  individual  student. 
But  in  pedagogy,  at  least,  there  is  one  thing 
worse  than  chaos,  and  that  thing  is  the  sort  of 
regimentation  toward  which  so  much  of  our 
modern  education  tends. 

We  are  impelled  to  these  observations  by 
the  recent  publication  of  a  small  book  called 
"  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Literature," 
compiled  by  Dr.  Edwin  Herbert  Lewis.  It  is 
a  book  of  detached  pieces,  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  in  all,  and,  as  we  look  it  over,  our 
first  impression  is  that  it  offers  one  more  incen- 
tive to  that  "  reading  by  sample "  against 
which  Mr.  Pancoast  protests  so  effectively  in 
the  last  number  of  "  The  Educational  Review." 
A  further  examination,  disclosing  such  juxta- 
positions as  William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Mrs. 
Charlotte  Perkins  Stetson,  Walt  Whitman  and 
Mr.  William  Canton,  Shakespeare  on  "  the 
fop "  and  Cardinal  Newman  on  "  the  gentle- 
man," gives  the  impression  that  we  are  plung- 
ing into  a  sort  of  literary  grab-bag,  and  curi- 
osity as  to  what  will  come  out  next  becomes  the 
predominant  element  in  the  consciousness.  But 
our  thoughts  take  a  more  serious  turn  when 
we  seek  in  the  preface  of  the  book  to  discover 
the  principle  upon  which  it  has  been  put 
together.  It  then  appears  in  its  true  light  as 
an  attempt  (the  first  of  its  sort  that  has  come 
to  our  knowledge)  to  place  before  young  peo- 


ple the  kind  of  literature  that  they  really  like 
instead  of  the  kind  that  their  elders  think  they 
ought  to  like.  The  book  is  based  upon  actual 
experiment  rather  than  upon  a  priori  reasoning ; 
each  selection  is  the  result  of  an  induction  from 
many  observations  rather  than  of  a  deduction 
from  any  pedantic  principle.  But  in  this  mat- 
ter Dr.  Lewis  must  speak  for  himself. 

First  of  all,  he  tells  us  that  the  appeal  of 
literature  should  be  made  to  the  "  highest  nor- 
mal interests  "  of  the  student.  Then,  "  it  must 
be  ascertained  by  what  stages  the  imagination, 
the  emotions,  and  the  character  develope.  The- 
oretically, there  is  a  masterpiece  for  every 
month  of  the  student's  life.  The  surest  way  of 
learning  where  the  masterpieces  fit  is  to  allow 
the  student  to  '  browse '  in  a  library."  The 
following  passage  describes  the  method  which 
has  resulted  in  the  volume  now  under  consid- 
eration. 

"  Various  classes  in  the  Lewis  Institute  have  been  en- 
couraged to  '  browse,'  to  see  if  they  might  not  hit  upon 
a  body  of  literature  that  would  remain  a  constant  inter- 
est to  their  equals  in  age.  However  imperfect  and 
incomplete  these  investigations,  the  sifting  process,  upon 
which  the  students  entered  actively  and  honestly,  has 
been  of  the  greatest  value  to  all  concerned.  It  has 
shown  that  noticeable  differences  of  interest  exist  be- 
tween ninth  and  tenth,  tenth  and  eleventh  grades.  In 
the  nature-sense,  for  instance,  as  it  appears  in  the  youth 
not  hopelessly  hardened  by  '  business '  aims,  there  are 
usually  marked  changes  between  thirteen  and  sixteen. 
The  change  is  first  from  the  child's  scientific  curiosity 
about  nature  to  a  half-poetic,  but  objective,  interest  in 
her;  the  boy  becomes  capable  of  direct,  unreflecting  joy 
in  nature,  or  even  of  direct  displeasure  with  her,  in 
something  of  the  Homeric  manner;  then  he  slowly  grows 
to  sympathize  with  the  modern  view,  so  much  more 
imaginative  and  sometimes  so  much  less  wholesome  than 
Homer's." 

That  the  method  thus  outlined  is  the  only 
rational  one  for  the  teaching  of  literature  to 
young  students  seems  to  us  beyond  question.  It 
makes  the  work  attractive  rather  than  forbid- 
ding. It  coaxes  the  recalcitrant  tastes  and 
emotions  instead  of  domineering  over  them.  It 
prepares  the  way  for  that  systematic  study  of 
literary  history  and  aesthetics  that  has  its  un- 
disputed place  in  the  later  stages  of  education, 
but  is  entirely  out  of  place  in  the  earlier  years. 
We  should  not  be  taken  to  mean  that  Dr.  Lewis 
has  prepared  a  book  that  may  properly  be 
administered  to  any  class  of  young  people  of 
the  age  with  which  he  has  dealt.  That  would 
be  denying  the  fundamental  principle  of  our 
philosophy.  But  he  undoubtedly  has  prepared 
the  best  sort  of  book  for  his  own  particular  set 
of  young  people,  and  a  book,  furthermore, 
which  points  to  other  teachers  the  way  in  which 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


389 


they  should  get  at  the  interests  of  their  own 
students.  Nor  must  it  be  imagined  that  hia 
method  runs  to  "  chatter,"  or  that  it  neglects 
the  disciplinary  aspect  of  instruction.  He  says 
at  the  outset  that  "  there  is  need  of  Spartan 
severity  regarding  chirography,  orthography, 
punctuation,  syntax,  and  logic.  The  task  of 
securing  correctness  by  Spartan  methods,  and, 
at  the  same  time,  of  arousing  an  unconstrained 
love  for  noble  literature,  is  the  almost  hopeless 
labor  set  for  the  English  teacher.  Gradgrind 
and  enemy  of  Gradgrind  he  must  be  within  the 
same  hour.  But  there  is  no  escaping  the  double 
duty,  and  no  denying  that  the  second  part  of  it  is 
the  more  important."  Note  the  emphasis  of  this 
latter  clause,  and  note  also  the  word  "  uncon- 
strained," which  must  be  the  keynote  of  suc- 
cessful endeavor.  It  is  because  constraint  is 
applied  at  the  wrong  points  that  our  schools 
make  so  miserable  a  failure  of  that  part  of  their 
work  which  should  exemplify  the  most  shining 
success.  And  this  misapplied  constraint,  be  it 
observed,  rarely  comes  from  the  initiative  of 
the  intelligent  teacher ;  it  rather  originates  in 
the  councils  of  those  set  above  him  in  author- 
ity, and  is  transmitted  by  him,  unwillingly 
enough,  to  the  hapless  victims  of  the  system 
with  which  both  teachers  and  students  are 
burdened. 


SPIRIT  OF  SONG. 


O  where,  O  where, 

Into  the  blue  engirdling  vasts  of  air, 

As  fair  and  evanescent  as  the  dawn, 

0  blithe  and  winged  spirit,  art  thou  gone, 
And  why  so  far  withdrawn  ? 

Of  yore,  of  yore, 

When  sea  and  shore 

Were  glad  with  summer  or  with  winter  frore, 

1  knew  thy  radiant  presence  eve  and  morn; 
Now  am  I  lone  and  lorn! 

From  day  to  day 

I  wait  thy  coming  in  the  old  sweet  way, — 
Thy  zephyr-soft  surprisings  grave  or  gay; 
Thy  tremulous  minors  and  thy  majors  bold; 
Thy  melodies  manifold! 

Return,  return, 

O  thou  for  whom  I  yearn! 

Gladden  my  heart,  as  doth  the  stir  of  spring 

The  earth,  with  vernal  hopes  on  fairy  wing, 

All  clearly  cadencing! 

So.  shall  I  know 

Once  more  the  ecstacy,  the  thrill,  the  glow, 
That  lifts  above  the  whelm  and  surge  of  strife 
Wherewith  the  rondure  of  our  days  is  rife, — 
So  shall  I  touch  the  haloed  heights  of  life! 

CLINTON  SCOLLARD. 


COMMUNICA  TIONS. 


MR.  KIPLING'S  "CYNICAL  JINGOISM"  TOWARD 

THE  BROWN  MAN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  have  read  with  rather  special  interest  the  pages  of 
your  issue  of  May  16,  in  which  Mr.  Henry  Austin  (im- 
pelled by  "  the  hardihood  of  intense  conviction,  coupled 
with  a  stern  sense  of  duty  ")  reproves  a  public  given 
over  to  a  "  hysteria  of  unreasoned  admiration,"  to  a 
"  toy  tempest  of  flatulent  adulation,"  —  of  Mr.  Rudyard 
Kipling. 

It  is  quite  unnecessary  for  any  admirer  of  Mr.  Kip- 
ling's work  to  attempt  any  reply  to  assertions  that  the 
"  Recessional "  is  inferior  in  technique  and  style  to  the 
work  of  "a  dozen  other  English  poets,"  particularly 
Mr.  Rennell  Rodd ;  or  that  "  most  of  his  verses  "  are 
"  on  the  same  plane  with  the  work  of  many  minor  En- 
glish and  American  poets."  With  all  due  respect  to 
Mr.  Austin,  such  statements,  even  when  they  appear  in 
THE  DIAL,  violate  all  laws  of  physics  by  having  no  ac- 
tion except  a  reaction. 

But  when  a  journal  like  yours  gives  place  to  a  char- 
acterization such  as  the  following,  I  feel  as  if  the  most 
obscure  reader  had  a  right  to  protest.  Mr.  Austin,  after 
quoting  Dr..  Felix  Adler's  denunciation  of  Mr.  Kipling's 
"  teaching  as  a  gospel  of  force,"  goes  on: 

"It  is  not,  however,  with  Kipling's  jingoism  and  frank 
cynicism  toward  inferior  races,  as  the  Apostle  of  Force,  of 
Might  against  Right,  that  literature  is  concerned,  except  inas- 
much as  these  essentially  pagan  and  very  antiquated  senti- 
ments might  be  shown  to  affect  his  art." 

Now,  it  is  the  penalty  of  candor  to  subject  itself  to 
misunderstanding  as  well  as  wilful  misrepresentation; 
yet  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how  a  man  of  Mr.  Austin's 
intelligence  can  make  a  declaration  of  so  peculiarly 
inaccurate  and  unjust  a  nature  as  the  above,  except  on 
the  supposition  that  he  has  not  read  a  large  majority 
of  Mr.  Kipling's  writings.  Here  is  an  author  who 
writes  of  things  as  they  are  —  not  as  they  might  be;  of 
men  who  do  the  world  s  work,  dirty  work,  hard  work, 
unpoetic  work  much  of  it,  —  not  of  those  who  delude 
themselves  and  others  into  believing  that  matters  are 
as  they  would  like  to  have  them.  He  is  perhaps  more 
entirely  sincere,  more  thoroughly  free  from  hypocritic 
cant  or  shadow  of  self-deception  than  any  writer  now 
prominently  before  the  public:  it  is  very  natural  that 
such  frank  disregard  of  their  little  air-structures  should 
offend  the  sentimentalists;  but  it  is  almost  incredible 
that  any  fair-minded  person  could  speak  of  his  "  cyni- 
cism toward  inferior  races  "  after  even  the  most  super- 
ficial examination  of  his  stories  and  poems  that  deal 
with  the  natives  of  India  and  the  Far  East.  Is  this 
quality  to  be  found  in  "  The  Masque  of  Plenty  "  ("  De- 
partmental Ditties  ")  —  written,  too,  when  his  work 
showed  a  far  greater  preponderance  of  head  over  heart 
than  was  later  visible  ?  Or  perhaps  in  "  The  Song  of 
the  Women  "  ?  or  "  What  the  People  Said  "  ?  Does 
Mr.  Austin's  "  intense  conviction  "  result  from  a  con- 
templation of  "The  Ballad  of  East  and  West"  or 
"  Guuga  Din,"  or,  in  prose,  of  "  The  Story  of  Muham- 
mad Din,"  "  Without  Benefit  of  Clergy,"  "  The  Judg- 
ment of  Dungara,"  "At  Howli  Thana,"  "Gemini," 
"The  Sending  of  Dana  Da,"  "On  the  City  Wall,"  or 
any  other  of  dozens  of  poems  and  stories  which  are  to 
be  found  in  Mr.  Kipling's  books  ? 

What  a  miserably  unfair  thing  is  it,  because  an  author 


390 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


tells  more  intimately  and  openly  than  ever  before  of 
"  Tommy  Atkins  " —  whose  chief  business  is  policing 
and  fighting  black  and  brown  men  —  to  cry  out  upon 
him  as  the  "  Apostle  of  Might  against  Right "  !  Ignor- 
ing all  the  innumerable  ways  in  which  he  has  shown  an 
understanding  of  the  native,  and  a  real  manly,  brotherly 
feeling  for  him,  such  as  our  literature  does  not  equal 
elsewhere ! 

The  truth  is  that  Mr.  Kipling  has  been  the  first 
man  who  has  ever  introduced  the  Anglo-Saxon  to  the 
real  native  of  India  —  a  fellow-man,  with  hopes  and 
fears,  and  pride  and  resentment,  and  hopeless  resigna- 
tion. His  best  claim  to  attention  is  his  infinite  sympa- 
thy with  all  things  animate  and  inanimate:  this  is  the 
very  warp  and  woof  of  his  whole  literary  fabric.  He 
has  well  earned  the  right  to  inscribe  in  his  books  as  he 
has  done  in  the  beginning  of  his  new  "  From  Sea  to 
Sea":  "Write  me  as  one  that  loved  his  fellow-men." 

HENRY  WYSHAM  LANIER. 
New  York,  June  3,  1899. 


FREE  DISCUSSION  OF  THE  PHILIPPINE  QUESTION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  reading  your  timely  and  pertinent  editorial  on 
"  The  Menace  to  Free  Discussion,"  in  your  issue  of 
May  16,  one  smiles  at  the  thought  that  Mr.  Atkinson's 
little  pamphlet  should  demoralize  our  soldiers  at  Manila. 
These  soldiers  can  tell  far  more  —  those  who  have  re- 
turned have  told  me  far  more  —  than  Mr.  Atkinson  ever 
dreamed  of,  of  the  horrors  of  war  and  disease. 

No  doubt  THE  DIAL  is  right  in  believing  that  the 
impulse  to  emulate  British  colonial  methods  is  "  noth- 
ing more  than  a  severe  fever  that  will  run  its  course 
and  pass  away."  The  heart  of  the  patient  is  sound,  and 
the  reaction  will  come  sooner  or  later.  But  one  neces- 
sity of  convalescence  is  that  the  patient  be  very  careful 
to  guard  his  ways.  The  sequelae  of  this  illness  promise 
to  be  appalling.  Most  of  us  have  admitted,  in  loose 
fashion,  that  we  were  likely  in  a  new  enterprise  to  make 
blunders;  but  few  anticipated  such  colossal  and  fatal 
mistakes  as  we  have  been  led  into,  without  our  consent, 
within  the  last  few  months. 

No  one  dreamed,  for  example,  (1)  that  we  should 
break  our  pledge  not  to  seek  extension  of  territory  by 
force  of  arms;  or  (2)  that  we  should  repudiate  without 
explanation  our  promises  to  our  allies  in  Luzon,  what- 
ever these  pledges  were.  We  have  (3)  failed  to  con- 
ciliate these  people,  once  our  allies,  or  even  to  appear 
to  try  to  conciliate  them.  We  have  (4)  refused  for 
mouths  to  give  them  any  answer  to  their  questions  as  to 
our  plans.  We  have  (5)  rejected  or  insulted  their  en- 
voys. If  the  determination  of  policy  rests  with  Con- 
gress, we  have  failed  to  tell  them  so,  or  (6)  to  arrange 
for  a  peaceful  modus  vivendi  until  Congress  should  meet. 
We  failed  (7)  to  take  advantage  of  the  hopeful  begin- 
ning of  civil  government  at  Malolos.  We  have  (8) 
played  fast  and  loose  with  ourselves,  talking  in  one 
breath  of  duties  to  civilization,  in  another  of  impe- 
rial conquest;  in  one  breath  of  free  constitutional  rule 
in  the  islands,  in  another  of  industrial  slavery  and  the 
demands  of  commerce.  We  have  (9)  adopted  no  pol- 
icy of  our  own,  in  the  hope,  apparently,  that  chance  — 
called  "  manifest  destiny  " —  may  give  us  what  justice 
must  refuse.  We  began  war  (10)  on  February  5,  the 
general  in  charge  using  as  an  excuse  a  drunken  escapade 
of  natives  for  which  their  leaders  were  not  responsible. 
We  (11)  refused  their  explanations,  and  their  request 
for  a  neutral  zone  and  a  truce.  We  (12)  have  held 


our  army  in  such  relations  that  friction  with  the  natives 
was  inevitable.  We  have  (13)  rejected  all  later  offers 
of  peace  except  on  the  outrageous  terms  of  "  uncon- 
ditional surrender."  We  have  (14)  treated  these  peo- 
ple on  their  own  soil  as  "  rebels,"  in  defiance  of  fact, 
of  justice,  and  apparently  in  defiance  of  our  own  Con- 
stitution and  of  the  recognized  law  of  nations.  We 
have  (15)  permitted  a  declaration  of  war  to  be  virtu- 
ally made  by  a  general  who  at  the  best  is  regardless  of 
statesmanship,  and  who  is  reported  rarely  to  leave  his 
office  "  where  he  devotes  himself  faithfully  to  the  duties 
of  a  quartermaster's  clerk."  The  operations  of  this 
most  undemocratic  war  have  been  in  part  conducted 
(16)  with  the  same  waste  and  cruelty  that  roused  us  all 
to  indignation  in  Cuba.  The  towns  we  occupy  have  been 
burned  and  looted ;  and  the  natives,  rich  and  poor,  ed- 
ucated and  barbarous  alike,  have  been  alike  shot  or 
driven  to  the  swamps.  I  suppose  that  successful  war- 
fare in  tropical  islands  can  be  waged  in  no  other  way. 
Guerrilla  warfare  means  devastation.  Why  not  end  the 
horror  at  once  ?  We  have  nothing  to  gain  by  victory, 
nor  our  opponents  anything  to  lose  save  their  lives  by 
defeat.  Meanwhile,  the  most  gigantic  blunder  (17) 
known  to  man  or  nation  is  to  refuse  to  retrace  false 
steps. 

As  matters  are,  we  can  only  wait  till  the  curtain  falls. 
If  in  trying  to  do  what  seems  wrong  we  have  blundered 
so  awkwardly,  what  would  be  the  result  of  an  attempt 
on  the  part  of  the  powers  that  be  to  do  what  is  right  ? 
In  hands  unskilful  or  unclean  any  policy  is  doomed  to 
failure.  The  American  people  can  only  watch  the  play 
till  it  is  played  out,  and  maybe  heed  its  lessons  for  the 
future.  Meanwhile,  the  problem  of  what  to  do  with 
Cuba  and  the  Philippines  is  tenfold  more  difficult  than 
it  was  a  year  ago.  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN. 

Stanford  University,  California,  June  5,  1899. 


SCORN  NOT  THE  ASS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Have  not  "  Pbilister's "  critics,  in  THE  DIAL  of 
June  1,  been  a  little  harsh  with  that  unfortunately 
constituted  gentleman  ?  His  case  seems  to  me  one  call- 
ing for  compassion  rather  than  anger.  Would  Professor 
Rice  and  S.  E.  B.  trounce  a  blind  man  for  speaking  ill 
of  Raphael,  or  a  deaf  one  for  flouting  Beethoven  ?  My 
own  attitude  toward  "  Philister  "  I  have  endeavored  to 
convey  in  the  subjoined  stanzas.  I  trust  he  will  see 
that,  though  the  figure  employed  therein  is  homely,  the 
sentiment  is  sincere. 

LINES  TO  A  TETHERED  ASS. 

(With  apolfigiet  to  Sterne.) 
Pensive  I  view  thee,  thou  poor  drudge  of  Fate, 

In  thy  small  circumscript  abjectly  tied, 

While  the  rude  elements  tempestuous  beat 

Their  pitiless  tattoo  on  thy  rough  hide. 

For  thee  the  rose  is  scentless,  and  for  thee 
The  fluting  throat  of  Philomel  is  still; 

Thy  fairest  dream  is  of  a  thistle-field 

Where  thou  canst  browse  at  ease  and  munch 
tl.y  fill. 

I  am  not  of  thy  scorners;  for  I  see 

How  bare  thy  lot  is,  and  how  dim  thy  day : 

My  ear  compassionate  can  e'en  detect 
A  plaintive  note  in  thy  discordant  bray. 

W.  R.  K. 

Pitt/tjield,  Mass.,  June  6,  1899. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


391 


§0oks. 


ATJBKEY  BEARDSL.EY  IN  PERSPECTIVE.* 

It  was  while  watching  the  progress  of  a 
friendship  between  two  exceedingly  unattract- 
ive boys  —  an  attraction  between  two  repellants 
—  that  I  arrived  at  a  sense  of  the  possible 
charm  of  unlovely  things.  The  connection  of 
Beauty  and  the  Beast  is  pathetic  —  in  some 
minds  for  Beauty,  in  others  for  the  Beast ;  but 
in  the  companionship  of  Beast  and  Beast,  in- 
stead of  a  double  pathos  one  finds  a  double 
beauty.  This  is  a  surprise  that  the  hideous 
often  contains  for  those  who  are  apt  to  consider 
the  non-existence  of  a  quality  proved  by  their 
inability  to  perceive  it.  Adroitly  evaded  as 
companions  by  their  brighter  eyed  and  more 
ready  tongued  kind,  these  two  youths  had  dis- 
covered in  each  other  —  of  necessity  piercing 
below  externals  —  that  charm  inherent  in  all 
humanity,  the  perception  of  which  is  love.  The 
occasional  wonder,  to  which  we  are  all  subject, 
as  to  whatever  he  saw  in  her  or  she  in  him, 
and  why  they  married,  is  after  all  only  a  proof 
of  our  inferior  and  their  superior  sympathy  or 
perception  —  in  that  especial  case,  of  course. 
So,  in  view  of  the  first  repulsive  impression  of 
the  bulk  of  Aubrey  Beardsley's  work,  and  the 
strongly  expressed  sympathy  of  such  trained 
perceptions  as  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  and  Mr. 
Arthur  Symons,  it  becomes  somewhat  of  a  duty 
to  endeavor  to  understand  what  they  saw  in 
him,  rather  than  to  insist  on  what  most  of  us 
do  n't  see. 

Of  the  three  books  dealing  with  Beardsley 
recently  published,  the  smallest  is  a  reprint  of 
Mr.  Arthur  Symons's  essay  which  originally 
appeared  in  "  The  Fortnightly  Review."  The 
next  in  size  is  a  collection  of  fifty  drawings, 
published  without  comment ;  and  the  last  and 
largest  is  the  sumptuous  volume  published  by 
Mr.  John  Lane  with  a  preface  by  Mr.  H.  C. 
Marillier.  Mr.  Marillier  avails  himself  of  Mr. 
Symons's  essay  to  a  degree  which  would  seem 
to  make  that  essay  the  authoritative  statement, 
backed  up  as  its  spirit  is,  in  my  mind,  by  Mr. 
Pennell's  generous-spirited  letter  to  the  "  Lon- 
don Daily  Chronicle  "  soon  after  Beardsley's 
death.  To  anyone  who  is  trying  to  range 

*THE  EARLY  WORK  OF  AUBREY  BEARDSLEY.  With  a 
Prefatory  Note  by  H.  C.  Marillier.  New  York :  John  Lane. 

A  SECOND  BOOK  OF  FIFTY  DRAWINGS.  By  Aubrey  Beards- 
ley.  New  York  :  John  Lane. 

AUBREY  BEARDSLEY.  By  Arthur  Symons.  Unicorn 
Quarto,  No.  3.  New  York :  M.  F.  Mansfield  and  A.  Wessels. 


Beardsley's  work  in  its  relation  to  the  absolute, 
Mr.  Symons's  critique  is  somewhat  of  a  disap- 
pointment, as  it  deals  mainly  with  Beardsley's 
work  in  its  relation  to  Beardsley.  Acknowl- 
edging the  impossibility  of  entirely  eliminating 
the  personal  equation,  the  real  interest  of  the 
present  moment  would,  however,  seem  to  be 
rather  the  value  of  Beardsley's  work  in  relation 
to  ourselves  and  to  our  existence.  Letting  this 
unknown  quantity  be  represented  for  the  mo- 
ment by  a:,  we  have,  in  considering  these  draw- 
ings, to  remember  three  things :  that  they  are 
the  work  of  a  young  man  who  died  at  the  age 
of  twenty-six,  that  they  are  largely  of  that  char- 
acter we  have  agreed  to  describe  as  Pagan, 
and  that,  given  a  few  more  years  of  life,  the 
young  man  would  probably  have  gone  alto- 
gether to  the  good.  Mr.  Symons  indicates  the 
beginning  of  this  last  process  in  referring  to 
Beardsley's  last  drawings,  in  which,  he  says, 

"Beardsley  has  accepted  the  convention  of  nature 
itself,  turning  it  to  his  own  uses,  extracting  from  it  his 
own  symbols,  but  no  longer  rejecting  it  for  a  convention 
entirely  of  his  own  making.  And  thus  in  his  last  work 
we  find  new  possibilities  for  an  art  which,  after  many 
hesitations,  has  resolved  finally  upon  the  great  compro- 
mise, that  compromise  which  the  greatest  have  made 
between  the  mind's  outline  and  the  outline  of  visible 
things." 

That  is  very  good,  both  for  Beardsley  and  for 
Mr.  Symons,  who  has  put  an  important  prin- 
ciple very  featly  and  instilled  a  very  definite 
regret  that  Beardsley  died  before  these  possi- 
ble futurities  were  consummated.  The  state- 
ment enables  us  to  transfer  to  x  the  third  fac- 
tor, that  of  Beardsley's  probable  volte-face,  so 
that  x  =  value  of  Beardsley's  work  to  us  and  our 
existence  =  our  regret  at  early  death  before  it 
had  any.  This  leaves  the  two  factors  of  Beards- 
ley's  youth  and  his  paganism  ;  and  looking  over 
the  drawings,  one  realizes  that  he  was  indeed 
young  —  bitterly  young.  An  assumption  of 
knowledge  of  good  and  evil  —  especially  evil  — 
seems  inseparably  connected  with  the  inexpe- 
rience of  youth  ;  but  this  phase,  evident  as  it  is 
in  Beardsley,  is  slight  compared  with  another 
—  the  impressionable  quality  with  which  he 
receives  and  records  in  rapid  succession  the 
many  and  varied  influences  of  masters  past  and 
present. 

Mr.  Symons,  in  discussing  Beardsley's  work, 
assists  us  to  an  understanding  of  it  with  epi- 
grams like  this :  "  At  one  time  of  his  life,  a 
man  works  in  order  to  please  a  woman ;  then  he 
works  because  he  has  not  pleased  the  woman ; 
then  because  he  is  tired  of  pleasing  her," — 
which  is  good  as  an  epigram,  but  hardly  uni- 


392 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


versal.  We  also  find  phrases  such  as  "the 
spectacular  vices,"  "  sin  transfigured  by  beauty 
and  then  disclosed  by  beauty,"  and  he  later 
tells  us  that  "  a  profound  spiritual  corruption 
is  a  form  of  divine  possession  by  which  the 
inactive  and  material  soul  is  set  in  fiery  motion, 
lured  from  the  ground  into  at  least  a  certain 
high  liberty.  And  so  we  find  evil  justified  of 
itself,  and  an  art  consecrated  to  the  revelation 
of  evil  equally  justified."  These  illuminating 
sentences  are  powdered  with  descriptions  of 
"  bloated  harlequins,"  "  bald  and  plumed  Pier- 
rots," "  leering  dwarfs,"  "  immense  bodies 
swollen  with  the  lees  of  pleasure,"  "cloaked 
and  masked  desires  smiling  ambiguously  at 
interminable  toilets."  Anyone  reading  this 
essay  before  seeing  the  drawings  would  be  justi- 
fied in  inferring  that  the  dead  artist  did  not 
draw  very  nice  things ;  but  somehow  the  gen- 
eral impression  is  that  the  essay  and  the  draw- 
ings are  concerned  with  something  too  artificial 
to  be  really  evil.  One  might  even  argue  from 
Mr.  Symons's  pleasure  in  his  own  descriptions 
that  he  himself  is  somewhat  youthful ;  for  "  lees 
of  pleasure "  and  "  masked  desires  smiling 
ambiguously  "  are  excellent  terms,  but  terms 
derived  rather  from  a  good  literary  instinct 
than  from  any  cryptic  experience  of  the  kind 
so  darkly  hinted  at.  And  then,  looking  at  the 
drawings  and  seeing  the  very  evident  and 
marked  reflection  of  Burne-Jones,  Botticelli, 
Velasquez,  various  Japanese  artists,  Diirer, 
Flaxman,  and  others,  one  is  convinced  that  the 
character,  plastic  enough  to  receive  so  rapidly 
so  many  impressions,  is  youthful  enough  to  be 
its  own  excuse  for  many  errors  of  judgment. 
So  it  happens  that  when  Mr.  Symons  says 
Beardsley  expresses  evil  with  an  intensity  which 
lifts  it  into  a  region  almost  of  asceticism,  there 
arises  a  mild  impression  that  he  is  talking  about 
a  knowledge  and  an  experience  of  evil  which 
Beardsley  could  not  and  naturally  did  not  ex- 
press. The  general  impression  given  by  most 
of  the  subjects  of  the  drawings  is  truly  one  of 
much  vulgarity  ;  but  to  imply  that  the  strange 
creatures  therein  represented  are  evil,  or  even 
unconventional,  would  be  distressingly  anthro- 
pomorphic. Mr.  Wells,  in  his  very  exciting 
story  "  The  War  of  the  Worlds,"  has  invented 
a  race  of  Martians  who  cannot  possibly  be 
judged  by  our  code  of  sexual  morality,  because 
they  are  bi-sexual,  and  reproduce  by  a  budding- 
off  process.  Du  Maurier  did  the  same  thing ; 
so  have  others ;  and  it  would  be  uncritical,  be- 
cause the  nice  people  I  know  usually  take  wraps 
to  the  theatre,  to  condemn  the  race  invented 


by  Beardsley  who  conspicuously  don't.  They 
are  evidently  the  product  of  different  condi- 
tions, and  different  systems  of  ventilation, 
and  cannot  be  judged  by  the  standards  by 
which  we  judge.  As  Mr.  Wells's  people,  from 
our  point  of  view,  are  neither  moral,  immoral, 
nor  supra-moral,  but  are  rather  non-moral,  so 
Beardsley 's  people  at  the  theatre  or  other- 
wheres can  only  be  described  in  the  same  way. 
They  are  a  strange  race  to  whom  may  well  be 
applied  the  artist's  comment  on  himself  :  "  Par 
les  dieux  jumeaux  tous  les  monstres  ne  sout 
pas  en  Afrique  ";  their  ethical  standard  is  un- 
known, and,  frankly,  they  inspire  one  with  no 
desire  for  further  love  or  knowledge  of  them. 
Mr.  Symons  and  Mr.  Marillier  apparently 
think  them  profoundly  evil.  I  may  miss  the 
point ;  but  then  I  have  my  consolations,  and 
both  gentlemen  must  know  that  we  have  seen 
the  swollen  bodies  and  lees  of  pleasure  before, 
in  Japanese  work,  rendered  with  a  much  greater 
skill  than  Beardsley's ;  and  of  them  we  have 
always  said  that,  judged  by  occidental  stand- 
ards, they  were  rather  low. 

The  terrible  annunciation  of  evil,  which  is 
insisted  on  so  strongly,  will,  I  think,  when 
investigated,  simmer  down  to  an  unpleasant 
vulgarity.  Most  terrible  annunciations  and 
denunciations  do,  and  the  dwarfs  and  monkeys 
and  swollen  bodies,  and  so  forth,  cannot  mean- 
while obtain  admission  to  the  Palace  of  Art, 
on  Mr.  Symons's  pretense  that  they  are  sym- 
bols. A  symbol  is  something  substituted  by 
general  consent  for  something  else,  and  we  are 
by  no  means  agreed  on  these.  The  justification 
of  this  vulgarity  in  the  minds  of  most,  includ- 
ing Mr.  Symons,  is  that  "  perfection  of  line  is 
virtue." 

"  That  line  which  rounds  the  deformity  of  the  cloven- 
footed  sin,  the  line  itself,  is  at  once  the  revelation  and 
the  condemnation  of  vice,  for  it  is  part  of  that  artistic 
logic  which  is  morality.  And,  after  all,  the  secret  of 
Beardsley  is  there,  in  the  line  itself  rather  than  in  any- 
thing intellectually  realized  which  the  line  is  intended 
to  express." 

Supposing  the  end  it  is  wished  to  realize  is  a 
very  ill-defined  one,  such  as  a  terrible  annun- 
ciation of  evil  is  likely  to  be,  it  is  of  course 
pleasant  to  find  that  the  medium  per  se  is 
charming.  Still,  to  be  insulted  wittily,  to  be 
drugged  sweetly,  to  be  smothered  with  roses, 
are  states  achieved  by  means  which  may  be 
consolations  but  are  by  no  means  compensations. 
That  struggle  with  his  material  which  is  the 
despair  of  every  artist  may  well  account  for 
Mr.  PennelPs  admiration  of  one  who  seemed 
to  dominate  his  so  easily,  but  it  is  hardly  a 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


393 


factor  that  can  be  transferred  to  x.  Drawings 
of  the  sort  that  Beardsley  did  with  such  power 
over  line  and  mass  and  decoration,  always  seem 
to  me  to  be  accurately  described  by  reference 
to  one  of  Poe's  stories,  "  The  Facts  in  the  Case 
of  M.  Valdemar."  M.  Valdemar  is  mesmer- 
ized in  articulo  mortis.  This  arrested  the  nat- 
ural post-mortem  process,  and  retained  the 
body  in  statu  quo  ante  mortem  for  some  months 
until  the  experiment  of  awakening  him  was 
made.  As  soon  as  the  mesmeric  influence  was 
withdrawn,  M.  Valdemar  became  what  seven 
months'  death  makes  of  us  all.  It  is  not  a 
pleasant  story,  and  those  interested  in  details 
are  referred  to  the  original ;  but,  taking  Beards- 
ley's  power  over  mass  and  line  as  the  parallel 
to  the  mesmeric  force  of  the  story,  it  seems  as 
though  in  the  majority  of  his  drawings  it  were 
used  in  the  same  way  —  to  arrest  the  natural 
decomposition  of  a  mass  of  matter  which  can 
only  be  maintained  in  a  horrid  semblance  of 
life,  has  no  virtue  in  it,  and  were  better  entirely 
dead.  It  is  not  a  pleasant  use  of  power  (ref- 
erence is  again  made  to  Poe's  story  for  details), 
but,  however  used,  it  is  power ;  and  it  is  un- 
doubtedly in  this  very  ability  to  delineate,  to 
compose,  to  balance  mass  and  void,  to  sustain 
a  harmonious  relation  of  line  to  line,  of  whole 
to  unit,  in  this  sensitiveness  to  organic  rela- 
tionship, we  begin  to  get  a  hint  of  that  charm, 
that  fineness,  which  Beauty  discovered  in  the 
Beast,  and  Mr.  Pennell  in  Beardsley's  draw- 
ings. By  any  trained  or  sympathetic  percep- 
tion, this  inherent  charm  is  doubtless  at  once 
divined  ;  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  how  large 
a  part  loneliness  must  have  played  in  quickening 
the  perceptions  of  Beauty  ;  the  loneliness  of  a 
worker  struggling  with  his  material  in  the  vast- 
ness  of  any  art  is  a  parallel  situation,  but  one 
impossible  to  the  multitude  of  us. 

With  all  due  credit,  then,  to  Beauty  and  to 
Mr.  Pennell  for  their  generous  perception,  it  is 
yet  somewhat  of  a  relief  to  consider  how  much 
emotional  effort  was  economized,  and  how  many 
apologies  Beauty  was  saved  by  the  translation 
of  the  Beast  into  a  handsome  Prince  —  that 
transformation  which  Mr.  Symons  mentions  as 
occurring  in  Beardsley's  last  drawings,  the 
possibility  of  which  is  evident  in  all.  Beauty 
was  probably  as  glad  to  be  relieved  from  the 
strain  of  reminding  herself  that  though  hid- 
eous her  husband  had  a  beautiful  disposition, 
as  Mr.  Symons  must  be  at  not  having  to 
sustain  his  paradox  of  an  abstract  spiritual 
corruption  revealed  in  beautiful  form.  In  the 
same  way,  most  of  us  prefer  the  line  of  least 


resistance;  and  we  shall  undoubtedly  evade 
those  drawings  in  which  the  subject  is  nasty 
but  the  drawing  skilful,  in  favor  of  those  in 
which  the  Prince's  sense  of  life  is  conveyed  in 
a  fine  smile  rather  than  a  sneer.  This  qual- 
ity we  find  in  such  drawings  as  the  "  Chopin 
Nocturne  "  and  "  Ballade,"  the  two  Venus  de- 
signs, "  Les  Revenants  de  la  Musique,"  the 
outline  portrait  of  Re  jane,  and  most  of  the 
cover  and  catalogue  designs.  Herein  we  have 
the  Prince  (the  fairy-tale  Prince  perhaps, 
somewhat  light  and  glancing) ;  Mr.  Pen- 
nell is  justified,  and  x  ceases  to  be  a  merely 
minus  quantity.  For  herein  is  the  subject  that 
attracts  and  induces  us  to  linger  until  the 
innate  quality  penetrates  also.  Here  we  have 
no  poor  dead  M.  Valdemar  maintained  in  an 
unconvincing  semblance  of  life  by  a  misuse  of 
power,  but  life  itself  in  a  most  delicate  and 
evanescent  aspect  caught  and  depicted  in  a  way 
that  makes  it  a  force  in  quickening  the  feeling 
for  the  delicate  and  fanciful  in  others.  There 
never  yet  was  anything  but  regret  at  the  death 
of  anyone  who  gave  promise  of  ministering  with 
power  to  the  needs  of  the  human  character ; 
and  in  that  promise,  and  some  slight  beginnings 
of  fulfilment,  lies  the  value  of  Beardsley  to  us  : 
not  the  thing  he  did  for  the  most  part,  nor  the 
thing  he  started  others  doing,  but  the  work  he 
gave  promise  of  doing.  That  promise,  scat- 
tered through  his  executed  work,  excites  a 
regret,  a  deep  and  tender  regret,  he  nearly 
missed,  but  which  is  nearer  to  fame  than  the 
notoriety  he  desired  and  achieved. 

With  regard  to  the  books  as  books,  it  must 
be  added  that  the  Unicorn  quarto  came  to 
pieces  at  the  first  possible  opportunity,  and  Mr. 
Marillier's  prefatory  note  in  the  large  edition 
is,  for  a  prefatory  note  bearing  the  address  of 
Kelmscott  House,  vilely  printed,  ranging  from 
a  smudgy  black  to  a  very  pale  gray.  The  "  Sec- 
ond Book  of  Fifty  Drawings "  is  of  course 
mainly  interesting  to  those  who  have  the  "  First 
Book,"  since  it  is  a  sort  of  addendum  containing 
many  drawings  whose  only  interest  is  that  they 
were  done  by  A.  V.  B. 

G.  M.  R.  TWOSE. 


THE  "  Cumulative  Index  to  a  Selected  List  of  Peri- 
odicals," edited  by  the  staff  of  the  Cleveland  Public 
Library,  and  published  by  the  Helman-Taylor  Co.,  has 
just  appeared  in  its  third  annual  volume,  betokening  a 
success  that  is  richly  deserved,  and  promising  a  perma- 
nent existence  to  what  must  have  been  at  the  outset  a 
very  doubtful  venture.  There  are  nearly  eight  hundred 
pages  in  this  volume,  making  it  much  the  thickest  of 
the  three  thus  far  produced. 


394 


THE    DIAL, 


[June  16, 


OUR  NEW  ISLAND  POSSESSIONS.* 

Our  national  events  of  the  past  year  have 
opened  a  new  door  to  old  writers  and  developed 
a  host  of  new  ones.  Book-stalls  are  already 
groaning  under  the  burden  of  books  descriptive 
either  of  the  events  of  the  year  or  of  the  lands 
touched  by  these  events.  The  new  and  fresh 
works  on  these  islands  are  a  welcome  addition 
to  our  geographical  and  ethnographical  litera- 
ture. Doubtless  many  who  considered  them- 
selves well-read  in  matters  of  general  interest 
could  have  told  little  about  them  a  year  ago. 

The  Philippine  Islands  especially  were  to  the 
most  of  us  an  unknown  land.  One  of  the  freshest 
and  best  of  the  accounts  of  this  great  archi- 
pelago, now  the  point  of  chief  interest  in  our 
military  affairs,  is  that  written  by  Mr.  Ramon 
Lala,  a  native  Manilan,  educated  in  England 
and  in  Switzerland,  and  now  a  naturalized 
American  citizen.  He  is  thoroughly  conver- 
sant with  his  native  land,  its  peoples,  its  former 
and  present  oppressors,  its  struggles  for  liberty, 
its  customs,  its  resources  and  commercial  im- 
portance. He  writes  as  a  man  who  has  gathered 
his  information  at  first-hand,  and  is  enthusiastic 
in  the  telling  of  it.  He  sketches  fluently  the 
early  history  of  the  islands,  the  British,  Dutch, 
and  Chinese  struggles  on  its  shores,  and  the 
final  Spanish  colonial  system  of  (mis)govern- 
ment.  The  poor  Filipinos  have  been  beaten, 
lashed,  robbed,  and  almost  crushed  out  of  ex- 
istence by  long  centuries  of  corrupt  and  vicious 
methods  of  control.  But  we  cannot  properly 
speak  of  the  Filipinos  as  a  nation  :  they  are  no 
nation.  They  consist  of  about  eighty  different 
tribes  distributed  among  the  hundreds  of  islands 
of  the  archipelago.  They  vary  in  the  scale  of 
civilization  all  the  way  from  the  educated  Ma- 
nilan or  Tagalog  to  the  wild  men  of  central 
Mindoro  or  Mindanao,  who  recognize  no  supe- 
rior authority,  and  know  as  little  about  the 
refinements  of  civilization.  The  whole  group 
of  islands  registers  in  area  not  far  from  150,000 
square  miles,  or  about  as  much  as  the  combined 

*THE  PHILIPPINE  ISLANDS.  By  Ramon  Reyes  Lala,  a 
native  of  Manila.  With  134  illustrations  and  two  maps.  New 
York :  Continental  Publishing  Company. 

THE  PHILIPPINES  AND  ROUND  ABOUT.  By  Major  G.  J. 
Younghusband,  Queen's  own  Corps  of  Guides,  etc.  With 
eighteen  illustrations  and  one  map.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

THE  PEARL  OF  THE  ANTILLES  :  A  View  of  the  Past  and  a 
Glance  at  the  Future.  By  Frederic  M.  Noa.  New  York: 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

OUR  ISLAND  EMPIRE  :  A  Hand- Book  of  Cuba,  Porto  Rico, 
Hawaii,  and  the  Philippine  Islands.  By  Charles  Morris. 
With  four  maps.  Philadelphia  :  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

EVERYTHING  ABOUT  OUR  NEW  POSSESSIONS.  By  Thomas 
J.  Vivian  and  Ruel  P.  Smith.  New  York  :  R.  F.  Fenno  &  Co. 


areas  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
Maryland,  and  Delaware.  Luzon  and  Min- 
danao are  about  equal  to  all  of  the  other  islands 
combined,  and  either  one  of  them  is  nearly  the 
size  of  Cuba.  All  of  the  islands  are  mountain- 
ous, and  of  volcanic  formation.  The  principal 
peaks  in  Mindoro,  Mindanao,  and  Luzon,  rise 
more  than  eight  thousand  feet  above  the  sea. 
The  flora  of  the  islands  is  beautiful  beyond 
description. 

"  One  that  has  never  seen  it  can  form  no  idea  of  the 
splendor  of  such  a  tropical  forest  —  teeming  with  all  that 
is  brilliant  and  grand  in  nature.  It  would  seem  as  if  the 
Creator  had  emptied  the  cornucopia  of  his  gifts  over  this 
garden-spot  of  the  world,  making  it  a  veritable  Eden." 

This  prodigious  growth  is  forced  by  the  hu- 
midity of  the  atmosphere,  and  by  the  enormous 
annual  rainfall  —  averaging  ninety  inches. 
This  botanist's  paradise  is  not  surpassed  any- 
where on  the  globe,  either  for  the  variety  of  its 
species  or  for  the  stupendous  growths  seen  on 
every  hand.  Mr.  Lala  describes  the  principal 
agricultural  industries  of  the  islands,  such  as 
that  of  raising  rice,  hemp,  tobacco,  coffee, 
fruits,  etc.  The  mineral  wealth  is  supposed  to 
be  great,  and  its  future  a  boon  to  the  islanders. 
The  volume  closes  with  the  American  occupa- 
tion of  Manila  and  the  long  wait  for  the  con- 
clusions of  the  peace  commission.  Mr.  Lala  has 
done  an  excellent  service  for  his  native  land, 
and,  so  far  as  we  may  judge  from  the  scope  of 
our  reading,  has  done  it  in  a  fairly  impartial 
manner,  though  leaving  a  more  favorable 
impression  of  the  Filipinos  than  found  in  other 
writers.  The  book  is  well  written,  very  read- 
able and  instructive,  and  profusely  illustrated. 
For  an  all-around  view  of  the  Philippines,  it  is 
surpassed  in  modern  works  only  by  that  of 
Mr.  Foreman. 

Major  Younghusband's  work  entitled  "  The 
Philippines  and  Round  About "  is  a  free-and- 
easy  description  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
Aguinaldo,  Iloilo,  Manila,  Dewey's  naval  bat- 
tle, the  fall  of  Manila,  Admiral  Dewey,  the 
American  soldier,  the  career  of  Rizal,  the  future 
of  the  Philippines,  Saigon,  Java,  etc.  The 
value  of  his  work  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  gives 
the  impressions  of  a  widely-travelled,  wide- 
awake, and  straightforward  Englishman.  The 
"  inside  "  information  furnished  on  the  events 
of  the  last  three  years  in  the  Philippines  is 
enough  to  arouse  the  ire  of  the  most  phleg- 
matic temperament.  The  Spanish  methods  of 
buying  off  Aguinaldo,  of  robbing  merchants  to 
pay  fees  and  fill  their  own  pockets,  of  wresting 
exorbitant  fines,  of  bloody,  almost  indiscrimi- 
nate, slaughter  of  suspects,  furnish  us  examples 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


395 


of  the  species  of  political  and  civil  training  that 
the  Filipinos  received  at  the  hands  of  Spaniards. 
The  author  visited  Aguinaldo  at  his  own  head- 
quarters and  paints  in  vivid  colors  what  he  saw. 
"  Aguinaldo  is  a  young  man  of  only  twenty-nine  years 
of  age,  stands  about  five  feet  four  inches  in  height,  is 
slightly  built,  and  dressed  in  a  coat  and  trousers  of  drab 
tussore  silk.  He  is  a  pure  Philippine  native,  though 
showing  a  slight  trace  of  Chinese  origin,  of  dark  com- 
plexion and  much  pock-marked.  His  face  is  square  and 
determined,  the  lower  lip  protruding  markedly.  On  the 
whole  a  man  of  pleasant  demeanor,  even-tempered,  and 
with  strong  characteristics.  Slow  of  speech,  and  per- 
haps also  of  thought,  his  past  career  has  hall-marked 
him  as  a  man  of  prompt  decision  and  prompter  action. 
...  A  short  time  ago  it  appears  that  another  of  the 
insurgent  leaders  began  to  secure  a  following  which  bade 
fair  to  shake  the  supremacy  of  Aguinaldo.  The  Presi- 
dent stayed  to  take  no  half  measures,  attempted  no 
parleying;  he  grasped  the  nettle  firmly,  and  ordering 
his  reputed  rival  out  into  the  courtyard,  had  him  shot 
on  the  spot.  ...  In  conversation  Aguinaldo  professed 
his  complete  ignorance  of  the  terms  on  which  the  En- 
glish exercise  jurisdiction  over  the  protected  states  of 
the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  of  how  a  dependency  like 
India  is  governed,  and  capped  his  ignorance  of  the  out- 
side world  by  asking  whether  Australia  was  an  island, 
and  whether  it  belonged  to  America.  .  .  .  therefore  it 
was  no  surprise  to  be  asked  whether  the  Americans  or 
the  English  won  the  battle  [of  Omdurman].  In  spite 
of  the  strict  embargo  placed  on  the  importation  of  arms, 
Aguinaldo  said  that  he  was  then  expecting  a  large  con- 
signment of  Mauser  rifles  and  ammunition  from  a  Ger- 
man firm." 

The  author  attributes  to  Aguinaldo  great  credit 
for  the  manner  in  which  he  maintains  his  hold 
upon  his  people,  and  the  determination  which 
he  exhibits  to  fight  for  complete  independence. 
His  criticisms  of  the  American  army  are  free 
and  outspoken : 

"  The  army  and  navy  of  America  and  t'heir  welfare 
are  not  in  the  hands  of  well-tried  sages  of  the  military 
and  naval  services,  but  are  like  many  other  vital  mat- 
ters —  the  shuttlecocks  of  political  parties.  .  .  .  With- 
out for  a  moment  wishing  to  criticize  too  severely  a 
force  thus  thrown  together,  under  officers  without  stand- 
ing, experience,  or  training,  and  remembering  well  what 
excellent  troops  men  of  the  same  nation  were  trans- 
formed into  in  the  course  of  a  prolonged  campaign  by 
leaders  like  Washington,  Lee,  or  Grant,  yet  it  would  be 
only  inviting  the  Americans  to  court  future  disaster  if  an 
outside  critic  were  to  refrain  from  expressing  an  opinion 
that  such  troops  are  not  fit,  under  the  rapid  conditions 
of  modern  warfare,  to  meet  an  army  highly  organized 
and  highly  trained,  and  ready  to  take  the  initiative  at  a 
moment's  notice.  .  .  .  We  should  be  doing  the  Amer- 
icans an  unkindness  if  we  allowed  it  to  be  thought  that 
such  tardy  mobilization  [as  that  shown  at  the  beginning 
of  the  campaign  in  the  Philippines]  would  not  put  them 
under  the  severest  disadvantages  if  their  antagonists 
happened  to  be  any  one  of  the  first-class  Powers  of  the 
world." 

The  author  describes  an  arrangement  with  the 
Spaniards  during  the  last  days  of  the  siege  of 
Manila, 


"  Whereby  the  town  was  to  be  saved  from  bombard- 
ment, and  the  Americans,  after  the  brief  show  of  resist- 
ance which  would  satisfy  Spanish  honour,  were  to  be 
allowed  to  enter  and  occupy  the  place.  .  .  .  The  Amer- 
ican fleet  was  for  the  space  of  an  hour  or  so  to  shell  the 
Polverina  or  Powder  Magazine.  ...  At  the  end  of  the 
given  period  the  fleet  was  to  cease  firing,  and  the  Span- 
ish Governor  would  then  hoist  the  white  flag  in  token 
of  capitulation,  after  which  the  American  troops  were 
to  enter  the  town  and  occupy  it." 

The  subsequent  clash  between  the  Spanish  and 
American  troops,  on  the  eve  of  surrender,  was 
due  to  a  failure  to  see  the  proper  signal.  Major 
Younghusband's  tributes  to  the  valor,  good  be- 
havior, and  gentlemanly  bearing  of  the  Amer- 
ican soldier  must  be  noted  as  in  striking  con- 
trast with  that  of  the  former  occupants  of  the 
fortresses  and  camps  about  Manila. 

"  Fully  75  per  cent  of  the  men  are  mature,  power- 
fully built  fellows,  averaging  probably  24  or  25  years 
of  age,  fine  strapping  fellows,  who  would  do  credit  to 
the  Grenadier  Guards,  and  taken  all  round  a  more  pow- 
erful and  hardy  set  than  are  now  to  be  found  in  a  Brit- 
ish line  regiment  even  after  a  prolonged  foreign  tour." 

Mr.  Noa's  little  book  entitled  "  The  Pearl  of 
the  Antilles  "  is  a  brief,  concise  statement  of 
some  of  the  Spanish  movements  which  aroused 
and  justified  the  Cuban  struggle  for  independ- 
ence. His  access  to  sources  and  state  papers 
not  mentioned  by  other  writers  gives  his  book 
a  kind  of  permanent  value  to  students  of  Cuban 
history. 

"Our  Island  Empire,"  by  Mr.  Charles 
Morris,  is  a  handbook  of  the  four  groups  of 
islands  mentioned  in  the  title  —  Cuba,  Porto 
Rico,  Hawaii,  and  the  Philippines.  The  author 
has  compiled  useful  material  regarding  each  of 
these  on  such  points  as  (1)  history,  (2)  phys- 
ical conditions,  (3)  natural  productions,  (4) 
civil  and  political  relations,  (5)  centres  of  pop- 
ulation, (6)  manners  and  customs,  (7)  agri- 
cultural productions,  (8)  manufactures  and 
commerce.  A  very  good  small  map  and  an 
index  accompany  the  volume  —  making  it  a 
kind  of  vade-mecum.  Its  information  is  not, 
as  that  of  many  new  works  on  special  islands, 
first-hand,  but  collated  from  many  sources. 

"  Everything  about  Our  New  Possessions  " 
is  a  compilation,  much  of  it  in  statistical  form, 
of  some  things  only,  rather  than  everything, 
about  our  new  possessions.  It  contains  many 
valuable  facts  gleaned  from  many  sources ;  but 
lack  of  discrimination  in  the  use  of  material, 
lack  of  harmony  in  matter  taken  from  different 
sources,  lack  of  any  map  or  chart  or  table  of 
contents,  and  a  poor  index,  rather  hastily  de- 
cide the  fate  of  this  little  book. 

IRA  M.  PRICE. 


396 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


THE  ECONOMICS  AND  PHILANTHROPY 
OF  BUSKIN.* 

Although  much  has  been  written  about  Mr. 
Ruskin's  economic  heresies,  and  about  his  social 
theories  in  general,  it  is  interesting  to  learn  the 
opinion  of  one  who  is  himself  known  as  an 
economist,  if  not  a  very  orthodox  one;  and 
especially  when  the  opinion  is  so  clearly  and 
attractively  expressed  as  Mr.  Hobson's  always 
are.  That  he  is  an  appreciative  critic  appears 
from  the  preface,  where  it  is  said : 

"  Mr.  Raskin  will  rank  as  the  greatest  social  teacher 
of  his  age,  not  merely  because  he  has  told  the  largest 
number  of  important  truths  upon  the  largest  variety  of 
vital  matters,  in  language  of  penetrative  force,  but  be- 
cause he  lias  made  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  felic- 
itous attempt  to  grasp  and  to  express,  as  a  comprehensive 
whole,  the  needs  of  a  human  society  and  the  processes 
of  social  reform." 

The  further  claim  is  made  that  Mr.  Ruskin 
"  has  done  more  than  any  other  Englishman  to 
compel  people  to  realize  the  nature  of  the  social 
problem  in  its  wider  related  issues  affecting 
every  department  of  work  and  life,  and  to  en- 
force the  supreme  moral  obligation  of  confront- 
ing it";  and  again,  he  is  called  "the  man  who, 
by  the  conjunction  of  the  keenest  sense  of  jus- 
tice with  the  widest  culture  and  the  finest  gifts 
of  literary  expression,  has  succeeded  in  telling 
our  age  more  of  the  truths  it  most  requires  to 
know  than  any  other  man." 

But  Mr.  Hobson  by  no  means  permits  his 
admiration  to  blind  him  to  the  economic  defects 
of  Mr.  Ruskin's  writings ;  on  the  contrary,  he 
criticizes  particular  propositions  more  in  detail 
than  one  feels  to  be  really  necessary.  Minute 
dissection  is  not  the  kind  of  examination  which 
seems  most  appropriate  to  Mr.  Ruskin's  polit- 
ical economy;  the  exaggeration  of  eloquence 
leaves  many  points  vulnerable,  and  yet  the 
shafts  of  criticism  aimed  at  these  may  leave 
the  main  body  of  the  argument  untouched. 
But  at  any  rate,  it  speaks  well  for  the  real 
worth  of  Mr.  Ruskin's  philosophy  that  so  severe 
a  critic  can  be  at  the  same  time  so  enthusiastic 
a  disciple.  And  it  fulfils  the  saying  of  Mr. 
Ruskin  himself,  that  no  true  disciple  of  his 
would  ever  be  a  Ruskinian: — "he  will  follow, 
not  me,  but  the  instincts  of  his  own  soul,  and 
the  guidance  of  its  Creator." 

However  open  to  criticism  Mr.  Ruskin's  po- 
litical economy  may  be  in  certain  details,  there 
are  other  points  at  which  it  will  bear  the  closest 
scrutiny.  In  some  of  his  word-contests  with  the 
orthodox  economists  of  his  time  he  but  antici- 


*JOHN  RUSKIN,  SOCIAL  REFORMER.    By  J.  A.  Hobson. 
Boston :  Dana  Kstes  &  Co. 


pated  the  more  scientific  economics  of  to-day. 
There  is  no  more  representative  example  of  this 
than  his  insistence  upon  the  fundamental  im- 
portance of  Consumption,  as  the  human  end 
for  which  the  industrial  processes  of  Produc- 
tion, Distribution,  and  Exchange  all  exist.  To 
take  a  mere  matter  of  nomenclature  for  another 
example  (for  Mr.  Ruskin  never  thought  the 
abuse  of  the  Queen's  English  an  unimportant 
matter),  the  economists  now  approximate  his 
use  of  the  word  "  cost  "  as  meaning  human  dis- 
utility, and  when  they  mean  money  cost  or 
expense  instead  of  real  cost  they  now  think  it 
worth  while  to  say  so.  Even  in  denying  the 
name  of  Political  Economy  to  the  orthdox  indus- 
trial science  of  his  day,  and  calling  it  Mercan- 
tile Economy  instead,  Mr.  Ruskin  was  right, 
and  doubtless  meant  to  enforce  a  lesson  which 
might  have  been  learned,  or  at  least  begun, 
with  "  The  Wealth  of  Nations  "  for  a  primer. 
For  a  long  time  after  Adam  Smith's  day  eco- 
nomic theories  were  evolved  with  a  notable 
disregard  for  the  political  or  social  point  of 
view,  and  even  Mill  professed  to  consider  only 
"  some  of  their  applications  to  social  philoso- 


In  Mr.  Hobson's  view,  the  most  revolution- 
ary of  Mr.  Ruskin's  positions  is  his  use  of  the 
term  "  value  "  to  mean  intrinsic  usefulness 
instead  of  value  in  exchange  ;  yet  in  that  too 
he  only  amplified  Adam  Smith's  conception  of 
"  value  in  use."  While  that  is  not  just  the 
sense  in  which  the  term  is  used  by  economists 
to-day,  it  is  a  use  quite  consistent  with,  and 
following  naturally  from,  or  else  leading  logic- 
cally  to,  his  subjective  conception  of  cost;  and 
the  economists  have  at  least  gone  far  enough  in 
the  same  direction  to  see  that  value  is  largely 
a  subjective  phenomenon.  Mr.  Hobson  attaches 
so  much  importance  to  the  reduction  of  cost  and 
utility  to  their  true  bases  in  human  joy  and 
pain,  that  he  is  led  to  say  of  Mr.  Ruskin's 
work  that  it  "  will  hereafter  be  recognized  as 
the  first  serious  attempt  in  England  to  establish 
a  scientific  basis  of  economic  study  from  the 
social  standpoint."  We  must  at  least  admit, 
if  we  are  reasonably  unprejudiced,  that  while 
Mr.  Ruskin  may  have  been  as  far  from  the 
literal  truth  on  some  points  as  were  the  econo- 
mists whom  he  held  up  to  ridicule  and  scorn, 
he  has  proved  on  the  whole  a  true  prophet; 
and  true  prophets  are  as  rare  and  as  valuable 
to  society  (in  the  Ruskinian  sense)  even  as 
scientific  economists.  They  are  not  as  valuable 
in  the  commercial  sense,  of  course,  because  no 
one  cares  to  pay  a  prophet  a  salary  for  merely 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


397 


being  a  true  prophet ;  they  must  "  get  out  and 
hustle  "  with  the  rest  of  us.  Even  a  prophet 
who  is  lucky  enough  to  have  prosperous  and 
thrifty  forbears  is  likely  to  spend  his  fortune 
and  most  of  his  earnings  in  good  works,  as  Mr. 
Kuskin  has  done. 

It  is  in  Mr.  Ruskin's  politics,  rather  than  in 
his  economics,  that  Mr.  Hobson  finds  the  most 
fundamental  errors,  and  points  out  certain  ap- 
parent inconsistencies,  not  of  word  or  phrase 
merely,  but  of  very  substance,  which  are  difficult 
to  harmonize.  Mr.  Kuskin  is  at  once  a  good 
deal  of  a  socialist  and  an  arch-individualist :  the 
latter  because  of  his  aristocratic  instincts,  rein- 
forced by  the  philosophy  of  Carlyle,  and  the 
former  owing  perhaps  to  the  negative  influence 
of  the  mercantile  economists.  At  times  he 
recognizes  that  the  democratic  movement  is 
inevitable,  and  not  altogether  to  be  regretted ; 
yet  again  he  seems  to  stake  the  future  upon  the 
virtue  of  a  ruling  class  to  be  composed  of  a 
regenerated  nobility.  If  Mazzini,  with  whom 
he  has  much  in  common,  had  been  his  master 
in  politics  instead  of  Carlyle,  his  whole  social 
philosophy  would  have  been  more  consistent ; 
for  it  would  have  lost  much  of  its  individualism, 
and  with  it  the  dependence  upon  aristocracy, 
and  gained  more  of  collectivism  and  the  demo- 
cratic spirit.  To  be  sure,  democracies  need 
often  to  be  reminded  that  they  must  have 
trained  leaders — that  politics  is  a  science  and 
administration  a  profession ;  but  the  reminder 
would  have  carried  more  weight  with  English- 
men and  the  sons  of  Englishmen  if  the  de- 
mocracy of  the  message  had  been  more 
apparent. 

Mr.  Kuskin  deserves  to  be  called  a  social 
reformer  quite  as  much  because  of  his  own 
actual  attempts  to  improve  matters  as  on  ac- 
count of  the  ideas  expressed  in  his  books ;  but 
Mr.  Hobson  gives  no  complete  account  of  these 
experiments,  though  he  devotes  one  chapter  to 
a  few  of  them,  including  especially  the  St. 
George's  Guild  and  the  revival  of  hand  weav- 
ing and  spinning.  He  also  tells  something 
about  the  principal  institutions  and  associations 
which  serve  as  monuments  to  Mr.  Kuskin  by 
carrying  out  his  ideas,  such  as  the  Museum  at 
Sheffield  begun  by  the  master  himself,  the 
Home  Arts  and  Industries  Association,  the 
Kuskin  Linen  Industry  of  Keswick,  the  craft 
school  in  Westmoreland,  and  the  Ruskin  Soci- 
eties at  Birmingham,  Liverpool,  Glasgow,  and 
elsewhere  in  both  England  and  America.  To 
many  readers  this  will  prove  the  most  interest- 
ing part  of  the  book;  but  they  will  wish  there 


were  more  about  the  Working  Men's  College, 
the  improved  tenements,  and  even  the  "  Hink- 
sey  diggin's,"  and  something  at  least  about 
the  tea-shop  and  the  street- cleaning.  Perhaps 
Mr.  Hobson  thought  these  matters  sufficiently 
treated  in  Mr.  Collingwood's  "  Life  ";  but  there 
is  other  material  in  various  out-of-the-way 
places,*  and  it  would  seem  well  worth  someone's 
while  to  bring  it  all  together.  One  growing  class 
of  Mr.  Ruskin's  admirers  would  like  above  all  to 
know  more  about  Mr.  Ruskin's  influence  upon 
the  University  Settlement  movement;  they 
know  that  the  idea  was  born  at  his  house,  at  a 
meeting  in  which  he  had  called  together  a  hand- 
ful of  university  men  who  were  already  living  in 
East  London,  but  no  one  seems  to  know  just 
how  much  of  the  plan  was  conceived  by  Edward 
Denison  and  John  Richard  Green,  and  how  far 
it  was  Mr.  Ruskin's  own.  There  is  a  remark- 
able correspondence  between  the  activities  of 
the  Settlements  and  Mr.  Ruskin's  conception 
of  the  functions  of  Bishops,  which  suggests  that 
both  ideas  may  be  products  of  the  same  mind 
to  a  greater  extent  than  has  been  supposed. 

In  giving  to  the  world  this  guide  to  the  study 
of  the  Ruskinian  social  philosophy,  Mr.  Hob- 
son  has  performed  a  real  service,  for  the  phil- 
osophy in  question  is  scattered  through  so  many 
works,  and  sometimes  expressed  in  such  fanci- 
ful language,  that  most  readers  get  but  a  hazy 
idea  of  what  Mr.  Ruskin's  views  really  are. 
But,  as  Mr.  Hobson  says : 

"  The  confusion,  even  chaos,  of  which  some  careless 
readers  of  Mr.  Ruskin  complain,  yields  to  a  clear  unity 
of  system  as  we  regard  the  meanderings  of  his  versatile 
intelligence  from  the  standpoint  of  social  justice,  a  plea 
for  honesty  of  transactions  between  man  and  man.  This 
unity  of  system  is  not  indeed  a  mechanical  unity,  an 
objective  system  of  thought,  but  rather  a  unity  imposed 
by  personal  temperament  and  valuation.  When  we 
understand  it,  we  understand  John  Ruskin,  his  person- 
ality, his  view  of  life." 

The  tributes  expressed  and  implied  in  this 
volume  ought  to  gladden  the  heart  of  the  grand 
old  man  at  Brantwood,  who  believes  his  social 
and  economic  teachings  to  be  the  most  import- 
ant part  of  all  his  varied  work.  It  is  indeed 
rare  that  so  radical  an  iconoclast  comes  to  be  so 
all  but  universally  hailed  as  a  true  prophet 
during  his  lifetime,  or  even  has  the  satisfaction 
of  reading  so  sympathetic  and  discriminating 
an  exposition  of  his  heresies. 

MAX  WEST. 

*  For  example,  Mrs.  Arnold  Toynbee's  account  of  Mr.  Rus- 
kin's road-making  was  given  in  "The  Century  "  a  year  ago ; 
and  how  he  gave  aid  and  comfort  to  Miss  Octavia  Hill  is  told 
in  the  Eighth  Special  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Labor, 
p.  164. 


398 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


STUDIES  OF  SOCIETY  AND  HUMANITY.* 

Professor  Giddings  has  followed  his  "  Principles 
of  Sociology  "  with  a  "  text-book  for  colleges  and 
schools."  In  the  effort  to  reduce  his  material  to 
more  elementary  form  for  young  students,  there  is 
a  gain  in  clearness  of  style,  and  at  many  points  the 
author  has  wisely  learned  from  his  critics.  The 
claim  is  made,  in  the  "  note  to  the  reviewer,"  that 
there  are  important  developments  of  theory  not 
fully  presented  in  the  earlier  and  larger  work :  the 
analysis  of  the  practical  activities  of  social  popula- 
tions and  of  the  motives  from  which  they  spring ; 
cooperation ;  a  fuller  analysis  of  the  social  mind ; 
civilization,  progress,  and  democracy ;  and  a  new 
statement  of  psychological  causes  of  social  phe- 
nomena. 

In  essential  features,  and  modes  of  thought  and 
treatment,  we  have  the  same  book  as  "  The  Prin- 
ciples of  Sociology  ";  but  at  many  points  this  virile 
writer  has  written  his  way  to  greater  clearness  and 
fresh  points  of  view.  It  is  very  desirable  that  so- 
ciology should  be  presented  from  many  sides  by 
minds  of  different  orders  ;  and  all  students  of  the 
subject  will  be  grateful  for  the  many  suggestive 
hints  and  interesting  speculations  of  Professor  Gid- 
dings. The  teachers  and  the  students  who  use  this 
text-book  for  beginners  ought  to  be  put  on  their 
guard,  however,  against  a  certain  danger  in  the  writ- 
er's way  of  statement.  This  way  may  be  illustrated 
by  a  part  of  the  last  chapter  (p.  342),  in  which  we 
are  taught  that  our  interpretations  of  our  fellow-men 
are  made  by  ascribing  to  them  our  own  experiences. 
While  there  is  an  important  truth  in  this  statement, 
it  needs  more  qualification  in  order  to  prevent  im- 
posing on  the  outer  world  our  own  subjective  modes 
of  thought.  There  is  a  confidence  in  some  of  the 
generalizations  set  down  which  does  not  seem  justi- 
fied by  the  present  state  of  knowledge.  At  one 
place  (p.  237)  we  read :  "  We  are  unable  to  ascer- 
tain very  much  about  the  earliest  beginnings  of  hu- 
man society."  But  in  the  immediate  connection  we 
have  generalizations  which  would  require  quite  com- 
plete and  connected  knowledge  to  justify.  In  one 
sentence  we  have  a  double  affirmation  of  certainty 
which  almost  awakens  scepticism  (p.  240)  :  "  The 
process  was  undoubtedly  the  same  in  the  early  de- 

*THE  ELEMENTS  OF  SOCIOLOGY.  By  F.  H.  Giddings. 
New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

PRACTICAL  SOCIOLOGY.  By  C.  D.  Wright.  New  York: 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

THE  CITY  WILDERNESS.  Edited  by  Robert  A.  Woods. 
Boston  :  Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co. 

THE  WOKKEBS  — THE  WEST.  By  W.  A.  Wyckoff.  New 
York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

00T  OF  MULBERRY  STREET.  By  Jacob  A.  Riis.  New 
York  :  The  Century  Co. 

THE  STANDARD  OF  LIFE,  AND  OTHER  STUDIES.  By  Mrs. 
Bernard  Bosanquet.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

THAT  LAST  WAIF  ;  or.  Social  Quarantine.  By  Horace 
Fletcher.  Chicago  :  The  Kindergarten  Literature  Co. 

THE  CRY  OF  THE  CHILDREN.  By  Frank  Hird.  Illus- 
trated by  D.  Macpherson.  New  York :  M.  F.  Mansfield  & 
A.  Weasels. 


velopment  of  spoken  language  in  primitive  human 
communities,  except  that  the  original  process  un- 
doubtedly occupied  a  much  longer  time."  In  another 
place  we  have  the  unqualified  assertion  (p.  232)  : 
"  There  is  hardly  a  single  fact  in  the  whole  range 
of  sociological  knowledge  that  does  not  support  the 
conclusion  that  the  race  was  social  before  it  was 
human,  and  that  its  social  qualities  were  the  chief 
means  of  developing  its  human  nature."  But  the 
eminent  naturalist  Dr.  L.  F.  Ward  ("Outlines  of 
Sociology,"  p.  90  ff.)  seems  to  take  precisely  oppo- 
site grounds.  The  reader  should  at  least  take  pains 
to  compare  the  statements  and  see  if  the  difference 
does  not  lie  in  different  definitions  of  the  word 
"  social." 

While  it  does  give  one  a  comfortable  sense  of 
finality  and  completeness  to  have  his  sociology 
served  up  in  such  neat,  comprehensive,  and  author- 
itative form,  one  can  hardly  avoid  the  feeling  that 
much  work  remains  to  be  done.  The  solution  here 
offered  appears  to  be  too  easy,  in  view  of  the  mul- 
titude of  unsettled  problems  in  all  the  sciences  on 
which  sociology  depends.  If,  therefore,  this  strong, 
clear,  massive  book  is  used  with  youngsters,  already 
too  quick  to  catch  the  dogmatic  spirit  and  be  done 
with  philosophy  at  a  gulp,  we  would  advise  a  com- 
panion volume  of  more  modest  scope.  The  true 
pedagogue  will  know  how  to  start  with  outward  ex- 
pressions of  social  thinking,  with  local  and  verifi- 
able phenomena,  and  lead  the  pupil  up  to  these 
heights  of  bold  speculation.  And  the  teacher  who 
realizes  the  peril  of  prematurely  closing  discussion 
under  the  spell  of  a  powerful  book  will  be  careful 
to  start  inquiry  as  to  the  grounds  of  assertion.  In 
doing  this,  the  teacher  will  but  obey  pedagogic  sug- 
gestions made  by  the  author  himself,  but  not  by  any 
means  uniformly  followed. 

In  the  chapter  on  "  The  Theory  of  Society,"  the 
"  law  of  least  effort "  is  made  to  play  a  command- 
ing role.  The  claim  must  not  pass  without  critical 
challenge.  "  The  law  of  least  effort  "  has  a  place, 
but  it  is  too  vague,  general,  and  negative  to  give  a 
true  cause  of,  say,  the  English  Constitution,  the 
world  of  Shakespeare,  the  million  social  aspirations 
which  seek  expression  in  Tennyson  and  Browning. 
The  attempt  to  explain  the  psychical  life  by  modes 
of  reasoning  applicable  to  the  physical  sphere  is 
unsatisfying.  The  formula  which  is  adequate  for  a 
wind  or  a  stream  breaks  down  when  it  professes  to 
meet  the  demands  of  the  infinitely  wide  processes 
and  contents  of  spiritual  being.  The  "  law  of  least 
effort "  does  have  place  in  the  physical  side  of  being 
which  is  correlated  to  the  psychical.  But  prema- 
ture identification  of  the  two  sides  is  not  fruitful  of 
discovery  or  explanation.  One  may  agree  with 
Professor  Giddings  (Preface,  p.  vi.)  that  the  field  of 
social  phenomena  should  be  outlined  in  high  school 
and  college,  in  order  to  coordinate  politics,  eco- 
nomics, ethics,  and  law,  and  yet  see  the  necessity  of 
having  this  text-book  used  by  an  instructor  who 
knows  enough  of  the  history  and  schools  of  sociology 
to  prevent  his  becoming  a  slave  of  any  one  of  them. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


399 


A  certain  university  training  in  sociology  would  be 
necessary  for  one  who  proposed  to  use  this  or  any 
other  text-hook  in  preparatory  school  or  college.  To 
these  sentences  of  caution  we  may  now  add,  in  good 
conscience,  that  no  one  who  professes  to  teach  soci- 
ology has  a  moral  right  to  neglect  this  volume. 

The  United  States  Commissioner  of  Labor  is  in 
the  most  advantageous  position  for  preparing  the 
materials  for  such  a  hook  as  "  Practical  Sociology." 
The  strength  and  limitations  of  this  volume  lie  in 
the  fact  that  the  industrial  and  economic  element  is 
made  the  commanding  feature  of  the  discussion. 
This  is  entirely  natural  for  one  whose  life  has  been 
devoted  to  collecting  and  interpreting  materials  of 
the  economic  order.  In  this  field  of  thought,  Mr. 
Wright's  book  presents  more  abundant  stores  of 
fact  than  any  similar  publication.  The  statistical 
matter  is  actually  made  interesting.  Nor  would  it 
be  fair  to  say  that  the  author  neglects  those  social 
values  which  are  the  really  ultimate  ends  of  wealth 
itself  and  of  political  organization.  Indeed,  the 
idealist  is  delighted  to  find  everywhere  a  frank  rec- 
ognition of  the  cultural  aims  of  enlightened  human- 
ity. But  the  limitation  of  the  method  of  treatment 
may  be  seen  in  the  meagre  discussion  of  the  aesthetic 
social  interest,  and  the  relatively  large  space  given 
to  industrial  and  commercial  phenomena.  Sociology 
still  suffers  from  being  in  the  frontier  stage  where 
the  bare  struggle  for  being  monopolizes  attention, 
and  Aristotle's  "  well-being  "  loses  its  full  meaning 
and  is  reduced  to  the  economic  order.  This  criti- 
cism does  not  signify  that  Mr.  Wright  has  said  too 
much  on  economics,  when  he  talks  as  master  and 
expert ;  but  only  that  the  complete  presentation  of 
so  vast  a  subject  cannot  be  made  by  any  one  mind. 
The  student  of  society  is  here  supplied  with  a  mass 
of  data  of  great  importance,  and  is  directed  to 
abundant  and  valuable  sources  of  information  and 
discussion.  The  treatment  is  rather  elementary  and 
popular  in  form,  and  the  spirit  almost  too  optimis- 
tic. One  is  grateful  that  we  have  such  a  man  as 
Mr.  Wright  at  the  head  of  our  Department  of  Labor. 

The  papers  relating  to  the  work  and  studies  of 
South  End  House,  Boston,  now  collected  into  a  vol- 
ume entitled  "The  City  Wilderness,"  deserve  a 
fuller  notice  than  can  here  be  given.  They  consti- 
tute one  of  the  most  weighty  and  significant  con- 
tributions ever  made  in  America  to  the  interpreta- 
tion of  crowded  urban  conditions  and  heterogeneous 
populations.  The  essays  are  not  extemporized,  but 
are  the  "  hard-won  gains  of  actual  experience." 
Every  phase  of  life  is  portrayed  with  a  master-hand ; 
the  history  of  the  district,  the  elements  of  popula- 
tion, the  conditions  of  health,  the  work  and  wages, 
the  secret  of  political  corruption,  tendencies  to  vice 
and  crime,  amusements,  religion,  education,  charity, 
philanthropy,  city  government,  are  all  adequately 
described.  Students  of  social  amelioration  will  here 
learn  the  price  of  progress  and  the  grounds  of  hope. 

It  is  far  more  satisfactory  to  read  Mr.  Wyckoff's 
story  of  "  The  Workers  "  in  book  form  than  in  the 
fragments  of  magazine  articles.  The  second  vol- 


ume is  even  better  than  the  first.  The  author  has 
grown  in  power  of  observation.  He  has  learned  at 
every  step.  He  gains  in  respect  for  the  working- 
man  as  he  understands  his  situation  and  motives. 
Old  residents  of  Chicago  will  learn  something  of 
their  own  city  from  this  volume,  and  if  readers  are 
not  moved  to  act  for  betterment  they  are  incapable 
of  response  to  one  of  the  finest  appeals  ever  made  to 
the  higher  nature  of  man.  Every  city  official  should 
ponder  the  treatment  given  the  street  wanderers, 
and  be  led  to  study  the  achievements  of  Boston, 
New  York,  and  Indianapolis.  In  the  next  genera- 
tion these  pictures  of  human  beings,  guiltless  of 
crime,  sleeping  on  stone  floors  in  police  stations, 
which  reek  with  disease  and  swarm  with  vermin, 
will  seem  incredible.  But  there  are  the  photo- 
graphs, and  here  is  the  testimony  of  a  sensitive 
scholar,  finely  bred,  who  lay  down  among  the  vaga- 
bonds that  he  might  help  to  know  and  redeem  them. 
Mr.  Wyckoff's  account  of  country  life  in  the  West 
is  charming  and  cheering.  It  is  a  soul's  rest  after 
the  tragedy  of  the  city  and  its  congested  labor  mar- 
ket and  sweating  dens. 

If  the  public  remains  ignorant  and  apathetic  in 
relation  to  the  Unemployable,  it  will  not  be  the  fault 
of  such  writers  as  Professor  Wyckoff  and  Mr.  Jacob 
Riis.  The  latter's  sketches  of  New  York  City  life 
among  the  lowly  are  set  forth  by  a  master-hand, 
and  tell  the  story  with  mighty  pathos.  One  does 
not  think  of  "  literature,"  but  of  life,  as  he  reads 
these  stories.  Here  is  one  who  has  looked  and  thought 
and  sympathized.  He  has  watched  the  motley  com- 
pany which  throngs  the  miserable  streets  and  police 
courts  of  the  metropolis,  until  he  knows  all  their 
types  of  character,  all  their  tragedies  and  comedies. 
When  our  cities  become  habitable,  and  the  poor  are 
decently  provided  for,  and  the  slums  are  cleansed, 
and  humanity  is  restored,  among  the  sons  of  the 
tribe  of  Abou  Ben  Adhem,  Mr.  Riis  will  be  in  the 
front  row  to  receive  plaudits.  To  bless  his  name 
will  arise  Denny  the  Robber,  John  Gavin  the  Misfit, 
the  foundling  Chinese  baby,  the  brave  fireman  whose 
story  he  tells,  the  policemen  whose  vices  he  repro- 
bates while  he  glorifies  their  humanity  and  good- 
ness. It  is  not  high  life ;  it  is  not  beautiful,  nor 
even  clean  ;  but  divine  elements  are  discovered,  and 
the  promise  of  better  things.  "  Love  hopeth  all 
things." 

The  little  volume  of  essays  by  Mrs.  Bernard 
Bosanquet  are  fine  illustrations  of  the  working  of  a 
mind  trained  in  the  explanation  of  concrete  phe- 
nomena of  society.  The  paper  on  "  The  Standard 
of  Life  "  is  a  trenchant  treatment  of  a  vital  theme, 
and  shows  how  definition  and  a  certain  ideal  of 
comfort  and  culture  help  working  people  to  stand 
firmly  in  the  regulation  of  their  own  conduct  and 
in  facing  the  employers  in  unions.  The  criticism 
of  a  philanthropy  which  thoughtlessly  helps  to 
make  wages  lower  is  just  and  telling.  The  essay 
on  the  psychology  of  social  progress  is  clearly  writ- 
ten, and  helps  to  grasp  some  of  the  elementary  no- 
tions of  social  psychology.  The  treatment  of  the 


400 


THE    DIAL 


education  of  women  is  instructive,  without  giving  a 
new  contribution  to  our  knowledge. 

Full  of  social  optimism  and  confidence  in  the 
regenerating  power  of  kindergartens  is  Mr.  Horace 
Fletcher,  the  genial  friend  of  little  children.  "  That 
Last  Waif  "  is  a  phrase  which  shows  confidence  that 
the  "  unfit "  are  soon  to  disappear  from  the  streets 
of  our  sodden  cities.  Perhaps  the  author  has  not 
counted  in  all  the  adverse  forces  which  biologists  and 
teachers  are  compelled  to  measure  in  their  depths. 
Perhaps  he  has  not  made  full  account  of  heredity 
and  the  momentum  of  tradition.  But  then,  he  sees 
the  hopeful  side,  and  he  urges  the  most  timely  meas- 
ure of  progress.  It  is  a  pleasure  to  call  attention 
to  the  scheme  which  the  affable  author  calls  "  Social 
Quarantine  " —  especially  as  all  profits  of  his  publi- 
cation go  to  kindergarten  work. 

The  little  volume  entitled  "  The  Cry  of  the  Chil- 
dren "  draws  its  illustrations  from  English  city  life. 
The  author  has  evidently  studied  at  first-hand  the 
occupations  of  young  children  in  box  making,  belt 
and  umbrella  making,  paper  bags  and  sack  making, 
artificial  flower  making,  furniture  polishing,  and 
canal  life.  One  may  hope  that  this  constant  reitera- 
tion of  the  wrongs  of  children  will  help  to  promote 
the  movements  on  their  behalf  —  kindergartens, 
parental  schools,  clubs,  settlements,  factory  inspec- 
tion, compulsory  education,  and  kindred  measures. 

C.  R.  HENDERSON. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 

McCarthy's  The  reader  not  already  familiar  with 

19th  century  the  details  of  English  history  will 

England.  haye  considerable  difficulty  in  under- 

standing just  what  historical  connection  exists  be- 
tween the  subjects  chosen  for  elaboration  by  Mr. 
Justin  McCarthy  in  his  "  England  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century  "  (Putnam).  There  are  in  the  first  volume 
eleven  chapters,  each  treating  of  some  interesting 
event  or  political  movement,  but  each  leaving  the 
impression  of  a  separate  essay  whose  exact  bearing 
on  or  relation  to  that  which  precedes  or  follows  it 
is  difficult  to  determine.  Nor  is  the  work  as  a  whole 
up  to  Mr.  McCarthy's  usual  standard.  Never  an 
exact  historian,  it  is  the  less  surprising  that  he  re- 
peats at  length  the  errors  of  the  popular  historian 
in  the  old  tale  of  Canning's  superlative  prescience, 
and  (by  inference)  Castlereagh's  feeble  grasp,  .in 
diplomatic  affairs.  Canning  is  pictured  as  alone 
responsible  for  Enpland's  emergence  from  the  toils 
of  the  Holy  Alliance, —  a  fable  long  accepted  by 
politicians,  but  never  seriously  asserted  by  any 
careful  student  of  British  state  papers.  Mr.  Mc- 
Carthy's carelessness  in  historical  statement  is  illus- 
trated also  by  his  calm  assertion  of  another  historic 
lie, —  namely,  that  the  Holy  Alliance  of  1815  did 
at  that  time  definitely  intend  the  suppression  of  all 
revolutionary  movements  in  Europe.  The  chief 
merits  of  previous  works  by  this  author  have  been 


readableness  and  attractive  characterizations  ;  and 
it  is  in  respect  to  these  features  that  the  present 
work  is  not  up  to  the  usual  standard.  Haste  is  evi- 
dent in  every  chapter,  and  here  and  there  extra- 
neous matter  is  inserted  as  if  having  come  to  mind 
at  the  moment  of  writing.  The  vim  and  movement 
usual  with  the  author  are  utterly  lacking,  and  the 
volume  sinks  to  a  dull  level  depressing  in  its  effect 
upon  the  reader.  Coming  from  Mr.  McCarthy,  the 
work  is  a  distinct  disappointment. —  The  second 
volume  (received  since  the  above  was  written)  in  na 
way  alters  the  opinion  formed  from  a  perusal  of  the 
first  volume.  Carelessness  in  language,  in  statement 
of  fact,  and  in  generalization,  constitute  its  short- 
comings. For  example,  on  page  171  of  the  second 
volume  the  misleading  generalization,  "  the  whole 
ambition  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon's  life  was  to  re- 
store the  glories  of  the  great  Napoleonic  time,"  is 
given,  and  in  the  same  paragraph  the  inaccuracy  of 
detail  is  shown  in  crediting  to  Prince  Napoleon 
rather  than  to  Thiers  the  saying  that "  the  Emperor 
Napoleon  III.  had  twice  taken  Europe  in !  first 
when  he  made  her  to  believe  him  to  be  a  dullard, 
and  next  when  he  made  her  to  believe  him  to  be  a 
statesman."  On  the  whole,  however,  the  second 
volume  is  more  readable  than  the  first,  because  of 
a  better  selection  of  topics  illuminating  England's 
history.  Yet  Mr.  McCarthy's  reputation  for  enter- 
taining and  fairly  accurate  historical  writing  will; 
not  be  benefited  by  the  present  work. 

The  translator  of  the  critical  essays 

Critical  essays  of  M    Ren£  Doumic  hag  done  well  in 

from  the  French.  , 

taking  no  one  book  of  his,  but  rather 
making  a  selection.  M.  Doumic's  volumes  have 
not,  as  a  rule,  much  logical  unity :  they  gather  up 
the  essays  of  a  year  or  two,  much  as  it  may  chance. 
In  each  volume  a  good  many  of  the  subjects  are 
more  interesting  to  the  French  reader  than  they 
would  be  to  the  American.  But  by  selecting  from 
several  books  the  essays  on  the  novelists,  Miss  Mary 
Frost  has  made  an  attractive  collection  in  "  Con- 
temporary French  Novelists"  (Crowell).  People 
have  heard  more  of  French  novelists  than  of  French 
poets,  preachers,  or  critics.  So  far  as  these  latter 
are  concerned,  they  have  probably  heard  something 
of  M.  Doumic  himself,  because  he  was  here  in 
America  a  year  ago,  and  because  he  writes  for  the 
"  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes."  Those  who  regard 
that  standard  periodical  as  the  cream  of  French  lit- 
erature naturally  regard  M.  Doumic  as  a  critic  both 
sound  and  rare.  For  ourselves,  we  have  but  a  gen- 
eral interest  in  M.  Doumic's  criticism.  It  has  not 
the  attraction  of  the  academic  quality  (so  charac- 
teristic of  France  when  it  is  at  its  best)  that  one 
may  find  in  the  work  of  M.  Gaston  Deschamps  or 
M.  Gustavo  Larroumet,  to  mention  but  two  critics 
who  are  in  the  habit  of  collecting  their  work.  Nor 
has  it  the  free-lance  cheerfulness  of  M.  Jules 
Lemaitre,  or  of  that  Thelemite  of  letters  M.  Ana- 
tole  France.  Nor  has  it  the  curious  leaven  that  one 
may  detect  in  the  writing  of  M.  Henry  Bordeaux  or 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


M.  Paul  Desjardins.  Of  course  a  man  need  not 
have  these  things,  or  anything  like  them,  to  be  good. 
M.  Brunetiere  has  not  them  ;  he  has  something  else. 
What  has  M.  Rene"  Doumic?  Well,  he  is  objective; 
he  has  chiefly  facts  and  inferences.  He  regards 
literature  as  the  product  of  men  of  letters ;  there- 
fore, this  book  is  on  novelists  rather  than  on  novels. 
He  has  pretty  definite  ideas  of  what  is  worth  doing, 
and  a  great  deal  of  common  sense  ;  so  that  his  criti- 
cism, even  if  not  very  stimulating,  is  pretty  sound. 
The  present  translation  is  not  a  model  of  excellence. 
Miss  Frost  has  allowed  herself  various  liberties  :  she 
has  sometimes  quite  disregarded  the  original  arrange- 
ment of  paragraphs  and  sections,  a  matter  about 
which  modern  French  essayists  are  rather  particu- 
lar ;  she  has  always  omitted  a  sentence  or  two  when 
she  felt  like  it ;  she  has  sometimes  overstepped  the 
conventions  of  mood  and  tense,  so  as  to  offer  us  a 
freer  translation  than  would  be  otherwise  possible. 
We  do  not  think,  however,  that  she  has  anywhere 
really  perverted  the  meaning  of  the  original,  so  that 
those  who  want  merely  the  ideas  of  the  original  will 
be  pretty  sure  to  find  them. 

The  fact  that  the  regular  diurnal 
The  problem  variations  in  the  level  of  the  sea,  as 

of  the  tides.  .  ' 

observed  in  varying  degrees  at  all 

sea-ports,  are  caused  by  the  moon  and  the  sun,  was 
ages  ago  recognized.  The  modern  theories  of  grav- 
itation and  of  the  translation  of  wave  movements 
have  accounted  for  most  of  the  complicated  and 
often  contradictory  phenomena,  leaving  yet  much 
that  is  difficult  of  comprehension,  so  remote  and  so 
subtle  are  the  influences  in  action.  Professor  George 
Howard  Darwin,  of  Trinity,  Cambridge,  elucidates 
the  subject  in  a  well-devised  course  of  lectures  given 
in  1897  at  the  Lowell  Institute  in  Boston,  and  now 
issued  in  book  form  by  Messrs.  Houghton,  Mifflin 
&  Co.  The  range  of  the  phenomena  described  and 
discussed  is  of  the  widest.  From  tidal  activities 
detected  in  lakes  and  in  enclosed  seas,  in  the  estua- 
ries of  rivers,  in  the  earth's  interior,  it  extends  to 
other  planets,  particularly  to  Saturn,  to  the  forms  of 
nebulae,  and  to  the  movements  of  double  stars.  The 
terrestrial  tides  are  discussed  as  to  their  causes, 
their  place  of  beginning  and  progressive  movements, 
the  prediction  of  their  recurrence  at  specified  ports, 
their  influence  upon  the  earth's  figure,  the  periods 
of  its  rotation,  and  upon  the  revolution  of  the  moon. 
On  the  crucial  point,  the  attempt  to  show  how  the 
attraction  of  the  moon  can  cause  a  heaping  up  of 
the  waters  upon  the  side  of  the  earth  opposite  the 
moon  involves  the  usual  obscurity  of  representing  a 
reversal  of  forces,  as  indicated  in  figure  22  on 
page  100.  The  influence  of  a  centrifugal  force, 
resulting  from  the  revolution  of  the  earth  about  the 
centre  of  gravity  of  the  system  composed  of  the 
earth  and  the  moon,  is  brought  into  the  account, 
properly  of  course,  so  far  as  it  goes.  But  the  cen- 
trifugal force  generated  in  the  time  of  a  lunar  revo- 
lution can  have  little  part  in  the  production  of  a  re- 
sult like  the  reverse  terrestrial  tide  which  is  a  matter 


of  daily  occurrence.  The  key  to  the  solution  of  the 
problem  of  the  tidal  form  lies  in  the  difference  of 
the  lunar  force  of  attraction,  as  found  at  the  centre 
of  the  earth  and  on  the  nearer  and  remoter  surfaces. 
The  distances  of  these  representative  particles  from 
the  moon  vary  as  the  numbers  51,  60,  and  61,  and 
the  corresponding  attractions  vary  as  the  squares  of 
those  numbers.  The  three  particles  may  be  figured 
by  three  boys  holding  to  a  rope  and  running  in  suc- 
cession with  forces  corresponding  to  their  strength 
or  to  the  influences  arousing  them.  If  the  three 
were  of  equal  strength  there  would  be  no  strain  upon 
the  rope.  If  the  foremost  boy  were  stronger  and 
the  rear  boy  weaker  than  the  middle  boy,  the  fore- 
most will  pull  the  middle  boy  forward ;  while  the 
rear  boy,  being  unable  to  keep  up,  though  running 
with  all  his  might,  seems  to  pull  back.  But  for  the 
rope  which  drags  him  along  he  would  fall  behind, 
as  do  the  waters  on  the  remote  side  of  the  earth. 
All  the  particles  of  the  earth  are  falling  toward  the 
moon  —  those  on  the  nearer  side  with  greater,  those 
on  the  farther  side  with  less,  movement ;  conse- 
quently they  are  distributed  over  a  greater  space  in 
the  direction  of  the  lunar  force.  The  resulting 
figure  of  the  earth  is  a  prolate  spheroid,  such  as 
any  body  assumes  when  falling  toward  a  centre  of 
attraction.  

Memories  ^n  "Wordsworth  and  the  Coleridges  " 

literary  and  ( Macmillan),  Mr.  Ellis  Yarnall  has 

political.  written  pleasantly  of  his  acquaint- 

ance and  friendship  with  some  of  the  great  men 
and  women  whom  he  met  in  the  course  of  a  long 
life.  His  recollections  have  to  do  with  both  En- 
gland and  America,  and  date  back  in  the  one  case 
to  the  coming  of  Lafayette  to  America  in  1824  and 
in  the  other  to  his  own  visit  to  England  for  the 
first  time  in  1849.  Of  the  ten  chapters  which  make 
up  the  book,  the  four  dealing  with  Wordsworth  and 
the  Coleridges  —  Sara  Coleridge  and  her  two  broth- 
ers, Hartley  and  Derwent  Coleridge,  and  Sir  John 
Taylor  Coleridge  and  Lord  Coleridge  (late  Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  England)  —  constitute  the  raison 
d'etre  of  the  book.  To  these  four  chapters,  which 
occupy  about  half  the  volume  and  give  the  work  its 
title,  are  added  various  other  memories,  literary  and 
political,  treating  of  Charles  Kingsley,  John  Keble, 
William  Edward  Forster,  Oxford,  and  the  House 
of  Commons  in  the  closing  days  of  the  American 
Civil  War.  Three  of  these  chapters  have  been  pre- 
viously published  in  a  more  or  less  complete  form. 
Mr.  Yarnall's  acquaintance  with  the  men  he  writes 
of,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  seems  to  have  been 
too  slight  to  enable  him  to  ascertain  the  distinctive 
traits  of  character  possessed  by  each, —  a  fact  that 
has  obliged  him  frequently  to  supplement  his  own 
opinions  with  those  of  others,  and  sometimes  to 
introduce  irrelevant  matter  into  his  book.  His  rec- 
ollections impress  us  as  being  those  of  a  sympathetic 
and  appreciative  visitor  to  the  homes  and  haunts  of 
certain  great  men,  rather  than  the  memories  of  an 
intimate  friend.  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Yarnall's 


402 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


style  is  easy  and  natural,  and  he  has  written  a  very 
readable  book.  He  has  recorded  many  of  the  wise 
sayings  which  fell  from  the  lips  of  the  men  and 
women  he  met,  and  he  has  related  some  interesting 
incidents  that  are  worth  remembering.  He  has  also 
told  us  something  of  the  awe  with  which  most  peo- 
ple came  into  the  presence  of  Wordsworth  ;  some- 
thing, too,  of  the  beautiful  old  age  of  Mrs.  Words- 
worth; something  of  the  traits  of  the  wonderful 
author  of  "  The  Ancient  Mariner  "  which  could 
still  be  traced  in  the  poet's  children,  Sara,  Hartley, 
and  Derwent  Coleridge  ;  and  a  good  deal  about  the 
late  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England,  Lord  Coleridge, 
with  whom  Mr.  Yarnall  was  on  terms  of  cordial 
friendship  and  with  whom  he  carried  on  a  corre- 
spondence which  extended  over  a  period  of  thirty- 
seven  years,  —  all  of  which  was  well  worth  the  telling. 

We  are  hardly  familiar  enough  with 
The  American  ^e  American  acting  drama  of  to-day 

acting  drama.  ,11  -111 

to  be  able  to  judge  whether  or  not 
it  is  proper  to  regard  Mr.  Augustus  Thomas's  "  Ala- 
bama" (Russell)  as  properly  representative  in  a  series 
that  includes  some  of  the  finest  dramatic  work  done 
of  late  in  France  and  Germany.  We  should  incline 
to  hope  (if  nothing  more)  that  we  had  something  a 
little  more  serious  to  offer  ;  but  we  may  demand 
more  than  there  is.  M.  Rostand  is  certainly  a  dis- 
tinguished figure  in  the  French  drama  of  to-day, 
Hauptmann  in  the  German  :  possibly  America  is  fitly 
represented  by  Mr.  Augustus  Thomas.  "Alabama" 
is  an  American  play.  It  deals  with  peculiarly 
American  situations,  —  namely,  such  as  might  arise 
in  the  influx  of  Northern  capital  and  energy  into 
the  South,  some  twenty  years  after  the  war.  It 
deals  with  American  characters,  too  ;  Northern  men 
of  business  and  Southern  planters.  The  play  is 
thus  perhaps  as  representatively  American  as  any- 
thing we  have,  although  personally  we  should  have 
preferred  one  of  Mr.  Harrigan's  Irish  and  Negro 
conglomerates,  or  one  of  Mr.  Hoyt's  racy  eccentric- 
ities, or  something  like  "  The  Old  Homestead  "  or 
"  Shore  Acres."  These  plays  seem  to  us  to  be  more 
typical  of  some  aspects  of  our  civilization  than 
"Alabama"  is  of  others.  Yet  there  is  no  use 
grumbling  in  such  an  embarrassment  of  riches. 
Perhaps  the  courage  of  Mr.  Thomas  in  printing  his 
play  will  lead  others  to  follow  his  example.  It  is 
the  first  step  that  costs  :  we  hope  it  will  not  cost 
Mr.  Thomas  and  Mr.  Russell  very  much,  for  we 
want  to  see  more  American  dramas  in  print. 


Completion  of  The  ^na^  instalment  (Volume  III.) 
Ratzeiv*  Hittory  of  Prof  essor  Ratzel's  great  work  on 
of  Mankind.  „  Tne  History  of  Mankind"  in  an 

English  dress  (Macmillan  )  presents  the  same  char- 
acteristics as  the  preceding  volumes,  which  have 
been  fully  noticed  in  these  columns.  The  present 
volume  is  loaded  with  good  cuts  of  ethnic  types  and 
ethnographic  objects,  and  is  supplied  with  some  ex- 
cellent colored  plates  and  maps.  In  Book  IV.  the 
discussion  of  the  Negro  Races  is  completed  by 


chapters  upon  the  Africans  of  the  Interior  and  the 
West  Africans.  The  final  division  of  the  work, 
Book  V.,  deals  with  the  Cultured  Races  of  the  Old 
World.  In  following  the  discussion  of  African  ne- 
groes, we  are  constantly  impressed  by  their  political 
instability  :  how  many  kingdoms  have  risen  sud- 
denly to  power,  and  as  suddenly  have  disappeared, 
leaving  no  trace  !  Preliminary  to  the  study  of  the 
Cultured  Races  of  Africa  and  Asia,  the  author  con- 
siders the  desert  and  nomadism  most  suggestively. 
Islam  and  its  influence  are  fairly  treated.  Consid- 
ering the  great  size  of  the  work,  the  conditions  de- 
scribed are  astonishingly  up  to  date.  Recent 
political  events  in  Africa  and  Asia  are  taken  into 
the  account.  The  discussion  of  China  —  social  and 
religious  —  is  good  ;  that  of  the  European  peoples 
is  less  notable.  In  a  work  of  so  wide  scope,  full 
and  detailed  accounts  of  peoples  cannot  be  expected  : 
Professor  Ratzel  has  done  wonderfully  well  in  giving 
so  much  as  he  does.  The  subject  and  plan  of  the 
work  necessitated  dry  and  terse  statement.  Still, 
it  is  unfortunate  that  Ratzel  could  not  have  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  a  better  translator.  The  English 
could  hardly  be  more  difficult  and  obscure  ;  the 
author's  meaning  is  sometimes  lost  ;  the  grammar 
is  bad.  The  translator  does  not  appear  to  know 
either  authors  or  literature.  He  several  times  re- 
fers to  Crawfurd  as  Crawford.  Where  English 
authors  are  quoted,  it  appears  that  their  original 
statement  is  not  looked  up,  but  is  retranslated. 
These  translator's  faults,  manifest  and  constant, 
will  prevent  this  English  edition  of  volkerkunde 
from  becoming  popular.  The  work  is,  however,  too 
valuable  to  students  to  be  neglected,  and  will  become 
an  important  book  of  reference. 

Mr.  Max  Beerbohm  has  been  rather 
ingenious  in  making  criticism  on  his 

°  f> 

later  book  "  More  (John  Lane)  im- 
possible. In  criticism  of  any  such  book  the  all- 
important  thing  is  point  of  view.  Now  the  most 
obvious  point  of  view  for  the  critic  of  Mr.  Beerbohm 
to  take  is  that  of  Mr.  Beerbohm  himself  :  a  proceed- 
ing quite  out  of  the  question,  not  because  it  would  be 
difficult,  but  because  it  would  be  imitative  and  there- 
fore silly  in  anyone  except  the  gifted  author.  And 
any  other  point  of  view  would  also  be  impossible,  for 
it  would  have  to  be  either  in  earnest  or  not.  One  can- 
not, of  course,  consider  these  bits  in  earnest.  And 
if  one  is  to  think  of  them  affectedly,  one  is  practic- 
ally in  the  position  of  trying  to  go  beyond  Mr.  Beer- 
bohm or  else  to  vary  from  him,  neither  of  which 
acts  is  self-respecting.  We  say  nothing,  then,  ex- 
cept that  one  should  not  read  these  essays  in  a  rage. 
This  may  seem  a  needless  caution,  but  Mr.  Beer- 
bohm's  earlier  labors  did  arouse  rage  in  some  hearts. 
These  latter  works  will  not  be  likely  to  do  so  ;  in 
fact,  in  our  heart  they  have  aroused  on  the  whole 
pleasure.  One  thing  only  we  rather  regret:  we 
are  quite  unable  to  regard  Mr.  Beerbohm  as  a  great 
thinker,  veiling  his  ideas  under  a  trivial  form.  We 
find  a  good  many  very  sensible  remarks  here  and 


. 

Max  Beerbohm. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


403 


there  in  his  essays ;  but  we  cannot  think  of  him  as 
a  delver  after  truth.  He  has  no  message  to  his 
time ;  and  that  is  a  pity.  The  gifted  man  whom 
he  so  sedulously  imitates  did  have  a  message,  though 
he  would  have  been  zealous  in  denying  the  fact. 
Perhaps  further  and  more  careful  study  of  Mr. 
Beerbohm  would  have  shown  that  he  has  one,  too; 
but  we  doubt  it.  Still,  we  commend  a  study  of 
the  question  to  those  who  find  themselves  some 
summer  afternoon  with  nothing  of  greater  import- 
ance to  do.  The  book  is  of  a  size  suitable  for  a 

hammock.  

The  two  names  Pollok  and  Aytoun 
Two  forgotten  wjjj  rajge  jn  manv  no  answering  rec- 

men  of  letters.  .  J  /-«      i  •        T»   i 

ollection.  "  The  Bon  Gualtier  Bal- 
lads "  have  hardly  survived  the  half-century,  and 
"  The  Course  of  Time  "  has  had  even  a  shorter  life. 
Yet  Mrs.  Masson's  volume  on  these  two  "  Famous 
Scots  "  ( imported  by  Scribner )  is  worth  reading 
for  all  that.  It  is  a  book  which  is  more  interesting 
on  account  of  the  considerations  it  gives  rise  to,  than 
on  account  of  the  facts  it  details.  These  two  men 
may  be  said  to  be  a  typical  pair :  the  one,  a  poor 
and  hard-working  Scotch  ploughboy  student,  work- 
ing at  divinity  and  literature  by  the  hardest  toils, 
and  reaching  fame  and  position  only  a  short  season 
before  his  death ;  the  other,  the  well-to-do  man  of 
literary  tastes  and  inclinations,  passing  a  pleasant 
and  appreciated  life  as  contributor  to  "  Black- 
wood's  "  and  professor  of  belles-lettres.  By  all  proper 
expectation,  the  former  should  be  the  real  genius 
whose  poetic  fire  still  shines  for  the  delectation  of 
lovers  of  letters,  and  the  latter  should  be  merely  the 
literary  man  of  the  hour  whose  productions  have 
closely  followed  him  into  obscurity.  The  fact  is, 
however,  that  the  hard-working  genius  and  the  well- 
to-do  litterateur  are  both  forgotten,  one  almost  as 
thoroughly  as  the  other,  with  the  odds  against  the 
genius.  It  is  curious  how  often  poetic  justice  is 
foiled.  In  spite  of  the  prosaic  harshness  of  destiny, 
Mrs.  Masson's  book  is,  as  we  have  said,  pleasant  to 
turn  over.  We  might  think  her  a  bit  frivolous  in 
her  manner  of  dealing  with  so  sacred  a  topic  as  a 
man  of  genius ;  still,  this  is  better  than  taking  the 
matter  too  seriously.  Beside  the  frivolities  and  the 
necessities  of  her  narrative,  she  often  turns  a  good 
phrase  on  her  own  account  —  "  the  opal  wonders  of 
the  Western  Highlands,"  for  instance. 

When  we  last  wrote  of  Mrs.  Meynell, 
Mn.  Mtymivt  ag  we  rememDer,  we  regretted  a  little 

new  volume.  6       . 

that  her  work  was  becoming  better 
known.  Literary  likings  have  three  phases  :  first, 
they  are  enthusiasms ;  then,  cults ;  then,  fashions. 
All  literary  likings  do  not  go  through  these  three 
phases.  The  "  Rubaiyat,"  however,  is  a  very  per- 
fect instance  of  all :  first,  in  the  seventies,  when  it 
was  the  passion  of  a  few  individuals ;  then,  in  the 
eighties,  when  it  was  the  esoteric  possession  of  various 
coteries ;  now,  in  the  nineties,  when  it  has  become 
an  ordinary  drawing-room  dissipation.  Mr.  Kipling, 
however,  skipped  the  second  stage,  and  some  people 


have  skipped  the  first  as  well.  Browning  will  never 
reach  the  third,  and  Landor  will  never  get  even  to 
the  second.  To  return  to  Mrs.  Meynell,  who  is  on 
the  border-land  between  a  sincere  enthusiasm  and  a 
cult.  In  certain  circles  it  is  getting  necessary  to 
"know"  Mrs.  Meynell, —  meaning,  of  course,  her 
writings ;  and  we  regret  that  pleasure  in  Mrs. 
Meynell's  essays  should  become  compulsory.  Mrs. 
Meynell  is  an  essayist  of  a  high  order.  She  does 
not  sit  among  pigeonholes,  like  Miss  Repplier,  and 
decoct  the  choice  treasure  of  her  cells ;  nor  drop 
bunches  of  artificial  grass  about  the  floors  of  modern 
salons,  like  Miss  Guiney.  She  has  her  own  mode 
of  distinction,  a  mode  that  we  tried  to  describe  some 
time  ago.  It  is  a  mode  that  demands  something  of 
reader  as  well  as  writer, —  demands  not  more  than 
it  gives,  certainly,  but  more  than  do  most  of  the 
recent  essays  which  are  too  often  only  the  weekly 
wool-gathering  of  some  mind  that  has  wandered 
much  in  literature  and  life.  We  said,  some  years 
since,  that  the  interest  in  Mrs.  Meynell's  essays  lay 
largely  in  the  temperament  that  they  conveyed,  in 
their  quality.  We  think  that  this  may  be  said  of 
"  The  Spirit  of  Place  "  (John  Lane)  ;  nor  does  it 
seem  to  us  that  the  quality  has  changed  in  the  last 
few  years,  or  that  its  mode  of  expression  has  become 
less  delicate  and  sure. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 


The  "  Cambridge "  Milton  (Houghton)  is  uniform 
with  the  other  poets  included  in  this  favorite  and  inex- 
pensive edition  —  that  is,  it  forms  a  single  volume  with 
double-columned  pages,  has  a  portrait  frontispiece,  a 
compact  body  of  notes,  and  an  introductory  essay.  The 
latter,  as  well  as  the  editing  in  general,  comes  from  Mr. 
William  Vaughan  Moody,  who  has  also  provided  prose 
translations  of  the  Latin  poems.  Mr.  Moody's  intro- 
duction, considered  both  as  biography  and  criticism,  is 
an  excellent  piece  of  work. 

Mr.  George  Burton  Adams's  handbook  of  European 
History  (Macmillan)  should  be  of  great  value  to  teach- 
ers of  history,  for  it  contains  in  concise  form  just  the 
material  required  in  outlining  for  students  the  supple- 
mentary reading  necessary  in  each  epoch.  The  work  is  not 
in  itself  sufficiently  expanded  to  be  used  as  a  text-book, 
— indeed,  it  was  not  the  author's  intention  that  it  should 
be  so  used,  —  but  taken  as  a  basis  for  a  lecture  course, 
or  for  the  seminary  method  of  study,  it  will  serve  as  the 
best  of  guides.  It  is  particularly  strong  in  well-selected 
references  to  such  works  in  English,  or  in  translation, 
as  are  easily  obtainable,  at  small  expense,  by  any  school 
or  college  library. 

The  following  French  texts  are  of  recent  publication: 
Augier  et  Sandeau's  "  Le  Gendre  de  M.  Poirier  "  (Holt), 
edited  by  Dr.  Stuart  Symington;  a  "  Precis  de  1'His- 
toire  de  France"  (Macmillan),  by  Professor  Alce'e 
Fortier;  and  an  abbreviated  "  Histoire  de  Gil  Bias  de 
Santillane  "  (Heath),  prepared  by  Professors  Adolphe 
Colin  and  Robert  Sanderson.  An  Italian  text  is  Gol- 
doni's  "  Un  Curioso  Accidente  "  (Heath),  edited  by  Dr. 
J.  D.  M.  Ford,  who  also  edits  a  Spanish  text  of  "  El  Si 
de  las  Miiias  "  (Ginn),  by  Mdratin. 


404 


THE    DIAL 


[June  16, 


LITERARY  NOTES. 

Messrs.  B.  H.  Sanborn  &  Co.  publish  a  school  edition 
of  "  The  Ancient  Mariner,"  edited  by  Dr.  John  Phelps 
Fruit. 

Mr.  Moses  Grant  Daniell  has  edited  for  Messrs.  Ginn 
&  Co.  a  school  edition  of  Macaulay's  "  Lays  of  Ancient 
Home." 

"  Scotland's  Share  in  Civilizing  the  World,"  by  the 
Rev.  Canon  Mackenzie,  is  a  recent  publication  of  the 
Fleming  H.  Revell  Co. 

The  Macmillan  Co.  send  us  "  Bible  Stories  "  from  the 
New  Testament,  edited  by  Mr.  R.  G.  Moulton,  and  pub- 
lished in  "  The  Modern  Reader's  Bible." 

A  "  Glossary  to  Accompany  « Departmental  Ditties ' 
as  written  by  Rudyard  Kipling  "  is  the  title  of  a  small 
book  just  published  by  Messrs.  M.  F.  Mansfield  and 
A.  Wessels. 

"  Retrospects  and  Prospects  "  (Scribner)  is  a  posthu- 
mous volume  of  miscellaneous  essays  by  Sidney  Lanier, 
collected  from  various  sources,  and  primarily  historical 
in  their  interest. 

"  The  Athenian  Archons  of  the  Third  and  Second 
Centuries  before  Christ,"  by  Mr.  William  Scott  Fergu- 
son, appears  as  Volume  X.  of  the  "  Cornell  Studies  in 
Classical  Philology,"  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

"  The  Metaphor  :  A  Study  in  the  Psychology  of 
Rhetoric,"  by  Miss  Gertrude  Buck,  is  published  by  the 
Ann  Arbor  Inland  Press,  in  the  series  of  "  Contributions 
to  Rhetorical  Theory,"  edited  by  Professor  Fred  Newton 
Scott. 

"  A  History  of  the  American  Nation  "  (Appleton),  by 
Professor  Andrew  C.  McLaughlin,  is  a  text  book  of  a 
highly  satisfactory  sort,  intended  for  secondary  schools. 
It  comes  down  to  the  war  in  the  Philippines,  and  is 
copiously  illustrated  with  maps  and  portraits. 

Mr.  L.  G.  Bugbee  sends  us  pamphlet  reprints  of  two 
papers  on  Texas  history.  "  Slavery  in  Early  Texas  " 
first  appeared  in  the  "  Political  Science  Quarterly  "  and 
"  Some  Difficulties  of  a  Texas  Empresario  "  in  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Southern  History  Association.  Both  are 
interesting  and  important  contributions  to  the  annals  of 
the  State. 

A  paper  on  "  International  Courts  of  Arbitration," 
written  in  1874  by  Thomas  Balch  of  Philadelphia,  and 
published  in  the  London  "  Law  Magazine  and  Review," 
has  now,  owing  to  the  renewed  timeliness  of  its  theme, 
been  reissued  in  book  form  by  Messrs.  Henry  T.  Coates 
&  Co.,  and  edited  by  Mr.  Thomas  Willing  Balch,  a  son 
of  the  author. 

Burke's  "  Conciliation  "  speech,  edited  by  Mr.  Sidney 
Carleton  Newsom;  Goldsmith's  "Vicar  of  Wakefield," 
edited  by  Mr.  Henry  W.  Boynton ;  and  Dryden's  "  Pala- 
mon  and  Arcite,"  edited  by  Mr.  Percival  Chubb,  are 
recent  additions  to  the  Messrs.  Macmillan's  series  of 
"  Pocket  English  Classics." 

The  proceedings  of  the  Chicago  anti-imperialist  meet- 
ing of  April  30  have  just  been  published  in  a  pamphlet 
of  about  fifty  pages,  and  constitute  an  impressive  and 
weighty  statement  of  the  reasons  which  have  impelled 
the  larger  part  of  the  sober-minded  public  to  protest 
against  the  war  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  The  addresses 
of  President  Rogers,  Bishop  Spaulding,  Professor 
Laughlin,  and  the  other  speakers,  are  given  in  full,  and 
the  whole  is  issued  as  the  first  of  a  series  of  "  Liberty 
Tracts  "  to  be  published  by  the  Central  Anti-Imperialist 


League.  Copies  of  the  pamphlet  may  be  obtained  from 
Mr.  Edwin  Burritt  Smith,  415  First  National  Bank 
Building,  Chicago. 

In  speaking  of  the  new  edition  of  Baedeker's  "  United 
States"  (Scribner),  we  find  that  we  hardly  did  justice 
to  the  revisions  that  have  been  made  since  the  first  edi- 
tion was  published.  They  include  six  new  maps  and 
plans,  new  railway  routes,  revised  statements  of  Mexi- 
can and  Alaskan  routes,  an  extended  bibliography,  and 
an  account  of  Greater  New  York.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
vigilance  of  the  editor  has  not  been  sufficient  to  avoid 
an  occasional  slip,  such  as  the  naming  at  the  head  of  the 
list  of  Chicago  hotels  and  restaurants  of  an  establish- 
ment that  ceased  to  exist  some  two  years  ago. 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[The  following  list,   containing  68  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

GENERAL  LITERATURE. 

Shakespeare  in  France  under  the  Ancient  Regime.     By 

J.  J.  Jusserand.   Illus.,  large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  496. 

Q.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $6. 
Wordsworth  and  the  Coleridges.  With  Other  Memories, 

Literary  and  Political.     By  Ellis  Yarnall.      Large  8vo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  331.    Macmillan  Co.     $3. 
A  History  of  Bohemian  Literature.    By  Francis,  Count 

Liitzow.    12mo,  pp.  425.     "  Literatures  of  the  World." 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.50. 
Old  Cambridge.   By  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson.   12mo, 

gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  203.     "  National  Studies  in  American 

Letters."    Macmillan  Co.    $1.25. 
Masques  and  Mummers :  Essays  on  the  Theatre  of  Here 

and  Now.    By  Charles  Frederic  Nirdlinger.    12mo,  gilt  top, 

uncut,  pp.  370.    DeWitt  Publishing  House. 
The  Solitary  Summer.    By  the  author  of  "  Elizabeth  and 

her  German  Garden."     I'Jmo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  190. 

Macmillan  Co.     $1.50. 
A  Life  for  Liberty :  Anti-Slavery  and  Other  Letters  of  Sallie 

Holley.     Edited,  with  Introductory  Chapters,  by  John 

White  Chadwick.     Illus.,  12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  292. 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.50. 
Testimony  of  the  Sonnets  as  to  the  Authorship  of  the 

Shakespearian  Plays  and  Poems.      By  Jesse  Johnson. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  pp.  100.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

The  Life  of  Henry  A.  Wise  of  Virginia,— 1806-1876.  By 
his  grandson,  the  late  Barton  H.  Wise.  With  portrait, 
large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  434.  Macmillan  Co.  $3. 

The  College  Warden.  By  Henry  A.  Fairbairn,  M.A.  Illus., 
12mo,  pp.  154.  Thomas  Whittaker.  $1. 

HISTORY. 

The  Story  of  Nuremberg.  By  Cecil  Headlam ;  illus.  by 
Miss  H.  M.  James.  16mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  303.  "Me- 
diaeval Towns."  Macmillan  Co.  81.50. 

The  Rescue  of  Cuba:  An  Episode  in  the  Growth  of  Free 
Government.  By  Andrew  S.  Draper,  LL.D.  Illus.,  12mo, 
pp.  186.  Silver,  Burdett  &  Co.  $1. 

The  Dreyfus  Story.  By  Richard  W.  Hale.  18mo,  uncut, 
pp.  68.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  50  cents. 

NEW  EDITIONS  OF  STANDARD  LITERATURE. 

Plutarch's  Lives.  Englished  by  Sir  Thomas  North.  Vol. 
IV.;  with  photogravure  frontispiece,  24mo,  gilt  top,  uncut, 
pp.  371.  "  Temple  Classics."  Macmillan  Co.  50  cts. 

POETRY  AND  VERSE. 

Poems  of  Nature  and  Life.  By  John  Witt  Randall ;  edited 
by  Francis  Ellingwood  Abbott ;  with  Introduction  on  the 
Randall  Family.  With  portraits,  large  8vo,  gilt  top, 
uncut,  pp.  566.  Boston  :  George  H.  Ellis. 

War  is  Kind.  By  Stephen  Crane ;  with  drawings  by  Will 
Bradley.  8vo,  uncut,  pp.  96.  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.50. 


1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


405 


An  Epic  of  the  Soul.  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  80.  Thomas 

Whittaker.     $1.  net. 
When  Love  is  Lord.     By  Tom  Hall.    24mo,   gilt  top, 

pp.  108.     F.  A.  Stokes  Co.    $1. 

FICTION. 
The  Market-Place.    By  Harold  Frederic.    Illus.,  12mo, 

pp.401.    F.  A.  Stokes  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Awkward  Age.    By  Henry  James.    12mo,  pp.  457. 

Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.50. 
Idylls  of  the  Sea.    By  Frank  T.  Bullen,  F.R.G.S.    12mo, 

pp.  266.    D.  Appleton  &  Co.    $1.25. 
A  Dash  for  a  Throne.    By  Arthur  W.  Marchmont.   Illus., 

12mo,  pp.  352.    New  Amsterdam  Book  Co.    $1.25. 
Tristram  Lacy ;  or,  The  Individualist.   By  W.  H.  Mallock. 

12mo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.  432.    Macmillan  Co.    $1.50. 
The  Paths  of  the  Prudent :  A  Comedy.   By  J.  S.  Fletcher. 

Illus.,  12mo,  pp.  309.     L.  C.  Page  &  Co.     $1.50. 
The  Launching  of  a  Man.    By  Stanley  Waterloo.    12mo, 

gilt  top,  pp.  285.    Rand,  McNally  &  Co.    $1.25. 
Across  the  Campus:  A  Story  of  College  Life.   By  Caroline 

M.  Fuller.  12mo,  pp.  441.   Charles  Scribner's  Sons.   $1.50. 
Madame  Izan :  A  Tourist  Story.   By  Mrs.  Campbell-Praed. 

12mo,  pp.  331.     D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.;  paper,  50  cts. 
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A  Civilian  Attache1 :  A  Story  of  a  Frontier  Army  Post.   By 

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Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     75  cts. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

A  Thousand  Days  in  the  Arctic.  By  Frederick  G.  Jackson ; 

with  Preface  by  Admiral  Sir  F.  Leopold  McClintock,  R.N. 

Illus.,   large  8vo,  gilt  top,  uncut,  pp.   940.    Harper  & 

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1899.] 


THE    DIAL 


407 


A  Summer 
Vacation 

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kee, Waukesha,  Madison,  Devil's  Lake, 
Green  Lake,  Gogebic  Lake,  Lake  Geneva, 
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White  Bear,  Duluth,  Ashland,  Marquette, 
and  the  resorts  of  Wisconsin,  Northern 
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and  mountains  of  Colorado,  Utah,  and 
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408 


THE    DIAL 


[Juue  16,  1899. 


JOHNS  HOPKINS  UNIVERSITY, 

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Mathematics  .........  Thomas  Craig. 

Physics      ..........  Joseph  S.  Ames. 

Undergraduate  Courses  (leading  to  B.A.) 

Groups. 

1.  Classical 

(the  "  old  college  course  ''). 

2.  Mathematical-Physical 

(leading  up  to  Engineering). 

3.  Chemical-Biological 

(leading  up  to  Medicine). 

4.  Geological-Biological. 

5.  Latin-Mathematical. 

6.  Historical-Political 

(leading  up  to  Law). 

7.  Modern  Languages. 


Serial  Publications. 

Mathematics  (Vol.  XXI.)   ... 
Chemistry  (Vol.  XXI.) 
Philology  (Vol.  XX.) 
History  (Vol.  XVII.) 
Modern  Languages  (Vol.  XIV.)  . 
Biology  (Vol.  IV.) 
Assyriology  (Vol.  IV.) 
Experimental  Medicine  (Vol.  IV.) 


Editors. 

Simon  Newcomb. 
Ira  Remsen. 
Basil  L.  Gildersleeve. 
Herbert  B.  Adams. 
A.  Marshall  Elliott. 
William  K.  Brooks. 
Paul  Haupt. 
W.  H.  Welch. 


Programmes  of  the  Courses  offered  to  graduate  students  in 
Philosophy  and  the  Arts,  and  in  the  School  of  Medicine,  and 
also  of  the  Undergraduate  or  Collegiate  Courses,  will  be  sent 
on  application  to  the  Registrar. 


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of  every  kind,  especially  for  works  running 
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Our  imprint  (see  "The  Jesuit  Relations")  is  a  guaranty  of 
accuracy  and  excellence.  Prices  low. 

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Essays  on  Literary  Art 

BY 

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"  The  wide  reading,  the  fine  discernment,  the  accurate 
scholarship,  with  which  Mr.  Stanley  has  successfully 
associated  his  name,  may  here  be  seen  and  enjoyed, 
Especially  suggestive  is  the  concluding  paper  on  '  The 
Secret  of  Style.'"—  Dial. 

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IMPORTED  AND  SOLD  BY 

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BURTON  SOCIETY  will  print,  for  dis- 
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BURTON'S  ARABIAN  NIGHTS, 

Absolutely  Unabridged. 

In  1  6  -volumes,  Royal  8vo.  First  volume  read} 
early  in  June.  Subsequent  volumes  to  follou 
at  intervals  of  six  weeks.  Prospectus,  sample 
pages,  etc.,  upon  application. 

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