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1847 1853
vfOtf*ENCE PUBL/C
LI3RA2Y
E^TnBLioHi-iJ 1872
LAWRENCE, MASS.
THE DIAL
A Semi-Monthly Journal of
Literary Criticism, Discussion, and Information
VOLUME LVI.
JANUARY 1 TO JUNE 16, 1914
CHICAGO
THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO.
1914
7 o
INDEX TO VOLUME LVI.
PAGE
A. L. A., THE, AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL Aksel G. S. Josephson 485
ACTIVE LIFE, THE STORY OF AN Norman Foerster 414
AMERICAN AND FRENCH IDEALS 89
AMERICAN ARCHITECT, A GREAT . ; Sidney Fiske Kimball 384
AMERICAN HISTORIES, THE CONCLUSION OF Two IMPORTANT David Y. Thomas ...'... 179
AMERICAN HISTORY, IDEALISTIC FORCES IN Carl Becker 140
AMERICAN POET, A NEGLECTED Charles Leonard Moore 7
" AMERICANS, THE CHARM OF " 165
ART, THE MEANING OF Louis I. Bredvold 343
BEASTS OF BURDEN 327
CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH LITERATURE, NEW VOLUMES OF THE . Lane Cooper 456
CANADA OF TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW Laivrence J. Burpee 20
CHILDREN — WHAT THEY SHOULD KNOW 483
CHINA'S " GRAND OLD MAN " O. D. Wannamaker 142
CINEMATOGRAPH CRAZE, THE 129
CIVIL WAR, NEW LIGHT ON THE Ephraim Douglass Adams .... 291
CONSECRATED LIFE, THE 403
" CYMBELINE," THE VARIORUM Samuel A. Tannenbaum .... 184
DANE, A GREAT 447
DEARBORN, FORT, AND THE OLD NORTHWEST William V. Pooley 341
DOGBERRY'S LATEST 369
DRAMA, CONTEMPORARY, GUIDES TO THE James W. Tupper 56
EDUCATION, TRAGEDY AND TREASON IN Thomas Percival Beyer .... 338
EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD, THE T. G. Allen 382
ENGLAND, A NEW HISTORY OF L. E. Robinson 106
ENGLISH LIBERALISM, AN ACCOUNT OF Carl Becker 18
FICTION, RECENT Lucian Gary 504
FICTION, RECENT William Morton Payne . . 21,247, 421
FOLK-BALLADS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE Martha Hale Shackford .... 419
FRIENDSHIP, RECORDS OF A HAPPY W. E. Simonds 13
GIFTED FAMILY, GLIMPSES OF A Percy 'F. Bicknell 289
GRAIL, THE, IN A NEW LIGHT Winifred Smith 385
GREECE, ANCIENT, RECORDS OF Josiah Benick Smith 176
HISTORY, AN INTERVIEW WITH THE MUSE OF Carl Becker 336
HOUSEHOLD DECORATION, EVOLUTION OF Anna Benneson McMahan .... 298
IDEALIST, AN, IN PRACTICAL AFFAIRS Percy F. Bicknell 174
INDIA, THE FUTURE OF F. B. R. Hellems 379
INSURANCE, SOCIAL Alvin S. Johnson 57
ITALY, A DIPLOMATIST'S WIFE IN Percy F. Bicknell 108
ITALY'S FOREMOST COMIC DRAMATIST W. W. Comfort 138
KAISER, THE, POLICIES AND ASSOCIATES OF Frederic Austin Ogg 181
KEY, ELLEN — IDEALIST Amalie K. Boguslawsky .... 47
LABOUCHERE OF " TRUTH " Laurence M. Larson 244
LANGUAGE OF THE UNLETTERED, THE Percy F. Bicknell 405
LONDON, THE LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF Clark S. Northup 293
MEXICAN SITUATION, THE Wallace Rice 501
MEXICAN WAR, NEW INVESTIGATIONS OF THE Frederic Austin Ogg 240
MIDDLE AGES, THE LIFE AND ART OF THE Sidney Fiske Kimball 246
MIDDLETON, RICHARD, ESSAYS OF Norman Foerster 339
MIRABEAU, BARTHOU'S LIFE OF Fred Morrow Fling 499
MISTRAL, FREDERIC 283
MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR 45
MONROE DOCTRINE, NEW STUDIES OF THE James W. Garner 110
NATURAL HISTORY EAST AND WEST T. D. A. Cockerell 137
INDEX
PAGE
NATURALIST, THE HUMAN NATURE OF A Percy F. Bicknell 335
NEW LAMPS FOR OLD 231
NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE Percy F. Bicknell 54
NOVEL, A GREAT CONTEMPORARY W. E. B 167
NOVELIST ON His ART, A 5
NOVELISTS, THE JUPITER OF Charles Leonard Moore 329
OLD SALEM IN ITS HABIT As IT LIVED Mary Augusta Scott 104
PHILIPPINES, THE PROBLEM OF THE Wallace Rice 463
POET, AN AGED, IN His DAILY TALK Percy F. Bicknell 493
POETIC EXPRESSION Charles Leonard Moore 131
PUBLISHER'S EARLY MEMORIES, A Percy F. Bicknell 378
POETRY, RECENT William Morton Payne 63
POLITICS AND HISTORY, AN ENGLISH STATESMAN'S REFLEC-
TIONS ON L. E. Robinson 459
PRECIOUS STONES, THE LORE OF Martha Hale Shack ford .... 242
PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF THE TERROR, THE Henry E. Bourne 461
RACIAL RELATIONS OF EAST AND WEST Payson J. Treat 418
RESTORATION COMEDY, THE REAL George Roy Elliott 415
SEX, THE BIOLOGY OF Raymond Pearl 145
SHAKESPEARE, COMMENTING ON - . . Samuel A. Tannenbaum .... 16
SHAKESPEARE'S MYSTERY, THE HEART OF Samuel A. Tannenbaum .... 494
SHAKESPEARE'S STAGECRAFT, THE STUDY OF: A CLIMAX . George Roy Elliott 62
SOUTH AMERICAN WILDS, IN P. A. Martin 102
STRINDBERG IN ENGLISH Aksel G. S. Josephson 300
SWORDS — WHEN THEY BECOME PLOUGHSHARES 281
SYNGE AND THE IRISH THEATRE James W. Tupper 177
THOMPSON, FRANCIS — His LIFE AND His WORK .... Herbert Ellsworth Cory .... 98
TO-MORROW, TOWARD A BROADER F. B. R. Hellems 454
UNKNOWABLE, MORE KNOWLEDGE OF THE Thomas Percival Beyer 61
WOMAN AND THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE T. D. A. Cockerell . . . . . . 290
WORDS, THE SYMBOLISM OF Thomas Percival Beyer 143
YACHTSMAN, THE CRUISE OF A PIONEER Percy F. Bicknell 239
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS — 1914 257
CASUAL COMMENT 9,49,91,133,169,233,283,331,371,407,449, 487
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 27,69,111,146,188,252,303,345,387,425,467, 506
BRIEFER MENTION 30,73,115,150,192,255,307,349,391,431,472, 511
NOTES 31,74,116,150,193,256,308,350,391,432,472, 511
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS 31, 117, 194, 309, 392, 473
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 32,75,117,151,195,310,351,393,433,474, 512
CASUAL GOMMMENT
PAGE PAGE
Acrostic, A Japanese 333 Boston Publisher, A, of Honored Antecedents 133
Allusions, Literary and Other 408 Bronte Sisters, Recovered Portraits of the 332
" American History, The Father of " 50 Carlyle of Myth, The, and the Carlyle of Reality 171
" American Spirit," Literary Expression of the 489 Carnegie, Mr., Library Gifts of, for 1913 52
Arkansas, Literature in 374 Cartoonist, A Great, of the Victorian Age 233
Author-names, Troublesome 374 Cinematographed Novel, The. 410
Author's Helpmate, An 234 Claretie, Jules, The Versatile and Charming 49
Author's Strength, The Secret of an 333 Commencement Season, A Thought for the 451
Ballads, Disappearing, The Rescue of 93 Confusion Worse Confounded 451
Bibliographical Institute, A 411 Cooper versus Scott 374
Bibliothecal News, Bits of 135 Culture, Cosmopolitan, The Encouragement of 94
Blacksmith, A Book-loving 371 " Daily of Dailies," A 49
Book, The Most Widely Translated, in the World 452 Dickens's Death, The True Cause of 234
Book Tariff, The Shame of the 449 Drama for the Rural Districts 490
Book-rescue Work, A Story of 452 Editorial, The Reason of an 49
Book-scorner, The Sad Fate of a 411 Editorial Fallibility, Instances of 3r <
Bookbinding, Durability in 93 Emerson, A Passing Glimpse of '
Bookless, A Missionary to the 134 English, Slipshod s
Bookless, How to Get Books to the 285 English Language, The Anglicity of the 9i
Books, Cheaper Carriage of 11 Fairy Tale, The Function of the 332
Booksellers' Catalogues, Tantalizing Delights of 10 Feminism, The Literature of 52
INDEX
PAGE
First Aid to the Inquiring Reader 450
Foreign Literature, Accessible, of Our Time 171
Foreign Literature, Painless Preliminaries to the Enjoy-
ment of a 450
French Academician, The Latest 170
Gaskell, Mrs., Manchester Home of 135
" Gath," The Prolific Pen of 408
Genius, The Inscrutability of 93
Genius in Embryo, The Detection of 133
Greek Scholar, The Death of an Accomplished 286
Harvard Library, A Proposed Gift to the 287
Hellenists, A Word of Cheer to 374
Home Reading for the High-school Pupil 10
Houghton, Stanley 11
" Human Interest," Universal Appeal of the Story of. . . . 410
Immigrant, Literary Aid to the 92
Innkeepers, A Reader's Hint to 285
Inquiring Mind, Cultivation of the 452
" Intellectual Exercises, The Least of All " 10
Inter-library Loans, A Fresh Impetus to 372
James, Henry, Senior, The Humor of 284
Japanese Literary Likings 172
Johns Hopkins President, The Writings of the New 233
Juvenile Fiction, A Noticeable Fact about 236
Language-teaching, A Topsy-turvy Method of 51
Latin, A Fairy Tale in 371
Latin Pronunciation, Latitude in 170
Laureate's First Official Poem, The 51
Leaving Off, The Art of 373
Librarian's Wit, The Soul of a 332
Libraries, Public, Public Appreciation of 235
Library, Local Talent in the 286
Library, The Most-used, in the World 372
Library Activities, Antipodean 286
Library Conference, This Year's 334
Library School, A New State 50
Library School's Quarter-century Record, A 373
Library Schools, The Beginnings of 284
Library Service, A Novelty in 410
Library's Usefulness, Mathematical Determination of a.. 333
Lincoln Literary Relics. 52
Literary Artist, The Joys of the 449
Literary Criticism, New Ideals of 92
Literary Magic 52
Literary Style, The Secret of 170
Literature, Medicated 91
Literature and Farming, The Comparative Delights of. . . 234
Logician, a Great, Literary Activities of 407
Lorna Doone's Narrow Escape 490
McMaster, Professor John Bach, A New Honor for 135
_, r/mc.
Magazine Covers 51
Man of the Pen and of the Sword, A 134
Manuscripts, A Mine of 331
Mayor, A, with no Fondness for Literature 171
Men and Women of the Pen 9
Mexican Literature, Tendencies and Achievements in
Contemporary 284
Misquotation, Temptations to 488
Moving-picture Screen, Literary Classics on the 334
National Language and Literature, Reviving a 134
Nearness, Disenchantment of 408
Nepenthe, An Unappreciated 93
Newspaper, a Great, The Bid for Popularity of 333
Novel-writing Habit, The 374
Opinions That One Would Like to Have Expressed Dif-
ferently 489
Orderliness in the Library, The Price of 51
Pioneer, A Hardy 1 1
Platitude, Function of the 409
Poet, One Way to Praise a 286
Poet's Personality, A 373
Poets, Potential, Encouragement to 169
Pseudonyms, A Strange Taste in 235
Public Library System, The Geographical Centre of Our. 94
Publishers, Governmental Unfairness to 235
Puzzles, Polyglot 490
Quarterly Review, A, with the Courage of Its Title 9
Questionnaire, A Plea for the 133
Reader, Baiting the Hook to Catch the 135
Reading, Intelligent 411
Reading, Surreptitious 488
Reading-time, Stolen 91
Reviewing a Book, Eight Ways of 136
Rhetoric, The Luxury of 285
Riis, Jacob — How He Became an Author 487
Sacred Literature, Unsanctified Uses of 171
Scholars, Oddities and Obstinacies of 92
Schoolboys : What They Should Know 50
Sesqui-centennial Celebration, A 371
Shakespeare Presented by Amateurs 51
Singing Birds, A Nest of 409
Spelling and Sound 373
Stage Realism, Triumphs of 451
Standard Writers, The Authority of the 373
Sutro Library, The 11
Typography, An Artist in 169
University Library, Strengthening of One 452
Unpublished Books, A Library of 10
Vanishing Art, The Revival of a 233
Virginia, A Voice from . 49
AUTHORS AND TITLES OF BOOKS REVIEWED
Acheson, Arthur. Mistress Davenant 494
Adams, Charles Francis. Trans-Atlantic Historical Soli-
darity 291
Adams, Ephraim D. Power of Ideals in American His-
tory 140
Adams, Henry. Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres 246
Adcock, A. St. John. The Booklover's London 293
Albee, Helen R. A Kingdom of Two 73
Allinson, Anne C. E. Roads from Rome 115
Andrews, Charlton. The Drama of To-day 56
Antin, Mary. They Who Knock at Our Gates 470
Apthorp, William F. Forty Songs by Adolph Jensen 115
Ashmun, Margaret. Modern Short-stories 346
A.vebury, Lord. Prehistoric Times, seventh edition 192
Backhouse, J. O. P., and Bland, Edmund. Annals and
Memoirs of the Court of Peking 425
Baker, Ernest A. A Guide to Historical Fiction 511
Baldwin, James M. History of Psychology 113
Baring, Maurice. Lost Diaries 430
Barrus, Clara. Our Friend John Burroughs 335
Bartholomew, J. G. Literary and Historical Atlas of
Africa and Australia 307
Barthou, Louis. Mirabeau 499
Bartram, George. England's Garland 65
Bassett, John. Short History of the United States 27
Bayley, Harold. Lost Language of Symbolism 143
Behr, Herman. Perlen Englischer Dichtung in Deutscher
Fassung 106
Benet, William Rose. Merchants from Cathay 67
Bennett, Arnold. The Price of Love 505
Bergson, Henri. Dreams 510
Bickersteth, G. L. Carducci 30
Bingham, Hiram. The Monroe Doctrine 110
Birmingham, G. A. General John Regan 22
Bjornson, Bjornstjerne. Plays, trans, by Edwin Bjork-
man, second series 507
Blake, William. Poetical Works, Oxford edition 74
Blease, W. Lyon. Short History of English Liberalism.. 18
Bond, Francis. English Church Architecture 304
Bostwick, Arthur E. Earmarks of Literature 191
Bourgeois, Maurice. John Millington Synge and the
Irish Theatre 178
Boynton, Percy H. London in English Literature 293
Bridger, A. E. Minds in Distress 390
Brooke, Stopford A. Ten More Plays of Shakespeare. . . 16
Brooks, Alfred M. Architecture and the Allied Arts 427
Brown, Mary Elizabeth. Dedications 193
Browne, Belmore. Conquest of Mount McKinley 29
Bruce, H. Addington. Adventurings in the Psychical 471
Bruce, H. Addington. Education of Karl Witte 508
Bryce, James. The Ancient Roman Empire and the Brit-
ish Empire in India 610
Budge, E. A. Wallis. The Book of the Dead 382
Burroughs, John. The Summit of the Years 27
Burton, Richard. Little Essays in Literature and Life.. 390
Burton, Richard. The New American Drama 66
Cabot, Richard C. What Men Live By 304
"Cambridge Medieval History," Vol. II 467
INDEX
Campbell, Oscar J. Comedies of Holberg 468
Campbell, Wilfred. Oxford Book of Canadian Verse 189
Cannan, Gilbert. Old Mole 248
Carlyle, Thomas. The Diamond Necklace, Riverside
Press edition 73
Carson, W. E. Mexico, revised edition 307
Cartwright, Julia. Christina of Denmark 253
Carus, Paul. Nietzsche and Other Exponents of Indi-
vidualism 188
Catlin, George. Indians, new edition 391
Cawein, Madison. Minions of the Moon 68
Cescinsky, Herbert, and Webster, Malcolm R. English
Domestic Clocks 511
Chamberlin, Frederick. The Philippine Problem 464
Chambrun, Countess de. Sonnets of William Shake-
speare 497
Chase, Lewis N. Poe and His Poetry 609
Chatfield-Taylor, H. C. Goldoni 138
Clodd, Edward. The Childhood of the World, revised
edition 507
Coit, Stanton. Social Worship 305
Collyer, Robert. Clear Grit 254
Comfort, Will Levington. Down among Men 24
Commons, J. R. Labor and Administration 192
Connelley, William E. Life of Preston B. Plumb 148
Conway, Adaline M. A Silent Peal from the Liberty
Bell 431
Cook, Edward. Life of Florence Nightingale 54
Cooper, Homer H. Right Living 431
Cooper, Lane. Aristotle's " Poetics " 252
Cornish, Francis W. Jane Austen 73
Cotterill, H. B. Ancient Greece 176
"Country Life Press, Garden City, New York" 192
Cowles, Julia D. Art of Story-telling 391
Crow, Carl. America and the Philippines 465
Crowninshield, Francis B. Story of George Crownin-
shield's Yacht 239
Dalrymple, Leona. Diane of the Green Van 424
Dana, John C., and McKnight, Elizabeth B. The High
School Branch of the Public Library 192
Davies, Randall. Greatest House at Chelsey 347
Dawson, Coningsby. The Garden without Walls 21
De Lara, L. Gutierrez, and Pinchon, Edgcumb. The
Mexican People 502
Dell, Ethel M. Rocks of Valpre 424
De Morgan, William. When Ghost Meets Ghost 247
Dodd, William G. Courtly Love in Chaucer and Gower. 345
Douglas, James. New England and New France 348
Dreiser, Theodore. The Titan 504
Dugmore, A. Radclyffe. Romance of the Newfoundland
Caribou 113
Dunn, Samuel O. Government Ownership of Railways.. 70
Dunoyer, Alphonse. Public Prosecutor of the Terror. . 461
Edwards, Agnes. Our Common Road 113
England, George A. Darkness and Dawn 425
" Essays for College Men " 30
Faguet, Emile. Initiation into Literature, trans, by Gor-
don Home 467
Fielding-Hall, H. The Passing of Empire 379
Fillebrown, C. B. Taxation 308
Fonseka, Lionel de. On the Truth of Decorative Art,
new edition 193
Fox, Charles D. The Psycho-pathology of Hysteria 29
Fraser, Mrs. Hugh. Italian Yesterdays 108
Fuller, Loie. Fifteen Years of a Dancer's Life 115
Furness, Horace H. Shakespeare's Tragedies of Cym-
beline 184
Fyfe, Hamilton. The Real Mexico 503
Galsworthy, John. The Dark Flower 23
Gardner, Percy. Principles of Greek Art, revised edition 348
Garneau, Frangois-Xavier. Histoire du Canada, Vol. I.,
fifth edition 115
Gaultier, Paul. The Meaning of Art 344
Gayley, Charles M. Beaumont, the Dramatist 428
Gephart, W. F. Insurance and the State 114
Gilbreth, L. M. Psychology of Management 507
Gillette, John M. The Family and Society 308
Gissing, George. Books and the Quiet Life 349
Goodrich, Joseph King. Our Neighbors the Chinese 30
Goodrich, Joseph King. The Coming Canada 20
Gowen, Herbert H. Outline History of China, Part II.. 150
Granger, Alfred Hoyt. Charles Follen McKim 384
Grant, Arthur. In the Old Paths 255
Grant, Francis J. Manual of Heraldry, revised edition. 510
Grant, Lady Sybil. Samphire 149
Green, Samuel S. The Public Library Movement in the
United States 150
PAGE
Gregory, Lady. Our Irish Theatre 177
Grey, Zane. The Light of Western Stars 424
Griffis, William E. Hepburn of Japan 149
Griggs, Edward H. The Philosophy of Art 343
Gulick, Sidney L. American Japanese Problem 418
Haines, Charles G. American Doctrine of Judicial Su-
premacy 348
Hall, Bolton. Mastery of Grief 390
Hamilton, Clayton. Studies in Stagecraft 388
Hanson, Willis T., Jr. Early Life of John Howard
Payne 193
Hardy, Thomas. A Changed Man 74
Harper, Henry H. The Story of a Manuscript 511
Haultain, Arnold. Goldwin Smith 146
Heape, Walter. Sex Antagonism 191
Heath, Roger. Beginnings 66
Heaton, John L. The Story of a Page 30
Helston, John. Aphrodite 65
Henderson, Archibald. European Dramatists 253
Hernici, Lois O. Representative Women 307
" Heroes of the Nations " 431
Hewlett, Maurice, fiendish 23
Hewlett, Maurice. Helen Redeemed 64
Hichens, Robert. The Way of Ambition 249
Higginson, Mary T. Thomas Wentworth Higginson 414
Hinckley, G. W. Roughing it with Boys 308
Hissey, James J. A Leisurely Tour in England 254
"History of Lexington, Massachusetts" 471
Holder, Charles F. Quakers in Great Britain and Amer-
ica 189
Holl, Karl. Gerhart Hauptmann 307
Holland, W. J. To the River Plate and Back 138
Holmes, Edmond. Tragedy of Education 338
" Home " 251
Hopkins, Tighe. Wards of the State 21
Howells, William D. The Seen and the Unseen at Strat-
ford-on-Avon 470
Hughes, C. E. Early English Water Colour 30
Humphrey, Zephine. The Edge of the Woods 255
Hunter, George Leland. Home Furnishing 298
Hurd, Archibald, and Castle, Henry. German Sea-power. 182
Hutchinson, J. R. The Press Gang Afloat and Ashore... 190
Hutton, Edward. Cities of Romagna and the Marches.. 114
Hyslop, James H. Psychical Research and Survival 190
Innes, A. D. A History of England 106
Irvine, Margaret. A Pepys of Mogul India 389
Jackson, Holbrook. The Eighteen Nineties 303
James, Henry. Notes of a Son and Brother 289
James, James A. Readings in American History 307
Jerrold, Clare. Married Life of Queen Victoria 346
Jerrold, Walter, and Leonard, R. M. A Century of
Parody and Imitation, Oxford edition 74
Jessen, Franz de. Katya 421
Jewett, Sophie. Folk-ballads of Southern Europe 419
Johnson, Owen. The Salamander 505
Johnston, Reginald F. Buddhist China 305
Jordan, Humfrey. Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust 423
Kaufman, Reginald Wright. The Spider's Web 26
Kawakami, Kiyoshi K. Asia at the Door 418
King, Georgiana G. Street's Gothic Architecture in
Spain, revised edition 431
Kirkup, Thomas. History of Socialism, fifth edition.... 255
Knapp, Oswald G. Intimate Letters of Hester Piozzi and
Penelope Pennington 387
Knowles, Joseph. Alone in the Wilderness 346
Kraus, Herbert. Die Monroedoktrin Ill
Kunz, George F. Curious Lore of Precious Stones 242
Lancaster, G. B. The Law-bringers 25
Landor, A. Henry Savage. Across Unknown South
America 1°2
Lea, Hermann. Thomas Hardy's Wcssex 191
" Lee, Vernon." The Beautiful 306
" Lee, Vernon." Tower of the Mirrors 430
Le Gallienne, Richard. The Lonely Dancer 66
Legge, Arthur E. J. A Symphony 64
Legge, Edward. More about King Edward 429
Leopold, Lewis. Prestige 112
Le Roy, James A. Americans in the Philippines 463
Lind-af-Hageby, L. August Strindberg 302
Littlewood, S. R. The Fairies Here and Now 510
Locke, William J. The Fortunate Youth 423
Loeb, Jacques. Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertiliza-
tion, revised edition 391
London, Jack. The Valley of the Moon 25
Long, William J. American Literature 70
Low, Benjamin R. C. A Wand and Strings 67
INDEX
PARE
Low, Sidney. The Governance of England, revised
edition BOG
Lowell, Abbott L. Public Opinion and Popular Govern-
ment 188
Lucas, E. V. Loiterer's Harvest 28
Lukach, Harry C. Fringe of the East 388
Lynde, Francis. The Honorable Senator Sage-brush 26
MacCracken, Henry N. The College Chaucer 255
MacGill, Patrick. Children of the Dead End 504
MacHugh, R. J. Modern Mexico 501
Mackenzie, Compton. Youth's Encounter 24
McMaster, John B. History of the People of the United
States, Vol. VIII 179
McVey, Frank L. National Social Science Series 307
Maeterlinck, Maurice. Our Eternity 61
Mannix, William F. Memoirs of Li Hung Chang 142
Mariett, Paul. Poems 69
Masefield, John. Salt-water Ballads 65
Mason, A. E. W. The Witness for the Defence 248
Maspero, Gaston. Egyptian Art 114
Matthews, Brander. Shakespeare as a Playwright 62
Medwin, Thomas. Life of Shelley, edited by H. Buxton
Forman 147
Melville, Lewis. Life and Writings of Philip, Duke of
Wharton 71
Meynell, Everard. Life of Francis Thompson 98
Middleton, Richard. Works 339
Milner, Lord. The Nation and the Empire 72
Mims, Stewart L. Moreau's Voyage aux Etats-Unis de
1' Amerique 255
Minot, Charles S. Modern Problems of Biology 469
Moore, George. Hail and Farewell : Vale 471
Morgan, Thomas H. Heredity and Sex 145
Morley, Viscount. Notes on Politics and History 459
Morris, William. Poems and Prose Tales, Oxford edition. 74
Morris, William. Works, pocket edition 431
Moskowski, Moritz. Anthology of German Piano Music,
Vol. 1 472
Mozans, H. J. Woman in Science , 296
Munsterberg, Hugo. Psychology and Social Sanity 426
Muirhead, John Spencer. The Quiet Spirit 66
Mundy, Talbot. Rung Ho ! 423
Nelson, Andrew W. Yankee Swanson 73
Nichols, Martha. George Nichols 104
Nicoll, W. Robertson. A Bookman's Letters Ill
Notestein, Lucy L., and Dunn, Waldo H. The Modern
Short-story 346
O'Connor, Mrs. T. P. My Beloved South 347
Oppenheim, James. Idle Wives 505
Ordway, Edith B. Dictionary of Synonyms and Anto-
nyms 192
Ordway, Edith B. Handbook of Quotations 192
Orsi, Pietro. Cavour and the Making of Modern Italy.. 431
Palgrave's " Golden Treasury " 472
Palmer, John. Comedy of Manners 415
Pearson, Edmund Lester. The Secret Book 429
Pearson, Peter H. Study of Literature 149
" People of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Sepa-
rated Churches of the East, and Other Slavs " 247
Phillips, Stephen. Lyrics and Dramas 63
Phillpotts, Eden. The Joy of Youth 248
Pillsbury, H. G. Figures Famed in Fiction 349
Poley, Arthur T. Federal Systems of the United States
and the British Empire 112
Pope, A. Winthrop. Theatrical Bookplates 192
Porter, Maud Thornhill. Billy 349
Putnam, George H. Memories of My Youth 378
Pycraft, W. P. Courtship of Animals 509
Quaife, Milo Milton. Chicago and tke Old Northwest.. 341
Rae, Walter C. Public Library Administration 193
Rawnsley, Canon. Chapters at the English Lakes 115
Reed, C. B. Masters of the Wilderness 509
Reed, Chester, Allwyn. The Theban Eagle 69
Reed, Verner Z. The Soul of Paris 115
Reid, Whitelaw. American and English Studies 146
Richardson, Ernest C. The Beginnings of Libraries .... 307
Ritchie, Anne I. From the Porch 72
Rives, George L. The United States and Mexico 240
Robertson, C. Du Fay. Down the Year 430
Roe, F. W., and Elliott, G. R. English Prose 74
Roget's Thesaurus, revised, large type edition 308
Holland, Remain, Jean-Christophe 167
Rooses, Max. Art in Flanders 431
Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. Poems and Translations, Ox-
ford edition 74
Rowland, Eleanor. Significance of Art 344
Rubinow, I. M. Social Insurance 57
PAGE
Ruhl, Arthur. Second Nights 506
Russell, Charles E. These Shifting Scenes 428
St. John Hope, W. H. Grammar of Heraldry 510
Salzmann, L. F. English Industries of the Middle Ages. 28
Salzmann, L. F. Mediaeval Byways 254
Schouler, James. History of the United States of Amer-
ica, Vol. VII 180
Scott, Robert F. The Voyage of the " Discovery," popu-
lar edition 150
Scott, Temple. The Use of Leisure 74
Scott, W. B. History of Land Mammals in the Western
Hemisphere 69
Scott, William A. Money 308
Seashore, C. E. Psychology in Daily Life 348
Shackford, Martha H. Legends and Satires from Me-
diaeval Literature 147
Shackleton, Robert. Unvisited Places of Old Europe 306
Shaw, Stanley. William of Germany 181
Shore, W. Teignmouth. John Woolman 303
Shores, Robert J. New Brooms 29
Siegfried, Andre. Democracy in New Zealand 508
Slater, J. Herbert. A Stevenson Bibliography 431
Stacpoole, H. De Vere. Children of the Sea 422
Stallard, Mrs. Arthur. The House as Home 299
Stead, Estelle W. My Father 71
Stillman, W. J. Billy and Hans 349
Stokes, Hugh. Francisco Goya 469
Stopes, M. C. Plays of Old Japan 72
Strindberg, August. By the Open Sea 302
Strindberg, August. In Midsummer Days -302
Strindberg, August. Married 300
Strindberg, August. On the Seaboard 302
Strindberg, August. Plays, translated by Edith and War-
ner Oland 303
Strindberg, August. Plays, trans, by Edwin Bjorkman,
Vol. Ill 27
Strindberg, August. The Confession of a Fool 301
Strindberg, August. The Inferno 302
Strindberg, August. The Red Room 300
Strindberg, August. The Son of a Servant 301
Strindberg, August. Zones of the Spirit 302
Strunsky, Simeon. Post Impressions 389
Strong, Theron G. Landmarks of a Lawyer's Lifetime.. 304
Stuck, Hudson. Ascent of Denali 427
Sumner, William G. Earth Hunger, and Other Essays . . 349
Sumner, William G. War, and Other Essays 349
Swedenborg, Emanuel. The Path of Life 431
Symons, Arthur. Knave of Hearts 66
Taft, William H. Popular Government 253
Taylor, Graham. Religion in Social Action 192
Taylor, J. H. Joe Taylor, Barnstormer 349
Tearle, Christian. The Pilgrim from Chicago 148
" The Empress Frederick " 428
Thomas, Allen C. History of England 73
Thompson, Francis, Works of 98
Thorold, Algar L. Life of Henry Labouchere 244
Ticknor, Caroline. Hawthorne and His Publisher 13
Traubel, Horace. With Walt Whitman in Camden,
Vol. Ill 493
Tressall, Robert. The Ragged-trousered Philanthropists. 504
Trevelyan, George M. Clio, a Muse 336
Treves, Frederick. The Country of " The Ring and the
Book " 189
Tweedie, Mrs. Alec. America as I Saw It 112
Vance, Louis Joseph. Joan Thursday 24
Van Gogh, Elizabeth Du Quesne. Personal Recollections
of Vincent Van Gogh 149
Vedder, Henry C. The Reformation in Germany 252
Verworn, Max. Irritability 389
Wallace, Alfred Russel. Revolt of Democracy 190
Waller, Mary E. From an Island Outpost 390
Walsh, William S. A Handy-book of Curious Informa-
tion 30
Ward, A. W., and Waller A. R. Cambridge History of
English Literature, Vols. VIII., IX., and X 456
Ward, Mrs. Humphry. The Coryston Family 249
Washington, George. Farewell Address, Riverside Press
edition 73
Watt, Francis. R. L. S 148
Watts, Mary S. Van Cleve 250
Webster, Henry K. The Butterfly 251
Weekley, Ernest. Romance of Names 349
Weller, Charles H. Athens and Its Monuments 177
Wells, H. G. Social Forces in England and America.... 454
Wells, H. G. The Passionate Friends 23
West, Julius. Atlantis 67
Weston, Jessie L. Quest of the Holy Grail 385
INDEX
PAGE
Weston, Jessie L. The Chief Middle English Poets 255
Wharton, Edith. The Custom of the Country 250
Whitlock, Brand. Forty Years of It 174
Wile, Frederic W. Men around the Kaiser 183
Williams, D. R. Odyssey of Philippine Commission 465
Willson, Beckles. Quebec: The Lauretian Province.... Ill
Wilson, Ernest H. A Naturalist in Western China 137
PA(!E
Winthrop, Theodore. The Canoe and the Saddle, new
edition 114
Wolfe, Elsie de. The House in Good Taste 299
Worcester, Dean C. The Philippines 464
Worsfold, W. Basil. Reconstruction of the New Col-
onies 387
Zeitlin, Jacob. Hazlitt on English Literature 73
MISCELLANEOUS
"American Oxonian, The " 512
American Poets and English Traditions. Robert J.
Shores 492
Anti-Babel. Edgar Mayhew Bacon 237
"Anti-Babel" Again. Lewin Hill 377
Arizona, Catalogue of Books on, in the University of Ari-
zona Library 31
Association Volume, A Rare. John Thomas Lee 376
Authorship, A Case of Wrongly-ascribed. William B.
Cairns 238
Auxiliary Language, An, for Intercommunication.
Eugene F. McPike 95
Auxiliary Language, Another. A. L. Guerard 173
" Bird-witted " or " High-brow " ? I. R. P 377
Book-classification in the Library of the University of
Illinois 473
Book Reviews, "Tainted." Book-buyer 97
Browning Letters, Plans for Preservation of the 392
" Candid Review, The " 151
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching,
Eighth Annual Report of the 512
Chamberlain, Joshua L., Death of 256
Claretie, Jules Arsene Arnaud, Death of 31
Classic Languages, Revivifying the. Nathan Haskell
Dole 94
Classics, Devouring the. Robert Shafer 12
Cotterill, Mr., and his "Ancient Greece." //. B Cotterill. 288
Crockett, S. R., Death of 392
DeVinne, Theodore Low. George French 236
Driver, Samuel Rolles, Death of 256
Duncan, Robert Kennedy, Death of 194
Fairy Tale, Function of the. Anne Mack 411
Fairy Tales and the Trained Imagination. Charles
Welsh 412
Foss, Sam Walter, Proposed Memorial to 391
" G. B. Lancaster." William Nelson 238
Ginn, Edwin, Death of 117
Hamlet's "Soliloquy" and Claudius. C. M. Street 172
Heroine, Present-day, Precursors of the. Floyd Adams
Noble 238
" High-brow." R. S 287
Hutchinson, Anne, Proposed Statue to .. 392
Iowa Library Commission, Publication of 350
Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte, Purchase of Papers of. . . . 392
Language of the Unlettered. Mrs. I. S. Heidt 490
Library Legislation, Pioneer, in Illinois. Sarah W.
Hiestand 288
Literary Resemblance, An Interesting. G. H. Maynadier. 491
Luther's Use of the Pre-Lutheran Versions of the Bible.
Edward H. Lauer 413
Merriam, George Spring, Death of 116
Milton's " Starre-Ypointed Pyramid." Edwin Durning-
Lawrence 53
" Mississippi Valley Historical Review " 256
Morton, Edward Payson, Death of 350
Neilson, Professor, and Grimm's Fairy Tales. W. A.
Neilson 453
" New Numbers " 309
Norway and an International Language. James F.
Morton, Jr 453
Pater, Walter, and Bishop Berkeley. Wm. Chislett, Jr.. 453
Peck, Harry Thurston, Death of 309
" Pilgrim's Progress, The," in Moving Pictures. E. W.
Clement 491
Poetry, Mr. Yeats and. Henry Barrett Hinckley 376
Poetry, The Old and the New. Edith Wyatt 375
"Political Poetry," Appeal of. Helen M. Seymour 11
Protest, A. Charles Francis Saunders 97
Riis, Jacob A., Death of 472
Sales of Books, Increasing the. George French 377
" Scottish Review, The " 343
Smith, Josiah Renick 172
Stevenson, Mrs. Robert Louis, Death of 193
Syndicate Service and " Tainted Book Reviews." W. E.
Woodward 173
Translation, A Difficulty in. Hyder E. Rollins 136
Translations, A Word about. Julian Park 12
Wallace, Alfred Russel, Memorial Fund to 257
Whitman, Walt, and Lincoln's Assassination. Harold
Hersey 136
" Worth While." Wm. Chislett, Jr 136
Wright, William Aldis, Death of 472
"Ye" and "Ampersand." Arthur Howard Noll 53
"Ye" and "Ampersand." Nelson Antrim Crawford.... 52
THE DIAL
</? SEMI-MONTHLY fOURN/iL OF
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THE DIAL, [Jan. 1
NEALE'S FOR JANUARY
Apostles of the Commonplace By LILY YOUNG COHEN
NEALE'S MONTHLY has established an American literature of criticism worthy of the name.
It fearlessly attacks both books and their authors. Plagiarists high in the temple that has been
erected by persons other than themselves are fearlessly and mercilessly exposed; praise is given
where praise is due ; fairness and fearlessness walk side by side through its pages. Beginning with
the chief prophet of the commonplace, William Dean Howells, Miss Cohen shows in this article
how he has spread his uninspired doctrine among his disciples, — including such noted novelists
as Henry James, Edith Wharton, Henry Van Dyke, Mary E. Wilkins-Freeman, — until the term
"realism" in American letters has become a word of evil import.
The Usefulness of the Devil's Advocate By j. F. j. CALDWELL
All scholars know the Devil's Advocate as a man whose business and status was so ungrateful
as to bring upon him his sulphurous title. It has remained, however, for Mr. Caldwell to plead
the cause of the fault-finder, who is the Devil's Advocate of our time. Everybody who read Mr.
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Crawling Under Racial Barriers By PROF. BERRIEN BEVERLEY
This article of "Our Jungle Man" series shows that the solution of the American Negro
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Five Great Serials By FIVE EMINENT AUTHORS
"The Walls of Concarneau," by George K. Baker, author of " Haliefa," is a novel broidered
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the young Duchess Anne; "Broken Lights," by Mowry Saben, who is among America's foremost
essayists, is the general title given to this author's most noteworthy essays, which are now being
published for the first time; "Brilla," by Anna M. Doling, is an irresistible serial, — the story of a
lie, — in which the Ozark Mountains form a picturesque background for the figures that move
through this striking American novel; "Our Jungle Man " is a series of highly important articles
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Sword and Crucifix," and other highly successful novels, is a story in which Columbus is the great
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" The New Freedom " — From Criminal Prosecution By WALTER NEALE
Until recently every normal American citizen believed himself to be both a democrat and a
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"Democratic" House of Representatives, a "Democratic" Senate, and a "Democratic" Presi-
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Regular Departments By Six Distinguished Authors and Editors
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Short Fiction By Various Authors
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Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
1914]
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In "Haliefa," we have the passionate, spontaneous
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The Facts of Reconstruction
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In his "Autobiography of Seventy Years" the late
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The Cavalier Poets
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anthology, and includes nearly all the poems that were
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Little Round Top
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and by disinterested students and critics. These publi-
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Write for our NEW CATALOGUE, which contains more than 1OO rare portraits and other illustrations.
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THE DIAL
[Jan. 1, 1914
NEW MACMILLAN BOOKS
Important Announcement
The Hon. DEAN C. WORCESTER'S New Book
THE PHILIPPINES
By DEAN C. WORCESTER, Secretary of the Interior, Philippine Insular Government, 1901-1913, Author
of " The Philippine Islands and Their People," etc.
A timely, valuable, up-to-date and authoritative work on our Southern Pacific possessions which brings home
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The Biography of Florence Nightingale
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Richly illustrated. $2. SO net
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 661.
JANUARY 1, 1914. Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
5
A NOVELIST ON HIS ART
A NEGLECTED AMERICAN POET. Charles
Leonard Moore 7
CASUAL COMMENT 9
A quarterly review with the courage of its title. —
To men and women of the pen. — A library of un-
published books. — "The least of all intellectual
exercises." — Home reading for the high-school
pupil. — The tantalizing delights of booksellers' cata-
logues. — Stanley Houghton. — The Sutro library. —
A hardy pioneer. — Cheaper carriage of books.
COMMUNICATIONS 11
The Appeal of " Political Poetry." Helen Minturn
Seymour.
A Word about Translations. Julian Park.
Devouring the Classics. Robert Shafer.
RECORDS OF A HAPPY FRIENDSHIP. W. E.
Simonds . . . • 13
COMMENTING ON SHAKESPEARE. Samuel A.
Tannenbaum 16
AN ACCOUNT OF ENGLISH LIBERALISM. Carl
Becker .18
CANADA OF TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW.
Lawrence J. Burpee 20
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne ... 21
Dawson's The Garden without Walls. — "G. A.
Birmingham's" General John Regan. — Hewlett's
fiendish.— Galsworthy's The Dark Flower.— Wells's
The Passionate Friends. — Mackenzie's Youth's En-
counter.—Vance's Joan Thursday.— Comfort's Down
among Men. — London's The Valley of the Moon.—
Lancaster's The Law-B ringers. — Lynde's The
Honorable Senator Sage-Brush. — Kaufman's The
Spider's Web.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 27
Reflections of a veteran naturalist. — A new series
of Strindberg's translated plays. — Outlines of
United States history. — Gleanings in lighter vein. —
The industries of mediaeval England. — Conquering
the greatest of American peaks. — The nature of
hysteria. — Little studies in humorous satire. —
English water-color artists of a century ago. —
Joseph Pulitzer and his "World."
BRIEFER MENTION 30
NOTES 31
TOPICS IN JANUARY PERIODICALS .... 31
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 32
A NOVELIST ON HIS ART.
"An author always talks badly about his
work, and positively the best thing he can do,
once his creation has been accomplished and
given to the public, is to keep quiet." Quoting
these words from the younger Dumas, Mr.
Robert Herrick, in " The Yale Review," disre-
garding the quoted counsel just as Dumas him-
self disregarded it, proceeds to discuss the
problem of the novelist, as it presents itself to
the American practitioner of the art of fiction.
The essay is entitled " The Background of the
American Novel," and discusses, as the title
suggests, "not technique nor literary faiths, but
the larger phenomena of our common social life,
which must irresistibly determine the product
of any serious American novelist." It is with
the " outer sphere of the novelist's experience,
rather than his inner spiritual reactions" that
Mr. Herrick is concerned, for he conceives of
his function as being "not to entertain, not to
preach a moral, but to realize our world for us,
to make us see and feel what we are too dull or
too preoccupied to realize for ourselves, in order
that we may live vicariously in that larger life
that we know exists, albeit beyond our feeble
sight."
In thus restricting himself to the secondary
aspects of his work, and in refraining from an
exhibition of " the very pulse of the machine,"
Mr. Herrick takes the ground that the novelist's
" inner spiritual reactions " are better set forth
in the works themselves than by any labored
experiment in self-analysis. " The deepest
quality of a work of art," says Mr. Henry
James, "will always be the quality of the mind
of the producer," and the novelist who speaks
only of his "background " leaves the most vital
characteristics of his art undisclosed. "After
all/' says Mr. Bliss Perry, "the use of the
materials of any art depends upon the man who
employs them." And Bruneti£re, to similar
effect, says : " Quelle que soit la formule, il n'y
a jamais au fond des oeuvres que ce que les
homines y mettent." But the novelist, writing
about his art, may hardly be held to the demand
that he exhibit his soul in the discussion ; he is
quite justified in leaving the body of his artistic
production to make that showing for him, and
to discourse chiefly upon the external influences
6
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
that condition his work, as Mr. Herrick does in
this highly thoughtful and suggestive essay.
The principal difficulty of the American
novelist, seeking to present the body of the
time in his country, its form and pressure, is
that of not being able to see the woods for the
trees. The foreign observer, superficial after
the manner of the vacation tourist, or sourly
flippant after the superior manner of the Satur-
day Reviewer, knows nothing of the trees, but
thinks that he has descried the contour of the
woods clearly enough for characterization. But
this is sheer delusion, for no one can know the
real nature of the woods unless, like Mr. John
Muir, he has lived in them long enough to make
the individual trees his familiars. And, abandon-
ing the metaphor, no novelist can deal typically
with American life unless he has observed it at
close range at so many points that no essential
element is missing from his synthesis. Now to
qualify in this way means a task of appalling
magnitude, well calculated to fill with despair
the most enterprising explorer. To coordinate
the physical, social, and spiritual facts of our
complex civilization is a task so gigantic that it
would baffle the powers of a Tourguenieff or a
Balzac. No wonder that many of our best
novelists have given up the attempt, and con-
fine themselves to studies in genre and local
peculiarity.
Mr. Herrick makes us see this difficulty very
clearly, and yet he feels also, as most of us do,
that there is a " permanent Americanism in the
more or less marked provincialism of our peo-
ple, not merely in character but in ideas, occu-
pation, blood relationships, even in speech."
He has a great deal to say about the physical
background of our life, and emphasizes its wide
diversities. "A New Englander, emerging
from his Pullman in Louisiana or Arizona or
Montana, to take a few scattered instances,
cannot recognize anything in these strange land-
scapes in common with his own rocky pastures
and thin meadows. An Englishman or a French-
man — even an Italian — under similar circum-
stances could never be totally at a loss in any
corner of his own land." If our landscape is
thus lacking in a distinctive individuality, still
more is it lacking in the sort of human quality
which the novelist needs for his inspiration. It
is because of this poverty that the appeal to
" See America First " will always sound hollow
to the ears of anyone who has seen anything of
Europe. "As one passes over the surface of
Europe, no matter how hastily, one is aware of
a human quality in the fields, the roads, the
water courses, — above all in the kind of hous-
ing men have made for themselves on their soil.
Here is a mother earth that has been lived
upon by her children for generations ; and
through the forces of human contact after cen-
turies of war and peace, birth and death and
change, she has come to have an individual
expression of her own, subtly reflecting the
character of her human children. There is
little of this sort of thing in the United States.
The face of nature, no longer, alas, virginal,
even in our far western states, has not yet
achieved a distinguished maturity, although the
soil may have been ploughed for a number of
generations." It is all the difference between
the English hedge and the barbed wire fencing
of Texas, between the mellow thatched cottage
of the German village and the crude structure
of clapboards and shingles that strikes so dis-
cordant a note in our rural landscape. These
things are of immense consequence to the nove-
list, for "landscape is an important element in
every deeply imaginative picture of life. It is
much more than mere setting for certain char-
acters ; it is that outer physical world in which
they move, penetrating and interpreting them,
part of their subconscious being. So Hardy
rendered his background, — also Tolstoi, — to
take but two notable modern instances."
Failing inspiration from landscape, the
American novelist perforce directs his attention
to those disfigurements of nature which most of
our cities are, and what he sees there is anything
but encouraging. For "our intensely modern
cities are, at least externally and in mass, un-
deniably ugly — sprawling, uncomposed, dirty,
and noisy. With their slovenly approaches,
their needless crowding, they express the indus-
trial greed and uncoordinated social necessities
of a rapidly multiplying and heterogeneous peo-
ple." It is the city which provides the dreadful
annual spectacle of "moving day," "with its
horrors of crumbling possessions and decaying
self-respect." This national institution tends to
obliterate the more intimate individualities that
are the result of slow growth in a settled environ-
ment, and that have always offered the imagi-
native creator his finest human material." The
suburb does not alleviate matters very much, for,
although it " may well be the social salvation of
America, it is surely its aesthetic purgatory."
As the scene of super-luxurious life, the city has
supplied the commercial novelist with a theme
" which is quite foreign to the experience of the
majority of readers and, we may suspect, to that
of the writers themselves." From these, and
1914]
THE DIAL
other facts, Mr. Herrick draws the sweeping
conclusion that "never has an American city
got itself expressed imaginatively as have Lon-
don and Paris and Rome."
Having thus exhibited the poverty of the
American background of fiction in its threefold
aspect of "the physical scene, the city of tradi-
tion, the developed external civilization of a
unified people " Mr. Herrick comes to " the core
of the matter," which is that our real back-
ground is " human society in a larger freer
sense than the world has ever known." Here
at last is a gleam of light, and our writer's
message is to urge that the novelist seize this
" unique rich field of our opportunity." Our
fiction should become primarily psychological,
and give up the futile effort to follow in the foot-
steps of Dickens and Thomas Hardy. " Ours
is the most complex human ferment the world
has ever seen. Strong peoples are still fighting
within as for the mastery of a great, enormously
rich country, which thus far remains no man's
land and every man's, where ideas are being re-
formed with a bewildering rapidity that seems
to the more archaic American a sure indication
of decay. But it is just this ferment, this
capacity for absorbing and re-making ideas and
ideals that constitutes our hope and incidentally
furnishes the imagination with fruitful matter
to work upon. Ours should be a literature of
ideas and ideals — a literature of the mind as
well as of the primary emotions." Here is an
inspiring motive, and we must add that Mr.
Herrick, albeit with too little patience and too
much bitterness, has placed himself in the front
rank of those who practice what he here preaches
with so much force and insight.
A NEGLECTED AMERICAN POET.
All American poets are neglected, but "the
iniquity of oblivion" that "blindly scattereth her
poppy " has been perhaps busier over the grave of
Thomas Buchanan Read than over those of most of
his mates and rivals. Yet during the Civil War his
patriotic lyrics thrilled the country; and Murdoch,
the elocutionist, toured the land reciting them and
reading "The Wagoner of the Alleghanies." As
Read wistfully put it in the preface to this poem:
"The gratifying fact remains with the writer, that it
has been instrumental, in the hands of Mr. Murdoch,
of putting no inconsiderable sums of money into the
treasuries of sanitary committees, thereby benefiting
the sick and wounded who have suffered in our
country's cause." He himself, apparently, received
neither profit or advancement for his literary work.
In one of his strongest and most beautiful lyrics,
"The Singer," he seems to speak of himself with
proud bitterness, recounting what he had done for
his country and his return for the service:
" His war songs fired the battle host,
His mottoes on their banners burned ; ,
And when the foe had fled the coast,
Wild with his songs the troops returned.
Then at the feast's triumphal board,
His thrilling music cheered the wine ;
But when the singer asked reward,
They pointed to the herds and swine.'"
Read served on the staff of General Lew Wallace,
under Rosecrans; so that the blare of cannon and
flash of sabre, which sound and glitter through so
much of his verse, were more than a poet's dream.
He made his living by painting, ranging from signs
in the beginning up to battle scenes and ideal pieces.
He painted the portraits of many distinguished men,
including President Harrison, Thackeray, and
Browning.
Read was born in Chester County, near Phila-
delphia. It is remarkable how many champions
of poetry and art this corner of our country, domi-
nated by Quaker influence, has sent forth. Charles
Brockden Brown, our first great romance writer;
James Fenimore Cooper, our greatest creator of
character ; Bayard Taylor, our first all-round man,
— explorer, poet, novelist, scholar, and diplomatist;
Charles Godfrey Leland, the creator of " Hans Breit-
man," the best translator of Heine, the father of
manual training in this country; Benjamin West,
who at least achieved a great place in art ; Joseph
Pennell, the master-etcher of our age, — all these
were born in or near Philadelphia. With the excep-
tion of Read and Leland, they were all of Quaker
blood ; but it is needless to state that this efflorescence
of genius, inside or outside their fold, has always
been without the will or consent of the Quakers
themselves. They have set their faces like flints
against any intrusion of literary or artistic fame
within their precincts. We have not a word to say
against the Quaker doctrine, which is a high and
beautiful mysticism ; but, working on ordinary
human nature, it seems capable of creating more
whited sepulchres than any other creed ever known.
Buchanan Read sang the praises of wine perhaps
more liberally than any modern poet. We do not
in the least know whether this was a mere poetic
instinct, or a reflex from his own life; but it has
been made a reproach against him. In this connec-
tion we are reminded of a story told us by an old
gentleman, himself of Quaker blood. He was visit-
ing a relation in Kennett Square, where at that time
Bayard Taylor also lived. The first morning, after
breakfast, his Quaker host drew him mysteriously
aside and unlocking a cupboard brought out a bottle
of whiskey, with the remark: "Of course I don't let
ihe boys know I keep this stuff, but men like you
and I need it occasionally." His guest drank and
went outdoors, where one of the sons beckoned him
into the barn, and from some recess produced another
8
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
bottle of whiskey, saying: "Father doesn't approve
of this sort of a thing, but a young fellow must have
it once in a while." Strolling about the place, my
informant met the other son, who took him into the
wood, and, out of a hollow tree, produced a third
similar bottle, with a third similar speech. So my
polite friend had to accept three drinks of whiskey
in one morning, from a family which was probably
among those who hounded Bayard Taylor out of
Kennett Square because he had wine and beer
served at his table.
Read's poetry secured many verdicts of the high-
est note during his lifetime. President Lincoln
kept "The Patriot's Oath" in his pocket-book.
The Brownings appreciated and encouraged him.
Coventry Patmore called him " the only real poet
America has had." Longfellow said of "The New
Pastoral ": " It is full of beauty and people will
turn to it as to pure spring water." Leigh Hunt
wrote in the " North British Review ": " We know
of no other American poet, with the doubtful excep-
tion of Edgar Poe, having so much real feeling as
is shown in some of Mr. Read's verses." And of the
poem, " The Closing Scene," Hunt wrote :
" This is unquestionably the best American poem we have
met with ; indeed, it is with one or two exceptions, the only
American poem we have read, or could read, over again.
It is an addition to the permanent stock of poetry in the
English language, and is worth the whole album of ' Excel-
siors ' and 'Psalms of Life,' and other such attempted
moralities, which are abundantly supplied to an applauding
public on this and the other side of the Atlantic. Tennyson
himself, the great modern master of that kind of description
which employs the objects of outward nature as a language
of human feeling, has scarcely surpassed, in its way, this
poem, which, in our opinion, merits the fame that Gray's
celebrated elegy has obtained without deserving it near so
well."
Read wrote of his poem, "The New Pastoral":
"I know that I have attempted a great theme — in
fact the greatest theme left for an American to do.
My plot sweeps the face of the country from Penn-
sylvania to the prairies." It is a fact that our early
American writers came into a great inheritance.
They lived on the edge of civilization ; the forest
was at their doors, the prairies and the mountains
beyond. The Indian and the backwoodsman, two
of the most picturesque figures of modern life, wan-
dered still into the cities. Every cigar-store had
before it the wooden effigy of a child of the forest.
Our beautiful clipper ships bore musical Indian
names, and Indian warriors or maidens furnished
the models for their figure-heads. And our first
men of letters thoroughly appreciated this material.
Prescott and Parkman in history, Irving and. Cooper
in the tale and novel, Bryant and Longfellow in
poetry, all realized the past and passing life in
America. A multitude of lesser writers all dealt
with American origins and primitives. We name
as the first that come to our mind the records of
Clark's expedition, Abbot's " Hoaryhead and
McDonough," and Frank Forester's hunting
sketches and tales. Some day all this literature
will be revived, and the world will be surprised to
find out how good it is. Among the rest, Read's
" New Pastoral " will certainly have a high place.
To-day, when even poetic readers decline to look
into Wordsworth's " Prelude " or " Excursion," a
blank verse poem of five thousand lines of somewhat
similar type is hardly likely to attract. Read in his
fidelity to somewhat prosaic circumstance is often as
dull as Wordsworth dared to be, and his poem lacks
the passages of solid grandeur and sublime revela-
tion which the recorder of the English Lakes was
capable of giving. But Read's material is more novel
and interesting, and there is much freshness, beauty,
and charm in his verse. The poem was published
in 1854 ; and, at a time when Chicago hardly existed
and Lincoln was unheard of, Read made a daring
prophecy of both. The passage is too long for com-
plete quotation, but we condense it :
" Here shall the city spread its noisy streets,
And groaning steamers chafe along its wharves :
While hourly o'er the plain, with streaming plumes,
Like a swift herald bringing news of peace,
The rattling train shall fly ; and from the East —
Even from the Atlantic to the new found shores
Where far Pacific rolls, in storm or rest,
Washing his sands of gold — the arrowy track
Shall stretch its iron band through all the land.
Here in the middle of the nation's arms
Perchance the mightiest inland mart shall spring.
Here the great statesman from the ranks of toil
May rise, with judgment clear, as strong as wise;
And with a well-directed patriot blow
Reclench the rivets in our union bands
Which tinkering knaves have striven to set ajar.;'
Surely that is hard to beat in vision and prescience.
The story of the " New Pastoral " begins in a small
agricultural community of Eastern Pennsylvania,
and follows the fortunes of a group of families which
migrate westward. We do not believe that the life
of the backwoodsman and pioneer settler has ever
been more convincingly and admirably described.
" The Wagoner of the Alleghanies " is all fire and
spirit and action. The scene is laid in and about
Philadelphia just before and at the time of the Rev-
olution. It sweeps into its swift march the battles of
the Brandywine and Germantown, the Meschianza,
the life in the stately manor houses and in the taverns
and streets of the time. One reads it at a dash for
the interest of the stories and characters, and then
lingers again over it to enjoy its rich paintings of
interiors and landscapes and to muse over its cadences
and imagery. As a matter of fact, Read is always
too profuse in fancy. He needed to have pondered
over Corinna's advice to Pindar, to sow with the
hand and not the sack. The poem, too, written in
Scott's metre and with something of his manner,
has undoubtedly a touch of the rococo in some of
the scenes and incidents, — a hint of Ann Radcliffe.
But it is thoroughly enjoyable, and we scarcely
hesitate to say that it is the best narrative poem in
our literature.
To a world which does not love long poems,
Read's lyrical pieces will probably make the most
instant and enduring appeal. We do not at all agree
with Leigh Hunt that "The Closing Scene" ought
THE DIAL
9
to displace Gray's " Elegy " in literature ; but it is
a poein of grave and tranquil beauty and deep emo-
tion. The enchanting lyric, " Drifting," has been
the most famous of Read's works, except perhaps
" Sheridan's Ride " and one or two other of the war
poems. " The Brave at Home," one of the inter-
spersed lyrics of "The Wagoner," was at one time
famous, and ought to be so again. "The Appian
Way " is a stately and noble piece. " My Her-
mitage " is one of the most perfectly and poignantly
worded of his poems, and " The Deserted Road "
has a touch of reality which brings the past before
us in vision. "The Celestial Army " does not fall
far short of greatness.
In view of the high praise Read has received, and
the almost utter neglect which has befallen him, we
feel some hesitation in essaying a verdict as to his
final place in American literature. While every
critic's opinion must be more or less subjective, the
comparative method is the only one which yields
any hope of certainty. On the whole, then, we
cannot place him with our great triumvirate, Poe,
Emerson, and Bryant. They have a concentration
which he lacks. Theirs is the imaginative word,
the flashing phrase, which "discovers continents yet
unknown." But we think he is certainly the peer
of any of the others, so much more widely known
and accepted as some of them are. Pressed more
closely to define his position, we should say that he
is the spiritual and perhaps superior twin of Long-
fellow. He has an equal affluence of fancy and grace
of expression. He has more sensuousness in music
and picture, a closer touch of reality. In originality
of theme and treatment he is perhaps superior, —
the wings of Europe did not brood so closely over
him. Rossetti, who disliked Longfellow's poetry,
clipped Read's pieces from the newspapers, and said,
"They are as fine as any I know." He has a note
of his own in lyrical poetry, a pervading purity,
beauty, and emotional ring; and in long narrative
poems, in which, in fact, we in America have not
too much to be proud of, he is unsurpassed.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
CASUAL COMMENT.
A QUARTERLY REVIEW WITH THE COURAGE OF
ITS TITLE, as well as that of its convictions, starts
with the opening year under the name of "The
Unpopular Review " (absit omen) and bearing the
imprint of Messrs. Henry Holt & Co. The peculiar
title recalls the projected enterprise of a company
of unsuccessful writers for unsympathetic periodicals
who determined to endure no longer the repeated
indignity of rejection slips, but to snap their fingers
in the faces of unappreciative editors and start a
magazine of their own ; and the plan would doubt-
less have worked to admiration had it not been for
the omission of one not quite negligible item, a suffi-
cient working capital to launch and maintain the
enterprise. But there is no reason to infer the same
oversight in respect to the present undertaking. Its
purpose is announced in a brief prospectus as " the
dissemination of some disagreeable truths," which
will, it is expected, make the Review " unpopular
among that large majority of the public which is
fond of the agreeable fallacies." Appealing thus to
the wisely discerning minority (and who of us would
not claim membership in this company of the elect ?),
the new quarterly will pay especial attention to
"economic and political matters, . . . but all good
interests are more or less directly allied, and when-
ever its way touches general philosophy, rational
religion, science, literature, and the arts, the Review
will not be slow to gain from them variety as well
as illumination, especially on the too frequent occa-
sions when disagreeable truths should be told regard-
ing them." Constructive, however, rather than de-
structive, the new publication will strive to be; "and
as, despite much that is false and ugly and evil, the
world on the whole is true and beautiful and good,
the general attitude will be optimistic — spontane-
ously, though cautiously, optimististic." Among
other novel features, " the names of the contributors
will not be printed before the number next after
that in which their contributions appear." Here is a
chance for writers who have hitherto failed to achieve
popularity to make a bold bid for a place among the
Unpopular. ...
To MEN AND WOMEN OF THE PEN certain words
spoken recently at Amherst College by Dr. Talcott
Williams, head of the Pulitzer school of journalism
at Columbia University, will be of interest. Natu-
rally the speaker's remarks had especial reference
to journalism, but they were often capable of broader
application. "Writing," he affirmed, "all men
delight to do. Men do not practice law or visit
patients for nothing. Many men are glad to write
for nothing. This competition — the constant desire
of men to affect their fellow-men in the interest of
the work itself — leads many men toward journal-
ism and affects its material reward. This is, on
the whole, lower than that of any other calling
requiring the same ability, industry and effort."
Although the writer's real reward comes to him or
her in some other form than that of money, as Dr.
Williams recognizes, it may be interesting to note
the place he assigns to journalism in the scale of
material compensation for the principal learned pro-
fessions. "In our American civilization," he says,
"the law is the best trade; the doctor is the next
best trade, taking in all cases the highest ranks of
the calling; the engineering manager comes next;
the rewards of the clergy are about those of the
journalist. No man can enter the calling with the
expectation that his pay will be large, that his work
will be as well rewarded as that of other men, or
that he will find himself increasing in his returns as
he grows older." The possibility that journalism
may prove to be the gateway to a larger field of
literary activity, or to one on a higher plane, forms
10
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
with many eager aspirants no small part of its
lure; and it has indeed served as training school
for a host of notable writers.
A LIBRARY OF UNPUBLISHED BOOKS that is,
books printed privately and never offered in open
market to the vulgar — passes, for a consideration,
from the possession of Mr. Bertram Dobell, who
has been forty years in collecting it, to the appre-
ciative custody of the Library of Congress. That
there should be in the world of print so large a
collection as fifteen hundred works, still-born and
yet deemed worthy of a distinguished and discrimi-
nating bibliophile's cherishing care, is cause for
some surprise; but Mr. Dobell is certainly not one
to accumulate rubbish, even in unique editions, and
this curious library of his gathering will repay
examination when it is once on view in its new
quarters. Too well known to need rehearsing here
are his services to the world of letters, in researches
concerning his favorite, Charles Lamb; in his be-
friending of the ill-fated author of "The City of
Dreadful Night," whose poems he published in
worthy form after their writer's death; and in his
discovery of the seventeenth-century parson-poet,
Thomas Traherne, whose manuscript writings his
discerning eye saw to be literary treasures and his
timely action saved from impending destruction.
Traherne's publisher, as well as Thomson's, he thus
became, to the great indebtedness of at least a few
connoisseurs. In the collection of books just trans-
ferred to this country's ownership, Mr. Dobell had
a library unmatched in the whole world, — an
assemblage of literary aristocrats that had held
themselves so proudly aloof from the masses as to
be for the most part unknown to librarians and
dealers, and to rejoice in immunity from the vulgar
advertisement of the catalogue and the trade-list.
Whether this peculiar distinction was one worth
striving for, may be debatable ; but that is another
matter.
"THE LEAST OF ALL INTELLECTUAL EXERCISES,"
says Professor Hardin Craig, of the University of
Minnesota, in a paper recently delivered before the
Minnesota Library Association, and now printed in
" Library Notes and News," the quarterly publica-
tion of the Public Library Commission of that
State, is "to sit and listen — whether we take notes
upon it or not — to another's speech. If it is well
done, it gives the flattering illusion of thought to
the hearers. They think they are thinking. Some-
body else's phrases delight them; they make none
of their own. What deeply permanent value beyond
recreation can there be in hearing lectures on liter-
ature, in a mere listening while somebody else says
pleasant things about the English writers?" Dr.
Johnson long ago avowed that a lecture gave the
listener nothing that he could not find in better
form, and at less expense of time, in a book. Still,
it is likely that most will agree in considering both
Dr. Johnson and Dr. Craig too severe in their con-
demnation. Lecturers do often present matter unob-
tainable from other sources ; and if they entertain
as well as edify, where is the harm ? Did not New
England, the most intellectual section of our coun-
try, originate the lyceum and its improving and
stimulating course of lectures? Was not Emerson
a lecturer, and did he not win hundreds, perhaps
thousands, of disciples through his lectures? And
wherein is it worse to listen to the apt and cogent
expression of thought, and to think one is thinking
meanwhile, than to read the same thing in print,
with the same accompanying illusion of intellectual
activity? No, the least of all intellectual exercises
is not listening to lectures; else how could we have
lent so ready an ear to our Minnesota friend quoted
above?
• • •
HOME READING FOR THE HIGH-SCHOOL PUPIL 18
the subject of a pamphlet issued by the National
Council of Teachers of English. It is, as the title-
page announces, a "Report of the Committee upon
Home Reading," and it is inclusive enough to meet
the needs of almost any boy or girl who has the
usual number of high-school studies to master. The
compilers announce that "the list excludes books
valuable only for the information conveyed. Books
that merely give information, however needful, are
not, in the opinion of the committee, books for home
reading." Hence it is not surprising that "fiction
constitutes approximately half the list. This has
seemed advisable, since it is through good fiction
that most pupils are led to appreciate other forms.
The number of suitable books outside fiction is,
moreover, relatively small. In other departments
the question is, 'What can we put in?' In the de-
partment of fiction, we find ourselves asking, ' What
shall we leave out?"1 After the long list of good
fiction come shorter lists of drama, poetry, biog-
raphy, history and mythology, speeches, travel and
adventure, and, finally, essays and works not other-
wise classified. Explanatory symbols follow the
titles, indicating the general character of each book
and sometimes the relative maturity requisite in the
reader for its best enjoyment. "The list should not
be put without comment into the hands of the pupils,"
is the warning accompanying it. "From this list,
as from a pharmacop[oe]ia where the cure for one
would be poison to another, the teacher must pre-
scribe the right medicine." Quadrennial revision of
the list is recommended by its makers. It is obtain-
able, as announced on the cover, at Sixty-eighth
Street and Stewart Ave., Chicago.
• • •
THE TANTALIZING DELIGHTS OF BOOKSELLERS*
CATALOGUES, to one whose fondest hopes extend not
beyond the anxiously-considered purchase of one or
two coveted and not too expensive books a year,
resemble those vain stimulations of the salivary
glands which the starving gutter-snipe experiences
in gazing through the plate-glass window of a bake-
shop at the custard pies and frosted cakes and jelly
tarts there so temptingly displayed. From the
1914]
THE DIAL
11
London house of Ellis (a name that is now but a
survival, the present proprietors being Messrs.
Holdsworth and Smith) there comes a richly illus-
trated and beautifully printed " Catalogue of Choice
and Valuable Books and Manuscripts, with a Short
History of the Bookselling Business Carried on since
1728 at 29 New Bond Street, London, W." The
most costly item enumerated is an illuminated manu-
uscript missal ( " Missale Bononiense") of about 1600,
and now, three centuries later, offered at £1,750.
But probably more than one discerning reader of
the catalogue will be more attracted by the last title
in the list, that of the book so dear to Charles
Lamb, — "Wither (George). A Collection of Em-
blemes, Ancient and Moderne : Quickened with
Metricall Illustrations, both Morall and Divine :
and disposed into Lotteries, that instruction, and
Good Counsell, may bee furthered by an Honest
and Pleasant Recreation." This is a first edition,
folio, London, 1635, a " tine tall copy," far superior
to the one Lamb was delighted to pick up " in a
most detestable state of preservation," and is to be
had for one guinea.
STANLEY HouGHTON,the English playwright who
died recently at Manchester, where he was born
thirty-three years ago, probably needed only a few
more years of life to attain a celebrity comparable
with that of his fellow-countryman, Mr. Galsworthy,
if indeed he might not have won a renown of Sha-
vian proportions. A certain originality and daring
characterized his plays and sometimes, as in the
case of " Hindle Wakes," aroused considerable criti-
cism that did not confine itself to dramatic or
technical questions. Other notable plays of his
are "The Younger Generation," "Fancy Free,"
"Phipps," "Independent Means," and "The Dear
Departed," all of which have been seen in this coun-
try, on the professional or the amateur stage, or both.
Houghton's conquest of success at the first assault
is the subject of certain humorous autobiographic
reminiscences. Well aware in advance that a pre-
liminary series of heartbreaking failures is the
usual price of fame in the dramatic world, he dili-
gently set about accomplishing his required number
of unsuccesses as the first step to ultimate triumph.
But Miss Horniman and her repertory company of
Manchester thwarted his well-meant endeavors in
this direction, producing play after play from his
pen until his success was assured. His skill seems
to -have lain in the realm of very modern realism,
rather than in that of idealism or romance.
• • •
THE SUTRO LIBRARY, presented to the California
State Library by the heirs of the late Adolph Sutro,
is a little-known but a very valuable collection of
books even in its present sadly depleted condition.
The quarter-million of volumes brought together by
the California millionaire came through the great
San Francisco fire with a loss of more than one-half.
But the remaining fraction, like the three unburnt
Sibylline Books, is of inestimable value, containing,
among other treasures, the four Shakespeare folios,
early editions of Chaucer and Ben Jonson, illumi-
nated manuscripts of great worth, a large collection
of works on the history and life of Mexico and the
Pacific coast, many volumes of Spanish literature
in all its departments, and a considerable selection
of Chinese and Japanese books and manuscripts.
The library, now numbering about one hundred
thousand volumes in all, was not long ago removed
from its place of storage to the second floor of the
Lane Medical Library Building, San Francisco, and
with the new year will be unpacked and subjected
to the processes of cataloguing, classifying, shelving,
etc. Thus it will be several months before any part
of it is available for public use. By the conditions
of the gift, the collection must have its home in San
Francisco, and there it will be operated by the State
Library as a branch, accessible to a much greater
number of persons than if it were at Sacramento.
• • •
•
A HARDY PIONEER makes monthly appeal to
our notice. "The Pioneer of Simplified Speling"
certainly has the courage of its convictions: it
carries the principle of phonetic orthography (we
acknowledge the contradiction in terms) to its
remorseless limit. Without going beyond the table
of contents printed on the cover of the latest issue,
we note such headings as "Mr. Sexton'z Sceem,"
" Voisez from acros the Chanel," "A Hed Mistres'z
Apoloejia," "Noetz andNyuz," "PresCutings of the
Munth." Who can fail to admire the unabashed
insistence on forms like "woz" for unreformed
"was," "poot" for "put," "mistaicen" for "mis-
taken," and "chainj" for "change"? Bravo! Beter
a lie wel stuc tu than the tryuth waivering.
• • •
CHEAPER CARRIAGE OF BOOKS is inevitably com-
ing. The Postmaster-General's proposal to admit
them to parcel-post privileges, with other notable
modifications of the existing parcel-post rules, has
been approved by the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission. When this reform has been fully effected,
it will be possible not only to deliver to local patrons,
at small expense, books from the public library and
the bookshop, but also to send this class of freight
in considerable packages, under Uncle Sam's kindly
care, to any part of the country. It ought to be
astonishing, but is not, that under a government of
the people, by the people, for the people, measures
of so manifest popular benefit should be so late in
getting themselves adopted.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
THE APPEAL OF " POLITICAL POETRY."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In your issue of December 1, apropos of "An Ode in
Time of Hesitation," Mr. Charles Leonard Moore con-
signs all " political poems " to limbo. Now by political
poems he evidently means any verse which is concerned
with politics, in war or in peace, no matter how great the
12
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
question involved or how far the ideal has removed that
question from a mere party catchword.
To rule out all poems which are political in this wide
sense would be to ban the Jacobite ballads, " The Lost
Leader," the " Ode on the Death of the Duke of Well-
ington," " My Dark Rosaleen," " The Concord Hymn,"
" Peschiera," Rossetti's sonnet " On the Refusal of Aid
between Nations," Wordsworth's sonnet " On the Ex-
tinction of the Venetian Republic," many fine passages
in Byron and Mrs. Browning, much of Lowell's best
satire, several of Milton's sonnets, Kipling's " The
Recessional," Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain !"
Longfellow's "Cumberland " and "A Nameless Grave,"
and " Punch's " apology on the death of Lincoln, —
poems that are all very much alive for members of a
" blighted " race.
As a matter of fact, a fine political poem has an
especial hold on immortality. The event which it com-
memorates recedes; but like events occur, demanding
like expression. Webster and Whittier pass, but Ichabods
still fall and writers still leave the better part for the
handful of silver and the riband to stick in their coats.
Nothing could be further from the truth than to siy
that because a particular struggle is over its voice must
die. Rather it takes a wider meaning with time, and
from being an incident born of an idea becomes an idea
embodied in an incident. So certain place-names stand
less for localities than for conditions of the soul.
Zutphen, Smithfield, and Balaclava become chivalry,
conscience, and obedience.
If a great political poem is to lose its force, then why
not any poem dealing with a moral question ? What
are the Vaudois to us that a sonnet written nearly two
hundred and fifty years ago should stir our blood?
Surely it is because we know that, though martyrs
perish, martyrdom is never ending.
When politics rises above the morass which we asso-
ciate with the name, it may produce prose and poetry
equal to that of religion or love or war. After all, what
is the Gettysburg Address but political prose ? The
courage which enabled a single ship to fight off the
Spanish fleet is no more enduring stuff than the enthu-
siasm which led Robert Shaw to place his life at the
service of an unfortunate race. The reproach of " ig-
noble battle " overseas applies not alone to the Philip-
pines. Italy wins her freedom, but the agony is only
transferred to some other people. The Inquisition is
over, but the charge of Ritual Murder is a present fact
in Russia. We read our own struggle into the politics
of the past, just as we read our own love affair into
another man's love lyrics. These live because our ideals
and our sorrows endure.
HELEN MINTURN SEYMOUR.
Troy, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1913.
A WORD ABOUT TRANSLATIONS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Your interesting comment on translations in the
current number suggests the thought that most trans-
lators have never had their due. FitzGerald (as you
point out), Pope, Bryant, Longfellow, Parsons, Lang,
Symonds, and a few others are, of course, notable ex-
ceptions, but they were great authors in their own right;
and their fame has foundation not so much on their
adaptations from other languages (great as FitzGerald 's
was) as on their own genius, which made of their trans-
lations works peculiarly and as much their own as the
original was the author's. But what shall we say of
present-day translators like Lafcadio Hearn, Mrs. Gar-
nett, Miss K. P. Wormeley, E. A. Vizetelly, Alexander
Teixeira de Mattos, G. B. Ives, Miss H. W. Preston
(the first, if I mistake not, to introduce Mistral's
"Mireio" to America), and many others, preeminent
in their transfusion of the spirit of the author from one
language to another, but combining it with a gratifying
fidelity to the language of the original ? Theirs is a
double fame : they are not only scholars, but are them-
selves authors of the first rank. No literary hacks they,
grinding out their sentences with lexicon and phrase-
book ! It has always seemed to me not quite fair that
they should be — for the most part unwittingly — denied
any of the credit which is rightly theirs for creating
a work of art in another language and for broadening
the mental range of thousands of those readers who,
without them, would know nothing of a foreign litera-
ture.
Accompanying this feeling, however, is one of regret
that, for some reason or other, so many foreign authors
should be represented in English by works which are
assuredly not their masterpieces. Within the year,
three of the books of Henry Bordeaux, the flower of
the younger school of French fiction, have been pub-
lished in this country ; and, according to the publishers,
the response to this introduction has been gratifying.
It is generally agreed that the masterpieces of this de-
fender of traditionalism are " La Peur de vivre," " Les
Roquevillard," and " Les Yeux qui s'ouvrent." But
only the first of this trio is as yet numbered among his
English translations. A New York publisher recently
issued Georges Ohnet's " La Serre de 1'aigle," a novel
which is the second in a historical trilogy, either one
of the other two being superior to the second. This may
be damning with faint praise, but it is a case in point.
Space prevents citing many other instances. Is it fair
to the author that, whatever be the cause — copyright,
expense, or what, — his reputation among English readers
should rest on, or be introduced by, what are generally
considered his second-rate books ?
If I am right, what may be the cause ?
JULIAN PARK.
The University ofBvffalo, Dec. 19, 1913.
DEVOURING THE CLASSICS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
It is refreshing to have one of your correspondents
tell us that " a man of even mediocre ability could read
all of Greek literature in a few months' time, and his
acquisition would be a treasure of enormous pleasure
and profit." He adds: "Even more is this true of
Latin"; one is not told whether " time " is meant, or
"pleasure and profit," or all three — but one hopes,
with misgivings, that it is only " time."
This is really very wonderful. I am acquainted with
several persons who have spent a number of years
reading Greek and Latin. I would have supposed that,
if anything, their ability was above mediocre; and yet
I am sure that no one of them would claim knowledge,
or even acquaintance, with the whole body of extant
classical literature. They all acknowledge, however,
the " pleasure and profit " derived from what they
have accomplished. One friend, it is true, has confided
to me his opinion that the longer time he gave to mat-
ters of this kind the more " pleasure and profit " he got
out of them. I suppose he must be very old-fashioned.
ROBERT SHAFER.
Indianapolis, Ind., Dec. 22, 1913.
1914]
THE DIAL
13
gooks.
RECORDS OF A HAPPY FRIENDSHIP.*
The friendship of Hawthorne and his pub-
lisher, William Davis Ticknor, is memorable in
its bearing on American literary history; and
the story of that friendship, as set forth in the
volume by Miss Caroline Ticknor, is thoroughly
worth the reading, for more reasons than one.
In the first place, the life-long service to the
advancement of literature in America rendered
by this famous Boston publisher, while less con-
spicuous than that of his literary partner, Fields,
is in itself worthy of recognition. The early am-
bition of Ticknor, says his granddaughter, —
" Differed materially from that of many other enterpris-
ing youths who came to Boston far back in the twenties
to seek their fortunes; some longed for wealth, others
sought fame, but this young man, whose heritage was a
great love of books, desired that his 'imprint on a title-
page should be the guarantee of a good book.' This
was the corner-stone of a notable literary edifice which
he was destined to rear; a structure unique in the his-
tory of book-publishing."
It was in 1832 that Mr. Ticknor, then in his
twenty-second year, entered the book business,
forming a partnership with Mr. John Allen
under the firm name of Allen & Ticknor, at
the corner of School and Washington streets in
Boston. In 1845 James T. Fields, a clerk in
the employ of Mr. Ticknor, was taken into the
firm, and the imprint became Ticknor, Reed &
Fields, — John Reed, Jr., contributing capital.
Upon Mr. Reed's subsequent withdrawal, the
firm name was compressed to the familiar style
of Ticknor & Fields. It was not many years
before the " Old Corner Bookstore " had become
a sort of literary shrine, — it was the " Hub " of
literary New England. What memories cluster
about that historic spot in the recollection of the
passing generation! Hawthorne, Longfellow,
Lowell, Holmes, Whittier, Emerson, Thoreau,
and many others were its habitues. Dickens and
Thackeray enjoyed its hospitality, as did many
another celebrity from the old world, drawn
thither to pay visits of courtesy to the proprietors
of this truly literary book-shop whose motto was
" fair play, ' — for Mr. Ticknor had been the first
American publisher to make unsolicited payment
to foreign authors for "copyright" and to pur-
chase "advance sheets" of books coming from
the English press. The enterprise of this pub-
lishing house was shown in notable ways. To
the firm of Ticknor & Fields belongs the distinc-
* HAWTHORNE AND His PUBLISHER. By Caroline Tick-
nor. Illustrated. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
tion of issuing the first edition of De Quincey's
collected works, antedating by two or three years
the appearance of the first British edition, which
was supervised by the author himself. The task
of collecting and arranging the scattered mate-
rial was performed by Mr. Fields, and we are
told that De Quincey relied largely on this col-
lection in preparing his own edition. If we are
not mistaken, it was this same firm that first
published in book form the earlier works of
Carlyle.
The first two chapters of Miss Ticknor 's
work contain many interesting facts of this char-
acter, and include some vivid glimpses of the
inner sanctum of the old book-store : the green-
curtained corner of the office where Fields had
his desk and entertained the sociable spirits
invariably gathered there; the counting-room,
elevated two or three steps above the level
of the store, where the alert senior partner,
sitting at his desk, could command the field.
Here, in the little counting-room, was Haw-
thorne's chair, in a secluded niche, close beside
his faithful friend, where he could see and yet
be out of sight.
"In this one chair it was for many years Nathaniel
Hawthorne's custom to ensconce himself whenever he
visited the ' corner ' ; he often spent whole hours here,
resting his head upon his hand apparently in happy and
satisfying sympathy with his environment . . . watch-
ing in the shadow, motionless physically, yet mentally
alert, and following with an inward intentness the fan-
tastic trains of thought evoked sometimes by what was
passing in the outward world, and again by that which
was merely passing within his active brain. ... If any
acquaintance, knowing him to be there, came to claim
his attention, his face seemed to cast off an intangible
but perceptible veil, and he roused himself to a genial
and conversational mood, though still with a suggestion
of having come rather unwillingly from a haunt of his
predilection, to which he would fain return as soon as
he might do so without impoliteness."
For the general reader, however, the chief
interest of the volume lies in the letters of
Hawthorne to Ticknor, covering the years
1852-64, in which the personality of the writer
is revealed with the frankness of intimacy.
"The Scarlet Letter" had been published in
1850, "The House of the Seven Gables" in
1851 ; " The Wonder Book " and " The Blithe-
dale Romance" had followed; Hawthorne had
removed from Lenox to Concord, and was at this
time completing the campaign biography of his
class-mate, Franklin Pierce. The probable ap-
pointment to a position in the consular service
was in the wind, and the assistance of Ticknor
as counsellor, guardian, and friend was invoked.
Until one reads this correspondence one can
scarcely be aware to how great an extent Haw-
14
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
thorne leaned upon the ready assistance of his
publisher in all these practical matters. He
refused to travel without Ticknor's companion-
ship. It was like the first adventure of a shy
and unsophisticated boy into the outside world ;
he demanded a comrade whom he trusted. In
April, 1853, the two friends made the trip to
Washington to see the president and to promote
the interests of his biographer. Ticknor, in this
instance, is the correspondent, and his letters to
his wife give us the story of the trip. It is
rather interesting to find him referring to the
" Progressive "element in the Democratic party :
" I am perfectly surprised," he says, " to see to
what extent this spirit is carried here [in Wash-
ington] ." He adds : "I am convinced that old
party lines in every section of the country are
breaking up and that there is a spirit abroad
which is to revolutionize the politics of the
country. Whether it will be for the best good
of the Nation, I think is a question of very great
importance — but the tide is rolling on, and good
men of all parties must control and guide, or we
shall ' suffer loss.' '
The two comrades were royally entertained,
and the novelist was rather lionized. "Haw-
thorne is quite a lion here," says Ticknor ;
" much attention is shown, and yet it annoys
him very much." The mission was successful,
and Hawthorne's prospective income was largely
increased by combining the duties of the con-
sulate at Manchester with those of the office at
Liverpool.
The matter of the appointment having been
settled, preparations for the departure were
rapidly made ; and in July, 1853, the party
sailed for England on the Cunarder "Niagara,"
a first-class steamship, 250 feet in length, pro-
pelled by paddlewheels and carrying about
150 passengers. Mr. Ticknor accompanied his
friend ; for without the former's protecting com-
panionship, Hawthorne had resolutely refused
to embark. Of course it was not solely for this
reason that the publisher made the journey;
there were errands connected with the trade,
authors to be solicited, and books to be pur-
chased in London ; yet Ticknor remained with
the Hawthornes in Liverpool for three days
after the arrival, " arranging his business as well
as I could until he enters upon his duties August
1st." During his stay in England, Ticknor paid
an interesting visit to De Quincey, then living
with his daughter in the little cottage at Lass-
wade. Hawthorne was included in the invita-
tion, but found it impossible to leave his official
duties. By the end of September, Ticknor had
said farewell to the Hawthornes and departed
on his journey home.
Hawthorne's experiences while abroad are
pretty well known through his "Note- books"
and the sketches in " Our Old Home "; Miss
Ticknor draws from these sources to fill the gaps
in the correspondence and to round out the
record of which the letters in this volume form
a part. The letters are characterized by utter
spontaneity ; rarely do they show traces of a
formal or " literary " style. Says Miss Ticknor :
" He spoke his mind freely, and with a kind of boyish
irresponsibility. He indulged in cutting and satirical
remarks about men and things, as well as institutions
that he truly respected. . . . He ' ran on ' with a care-
less disregard of anything beyond his present mood.
He talked with the freedom of a man who knows that
he is so well understood that it does not matter what he
says. He made daring comments for the fun of making
them, in one paragraph, and took them back or softened
them, for truth's sake, in the next."
This is an admirable statement of the facts,
and only in the spirit of such an understanding
can a proper interpretation be placed upon these
letters, in which occur frequent outbursts of
feeling due to momentary irritation and the
whimsical expression of a passing mood.
The duties of his office were conscientiously
and efficiently discharged, but not unnaturally
they irked Hawthorne, as similar tasks had
worn upon his sensitive disposition at Salem
and in Boston. Thus, just two months after
Ticknor's departure from Liverpool, Hawthorne
writes :
" I suppose Baring Brothers have already advised
you of my depositing £300 to your credit. If it had
been £3000, I would kick the office to the devil, and
come home again. I am sick of it, and long for my
hillside ; and what I thought I never should long for —
my pen ! When once a man is thoroughly imbued with
ink, he can never wash out the stain."
There was a possibility that Congress might
reduce the emoluments of his office, and we
find Hawthorne writing in the same strain :
" Money cannot pay me for the irksomeness of this
office, at least only a very large amount can do it; and
I really think I should be glad to have Congress put
the question of my remaining here at rest by breaking
down the office altogether. This very morning I have
been bored to death by a woman; and every day 1 am
beset with complainants who I wish were all at the
Devil together. But I can get along well enough with
men, if the women would only let me alone."
In an earlier letter (1854) he had specified some
of these complainants :
" What with brutal shipmasters, drunken sailors,
vagrant yankees, mad people, sick people, and dead
people (for just now I have to attend to the removal of
the bones of a man who has been dead these twenty
years) it is full of damnable annoyances."
1914]
THE DIAL
15
And still the climax of these irritations was
a woman! His famous adventure with Miss
Delia Bacon, whose story is given in these
pages, cost Hawthorne a pretty penny, — he
having benevolently assumed the financial re-
sponsibility of seeing that lady's ponderous
solution of the " Shakespeare problem " through
the press.
Hawthorne's experiences in unwise charity
are familiar to most of us ; not a few of these
communications to "Dear Tick" contain re-
quests to investigate the probability of his
being reimbursed for some injudicious loan, —
as, for example, the following :
" Dear Ticknor, — I have given B an order on
you for $50. Pay it, and I promise you not to trouble
you again on his account. It is impossible not to assist
an old acquaintance in distress — for once, at least.
" P. S. Do not write me about this ; for I do not wish
my wife to know how I throw away money."
It is pleasant to note in the letters the senti-
ments expressed regarding America and Amer-
icans. " The more I see of the rest of the world,
the better I think of my own country," he
exclaims in one of his characteristic outbursts,
qualifying the statement directly with the paren-
thesis— " not that I like it very enthusiastically
either." The latter half of this decade in the
United States was surcharged with premoni-
tions of the approaching crisis ; and Hawthorne
viewed the situation with natural uneasiness.
In 1856 he writes:
" We shall know how to prize a home, if we ever go
back to one ; but I must confess, I am in no great hurry
to return to America. To say the truth, it looks like
an infernally disagreeable country from this side of the
water."
And yet he also wrote at about this same
time:
" Pray do not be so hopeless about our political con-
cerns. We shall grow and flourish, in spite of the devil.
Affairs do not look so very bad, at this distance, what-
ever they may seem to you who are in the midst of the
confusion. For my part, I keep a steadfast faith in
the destinies of my own country, and will not be stag-
gered, whatever happens."
In June, 1860, the Hawthornes arrived once
more in Boston, and resumed their residence at
"The Wayside." But the excitement and con-
fusion of war were not conducive to literary effort
and seriously interfered with plans for projected
romances. Conditions were depressing; and in
March, 1862, Hawthorne and Ticknor made a
second trip to Washington, arriving just after
McClellan had removed his force of 60,000
men across the Potomac. The trip was full of
incident, and decidedly beneficial in its effect on
Hawthorne's health and spirits. A year later,
however, the novelist was again in failing health.
His sensitive nature was depressed, he became
less and less capable of creative effort ; his visits
to the old " Corner " grew more and more infre-
quent ; yet his letters to Ticknor are not signi-
ficant of depression or of failing powers. He
contributed now and then to the "Atlantic
Monthly," but his pen flagged when he worked
at the unfinished romance. " His splendid vigor
paled, his hair grew snowy white, and he began
to express certain wishes in regard to provisions
to be made after his death and to burn old let-
ters, while his efforts to carry on his work proved
almost futile." His wife became thoroughly
alarmed, and the aid of Ticknor was again in-
voked. It appeared that a change of scene was
desirable, and with the beneficial effects of the
Washington trip in mind another was planned
in the same direction. On the 28th of March
the two friends left Boston. Hawthorne was
in a very delicate condition ; Ticknor, who was
not in the best of health, as usual looked after
all the details of the journey. The weather
was stormy, and they remained in New York for
almost a week, Hawthorne scarcely leaving his
room. They reached Philadelphia on the 5th
of April. Writing to his wife two days later,
Ticknor speaks encouragingly of Hawthorne's
condition and closes thus: "Excuse this short
note, as I must look after my friend. I have a
bad cold and feel disinclined to move at all.
Love to all." It was his last letter. The next
day the relations of these two men were strangely
reversed. Ticknor was stricken with pneumonia
and died the day following, almost in Haw-
thorne's arms. The effect upon Hawthorne of
this sudden disaster was overwhelming; he re-
turned to his home a wreck. Five weeks later
he, too, had passed away.
It is obviously a labor of love — the compila-
tion of this work ; its tribute to Ticknor as a
publisher and as an affectionate and loyal friend
to one of the most striking personalities in
American literature is deserved and just. More-
over, the proportions are consistently maintained ;
Hawthorne, as we naturally expect, holds the
hero's place in the narrative, and the light
thrown upon him from this unusual angle is
singularly effective. The extracts quoted in
this review scarcely give an idea of the variety
and interest of the letters as a whole. The
author has done her work admirably ; one notes,
however, a strange preference for the use of
" penned " rather than the simpler " wrote " or
" written " — an odd mannerism to be associated
with an unusually pleasing and attractive style.
16
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
With happy appropriateness the volume — itself
a beautiful example of the book-making art —
is dedicated to the company from whose house it
issues, — " successors to the literary heritage of
Ticknor and Fields and to the just and honor-
able traditions of the earlier house which they
to-day so steadfastly uphold."
W. E. SIMONDS.
COMMENTING ON SHAKESPEARE.*
There is almost nothing easier for a man of
any literary ability than to write a book of
commentary on Shakespeare's plays. All that
one that way inclined has to do is to read one
of these plays scene by scene and jot down his
reflections on the incidents or characters or
single speeches as he reads, praising here, fault-
finding there, explaining, illustrating, comment-
ing, narrating, etc., as the mood strikes him.
This becomes the more easy when one has a
theory or a philosophy to defend ; for then the
critic reads everything in the light of what ob-
sesses him, and emphasizes those passages that
apparently confirm his theories and suppresses
or minimizes whatever militates against them.
The prospective book may also be padded by
interweaving old and well-known comments,
especially such as seem to lend support to the
writer's views or appear so good to him that
he wishes he had written them.
Another way of handling the subject is first
to state the theory and then bring together
everything in the particular play under consid-
eration that seems to corroborate the theory.
Mr. Stopford Brooke is a master of these
methods. He accumulates a mass of material
which is very likely to give the unknowing
reader a distorted view of Shakespeare as a
man and as an artist, besides vitiating his appre-
ciation and understanding of the plays. If Mr.
Brooke's latest book were written for professed
Shakespeareans the danger would be reduced
to a minimum ; they are accustomed to contend
with fantastic theories, and are not easily im-
posed upon. But Mr. Brooke seems to have
written with his eye mainly on beginners in
Shakespeare study, and he should have been
cautious in putting forth surmises, guesses, and
conjectures, as facts. The beginner ought to
be left with an open mind, and ought to be en-
couraged to enjoy Shakespeare as a poet, a play-
wright, and a revealer of the human soul ; there
is time enough for him to go into the intricate
*TEN MOKE PLAYS OF SHAKESPEARE. By Stopford A.
Brooke. New York : Henry Holt & Co.
problems of the relationship between the poet
and his work. A matter into which Mr. Brooke
might very profitably have gone is the rela-
tionship between the finished product and the
so-called "original." Almost nothing else in
Shakespeare study is so suggestive, interesting,
and instructive as this, or more calculated to
guard the student from indulging in vain and
fantastic hypotheses. Shakespeare rejects noth-
ing, retains nothing, and introduces nothing,
without a reason. Another fruitful but much
neglected field for commentary is the adaptation
of sound to sense in Shakespeare's poetry, —
something that Shakespeare, like every great
poet, is very rich in.
But we should not be understood as condemn-
ing Mr. Brooke's book. In Shakespeare com-
mentary, as in the acting of "Hamlet," no one
can fail utterly. Mr. Brooke has such good
literary taste and such genuine appreciation
of Shakespeare, and seems to be such a close
observer of men, that he is almost always well
worth listening to. He is interesting even when
one does not agree with him, — as when, for ex-
ample, speaking of Cassius, he says : "[Toward
the end of the play] he becomes that which he
probably was as a young man. This recurrence
— when the end of life draws near — to that
which a man was before he was spoiled awry by
the world, is not infrequent in experience, but
few writers have used it as Shakespeare." Such
passages — and the book is full of them — at
least have the merit of stimulating thought, even
if they do not convince and do not help to the
understanding of the characters. Mr. Brooke
also possesses a really pleasing and interesting
style, which makes the reading of most of his
book distinctly pleasurable, although at times
one is disagreeably conscious of an artificiality
and straining for fine stylistic effects. The
latter tendency is frequently responsible for such
peculiar and uncouth phraseology as the fol-
lowing: "He dispersed Rosencrantz and Guil-
denstern "; "he was spoiled awry"; " I only see
in it the cunning almost of a madman "; " when
also we read it"; "baited by a fool who wants
he knows to find him out ''; " Ophelia is drowned
of her pain "; " that is of feeling quite intense ";
" she forgets to tell him what to do in her excite-
ment"; "it draws me into the imagination";
and much more that is even worse.
In his paper on " Twelfth Night," Mr. Brooke
permits himself to be lost in fantasies concern-
ing the sub-title, " What You Will," instead of
accepting Mr. Conrad's plain and sensible ex-
planation. It is not true that the dramatis
1914]
THE DIAL
17
personce in this play " range from the highest
to the lowest in rank, from the wisest to the most
foolish." He is also guilty of gross exaggera-
tion when he says that Shakespeare "took won-
derful pains to give plenty of attractive work to
all the members of his company, to give to the
smallest acting part points to be made which
should draw the attention and the praise of the
audience." There are plenty of thankless parts
in Shakespeare, as any actor will testify. Nor
does " Twelfth Night " deserve the reproach
implied in the statement that "the scenery of
the play is less defined than it is in other plays."
On the contrary, considering that the poet wrote
for a practically bare stage and for an audience
for whom the play was the thing, "Twelfth
Night" is set in singularly picturesque and
romantic surroundings. In the midst of much
that is commonplace, Mr. Brooke makes some
statements that are so palpably at variance with
the facts, and so calculated to suggest to the
reader the author's subsequently developed views
concerning Shakespeare's tragic mood, that they
must be singled out for correction and as an
illustration of the worst kind of commenting on
Shakespeare. He says (page 51): " Their jji.e.,
Sir Toby's companions'] conversation is as clean
as the moon," and in a footnote he says : "It
is remarkable that when the darkness fell on
Shakespeare his lower characters sometimes use
a grossness in thought and speech, which was
not so before." Reading this, one is almost
tempted to believe that Mr. Brooke's reading
of Shakespeare was limited to expurgated school
editions ; or has he forgotten the equivokes in-
dulged in by Sir Toby and Aguecheek in Act I.,
scene 4 ? And as to the plays preceding this
one, let us refer him to the conversation of the
nurse in " Romeo and Juliet " and to the dia-
logue between Samson and Gregory in that play.
Coarse allusions occur in almost all of Shake-
speare's plays, both before and after his /Sturm
und Drang period.
In the chapter on "Julius Caesar" there is
much interesting matter, such as the comments
on the political interest of the play, the reasons
why revolutions usually fail, the "pathetic fal-
lacy," and the character of Brutus, and much
with which a Shakespearean and a psychologist
will not agree. It is not true that the poet
combined his borrowed material in such a way
as " to make a greater matter than that which
actually happened." If Shakespeare departs
from the historical order of events, he does so
because of motives of dramatic and psychologic
effectiveness as well as the necessities imposed
on him by his stage. On p. 60 Mr. Brooke
says that "Julius Caesar" was written in 1600,
and on p. 64 he says that it was written in 1601.
The error is material only in so far as it involves
the question why he mentions the subject at all.
To the beginner in Shakespeare study, the date
of composition is of no importance unless he is
shown its significance in watching the evolution
of the poet's mind ; and to the professed student
Mr. Brooke's unsubstantiated opinion on a dis-
puted question is of no value. In discussing the
failure of most revolutions, Mr. Brooke strangely
overlooks the fact that with the death of the
"tyrant" — the representative of law and order,
the source of authority — the repressed lawless-
ness, the pent-up passions of humanity, are loosed
and break forth ; note the destruction of Cinna.
In common with many other critics, Mr. Brooke
makes too much of the political interest in this
play. I do not believe that the struggle between
Elizabeth and the Parliament in any way in-
fluenced the dramatist in the composition of
" Julius Caesar." Shakespeare employed the
political events only as a means of portraying
the psyche of his dramatis personce, not the
characters as vehicles for the expression of his
political convictions ; his interests were psycho-
logic, not sociologic. The events, their causes
and their issues, were supplied by his original.
This is no more a political play than is " Cori-
olanus "or " Antony and Cleopatra." Mr.
Brooke's failure to understand this is the cause
of his condemnation of the last two acts as being
too long drawn out, and as containing needless
interludes. Brutus, as usual, is described almost
as the apotheosis of virtue. The blindness of
the critics to his failings, all too human, is the
more amazing because Shakespeare spares no
pains to limn him at full length as a real living
human being, not as an abstraction. Mr.
Brooke's description of the mighty Julius " as
subject to superstitions, as wavering to and fro,
as led by the nose, as vain, as having lost his
intellectual powers in self-sufficiency, as one who
thinks himself separated altogether from his
fellow men " is more applicable to " the lofty,
dignified, and beautiful" Brutus. The latter is
consumed by vanity and a mighty self-love, fail-
ings which blind him to the fatuity of Cassius's
arguments, make him susceptible to the flattery
of the anonymous letters thrown in at his win-
dow, undermine his logical faculty, and which
are directly responsible for the obstinacy with
which he adheres to his ill-considered and fatal
plans in the last Act as well as throughout the
play. He is the geek and gull of Cassius. If
18
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
Caesar's speeches are " almost the speeches of
a fool," Brutus's actions are much more so. This
honorable man conspires against the life of his
friend and benefactor for what he may become ;
this honest and upright idealist will not wring
from the hard hands of peasants their vile trash
by any indirection, but he resents not being per-
mitted to share the moneys so collected. The
true critic will not denigrate Cassius and Antony
for the purpose of exalting Brutus. That was
not Shakespeare's way.
Mr. Brooke attempts to explain the melodra-
matic action of the conspirators bathing their
arms in Caesar's blood by comparing it with
Hamlet's " bursting into fantastic phrases after
he has seen the Ghost." There is absolutely
no parallelism between the two incidents. The
conspirators are in a mood of exaltation after
their butchery ; for the moment they really
believe that their act was prompted by noble,
patriotic, heroic motives, and that history will
regard them as the liberators of their country.
It is particularly significant that it is the peace-
ful, gentle, philosophic, amiable and book-loving
theorist Brutus who makes the proposal that
they bathe their hands in the sacrificial blood.
This mood preserves Brutus from being horri-
fied at the hideous spectacle he had made, from
realizing that he had committed the stupidest
and most reprehensible crime in history. From
the modern psychologic point of view, we may
say that the melodramatic action of the con-
spirators is the expression of the regression to
the infantile play instinct and sado-masochistic
complex which so frequently come to the fore
in moments of great exaltation or depression.
Hamlet, on the other hand, is left dazed and
stupefied by the Ghost's revelations ; he is
shocked into cynicism and flippancy by the tale
of horror unfolded to his ears. Suddenly all
the world of evil is bared to his gaze ; all his
youthful ideals are shattered ; there is nothing
serious in mortality. That is why he indulges
in wild and whirling words, puts on an antic
disposition, and speaks so vulgarly to his father's
spirit.
To see Mr. Brooke at his worst one has to
turn to his remarks on " Hamlet." In discuss-
ing the Prince's sanity, he vents his sarcasms
on the " mad doctors," and talks in such a dic-
tatorial and cock-sure way that he makes himself
laughable. Reading Mr. Brooke, one would
think that the alienists and psychiatrists know
nothing of insanity, that they never read the
play, that they purposely disregard the perti-
nent facts, and that they are in a conspiracy
to commit Hamlet to a lunatic asylum. Mr.
Brooke is quite certain that he knows Shake-
speare's intention in the matter, and that Hamlet
is perfectly sane, that his only trouble is that
he " glides away from the present into a rea-
soning in his soul on a question which suddenly
presents itself to him," and that he is as sud-
denly "shocked out of argumentative thought
into the actual world." Notwithstanding this
shocking formula, Mr. Brooke is compelled to
admit (p. 123) that at times Hamlet shows "the
cunning almost of a madman," that his treach-
ery to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is " a blot
on the play" of which Shakespeare should not
have been guilty and which "is not in Hamlet's
character." So, too, according to this critic,
the episode of Hamlet's leaping into Ophelia's
grave (with the declaration that he is King of
Denmark) is unworthy of the poet. Of course
if we omit those occurrences that point to insan-
ity and leave out of consideration Hamlet's
twice- repeated confession of " melancholy "and
" madness," it is an easy matter to prove Hamlet
sane. That is Mr. Brooke's way of studying
Shakespeare, — a characteristic which makes all
the difference in the world between him and
Professor Bradley.
SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM.
AN ACCOUNT or ENGLISH LIBERALISM.*
It is extremely convenient for the reviewer
when the author of a book begins by a state-
ment, in so many words, of what he is about;
for then all the reviewer has to do is to copy it
out. Mr. W. Lyon Blease, in his " Short His-
tory of English Liberalism," begins with such
a statement.
" This book attempts to trace the varying but per-
sistent course of Liberalism in British politics during
the last hundred and fifty years. It is not so much a
history of events as a reading of them in the light of a
particular political philosophy. . . . The general vic-
tory . . . has been to Liberalism; and the movement
of the race, during the period with which the writer is
concerned, is precisely measured by the degree in which
the Liberal spirit has succeeded in modifying the estab-
lishments of a preceding age. The object of this book
is to investigate the course of that process of modifica-
tion in politics."
A victory usually implies a defeat ; and Mr.
Blease employs the word Toryism to signify
what it is that Liberalism had defeated. How-
ever, neither Liberalism nor Toryism is to be
identified with a political party, or with any
* A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LIBERALISM.
W. Lyon Blease. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
19
concrete policy; each is rather a "habit of
mind." Liberalism is that settled habit of mind
which induces a man to desire that every other
man may " have equal opportunity with himself
for self-expression and fpr self-development."
This desired end was once thought to be attained
by reducing legal restrictions and the activity
of government to a minimum ; but it is now
known that Liberalism has its positive as well
as its negative side. Not only does Liberalism
concede that "each is to be left to work out his
own salvation," but it concedes that "active
steps" must be taken "to remove the artificial
barriers which impede that development." It
is possible, therefore, and quite proper indeed,
to speak of the old and the new Liberalism, —
the Liberalism of the Manchester school and
the "collective Liberalism" of Mr. Lloyd
George ; and to speak of them, in spite of their
marked differences, as pursuing the same end,
as being alike " in the desire to set free the
individual from existing social bonds, and to
procure him liberty of growth."
Toryism, like Liberalism, is also a "habit of
mind," not to be identified with Conservatism
or Unionism. It is the " habit of mind which
refuses to concede to others that right of free
expression which it requires for itself, . . . the
egoistic mind which regards all others as at its
disposal." The Tory habit of mind, it may be
said at once, is a very bad habit, the Liberal
habit a very good one. Mr. Blease says, and
one can well believe it, that the pure Tory or the
pure Liberal is very rarely found ; his enumer-
ation of the distinguishing characteristics of
either leaves one inclined to remark, very nearly
in the words of Desdemona, " I do not believe
there ever was such a man." And Mr. Blease
is free to admit that many members of the Tory
or Conservative parties have worked for Liberal
measures, and that there have been very few
members of the Liberal Party who were Liberals
without alloy. Fox and Sheridan lacked much
of being complete Liberals; John Bright was
not a complete Liberal because he opposed Fac-
tory Acts ; Mr. Asquith is not a complete Liberal
because he is opposed to woman's suffrage ; Mr.
Lloyd George is under suspicion because, — but
I cannot now recall just for what. The author
does not say so, but I suspect that there is only
one simon-pure Liberal, and that is Mr. Blease
himself. Still, one need not despair, for it is
well known that ten righteous men can save a
city.
Mr. Blease is very far from despair ; for the
Liberal Party, although some of its members
may lag behind, is as a whole very nearly up to
the mark ; and its policy of social reform — as
distinguished from Socialism, which the author
rejects — bids fair to put a kind of happy
period to "that movement of the race" of
which Mr. Blease speaks. I infer this at least,
because Mr. Blease, although he does distin-
guish Liberalism from Socialism as things
fundamentally different, admits frankly that
the present Liberal programme "has borrowed
largely from Socialism"; so that it is difficult
to see how Liberalism can carry us much
farther without handing us over as it were to
the Socialists, which, however, he is clear will
never do. Humanly speaking, therefore, the
present Liberal programme is for him a kind
of final thing, — a test or standard by which to
evaluate the ideas and events of the past ; and,
in fact, Mr. Blease has made a survey of
English politics during the last century, in an
interesting manner and with much knowledge
indeed, much less from the point of view of a
" particular political philosophy " than from the
point of view of a particular political platform.
From Burke to Mr. Lloyd George, he summons
men and measures to submit to this test, ap-
proving them in so far as they are found to
be in accord with the ideas of the extreme left
wing of the Liberal Party, condemning them in
so far as they fall short of these ideas.
The author's bias being thus in favor of a
particular party almost as much as in favor of
a particular philosophy, members of another
party scarcely get due credit even when they
momentarily fall into a Liberal way of acting.
The Factory Acts of the fourth decade of the
century (true Liberal measures according to Mr.
Blease) were better supported by Conservatives
than by Whigs. But even the best Conserva-
tives, in supporting legislation of this kind,
were Unfortunately still actuated by the in-
grained Tory habit of mind, — "their general
readiness to dispose of the affairs of others";
so that it may be said even of the excellent
Shaftesbury that as "he refused to allow a
Catholic or a Tractarian religious freedom, or
the common people political freedom, so he
refused to allow a cotton-spinner economic free-
dom." You can't say much for the benighted
Conservative, even when, by some chance, he
does a Liberal deed, — he does it in such a Tory
manner ! Suppose a fig should be found grow-
ing on a thistle! One fig doesn't make an
orchard !
Some Conservatives would doubtless be just
perverse enough not to see why it is that when a
20
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
Liberal votes for a Factory Act he does so in order
to make the workman more free, whereas when a
Conservative votes for a Factory Act he does so
in order to make the workman less free. And
many an old Tory would probably say that a
Factory Act is a Factory Act, that its effects
are what they are, equally good or bad, whatever
the motive which inspired men to get it passed
into law. A discussion of such points might
entangle us in the old controversy of grace and
works, a controversy which I am by no means
competent to determine. This much may be
said, however : it will be found difficult at this
late day to write a satisfactory history of English
Liberalism on the fundamental assumption that
certain men, inspired by an innate beneficent
habit of mind, and belonging for the most part
to one of the great political parties, have been
the instruments of God's purpose in the world ;
whereas certain other men, inspired by an innate
malevolent habit of mind, and belonging for the
most part to the other great political party, have
done the devil's business. It is, however, on
this assumption, quite possible to write a most
skilful tract for the times. And that is indeed
what Mr. Blease has done. BECKER.
CANADA OF TO-DAY AND TO-MORROW.*
It is perhaps part of the world-wide craze
for standardizing all things, and bringing them
within the rigid lines of a system, that modern
publishers bring out so many of their books in
series. Doubtless, also, there is an economic
side to the question. One volume in a series
helps to sell the others; and both individuals
and public libraries are sometimes subject to
the weakness of subscribing for a set of books,
where one or two volumes are all they need,
merely because of a vague but compelling im-
pulse toward completeness. From the point of
view of the reading public, the tendency cannot
generally be commended. It has resulted in a
multitude of made-to-order books, based on the
utterly false premise that radically different
communities may be measured with the same
foot-rule; and in many cases, too, it has led to
the duplication of books covering the same field
from substantially the same point of view.
A case in point is Mr. J. K. Goodrich's vol-
ume on "The Coming Canada," in the "World
To-day Series." If the promise of the title
were really fulfilled, there would be room enough
*THE COMING CANADA. By Joseph King Goodrich.
Illustrated. Chicago : A. C. McClurg & Co.
for it; but as a matter of fact one finds in it
very little that is not already contained in such
a recent volume as Griffith's "Dominion of
Canada." It is entertaining and readable, but
otherwise scarcely worth while. Moreover, one
finds in the book errors of fact or judgment
which are rather inexcusable in a man of Mr.
Goodrich's standing. To cite but a few : The
statement that Sebastian Cabot discovered
Hudson Bay (p. 47) will scarcely be endorsed
by historical students familiar with all the docu-
ments. The name Kaministiquia (or Kaminis-
tikwia, as it is now spelled) has not "disap-
peared from our modern maps" (p. 61). To
describe the Upper Canadian Rebellion as " in
the nature of turbulent protest by the French
Canadians," etc. (p. 95), is little short of ludi-
crous. So far from the head of the Department
of External Affairs of Canada not being a
Cabinet officer (p. 100), that portfolio is held
by the Prime Minister. A statement on the
same page reveals a very common misconcep-
tion of the relative responsibilities of members
of the cabinet in Canada and the United States.
The Secretary of the Interior of the United
States (to take an example) has no serious re-
sponsibilities outside his own department. The
Minister of the Interior of Canada, in addition
to the work of his department, is a member of
the House of Commons, and for six or eight
months of every year he must be in his seat in
Parliament, taking part in debates, introducing
legislation, defending the administration of which
he is a member and especially his own partic-
ular department. The former is responsible to
the President alone ; the latter is responsible to
Parliament, and to his constituents. The sug-
gestion (p. 131) of a canoe trip, as a summer's
holiday, from Winnipeg to Hudson Bay, and
back by way of Hudson Straits, the Labrador
coast, and Newfoundland, leaves one gasping.
Mr. Goodrich says (p. 212), speaking of the
glaciers in the Canadian Rockies, " most of these
Canadian ice-rivers are small." He can scarcely
have heard of the Lyell Glacier, eight miles in
length, exceeding anything in the Alps; or the
vast Columbia Ice-field two hundred square
miles in extent and thirty miles long, with its
circle of giant glaciers. Mount Assiniboine
(p. 214) was successfully climbed by James
Outram in 1901. Mr. W. D. Wilcox, whose
" Rockies of Canada " is cited on this same page,
mentions the fact, and it is of course fully de-
scribed in Outram's " In the Heart of the Cana-
dian Rockies." Mr. Goodrich has apparently
not yet heard that the old fable as to the immense
1914]
THE DIAL
21
height of Mounts Brown and Hooker (p. 214)
was exploded by Professor Coleman of Toronto
University twenty years ago. The North West
Company never had offices in Toronto (p. 272) ;
Toronto did not exist in 1779. The head-
quarters of the Company were in Montreal.
A useful Bibliography is appended to the
book, but even here one finds the need of some
criticism. The "Remarkable History of the
Hudson's Bay Company" is by George Bryce,
not by Bryce and Campbell ; and it was pub-
lished in 1900, not 1911. On the other hand,
" The Scotsman in Canada " is by Bryce and
Campbell, not by George Bryce. "Stretfield
and Collie " should read " Stutfield and Collie ";
and there seems no sufficient reason for includ-
ing the two entries, "Champlain Society,
Toronto, Publications" and "Publications of
the Champlain Society, Toronto." It would
have added to the value of the Bibliography if
such superficial sketches as Copping's " Canada
To-day and To-morrow" and "The Golden
Land," Vernede's "The Fair Dominion," and
Talbot's "New Garden of Canada" had been
omitted, and a number of books of more lasting
value listed in their place. One notes, for
instance, the omission of Bourinot's " Parliamen-
tary Procedure and Government in Canada,"
and his smaller work " How Canada is Gov-
erned"; of Tracy's "Tercentenary History of
Canada," and the works of the principal French-
Canadian historians, Garneau, Ferland, and
Suite. One or two of the older books of travel
are listed, but not Harmon or Paul Kane,
Franchere or Alexander Ross, or Milton and
Cheadle's delightful "North West Passage by
Land." Masson's " Bourgeois de la Compagnie
du Nordouest " should have been included even
in a brief bibliography ; also Hornaday's " Camp-
fires in the Canadian Rockies " and Wheeler's
" The Selkirk Range." Gagnon's " Chansons
Populaires " is the standard work on the sub-
ject, and very much more comprehensive than
Robertson's "French Songs by Old Canadians."
LAWRENCE J. BURPEE.
MR. TIGHE HOPKINS, in his book entitled " Wards
of the State " (Little, Brown, & Co.), brings into inter-
esting form of expression the convictions of many
practical criminologists. He writes from the English
standpoint, but the principles of reformatory treatment
and individualization of method are familiar in America.
The accounts of prison life are vividly presented, and
the recent development of methods of detecting crime
and identifying offenders is clearly described. The
story of the suffragists in durance vile one is tempted to
quote; it is interesting but not agreeable.
RECENT FICTION.*
The present season is a notable one for novel*
of exceptional quality and interest, and its long
list of important works of fiction includes no work
more appealingly human than "The Garden without
Walls," by a new writer, Mr. Coningsby Dawson.
In form, it is an autobiography, beginning with
those memories of early childhood that a few fortu-
nate mortals are privileged to preserve undimmed
through all the years. It was in a London suburb
that the narrator first began "to dream of a garden
without walls." He had lost his mother in infancy,
and lived with his father, a scholarly recluse, in
a house with a closed garden. "As I grew older
I became curious, and fretted with the narrowness
of my restraint. What happened over there in the
great beyond? Rumors came to me; sometimes it
was the roar of London to the southward; some-
times it was the sing-song of a mower traversing a
neighbor's lawn. I dreamt of an unwalled garden,
through which a child might wander on forever —
an Eden, where each step revealed a new beauty
and a fresh surprise, where flowers grew always and
there were no doors to lock." The life of Dante
Cardover, as he grew up, was a quest for this gar-
den of heart's desire. The quest began by a literal
scaling of the home garden wall, and discovering
Ruthita, the little girl who lived next door. Ruthita
became annexed to the family when the elder
Cardover married her widowed mother, and the
two children grew up joyously together. An esca-
pade with the gypsies was the great adventure of
their childhood. Then the boy was sent to school,
to be withdrawn when an unfortunate speculation
cut down the family resources. But his education
is continued somehow, and he wins a fellowship at
an Oxford college. Taking his degree, he starts
out on the search for his garden, and meets Vi in a
seaside village. His heart goes out to her, and he
* THE GARDEN WITHOUT WALLS. By Coningsby Dawson.
New York : Henry Holt & Co.
GENERAL JOHN REGAN. By G. A. Birmingham. New
York : George H. Doran Co.
BENDISH. A Study in Prodigality. By Maurice Hewlett.
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE DARK FLOWER. By John Galsworthy. New York :
Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE PASSIONATE FRIENDS. By H. G. Wells. New York :
Harper & Brothers.
YOUTH'S ENCOUNTER. By Compton Mackenzie. New
York : D. Appleton & Co.
JOAN THURSDAY. By Louis Joseph Vance. Boston :
Little, Brown, & Co.
DOWN AMONG MEN. By Will Levington Comfort. New
York : George H. Doran Co.
THE VALLEY OF THE MOON. By Jack London, New
York : The Macmillan Co.
THE LAW-BKINGERS. By G. B. Lancaster. New York :
George H. Doran Co.
THE HONORABLE SENATOR SAGE-BRUSH. By Francis
Lynde. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE SPIDER'S WEB. By Reginald Wright Kaufman.
New York : Moffat, Yard & Co.
22
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
falls irrevocably in love before he learns that she
is married — the child-wife of an American old
enough to be her father. The mischief is done, for
his love is returned, and he remains faithful to her
for years, and all but persuades her to set society
at defiance by deserting her husband for his sake.
But her better nature prevails over her passion,
and she returns to her Massachusetts home. Then
Dante becomes a wanderer, and in Florence meets
Fiesole, a bewitching creature who had tried to
flirt with him in his school-days, and who has
grown into a creature all air and fire, prodigal of
a love which his devotion to the impossible ideal
which Vi represents forces him to put aside. Then
he goes to America, sees Vi once more, and parts
from her when they both realize that renunciation
is the only course open to them. Returning to En-
gland, Dante becomes a landed proprietor through
the death of his grandfather, but his heart-hunger
is still unappeased. Journeying to Paris, he redis-
covers Fiesole, now become a famous actress, and
realizes too late the treasure of the love that might
have been his for the taking in the old Florentine
days. A season of delirious companionship follows,
and he thinks he has won her, when she turns her
back upon him, and disappears from the scene.
This is the inconclusive end of the story, for
Ruthita, whom he has always regarded as a sister,
and who might have brought him the happiness
that has ever eluded his pursuit, has made a mar-
iage de convenance, and is also lost to him. The
life-story of Dante Cardover is a pathetic record of
failure, and the fruit of the only garden that he
finds turns to ashes in his mouth. This sorry
scheme of things entire has proved too much for
him to cope with, and yet he is not without his
compensating memories. He has twice known the
full intoxication of love in its best sense — the sense
in which Rossetti conceived it when he wrote of one
" Whose speech Truth knows not from her thought,
Nor Love her body from her soul " —
the love in which the spiritual and the sensuous are
blended in perfect harmony. We feel throughout
that this delicately-wrought and exquisite piece of
fiction is the work of an artist with a conscience —
of a man who does not palter with the ethical verities
or seek to make the worse appear the better reason,
and yet of one who has the truest sympathy with
the frailties of human nature and the deepest insight
into human motive. In a word, he never permits
us to forget that life is a thing of stern reality, no
matter how beautifully-colored its imagined exterior.
Canon Hannay, having written the play of " Gen-
eral John Regan," which has recently been produced
for the delight of New Yorkers and others, proceeded
to convert it into a novel with the same title, a pro-
ceeding rarely to be commended, but in this case
proved by the result to have been entirely justifiable.
The idea underlying both works is that of which Lady
Gregory made effective use in "The Image" — the
idea of erecting a statue to the memory of an im-
aginary Irishman. A travelling American named
Horace P. Billing arrives one day in Ballymoy in
his motor-car, and gets an impression of the place
which he afterwards records in these vigorous terms :
''When I first set eyes on this town a month ago I
thought I had bumped up against the most dead-alive,
God-forsaken, one-horse settlement that Europe could
boast." Thinking to start something, he asks to be
directed to the statue of General John Regan. No
one can gratify his wish, for the excellent reasons
that there is no such memorial and that no such
person ever existed. So he goes on to explain that
Regan was a famous Irish patriot who had devoted
his sword to the liberation of Bolivia, in which coun-
try his name was enshrined in every heart, and
that Ballymoy, his native place, surely should have
paid him some sort of monumental honor. At this
juncture, it was Dr. Lucius O'Grady who gave the
townspeople their cue. It was clearly a case of "Si
Dieu n'existait pas, il faudraif Vinventer" and
Dr. O'Grady at once improvised the necessary hero.
He said, under the stimulus of an offered subscription
of one hundred pounds from the American visitor,
that plans for the statue were well under way, and
that it would soon be ready for unveiling. So much
good money should not be allowed to get away
from Ballymoy, and so all the leading citizens lent
themselves to the imposture, lying about the affair
with the easy or expert grace of which only Irishmen
are capable. The house in which Regan was born
is pointed out to the visitor, the site prepared for
the statue is indicated, and Mary Ellen, a drudge at
the town tavern, is trotted out as the famous patriot's
nearest living relative. Dr. O'Grady has some diffi-
culties in getting all his allies into line, for Major
Kent has scruples, the parish priest has fears lest
Regan may have been an atheist or a Jacobin, Thady
Gallagher, the nationalist editor and agitator, has
dark suspicions, and Doyle, the publican, has to be
persuaded that there is something in it for him.
These difficulties are all overcome by Dr. O'Grady's
glib persuasiveness, and the preparations for the
civic function go merrily on. Doyle's nephew, a
mortuary sculptor in Dublin, has an effigy on hand
which, with slight alterations, will serve the purpose,
and this is secured, to the profit of Doyle and his
nephew. The Lord-Lieutenant accepts an invitation
to act as master of ceremonies, and all the delicate
diplomatic problems of precedence are solved by the
inventive O'Grady. When the great day arrives,
having discovered at the last moment that Regan
is a myth, he sends his aide-de-camp to represent him,
and make an indignant demand for explanation of
the imposture. This official is mere putty in O'Grady's
hands, who cajoles him into fulfilling his allotted
function, and the ceremony goes off with great eclat.
The question of music for the band to play is a seri-
ous matter, but O'Grady makes the lucky discovery
that the government official does not know one tune
from another, and so "The Wearing of the Green"
is performed in place of " Rule Britannia " and " God
Save the King," thereby soothing the nationalist
susceptibilities of the excitable Thady Gallagher,
1914]
THE DIAL
23
who would otherwise have been quite capable of
upsetting the whole affair. Billing turns up at the
critical moment, and is much surprised to see what
has grown out of the seed of his planting. But he
proves a good sport, and more than fulfils his
promises. This is one of the most joyous stories
that Canon Hannay has given us, and offers the
most delightful entertainment imaginable.
Mr. Maurice Hewlett overworks his vein. The
rich ore becomes exhausted, and it is too evident
that what he gives us afterward are tailings. It
was so with the trilogy of Sanchia novels, each of
which was thinner than the one before, and it is so
again with " Bendish," which continues the story of
the group presented in "Mrs. Lancelot." It is true
that Bendish is a new figure, but Georgiana and
Gervase Poore and the Iron Duke are those upon
which the author wellnigh exhausted his powers of
analysis in the earlier novel. What he has to say
of them now is either repetition or finical elaboration
of what he said before. Of Bendish, it may be said
at once that Byron sat for his portrait — a fact suffi-
ciently obvious to all but the literal-minded who may
urge that Byron was dead at the time of the Reform
Bill, and that, anyway, he never fought a duel with
Shelley. As the one original feature of the new
novel, this character-study is all that saves it from
futility. It is not wholly fair to the poet, because
it places overmuch emphasis upon his weaknesses.
After all, he was more than a, poseur, and his vapor-
ings were more than the rhetorical exhibitions of an
inordinate self-conceit. Considered as pure fiction,
the characterization might fairly be described as
masterly, but we are not permitted so to consider it
as clearly a distortion of the features of a real man.
In this novel, as in its predecessor, the Duke of
Devizes is the figure most sympathetically conceived,
and we are always glad when he appears upon the
scene. He represents the true type of aristocrat,
as distinguished from the sham type personified by
Bendish.
"The Dark Flower," according to Mr. John
Galsworthy, is the flower of passionate love, which
may blossom in the waste spaces of life at almost
any age. In the life of Mark Lennan, it bursts
into bloom upon three occasions, the episodes being
respectively labelled " spring," " summer," and
"autumn." This suggests the scheme of Mr.
Thomas Hardy's "The Well-Beloved," although the
three women in the present case are not in one line
of descent. Mark's first affair is with the wife of
his Oxford tutor, a woman old enough to be his
mother. The second, several years later, is with a
young married woman, the wife of a member of
Parliament, and she comes to a tragic end one night
on the river, when the jealous husband breaks in
upon their embraces. The third is an Irish girl,
the daughter of an old-time comrade, who comes
into the middle age of his life, and disturbs its
tranquil flow with the appeal of her fresh youth
and beauty very much as Hilde stirred the emotions
of Solness. This affair ends in the bitterness of an
unavoidable renunciation. Besides the three women
already mentioned, there is Sylvia, whom Mark has
married after his recovery from the tragic episode
of " summer." We mention Sylvia incidentally,
because she does not count for much in the story
of Mark's emotional life, although she seems to be
a lovely creature, and quite as good a wife as Mark
deserves. The whole history is delicately told, with
much subtle analysis, vivid exposition, and the
charm of style in which few living writers equal
Mr. Galsworthy. This writer never hesitates to
play fast and loose with any of the conventions or
institutions of ordered society, always finding in
the claims of sentiment his ready justification, but,
with all his artistry, he does not often succeed in
being morally convincing.
It seems to be almost impossible for our "ad-
vanced " modern novelists to write a love story that
is not based upon adultery. The honest love of a
man for a woman appears to be too tame an affair
to be deserving of their attention. For example,
the narrator in "The Passionate Friends," a novel
in the first person by Mr. H. G. Wells, speaks thus
of his illicit relation with another man's wife: "I
wanted to be open and defiant, and she — hesitated.
She wanted to be secret. She wanted to keep me;
I sometimes think that she was moved to become
my mistress because she wanted to keep me. But
she wanted to keep everything else in her life, — her
position, her ample freedom and wealth and dignity.
Our love was to be a secret cavern, Endymion's cave.
I was ready enough to do what I could to please
her, and for a time I served that secrecy, lied, pre-
tended, agreed to false addresses, assumed names,
and tangled myself in a net-work of furtive pro-
ceedings. These are things that poison and con-
sume honest love." The italics are ours. We use
them for the purpose of emphasizing the nauseous
cant by which such situations are defended. A little
further on, we read that " there is an invincible sense
of wild Tightness about passionate love that no rea-
soning and no training will ever altogether repudi-
ate," and this is all the justification for immorality
that the flabby ethics of the fashionable novelist
seems to require. But we are constrained to believe
that there is a reasoning and a training that will
fortify the character against such sophistries; if
there were not, we should despair of education and,
of society. The passionate "friends" of this story
cannot unite their lives legally because the man is
too poor, and the woman too worldly to make the
sacrifice of becoming his wife. That is the cold
fact that underlies all this fine talk about the rights
of the soul, and all these labored apologies for the
sin in which the "friends" afterwards live. When
they are discovered, the man goes to South Africa,
distinguishes himself in the war, returns, and marries
a girl who is much too good for him. But even
then he cannot escape from the obsession of his old
passion, and the intrigue is ended only by the woman's
24
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
suicide. There is a great deal of vaporing about
some reorganized society of the future in which un-
restrained individualism shall have the final word,
but the author does not tell us how the integrity of
the family and the stability of the social order are
to be protected in that Utopia — for the excellent
reason that he does not know himself. The story is
told in the form of a confession made for the guid-
ance of the narrator's son when he shall have grown
to manhood, and is intolerably weighted with analy-
sis and introspective philosophizing. It is a story
that tingles with life and teems with ideas — of a
kind — expressed in the striking and sometimes
exalted style which the author has at his command.
But we balk at the "background of high idealism
and prophecy of the future" claimed for it in the
publishers' advertisements.
Mr. Compton Mackenzie's " Youth's Encounter "
is a book that takes five hundred pages to tell the
story of a boy's life up to the age of twenty or there-
abouts. It discusses in appalling detail his childhood
and adolescence, taking him through his public school
days and finally plumping him upon the world. We
suppose that later volumes will carry on his story
upon the same scale. He is an illegitimate child of
the Earl of Saxby, a fact that he first learns when
his mother apprises him of it after his father's death
at the close of the work. During this boyhood life,
he is thrown mainly upon his own resources (although
he is materially well cared for), owing to the fact
that his mother spends most of her time abroad in
her lover's company. These unfortunate conditions
seem to be carefully concealed from the world, and
thus do not inure to his social disadvantage, as it
might have been supposed that they would. This
prefatory quotation from Keats supplies a real guide
to Mr. Mackenzie's aim in portraying the boy's char-
acter and development: " The imagination of a boy
is healthy, and the mature imagination of a man
is healthy ; but there is a space of life between, in
which the soul is in ferment; the character unde-
cided, the ambition thick-sighted." This condition
of "soul-ferment" means, among other things, a
certain measure of nasty suggestiveness in matters
of sex, and the writer is unsparingly frank in deal-
ing with these matters when they come up for men-
tion, but they are not given an undue proportion of
consideration, and for this we are thankful, thinking
what might have been made of them. The book
impresses us as an honest piece of artistic workman-
ship, aiming at the exact truth of the adolescent
period, and achieving that aim with much success.
It has sustained interest at almost all points, despite
its leisurely course and extreme particularity.
Mr. Louis Joseph Vance, hitherto known as a
concocter of fantastic melodrama and a purveyor of
breathless excitement, has turned over a new leaf.
His previous novels have been almost beneath con-
tempt; his "Joan Thursday," now published, is a
serious study of life and character which makes
us marvel that the faculty here revealed should
so long have remained latent. It is a real novel,
of the kind that Mr. Herrick, for example, writes,
and demands to be judged by exacting critical
standards. It is a story of the theatre, and Mr.
Vance brings to its writing a wide and intimate
knowledge of the affairs of the stage in New York :
he shows us the typical figures that move in that
world apart from the rest of life, the theatrical
boarding-house keeper, the manager and the pro-
ducer, the ever-hopeful but oft disappointed play-
wright, and the various derelicts of the profession
itself. He gives us their tricks of speech and gesture,
and imparts to us their outlook upon life. He does
all this much as Mr. Leonard Merrick does it for
the English setting, and he gives it all the same
surprising freshness of interest. His central figure
is a full-length portrait of the girl who is determined
to escape from sordid conditions, and fixes upon the
stage as the means of emancipation. Joan is a
shop-girl, vulgar and material, not immoral but
unmoral, wishing to keep on the side of respecta-
bility as far as outward appearances are concerned,
but not unwilling to make secret terms with the
devil. She has youthful freshness and beauty, but
not genius, and it is through unwavering determi-
nation and shrewdness in grasping opportunity that
she so makes her way that we leave her in the end
a recognized success. She has got what she wanted,
but we feel that she has paid heavily for it, and
that her character has steadily deteriorated as her
professional prospects have brightened. Her love
for the playwright who chivalrously came to her aid
in her hour of distress might have been the means
of her salvation if she had only cherished it ; instead,
she chose to cast it aside for the sake of marriage
to the cheap vaudeville actor with whom she becomes
infatuated. When she takes this step, we feel that
it is all over with her as far as our sympathies are
concerned, and she becomes henceforth merely a
curious object of study in the successive phases of
her evolution. She remains interesting to us, be-
cause she is always a little baffling, and because
she is working out her career on the shifty and
compromising lines which the average man or woman
follows for lack of the anchor of a strong person-
ality. Mr. Vance's treatment of her does not seem
to be ironic as we follow it, yet when we come to
the last words, "She was a success," we suddenly
realize that his observation must have had the tinge
of irony from the start. Joan's men — the play-
wright, the vaudeville actor, the gilded youth about
town, and the professional sensualist — are all pho-
tographically pictured and true to type. Such a gift
for characterization as is here revealed is beyond
anything that we had ever expected of Mr. Vance.
" It was all too dreamy to put into words yet —
woman's power, her bounty, her mystic valor, the
tenderness and unconscious high behavior of un-
known women everywhere, in whose hearts the
sufferings of others find arable ground." In spite
of this feeling (or conviction), Mr. Will Levington
1914]
THE DIAL
25
Comfort does his best to put it into words, and with
an ever-increasing power of expression. He has con-
stituted himself the prophet of a very different sort
of feminism from that which shrieks in the market-
place and engages in a frantic scramble for a share
of the goods and the functions that the instinct of the
race has allotted to the stronger sex. It is the
feminism which found its loveliest flowering in the
age of chivalry, when it was woman's chief glory to
win and deserve the worship of man — in the days
before she had "cheapen'd Paradise," and had not
forced poets to say of her regretfully :
" How given for nought her priceless gift,
How spoil'd the bread and spill'd the wine,
Which, spent with due respective thrift,
Had made brutes men, and men divine ! "
Mr. Comfort's " Down among Men " is the story of
a man who, through the spiritual ministry of a high-
souled woman, became almost divine, because he
became filled with that deep compassion for his fel-
lows which Christianity has always exalted as chief
among the attributes of divinity. It is only through
suffering and renunciation that this power may come
to complete fruition, and John Morning achieved it
only at the cost of a woman's love — the love of the
woman who is all the world to him. The sacrifice
is forced upon him, in a way, for it is the woman
who conceives the idea that it is her sacred obliga-
tion, and who leaves him to work out his spiritual
salvation in solitary anguish of soul. This is almost
too poignant to be bearable, and that Mr. Comfort
should have deemed it necessary seems to us to de-
note a strain of morbidity in his conception of life.
It is the perversion of the Christian spirit which has
been responsible for the excesses of puritanism and
asceticism, and which developed the noble but un-
natural ideal of celibacy in the practice of the church.
Mr. Comfort's thought needs a corrective, in the
form of an infusion of hellenistic humanism, and if
he does not care to go to the source for this remedy,
we recommend to him a stiff course of Goethe. The
opening of this novel is stirring and vivid, being based
upon the author's experience as a correspondent in
the war between Russia and Japan. His picture of
the struggle in the field of Kao liang — the Chinese
millet — out of which was born Morning's great
resolution, has the Tolstoyan handling, and the spirit
of Tolstoy informs the subsequent developments of
Morning's character. How he gets his story through
to San Francisco, how he meets the woman in the
hospital, how he plunges into a debauch when he
is left without her, how a renewal of her companion-
ship restores his soul, and how, bereft of her by her
supreme act of self-sacrifice, he finds himself com-
pletely and learns the utmost meaning of consecra-
tion, setting down in words that burn the true
significance of war — these are the things that follow
the dramatic prologue, and are set forth with a sense
of beauty and a power of conviction that are expres-
sive of the author's terrible earnestness and deep
sincerity. " It is a story of the path at our feet, of
the Compassionates who draw near to speak, when
we are brave enough to listen, of the women who
walk beside us. A tale of the road as we go —
many are ahead, many behind — but we do not travel
this stretch again." " Down among Men " seems
to us the most exalted and appealing story that Mr.
Comfort has thus far written.
It is a new Jack London who appeals to us as a
preacher of the simple life in "The Valley of the
Moon." He does not appear in the disguise all at
once, however, and for the first half of the story
he is still familiar as the impassioned advocate of
socialism and the exalter of men with red blood in
their veins. His hero, Billy Roberts, is an Oak-
land teamster, who does occasional stunts of prize-
fighting "on the side," and who is a singular
compound of brutality and gentleness. His gentle
side is displayed toward Saxon Brown, a girl who
works in a laundry, and it wins her love. When
hard times come, and he is out of work in conse-
quence of a strike, his brutal side is evidenced by
his slugging "scab" teamsters and breaking their
arms. When his own arms are broken by another
plug-ugly on account of a mistaken identification, it
strikes us as an example of righteous retribution.
We are now midway in the narrative, and at this
point the pair form a great resolution. They will
forsake the city and turn to the soil for a living.
They start out, all their worldly goods on their
backs, in search of a new home. They tramp up
and down California and Oregon, and are aston-
ished at the opportunities the country offers to a
man who is not afraid to work — and this at the
very time when men are maiming and killing each
other in the frantic struggle for jobs in the city.
They become so enamored of life in the open air
that even the thought of moving pictures does not
tempt them to seek the old ways of city life. They
learn that there is such a thing as intensive cultiva-
tion, and that a man may gain wealth from a very
few acres if only he will deal with them intelligently.
Finally, they find a small irrigated fruit farm in
"The Valley of the Moon," which exactly fits their
needs, and they settle down upon it with every pros-
pect of success and happiness. This seems to us to
be the most wholesome book, as well as the most
interesting, that Mr. London has written, and his
new gospel of " back to nature" is a far more accept-
able one than the sordid and violent socialistic gos-
pel that he has hitherto mainly dinned into our ears.
The Canadian Mounted Police force has often
figured in works of fiction — in the books of Mr.
Bindloss and "Ralph Connor," for example — but
never before quite so effectively as in Mr. G. B.
Lancaster's "The Law-Bringers." This story of
life in the northern wilderness is marked by great
powers of characterization and beauty of style as
well as by swift dramatic movement and successful
construction. It is the story of two officers of the
force, close friends at heart, yet at odds with one
another in vital matters. A half-breed woman,
extraordinarily fascinating and the very incarnation
26
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
of primitive sensuous animality, becomes the object
of a mad infatuation on the part of one of the men,
whereupon the other lures her away, not in pursuance
of his own desires — which are irrevocably fixed
upon another object of affection — but to open his
friend's eyes and save him from himself. This re-
sults in a series of tense situations, which are master-
fully handled, and have for their setting the awful
solitudes of the frozen north. The author brings to
his task the most intimate knowledge of the scenes
described and the most deeply human sympathies.
All the way through the book we were conscious of
something elusively familiar, and this consciousness
eventually crystallized in the thought that it was
just such a book as Mr. Conrad might have written
of these people and places. To say this is to bestow
high praise indeed, but not higher, we think, than is
deserved. The matter-of-fact stories of Mr. Bindloss
become mere stage-carpentry in comparison with this
powerful transcription of life, and even Sir Gilbert
Parker's work in this field, steeped in poetic feeling
though it is, seems artificial melodrama.
Evan Blount, the only son of Senator Blount of
a western state which we may as well call Nevada
as anything else, has been educated at Harvard,
and is about to settle down in the East for the
practice of the law when his father sends him a
telegram suggesting that he might do worse than
come West and grow up with his native state.
When he acts upon this suggestion, he knows little
of his father, having been away from home nearly
all his life, and upon his return is surprised to find
that the " Sage-Brush Senator " is not only a man of
enormous wealth, but is also the undisputed "boss"
of a huge political machine in his state, a man who
exacts tribute from the corporations at his feet, and
who dictates the outcome of elections with absolute
authority. The young man has an equipment of
fairly-seasoned moral ideals, and is startled by what
he learns about his father's methods and activities.
It takes some time to open his eyes to the situation,
and for a while he is fooled to the top of his bent,
both by his father's own henchmen, and by the
officers of the railway corporation with which the
senator is grappling. The struggle between the
corporation and the political machine provides the
book with its substance, and when Evan discovers
that he is being made a tool of the corrupt agencies
at work, he revolts, and starts out to purify the
state, although in taking this stand, he expects that
the exposure he plans will disgrace his father and
send him to the penitentiary. In the end, it does
not turn out to be as bad as all that, and the sena-
tor even receives a thin coating of whitewash, but
the situation is tense with excitement for a while.
"The Honorable Senator Sage-Brush" is the title
of this romance of business, politics, and reform,
and the story is told by Mr. Francis Lynde with all
the crispness and forcef ulness that he has taught us
to expect. Its greatest success is in the portraiture
of Senator Blount — shrewd, self-possessed, grimly
humorous, and human enough to make us almost
ready to condone his evil practices.
Mr. Reginald Wright Kaufman prefaces his
new novel, "The Spider's Web," with an "Ex-
planation." In this document he tells us that he
planned four years ago a cycle of four novels, "all
carrying forward a definite view of life." That view
appears to be the Tolstoyan opinion that all com-
pulsion is evil, but there is a good deal of question-
begging in the author's use of the word "compul-
sion." For example, it is the "compulsion" of
inadequate wages that forces girls into the career so
realistically described in "The House of Bondage."
In "The Sentence of Silence," it is "compulsion"
that keeps young people in ignorance of the facts
of sex to their undoing. In "Running Sands," the
argument ran against "compulsion by matrimony"
— "the forcing of wives to become mothers" be-
cause they have accepted the responsibilities of wed-
lock. One might say something in behalf of duty
in these cases, but this aspect of the subject Mr.
Kaufman conveniently ignores. In "The Spider's
Web," the author inveighs against "the sin of com-
pulsion exerting itself against humanity in all the
powers that conduct modern society ; in the owner-
ship of men and things; in our entire system of
production and distribution, and in the creatures
and ministers of that system : Government, Politics,
Law, and what passes by the name of Religion."
In this novel, the arch- villain, who is the "spider,"
is unnamed, but designated simply as " a man."
This abstinence from indulgence in personality will
not deceive any one, for in the character thus styled
there are so many traits taken from the life of the
late J. Pierpont Morgan that there is no difficulty
in discovering the portrait to be a caricature of that
eminent financier. No more wool is pulled over
our eyes than was done in the case of Mr. Hewlett's
Bendish, who is clearly Byron projected into the
years following his death. The protagonist in this
fiction — the undaunted David who arms himself
with a sling against this Goliath — is our old friend
the district attorney, who has done valiant battle
against the powers of corruption in so many recent
novels of the muck-raking type. The fact that he
wages a losing fight, and is broken in the end, is
the main differentiation in the present case, for Mr.
Kaufman will have none of the optimism implied
by the happy ending, and preserves a consistently
dismal outlook. The last words of the dying hero
are these : " God damn your system and your poli-
tics! God damn your law and your government!
God damn your god ! " Mr. Kaufman probably
thinks that -this is strong writing, but it must be
urged that there is nothing very constructive in
such an attitude toward a social organization, which,
however bad, is doubtless working its way darkly
in the direction of the good. This crude and melo-
dramatic anarchism is too emotional to be impres-
sive, and too biassed to make any serious appeal to
the rational mind. WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
THE DIAL,
27
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Reflections
of a veteran
naturalist.
With the passing of the years Mr.
John Burroughs's contributions to
the literature of natural history gain
in richness and ripeness, showing in each successive
volume an increased keenness of observation, an
added literary charm, a wiser philosophy of life in
its immeasurable wholeness and wonderfulness.
That even now, in his eighth decade, his eye is not
dim or his natural force abated, is made strikingly
evident on every page of his latest hook, "The
Summit of the Years" (Houghton). The personal,
autobiographic note that sounds so pleasantly in
many a paragraph is heard in the preface, in which
he says: "It seems as if one never could get to the
end of all the delightful things there are to know,
and to observe, and to speculate about in the world.
Nature is always young, and there is no greater
felicity than to share in her youth. I still find each
day too short for all the thoughts I want to think,
all the walks I want to take, all the books I want
to read, and all the friends I want to see." Again
it is heard, and more clearly, in the opening chapter,
which gives its title to the whole collection, and
which reveals with charming frankness something
of the innermost nature of the man. Another
chapter, "A Barn- Door Outlook," combines delight-
fully both the intimately personal and the natural-
historical quality. In certain richly suggestive
reflections on "The Hit-and-Miss Methods of Na-
ture," the writer makes it clear even to an unsci-
entific reader that no scheme of evolution, ideally
perfect though it may be in theory, can claim
exemption from an infinity of disconcerting limita-
tions and modifications. In other words, the vast,
inexplicable mystery, as well as the beauty and
order, of the universe is made more undeniable as
we turn the pages of this clear-eyed and thoughtful
student of nature's methods. With the vexed
question of animal intelligence he promises his
readers that he will never again trouble either them
or himself. One cannot but query whether the
whole controversy has not arisen from an imperfect
initial agreement on what intelligence really is as
distinguished from instinct. A few more chapter-
headings may serve here to whet still further the
reader's desire. "A Hay-Barn Idyl," "In the
Noon of Science," "Untaught Wisdom," "The
Round World," "In Field and Wood," and "The
Bow in the Clouds " might be named as among the
book's best chapters, were it not nearer the truth to
say that its contents are uniformly excellent. A
good portrait of the author in an environment at
once appropriate and picturesque appears as fron-
tispiece.
A new series The third volume of Mr. Edwin
of strindbera's Bjorkman's translation of Strind-
translatedplavs. berg>8 playg (Scribner) is not the
least interesting of the series. In the words of Mr.
BjOrkman, this collection "is unusually representa-
tive, giving what might be called a cross-section of
Strindberg's development as a dramatist from his
naturalistic revolt in the middle eighties, to his final
arrival at resigned mysticism and Swedenborgian
symbolism." The reader travels from 1888 to 1907,
and from Nietzsche to Maeterlinck and Sweden-
borg, — a sufficient journey for anyone to make
between the two covers of a book. "Swanwhite,"
the long fairy tale given the place of honor in this
volume, is to us the least interesting of all. Strind-
berg was avowedly inspired by Maeterlinck to dig
for this tale in his own mines; and while the influ-
ence of Maeterlinck is everywhere apparent, there
is not as much allegorical consistency even as in
the Belgian's tales. And there is immeasurably
less appeal to children about it. As a fairy-tale,
"Advent" (here described as "a miracle play") is
much better. Despite elements and details of un-
questioned power, the dream-current of sheer fancy
and the rather ostentatious strain of religious senti-
mentalism break up repeatedly both imaginative and
reflective thought. "Simoon" is a single-act piece
of great power. Its exhibition of the relentless
force of suggestion on a human mind, and the work-
ing of an implacable hatred, is probably unsurpassed
in literature. As a drama, "Debit and Credit"
bears the palm. This is an attempt to embody the
Nietzschean idea of a super-man. We doubt if a
single act ever before involved and evolved such a
tangled skein of life. On the whole, the sympathies
of the spectator incline to the super-man, but with
many a puzzled glance at the other actors in the
little play. Strindberg's intellectual fairness and
his almost uncanny power of showing both sides of
the truth are nowhere shown to better advantage.
"The Thunder Storm" and "After the Fire" are
largely autobiographic. The former records the
pathos of the effort to find peace in old age. The
hero is of course not strictly a hero, and the curtain
falls amidst a depth of unrelieved gloom. If one
were to take "After the Fire" at its face value, one
would conclude that Strindberg believed every family
history to be rotten to the core, — a heap of putres-
cent lies. Perhaps in reading the whole of Strind-
berg's work at a stretch one would get the proper
balance for such a play as this. But an artist can-
not make this demand; he must content himself
with an hour of our time. Thus it is that "After
the Fire " cannot fail to depress beyond words.
Outlines of America is a fruitful field for the-
United States historian, and continues to be worked!
history. and often re-worked. Professor John
Spencer Bassett's "Short History of the United'
States " (Macmillan) is the latest volume to court
the favor of educators and general readers. The
author's sense of proportion is fairly good, though
there is a slight tendency toward too mnch military
history, especially in dealing with the Civil and
Spanish wars. The newer idea in the writing of
history has become too strong to be ignored, and its
influence is seen here in the amount of space devoted^
28
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
to economic and social conditions. Yet the real bear-
ing of these conditions is not always made plain.
For example, the financial and commercial disorders
following the Revolution are briefly described, some-
what after the manner of Fiske ; but the real connec-
tion of the moneyed and commercial classes with the
movement for a stronger national government is not
made unmistakably clear. When the reader learns
that many of the most active leaders in the Conven-
tion of 1787 held securities, he will better appreciate
their desire for a government with power to collect
taxes and pay its debts in none but good money. The
remark of Gerry, that New England would never
join the Union unless Congress was clothed with
power to pass a Navigation Act, makes clear the
commercial ends of that section. The members of
the Society of the Cincinnati, and other holders of
western lands, wanted to see the value of their lands
enhanced, and so they supported the Constitution.
Professor Bassett says that the men of the Rev-
olution hated nothing more than monarchy and aris-
tocracy. But their hatred of these forms was only
equalled by their fear of democracy, and so they pro-
ceeded to curb democracy by creating a new form
of aristocracy entrenched with privileges. To break
the force of this, which has retreated from one strong-
hold to another, has been the main task of democ-
racy ever since. In its treatment of the latest phase
of this struggle, the book is somewhat disappointing.
It tells briefly of the growth of the trusts, railroad
building and railroad stealing, the attempts at con-
servation of natural resources (though little about
their rape), pension graft, etc.; but there is little
about the movements of democracy, beyond a record
of legislative enactments (the connection of which
with economic conditions is not always made clear)
having for their end the recovery of its own. Pos-
sibly the limitations of space had something to do
with this, as intimated in the Preface ; but one is
not sure that Professor Bassett really understands
the deeper significance of economic and social move-
ments and their relation to that political and con-
stitutional history of which he is still a devotee.
However, as historical writing now goes, he has given
us a reasonably good book, — indeed, one that is
better than most of its predecessors of like compass.
"Loiterer's Harvest" (Macmillan),
by Mr- E- v- Lucas> presents in
book-form a considerable variety of
entertaining trifles, chiefly reprinted, with varia-
tions, from "Punch," "The Pall Mall Gazette,"
and "The Guardian." Like Charles Lamb, with
•whom Mr. Lucas's name is so inseparably associated
in most readers' minds, the author of " A Little of
Everything " and " One Day and Another " is at
his best in the short essay of semi-humorous, semi-
serious, and often whimsical character; and to this
class of writing his latest book distinctly belongs.
Especially characteristic is the little paper on "In-
sulence " — not Insolence — which might almost
have come from the pen that wrote "Imperfect
Sympathies." The word "insulence," Mr. Lucas
explains, perhaps superfluously, is an invention of
his own, "a blend of 'insular' and 'insolence,' and
it was coined to describe that habit and carriage
of Englishmen abroad which are found so objec-
tionable by Continentals who have not our island
heritage of security and liberty." Another notable
chapter treats of " Thackeray at the Punch Table,"
being based on the unpublished " Dinner Diary " of
Henry Silver. Still another eminently Elian essay
describes the form in which the monthly bills of an
exceptionally honest provision-dealer, evidently
gifted with a sense of humor, are made out. Here
are two items, worded with a strict regard to the
customer's orders: "1 really tender duckling (the
last wasn't), 4s." "1 pork-pie, 2 lb., not the kind
with crust like plaster of Paris, but a soft short
crust, into which the flavour of the meat has found
its way, 2s. 4d." Truly, a pork pie fit for the
palate of the author of " A Dissertation upon Roast
Pig"! Drawings by Mr. George Morrow, one of
Mr. Punch's artists, accompany a short sketch
penned in his praise (G. M.'s, that is), and a view
of " The White House at Chelsea " appears in pho-
togravure as frontispiece.
The industries A book of undeniable "human in-
ofmediceval terest," and far less technical than
England. the title would suggest, is Mr. L. F.
Salzmann's " English Industries of the Middle Ages "
(Houghton). Whether the reader be an antiquarian,
or a member of the I. W. W., or a mere unclassified
layman, he will find distinctly absorbing and instruc-
tive matter in this volume. The chapters discuss
Mining, Quarrying, Metal- Working, Pottery, Cloth-
Making, Leather- Working, and Brewing, with a final
word on "The Control of Industry." The author's
method is " to treat the leading mediaeval industries
one by one, showing as far as possible their chief
centres, their chronological development, the condi-
tions and the methods of working." He appeals
frankly to " the general reader, equipped with in-
terest in the history of his country." The book is
authoritative, precise, based upon careful study of
documentary evidence, and is surprisingly compre-
hensive. There is no lack of specific facts and figures,
yet these are all presented in an engagingly lucid
style, entirely free from any tendency to apotheosize
statistics. Important questions regarding labor are
discussed ; and little matters of custom, honest and
dishonest, are revealed. The reader feels that the
author has selected and arranged his material with
great economy, never missing a significant item, or
failing to perceive the varied appeals that small facts
may make. The account of glass-making, for in-
stance, will interest artists, tourists, and students of
literature, as well as craftsmen. Whether by design
or by accident, almost no references to the contem-
porary literature of the Middle Ages are included,
although readers familiar with that period will find
this volume an illuminating commentary on many
passages. There are pages in the book where refer-
1914]
THE DIAL
29
ences to "Piers Plowman" would have been valu-
able,— for instance: on page 155, where the ne-
farious practice of stretching cloth overmuch is
described, an apt comparison may be made with
" Piers Plowman," B text, Passus V, lines 212-14.
It is to be hoped that Mr. Salzmann will continue to
publish his researches in economic fields, for he has
the gift of knowing what is significant.
,, Several years ago that modern
Conquering the J &
greatest of Munchausen, Dr. .b. A. book, pub-
American peaks. ]i8ned a circumstantial account of
his adventures in climbing to the summit of Mount
McKinley. His book, "The Top of Our Conti-
nent," even contains some quite impressive pictures
of the peak, with Cook's companion Barrill gallantly
waving a flag from the topmost crag. Mr. Belmore
Browne has been unkind enough to turn Cook's nar-
rative into a fairy tale. In his "Conquest of Mount
McKinley" (Putnam), he proves conclusively, not
merely by the dry testimony of facts, but by dupli-
cating Cook's photographs on the spot, that that en-
terprising explorer was twenty miles from the peak
he pretended to have climbed, and that the scene
he describes as "The Top of Our Continent — the
Summit of Mount McKinley, the highest mountain
of North America — Altitude 20,390 feet," is in
reality an excellent photograph of an outcrop of
rock in a snow-field, about 5300 feet above sea- level,
So are the mighty fallen! This, however, is only
an incident in an exceedingly interesting narrative
of Mr. Browne's attempts to reach the summit of
McKinley, — attempts which were finally crowned
with success, in July, 1912, after a series of adven-
tures that must have daunted the heart of any less
plucky and determined an explorer. The actual
summit was not reached, the explorers being driven
back by a wild blizzard when within a few hundred
feet of the top; but to all intents and purposes Mr.
Browne is perfectly justified in claiming the con-
quest of Mount McKinley. The remaining distance
consisted of a perfectly easy slope ; and nothing but
the extraordinary weather conditions, which made
it suicidal to continue, prevented him and his com-
panion, Professor Parker, from pushing on to the
summit. The book is splendidly illustrated with a
series of photographs taken by the explorers on their
several trips to and from Mount McKinley.
The nature
of hvsteria.
Dr. Charles D. Fox of Philadelphia
has brought together under the title,
"The Psycho-pathology of Hys-
teria" (Badger), a presentation which, in addition
to its direct usefulness to the medical profession,
may well influence the views of a larger public.
Hysteria has claims to be considered as one of the
most significant terms in the language. It is readily
abused, both within the medical profession and out-
side it. The physician is prone to consider too closely
the unusual and the morbid ; and the layman fights
shy of the word for fear of implying more than he is
ready to admit. Dr. Fox's book has the advantage
of incorporating the newer phases of mental disease
in which the psychic factor is more comprehensively
recognized than ever before. The importance of
suggestion is paramount; and it becomes clear that
many of the symptoms which earlier medical men
discovered as characteristic of hysteria were really
suggested by them. With the present understand-
ing of the scope of suggestion, it becomes indeed
difficult to define the symptoms of the disease. The
focus is clear, but the form and range of the orbit
are rather vague. None the less, despite the diffi-
culty of description and the common danger of lay-
ing too much stress upon extreme, if interesting cases,
there emerges a generic conception of the hysteric
vagaries definite enough to guide the practitioner
in his treatment, and illuminating for the general
student of mind. This double purpose inevitably
produces the usual difficulty of serving two masters,
with a consequent occasional neglect of the interests
of the one or the other. Admitting this drawback,
the book yet advances the facilities for adequate
acquaintance with one of the most interesting fields
of modern research in mental pathology.
Humorous, whimsical, witty, but, per-
haPs more tha.n all< mildlv 8atiri.cal
and gently cynical are the twenty-nine
short papers written by Mr. Robert J. Shores and
published under the collective title, "New Brooms"
(Bobbs-Merrill Co.). It is not so much the efficacy
of the new broom that the little essays — in some
instances, at least, not all — inculcate as the tran-
sitoriness of that efficacy. New brooms sweep
clean, but their newness is gone when sweeping day
next comes around. As a sad-eyed friend of the
present reviewer recently expressed it, " everything
peters out." At the end of the book, a supposed
author of middle age, who signs his name, " Hackett
A. Long," says in reviewing his professional experi-
ence : " My first novel has left me with a reputation,
a two-years lease of an expensive apartment, a load
of debts, an angry wife, a scrap-book filled with
favorable reviews, an unsalable manuscript, and a
prospect of bankruptcy." And he advises all hack
writers who may cherish an ambition similar to the
one that has caused his own undoing to remain con-
tent with their comfortable obscurity. Unlike the
contents of Dr. Johnson's short-lived periodical,
these modern essays addressed "to the Editor of
'The Idler'" are delightfully spirited, written each
in a single brisk dash of the pen, the frolicsome
offspring of a nimble fancy, and so not in the least
labored or ponderous or wearisome. They are
heartily enjoyable in both substance and style.
Ingenious and amusing are the names assigned to
the supposed correspondents of "The Idler." A
letter on poetic license is signed, "P. Rose "; one on
certain modern tendencies in poetry is from " Anna
Pest "; one on the abuses of adversity is subscribed,
"Edward Easyman"; a protest against the use of
30
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
tobacco is offered by " B. Z. Body "; and a rather
sour epistle from a spinster is the composition of
"Sarah Shelf worn." There is no little "bite" in
the book, and it will bring delight to all but the
irreclaimable optimist.
Enoiish water- Mr- C- E- Hughes'* little book on
color artists of "Early English Water Colour
o centurv ago. (McClurg) contains thirty-seven ex-
cellent reproductions of eighteenth and early nine-
teenth century water- colors, the work mainly of the
landscape school which prepared the way for and
surrounded Turner. The author, himself a collector,
seems especially interested in the passing over of one
kind of technique into another. He attempts, for
instance, to trace the influence of steel and copper
engraving on the first water-colorists, — an influence
which he finds evidenced by a certain hardness of
line and limitation of tone values or dryness of color
in the painting of such men as Francis Towne.
Technique, however, is not the only phase of the
subject that interests him. In the old color-prints
and their originals he discovers social documents of
importance, and shows among other things the place
taken by "gentlemen's houses" and the compli-
mentary representation of them in the evolution of
landscape art, — a curious side-light, by the way, on
the custom of noble patronage in the eighteenth cen-
tury. Supporting these suggestions of the significant
tendencies in his theme, Mr. Hughes brings together
a great many biographical details concerning the
men he discusses, thus illuminating the genesis of
their masterpieces. The effect of the whole is to
give Turner a place merely as one of a group of
interesting painters rather than, as Ruskin aimed to
prove, the sole peak in the British art of his time.
Joteph Pulitzer That our Country is now enjoying a
and his fair degree of prosperity, at peace
"World." within her borders and at war with
no external power, and witnessing the pleasing spec-
tacle of a national government representing the
popular vote in both executive and legislative depart-
ments, might seem to a reader of " The Story of a
Page" (Harper), by Mr. John L. Heaton, to be
chiefly due to the powerful agency of the New York
" World." After a brief review of Joseph Pulitzer's
previous record in newspaper affairs, the book re-
hearses, in some detail and with frequent quotations
from the "World's" editorial page, the policy of
that influential journal from the day when it ceased
to wear, as a contemporary expressed it, " the sar-
donic leer and avaricious grin of Mr. Jay Gould,"
to the day when, as Mr. Heaton tells us, " the fruit
of thirty years of fighting since Joseph Pulitzer re-
established 'The World' seemed fair upon the tree.
For the first time since the civil war the people had
taken control of their own government." In other
words, the book is a review, a most vivid and read-
able review, of American political history from May,
1883, to November, 1912 ; and if its viewpoint is
not that of one absolutely free from bias and
separated by centuries of time and oceans of space
from the events and scenes depicted, its style is
undoubtedly by so much the gainer in respect to
warmth and color and other qualities that help to
arrest the reader's attention and hold it to the end.
Sargent's portrait of Mr. Pulitzer is reproduced for
the frontispiece.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Having resided in China during his youth, and having
held for a time a professorship in the Imperial Uni-
versity in Kyoto, Japan, Mr. Joseph K. Goodrich pos-
sesses the sort of first-hand knowledge of the Orient
which is essential to a satisfactory discussion of any
of the peoples and problems of Asia. This personal
acquaintance with the Chinese people renders his little
volume, " Our Neighbors the Chinese " (Browne &
Howell Co.), very readable and informing. For the
hasty reader it is one of the best treatises available.
The book is, unfortunately, devoid of any charm of
style, but it is packed with the kind of information one
wishes to secure in regard to human beings somewhat
unlike ourselves.
Mr. William S. Walsh's " A Handy-Book of Curious
Information " (Lippincott) is a successor to two similar
works, and includes much matter that it would be diffi-
cult to find elsewhere. Sometimes the information is
misinformation, as when we are told that marble dust
and sulphuric acid are the chief ingredients of soda-
water, and that high pressure makes them " wholesome
and palatable in combination." The trouble with
reference-books of this character is that they index
matters which no one would think of looking for, such
as " Twenty-three and Skidoo," and that they do not
often contain the things one wishes to learn about. But
for reading pure and simple, without the intention of
research, they are both instructive and entertaining.
That Giosue Carducci was, with the single exception
of Swinburne, the " greatest [poet] alive in Europe at
the opening of the twentieth century " is a fact beyond
question. It is surprising how little knowledge of
him is available to English readers, and Mr. G. L.
Bickersteth has done us a valuable service by preparing
the volume which has " Carducci " (Longmans) for its
simple title. The contents include three essays on his
life, his poetry, and his metrics; a bibliography and
some notes, and over two hundred pages of the poems
themselves — the original Italian and the English trans-
lation facing each other on opposite pages. We are
extremely grateful for this work, which should do
much to make Carducci a reality, rather than a great
name merely, to English readers.
We wish that every college student in the country
might read and take to heart the collection of " Essays
for College Men " (Holt) which has recently been put
together by a committee of instructors in the University
of Wisconsin. The essays are fourteen in number,
among the most notable being classical examples from
Huxley, Tyndall, Newman, Arnold, and Harrison, be-
sides more recent papers of American origin. The
latter include President Wilson on " The College
Spirit," William James on " The Social Value of the
College-Bred," Professor G. E. Woodberry on "First
Principles," and President Meiklejohn's recent inaug-
ural address. All these essays are specimens both of
good writing and of good counsel, and no young man
reading them could fail to be the better for the task.
1914]
THE DIAL
31
NOTES.
It is reported that Mr. G. K. Chesterton is at work
on a biography of Thomas Hood for the " English
Men of Letters " series.
" Studies in Stagecraft," by Mr. Clayton Hamilton,
author of " The Theory of the Theatre," will be published
this month by Messrs. Holt.
Dr. W. Dawson Johnston, for the past four years libra-
rian of Columbia University, has resigned that position
to become librarian of the St. Paul Public Library.
" From the Angle of Seventeen," a new novel by Mr.
Eden Phillpotts, to appear immediately, is said to give
a delightfully humorous portrait of a pompous but
engaging English youth.
The prize of $10,000 for the best novel received in
Messrs Reilly & Britton Co.'s much-discussed contest
has been awarded to Miss Leona Dalrymple for her
story entitled " Diane of the Green Van."
" In Freedom's Birthplace," which was announced for
autumn publication by Houghton Mifflin Co., will appear
this month. In this book, Mr. John Daniels presents a
sketch of the social, economic, moral, and religious de-
velopment of the negro in Boston.
"The Continental Drama of To-day: Outlines for
Its Study," by Professor Barrett H. Clark, is announced
by Messrs. Holt. It will be made up of suggestions,
questions, biographies, and bibliographies for use in
connection with the study of the more important con-
temporary plays.
Jules Arsene Arnaud Claretie, director since 1885
of the Come'die Franchise and member of the French
Academy, died December 23 in Paris, at the age of
seventy-three. He was the author of a long list of
published books in the fields of fiction, drama, history,
biography, dramatic criticism, etc.
The first fiction announcements of the new year in-
clude the following: "The Devil's Garden," by Mr.
W. B. Maxwell; "The After House," by Mrs. Mary
Roberts Rinehart ; "A People's Man," by Mr. E. Phillips
Oppenheim; and "It Happened in Egypt," by Mr. and
Mrs. Williamson. All of these are scheduled for
January issue.
A volume of recollections of Tolstoy has been written
by his son, Count Ilya Tolstoy, and a translation by Dr.
Hagberg Wright will be published early next spring.
Dr. Wright paid several visits to Yasnaya Polyana, and
had some conversations of an unusually intimate char-
acter with Tolstoy. He has translated some of Tolstoy's
works into English, and is the author of the biogra-
phical notice in the " Encyclopaedia Britannica."
Dr. Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, the well-known
explorer and artist, author of " The North Americans of
Yesterday," "A Romance of the Colorado River," "A
Canyon Voyage," etc., and librarian of the American
Geographical Society, is engaged on a book which
Messrs. Holt will publish this year under the title of
"Leaders to Our Western Sea: A Story of the Growth
of these United States from the Alleghenies to the
Pacific."
The Academic Committee of the Royal Society of
Literature, whose function it is to award the Polignac
Prize (£100), has given it this year to Mr. James
Stephens for his book, " The Crock of Gold," published
a few months ago. The two previous winners of this
prize were Mr. Walter de la Mare and Mr. John
Masefield. In France the Grand Prix of the Academy
has been awarded to M. Romain Holland for "La
Nouvelle Journe'e," which constitutes the tenth and
final volume of his " Jean-Christophe."
" The Cambridge Psychological Library," under the
general editorship of Dr. C. S. Myers, University Lec-
turer in Experimental Psychology, is announced by
Messrs. Putnam, in conjunction with the Cambridge
University Press. The same publishers have also in
active preparation " The Cambridge Technical Series,"
a series of monographs for use by students in technical
institutions. The titles so far announced in both series
show a promising list of subjects and authors.
A fifty-page catalogue of books and other printed
matter on Arizona in the University of Arizona Library
has been prepared by the librarian, Miss Estelle Lutrell.
The titles are topically arranged, and an alphabetical
index follows. Indian tribes and antiquities are con-
spicuous among the subjects treated. That so much
has been written and published about Arizona will sur-
prise many persons; and that its university library is so
well equipped in this branch of literature, is cause for
congratulation.
TOPICS IK [LEADING PERIODICALS.
January, 19 1%.
Actor, The Vanishing. Annie Nathan Meyer . . Atlantic
Air, Yachting in the. Augustus Post . Review of Reviews
Alaska : A Future Empire. E.H.Thomas Rev. of Revs.
Alaska, Transportation in. J. G. Steese . .Rev. of Revs.
Australian Bypaths. Norman Duncan Harper
Beef from South America and Australia. A. W.
Dunn Review of Reviews.
Benlliure, Mariano : Sculptor. Shane Leslie . . Scribner
Bergson : A Prophet of the Soul. John Burroughs Atlantic
Biologist's Problem, The. T. D. A. Cockerell Pop. Science
Boxer Year, Memoirs of the. E. Backhouse and
J. O. P. Bland Atlantic
Business Success Secrets— HI. E.M. Woolley. World's Work
Cancer Research, Present Status of. Leo Loeb Pop. Science
Caribbean Tropics, The. Julius Muller .... Century
Chapaneau : An Early Worker on Platinum. J. L.
Howe Popular Science
Children, Parents and. Wells Hastings .... Century
Children, White and Colored, Comparative Intelligence
of. Josiah Morse Popular Science
Currency Bill in the Senate. Horace White No. American
D'Arblay, Madame. Gamaliel Bradford . North American
Diplomatic Service, Why We Have a. D. J. Hill Harper
Education, Popular. Agnes Repplier Atlantic
Emotions, Physics of the. Fred W. Eastman . . Harper
Equality, Struggle for, in U. S. C. F. Emerick Pop. Science
Ethics, Revised. Louise Collier Willcox North American
Fertility, Permanent, Illinois System of. C. G.
Hopkins . . . , Popular Science
Filipino Capacity for Self -Government. G. H.
Shelton North American
Filipino Independence. W. Morgan Shuster . . Century
French Memories, My — I. Mary K. Waddington Scribner
German Emperor and Balkan Peace. J. D. Whelpley Century
Hardy's Wessex Novels. Harold Williams No. American
Heredity, Mechanism of. T. H. Morgan Popular Science
Immigrants in Politics. Edward A. Ross . . . Century
Income Tax, The. Edward S. Mead .... Lippincott
Income Tax Complexities. Benjamin S.Orcutt Rev. of Revs.
Justice, Swift and Cheap — IV. G. W. Alger World's Work
Les Baux, The Provencal Village of. Richard
LeGallienne Harper
Life's Little Ruses. Lucy E. Keeler Atlantic
Love, Friends and Foes of. Richard C. Cabot . Atlantic
McClure, S. S., Autobiography of — II McClure
32
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
Madero, Tragic Ten Days of. Alice D. McLaren . Scribner
Medical Ethics, The New. B. J. Hendrick . . McClure
Mexico and the Mexicans. Albert B. Hart . World's Work
Mexico — Land of Concessions. J.Middleton World's Work
Mexico, North and South War in. W. Carol World's Work
Mexico, Our Diplomacy in. J. H. Smith . World's Work
Mexico, The President and. E. G. Lowry . World's Work
Music and Poetry, Relation of. Alfred Hayes . Atlantic
Naval Life, 18th Century English. W. J. Aylward Scribner
New York's Stolen Vote. W. G. Rice and F. L.
Stetson North American
Paris Fashions, Making of. William Archer . . McClure
Pittsburg Moving West. F. N. Stacy . . World's Work
Politicians and the Sense of Humor. H. S. Pritchett Scribner
Poincare', Raymond. Ernest Dimnet Atlantic
President's Vision, The. George Harvey . North American
Private Property, The Disappearing Right of. D. F.
Kellogg North American
Property, Hereditary Transmission of A.Carnegie Century
Psychology : Science or Technology. Edward B.
Titehener Popular Science
Railroads, Plight of the. W. Jett Lauck . North American
Responsibility, Public. G. M. Stratton .... Atlantic
Rihbany, Abraham Mitrie, Autobiography of — II. Atlantic
" Romeo and Juliet " on the Stage. Wm. Winter Century
Rural Life Engineer, The. David F. St. Clair Rev. of Revs.
Secession Days, Memories of. Mrs. Eugene McLean Harper
Single Tax, Case against the. Alvin S. Johnson . Atlantic
Skobeloff, Russia's War-Hero. Richard Barry . . Century
Stage-craft, The New, in America. K. MacGowan Century
State University, Democratic Organization of a.
Joseph K. Hart Popular Science
Sub- Antarctic Island, An. Robert C. Murphy . . Harper
Tunisian Days. G. E. Woodberry Scribner
Washington, The New Order in. Burton J. Hen-
drick World's Work
Woman Homesteader, Letters of a — IV. . . . Atlantic
Women, Much Ado about. Edward S. Martin . Atlantic
World Set Free, The— I. H.G.Weils .... Century
OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 137 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES
Jan Vermeer of Delft. By Philip L. Hale. Illus-
trated in color, etc., large 8vo, 389 pages. Small,
Maynard & Co. $10. net.
The Life of Preston B. Plumb, 1837-1891. By
William E. Connelley. With photogravure por-
trait, 8vo, 475 pages. Browne & Howell Co.,
$3.50 net.
John Millington Synge and the Irish Theatre. By
Maurice Bourgeois. Illustrated, 8vo, 338 pages.
Macmillan Co., $2.50 net.
Christina of Denmark, Duchess of Milan and Lor-
raine, 1522-1590. By Julia Cartwright. Illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 562 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $6. net.
Raphael Semmes. By Colyer Meriwether. With
portrait, 12mo, 367 pages. "American Crisis
Biographies." George W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net.
Queen Elizabeth: Various Scenes and Events in
the Life of Her Majesty. By Gladys E. Locke,
M.A. With portrait, 12mo, 295 pages. Sher-
man, French & Co. $1.35 net.
Representative Women: Being a Little Gallery of
Pen Portraits. By Lois Oldham Henrici; with
Introduction by Ada M. Kassimer. With por-
traits, 12mo, 150 pages. Kansas City: The
Grafters.
HISTORY.
Bull Runs Its Strategy and Tactics. By R. M.
Johnston. 8vo, 293 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $2.50 net.
A History of England and the British Empire. By
Arthur D. Innes. Volume I., to 1485. 12mo, 539
pages. Macmillan Co. $l.lo net.
A History of Muhlenberg County. By Otto A.
Rothert. Illustrated, large 8vo, 496 pages.
Louisville: John P. Morton & Co. $5. net.
GENERAL, LITERATURE.
European Dramatists. By Archibald Henderson.
With photogravure portrait, 8vo, 395 pages.
Stewart & Kidd Co. $1.50 net.
Political and Literary Essays, 1908-1913. By the
idJari of Cromer. 8vo, 464 pages. Macmillan Co.
$3.25 net.
From the Porch. By Lady Ritchie. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., 12mo, 267 pages. Charles
Scribner's Sons.
Old- World Love Stories: From the Lays of Marie
de France and Other Mediaeval Romances and
Legends. Translated from the French by
Eugene Mason, and illustrated in color by Reg-
inald L. Knowles. Large 8vo, 282 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3. net.
All Men Are Ghosts. By L. P. Jacks. 12mo, 360
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
The Facts About Shakespeare. By W. A. Neilson,
Ph.D., and A. H. Thorndike, Ph.D. With frontis-
piece, 18mo, 273 pages. "The Tudor Shake-
speare." Macmillan Co. 60 cts. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
The Lonely Dancer, and Other Poems. By Richard
Le Gallienne. With portrait, 12mo, 186 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
General William Booth Enters into Heaven and
Other Poems. By Nicholas Vachel Lindsay.
12mo, 119 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net.
The Wolf of Gubbio: A Comedy in Three Acts. By
Josephine Preston Peabody (Mrs. Lionel Marks).
12mo, 195 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.10 net.
Knave of Hearts. By Arthur Symons. 8vo, 163
pages. John Lane Co. $1.50 net.
Short Plays. By Mary Macmillan. 12mo, 245 pages.
Stewart & Kidd Co. $1.25 net.
The Sunset Road. By Jane G. A. Carter. 12mo,
146 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
A Handful of Flowers with Sprays of Evergreen.
By Amasa S. Condon, M.D. 12mo, 143 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
The Moon-Maiden, and Other Poems. By Frances
Reed Gibson. 12mo, 39 pages. Sherman, French
& Co. 80 cts. net.
The Gifts A Poetic Drama. By Margaret Douglas
Rogers. 12mo, 47 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co.
Arthur Sontens A Comedy. By Robert Ernest Dun-
bar. 16mo, 103 pages. South Bend: Published
by the author. Paper, 50 cts. net.
In the Beloved City He Gave Me Rest. By Eliza-
beth Gibson Cheyne. 12mo, 45 pages. Oxford:
Published by the author. Paper.
"Bubble": Being Rhymes by a Proud Parent. 12mo,
32 pages. Chicago: Privately Printed. Paper.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The History of England, from the Accession of
James the Second. By Lord Macaulay; edited by
Charles Harding Firth, M.A. Volume L; illus-
trated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 516 pages.
Macmillan Co. $3.25 net.
Washington's Farewell Address to the People of the
United States, 1796. 4to, 26 pages. "Riverside
Press Edition." Houghton Mifflin Co. $5. net.
The Diamond Necklace. By Thomas Carlyle. 12mo,
168 pages. "Riverside Press Edition." Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $5. net.
The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle; edited
by J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. In 3 volumes. 12mo.
"Bohn's Popular Library." Macmillan Co. Per
volume, 35 cts. net.
FICTION.
Idonia: A Romance of Old London. By Arthur F.
Wallis. Illustrated. 12mo, 319 pages. Little,
Brown & Co. $1.30 net.
The Great Plan. By Edith Huntington Mason. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 308 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Story of Helga. By Rudolph Herzog; trans-
lated from the German by Adele Lewisohn.
12mo, 310 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
1914]
THE DIAL
33
From the Angle of Seventeen. By Eden Phillpotts.
12mo, 290 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.20 net.
The Island of the Stairs. By Cyrus Townsend
Brady. Illustrated, 12mo, 370 pages. A. C. Me-
Clurg & Co. $1.35 net.
A Woman in Revolt. By Anne Lee. 12mo, 321
pages. Desmond FitzGerald, Inc. $1.25 net.
A Forest Idyl. By Temple Oliver. 12mo, 222 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1.20 net.
Above the Shame of Clrcumstauce. By Gertrude
Capen Whitney. Illustrated, 8vo, 304 pages.
Sherman, French & Co. $1.50 net.
Chronicles of Old Rlverby. By Jane Felton Samp-
son. 12mo, 178 pages. Sherman, French & Co.
$1.25 net.
Roselln; or, A Ruby Necklace. By Freda Virginia
Metz. 12mo, 336 pages. Hammond: W. B.
Conkey Co.
The Captain. By Virginia Lucas. Illustrated, 12mo,
13 pages. New York: Helen Norwood Halsey.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The Personality of American Cities. By Edward
Hungerford. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
8vo, 344 pages, McBride, Nast & Co. $2. net.
Syria: The Land, of Lebanon. By Lewis Gaston
Leary, Ph.D. Illustrated, large 8vo, 225 pages.
McBride, Nast & Co. $3. net.
Lea Etats-Unis et la France: Leurs Rapports His-
toriques, Artistiques, et Sociaux. Illustrated, 8vo,
223 pages. Paris: Felix Alcan. Paper.
The Voyage of the "Discovery." By Robert F.
Scott. New and cheaper edition; In 2 volumes,
illustrated, 12mo. Charles Scribner's Sons.
SOCIOLOGY. ECONOMICS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
Earth Hunger and Other Essays. By William
Graham Sumner, LLD.; edited by Albert Gallo-
way Keller, Ph.D. With photogravure portrait,
8vo, 377 pages. Yale University Press. $2.25 net.
Popular Government: Its Essence, Its Permanence,
and Its Perils. By William Howard Taft. 12mo,
283 pages. Yale University Press. $1.15 net.
Social Insurance with Special Reference to Amer-
ican Conditions. By I. M. Rubinow. 8vo, 525
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $3. net.
The Power of Ideals In American History* By
Ephraim D. Adams. 12mo, 159 pages. Yale Uni-
versity Press. $1.15 net.
Questions of Public Policy: Lectures Delivered in
the Page Lecture Series, 1913. 8vo, 134 pages.
Yale University Press. $1.25 net.
Statistical Averages: A Methodological Study. By
Franz Zizek; translated from the German by
Warren Milton Persons. 12mo, 392 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $2.50 net.
Government Ownership of Railways. By Samuel
O. Dunn. 12mo, 400 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.50 net.
A History of Socialism. By Thomas Kirkup. Fifth
edition, revised and largely rewritten by Ed-
ward R. Pease. 12mo, 490 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.50 net.
Julia Ward Howe and the Woman Suffrage Move-
ment. By Florence Howe Hall. With portrait.
12mo, 241 pages. Dana Estes & Co. $1. net.
"Women and Morality: Essays. With Introduction
by Wallace Rice. 12mo, 102 pages. Chicago:
Laurentian Publishers. $1. net.
Round About a Pound a "Week. By Mrs. Pember
Reeves. 12mo, 231 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
Progressive Principles. By Theodore Roosevelt.
12mo, 330 pages. New York: Progressive Na-
tional Service. $1.
Kings of Wealth vs. American People. By Edward
N. Oily. 12mo, 185 pages. New York: J. S. Ogli-
vie Publishing Co. $1.
The Panama Canal Controversy: A Lecture. By Sir
H. Erie Richards. 8vo, 48 pages. Oxford Uni-
versity Press. Paper, 70 cts. net.
The Launching of the Industrial Workers of the
World. By Paul F. Brissenden. Large 8vo, 82
pages. Berkeley: University of California
Press. Paper, 75 cts. net.
America's Conquest of Europe. By David Starr
Jordan. 12mo, 70 pages. Boston: American Uni-
tarian Association. 60 cts. net.
Industrial Unrest and Trade Union Policy By
' 32 pases- Macmii?an °°
SCIENCE.
1 °£ Sclence' Science and Hypoth-
PniValUf °/ Sclence- Science and Method
P°lncar6; translated from the French by
he^nt PrtsT ^ 553 —
« Da"y LIfe> By Carl Eml1 Seashore.
, 226 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net
bS^n^1^ °* Evol«*1»n- By John C. Klm-
tfrl; I ' ,4l°, pages' Boston: American Uni-
tarian Association. $1.25 net.
A P °*. Hi*hep SP«C* (The Fourth Dimension).
NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE.
TnH^manCf °f 4be Newfoundland Caribou: An
Intimate Account of the Life of the Reindeer of
nh^LAT?°a- ,By A' A- Kadolyffe Dugmore.
Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo, 191 pages
J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.75 net.
Urbainc Garden Gul««- By Parker Thayer
n"8'™16"1,0: 147 pages- "Countryside Man-
uals." Macmillan Co. 50 cts. net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
A Source Book for Ancient Church History: From
S.HAHPOS^°1ICT Asr\t0, the Close of the Conciliar
Period. By Joseph Cullen Ayer, Jr., Ph.D. 8vo
707 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net.
History of Religions. By George Foot Moore, LL.D
The VuUrate Psalter. With Introduction, Notes
and Vocabulary, by A. B. Macaulay, M. A and
James Brebner, M.A. 12mo, 242 pages E P
Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
The Quest Series. Edited by G. R. S. Mead First
volumes: The Quest of the Holy Grail, by Jessie
L. Weston; Psychical Research and Survival by
James H. Hyslop. Each 12mo. Macmillan Co
Per volume, $1. net.
Freedom and the Churches: The Contributions of
American Churches to Religious and Civil
Liberty. Edited by Charles W. Wendte, DD
12mo, 114 pages. Boston: American Unitarian
Association. $1. net.
Our Modern Debt to Israel. By Edward Chauncey
Baldwin, Ph.D. 12mo, 219 pages. Sherman,
French & Co. $1.25 net.
The Twelve Gemmed Crown: Christ in Hebrews.
By Samuel Judson Porter. 12mo, 155 pages
Sherman, French & Co. $1.20 net.
Social Ideals of a Free Church. Edited by Elmer
Severance Forbes. 12mo, 139 pages. Boston:
American Unitarian Association. $1. net.
"The Greatest of These": A Book of Five and
Twenty Minute Essays. By Robert O. Lawton.
12mo, 90 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
The Religious Ideas of the Old Testament. By H.
Wheeler Robinson, M.A. 12mo, 245 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. 75 cts. net.
Church Publicity: The Modern Way to Compel Them
to Come In. By Christian F. Reisner. 8vo, 421
pages. Methodist Book Concern. $1.50 net.
The Short Course Series. Edited by John Adams,
B.D. New volumes: The Divine Drama of Job,
by Charles F. Aked, D.D. ; A Mirror of the Soul,
short studies in the Psalter, by John Vaughan,
M.A. ; The Story of Joseph, by Adam C. Welch,
D.D. ; In the Upper Room, a practical exposi-
tion of John XIII.-XVIL, by David James Bur-
rell, LLD. Each 12mo. Charles Scribner's Sons.
Per volume, 60 cts. net.
The Cabala: Its Influence on Judaism and Christi-
anity. By Bernhard Pick, D.D. 12mo, 109 pages.
Open Court Publishing Co. 75 cts. net.
Jesus in the Talmud: His Personality, His Disciples,
and His Sayings. By Bernard Pick, D.D. 12mo,
100 pages. Open Court Publishing Co. 75 cts. net.
The New Order of Sainthood. By Henry Fairfleld
Osborn. 12mo, 17 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons.
34
THE DIAL
[Jan. 1
Evangelism and Social Service. By John Marvin
Dean; with Introduction by Clarence A. Barbour.
12mo, 71 pages. Griffith & Rowland Press.
25 cts. net.
The Religion of the Samurais A Study of Zen
Philosophy and Discipline in China and Japan.
By Kaiten Nukariya. Large 8vo, 253 pages.
London: Luzac & Co.
The Runner's Bible. Compiled and annotated by
N. S. Holm. 16mo, 131 pages. San Francisco:
John Howell. Paper.
The Lord's Prayers An Esoteric Study. By Rudolf
Steiner. 16mo, 48 pages. Rand, McNally & Co.
25 cts. net.
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG.
The Polly Page Motor Club. By Izola L. Forrester.
Illustrated, 12mo, 345 pages. L. C. Page & Co.
$1. net.
The Nomad of the Nine Lives. By A. Francis
Friebe. Illustrated, 12mo, 61 pages. Sherman,
French & Co. $1. net.
EDUCATION.
Essays for College Men: Education, Science, and
Art Selected by Norman Foerster, Frederick
A. Manchester, and Karl Young. 12mo, 390
pages. Henry Holt & Co.
Current Activities and Influences in Educations A
Report upon Educational Movements throughout
the World. By John Palmer Garber, Ph.D.
12mo, 370 pages. "Lippincott's Educational
Series." J. B. Lippincott Co.
Principles of Character Making. By Arthur
Holmes, Ph.D. 12mo, 336 pages. "Lippincott's
Educational Series." J. B. Lippincott Co.
$1.25 net.
Principles of Secondary Educations A Text-Book.
By Charles De Garmo. Volume I. New enlarged
edition; 12mo, 338 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
The College Chaucer. Edited by Henry Noble Mac-
Cracken, Ph.D. 12mo, 713 pages. Yale University
Press. $1.50 net.
Industrial Chemistry for Engineering Students. By
Henry K. Benson, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 431
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.90 net.
The Art of "Writing English. A Book for College
Classes. By Rollo Walter Brown and Nathaniel
Waring Barnes. 12mo, 382 pages. American
Book Co. $1.20 net.
Analytic Geometry and Principles of Algebra. By
Alexander Zirvet and Louis Allen Hopkins.
12mo, 369 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.60 net.
Plant Life and Plant Uses: A Foundation for the
Study of Agriculture, Domestic Science, or Col-
lege Botany. By John Gaylord Coulter, Ph.D.
Illustrated, 12mo, 464 pages. American Book
Co. $1.20 net.
Textiles: A Handbook for the Student and the Con-
sumer. By Mary Schenck Woolman and Ellen
Beers McGowan. Illustrated, 8vo, 428 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2. net.
Story Telling Poems. By Frances Jenkins Olcott.
12mo, 383 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
School Efficiency: A Constructive Study Applied to
New York City. By Paul H. Hanus. 12mo, 128
pages. Yonkers-on-Hudson: World Book Co.
English Proses A Series of Related Essays for the
Discussion and Practice of the Art of Writing.
Selected and edited by Frederick William Roe,
Ph.D., and George Roy Elliott, Ph.D. 8vo, 487
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $1.50 net.
A Textbook of Chemistry. By William A. Noyes.
8vo, 602 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
A History* of the United States. By Henry Eldridge
Bourne and Elbert Jay Benton. Illustrated, 8vo
534 pages. D. C. Heath & Co.
Freshman Rhetoric. By John Rothwell Slater
Ph.D. 12mo, 354 pages. D. C. Heath & Co.
Essentials of Physics. By George A. Hoadley, Sc.D
Illustrated in color, 12mo, 536 pages. American
Book Co. $1.25 net.
Gruss aus Deutschland: A Reader. By C H Holz-
warth, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 190 pages. D C
Heath & Co. 90 cts. net.
Reading, Writing, and Speaking Spanish for Be-
ginners. By Margaret Caroline Dowling. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 256 pages. American Book Co.
75 cts. net.
A Short Course in Commercial Law. By Frederick
G. Nichols and Ralph E. Rogers. 12mo, 300
pages. American Book Co. 80 cts. net.
College English: A Manual for the Study of English
Literature and Composition. By Frank Ayde-
lotte. 12mo, 150 pages. Oxford University Press.
60 cts. net.
American Literature. By Alphonso Gerald New-
comer. New edition; illustrated, 12mo, 364
pages. Scott, Foresman & Co. $1.
Aus der Jugendzeit. Selected and edited by Fred-
erick Betz, A.M. With frontispiece, 12mo, 159
pages. D. C. Heath & Co. 40 cts. net.
Treasure) Island. By Robert Louis Stevenson ; edited,
with Introduction and Notes, by Ferdinand Q.
Blanchard. With frontispiece, 16mo, 275 pages.
A. S. Barnes Co.
Les Femmeg Fortes. By Victorien Sardou; edited
by Albert Cohn McMaster, A.M., and Francis B.
Barton. 12mo, 216 pages. Oxford University
Press. 60 cts. net.
Ludwlg und Annemarle. Von Melchior Meyr:
edited by F. G. G. Schmidt, Ph.D. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 295 pages. Oxford University
Press. 60 cts. net.
Psyche Novelle. Von Theodor Storm; edited by
Ewald Eiserhardt, Ph. D., and Ray W. Petten-
gill, Ph.D. With portrait, 12mo, 111 pages. Ox-
ford University Press. 50 cts. net.
Die schwarze Galeere: Geschichtliche Erzahlung.
Von Wilhelm Raabe; edited by Charles Allyn
Williams, Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 154 pages.
Oxford University Press. 60 cts. net.
MISCELLANEOUS.
The Vatieans The Center of Government of the
Catholic World. By Rt. Rev. Edmond Canon
Hugues de Ragneau. With portrait, large 8vo,
451 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $4. net.
Auction Developments. By Milton C. Work. 12mo,
612 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
The Satakas; or, Wise Sayings of Bhartrihari.
Translated from the Sanskrit, with Notes and
Introductory Preface on Indian Philosophy, by
J. M. Kennedy. 12mo, 166 pages. John W. Luce
& Co. $1.25 net.
On the Truth of Decorative Arts A Dialogue be-
tween an Oriental and an Occidental. By Lionel
de Fonseka. New popular issue; 12mo, 134
pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1. net.
Fletcherisms What It Is; or, How I Became Young
at Sixty. By Horace Fletcher, A.M. Illustrated,
12mo, 224 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1. net.
The International Directory of Booksellers and
Bibliophile's Manual. Edited by James Clegg.
12mo, 644 pages. Rochdale: Aldine Press.
Descriptions of Land: A Text-Book for Survey
Students. By R. W. Cautley. 12mo, 89 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1. net.
American Red Cross Textbook on Elementary
Hygiene and Home Care of the Sick. By Jane
A. Delano and Isabel Mclsaac. 12mo, 256 pages.
P. Blackiston's Son & Co. $1. net.
History of the Cleveland Sinking Fund of 1862. By
John William Perrin, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 68 pages.
Cleveland: Published by the Author. Paper.
The Authors' Clubs An Historical Sketch. By Duf-
field Osborne. 12mo, 50 pages. New York:
Knickerbocker Press.
A Journey to the Earth's Interior; or, Have the
Poles Really Been Discovered? By Marshall B
Gardner. Illustrated, 12mo, 69 pages. Pub-
lished by the author. Paper.
Chippevva Music — II. By Frances Densmore. Illus-
trated. 8vo, 341 pages. Washington: Govern-
ment Printing Office.
The Handbook of Quotations. By Edith B. Ordway
12mo. 252 pages. Sully & Kleinteich. 50 cts. net
Prehistoric Objects Classified and Described. By
Gerard Fowke. Illustrated, 8vo. St. Louis: Mis-
souri Historical Society. Paper.
1914]
THE DIAL
35
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SHAKESPEAREAN REVELATIONS
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THE DIAL, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 662.
JANUARY 16, 1914. Vol. LVL
CONTENTS.
PAGE
. 45
SILAS WEIR MITCHELL .' .
ELLEN KEY : IDEALIST. Amalie K. Boguslawsky 47
CASUAL COMMENT 49
A voice from Virginia. — The versatile and charming
Jules Clare tie. — The reason of an editorial. — A
" Daily of Dailies." — What every schoolboy should
know. — " The father of American history." — A new
State Library School. — Shakespeare presented by
amateurs. — The price of orderliness in the library.
— The laureate's first official poem. — A topsy-turvy
method of language teaching.— Magazine covers. — Lit-
erary magic. — The literature of feminism. — Lincoln
literary relics. — Mr. Carnegie's library gifts for 1913.
COMMUNICATIONS . - 52
Concerning "Ye" and "Ampersand." Nelson
Antrim Crawford and Arthur Howard Noll.
Milton's " Starre-Ypointed Pyramid." Edwin
Durning-Lawrence.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE. Percy F. Bicknell . 54
GUIDES TO THE CONTEMPORARY DRAMA.
James FT. Tupper 56
SOCIAL INSURANCE. Alvin S. Johnson .... 57
MORE KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNKNOWABLE.
Thomas Percival Beyer 61
THE STUDY OF SHAKESPEARE'S STAGE-
CRAFT : A CLIMAX. George Boy Elliott . . 62
RECENT POETRY. William Morton Payne ... 63
Phillips's Lyrics and Dramas. — Hewlett's Helen
Redeemed. — Legge's A Symphony. — Bartram's En-
gland's Garland. — Helston's Aphrodite. — Masefield's
Salt- Water Ballads. — Heath's Beginnings. — Muir-
head's The Quiet Spirit. — Symons's Knave of
Hearts. — Le Gallienne's The Lonely Dancer. — Low's
AWandandStrings. — West's Atlantis. — BeneVsMer-
chantsfromCathay. — Cawein'sMinions ofthe Moon. —
Reed's The Theban Eagle.— Poems of Paul Mariett.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 69
Beasts of the past. — A new text-book of American
literature. — The case against state ownership of our
railroads. — The founder of "The Review of Re-
views."— The amazing Duke of Wharton. — Miscel-
lanies by Thackeray's daughter. — Plays of old
Japan.— Speeches of a British imperialist. — A sum-
mary of Jane Austen's life and work. — A picture of
rural content. — Yarns of a Swedish sailor.
BRIEFER MENTION 73
NOTES 74
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 75
SILAS WEIR MITCHELL.
The last thing that could be said of Dr.
Mitchell was that he lagged superfluous on the
stage. When he came to Chicago year before
last, as the guest of the Twentieth Century
Club, he made the impression of a man who,
despite some of the physical signs of advanced
age, had all the mental alertness of a man in
his prime. His zest in living was certainly
not impaired, and the evident fact that he was
a sage did not mean for him aloofness from
human interests, or any dulling of the genial
personality which made him one of the most
companionable of men. He enjoyed the society
of his fellows quite as keenly as they enjoyed
their intercourse with him. His vast interest
in humanity kept him mentally alive, and made
him the central figure of any group which in-
cluded him in its numbers ; although he might
well have rested on his octogenarian laurels,
and been content with the tribute of admiration
which the younger generations were so ready to
pay him. His novel of last year was perhaps
the best he ever gave us, firm in its marshalling
of material, incisive in its characterization, and
having about it no suggestion of senility. It
might have been the work of a man of forty,
except for the comprehensiveness of its survey
and the ripeness of its wisdom.
Lowell once spoke of an acquaintance as
"quite literary for a Philadelphian.'' This
humorous aspersion upon the culture of the
Quaker City loses its point when we take stock
of the total contribution of Philadelphians to
our literature, and the name of Dr. Mitchell
alone would suffice to put it out of court. In
years alone, he was the dean of our letters, and
he might have filled that office in a more sub-
stantial sense if he had not given half a century
of life to science before he took up the calling
of the literary artist. It is said that when a
young man, his mind was balanced between
choosing medicine (his father's profession) and
literature for his life work, and that he chose
the former upon the advice of Dr. Holmes, who
was equally distinguished in both callings. The
Autocrat s advice was for medicine first, with
letters as an avocation or reserve resource, and
the young student accepted it. He made for
himself a world- wide fame as a physician, and
46
THE DIAL,
[Jan. 16
then, past fifty, at an age when most men are
content to rest on their oars, he began the career
which is now the reason of our mourning in his
death the loss of one of our foremost poets
and novelists. It is one of the most extraordi-
nary life-histories in our annals. The creative
impulse is usually spent at the age when Dr.
Mitchell first yielded himself to its mastery, but
in his case the new task was taken up with all
the vigorous delight of youth, and with the
added power that comes from wide experience of
life, and the ripe wisdom that the years alone can
give. Upwards of a score of novels, and several
collections of poems, all written since 1880,
attest the fertility of his genius, and add an-
other example to the list given in Longfellow's
" Morituri Salutamus " of those who have shown
" How far the gulf-stream of our youth may flow
Into the arctic regions of our lives,
Where little else than life itself survives."
Mitchell was born in Philadelphia February
15, 1829, and when he died, on the fourth of
this month, he was within six weeks of complet-
ing his eighty-fifth year. His college education
was cut short by illness, but the degree which he
thus failed to obtain was made up for him many
times over by the professional and honorary
degrees bestowed upon him in after life. For
over a quarter of a century he stifled his literary
aspirations, and devoted himself assiduously to
the practice of his profession, gaining a world-
wide reputation as a specialist in nervous dis-
eases. This period included a term of service
as an army surgeon in the Civil War. His con-
tributions to the technical literature of his pro-
fession number a hundred or more, and include
research studies of the most important descrip-
tion. A few of the more important titles are :
" Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of the
Nerves," "Rest in the Treatment of Disease,"
"Researches on the Venom of Poisonous Ser-
pents," " Relations of Nervous Disorders in
Women to Pelvic Disease," and "Rest Treat-
ment and Psychic Medicine." These profes-
sional writings were continued far down into the
period of his literary authorship, and he never
wholly abandoned his practice. He once gave
this explanation of his dual life as a writer :
" When success in my profession gave me the free-
dom of long summer holidays the despotism of my
habits of work would have made entire idleness mere
ennui. I turned to what except for stern need would
have been my life-long work from youth — literature —
and bored by idleness wrote my first novel. There is
a lesson for you — never to be idle.
" In any land but this such an experiment as a suc-
cessful novel would have injuriously affected the pro-
fessional career of a medical consultant, or so I was
told by an eminent English physician. I need not say
that this is not the American way of looking at life.
If you give your best to medicine and the law, you may
write novels or verse, or play golf or ride the wildest
colt of hobbies."
The first of Mitchell's long list of novels was
"Hepzibah Guiness" (1880), which was fol-
lowed by "Roland Blake" (1884), "Far in
the Forest" (1888), and several others not
mentioned. Then came, in 1898, his great suc-
cess of "Hugh Wynne," probably the best
novel of the American Revolution ever written,
which placed him in the foremost rank of our
novelists. In 1907 came "The Red City," a
companion piece to "Hugh Wynne," and only
a few weeks ago " Westways," a great novel of
the Civil War. A few other notable works of
fiction of the later period are : " Dr. North and
His Friends," "The Adventures of Francis,"
"Constance Trescot," and "John Sherwood."
The two Revolutionary fictions and the one
based upon the Civil War represent his highest
achievement, and best illustrate what may be
called his ecological treatment of character and
incident. He knew his backgrounds as few
novelists have ever known them, and he always
kept environment in view as a penetrating and
shaping influence upon life. To quote from
the New York "Evening Post":
" He had almost literally lived in the Philadelphia of
the days of Andrews Meschianza and Washington's
Valley Forge. He knew from delving here and there
just what buildings had antedated the prim brick and
marble fronts of his day ; how the passers in the streets
were dressed, of what they talked, and whither they
were bound. So he came to his writing. He was per-
sonally acquainted with Revolutionary days and doings,
one might say."
It goes without saying that the specialist in the
pathology of the mind, the physician who was
the repository of thousands of the most intimate
personal confessions, was also extraordinarily
well-equipped on the psychological or analytical
side to become a master of fiction, and the power
and truth of Mitchell's creative work rest upon
the twin pillars of knowledge above outlined.
Mitchell's connection with the stage is illus-
trated by " The Miser," a brief morality which
was in Wilson Barrett's repertoire, and by a
dramatization, made by his son, of " The Adven-
tures of Francois." As a poet, Mitchell earned
high distinction ; the collected edition of 1896
included "Francis Drake," "Philip Vernon,"
"The Cup of Youth," and " Fran?ois Villon,"
all of which had previously had separate pub-
lication, and enough other pieces, exhibiting
such variety of form and treatment as to rank
1914]
THE DIAL
47
their author with such men as Taylor, Gilder,
and Stoddard. A new edition is soon to be pub-
lished, to include his later work also. His " Ode
on a Lycian Tomb,'' a recent lyric, has been
greatly admired, and may perhaps be taken as
an example of his fine achievement.
" What gracious nunnery of grief is here !
One woman garbed in sorrow's every mood;
Each sad presentment celled apart, in fear
Lest that herself upon herself intrude,
And break some tender dream of sorrow's day.
Here cloistered lonely, set in marble gray.
" O pale procession of immortal love,
Forever married to immortal grief !
All of life's childlike sorrow far above.
Past help of time's compassionate relief;
These changeless stones are treasuries of regret
And mock the term by time for sorrow set.
" Cold mourners — set in stone so long ago,
Too much my thoughts have dwelt with thee apart.
Again my grief is young; full well I know
The pang reborn, that mocked my feeble art
With that too human wail in pain expressed,
The parent cry above the empty nest."
ELLEN KEY: IDEALIST.
Always since the Galilean lived his revolutionary
message — to reform man and not methods, — every
step in the world's ethical and moral progress has
been inspired by the standard-bearer of a new ideal-
ism. With the wane of each century, the idealism
which demanded the ascetic renunciation of earthly
joys has been more sternly challenged, until a higher
conception of true life-values is leading us back to
the Greek ideal of beauty and happiness as the basis
of a life-giving harmony.
Ellen Key's credo, u the enhancement of life
through love, joy, and beauty in things small and
great," implies much more than the joy of living.
To her, happiness means "to love, work, think, suffer,
and enjoy on an ever higher plane." She expounds
her gospel in a glowingly picturesque and even start-
ling way, and those who read coming events in to-day 's
idealistic tendencies believe that she has established
the three truths on which our moral future will be
based : 1, The futility of legislation and economic
readjustments for bringing about the regeneration
of the race ; 2, The wisdom of courageous truth-
telling as regards vital issues ; 3, A truer recognition
of the sacredness of human relations.
As a forerunner in urging the vital reforms for
which we are fighting to-day, Ellen Key has always
insisted on freedom for the new type of beings who
are developing as a result of the transvaluation of
moral standards that must eventually bring about a
betterment of the species. The closing sentence in
her most indignantly contested book, " Love and
Marriage," proves her intent to let her theories be
a stepping-stone to changed and bettered marriage
conditions, and not a plan for immediate action :
" Those who believe in a humanity perfected by love
must learn to count in thousands of years, not in
centuries, much less in decades."
Why, then, do we hear all this hue and cry about
Ellen Key's "immoral" precepts? To see danger
in her reversal of accepted standards in sexual ethics
is as misleading as was the popular interpretation of
the high-handed exit of Ibsen's Nora. It would
be just as absurd to accuse her of suggesting free
love as a solution for marital tangles as it was to
blame Ibsen for the panacea which "misunderstood
women " found in his open-door theory. Both these
idealists are counting in "thousands of years" for
the consummation of their hope of social advance
through the ennoblement of natural impulses.
In demanding new forms, Ellen Key asks free-
dom "for the only love worthy the name," the
sanctified, self-sacrificing love that is life's highest
spiritual expression: self-sacrificing only in the
sense of giving and demanding the highest happi-
ness in love. All other love she considers dese-
cration, whether in marriage or out of it. " Her
greatest victory is that pure-minded young men have
made their own her demands of true morality," said
one admirer on the occasion of her sixtieth birthday.
The new type of woman which is being evolved
from this supreme test of her theories will be the
corner-stone upon which the new creed of a higher
freedom for both man and woman will rest. Fewer
Priscillas, ever ready to bear the marriage yoke,
will worship man as the lord of creation, and more
Brunhildes will defend the fiery wall of newly-won
privileges which protects the cherished freedom of
their personality.
On the other hand, Ellen Key proves the possi-
bility of making practical ideals fit to-day's needs
in her plea for the rights of the child. What a
neglected factor the child has been in our demand
for the right to develop our own individuality ! We
are only beginning to concede his right to be well
born and well equipped, physically and morally, for
the task of finding his true place in the great scheme
of existence.
What the dreamer Rousseau began, the centuries
are slowly bringing to a splendid fruition. With
two inspired women like Maria Montessori, who is
freeing children's souls, and Ellen Key, fighting
against our effete conception of the moral law, in
the vanguard, we are slowly realizing our possibilities
in making the most perfect development of the indi-
vidual the basis of social advancement.
In "The Century of the Child," a powerful leaven
in the great social upheaval now going on, Ellen Key
bases her plea for less training and more opportunity
for free action on the premise that mankind can
rise to its highest fulfillment only through the most
perfect development of human impulses and the
best training of the faculties. To this end she
would change Froebel's dictum, "Let us live for the
children," to the admonition, " Give the children a
chance to live." "Aim to leave your child in peace,
interfere as little as possible, try to remove all im-
48
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
pure impressions, but above all else perfect yourself
and let your personality, aided by reality in all its
rude simplicity, become a factor in the child's de-
velopment." Nietzsche expresses this essence of
the educational wisdom of the ages more tersely:
"See that through thee the race progresses, not
continues only. Let a true marriage help thee to
this end."
Ellen Key's arraignment of our present method
of predigested instruction, of artificial spurs to en-
deavor, and of over-vigilance and protective pam-
pering is a strong negative plea for more natural
methods of training children. She thinks an adult
person would lose his reason if some Titan should
try to train him by the methods ordinarily employed
with children. Like all right-minded people, she
considers corporal punishment detrimental to the
development of courage, energy, and self-reliance.
She quotes the opinion of an educator who claims
that many nervous little liars simply need good
nourishment and outdoor life; and she holds the
" good " school, with its over-insistence on versatility,
responsible for the nervousness of our day.
The child should be trained to exercise his own
powers: trained, — not allowed to exercise them as
he wills. Herein lies the misconception that leads
many ultra-modern parents to give the reins into
the child's own hands. We are in danger now of
passing the Scylla of restrictive methods only to
founder on the Charybdis of unrestricted liberty.
Even the radical Ellen Key advises strict discipline
for young children "as a pre-condition to a higher
training." During the first and most important
formative period she insists upon absolute obedience.
Our present system of training often limits the
natural capacities of the child and shields him from
life's real experiences. In answer to the assertion
that splendid men and women have grown up under
a system of repression and punishment, she argues
that parents were consistent and unbending in earlier
days : not over-indulgent and severe by turns, guided
by nerves and moods, as are many parents of to-day.
"We need new homes, new schools, new mar-
riages, new social relations for those new souls who
are to feel, love, and suffer in ways infinitely numer-
ous, that we now cannot even name," is her insistent
plea.
Home influence, its settled, quiet order, and its
call for tasks conducive to the happiness and the
comfort of the family, is underestimated as an edu-
cational factor of great value. As soon as humanity
awakens to the consciousness of "the holiness of
generation," Ellen Key's ideal of a better parent-
hood will be realized. The mothers of the future
must live according to her eugenic creed : to enhance
life and to create higher forms. To this end she
would consecrate woman as the priestess of life,
who regards motherhood as a vocation of high
worth, not as an incident or as an irksome task to
be avoided.
In " Motherliness and Education for Mother-
hood," she asks woman to concentrate her divergent
interests in order to make herself more efficient for
her most important duties, and she urges reform
measures to so aid the working mother that she
may devote more attention to her children. Another
suggestion, to make a course in caring for children,
in health culture and nursing, obligatory for girls,
is a more rational demand than the European law
for compulsory military duty, and would surely be
productive of better results. The ethical as well as
the practical value of efficiency is being recognized
in the business world, in professional and educa-
tional life. Why not in the highest of all vocations
— parenthood?
" The Woman Movement " challenges those of
Ellen Key's adversaries who claim that she opposes
woman's emancipation : for her the most important
woman question is the highest development of the
individual woman. "Motherhood," she assures us,
"will exact all the legal rights without which woman
cannot, in the full sense of the word, be either child
mother or community worker." Her glowing faith
in the perfectibility of human nature, her courage
in braving false interpretations of her creed, and
her prophetic understanding of our most urgent
spiritual needs give her the right to shed a blinding
light on matters tabooed by those who fear the
truth. She is not a disillusionist for courageous
souls. Anyone who reads "Life Lines" under-
standingly is impressed by the author's tremendous
sense of righteousness, and by the optimism of her
prophecies.
In her biographies of noted women the forward-
seeking vision in their lives and in their work is
a typically modern note. Rahel Varnhagen has
never before been drawn with the ultra-modern
touch that reveals her aspiring soul as a strong
influence in spurring on great men to unusual deeds
of intellectual valor.
A humanitarian in the widest sense, Ellen Key
disapproves of many forms of charity, while she
insists upon the right of every human being to
develop his best possibilities through an inspiring
environment and a chance to express himself in his
work. She once heard a young working-girl say:
"It is not your better food and finer clothes we
mostly envy, but it is the many intellectual enjoy-
ments which are so much more within your reach
than ours." The organization of the Tolstjerna
circles was the result of this plaint. Women of
wealth and culture, with a sympathetic understand-
ing, met working girls on terms of equality. Ellen
Key's beautiful home will belong to these girls in
the future. Only four of them are to occupy it at
one time; she wants them to be honored members
of a family, not dwellers in an institution. The
home is her sanctuary. All her "revolutionary"
doctrines are directed towards its perfection by
making men and women better able to guard its
sacred flame and render it worthy to be the cradle
of a new race of beings and a nobler civilization.
AMALIE K. BOGUSLAWSKY.
1914]
THE DIAL
49
CASUAL COMMENT.
A VOICE FROM VIRGINIA makes itself heard in
no uncertain accents in favor of sound culture. The
Classical Association of that State has put on record
its emphatic approval of Greek studies in the high
school, urging that in addition to proper provision
for Latin a prominent place be made for Greek in
the last two years of the high-school course. Mr.
Thomas Fitzhugh, President of the Association,
reports its recent action, and adds, in the course of
an eloquent plea: "Greek is the one ideal element
needed to round out and perfect our system of
democratic education. Its call is a spiritual one.
The maintenance of Greek in the high school is our
tribute of loyalty to the spiritual ancestry of our
culture. The time is come when we too of Virginia
and the South can afford to pay such reverence to
the ideal interests of life." Not long ago an English
author of the widest popularity and influence was
heard to say, in conversation with a young woman,
" We are living in the present; why go on constantly
dwelling on the past? " And this was from him who
wrote the poem whose refrain, "Lest we forget,"
lays emphasis on the wholesome steadying influence
of the past and reminds us that what is best in the
present strikes its roots into that past. The chief
reason why we "go on constantly dwelling on the
past" is that we are not savages, who, as has been
well said, have no past and (largely for that reason)
no future, but only the inappreciable instant of time
called the present; and we cherish especially that
portion of the past rendered illustrious by Greece
because, to name no other reasons, we value the
Platonic virtues enumerated in the "Phaedo," where
the soul is depicted as "arrayed in her own proper
jewels, which are temperance and justice and cour-
age and nobility and truth."
• • •
THE VERSATILE AND CHARMING JlILES CLARETIE,
whose death in late December deprived France of a
gifted and widely-read author, and took from the
Academy one of its most distinguished mem-
bers, gave the best years of his maturity to the
management of the Theatre fran^ais, of which he
was appointed director in 1885, and which he tried
to keep true to its traditional high standards even
while it was suffering such losses as the withdrawal
of actors like the elder Coquelin, Le Bargy, and
Madame Sarah Bernhardt. But his endeavors
were not eminently successful, and two months
before his death he resigned his post. He was born
at Limoges, December 3, 1840, educated at the
Lyce*e Bonaparte, Paris, and served his apprentice-
ship in letters as dramatic critic to the "Figaro"
and the " Opinion Nationale," and as war correspond-
ent in Italy in 1866 and at Metz in 1870. He was
also a staff officer of the National Guard during
the Commune. His election to the French Academy
took place in 1888, and he was seated in February
of the following year, being received by Renan.
In his long list of published works, including plays,
novels, histories, biographies, critical essays, and
miscellanies, note should be made of such consider-
able productions as his five-volume " Histoire de la
Revolution de 1870-1871," and his study of Alsace
and Lorraine five years after their annexation to
Germany; his history of French literature from
900 to 1900 A. D., and his life of Moliere. Of his
work in fiction, "La Cigarrette" attained especial
popularity and served as the basis of the opera,
"La Navarraise," which Claretie helped to set to
the music of Massenet. Outside his own country
he is probably best known for those annual volumes
in which he was wont to collect the shorter writings
(essays and criticisms) that he had contributed to
newspapers and magazines, and in which his facility
and charm showed themselves to the best advantage.
• • •
THE REASON OF AN EDITORIAL, long or short,
literary, political, industrial, hortatory, objurgatory,
or of whatever character, is that most of us like not
only to know what is going on, whether in the world
of letters or in that of affairs, but also to know what
others are thinking about it, and even, sometimes,
to be told what we ought to think about it. We fail to
grasp the full significance of an event until we see it
through one or more pairs of eyes beside our own ;
and even then all the possible aspects of the subject
are seldom exhausted. One of our ablest and best-
known journalists, Mr. Jacob A. Riis, has told us,
in his vivid account of his life, how on at least one
occasion when editorial honors and responsibilities
were offered him he preferred to remain a plain
reporter and chronicle what was going on about him,
leaving it to others to tell lies about it. That was a
rather harsh estimate of the value of editorial writing ;
but it was an estimate held, not many years ago, by
more than one person, and was doubtless partly re-
sponsible for the decline, at that time, in the editorial
department of many journals. Not a few country
newspapers greatly curtailed or wholly discontinued
their editorial section. But now there is a fortunate
rebound in the opposite direction. A recent issue
of " The American Press " declares that in the last
five years the amount of space devoted to editorial
discussion of current events has increased threefold.
A well-considered, well-written, more or less learn-
edly illuminative, and even somewhat ornately
rhetorical presentation of a topic of the times is
found by most readers to be far more intellectually
nutritious and mentally stimulating than a bare rec-
ord of the topic as an item of news. Therefore let
us hope that the prestige of the "leader," as it was
known in our fathers' and grandfathers' time, may
be revived. ...
A " DAILY OF DAILIES " is but the logical continu-
ation of the series of what might be called (without
disrespect) "scissors and paste" publications which
began in 1890 with the monthly "Review of Re-
views," and was soon continued and amplified in a
number of weekly periodicals of excellence and use-
fulness. With the opening of this year there begins
50
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
in Berlin, under the direction of Dr. Arthur Kirch-
hoff, the daily issue of a "Zeitung der Zeitungen,"
which purposes to give a "tagliche Weltiibersicht
der internationalen Politik, Kultur und Wirtschaft."
By an alphabetical arrangement under continents
and countries the principal diurnal events of inter-
national interest are so grouped, in the form of brief
telegraphic despatches, that the eye of even a hasty
reader can easily catch what is of interest to him,
and a full perusal of the sheet (a folio printed only
on one side, " to facilitate clippings ") would occupy
but a fraction of an hour. "About two hundred
dailies," it is announced, " and other periodical publi-
cations from all parts of the globe will regularly be
followed up day by day in about twenty languages for
the 'Zeitung der Zeitungen.'" An impressive list
of more or less eminent men giving the undertaking
their moral support appears in the prospectus sent
out by the publishers. A fortnightly issue of
"European Letters," from competent pens, contain-
ing " a review of the most important economic, polit-
ical, industrial, scientific, and technical occurrences
in Europe," also begins with the launching of the
larger enterprise, and these letters will eventually, it
is expected, be issued weekly. Further particulars
may be obtained from the Pressbureau zur FOrderung
gegenseitiger Kenntnis der Kultur- Vslker, Liitzen-
strasse 9, Berlin-Halensee.
• • •
WHAT EVERY SCHOOLBOY SHOULD KNOW, if he be
in the high school, and at the same time what every
schoolgirl of equal advancement should know, will
be found neatly and conveniently indicated in a
pamphlet compiled by Miss Florence M. Hopkins,
librarian at the Detroit Central High School, and
entitled, "Allusions Which Every High School
Student Should Know." The allusions are from
the domains of philosophy, religion, mythology,
sociology, philology, science, useful arts, fine arts,
literature, history, and general information, and are
arranged alphabetically, to the number of eight
hundred and thirty-seven, with alternate blank pages
for additions, and with indications as to the grade,
or class, to which each topic onght to wear a famil-
iar aspect. The numbers, 9, 10, 11, 12, and the
letter G (graduate student) are used for this purpose.
Let us quote a few of these allusions, to show
how intelligent the Detroit high- school pupils and
graduates are supposed to be, or ought to be. We
find, for example, Balder, Baliol College, Baucis,
Bay Psalm Book, Bodleian Library, Bouguereau,
Calydonian Hunt, Comus, Cuvier, Dirce, Erech-
theum, Eurydice, Excalibur, Freya, Gautama,
Haggai, Hegira, Hippolyta, Index Expurgatorius,
Lachesis, Loki, Obadiah, Odin, Pyrrha, Ur of the
Chaldees, Zeitgeist, Zeno, and Zephaniah. Not
every college graduate could pass a perfect examina-
tion on even the few random allusions here quoted.
Miss Hopkins sets no mean standard for her high-
school pupils, but it is far better to aim too high
than too low.
" THE FATHER OF AMERICAN HISTORY," Dl1.
David Ramsay, was recalled in one of the letters
received at the recent testimonial dinner tendered
to Professor McMaster, the writer drawing an in-
teresting comparison between the two historians.
Ramsay, like McMaster, was of Scotch descent.
McMaster taught in early life at Princeton, where
Ramsay graduated in 1765. McMaster for many
years has filled the chair of American history at the
University of Pennsylvania, of whose medical school
the famous Dr. Benjamin Rush said Ramsay was
the most distinguished graduate. Ramsay was a
member of the Continental Congress from South
Carolina, whither he removed from his native state,
Pennsylvania ; he was a surgeon in the armies of
the Colonies, prisoner of war at St. Augustine, and
member of the "Old Congress." His "History of
the American Revolution" was published in Phila-
delphia, London, Dublin, and Trenton, and in French,
Dutch, and German. His "Life of Washington"
was published at New York, London, Boston, Balti-
more, and Ithaca ; it appeared in Paris in French
and Spanish, and at Barcelona. Twenty-one editions
of these two books were issued from American and
European presses between the years 1789 and 1842.
The late Frederick D. Stone, librarian of the Penn-
sylvania Historical Society, thought Ramsay's the
best narrative of the Revolution that had ever been
written. His book was one of the few read by the
young Abraham Lincoln. While tribute was being
paid to the living McMaster, Ramsay's monument,
tumbled over by the earthquake, still lay prostrate
in the yard of the Presbyterian Church in Charleston.
• • •
A NEW STATE LIBRARY SCHOOL began its useful
existence with the beginning of this year. Its sit-
uation, on the Pacific coast, clears it at the outset
from any charge of desiring to enter into competi-
tion with already established schools of the same
kind. From the latest issue of "News Notes of
California Libraries" we quote: "To meet an in-
creasing demand for librarians and library assistants
who have had the benefit of technical training as
well as experience, the California State Library has
planned to establish in January, 1914, a library
school. The purpose of this school is to offer to
carefully selected candidates a one-year course in
library economy, which is designed to qualify the
students for library service. For this training the
California State Library offers a well- equipped
laboratory, having a library of about 165,000 vol-
umes, including its law library; the collection of
federal, state, and municipal documents ; the collec-
tion of books for the blind ; and the special collection
in the California Department." Examinations under
the supervision of the California State Civil Service
Commission are held for the purpose of selecting
the limited few who shall enjoy the privileges of
the school, and no tuition fees will be charged — a
noticeable item. That the new school may live to
rival in usefulness and reputation that other State
1914]
51
institution of like character at the eastern verge of
the continent, will be the hope and wish of all inter-
ested in the growth of our public library system.
SHAKESPEARE PRESENTED BY AMATEURS seldom
or never equals Shakespeare as presented by the
best professionals ; but the value of the performance
to those behind the footlights may be none the less
considerable. An eminent Shakespeare actor —
no less a one, in fact, than Sir Johnston Forbes-
Robertson — is thus, in part, reported on the subject
in the Yale "News" (one would not dare affirm the
exact verbal accuracy of the report) : " Presenting
Shakespeare's plays in college has several advan-
tages. The main one is that Shakespeare demands
of his actors good elocution and articulation — the
greatest assets in acting. Modern dramas do not
demand this to the same extent. For instance, the
average modern play usually has its characters rep-
resenting types who do not necessarily speak well,
and thus there is not so much demand on the actor
for good speaking. On the contrary, however,
Shakespeare compels his actors to speak with far
greater care, Of course Shakespeare's dramas need
much more skilful acting than the modern, but they
are of high educational value. There is no neces-
sity for giving the great tragedies, for most of his
comedies are well adapted to college use. In fact,
I have seen some of the more rarely staged ones,
like 'The Two Gentlemen of Verona' and 'All's
Well That Ends Well,' given in college with great
success." The seeming implication that none of
Shakespeare's clowns and grave-diggers and con-
stables and tavern roisterers ever express themselves
in carelessly-articulated colloquialisms, is of course
easily disputable; but the colloquialisms of three
centuries ago are sufficiently unlike our own to re-
quire some study and elocutionary practice for their
mastery and effective oral rendering — which we
take to be the English actor's meaning.
• • •
THE PRICE OF ORDERLINESS IN THE LIBRARY,
asserts Miss Bertha Marx, head of the Sheboygan
(Wis. ) Public Library, "is eternal vigilance on the
part of the librarian, coupled with a sense of order-
liness on the part of the staff, and untiring, consci-
entious work on the part of a good janitor"; and
the model neatness of the institution under her care
offers conclusive proof that litter and literature, so
often found dwelling together in a sort of sluttish
content, are not. necessarily one and inseparable.
To the question whether the public is not repelled
by the aspect of such preternatural tidiness as she
describes in a paper printed in the "Wisconsin
Library Bulletin," she makes reply: "I shall answer
by saying that we circulated three thousand more
books this year than last, and that we number among
our regular patrons the grimy men of the coal yards,
the odoriferous tannery workers, and hundreds of
factory men." John Wesley's famous pulpit utter-
ance here comes to mind, but shall not be quoted;
also a part (but not all) of the poet Vaughan's
counsel to the growing seed might be fitly cited :
" Then bless thy secret growth, nor catch
At noise, hut thrive unseen and dumb ;
Keep clean, be as fruit, earn life, and watch
Till the white-winged reapers come.''
• *•>"•
THE LAUREATE'S FIRST OFFICIAL POEM, " Christ-
mas Eve," was sent to the King two days before
Christmas, and was at his request published in "The
Times." In the stately dignity of its antique mode
some irreverent modern critics may find matter for
sport and mockery, and certain of its unrhymed
lines where the rhythm is somewhat less obstrusely
apparent than in "Yankee Doodle" may seem, to
the frivolous, to invite the application of that ex-
pressive term some time ago applied to the produc-
tions of a poet less eminent than Dr. Bridges, —
"jerked English." But to the few who retain even
a faint memory of the archaic charm of "Piers the
Plowman" this bit of twentieth-century revival of
fourteenth-century poetic art will give pleasure. To
convey an idea of its gentle manner we quote a few
of its lines as they have reached us:
" Now blessed be the towers that crown England so fair,
That stand up strong in prayer unto God for our souls ;
Blessed be their founders, said I, and our countryfolk
Who are ringing for Christ in the belfries to-night
With arms lifted to clutch the rattling ropes that race
Into the dark above and the mad romping din."
A TOPSY-TURVY METHOD OF LANGUAGE-TEACHING
seems to have been adopted in the night schools of
Richmond, where the wholly unliterary tongue known
as Esperanto is taught as Latin and Greek have so
long been taught, by practice in translation from
the alien into the native tongue — though the adjec-
tive "alien" is perhaps hardly applicable to so
anomalous a linguistic phenomenon as Esperanto.
Not long ago an eminent language-teacher from
England was in this country, demonstrating to us
the feasibility of imparting a knowledge of a dead
language by the conversational method so fruitful
in giving a command of a living and spoken tongue ;
and now, by a curious reversal of the plan, a lan-
guage invented for conversational and epistolary
use, chiefly in commerce and travel, and consequently
with no literature or history back of it, is treated as
if its origin went back to the Tower of Babel. Who
would have thought the dictionary -and- grammar
habit to be so ingrained anywhere in twentieth-
century America? Or have the Richmond night
schools been grossly slandered?
MAGAZINE COVERS, tastefully and modestly de-
signed (the one, of course, implies the other) win for
themselves, as the slow seasons roll, a certain fond-
ness on the reader's part that makes him averse to
any change even for what may be artistically better.
Amid the ravages wrought by cover- designers among
our long-established monthlies — ravages that have
robbed us of the good old "Atlantic" cover with
its familiar stars and stripes, and have ruthlessly
52
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
removed from the venerable "Harper" its opulent
cornucopias and chubby cherubs — there remains,
sturdily resistant to frivolous innovation, the original
dress of "Blackwood's Magazine" as Blackwood
founded it almost a century ago. "Maga" puts to
shame the frivolity of Mr. Punch in running after
new modes and bedizening his borders with divers
innovations in color, and she thus, in a recent num-
ber, expresses her disapproval (we quote only a few
of the lines) :
•' It is a shame to spoil
The page of Dicky Doyle,
Or, at best, waste of toil,
Painting the lily.
Do n't let the lust for change,
For something new and strange,
All your old charms derange —
We think it silly."
LITERARY MAGIC, as employed by a master
magician, can often transform a repulsive theme to
something comely — often deceptively and seduc-
tively comely — in its outer aspect. This is a prop-
osition that needs no demonstration here, but the
truth of it is quite harmlessly and very entertain-
ingly illustrated just at this time by the appearance
in English of Professor Henri Fabre's delightful
treatise on that common carrier of disease, that pest
of the home, that shameless disturber of bodily and
mental peace, the house-fly. It is to be hoped that
this charming book, "The Life of the Fly," will be
responsible for no truce in the modern war on the
Argus-eyed insect so difficult to be caught napping
by even the most wary and alert fly-exterminator.
Charmed with the marvels of the abstract fly, we
must nevertheless harden ourselves to the pitiless
extinction of the insect in its concrete manifestations
— loving the sinner, but hating more the sin.
• • •
THE LITERATURE OF FEMINISM, a topic only
recently come into prominent notice (under its
present name, at least) is already far from incon-
siderable in quantity or negligible as to quality. At
the John Crerar Library of Chicago, for example,
as we learn from an excellent historical account of
that library issued in pamphlet form by order of
its board of directors, there is a " distinct collection
of nearly 6,000 volumes and pamphlets on the
social, political, and legal status of women. A cata-
logue of this part of the collection, under the title
La femme et le feminisme, complete to 1900, was
exhibited at the Paris Exposition of that year and
received a diploma of honor." It is safe to predict
that, with the increasing public activities of the
twentieth-century woman, the literature of feminism
and the John Crerar collection of that literature
will undergo considerable and rapid augmentation.
LINCOLN LITERARY RELICS of much interest are
at this time (Jan. 14, 15, 16) passing under the auc-
tioneer's hammer into the hands of fortunate pos-
sessors. The late William H. Lambert's collection
of Lincolniana, after being for two weeks on exhi-
bition at the Anderson Galleries in New York, now
suffers the fate of most collections and is dispersed.
Among items of especial value there are mentioned
thirteen volumes from Lincoln's library; one of the
fifty copies of the Emancipation Proclamation signed
by Lincoln and Seward; one of the three copies
of the Thirteenth Amendment signed by Lincoln,
Hamlin, and Colfax ; a copy of the play-bill issued at
Ford's Theatre the day of the assassination ; many
letters, legal papers, and other documents written or
signed by Lincoln ; a leaf from his sum-book, dated
1824; a discharge signed by Lincoln as captain in
1832 ; and the original manuscript of Lincoln's plan
of campaign, 1861. Other papers, with relics of a
different sort, are enumerated — altogether a re-
markable collection.
MR. CARNEGIE'S LIBRARY GIFTS FOR 1913 amount
to three hundred and thirty-seven thousand dollars,
his total benefactions for the same period being some-
what over fourteen million dollars. Apparently he
is not specializing quite so much in libraries as for-
merly, although a third of a million for one year's
outlay in this branch of charity would be for most men
royal munificence. Of this amount, the Allegheny
City Library, the first of the Carnegie library build-
ings, received one hundred and fifty thousand dollars
for an extension; Somerville, Mass., one hundred
thousand for its new building, just completed and
opened; Montclair, N. J., forty thousand dollars
for a library building in Upper Montclair; Central
University, Danville, Ky., thirty thousand dollars for
a library building; Perry, N. Y., twelve thousand
dollars for a like purpose; and the New York Uni-
versity Library (already housed in a Carnegie build-
ing) five thousand dollars toward its maintenance.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
CONCERNING "YE" AND "AMPERSAND."
(To the Editor of THE DIAJL.)
While I believe Mr. Pickard has performed a distinct
service by calling attention to the common but absurd
pronunciation of the early Modern English represen-
tation of "the," I am constrained to differ with him in
the matter of the origin of this symbol. " The only
apparent reason for mistaking the character is," he
says, "that two centuries ago the letter <h ' was usually
written with a tail below the line, and with a razeed top,
which made it look like our ' y.' " On the contrary, I
regard the character not merely as looking like " y,"
but as actually being " y," though introduced through
confusion with the Old and Middle English letter p,
and intended, of course, to be pronounced like p. John
Earle says on this point (" The Philology of the English
Tongue," fourth edition, pp. 103-104) : " The words the
and that continued after the close of the fifteenth cen-
tury to be written pe and pat or pl. This habit lasted
on long after its original meaning was forgotten. The
p got confused with the character y at a time when the
y was closed a-top, and then people wrote ' ye ' for the
and <yat ' or ' y* ' for that. This has lasted down close
to our own times; and the practice has not entirely
ceased even now." The same position is taken in
1914]
THE DIAL,
53
"Webster's New International Dictionary," pp. 2147
and 2358, and in "The New Standard Dictionary,"
p. 2507. NELSON ANTRIM CRAWFORD.
Manhattan, Kansas, Jan. 7, 1914.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Agreeing with, and wishing to emphasize, what your
correspondent writes in your issue of December 16 upon
the modern use of " ye " for " the," may I add that the
use of the letter "y" in the spelling of "the" and "that"
originated in the adoption by the early English printers
of the runic letter " thorn " which very closely resem-
bles the black-letter " y " ; hence when the black-letter
began to be replaced by the Roman type forms, the
" y " was retained, though at first the " e " was placed
above the line and thus a distinction between " ye "
and " the " was maintained. Later the " e " dropped
down to the line, and " ye " was for a long time used
by printers for "the"; there are some writers who
still use it as an abbreviated form of " the " without
realizing whence they got it.
The "short and" is a monogram of "et " used by
the mediaeval scribes, of which the earliest type found-
ers made use. It is further corrupted into the plus
sign +. It was in the early printing offices that it
gained the name of " ampersand," which is a corrup-
tion of " and-per-se-and " or " and-by-itself-and."
ARTHUR HOWARD NOLL.
Sewanee, Tenn., Jan. 5, 1914.
MILTON'S " STARRE-YPOINTED PYRAMID."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I will put a few facts before your readers which will
dispose once and for all of the imaginations of your cor-
respondent Mr. Samuel A. Tannenbaum, as expressed
in your issue of November 16 last.
In my unique library are quite a number of books in
which engravings of a Beacon will be found to inform
those capable of understanding that Bacon is the real
author of works to which his name has not yet been
attached. But as I am now dealing with Milton's
Epitaph, I will refer only to the engraving which shows
a Pyramid, — a Beacon, a Bacon, — upon which is in-
scribed " Holy-Relique," with the meaning of literary
works which are described as " these Divine pure Beau-
ties of the Minde." All writers are agreed that " Para-
dise Lost " shows that Milton was much indebted to
"Joshua Sylvester's Translation of Du Bartas, His
Divine Weekes and Wordes," which was first published
in 1605. In this book we find on B2 (a page which
appears to have no possible connection with Sylvester's
work) a Pyramid, a Beacon, a Bacon, surmounted by a
pheon (the heraldic name for an engrailed broad arrow),
which is the arms of Sir Philip Sidney. Below this on
the pyramid itself is Bacon's crest, the Wild Boar, in
the proper heraldic attitude. But round its neck is a
cord with a slip-knot to show us that it is a " Hanged-
Hog," which Mrs. Quickly, on the first page 53 in the
First Folio of the Shakespeare plays (1623), tells us
means " Bacon," the reason why being supplied in the
36th of Bacon's Apophthegms first printed in 1671. This
Hanged-Hog is, however, clothed in a porcupine's skin
(Sidney's crest is a porcupine). Below this is a set of
verses which are printed so as to follow the outline of
the pyramid. They are as follows:
" ENGLAND'S Apelles (rather OUK APOLLO)
WORLD' s-wonder SIDNEY, that rare more-than-man,
This LOVELY VENUS first to LIMNE beganne,
With such a PENCILL as no PENNE dares follow :
How then shold I in Wit and Art so shallow,
Attempt the Task which yet none other can ?
Far be the thought that mine unlearned hand
His heavenly Labour shold so much unhallow,
Yet least (that Holy RELIQUE being shrin'd
In some High-Place, close lockt from common light)
My Country-men should bee debar'd the sight
Of these DIVINE pure Beauties of the Minde :
Not daring meddle with APELLES TABLE
This have I muddled as my MUSE was able."
To the uninformed these words seem to be addressed
to Sidney, whose name appears in large capital letters
in the centre. The poem is, however, a grand panegyric
on Bacon. It commences with " England's Apelles "
and "apelles" means "without a skin." We must there-
fore skin off the pheon and lo! a Beacon, a Bacon, stands
revealed; and we must skin off the porcupine's quills
from the " Hanged-Hog " and again we see that " Bacon"
stands revealed. We therefore perceive that we are
told that Bacon wrote under the skin, the garment, the
weed, the disguise, the pseudonym of Sidney. This
fact is likewise revealed in various books in my library.
Then we read " This lovely Venus first to limne began."
This refers to Bacon's " Venus & Adonis," which he says
is " the first heire of my invention." Scholars never
guessed that the real meaning of this is that it is the
first heir of his invention of the pseudonym William
Shakespeare. But to explain half of the meaning of this
wonderful pyramid would take far too much of your
space. Suffice it to point out that in these verses we
find "Holy-Relique" with the meaning of "literary
works," — "these Divine pure Beauties of the Minde," ex-
actly as Milton in his Epitaph uses "hallow'd Reliques "
with the meaning of the plays, etc.
If your readers will carefully study Milton's Epitaph,
which commences,
" What neede my Shakespeare for his honour'd bones,
The labour of an Age, in piled stones
Or that his hallow'd Reliques should be hid
Under a starre-ypointed Pyramid ?
Dear Sonne of Memory, great Heire of Fame,
What needst thou such dull witnesse of thy Name ? "
they cannot fail to perceive that it is cunningly com-
posed from the Pyramid in Sylvester, and from the
opening lines of " Love's Labour's Lost," which are as
under :
" Let Fame, that all hunt after in their lives,
Live registered upon our brazen Tombes,
And then grace us in the disgrace of death :
When spight of cormorant devouring Time,
Th' endevour of this present breath may buy :
That honour which shall bate his sythes keene edge,
And make us h eyres of all eternitie."
It is all exceedingly simple when you know. Indeed,
as Milton clearly tells us, we ought te have sense
enough to see the Mighty Author in his works, without
it being necessary to place upon his Hallowed Reliques,
" the Divine pure Beauties of the Minde," " the Immor-
tal Plays," the dull witness of a Beacon (a Bacon) to
tell us what was his Name.
We must remember that although the Householder
of Stratford died in 1616, the real author "Bacon"
was alive in 1623, and therefore no Epitaph appeared
in the First Folio of the Plays. Bacon, however, died
in 1626, and accordingly his Epitaph appeared in the
Second Folio (1632), with Milton's marvellously clear
revelation that he was " Shakespeare."
EDWIN DURNING-LAWRENCE.
London, England, Dec. 24, 1913.
54
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
(Eft* ifrfo
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE.*
For half a century or more the name of
Florence Nightingale, the angel of mercy to
wounded soldiers in the Crimean War, was as
the name of a mythological character or a
mediaeval saint about whom all sorts of fables
and traditions had clustered, and of whose real
personality it was difficult to form any clear
conception unless one belonged to the favored
few admitted to the invalid chamber whence for
forty-five years she scarcely stirred. References
to her in contemporary memoirs, with an occa-
sional inadequate sketch of her life, would ap-
pear from time to time; but for years before
her death in the summer of 1910 there was only
the vaguest popular impression whether she was
still living, and, if so, where, and what were the
things that interested her in her retirement, if
indeed she was still capable of cherishing any
interests whatever. Now, however, with Sir
Edward Cook's two- volume "Life of Florence
Nightingale" before one, it becomes plainly
evident that the founder of modern nursing,
one of the most heroic characters of her time^
or of all time, was a very human mortal and a
very womanly woman; that she had a wealth
of mental and moral endowment that fitted her
to excel in any one of many callings she might
have chosen ; and that the choice she did finally
make was not arrived at without spiritual and
intellectual conflict of the sharpest sort, and
opposition from family and friends and public
opinion such as it required the most resolute will
to overcome.
In this day and generation, when a young
woman's decision to become a trained nurse
excites as little comment as does a young man's
choice of medicine as a profession, it is well-
nigh impossible to imagine the formidable front
of popular disapproval encountered by a gently-
nurtured girl who, three-quarters of a century
ago, dared to entertain a longing to give her
life to the service of the sick in hospitals. The
impropriety of such a course seemed more shock-
ing, in some respects, than to go on the stage.
That a woman of Miss Nightingale's position
and antecedents should have, with all her other
notable qualities, both the desire to devote her-
self to so unheard-of a cause and the tenacity
of purpose to realize her desire, marks her as a
*THB LIFE OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE. By Sir
Edward Cook. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York :
The Macmillan Co.
character well worthy of more than a cursory
study; and in the two ample volumes of the
present biography will be found sufficient de-
scriptive and autobiographic material to place
the reader on a footing of rather intimate ac-
quaintance with her richly gifted personality.
Born on the twentieth day of May, 1820, in
the city that gave her her baptismal name,
Florence Nightingale enjoyed from the begin-
ning all the advantages that wealth, culture, the
best society, and frequent travel could confer.
Her father, a serious- minded gentleman of leis-
ure, took an active interest in his two daughters'
education, and records remain of the school-
room tasks he set them. Miss Nightingale's
early notebooks show that before she was out
of her teens she had acquired some mastery of
Latin and Greek, that she had analyzed the
"Tusculan Disputations," translated parts of
the " Phsedo," the " Crito," and the " Apology,"
studied Roman, German, Italian, and Turkish
history, and critically dissected Dugald Stewart's
"Philosophy of the Human Mind." Mathe-
matics also engaged her interest and claimed
many hours of earnest application. She took
music-lessons in Florence, and in London pur-
sued these studies under German and Italian
masters, acquiring some proficiency in both
singing and playing, attending the opera with
passionate enjoyment, and becoming, as she
expressed it, "music-mad." In fact, so varied
and also so pronounced were her successive or
simultaneous enthusiasms that, so far as one can
see, there was no reason why, with a little tip-
ping of the balance at any time, she might not
have distinguished herself as a writer, a musi-
cian, a classical scholar, an egyptologist, a society
leader, a follower of the religious life, or a model
wife and mother. Temptations and aptitudes
were not wanting in all these and probably still
other directions, but nothing seemed perma-
nently worth while that did not tend to the alle-
viation of the hard lot of suffering humanity.
" I feel my sympathies are with Ignorance and
Poverty," she wrote to a friend in 1846. "My
imagination is so filled with the misery of this
world that the only thing in which to labour
brings any return, seems to me helping and
sympathizing there; and all that poets sing of
the glories of this world appears to me untrue :
all the people I see are eaten up with care or
poverty or disease." Three years later, when
she was doing charity work in London, she wrote
in her diary these significant words :
" Ought not one's externals to be as nearly as possi-
ble an incarnation of what life really is ? Life is not a
1914]
THE DIAL
55
green pasture and a still water, as our homes make it.
Life is to some a forty days' fasting, moral or physical,
in the wilderness; to some it is a fainting under the
carrying of the cross ; to some it is a crucifixion ; to all,
a struggle for truth, for safety. Life is seen in a much
truer form in London than in the country. In an En-
glish country place everything that is painful is so care-
fully removed out of sight, behind those fine trees, to a
village three miles off. In London, at all events if you
open your eyes, you cannot help seeing in the next
street that life is not as it has been made for you. You
cannot get out of a carriage at a party without seeing
what is in the faces making the lane on either side, and
without feeling tempted to rush back and say, ' Those
are my brothers and sisters.' "
Again and again her family and friends
exerted themselves in vain to win back Florence
Nightingale to the safe and comfortable con-
ventions of her social station, and every fresh
trial left her increasingly dissatisfied with the
hollowness and heartlessness and sham that
seemed all-sufficient to those about her. At
last, when she had attained the comparative
maturity and confidence of thirty-one years, she
succeeded in making her will prevail. She
gained admission as a nurse at the Kaiserswerth
hospital founded by Pastor Fliedner, and fol-
lowed up this useful apprenticeship with a term
of similar service in the Maison de la Provi-
dence belonging to the Sisters of Charity in
Paris, after which, and as her last work before
entering upon her great undertaking in the
East, she acted as superintendent of an " Estab-
lishment for Gentlewomen during Illness," in
Upper Harley Street, London. The autumn
of 1854 brought a call to larger and more self-
sacrificing usefulness, and it was promptly
answered. As head of a small volunteer band
of nurses, Miss Nightingale left home for the
distant seat of war, and there displayed pro-
fessional and administrative abilities that won
the applause of the world. In addition to pros-
trating illness and other interruptions to the
prosecution of her great work, there were the
vexations of official hostility to her beneficent
activities, and all the petty annoyance of red
tape and a multitude of miscellaneous worri-
ments. Her biographer gives a glimpse of
these discouraging conditions in the following
passage :
" Miss Nightingale's work in the Crimea was attended
by ceaseless worry. She had to fight her way into full
authority. She knew that she would win, but her
enemies were active, and were for the moment in pos-
session of the field. ' There is not an official,' she
said, ' who would not burn me like Joan of Arc if he
could, but they know that the War Office cannot turn
me out because the country is with me.' She was beset
with jealousies in the Crimea, both in military and in
medical quarters ; and to make matters worse, religious,
and even racial animosities mixed themselves up in the
disputes. Lord Raglan, who believed in her and always
supported her, was now dead; and by some strange
omission, the instructions which had been sent to him
from London at the time of her original appointment
were unknown to his successors in the command."
She returned to England hopelessly shattered in
health, and from an invalid's chair entered upon
that long and noble labor for the reform of
nursing and sanitation methods to which her
field experiences in the Crimea had been only
a starting point.
Of these later philanthropic labors, and her
many writings in furtherance of the causes that
claimed her aid, there is here no space to give
even a brief account. Let us rather present
a picture of her in her London home, in South
Street, when the more memorable achievements
of her heroic life were over and she was enter-
ing upon the philosophic calm of her honored
old age. After referring to her brilliance in
conversation and to Madame Mohl's description
of her talk as "most nourishing," the author
continues :
" But for the most part Miss Nightingale's talk was
rather earnest, inquiring, sometimes searching, than
sparkling or eloquent. ' She is worse than a Royal
Commission to answer,' said Colonel Yule ; ' and, in the
most gracious, charming manner possible, immediately
finds out all I do n't know.' Younger visitors some-
times felt in awe of her; she could flash out a searching
question upon a rash generalization as formidably as Mr.
Gladstone himself. She was interested in everything
except what was trivial. Her intellectual vitality was
remarkable ; visitors who knew nothing of her special
interests or pursuits were yet delighted by the stimu-
lating freshness of her talk. . . . The humour which
was characteristic of Miss Nightingale came more
readily perhaps to her pen than to her tongue; but she
always enjoyed a joke in conversation — even, as we
have heard already from one of her nursing friends, at
her own expense. Sometimes she was teasing. A High
Church young lady once went to South Street. She was
delighted with her interview, but Miss Nightingale, she
said, ' laughed at High Church curates a good deal : she
said they had no foreheads.' She sometimes quizzed
even her greatest friends. She used to talk with humor-
ous indignation of Mr. Jowett's God as a ' man-jelly,'
in contrast with the future life of work which she looked
forward to."
For the preparation of this full and authori-
tative account of a most notable and noble life
the author has had placed at his disposal by
Miss Nightingale's executors the great mass of
correspondence preserved by her, and also many
other papers of hers, while her numerous pub-
lished writings have of course contributed much
of value. Portraits, bibliography, and index
are not lacking to the book's equipment. It is
in every respect an excellent and unusually
important work. PERCY F. BICKNELL.
56
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
GUIDES TO THE CONTEMPORARY DRAMA.*
What with the publication of plays in book
form, the "readings" innumerable from stage
successes of present and earlier seasons, the
tabloid reproductions of the "movies," the dra-
matic gossip and digests and criticisms of the
newspapers and magazines, and the critical and
appreciative works on the drama, the dweller of
to-day in village or hamlet may know as much
of the theatre as his metropolitan cousin. The
books by Mr. Andrews and Professor Burton
belong to an ever-increasing list of works on
things dramatic, and provide guides, one to the
modern British and American drama, the other
to the American only. Both are admirably ad-
apted for those who read more often than
they see plays. Quite pertinently, therefore,
Mr. Andrews warns his readers that "modern
plays should be read as plays, with the eye of
the imagination fixed upon their actual perform-
ance, and not measured by old-fashioned literary
standards." The student of the drama will not
find in either volume any very fresh material.
Indeed, Mr. Andrews frankly admits that " little
effort has been made to shed any new light upon
the topics discussed ; the attempt has been rather
to present in small compass accurate general in-
formation as to the leaders of the modern stage
and their work, and to offer, in passing, some
opinions as to the prospects and tendencies of
dramatic art in our day." Mr. Burton's some-
what more pretentious aim is " to put before the
reader in synthetic fashion the native movement
of our time in drama, placing emphasis upon
what seem significant tendencies and illustrative
personalities." Not only has each author lived
up to his professions, but each has produced a
well ordered and highly readable book.
Both writers preface their main treatment by
chapters on the general matter of the drama,
with discussion more or less familiar even to the
bucolic lover of the theatre, — as, for instance,
the eternal subject of giving the people what they
want, the matter of morals, the spread of inter-
est in the theatre, the " tired business man," and
the Syndicate, in Mr. Burton's book; and a set
of definitions covering dramatic types, plot,
characterization, and stage conventions, in Mr.
Andrews's work. Mr. Burton gives a hasty
sketch of the earlier American drama, merely
to lead up to the present. Mr. Andrews has a
*THB DRAMA OF TO-DAY. By Charlton Andrews.
Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
THE NEW AMERICAN DRAMA. By Richard Burton.
New York : Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
chapter on realism and the literary drama, cor-
responding to Mr. Burton's on the poetic drama,
which latter is one of the sub-topics of his main
treatment.
The discussion as to whether there is or
should be such a thing to-day as the literary
drama, seems to be largely due to a confusion
of terms. There is a tendency to regard "lit-
erary" and "poetic" as synonymous expres-
sions, and to conceive of literary drama only as
that which is decked out in the flowing robes of
blank verse. There is surely no need of falling
back upon Mr. Andrews's comfortable doctrine :
"The best way out of the difficulty is to ac-
knowledge what grows more obvious day by day,
that drama, perhaps beginning in, or at least
early combining with, literature, has evolved
into a separate art, still relying on literary ele-
ments, doubtless, but by no means exclusively,
or even principally." Mr. Henry Arthur Jones's
statement seems much more reasonable :
" If you have faithfully and searchingly studied your
fellow-citizens ; if you have selected from amongst them
those characters that are interesting in themselves, and
that also possess an enduring human interest ; if, in study-
ing these interesting personalities, you have severely
selected, from the mass of their sayings and doings and
impulses, those words and deeds and tendencies which
mark them at once as individuals and as types; if you
have then recast and reimagined all the materials; if
you have cunningly shaped them into a story of pro-
gressive and accumulative action; if you have done all
this, though you may not have used a single word but
what is spoken in ordinary American intercourse to-day,
I will venture to say that you have written a piece of
live American literature, — that is, you have written
something that will not only be interesting on the boards
of the theatre, but that can be read with pleasure in
your library; can be discussed, argued about, tested,
and digested as literature."
As Mr. Andrews epitomizes all this, "truly
literary drama is essentially neither poetical
nor rhetorical, but simply good drama — drama
raised to the nth power." It is not a matter of
verse form; dialogue wanting the accomplish-
ment of verse may be as fully charged with poetic
spirit as some dialogue not in that form, — as
anyone can illustrate at his pleasure from Shake-
speare or any other really literary dramatist.
Indeed, Lear's faltering cry,
" Do not laugh at me,
For as I am a man, I think this lady
To be my child Cordelia,"
is as simple as anything in prose dialogue, and
as far removed from the exalted blank verse
which in the popular mind is associated with the
poetic drama as is the veriest prose of a modern
play, and yet it is the quintessence of poetry.
The real difference between such dialogue and
1914]
THE DIAL
57
that of the poetic play of to-day is in the degree
to which common speech has been raised, — in
the one case to the nth power, in the other to
the square. Goldsmith and Sheridan wrote lit-
erary dramas, as did Congreve and Farquhar;
but they did not use blank verse or any other
poetic form. That poetic drama, strictly so
called, is not always dramatic — or, for that
matter, always poetic — does not argue against
the essential verity of the type. Mr. MacKaye,
Miss Peabody (whom Mr. Burton triply de-
signates as "Peabody," "Miss Peabody," and
"Mrs. Marks," to the confusion of the unso-
phisticated reader), and Mr. Stephen Phillips
have made brave beginnings, which it is reason-
able enough to suppose will lead to even greater
accomplishment. There is nothing inherently
impossible in Wall Street's finding voice in a
poetic drama; already we are hearing of the
"romance of Wall Street." After Mr. Mac-
Kaye's " To-morrow," a fairly successful drama,
throughout suggestive of the poetic, on the sub-
ject of eugenics, nothing is impossible to a dra-
matist with the gift of poetic expression. Of
course, the poetic drama cannot be written by
a playwright whose genius runs only to scissors
and paste. Mr. Burton has faith in the future
of the poetic drama, — he says he " must disagree
with those who hold that verse is no longer ac-
ceptable in our modern theatre and particularly
de trop in ' practical America.' " The whole
discussion parallels the dispute as to whether
Pope is a poet or not.
Mr. Andrews's criticisms of plays and play-
wrights are, on the whole, discerning and just.
Occasionally in his desire to say as much as
possible in the fewest words he appears super-
ficial and even unfair. Thus he remarks of
Mr. Mackaye's " To-morrow " that " the central
situation wherein the hero, to save the heroine
from her infatuation for the unwholesome lover
she has selected, hurls him over a cliff into the
sea . . . does not grow at all logically out of
the characters." Why not? This act is but
the explosion of the volcano in the hero's breast,
which was mentioned earlier, and surely the
motive for this explosion was furnished in the
events. Likewise when Mr. Andrews says of
Mr. Galsworthy's " The Pigeon " that it shows
" the futility of charity for the submerged tenth,"
he ignores what is really back of the resultant
fact, that social conditions have reduced the
submerged tenth to a state where such lenitive
measures as charity fail to remedy the disease ;
the depth to which the evil has sunk into the
social state is the subject of the play. So again,
Mr. Andrews does not do justice to Synge's " In
the Shadow of the Glen " when he says, in
briefly outlining the plot of the play : " Luckily
there is a tramp at hand, who carries her [the
wife] away with him." The tramp is the actual
embodiment of the liberty that the woman has
all her life longed for and that her husband has
denied her ; now it comes to her, and in a sweep
of feeling she sees in the tramp a messenger from
a better and a brighter world. Nor does " Riders
to the Sea" merely depict "the quiet sorrow of
a mother whose six sons have one by one become
the victims of the remorseless sea." It portrays
the utter desolation which overtakes a woman
when all hope and all fear are gone together.
Curiously in this treatment of Synge there is
no mention of " Deirdre of the Sorrows," that
most poignant of all his plays, the one which
gives him his greatest claim to immortality.
Both Mr. Burton and Mr. Andrews have fine
hopes for the future of the American drama
now in its infancy, and a constant faith born
of knowledge. The significant fact emphasized
by both men is the constant endeavor of Amer-
ican dramatists to be true to American condi-
tions, — no longer to forage afield for plots but
to get them at home, where they exist so abun-
dantly. And Mr. Burton admirably shows
how well the young dramatist is exploring these
fertile regions, — the fields of American busi-
ness life, of social conditions, of humor, of
romance, of sheer idealism. There is a search
for an idea, not a mere patching together of a
set of scenes that will make out an evening's
entertainment for a jaded intellect. Mr. Bur-
ton, with splendid confidence in the future,
declares that "the higher instinct is astir, as
never before ; that more intelligent activity has
begun ; that the well-wishers of the theatre are
everywhere fast consolidating for effective work
of many kinds." JAMES W. TUPPER.
SOCIAL, INSURANCE.*
It is a whimsical complaint of old-fashioned
persons that in these latter days the reciprocal
relations of parent and child have been turned
topsy-turvy. When we were children, much
was made of filial duties; the duties of parent
to child were for the most part beyond the scope
of the moralists' scheme. Nowadays we hear
much of parental duties ; but the duties of chil-
dren to their parents are vanishing from the
* SOCIAL INSURANCE. With Special Reference to Amer-
ican Conditions. By I. M. Rubinow. New York : Henry
Holt & Co.
58
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
moral codes. A similar revolution is taking
place in the reciprocal relations of State and
citizen, society and the individual. In books not
fifty years old the expression "social duties"
means the obligations of the individual to soci-
ety. To-day it means just the reverse: the
obligations of society to the individual. The
old-fashioned citizen was supposed to exist, ethi-
cally, for the State; the new-fashioned State is
supposed to exist for the citizen. In former
days, he was a coward and a traitor who was
unwilling to die for the State, if such sacrifice
were demanded. The contemporary State may
perish under the weight of the burdens social
reformers would place upon it ; but in the bright
light of to-day it is clear that there is no worthier
end for the State.
As a people we have not yet become fully
adjusted to this new order of ideas. American
life has been prevailingly rural ; and agricul-
ture, so we are told by the economic interpreters
of the human soul, creates a patriarchal habit
of mind. American thought has, further, been
powerfully influenced by the accessibility of a
frontier of no-man's land, where the young and
strong and resolute might build homes and for-
tunes, where the weak and vacillating might beat
crooked paths leading nowhere, after the pat-
terns of their souls. Hence an individualism
developed, which was not confined to a prosper-
ous middle class, as in England and other coun-
tries of Europe, but permeated all levels of
old American society. The pioneer American
viewed his good fortune complacently as the pro-
duct of his own unaided exertions, even though
he did, with feigned modesty, impute it to his
good luck, or gave perfunctory thanks to God
for it. In misfortune he cursed his luck ; but
the first shock over, he "took his medicine,"
and set resolutely about reconstructing his
hopes. And if the misfortune involved his
death, he closed his eyes in the pride of dying
" with his boots on."
We have travelled far from those brave days
of individualism; but their spirit still haunts
us. In an abstract way we know that the con-
ditions of American life are rapidly becoming
assimilated to those of the Old World, and that
consequently the institutions that recommend
themselves to the Old World should recommend
themselves to us also. The Old World has found
it necessary for the State to assume a constantly
increasing portion of the burden of accident,
disease, old age, and unemployment. Super-
ficial historians have informed us that this
movement received its impetus from Bismarck's
attempts to "back-fire" Socialism; but this, as
Dr. Rubinow proves conclusively, is an error.
Social insurance in Europe grew out of the con-
ditions of modern industralism ; consequently
we know that it must develop iu America also.
With most American students, however, sup-
port of social insurance is still a matter of intel-
lectual conviction, not a matter of feeling, — a
fact that manifests itself in the colorless char-
acter of their writings. Such writings have not
been lacking in number or in scientific merit,
but we had nothing approaching a spirited and
authoritative treatment of social insurance until
Dr. Rubinow published his important work.
Dr. Rubinow's qualifications for the compo-
sition of a work of this kind are numerous.
He was born in Russia, and emigrated to
America in his eighteenth year. Since his
arrival in this country he has lived, for the
most part, in the centres of industry and com-
merce of the Atlantic seaboard, and thus has
been kept immune from the old American
spirit of individualism. He is a highly trained
statistician — one of the best of the country, —
and possesses an indefatigable zeal for research.
For three years he was employed as a statistical
expert in the United States Bureau of Labor,
and devoted his entire time to the preparation
of the Report of the Commissioner of Labor
on "Workmen's Insurance and Compensation
Systems in Europe." Further, Dr. Rubinow
is a propagandist by instinct ; it is his ideal to
produce a convincing argument, not a scientific
treatise of an exhaustive and stupefying char-
acter. Accordingly, while the scientific quality
of his book is unimpeachable, this is not its
chief merit. What especially distinguishes the
work is the keen interest it excites. The mass
of facts presented is enormous, but the material
is so well organized that even the reader who
prides himself upon his contempt for facts will
cry "More!" The book will be welcomed by
the trained economist as the most competent
treatment of the subject in English — and the
most convenient treatment in any language.
The general reader should welcome it still more
warmly as the one work that provides him with
all the elements necessary for a rational opinion
on this important subject.
What do we know of the need for social in-
surance in the United States ? Very little. For
many years the subject of industrial accidents
has been prominent in public discussion, but we
do not know even the number of such accidents.
Dr. Rubinow estimates the annual number of
fatal accidents at 30,000, — about a third more
1914]
THE DIAJL
59
than occur in the whole of Europe. The num-
ber of accidents resulting in permanent disabil-
ities he estimates at 200,000, of which 60,000
are mutilations. To these may be added tem-
porary disabilities lasting three months or more,
estimated at 170,000. Such figures convey
little meaning to the mind, but we shall under-
stand them better if we translate them into
terms of a war of the machine upon our own
workingmen, a war vastly more destructive of
life, vastly more fruitful in suffering, than the
war of factions across the Rio Grande.
Still less do we know of the extent in which
our working class is afflicted with diseases
originating in the conditions of their employ-
ment. The money loss from industrial disease
must be enormous. Dr. Rubinow estimates it
at $650,000,000. Whatever the worth of the
estimate, all will agree that such figures tend
to minimize rather than exaggerate the extent
of the evil. What is lost is not a few hundred
millions that might have been spent for com-
forts and luxuries, but medicine and nursing
for a million invalids, bread and clothing for a
million little children.
Everyone is familiar with the pathetic spec-
tacle of the superannuated workman, forced to
eat the bitter bread of charity, or by right of
kin to place the burden of his support upon the
frail budget of some workingman's household.
How many of them are there in the United
States ? We do not know. In thrifty France
fifty-seven per cent of all persons seventy years
of age and over qualified in 1910 for pensions to
aged dependents. In England seventy-five per
cent of the same age group are now receiving
pensions, by title of need. Even in agricul-
tural New Zealand and Australia between
thirty-five and forty per cent of all persons
over sixty-five have proved their need for pen-
sions. Dr. Rubinow accepts as conservative
Squier's estimate that we have a million and a
quarter of persons over sixty-five supported by
charity, public and private. And these are not
men who have led idle and dissolute lives ; since
such men do not commonly grow old. They
are men whose services have merited a serene
old age.
Accident, disease, and superannuation are
among the inevitable incidents of human life.
What is not inevitable is the destitution that
so often accompanies them. We have relied
upon the natural adjustment of wages to pro-
vide a fund out of which the costs of occupa-
tional risk and disease might be met. In vain ;
wages are not higher in dangerous and unsan-
itary trades than in others. We have relied
upon private thrift to make provision for old
age. Again, in vain. A great proportion of
our industrial workers receive wages that barely
suffice for current living. Mutual associations
to meet the costs of accident and disease have
been organized in every industrial country;
great efforts have been made to extend the
scope of their activities, but their achievements
have been of slight consequence. The only
solution of these problems must be attained
through state action. To this conclusion Dr.
Rubinow's argument must force even the reader
of a decidedly individualistic habit of mind.
For all the untoward accidents of the worker's
life Dr. Rubinow's formula is insurance, with
the costs borne either wholly or in part by the
industry. For accidents the industry should
bear the whole burden. If every 200,000 tons
of coal costs a human life, surely the incidental
economic loss should be borne, not by the
dependents of the victim, but by the employer
who profits from the mine or by the house-
holder who buys the coal. No one will dissent
from this conclusion, if such accidents are due
to the fault of the employer, or are inevitably
bound up with the industry. But suppose the
accident results from the victim's own negli-
gence. Suppose it results from his intoxication.
Dr. Rubinow regards all inquiry into the dis-
tribution of blame as vicious. The employer
has a right to dismiss careless and dissipated
workmen. This, Dr. Rubinow argues, is the
proper penalty, not forfeiture of accident
benefits.
For the protection of the worker against the
costs of sickness, Dr. Rubinow supports the
plan whereby the employer and employee both
contribute to the expense of insurance. It is
obvious that in so far as sickness arises out of
occupational conditions, there is every reason
why indemnification should be at the expense
of the employer, or, in the last analysis, of the
industry. It is worthy of note, however, that
Dr. Rubinow makes no attempt to distribute the
cost between employer and employee on such a
basis. His criterion of excellence is solely one of
the proportionate sharing of the cost : the more
the employer pays the better the system.
For the relief of old age, two methods are
employed, — insurance as typified in the German
system, and pensions as typified in the British
system. Most individualists prefer the plan of
insurance, since it places at least a part of the
burden on the beneficiary, and hence savors
less of charity. Dr. Rubinow prefers this plan
60
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
also, but for different reasons. By the insurance
plan the employer can be made to contribute,
and thus each industry is saddled with super-
annuation costs, as well as with the costs of
sickness and accident. Furthermore, this plan
admits of differentiation. The highly paid
worker receives a larger superannuation benefit
than the ill paid worker ; and thus differences in
standards may be maintained even in old age.
To the reviewer neither argument seems cogent.
If we should penalize an industry for exposing
its workers to accident and disease, there seems
to be no good reason why we should penalize it
for permitting them to survive to old age. It
cannot be said that it is the exploitation of the
laborer by the industry employing him that is
chiefly responsible for his arriving at old age
in penury. Low wages may have the effect of
increasing the profits of an industry, or they
may have the effect of cheapening its products ;
in the latter case the responsibility for exploit-
ation is diffused throughout society. Further-
more, exploitation may take the form, not of
low wages, but of a low purchasing power of
money, resulting from the acts of the retailer
who gives short weight and charges full price ;
the landlord who extorts the highest profits from
the poorest tenements, the State which levies
the heaviest burdens upon its weakest citizens.
Where the responsibility begins and ends no
one knows; it is therefore unreasonable to
apportion the burden in any other way than
through ordinary taxation.
As for the differentiation of benefits, we may
accept the plan as desirable in case of temporary
disability, through accident or sickness. If the
skilled laborer is temporarily disabled, he should
not he forced down to the standard of the un-
skilled laborer, lest he accept such a standard and
lose motive for regaining his former earning
power. This ground for differentiation of insur-
ance benefits is wanting in the case of old age.
Here it would appear wisest to assure a reason-
able minimum of subsistence to all the aged ; if
any persons desire higher standards in old age
than others, let them be free to establish such
standards through their personal^ thrift. Because
a man has once belonged to an aristocracy of
labor is no good reason why the State should
constitute for his benefit an aristocracy of the
superannuated.
But what of the stigma of charity, if all are
pensioned alike? Dr. Kubinow, like the indi-
vidualists, supposes that the pension system
necessarily implies an inquiry into the means
of the pensioners, and the limitation of benefits
to the very poor. It is doubtful whether such
limitation is advisable. If three-fourths of the
aged in Great Britain are able to qualify for
pensions under the present act, four-fifths, at
least, are so poor that a truly just State would
pension them. Of the remaining fifth, who do
not need the pension, some would doubtless
apply for it and receive it. This, however, is a
matter of no great importance ; if the aged rich
demand their stipend, the State can later recover
the funds through an inheritance tax. Such
costs as would result from an all-embracing
pension scheme would be amply compensated by
the removal from the pensioner of the stigma
of charity.
A combination of insurance and pensions
appears to be the only adequate means of meet-
ing the just claims of labor under modern indus-
trialism. This is the view of Dr. Rubinow ;
and we may accept it, reserving the right to
retrace for ourselves the boundary line between
the two systems. With the assumption by the
State of such a relation to labor, the economic
distress now attendant upon personal misfortune
would be much abated. Would the incentive
to personal industry and thrift disappear ? No ;
the State can never guarantee more than a
minimum ; all the motives that spur men on to
attain a position of superiority would remain.
Would the springs of charity be dried up, with
the disappearance of hopeless poverty ? No ;
private charity would have abundant field for
exercise in assistance to those who are seeking
to rise from a lower to a higher plane. There
is reason to believe that the sight of the irre-
mediable poverty of those who are permanently
incapacitated tends to produce callousness,
rather than to call forth charity. Private
charity thrives when it may help men to help
themselves ; and opportunity for such charity
will always remain. Will the burden crush
the State? No. There is no modern State
which could not assume it, and still raise rev-
enues ample for all its legitimate needs in time
of peace. But the burden will none the less be
heavy — so heavy that no State that has once
assumed it will seek to enter upon competition
with its neighbors in the arming of men or the
building of forts or Dreadnoughts.
ALVIN S. JOHNSON.
MR. GEORGE MOORE'S "Hail and Farewell — Vale ! '
the concluding volume of the three which he has de-
voted to his reminiscences of Ireland, is to be published
shortly by Messrs. Appleton. It is understood that the
author deals even more faithfully with some of his con-
temporaries than in the former volumes.
1914]
THE DIAL
61
MORE KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNKNOWABLE.*
Although M. Maeterlinck's new book, " Our
Eternity," is of much interest, it would be an
impervious worshipper who could assert on read-
ing it that the " poet of mysticism " speaks with
the same authority when he turns out-and-out
philosopher as when he remains at home en-
veloped in mystic vapors.
The chapters on "The Theosophical Hypo-
thesis " and "The Neospiritualistic Hypothesis "
are admirable, on the whole, for their adequacy
of treatment and for their fairness. A spiritist
could not object to the author's leniency ; and at
the same time a skeptic would find his analysis
rigorous enough. This part of the book is valu-
able to the honest inquirer who lacks time to
go through the wealth, or wilderness, of spirit-
istic evidence, — indeed, it is the only part that
possesses absolute value to a fact-seeker and
positive thinker.
The key to the whole is in this final sentence :
" In any case, I would not wish my worst enemy,
were his understanding a thousandfold loftier
and a thousandfold mightier than mine, to be
condemned eternally to inhabit a world of which
he had surprised an essential secret and of which,
as a man, he had begun to grasp the least atom."
Maeterlinck as a mystic naturally wishes the
world to be the greatest conceivable mystery —
the greater the better for mysticism, which loves
to lose itself in an " O Altitude." It would seem
that he had a slight suspicion that in this age of
super-active inquiry someone was likely to sur-
prise a small secret from the universe, and he
writes his book in the attempt to head off such
a catastrophe. He rejects all possible solutions,
including the religious ones, with a dogmatism
not supported by completeness of logic or evi-
dence ; and the conclusion is the most unsettled
and agnostic imaginable, except in one vital
point, — the absolute certainty with which he
endows his negative conclusions. Knowing so
little of the universe as Maeterlinck pretends to
know, it ought to be clear to him that he cannot
know that it is impossible to know anything.
Perhaps anything and everything is true, — than
which I can conceive of no greater mystery.
The secret of the universe may be too simple
and near for the philosopher; it may be that
the random and hazy notion of the man in the
street is right ; it may be that every good and
every bad instinct, every good and every bad
*OuB ETERNITY. By Maurice Maeterlinck. Translated
from the French by Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. New
York : Dodd, Mead & Co.
world- view, is a true interpretation. This would
appear to come nearer the meaning of an earlier
and wiser book of Maeterlinck's, " The Treasure
of the Humble." At any cost to his pet theory,
Maeterlinck should not commit logical suicide
by condemning any, even the absurdest, hypo-
thesis. But this is the common squirrel-cage in
which all agnostics revolve.
I cite two instances of assumptions that no
one should make, — certainly not an agnostic.
This is the first:
" Total annihilation is impossible. We are the pris-
oners of an infinity without outlet, wherein nothing
perishes, wherein everything is dispersed, but nothing
lost. . . . To be able to do away with a thing, that is
to say, to fling it into nothingness, nothingness would
have to exist; and if it exists, under whatever form, it
is no longer nothingness."
With the indefensible remark that " total anni-
hilation is impossible " the author assumes that
he has disposed of one of the "four and no
more" solutions. For argument he creates a
concrete "nothingness" into which he says
matter would have to be flung. But is it not
possible to conceive of a species of annihilation
whereby consciousness ceases? Consciousness
is a stream, as seen by modern psychologists,
existing not in space but in time. So it may
stop. The consciousness of wicked people, who
have not worked out a soul worthy of everlast-
ing life, — why should it not "cease upon the
midnight, with no pain" rather than go on to
vitiate the cosmic consciousness? Without
doubt, that is an imaginable view, and one that
may hereafter gain some standing.
The second assumption is seen in the fol-
lowing extracts :
" I repeat, if we do not admit that thousands of
worlds, similar in all points to our own, in spite of the
billions of adverse chances, have always existed and
still exist to-day, we are sapping the foundations of
the only possible conception of the universe or of
infinity."
" Whatever the ultimate truth may be, whether we
admit the abstract, absolute and perfect infinity — the
changeless, immovable infinity which has attained per-
fection and which knows everything, to which our rea-
son tends — or whether we prefer that offered to us
by the evidence, undeniable here below, of our senses —
the infinity which seeks itself, which is still evolving
and not yet established — it behoves us above all to
foresee in it our fate, which, for that matter, must in
either case end by absorption in that very infinity."
In all this it will be noticed that the author
is very certain of infinity. To be sure, in the
second quotation, there are two kinds of infin-
ity, but we are forced to accept one or the
other. The suspicion that the universe may not
be infinite never crosses his mind. Yet finity
62
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
is not unthinkable; in fact there are certain
mathematical considerations that make it more
and more worthy of examination. The ortho-
dox argument for infinity, that it is impossible
to conceive of finity, Poe shattered in his " Eu-
reka" long ago. As between impossibles, he
said, there can be no greater or lesser. Finity
and infinity are two incomprehensibles ; it would
be silly to risk our all on the one before we have
fully investigated the other. Yet in this book
of Maeterlinck's, "finity" is assumed out of
court: the word is only a counter wherewith
to define infinity.
One curious and striking hint of the drift of
current thought is the indifference with which
the author regards religion, and the utter neg-
ligibility which he assigns to its solution.
" Let us lose no time in putting from our minds all
that the positive religions have left there. Let us
remember only that it is not for us to prove that they
are not proved, but for them to establish that they are
true."
" If this God punishes us for not having blindly fol-
lowed a faith that does not force itself irresistibly upon
the intelligence which He gave us; if He chastises us
for not having made, in the presence of the great
enigma with which He confronts us, a choice which is
rejected by that best and most divine part which He
has implanted in us, we have nothing left to reply; we
are the dupes of a cruel and incomprehensible sport,
we are the victims of a terrible snare and an immense
injustice; and whatever the torments wherewith that
injustice may load us, they will be less intolerable than
the eternal presence of its author."
Of all the javelins hurled against the various
" solutions," this against religion is the deadliest.
It will come as a shock to the devout churchman
who knows that Maeterlinck has much of the
prophet in him and is hailed by many as the
most important of living writers. It will of
course occasion little surprise to the student of
the signs of the times. Many straws have been
blowing in that direction, and recently have come
some mighty puffs from such widely different
men as Alfred Russel Wallace, George San-
tayana, and Rudolph Eucken. Socialism has
long been blowing a hot breath against the cold
and senseless pillars of an institutional religion.
However, it is worthy of more than passing
interest for anyone to find mysticism and relig-
ion at such odds.
" It is well to acquire by degrees the habit of
understanding nothing." If we interpret this
statement generously enough, there is much pith
and poetry hidden herein. Mysticism and won-
der are fine cures for the weariness of a blase
intellect.
THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER.
THE STUDY or SHAKESPEARE'S STAGE-
CRAFT : A CLIMAX.*
Professor Brander Matthews is well qualified,
in certain respects, to be the judicial summer-
up of that busy study of the Elizabethan stage
and Shakespeare's stagecraft which has been
in progress for some years. His new book
wears a climactic air. But while fully appreci-
ating its several excellences, one must also
feel that the work as a whole fails to present
adequately the Shakespeare one finds either in
reading the plays or in watching them pre-
sented on the stage. One explanation is that
the author endeavors, consciously or not, to
fulfil two purposes which, when looked into,
reveal themselves as cross-purposes. Primarily,
as he himself suggests, the book "is a study of
his [Shakespeare's] stagecraft." But it pursues
also, and from a critical standpoint, Shake-
speare's general dramatic development, taking
up the plays in roughly chronological order f
and presenting a characterization of each. This
method of procedure the author was led to
adopt partly, as he intimates, by the analogy of
his earlier critical biography of Moliere; and per-
haps partly also by the predilection, widespread
at the present time, for tracing the "evolution"
of Shakespeare, as of other organisms.
The case of Moliere, however, presents a
problem quite different from that presented by
his great predecessor ; and on the whole easier.
Furthermore, Professor Matthews's original
contribution, in the case of Shakespeare — or
more exactly, the extent to which he has fused
old and new ideas about Shakespeare in the
heat of an original treatment — is not sufficient
to justify so ambitious a review of the general
subject; especially as this subject had already
been handled, after much the same fashion, in
Professor Baker's book on Shakespeare as a
dramatist. And finally, Shakespeare's stage-
craft, in so far as it may be distinguished from
his art in toto, is after all a thing of particulars.
It may therefore be best presented after a
method analogous to that in which Professor
Moulton treated Shakespeare's story-weaving
artistry: namely, through a scientific analysis
of underlying principles, illustrated by a de-
*SHAKSPEBB AS A PLAYWRIGHT. By Brander Matthews'
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
t On pages 85 and 89 it is stated, as though an ascertained
fact, that Shakespeare finished " Titus Andronicus " before
writing his four early comedies, and these before turning to
" Richard III.," "Richard II.," and "King John." It might
here be added that on page 79 the parts of the lovers in
" Midsummer Night's Dream " are mixed.
1914]
63
tailed examination of a limited number of
plays. The succession of fleeting glimpses
which Professor Matthews gives us of Shake-
speare's work fails to open up for us its dra-
maturgic meaning.
This deficiency, to be sure, does not prevent
the book's being frequently interesting and sug-
gestive in the matter of Shakespeare's technique.
The author's knowledge of the drama in general,
and of Molidre in particular, enables him to
give us many a stimulating comparison. From
his knowledge of stage history and tradition he
reconstructs for us, though very hypothetically,
the intimate relationship which must have existed
between Shakespeare's work and the actors who
originally " created " the roles. A commonplace
chapter on the Elizabethan audience is compen-
sated for by an excellent chapter on Shake-
speare's theatre and another on Shakespeare's
work as reviser and imitator. The main features
of these two subjects which the reader of Shake-
speare can really profit by, are nicely disen-
tangled from the mass of pointless details which
investigation has piled up.
It is when the author gets farthest from those
aspects of his subject which are closely related
to the stage, that what he has to say is most
lacking in fresh interest. For example, his
discussion of the characters of Falstaff and
Hamlet, which strikes the reader as distinctly
digressive, is also thoroughly trite, and fre-
quently clogged with encomiastic statements of
a surprisingly conventional nature. It should
here be remarked, too, that in a book which
professes to deal with Shakespeare's obvious,
dramaturgic motives, rather than with those
attributed to him by critics, it is not pardonable
to assert that Hamlet delays his vengeance be-
cause " some means must be found to expose the
guilt of Claudius and to make his death not a
mere assassination but a righteous execution."
This motive is of course what Werder and other
determinedly palpable critics have discovered
between the lines ; an audience does not feel it.
Indeed, Professor Matthews not infrequently
makes a quick transit from the theatre to his
library, or study. For instance, we feel that
his imagination is entirely with the audience
when he shows us that the sublimity of " King
Lear," " which stood out stark upon the Eliza-
bethan stage, is sadly diminished, not to say
obscured, by the elaborate scenery, the compli-
cated trappings, and the multitudinous effects,
with which it is perforce represented to-day."
But almost every other point which he has to
make concerning the sublimity of this drama has
already been better made by Professor Bradley
in his volume on " Shakespearean Tragedy."
On the whole, we are indebted to Professor
Matthews's work for fully demonstrating two
useful truths. First, the study of Shakespeare's
stagecraft will have had a corrective effect upon
the currents of Shakespearean criticism — re-
ducing some romantic bubblings and opening
up certain shallow channels which had been
neglected. Second, critical comprehension of
Shakespeare's stagecraft cannot, by any means,
be distended into Shakespearean criticism ; since
Shakespeare's most characteristic work is, after
all, essentially poetic in conception, like that of
Sophocles, and not merely excellent drama poeti-
cally adorned, as the nai've reader might gather
from the present work. And since these two
truths are just what the " Shakespearean stage
movement," if it may so be called, has all along
tended to demonstrate, surely Professor Mat-
thews's book may fittingly be designated the
climax of that movement. It is impossible,
indeed, to conceive that the public will require
still another book of the same general nature.
GEORGE ROY ELLIOTT.
RECENT POETRY.*
The high hopes which we entertained twenty
years ago for the career of Mr. Stephen Phillips
have not been fulfilled. The poet of " Marpessa "
has declined, by gradual stages, to the poet of the
* LYRICS AND DRAMAS. By Stephen Phillips. New
York : John Lane Co.
HELEN REDEEMED, and Other Poems. By Maurice
Hewlett. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
A SYMPHONY, and Other Pieces. By Arthur E. J.
Legge. New York : John Lane Co.
ENGLAND'S GARLAND. By George Bartram. New York :
The Macmillan Co.
APHRODITE, and Other Poems. By John Helston. New
York : The Macmillan Co.
SALT-WATER BALLADS. By John Masefield. New York :
The Macmillan Co.
BEGINNINGS. By Roger Heath. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
THE QtriET SPIRIT. By John Spencer Muirhead. Oxford :
B. H. Blackwell.
KNAVE OF HEARTS. By Arthur Symons. New York :
John Lane Co.
THE LONELY DANCER, and Other Poems. By Richard
Le Gallienne. New York : John Lane Co.
A WAND AND STRINGS, and Other Poems. By Benjamin
R. C. Low. New York : John Lane Co.
ATLANTIS, and Other Poems. By Julius West. London :
David Nutt.
MERCHANTS FROM CATHAY. By William Rose Bene't.
New York : The Century Co.
MINIONS OF THE MOON. A Little Book of Song and
Story. By Madison Cawein. Cincinnati : Stewart & Kidd Co.
THE THEBAN EAGLE, and Other Poems. By Chester
Allyn Reed. Boston : Sherman, French & Co.
THE POEMS OF PAUL MARIETT. New York : Mitchell
Kennerley.
64
DIAL
[Jan. 16
" Lyrics and Dramas " now published, in which vol-
ume the spontaneous lyrical quality is sadly to seek.
Now and then it may still be detected, as in "An
October Day ":
" Through dry and hurrying leaves
Golden our way ;
Sound of the wind, south-west
From the wild day !
" Wild all thy loosened hair,
Blown in my eyes ;
Till thou dost seem a part
Of autumn skies.
" Wild from the setting sun
Rushes the rain ;
Ah, be it true or false,
Thy kiss again."
Mr. Phillips endeavors to be timely, but it is at the
cost of being poetical, as when he says of "The
Aeroplane ":
" Whate'er the silly crowd enjoys,
Our Progress is but stench and noise,
We scream and shout and grasp but toys.
Leave us the air !
" The earth is blackened from our eyes,
And filled with dismal hoots and cries,
Spare to profane the holier skies ;
Leave us the air ! "
" The Submarine " likewise proves deficient as a
lyrical text :
" What clamour of old ocean-war,
What thunder belched at Trafalgar,
Matches in terror the unseen
Stab of the silent Submarine ?
" So, late in time has come to be
This man-built menace of die sea ;
God gave no monster to the main
To make the works of man so vain."
Mr. Phillips had better leave these themes to Signer
Marinetti and his anarchistic gang. Most of these
pieces seem tasks that the author has set himself,
and the utterance is without the inner compulsion
of true poetry. The " dramas " of this collection are
three short pieces, not particularly significant, that
occupy the latter half of the volume.
A generous half of Mr. Hewlett's new volume is
taken up by " Helen Redeemed," a narrative poem
in couplets, with many dramatic episodes, dealing
with the siege and sack of Troy. We may illustrate
its quality by a passage from the last "stave," after
the stratagem of the wooden horse has made the
invaders free of the city :
" But now is crying fear abroad and wins
The very household of the shameful lover ;
Now are the streets alive, for worse in cover
Like a trapt rat to die than fight the odds
Under the sky. Now women shriek to the Gods,
And men run witlessly, and in and out
The Greeks press, burning, slaying, and the rout
Screameth to Heaven. As at sea the mews
Pack, their wings battling, when some fresh wrack strews
The tideway, and in greater haste to stop
Others from prey, will let their morsel drop,
And all the while make harsh lament — so here
The avid spoilers bickered in their fear
To be manoeuvred out of robbery,
And tore the spoil, and mangled shamefully
Bodies of men to strip them, and in haste
To forestall ravishers left the victims chaste.
Ares, the yelling God, and Ate" white
Swept like a snow-storm over Troy that night ;
And towers rockt, and in the naked glare
Of fire the smoke climbed to the upper air ;
And clamour was as of the dead broke loose."
Shorter poems upon classical themes — " Hypsipyle,"
"Oreithyia," "Clyde"," "The Argive Women"—
follow this epic, and round out the volume, with the
addition of some sonnets and epigrams. We quote
the lovely sonnet, " Quel Giorno Piu — ":
" That day — it was the last of many days,
Nor could we know when such days might be given
Again — we read how Dante trod the ways
Of utmost Hell, and how his heart was riven
By sad Francesca, where sin was forgiven
So far that, on her Paolo fixing gaze
She supt on his again, and thought it Heaven,
She knew her gentler fate and felt it praise.
" We read that lovers' tale ; each lookt at each ;
But one was fearless, innocent of guile ;
So did the other learn what she could teach :
We read no more, we kins'd not, but a smile
Of proud possession flasht, hover'd a while
'Twixt soul and soul. There was no need for speech."
" A Symphony," by Mr. Arthur E. J. Legge, is
a long philosophical poem of the soul's quest for a
solution of the unfathomable mystery of existence.
" The dust of his endeavour
Is blown about the world.
Time works to rend and sever
The symbols that are hurled
Down from each ruined altar
And shattered temple roof,
To bid devotion falter,
And worship own reproof.
Inscrutable and solemn
The ironies that cling
To splintered shaft and column
And stone-work, harbouring
Remembrance of the glory
That crowned a passing creed,
Dead chapters in the story
Of Man's immortal need."
This extract is from the opening "andante," and
is only one of the great variety of metres employed in
the four movements, through the languid "adagio"
and the tripping "scherzo" to the long roll of the
final "allegro." As an example of Mr. Legge's
shorter pieces, we give these stanzas on ''Spring" —
a theme not unfamiliar to poets:
" The first faint note of Spring
Hums through the air, and surges
Fiercely in troubled veins,
With a mutinous ache that urges
Our souls to go over the mountain-ring
And view the uncharted plains.
" We know not whose the call
That stirs in the blood, and maddens
With hope and a strange desire ;
Even though the vague thought saddens,
How early the blossoming dreams will fall
And Autumn veil Life's fire.
1914]
THE DIAL
65
" But the voice, to shame our doubt,
Murmurs a song of nesting,
Ancient before our birth,
An anthem of Power unresting,
That forges the re-born harmony out
From the old, orchestral Earth."
We cannot say that Mr. Legge's verse is stirring,
but it is thoughtfully wrought, and pleasing to the
refined sense.
"What weakling urges that the starry nights
In woodland wanton with the joyous sprites,
In meadow peopled with the tripping fays,
" Have fled forever, and our souls are borne
In endless circuit of the streets forlorn ?
Who sings a requiem for the golden days ?
" Though now no longer amid alleys green
Brave hearts go riding, and the kisses keen
Of sun and tempest uncomplaining share,
" Though doubts delude us, and by deadly rote
We learn Life's lesson, in stray hearts remote
The sylvan secret lingers unaware."
Thus opens the "Valediction" of "England's Gar-
land," by Mr. George Bartram, a sheaf of verses
dedicated to the memory of Borrow and " composed
afield, in that abiding-place of beauty and romance,
the remoter South of England." These are outdoor
songs in praise of the vagabond life, and inspired
by memories of England's historical and poetical
past. They are dated (in spirit) all the way from
the fourteenth century to the nineteenth, and evoke
the ghosts of Chaucer, Spenser, and the Eliza-
bethans, of Herrick, and Cromwell, and Cobbett.
The following verses express the spirit in which
the author has written:
" Oh, yield not this that stirs thy sanguine heart,
To the dull rabble's shallow scrutiny :
That jaded tribe can have no part with thee,
Thy thorn-fenced nosegays, or thy rugged art.
" Seek thon no welcome from that alien crew,
Leave thy poor posy to the cautious test
Of English only, yet of England's best :
The tardy verdict of the royal few.
. " See that thy bantling wear a sober dress —
Good English homespun of the ancient time,
For much that masketh it as modern rime
Is tangled fustian, utter weariness.
" Snatch thou from yore the stout simplicities
And humours strange (then England but drew breath
By love of life and valiant scorn of death),
Be thy quaint garland woven all of these."
" Lonicera " is a long dramatic lyric in which a
man and a woman disinter their dead love, and
indulge in mutual recrimination, which leads to a
better understanding and a sort of forced reconcilia-
tion. It is written in such blank verse as this :
" There is no heaven lovers may not climb
With the strong pulse of two-fold passion blent
In psychic pinions Godward, nor no hell
So deep that Love may hide his dead away
Among its nadir-night of mocking stars,
That haunt like ghosts what love might else have been. . . .
Such reverence as man may give was yours
Freely, I knew no higher God than Love,
Nor needed any. Now is Reverence
Done to such death as no dog ever died.
And when you lied against my love there died
Something, in flower, that will not bloom again."
This is the first of a group of long pieces which fill
about one-half of Mr. John Helston's volume,
" Aphrodite and Other Poems." The love which is
license seems to be their central theme. They are
followed by an elegy upon Swinburne, from which
one section is here quoted:
" I hear thine echoes round, as though the world
Fills her own flight with paeans through the spheres
Whilst dying creeds as rotting leaves are swirled
Along the dust of the decaying years,
Till all the tree of Priestcraft's faith be bare
Of fruit or any blossom as of leaves :
Yea, as a god in whom no man believes
Shall surely perish, faith shall perish there.
Before man was were only Truth and Song.
Yea, singer, seer, and prophet, — Master thou !
Who sawest the future clearly come to pass,
As from some far serene beyond the brow
Of Morning, — and God mirrored in a glass
Wherein are Love and Truth where Fears are now.
When man at last shall fare forth true and strong
Of his own spirit, Truth shall right the wrong,
The light of very God, that Falsehood mars :
Still shall be heartened April into song,
And there be heard old music in the stars."
This tribute may fairly be grouped with those of
Mr. Alfred Noyes and Mr. Arthur Ficke upon the
same theme. There is a fine touch of indignation
in the lines to Shelley, suggested by Arnold's mon-
strously inept criticism :
" They say it : ' Beautiful and Ineffectual ' — thou.
Then is the sun all potent save of fire,
Growth, and the might to swing the spheres and swing
Through their eternal courses night and day."
From the shorter poems that follow, we select these
gravely beautiful lines "In Autumn":
" I see the sun grow old,
Grow grey and old, and full of quiet, creep
From the still slopes and chasmed ways of clouds
That fill the frontiers of his place of sleep : —
Wan suns, that bleach the shadows cast
On stubble-fields all day with mist of gold,
Where evenings — each one earlier than the last —
From golden mist prepare their paler shrouds.
As nightfall gathers stars with viewless hand,
So death goes wide and gathers in the dusks :
The sharp white breath of morning on the land
Gleams whiter for the empty chestnut husks."
At present Mr. Helston seems to be classifiable as
a neo-Swinburnian. But he is a young man, and
he may in time acquire his own accent. This is to
be hoped for, since his poetical gift is clearly out of
the common.
Mr. John Masefield's "Salt- Water Ballads"
sing of
" The sailor, the stoker of steamers, the man with the clout,
The chantyman bent at the halliards putting a tune to the
shout,
The drowsy man at the wheel and the tired lookout."
These poems are avowedly youthful compositions,
now reissued without much change from their orig-
inal form. "Hell's Pavement" is a characteristic
specimen :
66
THE DIAL
Jan. 16
" ' When I ' m discharged in Liverpool 'n' draws my bit o' pay,
I won't come to sea no more.
I '11 court a pretty little lass 'n have a weddin' day,
'N' settle somewhere down ashore.
I '11 never fare to sea again a-temptin' Davy Jones,
A-hearkenin' to the cruel sharks a-hungerin' for my bones;
I '11 run a blushin' dairy-farm or go a-crackin' stones,
Or buy 'n' keep a little liquor-store, —
So he said.
" They towed her into Liverpool, we made the hooker fast,
And the copper-bound officials paid the crew,
An' Billy drew his money, but the money didn't last,
For he painted the alongshore blue, —
It was rum for Poll, and rum for Nan, and gin for
Jolly Jack.
" He shipped a week later in the clothes upon his back,
He had to pinch a little straw, he had to beg a sack
To sleep on, when his watch was through, —
So he did."
Mr. Roger Heath is a poet whose imagination
has a cosmic quality. He sings pleasantly of "The
Great Bear" as through the aeons the constellation
views the pageant of the ascent of man from the
brute. He even sings of the Fourth Dimension as
a possible future revealer of "new loveliness for
man to make his own." A fine poem called " The
Resurrection of the Gods " has the following opening :
" The world went out in blood and fire
When the power of the gods was broken.
Then came an age of starless night,
A night of dreams and slow desire,
And a little glimmer of ancient light
Was left it for a token.
And the eyes of a watcher might have traced
A little stirring in the waste."
So much for the past. The closing poem in the
volume is called "Futurity," and sings of the return
of the golden years in such strains as these:
" God shall close
This book of life and turn the final page
Of the old record that is written there,
And the new Universe shall be unfurled.
He shall inaugurate the golden age,
The tearless aeon, and in all the world
The wilderness shall blossom as the rose,
And we shall enter, and the stars above
Shall sing a paean for our victory.
And then at last God's spirit shall descend
Into our hearts, and earthly love shall be
A perfect copy of that perfect Love
That made us fellow-workers for the End."
"Beginnings" is the title of this modest little book
of song that comes to us from the city of the
dreaming spires.
A second modest little volume that hails from
Oxford is "The Quiet Spirit," by Mr. John Spencer
Muirhead. He opens with a deprecatory note:
" For I have known only of light April weather,
Quick tears and quick laughter all mingled together,
And nothing have known of a sorrow abiding
Nor feared very greatly what darkness is hiding."
He sings of "The Poet" in such dialogue as this:
" Who is he that is girdled with summer,
Whose veil is the grey night's woof ?
That hath made the winds his pavilion and the ageless
stars his roof ?
It is I whose robe is the summer,
The night is in mine eyes,
I know the couch of the North Wind
And the lair where the West Wind lies,
And the stars are ever about me, and the flame of them
never dies."
Here is a charming picture of " Night ":
" Upon the web of night the dewed stars lie,
And the cowled trees stand watching on the height
To guard thy sleep, my soul ; in jewelled flight
A myriad planets swim the seas on high —
0 little lake that breafchest every star,
Mirror of sleep, from the broad-petalled sky
On thee the star-lit fragrance softly ran,
That tipped thy waves with opal and afar
Silvered thy lilies ; O that hence might I
Drink Lethe of thee and with waiting eyes
Dream through the long, long nights of Paradise."
Paraphrases from Catullus and from the French
poets of love make up the bulk of Mr. Arthur
Symons's "Knave of Hearts." The original pieces
are wistful, passionate strains of the kind that he
has made familiar in earlier collections of his work.
"The Spirit and the Bride" represents him at his
best:
" If, when the Spirit and the Bride say Come !
1 yet be found lingering by the way,
Even as I linger while it is to-day,
Wait thou, my God ! although I journey from
My home on earth and from thy other home,
I will remember at the last, and say :
Thou who wast near when I was far away,
Take me : the Spirit and the Bride say Come !
" Thou hast held me in the hollow of thy hand,
And I have fought against thy power ; thou hast kept
Thy watch over my spirit while it slept,
Dreaming against thy wisdom ; I have planned
Ways of escape, but thou hast overswept,
Like loving water, all my dykes of sand."
There is a close kinship between the muse of Mr.
Symons and the muse of Mr. Richard Le Gallienne,
as the following poem, placed side by side with the
one just quoted, will show :
" The bloom upon the grape I ask no more,
Nor pampered fragrance of the soft-lipped rose,
I only ask of Him who keeps the Door —
To open it for one who fearless goes
Into the dark, from which, reluctant, came
His innocent heart, a little laughing flame ;
I only ask that He who gave me sight,
Who gave me hearing and who gave me breath,
Give me the last gift in His flaming hand —
The holy gift of Death."
We are always a little doubtful concerning the sin-
cerity of these songs of satiety ; the pose is so easy
for the young poet, and so unnatural. It takes a
Meredith, in the ripeness of his wisdom, to sing
convincingly of a yearning for the grave. Mr.
Le Gallienne's volume is entitled "The Lonely
Dancer, and Other Poems." Its contents are grace-
ful lyrics of love and nature, with here and there
an emergence of the note of human brotherhood.
The following tribute to the poet's present wife is
very ingenious ; it reminds us of the lines written
by Aldrich to similar effect, explaining to his wife
that all his earlier love lyrics were really veiled
tributes to " You dear, you, just you ":
1914]
THE DIAL
67
" I thought, before my sunlit twentieth year,
That I knew Love, and Death that goes with it ;
And my young broken heart in little songs,
Dew-like, I poured, and waited for my end
Wildly — and waited — being then nineteen.
I walked a little longer on my way,
Alive, 'gainst expectation and desire,
And, being then past twenty, I beheld
The face of all the faces in the world
Dewily opening on its stem for me.
Ah, so it seemed, and, each succeeding year,
Thus hath some woman blossom of the divine
Flowered in my path, and made a frail delay
In my true journey — to my home in thee."
The confession is so human that it almost disarms
cynicism. It is the way of man to discover his
" Flos JEvorum " at the close of a long series of
amourettes and tendr esses.
Tuneful twitterings, neatly scored in a variety of
lyrical measures, are given us in "A Wand and
Strings," by Mr. Benjamin R. C. Low. There is
nothing very arresting or magical about these songs,
but their technique is good, and their thought clean-
cut. A little more weighty in thought than the others
is the "Rough-Hew Them How We Will," of which
these are the opening stanzas:
" Far-flying warders turn and tell
Of thunders in the dreadful hills ;
Pale prophets of destruction swell
Beneath our darkened window-sills ;
Virtue is dead, they say, and song ;
And civic pride is sore beset ;
Riches are right, and honor, wrong ;
The world remembers — to forget.
" How are the walls of Babylon
Tumbled and moulderous and gray ! —
And how her ruined Parthenon
The soul of Athens bears away !
Slow-moving as a mist of sleep,
The tides of destiny befall;
Sand cities reared heap on heap; —
The ocean overruns them all.
" Yet are the pinnacles of gold
Beleaguered by our heart's desire,
And still the hands of mortals hold
The anguish of immortal fire :
Death over death, the ramparts rise,
And life on life, the builders go ;
The spirit in the coral dies,
The splendors of the coral grow."
This is from "The Apology of an Opium-Eater,"
found in Mr. Julius West's "Atlantis, and Other
Poems ":
" You ask if I feel conscience-pangs !
You never hung where the moon hangs,
You never rode in the Sun-God's car
Or ever became a flaming star,
Tossed headlong into the heights of space
To hold with comets a fiery race. . . .
" The courts of Heaven you never trod,
Or heard the symphonies of God,
Great sounds that massed and broke and tore
You with them down a breathless shore,
And breaking, colours bright became,
And each a fierce vibrating flame,
Rainbows that interwove and made
A living net of every shade."
There is imagination in these poems, and originality,
especially in the long one which reshapes the legend
of Atlantis. This picture of "The Haunted Ship"
is striking:
" They are not men that walk her deck,
She is no ship, but a shell . . .
For long years she has been a wreck,
And those faint forms that move, as in a spell —
They once were men, and sailors of the sea,
But now are flickers of the flames of hell
Doomed to drift unceasingly
Until an end shall come
When the seas shall be still and winds be dumb,
And to and fro she sways,
And her torn rigging idly swings . . .
And a chill silence follows all her ways, . . .
Curst symbol of lost things.''
We like particularly this song of "The Nun Re-
leased ":
" The convent bells do toll, do toll,
For Sister Anne died yesterday,
And on the winds they say her soul
Rides to its holiday.
" They toll because her body lies
Within the chapel, on its bier,
Stained-glass colours round her eyes, •
She seems to smile, yet somehow drear.
" For forty years, the Lord alone
She served, and never looked on men,
And trusted she had this wise sown
Rare flowers of grace in God's garden.
" But wrongly, for the truth, man knows,
Though all are lost the soul who kill,
God's deepest anger falls on those
Who leave the body living still.
" Reserving all his highest hate
For those who make the flesh a tomb,
For they His temple desecrate.
For them He deals no easy doom.
" The convent bells are tolling
For Sister Anne in Heaven ;
Though death is Life consoling
To them who are forgiven,
" No soul has been set free by death,
Though the bells are tolling slow ;
Only her body lacks its breath,
Her soul died long ago."
Another volume gives us this:
" I would not be a dogmatist,
Banging a heavy, hairy fist
To crack the pint-pots on the table.
But I would dream as I am able
And noose God's wonders in a twist
Of quaintest thoughts and rippled rhyme ;
By happy turns of fortunate phrase
Would capture Faith, and teach stern Time
To mend his ways."
Thus discourses Mr. William Rose Bene*t, in "Mer-
chants from Cathay." He is certainly a master of
"quaintest thought and rippled rhyme," although
the "happy turns of fortunate phrase" seem to
elude him. Gifted with an opulent imagination,
and bearing a staggering load of the stuff of poetry
on his shoulders, he makes us a little too conscious
of the burden, and does not quite succeed in so
ordering his expression as to escape turgidity. Now
68
THE DIAL
[Jau. 16
and then he achieves restraint and clean-cut form,
as in the sonnet on "The Guests of Phineus":
" Man hungers long. Into his cup is poured
Wine of pearled brilliance or of flaming dyes
From gold and silvern ewers of the skies —
The sun and moon. And on his banquet-board
Rich lands of romance, glamorous seas, afford
His vision viands. Yet with upturned eyes
Like to poor Phineus, he still descries
The shadows overhead, the birds abhorred.
" Ye dark enigmas of this universe,
Cloud not my feast ! God, give me thoughts to face
And rend despair, as did the winged twain
Who soared above the baffled guests of Thrace
And hurled the harpies of Jove's ancient curse
To whirlwind ruin o'er the Ionian main ! "
Mr. Bendt is fond of classical themes, but he usually
handles them in the wildest romantic manner. The
realms of phantasy are his province, and he delights
in the imaginings of Baron Munchausen and Sir
.John Mandeville. It is not every poet who would
be daring enough to write a chanty in Kiplingese
for the Argonauts to sing as they plied the oar :
" Lemnos lies behind us
And ladies of good grace,
Home, bring home the oars again and lift the coasts of
Thrace !
Nor yet the Clashing Islands find,
Nor stark Promethean highlands find,
But here, of far or nigh lands, find
Adventure's very place —
Adventure's splendid, terrible, and dear and dafting
face!
" Then, Orpheus, strike harp for us !
Oh, Talking Head, speak true for us !
Lynceus, look you sharp for us !
And, Tiphys, steer her through for us !
May Colchis curse the dawn o' day when first she thundered
free
And our golden captain, Jason, in glory put to sea."
Ragged and swinging measures are Mr. BeneYs
favorites, and they force his volume into a special
format for their accommodation. But even the
widened page is not wide enough, and a small type
has to he used which is a serious obstacle to pleas-
urable reading. This is the opening of the titular
poem:
•" Their heels slapped their bumping mules ; their fat chaps
glowed.
Glory unto Mary, each seemed to wear a crown !
Like sunset their robes were on the wide, white road :
So we saw these mad merchants come dusting into town!
•" Two paunchy beasts they rode on and two they drove
before.
May the Saints all help us, the tiger-stripes they had !
And the panniers upon them swelled full of stuffs and ore !
The square buzzed and jostled at a sight so mad.
" They bawled in their beards, and their turbans they wried.
They stopped by the stalls with curvetting and clatter.
As bronze as the bracken their necks and faces dyed —
And a stave they set singing to tell us of the matter.
u For your silks to Sugarmago ! For your dyes, to Isfahan !
Weird fruits from the Isle o' Lamaree !
But for magic merchandise
For treasure-trove and spice,
Here's a catch and a carol to the great, grand Chan,
The King of all the Kings across the sea.
Here's a catch and a carol to the great, grand Chan ;
For we won through the deserts to his sunset barbican ;
And the mountains of the palace no Titan's reach may span
Where he wields his seignorie !
This is quite in the spirit of the rollicking ballads
of Mr. Alfred Noyes, but just misses the magic of
"Forty Singing Seamen," for example. Many of
Mr. BeneYs poems are marred by infelicitous words
and halting rhythms, but sometimes he achieves
something approaching perfection of form. There
is probably no finer poem in the volume than "The
Rival Celestial ":
" God, wilt Thou never leave my love alone ?
Thou comest when she first draws breath in sleep,
Thy cloak blue night, glittering with stars of gold.
Thou standest in her doorway to intone
The promise of Thy troth that she must keep,
The wonders of Thy heaven she shall behold.
" Her little room is filled with blinding light,
And past the darkness of her window-pane
The faces of glad angels closely press,
Gesturing for her to join their host this night,
Mount with their cavalcade for Thy domain !
Then darkness. ... But Thy work is done no less.
" For she hath looked on Thee, and when on me
Her blue eyes turn by day, they pass me by.
All offerings — ev'n my heart — slip from her hands.
She moves in dreams of utter bliss to be,
Longs for what not of earth may satisfy.
My heart breaks as I clutch love's breaking strands.
" I clutch — they part — to the wide winds are blown,
And she stands gazing on a cloud, a star, —
Blind to earth's heart of love where heaven lies furled.
God, wilt Thou never leave my love alone ?
Thou hast all powers, dominions, worlds that are ;
And she is all my world — is all my world ! "
From " Wood Dreams," the opening poem in Mr.
Cawein's "Minions of the Moon," we quote the first
two stanzas and the last:
" About the time when bluebells swing
Their elfin belfries for the bee,
And in the fragrant House of Spring
Wild Music moves ; and Fantasy
Sits weaving webs of witchery :
And Beauty's self in silence leans
Above the brook and through her hair
Beholds her face reflected there,
And wonders what the vision means —
About the time when bluebells swing.
" I found a path of glooms and gleams,
A way that Childhood oft has gone,
That leads into the Wood of Dreams,
Where, as of old, dwell Fay and Faun,
And Faerie dances until dawn ;
And Elfland calls from her blue cave,
Or, starbright, on her snow-white steed,
Rides blowing on a silver reed
That Magic follows like a slave —
I found a path of glooms and gleams.
" For what we dream is never lost, —
Dreams mold the soul within the clay,
The rapture and the pentecost
Of beauty shape our lives some way :
They are the beam, the guiding ray,
That Nature dowers us with at birth, —
And, like the light upon the crown
Of some dark hill, that towers down,
Point us to Heaven, not to Earth,
Above the world where dreams are lost."
1914]
69
The " way that childhood oft has gone " is the way
into the magical realm of fairyland, and here we
dwell with Mr. Cawein in a world of delicate fancies
and fantastic imaginings which is made almost a real
world by the poet's power of minute observation.
He knows flowers and birds and trees with a loving
intimacy that the professional naturalist may well
envy him, and he enshrines and spiritualizes them
in song so exquisite as to class him with Wordsworth
and Tennyson. The volume is filled with joyous
beauty from cover to cover, and it is with regret for
the completion of the offering that we come to the
Epilogue :
"There is a world Life dreams of, long since lost:
Invisible save only to the heart ;
That spreads its cloudy islands, without chart,
Above the Earth, 'mid oceans none has crossed :
Far Fairylands, that have become a part
Of mortal longings ; that, through difficult art,
Man strives to realize to the uttermost.
" Could we attain that Land of Faerie
Here in the flesh, what starry certitudes
Of loveliness were ours ! what mastery
Of beauty and the dream that still eludes !
What clearer vision ! — Ours were than the key
To Mystery, that Nature jealously
Locks in her heart of hearts among the woods."
Other poets may voice the spiritual issues of our
national life with richer expression and greater au-
thority, but none of them can surpass Mr. Cawein
as an interpreter of the beauty that lies at the heart
of natural things.
"The Theban Eagle, and Other Poems" is by
Mr. Chester Allyn Reed. The titular piece calls
Pindar a Philistine, and reproaches him because he
did not write as a sentimentalist. A poem on
u Magellan " describes the sea-conquests of the
Portuguese :
" Until the day when Diaz in the cold
Passed the great Cape, and, lo, the way was free.
Then at a touch the eastern kingdoms old
Sprang from their long unbroken mystery
And the far Indian Ocean was aflame
With splendor of the new invading name,"
and then goes on to describe the wonderful voyage
which proved to the most skeptical the sphericity of
the earth. Of his verses "Off Viareggio" — a
tribute to Shelley — the author says :
" These are for those who love him, who have felt
His presence deep within their fondest thought —
As when across a desert's burning belt
The song of birds is brought."
Mr. Reed's verses are thoughtful, neat in form, but
not exactly inspired, revealing the poetic sense
rather than the poetic faculty.
Paul Mariett, a Harvard graduate who died a
year or more ago of a malignant tumor, at the age
of twenty-four, was a true poet in the making, as
the small posthumous volume of his work attests.
Reading what the two friends who have edited this
volume say of him, we are reminded again and
again of Moody, who was cut off, his renown unful-
filled, by a similar stroke of fate. " For all the con-
ventional attitudinizing of the poet over sweetness
and light he had a bitter scorn ; he could hate with
zest ; he believed that hate was a good robust virtue.
To all kinds of softness Paul was a hard bed indeed,
and to muffled personalities and finicky souls he
was a cleansing gale." Thus one of the two friends ;
the other has this to say : " He endeavored to
extract the intrinsic from the accidental in love and
beauty, in life and death. With all his joyous
virility there runs through his work, almost from the
beginning, an impending melancholy, that is neither
the immature cheerlessness of skeptical youth nor
the unrealizable unreality of a dreamer, but some-
thing unaccountably sinister, and premonitory, a
quality that pervades his most powerful and poignant
lyrics, flashing out finally, nakedly mystical, in the
poem, ' The Grateful Dead.' " We may as well
transcribe this poem as another :
" The grateful dead, they say lie snug and close
Under the smooth, soft sloping of the grass.
Grateful indeed because above them pass
No other steps than those of wind or bird —
No other sound is heard.
" For without eyes we see, and earless hear ;
Sweeter is this than nights of restless mood,
Sweeter than nights of blank infinitude,
Sweeter than ghostly pageants of a dream,
Half-caught, of things that seem.
" Another life have we than those who live,
Another death have we than those who die.
Mortal and ghost and angel pass us by - —
Mortal and ghost and angel have one breath —
Die, would ye learn of death."
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Beasts of
the past.
The portrayal of the main pattern
in the web of life as it has been
woven in the Western world by the
forces of evolution in past geologic ages is the main
purpose of Professor W. B. Scott's "History of
Land Mammals in the Western Hemisphere (Mac-
millan). It is, however, with the evolution only of
the highest types of animal life, the mammals, that
the author deals, tracing their increasing diversifi-
cation and modification from the small and primi-
tive types of the Paleocene Period of Tertiary
Epoch through the remarkable faunas of the Upper
Tertiary to the much reduced mammalian fauna of
to-day. The organization of scientific exploration
by the State and its advancement by private endow-
ments, the unifying influence of common language,
and of educational and scientific organization, and
of the single political control of the greater part of a
continent, have made possible in this country, as in
no where else in the world, the disclosing of the
secrets of the past life of a continent and — thanks
to the able work of an enthusiastic group of Latin-
American palaeontologists of Argentina — of a
hemisphere. No small element in the success of
this project has been the discovery in America of
70
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
remarkable beds of fossils in the Great Plains of
Nebraska and Wyoming, in the John Day region
of Oregon, and in that unique death trap of the
ages, the tar-pits of Rancho La Brea, from which
the University of California has recently exhumed
a most complete and superbly preserved representa-
tion of the fauna of Pleistocene times. The author
thus has at his disposal an exceptionally complete
record of the past. His book is written for the
general reader, and for the biologist who is not
versed in palaeontological lore. The relations of the
successive phases of life to geological time and to
environmental conditions are in evidence through-
out, and the details of teeth and skeletal structure
upon which the palaeontologist constructs his con-
ception of the ancient beast, of which he may pos-
sess but a fragment, are correlated with those of
the better known mammals of to-day. Indeed, both
for biologist and for lay reader, one of the most
instructive features of the work is the remarkable
series of reconstructions, against typical environ-
mental backgrounds, of these ancient mammals.
A choice series of original photographs of living
mammals, for purposes of comparison, heightens
the value of these reconstructions. Professor Scott
and the artist, Mr. Horsfall, have succeeded admir-
ably in making these dry bones live again. How-
ever large the element of conjecture in these recon-
structed portraits, they are both interesting and
instructive. The closing chapter, upon the modes of
mammalian evolution, is brief, cautious, and tenta-
tive, the author stating the various conceptions of
the factors and their modes of operating. He lends
some support to the view that the change from one
species to the next in a line of descent was by small
though abrupt mutations rather than by a series of
gradual transitions. The chapter upon the primates
perforce excludes the evolution of the human type,
since there is as yet no critical evidence that primitive
man originated in this hemisphere. Abundant and
excellent illustrations, logical development of the
subject, clear-cut and critical presentation of the data,
and breadth of view characterize this standard work
of reference on American mammalian palaeontology.
A new textbook
of American
literature.
Mr- ™iam J. Long's volume on
"American Literature" (Ginn &
Co ) is to be commended for its full
treatment of the colonial and Revolutionary times,
its bibliographical material and suggestions for
study, and in most cases for its biographical sketches
of authors. Its usefulness as a text for secondary
schools may be impaired by the fact that it seems
to be the work of an iconoclast with occasional
enthusiasms and a theory. The theory may be
inferred from this statement : " There are no Mason-
and-Dixon lines, no political or geographical divis-
ions in the national consciousness. Bradford and
Byrd, Cooper and Simms, Longfellow and Lanier,
Hawthorne and Bret Harte are here studied side
by side in their respective periods, not as repre-
sentative of North or South or East or West, but
as so many different reflections of the same life and
the same spirit." What "national consciousness"
Bradford and Byrd expressed the author does not
say ; and the critic who refuses to see the peculiarly
New England characteristics in Hawthorne, or the
peculiarly Southern elements in Simms not only
ignores much that is necessary to the understanding
of individual authors, but fails to trace the impres-
sive unification of American literature during the
years since the War. On the whole, however, the
theory does less harm than it threatens in the
preface. More striking are numerous interpreta-
tions and critical judgments that challenge discus-
sion. Only a few may be cited. That Lowell is
the " only successor " of Cotton Mather (p. 349), and
that Hawthorne seems " more akin to Wigglesworth
than to any other writer" (p. 405), may be defen-
sible propositions, but are likely to be perplexing
or misleading to students who have not yet acquired
a sense of relative values. So the remarks that the
conception of nature in " Thanatopsis " "seems to
us hardly more poetic than that of the Alaskan
Indians, who say that the earth is a huge animal,
vegetation is its fur, and men and animals are para-
sites on its back (p. 202) ; that Poe's verse is
"beautiful but apparently meaningless," and Poe's
theory is "to the mature mind ... an abnormal,
a diseased conception of poetry " (p. 239) ; that in
" Tom Sawyer " " the hero is essentially a liar, one
who makes a virtue of falsehood ; and his adven-
tures are of a kind to make the thoughtless laugh
and the judicious grieve" (p. 466); that Uncle
Remus is " in some respects the most natural and
lovable character that has ever appeared in Amer-
ican fiction " (p. 468), — these and many similar
opinions will arouse interesting discussions among
those competent to discuss. In view, however, of
the tendency of pupils to accept textbook state-
ments without question, the presence of so many de-
batable utterances in a book for secondary schools
may be a disadvantage. Even more harmful than
these opinions are apparent mis-statements of inter-
pretation and content, e. g., the remark (p. 237)
that in " The Fall of the House of Usher " Poe
" makes use of a favorite theory, or hallucination,
that the will survives for a time in the body of a
person after death."
The case against In " Government Ownership of Rail-
state ownership ways" (Appleton), a large and im-
of our railroads. portant question of public policy is
discussed by Mr. Samuel 0. Dunn, editor of "The
Railway Age Gazette" and already well known
as the author of a book entitled "The American
Transportation Question." Mr. Dunn ventures the
opinion that " no more important question confronts
the people of the United States than the question
of what policy they shall pursue in the future in
dealing with the railroads of the country." He
examines in a seemingly fair and judicial spirit
the various arguments for and against government
ownership of railroads, and reviews the experience
1914]
THE DIAL
71
of other countries in which the railroads are owned
and operated by the State. His conclusions are dis-
tinctly adverse to the policy of government owner-
ship in the United States. He reviews the more
flagrant abuses that have attended the system of
private ownership in the United States, and dwells
upon the attempt to remove these abuses through
the policy of public regulation. The argument for
government ownership drawn from the experience
of other countries is, he thinks, by no means conclu-
sive, because the conditions in countries like Prussia
and Japan where government ownership has been
most successful are entirely different from conditions
in the United States. He asserts that the railways
of the United States are, considering all things, as
economically managed as any in the world; under
private ownership their development has gone for-
ward at a rate which, until recent years, has not been
equalled in any other country; the quality of the
freight and passenger service is in most respects
equal or superior to that of any other country,
although it is admitted that the accident record is
rather appalling; passenger rates in America are
probably no higher than in most countries for simi-
lar services ; the average freight rate per ton mile is
the lowest in the world ; the condition of the labor
employed on American railways is relatively as good
as that of any other country ; and the experience of
other countries, where the railways are owned by
the State, would seem to indicate that government
management in this country would tend to corrupt
rather than to purify politics. Therefore the better
alternative, according to Mr. Dunn, is to leave the
ownership and management of railways in private
hands, and at the same time to develop and perfect
the present system of public regulation.
The founder of Miss Estelle w- Stead's filial tribute
"The Review to the memory of the late W. T.
of Reviws." gtea(j js appropriately entitled, " My
Father," and is further described by the fitting sub-
title, " Personal and Spiritual Reminiscences." The
striking qualities of the man, and his activities in
building what he believed to be a " bridge " between
this world and that of discarnate spirits, are vividly
and lovingly presented. Also the notable work he
did as a great journalistic force for social righteous-
ness is reviewed in such a manner as to command
our willing admiration and to intensify our regret
that so enlightened and energetic a reformer should
have been removed by so untimely and tragic a fate
from the scene of his beneficent labors. His birth
in 1849 in the little manse at Embleton, his early
life in that north country, his editorship of "The
Northern Echo " at twenty- two, followed by that of
" The Pall Mall Gazette " in 1884, and the found-
ing of " The Review of Reviews " in 1890, with a
necessarily incomplete account of the many good
causes championed by him, all enlivened by frequent
extracts from Mr. Stead's personal reminiscences
and other writings, are well and interestingly set
forth in the book's thirty brief chapters. Of course
the once rather famous " Julia " and her " bureau "
and her alleged " communications " receive due men-
tion, as also sundry other matters that appeal to a
love of the marvellous. But perhaps not the least
extraordinary incident recorded in the book is the
following in reference to the founding of the maga-
zine with which Mr. Stead's name is inseparably
associated. A memorandum from his own pen reads
as follows : " The Pope, if up to date, ought to publish
the Review of Reviews, which is an attempt to render
accessible to all the best thoughts to be found in the
periodical literature of the world. Before founding
the Review I went to Rome to see what chance there
was of the Pope undertaking the task. Finding
there was none, I did it myself." Many portraits and
other illustrations add to the book's attractiveness.
(George H. Doran Co.)
~~^~~~~~~^^^—~ »
The career of Philip, Duke of Whar-
Tlieamazini,
DukeofWharton.
t
_, _,.,,., TT- r Au u j
English history. His father had been
an unrelenting opponent of the Stuarts and was one
of the chief members of the Whig " organization "
in the days of William III., and young Lord Philip
should have inherited a large measure of political
influence along with titles and wealth ; but he threw
away his future while still a youth, and took up the
cause of the Stuart Pretender. This act in time led
to outlawry, deep poverty, and finally to death in a
Franciscan monastery. At the time of his death he
was only in his thirty-third year ; but he had made
a profound, though not entirely favorable, impression
on the men of his time both in England and on the
Continent. Alexander Pope characterized him as
"the scorn and wonder of our days "; he appears as
Lorenzo in Young's " Night Thoughts," and as Love-
lace in Richardson's " Clarissa Harlowe "; Hogarth
introduced him into one of his paintings. It is this
career that Mr. Lewis Melville has traced in his
latest work, "The Life and. Writings of Philip, Duke
of Wharton " (Lane). We may agree with the author
that "a character more interesting . . . does not often
fall to the lot of a biographer"; but the reviewer
would like to express a doubt as to whether it is
really worth while to produce a detailed study of a
life that was a failure in every way and that left no
impress on the history of the time. The author,
however, has done his work well ; he devotes most
of his space to Wharton's public career, but does not
neglect the private life of his subject. No attempt
is made to gloss over the moral and financial ex-
travagance of the man, — though Mr. Melville does
think that the worst thing about the " Hell- fire Club,"
of which Wharton was president, was its name. The
permanent value of the work will be found chiefly
in the documents that the author has collected, the
Duke's efforts at poetry, some of his letters and
speeches, and various other documents that belong
to his personal history or to that of the Wharton
family. The volume also contains seventeen excel-
lent illustrations, chiefly portraits of the men who
made history during the early eighteenth century.
72
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
Miscellanies Ladv Ritchie has a store of notable
bv Thackeray's memories to draw upon whenever she
daughter. chooses to put pen to paper for the
delectation of her readers, and it is largely with such
memories that her new volume of collected papers,
" From the Porch" (Scribner), entertainingly deals.
First comes " A Discourse on Modern Sibyls " —
namely, George Eliot, Mrs. Gaskell, Charlotte
Bronte, and Mrs. Oliphant — all of whom the writer
knew and admired in their time ; then a reminiscent
fragment on Charles Dickens, after which follows
another retrospective piece, "A Dream of Kensing-
ton Gardens"; next we have a half-dozen "mono-
graphs,"— on Sainte Jeanne of Chantal, Anna
Seward, known as "the Swan of Lichfield," Mrs.
John Taylor of Norwich, the art of being a grand-
parent, the painter Morland at Freshwater Bay, and
another painter, of a later generation, Alfred Stevens.
Finally, a smaller sheaf of papers is offered, having
to do with the beginnings of "The Cornhill Maga-
zine," and sundry other matters more personal to the
writer. Where Lady Ritchie does not write from
her own memories she usually has unpublished letters
or other special sources of information to give fresh-
ness and vitality to her narrative. Even the now
somewhat mythical " Swan of Lichfield " is made to
live again in the packet of letters quoted from by
Lady Ritchie. We see her writing to a corre-
spondent (from whom the letter, with others, passed
to Thackeray's daughter) " with the vilest pen that
ever scored," and still persisting, "though night
creeps on apace, and the drowsie hour steals upon
me. I should have written before to express my
gratitude, but that I had promised to work Mr.
Charles Buckeridge a waistcoat by the next As-
sembly." A reference to " a well-known critic, an
American lady, Miss Fanny Repplier," still goes un-
corrected in the re-edited form of the essay. A por-
trait of the writer appears as frontispiece, and a
view of " the porch " later in the volume.
called the No.
The feeling for the transitoriness of
life runs like a leitmotiv through
the old Japanese lyrical dramas
"The dew remains until the wind doth blow!
The dew remains until the wind doth blow !
My own life fleeting1 as a drop of dew,
What will become of me as time doth pass^? "
Plots and characters are alike developed just far
enough to bring out through them the Buddhistic
belief that "life is a dome of many-colored glass"
from the agonizing delusions of which it is only
possible to escape by regarding all actual facts and
experiences as inessential and indeed unreal:
'* If only thou wouldst once but cast away
The clouds of thy delusions, thou wouldst be
Freed from thy many sins and from all ills."
Such at least is the impression left by Miss M. C.
Stopes's exquisite translations of the No, and her
comments on this fast-fading relic of mediaeval Jap-
anese feudalism (Dutton). All the sensitiveness to
design, the delicacy of rhythm and color, that we
associate with Japanese paintings and prints are to
be found in these texts; with, in the actual repre-
sentations themselves, as the editor tells us, the addi-
tional beauties of an elaborate conventional acting
and posture and a peculiar chanting by protagonists
and chorus, all emphasizing aesthetically the religi-
ous character of the drama. The effect is not unlike
what one imagines the ancient religious drama of
the Greeks to have been; there is the same brevity
of plot, the same limited number of actors, all men,
the same use of masks and symbolic scenery and
costume. The No suggests a further classical com-
parison through the myth of its origin in a sacred
dance. The best of the Greek priests and philoso-
phers, moreover, would have taken pleasure in
recognizing the mystic idea shadowed forth in this
portrayal of life, — Plato would surely have under-
stood its emphasis on Eternal Being and its subordi-
nation of the passing accidentals of life to its essence.
No one to-day who is at all interested either in phil-
osophy or drama or Japanese civilization can afford
to miss this illuminating and sympathetic treatment
of a subject so difficult for westerners to learn about
and to understand. The beautiful illustrations from
color-prints add great value to the text.
Speeches of c°Hecti°n of addresses by Lord
a British Milner published under the title
imperialist. « The Nation an(j the Empire"
(Houghton) comprises seventy-eight speeches, deliv-
ered since the eve of his departure for South Africa
in 1897, and of these twenty-two were made in the
latter country during his historic service as High
Commissioner. Since his return in 1905 his interest
in the concerns of South Africa has been keen, and
many of the other addresses deal in whole or in
part with problems of the new Union. Second in
number are the speeches devoted to Imperial Unity,
and on this subject his ideas are well presented in
six addresses given in Canada in 1908. Other sub-
jects dealt with are tariff reform, national service,
and social progress. Lord Milner to-day stands as
a leader of the British Imperialists. And yet he
realizes the unfortunate connotation of the term.
" When we, who call ourselves Imperialists, talk of
the British Empire, we think of a group of states,
independent of one another in their local affairs,
but bound together for the defence of their common
interests, and the development of a common civili-
zation, and so bound, not in an alliance, — for alli-
ances can be made and unmade, and are never more
than nominally lasting, — but in a permanent organic
union. Of such a union, we fully admit, the domin-
ions of our sovereign, as they exist to-day, are only
the raw material. Our ideal is still distant, but we
are firmly convinced that it is not visionary nor
unattainable." And in another place this ideal is
described as "that of a great and continuous national
life, shared by us with our kinsmen, who have built
up new communities in distant parts of the earth,
1914J
THE DIAL
73
enabling them and us together to uphold our tradi-
tional principles of freedom, order and justice, and
to discharge with ever-increasing efficiency our duty
as guardians of the more backward races who have
come under our sway." Toward the attainment of
this ideal, Lord Milner's public addresses have
doubtless done much, and the present collection will
be welcomed by his fellow-workers throughout the
Empire. . — .
, It is gratifying to note that Jane
A summary of i 11
jane Austen's Austen has at last been accorded a
life and work. piace jn tne excellent "English Men
of Letters " series (Macmillan). George Eliot,
Maria Edgeworth, and Fanny Burney were already
represented in the series; the volume on Jane
Austen is just published; and, happily, one on Mrs.
Gaskell is announced as "in press." The author
of the work now in hand, Mr. Francis Warre Cor-
nish, Vice Provost of Eton College, has, in his
fifty-four pages of condensed biography, closely fol-
lowed Messrs. Austen-Leigh's recent book, "Jane
Austen : Her Life and Letters."* He finds but
meagre data for a biography of the novelist; and is
able to add, in fact, nothing to the material already
provided. The novels of Jane Austen are summa-
rized rather fully in the succeeding chapters of the
book ; the critical comment is comparatively slight.
The author is sympathetic with his subject, and
conventional in his estimate. His closing chapter
gives a summary of the novelist's attributes. He
considers her style not remarkably distinguished,
and her plots neither original nor striking. "She
has little idealism, little romance, tenderness,
poetry, or religion . . . and yet she stands by the
side of Moliere, unsurpassed among writers of prose
and poetry, within the limits which she imposed on
herself, for clear and sympathetic vision of human
character."
What might be called a sequel to or
rural cont°L amplification of her " Mountain Play-
mates" is offered to her readers by
Mrs. John Albee ( Helen R. Albee) in her latest vol-
ume, " A Kingdom of Two " (Macmillan). Described
on the title-page as "a true romance of country life,"
it shows us the wholesome, simple pleasures of New
England country life in a succession of essays in
which the embroidery of imagination and fancy is
deftly added to the central pattern of homely real-
ism and somewhat stern actuality. For life is no
continuous holiday on the rock-ribbed hillsides of
New Hampshire where (in the little town of Pe-
quaket) the Albees have their secluded home. Such
chapter-headings as "The Cow," "A May Morning,"
" An Old House Site," " A Garden Tragedy," and
"The Magic of Daily Life " will indicate the nature
of the book's contents. The critical feader will note,
on an early page, Mrs. Albee's rather unfortunate
attempt to form from the familiar ipse dixit a Latin
motto which shall mean, " She Now Speaks." " Ipsa
Nunc Diftet" is the result of her efforts, with "dicet "
* See THE DIAL, Oct. 16, 1913.
twice repeated to make plain that it is no mere
misprint. Beautiful rural scenes, reproduced from
photographs, illustrate the book. Its tone and style
will not disappoint those who have already found
pleasure in Mrs. Albee's writings.
Captain Andrew W. Nelson, who has
Yarns of a followed the sea from boyhood, and
Swedish sailor. . . .. «• «• j
has kept a diary of his adventures-
from the beginning, turns author in his later years
and proposes to chronicle his life on the ocean wavey
" one cruise at a time," for the benefit of those who
find relish in the salty savor of this kind of liter-
ature— and they are surely not few in number.
"Yankee Swanson" (Sturgis & Walton Co.) is th»
initial number of the series, and takes its name from
the first mate of the "Forsette," a Swedish vessel
on which the author made his first acquaintance with
seafaring at the age of thirteen, and with which he
remained for ten months of momentous import to
him and full of incidents not uninteresting to others.
Perhaps one might prefer a little less minuteness of
unimportant detail. Continuing his autobiographic
narrative on the present plan, Captain Nelson will
give to the world a chronicle more voluminous than
the history of " Jean-Christophe." In his story one
cannot see the ocean for the ripples. A portrait of
the author appears as frontispiece, and other illus-
trations are provided. We wonder why the Captain
did not retain his good Swedish name of Nilsson.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Professor Allen C. Thomas adds a new " History of
England " (Heath) to the long list of admirable manuals
that compete for the favor of instructors in secondary
schools. These books, with all the modern improve-
ments, make us wonder that we ever put up with the
miserable texts thatalone were available a generation ago.
A valuable feature of this work is the appendix giving
a condensed history of the Continent down to 1648.
Hazlitt is a critic who is too little read in these days,
and yet no student of English literature can afford to
neglect him. It is for the use of such students that
Dr. Jacob Zeitlin has compiled the volume which he
calls " Hazlitt on English Literature," now published
at the Oxford University Press. The selections form-
a running commentary on our literature all the way
from the Elizabethans to Byron and Scott. The intro-
ductory essay on Hazlitt is an admirable piece of criti-
cism, and the notes are ample and informing.
In the series of " Riverside Press Editions " Messrs.
Houghton Mifflin Company have now included a re
print of " The Diamond Necklace," one of the most
brilliant and vivid of Carlyle's historical essays, and one
that has not heretofore appeared in separate form.
The volume is a small octavo, printed on French hand-
made paper, and decorated with several exquisite
vignettes in the 18th century French manner. Another
late addition to the same series is a quarto reprint of
Washington's Farewell Address, printed on French
hand-made paper, the external setting being admirably
attuned to the impressive dignity of the text. The
appearance of these new volumes tempts us to repeat
74
THE DIAL
[Jan. 16
what we have more than once said in the past, that
taken as a whole this series of " Riverside Press Edi-
tions " constitutes the most interesting and praiseworthy
achievement in the field of fine book-making that this
country has to show.
Several recent additions to the admirable "Oxford
Editions " include William Morris's poems and prose
tales published previously to 1870; Dante Gabriel
Rossetti's poems and translations, 1850-1870, including
"Hand and Soul" and "The New Life"; Blake's
poetical works, with some matter hitherto unpublished,
the whole laboriously edited from original sources by
Mr. John Sampson ; and " A Century of Parody and
Imitation," an excellent anthology compiled by Messrs.
Walter Jerrold and R. M. Leonard. Painstakingly
edited, faultlessly printed, and substantially bound, the
books in this series excel any others that we know of,
at anything like the same price.
"English Prose" (Longmans), edited by Drs. F. W.
Roe and G. R. Elliott, is a volume " designed primarily
for the discussion and practice in college classes of the
art of composition." Its contents are representative
examples of the best English prose writing, arranged
in nine related groups. Some of the groups are " The
Personal Life," "Public Affairs," "Education," and
"Literature and Art." Each group comprises several
longish examples, the first-named giving us Emerson on
" Self-Reliance," Lamb's " Old China," an extract from
Ruskin's " Prseterita," and one from Mill's " Autobi-
ography." The book provides the best of reading, quite
aside from its purpose for the technical instruction of
students.
During the last two decades of the nineteenth cen-
tury, Mr. Thorn as Hardy published in various periodicals
a dozen " minor novels " which have grown unfamiliar
to the public because not included in the standard sets
of his writings. These are now collected by the Messrs.
Harper in a volume entitled "A Changed Man, The
Waiting Supper, and Other Tales." The last of the
twelve, " The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid," is
perhaps better known than the others to present-day
readers. It is also much the longest. Now that Mr.
Hardy remains in unquestioned solitary preeminence
among living English writers, it is particularly desirable
that his more fugitive work should be made easily
accessible, and for that reason, and others, we give this
volume a cordial welcome.
The twelfth volume in the " Art of Life " series
(Huebsch) is entitled " The Use of Leisure," and con-
siders its theme under a threefold division, — " Wanted
— Leisure," "The Right Use of Leisure," and " Work,
the Creator." After a spirited invective against
drudgery and the industrial conditions that have made
drudgery an apparent necessity for most of the world,
the writer, Mr. Temple Scott, points the way to the
right use of our free time, telling us that there are two
essentials to such right use, — the getting of health and
keeping it, and the getting of a mind and using it.
The final section deals with that fruitful and enjoyable
activity which is work in its best sense, as distinguished
from soulless drudgery. Incidentally, the office of the
poet is extolled, and the increasing present need of his
services is pointed out. Mr. Scott's pages are aglow
with fervor, and one cannot but wish his book might
usher in a millennium of rightly used leisure. It will
at least plant a fertile seed here and there in soil pre-
pared for its reception.
NOTES.
Mr. Alfred Noyes's series of Lowell lectures on "The
Sea in English Poetry " are to be issued in book form
at an early date.
Mr. Arnold Bennett is reported as being engaged
upon a play the scene of which is laid in Spain of the
sixteenth century.
Mr. Robert Hunter, author of " Poverty," has in
press with the Macmillan Co. a study of " Violence and
the Labor Movement."
" The Congresswoman " is the title of a new novel
by Mrs. Isabel C. Curtis which the Browne & Howell
Co. plan for early issue.
An anonymous psychological novel entitled " My
Wife's Hidden Life " will be published next month by
Messrs. Rand, McNally & Co.
Two novels planned for January issue by J. B.
Lippincott Co. are Mr. John Reed Scott's " The Red
Emerald " and Grace Livingston Hill Lutz's "The Best
Man."
" Boycotts and the Labor Struggle " by Mr. Harry
W. Laidler, with an Introduction by Professor Henry
R Seager, of Columbia University, will be published
at once by the John Lane Co.
Dr. Clara Barrus, who for some time past has acted
as Mr. John Burroughs's secretary, has written a book
entitled " Our Friend John Burroughs " which will be
published during the Spring by Houghton Mifflin Co.
M. Anatole France's satirical novel, " Les Anges,"
will be an important publication of the Spring season.
Since its appearance serially, M. France has subjected
the work to thorough revision, and has made some
lengthy additions.
" Earmarks of Literature," a collection of essays by
Mr. Arthur E. Bostwick of the St. Louis Public Library,
and "Gerhart Hauptmann: His Life and His Work,"
by Mr. Karl Holl, are among the January announce-
ments of Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co.
Mr. Clement K. Shorter's study of " George Borrow
and his Circle " will be published this month by
Houghton Mifflin Co. This house has also in press
for January issue Dr. Richard C. Cabot's " What Men
Live By " and Mr. T. Philip Terry's guide-book to the
Japanese Empire.
" Great Poems Interpreted," by Professor Waitman
Barbe, of West Virginia University, will be issued
immediately by Messrs. Hinds, Noble & Eldredge.
The book is more advanced than the same author's
" Famous Poems Explained," and is the result of
studies in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
A " Drama League Series of Plays " is being pro-
jected by Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co. The plays
will be selected by a committee on which both the
Drama League of America and the publishers are rep-
resented. Mr. Percy MacKaye's " A Thousand Years
Ago " and Mr. Charles Kenyon's " Kindling " are
announced as the first titles to appear.
A translation from the German of " The Education
of Karl Witte " has been completed by Professor Leo
Wiener of Harvard University, and the book is set for
publication at an early date by the Thomas Y. Crowell
Co. Mr. H. Addington Bruce, of the editorial staff of
"The Outlook," has supplied an Introduction and has
cooperated with Professor Wiener in the editing of the
translation.
1914]
THE DJAJL
75
Among the books in preparation at the Oxford Uni-
versity Press are a " Bibliography of the Works of Dr.
Johnson " by the late W. P. Courtney, a volume on
" Pestilence in Literature and Art " by Dr. Raymond
Crawfurd, a history of " English University Drama from
1540 to 1603 " by Professor Boas, a " Concise Dante
Dictionary" by Dr. Paget Toynbee, and a work on "The
Gods of Northern Buddhism " by Miss Alys Getty.
" Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking " by
Mr. Edmund Backhouse and Mr. J. O. P. Bland, two of
the most authoritative writers on matters relating to
China, is announced for Spring publication. The volume
is based on State papers, diaries of Court officials, and
Chinese books printed for private circulation, and it
gives an account of the secret history of the Chinese
Court and its rulers during a period of nearly three
hundred years.
" Home," the anonymous novel that has attracted
much attention during its serial publication in " The
Century Magazine," will be issued in book form this
month by The Century Co. Other January books of
this house will be a study of boy life entitled " William
and Bill," by Grace MacGowan Cooke and Caroline
Wood Morrison ; " Prostitution in Europe," by Dr.
Abraham Flexner; and a new edition of " As the Hague
Ordains," with Miss Eliza R. Scidmore's name upon the
title-page.
Several books of general interest are planned for
February issue by Messrs. McBride, Nast & Co These
include: "Panama: Its Creation, Destruction, and Res-
urrection," by M. Philippe Bunau-Varilla, the distin-
guished French engineer; "How France is Governed,"
by M. Raymond Poincare', President of the French
Republic; "The Art of Nijinsky," the genius of the
Russian ballet, by Mr. Geoffrey Whitworth, with illus-
trations in color by Dorothy Mulloch; "Baroque Archi-
tecture," by Mr. Martin S. Briggs; and "Cecil Rhodes:
The Man and His Work," by Mr. Gordon Le Sueur,
one of Rhodes's confidential secretaries.
OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 52 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
The Early Life of John Howard Payne. With Con-
temporary Letters hitherto Unpublished. By
Willis T. Hanson, Jr. With portrait and fac-
simile, large 8vo, 200 pages. Boston: Privately
printed.
Norris Wright Cuney: A Tribune of the Black
People. By his daughter, Maud Cuney Hare;
with Introduction by James S. Clarkson. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 230 pages. New York: Crisis
Publishing Co. $1.50 net.
Judson the Pioneer. By J. Mervin Hull. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 187 pages. American Baptist Pub-
lication Society. 50 cts. net.
The Immortal Seven: Judson and His Associates.
By James L. Hill, D.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 151
pages. American Baptist Publication Society.
50 cts. net.
GENERAL, LITERATURE.
From the I, otter-Files of S. W. Johnson, Professor
of Agricultural Chemistry in Yale University,
1856-1896. Edited by his daughter, Elizabeth
A. Osborne. Illustrated, 8vo, 292 pages. Yale
University Press. $2.50 net.
Legends and Satires from Mediaeval Literature.
Edited by Martha Hale Shackford, Ph.D. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 176 pages. Ginn & Co.
$1.25 net.
English Literary Miscellany. By Theodore W.
Hunt. 12mo, 320 pages. Oberlin, Ohio: Biblio-
theca Sacra Co. $1.50 net.
Poems by Sir John Salusbury and Robert Chester.
With Introduction by Carleton Brown. 8vo,
165 pages. Bryn Mawr College. Paper, $1.50 net.
Riverside Essays. Edited by Ada L. F. Snell. First
volumes: The American Mind and American
Idealism, by Bliss Perry; University Subjects,
by John Henry Newman; Studies in Nature and
Literature, by John Burroughs; Promoting Good
Citizenship, by James Bryce. 16mo. Houghton
Mifflin Co. Each 35 cts. net.
The Best Stories in the World. Compiled and
edited by Thomas L. Masson. 12mo, 244 pages.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net.
Some of the Many Good Reasons for Reading. By
John Cotton Dana. 18mo. Privately printed.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Poetical Works of William Drummond of Haw-
thorden. Edited by L. E. Kastner, M.A. In
2 volumes, with portraits and facsimiles, large
8vo. Longmans, Green & Co. $6.75 net.
The Canoe and the Saddle; or, Klalam and Klicka-
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By MARY ROBERTS RINEHART. The most thrilling murder-
mystery story since " The Man in Lower Ten " with the added
savor of the sea, and a love story you will not forget, — said to be
Mrs. Rinehart's best. Illustrated. $1.23 net. Postage extra.
The Precipice
By ELIA W. PEATTIE. This powerful story offers an epitome
of the aspirations, doubts, dreads, furtive discontent, and frank
hope of women. With frontispiece. $1.35 net. Postage extra.
Burbury Stoke
By WILLIAM JOHN HOPKINS. Written in the delightful vein of
humor and sentiment which has made " The Clammer '' a favorite
book for so many readers. $1.25 net. Postage extra.
Old Valentines
By MUNSON HAVENS. A wholesome, sentimental little story
that can be recommended to all who prefer a light, enjoyable
novel. Illustrated. $1.00 net. Postage extra.
82
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
Published by Little, Brown & Co.
GENERAL LITERATURE
BANGS, JOHN KENDRICK. A Line o' Cheer for
Each Day o' the Year. 365 pages. $1.25 net.
This book of verses is steeped in good cheer, made of
rollicking rhymes, full of sunshine, blue skies, a happy faith
and tender good will for all humanity. — The Boston
Transcript.
CHAMBERLIN, FREDERICK. The Philippine
Problem. With 16 illustrations. 240 pages.
$1.50 net.
A brief, informing resume of what has been accom-
plished under American rule, ending with a discussion of
Philippine Independence. — A . L. A. Booklist (December,
1913).
CRAWFORD, MARY CAROLINE. The Romance
of the American Theatre. With 64 half-tone
illustrations. 408 pages. $2.50 net.
Miss Crawford has succeeded in adding some flesh to
the dry bones of the history of a really notable phase of our
national life. — Review of Reviews.
FILON, AUGUSTIN. The Prince Imperial. With
numerous portraits and illustrations. 248 pages.
$4.00 net.
His tutor, in this richly illustrated biography, gives us
a vivid account of his (Napoleon III.'s son) charming per-
sonality and brilliant mind. — Literary Diyest (New York).
FULLER, J. BAMPFYLDE. The Empire of India.
(In "All Red" British Empire Series.) With 24
illustrations and map. 393 pages. $3.00 net.
A complete survey of modern India, this volume is per-
haps the best in this series, as well as one of the best which
have recently been written on Indian problems. — A. L. A.
Booklist (June, 1913).
GRIBBLE, FRANCIS. Romance of the Men of
Devon. Fully illustrated. 282 pages. $1.75 net.
A chatty and entertaining book abounding in curious
information and anecdote not likely to be already familiar
to the reader.— Dial (Chicago).
HOPKINS, TIGHE. Wards of the State. 340 pages.
$3.00 net.
"An unofficial view of prison and prisoner." — Sub-title.
Gives examples from all over the world, has short simple
descriptions of finger print identification, care of criminal
insane, the book in the cell and such topics. An excellent
general, non-technical work with less personal bias than
most books on the subject, though not as authoritative as
Wine's Punishment and Reformation. — A. L. A. Booklist
(November, 1913).
JAMES, GEORGE WHARTON. The Old Fran-
ciscan Missions of California. Illustrated. 287
pages. $1.50 net.
A guide book in the best sense of the term. . . . Mr.
James possesses an abundance of knowledge about the
early history of California and the founders of the missions.
— Boston Transcript.
MACOMBER, WILLIAM. Engineers' Handbook
On Patents. Illustrated. 288 pages. $2.50 net.
The best book of its type. It shows what an invention
is, how to patent, what may be patented, and when there is
need of a lawyer. Cannot be taken as infallible as its scope
is limited by its size, but it gives a great deal of useful infor-
mation with brevity aud clearness.— A . L. A. Booklist
(November, 1913).
MAHAN, ADMIRAL A. T. The Major Opera-
tions of the Navies in the War of American
Independence. With maps and diagrams. 280
pages. $3.00 net.
It offers the opportunity of obtaining a valuable contri-
bution on the first war with England in one attractive
volume. — Providence Journal.
PAUL, HERBERT. Famous Speeches. (2nd Series.)
382 pages. $3.00 net.
Contains the speeches of such famous men as Lord
Macaulay. Abraham Lincoln, Lord Derby, Lord Beacons-
field, Charles Stuart Parnell, Mr. Gladstone, the Duke of
Argyll, James Russell Lowell, and others, with introduc-
tion and notes.
PIER, ARTHUR STANWOpD. The Story of
Harvard. With 16 illustrations from drawings by
Vernon Howe Bailey. 256 pages. $2.00 net.
Story of the founding of Harvard College, its later
development and history, its ancient customs and tradi-
tions, and its present undergraduate life, with interesting
anecdotes and sketches about the men who have presided
over it and about graduates who have become famous men.
Good illustrations from pencil drawings. — A. L. A. Book-
list (December, 1913).
POLEY, ARTHUR P. Federal Systems of the
United States and the British Empire. 453
pages. $3.50 net.
A comprehensive account of the history, nature and
development of the four constitutions of the United States,
Canada, Australia and South Africa.
SAVAGE-LANDOR, A. HENRY. Across Unknown
South America. With nearly 300 illustrations, 8 in
color, and map. 2 vols. 816 pages. $10.00 net.
Account of the daring and adventurous journey under-
taken for a purpose of acquiring a first-hand knowledge of
the unexplored interior of Brazil, of studying the native
tribes and resources, and of reporting upon its possibilities
for commercial development. The expedition covered also
some little-known parts of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argen-
tina. The book is therefore a scientific record of value as
well as a thrilling book of travel. — A. L. A. Booklist (Jan-
uary, 1914).
SHELLEY, HENRY C. Shakespeare and Strat-
ford. With 16 illustrations from photographs.
207 pages. $1.25 net.
An excellent historical and topographical handbook.
The photographs are excellent. The author sticks to facts
so far as possible, so that this little volume will be a valuable
companion to those whointend to visit Stratford. — N. Y. Sun'
The Tragedy of Mary Stuart. Fully illustrated.
294 pages. $3.00 net.
Concentrates attention on the swiftly-moving fifteen
months —on the murder of Darnley, the Bothwell marriage,
the imprisonment in Lochleven Castle and the battle of
Langside — passing over in the prologue and epilogue the
less eventful twenty-four years. A readable, fairly unbiased
chronicle based on original and contemporary documents,
many utilized for the first time but not cited. Well illus-
trated.— A . L. A. Booklist (November, 1913).
WHITING, LILIAN. Athens, the Violet-Crowned.
With 32 pages of illustrations. 361 pages. $2.50 net.
But let no reader mistake the worth of the book. It will
tell him a great deal about Greek art and life as shown in
the architectural and sculptural remains at Athens, and it
will tell him also a great deal about the present aspects and
resources of that city, — Outlook (New York).
1914]
THE DIAL,
BOOKS FOR LIBRARIES
34 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.
CHILDREN'S BOOKS
BLAISDELL, MARY FRANCES. Twilight Town.
Illustrated. 174 pages. 60 cents.
Remarkable " doings " take place in the playroom when
a certain fairy comes there and sets all the toys free to have
their own festivities. — Providence Journal.
BLAISDELL, A. T., and BALL, F. K. The Child'.
Book of American History. Illustrated. 218
pages. 75 cents.
Some of the chief events in American history made
interesting by being narrated in the form of short stories
with the personalities of those who figure in them made
lifelike. It will certainly arouse in its youthful readers a
desire to know more about our history.— Independent (New
York).
BOYLAN, GRACE DUFFIE. The Pipes of Clovis.
Illustrated. 258 pages. $1.00 net.
A story of the twelfth century, with a delicate charm
and the glamor of fairyland, in which Clovis, a forester's
son, by his magic pipes saves the kingdom of Swabia for Karl
and his Queen Hildegarde. For the unusual child — A .L.A.
Booklist (December, 1913).
BURGESS, THORNTON W. Mother West Wind's
Neighbors. (Old Mother West Wind Series.) Illus-
trated. 223 pages. $1.00.
More stories in which the adventures of Johnny Chuck,
Peter Rabbit, Jimmy Skunk, and others entertain eight-
year-olds. Similar in form to Mother West Wind's Animal
Friends. — A. L. A. Booklist (November, 1913.)
The Adventures of Reddy Fox. ( The Bedtime
Story-Books.) Illustrated. 120 pages. 50 cents net.
— The Adventures of Johnny Chuck. (The Bed-
time Story-Books.) Illustrated. 120 pages. 50
cents net.
His stories have an engaging simplicity, a droll realism
even in their phantasy that brings back grateful memories
of Uncle Remus.— New York Times.
CHANNON, FRANK E. Henley on the Battle
Line. (Henley Schoolboy Series.) Illustrated. 314
pages. $1.50.
Gives a fine portrait of the East Indian life. The well
worked out contrast of the English lads and the young
American hero is excellent.— Chicago Tribune.
DAVIDSON, EDITH B. The Tippity-Flippitts.
(Bunnikins-Bunnies Series.) Illustrated. 64 pages.
60 cents net.
Tells of the adventures of a trio of foxes whose antics
and jokes furnish the theme for a remarkable young people's
tale. — Boston Globe.
HAWKINS, CHAUNCEY J. Ned Brewster's Bear
Hunt. (Ned Brewster Series.) Illustrated from
photographs. 285 pages. $1.20 net.
Every boy who likes stories of adventures and of wild
animals will enjoy this story. Ned's experiences, and they
are many and startling, form the substance of this volume,
—Springfield Republican.
McDONALD, ETTA B. Colette in France. (Little
People Everywhere Series.) Illus. 120 pages. 60 cts.
Short of actual travel there has been made manifest no
more satisfactory way of teaching children what goes on in
foreign countries.— Chicago Post.
MURRAY, CLARA. Story Book Treasures. (Play-
time Series.) Illustrated. 328 pages. 75 cents.
A very sensible collection of wholesome stories for chil-
dren in their early " teens "—by various American writers
—patriotic, fanciful, fairy, household and adventure. — Inde-
pendent (New York).
CHILDREN'S BOOKS - Continued
QUIRK, LESLIE W. The Freshman Eight. ( Well-
worth College Series.) Illustrated. 295 pages.
$1.20 net.
Continues The Fourth Down (Booklist 9: 176, D 12)
and is unusually jolly, though too full of adventures and
episodes. It has the right sort of college spirit and the kind
of pluck that keeps the crew in training after the "gym"
has burned down, which brings them the victory at Pough-
keepsie.— A. L. A. Booklist (December. 1913).
RAY, ANNA CHAPIN. The Responsibilities of
Buddie. (Buddie Books.) Illus. 266 pages. $1.50.
Breezy, natural, wholesome, and full of action is this
fictional boy. — Chicago Tribune.
WESSELHOEFT, LILY F. Laddie. The Master
of the House. Illustrated. 323 pages. $1.20 net.
The story of a beautiful collie dog . . . Laddie's experi-
ences are related from a dog's point of view, and are very
cleverly presented by the author, who knows what will
interest her small readers. — Boston Herald.
WOOLLEY, EDWARD MOTT. Donald Kirk, the
Morning Record Correspondent. (Donald Kirk
Series.) Illustrated. 269 pages. $1.20 net.
A true picture of the " city room " and of the nerve-
racking strain under which reporters work in emergencies.
This is a lively, natural, well-written story. — Chicago
Record-Herald.
NEW EDITIONS
CRAWFORD, MARY CAROLINE. Goethe and
His Woman Friends. (Popular Illustrated Edition.)
452 pages. $1.50 net.
. . . Her evident care in making the book complete and
authentic makes the contents alluring as well as instructive.
—Literary Digest (New York).
COOLIDGE, SUSAN. Clover. (Katy Did Series.)
Illustrated. 304 pages. $1.50.
A serviceable new edition which with In the High
Valley completes the Katy Did Series.— A. L. A. Booklist
(October, 1913).
In the High Valley. (Katy Did Series.) Illus-
trated. 288 pages. $1.50.
We envy the younger generation that has not yet read
these stories that are so delightful without being didactic.
—Literary Digest (New York).
DODD, ANNA BOWMAN. Three Normandy Inns.
(Popular Illustrated Edition.) 394 pages. $1.50 net.
A cheaper reprint, with a new plain binding and eight
more illustrations than the 1910 edition.— A. L. A. Booklist
(October, 1913).
JACKSON, HELEN HUNT. Ramona. (Tourists'
Edition.) With 24 illustrations of actual scenes.
308 pages. $2.00.
An attractive edition, well printed on good paper, and
illustrated by twenty-four full-page halftones taken from
photographs, to aid the traveler searching for the historical
sites of the story.— A. L. A. Booklist (December, 1913).
MELVILLE, LEWIS. Some Aspects of Thackeray.
(Popular Illustrated Edition.) 281 pages. $1.50 net.
A mass of sheer data all authenticated, none without
value. The industry of Mr. Melville is as admirable as are
his enthusiasm and good judgment.— Literary DigesKtt.Y.)
SHELLEY, HENRY C. John Harvard and His Times.
(Popular Illustrated Edition.) 330 pages. $1.50 net.
An interesting and excellent volume. . . . We cordially
admit Mr. Shelley's scholarship, judgment, and good taste.
— Nation (New York).
84 THE DIAL [Feb.l
RECENT NEALE FICTION
The Scuttlers By Clyde C. Westover
In the group of young Californian authors that have so greatly enriched American literature during the
past ten years Mr. Westover is conspicuous as the writer of brilliant, virile fiction. Last autumn " The Dragon's
Daughter " was issued by our house. It immediately attracted wide-spread attention in Europe as well as in
America. This fine story of the sea, a detective story, is undoubtedly the most notable fiction that Mr. Westover
has written. We know of no other sea story that is comparable to it. It is romantic literature at its best.
.$1.35 by mail.
Brilla By Anna M. Doling
This unique and irresistible story, — the story of a lie, — was first published serially in NE ALE'S MONTHLY. A
region yet unexplored in literature, the Ozark Mountains, forms a picturesque background for the figures that
move through this striking American novel. Seldom is it the good fortune of a reader to find so interesting a
story written so simply and so well, yet so compellingly. $1.30 by mail.
The Devil's Discharge By Willard French
While the ghosts of the past are evaporating in their own mist, science is giving birth to others by far more
weird. In this story Colonel French discharges the Devil and his spirits; but he is a trained scientist as well as a
a trained soldier, a great writer of fiction as well as a great war correspondent. In the place of Satan and his
imps he gives us new but real spirits. One day Colonel French took the skeleton of this story to his old master,
Oliver Wendell Holmes, who said: "My boy, wait twenty years, when we shall know more of the brain, and
when science generally shall have advanced further, and then publish your story." This advice was followed.
Here is the story. $1.10 by mail.
Halief a By George K. Baker
We confidently affirm that among the younger authors America possesses no greater writer of fiction than
George K. Baker. Between the covers of this book the East and the West meet in Egypt. So vividly has Mr.
Baker presented his pictures that one feels the hot breath of the harem itself, where lived Haliefa, the favorite
of the " jackal of the city," Sahim. Her love for Stephen Blair, a young English officer, the part she played in
the Bedouins' plot against the Government, and her sacrifice, unite to make a story that cannot fail to hold even
the most jaded reader under the spell of its charm. In " Haliefa " we have the passionate, spontaneous work of
a new and teeming genius. Illustrated. $1.10 by mail.
With Hooks of Steel By William T. Townes
If you want a good, rousing story of Virginian life, types, and sports of the rich days of fifty years or so ago,
when racing was a gentleman's recreation and when the friendship that bound master and slave was as strong as
iron bands, get this book. Here we have not only a virile story of a virile people, but something besides; there
are scenes in this book of beauty so rare as to be second to none in fiction. The Virginian gentleman raced his
horses and fought his cocks of a Saturday afternoon ; but he also passed around the plate on a Sunday. His
varied life was never better shown than in this novel. The plot moves swiftly, too, and is uncommon and striking.
$1.30 by mail.
The Persian Tassel By Olivia Smith Cornelius
Mystery, murder, love, friendship, adventure, — these are the elements that make up this stirring story of
amateur detective work. The Persian tassel was a little ornament belonging to a negligee of Janet Negley that
was found in her stepfather's hand when he was discovered murdered. The finding out of how the Persian tassel
came to be in his hand and the tracing of the murderer make as thrilling a detective tale as ever has been
unfolded. The denouement is a distinct surprise. " The Persian Tassel " is one of the few detective stories of
recent years that is really worth while. $1.30 by mail.
Write for our NEW CATALOGUE, which contains more than 1OO rare portraits and other illustrations.
Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
1914] THE DIAL 85
NEALE'S FOR FEBRUARY
Pot and Potter By Richard Coxe Weightman
For more than a quarter of a century Richard Coxe Weightman has been among the foremost journalists of
his time. His political editorial articles as originally published in The New York Sun and in The Washington Post
were widely copied in Europe as well as in America. He now lives in Washington. There he is known by
everybody of political prominence in this country. Under the general title of " Pot and Potter " he conducts a
permanent department of this magazine.
Lords of the Realm of Fiction By Lily Young Cohen
This paper is the second of a noteworthy series of twelve critical literary studies by Miss Cohen that will
be published in NEALE'S MONTHLY during the present year. The first paper of the series, "Apostles of the
Commonplace," was published in NEALE'S MONTHLY for January. In that study she shows how William Dean
Ho wells and his apostles have so spread the uninspired doctrine of the commonplace that the term "realism " in
American letters has become a word of evil import. In " Lords of the Realm of Fiction " she shows how great
is the gulf that separates realistic and imaginative literature.
Crawling Under Racial Barriers By Berrien Beverley
This is the second part of Professor Beverley's contribution to " Our Jungle Man " series. The author now
offers a solution of the Negro problem in the South. The first paper of " Our Jungle Man " series was published
in NEALE'S MONTHLY for October. To this series prominent Negroes as well as prominent Caucasians have
contributed.
The Walls of ConcameaU By George K. Baker
The first instalment of this novel, which will run serially the greater part of this year, was published in
NEALE'S for September. Broidered on the historical fabric of the struggle of the devoted Bretons, who in the
year 1489 held Brittany against the French for the young Duchess Anne, the story keeps the reader alert, with
its wild warfare of the fifteenth century, with its clash of arms and clank of mail. Mr. Baker's first romance,
"Haliefa," is justly considered great; but "The Walls of Concarneau " is among the few great stories of
imaginative literature of our language.
The Stage By Kilgarif
Under the pseudonym Kilgarif one of the foremost living dramatic critics conducts " The Stage " depart-
ment of NEALE'S MONTHLY. This department comprises the most illuminating dramatic criticism that can be
found in contemporaneous American literature.
The Death of Halpin Frayser By Ambrose Bierce
By more than one literary critic of distinction Ambrose Bierce is considered the most powerful figure in all
American literature, excepting neither Poe nor Hawthorne, and by many his short stories are considered his
greatest work. NEALE'S MONTHLY for the present year will contain what the editors of this magazine believe
to be his twelve greatest pieces of short fiction. " The Collected Works of Ambrose Bierce," comprising twelve
octavo volumes, was recently issued by The Neale Publishing Company.
General Beauregard By Y. R. LeMonnier, M.D.
Of all the leaders of the Civil War, Beauregard is, perhaps, the least understood. To NEALE'S MONTHLY for
March, 1913, Gamaliel Bradford, Jr., contributed one of his admirable "Confederate Portraits," but Dr. LeMonnier
does not consider this " portrait " a faithful portrayal of Beauregard's elusive character.
At $3.00 a year, 25 cents a number, NEALE'S MONTHLY supplies a wealth of literature. Every number contains more
than 100,000 words of text, superbly illustrated, and no number will contain less than 128 pages. In its mechanical
appointments no magazine in existence is its superior.
Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
86
THE DIAL
Feb. 1
fho wrote it?
Is it true? Are
men always so
blind?
The questions every.
one will be asking
shortly.
An Extraordinary Anonymous Chronicle
T
real
MY
WIFE'S
HIDDEN
LIFE
HIS BOOK searches to the depths of man's nature and
reveals the hidden currents which lead to the destruction
of a home. It is a marvelous representation of life —
life — and of the terrible heart conflicts which virtually
rend asunder the life of the spirit and the life of the
body. It is a compelling drama of the play of influ-
ence of a good and a bad woman on a man of the
world, whose chief ambition is for financial success.
Weak where he thought himself strong, he is a cat's-
paw in the hands of a designing disturber of the tran-
quillity of a home presided over by a woman of the
highest ideals and loftiest character. She waged an
unequal battle, and apparently lost, only in the end to
win that which would have made her so happy on
earth — the heart and soul of her husband.
It is a book to be reckoned with, for it is logical,
true to human nature, and gains an undeniable hold on the
heartstrings. N£T $J25 POSTAGE EXTRA
At All Booksellers, or
RAND McNALLY & COMPANY CHICAGO
A DELIGHTFUL OUT-OF-DOOR ANTHOLOGY
ROLLING
OUTDOOR SCENES
AND THOUGHTS
FROM THE
WRITINGS OF
WALT WHITMAN
COMPILED BY
WALDO R. BROWNE
WITH INTRODUCTION BY
JOHN BURROUGHS
Photogravure Portrait, $1.00 net
WHITMAN'S writing of nature, whether in
poetry or prose, is always marked by vividness and
actuality : in verse by a lyrical passion and in prose by a
luxuriance of observation that are unique. This collection
of out-of-door passages from his writings will appeal strongly,
not only to all admirers of his poetry, but to all lovers of the
open. It is an ideal book for the pocket on a country walk,
and an equally ideal gift for the nature-lover.
"The unconventional character of Whitman's writing is seen at its
best in these rapturous and sometimes almost riotous outpourings of
satisfaction in the joy of living out of doors." — The Living Age.
" An altogether discriminating anthology Whitman poet and
Whitman diarist are both most happily represented." — The Independent.
" A welcome little outdoor book, fit for the pocket. . . . The selec-
tions are from the journals and poems, and show Whitman keenly
observant of and exultant in his surroundings." — The Nation.
"For him who loves Whitman and frequent reference to him at his
best, yet wishes a pocketable volume, ' The Rolling Earth ' is ideal."
— Chicago Tribune.
BOSTON
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
NEW YORK
1914]
THE DIAL
87
A FEW NEW PUTNAM BOOKS
One Generation of a Norfolk House
By AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D.. Author of "The Coming
of the Friars," etc.
Third Edition. Entirely revised and reset. $2.15 net.
A contribution to Elizabethan history of the first impor-
tance, particularly as a picture of the relations of the Jesuits
to the political events of the time, and of the attitude of the
government toward them. The present edition has been
revised with the aid of the author's memoranda made dur-
ing the last thirty years.
Francisco Goya
By HUGH STOKES.
8vo. With 1,8 full-pane illustrations. $3.75 net,
A study of the work and personality of the Eighteenth
Century Spanish painter and satirist. Goya's life was as
full of incident as that of Benvenuto Cellini. His satire as
sharp and telling: as Hogarth's. A superb etcher. A famous
court painter — and a rabid republican. This eventful life
is supplemented with excellent reproductions of the artist's
work.
The Science of Happiness
By JEAN FINOT, author of " Problems of the Sexes," etc.
Translated from the French by MARY J. SAFFORD.
8vo. $1.75 net.
The author considers the nature of happiness and the
means of its attainment, as well as many allied questions.
" Amid the noisy tumult of life, amid the dissonance that
divides man from man," remarks M. Finot, " the Science of
Happiness tries to discover the divine link which binds
humanity to happiness through the soul and through the
union of souls."
The Sonnets of William Shakespeare
New Light and Old Evidence
By COUNTESS DE CHAMBRUN.
12 full-page illustrations. $1.75 net. BV mail $1.90.
This new edition of the Sonnets contains a readable as
well as scholarly contribution to a most unsettled literary
problem. There is new evidence solidifying some old theo-
ries, and there are ingenious suggestions opening up new
vistas to the exploring mind.
Continuity
By SIR OLIVER LODGE. $1.50 net. By mail$1.65.
The author contends against the tendency of the era
apparent in the taking of refuge in vague forms of state-
ment, the shrinking from close examination of the puzzling
and obscure, and the denial of the existence of anything
which makes no appeal to organs of sense — no ready
response to laboratory experiment.
Magic: A Fantastic Comedy
By G, K. CHESTERTON.
. $1.00 net.
This is " G. K. C.'s " first play. It is a blend of the real
and the unreal, of the tangible and the impalpable. The
perversities of individuals and the failings of the age take
shape in the atmosphere of conjury in which the play is
steeped,
Knowledge and Life
By RUDOLF EUCKEN. author of " The Truth of Religion,"
" The Life of the Spirit," etc. $1.50 net. By mail $1.65.
Professor Eucken's plea in this new volume of the Crown
Theological Library is that the only knowledge which may
be termed genuine springs from the demands and aspira-
tions of man's own deepest life.
The book forms an excellent epitome of the author's
views concerning the need of a Metaphysic of Life.
A History of Geography
By J. SCOTT KELTIE. LL.D.. Secretary of the Royal
Geographical Society.
17 illustrations. 75 cents net. By mail 85 cents.
The twelfth volume to be published in the " History of
the Sciences" series. It is not a history of geographical
exploration, but a history tracing the evolution of geog-
raphy as a department of science. Readable and attract-
ively illustrated.
SOME NEW FICTION
The Rocks of Valpre
By ETHEL M. DELL.
Frontispiece in color. $1.35 net. By mail $1.50.
The author of "The Way of an Eagle " and " The Knave
of Diamonds " has a still greater triumph in this new novel.
The London Morning Post says: " Hundreds and thousands
of readers will probably within the next few weeks regard
' The Rocks of Valpr6 ' as the most beautiful book they have
ever read."
The Business of a Gentleman
By H. N. DICKINSON. $1.%5 net. BV mail $1.1,0.
A novel decidedly apropos, in this time of industrial strife.
The hero, a man of noble birth and noble character, through
the medium of his estates (including a large manufacturing
plant), works out to a successful issue a social experiment
of great value, which demands of him courage, self-sacrifice,
and sane judgment.
Horace Blake
By MRS. WILFRID WARD, Author of "Great Posses-
sions," etc. $1.35 net. BV mail, $1.50.
Clipped from the English Reviews:
"A marvelous study in psychology and human nature —
a fascinating tale. One of the great books of the season."
" Dramatic, tragic, and powerfully spiritual and never-
theless amusing. ... A book which no thinking reader may
permit himself to overlook."
" The sincere and human picture of life in a little Breton
village is not the least of this novel's great charm."
The Judgment of the Sword
By MAUD DIVER, Author of " Captain Desmond, V.C.."
"The Great Amulet," etc.
Illustrated. $1.50 net.
A sequel to The Hero of Herat. The central figure of
the present story, like that of the earlier books, is Eldred
Pottinger, a hero of Anglo-Indian history, whose life was full
of dashing and nerve-testing experiences. Incidents of the
Kabul disasters, the imprisonment, and final vengeance are
drawn with all the skill and knowledge of the East that this
gifted author possesses.
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THE DIAL
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Published by THE DIAL COMPANY, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
at Chicago, Illinois under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 663.
FEBRUARY 1, 1914. Vol. LVL
CONTENTS.
AMERICAN AND FRENCH IDEALS
PAGE
. 89
CASUAL COMMENT 5)1
The Anglicity of the English language. — Stolen
reading-time. — Medicated literature. — Oddities and
obstinacies of scholars. — New ideals of literary
criticism. — Literary aid to the immigrant. — The
rescue of disappearing ballads. — Durability in book-
binding.— An unappreciated nepenthe. — The in-
scrutability of genius. — The geographical centre of
our public library system. — The encouragement of
cosmopolitan culture.
COMMUNICATIONS 94
Revivifying the Classic Languages. Nathan Haskell
Dole.
An Auxiliary Language for Intercommunication.
Eugene F. McPike.
" Tainted " Book Reviews. Book-Buyer.
A Protest. Charles Francis Sounders.
FRANCIS THOMPSON: HIS LIFE AND HIS
WORK. Herbert Ellsworth Cory 98
IN SOUTH AMERICAN WILDS. P. A. Martin . . 102
OLD SALEM IN ITS HABIT AS IT LIVED. Mary
Augusta Scott 104
A NEW HISTORY OF ENGLAND. L. E. Robinson 106
A DIPLOMATIST'S WIFE IN ITALY. Percy F.
Bicknell 108
NEW STUDIES OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE.
James W. Garner 110
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS Ill
Open letters of an English bookman. — Quebec and
its people. — The psychology of prestige. — American
notes of a friendly Englishwoman. — American and
British federal systems. — Friendly counsel on the
art of life. — A sketch of psychological history. —
Studies of the caribou of Newfoundland. — A classic
of the early Northwest. — A new development in
ethics. — Chapters on Egyptian art. — From Ferrara
to Ascoli. — Trials and triumphs of a dancer's life.
BRIEFER MENTION 115
NOTES 116
TOPICS IN FEBRUARY PERIODICALS .... 117
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 117
AMERICAN AND FRENCH IDEALS.
There is no finer work being done for civiliza-
tion than that undertaken by the distinguished
individuals and the organized agencies for the
promotion of a better understanding between
the more advanced peoples of the world. The
cultivation of international good feeling between
the great powers may in time provide a solvent
medium through whose influence armaments
shall crumble and jealous prejudices disappear.
The present wasting of the resources of the
world upon navies and huge standing armies is
the greatest economic and ethical scandal of the
age ; it makes a mockery of Christianity, sets
unnecessary obstacles in the path of progress,
and forces philosophers to throw up their hands,
exclaiming in despair, "A mad world, my mas-
ters ! " The madness seems to be growing rather
than decreasing, to the superficial view, and
there is no feature of the entire situation more
disheartening than the deliberate repudiation
by our own country of the old-time ideals which
gave Americans of the nineteenth century good
reason to be prouder of their birthright than
the citizens of any other country on earth. It
is not surprising that the nations of Europe
should be reluctant to beat their swords into
plowshares, for their swords have largely made
them what they are ; but it is amazing beyond
words that we, having known and practised the
better way for so long, should have taken up
with their bad example, and the " rags and
shards regilded" which are the wretched sym-
bols of a past based upon force rather than
upon the amity which has its sure foundations
in mutual respect and sympathetic understand-
ing. The true missionaries of civilization are
the men who go forth into other lands than
their own to invite and express good will and
to soften the asperities which selfish diplomacy
and irresponsible journalism and the spirit of
blatant chauvinism so wantonly engender in
international relations. Such men as Lord
Haldane, Viscount Bryce, Baron d'Estournelles
de Constant, the recipients (with one exception)
of the Nobel peace prize, and the exchange
professors on the various foundations established
between this country and England, France,
Germany, and Denmark, should do much to
inaugurate the dawn of a new era in which the
90
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
armed hostility of civilized peoples should be-
come monstrous and unthinkable.
Such relations of friendliness and mutual
comprehension have already become firmly
grounded between this country and the mother
that gave it birth, and have existed for over a
century between us and the power that allied
itself with our precarious fortunes in the dark
winter of Valley Forge. It was France that
quickened our budding national life with the
ideals of democracy long before she learned how
to apply to her own case the teachings of her po-
litical philosophers, and it is with France that we
have had friendly, and even affectionate, relations
longer than with any other foreign nation. A
recent sign of this friendship is the establishment
of the Comite France-Amerique. under whose
auspices a series of addresses have been made
in Paris during the past year, concerned with
the historic, artistic, and social relations of the
two countries, these addresses being now pub-
lished (Paris: Alcan) in a volume entitled "Les
Etats-Unis et la France." Ten writers contrib-
ute to this collection, four Frenchmen and six
Americans, the latter being Messrs. J. H. Hyde,
Paul W. Bartlett, Walter V. R. Berry, J. Mark
Baldwin, W. Morton Fullerton, and David J.
Hill. These American contributions discuss the
relations between the sculpture of the two coun-
tries, their social life, their historical bonds, their
politics, their national ideals in the broader sense,
and the effects that the Panama Canal may be
expected to have upon their future intercourse.
These are all valuable studies, which both
Frenchmen and Americans may read with profit,
making, as they do, for a better understanding
between the two nations.
It is to the introductory paper upon "La
Pensee Americaine et la Pensee Francaise,"
contributed by M. Ernile Boutroux, that we
wish especially to direct attention. The author
seeks to discover the formula of American
thought as it presents itself to the philosophical
observer, much as Mr. Herrick, in the essay
which we discussed a recent issue, has sought
to determine that formula from the standpoint
of the American novelist. It remains somewhat
vague in both cases, because of the immense
variety of the material which has to be synthe-
sized, and M. Boutroux's treatment must be
described as informed and amiable rather than
as searching and profound. The author's con-
clusions are thus summarized :
" The human ideal which she endeavors to realize is
conceived by America as a synthesis, made up of all the
forms of humankind that nature creates, in such manner
that each of them, thus brought into universal unity,
preserves its own character and its own autonomy.
French thought, for its part, springing from the original
medium which is constituted by French society, makes
out of the ideal man a sort of Platonic idea, which is
the outcome of neither analysis nor synthesis, but ap-
pears as a kind of creation. The American idea of
humanity is the richest possible; the French idea has
for its content human nature in its purest and loftiest
guise."
Restated, this dictum seems to mean that the
American ideal is empirical, and the French
ideal rational, which may be allowed as a state-
ment of the present-day attitude, although the
American ideal of the fathers had a strictly
rationalistic French origin.
In any case, the idealism of a people must
be judged by the best forms that its expression
assumes. " Let us not be afraid to consider, in
both French and American thought, the noblest
manifestations, those most worthy of esteem and
admiration. True sincerity for the individual,
is to bring his life into conformity with the best
that is in him, with his deepest and purest ego.
Likewise, the true thought of a people is found
in the expression of its loftiest conception of its
genius and of its mission in the world. For what
it wills, ultimately, amidst its confused efforts in
all directions, is to realize all the perfection of
which it is capable." This is the guiding prin-
ciple of M. Boutroux in his discussion, and its
employment clears the air wonderfully. Look-
ing at us more in detail, he finds in our national
life great mobility, an intensely practical turn
of mind, the conception of man as a creative
force rather than as a puppet of his environment.
The American is easily seduced by eccentric and
fantastic theories, but it is not merely as novel-
ties that he takes them up, for he aims always at
making out of their elements an ever broader
and more coherent philosophy of life. If he
seems too much devoted to the pursuit of the
dollar, it is because its possession means higher
efficiency in the accomplishment of the real pur-
poses of civilization. It is a favorite plaint of
our humanitarian sentimentalists that our laws
and institutions exalt the dollar above the man,
but this is one of the emptiest of distinctions.
To protect property is one of the most essential
methods of protecting all those things of which
wealth is but the means, and a nation which
becomes lax in safeguarding the legitimate
possessions of the individual is in danger of
weakening the very foundations of character.
Although his object is to draw a comparison,
and discover what valid distinctions may be
made between French and American thought,
M. Boutroux is forced to admit a fundamental
identity in all the essentials, although he finds
1914]
THE DIAL
91
a marked difference in the orientation of thought
in the two countries. " On both sides," he says,
" the same democratic spirit, the same sense of
human dignity, the same devotion to political
liberty and the principle of national sovereignty,
the same natural tastes, cordiality, and simplicity
in distinction, the same preoccupation with fine
human ideals." This is the sum total of his
conclusions, — a more important judgment, we
should say, than that expressed in the long
passage above quoted, in which the difference in
the orientation of thought is stated in abstract
philosophical terms.
CAS UA L COMMENT.
THE ANGLICITY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
(the strange word has the sanction of the Oxford
Dictionary's editor) is menaced by various corrupt-
ing influences. Pronunciation, idiom, vocabulary,
spelling, all are in danger, and the time seems to be
approaching when the language of Shakespeare and
the Bible will be as strange to their infrequent
readers as is that of Chaucer and Wyclif to the
present generation. An effort to postpone that evil
day is put forth by the new Society for Pure En-
glish, which has recently issued its first pamphlet
in furtherance of its laudable purpose, formulating
certain basic principles and urging a return to dia-
lectic naturalness and raciness of expression. Words
and idioms that smack of the soil whence they
sprang are to be revived and cherished, while the
artificialities of urban speech need to be repressed.
Not only does the thoughtless multitude require
guidance and correction in this matter, but it is
probable that the educated and the careful are
doing their part, often unconsciously, toward break-
ing up the uniformity and purity of our English
tongue. The arts and sciences are flooding the
dictionary with new and in many instances ill-
constructed terms, journalists are familiarizing us
with modes of expression not always worthy of
adoption, innovators in spelling are perniciously
active, and the foreign languages spoken within our
borders add an alien tinge to our speech. Mean-
time, too, there is the ever-present tendency toward
a divorce between the literary and the colloquial
medium of communication. As formerly with Latin
and other literary languages now dead, book-English
is hardly the language of daily conversation, though
the divergence is happily not yet far advanced.
When Canning wrote on Pitt's monument in the
Guildhall the inscription, "He died poor," a pom-
pous alderman objected to the simplicity of the
language and wished to substitute, "He expired in
indigent circumstances " — a fitting companion-
piece to Dr. Johnson's Latinized emendation of the
pure Anglo-Saxon that once escaped him. It is
only popular education and constant vigilance, the
diffusion of good literature and the intelligent
activities of such societies as the aforementioned,
that can rescue our language from the various
perils menacing it and hand down to posterity
something that shall resemble the pure and simple
speech of Lincoln's Gettysburg oration and at the
same time be both the language of literature and
the language of daily life.
• • •
STOLEN READING-TIME has often been put to such
good use as to justify the theft. Mr. John Muir has
told us how, commanded by his father to go to bed
soon after supper, and obtaining his consent to use
the early morning hours as he chose, he arose morn-
ing after morning at one o'clock to apply himself to
such studies and other pursuits as took his fancy;
and in his case it seems to have been time well stolen
from sleep. Where there is an imperious thirst for
the knowledge that books give, time will be found
for reading. Sir W. Robertson Nicoll has a semi-
autobiographical chapter on " Learning to Read " in
his " Bookman's Letters," recently published. Near
the beginning he says: "I have heard very many
say that they regret extremely that they have never
been able to read as much as they would like. They
never have had sufficient time. As a matter of fact,
no one who really cared for reading was ever de-
terred from it by want of time ; in fact, I make bold
to say that only a small proportion of people have
learned in the proper sense how to read, ... I am
afraid that those persons who have learned to read
in the sense that they can discriminate between
what is good and bad, and that they read the best
with delight and relish, are few, and this is surely
a great misfortune." The plea that one has no time
to read really means, nine times out of ten, and per-
haps also the tenth time, that one has no real desire
to read, no ravenous hunger for books. The writer
quoted above gives some interesting reminiscences
of his own reading, and it is amusing to learn that
he used formerly to name as his favorite novelist,
" the Rev. C. B. Greatrex," author of a tale entitled
"Memoranda of a Marine Officer," which ran
through several successive volumes of "Hogg's In-
structor," and seems to have made a lasting impres-
sion on the boy Nicoll. It was " my favorite story,"
writes the man, "and, to be perfectly candid, I think
it is my favorite story still."
• • •
MEDICATED LITERATURE, a term used by Sir W.
Robertson Nicoll in discussing the writings of Dr.
John Brown and Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, is not
so forbidding as it sounds. Not sterilized or disin-
fected or sick-room reading is meant by the essayist,
but that kind of writing that shows an intimate
acquaintance with the tragedies of disease and suf-
fering, and a recognition of the mysterious connec-
tion between spirit and flesh. It may also betray
unusual insight into human nature, an insight gained
by years of daily encounter with the weakness and
the fortitude, the pettiness and the greatness, the
selfishness and the magnanimity of men and women.
If he were writing on this subject to-day, the editor
of "The British Weekly" would probably include
92
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
one other distinguished author-physician in his list,
the lately deceased Dr. Weir Mitchell. What he says
of Brown's and Holmes's late rise to literary celeb-
rity is equally true of the gifted Philadelphian,
whose special study of nerve diseases gave him
opportunities for studying abnormalities and eccen-
tricities of human nature not offered to the general
practitioner. A few 'sentences from the essay
referred to will be of interest here. "To say that
Dr. John Brown writes from the standpoint of a
physician, that his works are medicated, is to pay
him a very high compliment. There are few medi-
cal men who can lay aside the professional man-
ner in addressing the public. John Brown and
Oliver Wendell Holmes succeeded in doing this,
and yet the wisdom, the experience, and the pity of
the physician appear in all they say. . . . For the
most part they avoid technicalities, but they never
forget the connection of the mind with the body, and
the lessons which long nearness to suffering hu-
manity teach the merciful and the humble." We
recall with some amusement the ominous shake of
the head with which, years ago, a certain Philadel-
phia doctor assured us that his friend Mitchell was
hurting his reputation by trifling with literature.
• • •
ODDITIES AND OBSTINACIES OF SCHOLARS are
notorious. Living so much in a world of their own,
men of stupendous learning and profound thought
seem often to lose the faculty of responding to out-
side appeals ; and thus what has at last become a
psychological impossibility to them is regarded by
onlookers as deliberate wilf ulness. It is told of the
late Henry Bradshaw, librarian at Cambridge Uni-
versity, that he could rarely be induced to write a
letter. Certain business correspondence he must
have attended to, but beyond that he was inexorably
mum, in the epistolary sense. Once a friend, know-
ing his peculiarity, wrote him an invitation to a week-
end outing in the country, and enclosed two addressed
postcards, one containing a form of acceptance, the
other a declination. Bradshaw was asked to mail
the card suitable to the occasion. He mailed them
both. The late Steingrimur Stefa"nsson, of the Library
of Congress, a native of Iceland and a scholar of vast
learning, which he delighted to place at the disposal
of others, is interestingly portrayed in Dr. Putnam's
current official report. One who knew him well there
says of him : " Whether due to a certain heritage
from his Viking ancestors or merely to personal
obstinacy, not an uncommon characteristic of the
Norse, he could never be prevailed upon to contribute
from his immense fund of knowledge to library, bib-
liographical, or other journals, to take part in library
meetings or public activities. He must live his life
as he saw it, and, like Peer Gynt, be always himself.
This seemed essential to his happiness." There are
enough of us who are afflicted with the cacoethes
scribendi and the cacoethes loquendi, so that we are
glad to pay a tribute of admiration and respect to
this silent scholar, whose services as head reviser of
the catalogue division at the Library of Congress
were invaluable, and the fruits of whose labors have,
in part, become known to those using the catalogue
cards sent out from Washington.
NEW IDEALS OF LITERARY CRITICISM displace the
old; jejune pedantry gives way to stimulating and
vitalizing methods of interpreting and illuminating
the masterpieces of poetry and drama and essay
and fiction. Those whose fortune it was to pursue
literary studies at one or more German universities
a quarter-century ago will probably be able to recall
at least one professor whose exposition of a great
author was a masterpiece of microscopic scholar-
ship and learned dulness, and who might have
evoked from his hearers some such couplet as the
one scratched on a desk in the lecture-room of the
renowned theologian Dillmann, in Berlin, — " Wenn
schlafen will man, so hOre man Dillmann." Pro-
fessor Oscar Kuhns chanced upon this inscription,
as he tells us in his recent book of reminiscences,
and unhesitatingly declares : " I cannot say that I
found the lectures in Berlin twenty-five years ago
very stimulating or interesting. Before the end of
the semester the number of attendants would drop
down almost to nothing. The bare rooms, the cold,
dark mornings of winter, the monotonous delivery
of many of the lectures, the listless attitude of the
students, all was far from inspiring enthusiasm."
At the late meeting of modern language teachers in
Cincinnati Professor Goebel, of the University of
Illinois, pointed to the failure to find successors to
Erich Schmidt and Jacob Minor in the chairs of
German literature at the universities of Berlin and
Vienna, and gave as a reason the passing of the old
school of literary criticism in Germany, the school
built up by Scherer in the last generation and nota-
ble for its attention to the formal and the scholastic.
At present the tendency is to seek the mainsprings
of an author's work and to recover something of the
life imperfectly expressed by that author. We are
no longer content to regard literature as a defunct
"specimen" preserved in alcohol.
LITERARY AID TO THE IMMIGRANT who desires,
or ought to desire, to become a good American, is
often more beneficial to him than a gift of money.
Mr. John Foster Carr's "Immigrant's Guide,"
published in several languages, has already been
approvingly mentioned by us as a most useful book.
Also attention has been called to recent Massachu-
setts library legislation in the interest of the immi-
grant. An " educational director," working in
cooperation with the Public Library Commission,
is now exerting every effort to make the foreigner
feel more at home in the public library, and to show
him how to profit by its resources, while the libra-
ry's equipment in foreign literature suited to the
needs of our polyglot population is receiving addi-
tions. The Bay State, with its many factory towns,
stands in especial need of just such service as the
present incumbent of the new office, Miss J. M.
Campbell, is at present so zealously rendering. In
the town of Beverly, for instance, it is said that
1914]
THE DIAL
93
twenty different languages are spoken; and books
in many of these foreign tongues are now to be had
at the local library. Particular attention is given
to familiarizing the alien with the manners and
customs and laws and institutions of his adoptive
land through the medium of printed matter in his
own language. It is noteworthy that many of these
immigrants are said to have been drawn to this
country by Miss Antin's glowing descriptions of
"the promised land." To them it is a land of
opportunity, and Miss Campbell is doing her best
to enable them to profit by the opportunity.
THE RESCUE OF DISAPPEARING BALL ADS among our
people has been undertaken by the national Bureau
of Education, aided by Dr. C. Alphonso Smith,
Edgar Allan Poe Professor of English in the Uni-
versity of Virginia. When Professor Child compiled
his great work, " The English and Scottish Popular
Ballads," he found that seventeen of the three hun-
dred and live ballads there given were current in
various parts of this country. Later researches have
added about forty more to this number, and it is
proposed to continue the investigation, with the help
of school-teachers, librarians, and all others who are
willing to lend a hand, until the total number of old
ballads and fragments of ballads brought into this
country from the mother- land shall have been as
nearly as possible ascertained. This is a work that
must be prosecuted now, and vigorously, if it is to
succeed ; for the many agencies operating to oblit-
erate the last traces of survival in this domain of
popular poetry will not halt for the convenience of
research parties. "State organizations," says Pro-
fessor Smith, in a circular sent out by the Burean
of Education, "will be found most efficient in this
rescue work. Not until each State feels itself re-
sponsible for the collection of the ballads surviving
in its own borders will the search be even approxi-
mately complete or the results at all satisfactory.
But when each State joins in a sort of cooperative
ballad union, a work may be written that shall prove
not less significant and certainly not less interesting
to Americans than Professor Child's great work
itself." Printed instructions for the guidance of those
disposed to aid in this enterprise may be had from
the Commissioner of Education, at Washington.
• • •
DURABILITY IN BOOKBINDING is an item of the
first importance, especially in public libraries. It
is worthy of note that the material now used for
this purpose in the reading-room of our national
library is buckram. Last year nearly six thousand
volumes were bound in buckram for that collection,
and thus far the results have been satisfactory. A
few words from the annual report of the assistant
in charge of this work are here in place. "The
buckram now in stock is the very best." he says.
"It is equal if not superior to the common leathers
and may be safely used for all ordinary work,
excepting for the larger and heavier books, which
it is probably best to bind in half leather. We lace
in the boards all books bound in buckram, except
the very thin ones, in the same way as for a leather
binding, and theoretically this binding should prove
almost as strong as the ordinary leather one." The
"almost" we should venture to strike out, remem-
bering the inevitable crumbling tendencies of leather
where it serves as hinge to the book-cover. Some
strong woven fabric, such as canvas, for elephant
folios, would certainly outlast the best of leathers.
Continuing his report, Mr. Kimball says : " We
have tried to exert an influence toward the more
general adoption of buckram binding, but with only
partial success, owing to a general feeling, still
surviving, that the use of any kind of a cloth bind-
ing is derogatory to the book. Ornamental features,
such as marbled edges, the use of marbled board
papers, and headbands, are omitted, and the cost of
material is generally somewhat less." Many of us
can remember the time when a silk cover with all
sorts of foolish filigree work was considered neces-
sary for a book of poems or a volume of elegant
extracts; but this notion has passed, as will, no
doubt, in a few years, the prejudice in favor of
leather as the only dignified binding for large and
dignified books. ...
AN UNAPPRECIATED NEPENTHE, offered to those
whose weight of sorrowful memories it would re-
move or materially lighten, is a wasted gift indeed.
What securer refuge from the pursuing cares of the
irrevocable past could there be than a good book ?
And yet we are told by an ex-convict from Sing
Sing, who contributes to the New York "Evening
Post" some reminiscences of his "carceral endur-
ance" (as old John Foxe would put it), that only a
minority of the inmates of that famous penal insti-
tution make any use of the library placed at the dis-
posal of them all. To be sure, he describes this
library as "a poor affair," but it cannot be so poor
as to be without a considerable number of readable
books, and with the encouragement of appreciative
use the authorities might feel moved to increase
that number. Sing Sing has been much in public
notice of late, in connection with the alternative
plans of addition to the present building or a trans-
fer of its occupants to a rural environment better
adapted to the proper work of reformation. The
last effort of the late Samuel J. Barrows's life was
an unavailing attempt to secure less rigorous condi-
tions for the unfortunates at Sing Sing. Not the
least of the needed improvements there one surmises
to be a better and a more intelligently-administered
library, which might help to make the institution
what our ex-convict well says it ought to be, "a
training-school for the development of strength of
character, instead of being what it is at present, a
finishing school for beginners in crime."
THE INSCRUTABILITY OF GENIUS not infrequently
extends even to so subordinate a detail as hand-
writing. Horace Greeley's scrawl became notorious
for illegibility, and the story is well known of his
angry upbraiding of a compositor for misinterpret-
ing his manuscript in the columns of the "Tribune,"
[Feb. 1
but when he was confronted with his own hiero-
glyphics he became as thoroughly bewildered as had
been the manipulator of the types. A like anecdote
of Tolstoy is recounted by his son, Count Elie
Tolstoy, in the " Revue de Paris." In describing
his mother's trials and tribulations as amanuensis
to her author-husband the son says (the translation
only has reached us): "Being very short-sighted,
my mother had to bring her eyes close to the paper
to decipher my father's frightful scrawl. The work
often took her the whole evening, and kept her
busy until long after the rest of the household had
gone to bed. When she found a passage which was
quite illegible she used to go to papa and ask him
to explain it. But that seldom happened, for she
was very reluctant to disturb him. When she did
so he took the manuscript from her and asked, with
evident irritation : 'Well? What is it that you can't
understand?' Then he would begin to read it him-
self, but when he arrived at the puzzling passage
he was invariably pulled up and had the greatest
difficulty in even guessing what he had written."
Nevertheless, no cultivation of illegibility in hand-
writing will make one a genius, literary or other;
and some men of genius, notably Thackeray, have
written the most beautifully legible hand.
• • •
THE GEOGRAPHICAL CENTRE OF OUR PUBLIC
LIBRARY SYSTEM has never been ascertained with
mathematical precision, and it would no sooner be
found than it would shift its position a mile or two
westward, with our population-centre ; for it is prob-
able that the two imaginary points are not many
hundred miles apart, and are tending more and more
to coincide. The librarian at Newark, N. J., wrote
a letter the other day, to be read before the Council
of the American Library Association, urging the
removal of the Association's headquarters from
Chicago to New York, and venturing the assertion
that "ten times as many library workers, printers,
authors, students, publishers, booksellers, and jour-
nalists are found within say three hours' ride of New
York as are found within the same distance from
Chicago." This may be so, or it may be an exces-
sive estimate ; but in any case it is an Atlantic-coast
view of the matter, and the rapid spread of our library
system over the great central and western regions of
the country will in the near future reduce the rela-
tive importance of Newark or even New York in
the scheme of things bibliothecal. Moreover, as
Mr. Dana freely admits, Chicago "gives — and is
to be praised therefore — good rooms, rent free, and
New York offers nothing." He volunteers to be
one to try to raise a fund with which to lure the
headquarters back again to the edge of the continent.
THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF COSMOPOLITAN CUL-
TURE goes on apace. International exchange of
university professors is accompanied by a like swap-
ping of students, Germany, France, and England
being the countries with which our own especially
engages in this friendly barter. And now there is
proposed by the University of Chili, through the
Chilian Minister at Washington, an interchange of
similar courtesies between that institution and Har-
vard, with a limited number of students included in
the scheme of give and take. Also one hears of a
like plan proposed by Dr. Carlos de Pena, Uruguayan
envoy to this country, on behalf of the National Uni-
versity of Uruguay, and the prospect now is that
these South American exchanges will be effected
next year. Why would not a series of exchanges
between Mexican and our own universities tend to
the benefit of all concerned, and especially to a more
cordial and mutually helpful relation between the
nations whose common boundary is the Rio Grande?
COMMUNICATIONS.
REVIVIFYING THE CLASSIC LANGUAGES.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Evidently two quite different but not necessarily
opposing purposes obtain in the acquirement of the so-
called classic languages: one signifies discipline, the
other intellectual pleasure. Our pleasure-loving age
shuns discipline; and one proof of this statement is to
be found in the universal complaint made by the teachers
of Latin and Greek that not only fewer pupils take up
the study of those languages but also that those doing
so seem to find it harder to master them. I believe
thoroughly in intellectual discipline, but not in wasted
energy. A mental discipline which keeps immature
boys for years in studying the elements of Latin and
Greek and ends by making them detest the classics,
largely because the purpose of their discipline has been
to give them the skeleton of the language and even the
flesh of it but not the vital spirit — the very term " dead
languages " proves that they are treated as corpses to
be dissected and not as splendidly living literatures, —
seems to me a wicked waste of time.
There are exceptional instances where a boy, like
young Sidis, takes to Greek because, being interested
in history, he wanted to read Thucydides and Herodotus
in the original ; but it would be far wiser for most chil-
dren under the age of twenty to begin with French or
German or even Italian, in which languages there is a
copious literature suitable for every epoch of a child's
life. I am not original in this claim. Ben Franklin in
his Autobiography says: " I have thought there is some
inconsistency in our common mode of teaching languages.
We are told that it is proper to begin first with the Latin,
and having acquired that, it will be more easy to attain
those modern languages which are derived from it; and
yet we do not begin with the Greek, in order more
easily to acquire the Latin"; and he proceeds to query
whether it would not be better " to begin with the French
and then take up the classic languages."
John Milton also (in his glorious essay on Education),
in speaking of the many mistakes which have made
learning so unpleasing and so unsuccessful, says: " We
do amiss to spend seven or eight years merely in scrap-
ing together so much miserable Latin and Greek as might
be learned otherwise easily and delightfully in one year."
And further on he adds : " These are not matters to be
wrung out of poor striplings like blood out of the nose
or the plucking of untimely fruit."
And John Locke, in his wise and noble " Thoughts
concerning Education," says of the boy: "As soon as
1914]
THE DIAL
95
he can speak English, it is time for him to learn some
other language: this nobody doubts of, when French is
proposed. And the reason is because people are accus-
t tomed to the right way of teaching that language, which
is by talking it into children in constant conversation
and not by grammatical rules. . . . When he can read
and speak French well, which in this method is usually
in a year or two, he should proceed to Latin, which it
is a wonder parents, when they have had the experi-
ment in French, should not think ought to be learned
the same way by talking and reading. . . . Latin I
look upon as absolutely necessary to a gentleman ; and
indeed custom, which prevails over everything, has made
it so much a part of education, that even those children
are whipped to it and made spend many hours of their
precious time uneasily in Latin, who after they are once
gone from school, are never to have any more to do with
it, as long as they live."
And the wise old Du Bellay, in the sixteenth century,
anticipated President Eliot in placing less emphasis on
the "humanities." He said: " Car si le terns que nous
consumons h apprendre ces dictes langues [Latin and
Greek] estoit employe" a 1'estude des sciences la Nature
certes n'est point devenue si brehaigne [sterile] qu'elle
n'enfastast de notre terns des Platons et des Aristotes."
I have no objection to a man spending a life-time on
a Greek particle or in finding the esoteric significance
of the careless writing to be found in Plato or Csesar, if
he can get pleasure or profit from such puerilities; but
it makes my blood boil with indignation to see our pre-
paratory schools go on, generation after generation, in
the same old stupid course, keeping boys and girls for
years on what are called the elements of the classic
languages, and, as Milton says, growing " into hatred
and contempt of learning," or, as Locke says, abhorring
them " for the ill usage it procured " them.
For thousands of years makers of needles put the eye
into the shank; suddenly a man came along and put the
eye into the neck just above the point, and the sewing-
machine was invented. Still the grammars teach stu-
dents the declensions perpendicularly from nominative
singular to ablative plural; whereas if the cases were
learned horizontally, it would in two minutes' time save
six months of blundering. Every English objective plural
ends either in s or, in the case of neuters (like phenom-
ena), in a. By putting the five vowels, a, e, i, o, and u,
before this final s, one learns in about a minute to recog-
nize practically all the accusatives plural, both nouns
and adjectives, in all Latin literature ; by changing the
s to m one likewise, though of course not quite so as-
suredly, gets most of the accusatives singular. The
meaningless distinction of First and Second Declensions
and the like, resolves into a reasonable vowel sequence.
In a similar way the conjugations are learned by the
natural divisions of time. Every imperfect has the ba,
(a sister of the English was but more regular) with the
almost invariable raus, we, nt, they, t, he or she or it,
according to the context. The addition of ur makes
almost any verb passive. This is only a hint of what
steps one may take in learning Latin. I once taught a
young woman Latin so that in ten or twelve lessons she
was reading Spinoza in the original.
I agree that it might take years to acquire a thorough
scientifically-grammatical knowledge of either Greek or
Latin, but I would guarantee that any mature person in
a week's time might without great strain lay a sufficient
basis of Latin and Greek to take the keenest delight in
Vergil or Ovid, in Euripides or Plato. Of course I would
not ignore what we in college used to call " trots," for a
literal translation is only a simplified dictionary. This
is merely the application of common sense to the use of
brains. The spirit of any language may be to a large de-
gree understood and entered into by reading the Gospels
or the Psalms, with which one is presupposed to have
some degree of familiarity. The pronunciation is per-
fectly simple. The Greek alphabet may be learned in
half an hour, by selecting out the letters like and unlike
our own and writing the unfamiliar ones down with their
equivalents a few times.
Let me say again, this is wholly and solely for the
sake of the literary value of Greek and Latin litera-
ture, and for the intense delight which it gives. I try
to read a little Greek every day, and the mere sound
of the words, the rhymes and alliterations, the musical
rhythms, come to the ear of my eye, if I may use
such a term, with a sensuous intoxicating exhilaration
which I believe even the Greeks themselves, perhaps
overfamiliar with the words, could scarcely feel. That
is the glory of acquiring a new language — the new
words are like newly-minted coins, with the design and
the inscription not as yet worn away by familiar use.
Of course pedantic and academic scholars and pro-
fessors, still bound in the shackles of convention, fight
against these theories; and they have been strong
enough to resist the suggestions of Milton and Locke
and our own wise and sensible Franklin so that the
schools and colleges are still following the well -worn,
dusty, vegetationless paths to the grave-yards where
the dead languages are buried. Armed with mediaeval
pick and spade they burrow in the valley of dry bones,
and the result is that live people detest their methods
and are bored to death with articulated skeletons jug-
gled into a sort of punchiuello semblance of activity by
a stupid apparatus of clumsy strings.
The cone of education stands on its apex instead of
resting on its good broad base. I should like to see a
revolution turn out the whole system and begin again.
Then we should have a Renaissance in literature, and a
vast multitude kindled with enthusiasm for the classics,
both ancient and modern.
NATHAN HASKELL DOLE.
Jamaica Plain, Boston, Jan. 19, 1914.
AN AUXILIARY LANGUAGE FOR
INTERCOMMUNICATION.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The solution of the problem of intercommunication
in its broadest sense, the international and unrestricted
exchange of useful information, has always been con-
fronted by the barrier of language. There is no apriori
reason why the quintessence of the modern European
tongues might not be extracted, as it were, and made
to do good service to civilization in a world daily grow-
ing smaller. The writer will not attempt to discuss in
detail any of the projects for a purely artificial language.
There have indeed been many failures in that field of
human ingenuity; but those failures, or the aggregate
thereof, have served to point out the way to ultimate
success. The auxiliary language which will sooner or
later come into fairly universal use as an economic
factor will undoubtedly be based upon maximum inter-
nationality as governed by regularity and facility.
It has been impossible until very recently to approach
this question in any way except as a partisan or an
opponent of some particular project. Happily, the
problem is now being given consideration from a much
96
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
more nearly neutral standpoint, and in a way which
promises its removal to the plane of recognized author-
ity. It is high time that this be done, not only to end
the controversy and keen rivalry between various pro-
jects, but also, what is far more important, to give the
world some definite assurance of a way to prevent the
fearful economic waste of time, energy, and money
involved in the current and so far unavoidable practice
of using three or more official languages in every inter-
national congress. This practice entails much tedious
repetition of remarks and resolutions, and much expense
for separate editions of publications, etc. It should
suffice that the proceedings of such international con-
ventions be conducted and published in the language
of the country in which the meeting occurs, with an
interleaved or separate translation in the official auxil-
iary language for all the rest of the world. Such a
plan, which is not at all impossible of fulfilment, would
often have the further great advantage that the speak-
ers or authors themselves would write or personally
approve the translation. This would go far toward
the prevention of serious inaccuracies and preserve the
exact meaning of the author, which is so difficult to do
when translations are made by another who may have
very little knowledge of the technical subject involved.
Not only in the international congresses would all con-
cerned receive substantial and lasting benefits from the
world-wide adoption and use of a common auxiliary
language, but the advantages would be scarcely less
important when accruing also to commerce and to
tourist travel.
" But," says the patient reader, " this very pleasing
prospect seems to be based on only an assumption that
some international language will really become officially
adopted by the governments. Languages are the result
of growth and must have a long history. It is impos-
sible to conceive of spontaneous expression in any but
a living language, — such as English or French, for
example. To use a conventional language, created by
fiat, governmental or otherwise, would mean a loss of
comprehensiveness, of flexibility, and of precision. It
would mean a limited and stilted manner of expression
of thought, which would be quite inadequate and unsat-
isfactory. It can never be."
If the good reader has allowed himself thus to be
blinded by his prejudice, his pre-judgment, he is griev-
ously mistaken. Let him awake and look around. If
he cannot see the signs of the times, let him put his
ear to the ground and listen to the mighty rumble of
the gathering legions of internationalism, those vast
armies of peace which are marching forward valiantly
to a glorious victory for humanity, and to the destruc-
tion of barriers between peoples and peoples, man and
man. The barrier of language will not and cannot be
broken down by the adoption of English or any other
living tongue, whether brought about by commercial
supremacy or any other means. That would give far
too great an advantage to the nation whose mother
tongue was thus favored. Equity, mutual fairness, and
the necessities of the case demand the adoption, not of
a purely artificial idiom, but of the quintessence of the
modern languages of western and southern Europe, —
not a mere mixture, but a composite, logically devel-
oped by the collaboration of scholars.
In this state of affairs, therefore, it is but natural and
appropriate that at the Eighth International Congress of
Students held in Ithaca, N. Y., August 29 to Septem-
ber 3, 1913, which was attended by two hundred repre-
sentatives of thirty countries, the following resolution
was adopted:
" The Congress declares itself heartily in favor of an
auxiliary language and expresses the earnest hope that the
adherents of Esperanto and Ido (reformed Esperanto) may
unite in a common effort to secure the appointment of an
official commission for the purpose of thoroughly studying
the problem, and adopting an official international auxiliary
language."
This resolution may, and quite possibly will, bear
fruit even sooner than its framers anticipated. The
Association for the creation of a Universal Language
Bureau, founded in Berne on February 27, 1911, and
entered in the Commercial Register, has for its imme-
diate object the presentation of an address to the Swiss
Federal Council, in which the latter is to be requested
to send a confidential inquiry to other governments as
to whether or not they are willing to give their support
to the summoning of an official provisional conference.
This conference will undertake preliminaries with re-
gard to combining together as many governments as
possible into a Universal Language Union, similar to
the Universal Postal Union. The foundation of this Uni-
versal Language Union and the creation of a Universal
Language Bureau are then reserved for an official
congress of the governments concerned. This congress
will have to form the definite conclusions which will
be based upon the preliminary labors of the provisional
conference.
As a foundation for the step to be taken by the Swiss
Federal Council and for the labors of the provisional
conference, the Association will undertake, with the
help of experts, a draft of an international treaty for the
introduction of a universal language, and incorporate
such draft in their memorial.
On the other hand, the choice of the international
auxiliary language which is to be proposed for official
recognition will be left to the international conference.
The Association is perfectly neutral in regard to the vari-
ous systems of universal language.
The officers of the Association are as follows:
Honorary President: Colonel EMIL FREY, Ex- Federal
Councillor, Director of the International Bureau of the
Telegraph-Union in Berne.
President: Dr. A. GOBAT, National Councillor, Direc-
tor of the International Peace Bureau in Berne.
Vice- Presidents: Professor WILHELM OSTWALD,
Privy Councillor, member of the Royal Saxon Academy
of Sciences (Gross-Bothen, Leipzig). ANTON WALTIS-
BUHL, Manufacturer (Zurich). ARISTIDE ROLLIER,
Judge (Berne).
Secretary: H. BEHRMANN, Director of the Official
Information Bureau (Berne).
Treasurers: EUGEN v. BUREN-V. SALIS, Banker
(Berne). ERNST WITSCHI, of the firm of Eugen v.
Biiren & Co. (Berne).
While the Association is absolutely neutral in its
attitude toward the various projects for an auxiliary
language, it is nevertheless interesting to receive from
another quarter some indication as to the general char-
acter of what may become the strongest candidate for
selection. On this point some light is thrown by the
following extracts from " The Scientific American "
Supplements, as cited:
"The result is a language (Ido) which maybe mastered
readily by anybody and which has this advantage over other
artificial languages, that it is based on rational, scientific,
technical principles, and therefore is not exposed to the
danger of being supplanted by the creation of a still better
1914]
THE DIAL
97
and materially different language." (Supplement 1795, May
28, 1910, page 346.)
" Esperanto has suffered because it has fallen into the
hands of scientifically untrained persons, and sometimes into
the hands of fanatics." (Supplement 1798, June 18, 1910,
page 398.)
"The language of the Delegation (Ido) is very capable
of expressing difficult passages with all possible fidelity "
(Ibid, page 399 )
This whole question, therefore, certainly seems at last
to have entered the realm of practical life and serious-
ness to the extent that it is entitled to very careful
consideration.
Indeed, the Swedish Parliament in Stockholm, about
three years ago, gave some consideration to a proposition
which contemplated the making of an official investi-
gation, by the Parliament, of the whole question of an
international language. Very lively interest was aroused
in the Parliament, and the proposition as presented was
finally defeated by a very narrow margin with a minority
vote of ninety or more members, or nearly fifty per cent,
which certainly constituted a very respectable support
for the plan. Numerous other nations have found them-
selves and their literature more or less isolated from
the world at large owing to the fact that their mother
tongues were not widely understood. This is a serious
handicap against scientific study and research, and
particularly against the publication of new discoveries
of a technical nature, because the publisher has at best
only a limited clientele to which to present a work of
scientific or technical character when printed in any
other than one of the languages of wide circulation, such
as English, French, or German. If, on the contrary, a
publisher of scientific works could appeal to the entire
world for support of such a book printed in an auxiliary
language generally understood, it would incalculably
advance the cause of education.
Some little progress has already been made in the
compilation of an international lexicon of commercial
terms; which, if made available for general use by the
world of commerce, would be of inestimable value.
It is true that to Switzerland, as the home of inter-
nationalism, belongs the privilege of taking the initiative
in the formation of a Universal Language Union and
Bureau; but at the same time, without detracting in
the least from the honor which belongs to Switzerland,
it remains for some great nation to secure the almost
equal honor of being the first to support the initial steps,
which no doubt will be taken in Berne.
One can easily foresee the renaissance of that glorious
time when scientists were able to intercommunicate by
means of a language common to all. That language
will not be Latin, but the international language, which
ought to be the quintessence of the modern European
tongues. It will not be truly artificial, but essentially
natural, founded upon the principle of maximum inter-
nationality, governed by regularity and facility.
EUGENE F. McPiKE.
Chicago, Jan. 20, 1914.
"TAINTED" BOOK REVIEWS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A newspaper publisher in a town in the Middle West
whom I recently visited told me an astonishing thing.
He said he was one of eight men similarly employed
in towns from Baltimore to Des Moines who have
entered into an agreement with a New York advertis-
ing concern to print syndicated book-reviews sent out
by this concern from New York in consideration of
receiving advertising from a number of book-publishers,
including some of the leading houses of the country.
My friend did not seem to see anything wrong in this
arrangement. On the contrary, he thought it an excel-
lent idea. He was guaranteed a greater amount of
advertising, and he was going to dispense with his book
critic, or at least transfer him to another department.
As a book-buyer this seems to me a sinister move.
I have always read book reviews where they seemed to
be unbiassed; and I have frequently bought books, par-
ticularly fiction, on the recommendation of reviewers
upon whose judgment I had come to rely. I have
always thought book reviews a natural service for a
newspaper of repute, just as is theatrical criticism or
editorial comment. But if literary criticism in the
daily press is to depend on book advertising, and is to
be furnished, not by a local critic whose taste and
judgment you perhaps know personally to be honest,
but by a hired corps of men in New York who are
paid, practically, by the publishers, I should like to ask,
in the idiom of the day, " Where do we get off ? "
Some years ago a hue-and-cry was raised by the ex-
posure of the fact that certain trusts, then under investi-
gation by the government, maintained expensive pub-
licity bureaus which put forth matter favorable to the
companies and got it published in newspapers on the
corporations' payroll. This was called " tainted news."
It was bad enough ; but now we have tainted book
reviews !
This may be too small a matter to excite the indigna-
tion of the public, but I consider it only the first step
towards the debauching of the press. I am informed
that there is a movement already on foot to organize
theatrical criticism on the same basis. Editorial comment
will probably come next.
It is true that this affair, so far, only touches eight
cities of the second class; but if it succeeds, — and both
parties to the agreement appear to be satisfied of its
success already, — how long will it be before it reaches
out and envelops the chief cities of the union ?
BOOK-BUYER.
Chicago, Jan. 24, 1914.
A PROTEST.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
As a friend of THE DIAL, may I venture to express
my surprise that you should have allowed to be printed
the wholly uncalled for animadversion upon the Society
of Friends contained in a review of the work of T. B.
Read in your issue of January 1?
Your reviewer believes that the Quaker doctrine
seems in practice "capable of creating more whited
sepulchres than any other creed ever known," and in
evidence devotes nearly half a column to the story of a
case somebody told him about. The dictum of your
reviewer may or may not be true, — he would be hard put
to prove it; but what has it to do with the discussion of a
poet who was neither a Quaker nor a whited sepulchre?
The reputation of the small Christian body impugned,
whose influence in the humanitarian progress of the race
is well known, is not likely to be noticeably affected by
the aspersions referred to; but it seems to me that the
injection of such irrelevant, personal matter into reviews
is neither just nor politic, and unworthy of THE DIAL'S
unique standing as an American journal of criticism.
CHARLES FRANCIS SAUNDERS.
Pasadena, Calif., Jan. 15, 1914.
98
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
00hs.
FRANCIS THOMPSON : His LIFE AND
His WORK.*
With Mr, Everard MeynelFs Life of Francis
Thompson we are given probably the last tribute
from a family whose devotion to a great singer
would, of itself, ensure that family a memor-
able place in the history of English poetry.
Many a young poet will envy Thompson this
devotion, sublimated as it is with a fine harmony
of reticence and frankness, strong as it is with
a loyalty so sincere, so enduring, so clear-eyed.
And the biography comes as no anti-climax. In
the most approved manner of modern biography,
and with the characteristic self-effacement of
his family, Mr. Everard Meynell allows the
singer to reveal himself, as far as may be, in
innumerable passages of prose and poetry, pub-
lished and unpublished, which are chosen and
inserted with a creative sureness which everyone
will enjoy but which will be fully appreciated
only by those who know from experience the
extreme difficulty of achieving a literary portrait
that is also a work of art. In addition, the book
is opulent with verbal snap-shots and reminis-
cent sketches from scores of people who knew
the poet. When it becomes necessary, as it often
does, for the biographer to come forward and
speak in his own person, he is obviously con-
fronted by a great responsibility. No one who
cannot himself write prose with distinction should
dare to dally with the Promethean fire of quo-
tation. But Mr. Meynell has set the jewels of
the poet and his circle into a rich and vigorous
metal that glows in warm and perfect harmony.
This book, furthermore, takes its place among
certain critical studies still rare because they
require epical toil and vision, but increasing
steadily in number because they mark the be-
ginnings of a new Fine Art that irresistibly
brings more and more strenuous and lofty writ-
ers to emulate its first representations. This
kind of estimate, which has been called "col-
lective criticism " by Professor W. T. Brewster
and others, was perhaps first effectively worked
out by Mr. John Mackinnon Eobertson in his
essay on Poe. It withdraws much of the over-
emphasis now placed on sources and analogues
to approach the author through a large body of
his critics, and, by catching each evasive light
*THE LIFE OF FRANCIS THOMPSON. By Everard
Meynell. Illustrated. New York. Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE WORKS OF FRANCIS THOMPSON. In three volumes.
With portraits. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
from the myriad facets of personalities, environ-
ments, and epochs of an army of writers, impres-
sionistic, historical, and judicial, it gradually
finds the full vision wherewith to build a great
temple, at once impersonal and finely personal,
which will stand solid and stately and indestruc-
tible in the storm centre of whims and moods,
of fierce vituperation and frantic eulogy. Even
in the case of Francis Thompson, a singer of
our own generation, such a method brings aston-
ishing perspective under the impartial and art-
ful hands of Mr. Meynell. Shrewd thrusts and
irresistible lauds, dyspeptic attacks and blind
praises, conventional whims and keen prophecies
swarm through these pages cheek by jowl. We
hear the voices of a motley but most represen-
tative company: Coventry Patmore, with his
prophecies and his arrogance, leaves his new
celestial comrades, Elijah, Isaiah, and Jeremiah,
to return to us as though in the flesh ; Ernest
Dowson, in the midst of his slums and his agony
of indulgence, reveals in his verses faint and
lovely echoes of Thompson's diction ; Mr. Yeats
greets warmly a distant but a fellow dreamer ;
the leading reviews snarl and patronize; Miss
Agnes Tobin turns from her Petrarch to the
lover of the Virgin Mary ; that stirring old des-
pot Henley flings the biting gibe and capricious
but precious praise ; George Meredith banters
like a Titan and quotes with hearty joy to the
shy singer himself some of the awed and fragile
and imperishable lines out of "Love in Dian's
Lap." As we read of Cardinal Manning and
Richard Le Gallienne, of Arthur Symons and
Aubrey De Vere, of Norman Gale and William
Archer, of Robert Browning and John David-
son, our new perspective will at least dispel
the superstition of cult-worship that hounded
Thompson from the beginning to the end of his
literary career.*
If Mr. Meynell is generous and sensible in
his inclusion of animadversions on Thompson's
poetry, he is no less frank in his revelation of
the facts of the man's life. And he is certainly
* Since this review is to be frankly eulogistic, and since
the essays of the moment still make the threadbare remark
first made in the nineties that Thompson has been cursed by
the overpraise of a narrow cult, it may be well for me to fol-
low briefly Mr. Robertson's suggestion in " Essays Towards
a Critical Method " and give the reader a brief account of
myself. For the present purpose a few negative remarks
will do. I am not a Roman Catholic. I do not know 'the
Meynells. I am not a Thompsonian faddist, but discovered
;he poet for myself when I was a sophomore in college in the
year 1903, long before the hue and cry over Thompson and
Defore any of my friends had heard of him. I take the liberty
of adding that though I have my own little quarrels with
Thompson, I find, after having read a good many recent
reviews on him, that I shall perforce be too busy with eulogy
o find space or inclination to touch upon my grievances.
1914]
THE DIAJL
99
no less sensible. For the facts reveal, not that
Max Nordau and his followers are right about
genius, but simply that Francis Thompson was
a saint. His whole life was a superb and pious
and immortal protest against our present formula
that life is (and should be) a struggle for exist-
ence. A friend of mine puts it very happily in
a letter written after reading the biography :
" Instead of being a divine vagrant, Thompson might
have been a chubby and tidy person of irreproachable
habits; but he couldn't be both at once. When the
records are cast up, I think it is the chubby and tidy
people who will stand most in need of apologies, rather
than such men as Thompson."
In the hardest and most unspiritual decades of
the nineteenth century, the decades against
which Matthew Arnold had raised his voice
almost in vain, Thompson's life was the life of
an untheatrical martyr, a perfect refutation of
ueo-aristocracy, — the aristocracy of family trees
(generally dying at the top), the aristocracy
of wealth, the aristocracy of efficiency, all the
shallow and ugly sophistries that have grown up
about the profound truth of the survival of the
fittest. Francis Thompson, who never dreamed
an injury and never looked at a cudgel, the con-
sumptive who almost literally vanished slowly
from the earth, will go down to fame as the
deadly and irresistible foe of the noisy heroes
of our age. He was the anti-superman.
We must allow space for two glimpses of
Thompson's life as revealed in the biography.
When, like De Quincey, the poet wandered in
agony and poverty and helplessness, a runaway
outcast, through the long, gaunt streets of Lon-
don, he found, like De Quincey, his Ann.
"This girl gave out of her scant and pitiable opu-
lence, consisting of a room, warmth, and food, and a cab
thereto. When the streets were no longer crowded
with shameful possibilities she would think of the only
tryst that her heart regarded and, a sister of charity,
would take her beggar into her vehicle at the appointed
place and cherish him with an affection maidenly and
motherly, and passionate in both these capacities. Two
outcasts, they sat marvelling that there were joys for
them to unbury and to share. Then, in a Chelsea room
such as that of Rossetti's poem would they sit: —
" Your lamp, my Jenny, kept alight,
Like a wise virgin's, all one night!
And in the alcove coolly spread
Glimmers with dawn your empty bed.
" Weakness and confidence, humility and reverence,
were gifts unknown to her except at his hands, and she
repaid them with graces as lovely as a child's, and as
unhesitating as a saint's. In his address to a child, in a
later year, he remembers this poor girl's childishness: —
" Forlorn, and faint, and stark
I had endured through watches of the dark
The abashless inquisition of each star,
Yea, was the outcast mark
Of all those heavenly passers' scrutiny;
Stood bound and helplessly
For Time to shoot his barbe'd minutes at me;
Suffered the trampling hoof of every hour
In night's slow-wheele'd car;
Until the tardy dawn dragged me at length
From under those dread wheels; and, bled of strength,
I waited the inevitable last.
Then there came past
A child; like thee, a spring-flower ; but a flower
Fallen from the budded coronal of Spring,
And through the city-streets blown withering.
She passed, — O brave, sad, lovingest, tender thing !
And of her own scant pittance did she give,
That I might eat and live:
Then fled, a swift and trackless fugitive.
Therefore I kissed in thee
The heart of Childhood, so divine for me;
And her, through what sore ways
And what uuchildish days.
Borne from me now, as then, a trackless fugitive.
Therefore I kissed in thee
Her, Child ! and innocency.
" Her sacrifice was to fly from him : learning he had
found friends, she said that he must go to them and
leave her. After his first interview with my father he
had taken her his news. ' They will not understand
our friendship,' she said, and then, ' I always knew you
were a genius.' And so she strangled the opportunity;
she killed again the child, the sister ; the mother had
come to life within her — she went away. Without
warning she went to unknown lodgings and was lost to
him. In 'the mighty labyrinths of London' he lay in
wait for her, nor would he leave the streets, thinking
that in doing so he would make a final severance. Like
De Quincey's Ann, she was sought, but never found,
along the pavements at the place where she had been
used to find him."
When Mr. Wilfrid Meynell pulled some dirty
manuscripts from a pigeon-hole of his desk and
found that they were the work of genius he des-
patched letters in vain, and finally went to seek
the unknown author at a chemist's shop to which
the poet had directed him to send his mail.
" [Mr. Meynell's] obvious eagerness prompted a query
from the man behind the counter: ' Are you a relative?
he owes me three-and-ninepence.' With that paid and
a promise of ten-and-sixpence if he produced the poet,
he agreed to do his best, and, many days after, my
father, being in his workroom, was told that Mr.
Thompson wished to see him. ' Show him up,' he said,
and was left alone.
" Then the door opened, and a strange hand was
thrust in. The door closed, but Thompson had not
entered. Again it opened, again it shut. At the third
attempt a waif of a man came in. No such figure had
ever been looked for; more ragged and unkempt than
the average beggar, with no shirt beneath his coat and
bare feet in broken shoes, he found my father at a loss
for words. ' You must have had access to many books
when you wrote that essay,' was what he said. ' That,'
said Thompson, his shyness at once replaced by an acer-
bity that afterwards became one of the most familiar
of his never-to-be-resented mannerisms, 'that is pre-
cisely where the essay fails. I had no books by me at
the time save JSschylus and Blake.' There was little
100
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
to be done for him at that interview save the extraction
of a promise to call again. He made none of the con-
fidences characteristic of a man seeking sympathy and
alms. He was secretive and with no eagerness for plans
for his benefit, and refused the offer of a small weekly
sum that would enable him to sleep in a bed and sit at
a table. I know of no man, and can imagine none, to
whom another can so easily unburden himself of uneasi-
ness and formalities as to my father. To him the poor
and the rich are, as the fishes and the flames to St.
Francis, his brothers and his friends at sight, even if these
are shy as fishes and sightless as flame. But the im-
pression of the visit on my father was of a meeting that
did not end in great usefulness — so much was indicated
by a manner schooled in concealments. But Francis
came again, and again, and then to my father's house
in Kensington. Of the falsity of the impression given
by his manner, his poetry in the address to his host's
little girl is the proof:
" Yet is there more, whereat none guesseth, love !
Upon the ending of my deadly night
(Whereof thou hast not the surmise, and slight
Is all that any mortal knows thereof),
Thou wert to me that earnest of day's light,
When, like the back of a gold-maile'd saurian
Heaving its slow length from Nilotic slime,
The first long gleaming fissure runs Aurorian
Athwart the yet dun firmament of prime.
Stretched on the margin of the cruel sea
Whence they had rescued me,
With faint and painful pulses was I lying;
Not yet discerning well
If 1 had 'scaped, or were an icicle,
Whose thawing is its dying.
Like one who sweats before a despot's gate,
Summoned by some presaging scroll of fate,
And knows not whether kiss or dagger wait;
And all so sickened is his countenance
The courtiers buzz, ' Lo, doomed ! ' and look at him
askance : —
At fate's dread portal then
Even so stood I, I ken,
Even so stood I, between a joy and fear,
And said to mine own heart, « Now, if the end be
here ! ' "
So it came about that the anti-superman was
armed even at the close of the nineteenth century
with the armor of pure charity, like Bunyan's
Christian, for a mighty battle with the most
sinister forces of modern life.
Thompson's prose, now first authoritatively
selected in the three-volume edition of the
" Works," gives me more courage than any-
thing I have seen since the happy day when I
first read the lovely sentences of Professor
Mackail's latest volumes. This prose of Thomp-
son's, since it is the prose of a poet, will be of
inestimable value to us in this generation, de-
bauched as we are by the quickstep of journal-
ism. There is another influence against which
it will react, I think, with good effect, an influ-
ence which one is supposed to mention nowadays
in an awed whisper — the influence of French
prose. Arnold certainly did a great service in
calling our attention to what we could learn
from the marvellously supple prose across the
channel. And to those who can relish Arnold's
irony, there will be at least one quality evident
in proof of the value of Arnold's taste for him-
self. Yet, strangely enough, the most perfect
passages in Arnold, such as the famous sen-
tences about Oxford "spreading her gardens to
the moonlight" and the haunting prelude to
the essay on Emerson, — those passages in what
Professor Gates called Arnold's fourth manner,
"intimate, rich in color, intense in feeling,
almost lyrical in tone," those passages so pa-
thetically infrequent in the work of this too
stern self -inquisitor, — are the very passages
which owe nothing whatever to French prose.
To whom, then, do they owe the most? Cer-
tainly not to OUP eighteenth century prosemen,
whom some uphold as our greatest, — as rivals,
even if humble rivals, of the French. Undoubt-
edly Arnold's fourth manner was inspired by
the man who was celebrated in one of those
very passages — John Henry Newman. And
who taught Newman to write prose? To a
great extent, De Quincey. And De Quincey
learned the secrets of his mighty rhythms and
his imperial opulence from the ornate English
writers of the seventeenth century. Is it not
true that when we survey the greatest prose of
England we find at least a fourth written by
our poets; about half of it written by prose-
writers who were really very fervid poets in
spirit, — Malory, Hooker, Taylor, the King
James translators, Browne, Burke, De Quincey,
Lamb, Hazlitt, Carlyle, Newman, Ruskin,
Pater (for all his half-true protestations of
French lineage) ; and, finally, do we not find
that barely a fourth has been written by men
like Swift? The ornate style is the English
style, our heritage from the spacious days of
the English renaissance. And, though the
purer currents of the simpler eighteenth cen-
tury prose and the wonderful cadences from
France are a most wholesome interblending,
we should not forget our imperatorial birth-
right. Francis Thompson, in an age when
our prose-writers, though still phrasing bril-
liantly, were beginning to lose their grasp of
rhythm, wrote the true English prose. A fair
characterization of his own style and an excel-
lent example of it may be found in a sentence
that he wrote on Sidney's prose : " It is a prose
full of young joy, and young power, and young
inexperience, and young melancholy, which is
the wilfulness of joy; full of young fertility,
1914]
THE DIAL
101
wantoning in its own excess." And, lest some
readers draw unjust inferences, lest they doubt
the sound sense of Thompson, let me add
another example of his prose and an admirable
example of his fine critical acumen, — a sen-
tence on his beloved De Quincey :
" A little, wrinkly, high-foreheaded, dress-as-you-
please man; a meandering, inhumanly intellectual man,
shy as a hermit-crab, and as given to shifting his lodg-
ings; much-enduring, inconceivable of way, sweet-
hearted, fine-natured, small-spited, uncanny as a sprite
begotten of libraries ; something of a bore to many, by
reason of talking like a book in coat and breeches —
undeniably clever and wonderful talk none the less;
master of a great, unequal, seductive, and irritating
style; author of sixteen delightful and intolerable vol-
umes, part of which can never die, and much of which
can never live: that is De Quincey."
Thompson's prose in the collected Works and
the hitherto unpublished fragments in the Life
will also be of great value in giving pause to
many who have been content to mouth certain
commonplaces of criticism against him which
have been continuously current since 1894. We
learn now that his reviewers have been right in
pointing out that there were echoes from Pat-
more, Coleridge, Crashaw, and an army of others.
Indeed, Mr. Everard Meynell is very glad to
supplement the notions of the critics not only
with confessions from Thompson but with some
most suggestive parallel passages and observa-
tions of his own. Nevertheless, with all this in
mind, the wary critic as he rereads the poems
will, it is hoped, learn a lesson of supreme im-
portance to his generation. Let him reread also
the poetry of Oscar Wilde and note that, while
both poets can change like the chameleon, as the
iridescent memories of a hundred singers surge
through them, Oscar Wilde was insincere and
therefore (except in a few master poems) only
a very interesting workman, but Francis Thomp-
son was sincere and therefore a great poet. The
wary critic will then reflect that, in spite of the
futurists, a man may, without going to the old
extremes prescribed by some eighteenth-century
critics, follow certain immortal models. The wary
critic will remember that Milton, Shakespeare,
Spenser, and Chaucer unblushingly did just this.
And he will perhaps come to the conclusion that
some of our modern artists have confused new-
ness with originality. He will, in fine, observe
that few supreme artists have cared much whether
what they sought to do had been done before,
but rather they have trembled with convictions
that flamed out from the midst of their groping
comrades like the fierce jet of a huge forge in a
grim city at night.
One other comment that was once thought
an easy truism will be uttered less sweepingly
when we have pondered this new prose and
reread the poems, — namely, the old jeer at
Thompson's diction. In this matter, too, since
1894, Thompson has been attacked for archa-
isms, coinages, and sacerdotalisms. Without
the assistance of an Academy of wiseacres,
Anglo-Saxondom has always contrived to be
ponderously suspicious of archaisms, even when
these have been drawn almost straight from
a Cynewulfian Northumbria or an Alfredian
Wessex. As for Latinisms — anathema! lam
inclined to think that if the dream of an En-
glish Academy, — a dream indulged in from at
least the days of old Spratt, the biographer of
Cowley, to the days of Matthew Arnold's great
essay, — were to come true, this Academy would
know enough to take the opposite view from the
French Academy, which, for the sake of its tran-
quil and silvery and softly musical language,
is judiciously cautious : this English Academy
would, I believe, be very tolerant of archaisms
in our restless oceanic language. After many
years spent in the study of Edmund Spenser,
who has been a storm-centre on this matter from
1579 to 1914, I find much solace in murmur-
ing to myself the words of shrewd old Thomas
Fuller on the poet's poet: "And though some
blame his Writings for the many Chaucerisms
used by him, yet to the Learned they are known
not to be blemishes but rather beauties to his
Book." Archaisms and coinages generally go
together, — see Spenser and Milton. We should
be a little less tolerant of coinages than of
archaisms. And of course we must remember
always the rules of Horace, which are perfectly
sound and quite invaluable and absolutely im-
possible. Our multifarious, questing English
language will pause over these rules occasion-
ally, just long enough to keep from going mad ;
but our language is, unlike all other Anglo-
Saxon institutions, absolutely without stolidity.
As for the sacerdotalisms, they are often very
beautiful when one finds out what they mean.
Ecclesiastico-mania is doubtless bad enough,
but it is a venial sin compared with the vice
popular among many of Thompson's critics, —
ecclesiastico-phobia. I am not averse to read-
ing a poet, for a while, with a dictionary at my
elbow. And as far as Thompson is concerned,
I never read him without resolving to plunder
him some day of those same beautiful sacerdo-
talisms. Finally, now that his prose works
and biography are in my hands, I shall be very
102
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
careful about using the rapier on a man who
can weigh his words as nicely as the following
passage indicates :
" Of ' nervure ' ; I should not, in a like passage, use
cuticle of a flower or leaf : because it is a streaky word —
its two k sounds and mouse-shrewd u make it like a
wire tweaked by a plectrum. The u of nervure is not
only unaccented, therefore unprominent in sound, but
the soft v and u quite alter its effect from that it has
when combined with &'s and parchment-tight t's."
And a friendly critic of Thompson writes as
follows :
" The labour, the art, the studious vocabulary are
locked together within the strenuous grasp of the man's
sincerity. There is no dissociating, no disintegrating,
such poems as these ; and Francis Thompson's heart beats
in the words ' roseal,' ' cymars,' 'frore,' ' amiced,' ' lamped,'
and so forth."
With these passages in mind I recall an
extraordinary sentence in an English essay on
Thompson not yet a year old :
" His thought is conventional, it is the diarrhcetical
flux of language which mystifies, which shrieks and
hisses by its persistent shock and turgidity, by its
linguistic nodes and rugosities."
Imagine the unholy joy with which a provincial
English weekly would hail such a sentence from
an American ! Doubtless its writer would ac-
cuse me of lacking a sense of humor; but I
must confess that my impresssion is of a little
man with a cracked voice trying to roar down his
intended victim, in the manner of Dr. Johnson,
or essaying, with petty irritation, the tremen-
dous guffaw of Rabelais.
Finally, Thompson's poems, reread with the
prose in our minds and the chapter in the biog-
raphy on " Mysticism and Imagination " open
before us, teach us that it is wrong to accuse
Thompson's thought of conventionality. The
world is full of mystics to-day. There are, first
of all, the new-fangled mystical cults founded
mainly by honest but rather shallow people, who,
having conned the A B C of an attitude older
than the oldest forests of India, put forward
their results as a new religion and draw many
equally honest and rather more shallow people
in their muddy wake. Yet, on the whole, good
will come from them. Then there is the school
celebrated in Mr. Arthur Symons's masterly
volume on "The Symbolist Movement." Most
of the people of this school are really materialists,
but they cover, generally with perfect sincerity,
their materialism with a thin and leprous and
alluring veil that they call mysticism. I believe
that some of these people will leave, for all their
decadence, works of art that are enduring, but
never supreme. Francis Thompson was a true
mystic, and to him a few thinkers will go for
many centuries. Nor will they who go to him
all be Catholics. For some of them will be
steeped in the philosophy of ancient India, and
more of them will be Platonists who will know
him " by a secret sign." But most brotherly of
all will be those who can gather out of all of these
the perfect flowers of wisdom. They will know
Thompson's faults better than any other critics
have known them ; but, quite naturally, they will
choose to be silent.
HERBERT ELLSWORTH CORY.
SOUTH AMERICAN WILDS.*
As a veteran explorer, Mr. A. Henry Savage
Landor needs no introduction to the reader of
works on travel. Since his thrilling experiences
in Thibet sixteen years ago, he has penetrated
supposedly inaccessible parts of Persia, Afghan-
istan, and Africa; yet it is doubtful if the
account of any of his past achievements can
approach in variety of incident or perils encoun-
tered the narrative of his journey just completed
through the wildest portion of South America.
A detailed account of Mr. Savage Lander's
latest explorations would obviously fall outside
the scope of this review; yet some indication
may be given of the magnitude of his task and
of the results attained. In all, the author
travelled over thirteen thousand miles in South
America, and of this enormous distance some
five thousand miles were through regions in
Brazil hitherto either unknown or but little
explored. His itinerary led him from Rio de
Janeiro, & a general northwesterly direction,
through the interior states of Goyaz, Matto
Grosso, and Amazonas, — regions watered by
the great rivers Xingu, Tapajoz, and Madeira.
The object of the expedition was to study the
geography and geology of this vast area, much
of it uncharted; to learn something definite
about the Indians of central Brazil; and to
investigate the economic resources of a territory
still largely unexploited.
From the first, the journey was fraught with
hardships and peril. It was found all but im-
possible to persuade anyone in Brazil to embark
on the expedition ; and as a last resort the
author was forced to employ, at ridiculously
high wages, six ex-convicts as his companions.
The journey begun with such unfavorable aus-
pices repeatedly threatened to end in disaster.
* ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMEKICA. By A. Henry
Savage Landor. In two volumes. Illustrated. Boston :
Little, Brown, & Co.
1914]
THE DIAL
103
Again and again Mr. Savage Landor had to
quell a mutiny, and on several occasions his life
was in imminent danger. But even more re-
markable than the successive escapes from his
followers was his triumph over natural obstacles.
His original intention was to pass through the
very heart of Brazil, riding from the terminus
of the railway in Minas Geraes to Manaos, the
capital of Amazonas, a distance of between
three and four thousand miles. But after eight
hundred miles had been traversed he discovered
that his worthless companions, in order to force
him to retrace his steps, had thrown away most
of his large stock of provisions. To escape
starvation, the party made a detour to the
south, and reached the ancient settlement of
Diamantino, the last frontier post of civiliza-
tion in central Brazil. With what supplies he
could purchase, Mr. Savage Landor now deter-
mined to descend from its source the great
Tapajos River, one of the most powerful tribu-
taries of the Amazon. The account of the
journey down the hitherto unexplored portions
of this stream is thrilling in the highest degree.
Perilous waterfalls, treacherous whirlpools,
deadly rapids, — "in comparison with which
those of Niagara are child's play," — taxed the
skill and endurance of the party to the utmost.
At times they were even obliged to drag the
two-thousand-pound canoe over low mountain
ranges, after blazing a trail through the native
forest.
The last stage of Mr. Savage Lander's explo-
rations in Brazil not only surpassed in hardship
and suffering everything that had preceded, but
seemed fated to end in tragedy. Since the
canoe, by this time unserviceable, had to be
abandoned at a government station, the author
heroically insisted on pushing forward on foot,
through the unexplored region between Tapajos
and Madeira Rivers. But again his plans were
balked by the perfidy of his followers. Sup-
plies intended to last many months were sur-
reptitiously destroyed, until at length the little
party, entirely cut off from civilization, passed
sixteen days practically without food. Further
attempts to cut a path through the forest were
impossible owing to the weakness of the men;
escape by water seemed out of the question, as
the native timbers were all too heavy to float.
The ingenious expedient by which Mr. Savage
Landor succeeded in rescuing himself and his
companions from this frightful impasse may
best be described in his own words :
" We felt in such a plight that we lay helpless upon
the floor of the hut, quite unable to move, so exhausted
were we. In turning my head around I discovered tea
large demijohns, some two and one-half feet high and
about two feet in diameter, of thick green glass. They
were the usual demijohns — garajfons, as they were
called — used all over Brazil for ' fire-water.' I at
once conceived the idea of using them as floats in the
construction of a raft.
" My men grinned contemptuously at the idea when
I mentioned it to them. They said that all was over.
It was no use trying to get away. The Almighty wanted
us to die, and we must only lie there and await our end,
which was not far off. Benedicto struggled to his knees
and prayed to the Almighty and the Virgin, sobbing
bitterly all the time.
" I struggled up on my feet and proceeded to carry
the big vessels to the river bank, where I intended to
construct the raft. The effort to take each heavy bottle
those few metres seemed almost beyond me in my ex-
hausted state. At last I proceeded to strip the floor of
the hut, which had been made with split assahy palms,
in order that I might make a frame to which I could
fasten the bottles. With a great deal of persuasion I
got Filippe and Benedicto to help me. The long pieces
of assahy were too heavy for our purpose, and we had
the additional trouble of splitting each piece into four.
It was most trying work in our worn-out condition.
Then we had to go into the forest and collect some
small liane so that we could tie the pieces together, as
we had no nails and no rope.
" The lassitude with which we did our work, and tore
down part of the hut in order to build that raft, our only
way of salvation, was too pitiful to watch. We abso-
lutely had no strength at all. When we pulled the
liane to fasten together the different pieces of palm
wood, we were more exhausted than if we had lifted a
weight of 200 pounds. As it was, we could not fasten
the pieces of wood properly, and when the raft was fin-
ished it was indeed a shaky affair."
On this unstable craft the starving men con-
trived to drift down stream, until they found
food and safety in the camp of a rubber collect-
ing expedition.
The remaining experiences of the author,
though highly interesting, were in no wise
unique. He ascended the Amazon to its source,
crossed the Andes by a little-travelled route,
traversed the highlands of Peru and Bolivia,
and finally returned to Europe via Santiago
and Buenos Aires.
It would be a grave injustice to Mr. Savage
Landor to assume that he has written merely a
chronicle of adventure. From the standpoint
of science alone, his work is a storehouse of
results and discoveries of real importance, par-
ticularly in the field of ethnology. Hitherto
little-known Indian tribes, especially the Boro-
ros, inhabiting the interior of Matto Grosso,
were carefully studied, and elaborate vocabula-
ries were prepared of their language. At the
same time our knowledge of the geology and
geography of Central Brazil has been materially
increased through the author's methodical and
104
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
tireless observations. Even the account of the
vast economic possibilities of this virgin terri-
tory makes fascinating reading. In fact, so
highly did the Brazilian government value the
results of this expedition, that it honored Mr.
Savage Landor with a grant of four thousand
dollars.
In all details of the bookmaker's art, these
two handsome volumes leave little to be desired.
Several of the author's own wonderful color
studies are reproduced, while the two hundred
excellent illustrations from photographs enable
the reader to follow the party throughout every
stage of its remarkable journey.
P. A. MARTIN.
SALEM IN ITS HABIT AS IT LIVED.* |
More than fifty years ago, George Nichols,
of Salem, then eighty years old, dictated his
autobiography to his daughter, Lydia Ropes
Nichols. Now Miss Martha Nichols publishes
her grandfather's recollections under the title,
" George Nichols, Salein Shipmaster and Mer-
chant." The autobiography is an account at
first hand of Salem shipping at the turn of the
eighteenth century, when the ships of Salem
were known in all the great ports of the world.
George Nichols was born July 4, 1778, in
what is now the oldest brick house in Salem, in
Derby street near the Custom House. When
about a year old his father moved to Ports-
mouth, New Hampshire, and the recollections
tell an entertaining story of schoolboy life in
that old town. It began at "not more than
two years of age, when I was sent to an old
woman named Molly Shaw, and my cradle was
sent with me." Another dame school was fol-
lowed by two boys' schools, which he remem-
bered chiefly as places where he was cruelly
flogged and learned nothing. Naturally he
preferred to drive the cow to pasture, to feed
the pigs, or to work in the garden. Various
pranks recall Tom Bailey, the classic bad boy
of Portsmouth. On one occasion when the
schoolmaster caught his younger brother, Icha-
bod, by the ear, "pulling it very violently,"
George says he could hardly refrain from throw-
ing a large Bible he had in his hand at the
master's head. He did not throw the Bible,
but he cried out in school, "You are a set of
fools altogether."
A year at Phillips Exeter Academy brought
*GEOKGK NICHOLS, SALEM SHIPMASTER AND MEK-
CHANT. By Martha Nichols. Salem: The Salem Press
Company.
the lad under the influence of Benjamin Abbott,
to whom he says he owed much of his success
in life. Benjamin Abbott was a great teacher,
who conducted Phillips Exeter for fifty years.
Some of his boys were Daniel Webster, Edward
Everett, Jared Sparks, and George Bancroft.
At thirteen George Nichols became a clerk
in his father's grocery store, and his school
days were over. In 1793, the father, Ichabod
Nichols, returned to Salem and went into the
shipping business. An experience of a year or
so as a shipping clerk whetted the boy's wish
"to see the world," and in his seventeenth year
he made his first voyage, to Copenhagen and
St. Petersburg.
The most interesting part of the autobi-
ography is the account of nine voyages made
between 1795 and 1803, — eight years full of
work and adventure for the young sailor, who
rose rapidly from joint super-cargo to be master
of his own ship, the "Active." Captain Nichols's
business notes throw light on economic condi-
tions in the first quarter-century of the Republic.
The Salem shipping masters were international
carriers ; they built ships and manned them, and
fetched and carried goods wherever they found
profitable markets. An American cargo was
usually tobacco, sugar, and coffee. Captain
Nichols made one coast-wise voyage to Virginia,
for tobacco to carry to the north of Europe.
But Virginia did not furnish all the tobacco of
American cargoes, for the year before, 1797, he
went to Alexandria, Egypt, for flour and tobacco,
which he sold in the Isle of France, and bought
sugar and coffee to carry back to Salem. On
another voyage he took tobacco, sugar, and coffee
to St. Petersburg, and brought back from Russia
hemp, iron, and manufactures. In 1802, he
sailed to Sumatra for a cargo of pepper, which
he sold in Manila, and bought sugar and indigo.
Sailing for Falmouth, England, he went to Lon-
don, where he learned that France and England
were on the verge of war. He sailed at once
for Rotterdam, and there cannily waited three
weeks until war was declared, when he sold his
cargo at an advance of fifty per cent on peace
prices.
In December, 1799, Captain Nichols set sail
in the ship "Active" on what he describes as
" one of the greatest voyages, considering all the
circumstances, ever made by a Salem vessel."
He carried about 115,000 in specie to Bombay
to buy cotton, which he took to London and sold
to the East India Company at more than three
hundred per cent profit. Reloading in London,
he went back to Madras with a cargo of English
1914]
THE DIAL
105
goods and some $40,000 in specie. He re-
turned to Salem in 1801, after an absence of
about twenty months, with bills of exchange on
Boston for $65,000, together with bills of lading
for a cargo worth $10,000. He was twenty- three
years old in that year.
The old sea captain's interests were mainly
of a business character, but we get a glimpse of
London in 1800. It is the London of Charles
Lamb, who was then a clerk in the service of
the East India Company. One evening Captain
Nichols went to see George Frederick Cooke
play Shylock at "the Covent Garden Theatre,
where I saw the Royal family — George the
Third, his wife and two or three daughters ; one
of whom, Princess Elizabeth, was very handsome,
reminding me very much of Dolly Tread well."
Another London experience is of interest
to those who happen to own a Tobias watch.
Telling his "watch story," Captain Nichols
relates: "My next watch adventure was in
London, where I had a gold watch made by
one Tobias, a Jew, very much thought of by
Americans, but an unprincipled man. It cost
me $120." There is a certain Tobias watch
that has been keeping time in one family for
nearly sixty years. It came into the family in
part payment of a debt, so that it has an earlier
and unknown history. It was carried in a
soldier's pocket through the Civil War. It
went around the world and told time for the
U. S. Transit of Venus expedition in 1874-5.
It now keeps up with the intricacies of a college
schedule. A high principled watch, surely !
When the War of 1812 broke out, Captain
Nichols says he was worth $40,000 and was
"quite a rich man for those times." One of
the results of that war was the decline of the
port of Salem, brought about by the loss of its
ships to British privateers. The experience
of Captain Nichols illustrates how effectually
England drove American commerce off the
high seas. Every ship in which he was inter-
ested was captured. Salem never recovered its
commercial leadership. In 1826, both George
Nichols and his father-in-law became bankrupt.
He had married, in 1801, his cousin, Sally
Peirce, daughter of Jerathmiel Peirce, also a
shipping master, and grandfather of Benja-
min Peirce, the mathematician. The marriage
took place " in my Father Peirce's great eastern
room. Sally's dress was a beautiful striped
muslin, very delicate, made in Bombay for some
distinguished person. I purchased it of Nasser
Vanji, at five dollars per yard. This muslin
Sally wore over white silk. Her head-dress
was a white lace veil put on turban fashion.
Her cake, of which she had a great quantity, was
made in a great bread tray by Nellie Masury, a
sister of the late Deacon Punchard." Nasser
Vanji was a Parsee, of Bombay. The Parsees
are described as " some of the most intelligent
people I have ever known, rich and very honor-
able in their dealings. The merchant, Nasser
Vanji Monackjee, was a very fine man."
A charming story illustrates the character of
Sally Peirce Nichols. " I shall never forgot the
beautiful smile upon my wife's countenance when
I told her I was bankrupt. She said : ' Is that
all ? I feared from your manner that you had
something dreadful to communicate.' "
Sally Peirce Nichols inherited the house built
in 1782 by her father, Jerathmiel Peirce, and
designed by Samuel Mclntyre. This house,
with its hospitable gateway and door, its beau-
ful hall, handsome drawing-room, and terraced
garden behind, is one of the finest and best-
preserved colonial houses in New England.
At the close of his well-told story, Captain
Nichols says, with some pride, that he could
recall the names of all the men who had ever
sailed with him, both before and after he was
master, and the names of all the persons with
whom he did business abroad. To this good
memory, we owe the preservation of the follow-
ing old ballad, which was sung by one of the
sailors from " down east " to cheer the men when
the ship was becalmed :
SWEET WILLIAM.
" Sweet William, he married a wife,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
To be the sweet comfort of his life,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
«' Jenny could n't card, nor Jenny could n't spin,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
For fear of hurting her gay gold ring,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" Jenny could n't brew, nor Jenny could n't bake,
Gentle Jennie, cried Rose Marie,
For fear of soiling her white apron tape,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" Jenny could n't into the kitchen to go,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
For fear of hurting her high-heeled shoe,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" Sweet William came whistling in from plaow,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And, ' Oh, my dear wife, is my dinner ready, naow?'
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" She called him a dirty, paltry whelp,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
« If you want any dinner, go get it yourself,'
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
106
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
" Then to the sheepfold quickly he did go,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And out a fat wether from there did pull,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" Then down on his knees he began for to stick,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And from the sheep's back the skin did strip,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" He laid the skin upon his wife's back,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And with a good stick he went whicketty whack,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" ' I '11 tell me fayther and all me kin,'
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
How still the quarrel you 've begun,'
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
' You may tell your fayther and all your kin,'
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
' How I have thrashed my fat wether's skin,'
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" Sweet William came whistling in from plaow,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And ' Oh, my dear wife, is my dinner ready naow ? '
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" She drew her table and spread her board,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And ' Oh, my dear husband,' was every word,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree.
" And now they live free from all care and all strife,
Gentle Jenny, cried Rose Marie,
And now she makes William a very good wife,
As the dew flies over the mulberry tree."
This sailor's song is an American variant of
"The Wife Wrapt in Wether's Skin," No. 277
of Francis J. Child's "English and Scottish
Ballads," there described as a ballad based on
the old Tudor prose tale of the " Wife Lapped
in Morrel's Skin." The American song is
clearly derived from extant Scottish versions,
one of which is called " Sweet Robin."
I may add that Captain Nichols not only
remembered the words of his sailor's song, but
he could sing it.
One of the choicest gems of my collection
of American ballads and songs is the quaint
eighteenth century melody of " Sweet William."
MARY AUGUSTA SCOTT.
HERR HERMAN BEHR, a German-American, has de-
voted his leisure hours to the translation into German of
choice specimens of English poetry, and now publishes
the result (together with some pieces of his own ) in a vol-
ume called " Perlen Englischer Dichtung in Deutscher
Fassung." Some of the pieces from Shelley and Keats,
in particular, are very beautifully done, and the volume
shows once more how finely receptive the German lan-
guage is of the poems of other tongues.
A NEW HISTORY OF ENGLAND.*
It is necessary to rewrite the history of a
people at intervals, not only in order to bring
the record of its achievements nearer to the
present, but also in order to present any modi-
fication in point of view which a more critical
examination of the sources of information may
afford. Moreover, a restatement of the facts
and conclusions of historical compositions be-
longing to a decade or more in the past is called
for by changes that have taken place in the
vocabulary and forms of expression of the lan-
guage. New terms and new connotations of old
terms make a rephrasing of the events of the
past desirable from time to time, in order that
their significance may fit with greater freedom
the changes in the consciousness of the popular
mind.
In some measure all of these considerations
justify the appearance of Mr. Arthur D. Innes's
new History of England. Like its classic
predecessor by J. R. Green, this volume of a
thousand pages is not a text-book in the ordi-
nary sense. It is designed for those who, out-
side the restrictions of the school, love to read
the history of a great people for what it shows
of human achievement and for what it inspires
by its portraiture of a great national spirit. Mr.
Innes very appropriately recognizes Green's
" Short History " as " incomparable in its kind."
With this judgment most readers will agree.
Green possessed, beyond the endowment of most
professional historians, the literary talent. His
personal correspondence, like that of a Lowell or
a William Vaughn Moody, is charged with the
elan of a true man of letters. His story of the
English, expanding under the impulse of their
native Teutonic energy, is so sympathetically
human that it touches the springs of apprecia-
tion even in those who are accustomed to regard
history as dry. Green, too, stands alone in his
expression of the feeling that the development
of their literature has been a part of the life
history of the English people as inevitable and
characteristic as their religion and politics.
Mr. Innes's aim has been different from
Green's both in method and treatment. His
purpose has been to write the history of the
British nation, not the life of the English peo-
ple. Green wrote his history in ten chapters,
concluding his story proper with the defeat of
Napoleon at Waterloo. In an Epilogue of nine
*A HISTORY OF ENGLAND from the Earliest Times to
the Present Day. By A. D. Innes. Illustrated in color, etc.
New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
107
paragraphs he carries the narrative hurriedly
forward to 1873. Mr. Innes, apparently for
very logical reasons, handles the history of the
nation under a division of seven books. The
subject of Book I. is "Nation Making," and ex-
tends the narrative as far as 1272, a period which
Green covers in his first three chapters. Roman
Britain, which Green incidentally notices in
three paragraphs, occupies the first five pages
of Mr. Innes's work. His treatment of events
culminating in Magna Charta and the subse-
quent contest between Henry III. and Simon
de Montfort prepares the reader for Book II.,
on "National Consolidation." The period of
the Tudors, which Green interprets in two fine
chapters on "The New Monarchy" and "The
Reformation," is the theme of Mr. Innes's
third book, a period which he regards as "The
Age of Transition." The weakness and retro-
gression of the two reigns between Henry VIII.
and Elizabeth are presented under the title of
"In Deep Waters." Book IV. embraces the
seventeenth century controversy between the
Puritans and the Stuart faction, the story of the
Commonwealth, and the reign of William III.
Chapter XIX., entitled " Nemesis," is one of the
most spirited in the book. Under three divisions,
playfully christened " Quern Deus vult perdere,"
"Prius dementat," and "Fulfilment," we are
told of the incapacity, the fatuity, and the over-
throw of James II. In Book V. the author moves
forward to the consideration of " The British Em-
pire." Great events are blended with great per-
sonalities. Marlborough inherits the foreign
policy of William III. ; Walpole, the " inevitable
minister,'' develops his "system" of managing
for twenty years the parliamentary constituen-
cies ; Clive and Dupleix fight out the English
and French conflict for the control of India ; Pitt
supports an alliance with Frederick the Great
and wins New France; George III. and his
Tory supporters triumph over the Whig sym-
pathizers of Burke and Chatham and split off
the American Colonies from the Empire. The
author's account of this last event, though lack-
ing the philosophic vision with which Green views
the American revolt, probably states the case of
the contest with fairness of judgment. Speaking
of the situation precipitated by the British defeat
at Saratoga, he says:
" There was nothing in itself irretrievable about the
disaster. A Chatham, bent on a vigorous prosecution
of the war, would have found troops and officers numer-
ous and capable enough to vanquish the Americans in the
field in the simple duel. But after Saratoga the war
ceased to be a duel. It became a struggle between Great
Britain and a group of combatants who joined together
for her destruction. She had sown the wind in the
long years of incompetent and wrong-headed admin-
istration; now she was to reap the whirlwind. The
Peace of Paris had left her with no friend in Europe
and with one implacable foe. That foe, France, . . .
desired nothing better than an opportunity of striking
a blow at the rival who had defeated her."
The author approaches the " Era of Revolu-
tions," in Book VI., by a clear exposition of the
economic and social reforms which William Pitt
sought to introduce. England was the first
State of Europe to become receptive to liberal
ideas of taxation and reciprocal trade benefits.
Adam Smith had shown that taxation operates
to restrain trade; that, therefore, taxation
should be imposed exclusively for revenue. In
the face of an enormous war debt, Pitt, as prime
minister, had the courage to propose the sur-
render of the age-old policy of heavy trade re-
strictions, and trust to the theory of lowered
duties as a means of replenishing the impover-
ished finances of the country. English inventive
genius was displacing the old domestic methods
of manufacture with the factory system, and Pitt
saw that England might greatly profit by the
cultivation, through milder duties, of a foreign
market for her machine-made goods.
" The passing of the old ideas of commercial policy
was illustrated when Pitt negotiated a commercial treaty
with France in 1786. Each country had hitherto fol-
lowed a policy of excluding the other's goods. No one
since 1713 had attempted in practice to traverse that
principle. . . . Fox denounced the treaty on the ground
that France, our hereditary foe, would profit by it. A
few years later Fox was less ready to denounce our
hereditary foe. The French denounced the treaty
because they profited by it a good deal less than the
British."
Pitt, the pioneer of free trade, was thwarted
in his plans for fiscal and political reform by the
exigency of war. It was reserved to William
Huskinson, another disciple of Adam Smith,
to press upon the nation the application of free
trade principles. His "Reciprocity of Duties
Act," in 1823, led within six years to the con-
clusion of as many as fifteen reciprocity treaties
with foreign countries, and the old Navigation
laws were doomed. Huskinson stimulated En-
glish manufactures and the national wealth by
beginning the admission of raw material at
greatly reduced duties. The policy of free
trade, completed by the budgets of Mr. Glad-
stone in 1860, has maintained itself as English
tariff orthodoxy ever since. The only serious
challenge it has received was the proposal of
Joseph Chamberlain, in 1903, to stimulate im-
perial consolidation by means of a preferential
market for colonial goods, a proposal that was
not approved at the polls, and has not succeeded
108
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
in making a serious place for itself in party
politics.
Mr. Innes's exposition of British political
parties is straightforward and lucid :
" Modern party terminology makes it difficult to
employ necessary words and phrases without conveying
misapprehension. Two great parties have appropriated
to themselves respectively the complimentary epithets
of Liberal and Conservative, although there is no sort
of opposition between Conservatism and Liberalism.
Leaders of the Liberal party have been men of essen-
tially conservative mind; leaders of the Conservative
party have been men of the broadest sympathies."
This is a good characterization. The genius of
British party politics lies in the historic balance
of agreement that remains after all party dif-
ferences have been given their proper weight.
Canning, as the author points out, a disciple of
Pitt and Burke, opposed parliamentary reform
to the end of his life. Peel's early conservatism
gradually developed into the most liberal sym-
pathies, culminating in his complete conversion
to free trade and the ultimate fusion of the
Peelites with the Liberal party. This evolu-
tionary spirit of British political life is likewise
illustrated by the career of Peel's great disciple,
Gladstone, who is thus characterized :
" Like his master, Peel, he spent his life in assimi-
lating one after another ideas to which he had at first
been strongly antagonistic. His weakness lay in that
excessive subtlety which made it very easy for him to
persuade himself that what he had come to regard as
morally right was demonstrably expedient, and that
what he realized as expedient was warranted by the
highest moral sanctions. ... It will always be recog-
nized that he imported into politics an insistence upon
the doctrine that the highest morality is always the
highest expediency, which has given him a unique
position among the practical politicians of history."
Mr. Innes incorporates within his narrative
fairly adequate accounts of the progress of the
several British colonies, of Canada and South
Africa in particular. The recent development
of Australia and New Zealand is scarcely noticed.
His readers will be pleased with the short but
well-written chapters on the industrial advance
of the English people. For the success of this
phase of the work the appearance of the author's
excellent little book on "England's Industrial
Development" a year ago was a sufficient guar-
antee. Unlike Green, he is not uniformly sat-
isfactory in his sections which deal with the
progress of England's literature. His remarks
on English writers are not so interesting as
Gardiner's. His best characterization is that of
Chaucer ; Shakespeare and Milton should have
had a more adequate treatment. Tennyson is
given a short but fairly representative critical
estimate. Browning is merely mentioned as
Tennyson's rival, who had to wait many years
for "popular recognition." An Epilogue gives
an outline of parliamentary enactments up to
1911. The reader is given a very satisfactory
notion of the present tendencies of British social
politics under the lead of Mr. Lloyd George
and Premier Asquith.
In its wealth of illustrations this new history
of the British surpasses any of its predecessors.
These illustrations are well chosen for their
purpose of deepening the impression of contem-
porary life and events. The author maintains
a uniformity of style, which is that of a discrim-
inating historical student whose object is to pre-
sent the story of those events that make up the
best part of British history, without any attempt
to adorn the story. The nearness of events which
it includes, as well as its modern tone, will make
the book a welcome addition to the library of
the general reader. L. E. ROBINSON.
A DIPLOMATIST'S WIFE IN ITALY.*
Mrs. Hugh Fraser is as passionately in love
with Rome and Italy, where her early life was
passed, as was her brother, the late Francis
Marion Crawford ; and, like him, she knows
how to write with understanding and an infec-
tious enthusiasm about the Eternal City, its
history and legends, its storied haunts and its
perennial charm. In her latest work, " Italian
Yesterdays," issued in two generous volumes,
she continues and amplifies the early memories
partly rehearsed in her "Reminiscences of a
Diplomatist's Wife," and interweaves there-
with a good deal of ancient and mediaeval and
modern history and tradition. In fact, these
interwoven threads of historic research make
up considerably more of the total fabric than
does the warp of personal reminiscence for
which the reader is inclined to search with espe-
cial eagerness. One follows with keener interest
her stories of childhood, her accounts of things
seen, her impressions of Rome and its environs,
than her sketch of the founding of the city (" on
that memorable 21st of April, 754 B. c." —
our schoolbooks used to give the date as 753),
her dissertation on the deities of ancient Rome,
her chapter on the last days of the apostles, her
epitome of the life of St. Gregory, or even her
entertaining pages on Queen Joan of Naples.
Somewhat in the nature of padding these ex-
cursions into history and biography might be
called, if "padding" were not so unkind a
* ITALIAN YESTERDAYS. By Mrs. Hugh Fraser. In two
volumes. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
1914]
THE DIAL
109
word, and if this space- filling matter, rather
good of its sort, to be sure, did not compose the
bulk of the book. Even a subject so seemingly
remote from Mrs. Eraser's own "yesterdays"
as the Man in the Iron Mask is dragged in and
made to furnish substance for two chapters,
while the Bravi of Venice, picturesque person-
ages, it is true, supply material for another.
But as long as these miscellaneous topics interest
our author, we are willing to renew our own
interest in them under the impulse of their
attractiveness to her and the freshness of her
manner of handling them.
As in her immediately preceding book, so in
this there is occasional interesting mention of
her gifted brother, and in all such mention her
admiration and sisterly adoration of him are
manifest. The story of his acquisition of the
castle of San Nicola, on the rocky coast of
Calabria, where many of his novels were writ-
ten, is told at some length and with details not
lacking in local color. The purchase seems to
have been made on the spur of the moment and
with little computation of the property's real
value in money; for, as the narrator says of
her brother, he "could never resist the call of
fortressed solitudes." The conclusion of the
whole affair is thus put into a single paragraph :
"To tell the truth it was not the money side of the
matter which distressed my sister-in-law so much as the
prospect of being required to come and pass weeks at a
time in this grim dungeon, without a single convenience
of life, twelve miles from a market town, and of course
lashed to the battlements by every Mediterranean storm.
It took her some days to reconcile herself to the new
acquisition — poor girl — but Marion had not made a
mistake, after all. The family was not invited to San
Nicola till he had made several journeys thither himself,
with carpenters and materials, and when they did come
they found that the lonely keep had been transformed
internally to a quite possible dwelling — though certainly
an inconveniently isolated one. Generally, however,
he went there alone, to rest from everything connected
with modern life, and he found it a fine, quiet place for
writing, at any rate."
Mrs. Eraser knows her Italy from Piedmont to
Apulia, and her pictures of its people and their
varying characteristics in different regions show
her to be an observing traveller. The following
is worth quoting in this connection.
" As one travels southward the character of the people
changes, and in the later years of my life I have felt
more at home with my fellow-beings of the South than
with the inhabitants of Romagna. Their outlook is
simpler, more indulgent, and their religious faith far
more fervent. I think the Southern custom of going on
pilgrimages was a very valuable one to the contadini of
the ' Regno.' It used to be rare to find middle-aged
people of the labouring class in the province, who had
not travelled a little in that way and thus learnt that
the world was not confined to their own small town or
hamlet. I -suppose the good custom will die out in
time, like so many others, but it will not suffer much
diminution while such wonderful new centres of attrac-
tion spring up as, for instance, the ' Santuario ' of New
Pompeii, which I described in a former book [' Remi-
niscences of a Diplomatist's Wife '] . But many an un-
forgotten shrine in the remote hills has, like La Men-
torana in the Sabines, its one day or night of glory in
the year, when the peasants come in great bands, even
from far away, and the chants and litanies go up all
night long in and around some dim old Church. Such
a festival takes place at San Salvatore in the Abruzzi,
in the late summer, and is the scene of a great gather-
ing of the people of the Penisola Sarrcutina."
As will have been surmised from the fore-
going, the religious faith of the Italian people,
their Church and all it means to them, fail not
to impress Mrs. Eraser. In a passing reference
to her own spiritual experience, she says : " I
remember writing to the great French Prelate
who received me into the Church, that I felt
like a beggar suddenly admitted into the palace
of his King, dazzled with the warmth and splen-
dour, yet utterly ignorant of which way to turn
or how to comport himself in those august sur-
roundings." She regrets that " so many, indeed,
are utterly unconscious that there is anything
to know beyond the few distorted facts doled out
in non-Catholic schools, that even the most un-
assuming effort to share these riches with them
may be useful and welcome." It is evident, then,
in spite of a little lack of clearness in her mode
of expression, that the writer is in the proper
mental attitude to receive and to transmit to her
sympathetic readers the impression of the mys-
tery, the charm, " the holy glory," as she words
it, of Catholic Rome. In her backward glance
at the life of " our blessed Pius IX.," she dwells
with fondness on his kindness and generosity to
the poor, and is pleased to believe that "justice
had nothing to blush for in the Rome of those
days, and the poor could obtain it as promptly
and easily as the rich." Here is a little anecdote
of that blissful period :
" One day the Holy Father, walking in the Quirinal
Gardens, passed a sentry on duty. The man silently
held out a loaf of bread for his inspection. Pius took
it, examined it, and asked one question, « Do you always
get bread as bad as this ? ' ' Always, Santo Padre,' was
the reply. A sudden descent on the Commissariat de-
partment showed that he had spoken the truth. When
the sun rose again the cheating commissary was repent-
ing of his sins in prison. There is a beautifully practical
side to autocratic government ! "
As a further example of the writer's style in
summoning up the past for our instruction or
entertainment, or both, we quote a passage from
her chapter on "Naples under Murat":
" For Naples was gay in those days. People saw light
110
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[Feb. 1
ahead after the years of gloom. Hunger had vanished;
real hunger, at any rate. The King's public works gave
employment. Uniforms glittered everywhere. To their
minds, Naples was a Paris in miniature, so the lights
shone and the world danced and played on, music lay
over the place in a rainbow web of sound, and the blue
sea smiled at the stars."
Rather for her pages of personal experience
than for her divagations into various eras of the
Italian past do we, as already indicated, value
Mrs. Fraser's book. As the wife of a diplomat
subject to transfer at any time from one quarter
of the globe to another, she has seen much of the
world and the world's celebrities, and when she
writes of her past she seldom fails to command
the reader's attention.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
XEW STUDIES OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE.*
The recent revival of interest in the Monroe
doctrine has called into existence two noteworthy
contributions to the literature of this, the oldest
and most cherished of our foreign policies. The
first of these, Professor Hiram Bingham's " The
Monroe Doctrine : An Obsolete Shibboleth,"
is a vigorous attack upon a traditional policy
which President Cleveland once declared in his
Venezuela message to be "important to our
peace and safety as a nation and essential to
the integrity of our free institutions and the
tranquil maintenance of our distinctive form of
government."
As the result of a long and careful study of
Latin- American conditions, both from reading
and extensive travel, Mr. Bingham has reached
the conclusion that the United States has out-
grown the Monroe doctrine, and should therefore
abandon its principles. After a brief description
of the origin and early applications of this doc-
trine as a legitimate means of protection against
European aggression and land hunger, the author
turns his attention to what he calls the
" new Monroe doctrine." The application of the
Monroe doctrine to the Venezuelan boundary
dispute, the frequent acts of interference in the
domestic quarrels of South American republics,
the receivership in San Domingo, the coup d'etat
in Panama, and the Lodge Resolution of 1912,
are cited as examples of the extent to which the
doctrine has been enlarged beyond its original
intent and purpose to mean a policy of interven-
* THE MONROE DOCTRINE : An Obsolete Shibboleth. By
Hiram Bingham. New Haven : Yale University Press.
DIE MONROEDOKTRIN in ihren Beziehungen zur ameri-
kanischen Diplomatie und zum Volkerrecht. Von Dr. jur.
Herbert Kraus. Berlin : J. Guttentag.
tion and interference, and also as showing the
degree to which Latin- Americans are justified
in regarding this policy as an attempt of the
United States to establish a suzerainty over
the Western hemisphere. Professor Bingham
emphasizes with striking clearness the fact that
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile have within the
past decade experienced a remarkable economic
and political growth, the importance of which
is realized by few citizens of the United States.
Consequently, these powers are no longer in need
of our "patronizing we-will-protect-you-from-
Europe attitude"; a feeling of deep resentment
and ill-concealed antagonism has been aroused
among the Latin Americans ; while the leading
countries of South America " are already on the
road toward a kind of triple alliance with the
definite object of opposing the encroachments of
the United States." Perhaps the most effective
argument for the abandonment of this "anti-
quated policy " is that it places a great respon-
sibility upon the United States, and of necessity
involves a disregard for the most generally ac-
cepted rules of international law. By letting it
be known to Europe that we will not permit any
interference in American affairs, our government
virtually assumes all the responsibility, and be-
comes the international policeman for the Latin
part of the Western hemisphere. Adherence to
this " obsolete shibboleth " is likewise a draw-
back to American commerce, for international
trade is largely a matter of sentiment, and it is
difficult to sell goods to those who distrust and
dislike you. Finally, from the standpoint of
the world's peace and happiness, and for the
advancement of civilization in the New World,
the policy of the United States should be one of
cooperation, rather than of tutelage and inter-
vention.
With the abandonment of the Monroe doc-
trine, Professor Bingham suggests that the
United States should take every possible step
to assure the South Americans of our friendship
and goodwill ; and that for the preservation of
order and for protection against European ag-
gressiveness, the policy of the Monroe doctrine
should give way to a settlement of these common
matters by a congress of leading American
powers. Professor Bingham has spent much
time on the Southern Continent, and he has
made a careful study of Latin-American gov-
ernments and peoples. For this reason he is
peculiarly well fitted to set forth the ideas of
those American citizens who are coming to feel
that there is little justification for the Monroe
doctrine, at least in its present form.
1914]
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ill
The second contribution is a treatise entitled
"Die Monroe Doktrin," by Dr. Herbert Kraus,
a German scholar who prosecuted his studies at
Harvard University and whose work is dedi-
cated to Professor J. B. Moore, now Counsellor
of the Department of State. This treatise is
the most comprehensive, scientific, and schol-
arly study that has ever been made of the
Monroe doctrine, and is an excellent example
of what German patience and scholarship can
accomplish. It is somewhat singular, if not dis-
creditable to American scholarship, that the most
careful study dealing with the greatest of Amer-
ican foreign policies should have been done by a
foreigner. Most American studies of the Monroe
doctrine have either been of a popular character
or they have dealt with particular phases of the
subject. This is the first treatise which deals
with the historical development of the policy from
its beginnings during Washington's administra-
tion to its latest application by the Lodge
Resolution of 1912 in regard to Magdalena
Bay, and which considers the subject in all its
bearings and ramifications. The chapter on
" The Monroe Doctrine of the Present " contains
a keen analysis of the meaning of the policy;
and the discussion of the relation of the Monroe
doctrine to international law presents it in a
light in which Americans do not often see it.
The whole work shows abundant evidence that
the author has consulted an enormous mass
of documentary materials, and the bibliograph-
ical apparatus which he furnishes will be a
valuable guide for the use of students.
JAMES W. GABNER.
BKIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Open letters of US nave tne pleasure of read-
an English ing regularly " The British Weekly,"
bookman. wjtn jts editorial utterances under the
heading, "The Correspondence of Claudius Clear,"
and therefore we hail with satisfaction the goodly
volume bringing together some noteworthy selections
from this correspondence under the title, " A Book-
man's Letters " (Doran). The name of the author,
Sir W. Robertson Nicoll, is enough to ensure the
quality of the book at the outset, and repeated borings
into the literary mine never fail to bring up rich ore.
Among themes wisely and wittily treated are the sub-
ject of biography, the centenary of Emerson and the
secret of Emerson, memories of Meredith, the ques-
tion whether Thackeray was a cynic, the conversa-
tion of Edmund Burke, the troubles of the essayist,
gravy (literary rather than literal), learning to read,
the art of the reviewer, memories of Mark Ruther-
ford, and the acacias of Lausanne (under which
Gibbon walked on that memorable night when he
finished his great work). Here is the writer's list
of the six best biographies : Boswell's " Johnson,"
Lockhart's "Scott," Mrs. Gaskell's "Charlotte
Bronte," Trevelyan's "Macaulay," Froude's "Car-
lyle," and Lord Morley's " Gladstone." He throws
out Carlyle's "Life of Sterling" because "it deals
with a hopelessly second-rate man "; but the imper-
ishable charm of the biography remains unaffected
by Sterling's failure to achieve greatness, while on
the other hand not even Carlyle's commanding
genius can make us overlook Froude's misleading
and often deliberately false presentation of the mate-
rials of his biography. Gravy, such as Dickens knew
so well how to provide, thick and savoury, Sir Rob-
ertson Nicoll regrets to find furnished too scantily
by modern authors, though he praises some of them
for being at the same time never unctuous and never
dry and wooden. There is a rich store of good read-
ing, especially for bookmen, in these " Bookman's
Letters," a few of which, it should be added, are
from other sources than the above-named.
Quebec and
its people.
Mr. Beckles Willson, already the
author of several readable books on
various phases of Canadian life or
history, now gives us an account of "Quebec: The
Laurentian Province" (Stokes). The book is dis-
tinctly devoted to Quebec and its people of to-day,
and in the main may be accepted as a reasonably
accurate statement of the life and problems of the
French province. As with most other writers on the
subject, Mr. Willson pauses on the threshold to mar-
vel at the fecundity of the French- Canadians, who
began their career as an isolated community within
the British Empire in 1763 with a population of
69,000 souls, and solely by natural increase have
expanded to a total of 1,600,000 within the province,
and at least half a million more outside Quebec.
Surely the French-Canadians are a people after
Colonel Roosevelt's own heart ! One notices an occa-
sional mistake in the book, such as the confusion
between the Governor-General of Canada per se and
what is known as the Governor-General-in-Council.
The Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, and the judges
of the superior, district, and county courts, are not
appointed by the Governor-General, as stated on
page 5, but by the Governor-General-in-Council. The
Governor-General, as the King's representative, has
no more power of appointment, beyond his own house-
hold, than the King possesses in England. When he
signs the commission of a provincial governor or a
judge he does it, theoretically on the advice of his
cabinet, but practically merely as their figurehead,
and in that sense he is spoken of as the Governor-
General-in-Council. The point is an important one,
as it involves the vital question of self-government
in Canada, very generally misunderstood outside the
Dominion. The actual head of the government in
Canada is not the Governor-General, but the Prime
Minister. For all practical purposes Canada is an
independent nation, with a Prime Minister as her
112
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
ruler. Mr. Willson also, in his anxiety to deal im-
partially with the extremely delicate point of the
relations between French and English in the Prov-
ince of Quebec, contradicts himself, and scarcely
does justice to the attitude of the English minority.
Apart from these points, however, the book is a fair
and satisfactory treatment of the subject.
Mr. Lewis Leopold, a new writer, has
aV made a specially fortunate choice of
subject. The conception of his book
on "Prestige" (Dutton) is itself a deserving act of
the creative imagination in realizing that the theme
is worthy of a volume, — presumably the only volume
bearing this title. The sub-title is " A Psychological
Study of Social Estimates." The work is most un-
evenly written, its fundamental difficulty being the
absence of a sufficiently definite plan of procedure
and an equal absence of the fundamental descriptive
data upon which the interpretation depends. Ac-
cordingly the work is maintained on too abstract a
level, and without the knitting of chapter to chapter
necessary to the unity of texture of a complex pro-
duct. In considering the economic values of prestige,
the author more nearly meets these requirements
than elsewhere. No chapter is devoid of suggestive
principles and clever applications, though frequently
marred by irrelevant matter and by the statement
of conclusions without relations to their supporting
premises. Despite this discursive and in a measure
disconnected method of presentation, the general
impression of the volume carries a distinct appre-
ciation of the theme in its manifold relations. The
fact that prestige represents a psychic asset ; that it
seems to be one of the first creations of primitive
society, where, indeed, it was often maintained with
a drastic severity ; that in course of time it takes on
an elaboration of pomp and ceremony ; that it fur-
nishes the central motive to social ambition ; that it
keeps apart class and class ; that it plays an enormous
role in the development of the diplomacy of nations
and in the narrower diplomacy of family affiliations ;
that it finds other expressions in hero-worship and
in fields so different as those of love and of religion,
of economics and of reputation, of credit and even
of crime, — all these aspects serve to round out the
conception of the comprehensive influences for which
the word stands. It is interesting to recall that the
etymology of the word points back to the conjuring
type of imposition in which appearance replaces
reality. That prestige may be utilized to govern by
pretence in the absence of the usual qualities whose
reward it represents, is not the least suggestive
principle in its psychology.
American notes Impressions, mostly flattering, of
of a friendly America and Americans are breezily
Englishwoman. and rea(lably recorded by Mrs. Alec-
Tweedie (the hyphen seems to be a late growth) in
her book, "America as I Saw It" (Macmillan),
which embodies in amplified form her articles
written for the New York "Times" on the occasion
of her third visit to this country, in the autumn of
1912. It makes a good companion volume to Mr.
Arnold Bennett's '"Your United States," neither
book being likely to generate head-aches by reason
of excessive seriousne&s or depth of thought. Mrs.
Tweedie's amiable manner is somewhat of the slap-
dash, exaggerative, popularly effective variety, with
occasional resort to that rather cheap appeal to
the eye which consists in excessive subdivision
of the page into paragraphs. Americans in gen-
eral and Americans in particular, as seen in New
York, Chicago, Boston, and Washington, furnish
matter for the bulk of her volume, and her disposi-
tion to be pleased with whatever and whomsoever
she encounters endears her to the cis-Atlantic
reader. It is gratifying to be assured by her that
"American voices are improving," that "in another
generation that old twang will have entirely disap-
peared," and that "many of the modern American
voices are charming." And it is wholesome to read
her ridicule of the American Sunday newspaper,
even though she does go to excess in asserting
that "if one bought three of them at a railway sta-
tion today, it would require a wheelbarrow to
trundle them along the platform." Four things
struck her particularly in Chicago, "its size, its
women's clubs, its stockyards, and its grime." But
she calls the city "cultured Chicago," and praises
especially the Art Institute. For Boston, too, she
has a good word, but she goes astray in representing
it as "built on piles like Chicago"; Back Bay is
not all of Boston. Many illustrations accompany
her lively narrative.
American and The SPread °f the Federal 8V8tem
British federal of government throughout the world
systems. was one of ^ne remarkable political
movements of the nineteenth century; and the late
Professor Sidgwick once predicted that we would
see a further extension of the system in Europe,
where it has already gained a foothold in Germany
and Switzerland. It was the opinion of John Fiske
that it was the only kind of government which,
according to modern ideas, is applicable to a whole
continent. Already it embraces a portion of the
globe equal to three times the area of Europe, and
is now to be found in one form or another in Ger-
many, Switzerland, various Latin-American coun-
tries, the United States, the Dominion of Canada,
South Africa, and Australia. In a work entitled •
"The Federal Systems of the United States and
the British Empire" (Little, Brown & Co.), Mr.
Arthur P. Poley, an English barrister, has attempted
to give an account of the federal systems of the four
countries last mentioned, and to point out the ele-
ments of difference and resemblance which distin-
guish each from the others. His sketch of the
American government embraces more than one-
third of his treatise; and while it is not without
value, it cannot be regarded as authoritative. The
author falls into many errors, as foreign students of
our institutions frequently do. He detects striking
THE DIAL
113
resemblances between our federal system and some
of the Greek federations of ancient times, and
thinks that the " Federalist " affords evidence that
the framers of our constitution were consciously
affected by the Greek experiments. Of more value
to American students are his chapters on the Cana-
dian, Australian, and South African federal sys-
tems, although tliese chapters too are more or less
sketchy and elementary. He bestows high praise
upon the Australian Constitution, which he char-
acterizes as a work of the greatest skill, and which
more than any of the other English federations is
modelled upon that of the United States.
That greatest of arts, the art of life,
counsel on can never be too much written about
the art of life. ty those who understand its difficul-
ties and problems. Hence the never-failing time-
liness of such books of ripe reflection and wise
counsel as the volume by Miss Agnes Edwards
entitled "Our Common Road" (Houghton). This
universal highway is viewed in a fourfold aspect,
as leading " to the fountain of joy," " to the house
of friendship," "to gray hills and green," and "to
the land of reflection." Under these headings the
matter is grouped in subordinate sections, each
with its appropriate caption. Anyone ought to get
benefit from pondering the following: "Critics tell
us that the purest art is that which moves within
the strictest limitations. Too many advantages
may be the greatest of disadvantages, and difficul-
ties may prove blessings. If you spend your life
looking for favorable circumstances, you will have
no life to live when you find them. But if you give
your life generously and nobly through whatever
channel is opened, you will be a success. For
success lies in endeavor as much as in achiev-
ing." Good advice on tact and presence of mind
is to be found in the writer's well-considered pages.
One way not to show tact is thus illustrated : " The
well-intentioned woman who remarked at a dinner
that she had always heard that twins were not so
bright as other people, experienced a most painful
moment when her right-hand neighbor gravely
turned his eyes upon her and said with unmistak-
able clearness: 'I am a twin.'" As the writer
remarks, "the only person who can save the situa-
tion is the person whom it hits." Despite the
questionable aptness of this metaphor, the style of
the book is generally excellent, and it is a pleasure
to commend it. _
A sketch of sense °^ a Past ^8 rapidly finding
psychological expression in the literature of psy-
history. chology. Within a single year two
handbooks surveying its history have been trans-
lated from the German; and a third work is now
added in Dr. James Mark Baldwin's "History of
Psychology" (Putnam), comprising two small vol-
umes of a series devoted to the history of the sciences.
Locke forms the point of division between the vol-
umes devoted to ancient and to modern psychology
respectively. The treatment has many points of
merit, and better represents the perspective of inter-
est in the line of thought central to English-speaking
students than either of the translated works of Klemm
or Dessoir. Had the work been designated as a his-
tory of psychological theory it would have deserved
a fuller commendation than can be extended to it as
an account of the story of the science of the mind.
Frankly reviewed in the former aspect, it succeeds
in setting forth an illuminating conception of the
growth from a primitive accounting in terms of
animistic conceptions, to the rationalized scientific
statement of problems and the development of
methods for their solution. The course enters sev-
eral stages and emerges from them with the diffi-
culties attending schools and theories, entangled
with vital views of ethics, philosophy, and religion.
" Subjective and Objective," " Spiritual and Mate-
rial," "Faculties and Processes," — these are some
of the titles suggesting the emphasis of view and of
explanation. The science of the soul loses the soul
and regains it in altered form, the most compre-
hensive transformation being that affected by the
introduction of the evolutionary conception. As a
brief and readable guide to this domain, Dr. Bald-
win's work will meet the needs of the student. It
is weakened by the selection of points of emphasis
according to the special interests of the writer, and
by an irrelevant insistence upon the novelty of the
positions taken. Its field is the philosophical aspect
of psychological theory. While including the more
strictly psychological problems, the exposition does
not make these problems central or at times even
vital.
Studies of the ReaderS °f Mr« A;
caribou of more s accounts of his sporting expe-
Newfoundiand. ditions with the camera will find even
the high standard of these previous books surpassed
in "The Romance of the Newfoundland Caribou"
(Lippincott). For several summers Mr. Dugmore
has stalked these majestic beasts in the forests and
uplands of Newfoundland, creeping into their most
secret haunts and recording their form and action on
the sensitive plate of the camera. The photographs,
over seventy in number, are a revelation of the suc-
cess attainable by skill and indomitable patience in
the rare sport of hunting with the camera. They
are also valuable contributions to natural history, for
they portray without exaggeration, omission, or prej-
udice the details of appearance and form, the nat-
ural habitat, and the normal attitudes and poses of
these handsome animals. There is plenty of life
and action in many of the pictures, for not infre-
quently the photograph could only be taken as
the startled beasts were dashing away. The prize
photograph records a battle royal between two well-
matched fighting stags. The author deals rather fully
with the scientific aspects of his subject, recording
with fine discrimination many observations on the
life and habits of the caribou, in especial the peculiar
but very limited migrations which, in common with
their more widely ranging relatives of the great
114
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
Barren Grounds of the north, they regularly carry
out each recurring spring and autumn, on the island
of Newfoundland. The camper and sportsman will
find practical suggestions for his use, and a digest
of the game laws for his warning and guidance. A
good map, numerous sketches, and a well-constructed
index add to the usefulness of the book.
A classic
of the early
Northwest.
The heroic death in battle of Theo-
dore Winthrop, in the bright promise
of his early manhood, imparts a
romantic interest to his writings, among which his
narrative of northwestern adventure, entitled by
him "Klalam and Klickatat," but re-named by his
publishers "The Canoe and the Saddle," is not the
least important, being indeed comparable with
Parkman's "Oregon Trail" as a picture of native
life and primitive conditions in what was then an
almost untrodden wilderness. This work, with its
Indian name restored as sub-title, is now re-issued
in elaborate illustrated and annotated form by Mr.
John H. Williams, of Tacoma. As both editor and
publisher, Mr. Williams deserves high credit for
the diligence and study he has put into the work,
securing for its enrichment the author's western
journal and letters (the former never before made
public, the latter now first published in full), and
getting camera views and old prints and some fine
colored illustrations to add to the book's attractive-
ness. Winthrop's narrative, which appeared half
a century ago, and, after running through a number
of editions in the next thirty years, has now for
some time been out of print, is republished in its
original form, save for a few corrections of typo-
graphical and other minor errors, and fills about
three-quarters of Mr. Williams's octavo volume;
the journal and letters, under the heading " Cali-
fornia and the Northwest," occupying, with some
notable appended matter, the remaining quarter.
In its handsome binding, with vellum back and
the Winthrop coat of arms on the cover, this greatly
enriched re-issue of a noteworthy book makes an
impressive appearance, and must be accounted a
work of no small importance.
A new many years ago the American
development public joined in a universal smile
over the assertion of a life insurance
magnate that the business which he represented was
essentially a form of philanthropy. We refused to
pay serious attention to the assertion, not because of
any intrinsic absurdity discernible in it, but because
the magnate had waxed inordinately fat in the prac-
tice of his chosen philanthropy. After all, it is only
a survival of asceticism that leads us to assume that
there is a necessary connection between the love of
man and emaciation. If the life insurance business
is philanthropy in a new form, the life insurance
agent is a new kind of ethical teacher. Few of us
have recognized him in this character; yet have we
not felt, upon his approach, much as a wicked king
of Israel must have felt upon the approach of an
inspired prophet ? Our troubled souls should have
given us the clue to his true nature. The matter
is now made clear in a passage in Professor W. F.
Gephart's "Insurance and the State" (Macmillan):
"The individual [any one of us] must be solicited,
either to inform him what his duty is or to persuade
him to do his known duty." This looks like a "Thou
Shalt," put in the impersonal form of a German
police regulation. The object of Professor Gephart's
book is not, of course, the exposition of the ethical
character of the insurance business. What the author
seeks to do is to point out the advantages and dis-
advantages of State interference in the various fields
of insurance, either through regulation or through
direct conduct of the business. The reading of this
judicious little book will leave one with no foolish
enthusiasm for any particular form of insurance,
whether public or private, but with a resolute zeal
for insurance in general. As for the position of
the author himself, he might safely have offered a
reward to anyone who should be able to determine
it with precision. _
Everything that contributes to a bet-
ter understanding of the art of an-
cient Egypt is to be heartily welcomed
by all students of antiquity. Sir Gaston Maspero's
" Egyptian Art " ( Appleton) gathers up that savant's
essays "written during a period of more than thirty
years, and published at intervals of varying lengths."
They were never intended for the eye of experts,
but for the general public. Twenty-five such papers,
most of them brief, compose the volume; and each
is descriptive of one or more pieces of Egyptian
sculpture or other art-work here reproduced in
superb half-tone plates. Such a compilation of
course lacks the element of unity, and some of the
material is repeated in two or more chapters. The
real contribution which the author wishes to make
is to prove that the art of Egypt was not one unique
type, identical from one end of the valley to the
other, but that there were a half-dozen local schools,
each with its own traditions and its own principles
and methods, though divided into several studios.
For some years Sir Gaston has advanced this hy-
pothesis ; and, with the multiplicity of new finds, is
slowly proving the truth of his theory. The most
prolific sources of his illustrations are the Museum
of Cairo, of which he is the head, and the Louvre
in Paris. Though in no sense a new work, the
author has so marshalled his material as to make
it both cumulative in force and attractive in form.
Northern Italy has won the homage
ara of manv Devoted hearts ; but few of
her lovers are so eloquent and so
zealous as Mr. Edward Hutton. In his latest volume
he carries the reader to some two score sites within
the picturesque and storied field suggested by the
title, "The Cities of Romagna and the Marches"
(Macmillan). Naturally the interest is not uniform
throughout, and only the most faithful can be ex-
pected to follow Mr. Hutton's footsteps into every
1914]
THE DIAL
115
church and share his pleasure before every painting ;
but, on the whole, the book is delightful. The
Introduction assumes the form of a human-hearted
tale about the untutored people of a remote moun-
tain hamlet who took a wandering painter for the
"Signore"; and particularly about a child who hated
him because his second coming meant the burning
and spoiling of all that was dear to the childish heart.
And in the rest of the book, despite dutiful cata-
loguing of shrines and pictures, the author himself
obviously finds his deepest joy in the hearts of the
people, in the human aspects of their history and
faring, in the charm of hill and sea and sky. Mr.
Hutton is not afraid to see with his own eyes, and
one is very thankful for the trait; but the present
reviewer would give something to know why such an
ardent lover of art fails even to mention the superb
Athena at Bologna, which is worth a score of the
things he eulogizes, — indeed, it is one of the world's
joys. But why should one seem to desire a quarrel
with a book one is glad to recommend ? There are
twelve pleasing illustrations in color, and a goodly
number in monotone, as well as a sensible map.
Trials and A not unjustifiable pride in the sue-
triumphs of a cess she has achieved sounds its note
dancers life. of jubilation through the pages of
Miss Loie Fuller's "Fifteen Years of a Dancer's
Life" (Small, Maynard & Co.), which enjoys the
distinction of a most commendatory Introduction
from the pen of M. Anatole France, and is enriched
with the names of many other celebrities met with
and more or less intimately known by the writer in
the course of her professional travels on two conti-
nents. The story of her accidental discovery of her
peculiar talent is interesting, and the account she
gives of her de*but in New York as a dancer is char-
acteristic. "When the audience discovered," she
tells us, "that the new dancer was its old favourite
comedian, the little soubrette of a former day, it gave
me an ovation such as, I suppose, never another
human being has received." Miss Fuller's artless ex-
ultation in her terpsichorean triumphs adds vivacity
and charm to her narrative, which is one of the most
eventful and entertaining of its kind. Pictures of
the dancer in various professional poses, with other
appropriate illustrations, are supplied in abundance.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mrs. Anne C. E. Allinson's " Roads from Rome "
(Macmillan) is a very successful application of the
informed imagination to certain personalities of Roman
literature and phases of Roman civilization. If the title
has any special justification it is that these sketches
reveal the connecting pathways by which constant traits
of human character have passed from the ancient Roman
environment to that of the present day. Lucretius and
Virgil, Catullus, Ovid, Propertius, and the younger Pliny
are the more prominent characters brought upon the
stage, and the words put into their mouths prove Mrs.
Allinson's thorough acquaintance with their writings and
her delicate appreciation of their respective mental and
moral traits. We may add that no special knowledge
of Roman history or literature is required to make the
book intelligible.
One of the last pieces of work done by William
Foster Apthorp, who died a few months ago, was to
edit for the Oliver Ditson Co. a selection of "Forty
Songs by Adolph Jensen " (1837-1880), the volume
now appearing in the " Musicians' Library." Jensen's
work is well deserving of this mark of appreciation,
since he stands very close to Schumann, Schubert, and
Franz among the masters of German song. Mr.
Apthorp's introductory essay is mainly biographical,
and leans somewhat heavily upon Niggli's book on
Jensen. The editor has taken the liberty of altering
two of the compositions to make them fit the English
words of the Scott lyrics which the composer used in a
German translation.
Long ago it seemed as though Canon Rawnsley, in
his succession of volumes on the English Lakes, had
exhausted nearly every possible aspect of the subject.
But apparently some odds and ends still remained over,
and these are utilized in his latest book, " Chapters
at the English Lakes" (Macmillan). For the most part,
these twelve chapters seem of little more than merely
local interest. An exception, however, must be made in
the case of the opening paper, on "The Life and Death
of John Wordsworth," originally delivered as an address
on the occasion of the unveiling of a tombstone to the
memory of this noble man in Grasmere churchyard.
Several well-reproduced photographs from scenery in
the Lake Country adorn Canon Rawnsley's volume.
Different places have different moods or tempera-
ments, distinguishable to the visitor of fine sensibilities.
Mr. Verner Z. Reed even affirms that they have souls,
and his book, " The Soul of Paris " (Lane), seeks to
portray this spiritual quality characteristic of the French
capital and of other places with which he is familiar.
Following the chapter that gives its name to the book are
eight others, on various haunts of men and solitudes of
nature, all treated with a reverent love and a deep sym-
pathy that show the author to be no mere holiday tourist
turning the jottings of his notebook to literary account.
Mr. Ernest Peixotto, whose art needs no appreciative
comment from us, illustrates the book with nine beau-
tiful drawings. Two of Mr. Reed's chapters have
already found favor in "The Atlantic Monthly"; the
others are new.
Franqois-Xavier Garneau's " Histoire du Canada,"
published for the first time in 1845, remains to-day on
the whole the best history of the country from the French
point of view. Garneau's attitude on some points has
not always commended itself to English-Canadian
readers, but on the whole he wrote with reasonable
impartiality even upon topics which in his day were
almost too recent and too instinct with racial feeling to
be handled with safety. His work covers the history
of the country from the earliest times down to the Union
of 1840. It ran through three editions in his own life-
time; a fourth edition appeared in Montreal in 1882,
after his death, the text occupying three volumes, while
a fourth was of a memorial character containing tributes
to the historian by his friends. A translation by Andrew
Bell appeared at Montreal in 1860. A fifth edition is
now in course of publication (Paris: Fe"lix Alcan), with
an Introduction and elaborate notes by the historian's
grandson, Hector Garneau, and a Preface by Gabriel
Hanotaux. The first volume brings the history down
to the colonization of Cape Breton, in 1744.
116
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
NOTES.
Another of Rudolf Herzog's widely-read German
novels is soon to be issued by Mr. Desmond FitzGerald
in a translation entitled " The Song of Labor."
A new volume of poems by Mr. George Edward
Woodberry, to be entitled "The Flight, and Other
Poems," is promised for immediate issue by the Mac-
millan Co.
Mr. Brand Whitlock's reminiscences of the men and
events with which he has been associated are to be pub-
lished at once by Messrs. Appleton in a volume entitled
« Forty Years of It."
Miss Leona Dalrymple's novel, " Diane of the Green
Van," which won the prize of $10,000 in Messrs.
Reilly & Britton Co.'s recent competition, will be
published early next month.
Among the writers of fiction represented on Houghton
Mifflin Co.'s Spring list are Arthur S. Pier, Demetra
Kenneth-Brown, W. J. Hopkins, Judge Shute, Mary
Heaton Vorse, and Elia W. Peattie.
Two novels soon to appear with Messrs. Little,
Brown, & Co.'s imprint are " The Substance of his
House," by Mrs. Ruth Holt Boucicault, and " Sunshine
Jane," by Mrs. Anne Warner French.
Three novels to be issued shortly by Messrs. Small,
Maynard & Co. are: "A Lady of Leisure," by Miss
Ethel Sedgwick; " Mrs. Brand," by Mr. H. A. Mitchell
Keays ; and " Sunrise Valley," by Miss Marion Hill.
What is sure to prove one of the most interesting
biographies of the Spring season is announced in the life
of Thomas Wentworth Higginson, which Mary Thacher
Higginson is now preparing for Houghton Mifflin Co.
A collection of unpublished letters written by Dost-
oevsky will be published shortly by a German firm in
Munich. They are said to throw much fresh light on
the relations that existed between Dostoevsky and
Turgenev.
Mr. H. G. Wells's exhilarating story, " The World
Set Free," now appearing as a serial in " The English
Review " and " The Century Magazine," will be pub-
lished in book form early in March by Messrs. E. P.
Dutton & Co.
Of chief interest among an immediately forthcoming
group of new titles in the " Cambridge Manuals of
Science and Literature " is " The Beautiful : An Intro-
duction to Psychological Esthetics," by Vernon Lee
(Miss Violet Paget).
Lord Morley has made a book out of the address
which he delivered some time ago beforexhe University
of Manchester. " Notes on Politics and History " is the
title of the volume, and while the original talk has been
kept as the basis, the work has been much amplified and
revised.
We learn, by way of the London " Nation," that Mr.
W. H. Furness is editing a collection of the addresses
and miscellaneous writings of his father, the late
Horace Howard Furness. He proposes also to issue a
volume of Dr. Furness's letters, together with some
form of biographical record.
Mr. Ernest Newman is already the author of two
books about Wagner. He has now finished a third on
the same composer. It tells the story of Wagner's
life in the light of recent additions to our knowledge,
a good deal being said about his various love affairs.
Messrs. Dutton will publish the volume.
Three popular "Atlantic Monthly " serial features of
the past few months soon to appear in book form are
Mr. Gamaliel Bradford's " Confederate Portraits," Mrs.
Elinore Rupert Stewart's " Letters of a Woman Home-
steader," and the "Annals and Memoirs of the Court of
Peking " by Messrs. Bland and Backhouse.
In addition to his coming novel, " Les Anges," M.
Anatole France has finished writing an account of his
childhood which will supplement the stories to be
found in " Le Livre de mon Ami " and " Pierre
Noziere." The new book, which is to be called " Le
Petit Pierre," will first appear as a serial in the " Revue
de Paris."
Among the immediately forthcoming publications of
Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Co. we note the following:
"Buddhist Stories," by Mr. Paul Dahlke; "Young
Delinquents," a study of English reformatory and in-
dustrial schools, by Miss Mary G. Barnett; and a book
of Canadian stories, " The Passing of Oul-i-but," by
Mr. Alan Sullivan.
" The Titan," a new novel by Mr. Theodore Dreiser,
is announced for publication this month by Messrs.
Harper & Brothers. Other February books of this house
include " The Forester's Daughter," by Mr. Hamlin
Garland; "The Idol-Breaker," a play, by Mr. Charles
Rann Kennedy; and "Religion and Life," by Dr.
Elwood Worcester.
Jules Claretie had begun to publish his memoirs as
a serial in the " Journal " shortly before his death.
For some time past he had been in the habit of devoting
a portion of each day to the work, and it is understood
that he had made considerable progress. We may
therefore expect a most interesting addition to the
French literary memoirs of the nineteenth century.
The attention of historical students is directed to the
fact that the Justin Winsor biennial prize of $200. for
the best unpublished monograph in American history
will be awarded this year. Manuscripts must be sub-
mitted on or before July 1 . Full information regarding
the conditions of award may be obtained from Professor
Claude H. Van Tyne of the University of Michigan.
A book on the Keats relics at Hampstead, with an
account of the portraits of Keats, and photographic fac-
similes, is now in course of preparation. Every docu-
ment will be transcribed in full, and annotated by Mr.
Buxton Forman. Some of the later letters have never
been transcribed. The edition, to be published by John
Lane Company, will be a limited one on hand-made
paper.
Among the titles on Messrs. Crowell's Spring list are
the following: "The Commuter's Garden," a practical
handbook for the suburban gardener ; " Consumption :
Its Cause, Cure, and Prevention," by Dr. Edward O.
Otis; " The Message of New Thought," by Mr. Abel L.
Allen; "How to Rest," by Miss Grace Dawson; "The
Deaf: Their Position in Society," by Mr. Harry Best;
" Heroes of the Farthest North and Farthest South,"
by Mr. J. Kennedy Maclean; a large type, thin-paper
edition of Roget's " Thesaurus," edited by Mr. C. O. S.
Mawson; and "Richard Wagner: The Man and His
Work," by Mr. Oliver Huckel.
George Spring Merriam, a son of one of the brothers
who founded the company which has long published
Webster's Dictionary, died in Springfield, Mass., on
January 23, aged seventy-one. He was graduated
from Yale in 1864, and after studying theology, turned
to literary work. For five years, from 1870 to 1875,
1914]
THE DIAL
117
he was on the editorial staff of " The Christian Union "
(now " The Outlook ") under Henry Ward Beecher.
Perhaps his best-known book is " The Life and Times
of Samuel Bowles," in two volumes, published in 1885.
He was also the author of " The Negro and the Na-
tion," " The Man of To-day," and several other books.
Edwin Ginn, founder and head of the house of Ginn
& Company, died on January 21. He was born at
Orland, Maine, on February 14, 1838. Soon after
receiving his degree from Tufts College, he established
the school-book publishing business of which he has
remained the head for nearly half a century. Besides
performing a notable service in raising and maintain-
ing the standards for school and college text-books in
this country, Mr. Ginn was actively interested in vari-
ous public-spirited movements — in particular the cause
of international peace. Of late years a large share of
his time and his fortune has been devoted to the World
Peace Foundation, of which he was the founder. Great
as is the loss which the American publishing trade sus-
tains in his death, the loss to American citizenship is
far greater.
TOPICS ix LEADING PERIODICALS.
February, 1914.
Aeroplane and the Dirigible, Development of the.
J. Bernard Walker Review of Reviews
Africa, North, and the Desert. G. E. Woodberry Scribner
Alpine Road of France, The. Henry Norman . . Scribner
American, The Too Adaptable. Sydney Brooks . Harper
American Woman and Her Home on a Business Basis.
Christine Frederick Review of Reviews
Animals and Hibernation. W. L. Halm . Popular Science
Apple Variation, Abnormalities in. W. J. Young Pop. Science
Athletics and Morals Atlantic
Athletics and the College. C. A. Stewart . . . Atlantic
Athletics and the School. Alfred E. Stearns . . Atlantic
Bank Depositor, The. Vernice E. Danner . Rev. of Revs.
Boy Who Goes Wrong, The. H. Addington Bruce Century
Bulgaria after the Wars. B. C. Marsh Review of Reviews
Burns, From Bend to. Dallas Lore Sharp . . . Atlantic
Business, Better — III. William Hard . . . Everybody's
Butterflies, Black. Sadakichi Hartmann .... Forum
Central Park, A Philosopher in. Edward S. Martin Harper
Civil Service Reform and Commonsense. F. E. Leupp Allan.
College Woman, The. Margaret Ball Forum
Confederacy, A Northern Woman in the. Mrs. Eugene
McLean Harper
Convict, New Hope for the. Richard Barry . . Century
Corporate Reform, Democracy and. Robert E. Reed Atlantic
Corruption, A Cure for. Lincoln Steffens . Metropolitan
Country School, Opportunities of the. J. W. Strout Pop. Sci.
Creole Beauties. Julius Muller Century
Dancing, The Philosophy of. Havelock Ellis . . Atlantic
Egypt, Reactions of a Traveller in. Jane Addams Atlantic
Equality in the United States. C. F. Emerick Pop. Science
Forbes-Robertson : An Appreciation. Richard
Le Gallienne Century
French Court Memories, 1877-8. Mme. Waddington Scribner
Genius at School. Edmund K. Broadus .... Atlantic
Healing the Sick, Team Work in. B.J.
Hendrick World's Work
Immigration, Racial Consequences of. E. A. Ross Century
Income Tax, The. James R. Alerriam . Review of Reviews
India, The Heart of. E. F. Benson Century
Italy, The Protestant in. Zephine Humphrey . Atlantic
Justice, A Picture of. George W. Alger . World's Work
Lincoln's Social Ideals. Rose Strunsky .... Century
Mexican Menace, The. W. Morgan Shuster . . Century
Mexico, With Villa in. John S. Reed . . . Metropolitan
Mitchel, John Pnrroy. Dudley F. Malone . World's Work
" Mona Lisas," The Two. Walter Littlefield . . Century
Motorized Highway Commerce. R.W.Hutchinson, Jr. Scrib.
National Museum of Safety, A. Gordon Thayer Everybody's
Natural Selection, Progress in the Study of.
J. A. Harris Popular Science
Nervous System, Origin and Evolution of the.
G. H. Parker Popular Science
New England Pole, The. Harry S. Brown . . . Forum
New York, In, with Nine Cents. A. M. Rihbany . Atlantic
New York City's Government by Experts.
Albert Shaw Review of Reviews
Nutall, Thomas, Geological Work of . Chas. Keyes Pop. Sci.
Philippine Question, The. William A. Reed . . Forum
Physical Laboratory, Contributions to Civilization
of the. A. G. Webster Popular Science
Poet, A, in a Fool's Cap. W. T. Larned . . . Century
Polar Exploration, Outlook in. C. F. Talman Rev. of Revs.
Presidency, Wilson's Theory of the. Lindsay Rogers Forum
Pulitzer, Joseph : Reminiscences of a Secretary.
Alleyne Ireland Metropolitan
Queensland, A Trooper of. Norman Duncan . . Harper
Robinson, Edwin Arlington. 0. F. Theis .... Forum
Rubber, " Tame." H. C. Pearson .... World's Work
St. Paul, City Salvation and. George Creel . Everybody's
Science and Poetry. C. W. Super . . . Popular Science
Socialism — V. Morris Hillquit and J. A. Ryan Everybody's
Socialism and Economics. Richard D. Skinner . Forum
Street, The. Simon Strunsky Atlantic
Street Traffic, Science of. Arno Dosch . World's Work
Surinam Jungle, Through the. Charles W. Furlong Harper
Tammany Hall, Twilight of. B. J. Hendrick World's Work
Temperament and the Stage. J. S. Hamilton . Everybody's
Theatre, The. Johnston Forbes-Robertson . . . Century
Theatre, The Eugenic. Victor Branford .... Forum
Trade-Unionism, Economic Necessity of. John Mitchell Atl.
Transcontinental Trails. Henry B. Joy . . . Scribner
War, The World's Last. H. G. Wells .... Century
White Slave, The. Brand Whitlock Forum
White Slave Agitation, The. Havelock Ellis Metropolitan
Wilson as Wall Street Sees Him. C. M. Keys World's Work
Wood Engraving, Contemporary. William Walton Scribner
World-Man, The. Will Levington Comfort . . . Forum
I.IST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 88 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAZ, since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope: A New Light on her
Life and Love Affairs. By Frank Hamel. Illus-
trated in photogravure, large 8vo, 348 pages.
Funk & Wagnalls Co. $5. net.
A Pepys of Mogul India, 1653-1708: Being an
Abridged Edition of the "Storia do Mogor" of
Niccolao Manucci. Translated by William Irvine;
abridged by Margaret L. Irvine. With frontis-
piece, large 8vo, 310 pages. E. P. Button & Co.
$3.50 net.
John Woolman, His Life and Our Times: Being a
Study in Applied Christianity. By W. Teign-
mouth Shore. 12mo, 273 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.50 net.
Heroines of Modern Religion. Edited by Warren
Dunham Foster. With portraits, 12mo, 275 pages.
Sturgis & Walton Co. $1.50 net.
HISTORY.
Hungary's Fight for National Existence; or, The
History of the Great Uprising Led by Francis
Rakoczi II., 1703-1711. By Ladislas Baron Hen-
gelmuller. 8vo, 342 pages. Macmillan Co.
$3.25 net.
The Reconstruction of the New Colonies under Lord
Mllner. By W. Basil Worsfold. In 2 volumes,
large 8vo. E. P. Dutton & Co. $7.50 net
A History of England and the British Empire. By
Arthur D. Innes. Vol. II., 1485-1688. 12mo, 553
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.60 net.
118
THE DIAL
[Feb. 1
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Eighteen Nineties: A Review of Art and Ideas
at the Close of the 19th Century. By Holbrook
Jackson. Illustrated, large 8vo, 368 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley.
A Bookman's Letters. By Sir W. Robertson Nlcoll,
M.A. 8vo, 438 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$1.75 net.
Studies in Portuguese Literature. By Aubrey F. G.
Bell. 12mo, 247 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
Modern Parliamentary Eloquence: The Rede Lec-
ture, 1913. By Earl Curzon of Keddleston. 8vo,
80 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
English Travellers of the Renaissance. By Clare
Howard. Illustrated, 8vo, 233 pages. John Lane
Co. $2.50 net.
The Sonnets of William Shakespeare: New Light
and Old Evidence. By the Countess de Cham-
brun. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo,
276 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.75 net.
The Modern Short-Story. By Lucy Lilian Notestein
and Waldo Hilary Dunn. 12mo, 211 pages. A. S.
Barnes Co.
The Vision of Anton. By Walter A. Dyer. 16mo, 20
pages Chicago: Brothers of the Book. Paper.
Some Other Things. By Charles Halsted Mapes.
12mo, 134 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
Considerations stir 1'Art Dramatique a propos de
la Come'die de Bernard Shaw. Par Augustin et
Henriette Hamon. 16mo, 48 pages. Paris:
Eug&ne Figui&re & Cie. Paper.
Picture Tales from the Russian. By Valery Carrick;
translated by Nevill Forbes. Illustrated, oblong
12mo, 119 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
VERSE AND DRAMA.
The Oxford Book of Canadian Verse. Chosen by
Wilfred Campbell. 16mo, 344 pages. Oxford
University Press. $2. net.
The Oxford Book of Spanish Verse, 13th to 20th
Centuries. Chosen by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly,
F.B.A. 16mo, 460 pages. Oxford University
Press.
At the World's Heart. By Gale Young Rice. 12mo,
156 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.25 net.
Beyond the Stars, and Other Poems. By Charles
Hanson Towne. 12mo, 73 pages. Mitchell Ken-
nerley.
Bmnelleschi: A Poem. By John Galen Howard.
Large 8vo, 93 pages. San Francisco: John
Howell. $6. net.
Madge Linsey, and Other Poems. By Dora Sigerson
Shorter. 16mo, 42 pages. Dublin: Maunsel &
Co., Ltd.
Poems from the Portuguese (with the Portuguese
Text). Translated by Aubrey F. G. Bell. 16mo,
131 pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
Sa Muse S'amuse. By Wilfrid Blair. 12mo, 132
pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwell.
Drama League Series of Plays. First volumes:
Kindling, by Charles Kenyon; A Thousand Years
Ago, a romance of the Orient, by Percy MacKaye.
Each with Introduction by Clayton Hamilton,
12mo. Doubleday, Page & Co. Per volume,
75 cts. net.
FICTION.
The Flying Inn. By Gilbert K. Chesterton. 12mo,
320 pages. John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
Home. With frontispiece, 12mo, 339 pages. Century
Co. $1.30 net.
The Possessed: A Novel in Three Parts. By Fyodor
Dostoevsky; translated from the Russian by
Constance Garnett. 12mo, 637 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.50 net.
Old Mole. By Gilbert Cannan. 12mo, 364 pages.
D. Appleton & Co. $1.35 net.
The After House: A Story of Love, Mystery, and a
Private Yacht. By Mary Roberts Rinehart.
Illustrated, 12mo, 281 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.25 net.
The New Dawn. By Agnes C. Laut. Illustrated,
12mo, 542 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co. $1.35 net.
The Light of Western Stars. By Zane Grey. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 389 pages. Harper
& Brothers. $1.35 net.
It Happened in Egypt. By C. N. and A. M. William-
son. Illustrated, 12mo, 512 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $1.35 net.
LHIecrona's Home. By Selma Lagerlof; translated
from the Swedish by Anna Barwell. 12mo, 269
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
Another Man's Shoes. By Victor Bridges. 12mo,
327 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
Horace Blake. By Mrs. Wilfrid Ward. 12mo, 422
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
The "White Sapphire: A Mystery Romance. By Lee
Foster Hartman. Illustrated, 12mo, 297 pages.
Harper & Brothers. $1.25 net.
William and Bill. By Grace MacGowan Cooke and
Caroline Wood Morrison. 12mo, 295 pages. Cen-
tury Co. $1.25 net.
The Story of Louie. By Oliver Onions. 12mo, 336
pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Third Act. By Fred Jackson. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 349 pages. Desmond Fitz-
Gerald, Inc. $1. net.
King Desire and his Knights. By Edith F. A. U.
Painton. 12mo, 218 pages. R. F. Fenno & Co.
$1. net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS
The Revolt of Democracy. By Alfred Russel Wal-
lace, O.M. ; with a sketch of the author by James
Marchant. With portrait, 12mo, 120 pages.
Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1. net.
Boycotts and the Labor Struggle: Economic and
Legal Aspects. By Harry W. Laidler; with In-
troduction by Henry R. Seager, Ph.D. 8vo. 488
pages. John Lane Co. $2. net.
King's College Lectures on Colonial Problems.
Edited by F. J. C. Hearnshaw, M.A. 12mo, 252
pages. Macmillan Co. $1.40 net.
Prostitution in Europe. By Abraham Flexner; with
Introduction by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 12mo,
455 pages. '.'Publications of the Bureau of Social
Hygiene." Century Co. $1.30 net.
Village Improvement. By Parris Thaxter Farwell.
Illustrated, 12mo, 362 pages. Sturgis & Walton
Co. $1. net.
The Immigration Problem: A Study of American
Immigration Conditions and Needs. By Jere-
miah W. Jenks and W. Jett Lauck. Third edi-
tion, revised and enlarged;. 8vo, 551 pages.
Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1.75 net.
Brothering the Boy. By W. Edward Raffety, Ph.D.
12mo, 220 pages. Griffith & Rowland Press.
75 cts. net.
The Family and Society. By John M. Gillette, Ph.D.
16mo, 164 pages "National Social Science
Series." A. C. McClurg & Co. 50 cts. net.
SCIENCE.
The Scientific Work of Morris Loeb. Edited by
Theodore W. Richards. Illustrated in photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, 349 pages. Harvard
University Press. $2. net.
The Diseases of Tropical Plants. By Melville Thurs-
ton Cook, Ph.D. Illustrated, 8vo, 317 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2.75 net.
History of Geography. By J. Scott Keltic, LL.D.,
and O. J. R. Howarth, M.A. Illustrated, 16mo,
208 pages "History of the Sciences." G. P.
Putnam's Sons 75 cts. net.
The Planisphere: A Movable Star-Map. Chicago:
Theo. H. Walther. 50 cts.
An Essay on the Scientific Method. By Louis T.
More. 8vo, 27 pages. University of Cincinnati.
Paper, 30 cts. net.
ARCHITECTURE AND ART.
An Introduction to English Church Architecture,
from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Century. By
Francis Bond, M.A. In 2 volumes, illustrated, 4to.
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1914]
THE DIAL
119
The Great Painter-Etchers, from Rembrandt to
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A History of Education in Modern Times. By Frank
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The February issue
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best friend said that. Too fine, and not fine enough.
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THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
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No. 664. FEBRUARY 16, 1914. Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
THE CINEMATOGRAPH CRAZE
PAGE
. 129
POETIC EXPRESSION. Charles Leonard Moore . .131
CASUAL COMMENT 133
The detection of genius in embryo. — A Boston
publisher of honored antecedents. — A plea for the
questionnaire. — Reviving a national language and
literature. — A man of the pen and of the sword. — A
missionary to the bookless. — A new honor for Pro-
fessor John Bach McMaster. — Bits of bibliothecal
news. — Mrs. Gaskell's Manchester home. — Baiting
the hook to catch the reader. — Eight ways of
reviewing a book.
COMMUNICATIONS 136
A Difficulty in Translation. Hyder E. Rollins.
Walt Whitman and Lincoln's Assassination.
Harold Hersey.
" Worth While." Wm. Cheslett, Jr.
NATURAL HISTORY EAST AND WEST. T. D. A.
Cockerell 137
ITALY'S FOREMOST COMIC DRAMATIST. W. W.
Comfort 138
IDEALISTIC FORCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY.
Carl Becker 140
CHINA'S "GRAND OLD MAN." O.D. Wannamaker 142
THE SYMBOLISM OF WORDS. Thomas Percival
Beyer 143
THE BIOLOGY OF SEX. Eaymond Pearl .... 145
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 146
Goldwin Smith as reported by his Boswell. — Studies
of a diplomatist and scholar. — Tom Medwin's
"Shelley" in a new edition. — A garner from medi-
aeval literature. — One of the makers of Kansas. —
More footnotes to Stevenson.— Literary walks about
London. — A prophet of Futurism. — Clever essays
on common things. — A pioneer mission-worker in
the far East. — A guide to the study of literature.
BRIEFER MENTION 150
NOTES 150
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . 151
THE CINEMATOGRAPH CRAZE.
An amateur statistician announced the other
day that the patronage of the moving picture
theatres in Chicago numbered three-quarters of
a million persons every twenty- four hours. This
figure was computed by the rather nai've pro-
cess of multiplying the number of seats in all
the places which provide this species of enter-
tainment by the number of performances given
each day, calmly assuming that all the seats
were occupied all the time. The conclusion
may well give us pause, since it means that
one-third of the entire population of the city
seek this form of recreation every day, or, on
the other hand, that every man, woman, and
child, on the average, goes to one of these
theatres more than twice a week. But even
when we make a liberal discount, the numbers
to which this entertainment appeals must be
very large, and the phenomenon which they
offer is worthy of serious consideration. It is
a mushroom growth that has developed almost
over night, and we have not yet had time to
view it in all its bearings.
That this new interest is of world- wide extent
is obvious to every travelled observer, and is
attested by reports from all the countries of the
globe. The "cinema" unalloyed, or shown in
connection with vaudeville attachments, affords
everywhere one of the most popular means of
whiling away a leisure hour at almost any time
of day, and attracts, by its cheapness and variety,
larger numbers of visitors than can be held by
any other form of paid entertainment. It is
making terrific inroads upon the support of the
regular theatre, which is not surprising when we
consider that a single seat in the latter costs as
much as from twenty to fifty admissions to the
former. This condition should operate in time
to modify the inflated pretensions of the play-
houses, and to reduce the grossly unreasonable
scale upon which they are now conducted. The
current charges for dramatic performances,
viewed in relation to the quality of the enter-
tainment offered, constitute a bare-faced impo-
sition upon the public, and any influence
tending to abate these demands is to be wel-
comed.
In its social and educational aspects, the
moving-picture theatre offers several interesting
130
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
view-angles, and is a tempting subject for the
philosophical observer. Without bringing any
of the heavy artillery of philosophy to bear upon
the subject, certain interesting reflections result
from its contemplation. It is, in a sense, the
culmination of the process of substituting pic-
tures for words, — of actual images for the
images which the stimulated mind creates, —
which was inaugurated when the photographic
illustration began to invade our magazines and
to disfigure our newspapers. It shows in a very
striking way the demoralizing modern tendency
to seek lines of least resistance in every form of
activity, to convert education into amusement,
and work into play, without giving the least
thought to the way in which the process softens
the mental fibre and saps the character. Gen-
erally speaking, the picture performs its proper
function when it supplements the word, printed
or spoken, and perverts its function when it
would become a substitute. For the picture never
can really be a substitute for the word, which is
equivalent to calling it a substitute for thought,
and the intuitional elements which it supplies
to the mental process are a poor exchange for
the analytical elements of logical interpretation
which reading and listening demand.
A great deal of nonsense has been written
about the moving picture as an educational
agency. If kept strictly in its place as an ad-
junct to the methods that demand application
and concentration, it may serve a useful sub-
ordinate purpose. The historical scene as
realized from a close study of the sources may
be vivified by this form of dramatic presenta-
tion, although the setting and the action are
necessarily "faked." What the imaginative
picture in the school text does for the child may
be done for him more realistically by the pro-
jection of the film on the screen. But all that
he will get from it at best is a series of fleeting
impressions, and no opportunity is offered him
to study the details of scenery and costume and
architecture. The fleeting impression, however,
can never make a serious contribution to the
work of education. We have seen some highly
instructive scientific films, exhibiting the mar-
vels of life as revealed by the microscope, or
the unfolding of the flower from the bud, or
the transformations of the insect from larva to
imago, but to view such projections intelligently
requires antecedent experience gained in the
old plodding way in accordance with the time-
schedule of nature. When one has this experi-
ence already, it becomes interesting to see it
epitomized on the magic screen, and one gets a
more synthetic conception of the whole process.
But without such antecedent knowledge, the
pictured display is bewildering and inadequate.
The unnatural character given to these exhibi-
tions by the "speeding-up" which seems to be
necessary robs them of a great part of their
usefulness as educational helps.
For the reproduction of impressions de
voyage, the cinematograph has much value.
By its means, one may become a travelled ob-
server with a minimum of effort, and its success
is attested by the large use which the travel-
lecturers make of it. The real traveller, of
course, finds his delight in leisurely contempla-
tion of the foreign scene, dwelling at length
upon its details, and giving the impression time
to fix itself upon the memory. The arm-chair
traveller in the picture play-house can do nothing
like this, and can retain but a jumbled recollec-
tion of what has been shown him. But even
such travel is better than none at all, and, be-
sides, none of us can go everywhere in the flesh ;
so we may well be grateful to those who do the
physical part of travelling for us, and entertain
us with the records taken by their cameras.
Those who have seen the films which visualize
the story of the Scott Antarctic expedition will
realize the extraordinarily valuable service that
may be done for us, on occasion, by this marvel
of modern mechanical invention.
Another service that seems to us very valu-
able is that of illustrating the masterpieces of
literature. When this is done in the artistic
spirit and with unlimited resources in the way
of stage material, it becomes an efficient aid to
the imagination. If we lose something, we gain
a great deal more, when we witness an adequate
stage-performance of " Hamlet " or "• King
Lear," and even a cinematograph production of
one of these tragedies may help us to read new
meanings into the printed text. The " Les
Miserables "films recently exhibited were excep-
tionally well made, and gave to the lovers of that
masterpiece a better understanding of many of
its episodes than they had ever got from even
the most sumptuously illustrated edition. And
the films prepared at such great expense for the
illustration of Dante's " Inferno " were, on the
whole, of high artistic merit, and proved gratify-
ing to the most austere worshippers of the sub-
lime Florentine. Literature offers a boundless
field for this new kind of illustration, and its
exploitation, guided by the artistic conscience,
may add much to our enjoyment of the great
works of fiction and poetry. We do not know
that "Don Quixote" has been done as yet,
1914]
THE DIAL
131
but what an opportunity it offers for effective
staging and characterization !
The opportunities offered by the moving-
picture theatre for ministering to vulgar and
depraved tastes are so obvious, and so attested
by reports from countries in which license is
unchecked, that some sort of censorship is de-
manded by the interests of public morality.
Some form of legal restraint is operative in
most of our large cities, whether in the hands
of the police, or in those of commissions spe-
cially designated for the purpose. Censorship
as an official institution is never an unmixed
good, and is capable of developing into a
greater evil than any it seeks to avert, as we
have seen in the cases of the English licensing
of plays and the Russian treatment of the press.
The present danger in this country seems to lie
in the sort of official stupidity which lays down
general rules, and then applies them undevia-
tingly in all cases — a procedure which would
have the ludicrous result of placing Shake-
speare's " Julius Cjesar "• under the ban because
scenes of violence and murder are in general
prohibited. We are inclined to think that the
lines are drawn somewhat too closely by our
committees in charge of this inspection ; in their
desire to "play safe," they catch not only the
vicious and vulgar in their net but also the
merely tragic which, distressing as it may be to
view, remains an essential part of life, and must
not be left out of the scheme if we are to pre-
tend to picture either the history of civilization
or the conceptions of the great creative writers.
Is it not legitimate to throw upon the screen any-
thing which may be described in a printed book
that is published without legal interference?
POETIC EXPRESSION.
There have recently been published in England
two single-volume studies of the work of Algernon
Charles Swinburne. They are by friendly critics,
but both of these realize that Swinburne is on his
defence. They make the most of their poet's un-
rivaled legerdemain of syllables and sounds. They
point out, quite justly, his truth of keeping, by which
each poem is, as it were, contained within its own
frame. This gift would be more valuable if there
were not such an unutterable monotony in his pages,
— if the parts of his poems were not mutually inter-
changeable. They also claim for him insight into
human nature, and creative power. To us it seems
that his figures, classic or romantic, are mainly
affairs of masks and megaphones. But when it
comes to what for a poet is really the crux of the
matter, the business of poetic expression, they both
practically throw up the case. We do not apologize
for quoting somewhat largely what they say so well.
First let us hear Mr. Edward Thomas :
" But Swinburne has almost no magic felicity of words.
He can astonish and melt, but seldom thrill, and when he
does it is not by any felicity, as it were, of God-given words.
He has to depend on sound and an atmosphere of words
which is now and then concentrated and crystallized into an
intensity of effect which is almost magical, perhaps never
quite magical. . . . Perhaps the greatest of his triumphs is
in keeping up a solemn play of words, not unrelated to the
subject suggested by the title and commencement, but more
closely related to rhyme, and yet giving in the end a com-
pact and powerful expression. . . . Hardly one verse means
anything in particular, hardly one line means anything at
all, but nothing is done inconsistent with the opening, noth-
ing which the rashest critic would venture to call unavailing
in the complete effect."
Mr. John Drinkwater's judgment is remarkably
similar. He says of Swinburne:
" His control of language was, indeed, not distinguished
by the magic that, although it was within the compass of
his peers, was so only at the rarest intervals. This wizardry
that visited every great poet from say Chaucer down to him
of yesterday, was known to each but a few times in his life.
Those lines of almost inconceivable beauty, lines commoner
in Coleridge and Keats than in poets whose collective achieve-
ment is greater than theirs, is, when all is said, but an ex-
quisite fragment of our poetry. They amount to a hundred,
a thousand perhaps ; a mere handful in any case. It has
been the privilege of every great poet to shape a few : Swin-
burne made scarcely one, and he loses one of the poet's rarest
if not most commanding distinctions in consequence. . . . The
rarest graces are beyond his reach ; but to the high expression
which is poetry, he attains with superb ease."
We have only to question one point in this last
criticism, — the statement as to the rarity of magical
phrase in English poetry. Mr. Kipling in his story
entitled " Wireless" reduces the really inspired pas-
sages of this kind to just two, — one by Coleridge
and one by Keats. It would be interesting to know
what those poets, who intoxicated themselves with
the fine phrases of their predecessors, would have
thought of such a judgment. Hazlitt declared that
Wordsworth's lines,
" Elysian beauty, melancholy grace,
Brought from a pensive though a happy place,"
were the most perfect in the language ; and the same
" Lady of the Lake,
Sole sitting by the shores of old Romance,"
was probably the parent stock on which Keats grafted
his double rose of beauty which Mr. Kipling ad-
mires so much.
The fact is that these flowers or jewels of poetic
speech are scattered thickly over all English verse
of the better kind. They glitter on Chaucer's robe
until it seems drenched with dew. They gleam
from the folds of half of Spenser's dreamy stanzas.
Allowing for the drama's necessary recurrence to
the conversational tone, Shakespeare is all compact
of them. Milton and the lyric poets contain sumless
treasures of them. If Swinburne failed to add any-
thing of the sort to our literature it will go hard with
his pretensions, notwithstanding his noble literary
enthusiasm and his undoubted mastery of metre.
To use words as if they had never been used
before, to impart to them a fresh fragrance, an inex-
132
[Feb. 16
plicable charm, a profundity which makes whole his-
tories or extended phenomena implicit in a phrase, —
that is what is meant by verbal magic. It does not
need that it should deal only with sensuous things,
though doubtless on that side the most miracles of
language are wrought. The Elizabethan dramatists
have the gift, though their sphere is that of action.
Dryden, Pope, and Goldsmith have it, though their
matter lies mainly in the regions of moral abstrac-
tions. The Cavalier lyrists and Burns have it,
though they deal with the emotions. It is hardly
worth while to give examples. Everyone knows
what the best is; but everyone is always forgetting
the face of the true Una of poetry and taking up with
some false Duessa. So we shall quote a few lines, not
from English writers, but from that American poetry
of which Swinburne hardly disguised his contempt.
Emerson, almost incapable of a complete poem,
could write by fits and starts like a divinity. Take
" O tenderly the haughty day
Fills his blue urn with fire ";
Or,
" Thou canst not wave thy staff in air,
Or dip thy paddle in the lake,
But it carves the bow of beauty there
And ripples in rhyme the oar forsake."
Poe is all for total effect, yet his words have an
almost impossible finish. For example, —
" Banners yellow, glorious, golden,
O'er its roof did float and flow
(This — all this — was in the olden
Time long ago)."
Or this :
" No more — no more — no more —
Shall bloom the thunder-blasted tree,
Or the stricken eagle soar."
Or this,
" In what ethereal dances,
By what eternal streams."
Bryant usually gives the weight rather than the
lustre of words ; but take this :
" A friendless warfare ! lingering long
Through weary day and weary year ;
A wild and many-weaponed throng
Hang on thy front, and flank, and rear."
FitzGreene Halleck's writing at its best is with the
best. Witness, —
" Green be the turf above thee,
Friend of my better days !
None knew thee but to love thee,
None named thee but to praise."
Or this, —
" Wild roses by the Abbey towers
Are gay in their young bud and bloom ;
They were born of a race of funeral-flowers
That garlanded, in long-gone hours,
A templar's knightly tomb."
Simple words these and simple metres, but they
have the indubitable magic that Swinburne's two
critics deny him.
Yet in the greatest poets this enchanted apparition
of words is only the warp of their work ; rhetoric,
language raised more or less above the ordinary,
is the woof. With most verse writers this last
is all in all. And it can be very good. In fact,
compared with the other it is what light is to light-
ning,— or perhaps what daylight is to moonlight.
Moonlight is more suggestive, lightning more revela-
tional than daylight, but we could not stand either
of them all the time. The trouble is that rhetoric
is within the reach of almost anyone who can write
at all; and if the person using it possesses also
the gift of musical speech, the ordered movement of
verse, he can easily set up for a great poet. Swin-
burne is the perfect type of the rhetorical poet who
lashes commonplace into extravagance and sets it
to a music which has something of the obviousness
and overwhelming blare of a brass band. A tour
de force is always impressive, and no one who
knows the difficulties overcome will cease to wonder
at Swinburne's management of metre. But the true
lovers of poetry will prefer those metrists whose
sounds steal upon the ear and win their way to the
heart. And this rich and lovely music, like that of
some velvet-voiced vocalist, some virtuoso on the
violin, " the horns of elf-land faintly blowing," is
almost always associated with magic of phrase.
Shelley is perhaps the only great metrist in the
language whose high and lovely singing is as a rule
not embodied in words equal to its own exquisiteness.
Milton often crashes out discords ; and Shakespeare
at the height of his expressiveness, in "Lear" for
example, disdains music and pictured phrase alike,
and gives us instant, imminent revelation.
There is much more to literature, even to poetry,
than the extreme wizardry of words, — there are
the expression of thought, emotion, personality;
the creation of character, the telling of tales, the
building-up of artistic wholes. All these things can
be done with plain business speech or heightened
rhetoric. And it is often difficult to say where these
end and the more mysterious use of language be-
gins. Most recent critics would decide that Byron,
for example, is solely a rhetorician; but for our
part we think that he, too, is a weaver of spells, —
though his may be black magic rather than white.
If verbal magic were only a matter of purple patches,
it might be disregarded. But purple patches and
fine writing belong to rhetoric rather than to verbal
magic. The supreme mastery over words suffuses
a glow over whole works, penetrates character, and
influences the presentation of thought. It is the
thimbleful of coloring matter which makes the blue
of the whole sky.
There is, in truth, an analogy between magical
language and the use of color, light, and shade,
mere pigment in painting. Drawing, form, group-
ing, dramatic expression, are the basis, the most
necessary things in art ; the glory of color, whereby,
as Hazlitt said of Velasquez, things seem to be
wished upon the canvas, is comparatively a luxury.
Sometimes the two powers go together, but less
often than the intellectual and sensuous gifts in
poetry. But in both arts, the force of instant and
vivid expression is the rarest and most inspira-
tional thing. It is the effortless power of divinity,
— all the rest is mere human labor.
CHARLES LEONARD MOORE.
1914]
THE DIAL
133
CASUAL COMMENT.
THE DETECTION OF GENIUS IN EMBRYO has always
been admitted to be a difficult thing. Our young
swans turn out to be geese, and our ugly ducklings
prove themselves to have been cygnets in uncouth
disguise. But perhaps as common a mark of incip-
ient genius as any — though even here one is liable
to deception — is an irresistible impulse to do com-
mon things in an uncommon way, a deadly hostility
to the usual and the conventional. Memory recalls
the instance of a mathematical genius, a veritable
prodigy in the swift solution of rather complicated
problems, who, in his boyhood, if asked to cube a
number in six figures, would have no recourse to
pencil and paper, but after a momentary trance-like
stillness would undergo a sort of spasm, and, with
certain comical and meaningless movements of head
and limbs, would bring to birth the result of his
lightning-like calculation, the process of parturition
having every appearance of being little short of
excruciating. Professor Edmund Kemper Broadus
writes with humor and insight on the subject of
" Genius at School " in the current " Atlantic."
After acknowledging the disappointing quality of
academic success, and the perverse tendency of the
self-willed and the lazy to achieve distinction, once
in a while, at least, in after life, he goes on to say,
among other things : " And if, in addition to the
self-directed spirits who are independent of formal
' schooling,' and the amiably idle who are indifferent
to it, there remains a residuum of the incurably
ignorant, not even of these need the seeker despair.
There is a kind of perfection, an orbicular wholeness
about ignorance, sometimes, that is akin to genius
itself. They are the leaven of the whole lump, in-
deed, these indomitable ignoramuses. They are the
geniuses in the art of getting things wrong. The
student who said that churches promote the mor-
tality of the community, and his fellow who averred
that churches are supported by the tribulations of
their members, had that vatic quality which savage
nations are accustomed to recognize and reverence
in the weak-winded." Nevertheless, neither blunder-
ing, however pregnant with unintentional wisdom,
nor eccentricity, however astonishing, is a sure sign
of genius ; else how easy it were, comparatively
speaking, to achieve fame !
• • •
A BOSTON PUBLISHER OF HONORED ANTECE-
DENTS, reputed for his own just and courteous deal-
ings with authors, both American and foreign, and
perhaps even more famous as the son of an unusu-
ally able and distinguished publisher, died recently
in the city of his birth and of his business activity
for the greater part of his active life. Benjamin
Holt Ticknor, born August 3, 1842, was the son of
William Davis Ticknor, who founded the house of
Ticknor & Fields and was largely instrumental in
bringing to public notice and to enduring fame so
many of our New England authors of the middle
of last century. In fact, as is maintained by Miss
Caroline Ticknor, daughter of him whose death we
here regretfully note, in her late admirable work,
"Hawthorne and his Publisher," the elder Ticknor
acted as publisher to more American and foreign au-
thors of celebrity than any one else of his time ; and
his honorable and generous dealings with English
authors in those piratical days were as unprece-
dented as they were appreciated by the beneficiaries.
Reared in such an atmosphere, and coming, as he
must have come, into something like intimate contact
with the many noted frequenters of his father's Old
Corner Bookstore, the young Ticknor naturally and
properly continued the traditional policy of the house
when he rose to prominence in its management, even
though the firm name was subject to rather fre-
quent and, to an outsider, unaccountable changes.
From Ticknor & Fields it became successively Fields,
Osgood & Co., J. R. Osgood & Co., Ticknor & Co.,
Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and, finally, Houghton
Mifllin Co., but retained the valued services of Mr.
Ticknor until about eight years ago, when he retired
on account of ill health. The famous authors whom
he knew as publisher and friend would make too
long a list to enumerate here.
A PLEA FOR THE QUESTIONNAIRE, that more or
less unwelcome inquisitor which is likely to come
at any time, and from any quarter, prying into our
private or professional or business affairs, is made
by "The Inland Printer" in its current issue.
Statistics, repellent though they are in undigested
form, may, like the ugly and venomous toad, wear
yet a precious jewel in their head. Statistics of the
book-trade, for instance, or of public libraries, or of
newspaper circulation, may serve to indicate a rise
in the tide of popular intelligence and general cul-
ture, and so rejoice the humanitarian interested in
the welfare of the race. Straws show the wind's
direction and velocity, and the statisticians of the
Census Bureau are on the watch for all such aids
to a trustworthy determination of the trend of the
times. But if we shirk the filling-out of the blanks
issued by the Bureau for the gathering-in of useful
information on a multitude of subjects, how can we
ever hope to learn with any certainty where we are
or in which direction we are moving in the mighty
stream of civilization? The Director of the Census
has good reason to complain of insufficient zeal on
the part of the public in furnishing the information
desired by him. He says, as quoted by the afore-
mentioned monthly: "One of the principal causes
for the delay in the publication of the statistics of
manufactures of the United States is the difficulty
we experience in securing reports from the different
establishments. At the last census of manufactures,
which covered the year 1909, all of the establish-
ments throughout the country were furnished with
blank schedules upon which to make their reports
by mail, but there was less than one per cent of the
entire number that made complete reports. All of
the others were collected by a personal visit of spe-
134
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
cial agents. This field work was not only expensive,
but greatly retarded the compilation of the sta-
tistics." A greater readiness of response to the
questionnaire would undoubtedly be for the benefit
of all concerned. t
REVIVING A NATIONAL LANGUAGE AND LITERA-
TURE that have fallen under the blighting influence
of foreign domination cannot but be a long and
difficult task. It is now a century since Norway
freed herself from Denmark and recovered her in-
dependence as a separate nation, although dynastic
ties held her in political alliance with Sweden until
1905. Four centuries of Danish rule naturally left
their mark on the speech of Norway, as attested by
the present similarity between the spoken and writ-
ten language of cultured Norwegians and that of
educated Danes. But the patriotic Norwegian is
not inclined to acquiesce in the Danification of his
ancient tongue, and in connection with this year's
centennial celebration of the recovery of independ-
ence it is proposed to adopt by due process of law
a revived Norwegian language as the national and
official speech of the kingdom ; and for this purpose
the labors of Ivar Aasen, patriot, philologist, and
man of letters, are to be turned to account. Sixty
years ago Aasen busied himself with the construc-
tion, or reconstruction, of a national language which
he called "Landsmaal," going back to the old Norse
Sagas for genuine native words, and also having re-
course to the dialects of those remoter districts that
had successfully resisted the inroads of the Danish
tongue. According to report, which may be more or
less erroneous, the Norwegian speech thus learnedly
and painstakingly put together seems, contrary to all
precedent, to be meeting with popular favor and to
be gaining acceptance, especially in the rural dis-
tricts, in songs and sermons, in the mimic life of the
stage and in the real life of every day. Landsmaal
is said to be melodious to the ear, of poetic quality,
phonetic in its written form, and not so unlike the
printed Danish as to be beyond the comprehension
of a scholar familiar with the latter tongue. May
it not be that Ireland and Scotland and Cornwall
and Brittany, with who knows how many other dis-
languaged regions of the earth, will some day succeed
in reviving their obsolete or obsolescent tongues and
thus add to the linguistic variety and picturesqueness
of the civilized world and the domain of literature?
A MAN OF THE PEN AND OF THE SWORD, General
James Grant Wilson, who died on the first of this
month, was the son of a poet and publisher, William
W. Wilson, who brought his family from Edinburgh
to this country in 1833, when James was one year
old, and settled at Poughkeepsie. A partnership in
the paternal publishing house failed to satisfy the
young man's ambitions, and he entered journalism,
becoming in 1857 the founder and first editor of
the Chicago "Record." Soon after the outbreak of
the Civil War, he was commissioned major of the
Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, and ere long became its
acting colonel ; served in the Vicksburg campaign
under Grant, and then, on that general's advice,
accepted the command of the Fourth U. S. Negro
Cavalry ; was for two years aide-de-camp to General
Banks; brevet brigadier-general in March, 1865;
resigned from the service three months later, and
made his residence in New York City, where he
occupied himself chiefly in literary work, and in
gathering his fine library, until the end of his life.
Of the score of books written or edited by him, the
more important are his biographies of Grant and
Fitz-Greene Halleck, his "Lives of the Presidents
of the United States," "Sketches of Illinois Offi-
cers," "Thackeray in the United States," "Love in
Letters," "The World's Largest Libraries," "Mr.
Secretary Pepys and his Diary," "Bryant and his
Friends," "Sketches of Illustrious Soldiers," "Com-
modore Isaac Hull and the Frigate Constitution,"
"Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography,"
the " Great Commanders " series, Halleck's " Poems,"
" Poets and Poetry of Scotland," " Memorial History
of the City of New York," and the "Centennial His-
tory of the Diocese of New York." Academic honors
and society memberships and officerships were con-
ferred upon him in abundance. He had a wide
acquaintance with noted men of letters and other
celebrities, and had known with some degree of in-
timacy every president from Lincoln to the present
occupant of the White House. His books have had
a considerable circulation.
* • •
A MISSIONARY TO THE BOOKLESS in one of the
sparsely-settled counties of southeastern Maryland is
doing a work that merits attention. In the current
Report of the Maryland Public Library Commission
we note, under " East Berlin," which is in Worcester
County : "Here we have a county library on a small
scale, with nine stations throughout the country-side.
The Friendly Library was established in October,
1908, by Miss Rozelle P. Handy, who lives about
five miles from Berlin. Through the generosity of
her friends, she gathered together 500 volumes. The
library now numbers 1600 volumes. She placed type-
written lists at the stores in the neighborhood, with
the request that the people make out a list of books
wanted. The books are kept at Miss Handy 's home
in a book- case built in a sheltered corner of the porch.
Applications for books are made through the stores.
Miss Handy carries the books to and from the stores,
and only in the case of invalids or people too old to
go to the store does she deliver the books to the
homes. There are no fines and fees, and she does
not insist that books come back on time ( three weeks
being the limit), but the books away come in on
demand. Miss Handy keeps a record, showing just
what books each person has read and what persons
have read each book. As the books are usually read
by each member of the family, a book is not sent to
a family a second time unless the younger children
have grown up and demand it. ... All her finan-
cial help and gifts come from the outside. She is
1914]
THE DIAL
fortunate in having many friends interested in the
library, and is constantly receiving gifts." A record
for the past year of 2800 circulation (400 non-fiction)
among 368 borrowers, is not bad, especially as the
total number of readings of all the books sent out far
exceeds the circulation figure. Here is a chance for
those burdened with a superfluity of books or money,
or both, to aid in a good work.
• • •
A NEW HONOR FOK PROFESSOR JOHN BACH
McMASTER was conferred in his election, on Feb-
ruary 7, to the presidency of the Franklin Inn
Club, of Philadelphia, in succession to the late Dr.
S. Weir Mitchell. Of this club of authors, artists,
and publishers, Dr. Mitchell had been president for
fourteen years. Its membership roll has included
such famous Philadelphians as Horace Howard
Furness, the Shakespearean scholar; Dr. Henry
Charles Lea, the historian; Mr. Owen Wister, the
novelist; Professor Schelling, the authority on
Elizabethan poetry; Professor Cheney, whose his-
tory of the Elizabethan period has just been pub-
lished; Professor Lamed, who has elucidated the
German influence in America; Dr. Keen, the cele-
brated surgeon, who as a young man was associated
with Dr. Mitchell in the Civil War hospitals of
Philadelphia ; Dr. Gummere, of Haverf ord College ;
Ex- Provost Harrison and Provost Smith of the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania; Mr. John Luther Long,
the novelist; Mr. Francis Rawle, chairman of the
committee of the American Bar Association ; Major-
General James Harrison Wilson, the most distin-
guished surviving corps commander of the Union
armies; and Mr. F. Hopkinson Smith, artist and
writer. The Franklin Inn Club is to be congratu-
lated upon the maintenance of its long-established
traditions ensured by Dr. McMaster's election to
the presidency. To its quaint Philadelphia home,
where is preserved an early colonial atmosphere,
there are brought almost daily scholars, authors, men
of distinction in various fields, from all parts of this
country, from England, Germany, South Africa, the
ends of the earth; and these fortunate guests are
likely to find no diminishment in the charm of sur-
roundings under the new administration.
• • •
BITS OF BIBLIOTHECAL NEWS, in this preemi-
nently bibliothecal age and country, are every day
or two claiming our interested attention. For
example, the Kansas City Public Library has re-
cently received from an unnamed benefactor the
gift of five hundred music-rolls for circulation among
card- holders who may wish to borrow them, under
the rules governing the lending of books, and to
enjoy the tuneful effect of their operation on the
mechanical player-piano with which every third or
fourth home is now equipped. No rag-time pieces
are included in these rolls, and none will be ad-
mitted to the library — or so the librarian is said to
have announced. In addition to its other activities
in educational uplift, who knows but that the library
is ere long to become a powerful agency for the
elevating and refining of our musical taste? To the
already established heads of departments in public
libraries shall we not presently see added a custo-
dian of music-rolls, equipped with the special
knowledge required for the discharge of his impor-
tant duties, and energetic in promoting the cause
of good music in his community ? Another pleas-
ing item of news under this general head bring*
with it the promise of greatly improved facilities
for the circulation of library books among patrons
at a distance from the library. Congressman Gillett
of Massachusetts has introduced a bill for the grant-
ing of a special mail rate of one cent a pound on
library books — to apply to public libraries, school
libraries supported by taxation, and, under certain
conditions, social, industrial, and trade libraries.
• • •
MRS. GASKELL'S MANCHESTER HOME, the house
at 84 Plymouth Grove where she did her best literary
work and received so many of her literary friends,,
including Thackeray, Dickens, and her whose life
she was to chronicle in one of the world's most
memorable biographies, has very recently become
vacant through the death of Miss Margaret Gaskellr
who with her sister, also deceased, had occupied the
house from the time of their mother's death in 1865.
Naturally enough, the admirers of Mrs. Gaskell are
earnest in advocating the preservation of the house
as a Gaskell Museum, a repository for such articles
of furniture, works of art, books, manuscripts, and
other memorials, as are associated with the author
of " Cranford " and her friends. It has been pro-
posed that the city of Manchester buy the property
and turn to profitable use a part of the vacant land
adjoining the house. A shilling admission fee, too,
would go far toward making the museum self-
supporting. But it appears from reports that the
city fathers estimate the probable cost of maintenance
as prohibitive of the undertaking. Surely, now that
the Johnson house in Fleet Street has been rescued
and restored by the public spirit and large generosity
of one man, Mr. Cecil B. Harmsworth, the prosper-
ous city of Manchester ought not to pull its purse-
strings quite so tight when so worthy a cause is in
question.
BAITING THE HOOK TO CATCH THE READER is a.
trick that not only publishers and authors and head-
line-writers find it necessary to learn, but librarians-
also are giving more and more attention to this
detail of their profession. In a recent issue of
"The Outlook" Miss Sarah Comstock writes about
"Byways of Library Work," describing some of the
devices used to whet the rural appetite for such
literary wares as are offered by the county book-
wagon and through other agencies of library exten-
ion. "I'm going to the library," breathlessly
xplained a storm-buffeted lad on his way over the
western prairie to the nearest source of supply for
iis book- hunger; "she [the librarian] came an' tol*
me all about ' Tom Sawyer ' herself, an' I 'm going
136
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
to have it. I ain't froze but one ear yet, an' I ain't
got but one more to freeze, an', anyhow, I 'm goin'
to have that book." Among other kindred items,
the missionary activity of the Brumback Library
of Van Wert County, Ohio, is described by Miss
Comstock with especial reference to the " traps " it
lays for its readers. This notable library and the
great work it is doing are soon to be brought to
public notice, more fully than heretofore, in a book
now in preparation at the hands of the daughter
and the son-in-law of the far-sighted and public-
spirited founder of the library.
EIGHT WAYS OF REVIEWING A BOOK, as enumer-
ated by Sir W. Robertson Nicoll, are these: first, the
ostentatious essay, in which, after two and seven-
eighths of the three columns allowed the reviewer
have been filled, with more or less irrelevant erudi-
tion, he seems suddenly to become aware of the book
assigned him for notice, and ends his task with a
•complimentary sentence in which the convenient
phrase "on the whole" is pretty certain to occur;
second, the hypercritical review, the review of the
expert intent on detecting errors, often of the
minutest sort; third, the man-of-all-work's review,
or the short notice written by the hack of real or
supposed encyclopaedic learning who can turn out a
presentable article on any book or any subject under
the sun; fourth, the puff, which is familiar to us
all; fifth, the malignant review, which happily is
less familiar ; sixth, the honestly enthusiastic review,
•which is a joy to the publisher and a fountain of
life to the author ; seventh, the right kind of review,
which is the candid and careful criticism of a com-
petent judge; eighth and last, the personal review,
by which is meant "the review that blends gossip
with criticism," and that is more likely to please the
general reader than any other mode of review yet
discovered.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
A DIFFICULTY IN TRANSLATION.
(To the -Editor of THB DIAL.)
It is interesting to notice instances in which the
«arly English distinction between the singular and plural
forms of the second person pronoun is still observed in
modern English. Naturally enough, we address God
as thou and thee because you would seem familiar and
disrespectful. The distinction, however, between the
formal or respectful you and the affectionate, friendly,
superior, or contemptuous thou and thee has been prac-
tically done away with in modern English. Scholars,
of course, are thoroughly acquainted with the frequency
and expressiveness of this distinction in Shakespeare,
and even high-school students are able to differentiate
clearly the French tu and vous and the German du and
Sie.
But everyone is puzzled when an English equivalent
of du or tu is to be given in translation. How can one
retain the expressiveness of the original if one can
translate only by you f How is one to show in English
the affectionate familiarity of two friends who, after
they have drunk Briiderschaft, address each other as du
instead of Sie ? Often the use of the familiar thou con-
trasted with the formal you is inevitable in translation.
In Hugo's "Laughing Man" we must translate: "For
Barkilphedro to be ' thee'd ' and ' thou'd ' was a suc-
cess; he had aspired to this contemptuous familiarity."
It would be well to show that while Lady Josiana
addresses Barkilphedro as thou, he always addresses
her, as is due her rank, as you. In " Ninety-Three,"
too, Cimourdain discovers that his dearest friend,
Gawain, has played the traitor. " Accused," said he,
" you will stand up." As Hugo remarks, it is signifi-
cant that " he no longer said ' thee ' and ' thou ' to
Gawain." Such a distinction in the use of the pronoun,
filling as it does a real need, should not be altogether
lost: it should at least be preserved in elevated English
poetry and prose. HYDER E. ROLLINS.
The University of Texas, Feb. 4, 1914.
WALT WHITMAN AND LINCOLN'S
ASSASSINATION.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
On page 589 of Francis Fisher Browne's " Every-day
Life of Lincoln," occurs this statement :
"Scarcely had the horror-stricken audience witnessed
the leap and flight of the assassin when a woman's shriek
pierced through the theatre, recalling all eyes to the Presi-
dent's box. The scene that ensued is described with singular
vividness by the poet Walt Whitman, who was present."
Now I would ask you to turn to the following state-
ment in " Specimen Days," in the collected edition of
Whitman's works published by Putnam (1902) under
the supervision of the literary executors of the poet,
Vol. I., page 37:
" Of all the days of the war, there are two especially I
can never forget. Those were the day following the news,
in New York and Brooklyn, of the first Bull Run defeat, and
the day of Abraham Lincoln's death. I was home in Brooklyn
on both occasions."
Perhaps some reader of THE DIAL can explain this
discrepancy. I have enjoyed the " Every-day Life of
Lincoln " so much that I want to have everything veri-
fied. In fact, I once claimed that Walt Whitman had
been present at Lincoln's assassination on the strength
of this reference, and it was therefore a surprise to run
across the note in " Specimen Days."
HAROLD HERSEY.
Washington, D. C., Feb. 7, 1914.
"WORTH WHILE."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Will you kindly enlighten us of the far West as to
the popularity of the phrase " worth while " ? In the
midst of impassioned sermons we learn that life and
religion are worth while; librarians ask patrons to name
books that are worth while; magazines want contrib-
utions that are worth while ; professors of literature lec-
ture on authors that are worth while. Education is
worth while; marriage, feminism, and socialism are
worth while. So are big business deals, and great
engineering projects, and efficiency. Truly all these are
worthy, good, advantageous, or otherwise ; but why are
they all " worth while "? WM. CHESLETT, JR.
Stanford University, Cal, Feb. 5, 1914.
1914]
THE DIAL
137
tooks.
NATURAL, HISTORY EAST AND WEST.*
About thirty-five years ago a collector of
plants ascended the Yangtze River to the bor-
ders of western China. Finding the natives
hostile, he was obliged to return ; but before
doing so, he spent a few days examining, as
well as he could, the native flora. In the course
of this work he came across a new and beautiful
species of Primula, which he knew would be
very desirable for cultivation. As it was im-
possible to get the living plants home, and no
ripe seed-capsules were found, he hit upon the
expedient of carrying away a sack of earth
from the place where the plants were found,
hoping that the seeds it probably contained
would germinate. This plan was perfectly suc-
cessful; and in this manner the Primula
obconica, one of our commonest and most ad-
mired greenhouse plants of to-day, was secured
for horticulture.
Previous to this time many Chinese plants
had been brought to Europe for cultivation,
some from China direct, others from Japanese
gardens. These, however, were nearly all cul-
tivated plants, merely transferred from the
gardens of the Orient to those of the Occident.
It was not known, thirty years ago, that west-
ern China was full of the most remarkable and
beautiful wild trees, shrubs, and herbs, hun-
dreds of them well adapted to the gardens of
Europe and America. During the last quarter
of a century these wonders have gradually been
revealed by a few indefatigable and phenom-
enally successful collectors, among whom, when
all the material has been examined, E. H.
Wilson will probably be found to take the first
rank. Statistics convey a poor idea of the work
done ; but it is worth noting that in the course
of nearly eleven years Wilson collected about
65,000 specimens, representing about 5,000
different species, and sent home seeds of over
1,500 different plants. We do not know how
many of the species were new to science, but
they were exceedingly numerous: thus it is
stated that there were forty new species of
cherries alone. Very many of the plants have
proved valuable additions to our gardens in
their original form ; others will be used in
* A NATURALIST IN WESTERN CHINA. By Ernest Henry
Wilson. With an Introduction by Charles Sprague Sargent.
In two volumes. Illustrated. New York : Doubleday, Page
&Co.
To THE RIVER PLATE AND BACK. By W. J. Holland.
Illustrated. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
crosses, to produce improved strains of fruita
and flowers. The results of this work will rap-
idly become available all over the country, and
eventually nearly everyone will, usually with-
out knowing it, be indebted in some way or
other to E. H. Wilson. The work of explo-
ration and collecting was arduous and time-
consuming, but it was thoroughly enjoyed at
the time and its results ought to yield as much
satisfaction as need fall to the lot of mortal man.
In his well written and beautifully illustrated
book Mr. Wilson tells the story of his work
and gives a general discussion of the people and
products of western China. We are astonished
first at the author's knowledge of the flora;
then at his keen observations on the sociology >
politics, agriculture, zoology, and many other
matters which came before him. The narrative
is a perfectly straightforward one, apparently
without undue bias of any kind, but written in
a sympathetic spirit. Those who care for explo-
ration and natural history will enjoy it most;
but it is to be recommended also to those who
are interested in the character of the Chinese^
and the future of China. Many people have
visited the fringe of that great country, and
freely communicated their impressions to the
world ; but here is a man who has gone to and
fro in the uttermost parts for many years, with
only native companions ; one, also, who is scien-
tifically minded, and has no particular reason
for distorting the facts.
On one of his journeys, Mr. Wilson entrusted
a box of money to a recently engaged coolie,,
who presently complained of feeling sick and
was discharged. It was discovered next day
that the man had decamped with about half the
money. At about the same time an official, on
being asked to furnish the customary escort,
sent back a discourteous reply, refusing to-
grant the request. The reader will think at
once : " Of course, — what else is to be expected
in China?" He will then be astonished to read
that both experiences were unique; that in
eleven years no other serious theft of the au-
thor's property occurred, and no other official
was anything but polite! Could a Chineser
travelling in the United States, tell a similar
story? On the borders of Thibet there are
gangs of robbers, but Mr. Wilson was not
molested by them. A friend of the author's,
who has spent many years among the Thibetans,,
has contributed a long and very interesting note
on polyandry, showing how the custom haa
grown out of the mode of life of those people.
Under the circumstances, it has its advantages,
138
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
for " it must often happen that one or two hus-
bands are away tending flocks, worshipping at
holy mountains, or robbing travellers." It also
has the effect of keeping down the population
in a country which would not support increased
numbers.
A few paragraphs from Mr. Wilson's conclud-
ing chapter will give some idea of his views :
" A keynote to the Chinese character is pride. They
are an intensely proud people, and it must be confessed
that their pride is justified. . . . They have also grave
national faults, and this pride and its concomitant con-
servatism is largely the cause of their present position.
... I have met in China hundreds of students intent
on acquiring Western knowledge, but scarcely one who
in any sense realized the immensity of the task before
him. . . . For generations China went in for competitive
•examinations to supply all official posts, and had, as a
result, a body of truly incapable officials. ... I do not
believe in a 'Yellow Peril' in the nature of a possible
military conquest of the West. It would be necessary
to fundamentally alter the Chinese character in order
to make it militantly aggressive. But in their virility and
industry they are unconquerable people, quite the equals
•of the West in these qualities. If they thoroughly
4 awaken,' what is to prevent them becoming in com-
merce and industry the great competitors of the white
race ? . . . My experiences in China, though varied,
have on the whole been very pleasant. To speak as we
And and courageously is the only just stand to take.
With all their peculiarities, conservatism, and faults, the
Chinese are a great people. Phoenix-like, China has
arisen time and again from the ashes of decadent dynas-
ties, and there is every reason to believe she will accom-
plish this again. Her peace-loving, industrious millions
•can never be utterly smothered or nationally effaced.
Sooner or later they must come into their own, and side
•by side with the people of the Occident help forward the
•destiny of the world."
In 1899, wonderfully perfect materials of a
gigantic fossil reptile were found in Wyoming,
and secured for the Carnegie Museum at Pitts-
burgh. The mounted skeleton is over eighty-four
feet long, with extremely long neck and tail,
and a comparatively minute head which must
have contained the smallest brain, in compar-
ison with the bulk of the animal, of any known
vertebrate. The species was supposed, perhaps
•erroneously, to be new, and was accordingly
named Diplodocus carnegiei. A sketch of it
was sent to Mr. Carnegie in Scotland, and was
by him shown to King Edward VII., who at once
asked for a specimen to be placed in the British
Museum. But there are some things that even
kings must do without, skeletons of Diplodocus
being among them. It was, however, possible
to make a replica, which was given to the British
Museum, and for most purposes serves as well
as the original. I have seen both the original
and the copy, and do not think I could tell them
apart without very close examination. The great
success of this undertaking led to models of
Diplodocus being given, at Mr. Carnegie's ex-
pense, to other European museums. When one
was set up in Paris, one of the papers of that
city came out with the "explanation" that
Americans, having so often purchased fake
antiquities in Europe, had resolved to get even
by one bold stroke! Everywhere the Diplo-
docus created a great deal of public interest,
and helped to make palaeontology, in spite of
its subject-matter, a live science.
Recently, a Diplodocus replica was given to
the Argentine Republic, and Dr. Holland, the
distinguished Director of the Carnegie Museum,
went to La Plata to superintend its erection.
This journey to South America is the basis of
the book now before us. While Dr. Holland
kept essentially to the beaten path, and has no
remarkable adventures or discoveries to record,
he has written a thoroughly interesting and
entertaining account of what he saw. The nar-
rative is detailed enough to be vivid, yet not so
detailed as to be tiresome ; it is based not only
on the actual experiences of the voyage, but
also on much reading and thought. Thus the
author's "first impressions" are not mere naive
reactions in the presence of the unfamiliar, but
are added to the results of previous close study.
Dr. Holland describes his book as "simply the
record of a pleasant journey," and does not offer
it as an important contribution to knowledge;
but it will open the eyes of many travellers to
interesting features of the South American coun-
tries, and will especially serve to interest them
in numerous scientific problems of which they
would otherwise know nothing. The book is
beautifully illustrated, not only by reproduc-
tions from photographs, but also by some very
delicate and beautiful colored plates, made from
water-color drawings by the author.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
ITALY'S FOREMOST COMIC DRAMATIST.*
With his volume on Goldoni, Mr. H. C.
Chatfield-Taylor has added a companion work
to his "Moliere: A Biography," which ap-
peared in 1906. It is unhappily so rare in our
country to find combined in an amateur both
the leisure and the scholarship requisite for the
successful cultivation of belles-lettres, that the
appearance of this volume is an event of consid-
* GOLDONI. A Biography. By H. C. Chatfield-Taylor,
Litt.D. Illustrated. New York : Duffield & Co.
1914]
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139
erable interest. We should burn a fine candle
to the Italian gentleman who, we are told, sug-
gested that Mr. Chatfield-Taylor undertake the
work. The subject is a fascinating one, and it
fell into hands which were well fitted to treat
it after completing the excellent monograph on
Moli^re. It may be hoped that the author of
these two works has definitely forsworn the
society novel, and that he will henceforth follow
the line of studies in which he has been of late
engaged.
Strange to say, there has been no adequate
treatment of Goldoni in English : there was a
clear field. It is regrettable that foreign stu-
dents of Italian literature have confined them-
selves so straitly to the trecento and the Renais-
sance. The eighteenth century in Italy was, to
be sure, an age of immorality and of low social
standards. But so it was in the rest of Europe.
Yet, whereas English, German, and French
writers of that century have been scraped to
the bone for a morsel of flesh, the eighteenth
century literature of Italy and of Spain has
been scarcely touched. Periods of moral laxity
and of political corruption are, however, often
of great social interest, and of no century is this
more true than of the wicked and corrupt but
gay and witty century which, despite the utter-
ances of philosophers and scientists, fiddled and
danced on its way to the French Revolution.
The adventures of Goldoni (born 1707) before
he "found himself" and became the purveyor
of plays for the two Venetian theatres of Sant'
Angelo and San Luca are a perfect reflection
of the state of Italy during the first half of the
eighteenth century. To match his romantic
adventures one must turn to the fictions of
Agustin de Rojas in his Spanish novel of El
Viaje entretenido (1603), to Scarron's French
Roman comique (1651), or to Theophile
Gautier's better known Capitaine Fracasse
(1861). The source for our knowledge of these
" Wanderjahre" of the future master of Italian
comedy is the Memoires written in French at
Paris toward the close of his long life. Upon
these Memoires, covering one of the most
checkered dramatic careers of which we have
record, Mr. Chatfield-Taylor has necessarily
drawn heavily. His excerpts will have the
effect of sending many of his readers to make a
first-hand acquaintance with the personal recol-
lections of the amiable and benevolent "Papa
Goldoni."
We venture to emphasize as most informing
the chapters in which the author has set forth
the general social and literary conditions in
Venice, the campaign of Goldoni in favor of the
written comedy, the relations of Goldoni with
French and English men of letters, the essential
inferiority of the Italian to Moliere, and the
last years of Goldoni's long life at Versailles
and at Paris until his death in 1793 at the age
of eighty-six. There is perhaps no clearer ex-
position of the subject to be found in English
than the chapter on " The Improvised Comedy "
of Italy, — not even Dr. Winifred Smith's more
detailed Columbia University thesis on "The
Commedia dell' arte," to which our author
acknowledges his indebtedness.
A mere handful of Goldoni's three hundred
plays are known to some of our university stu-
dents and to a few curious theatre-goers. No
one who has seen Signore Novelli in his Italian
version of Le Bourru bienfaisant, first played
at the Comedie Fransaise on November 4, 1771,
will soon forget the comedy or its interpreter.
But we question whether in a book of this kind,
intended for the general reader, it was expedient
to analyze so many of Goldoni's plays as Mr.
Chatfield-Taylor has done. The middle of the
volume is a trifle heavy, and one has the unwel-
come conviction that each plot is driving its
predecessor from the mind, as one comedy of
intrigue after another is passed in review. The
plots of the comedies are abundantly illustrated
by the translation of scenes which must have
cost the translator no little pains. Of these,
the poetical renderings are more pleasing than
the prose, because it is even less possible in the
latter case to reproduce the elusive dialogue of
the Italian ; whereas the poetry even in English
has a dignity and formality of its own which
does not court comparison with the original.
Goldoni has been so generally referred to as
the "Molie-re of Italy" that Mr. Chatfield-
Taylor has done well to limit the implied parallel
between these two great modern creators of
wholesome mirth. The Frenchman and the
Italian each developed his consummate mastery
of character-drawing and of dramatic technique
from the improvised comedy of Italy. Each was
a bourgeois with an extensive knowledge of the
foibles of humanity. Each had grown up in the
air of the green-room, and each wrote comedies
to keep the wolf from the door. In outward
circumstances the careers of the two men were
strangely similar . Neither was n otably a religious
man ; but Moliere was a philosopher. There
are many serious passages in Goldoni's comedies
in which he preaches to his generation ; but they
hardly hit the eternal truth as does Moliere in
his portentous portraits of the hypocrite, the
140
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
misanthrope, the miser, the rake, and the social
climber. One might prefer to have the sunny
and optimistic Goldoni for a friend with whom
to chat and drink coffee in the Piazza in Venice,
while he laughed over his adventures with act-
resses, with naughty grand dames and their
" cicisbeos "; but one would prefer to read
Moli£re, to study humanity through his observ-
ing eyes, and to recognize in this great, sad,
lovable man the same jarring note of tragedy
and comedy which makes the whole world his
kin. Goldoni is comparatively shallow, while
Moli£re is incomparably profound ; Goldoni is
an Italian, and more specifically a Venetian, of
the eighteenth century, while Molidre is universal
because he deals with eternal types of human
folly.
The general reader, for whom the body of
the book is intended, will be especially inter-
ested, moreover, in the literary friendship of
Goldoni and Voltaire, in the influence of Rich-
ardson upon the Italian playwright, and in the
experiences of the exiled dramatist as Italian
tutor in the family of Louis XV. But there
are a number of hors d'oeuvres contained in
the massive volume: the appetite is whetted
by the admirable reproductions of paintings by
Pietro Longhi, illustrative of Italian life in the
eighteenth century, which lend precious assist-
ance to an understanding of Goldoni 's comedies;
the author's footnotes lead the way to French
and Italian authorities for the history of the
Italian drama ; and, most valuable to the scholar,
there are three Appendices and an Index, rep-
resenting the painstaking work of Professor
F. C. L. van Steenderen of Lake Forest Col-
lege. Appendix A, containing a chronological
catalogue raisojine of Goldoui's works with
reference to the source and the first performance
of each play or opera, is an invaluable com-
pendium of information for the student of com-
parative literature. A biographical chronology
and a bibliography of editions of Goldoni fur-
ther enhance the value of the volume, and thus
place a mass of scattered details at the conven-
ient disposal of the student.
Mr. Chatfield-Taylor's style is easy and
agreeable to read. Like Mme. de Sevigne in
one respect, he lets his pen trot " la bride sur
le eou," thereby offering a striking contrast to
most academic writers who feel that space limi-
tations require succinctness of statement. There
is one sentence, on page 510, that savors of Gol-
doni's countryman, the cavaliere Marino. As
an example of preciosite it jars on the natural
style of the book, and may be quoted a titre
de curiosite: "Goldoni, too, is open to the
charge of having presented in The House
Party a triangle of domestic infelicity similar
in outline to the conventional framework of the
plays of modern Europe ; yet he has so tem-
pered his situations that the apical angle de-
scribing his story of marital incompatability,
being neither viciously obtuse nor insinuatingly
acute, may justly be termed right." How this
curious concetto escaped the pen of an experi-
enced writer is cause for wonder.
The following slight inaccuracies have been
noted, and should be corrected in a second
edition : on page 474 it is incorrect to include
Mme. Champmesle in the troupe of the Comedie
Francaise at the time of Goldoni's arrival in
Paris in 1762, as she had died in 1698 ; on page
547 (note) the Spanish play El Burlador de
Sevilla should be assigned to 1630, when the
first edition was published at Barcelona (cf.
Fitz-Maurice Kelly).
The publishers have cooperated generously in
giving this important text a carefully constructed
and handsome frame. It is cause for gratification
that in this case an American has forestalled
English scholarship in producing a biography
of the foremost Italian comic author which should
find a place in every library.
W. W. COMFORT.
IDEALISTIC FORCES IN AMERICAN
HISTORY.*
" There is to-day," says Professor Adams, " a
very decided tendency to seek purely material
reasons for historical development, and espe-
cially so, apparently, in American history."
This tendency is unfortunate, he thinks ; for
there are in history " other influences of an in-
tellectual,— it may be a spiritual, — character."
The invitation to deliver a series of lectures at
Yale, on the " Dodge Foundation for Citizen-
ship," he has therefore made the occasion for
recalling " a few of the great ideals that have
animated our national conduct and moulded our
destiny." The ideals selected for this purpose
are indicated by the titles of the lectures, —
Nationality, Anti-slavery, Manifest Destiny,
Religion, Democracy. Professor Adams at-
tempts " neither explanation nor analysis of
these ideals, but rather ... to show by straight-
forward historical review and by familiar quota-
* THE POWER OF IDEALS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. By
Ephraim Douglass Adams. New Haven : Yale University
Press.
1914]
THE DIAL
141
tions from leading Americans of the time, the
force that was in them."
This, clearly, should prove no hazardous
undertaking — to maintain that men do not act
solely from material motives, to show that an
emotion, or a sentiment, or a faith, has often
had a powerful influence upon the course of
events. On first thought, one is disposed to
question the necessity of demonstrating so ob-
vious a truth. We all know, do we not, that
our friends are every day acting from other than
material motives, — from a sense of honor, from
friendship, or at the call of duty. Certainly we
know this. And it is a commonplace that men
in the mass, even more than individuals, are
likely to be moved by passion or sentiment to
noble or despicable action. If anything is
known, it is known that the motives which in-
spire human conduct are many, and capable of
a great variety of combination, so that the pres-
sure of any particular motive, or of any combina-
tion of motives, is never quite the same in any
two situations.
Undoubtedly it is this variety in the circum-
stance and motive of action that gives the study
of history its high value. A famous professor
of economics, in examining a candidate for the
doctor's degree on one occasion, began with the
following question : " Suppose a man and a dog
with two biscuits, cast away at sea in a small
boat; what would the man do?'' I dare say
the fascination of a certain kind of Political
Economy arises from the fact that you can say
straight off precisely what the man would do.
But if such questions have any meaning, then
life has none, and history has none. You have
to know the man and the dog and the biscuits,
the kind of boat, on what sea it was, and the
season of the year. Put St. Augustine in the
boat, and I should say that he would give both
biscuits to the dog, — at least if it were the dog
which we know of in the story. But if it hap-
pened to be Bill Sykes in the boat, I should
say that he would certainly eat both biscuits
himself — and afterwards, perhaps, the dog
also. History will readily furnish us both these
extremes, and between them a great variety of
possible courses. But if this variety makes his-
tory interesting, it also makes it difficult —
extremely so; so difficult that it is impossible
to enter into it in any intimate way, much less
to describe it, without selecting, out of the
countless number of actual situations, certain
situations of a special kind, and emphasizing,
in order to understand these situations, the pur-
poses or motives which seem to be most import-
ant. This selection and emphasis constitute
an interpretation. Obviously, in this sense,
there are many possible kinds of interpreta-
tion. Each will be more or less useful accord-
ing to the knowledge, the insight, and the
sympathy of the mind that makes it ; but none
can ever sum up the whole of history, or be the
only useful way of regarding it.
By all means, therefore, let us look at the
past from as many angles as possible, each stu-
dent regarding that.aspect of it which interests
him, and representing it in the best way he can.
Unfortunately, we are all disposed to exaggerate
the importance of what interests us ; and some
men are temperamentally unable to rest easy
until they have cleaned up the cosmos and
stored away everything in the snug compart-
ments of some general principle, without any
fragments left lying around to stumble over;
hence the neat formula which professes to
explain quite simply what seems at first sight
so inexplicably complex. From the Ionian
Mythographers to the days of Taine and Lam-
precht, the student of historical literature
encounters the debris of such formulae. But
the attempt to pack the human spirit in some
or other odd shaped syllogistic hand-bag never
does any harm because it is never successful.
The bag bursts, or the fashions change, and the
human spirit goes on its way, as resilient as
ever, whether rejoicing or not. Of these recep-
tacles, the latest is the well-braced provender-
crib known as the "Economic Interpreta-
tion of History." The latest, do I say? No,
not the very latest ; for it is already half passe,
of which fact Professor Adams's book is, in its
way, an interesting confirmation.
Of course any thoroughgoing materialist who
knows his business would say that Professor
Adams has gone about to upset a man of
straw, — very neatly, no doubt. Only a most
superficial materialist, he would say, ever sup-
posed that the immediate springs of conduct are
always material interests. Emotion, sentiment,
ideals, — these often move men, sure enough,
to irrational action. But what makes ideals?
Democracy is a force, I admit it ; but how do
you explain the existence of the ideal of democ-
racy, and why does it prevail one time rather
than another? Are ideals ultimate and persist-
ent forces, or are they but the natural instincts
of the human animal psychologically trans-
formed into more subtle instruments to be
employed in the service of those instincts?
Psychology tells us that emotion is but the in-
stinct for action delayed or thwarted. Well,
142
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
the Puritan ideal, for example, was a powerful
force, certainly ; but you will find the origin of
it in an economic and social organization which
for two or three centuries isolated the bourgeois
and thwarted his pursuit of wealth and power.
And what is the idea of democracy but an
effective moral and intellectual weapon forged
for the use of the average man in his contest
for the spoils of the world? Historians, so I
suppose our materialist to say, who are satisfied
with conscious motive as an explanation of action
in history are only one degree less superficial
than those who are content to narrate action
without explanation. We must be more pro-
found than that. We must refer action to
motive, and motive to the elemental and persist-
ent forces which give rise to it.
This is to place the discussion of historical
interpretation on another level altogether. On
this level, the materialist can indeed be encoun-
tered with good prospect of victory, but he
cannot be routed so easily. Professor Adams
does not meet him on this level; nor does he
profess to have done so. He has made his attack
upon the cruder and more superficial forms of
materialistic interpretation. This was well worth
doing, and it has been done effectively.
CARL BECKER.
CHINA'S "GRAND Ot,D MAN."*
Opportunity for a most interesting study of
personality as developed under Oriental condi-
tions of the past century is afforded in the re-
cently published " Memoirs of Li Hung Chang."
An alien and exotic quality in the book renders
it peculiarly acceptable to an Occidental reader,
and its seemingly frank and intimate revelation
of the inner life of a great and typical Chinaman
gives it more than ordinary value at this time,
when mutual understanding between East and
West is of importance for the interests of the
immediate future. Needless to say, the memoirs
furnish authentic information in regard to many
matters of great import in Chinese history of the
latter half of the past century.
Li Hung Chang would have been a remark-
able person in any part of the world. His career
indicates intellectual gifts and force of will such
as would have placed him in a leading position
had he been born a European instead of an
Asiatic. Indeed, so high an authority as former
Secretary of State John R. Foster calls him
* MEMOIRS OF Li HUNG CHANG. Edited by William
Francis Mannix. With an Introduction by Hon. John W.
Foster. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
" not only the greatest man whom the Chinese
race has produced in modern times, but, in a
combination of qualities, the most unique per-
sonality of the past century among all the nations
of the world." He was notable as man of letters,
soldier, diplomat, and statesman ; and in all these
scarcely related fields his greatness was due to
a certain brilliance of mind and activity and per-
sistence of will. His steady rise from his first
subordinate position in a district office until as
an old man he held the fate of China, at several
momentous crises, in his hands alone, — this
uninterrupted career in the achievement of his
youthful ambition seems to have been the inev-
itable result of abilities rather than the effect of
family or monetary influence.
Moreover, the personality of the great China-
man is not only impressive, but also attractive
and at times fascinating. The astonishing
shrewdness of the man, a businesslike and yet
almost preternatural keenness in estimating men
and turning them to his own purposes, — this
quintessence of worldly wisdom, blended with
ready and full appreciation of the abilities and
services of other men, and with apparently com-
plete loyalty to his country and his rulers, makes
him the sort of person to whom men of common
abilities attach themselves. Suavity, intellectual
keenness, power, and loyalty are the marked
traits of his character.
Such one feels Li Hung Chang to have been
in and of himself. But a sketch of his person-
ality cannot end there, for he was something in
addition as an Oriental and a Chinaman of the
last century. Gulick has shown convincingly
that national traits supposedly ineradicable may
be the product of age-long environment, and
may be subject, under a changing environment,
to alteration or complete effacement. As we
contemplate the uglier side of the character of
Li, we should be the more repelled if we did not
bear this truth in mind. In him century-long
environment had produced a person of cruel
nature and low moral consciousness. Though
seemingly devoted to the welfare of all his coun-
trymen, he took pleasure in ordering the head
taken from the shoulders of a wretch who at-
tempted his life, and years afterwards referred
to the incident with a sort of satisfaction. The
multitudes whom he sent to execution during his
long career as a magistrate sat very lightly upon
his conscience. When he captured Nanking
from the Taiping rebels, he commanded his
lieutenant-general to pass through the city and
slay all persons who were in any way associated
with the use of opium. The officer reported that
1914]
THE DIAL,
143
he killed twelve hundred users and retailers of
the drug. Li commented in his diary: "It is
good work, and it further commends Ching in
my sight." When a certain merchant came with
a complaint that Gordon's army had pillaged
his property, and begged for protection, Li was
about to have the fellow put to death, but altered
his mind and sent him back to Gordon with a
request written in English, "asking the com-
mander please to cut the fellow's head off upon
its presentation. He went away very gleefully."
When some of the butchers of Chingkiang com-
plained that the rebels had used up all meat
cattle of the region, and asked whether some of
the rebel prisoners might not be killed for food,
" I told them," writes Li, " to see my captain in
command over the wretches and tell him it would
do no harm to replenish the meat supply of the
city." Yet this cruelty is in strange contrast
with the appreciation and sympathy which drew
tears from his eyes as he sat by the death-bed
of his American lieutenant, Ward. He spent
the unpaid balance of Ward's salary in erecting
a shrine to his memory. His cruelty to the
Nanking qpium- smokers was balanced by his
sorrow for the curse this drug brought to his
race.
Li's conception of woman was low and
coarse. It is without the least sense of shame
that he refers to his father's concubines. His
own mother was one of these secondary wives.
Writing as an old man of his changed views in
regard to suicide, he ridicules widows who com-
mit suicide to show their affection for their
husbands, saying their real reason is laziness
or the fear that no other man will support
them. "In this she does not deceive herself,
nor does she fool the many thousands who are
glad to come and witness her death. Let the
widow marry again and rear up more spirits to
honor the spirits of those gone before. Of
course, if she is too lazy to do this, suicide is
good enough for her." He alludes in one pas-
sage to a certain secondary wife who had at
first been very zealous to please him, but who
soon became quarrelsome, and speaks of his
dismissing her with a monetary compensation
as if it were the discharge of a laborer.
Yet in strong contrast with this attitude
toward women in general is Li's feeling for his
own mother. One cannot doubt that his devo-
tion to her while alive was deep and genuine,
and that he remembered her with heartfelt
affection and reverence throughout the many
years he lived after her. While he was travel-
ling through Germany, the fourteenth anniver-
sary of her death occurred, and he secluded
himself from all callers and spent the day in
thinking of her and renewing his gratitude to
her memory. Somewhat similar was his loyalty
to certain friends, among whom the chief seems
to have been General Grant. At the tomb of
Grant he performed religious rites and offered
a prayer to the dead American, and the fervor
of his notes in the diary preclude the thought
of a mere theatrical display.
We have commented only upon striking and
contrasting elements in Li Hung Chang's per-
sonality. There is much, besides, of interest
in these memoirs. Li's style, even in the trans-
lation, is never uninteresting, and his humor
adds much to the relish of the book. He was a
great man born in an environment inhospitable
to some of the finer fruits of the spirit, yet
growing to an old age that commands admira-
tion not unmixed with reverence and even
affection. Q. D. WANNAMAKER.
THE SYMBOLISM OF WORDS.*
" There are manifold problems in literature that are
insoluble except by the supposition that the mind is at
times an instrument played upon by the fingers of an
Unseen Force."
In these words Mr. Harold Bay ley states in the
concluding chapter of his remarkable book the
theme that has played all through the two large
volumes. Another statement of this theme stands
at the head of Chapter XV. :
" Nothing is clearer than the marvelous persistence
of traditional and immemorial modes of thought, even
in the face of conquest and subjugation."
There is no pronounced unity either in the
individual chapters or in the work as a whole,
for in reality the range is encyclopaedic. The
chapter- titles in the first volume, — " The Parable
of the Pilgrim," " The Ways of Ascent," "The
Millennium," " The Hosts of the Lord," " King
Solomon," " The Fair Shulamite," " Cinderella,"
" The Star of the Sea," and others, — are perhaps
as good titles as could be chosen ; yet there are
many curious things in each chapter with only
a very slight thread of connection, or none at
all. And from the larger point of view, though
there is the unity of a continued gnostic and
mediaeval mystic interest, many things intrude
as welcome " brute " facts, and one will do wisely
to use the index as the key to an encyclopaedia.
*THE LOST LANGUAGE OF SYMBOLISM. An Inquiry
into the Origin of Certain Letters, Words, Names, Fairy-
Tales, Folklore, and Mythologies. By Harold Bayley. In
two volumes. Illustrated. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
144
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[Feb. 16
Otherwise the reader will lay himself open to a
bad fit of mental indigestion, and, taken at a
meal, the work is too much like a Hungarian
wedding feast, which lasts from Friday sun-down
until Monday morning, and excludes nothing
worth mentioning.
First, there is a vast amount of evidence to
show that the early Vaudois paper-makers and
the later Huguenots introduced into the paper
they manufactured their heresies in the guise of
water-marks. This has been the theme of a
former book by the same author, " A New Light
on the Renaissance." Hundreds of old cuts scat-
tered temptingly through the beautifully-printed
pages give these chapters an added value.
There is illumination on King Solomon and
the sometimes too pompous claims of Free
Masonry ; as well as on the Cinderella stories,
345 versions of which have been collated. There
are links showing the vital relations between
Cinderella and the Virgin Mary, and the Bride
of the Song of Solomon and the original Mother
or Mere, the Sea. There are many hints of the"
heritage of Christianity from Heathendom both
Eastern and Northern, and many sparkling
glances at all ancient universal mythologies.
Under the caption, " The White Horse," there
is a rich mine of animal symbolism.
In the Introduction, after noting a few roots
like ffl (God or Power), Ur (Fire), Joh, Yah
or lah (the Ever-Existent), the author calls
attention to a syllable that appears to spring
from the original human tongue, ak. Karnak,
Menok, Anok, Akbar, Balak, Hakon, Anahuac,
Achilles, Heracles, Agag, the Gog and Magog
in the London Guild Hall, Yak, Oak, to say
nothing of the ic's and o&'s which are equivalent
to a&'s since vowels are of such slight conse-
quence in etymology, — this list could be ex-
tended into an impressive one ; all the words,
it will be seen, including the common notion
of greatness. He overlooks Jacob and climax
(climacks) and probably many more. Meeting
this Aryan ak is like shaking hands with the
Stone Age Man in the British Museum.
Again, the connection between Hu the
mighty, first of the three chieftains who estab-
lished the Welsh Colony, and white (Hu+eet),
horse (Ek + Hu = Equus), Hog (Hu + og),
and Uag (Hu + ag), all indicatig the inntel-
lectual principle, will be fascinating if not con-
vincing to anyone.
The syllables Is-se, occurring in Ulysses,
Odysseus, Jesse, Eliseus, Elizabeth, as well
as in Elysian, Isis, Dionysos, etc., will bear
witness to a " burning light "; and it is especially
curious that Issi, Ulysses, and Bissat each
achieved fame by burning out the light of a
one-eyed monster.
That Eros should not only have perpetrated
in English such a word as erotic, but should
also be accredited with rose, pear, caress, and
Jerusalem (Eros-el-em) will make for Christian
charity to old heathen gods. To find Baba
originally meaning "parent of parents" recalls
Samuel Butler's famous definition of a hen:
"Merely an egg's way of producing another
egg." Space is not available for more examples.
Suffice it to say that of the books recently
issued on the poetry and symbolism in words,
no other is so charming or on the whole so
plausible as this.
Certainly it must be admitted that Mr.
Bayley's book has the defects of its good quali-
ties. His theory of unity in language is too
simple in its present form, and proves entirely
too much. For instance, far too many words
"resolve themselves into the mighty ever-
existent God." It would appear that half the
vocabulary of the Aryans was composed of
combinations of Ag (Ak), El, Om, and Pa.
Words as dissimilar as goal and dragon are
assigned exactly the same meaning; and, it
must be added, that meaning is a highly abstract
one which renders its primitive origin extremely
doubtful.
Then, too, the method of comparison is at
times desultory and fanciful, depending almost
entirely upon phonetic similarities and very
little upon historic lines of descent. By jug-
gling Zend, Sanscrit, Hindu, Peruvian, English,
French, Welsh, Indian, and Greek, without
inquiring whether or how it was possible for
Zend to equate with modern English and with
no other modern tongues, how or why Aryan
should stick to Cornish but to no other lan-
guage, one has a very easy task in establishing
any special theory. To show what is meant:
we may admit that the glove was a symbol of
cordial friendship, and yet have difficulty in
accepting Mr. Bayley's philological explanation,
ag + love or great love. He should, for the
complete satisfaction of the scholar or even the
half-scholar, show how the English luf reached
back through the millenniums and confiscated
that ancient g. Perhaps it did ; we are inclined
to believe so. Yet the present work demands
too much faith. And faith, "the substance of
things hoped for," is anathema to the scientist.
However, the drift of this censure is simply
that a mystic is not a scientist. Alpha is not
Omega ; that is all. Doubtless there are those
1914]
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145
who will say the author might have been more
accurate and plodding without impairing the
value of such a book. But there will be many
other readers who would not for a world of
dust clip his wings of fancy and suggestion. It
is the combination of scholar and poet that
renders the effect unique. When the pains of
erudition have failed to track a word to its
primal lair, the author does not scruple to use
the divining rod ; and the result often passes
out of the realm of pedestrian chronicle into
the demesne of winged literature.
THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER.
THE BIOLOGY OF SEX.*
The social aspects of sex are just now being
exploited to an unprecedented degree. Every-
where such matters as "white slavery," eugenic
control of marriage, and the education of the
young in sexual physiology are coming to be
the reigning subjects not alone of strenuous
debate, but even of polite conversation. With
all the agencies of social vociferation — the
pulpit, the stage, the magazines, the daily news-
paper, the halls of Congress, women's clubs
throughout the land, and the schoolroom —
vigorously, not to say blatantly, discussing these
topics, it is certain that unless the rising gen-
eration of to-day is a deal more stupid than
were previous generations, the young will be
more than "educated" about these topics.
They will be vastly entertained.
By a curious coincidence there has been a
notable advance in our knowledge of the bio-
logical basis and laws of sex during just the
period of the past half-dozen years, in which
the wave of popular interest in the discussion
of human sex affairs has been gaining force.
There has been absolutely no connection or
relation between these two things. Almost, if
not quite, without exception, the biologists who
have contributed by their investigations to our
knowledge of sex have been entirely indifferent
to the social or psychological aspects of the
matter. On the other hand the reformer neither
knows nor cares what a sex-chromosome is !
"Heredity and Sex" gives a much-needed
summary and critical digest of the recent liter-
ature dealing scientifically with the biology of
sex. The author of the book, Professor T. H.
Morgan, of Columbia University, has been
very active in investigations within this field.
* HEREDITY AND SEX. By Thomas Hunt Morgan, Ph.D.
Illustrated. New York : Columbia University Press.
In particular he has contributed, perhaps more
than anyone else, to the experimental evidence
showing how sex is determined. His colleague
at Columbia, Professor E. B. Wilson, has dealt
with the same problem from the standpoint of
the structure of the germ cells, with equally
notable success. Together these two men and
their students have made clear, in a remarkable
series of papers, the essential features of the
mechanism by which it is determined whether
a particular individual shall be a male or a
female.
The determination of sex, — what a problem !
Innumerable attempts, from Aristotle on, have
been made to solve it. Quacks have fattened off
its elusiveness, and kings have been extremely
vexed (it is said) at the most unaccommodating
waywardness of the phenomenon. Now it ap-
pears every day more clear that the determi-
nation of sex is a perfectly orderly and lawful
thing. It is, in fact, a matter of inheritance.
" Femaleness " is inherited, even as are blue eyes,
or red hair, or long legs. This is a fact which
has some important consequences. It means,
for instance, that the sex of the offspring is not
a thing which can be easily controlled or influ-
enced by diet on temperature or any other ex-
ternal agent. Professor Morgan is, indeed, of
opinion that nothing whatever can influence the
determination of sex, holding that it is abso-
lutely predetermined in the structure of the
germ cells. It is just possible that time will
show that this position is a little too extreme,
but for the present it serves excellently to keep
the issues sharply clarified.
What is the evidence that sex is an inherited
character? Briefly this evidence is of two
sorts, experimental and observational. Experi-
mentally it has been shown, by cross-breeding
or hybridizing various animal forms, ranging
all the way from butterflies to chickens, that in
many cases an individual is unable to transmit
certain of its characters to its offspring of the
same sex as itself. Thus a Barred Plymouth
Rock hen appears totally incapable of trans-
mitting her barred color pattern to her daugh-
ters, though she transmits it to her sons without
any difficulty. Cases of this sort have been
called "sex-linked" inheritance. They have as
yet received no explanation which is so simple
and adequate as that which follows the assump-
tion that sex itself is an inherited character.
Professor Morgan is, as has been said, one of
the foremost students of these phenomena, and
a considerable portion of the book is devoted to
a clear and critical account of the development
146
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[Feb. 16
of our knowledge of sex-linked inheritance.
The foundation for this discussion is laid in an
account of Mendelian principles of inheritance
in general.
The observational evidence that sex is in-
herited is found in the cytological studies which
have discovered and interpreted the so-called
"sex-chromosome." Stripped of all technical-
ities, the fact here is that, in a very wide range
of animals, including man himself, there are
certain peculiar bodies, called X-chromosomes
or sex-chromosomes. These bodies appear to be
composed of, or at least to contain, a particular
substance, called X-chromatin, which differs
qualitatively from other similar substances. The
chief peculiarity of these bodies is their unequal
distribution in the two sexes. So far as is now
known, females always contain more of this
X-chromatin substance than do males. These
sex-chromosomes provide the necessary mechan-
ism for the hereditary transmission of sex, which
has been seen in the sex-linkage cases.
Several chapters are devoted to the discussion
of secondary sexual characters, and such related
topics as castration, gynandromorphism, her-
maphroditism, etc. Darwin's theory of sexual
selection is sharply criticized and finally re-
jected entirely.
The book is abundantly and well illustrated.
It was written in the first instance as a series of
popular lectures (the Jesup Lectures of 1913).
It measurably approaches the standards for the
popularization of science set by such men as
Tyndall, Clifford, and Huxley. A higher rec-
ommendation of the book to the reader could
not be given. RAYMOND PEARL.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Ooldwin Smith For the last dozen v.ears of his lif e
as reported by the late Goldwin Smith had the ser-
Mt Bosweil. vjces Q£ a secretary loyally devoted
to him, ardent in admiration of his genius, attentive
to his every utterance, and faithful in recording such
of his daily conversation as seemed most noteworthy.
Excellently qualified, therefore, was this alert aman-
uensis to prepare such a volume as the recently-
issued " Goldwin Smith : His Life and Opinions "
(Duffield), although it is not strictly a "life" of the
man, but rather a near view of him in his later years,
with abundant examples of his vigorous and pene-
trating manner of thought as expressed in friendly
chat with his secretary and literary executor, Mr.
Arnold Haultain. It is as scholar and thinker and
fearlessly independent (not to say severely caustic)
critic of public men and public affairs that he is made
to present himself to the reader. One characteristic
entry in Mr. Haultain's diary is thus worded : " The
old Professor was particularly polyantagonistic to-
day ; he reviled everything and everybody, and
girded at men and things and theories." More pleas-
ing are glimpses of him starting on a journey with
a volume of Homer or Ovid in his pocket for rail-
way reading; these and other classic authors he read
easily and repeatedly, in the original, declaring that
he could read Greek and Latin as readily as English,
but adding, as a saving clause, " unless I come to a
snag." His poor opinion of Gladstone's Homeric
studies was the judgment of one who knew whereof
he spoke. " His Homeric lucubrations," he asserted,
"were trash, pure trash. No doubt if Palmerston
had attempted Homeric lucubrations they would have
been trash too. But the point is that Palmerston
didn't." And again, "girding " at Gladstone, whom
nevertheless he admired for his " powers of acquisi-
tion and exposition," he says: "What is there of
Gladstone's that will live ? His speeches have no
literary merit. I cannot think of a single sentence
of his that will live. He was too prolix. He had
spoilt his style by over-much practice in debating
societies. The prolixity was not noticeable when
you were listening to the man. His personality and
the unmistakable generosity of his sentiments had
a great effect. But literary grace they had not."
These conversations, extending from 1898 to 1910,
are excellent reading. Appended are two-score
pages of " U. S. Notes," brief jottings made by
Goldwin Smith in his first visit to America in 1864.
The book, uniform with Mr. Haultain's collection of
"Goldwin Smith's Correspondence," is suitably illus-
trated. It leaves the impression of an extremely
interesting and strongly-marked character, but one
in whom a certain harshness of judgment, the fruit,
probably, of early disappointment and embitterment,
is to be regretted.
Studies of ^e late Whitelaw Reid's "American
a diplomatist and English Studies " (Scribner) in-
and scholar. elude some two dozen papers bearing
dates from 1872 to 1912. The greater number are
occasional addresses delivered in America and En-
gland during the later years of Mr. Reid's life.
Those on biographical, literary, and historical sub-
jects, such as "Abraham Lincoln," "Byron,'' "The
Rise of the United States," express the views and
impressions of a widely read man of affairs, sup-
plemented by facts readily acquired from ordinary
books of reference. They are thoroughly good of
their kind ; but they make no pretence to offering
new theories or new discoveries, and they are more
valuable to the student of their author than to the
student of the man or the movements that they dis-
cuss. The paper on Byron, for example, affords a
most interesting indication of Mr. Reid's views re-
garding the morality of literature. In his studies
of modern social tendencies the author speaks with
more weight, and such a paper as " Organization in
American Life" breathes a healthy and conserva-
tive optimism. In the minds of some Americans the
1914]
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147
admiration aroused by an essay like the one just
named will be regretfully modified by the fact that
Mr. Reid expended so much of his best energies in
arguing, chiefly from grounds of " opportunity "
and " interest," for the forcible subjection of the
Filipinos, and the retention of the islands as a per-
manent colony. In many ways the most interesting
of the addresses are the four grouped under the
heading, '' An Editor's Reflections." These remind
us, among other things, that while newspapers change
rapidly, the requirements for an ideal editor are
always the same. The address at the University of
the City of New York in 1872 might, with very
slight changes, be delivered before an incipient
school of journalism to-day. The predictions made
before the New York Editorial Association in 1879
— that the great metropolitan journals must reduce
the amount of advertising because it was bound to
prove unprofitable, that the daily papers would never
again be sold as low as two cents, that pictures must
be abandoned — now seem ludicrous, as Mr. Reid
himself tacitly admitted in the Bromley lectures
which he delivered at Yale in 1901.
TomMedwin's As a biographer of Percy Bysshe
" Shelley " in a Shelley, Thomas Medwin has never
new edition. been considered quite safe. First in
the field, with his "Life of Shelley" (1847), every
subsequent biographer has drawn upon his book for
material, but each has done so with some sign-post
of warning to the reader, — such as these: "Not to
be trusted for facts or judgment" (Glutton-Brock) ;
" carelessly written and untrustworthy " (Ingpen) ;
"a bad book full of inaccuracies" (Waterlow).
Hard indeed are the names that have been hurled
at poor Medwin's head, — "perplexing simpleton"
( Jeaffreson) ; "perfect idiot" (Captain Hay); "gay
deceiver" (Forman); and Mary Shelley's impatient
"seccatura," when by Shelley's invitation Medwin
had joined the charmed circle of poets at Pisa. A
book so variously used and abused during sixty-six
years would seem scarcely likely to be honored by
a new edition. But nevertheless a new edition has
appeared, with no less distinguished sponsors than
Mr. H. Buxton Forman as editor and the Oxford
University Press as publisher. The text embodies
the hitherto unpublished emendations, alterations,
and extensions made in Medwin's own hand on the
pages of his personal copy of the original work;
showing that for twenty-two years his zeal and inter-
est never flagged, however his memory may have
failed. No wonder Mr. Buxton Forman concludes
that "as it last left the author's octogenarian hands,
and with such commentary as its numerous faults
and flaws necessitate, it can no more be ignored by
serious students than the biographical contributions
of Mary Shelley, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, Thomas
Love Peacock, and Edward John Trelawney."
Medwin was Shelley's cousin, school-fellow, and
adoring friend, and possibly the collaborator in
some of his earliest works. A page of the original
text, reproduced in facsimile, shows how Medwin
revised, rewrote, and revised yet again, and speaks
volumes for his tireless endeavor to do the best that
in him lay. However, even that best does not make
him a satisfactory biographer of Shelley. But what
we must grant is that he did have extraordinary op-
portunities for gathering original material concern-
ing both Shelley and Byron ; thus providing data for
others to scrutinize, sift, and employ to the profit
of future students of the two poets. "Somehow,"
confesses Mr. Buxton Forman, "I feel impelled to
pardon and to take off my hat to Tom Medwin in
parting." Students of Shelley will be especially
grateful for the four appendices, which include some
of the poet's early letters, his preface to the first
edition of "Frankenstein," and the Chancery Papers
relating to Shelley's children, besides an annotated
list of Medwin's published works.
A garner Ifc is coming to be more and more
from mediaeval generally realized outside of uni-
Merature. versity cloisters that Chaucer was not
the only man who wrote anything of modern interest
before the year of grace 1400. The literature of
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, especially
that of England, has indeed an immense intrinsic
charm. The age which produced Chaucer, Lang-
land, Wyclif, Gower, Minot, Huchown of the Awle
Ryale, and the immortal author of "Pearl" and
"Gawayne and the Grene Knight" is superior in
importance to every half-century, except the Eliza-
bethan and Victorian eras, since the time of Alfred
the Great. So any book aiming to interpret this age
to the unawakened should be welcome. Generally
speaking, translations of earlier English into later
English for the purpose of catching those who are
unwilling to give a little time to the archaic forms,
are not very successful. Dryden's effort to mod-
ernize Chaucer to late seventeenth century conven-
tions is a case in point. Still it is possible to render
worthy service of this sort to the lazy; and, in her
volume of "Legends and Satires from Mediaeval
Literature" (Ginn), Dr. Martha Hale Shackford
has attained a very fair measure of success. Some
of the translations are made from the French, and
some from the Latin, although the most are from
English. Since the editor's purpose was to show
types, and also to avoid reproducing the better-known
pieces which are available in other popular forms,
the selection is somewhat restricted. And some of
the pieces, such as "The Amorous Contention of
Phillis and Flora," will be found deadly dull by those
readers aimed at : that is, those who require urging.
But "The Purgatory of Saint Patrick," aside from
its theological interest, reveals a sociological one;
"The Life of Saint Margaret" revives vividly a
dead past; "The Song of the University of Paris,"
"The Complaint of the Husbandmen," and "Sir
Penny " have some pith ; and the lay of " Sir Orfeo,"
a Middle- English version of the classic story of Or-
pheus and Eurydice, has much beauty and charm.
The editor has earned our gratitude by printing the
original of the last-named. A small compact body
148
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
One of the
makers of
Kansas.
of notes concludes the volume. The bibliography
which accompanies the notes on each piece is an
exceedingly valuable and scholarly addition.
That the original of Senator Rivers
in the play made famous by Mr.
William H. Crane's impersonation
of that energetic gentleman should be found to be
a most interesting and engaging character, as pre-
sented in Mr. William Elsey Connelley's biography
of the man, need surprise no one. "The Life of
Preston B. Plumb" (Browne & Howell Co.) is both
a romance of Western enterprise and adventure and
the faithful record of a long and useful term of
service in the upper chamber of our national legis-
lature. Readers old enough to have any remem-
brance of the anti-slavery struggle, or cherishing
even the memory of their elders' reminiscences of
that conflict, will take the keenest interest in the
story of Plumb's hastening from his home in Ohio
to the help of bleeding Kansas, the active part he
took in the shaping of the new commonwealth as a
free state, and his highly creditable record as a
soldier in the Civil War. A veritable whirlwind of
energy he seems to have been, from the time when,
as a boy of six, he nearly crippled his sister in his
zeal to show her how like a man he could chop wood,
to the last political campaign in which he took part
with a vigor that hastened his untimely death in
1891 at the age of fifty -four. His assumption of
the editorship and co-proprietorship of the Xenia
" News " at sixteen, his espousal of the cause of
Kansas at nineteen, his study of law at odd times
and his admission to the bar in 1861, the beginning
of his legislative experience the following year, his
three years of army life, his election to the speaker-
ship of the Kansas House of Representatives in
1867, his fourteen years at Washington as a leader
in the Senate — all this and much else will be found
chronicled in detail and with an evident determi-
nation on the historian's part to neglect no trust-
worthy source of information. Footnotes abound,
and contain a mass of related matter that no reader
can afford to miss. A portrait of Senator Plumb,
three maps, appended matter, and a full index round
out the volume. It has been said that the life of
Preston B. Plumb is the history of Kansas. It is
decidedly a life worth reading as related by Mr.
Connelley.
There is certainly no dearth in the
Production of books about Robert
Louis Stevenson, and, apparently,
not much danger of superfluity. A new volume
in Stevensonian literature, Mr. Francis Watt's
"R. L. S." (Macmillan), will make interesting read-
ing for all lovers of the brilliant romancer, especially
those whose admiration for his genius has made
them serious students of his work. That Mr. Watt
is himself a lover and a student of his subject goes
without saying ; he has, moreover, an agreeable
style, not without native Scots humor, in record and
annotation. An introductory chapter, "R. L. S.
and his People," gives a breezy and somewhat un-
conventional sketch of the novelist's life, and is
followed by others in which we are led pleasantly
along the highways and byways over which Steven-
son travelled in his romantic pilgrimage: through
Old Edinburgh, hill-surrounded, wind-swept and
fog-beset, yet " weather- tight, especially to those
' panged ' with that inner spirituous lining which
no citizen of Old Edinburgh was like to forget," —
with its ancient landmarks, historic, academic and
convivial; over the Pentlands; through the High-
lands; always with R. L. S. at our side, explaining
associations and identifying allusions as he goes.
Then, with our guide, we pass through London, the
setting — hardly to be called the scene — for "Dr.
Jekyll and Mr. Hyde," "Markheim," and "The
New Arabian Nights." R. L. S. had no intimate
knowledge of London, by the way ; he never resided
there or worked there ; his visits to the capital were
flying ones. Across the Channel we tarry at Bar-
bizon, at Grez, where he met the lady who became
his wife, traverse the route through the Cevennes
which he describes in the " Travels with a Donkey,"
and trace his course in "An Inland Voyage."
Thence we follow him to California, and so to
Samoa and Vailima. With the local color and the
atmosphere of "Auld Reekie" Mr. Watt is inti-
mately familiar; with the Continental and foreign
settings he is not so thoroughly at home, but his
notes are nevertheless illuminating and useful as
commentary on the text. Stevenson as letter-writer,
as playwright, and as rhymer, is also discussed, and
the closing chapters expound his religion, his char-
acter, and his style.
Mr. Christian Tearle's chatty and
Literary walks anec(jotal "Rambles with an Ameri-
about London.
can won such favor as to encourage
him to issue a sequel, "The Pilgrim from Chicago:
Being More Rambles with an American" (Long-
mans), in which we again meet with the observant
and loquacious "James C. Fairfield, of Chicago,
U. S. A." The rambles described — chiefly in
dialogue form — are mostly in and about London,
and of course give opportunity for endless literary
and other anecdote and reminiscence, in which Mr.
Fairfield shows himself far better versed in English
literature and history and topography than are most
of his travelling fellow-countrymen. The London
"Times" has called him "a surprisingly winning
outcome of Chicago's 'tons of culture.'" As a
sample of his talk, called forth by a visit to one of
Charles Lamb's haunts, here are some of his words
of wisdom : " It's a thousand pities that Lamb ever
left the India House. He was only fifty, and the
work made no call on his brain — he had plenty of
time for writing and amusing himself. And he
ought never to have left London. The record of
these last years is painful to me. It's a pity we
know so much about them. One doesn't love him
the less, and one doesn't exactly wish that he'd
died sooner, but there's no denying that the end
1914]
THE DIAL
149
comes as a relief." Yes, with a comfortable income,
and with easy office hours, leaving ample time for
essay-writing and social intercourse, our beloved
Elia seems not to have known when he was well
off. Mr. Tearle diversifies his pleasant pages with
scraps of quoted verse and longer metrical compo-
sitions of his own. Pictures, too, are agreeably
numerous.
An uncompromising intellectual pas-
s'on> an aD8orking intention to under-
stand, look out from Vincent Van
Gogh's portrait of himself, reproduced as frontis-
piece to a slender volume of " Personal Recollections
of Vincent Van Gogh," by Elizabeth DuQuesne
Van Gogh, translated by Katherine S. Dreier. A
self-centredness so intense that it devoured the mind
it inhabited, and a contemplation of the world so
sympathetic that it became at times a madness of
pity and despair, — these two elements in the man's
nature are written in every line of his prematurely
aged young face and in every word of his sister's
brief record. Driven from an unsuccessful attempt
at commerce to teaching, and again on to preaching
by his determination to follow Christ in the allevi-
ation of humble misery (Dickens had opened his
eyes to some of the pains of poverty), Van Gogh
lived more than half his life in absolute unconscious-
ness of the expression his genius was finally to take.
Only a terrible physical breakdown, the result of too
complete self-abnegation in caring for his mining
parish during an epidemic of typhoid, — only this
break and the consequent enforced leisure revealed
to him his power of analyzing color, of drawing in
color what he saw, and so making his experience
comprehensible to his contemporaries. But recog-
nition of his genius, like all recognition of genius,
was slow; in his case it never became general even
in the artists' world of Paris, where he worked hope-
fully for some years, until his tragic death called
attention to a production so untimely ended. " I try
just as bard as certain other painters whom I have
loved and honored," he wrote four days before he
died ; and now, twenty years later, his devotion has
its reward. He is one of the three prophets of the
Futurists, the group of young enthusiasts who be-
lieve that they are finding in balance of color and
"dynamism" of line a new method for avoiding
" conventional realism " and expressing inner real-
ities of personal vision. This book, supplemented
by the letters of Van Gogh which have recently
been published, will undoubtedly rank as one of the
gospels of the modernist's faith. (Houghton.)
Although she chooses "Samphire"
^ the title of her volume of collected
essays, or essayettes, Lady Sybil
Grant is hardly to be thought of as "one that gathers
samphire, dreadful trade ! " With much less risk to
life and limb than is braved by the seeker after that
suffruticose herb, she finds in the walks of ordinary
life the material for her clever little disquisitions,
her list of topics embracing such themes as garden-
ing, snobbishness, originality, vagueness, personal
relations, criticism, authors, concentration, shop-talk,
tact, circumstantial evidence, and millionaires in
fiction. Three little parodies in fiction, of which
the first is called "Matilda of the Cinque Ports,"
will be enjoyed. In closing her remarks on origi-
nality, the writer says: "There is only one way in
which to attain originality now; a very laborious
and difficult line to take: it is to be perfectly nat-
ural." This discovery deserves to rank with that of
him who first found out that the most baffling and
mystifying of diplomats is he who speaks the simple
truth. In style the book is animated and pleasing
— though one might object to " awoken" as a need-
lessly far-fetched form of the past participle. Lady
Sybil Grant deplores her handicap as the daughter
of such clever parents as Lord and Lady Rosebery,
but she makes a good fight against this adversity
of her lot. (E. P. Dutton & Co.)
A pioneer Long and intimately acquainted with
mission-worker the late Dr. James Curtis Hepburn,
in the far East. an(j £ue(j Wjti1 admiration for his
noble character and memorable achievements, Dr.
William Elliot Griffis was the one above all others
to write the life of the eminent missionary, physician,
lexicographer, and scripture-translator. "Hepburn
of Japan" (Westminster Press) is a glowing tribute
to a man of heroic purpose and notable accomplish-
ment, from one whose own years of residence in the
distant land which Hepburn chose as the scene of
his labors equip him in a peculiar manner for his
task of biographer. The dangers and difficulties
faced by the mission- worker in Japan half a century
ago are brought by Dr. Griffis to the reader's vivid
realization, and his book has something of the
"thrill" of an entirely different order of literary
composition. Rich in varied incident, and covering
almost a century of time, Dr. Hepburn's life was
well worth recording, and its story is well worth
reading. A number of chronological inconsistencies,
some in quoted passages, others from the author's
own pen, perplex the reader, but need not seriously
interfere with his enjoyment of the book. Portraits
and other illustrations are not lacking, and the nar-
rative is commendably free from prolixity, being
confined to about two hundred and thirty duodecimo
A guide to Professor Peter Henry Pearson's
the study of manual on " The Study of Litera-
uterature. ture » (McClurg) professes to offer
assistance to both "the general reader who wishes
a deeper insight into the charm and meaning of
English literature," and " the teacher of the subject
in school or college." Probably it will be the latter
rather than the former who will hasten to extend a
warm welcome to the book, for to the teacher more
than to the general reader does its method appeal
— a method thus, in part, described at the outset :
"The work is concentrated in turn on each of the
classics that are on the program for close study.
The aim is to work through it analytically and
150
THE DIAJL
[Feb. 16
minutely, so that the significance of every detail is
understood; to survey it finally as a synthesized
whole, aiming at the result that the pupil shall
grasp the author's message in its completeness."
On a later page the appreciation of a literary work
is explained as "a synthetic procedure in which the
pupil is led to manipulate the units of a classic in
relation to each other and to estimate them as a
whole." Mr. Pearson's eleven chapters deal suc-
cessively with early literary studies, interpretation,
appreciation, structural elements, literary elements,
methods of literary evaluation, the study of prose
forms, "The Deserted Village," "L'Allegro,"
" King Lear," and literature in its reaction on life.
The book is the work of a close student and a con-
scientious teacher.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The interest aroused by the recent publication of
" Scott's Last Expedition " makes timely the appearance
of a new and cheaper edition of " The Voyage of the
' Discovery,' " Scott's record of his first Polar voyage .
The edition is in two handy volumes, with a dozen or
more illustrations. There should be a wide demand for
this engrossing story in so convenient and inexpensive a
form. Messrs. Scribner publish the work.
Part II. of Mr. Herbert H. Gowen's "Outline History
of China" (Sherman, French & Co.) is an excellent
handbook of Chinese history from the beginning of the
Manchu dynasty, 1644, to the year 1912. Accessible
and trustworthy material for this period of the history is
naturally much more abundant, in proportion to extent
of time covered, than for the thousands of years treated
in the first volume of the work. The author would have
received more favorable mention had he issued the two
parts simultaneously. The present volume contains as
much information as could be compressed within its 206
pages; the information is well selected, well arranged
and tabulated; and it is given in a very readable style.
Forty years of a librarian's life are reviewed with
reference to American library history and happenings,
in Mr. Samuel Swett Green's enjoyable and instructive
volume, " The Public Library Movement in the United
States, 1853-1893," which is published in a substantial
octavo by the Boston Book Company. Thirty-eight
years of librarianship, at Worcester, Mass., preceded
by four years' service on the board of library directors
of the same city ; the position of librarian emeritus since
1909; original membership in the public library com-
mission of his State, with nineteen years of service as
commissioner; one term as president of the A. L. A.,
of which he is a charter member and a life fellow, and
on the governing board of which he has served almost
continuously since 1876 — this, in part, has been Mr.
Green's unconscious preparation for the writing of such
a book, largely reminiscent and anecdotal, as the one
that now comes from his skilled pen. In referring to
library legislation in Illinois he might well have sup-
plemented his mention of Mr. F. H. Hild's name in that
connection by noting the earlier and more important
work of another Illinois librarian, who drafted the
library bill of 1872 and was instrumental in procuring
its passage. A good portrait of the author precedes,
and a full index follows, the text.
" Lost Diaries," another of Mr. Maurice Baring's
amusing fabrications, will be issued shortly by Houghton
Mifflin Co.
" Little Essays in Literature and Life," by Professor
Richard Burton, appears among the March announce-
ments of the Century Co.
Still another book on Robert Louis Stevenson is
promised in the biographical study upon which Mr.
Arthur Ransome is now at work.
An important and timely art book is announced in
Mr. Arthur Jerome Eddy's study of " Cubists and Post-
Impressionism." Messrs. A. C. McClurg & Co. are the
publishers.
In his forthcoming novel, " Shea of the Irish Bri-
gade," Mr. Randall Parrish has taken for a back-
ground the days when the allies were seeking the defeat
of Louis XV.
An important addition to the literature of socialism
is announced in Mr. John Spargo's " Socialism and
Motherhood," which Mr. B. W. Huebsch will publish
during the Spring.
Two important works which Messrs. Holt have in
press for early issue are Professor J. Arthur Thomson's
" The Wonder of Life " and Professor H. A. L. Fisher's
extended study of Napoleon.
Two promising books of fiction on Messrs. Little,
Brown, & Co.'s Spring list are " Ariadne of Allan
Water," by Sidney McCall (Mrs. E. F. Fenollosa); and
" Felicidad," by Mr. Rowland Thomas.
A large volume of uncollected writings by Bret Harte,
consisting of stories, poems, and essays, has been com-
piled by Mr. Charles Meeker Kozlay, and is in prepa-
ration for March issue by Houghton Mifflin Co.
Mr. Arthur Bartlett Maurice's series of articles
entitled "The Literary Baedeker" which have been
appearing in "The Bookman " will be published in book
form this Spring by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.
After numerous delays, the third and fourth volumes
of Gerhart Hauptmann's collected dramatic works, in
the authorized edition edited by Mr. Ludwig Lewisohn,
are definitely promised for early Spring publication.
"Beaumont the Dramatist" by Professor Charles
Mills Gayley, of the University of California, will be
published this month by the Century Co. The work aims
to settle definitely the Beaumont- Fletcher controversy.
A new volume of essays by " Vernon Lee " is an-
nounced by John Lane Co. Its title is " The Tower of
the Mirrors," and it will contain thirty five chapters
giving the author's impressions of famous cities and
other places which she has visited.
A notable novel of the Spring season will be Mr.
Joseph Conrad's "Chance." The publishers of this
book, Messrs. Doubleday, Page & Co., will have ready
at about the same time a critical and biographical
study of Conrad, written by Mr. Richard Curie.
" Still Happy Though Married " is the title of a book
by the Rev. E. J. Hardy, which is in the press. Mr.
Hardy's book, " How to be Happy Though Married,"
has had a huge circulation, and the coming volume gives
the author's supplementary reflections on the subject.
The publication of "The Print Collector's Quar-
terly " has been transferred by the Boston Museum of
Fine Arts to Houghton Mifflin Co., who have become
the publishing representatives of this institution. Mr.
1914]
THE DIAL
151
FitzRoy Carrington, Curator of the Print Department
of the Museum, and a lecturer upon engravings at
Harvard University, will remain as its editor, and no
change will be made either in form or in price.
Sir Oliver Lodge's address on " Continuity," delivered
before the British Association recently, will be published
by Messrs. Putnam in book form this month. This house
has also in train for immediate issue a new edition, re-
vised and reset, of Mr. Sidney Low's " The Governance
of England."
Two little volumes by M. Emile Faguet are to be
issued this month in English translations entitled
" Initiation into Literature " and " Initiation into Phi-
losophy." They are both books for the beginner in
these fields. Sir Howe Gordon, Bart., is the translator
in each case.
Sir Walter Raleigh has arranged to give a series of
lectures at the Sorbonne on " The Romantic Movement
in English Literature in the Beginning of the Nineteenth
Century." When published in book form later, as
they will be, these lectures should constitute a useful
addition to literary history.
In addition to Mr. Worcester's two-volume work on
the Philippines, we are to have this Spring an even
more extensive book on " The Americans in the Phil-
ippines " by Mr. James A. LeRoy, who was secretary
of the Philippine Commission; and a study of "America
and the Philippines " by Mr. Carl Crow.
" The Candid Review," a quarterly devoted to poli-
tics, science, literature, and art, is soon to be launched
in London. Its promoter, Mr. T. Gibson Bowles,
assures prospective subscribers that it will be "dull
and honest," — a decided recommendation in a day of
so much clever mendacity in journalism. About the
same time the Oxford University Press will begin pub-
lication of a quarterly review which will limit itself to
articles of a political nature.
The Quarterly " Bulletin of Bibliography and Dra-
matic Index," published by the Boston Book Company,
begins a new series with its January number, changing
the style and color of its cover, adding a department of
" Applied Economy " (library economy it proves to be
in this instance, dealing with the Somerville Public
Library's new method in reference work), and giving a
page and a half of " helpful hints " from various libra-
rians. Also a series of short biographies of librarians
and bibliographers is begun, the first sketch having
Justin Winsor as its subject, accompanied by a good
portrait. The "Bulletin" is a useful and interesting
publication for bookmen.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 132 titles, includes book*
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY.
The Life and Correspondence of Philip Vorke, Earl
of Hardwicke, Lord High Chancellor of Great
Britain. By Philip C. Yorke, M.A. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., large Svo. University of Chi-
cago Press. $13.50 net.
George Borrow and His Circle: Wherein May Be
Pound Many Hitherto Unpublished Letters of
Borrow and His Friends. By Clement King
Shorter. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,' Svo,
450 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. net.
Goldwin Smith: His Life and Opinions. By Arnold
Haultain. Illustrated, Svo, 304 pages. Duffleld &
Co. $3.75 net.
Cavour, and the Making of Modern Italy, 1810-1861.
By Pietro Orsi. Illustrated, Svo, 386 pages.
"Heroes of the Nations." G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Gerhart Hauptmann: His Life and His Work, 1862-
1912. By Karl Holl, Ph.D. With portrait, 12mo,
112 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
HISTORY.
The Reformation In Germany. By Henry C. Vedder.
Svo, 466 pages. Macmillan Co. $3. net.
A History of England from the Earliest Times to
the Twentieth Century. Edited by Charles
Oman, M.A., Volume III., England in the Later
Middle Ages, by Kenneth H. Vickers, M.A. With
maps, large Svo, 542 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The GreateHt House at Chelsey. By Randall Davies.
Illustrated, Svo, 236 pages. John Lane Co.
$3. net.
One Generation of a Norfolk House: A Contribution
to Elizabethan History. By Augustus Jessopp,
D.D. Third edition, revised, Svo, 352 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2.25 net.
Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity. By Charles
Francis Adams. Svo, 184 pages. Oxford Univer-
sity Press. $2. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Notes on Politics and History: A University Ad-
dress. By Viscount Morley, O.M. 12mo, 201
pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
Earmarks of Literature. By Arthur E. Bostwick.
12mo, 144 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co.
90 cts. net.
Samphire. By Lady Sybil Grant. 12mo, 307 pages.
E. P. Button & Co. $1.50 net.
Modern Short-Stories. Edited, with Introduction,
Biographies, and Bibliographies, by Margaret
Ashmun, M.A. Svo, 437 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
Korean Folk Tales: Imps, Ghosts, and Fairies.
Translated from the Korean of Im Bang and Yi
Ryuk by James S. Gale. 12mo, 233 pages. E. P.
Button & Co. $1.25 net.
A Wayfaring Soul. By Walter Raymond. 12mo,
190 pages. E. P. Button & Co. $1. net.
Outlines: Being Studies in Fiction. By John B.
Barry. Svo, 179 pages. Paul Elder & Co.
$1.50 net.
Mostly True: A Few Little Tragedies and Some
Comedies. By Guy Fleming. 12mo, 286 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.30 net.
The Works of the Emperor Julian. Translated by
Wilmer Cave Wright, Ph.B. Volume II., 12mo,
519 pages. "Loeb Classical Library." Macmillan
Co. $1.50 net.
The Dickens Reciter: Recitations, Character-
Sketches, Impersonations, and Bialogues.
Adapted and edited by Mrs. Laurence Clay. Svo,
447 pages. E. P. Button & Co. $1.25 net.
BOOKS OF VERSE.
The Flight, and Other Poems. By George Edward
Woodberry. 12mo, 162 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
The Collected Poems of Margaret L. Woods. With
photogravure portrait, 12mo, 351 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.50 net.
The Wine-Press: A Tale of War. By Alfred Noyes.
With portrait, 12mo, 49 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
60 cts. net.
Celtie Memories, and other Poems. By Norreys
Jephson O'Conor. 16mo, 62 pages. John Lane
Co. $1. net.
Lyrics from the Chinese. By Helen Waddell. Svo,
41 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1 net.
Leaves on the Tide, and Other Poems. By Hiram
Rich.' With frontispiece, 16mo, 157 pages. Bos-
ton: John S. Lockwood. $1. net.
Sonnets from the Patagonlan: The Street of Little
Hotels. By Bonald Evans. 12mo, 63 pages.
New York: Claire Marie. $1.25 net.
Home-Made Verse. By Bwight Burdge; with Fore-
word by Merle St. Croix Wright, B.B. With por-
trait, 12mo, 91 pages. Battle Creek: Published
by the author. $1.
152
THE DIAL
[Feb. 16
DRAMA.
The Fugitive: A Play in Four Acts. By John Gals-
worthy. 12mo, 93 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. 60 cts. net.
Prunella; or, Love in a Dutch Garden. By Laurence
Housman and Granville Barker. With frontis-
piece, 8vo, 89 pages. Duffleld & Co. $2. net.
Plays. By August Strindberg; translated from the
Swedish by Edith and Warner Oland. With
portrait, 12mo. John W. Luce & Co. $1.50 net.
Peach Bloom: An Original Play in Four Acts. By
Northrop Morse. 12mo, 184 pages. New York:
Medical Review of Reviews. $1. net.
FICTION.
The Witness for the Defence. By A. B. W. Mason.
12mo, 331 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.30 net.
Sandy. By S. R. Crockett. With frontispiece in
color, 12mo, 353 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.35 net.
The Red Emerald. By John Reed Scott. Illustrated
in color, 12mo, 352 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$1.25 net.
The Butterfly. By Henry Kitchell Webster. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 311 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.25 net.
Bransford in Arcadia; or, The Little Eohippus. By
Eugene Manlove Rhodes. With frontispiece,
12mo, 236 pages. Henry Holt & Co. $1.20 net.
Darkness and Dawn. By George Allan England.
Illustrated in color, etc., 12mo, 672 pages. Small,
Maynard & Co. $1.35 net.
The Business of a Gentleman. By H. N. Dickinson.
12mo, 304 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Best Man. By Grace Livingston Hill Lutz. Il-
lustrated in color, 12mo, 304 pages. J. B. Lippin-
cott Co. $1.25 net.
The Judgment of the Sword. By Maud Diver. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 683 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
My Wife's Hidden Life. 12mo, 360 pages. Rand,
McNally & Co. $1.25 net.
The Clutch of Circumstance. By Leighton Graves
Osmun. 12mo, 320 pages. Sully & Kleinteich,
$1.25 net.
Children of the Sea. By H. DeVere Stacpoole. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 307 pages. Duffleld & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Jam Girl. By Frances R. Sterrett. Illustrated,
12mo, 309 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.25 net.
Betty Standish: A Romance. By A. J. Anderson.
12mo, 335 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.25 net.
The Soul of Life; or, What is Love? By David Lisle.
12mo, 304 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25 net.
Garden Oats. By Alice Herbert. 12mo, 314 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
Mrs. Day's Daughters. By Mary E. Mann, 12mo,
327 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Substance of His House. By Ruth Holt Bouci-
cault. With frontispiece. 12mo, 392 pages.
Little, Brown & Co. $1.30 net.
News from the Duchy. By Sir Arthur Quiller-
Couch. 12mo, 380 pages. Richard G. Badger.
$1.35 net.
Whispering Dust. By Eldrid Reynolds; with Intro-
duction by Frederic Taber Cooper. 12mo, 297
pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.10 net.
Old Valentines: A Love Story. By Munson Havens.
Illustrated in color, 12mo, 225 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Sunshine Jane. By Anne Warner. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 279 pages. Little, Brown & Co.
$1. net.
The Love Affair of a Homely Girl. By Jean Louise
de Forest. With frontispiece in color, 12mo, 213
pages. Sully & Kleinteich. $1. net.
A Matrimonial Experiment. By Samuel »Barber.
12mo, 184 pages. J. S. Ogilvie Publishing Co.
Paper, 25 cts.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
The "Ways of the South Sea Savage. By Robert W.
Williamson, M.Sc. Illustrated, large 8vo, 308
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $3.50 net.
The South American Tour. By Annie S. Peck, M.A.
Illustrated, 8vo, 398 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$2.50 net. ,
Across Siberia Alone: An American Woman's Ad-
ventures. By Mrs. John Clarence Lee. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 220 pages. John Lane Co.
$1.35 net.
The Colour of the East. By Elizabeth Washburn.
With frontispiece, 12mo, 191 pages. F. A. Stokes
Co. $1.25 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS. — POLITICS, ECONOMICS, AND
SOCIOLOGY.
The Philippines: Past and Present. By Dean C.
Worcester. In 2 volumes, illustrated, 8vo. Mac-
millan Co. $6. net.
The American Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy. By
Charles Grove Haines, Ph.D. 8vo, 365 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2. net.
Taxation and the Distribution of Wealth. By
Frederic Mathews. 8vo, 680 pages. Doubleday,
Page & Co. $2.50 net.
Whigs and Whiggism: Political Writings. By Ben-
jamin Disraeli; edited with Introduction, by
William Hutcheon. Illustrated in photogravure,
etc., large 8vo, 476 pages. Macmillan Co.
$3. net.
The Policy of the United States towards Industrial
Monopoly. By Oswald Whitman Knauth, Ph.D.
Svo, 233 pages. Columbia University Press.
Paper, $2. net.
Asia at the Door: A Study of the Japanese Ques-
tion in Continental United States, Hawaii, and
Canada. By Kiyoshi K. Kawakami; with Pro-
logue by Doremus Scudder and Epilogue by
Hamilton W. Mabie. Svo, 269 pages. Fleming
H. Revell Co. $1.50 net.
Burgage Tenure in Mediaeval England. By Morley
de Wolf Hemmeon, Ph.D. Svo, 234 pages. Har-
vard University Press.
The Civil Service of Great Britain. By Robert
Moses, Ph.D. Svo, 324 pages. Columbia Univer-
sity Press. $2. net.
The Socialized Conscience. By Joseph Herschel
Coffin. 12mo, 247 pages. Baltimore: Warwick &
York, Inc. $1.25.
A Primer of Political Economy. By Alfred Bishop
Mason, M.A. 16mo, 101 pages. A. C. McClurg &
Co. 50 cts. net.
Why I Am in Favor of Socialism: A Symposium.
Prepared by Edward Silvin. Large Svo, 36 pages.
Sacramento: Published by the author. 75 cts.
SCIENCE.
Glimpses of the Cosmos: A Mental Autobiography.
By Lester F. Ward, LL.D. Volumes I., II., and
III.; illustrated, Svo. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Per
volume, $2.50 net.
Problems of Genetics. By William Bateson, M.A.
Illustrated in color, etc., large Svo, 258 pages.
Yale University Press. $4. net.
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154
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Now Ready : MONEY. WILLIAM A. SCOTT. THE FAMILY AND SOCIETY. JOHN M. GILLETTE.
TAXATION. C. B. FILLERBROWN. BANKING. WILLIAM A. SCOTT.
1914] THE DIAL, 159
McCLURG'S NEW BOOKS SPRING 1914 — Continued
ART AND NATURE
The Two Great Art Epochs By EMMA LOUISE PARRY
To make the masters and masterpieces of art as familiar as are those of music and literature, is the aim of this
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Cubists and Post-Impressionism By ARTHUR JEROME EDDY
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Will o' the Wasps By MARGARET WARNER MORLEY
No more attractive manner of teaching natural history to the young can be devised, in the way of books, than that
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MISCELLANEOUS
Indian Blankets and Their Makers By GEORGE WHARTON JAMES
This volume, written by an expert on Indian life and art, and beautifully and faithfully illustrated, is a full and ade-
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Daly's Billiard Book By MAURICE DALY and w. w. HARRIS
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The Art of Story-Telling By JULIA DARROW COWLES
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Gerhart Hauptmann : His Life and Work By KARL HOLL
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The Green Cockatoo, and Other Plays By ARTHUR SCHNITZLER
The three plays in this volume represent three sides of this remarkable Viennese dramatist's best work. " The
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12mo. Net $1.00
Earmarks of Literature By ARTHUR E. BOSTWICK
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Right Living : Messages to Youth from Men Who Have Achieved Edited by HOMER H. COOPER
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Worry and NerVOUSneSS ; Or the Science of Self-Mastery By WILLAM S. SADLER, M.D.
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A. C. McCLURG & CO., PUBLISHERS, CHICAGO
160
THE DIAL
[March 1
Valuable Books from the Spring List of
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
New Haven, Conn.
225 Fifth Ave., New York City
The Fundamental Basis of
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By GRAHAM LUSK, M.D., Professor
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Memorials of Eminent
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A Biographical Study of Student Life
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Voyage Aux Etats-Unis de
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Writings on American History,
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1914]
THE DIAL,
161
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162
THE JD1AJL
[March 1
Among Neale's Civil War Books
During the past eighteen years THE NEALE PUBLISHING COMPANY has published more than
one hundred volumes that relate to the Civil War, written by Northerners, Southerners, and
distinterested military students and critics. To this comprehensive library important books are
frequently being added.
The Strategy of Robert E. Lee
By J. J. BOWEN, formerly a member of the First Company
of Richmond Howitzers, and for fifty years a student of
military strategy. This volume, — first published in Feb-
ruary, 1914, — comprises the only full study of the strategy
of any of the leaders of the Civil War, either Federal or
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works that relate to modern wars. Profusely illustrated.
$2.15 by mail.
The Shenandoah Valley and Virginia, 1861 to 1865
By COL. SANFORD C. KELLOGG, U. S. A., Member of the
Staff of General Sheridan. A history of the military opera-
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General Joseph Wheeler and the Army of Tennessee
By JOHN WITHERSPOON DuBosE. Mr. DuBose enjoyed
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Antietam and the Maryland and Virginia
Campaigns of 1862
By ISAAC W. HEYSINGEK, M. A., M. D., member of the
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by mail.
Morgan's Cavalry
By GEN. BASIL W. DUKE, who succeeded to Morgan's
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by mail.
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The Attack and the Defence of Little Round Top,
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By OLIVER WILCOX NORTON, Private 83d Regiment Penn.
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1865/' etc. Illustrated. $2.20 by mail.
The Siege of Charleston and the Operations on the
South Atlantic Coast During the War
Among the States
By SAMUEL JONES, formerly Maj.-Gen. C. S. A., who com-
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With Fire and Sword
By MAJOR S. II. M. BYERS, of General Sherman's staff.
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Cleburne and His Command
By CAPT. IRVING A. BUCK, formerly Capt. and acting
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Four Years Under Marse Robert
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The twelfth thousand. $2.15 by mail.
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The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt
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Fighting by Southern Federals
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Memoirs
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an immense amount of information of interest. Illustrated.
$3.20 by mail.
Union Square
The Neale Publishing Company
New York
1914]
THE DIAL
163
Among Neale's Civil War Books
The London Spectator: "'Four Years Under Marse Robert' is a book of exceptional interest
and no mean literary charm. It deserves, together with the other works [all Neale publications]
that we have bracketed with it, to be read and pondered over."
The War of the 'Sixties
Compiled by CAPT. E. R. HUTCHINS. A book that contains
personal reminiscences of more than 100 soldiers and sailors
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$3.20 by mail.
One of Jackson's Foot Cavalry
By JOHN H. WOKSHAM. An old " F " and adjutant of 2lst
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Three Rivers: The Hudson, The Potomac, The
James. A Retrospect of Peace and of War
By GEN. JOSEPH P. FARLEY, U. S. A. Illustrated by the
author from sketches from nature, ten full-page water-color
illustrations reproduced in colors. $2.15 by mail.
Springfield (Mass.) Republican : " A notable list of books
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recent years by The Neale Publishing Company, who might
seem to be the publishers of the Confederacy."
Confederate Operations in Canada and New York
By JOHN W. HEADLEY. $2.20 by mail.
"A startling revelation of secret war history, says the
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Pilot Knob: The Thermopylae of the West
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is an important addition to the history of the war, by two
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Mosby's Men
By JOHN H. ALEXANDER, of Mosby's command. $1.65 by
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Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer
By GEN. G. M. SORREL, Lieut.-Col. and Chief of Staff
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With introduction by Senator John W. Daniel. $2.15 by mail.
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The Battle of Gettysburg : The Crest Wave of
the Civil War
By FRANCIS MARSHAL, a Union participant. This volume
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Three Years in the Confederate Horse Artillery
By GEORGE M. NEESE, a gunner in Chew's Battery. $2.15
by mail.
The Sovereignty of the States
By WALTER NEALE. A study in State Rights and in the
political history of the American States, from the genesis
of the States, six hundred years ago, during the reign of
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New York Herald : " A book well worth the attention of
all thoughtful students of American history."
The War Between the Union and the Confederacy
By GEN. WM. C. GATES, formerly Col. C. S. A., Gov. of Ala.,
Brig.-Gen. in the war with Spain. Illustrated. 808 pp.
$3.26 by mail.
Portland Oregonian: "High standards have been reached
by this house in the fields of Southern history and biography,
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balanced conclusions instead of one-sided arguments on
American History.''
A True Story of Andersonville Prison
By JAMES M. PAGE, Lieutenant Company A, Sixth Mich.
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who was imprisoned in Andersonville defends Major Wirz.
$1.65 by mail.
Chicago Record-Herald: "One marvels that such con-
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Hood's Texas Brigade
By JUDGE J. B. POLLEY. Illustrated. $8.25 by mail.
New York Sun: "A most valuable contribution to the
war history."
Union Square
The Neale Publishing Company
New York
164
THE DIAL
[March 1, 1914
Important New and Forthcoming Macmillan Publications
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Published by THE DIAL COMPANY, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
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No. 665.
MARCH 1, 1914.
Vol. LVL
CONTENTS.
'THE CHARM OF AMERICANS'
PAGE
. 165
A GREAT CONTEMPORARY NOVEL. W. E. B. 167
CASUAL COMMENT 169
Encouragement to potential poets — An artist in
typography.— The secret of literary style. — latitude
in Latin pronunciation. — The latest French Acade-
mician.— The Carlyle of myth and the Carlyle of
reality. — Accessible foreign literature of our time. —
Unsanctifieduses of sacred literature. — Amayorwith
no fondness for literature. — Japanese literary likings.
COMMUNICATIONS 172
Josiah Renick Smith. W. S. Johnson.
Hamlet's "Soliloquy" and Claudius. C. M. Street.
Another Auxiliary Language. A. L. Guerard.
Syndicate Service and "Tainted Book Reviews."
W. E. Woodward.
AN IDEALIST IN PRACTICAL AFFAIRS. Percy
F. Bicknell 174
RECORDS OF ANCIENT GREECE. Josiah Eenick
Smith 176
SYNGE AND THE IRISH THEATRE. James W.
Tupper . . . ;^. . ,. 177
THE CONCLUSION OF TWO IMPORTANT AMER-
ICAN HISTORIES. David Y. Thomas . . .179
THE KAISER : HIS POLICIES AND HIS ASSO-
CIATES. Frederic Austin Ogg 181
THE VARIORUM "CYMBEL1NE." Samuel A.
Tannenbaum 184
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 188
Faint praise for Nietzsche. — Public opinion and
popular government. — A history of the followers of
George Fox. — In the footsteps of Pompilia and
Caponsacchi. — An Oxford anthology of Canadian
verse. — Old-time methods of recruiting. — More
gropings in the fog of psychical research. — A com-
pelling plea for social justice. — Some of the quali-
ties of good literature. — The scenes of Mr. Hardy's
novels. — Biology and the Feminist Movement. —
Records of primitive man.
BRIEFER MENTION 192
NOTES 193
TOPICS IN MARCH PERIODICALS 194
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 195
"THE CHARM OF AMERICANS."
The last place in the world in which we would
look for a tribute to "the charm of Americans "
is "The Saturday Review," but such a tribute
occurs in a recent issue, bestowed upon us by
one of the regular staff contributors, apropos
of an American play given in London. The
passage reads as follows :
" The charm of Americans is that they are still able
to discover and to enjoy things that were long ago ex-
hausted in Europe. Anybody who has heard an Amer-
ican quote from Tennyson will know what I mean. The
intellectual world is still quite new to them. When they
succeed in annexing for themselves a new idea or in
experiencing a new emotion — which we, of course, have
long since explored and exhausted — we feel the same
pleasure in their achievement, the same delight in their
power to take it seriously and to enjoy it, as we feel in
watching the progress of a healthy baby. American
sentimentality is incident to American nonage. The
American man of sentiment is not a gross and emotionally
flabby man watering at the eye from habitual quiescence
of the inhibitory nerves. He is a nice little boy woefully
piping at a tale of babes in the wood and how the kind
robin redbreasts covered them up with leaves."
Now this is very nice, and we fully appreciate
the kindly estimate of our fresh and innocent
youthfulness. Of course, the writer does not
really mean it; he is simply the victim of a
trick that instinct, or habit, or subliminal con-
sciousness, or something, plays upon most of the
writer folk. A man sits down at his desk to
compose, say, a leading article. He has his
theme in mind, and a general notion of the
course he wishes his development to take. But
his opening sentences are somehow given an
unintended twist, which commits his thought to
an unanticipated sequence of reflection. There
they stand, in black and white, and they unmis-
takably indicate a "lead" that was never con-
templated, but must obviously be followed, for
the sake of logic, to some sort of outcome. He
wishes he had begun differently, but he cannot
escape from the snare of his own setting ; he is
like Goethe's Zauberlehrling, who has worked
the incantation, and cannot remember the word
that is potent to dissolve the spell. So he
watches, with a kind of dismay, the things that
the promptings of his tutelary daemon force him
to set down, hoping that some lucky inspiration
will eventually enable him to muddle through,
and get back into the path originally planned.
After a while, he gets captivated by his own
166
THE DIAL
[March 1
cleverness, and the fascination of the ideas he
finds himself expressing dulls his sense of re-
sponsibility ; he grows reckless, and determines
to see the thing through, no matter what the
consequences. When his disquisition is com-
plete, he gasps at the realization of the con-
clusions reached by the pen that has run away
with him, so different they are from any that he
had expected to reach, but he is not left without
a thrill of intellectual satisfaction with the fin-
ished product, so neatly do its parts fit together,
and so plausible seems the whole argument.
This, we take it, is the explanation of our
quoted paragraph. The tricksy spirit that
twisted the opening sentence, not the writer, is
responsible for all that follows. Otherwise, the
traditional English view of the American as a
shrewd and somewhat cynical person, preco-
ciously sharp, and rotten before he is ripe,
would have emerged from the portraiture. The
" healthy baby " and " nice little boy " concep-
tion would have had no chance at all had it not
been for that fatal opening. One of the purest
and at the same time most persistent delusions
concerning us is that we are a young people,
whereas we are in a general sense the heir of all
the ages, and in a narrower sense the inheritor
of fifteen hundred years of English tradition
and development. Our children study the his-
tory of England as if it were the history of a
foreign people, although down to the seventeenth
century it is as strictly our own history as it is of
our kinsmen who have remained in the ancestral
home. It is true that we are a transplanted
stock, and that means a certain temporary re-
tardation, but it does not mean a reversion to
childhood. The transplanted tree does not be-
come a seedling by the process ; rather does it
strike down its old roots in the new soil for a
new phase of vigorous growth. So far from
acquiring new characteristics from the changed
conditions, it tends to perpetuate the old ones
beyond their natural term. Our seventeenth
century American ancestors were belated Eliza-
bethans, and even in the early nineteenth cen-
tury we were reproducing phases of life and
thought that were characteristic of the England
of a century before. To change the metaphor,
we emigrant Englishmen donned a new suit of
clothes when we left the mother country, but
the youth who does that is by no means restored
to the conditions of the cradle. His forward
growth may be checked, but he does not grow
backward.
Especially in our intellectual outlook, the
"nice little boy " theory is a delicious absurdity.
The theology of the Mathers and the meta-
physics of Jonathan Edwards, the most typical
of our early intellectual products, were, to say
the least, not nursery imaginings. Far from
being milk for babes, they were, if anything,
meat too tough or gristly for the robust diges-
tion of full-grown men. The people who bought
copies of Blackstone's Commentary, when that
work was the last word in literary novelty, in
numbers beyond those that found purchasers in
the country of its origin, were not in their non-
age. Neither were the framers of the Consti-
tution, the authors of "The Federalist," and
the great jurists of our earlier years, children
who needed instruction in any political school
of the old world. No modern country ever saw
a group of men of greater intellectual stature
than these. The notion that the new ideas and
the new emotions that Americans have from
time to time " annexed " to themselves are only
those which Englishmen "have long since ex-
plored and exhausted" is about the most bril-
liant example of fatuous insularity that we have
ever encountered. When our intellectual life
came to full blossom fifty or more years ago, one
of its most marked traits was its eager receptivity
for the new forces that were stirring the waters
of the world's thought. The Concord philoso-
phers were not toying with the discarded play-
things of old-world thinkers ; rather were they
the pioneers of an intellectual movement in
which England lagged far behind. In literary
criticism throughout most of the nineteenth
century, America marched distinctly in the
vanguard. "It is probably not rash to say,"
with Dr. Cairns, " that the judgment of to-day
upon Byron, Wordsworth, Scott, and others was
more accurately expressed by the best American
criticism than in any reviews of their works that
appeared in Great Britain during the same
time."
And thus it has been ever since. What Poe
said in all sincerity about Tennyson no English-
man at that time had dared to say. This fact
slightly dulls the point of our Saturday Re-
viewer's slur about "anybody who has heard
an American quote from Tennyson." That
great poet may be "exhausted ' in the opinion
of super-sophisticated modern Englishmen, but
the acceptance of Poe's verdict does not exactly
appeal to the sound critical sense as a mark of
juvenile ineptitude. There are other examples
a-plenty. Carlyle first found a serious audience
on this side of the Atlantic, and England
learned from us the true greatness of that spirit.
The gigantic intellectual synthesis of Herbert
1914]
THE DIAL
167
Spencer might never have been achieved without
the support that came to him from this country.
Omar Khayyam was discovered here more com-
pletely than in his own country, and FitzGerald
used to refer to himself as " the great American
poet." Americans did rather more than English-
men to force the acceptance of Ibsen upon the
English-speaking world, and it was from Amer-
ica that the philosophy of pragmatism, under
the banners of Pierce and James, marched forth
upon the invasion of the world of philosophical
thought.
Somewhat to our surprise, we have come out
just about where we intended to. It all depends
upon how one gets started. Our starting-
point was found in a vehement reaction from
the absurdities of our critic. But if his starting-
point had been different, there would have been
no need for all this pother. Suppose, for
example, that his opening sentence had been thus
framed : " The charm of Americans is that they
have an alert mental attitude which enables
them to grasp new ideas and recognize new
forms of artistic beauty a little in advance of
their mere cautious English brethren." With
that preamble, the conclusions we have arrived
at would have flowed from the Saturday Re-
viewer's pen as readily and as inevitably as
from our own. But then, we should have had
nothing to write about.
A GREAT CONTEMPORARY NOVEL.
The first of the three volumes containing " Jean-
Christophe" in its English version appeared during
the winter of 1910; the last, something less than a
year ago. If the book bore any relation to the gener-
ality of current fiction, some apology for dealing with
it so tardily might be in order. But when one has
to do with a work of genius, apologies may as well
be dispensed with. Compared with the great mass
of current novels, " Jean-Christophe " is as an oak-
tree rising above a field of summer grass. We should
like to have been among the earliest to proclaim its
qualities ; that privilege having been missed, we can
at least avoid a place among the tardiest.
Notwithstanding its recognition by Mr. Edmund
Gosse and other high critical authorities as " the first
great novel of the new century," the book seems as
yet to have found only a small fraction of its destined
English audience. Critical superlatives are too much
soiled by ignoble use to carry much force nowadays ;
and as much as ever in the past, genius is still left
to make its own way as it can. No doubt the unusual
bulk of " Jean-Christophe " has deterred many pos-
sible readers. A generation that is accustomed to con-
sidering its fiction, like its pills, the better for being
readily bolted is not likely to look with favor upon
a novel of seventeen hundred rather closely printed
pages. But for our part, we should be glad if the three
volumes had been multiplied into thirty. Indeed,
the same material, — the same wealth of character,
the same reservoir of ideas, — might well have served
a less rigorous artist for thirty novels instead of one.
Into the making of "Jean-Christophe" has gone the
greater part of its author's life. The French original,
in ten volumes, occupied nearly a decade in the pub-
lishing; and M. Holland has said that the book was
in conception many years before the first page was
written, — "Christophe only set out on his journey
when I had been able to see the end of it for him."
"The writers of to-day," says Christophe to his
friend Olivier, in one of their discussions,
" Waste their energy in describing human rarities, or cases
that are common enough in the abnormal groups of men
and women living on the fringe of the great society of active,
healthy human beings. Since they themselves have shut
themselves off from life, leave them and go where there are
men. Show the life of every day to the men and women of
every day : that life is deeper and more vast than the sea.
The smallest among you bears the infinite in his soul. The
infinite is in every man who is simple enough to be a man,
in the lover, in the friend, in the woman who pays with her
pangs for the radiant glory of the day of childbirth, in every
man and every woman who lives in obscure self-sacrifice
which will never be known to another soul : it is the very
river of life, flowing from one to another, from one to another,
and back again and round. . . . Write the simple life of one
of these simple men, write the peaceful epic of the days and
nights following, following one like to another, and yet all
different, all sons of the same mother, from the dawning of
the first day in the life of the world. Write it simply, as
simple as its own unfolding. Waste no thought upon the
word, and the letter, and the subtle vain researches in which
the force of the artists of to-day is turned to naught. You
are addressing all men : use the language of all men. There
are no words noble or vulgar ; there is no style chaste or
impure : there are only words and styles which say or do not
say exactly what they have to say. Be sound and thorough
in all you do: think just what you think, — and feel just
what you feel. Let the rhythm of your heart prevail in your
writings ! The style is the soul."
This is M. Holland's literary creed, and out of it
has come <- Jean-Christophe." There is nothing of
conventional plot in the book. Its connecting thread
throughout is the history of a human soul, — the
soul of Jean-Christophe Kraft, native of Germany,
the descendant of several generations of musicians
and himself destined to be the greatest musician of
them all. In physique and will he does not belie
his surname; but his is the strength out of which
comes sweetness, — a strength that carries him
unconquered, though not unscathed, through battle
with all the forces that can be sent against a man's
spirit, — a strength that inspires and invigorates
all who come within its influence. Concerning the
origin of his book, M. Holland has written: "I was
stifling ... in a hostile moral atmosphere, I wanted
to breathe, I wanted to react against a sickly civ-
ilization. ... I needed a hero of pure eyes and
pure heart, with a soul sufficiently unblemished to
have the right to speak, and with a voice strong
enough to make itself heard." Such a hero is Jean-
Christophe; but his purity of eye and heart contains
no trace of pharisaism. He is a creature of stormy
168
THE DIAL
[March 1
impulses and emotions, who stumbles and blunders
as frequently as any, yet who never makes terms
with the enemy, whether within or without.
But the book as a whole is far more than a biog-
raphy of Jean-Christophe Kraft. It is an analysis,
a synthesis, a criticism of present- day life in all of
its most significant phases. It is an illuminating
estimate of European culture, a sane and penetra-
tive discussion of social tendencies, an inspiring
handbook of ethics, a profound and eloquent treatise
on music, — and much else besides. We doubt if
any other writer since Tolstoy has been so success-
ful in clarifying the welter of our contemporary
civilization, — "beneath the chaos of facts perceiv-
ing the little undistinguished gleam which reveals
the progress of the history of the human mind."
Weavers, all of us, of the great fabric of humanity,
we are taken for a moment from the tiny segment
of our individual labor, and the wide tangle of loose
ends which shows for us as the collective labor of
our generation, and are granted a glimpse of the
ordered design that is slowly taking form on the
other side of the fabric. And this, in our opinion,
is the noblest service that literature can perform.
" Jean-Christophe " is thus before all else an inter-
pretation of life, a "novel of ideas" in the truest
sense. But for all that, its chief concern is not
with the "intellectuals" but with commonest and
lowliest humanity. The kingdom it portrays is in-
herited not by the successful and the arrogant — the
so-called strong men who are held up so generally in
life and in literature as patterns of human conduct,
— but always by the meek and the poor in spirit.
Nothing in the book is more typical of its author's
spirit than such a passage as this:
" Christophe felt utterly weary of the fevered, sterile
world, the conflict between egoisms and ideas, the little
groups of human beings deeming themselves above hu-
manity, the ambitious, the thinkers, the artists who think
themselves the brain of the world, and are no more than a
haunting, evil dream. And all his love went out to those
thousands of simple souls, of every nation, whose lives burn
away in silence, pure flames of kindness, faith, and sacrifice.
— the heart of the world."
It is the ambition of M. Holland's art to help the
people ''to live, to correct their errors, to conquer
their prejudices, and to enlarge from day to day their
thoughts and their hearts." Understanding as clearly
as any the futility and danger of many "popular"
tendencies, he yet never reacts into that attitude of
harsh intolerance or brutal indifference so common
among the intellectual classes of to-day. It is his
belief that the individualist who cuts himself off
from sympathetic contact with the mass of mankind
repudiates thereby the first law of Christianity. " If
any man," says M. Holland, "would see the living
God face to face, he must seek him, not in the empty
firmament of his own brain, but in the love of men."
As in every great work of art, this pervading
quality of humaneness is here secondary only to the
quality of absolute sincerity. A love of truth as pas-
sionate as Ruskin's, as uncompromising as Carlyle's,
glows through every page. With TeufelsdrOckh,
Jean-Christophe never fails to cry : '< Truth ! though
the heavens crush me for following her: no False-
hood! though a whole celestial Lubberland were
the price of Apostasy." This high sincerity could
scarcely fail to be inherent in a book so largely the
distillation of spiritual experience, so little the pro-
duct of artifice. The work was conceived, as we have
seen, in a spirit of intense reaction to falsehood and
cant. Its author is one who has evidently known
the acutest mental and physical suffering, but who
yet has courage "to look anguish in the face and
venerate it." In a day when there is so widespread
a tendency not only to repudiate the moral value of
suffering, but to fasten upon it a definite stigma of
shame, such a courage is as rare as it is salutary.
It should not be inferred that "Jean-Christophe"
is any the less appealing and readable as a book of
fiction because of the higher qualities emphasized
in the foregoing, — though of course the book could
never interest those who are content with the staple
product of our fiction factories. Even should the
cultivated reader wish to skip rather freely, in the
residue he will find a wealth of rare treasure. We
know of few pages in literature more subtly and
tenderly sympathetic than the record of Christophe's
early childhood, more deeply stirring than the spir-
itual battle depicted in "The Burning Bush," more
poignantly beautiful than the account of Christophe's
passing in the final chapter. And what a wonderful
pageant of human character moves through the book,
— what a gallery of vivid and varied portraiture!
Who that has come to know them will ever forget
Jean Michel, Gottfried, old Schulz, Olivier, Chris-
tophe himself, among the men; Louisa, Sabine,
Antoinette, Grazia, among the women ?
In conclusion, we shall venture the statement that
with this work M. Holland takes his place in con-
temporary literature as the spiritual and artistic
successor of Tolstoy. He becomes the standard-
bearer around whom will rally the idealistic forces
of the new century. More profoundly than any other
yet offered by this century, the gospel he has given
us will inspire and direct those who are toiling in
the cause of human brotherhood, — " the free spirits
of all nations who suffer, fight, and will prevail."
That he assumes no authority, and claims no fol-
lowers, only makes his leadership the more secure.
He would have us understand almost before all else
that human progress, like life itself, is not a smooth-
flowing development, but a series of metamorphoses
or transmutations ; that each generation must wage
its own battle for its own truth, and then without
bitterness give place to a younger generation which
perchance will carry the combat to a far different
quarter of the field. To fight is the great duty ; to
have fought, the only honor. The issue is always
in the future ; the hope is always with the new gen-
eration. In no other way can we more fittingly take
leave of this noble book than in the words of its
author, appended as a preface to the final volume :
" I have written the tragedy of a generation which is
nearing its end. I have sought to conceal neither its vices
1914]
THE DIAL
169
nor its virtues, its profound sadness, its chaotic pride, its
heroic efforts, Sts despondency beneath the overwhelming
burden of a super-human task, the burden of the whole
world, the reconstruction of the world's morality, its esthetic
principles, its faith, the forging of a new humanity. — Such
we have been.
" You young men, you men of to-day, march over us,
trample us under your feet, and press onward. Be ye greater
and happier than we.
" For myself, I bid the soul that was mine farewell. I cast
it from me like an empty shell. Life is a succession of
deaths and resurrections. We must die, Christophe, to be
born again."
W. R. B.
CASUAL COMMENT.
ENCOURAGEMENT TO POTENTIAL POETS and other
persons of bright promise, rather than the recognition
of completed achievement, is now declared by one
of the witnesses of Alfred Nobel's will to have been
the Swedish philanthropist's primary object in estab-
lishing the series of prizes bearing his name. Mr.
Leonard Hwass has contributed to the German
newspaper, Die Woche, a noteworthy article, repub-
lished in translation by the New York "Evening
Post," in which he deplores the failure of the ex-
ecutors to " carry out the will and real intent of the
great departed." After coining the term "social-
economist" as indicative of "the entire aim and
spirit of the man," the writer continues: "He was a
quiet, high-minded, Teutonic aristocrat, an individ-
ualist of the first water, who never fixed his hopes
upon the elevation of the masses, but upon the
encouragement of individuals of high social value.
To them he wished, through his will, to be an endur-
ing friend and patron; because he recognized that
they are the real dispensers of blessings and hap-
piness to mankind. And because he knew from his
own bitter struggles how particularly difficult it is
for the noble-minded, often so sensitively and deli-
cately organized, to make their way, he wished, as
he repeatedly emphatically remarked, 'to lighten
the life of the dreamers.' . . . By these 'dreamers'
he meant spirits bent upon high ideals, poets, and
inventors, who, unpractical and devoid of means,
often go to wrack and ruin in the fulness of their
mental powers." Accordingly the Nobel prize, as the
writer feels himself justified in asserting, "should
never be bestowed as an honorary prize, but as a
promotive prize for the encouragement of new and
beneficent work." And further: "According to my
impressions, Nobel, who himself wrote some beau-
tiful poems, unfortunately unknown, in the Swedish
and English tongues, meant by the term 'poet'
rather a noble-minded lyric poet, who lifts us to ideal
heights, and who rarely possesses much of this world's
goods, than a dramatist or novelist enjoying a large
income. The deciding factor was, at all events, not
to be fame, but a creative spirit evidently striving
for lofty ends. In any case, world-renowned person-
alities, with an assured future, should be excluded."
Especially unwise, he thinks, was the bestowal of the
prize upon the aged Mommsen and the venerable
Carducci, and upon "the Pole, Sienkiewicz, who
resided in a knightly castle, and upon the Indian
patrician, Tagore." But if fame is to be distrusted
as an evidence of a man's desert in the sense in
which the prize-bestowers should look for desert,
how shall the suitable candidates be brought to the
attention of these Stockholm gentlemen? In this
wise: "The press of all countries should cooperate
here by taking a yearly vote among their circle of
readers, to select a forceful, strenuous spirit that is
still struggling with fate, and raise him on his coun-
try's shield." Even so it would be a miracle if modest
merit always or often got its desert; but it is to be
hoped that the words of Mr. Hwass, who professes
to have had intimate acquaintance with Nobel and
with his purpose in founding the prizes called by his
name, may not fall on deaf ears.
• • •
AN ARTIST IN TYPOGRAPHY, and a man of culture
and fine sympathies, was taken from the world of
books and publishing in the recent death of Theodore
Low De Vinne, head of the De Vinne Press and
author of noteworthy books on the history and prac-
tice of printing. "Mr. De Vinne was a kind man
as well as a great expert," says Mr. S. S. McClure
of his one-time employer, in the autobiography now
appearing serially; and "the De Vinne Press was
one of the best, if not the best, printing houses in
the world" — as it still is. "One of the world's
foremost experts, a wide scholar as well as a great
printer," is the further description of him by the
same competent authority. Eighty-five years ago
last Christmas Mr. De Vinne was born at Stamford,
Connecticut. Honorary degrees from Columbia and
Yale attest the acquisition of a good education on
his part, however limited his formal schooling. He
early learned the printer's craft, and entered the
employment of Francis Hart in New York. Rising
ere long to the position of partner in the business,
and, upon Hart's death, organizing the firm of
Theodore L. De Vinne & Co., he became a recog-
nized leader in the improvement of typography and
formed that association with the Century Company
which appears to have been advantageous to both
parties. He was an active member of the Typothetae,
of the Aldine Association, of the Grolier Club (at
one time its president), the Authors' Club, and the
Century Club, while various foreign societies were
glad to extend to him the honor of membership. His
first book was a "Printers' Price List," 1869; then
followed, at intervals, "Invention of Printing,"
"Historic Types," "Christopher Plantin," "Plain
Printing Types," "Correct Composition," "Title
Pages." " Book Composition," and " Notable Printers
of Italy during the Fifteenth Century." His "Cor-
rect Composition" is an excellent manual for both
printers and authors; it supplied a real need, and
will not soon be superseded. A good portrait of
this scholarly, broad-minded, progressive, and gentle-
mannered master of typography may be seen in the
170
THE DIAL
[March 1
February issue of "McClure's Magazine," in the
chapter there printed of Mr. McClure's autobiog-
raphy- . . .
THE SECRET OF LITERARY STYLE is perhaps much
less of a secret than most of us suspect. A manner
of written expression at once simple and forceful,
lucid and picturesque, colored with imagination,
spiced with wit, and touched with humor, does not
come by accident or heredity or as a gift from the
gods ; it is something achieved by diligent effort on
the part of one who has first been kindled with
enthusiasm for an unattainable ideal of literary art.
The late Goldwin Smith was the master of a style
so nearly perfect, in its kind, as to render the reader
all but unconscious of its presence: the writer's
thought conveyed itself to others almost without
their being aware of the medium of conveyance.
But this apparent ease of utterance was the result of
years of painstaking attention to verbal detail. His
secretary and literary executor, Mr. Arnold Haul-
tain, gives repeated instances, in his Boswellian
account of the eminent publicist's daily life and con-
versation, of his scrupulous care in expressing him-
self for publication. Near the middle of his volume
Mr. Haultain says: "It is great fun — and it is in-
structive— to watch these little things. I wonder
if many octogenarian writers take this care in their
style. The astonishing thing to me is the extraordi-
nary simplicity of the product! The Chief will
think out an article, a little short article, for a news-
paper; will then write it out in his own hand at
eight o'clock in the morning; will dictate it to me
at 9:15; will carefully, most carefully, go over my
MS., correcting, altering, adding, and excising ; will
demand proofs and revises to be sent to him (by a
special messenger often — at ten cents per special
messenger) ; will then go down to the newspaper
office and see another revise ; will correct this ; and,
if he does not demand yet another revise, it is simply
because he relies upon my seeing to it that his ulti-
mate revision is faithfully carried out by the printers
in the composing room; and not until I come down-
stairs and report that 'everything is all right' does
he slowly rise and totter out of the office. This at
eighty ! What would I not give to have seen him
at work at thirty ! " Surely, we have here one im-
bued with the belief that easy writing is hard reading.
• • •
LATITUDE IN LATIN PRONUNCIATION has gone so
far, with the Roman, the Continental, the English,
and sundry other methods putting forth their claims,
that no two Latinists, meeting by chance, can now
feel any certainty of being understood by each other
if the exigencies of the occasion should call for that
famous Plutarchian quotation, Veni, vidi, vici, or if
one should wish to compliment the other by calling
him,justum et tenacem propositi virum, or if either
should desire to give expression to the profound truth,
qui facit per aliumfacitper se. Some of us, in our
occasional airing of such Latin as we possess, first
rapidly figure out the probable decade or lustrum in
which our hearer's thumbing of Cae*ar and Virgil
was cast, and then shape our pronunciation after the
old or the new fashion as the case may seem to
require. In doubtful instances, or before a mixed
audience, we sometimes pronounce our Latin first
in the style of our grandfathers, especially if any of
our grandfathers or their contemporaries are present,
and then, turning with an indulgent smile toward
our juniors, we render our Ciceronian eloquence in
the so-called Roman manner, for their benefit. But
this system has its obvious disadvantages, besides
its waste of time and breath. In England, the strong-
hold of conservatism in Latin pronunciation as in
certain other particulars, the battle of the rival
schools is still in progress, although on this side of
the Atlantic the old pronunciation long ago yielded
to the new. At a recent meeting of the Classical
Association at Bedford College, the president, Sir
Frederic Kenyon, announced that the Roman method
was well in the lead. But Oxford clings stubbornly
to the English fashion, as was to have been expected.
English Latin is, obviously, the furthest remove from
Ciceronian in its effect on the ear, though no one
really knows how Cicero pronounced his words.
Readers of Sir Walter Scott will recall that in " The
Fortunes of Nigel" King James vaunts the indisput-
able fact that Scotch Latin could be understood all
over Europe, but English Latin nowhere outside of
England. A universally intelligible pronunciation
is certainly a desideratum.
• • •
THE LATEST FRENCH ACADEMICIAN, M. Alfred
Capus, is as popular a playwright in his own smiling,
gently ironical, always amusing vein, as is M. Eugene
Brieux (the next preceding writer for the stage
elected to membership in the same illustrious com-
pany) in his intensely earnest and morally purposeful
dramatic compositions. The one writes for those
who have seen the world and its follies, and who
refuse to take life too seriously ; the other addresses
those who have the tremendous seriousness of youth,
whatever their age may be, and are bent on reform-
ing their fellow-men. Of course, since the plays of
M. Capus are written for the sophisticated — and
that, too, the sophisticated Parisians — they contain
much that the average Anglo-Saxon theatre-goer
rightly regards as in questionable taste and not pro-
vocative of wholesome mirth. Moreover, their style
is so emphatically French, their wit so merged with
the medium in which it is expressed, that the peculiar
excellence of the original is largely lost in translation.
Hence the fewness of the attempts thus far made to
transplant the products of this clever Frenchman's
genius, and hence, too, the inconsiderable success
attending these attempts. But it is interesting to
note, as an evidence of the rare quality of the pieces
that come so plentifully from the pen of M. Capus,
that the exacting M. Bourget praises him warmly,
and even testified to his high opinion of the man by
urging his candidacy upon the Academicians. " He
thinks in French and he writes in French,*' declared
1914]
THE DIAL
171
M. Bourget; and no one will dispute him. A few
biographical details may be not out of place, in clos-
ing. Vincent Marie Alfred Capus was born Nov. 25,
1858; was educated at Aix-en- Provence, and at the
Lyce'e Condorcet, Paris ; is an Officer of the Legion
of Honor, and has published " Qui Perd Gagne,"
"Monsieur Veut Rire," "Anne'es d'Aventure,"
"Notre Epoque et le The'atre," and many plays.
• • »
THE CABLYLE OF MYTH AND THE CAELYJLE OF
REALITY have by this time become inextricably
intertwisted, thanks largely to Froude's juggling
with the records, and also to the world's well-known
fondness for discovering or inventing faults and
foibles in the great. The Carlyle of unendurable
domestic asperities is the real Carlyle to many,
rather than the Carlyle described by Emerson as
living in a state of beautiful harmony and mutual
affection with his brilliant and attractive wife.
Mr. J. P. Collins, in a London letter to the Boston
*' Transcript," brings forward the testimony (new,
perhaps, to many readers) of the maid Jessie who
waited on the Carlyles in the last years of their
life together. " I could have lived with him all my
days," she asserted, "and it always makes me
angry when I read, as I sometimes do, that he was
* bad-tempered' and 'gey ill to get on with.' He
was the very reverse, in my opinion. I never
would have left him, had I not been going to get
married." Another glimpse of a not unamiable
Carlyle is given us by this same Jessie (later, Mrs.
Broadfoot, of Thornhill, Dumfriesshire). An Amer-
ican lion-hunter insisted on seeing the great man,
and would not be turned away. Finally, in des-
peration, says the quondam maid-servant, " Carlyle
told me to send him in, and when he went in Carlyle
just stood up from his desk in the back dining-
room, in his long dressing-gown, and met him with,
'Well, here I am! Take a good look at me.' The
gentleman was very much taken aback; but he must
have pleased Carlyle, for I remember he stayed and
talked quite a long time."
• • »
ACCESSIBLE FOREIGN LITERATURE OF OUR TIME
— accessible in the sense of translated and procur-
able from any good bookstore or public library —
is richer and better worth reading than is suspected
by those whose habitual book-diet is the latest
American or English novel. A pamphlet issued by
the Omaha Public Library and entitled "Foreign
Literature in Translation," by Miss Zora I. Shields
of the English department in the Omaha High
School, presents an inviting array of modern Euro-
pean (continental) authors whom the translator's
art has introduced to the English-speaking public.
Comment and criticism accompany the list of works,
these being exclusively novels and dramas, and it
is evident that the writer has read and enjoyed the
books she invites others to read and enjoy. In
closing, she urges upon her readers as a duty, "to
stop wasting time and money on our own empty
popular novels and magazine stories "; she points to
the opportunity, so freely offered, "to read and
know books which open up a new heaven"; and she
hopes for an eventual fusing of " Norse enthusiasm,
German philosophy, French artistry, Russian mys-
ticism, and Latin emotion, into a new American
race, American literature." Translators are fallible
mortals, and translations often leave much to be
desired, but few of us would have any considerable
acquaintance with the world's literature outside our
own language if we depended solely on our own
knowledge of foreign tongues to help us to that
acquaintance.
UNSANCTIFIED USES OF SACRED LITERATURE are
to be regretfully noted in reading the interesting
annual report of the librarian of the General Theo-
logical Seminary. Even a collection of books de-
signed primarily to meet the needs of prospective
preachers of the gospel is not exempt from losses due
to unregistered borrowing — a permissible euphem-
ism for a shorter and uglier term. A rare edition of
St. Augustine's "Confessions," for instance, would
have another beside its literary value that might
tempt to its removal from the shelves, for purposes
wholly unconnected with those of study. But, what-
ever the cause, more than one hundred volumes that
have disappeared in the last fifteen years from their
proper places in the Seminary library are now at last,
in despair of their reappearance, definitely stricken
from the lists and mourned as irrecoverable. "They
have not been removed before now," says the libra-
rian, "because it has been hoped that successive in-
ventories and the passing of time might reveal them
or restore them, as sometimes occurs with missing
books. This hope has not been justified with the
volumes mentioned. The loss is very regrettable;
the Librarian, however, has no theory to account for
it other than the devious and inexplainable weak-
nesses of human nature." Nevertheless, faith in
the honesty of mankind as a whole has not been
destroyed, and this library's praiseworthy system of
unrestricted access to the shelves will be continued.
A MAYOR WITH NO FONDNESS FOR LITERATURE
came pretty near balking the efforts of the Women's
Club of Owensboro, Kentucky, to secure a public
library for their city. In the "Second Biennial
Report" of the Kentucky Library Commission is to
be found the astonishing story of this mulish muni-
cipal officer. After the energetic women of Owens-
boro had raised $3,500, bought a lot, secured a
Carnegie building, and were on the point of opening
the library to the expectant public, the city council
(at the mayor's instigation, one suspects) refused to
grant the necessary appropriation for maintenance
of the new institution. In fact, three successive
councils proved obdurate, and when at last a fourth
had passed the ordinance " the mayor refused to sign
the warrants and suit was brought and won in the
lower court by the Library Trustees to compel him
to sign. The mayor then took the case to the Court
of Appeals. The trustees won again. The warrants
172
THE DIAL
[March 1
were signed in March, 1913. In the meanwhile,
the Women's Club, growing impatient at the delay,
decided to open the library. A book reception re-
sulted in the gift of about 1,500 volumes; the women
volunteered service and the doors were then opened
to the public. During the year ending July 1, 1913,
the circulation reached 11,593." All honor to the
women of Owensboro!
• • •
JAPANESE LITERABT LIKINGS tend more and
more toward occidental, and especially toward En-
glish and American, books. English is the foreign
tongue most familiar to the people of Japan ; hence
the considerable number of English and American
authors read by them and republished in their own
country in translation. In drama Mr. Bernard
Shaw's plays seem to be decidedly popular, both for
reading and for stage presentation. Professor
Eucken and Professor Bergson are finding favor
there as here. The useful part of the translator in
introducing these and numerous other foreign
authors to his fellow-countrymen receives insuffi-
cient recognition, fifty yen (a little less than twenty-
five dollars) being commonly paid for turning into
the vernacular a work of two hundred pages. No
wonder the critics complain that the rendering is
not always quite what it ought to be.
COMMUNICATIONS.
JOSIAH KENICK SMITH.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Readers of THE DIAL will be pained to hear of the
death of Professor Josiah Renick Smith, a regular con-
tributor to its pages since, perhaps, about the year 1895.
As Professor of Greek in the Ohio State University,
he was the oldest member of the Faculty in continuous
service, and always a man of great weight in its councils.
That a man should be a skilful teacher, well equipped
in his special department, is all that most people ask of
one who holds such a position, and somewhat more than
is often secured; but it is not all that the Ohio State
University found in Professor Smith. He was born with
a natural affinity for the higher things of life, and his
power of appreciation was confined within no narrow
limits. With unfailing instinct his affections went out
to sincere and genuine excellence in literature, music,
and art, nor were his acquisitions in these fields treated
merely as food for his own pleasure. Distilled through
bis own mind, seasoned with the spice of his winning
personality, and fitly wrought into the web of his teach-
ing, he passed them on to generation after generation of
his pupils and so into the life of his time. But even a
great educational institution could not absorb the whole
of such a man. His taste in music, disseminated through
musical organizations, through the local press, and by
contact with individuals, has been by no means the least
factor in educating Columbus to the point where ade-
quate support can be safely assumed for a grade of
music entirely out of reach of many cities of the same
size. His talks on various phases of painting and sculp-
ture, enriched by personal acquaintance with most of
the great collections abroad and at home, were always
a delightful stimulus to those who had the privilege of
hearing them. He was a member of Dr. Washington
Gladden's church, and there as everywhere else a wise
counsellor and willing worker. But to those who have
had the privilege of coming into close contact with him,
the charm of his loyal personal friendship will be felt
as the greatest loss of all. Considering the ease with
which the finer and less obviously " paying " phases of
education may be swamped beneath the more material
and " practical " in a great state institution, the author-
ities of the Ohio State University deserve especial credit
for maintaining for so many years at the head of one of
its departments, and as an active force in its adminis-
tration, so distinctive an apostle of " culture " in its
higher meaning as Professor Josiah Renick Smith.
W. H. JOHN&ON.
Denison University, Granmlle, Ohio, Feb. 18, 1914.
[The review by Dr. Smith included in our present
issue — the last of so much wise and graceful and
scholarly writing! — was received only a few days
before his death. — EDITOR.]
HAMLET'S "SOLILOQUY" AND CLAUDIUS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Dr. Tannenbaum, in his recent severe but scholarly
comments in your columns upon Mr. Stopford Brooke's
second excursion into Shakespearean fields, makes some
severe thrusts at this critic's interpretation of " Hamlet,"
but fails to mention that Mr. Brooke is the first who has
taken note of the relation of Hamlet's " soliloquy " to
one of the " lawful espials." Let me quote the passage
of Mr. Brooke's to which I refer:
" Hamlet comes in and thinks himself alone ; and talks to
himself in that famous soliloquy —
' To be, or not to be : that is the question.'
To listen to it is not to listen to a madman,— and the "King
knows this, and is not deceived when Hamlet, detecting that
he is spied on, changes his whole manner to Ophelia, and does
play the madman." (The italics are mine.)
Dr. Tannenbaum, in a letter to me, says that the
soliloquy is not heard by the espials. I claim that this
speech was intended by our playwright to be heard by
Claudius even more deliberately than was Juliet's solil-
oquy intended to be overheard by Romeo (" Romeo and
Juliet," Act II. sc. ii.) ; that it is quite as grim in its
eaves-dropping humor, distinct as it is in types, as was
the effect of the soliloquy of Prince Hal upon Falstaff,
when the latter simulated a dead hero at Shrewsbury
(" Henry IV.," Part I. Act V. sc. iv.) ; and certainly it is
as impressive as an overheard soliloquy as was the effect
of the soliloquy of Enobarbus upon the soldiers when the
former thought he was alone (" Antony and Cleopatra,"
Act IV. sc ix.).
But did Shakespeare intend Hamlet to believe him-
self alone when, as Mr. Brooke suggests, the soul of
Claudius is affected by the soliloquy with doubt and
dread? Did not Shakespeare intend to advise his
audience that Hamlet knew he was again entering a
trap, as Mr. Brooke fails to suggest, when the line was
written: " For we have closely sent for Hamlet hither "?
What, if any, is the relation between this line and the
words in the preceding scene, " I am most dreadfully
attended " and " Were you not sent for?" ?
I should like to see some communications from your
readers discussing this point, i. e., the relation of Hamlet's
soliloquy to Claudius. Mr. Brooke is the first critic I
have read who has taken any notice of Claudius in this
matter. C. M. STREET.
St. Joseph, Mo., Feb. 20, 1914.
1914]
173
ANOTHER AUXILIARY LANGUAGE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Will you permit me to supplement Mr. E. F. McPike's
interesting communication regarding an auxiliary lan-
guage? Esperanto and Ido are by no means the only
serious rivals in the field. I am sure most scientists
and scholars would prefer the simplified Latin evolved
by Professor Peano, the well-known mathematician and
logician, and by the Academia pro Interlingua.
As a document I beg to transcribe the " Delibera-
tiones de Academia relativo ad Interlingua," which suffi-
ciently define the proposed language:
"1. VOCABULARIO: Academia adopta omne vocabulo
latino existente in Anglo, et, quando es utile, omne alio
vocabulo latino.
"2. ORTHOGRAPHIA: Omni vocabulo internationale
que existe in latino, habe forma de thema latino.
" 3. GRAMMATICA : Interlingua habe suffixes -s
(plurale), -re (infinitive), -to (participio passive).
" Lice supprime omni elemento grammaticale non
necessario."
The Academy is open to everyone interested in the
problem of an auxiliary language. Its " decisions "
merely register the opinion of the majority. For the
yearly subscription of ten francs, the "Discussiones' and
a number of other periodicals and pamphlets are sent to
all members. The Director and Treasurer is Professor
G. Pagliero, Via San Francesco 44, Torino, Italy.
The " Academia " is of course heartily in favor of
the " Association for the Creation of an International
Language Bureau." A> L< GUERARD.
Eice Institute, Houston, Texas, Feb. 20, 1914.
SYNDICATE SERVICE AND "TAINTED BOOK
REVIEWS."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
On page 97 of your issue of February 1 you published
a, communication entitled " Tainted Book Reviews,"
from a correspondent who signs himself " Book-buyer,"
which contains about as much misinformation as it is
possible to get in a half-page.
The undersigned are responsible for this syndicate
book review proposition and are able, therefore, to give
you all the facts necessary to an understanding of its
workings.
We maintain an editorial department which reviews
current books for a list of newspapers. These book
reviews are sold to the newspapers as a news feature.
Our editors are employed by the newspapers exactly as
a newspaper employs any writer or reviewer. " The
Jonesville Eagle," for instance, may pay the village
school-teacher to review new books, and every Friday
afternoon the pedagogue makes his way to the news-
paper office with his articles. That 's exactly what we
do, except we are of the opinion that we do it vastly
better, for our editorial department costs several hun-
dred dollars a week, and we engage such writers as
Arthur Bartlett Maurice, editor of " The Bookman " ;
•Charles Hanson Towne (to review verse); Kendall
Banning, of "System," who reviews business books;
Albert Payson Terhune, of the New York " World ";
Sinclair Lewis, formerly associate editor of "Adven-
ture " (who writes the leading review each week) ;
Simeon Strunsky (literary editor of tHe New York
^'Evening Post"); Edwin Bjorkman; William Rose
Benet, of "The Century Magazine"; Berton Braley;
and Major J. E. Hausmann, of the United States
Army, who reviews books dealing with the Philippines
and the Orient. It is absurd to intimate, as your cor-
respondent does, that these men write " tainted book
reviews."
While we do not know, we nevertheless venture to
say that this editorial department costs more for upkeep
than the literary review department of any daily news-
paper in the United States, not excepting even the
New York "Times," or the Chicago "Tribune." This
is made possible as the result of cooperation on the
part of seven or eight newspapers.
Every newspaper on our list maintains a literary
editor who edits the syndicate matter sent out by us,
and adapts it to the policy and form of the newspaper.
We solicit book advertising for a list of newspapers,
some of which take our syndicate literary review ser-
vice. Some of our newspapers do not take it, and as
far as the advertising is concerned, it makes no differ-
ence to us whether they print our reviews or run their
own literary page, provided they produce a good book
review section. Our advertising and editorial depart-
ments are as distinct and separate as the editorial and
advertising departments of any newspaper or magazine.
Your correspondent says that our proposition seems
to him to be a sinister move. We think your corre-
spondent does not know what he is talking about.
With the possible exceptions of three or four of the
big dailies that make a specialty of literary news, the
book reviewing of the daily press is done by immature
reporters, and people out of a job, and narrow-headed
school-teachers, or by somebody who does it " on the
side." There are innumerable instances of absolutely
worthless books being called " the book of the year,"
and so on, by reviewers of this stripe because such
literary productions happened to strike the reviewer's
peculiar fancy. Then, we know of cases where really
great books were ignored or dismissed with a line or
two because the local reviewer had no literary stand-
ards or guides, and really had no idea of literature.
Then, there are many cases of the morbidly perverse
or immoral in literature being held up as wonderful
and epoch-making productions because they happened
to be handed out by the local editor to some long-haired
extremist.
Whatever may be the merits or demerits of our
syndicate service, we are sure that its productions are
characterized by sanity and true literary perspective.
The entire book publishing world has endorsed this
proposition. Our supporters and well-wishers include
every book concern of importance and standing in the
United States, without exception. Do you think this
would be so if we allowed advertising to "taint our
book reviews " ?
Your correspondent states that our reviews are writ-
ten by a " hired corps of men in New York who are
paid practically by the [book] publishers." This state-
ment is not true. The book publishers do not contribute,
directly or indirectly, to the support of our book review
service. It is supported entirely by the newspapers.
We do not want to take up any more of your space,
else we would occupy ourselves with making a few
more corrections, but think we have said enough to give
you a clear idea of our proposition.
WOODWARD & VAN SLYKE.
Per W. E. WOODWARD.
New York City, Feb. 16, 1914.
174
THE DIAL
[March 1
IDEALIST IN PRACTICAL, AFFAIRS.*
With a keen sense both of the little ironies
and comicalities of life, and of its deeper tragedy
and pathos, Mr. Brand Whitlock relates the story
of his struggles and successes in words that speak
compellingly to our common humanity and hold
the attention to the end. In a style that has
much of that ease and effectiveness that come
not by chance, but with long and devoted ser-
vice to the art of literary expression, he carries
his narrative, " Forty Years of It," through
nearly four hundred pages and leaves his readers
regretful only of its too-early close.
A politician with an ardent fondness for
poetry is not to be found in a long day's search,
nor is a poet with a decided bent for politics
very often to be met with ; but in Mr. Whitlock
we have primarily the poet, the dreamer, the
idealist, and secondarily the practical man who
knows how to turn politics to good account in
the realization of some of his visions of civic
betterment and social welfare. Yet in the face
of all he has achieved as the head of a city
government during four consecutive terms —
eight years in all, with the apparent certainty
of reelection and the prospect of indefinite con-
tinuance in office had he consented thus to serve
his fellow-citizens longer — it is asserted of him
by the one who prefaces his book with a few
introductory pages that he " is an artist, a born
artist. His natural place is in a world unknown
and undreamed of by us children of an age com-
missioned to carry out the great idea of industrial
and political development. He belongs by birth-
right in the eternal realm of divine impossibili-
ties, of sublime and delightful inconsistencies.
Greatly might he have fulfilled his destiny in
music, in poetry, in painting had he been born
at one of those periods when spiritual activity
was all but universal, when spiritual ideas were
popular and dominant, volitantesper or a virum,
part of the very air one breathed — in the Greece
of Pericles, the England of Elizabeth, or on
the Tuscan hills at the time of the Florentine
Renaissance ! But this was not to be." Thus
Mr. Albert Jay Nock, whose glowing eulogy of
the spiritual qualities and the artistic tempera-
ment of Mr. Whitlock must not be allowed to
veil from us the warm human nature of the man
and the admirable catholicity of his sympathies.
These characteristics will show themselves as we
* FORTY YTCARS OF IT. By Brand Whitlock. New
York : D. Appleton & Co.
pass his life rapidly in review and illustrate
some of its phases with passages from his book.
Born at Urbana, Ohio, March 4, 1869, the
son of Elias D. Whitlock, D.D., he was named
after his maternal grandfather, Joseph Carter
Brand, a character rich in entertainment to the
reader of his grandson's description of him.
Public schools and private instruction provided
the boy with such formal book-learning as was to
be his portion, and at eighteen he entered upon
the work of a newspaper reporter at Toledo.
Three years later he joined the staff of the
Chicago " Herald," and after still another three
years accepted the position of clerk in the office
of the Secretary of State at Springfield, Illinois,
— chiefly, it appears, that he might find time
to fit himself for the practice of law. His legal
studies were pursued under the guidance of
Senator John M. Palmer, and admission to the
Illinois bar followed in 1894, and to the Ohio
bar in 1897, the year of his relinquishing his
post at Springfield. Since then he has been
engaged in the practice of his profession at
Toledo, in the writing of essays, stories, poems,
and novels, and, from 1906 to 1913, in dis-
charging the duties of mayor of his city, to the
evident contentment of a majority of its citizens.
His writings make a most creditable showing,
especially when it is remembered that they were
the product of his spare hours, labors of love in
the midst of the exacting demands of less con-
genial but more surely remunerative occupa-
tions. The list includes "The 13th District,"
" Her Infinite Variety,'' " The Happy Average,"
"The Turn of the Balance," "Abraham Lin-
coln" (in the series of "Beacon Biographies"),
"The Gold Brick," "On the Enforcement of
Law in Cities," and various essays, poems, and
short stories contributed to leading magazines.
Having now too long withheld attention from
the book under consideration, let us demonstrate
its worth and illustrate the distinctive character
of its style and method by some generous cita-
tions from its pages. Here is a picture of the
author's grandfather, Joseph Carter Brand,
near the end of a life nobly lived in a spirit of
sturdy independence and of steadfast loyalty to
truth and justice:
" He was always like that, following the truth as he
saw it, wherever it led him. But his active days were
not many after that; ere long he was kicked by one of
his horses, a vicious animal, half bronco, which he insisted
on riding, and he was invalided for the rest of his days.
He spent them in a wheel-chair, pushed about by a negro
boy. It was ft cross he bore bravely enough, without
complaint, spending his hours in reading of politics, now
that he could no longer participate in them, and more
and more in reading verse, and even in committing it to
1914]
THE DIAL
175
memory, so that to the surprise of his family he soon
replaced the grace he had always said at table with some
recited stanza of poetry, and he took to cultivating, or
sitting in his chair while there was cultivated, under his
direction, a little rose garden. He knew all those roses
as though they were living persons : when a lady called,
— if the roses were in bloom, — he would say to his
colored house-boy : ' Go cut off Madame Maintenon, and
bring her here."
It must have been from this grandfather,
born in Kentucky of a slave-holding family,
but hating slavery so bitterly that he forfeited
his patrimony and betook himself into the ad-
joining free State, that Mr. Whitlock inherited
many of his finer qualities. Brand, like his
grandson after him, achieved civic distinction,
or had it thrust upon him, being introduced to
the reader as mayor of Urbana in the opening
pages of the book. What is said above about
his "following the truth as he saw it," could
with equal truth be said of the writer of those
words. While still in his 'teens he showed a
spirit of revolt against the sacred tenets of the
protective tariff system, catching this alarming
heresy from the congressman of his district,
Frank Hurd, a man of such brilliant parts
that, apparently, his free-trade principles did
not do him much injury as a politician even
with his high-tariff constituents.
" I was by this time a youth of eighteen, and in the
summer when he had come home from Washington I
somehow found courage enough to go to the hotel where
he lived, and to inquire for him. He was there in the
lobby, standing by the cigar-stand, talking to some
men, and I hung on the outskirts of the little group
until it broke up, and then the fear I had felt vanished
when he turned and smiled upon me. I told him that
I wished to know about Free Trade, and since there
was nothing he liked better to talk about, and, too,
since there were few who could talk better about any-
thing than he could talk about the tariff, we sat in the
big leather chairs while he discoursed simply on the
subject. It was the first of several of these conversa-
tions, or lessons, which we had in the big leather chairs
in the lobby of the old Boody House, and it was not
long until I was able, with a solemn pride, to announce
at home that I was a Free-Trader and a Democrat. It
could hardly have been worse had I announced that I
had been visiting Ingersoll, and was an atheist. Cleve-
land was president, and in time he sent his famous
tariff-reform message to Congress, and though I could
not vote, I was preparing to give him my moral sup-
port, to wear his badge, and even, if I could do no
more, to refuse to march in the Republican processions
with the club of young men and boys organized in our
neighborhood."
Passing over a dozen years, we chance upon
the following glimpse of the young man in his
newly- opened law office in Toledo :
" The little law office had a portrait of William Dean
Howells on its walls, and in time the portraits of other
writers, differing from those other law offices which
prefer to be adorned with pictures of Chief Justice
Marshall — a strong man, of course, who wrote some
strong fiction, too, in his day — and of Hamilton and of
Jefferson, indicating a catholicity or a confusion of prin-
ciple on the part of the occupying proprietor, of which
usually he is not himself aware. ^ There were a few law
books, too, and on the desk a little digest of the law of
evidence as affected by the decisions of the Ohio courts.
I had the noble intention of mastering it, but I did not
read in it very much, since for a long while there was
no one to pay me for doing so, and I spent most of my
hours at my desk over a manuscript of " The 13th Dis-
trict," a novel of politics I was then writing, looking up
now and then and gazing out of the window at the blank
rear walls of certain brick buildings which made a dreary
prospect, even if one of them did bear, as I well remem-
ber, the bright and reassuring legend, • Money to Loan
at 6 per cent.' "
Noteworthy are the pen-sketches that the
book contains of various more or less celebrated
men with whom the writer had been somewhat
intimate, or whom he had at least beheld now
and then1 in their less studied attitudes. Gov-
ernor Altgeld, Senator Palmer, James G. Blaine,
" Golden Rule " Jones, Mayor " Tom " Johnson
— these are some of the interesting characters
that Mr. Whitlock helps us to know better than
before ; and in sketching them he somehow, one
feels, involuntarily but most graphically delin-
eates himself. Here is an illuminating page
from the latter part of the book, where the au-
thor is looking back upon the din and turmoil
of his political experience :
" I used to be haunted continually by a horrid fear
that I should lose the possibility of ever winning the
power of utterance, since no such prudence [as the
politician's] is at all compatible with the practice of
any art. For art must, first of all, be utter sincerity,
the artist's business is to think out his thoughts about
life to the very end, and to speak them as plainly as
the power and the ability to speak them have been
given to him; he must not be afraid to offend; indeed,
if he succeed at all, he must certainly offend in the
beginning. I am quite aware that I may seem incon-
sistent in this notion, since I have intimated my belief
that Jones was an artist; and so he was, in a way, and,
if I do not fly to the refuge of trite sayings and allege
him as the exception that proves the rule, I am sure
that I may say, and, if I have in the least been able to
convey any distinct conception of his personality, the
reader will agree with me when I say, that he was sui
generis. And besides it was not as a politician that he
won his success. Had he ventured outside the political
jurisdiction of his own city the politicians instantly
would have torn him asunder because he had not been
1 regular.' And that, I find, when I set it down, is pre-
cisely what I am trying to say about the artist; he must
not be regular. Every great artist in the world has been
irregular, as irregular as Corot, going forth in the early
morning in search of the elusive and ineffable light of
dawn as it spread over the earth and stole through the
greenwoods at Barbizon, or as Manet, or Monet, or any
other man who never knew appreciation in his lifetime.
And Jones and all like him are brothers of those incom-
176
THE DIAL
[March 1
parable artists ; they are not kin in any way to the world's
politicians."
And so, that he might be more truly and
completely an artist, Mr. Whitlock announced
his decision not tojbe again a candidate for the
mayoralty — an announcement received with
incredulity by the politicians, because politi-
cians so seldom mean what they say in making
similar announcements. But there was no
mental reservation this time, and literature is
likely to be the gainer by reason of the sincerity
of the declaration. Readers of the book here
discussed, a book that cannot fail to be widely
read as a sincere and also a rather extraordi-
nary piece of autobiographic writing, will rejoice
in the prospect of further productions from the
same pen.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
RECORDS OF ANCIENT GREECE.*
To write a single-volume history of Greece
lays heavy demands on various qualities —
courage, accurate scholarship, breadth of vision,
and a sure sense of perspective. To these must
be added close adherence to a definite plan. It
would be too much to say that all these have
been fully met by Mr. Cotterill in his "Ancient
Greece." The range of the field — from Aegean
times to Alexander the Great, i. e., from 3000
B.C. to 330 B.C. — embraces all that is known
or inferred or conjectured about Greek civiliza-
tion through about twenty-seven centuries ; and
to cover this in a book of 500 pages might well
give the most intrepid writer pause. In his
approach to a succes d'estime, however, Mr.
Cotterill has done an interesting and useful
work, which represents the results of extensive
study and a liberal endowment of the qualities
mentioned above.
In his treatment of the Aegean period he
makes full use of the readjustments necessitated
by the recent discoveries in Crete and other
islands and helps us to feel the enchantment of
Minoan and Mycenaean art. Homer and the
Homeric question are lightly touched, Mr.
Cotterill giving his adhesion to the view that
both the Iliad and the Odyssey "owe their
main structure and most of their details to one
great poet, that the age which he depicted was
no mere fiction, and that he lived near enough
* ANCIENT GHEECB. By H. B. Cotterill. Illustrated.
New York : Frederick A. Stokes Co.
ATHENS AND ITS MONUMENTS. By Charles Heald
Weller. Illustrated. New York : The Macmillan Co.
to that age to paint, by the help of traditions
and ballads, its main features with very con-
siderable exactitude." In the Dark Age, 1100-
776 B. c., many things were done, but few
records were left. It was a time of migrations
and invasions, whose full significance was re-
vealed in later days. The Age of Colonization
was the magnificent feature of Greater Greece.
As Mr. Cotterill says: "Not only, as in the
case of our Elizabethan age, did the opening
up of new worlds stir the imagination and
enlarge the vision of Greek poets and deepen
the insight of Greek thinkers, but the existence
of Greater Hellas had much influence in devel-
oping, for good or for evil, the imperial policy
of Athens in the days of her power, and in
determining her fate."
Over the beaten ground of the Age of
Peisistratos and the Persian invasions the au-
thor advances with alert and assured steps,
telling us no new facts, but revealing his own
attitudes of mind toward nations and individ-
uals. It is interesting to see him saying a good
word for the Persian character as superior to
that of the Greek in some important points.
Stories are told of the Persian kings' acts of
magnanimity, and of their "contempt for the
huckstering and rhetorical arts of the Greek
agora, as well as for the venality and treachery
of not only the ordinary Greek but even of
Greek leaders." Father Herodotus is praised
and sustained ; Demosthenes treated with scant
favor, and Philip with reluctant admiration.
Mr. Cotterill s paragraphs on the architec-
ture of Greece are perfunctory and defective.
He speaks of the mutules of the Doric temple
as if they were the guttae; calls the Poseidon
temple at Paestum simply " Paestum," ignoring
the temple of Demeter; and retains the tradi-
tional view of Corinthian as an independent
order from Ionic. On the other hand, his
treatment of sculpture is satisfying and up to
date ; and if picked out and published separately
would make a good manual of the subject.
Some slight inaccuracies may be noted.
Syracuse and Megara (p. 118) are certainly not
on the "south-western side" of Sicily; and
Xenophon's birth is now generally accepted as
having taken place in 431 B.C., not 444: he
calls himself with emphasis a "young man" in
the Anabasis.
The book is sumptuously illustrated with re-
productions of Greek art, the colored vase plates
being unusually fine; and is on the whole a
welcome contribution in the field of Kultur-
geschichte.
1914]
177
Somewhere about 160 A.D., old dry-as-dust
Pausanias made that celebrated periegesis or
tour through Greece, and left his exasperating
but indispensable account of it, to be the vade
mecum of all classical archaeologists ever since.
It would hardly be going too far to call Pro-
fessor Weller the modern Pausanias, so far as
Athens is concerned. His recently published
volume may well take the place of the ancient
Periegete for those who have not access to
Frazer's monumental six- volume edition. Even
so, the book is physically too heavy (it weighs
just two pounds fourteen ounces, avoirdupois)
to be carried round like a Baedeker. Too bad
that it could not have been printed on thin
opaque paper and reduced to portable size.
With these objections removed, Professor
Weller's work would be an ideal guide-book to
the City of the Violet Crown.
He follows Pausanias's route with conscien-
tious though not slavish exactness ; beginning at
the Dipylon gate, working through the Hellenic,
Hellenistic, and Roman agoras, the south and
south-east quarters, the Acropolis, Puyx, Areo-
pagus, Cerameicus, and so back to the Dipylon.
There is a supplementary chapter on the Peiraeus
and the harbors. With scholarly reserve and
caution Professor Weller conducts his readers
through the ruins of the ancient city ; presuming
on their part a decent acquaintance with the re-
sults and conclusions of modern archasologists.
The descriptions of the Acropolis and the older
structures which preceded the Parthenon and
the Erechtheum are illuminating; though as
always, the study of the details of the Erech-
theum ends in a shake of the head.
Professor Weller's style, like his plan, follows
that of his Greek prototype — it is a bit dry.
He leaves to others, like Mahaffy, Barrows, and
Mrs. Allinson, the raptures so hard to leave out
of a book on Greece, and attends strictly to his
task, which is to prepare a precise and learned
topographical guide to the architectural and
sculptural remains of ancient Athens ; and this
he has done with complete success.
The book is profusely illustrated with repro-
duced photographs of every important monu-
ment and many works of sculpture. The plans
are most helpful ; the maps a little sketchy. In
the matter of spelling there is some inconsist-
ency : we have " choragus " and " choregus,"
the Calydonian hunt ranges far afield to
"Caledonian" (p. 342); and Latin termina-
tions are very generally used, e.g., " Dipylum,"
" propylum," " Heroum," etc.
JOSIAH RENICK SMITH.
SYNGE AND THE IRISH THEATRE.*
Of the two books before us, Lady Gregory's
is the romance of the Irish theatre, with Synge
as the most strikingly romantic figure in it;
M. Bourgeois's is in part the biography of
Synge, with a matter-of-fact history of the
theatre. From the former work one gets an
impression of the struggle and strife, and yet
withal the abounding joyousness, of those who
labored in the cause ; from the latter one comes
into close touch with the man Synge, one realizes
his genius, and one comprehends in some meas-
ure the effect of his plays upon the Irish dra-
matic movement. Lady Gregory also, perhaps
unconsciously, shows very plainly of what stuff
the workers were made, and why it was that they
ultimately attained success. No one can read
her book without being impressed by her indom-
itable courage, her conscientious devotion to
what she believed to be just and right, her
patience and faith in the face of seemingly insu-
perable obstacles. What Mr. Yeats once said in
a letter to her was characteristic of them both :
" Any fool can fight a winning battle, but it
needs character to fight a losing one, and that
should inspire us; which reminds me that I
dreamed the other night that I was being hanged,
but was the life and soul of the party."
Both Lady Gregory and M. Bourgeois give
virtually the same account of the history of the
Irish theatre, though, of course, the former is
much more personal and intimate. There was
first the founding of the Irish Literary Theatre,
by Messrs. Yeats, Martyn, and Moore and Lady
Gregory, with the purpose of making a national
and a literary theatre to offset the unliterary
commercialism of the British theatre. Only En-
glish actors were then available, and after three
years the experiment came to an end. Then the
Fay brothers conceived the idea of having Irish
actors for Irish plays; and the Irish National
Theatre Society, with Mr. Yeats as the first pres-
ident and with headquarters at Molesworth Hall,
Dublin, was the result. A week-end visit to
London in 1903 led to Miss Horniman's re-
modelling and enlarging the old Mechanics'
Institute in Abbey Street, which later became
known as the Abbey Theatre. When, in 1904,
"Dame Augusta Gregory" secured the patent
rights necessary to give performances in this
*OuK IRISH THEATRE. A Chapter of Autobiography.
By Lady Gregory. Illustrated. New York : G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
JOHN MILLINGTON SYNGE AND THE IRISH THEATRE.
By Maurice Bourgeois. Illustrated. New York : The
Macmillan Co.
178
THE DIAL
[March 1
theatre, the five-years' struggle with the Crown
for theatrical independence in Dublin was at
an end.
The next kind of difficulty encountered was
about the plays that should or should not be
presented. Already in 1899, when Mr. Yeats's
" Countess Kathleen " was given a first perform-
ance by the Irish Literary Theatre, objections
were raised on the ground of the play's unor-
thodox character. There was " booing " and
hooting in the gallery on the part of some who
saw in the play an " insult to their faith." This
opposition did not amount to much ; it was
merely a warning of what was to come later.
The next note came with the production of
Synge's " Shadow of the Glen "; but here again
there was comparatively little trouble. The real
fight came when " The Playboy of the Western
World" was put on the boards, in January of
1907. "The audience broke up in disorder at
the word shift," as Lady Gregory put it in a
telegram to Mr. Yeats at the end of the play.
The battle continued every night during the
week in which the managers had announced that
the play would be acted. " It was a definite fight
for freedom from mob censorship," says Lady
Gregory ; and at the end of the week the battle
had been won.
The next fight was over the presentation by
the Abbey Theatre Company of Mr. Bernard
Shaw's "The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet."
It is refreshing to see with what vigor Lady
Gregory fought in the cause she had so sincerely
at heart, whether it was with the mob or with
the Lord Lieutenant himself. In this fight it
was Dublin Castle, the representative of Majesty,
whom she was to oppose; and again she was
victorious. She and Mr. Yeats and, of course,
Mr. Shaw refused to accept the Castle's opinion
that a play should be banned in Ireland because
it had been banned by the Censor in England.
No Irishman or Irishwoman would stand that.
As Lady Gregory said to the permanent official
at the Castle, " We did not give in one quarter
of an inch to Nationalist Ireland at the Playboy,
and we certainly cannot give in one quarter of
an inch to the Castle." And they did not,
even though they risked losing their license and
being fined X300. Nothing happened. At the
end of the first performance there was a tre-
mendous burst of cheering, and they knew they
had won. Though still forbidden in England,
the play remains on the Abbey Theatre reper-
toire, and is always played with success and
without let or hindrance.
The last scene of Lady Gregory's battlesome
adventures is laid in the United States, and the
bone of contention is again " The Playboy."
She gives a detailed account of her experiences ;
but they are all so recent that it is unnecessary
to review them here. She exonerates the native
American from all blame, and excuses the so-
called Irish-American, who, she believes, was
acting under instructions from the Irish in
Dublin. She is slightly caustic towards Phila-
delphia, where they had a riot, as in New York,
and where the whole cast was arrested, as not in
New York. Altogether, the Irish in this country
found Lady Gregory too much for them, and the
later performances were as peaceful as those of
"The Old Homestead."
The biographical and historical parts of M.
Bourgeois's work are very well done. We have
a plain unvarnished tale of the Irish theatrical
and dramatic movement up to and including
Synge's part in it. We have, moreover, a very
engaging picture of Synge himself, — of his
unconventional ways, his picturesque profanity,
his indifference to dress, and withal his manly
and sympathetic soul. The volume has no fewer
than five portraits of Synge, so that one may
judge as to the correctness of Mr. Shaw's re-
mark that he had a face like a blacking brush.
The critical part of the book is, however, not
so satisfactory. The question of the foreign
influence in Synge's work is played with rather
than mastered. One is led to believe that there
was some foreign influence, but exactly what it
was or how it manifested itself we are not spe-
cifically told. It is unsatisfactory and uncon-
vincing to leave the question thus : " The foreign
element was imbibed immediately and mingled
with the substance of his inmost temperament ;
and in many cases there seemed to exist a sort
of pre-established harmony which facilitated
the blending and made the two terms practically
indistinguishable." In the criticisms of the
several plays, moreover, M. Bourgeois does not
show that grasp of his subject which should
appear in so pretentious a volume as this. Great
as is " Riders to the Sea," it seems hyperbolic
criticism to call it " Synge's absolutely unques-
tioned and well-nigh flawless masterpiece,"
"one of the most remarkable achievements in
British play-making, and a dramatic episode of
exceptional human interest." Professor Wey-
gandt has well pointed out that the play is less
representative of Synge than some others, for
it is written on one note — the note of the
dirge, — it has no humor, and it is less original,
being reminiscent of Maeterlinck, of Ibsen,
1914]
THE DIAL
179
and of Edward Martyn. Both "The Playboy"
and "Deirdre" have a vaster sweep. It seems
also beside the mark to criticize "The Tinker s
Wedding" unfavorably because of "its ludi-
crous representation of a young tinker woman
as an earnest Catholic, its malignant portraiture
of a covetous priest, the grotesque blasphemy
of its language." Religious hypocrisy is a
legitimate subject for satire, and has been from
Chaucer down. M. Bourgeois ignores the su-
perb vitality of the characters, and the " pathos
so poignant of the quick passing of all good
things," as Professor Weygandt expresses it.
The criticism of " The Playboy " is also un-
satisfactory. The suggestion is put forward
that this piece is meant by Synge not only as a
humorous and allegorical impersonation of poetic
and creative souls in general, but also as an
ironical vision of the dramatist's own personal
attitude throughout his "comedy." The Play-
boy is Synge himself, who mystifies the public as
the Playboy did the Mayo countryfolk, so that
they " have not yet been able to decide whether
his ' comedy ' is a work of serious portraiture or
of fanciful tomfoolery." An allegorical inter-
pretation is as dangerous as it is alluring, and
such an interpretation of Synge is fatal. Synge
was highly impersonal in his plays; he had no
thesis to demonstrate, no point to prove. We
have the Playboy's discovery of himself as "a
likely gaffer in the end of all," — and that is
comedy ; and we have the discovery of herself
by Pegeen Mike in her first disillusionment, —
and that has in it the elements of tragedy. There
is much riotous extravagance in the play, but
to think of it as mere "fanciful tomfoolery" is
absurd. It is the most original and striking of
Synge's plays ; and the sooner we free our minds
of prejudices, national, religious, and moral,
the sooner shall we come to a just estimate of its
worth.
"Deirdre of the Sorrows," "being unfin-
ished," is given scant treatment by M. Bour-
geois. Yet it differs so much from Synge's
other work, while at the same time showing re-
markable resemblances, that it deserves greater
consideration. It comes more from Synge's own
personal emotions than any other play, since
while writing it he knew the pain of love in
the presence of death. It is this fact, as M.
Bourgeois says, "that gives the play its su-
preme beauty."
The appendices contain among other helpful
things a very full and valuable bibliography of
Synge's work, and of the critical material relat-
ing to it. JAMES W. TUPPER.
THE CONCLUSION OF Two IMPORTANT
AMERICAN HISTORIES.*
The present generation has witnessed a won-
derful change in American historical writing,
both in quantity and in character. A gener-
ation ago the standard histories were those of
Bancroft and Hildreth ; there were some others
of worth, but none as comprehensive or as well
known. Bancroft's work ended with the adop-
tion of the Constitution, Hildreth's with the
administration of John Q. Adams. Bancroft
saw everything from the point of view of intense
patriotism and noble devotion, and in all and
over all the directing hand of Providence ; Hil-
dreth was an intense Federalist, and tended to
Constitution-worship. These men set the pace,
and their successors have followed in their steps,
— often attempting to follow both leaders.
For subject-matter these historians have con-
fined themselves to details of war and politics.
Men have fought bravely and died nobly in de-
fense of our country and of the cause of freedom.
Others have come into the limelight of executive
power or legislative position, and there, debating
over slavery, the tariff, nullification, secession,
foreign affairs, etc., have ground out the raw
material of history. Few, if any, historians of
a generation ago looked very far beneath the
surface of things to see if all this fighting and
oratory and legislation were really prompted by
devotion to native land and the cause of human
freedom. Indeed, hardly anything other than
the glory of war and the pomp of power, in
which the well-born had taken a leading part,
was considered worthy of notice.
A generation ago American history was just
beginning to secure recognition as providing a
good basis for serious study in our scheme of
education. A few chairs for the teaching of this
subject had already been established ; but now
they began to multiply, and the holders of these
chairs began to study seriously the sources, and
to write as well as to teach. One of these stu-
dents was Professor John Bach Me Master, the
first volume of whose " History of the People of
the United States" appeared thirty years ago.
Instead of confining himself to the generals
and warriors in the foreground, he purposed to
bring out the people in the background. For
sources, instead of confining himself to speeches
* A HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES.
By John Bach McMaster. Volume VIII., 1850-1861. New
York : D. Appleton & Co.
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA under the
Constitution. By James Schouler. Volume VII., The Recon-
struction Period, 1865-1877. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
180
THE DIAL
[March 1
and official documents, he depended largely
upon the most ephemeral of literature — the
newspapers. The first chapter of his first vol-
ume gives us a cross-sectional view, from top to
bottom, of the nation at the close of the Revolu-
tion. It treats of population, the occupations
of the people, the kind of houses they lived in,
their furniture, the books they read, their edu-
cation, their diseases and doctors, their religion,
amusements, method of travel, the condition of
the laboring classes, including house servants,
and of convicts. Then follow matters of politics
and more of economic and social conditions, —
sometimes separate, sometimes interwoven.
This was something new in historical writing.
Historians of the old school looked at it askance,
declared the result bizarre, and pointed to inac-
curacies due to the nature of the sources.
Errors in plenty have been found, but for the
most part they are of minor importance and do
not seriously affect the value of the work. Un-
disturbed by such criticism, Professor McMaster
has pursued the even tenor of his way, and now
has given us the eighth and concluding volume of
his history, covering the period of 1850-1861.
All the succeeding volumes since the first
have followed the same general plan, and the
last volume is no exception, though a relatively
greater amount of space is devoted to politics.
On this theme of politics, it is difficult to see
that the author has made any improvement
upon what has already been written, especially
on the work of Dr. Rhodes. The lacter has
indeed set a standard that will be difficult to
surpass; yet it has been several years since he
covered this period, and a number of important
papers have appeared dealing with particular
incidents. One cannot but ask if the last word
has been said, for example, on the repeal of the
Missouri Compromise and on the Dred Scott
Decision. Inevitably Professor McMaster has
had much to say of slavery, both as a social
institution and as a political force. Among the
anti-slavery forces Helper s " Impending Crisis "
certainly deserves attention ; but one is particu-
larly surprised that any man could write a his-
tory of this period with no mention of Harriet
Beecher Stowe and " Uncle Tom's Cabin."
But if slavery was the dominating issue in
politics, it was not the only interest of the
American people during the period dealt with ;
and Professor McMaster makes this clear in his
account of social conditions and economic activ-
ities. Whether he is writing of the rush to
California or the Angel Gabriel in New York,
of the introduction of horse cars in cities or the
building of railroads in the west, of "Nativism"
or " Bloomerism," of labor strikes or the de-
mand for women's rights, it is an interesting
tale that he tells. One reads with astonishment
of the riots which broke out in certain cities
when the railroads were trying to come to a
common gauge ; to-day we should come nearer
a riot if they should attempt to adopt varying
standards.
One of the most noteworthy features of this,
and indeed of all the preceding volumes, is the
impersonal tone of the text. Professor Mc-
Master has given us a good deal of economic
history, but he can scarcely be called an econ-
omic interpreter. On the contrary, he is simply
a photographer. One cannot believe that this
is due to any limitations ; rather, it is a matter
of deliberate choice. Sometimes the interpre-
tation is clearly evident. For example, when
the cab-drivers and draymen and keepers of
pie-counters in Erie were tearing up the rail-
road tracks of common gauge, it was because
their business was being threatened, just as was
the case with Demetrius and the silversmiths at
Ephesus. But the interpretation is not so
obvious in every case. The interplay of politics
and economics is not always on the surface.
Professor McMaster has sought to push the
slavery question a little back from the fore-
ground, so that it will not obscure the rest of
the picture. Not everyone will see in slavery
simply a dominating phase of the world-old
labor problem. Other phases of this problem
were observable then, and since the abolition
of slavery they have come into the foreground
of politics. Even the term "slavery" is now
often used in speaking of men, women, and
children nominally free; and legislatures are
being called upon to make their freedom real,
just as men were then calling for the freedom
of the negro. In a sense, the condition of the
master has improved. The slave-owner was sure
of his labor supply, but was burdened with the
care and support of his laborers; to-day the
master is freed from this latter responsibility,
though he is not always absolutely sure of his
labor supply. On the other hand, the laborer
is not sure of food and shelter.
Another historian who has covered pretty
much the same ground as Professor McMaster
is Mr. James Schouler, whose first volume
appeared three years before the first volume of
McMaster, and whose third "last" volume has
recently come from the press. Originally his
work closed with the fifth volume, which dealt
1914]
THE DIAL
181
with the period immediately preceding the Civil
War. Then a sixth was added to cover that
great struggle; and now, after a lapse of four-
teen years, the seventh and very last is added
to cover the Reconstruction period. Above and
beyond u good general health, abundant leisure,
an active mind, and confirmed habits of indus-
try" impelling to labor, the chief reason for
this breaking silence, Mr. Schouler tells us, was
a desire to vindicate the much misunderstood
and much maligned Andrew Johnson. The
material for this vindication he has found in
the recently-published Johnson papers and the
" Diary of Gideon Welles."
The specific task which the author set for
himself has been well performed. It was not
difficult. Scarcely any first-rate historian would
now be so hardy as to hold a brief for Congress
during this period. Its folly and ignominy are
well established. The legal-minded Professor
Burgess accepts its theory, but utterly con-
demns its acts ; the legal views of Johnson (or of
Seward ?) he praises, but condemns his theories
and mixes ridicule with praise in speaking of his
character. Dr. Rhodes and Professor Dunning
are considered by Mr. Schouler as somewhat
fairer than some other historians, but he does
not believe that they give the President his due.
Dr. Rhodes, in common with Professor Burgess,
makes much of Johnson's lowly birth and breed-
ing as unfitting him for high station, and Pro-
fessor Dunning's discovery that his first message
was largely the work of George Bancroft has
been used to represent the President as too
ignorant to perform the duties of his office.
That Johnson was born in humble station and
had few advantages in early life, Mr. Schouler
finds undeniable, but adds that he had what is
far better than the association of "gentlemen
born," and that was " an angel of a wife." His
steady rise in a society somewhat aristocratic is
all the more to his credit, and could have been
based on nothing else than innate ability. His
lapse from sobriety on the occasion of being
inducted into office the author is sure was the
last, and his proof of this is as convincing as
that of the President's detractors. That he
was undignified on occasion is true ; but in that
supreme hour of trial, the impeachment, his
bearing certainly was superior to that of his
enemies, "gentlemen born" though some of
them claimed to be. In an age of nascent cor-
ruption, he was so absolutely above reproach
that not even a most suspicious Congress could
find the least stain of this sort upon his char-
acter. Even a draft contributed by an admirer
for his defense was not used. Not only that,
but he was above nepotism, which ran riot
under his successor; nor did he make any
undue use of patronage.
The "vindication" part of his work, Mr.
Schouler has performed well, for he has had the
good sense not to try to paint his hero as per-
fect. But as a history of the Reconstruction
period his book contains little that is new or an
improvement over previous efforts. Indeed, it
is hardly a history of some parts of the period,
the statement of facts having been replaced by
controversial matter. Though Congress is thor-
oughly condemned, the work for which it is
condemned is none too well described. The
writer has attempted to deviate slightly from
the well-worn ruts of political and constitutional
history, dodging back and forth between the
national capital and the Southern States ; but
he has not gone very deeply into other currents
which have become the main currents of to-day.
In most cases his judgment on the topics treated
appears sound; but it is difficult to see how
Garfield was "vindicated" of his connection
with the Credit Mobilier by his subsequent
election to Congress and later to the Presidency.
Would any impartial person say that Governor
Sulzer was vindicated by his recent election to
the legislature of New York?
Taken as a whole, however, this volume is a
fitting close to a work which has already found
a permanent place in American historical lit-
erature. DAVID Y. THOMAS.
THE KAISER : His POLICIES AND His
ASSOCIATES.*
The most interesting public figure in Europe
to-day is unquestionably the German Emperor,
and it is agreeable to discover that at last the
Emperor has been made the subject of a book
in English which itself is genuinely interesting.
The author is Dr. Stanley Shaw, of Trinity
College, Dublin. Nominally a biography, the
volume contains a great deal of history, and, it
may be added, no inconsiderable admixture
of sanely conceived political philosophy. It
abounds in judiciously selected episode, and it
* WILLIAM OF GERMANY. By Stanley Shaw. With
portrait. New York : The Macmillan Co.
GEKMAN SEA-POWER : Its Rise, Progress, and Economic
Basis. By Archibald Hurd and Henry Castle. With maps.
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
MEN AROUND THE KAISER. The Makers of Modern
Germany. By Frederic William Wile. Illustrated. Phila-
delphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
182
THE DIAL
[March 1
exhibits a lightness of touch, combined with
sureness, which renders it entertaining as well
as trustworthy reading.
The book is not proclaimed as one having a
mission. Perhaps for that very reason it may
wield more influence upon the public mind than
have other writings of its kind which have been
more obtrusively educational. It is the belief of
the author, none the less, that the tension which
exists between his country and Germany arises
from misconceptions which prevail upon both
sides, and that if the character and policy of the
Emperor were but better known to Englishmen
there "would be no estrangement between the
two countries, but, much more probably, mutual
respect and mutual good- will"; and it may be
assumed that Dr. Shaw has hoped that his book
will contribute to the early realization of this
improved order of things. That the highest
national interests of Great Britain and Germany
are fundamentally irreconcilable, and that the
policies of their governments are fundamentally
opposed, are pronounced sheer delusions. Even
the building of the powerful German fleet con-
stitutes, in the opinion of the author, no just
ground for British criticism or apprehension.
The fleet may be, as Mr. Winston Churchill has
pronounced it recently, a luxury.. But, says Dr.
Shaw, if the German Empire deems the main-
tenance of such a fleet advisable, and is willing
to "spend money on it, why should she not supply
herself with an arm of defense in proportion to
her size, her prosperity, and her desert ? Unless,
and until, it is made clearer than it is to-day
that the German navy is intended for aggres-
sion, its growth may be viewed by the rest of the
world with equanimity, and by the Englishman,
as a connoisseur in such matters, with admira-
tion as well.
" The truth is that if our ordinary Englishman and
German were to sit down together, and with the help
of books, maps, and newspapers, carefully and without
prejudice, consider the annals of their respective coun-
tries for the last sixteen years with a view to establish-
ing the causes of their delusion, they could hardly fail
to confess that it was due to neither believing a word
the other said; to each crediting the other with motives
which, as individuals and men of honesty and integrity
in the private relations of life, each would indignantly
repudiate ; to each assuming the other to be in the con-
dition of barbarism mankind began to emerge from
nineteen hundred years ago; ... to both supposing
that nations learn nothing from experience; and to each
supposing that he and his fellow-countrymen alone are
the monopolists of wisdom, honor, truth, justice, charity,
— in short, of all the attributes and blessings of civili-
zation. Is it not time to discard such errors, or must
the nations always suspect each other ? "
It must not be inferred that Dr. Shaw falls
into a vapid impartiality between the two coun-
tries, or that he seeks to heighten his effects by
indulging in indiscriminate glorification of the
Kaiser or of other men and things German. He
points out the deep-seated differences between
English and German government, and in a
briefer manner between English and German
culture, and he makes it plain that his own
preferences are in large part for the forms and
usages that are English. But he pleads that
Englishmen shall recognize that what the Ger-
man has may be best for the German, and that,
above all, the German has quite as clear a right
to his ideas, his methods, and his policies as
has anybody else. The plea is not made in so
many words. Rather, it comes as a matter of
general impression gained from a reading of the
entire book. But it is none the less incisive and
stimulating.
Dr. Shaw's characterization of the Emperor
as he is to-day exhibits a full appreciation of the
many-sidedness of the sovereign's activities and
interests. It is peculiarly striking, he says, that
a man so many-sided, so impulsive, so progres-
sive, so modern — " one might almost say so
American" — should have changed so slightly
either in character or in policy during a quarter
of a century.
" He is to-day the same Hohenzollern he was the day
he mounted the throne, observing exactly the same atti-
tude toward the world abroad and toward his folk at
home, tenacious of exactly the same principles, enunci-
ating exactly the same views in politics, religion, morals,
and art — in everything which concerns the foundations
of social life. He still believes himself, as his speeches
and conduct show, the selected instrument of Heaven,
and acts toward his people and addresses them accord-
ingly. He still opposes all efforts at political change,
as witness his attitude towards electoral reform, towards
the Germanization of Prussian Poland, towards the
Socialists, towards Liberalism in all its manifestations.
He is still, as he was at the outset of his reign, the patron
of classical art, classical drama, and classical music.
He is still the war lord with the spirit of a bishop and
a bishop with the spirit of the war lord. He is still the
model husband and father he has always been."
By general agreement, the rivalry of Great
Britain and Germany is the preponderating fact
in the international situation of to-day, and it
need hardly be added that the principal factor
in this rivalry is the development of naval arma-
ments. There is, accordingly, good reason to
welcome the comprehensive treatise by Messrs.
Hurd and Castle on the rise, growth, and eco-
nomic basis of German sea power. In this book,
as in Dr. Shaw's, motives of a political nature
are disclaimed ; but the altogether reasonable
hope is expressed tha,t the work may aid in dis-
1914]
183
pelling some of the ruinous misconceptions which
are current on the two sides of the North Sea.
It is maintained, as it is by Dr. Shaw, that the
British and the Germans are separated by no in-
herent antipathy, and it is pointed out that the
relations of the two peoples have become strained
only within the past fifteen years, — in other
words, only since, under the great Navy Act of
1900, Germany entered systematically upon her
present course of naval aggrandizement.
The growth of German sea power, it is as-
serted, is not to be explained by sheer lust of
domination. It is the fruit of no exotic policy.
On the contrary, there lies behind it substantial
economic justification, mainly the necessity of
the defense of the Empire's ramifying maritime,
colonial, and commercial interests. If battle-
ship building has been carried considerably fur-
ther than the defensive needs of the Empire
require, the fault is to be laid at the door of the
somewhat over-zealous Navy League and of the
Anglophobe press rather than at that of the
government. The final and most aggressive ex-
pression of German policy, embodied in the Navy
Act of 1912, is pronounced unjustifiable ; but
responsibility for it is placed chiefly upon the
man who, more largely than even the Emperor
himself, is the creator of the German fleet,
Grand- Admiral von Tirpitz. In a recent con-
versation with a correspondent of the London
" Daily Chronicle," Admiral von Tirpitz pro-
fessed to be " lost in wonder " at the German
navy being regarded as a danger or a menace.
It has, he declared, " a purely defensive function
and no aggressive purpose." The feeling of the
average Englishman, however, is that German
explanations of German naval policy are differ-
ently phrased according as they are intended for
German or for English consumption. And very
likely it will require something more than the
assurances contained in such books as those
under review to overcome that feeling.
Three chapters of the volume by Messrs.
Hurd and Castle are devoted to a history of
German sea-power to the accession of the pres-
ent Emperor, one covering the rise and decline
of the Hanseatic League, another the develop-
ment of the Hohenzollern fleet, and a third the
growth of maritime interests during the nine-
teenth century. There is a suggestive chapter
on the influence exerted by Great Britain upon
German naval policy, and an excellent analyti-
cal discussion of the great navy acts of 1898,
1900, and 1912. The rise to preponderating
power of Admiral von Tirpitz — a man who
fifteen years ago was almost as unknown to
Germans as to outside peoples — is described
at length. And there is a careful examination
of the economic basis of the Empire's present
naval policy, leading to the interesting conclusion
that, if present economic tendencies continue
unchecked, the Empire will, " before long, be
in a position to build and arm warships with
almost as great facility as the United Kingdom,
and to pay for them and man them with even
greater ease than this country." Not the least
valuable portion of the volume is an appendix
containing digests of naval legislation, besides
numerous summaries and tables and two care-
fully prepared maps.
A volume constructed upon a plan which,
although simple and attractive, has not been
followed by any earlier writer on modern Ger-
many is Mr. Wile's "Men around the Kaiser."
Mr. Wile rightly says that the world at large,
fascinated by the Kaiser's kaleidoscopic and
picturesque personality, is prone to accord him
almost exclusive credit for the Fatherland's
"magic leap into Weltmacht" and that, while
there have been many makers of the Germany
of to-day, their identities and personalities,
with rare exceptions, are unknown to peoples
beyond the German borders. In the volume in
hand there are sketched the careers and char-
acters of thirty-one men of eminence and lead-
ership in the Germany of the past decade, many
of them men who to-day are associated intimately
with the Kaiser in the direction of the Empire's
political, military, naval, and cultural affairs.
Statesmen are represented principally by Chan-
cellor von Bethmann - Hollweg, Prince von
Buelow, Herr Bernhard Dernburg, and the
Foreign Secretary, Herr Gottlieb von Jagow;
military and naval leaders by Field- Marshal
Baron von der Goltz, Admiral von Koester,
and Admiral von Tirpitz ; diplomats by Mar-
schall von Bieberstein, Herr von Kiderlin-
Waechter, and Count von Bernstorff ; princes
of industry, trade, and finance by Alfred Ballin,
Arthur von Gwinner, Emil Rathenau, August
Thyssen, and Dr. Krupp von Bohlen ; social
reformers by August Bebel, Paul Ehrlich, and
Count von Posadowsky ; journalists and men of
letters by Maximilian Hardin and Gerhart
Hauptmann ; musicians and artists by Richard
Strauss, Max Reinhardt, and Max Liebermann;
educators by Professor Hans Delbriick ; inven-
tors by Count Zeppelin ; and there are sketches
of two important members of the Imperial
family, Prince Henry of Prussia and the Crown
Prince William.
184
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[March 1
During the past seven years Mr. Wile has
served as the Berlin representative of the New
York "Times" and other newspapers, and it
would appear that he has made excellent use of
his opportunity to acquire first-hand knowledge
of the personal (often undoubtedly the most
influential) factors in the current achievements
of one of the most interesting of nations. His
sketches are of necessity brief, but they contain
an amazing amount of information, and his
facts and comments are presented in a manner
uniformly attractive. Each sketch is accompan-
ied by a good portrait of its subject. Americans
who endeavor to follow the course of foreign
affairs would be grateful for volumes of the
same scope and quality dealing with the lead-
ing men of England, France, Italy, Eussia,
Austria, and even some of the minor countries.
FREDERIC AUSTIN OGG.
THE VARIORUM " CYMBELJNE." *
The reviewing of a posthumous volume is always
a delicate task for the conscientious reviewer. The
natural impulse to speak well of the dead is trans-
ferred to his works, and the critic finds himself in-
volved in a conflict between this impulse and his
duty, — a duty to the deceased as well as to the
living, — and not infrequently he ends by being silent.
The temptation to yield to this easy escape from a
dilemma is increased manifold when the writer of
the posthumous volume is a man so generally beloved
and so highly esteemed as was the late Horace
Howard Furness. Alas, neither our praise nor our
censure can touch him further ! But his book re-
mains, and, considering its importance and its place
in the domain of letters, calls for a careful critical
estimate. That part of the cultured public which is
devoted to the study of the best in imaginative liter-
ature is entitled to a candid and impartial estimate
of such a volume as the one before us. Were Dr.
Furness with us, he would ask for no more and
insist on nothing less.
It is too late a day now to dwell on those features
of " the Furness Variorum " that have established
for this edition of Shakespeare a position from which
it can never be dislodged, and that have placed the
modest, scholarly, genial, and painstaking Horace
Howard Furness in the forefront of Shakespeare's
editors and commentators. In this new volume, as
in those that have preceded it, we find a familiarity
with the text, and the mass of native and foreign
commentary that has grown up around it, that is
simply amazing ; a cautious weighing of the value
of each word of the poem, and of the numerous and
varied and often contradictory interpretations of the
* THE TRAGEDIE OF CYMBELINE. By William Shake-
speare ; edited by Horace Howard Furness. " The Variorum
Shakespeare." Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
many commentators during the past two hundred
years ; an almost microscopically accurate reproduc-
tion of all the peculiarities of the original text ; a truly
remarkable and almost awe-inspiring compilation of
the readings, guesses, conjectures, and misprints of
every previous editor of any importance ; carefully
selected abstracts from the comments of the best of
Shakespeare's critics ; an exhaustive study of the
questions of the date of composition and of the
" sources " of the plots and incidents, etc. But more
important and of greater value than all these are the
editor's introduction and his contributions to the
elucidation of many hitherto obscure passages.
Shakespeare students will be very grateful to Dr.
Furness for his discovery (pp. 226-227), through
Father Clifford of New Jersey, that when Shake-
speare, in this play as in " Hamlet," referred to a
canon against self-slaughter he referred to an actual
canon, and not, as has been generally assumed, to a
law of natural religion. Other interesting and orig-
inal contributions to the understanding of this very
difficult play are too numerous for detailed mention ;
but the chief of them may here be referred to. The
note on Imogen's deathlike pallor (I. 7, 15) when
Pisanio announces the arrival of news from Posthu-
mus is good not only in itself but as a specimen of
the editor's ability to illustrate the poet's meaning
from other plays, and of his gentle, but none the
less biting, sarcasm. To Ingleby's suggestion that
lachimo should have greeted Imogen with a low rev-
erence, saying, "Save you, madam," Furness adds:
" of course, he should have brought his heels together
with a click." Such flashes of wit and humor abound
throughout the volume, and serve to relieve the
monotony of wading through seas of stale, flat, and
unprofitable notes. More than once do we strongly
suspect that many of these barren notes were lugged
in only because they gave the editor the opportunity
to exhibit his humor and unchristianly to expose his
victims ( Vaughan, Ingleby, Walker, etc.) to ridicule.
Through their occasional absurdities his sound com-
mon sense, his shrewdness, his good taste, his genuine
appreciation of the dramatic situations, and his keen
insight into human nature stick fiery off indeed. He
uses them as the stalking horse for his wit and
wisdom. There is no good reason otherwise why
interpretations that had been withdrawn or comments
that in no way add to our understanding or appre-
ciation of this or any other play should be perpet-
uated in this edition or be permitted to distract our
attention. Exquisite flashes of humor are to be found
scattered throughout the volume: as when the editor
says that anyone who could meddle with the scansion
of a certain line " would have held the pail while
Malone whitewashed Shakespeare's bust "; or when
Vaughan's suggestion that how, show, now, etc.,
should be pronounced dissyllabically — " thus, nowu,
howu, shown," — elicits from him this delicious com-
ment: "I prefer the Yankee haow, naow, myself —
with a sharp nasal twang." But unfortunately his
pleasantries have not always this charm and affa-
bility ; sometimes they are quite puerile, and even
1914]
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185
of a nature to cause pain to his victims — if the latter
were alive. Walker's statement that occasionally
words like blowing are to be pronounced as mono-
syllables calls forth this burlesquing comment :
" Ha'ng laid down this jew'l of a rule he is able to
regard some po'ms written by po'ts as undy'ng
po'try." Richard Grant White's " washerwoman "
is resurrected twice — quite unnecessarily — for our
merriment. To Walker's suggestion that a certain
verse requires either to be pronounced e'r, he says :
" If either is to be thus pronounced, why not, in
modern editions, give the reader warning and so
print it ? And if it is to be printed e'r, why not save
ink and type and print it simply r?" To be sure,
this is humor of a certain sort ; but is it literary
criticism ?
But let us return to the enumeration of the more
important of Dr. Furness's original interpretations.
He is at his best — and how delightful is his best! —
in his comments on the singing of the crickets while
lachimo is under the spell of the sleeping Imogen's
beauty (p. 114), on lachimo's removal of the slippery
bracelet (p. 119), on the snatches in Cloten's voice
(p. 143), on the location and time-analysis of Act 2,
Scene 4 (p. 147), on the symbolism of the hymeneal
torches which supported the Cupids of the andirons
(p. 157), on Pisanio's phrase about "waking"
his eye-balls (p. 231), on Imogen's interrogation
"'Mongst Friends?" (p. 272), on the phrase "the
way which they stopped eagles" (p. 363), on horse-
racing in Elizabeth's reign (p. 192), on the use of the
words "good " and "bad" in Shakespeare (p. 136),
on the stuttering of German Hotspurs (p. 189), and
on spiders in Shakespeare's plays (p. 296). He is
less happy in the supposition that when lachimo
says "hell is here" he strikes his breast and thus
indicates to us his remorse and preparation for his
final repentance ; lachimo meant no more than the
torture of confinement in the trunk and fear of dis-
covery. Imogen's words about "being so verbal"
refer to herself, and may be paraphrased " being so
brutally frank." The idea (p. 152) that Shake-
speare puts a brutal speech into Posthumus's mouth
with the object of creating in us "an aversion to
Posthumus, so that at the close of this scene our
hearts will be duly hardened to endure the sight of
his misery," is, to say the least, far-fetched. The
note (p. 159) on the letter that lachimo delivered
to Posthumus is very bad. When lachimo says,
"She writes so to you?" he is not alarmed; he is
mocking his victim : he knows that Imogen had for-
given him and trusted him and that she would not
mention his insults to her. If he had had any doubts
on that score he would have read that letter. Nor
is it probable, as suggested by Dr. Furness, that
Shakespeare intended the frantic Posthumus to rush
back into the room he had just left to deliver his
very dramatic and poignant soliloquy ; it would have
created a laugh in the theatre to see Philario and
lachimo go off to find Posthumus to prevent him
doing himself bodily injury while he comes rushing
into the room by another door. In discussing the
versification of the line, " With that harsh, noble,
simple, nothing," the Misses Porter and Clark re-
mark that the time of the missing foot is supplied
by Imogen's " exasperated pause "; and Dr. Furness
of course accepts this defence of the Folio text,
without noting that the verse is not a foot short and
that there is no place within the verse for the missing
syllable. Moreover, the principle so often invoked
by Dr. Furness, that deep emotion will account for
many lacunae in Shakespeare's verse, is open to grave
objections: it can be carried to ridiculous excess; it
would mean chaos in versification ; gaps occur in
verses where excessive emotion will not serve as an
explanation ; and the supposition is further negatived
by the fact that almost all of Shakespeare's most
impassioned speeches are faultlessly constructed.
Shakespeare would not eke out his verses with pauses
like a nervous speaker his sentences with hems and
haws. To what extent Dr. Furness will go in this
regard is apparent in his suggestion that "a very
timid pause" after the third foot would take the
place of a foot and convert an imperfect verse
(III. 7, 30) into a perfect one. If dramatic poetry
were written on this principle, dramatists would
have to provide gaps in their verses for the actors'
inspirations and expirations as well as for every
gesture; or should they breathe only at the end of
each verse? That Dr. Furness's ear is a very
untrustworthy guide to the music of Shakespeare's
verse is perfectly evident, so it seems to me, from
his suggestion that III. 4, 155 should read: "Hath
Britain all the sun that shines? Prythee think."
And he makes matters worse in defending this read-
ing by referring to the extra syllable in the word
"volume" in the following line. But it must be
admitted that many of his strictures against much
meddlesome tampering with Shakespeare's verse is
quite justified by the antics of some of the com-
mentators.
The fatal Cleopatra to Dr. Furness is the Folio
text. He expends his best ingenuity and all his
subtlety to read sense and rhythm into anything in
the Folio. The principle that the harder reading
should prevail leads him into all kinds of far-fetched
explanations. Anyone who has a word to say in
the defence of a Folio reading finds a champion in
him. The best illustration of this is to be found in
his interpretation of Imogen's words, "Think that
you are upon a rock," as meaning that her unshaken
devotion is a sort of granitic foundation for the
wavering Posthumus. And in this interpretation he
finds "a heightened poetic charm"! Another in-
stance is the desperate attempt to read a meaning
into the words, "Your pleasure was my neere
offence," (V. 5, 400) when it is almost certain that
"neere" is a misprint for "mere" (only). So too
his defence of "defended God," a misprint for
" descended God," etc.
In a surprisingly large number of passages, Dr.
Furness seems to have missed the poet's meaning.
He tells us that in the sentence, "The toil o' th'
war only seems to seek out danger I' th' name of
186
THE DIAL
[March 1
fame," only qualifies to seek, otherwise he cannot
"comprehend the passage." But it seems obvious
that only relates to "I' th' name of fame" (III. 3,
56). Posthumus's words, " Is 't enough I am sorry?"
he interprets "Can it be that I am sorry enough?"
when the plain meaning is, " Will it satisfy the good
Gods to know and to be told that I am sorry?"
Where is Dr. Furness's sense of humor when he
reads sense into Cloten's nonsensical remark about
cutting Posthumus's garments to pieces before his
decapitated face? He very strangely objects to the
soliloquy spoken by Posthumus after he is convinced
of Imogen's infidelity as being undramatic and as hav-
ing been intended only for the study, and that it is
inappropriate even there. To me it appears exceed-
ingly well motived, and as a psychological master-
piece with which only Hamlet's soliloquy, "What
a rogue and peasant slave am I!" can compare.
The gaoler's words, "Your death has eyes in's
head, then," mean "Death, as you picture him, is
provided with eyes," not (as Dr. Furness para-
phrases them) " Your death has eyes in its head,"
your being emphatic. In the sentence, "Her women
with wet cheeks were present when she finished"
(i. e., died), Dr. Furness defines finished as finished
her confession because "it is hardly likely that her
women would wet their cheeks for her death." But
the poet meant us to understand that the wicked
Queen died immediately after her confession; her
women were moved to pitying tears at the sight of
the madly dying woman suffering agonies of remorse
while confessing her villainies.
For numerous very good reasons Dr. Furness
has set himself the almost impossible task of repro-
ducing the Folio text with almost microscopic exact-
ness. How well he has succeeded in this purpose
in other volumes I do not know, but in "Cymbeline"
he has signally failed. 'Tis true 'tis pity, and pity
'tis 'tis true. The following is a list of the more
important textual errors that I have noted : thousand
(for thousands, p. 58, 1. 129), Senfelesse (Senselesse
37: 11), /pake (spake 37: 7),/o (so 36: 32), 'Nay,
(Nay 30: 112). os (0/30: 114), Madame (Madam
39: 23), him, (him 39 : 20), Highneffe (Highnesse
42: 48), os (o/51 : 59), Estate (Estate 57: 12D),
Yea (Yea, 64: 18), stupefie (stupifie 67: 47),
Madam, (Madam 85 : 61), choose (choofe 87 : 84),
Cossers (Coffers 97: 148), 'mong'st (mongst 103 :
198), is (if 107: 241), left; (left: 113: 9), in-
clofed (inclosed 115 : 27), Swist (Swift 121 : 54),
losse (lofse 125: 3), so (fo 130: 36), Maiesty
(Maiefty 131: 38), must (muft 133: 62), goodneffe
(goodnesse 133: 64), Last (Laft 145: 166), o/(os
150 : 26 ), one of (one 160 : 148), fure (sure 161 :
156), Chaste (Chaste, 166: 210), Ancestors
(Anceftors 172 : 24), strut (ftrut 175 : 40), claspe
(clafpe 186: 42), first (firft 190: 63), often
(osten 198: 23), unsledg'd (unfledg'd 202 : 31),
Mnst (Must 205: 61), husbands (Husbands 213:
16), testimonies (Testimonies 214: 26), Mistresse
(Miftresse 258: 154), sor (for 264: 19), I'd (I'ld
271: 57), Comsort (Comfort 271: 55), against
(againft 276 : 7), say (say, 287 : 44),/oote (Foole
302: 157), sicknesse (sickenesse 305: 194), years
(yeares 311 : 260), Brui (Ami 314 : 27?), Female
(female 316: 284), lasts; (lasts. 317: 287), so (fo
320: 300). curses (Curses 330: 393), ensorce..
srom (enforce . .from 342 : 13), Must ( Muft 345 :
9), Not (Nor 346 : 22), sull (full 371 : 17), sinde
(finde 384: 135), sor (for 396: 79), fide (side 402:
159), Kitchen (Kitchin 408: 211), of (os 415:
300), kindred ( Kindred 434: 511), Philharmonus
(Philarmonus 434: 516), day (day, 181: 87). It
will be noticed that more than a third of these
are errors and misprints that do not occur in the
Folio. This volume also fails to reproduce numerous
"spaces," letter misplacements, and type peculiari-
ties that occur in the original, besides introducing
numerous letter displacements, etc., of its own. The
paging of the original is not reproduced or men-
tioned, although two pages in the Folio are incor-
rectly numbered (p. 379 is numbered 389, and
399 is 993) and recent Baconians have turned this
to account.
The textual notes are extremely untrustworthy.
They fail to point out certain errors in the text (e.g.,
Mergan, arbiterment, Mistirs, rhat, ere for e'er,
etc.), are marred by misprints (e.g., you for yon,
IV. 2, 416; thee for the, I. 1, 66; vnsledg'd for
vnfledg d, III. 3, 31, etc.), and fail to record read-
ings peculiar to certain editors. Dr. Rolfe's edition
contains five unique readings (you for your, I. 4, 155;
who for that, III. 3, 25; That for This, IV. 4, 14;
he for we, V. 5, 173; and at I. 3, 40 the name
Pisanio is omitted ) which are not noted in the New
Variorum.
The commentaries throughout the volume are
marred by numerous errors in quotations from
Shakespeare, even from this play, and from other
writers, as well as by numerous misprints. A few
of these are: wroth (worth, 29), one (me, 108),
passagem (123), requisite (requite 129), lock
(look 149), Malmutius (17 8), required (acquired
187), Lettson (210), tone (line 212), illiteration
(213), illusion (allusion 242), has (was, 327),
penetration (punctuation 242), rapsodies (90),
time (line 271), doggrell (286), Arvigarius (287),
as (a£296), they (thy 313), laying (lying 334). hail
(hale, Pref., XV.), Lucree (406), fits (sits 338),
flowers (leaves 339), thinking (peeping, 95), etc.
Dr. Furness nowhere alludes to the almost cer-
tain fact that this play was set up from the poet's
manuscript. The evidence for this is threefold : the
textual errors are such as a compositor will make
when he is setting up type from a not easily decipher-
able manuscript (e.g., Babe for Bribe, Honor for
Humor, lowd of for lowdest, easilest for easieest,
Sleep for Stoop, etc.); the indication of elisions and
contractions where they are required by the versifi-
cation,— something that an early seventeenth cen-
tury compositor could not have done of his own
accord (e.g., ofs, o'th', in's, th'more, ith\ thourt,
y'are, on't, When't, T'encounter, pray'rs, do't,
lingering, Tenioy, eld'st, etc., etc.) ; and the com-
1914]
THE DIAL
187
paratively rare occasions on which the verses are
incorrectly divided. The matter is of importance as
showing how punctilious Shakespeare was in the pre-
paration of his MS., as throwing light on Elizabethan
habits of enunciation, and as aiding us in guessing
at Shakespeare's meaning in obscure passages.
This brings me to a subject of which Dr. Furness
always speaks very feelingly, viz., the elision of
letters to meet the requirements of an ideal verse
structure. Where the Folio does not indicate an
elision he resents any suggestion to shorten a word,
and uses all his eloquence and sarcasm in the defence
of the extra syllable, as in his comment on Vaughan's
suggestion to substitute vi'nds for a word in V. 3, 80,
and on Walker's ha'ng for having. To Walker's
proposal that in I. 6, 13, we read lang'shing he says :
" Can any lover of Shakespeare's musical language
hear this without ang'sh?" He continually pleads for
distinct enunciation, and forgets that our ideals in
this regard are very different from the Elizabethan
ideal. Dr. Furness knew — no one better — that for
the sake of their verse Elizabethan poets would do
almost anything with their words ; they would decap-
itate them ('stroy, 'bove, 'lack, 'count, long, ''complice,
etc.), add prefixes to them (e.g., apaid,) lop off the
tail (e.g., refts', gi', ha', marriage", syllab , etc.), dis-
embowel them (e.g., o'er, ta'en. whe'er, de'il, or for
other, since for sithence, canstick for candlestick,
marie for marvel, ling' ring, etc.), elongate them
(capitain, ocean, rememberance, etc.), compress two
words into one (h'has, 'tother, hat, but't, This's,
i'th\ unt'her, etc.), change the vowel (e.g., hild for
held to rhyme with killed, than for then to rhyme
with began, sawn f or sown,parl for peril, oerstrawd
foro'erstrew'd to rhyme with fraud, etc.), and in other
ways distort words (e.g., thou'se, bankrout, etc.).
There was almost no limit to what might not be done
for the sake of scansion or rhyme. There are in
Shakespeare twenty-nine verses in which the scan-
sion requires the word ignorant (or ignorance) to
be pronounced as a dissyllable. Not one of Shake-
speare's editors has ever noticed it. In his magni-
ficent edition of " Macbeth," Liddell suggested that
in I. 1, 58 we read "this ign'rant present," — an
impossible combination of sounds. In " Cymbeline "
this word occurs twice as a dissyllable (" Poor ignor-
ant baubles ! on our terrible seas " and u Dost seem
so ignorant, we'll enforce it from thee ") ; but one
will seek for light from the editors in vain. A
reference to the New English Dictionary makes all
plain, for we find there that in the Jacobean period
the word was also pronounced ing'rant. In another
passage in this play the word exquisite has dissyllabic
value, and again the New English Dictionary tells
us that the word was at times pronounced and written
exquised. Shakespeare did not scruple to contract
have it to hcCt (spelled hate in a Hamlet Quarto)
and rime it with Kate. Such sarcastic comments,
therefore, as those on languishing (especially if we
consider that gu was then often sounded as in our
guess, languor, tongue, etc.) and having are as un-
scholarly as they are unnecessary. There is indis-
putable evidence that Elizabethan poets intended
these elisions, metatheses, apocopes, aphereses,
apheses, syncopes, etc., even when they were not
indicated in print.
The New English Dictionary is very frequently
and very wisely referred to by Dr. Furness, and in
several instances he points out errors and omissions
in those noble volumes. Students cannot be too much
impressed with the fact that Elizabethan English is
very different from modern English, and that to guess
at Shakespeare's meaning is not the way to read
him. Dr. Furness has defined many words that
another editor might consider unnecessary, e.g., who
(whom!), /or (because), as (as it), prefer (recom-
mend), conduct (escort), tent (probe), weeds
(clothes), deem (judge), close (secret), etc., and
has left many really difficult words undefined. In
some instances the definitions do not seem to be
the best that might have been chosen. Why we are
treated to the etymology of andiron, primrose, and
bastard I cannot guess. There is one passage in
which reference to the New English Dictionary
would have cleared up a hitherto unsolved enigma.
Many critics have declared Shakespeare guilty of
bathos in Imogen's words, "I would have broke
mine eye-strings, Crack'd them but to look upon
him." Staunton proposed to transpose the words
broke and crack'd; but this is unnecessary if we
know that in Shakespeare's day broke meant, among
other things, cracked, exhausted, cracked without
complete separation; and crack 'd meant snapped,
split asunder.
Priscian does not escape unscratched in this vol-
ume. The following sentences could very easily
have been improved upon: "Abbott would have us
pronounce this word . . . into a monosyllable "
(p. 240); "It was by the snatches in his voice . . .
that made Belarius absolutely certain of his identity "
(p. 255); "you may save yourself from this death
by only making a stand " (p. 362); "there was never
but one Phoenix at a time" (p. 77).
As we know from extant records, the Shake-
speare coat-of-arms played an important part in the
poet's life, and if it is to be reproduced at all it ought
to be depicted correctly. When in 1908 I called
Dr. Furness's attention to the very inaccurate repro-
duction on the covers of his Shakespeare, pointing
out its errors, he wrote me the following interesting
reply : " You have said the last word on the subject,,
and though you may say it is a trifling matter, it
has been well said that ' perfection is no trifling
matter.' As for my own delinquencies, let me plead
that when, nigh forty years ago, I adopted on the
covers of the New Variorum the coat-of-arms that
has ever since remained there, every particular of
Shakespeare's life had not received that microscopic
investigation to which it is now subjected. Suppos-
ing that Knight was trustworthy, I accepted Shake-
speare's coat-of-arms as given in his ' Biography/
with the improvement of giving the sable bend in
true heraldic style, instead of the plain black band
which Knight gives." SAML. A. TANNENBAUM.
188
THE DIAL
[March 1
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Faint praise
for Nietzsche.
Nietzsche has never had a less chari-
table critic than Dr. Paul Car us in
his "Nietzsche and Other Exponents
of Individualism" (Open Court Co.). To para-
phrase a certain French critic on Max Stirner's
chef-d'oeuvre, this is un livre qu'on quitte anti-
Nietzschlen; and the uncompromisingly conserva-
tive will welcome it. Originality is interesting, they
will say; and to be suggestive is to be helpful, provided
the suggestions can be carried out to the ultimate
good of the less gifted. But when the suggestions
are either unfeasible or dangerous, they should be
checkmated, especially if they are clothed in the
happy phrase that so easily deceives. Dr. Carus
looks upon the whole Nietzsche question as one to
be refuted: the man belies his work, and his work
is to be condemned as erratic. Concerning the
former, he uses such terms as "sissy," "goody-
goody," "bulldozer," "no philosopher," "not even
a thinker "; concerning the latter, he says that " we
cannot help condemning his philosophy as unsound
in its basis, the errors being the result of an imma-
turity of comprehension." But if all this be true,
why write still another book on such a theme ? Dr.
Carus's study has two justifications: the strength of
its ref utal is original, and some of its facts are new.
Other critics have refuted Nietzsche, but they have
not shown so clearly how, in his self-assertive
spirit, he was too proud to recognize the duty of
inquiry, so that he adopted some exceedingly erro-
neous beliefs; how, by reason of his nominalistic
tendencies, he expressed these beliefs again and
again until we weary of them; how he preached
objectivity when he was the most subjective of
men; how the principles of his overman would
plunge even a powerful usurper into abysmal ruin;
how all his standards of valuation were subjectively
acquired, and, since they have not been objectively
justified, were absurd; how his ethics, if accepted,
would only increase jealousy and robbery and mur-
der; how, in short, his philosophy will not work,
despite the fact that it makes interesting reading, —
especially for malcontents, who like invective on
general principle. All of these things have been
said before; but Dr. Carus argues, if he does not
prove, the correctness of his views by some hitherto
unused illustrations. The book throws new light
on Nietzsche's indebtedness to Max Stirner and his
inspiration to Mr. George Moore. It also points
out his influence on the "nihilists of Russia, the
socialists and anarchists of all civilized countries,"
and gives a list of American, English, and German
periodicals that owe their origin and subsequent
behavior to Nietzsche's teachings. Besides some
miscellaneous illustrations, there are reproductions
of the familiar portraits and busts of Nietzsche.
Bat there is one illustration that is not familiar, —
one that betrays the spirit of the writer: the "latest
portrait" after an oil painting by C. Stoeving. It
is awful to look at! It should be included only in a
work that plainly sets out to denounce its title-hero.
Dr. Carus's book shows the impossibility of escape
from subjectivism: the noble statue of Friedrich
Nietzsche by Klein reveals one man's point of view ;
the gruesome oil painting by Stoeving another.
Dr. Carus's presentation more nearly resembles the
latter. Typographically, the book shows only one
conspicuous error: on page 14, Professor Deussen
is made to visit Nietzsche in 1907 ; the latter died
in 1900. Whether the book is erroneous in other
particulars is a different question. This much is
certain: it resembles in no way those Rettungen
that Lessing used to write on famous men who, as
he thought, had been unjustly maligned.
Public opinion Curing the past year the output of
and popular literature dealing with popular gov-
government. ernment, its character and limita-
tions, has been unusually large. One of the most
notable treatises of this kind is President Lowell's
"Public Opinion and Popular Government" (Long-
mans). The book is divided into three distinct
parts (grouped into four parts in the book itself).
The author first analyzes in an acute manner the
nature of public opinion and the function of political
parties in its expression. In the second part, he
deals with methods of expressing public opinion,
discussing somewhat briefly representative action
through legislatures and direct popular action through
the initiative and referendum. To this part of the
author's discussion also belong two valuable appen-
dices (of more than ninety pages) which give a
complete record of initiative and referendum meas-
ures in Switzerland and the United States. The
third part of the book is devoted to " the regulation
of matters to which public opinion cannot directly
apply," and discusses in the main the position of
experts in popular government. In his treatment
of public opinion and the methods devised for its
expression, President Lowell confines himself to a
broad general survey, paying little attention to
detailed plans or to remedies for the difficulties
indicated. His discussion of the limits of public
opinion and of party action is one of the most acute
pieces of political writing yet done in this country,
and should be read by everyone interested in popu-
lar government. When the author comes to a close
study of the initiative and referendum he is not so
successful; although here, also, he keeps an even
balance, and declines to condemn institutions because
they may show grave defects. However, he perhaps
fails to realize fully that one cannot measure the
success or failure of an institution by the number
or even by the character of measures adopted or
rejected, but must know somewhat in detail what
its effect has been as a working instrument. So far
as this discussion is concerned, President Lowell
also apparently overlooks the fact that the constitu-
tional referendum is still the most used, and that
the statutory referendum cannot be studied sepa-
rately, especially when at the same election questions
of similar type are being submitted to the people
1914]
THE DIAL
189
of a State, — the one as a constitutional amendment,
and the other as a statutory referendum. The influ-
ence of ballot forms upon popular voting is not
considered by the author, although its importance
for his discussion is very great. In spite of these
minor defects, the book is a distinct addition to the
literature dealing with popular government, — in
some respects, indeed, the most valuable that has
been made by an American author.
A history of Noting the lack of "a popularly
the followers written, well illustrated, condensed
of George Fox. history of Quakerism as a whole,
from the birth of George Fox to approximately
1913, in one volume," Dr. Charles Frederick Holder,
himself of noted Quaker ancestry, has essayed the
task of supplying the need in his stout octavo, "The
Quakers in Great Britain and America" (McClurg),
wherein are set forth in attractive style the heroism,
the sufferings, the spiritual triumphs, and the more
material successes, of the indomitably persistent
disciples of him of whom Penn declared, "In all
things he acquitted himself like a man, yea, a strong
man, a new and heavenly-minded man." The first
half of the book has to do with the Quakers in the
land of their origin, the latter traces their fortunes
in the new country to which persecution at home
and other motives early drove a large number of
them. Extending to nearly seven hundred pages,
the volume has space for much detail of historic
and especially biographical interest, representative
Friends like John Bright in England and Whittier
in this country figuring rather prominently both in
the text and among the portraits with which the
book is generously embellished. Written evidently
with a rapid pen — as it must have been, in view
of its author's fruitful labors in a variety of other
literary fields — the work suffers somewhat from a
lack of well considered system in its arrangement
and from insufficient attention to accuracy of detail.
For instance, the significant facts in the lives of
such prominent early Quakers as Fox and Penn and
Christopher Holder seem to be unduly scattered in
their presentation ; and the founding of the first
society of Friends in America — that at Sandwich
under Holder's and Copeland's leadership — is in
one place made to occur in 1656-7, and on a later
page in the month of August, 1656. A more nearly
complete index, too, would have been a help to read-
ers. But there is so much that is excellent and at
the" same time eminently readable in the volume, that
fault-finding seems ungracious and ungrateful. In
richness and variety of matter, comprehensiveness
of scope, wealth of illustration, and attractiveness
of style, the book leaves little to be desired.
In the footsteps More and m°re generally» as time
of Pompilia and goes on, is endorsed the view of an
CaponsaccM. earjy critic that Browning's "The
Ring and the Book" is "the most precious and pro-
found spiritual treasure that England has produced
since the days of Shakespeare." The object of
Sir Frederick Treves, Bart., in his volume entitled
"The Country of 'The Ring and the Book'" (Funk
& Wagnalls Co.), is to bring the incidents of the
poem into immediate association with the places of
their happening. Considered thus, in the light of a
variorum appendix to a masterpiece, its three hun-
dred pages of text and its one hundred illustrations,
plans, and maps seem not excessive. When Brown-
ing, as he has told us, " fused his live soul and that
inert stuff " which he found in the square old yellow
book, he was less concerned with the tragedy as
Rome witnessed it than with the way he would
present it to the greater world of art, sentiment, and
morality. He has made Pompilia as real to us as
Juliet, and Caponsacchi as actual as Othello. Sir
Frederick Treves takes the same "inert stuff," and
one more contemporary account which Browning
never saw (found in Rome and published in English
in 1900 by Mr. W. Hall Griffin), and makes the
" old woe step on the stage again " by leading us
through the lands where the events actually took
place. The topography of the gruesome tale is given
in vivid detail, and with great charm of description.
The Roman part may be visited by the tourist within
a few steps of his favorite haunts, the Corso and
the Piazza di Spagna; Arezzo is still much the same
town as when the Franceschini lived there ; and to
follow the unfortunate lady and her soldier-saint in
their flight through the stretch of hill and valley
that lies between Florence and Rome is to add a new
charm to that lovely region. When Browning first
found what he called his "murder story," he offered
it to two friends in succession as material for literary
use. Only when both offers had been declined did it
capture Browning's own imagination so completely
that he expended four years upon its development
into a masterpiece unique of its type in English
literature. Sir Frederick Treves now writes the
chronicle of the facts, reconstructing and visualizing
its scenes as they appeared to its participants. One
tempting opportunity in connection with the poem
still remains. As a tragedy in which four persons
suffer a violent death, one vanishes into unknown
lands, and one ends his days in loneliness and sor-
row, it offers splendid material for the theatre of the
future. But its successful adaptation for the stage
would require a dramatist of real courage as well as
of great genius.
An Oxford anth°l°gie8 °* Canadian poetry
anthology of as have appeared heretofore have
Canadian verse. been tne WOrk of compilers who were
critics rather than poets. The new "Oxford Book
of Canadian Verse," however, is edited by one of
the principal Canadian poets, Dr. Wilfred Campbell.
It professes to cover the field of Canadian verse
from the earliest colonial days down to the present
time. It would be idle to criticise the selection made
from the work of individual poets, as probably no
two persons would agree upon a dozen short poems
that most satisfactorily represented the character
and quality of the verse of, say, Archibald Lamp-
190
THE DIAL
[Mareh 1
man, Mr. Charles G. D. Roberts, Mr. Bliss Carman,
or the editor himself. One is, however, a little
troubled to reconcile Dr. Campbell's views (as set
forth in his preface) of what should and what should
not be regarded as Canadian poetry, with the selec-
tions included in his anthology. He severely con-
demns previous editors, who, he says, have included
in their anthologies not only the work of writers
born in Canada and writing on Canadian subjects,
but also those who born in Canada have lived and
done the bulk of their work in other countries,
those who though not born in Canada have come to
that country and written about it, and those who
coming to Canada in maturity have written verse
which has no relationship to the life of the country.
Yet on turning to the anthology we find Dr. Camp-
bell giving examples of the second class in Roberts,
Carman, and Cameron; of the third in McGee,
Moodie, and several others ; and of the fourth in
Heavy sege (despite the definite statement in the
preface that " the mere merit of Heavysege's work
does not warrant us in considering him a Canadian
writer"). "Curioser and curioser," as Alice would
say, the editor includes verses by the Duke of
Argyll, whose only connection with Canada is the
fact that he spent five years there as Governor-
General. To paraphrase the preface, would it not
be consistent to include also Longfellow, Whittier,
Goldsmith, and Moore, who also wrote poems very
distinctly relating to the life or history of Canada?
While unquestionably no Canadian anthology would
be complete without some of Dr. Campbell's own
work, it does seem a little doubtful in taste for the
editor to give the largest space in the collection to
his own verse.
Old-time With all the evils that militarism is
methods of still inflicting upon a long-suffering
recruiting. WOrld, there is at least one of its
old-time iniquitous practices that has fallen into
desuetude; and that is the violent and wholesale
impressment of men into the naval service. The
history of this method of recruiting, so far as Great
Britain is concerned, forms the subject of Mr. J. R.
Hutchinson's happily-conceived and engagingly-
written book, "The Press Gang Afloat and Ashore"
(Dutton). Its beginnings lost in the mists of the
past, this system of maintaining the fighting force
of the British navy continued into the fourth decade
of the nineteenth century, when the protests of an
outraged public brought it to a close. Mr. Hutch-
inson, not content with the customary derivation of
"press" in this special meaning, explains its origin
thus: "Originally the man who was required for
the king's service at sea, like his twin brother the
soldier, was not 'pressed' in the sense in which we
now use the term. He was merely subjected to
a process called 'presting.' To 'prest' a man
meant to enlist him by means of what was techni-
cally known as 'prest' money — 'prest' being the
English equivalent of the obsolete French prest,
now pret, meaning ready. In the recruiter's vocabu-
lary, therefore, ' prest ' money stood for what is-
nowadays, in both services, commonly termed the
'king's shilling,' and the man who, either voluntarily
or under duress, accepted or received that shilling
at the recruiter's hands, was said to be 'prested' or
'pressed.' In other words, having taken the king's
ready money, he was thenceforth, during the king's
pleasure, ' ready ' for the king's service." An ingen-
ious piece of etymology, certainly. In closing, the
author warns the present-day advocates of a return
to conscription that "a people who for a hundred
years patiently endured conscription in its most
cruel form will never again suffer it to be lightly
inflicted upon them." The book is suitably illus-
trated, chiefly from old prints and from paintings.
More gropings Dr. James H. Hyslop's name is
in the fog of •, j i i i_
psychical known to many readers largely by
research. reason of the assiduity of the daily
press. Following its nose for news, it relieves the
tedium of dull days by announcements of his investi-
gations upon supernormal individuals of questionable
integrity, proving once again the fact of communi-
cation with the spirits of the departed. The vol-
ume which he has lately added to the array of his
contributions, " Psychical Research and Survival "
(Macmillan), is a summary of his views, — a mix-
ture of unconvincing philosophy and unphilosophical
conviction. Much of it is either an insincere quibble
or a genuine muddle. The assumptions of tolerance
as a substitute for clarity of thought, and of intricacy
of relations for avoidance of elementary distinctions,
are an annoyance to the discerning and a snare to
the readily deluded. With or without permission,
opinions will be formed concerning Psychical Re-
search and concerning the possible survival of per-
sonality; and with or without warrant, books will be
written on these themes. Opinions and books that
are plainly extravagant reveal their propagandist
motives and are rarely seductive. Those like Dr.
Hyslop's, that misrepresent scientific interests and
philosophical aims, have a fog-like efficiency in
obscuring the plainest truths and the most familiar
landmarks of the mind. Fortunately, the recognition
is becoming common that the vapors thus diffused
are not the sign of inspiration, but of intoxication;
and that the interest in the revelations which they
induce is swinging back after a long aberration to
the normal equilibrium characteristic of the Anglo-
Saxon sturdiness of mind.
A compelling T° the V^ 6nd °f *" unusuallv long
plea for life, the late Alfred Russel Wallace
social justice. continued to manifest a zealous in-
terest in social and economic problems. In fact, his
approach to the great all-receiving inn seemed to
quicken his heartfelt solicitude for the wayfarers he
was leaving behind; and it is most fitting that his
last book, written after he had passed his ninetieth
milestone, should be a zealous appeal for the poor
and unfortunate. In "The Revolt of Democracy"
(Funk & Wagnalls Co.) the distinguished scientist
1914]
THE DIAL
191
voices a sweeping demand that the workers of
England shall have a fair share of the wealth they
produce ; and that no hapless being, however help-
lessly incompetent, shall be allowed to suffer the ex-
treme penalty of poverty, in the form of starvation.
Naturally it is not easy to urge anything new in the
way of general arguments on these vital questions ;
but the author's opinions do carry the prestige of a
great name, and he does offer some detailed sugges-
tions of compelling interest. For example, he pro-
poses that the British government should raise the
wages of its huge army of civil servants, to encourage,
or perhaps ensure, an improved wage scale for em-
ployees in general; that an increasing tax on great
fortunes should be collected partly in land, thus mak-
ing provision for those workers who can be induced
to return to the soil ; and that young men should be
taught something about farming or gardening, in ad-
dition to two of the pursuits commonly called trades.
Or again, he renews an earlier recommendation that
free bread be supplied to all who want it, — "not as
charity, not as poor relief, but as a rightful claim
upon society for its neglect to organize itself so that
all, without exception, who have worked, and are
willing to work, or are unable to work, may at the
very least have food to support life." Even from
these few sentences it will be seen that the volume
is as radical as the title would indicate, and each
reader will have his opinion about the feasibility and
desirability of the remedies suggested. As to the
need for reform in the general direction urged by
the author, there can of course be no question.
The text proper is preceded by a fairly full and
convenient sketch of Wallace's life.
Some of the " Earmarks of Literature : The Things
qualities of That Make Good Books Good" —
wod literature. thus run8 the title? inciuding the sub-
title, of a useful and readable little manual by Dr.
Arthur E. Bostwick, who describes his work as
"an attempt to gather and group together many
things that are discussed more thoroughly and at
greater length in other places, but nowhere, the
writer believes, all in one place, or in a style that
will commend them to the general reader." Pri-
marily the chapters were designed for pupils in
library economy, being "based on a series of lectures
given first to the training class of the Brooklyn
Public Library, afterward to that of the New York
Public Library, and finally to that of the St. Louis
Public Library," of which the author is now libra-
rian. The book treats of such topics as the follow-
ing: the nature of literature, style, special literary
forms, the reading of poetry aloud, our two lan-
guages (spoken and written), the structure of liter-
ature, literature as a form of art, its appreciation
and preservation, its makers, some formalities of
written speech, the context in literature, the samp-
ling of literature, and the sum of the matter. A
timely word is uttered on so-called spelling-reform.
*' Reform is, or should be, the restoration of some
good thing that has been changed or lost. In this
instance the thing that has changed is the sound of
the word — the pronunciation. If there is to be
reform, then, we should go back to the old sound
— not make a further change by altering the spell-
ing." Hardly in the same wisely conservative spirit
does the author express himself on the subject of
capitalization. "We are dropping useless punctua-
tion and we have already dropped much capitali-
zation. Probably the rest could be spared also."
Admirable are the simplicity and directness, the clear-
ness and conciseness, with which Dr. Bostwick pre-
sents what he has to say. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
The scenes of Impressing upon his readers at the
Mr. Hardy's outset that the "Wessex" of Mr.
novels. Thomas Hardy is not, as many have
supposed, limited to the county of Dorset, but " is
practically identical with the Wessex of history,
and includes the counties of Berkshire, Wilts,
Somerset, Hampshire, Dorset, and Devon, either
wholly or in part," Mr. Hermann Lea proceeds to
identify, as accurately as possible, many of the
scenes presented in the fascinating works of fiction
that have made Wessex almost an actual geograph-
ical division of modern England to thousands of
readers. "Thomas Hardy's Wessex" (Macmillan)
is written with knowledge as well as zeal, and with
painstaking care as well as ardent enthusiasm.
Excellent camera views, to the number of two hun-
dred and forty, as well as a frontispiece portrait of
the novelist, a pencil-sketch of his birthplace, and a
photo-engraving of his present abode, make the
volume a veritable picture-book, while the abundant
reading matter addresses itself potently to the lover
of the incomparable Wessex novels. An index of
names, in two kinds of type to distinguish real from
fictitious designations, is appended, followed by a
"Map of the Wessex of the Novels and Poems."
The author has given us what must be adjudged the
most thorough and trustworthy guide to Mr. Hardy's
Wessex that has yet appeared.
moiogy and That biological laws condition the
the Feminist relations of the sexes, and underlie
Movement. foe structure of human society and
its present evolution, is the contention of Mr. Walter
Heape in his book entitled " Sex Antagonism "
(Putnam). As his title hints, the author views with
alarm the disruption of the established equilibrium,
especially since in his opinion the disturbance is
wrought by the militant spinsters, whose aims and
social needs are quite distinct from those of the larger
and less aggressive maternal element of society. The
intra-class warfare thus initiated is, in the author's
view, likely to escape observation by the complacent
and non-combatant male, but is nevertheless fraught
with ill for his normal place in society. The author
bases his opinions on the data of anthropology, and
upon his study of reproductive processes in their rela-
tion to health and disease. Primitive savage society
evolved two antagonistic tendencies : exogamy, driv-
ing the roving male afar for his mate, and totemism,
192
THE DIAL
[March 1
restricting and limiting inter-marriage in the inter-
ests of mother and child. These two antagonistic
tendences our author regards as basic still in the
sex relations of modern life, and the feminist move-
ment tends to augment the antagonism. He takes
issue with Dr. Fraser's idea that totemism had its
origin in the ignorance of savage peoples concerning
human paternity, and seeks rather to link it to
primitive ideas of spirit conception and its more
modern homologue — the idea of maternal impres-
sions. The fact that the author considers the theory
of maternal or primitive impressions worthy of
serious discussion will raise skepticism regarding
the entire argument in the minds of most scientific
critics, for this idea has long since been relegated to
the limbo of superstitions by the advances of modern
biology. The casual reader will find much in this
book to stimulate his thinking in rather unusual direc-
tions; but he will finish it with the feeling that the
author is strangely remote in his argument from the
world of customs, ideas, and ideals of to-day, which are
perhaps quite as potent in shaping human evolution
now as were brutish instincts or savage superstitions
in the past.
The popularity of Lord Avebury's
" Prehistoric Times - (Holt) is well
attested by the fact that a seventh
edition has now been issued of this comprehensive
and succinct account of the ancient remains of pre-
historic man in all lands and of the manners and
customs of contemporary savage peoples. This last
edition is the result of a complete revision made
just prior to the death of the author, involving the
resetting of the entire work and the inclusion of
new material — especially the remarkable records
of prehistoric man and quaternary mammals in the
interesting cave paintings recently brought to light
in France and Italy. Several colored plates repro-
duce these unique and spirited portraits of these
mammals now long since extinct, The author's
utilization of American sources is, perhaps natu-
rally, somewhat limited. He has, for example,
failed to avail himself of the later and more critical
evidence regarding the authenticity of the Calaveras
skull reputed to occur in auriferous gravels of Cali-
fornia. Many new illustrations are added or replace
older ones, and the work is considerably extended
over earlier editions by the new material added.
Its wide scope, its lucid discussions of controversial
matters and of interesting points raised by the
fragmentary evidence of primitive man, and its
abundant and well chosen data and illustrations,
make it a mine of anthropological information.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The story of the building of a great publishing plant,
of its ideal situation and beautiful surroundings, of its
rapidly growing manufacture of books and magazines,
and of its famous sun-dial (" dedicated to that fair art
which doth allow man's mind to fix its thought upon
the virgin page, and so transmit itself from age to
age ") is told in a little book " published for the friends
of Doubleday, Page & Co.," and bearing the title, " The
Country Life Press, Garden City, New York: Its Gar-
den, its Home, its Sun Dial." Illustrations and reading-
matter vie with each other in interest.
Two reference manuals of decided appeal to literary
workers are the " Dictionary of Synonyms and An-
tonyms " and " Handbook of Quotations " compiled by
Miss Edith B. Ordway and published by Messrs. Sully
& Kleinteich. Both works seem carefully prepared,
are well printed, and issued at moderate prices. The
arrangement of the quotations is by subject.
Mr. John Cotton Dana's "Modern Library Economy"
(Elm Tree Press) has advanced to the consideration of
" The High School Branch of the Public Library," in
which Miss Elizabeth B. McKnight cooperates with the
author-in-chief. In thirty-nine pages and under forty-
seven section-headings, with the usual illustrative
equipment, the subject is treated in the thorough man-
ner characteristic of the work as a whole. This instal-
ment constitutes Section 2 of Part VII.
The general literature of bookplates is apparently
sufficient to meet the demands of collectors, and now
the tendency seems to be towards monographs dealing
with special classes of ex libris. Of this character is
Mr. A. Winthrop Pope's handsomely-printed brochure
on "Theatrical Bookplates," which contains ten fac-
similes of bookplates related to the dramatic profession,
a brief essay on the delights of collecting bookplates,
and a check list of theatrical bookplates in the author's
own collection, numbering about 125. The work is
issued in an edition limited to 150 copies by Mr. H.
Alfred Fowler, of Kansas City.
The dull facts of poverty and struggle become lumin-
ous at the touch of one who, like Dr. Graham Taylor, the
author of "Religion in Social Action" (Dodd), writes
out of his own experience. There are writers who con-
descend to visit the districts of trouble to exploit them
for literary purposes, and we feel that the result is
superficial and hollow. Here is a work written by a
man who has brought the facts of his faith to bear at
all points on the facts of life ; he takes us into a real
world. The biographical introduction by Miss Jane
Addams interprets and authenticates the message. The
churches are rapidly growing in appreciation of their
new tasks, and this volume will help them to see and
to act.
The ideal of social science is to discover from obser-
vation the significant facts of human association, the
causes revealed by a series of facts, the desirable or un-
desirable tendencies, and the wisdom of associated efforts
as judged by accepted standards. Professor J. R.
Commons, the author of " Labor and Administration "
(Macmillan), has kept in close touch with the conditions
which he describes and interprets, and he has held
steadily to bis purpose to be fair to contending parties.
The chapter on " Standardizing the Home " offers an
ingenious and fruitful method of social observation in
relation to domestic life. The book deals chiefly with
the policies of trade unions. Especially valuable is the
discussion of the Industrial Commission of Wisconsin,
and the function of investigation in administration.
That the public library in England lags a little behind
the public library in America, in scope and efficiency,
we feel ourselves justified in maintaining. For instance,
the information desk or bureau is still unknown to the
English library system, and the cumbersome "indicator"
1914]
THE DIAL,
193
is even to this day a part of the equipment of some En-
glish public libraries. Mr. Walter C. Rae's little book
on "Public Library Administration" (Button) is espe-
cially interesting to American readers as incidentally
illustrating some of the differences here hinted at. Mr.
Rae is Chief Librarian of the Fulham Libraries, London,
and an experienced lecturer and teacher in his depart-
ment of learning. He speaks with authority and deserves
a respectful hearing. Bound in limp leather, and well
printed and illustrated, the book is a little treasure of
its sort.
A convenient reissue of Lionel de Fonseka's suggestive
little " Dialogue between an Oriental and an Occidental
on the Truth of Decorative Art" is published by Messrs.
Holt. The author, himself a native of Ceylon, is nearer
than he would admit to the creed of the Post-Impres-
sionists in his disdain for the actualities of representa-
tion which pass for art in Europe. In a style that savors
of Oscar Wilde, he inveighs against Wilde's dictum of
"Art for Art's Sake,' and insists on "Art for Life's
Sake," — on art as the adornment of life, "the vindica-
tion of the ways of man to man." How the vindication
is to be accomplished by the merely conventional and
universally understood symbolism which the Oriental
uses in his art forms is not made entirely clear; though
there is plenty of material provided for a much longer
debate on the subject than the author reports for us.
Research and diligence and a good deal of labor in
copying have gone into the handsome volume entitled
" Dedications: An Anthology of the Forms Used from
the Earliest Days of Book-Making to the Present Time "
(Putnam). Miss Mary Elizabeth Brown is the compiler,
and a pathetic interest attaches to her work from the
fact, as appears in her preface, that she has been for
two years so nearly blind as to be forced to depend on
the good offices of others in the clerical labors of her
undertaking. From the dedicatory prologue to the
" Ludus Saccorum " of Cessolis, translated into French
by Jean de Vigny, 1360, to the much shorter and less
formal dedications of the present time, the selected
specimens illustrate the approved modes of inditing one's
book to the Deity, to the Virgin Mary, to kings and
princes and nobles, to prelates and statesmen, to friends
and relatives, and even to oneself, and to many others
either individually or collectively. Three facsimiles
add interest to this rather unusual volume, which is also
equipped with a bibliography and an author index.
The Bibliophile Society, of Boston, issues " The Early
Life of John Howard Payne," by Mr. Willis T. Hanson,
Jr., in " a limited number of copies . . . printed privately
for the Editor, for complimentary distribution." The
value of the work lies in its reproduction of letters, or
parts of letters, written by Payne in his boyhood and
youth, and never before made public. A fortunate chance
placed these letters, as copied in a letter-book by their
writer, in Mr. Hanson's possession, and from them he
gleans many new items of interest concerning the rather
stormy early life of the gifted actor, playwright, and
poet. But though he strives to dispossess his readers
of the notion that Payne's life was, on the whole, a
failure, the impression left by the book itself is that of
unusual powers misdirected and frittered away, more
through the unwisdom of his elders, at the outset, than
by his own fault. Nevertheless, or therefore, the youthful
Payne is a fascinating subject for biographical research,
and Mr. Hanson's book would easily find favor with a
wider circle of readers than it is likely to reach in its
present restricted edition.
NOTES.
Mr. Edmund Gosse is to write a volume on Swinburne
for the " English Men of Letters," — a task for which
few living writers are better qualified.
George Brandes's study of Nietzsche is to be issued
in an English translation this Spring, according to an
announcement of the Macmillan Co.
A uniform collected edition, in five volumes, of Mr.
Edmund Gosse's essays and criticism is announced for
early publication by Messrs. Scribner.
Miss Mary E. Waller, author of " The Wood-carver
of 'Lympus," etc., is at work at her home on the island
of Nantucket on a book of impressions and observations
which will bear the title "From an Island Outpost."
" Figures Famed in Fiction," a collection of studies
of fourteen heroes or heroines of the world's greatest
novels, is announced for Spring issue by Messrs. Rand,
McNally & Co. The author is Dr. H. G. Pillsbury.
" Studies in the Odyssey," by Mr. J. A. K. Thomson,
is announced by the Oxford University Press. This
house has also in press " The Age of Erasmus," by Mr.
P. S. Allen, and " Oxford Libraries," by Mr. Strickland
Gibson.
A " Dictionary of Madame Sevigne"," prepared by
Edward (" Omar ") FitzGerald, has been edited for
the press by May Eleanor FitzGerald Kerrick, a great-
niece of " old Fitz," and will comprise two volumes in
Messrs. Macmillan's " Eversley Series."
The success of Hon. James Bryce's fine study of South
America has led to the preparation of a new and revised
edition of the work, and also of a translation into Spanish
made by Guillermo Rivera. Both volumes are to appear
very shortly, with the Macmillan imprint.
Dr. Morton Prince's " The Unconscious : The Funda-
mentals of Human Personality," being an introduction
to the study of abnormal psychology, will be ready
within a few weeks. While based on sound research and
experiment, the work is said to have a decided popular
interest.
It is pleasant news that Mr. Henry James is continu-
ing his autobiography so delightfully launched in the vol-
ume of a year or two ago entitled " A Small Boy and
Others." A second instalment, " Notes of a Son and
Brother," is promised for Spring issue by Messrs.
Scribner.
Mrs. Robert Louis Stevenson died at her home near
Santa Barbara, California, on February 18. She met the
writer on the continent in 1876, and four years later
they were married in California. Thence until Steven-
son's death in 1894 she was his devoted comrade,
nurse, and literary collaborator.
" Three Great Russian Novelists " is the title of Mr.
Edward Garnett's study of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and
Turgenev, to be published shortly. Mrs. Garnett's
translations of these three novelists are familiar to all
English readers of Russian fiction, and it will be remem-
bered that her versions of Turgenev were produced under
her husband's editorial supervision.
A discussion of the problem of intemperance from a
somewhat new standpoint is promised in Dr. Joseph
Henry Crocker's " Shall I Drink ? " which the Pilgrim
Press of Boston will publish this Spring. The work
embodies a wide survey of facts from scientific labora-
tories, insurance observations, medical records, and
industrial experiences, and will contain about a score
of instructive charts and diagrams.
194
THE JDIAL
[March 1
An interesting announcement of the Spring season is
that of Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson's " Appearances." Mr.
Dickinson has recently made a tour in China and Japan,
and he has written his impressions of these countries as
well as of India and America. In the concluding chap-
ters Mr. Dickinson will discuss the points of contrast
between Eastern and Western civilization.
Mr. Raymond B. Fosdick, formerly Commissioner
of Accounts of New York City, is at work on a volume
discussing " European Police Systems," based upon
intimate personal study extending over a period of a
year and a half in twenty-two European cities. This
will be the third in the series of books published for
the Bureau of Social Hygiene by the Century Co.
Readers of Mr. Henry James's " Partial Portraits,"
" French Poets and Novelists," and " Essays in London
and Elsewhere," will be pleased to hear that a further
collection of his critical essays is in press. The studies
in the coming volume have appeared in various maga-
zines and journals during the past twenty years, and
include appreciations of R. L. Stevenson, d'Annunzio,
George Sand, Flaubert, Balzac, and Zola.
Dr. Robert Kennedy Duncan, author of several
widely read books in popular science, died at his home
in Pittsburgh on February 18, at the age of forty-six.
Since 1910 he had been Director of the Mellon Insti-
tute of Industrial Research at the University of Pitts-
burgh. He was the author of " The New Knowledge,"
"The Chemistry of Commerce," and "Some Chemical
Problems of To-day," and editor of the " New Science
Series."
Mr. H. G. Wells's forthcoming volume of essays,
" An Englishman Looks at the World," will cover a
wide range of subjects, and is said to be daring and
outspoken in its criticism. Among the topics handled
will be " The Labor Unrest," " Education," " The Ideal
Citizen," " Divorce," " Will the Empire Live ? " " The
Collapse of Civilization," " The Contemporary Novel,"
" The Coming of Aviation," and " The Common Sense
of Warfare."
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODICALS.
March, 1914.
Alaskan Railroad, The. Owen Wilson . . World's Work
American Dinners and Manners. Wu Ting-Fang . Harper
American Liberty and Equality. Mary Antin . American
American People, Origins of the. Edward A. Ross Century
Amritsar, The Golden Temple of. E. F. Benson Century
"Annie Laurie, Bonnie." J. Cuthbert Hadden . Century
Apple-Trees, Under the. John Burroughs . . . Harper
Art, Our Most Belated. Cora Lyman Forum,
Athlete, The Obvious. Edward H. Butler . . . Atlantic
Australian Open, A Night in the. Norman Duncan Harper
Bakst, Ldon. Ada Rainey Century
Bergson and Common Sense. Albert L. Whittakcr Forum
Bergson's Philosophy. Louise C. Willcox . No. American
Bryan, Mr., Rides Behind. George Harvey No. American
Business — If It Were All in the Open. Waddill
Catchings World's Work
Business, Better — IV. William Hard . . . Everybody's
Business, Teaching, at Harvard. Benjamin
Baker , . . . . World's Work
Business Success, Secrets of — V. E. M.
Woolley World's Work
Cancer, Treating, with Radium. James
Middleton . World's Work
Cats. A. Donald Douglas Forum
China, "Drumming" Revolutionary. Bartlett G.
Yung World's Work
Christian Science, Christianity and. Randolph H.
McKim North American
Colony, The Price of a. Charles W. Furlong World's Work
Disease, Uncle Sam Fighting. William Atherton
Du Puy Review of Reviews
Dramatization of Novels and the Novelization
of Plays. Brander Matthews Lippincott
Dublin. Brand Whitlock Century
Education, Dynamic. John L. Mathews .... Harper
Education of the Girl. Mary L. Harkness . . . Atlantic
French Court Memories, 1879. Mme. Waddington Scribner
Gambling and Gamblers, American. H. S. Fullerton Amer.
Gorgas, Colonel, Panama, and the World's Sanitation.
John B. Huber Review of Reviews
Government — Making It Efficient. V. E. Danner . Forum
Government by Good People, Failure of. Lincoln
Steffens Metropolitan
Haikai Poetry. Gertrude Emerson Forum
Health Universities, Two New York. William H.
Allen Review of Reviews
Hearn, Lafcadio. F. Hadland Davis Forum
Herd, The Spirit of the. Dallas Lore Sharp . . Atlantic
Immigrants, Our Recent, as Farmers. Lajos
Steiner Review of Reviews
Industry, College Students Humanizing. F. H.
Rindge, Jr World's Work
Insurance, Conquest. Leavitt A. Knight . . Everybody's
Irish Home Rule Bill, The. James D. Kenny . . Forum
Matutum of Mindanao. E. R. Heiberg .... Harper
Military Camps for College Students. Arthur Wallace
Dunn Review of Reviews
Monopoly, President Madison's Views on ... Harper
Monroe Doctrine, The, and Latin America. F. Garcia
Calderon Atlantic
Montgomery and Stone. Peter C. Macfarlane . Everybody's
Movies, Breaking into the. Richard H. Davis . Scribner
National Fences, Our. Huntington Wilson North American
Necromancy in Brittany. Frances W. Huard . . Century
Newspaper Morals. Henry L. Mencken . . . Atlantic
Norton, Charles Eliot. Walter Littlefield . . . Century
Opera in English. Reginald de Koven .... Century
Panama Canal, The, and the Pacific Coast Ports.
Forbes Lindsay Lippincott
Parliaments, The Disease of. H. G. Wells . Metropolitan
Prison Reform, Next Step in. Richard Barry . Century
Privacy, A Plea for. Robert J. Shores .... Forum
Professorial Quintain, The. F. B. R. Hellems . . Forum
Pure Food, How Idaho Got. Isaac Russell . World's Work
Railways, The Valuation of. Samuel O. Dunn . Atlantic
Republicans and Progressives — Can They Unite?
Peter S. Grosscup North American
Reticence, Repeal of. Agnes Repplier .... Atlantic
Rihbany, Abraham Mitrie, Autobiography of . . Atlantic
Russia. James Davenport Whelpley Century
Sardis and the American Excavations. Howard C.
Butler Scribner
Science and Immortality. H. Addington Bruce American
Science and Literature. John Burroughs North American
Sea, The, in the Greek Poets. W. C. Greene No. American
Socialism and Religion. John A. Ryan . . . Everybody's
Steinmetz, The Socialism of. A. H. Gleason Metropolitan
Strathcona, Lord. Agnes C Laut . . Review of Reviews
Suffrage Mistakes, Two. Molly E. Seawell No. American
Suffrage Movement, The English. J. S. Schapiro . Forum
Super-Democracy. Benjamin I. Gilman. North American
Teeth and Civilization. Lewis M. Terman . . . Forum
Tougourt, North Africa. G. E. Woodberry . . Scribner
Trust Policy, A New. Burton J. Hendrick World's Work
Wage-Earners. Randolph S. Bourne Atlantic
War and the Interests of Labor. Alvin S. Johnson Atlantic
Winter Landscape. Birge Harrison Scribner
" Wireless," Girdling the Earth by. J. F.
Springer Review of Reviews
Woman's Wasted Years. Fanny H. Eckstorm . Atlantic
Women, New, New Jobs for. Virginia Roderick Everybody's
Women and the Vote. George Creel Century
1914]
THE DIAL
195
OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 104 titles, includes book*
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Cecil Rhodes: The Man and His Work. By Gordon
Le Sueur, F.R.C.S. Illustrated, 8vo, 345 pages.
McBride, Nast & Co. $3.50 net.
<J. Stanley Hall: A Sketch. By Louis N. Wilson,
Litt.D. With portraits, 8vo, 144 pages. G. B.
Stechert & Co.
Abu'l Ala, tlie Syrian. By Henry Baerlein. 12mo.
99 pages. "Wisdom of the East." B. P. Button
& Co. 70 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking (from
the 16th to the 20th Century). By E. Backhouse
and J. O. P. Bland. Illustrated, 8vo, 531 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $4. net.
A History of England. By Edward P. Cheyney.
Volume I., From the Defeat of the Armada to
the Death of Elizabeth. Large 8vo, 5.60 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $3.50 net.
Panama: The Creation, Destruction and Resurrec-
tion. By Philippe Bunau-Varilla. Illustrated,
large 8vo, 568 pages. McBride, Nast & Co.
$3.50 net.
Voyage anx Etats-Unls de L'Amerique, 1793-1798.
By Moreau de Saint-Mery, edited by Stewart
L. Mims. With frontispiece, 8vo, 440 pages.
Yale University Press. $2.50 net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
In the Old Paths: Memories of Literary Pilgrim-
ages. By Arthur Grant. Illustrated, 8vo.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
Essays and Studies by Members of the English
Association. Volume IV., Collected by C. H.
Herford. 8vo, 182 pages. Oxford University
Press.
Marlowe's Edward II. Edited by William Dinsmore
Briggs, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 220 pages. London:
David Nutt.
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1914]
THE DIAL
203
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OLD MOLE
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204
THE DIAJL
[March 1, 1914
Early Spring New Publications
DODD, MEAD & COMPANY
FOURTH AVENUE AND THIRTIETH STREET, NEW YORK
The Making of an Englishman
By W. L. GEORGE
Author of "A Bed of Roses," "Until the Day Break," etc.
More clearly and cleverly than most books which attempt to do nothing else, Mr. George
draws in this novel the contrasted characteristics of English and French. But this is in
passing and a frame, as it were, to a story of people who are undeniably and indelibly real.
Among the crowd of ephemeral novels of the season it stands out by reason of that quality
which is as rare in novels as in people — a strongly marked individuality. $1.35 net.
A Pillar of Sand
By WILLIAM R. CASTLE, Jr.
Author of "The Green Vase"
A novel which in a very clever way not only con-
cerns itself with the doings of a group of people who
are part of Boston society, but which delineates
and holds up for the inspection of all Boston society.
What is Boston society ; what kind of people is it
composed of ; what are its characteristics ; what does
it amount to in this busy age ? $1.80 net.
Initiation
By ROBERT HUGH BENSON
Author of "Lord of the World," etc.
Father Benson has given us a remarkably powerful
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things of this world, but selfishly trying to avoid the
common responsibilities of humanity. The author's
character work is at its best, his keen analysis of life,
his knowledge of man's spiritual as well as physical
environment — and his story will live. $1.85 net.
The Youngest World
By ROBERT DUNN
Dr. Frederic Taber Cooper, the well-known reviewer for The Bookman, who read the advance
sheets of Mr. Dunn's remarkable story of Alaska, "The Youngest World," says: "Plenty of authors
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when the absolute dearth of vital fiction is painfully apparent." $1.40 net.
The Empress Frederick A Memoir
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Pa^s 20<J o»«/ 207. ^^^ See Pages 206 and 207.
Notes of a Son and Brother By HENRY JAMES
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James's experiences with Colonel Shaw's colored regiment are particularly interesting. The illustrations are from draw-
ings made by William James in the early part of his career when he was studying to be a painter.
The Ascent of Denali (Mt. McKinley) By HUDSON STUCK, D.D.
Archdeacon of the Yukon
With two photogravures, a map, and thirty-two illustrations from photographs by the author.
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Second Nights By ARTHUR RUHL
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" Babbie '' — On the Bowery Again — John Bull Disturbed — By Mr. Belasco — In Society — East of Suez — " The Great
American Play " — Some Ladies Who Dance — The New Drama and Drury Lane.
Plays by Bjornstjerne Bjornson
Translated from the Norwegian, with Introductions, by EDWIN BJOKKMAN. Each with frontispiece.
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"LOVE AND GEOGRAPHY" — "BEYOND HUMAN MIGHT "-"LABOREMUS"
The Religion of Israel By Professor H. P. SMITH, D.D.
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Hebrew and Babylonian Traditions By MORRIS JASTROW, Jr., Ph.D.
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CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
206
THE DIAL
[March 16
SCRIBNER SPRING PUBLICATIONS
TO BE PUBLISHED MARCH 21
My First Years as a Frenchwoman,
1876-1879
By MARY KING WADDINGTON, author of " Letters
of a Diplomat's Wife," "Italian Letters of a
Diplomat's Wife," and "Chateau and Country
Life in France."
Illustrated. $2.50 net. Postage extra.
This volume has to do with the years following her mar-
riage to M. William Waddington, at that time a deputy in
the National Assembly in Versailles, and soon after Minister
of Public Instruction, and later Foreign Minister, delegate
to the Berlin Congress, and Prime Minister of France. Al-
most all the distinguished people in France, both Frenchmen
and foreigners, are pictured, and the social and diplomatic
life of the times is brilliantly exposed by the writer, who was
within the inner circles of society and diplomacy.
Narratives of Witchcraft
Edited by GEORGE L. BURR, Professor of Mediaeval
History in Cornell University.
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are described in the original contemporary narratives care-
fully edited with notes. The whole story of the agitation
over witches throughout the country, far more wide-spread
than is generally realized, is contained in the volume, making
a most curious and true picture of an extraordinary phase
of our history.
The American Japanese Problem
By SIDNEY L. GTJLICK, D.D., M.A , Professor in
Doshisha University, Late Lecturer in the Imperial
University of Kyoto, Japan.
Illustrated. $1.75 net. Postage extra.
This book forms the first and only clear, comprehensive
description of the Japanese situation in California, and dis-
cusses from every viewpoint the probable and possible effects
of the Japanese in this country as immigrants and citizens.
Dr. Gulick is an authority on this subject ; an American
by birth and education; a resident in Japan for many years;
always a careful observer and student of both nations.
The Lives of the Presidents of the
United States
Edited by JAMES GRANT WILSON.
Four volumes, with many illustrations from portraits
by eminent artists and photographs selected with
great care. $7.50 net.
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life from George Washington to Woodrow Wilson. They
are composed of short biographies, each one complete in
itself, of all the presidents of the United States. Written by
such men as John Fiske, Carl Schurz, George Bancroft,
John Hay, Owen Wister, and Josephus Daniels, present Sec-
retary of the Navy. Each is the product not only of a liter-
ary skill that makes it unusually interesting to read, but
of that accurate historical knowledge and balanced judg-
ment which makes it an authentic picture of one
of our presidents and of his time.
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
New Guides to Old Masters
By JOHN C. VAN DYKE
Professor of the History of Art at Rutgers College,
and Lecturer at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and
elsewhere; and author of "Art for Art's Sake,"
" The Meaning of Pictures," " What is Art ? " etc.
In 1 2 Volumes. Each with Frontispiece.
$1.00 net. Postage extra.
No one living, it is probable, knows the European
picture galleries as Professor Van Dyke does. He
has studied them for thirty years. This series of
guides is the result of this unique experience. The
notes of which it is composed were all made in the
presence of the pictures themselves, and similarly
revised and rewritten during successive visits. The
result accordingly is a body of information indis-
pensable to all intelligent gallery visitors from an
unimpeachable authority, brought up to date in
every controverted instance, and extraordinarily
vivified by the method and manner of its composi-
tion and presentation.
The notes are arranged under the names of the
painters placed in alphabetical order, and with the
gallery numbers. Any picture in a given gallery can
be readily found by ascertaining from the picture-
frame or catalogue either the name or the number.
READY IMMEDIA TEL Y
I. LONDON — NATIONAL GALLERY, WALLACE
COLLECTION. With a General Introduction
aud Bibliography for the Series.
II. PARIS — LOUVRE.
TO FOLLOW PROMPTLY
III. AMSTERDAM— RIJKS MUSEUM.
THE HAGUE — ROYAL GALLERY.
HAARLEM — HALS MUSEUM.
IV. ANTWERP — ROYAL MUSEUM.
BRUSSELS - ROYAL MUSEUM.
V. MUNICH — OLD PINACOTHEK.
FRANKFORT — STAEDEL INSTITUTE.
CASSEL — ROYAL GALLERY.
VI. BERLIN — KAISER FRIEDRICH MUSEUM.
DRESDEN — ROYAL GALLERY.
VII. VIENNA — IMPERIAL GALLERY.
BUDA-PESTH — MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS.
VIII. ST. PETERSBURG — HERMITAGE.
IX. VENICE — ACADEMY.
MILAN — BRER A, POLDI-PEZZOLI MUSEUM.
X. FLORENCE — UFFIZI, PITTI, ACADEMY.
XI. ROME — VATICAN, BORGHESE GALLERY.
XII. MADRID — PRADO.
FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
1914]
THE DIAL
207
SCRIBNER SPRING PUBLICATIONS
To be Published in April
Life-Histories of African Game Animals
By THEODORE ROOSEVELT and EDMUND HELLER.
With illustrations from photographs, and from draw-
ings by PHILIP R. GOODWIN, and with thirty-four
faunal maps. Two volumes. 8vo. $10.00 net.
Postage extra.
This important scientific work is based on the joint observa-
tions of Colonel Roosevelt and Edmund Heller, one of the
naturalists who accompanied him on the Smithsonian African
Expedition, of the Game Mammals of Africa — an almost
unexplored field for this branch of investigation and study.
An immense amount of material has been arranged in a read-
able form, so that to both the sportsman and the scientist
the volume will be of great value and interest.
Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog-Sled
By HUDSON STUCK, D.D., Archdeacon of the Yukon
With forty-eight illustrations, four in full color
$3.50 net ; postage extra.
Dr. Stuck has travelled during the winter season over a large
part of Alaska by dog-sled and this is an account of his
adventures and experiences.
North Africa and the Desert
By GEORGE E. WOODBERRY.
$2.00 net. Postage extra.
Mr. Woodberry's " North Africa and the Desert " is a notable
addition to the small but much to be prized group of books
in which men with really poetic vision have registered per-
manently the color and spirit of a region or a race. Such
books — impressionistic in the best sense — have been more
frequent in other languages than English; books like the
too little known " Dans 1'Ombre Chaude de 1'Islam " of Mile.
Isabella Eberhardt, of which Mr. Woodberry speaks as hav-
ing been one of the sources of his many years' longing to
know the desert. But here is one as full of atmosphere,
color, and sympathy as any that has been written.
A Volume of Essays by
Ex-President Taf t
12mo. $1.00 net. Postage extra.
In this important collection of essays, the former President
of the United States, combining both the viewpoint of one
who has had a large and full experience as a jurist and
as chief-executive, discusses such topics as "The Monroe
Doctrine : Its Limitations and Implications," " Shall the Fed-
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" Has the Federal Government Power to Enter into General
Arbitration Treaties?" and "The Federal Trend
in International Affairs."
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
Just Published
NOVELS
The Witness for the Defence
By A. E. W. MASON.
$1.30 net. Postage extra.
A romance of India and England whose thrilling and com-
plicated plot has led to comparison with the best novels of
Wilkie Collins.
The Lodger
By Mrs. BELLOC LOWNDES.
With a jacket in four colors. Cloth binding*
$1.25 net. Postage extra.
A new mystery story by the author of "End of Her
Honeymoon."
Ready March 21
Rung Ho ! (Go in and Win)
By TALBOT MUNDY.
With a jacket in four colors. $1.35 net. Postage
extra.
A rapid, thrilling story of love, fighting, and adventure in
India on the eve of the Indian Mutiny.
A Village Romeo and Juliet
By GOTTFRIED KELLER. With a Biographical and
Critical Introduction by EDITH WHARTON. Trans-
lated by A. C. BAHLMAN.
$1.00 net. Postage extra.
This love story of Swiss peasant life — whose title conveys
the character of its plot — is generally regarded as the finest
and most representative production of the great Swiss
novelist.
Ready in April
The Last Shot
By FREDERICK PALMER, War Correspondent.
Author of « Over the Pass," " The Vagabond," etc.
$1.35 net. Postage extra.
The course of this love story is so interwoven with the events
of war that it results in the presentation of such a huge and
terrible drama as would be seen to-day should the forces of
one power cross the boundaries of another.
Its leading character is a young woman who lives upon
the frontier of one of the two contending nations; and each
of her two lovers ranks high in one of the opposing armies.
This situation, in the hands of a writer who has viewed
and studied every important war of the last twenty years but
one, results in a rapid engrossing story whose telling displays
a tremendous spectacle and carries a forceful
message.
FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK
208
THE DIAL
[March 16
APPLETON'S New and
THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK
Edited by FRANCIS G. WICKWARE, ivith the co-operation of a supervisory board representing forty-three national
learned and scientific societies. 890 pages. $3.00 net. Postage extra.
A digest of the progress and achievement in every field of human activity during the past twelve months. No
person who would keep abreast of the progress of the world in any field can afford to be without this standard
reference book.
PSYCHOLOGY IN DAILY LIFE
By CARL EMIL SEASHORE. Professor of Psychology and Dean of the Graduate College, University of Iowa.
$1.50 net. Postage extra.
A clear, non-technical interpretation of the relation of psychology to everyday affairs. It offers an excellent
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CHEMISTRY IN AMERICA
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The history of the progress and achievements in one of the most useful sciences in this country. Compiled,
in response to an urgent demand, by one of the greatest chemists of the present day. The work includes many
of the real treasures of the science which hitherto have not been accessible.
RURAL CREDIT
By Hon. MYRON T. HERRICK, United States Ambassador to France. $2.00 net. Postage extra.
The author has made an exhaustive study of the subject of credit conditions among farmers in this country and
abroad and this authoritative account, written without bias, furnishes a clear and comprehensive review of the
subject from every possible viewpoint.
GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP OF RAILROADS
By SAMUEL O. DUNN. Editor of " The Railway Age Gazette" and author of " The American Transportation
Question." $1.50 net. Postage extra'.
A comprehensive and impartial analysis of the theory of government operations of carriers. The author care-
fully reviews the results achieved in countries where private management has predominated as well as those
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NOTABLE NEW NOVELS
OLD MOLE
By GILBERT CANNAN,
Author of " Round the Cor-
ner," etc. $1-35 net. Postage
extra.
By a sudden turn in Fortune's
wheel " Old Mole " is torn from
his respectable, comfortable life
in the North of England. Almost
a wreck, his philosophy saves
him and leads him into a verit-
able voyage of discovery in life.
RICHARD FURLONG
By E. TEMPLE THURS-
TON, Author of " The An-
tagonists." $1.35 net. Postage
extra.
" One is inclined to rank the
novel's heroine with the great
heroines of fiction, since she
stands for gloriously unselfish
love and so for mightily creative
womanhood."
— Chicago Record-Herald.
YOUTH'S ENCOUNTER
By COMPTON MACKEN-
ZIE, Author of " Carnival."
$1.35 net. Postage extra.
A wonderful study of Youth, its
hopes, ambitions and ideals.
" The author shows a mastery
of his art that makes him a
force in contemporary letters to
be reckoned with."
— The Book News Monthly.
PUBLISHERS
D. APPLETON
1914J THE DIAL 209
FORTY YEARS OF IT
By BRAND WHITLOCK, formerly Mayor of Toledo, now Minister to Belgium. $1.50 net.
Postage extra.
Mr. Whitlock's volume is in a sense a history of the progress of democracy in the Middle West. His
reminiscences are of such men as Governor Altgeld, Tom Johnson, " Golden Rule " Jones. And in
the telling of these men, their ideas and ideals, and of himself as the continuacor of their work, he
illuminates that spirit which makes for democracy. Few reminiscences have had the vigor, optimism,
and personal appeal of Mr. Whitlock's pages.
HAIL AND FAREWELL— VALE
By GEORGE MOORE, Author of " Evelyn Innes," etc. $1.75 net. Postage extra.
The long-looked-for and final volume in George Moore's much discussed autobiographical trilogy
"Hail and Farewell." The volume will prove the pleasantest of surprises, even to the legion of
admirers who have come to expect nothing but surprises from George Moore.
BEATING BACK
By AL JENNINGS and WILL IRWIN. Illustrated with drawings by CHARLES M. RUSSELL,
and with photographs . $1.50 net. Postage extra.
For several years Al Jennings headed one of the most desperate gangs of train robbers that ever
infested the Southwest. This is the account of his life as a train robber, hater of all law and order, his
imprisonment and pardon; and the final determination to "beat it back and make good" of the man
who is now a candidate for the nomination for Governor of Oklahoma..
LOVE AND THE SOUL MAKER
By MARY AUSTIN, Author of" The Land of Little Rain." $1.50 net. Postage extra.
An able study of the rights, privileges, and relationships of men and women, and of marriage in its
relation to the problems of modern society.
Norman Hapgood, editor of Harper's Weekly, says: " It seems to express with wonderful charm*
insight, and clearness the very essence of the feminist movement."
THE LIFE OF ST. AUGUSTINE
By LOUIS BERTRAND: Cloth, gilt top, uncut edges. $3.00 net. Postage extra.
A brilliant account not only of the vital personality of St. Augustine, but also of the times in which he
lived. The book is packed full of information so interesting as to make the life of St. Augustine seem
more fascinating than fiction.
WITHIN PRISON WALLS
By THOMAS MOTT OSBORNE. $1.50 net. Postage extra.
This book contains an absolutely faithful account of the experiences of the author as a voluntary exile
in Auburn Prison. It states the reasons for making the experiment and studying prison conditions
from within instead of without, and it is a sympathetic document full of humor and pathos, unusual
revelations, and suggestive of needed improvements.
AND COMPANY
210
THE DIAL
[March 16
SPRING BOOKS, 1914
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA
Operation of the New Bank Act
By THOMAS CONWAY, JR., Ph.D., and ERNEST MINOR PATTERSON, Ph.D., of the Wharton School of
Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania. 12mo. Cloth bound. $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.14.
New York Journal of Commerce: "A timely book which is certain to prove of very extensive
usefulness. It will be of exceptional value to all business interests as well as to bankers."
New York Times: "If suitable use is made of the counsel of the accomplished authors their
assistance will be a considerable contribution to the solution of the large and troublesome problem."
The Careful Investor
By EDWARD SHERWOOD MEAD, Ph.D., Prof essor of Finance,
University of Pennsylvania. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Postpaid, $1.62.
Professor Mead is well known for his articles on and
investigations of financial conditions. In this book he pre-
sents the accepted opinions as to what constitutes a safe
investment, and gives in condensed form a vast amount of
data regarding the financial market.
The Cause of Business Depression
By HUGO BILGRAM, in collaboration with Louis EDWARD
LEVY. With 9 diagrams. About 500 pages. 8vo.
Cloth. $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.15.
An eminently scientific yet popular work that shows
conclusively the cause of business depression and its cure.
The Lost Vocal Art
By W. WARREN SHAW. Introduction by David Bispham.
20 explanatory illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Postpaid, $1.62.
Mr. Shaw has written a work revolutionary in character,
yet eminently logical, which should be in the hands of every
teacher of voice culture and singer.
Practical Cinematography and Its Applications
By F. A. TALBOT. With nearly 100 illustrations. 12mo.
Cloth. $1.00 net. Postpaid, $1.12.
This volume has been written with the purpose of assist-
ing the amateur who is attracted towards the making of
moving pictures.
The Evolution of Architectural Ornament
By C. A. T. MIDDLETON, A.R.I.B.A., M.S.A. 236 illustra-
tions. Octavo. Cloth. $5.00 net.
All About Postage Stamps
By FRED J. MELVILLE.
Cloth. $1.50 net.
With 32 plates. Small 8vo.
George Macdonald's Stories for Little Folks
"The Princess and Curdie"
Simplified by ELIZABETH LEWIS. With 6 full-page illus-
trations in color by Maria L. Kirk. Uniform with the
simplified edition of " The Princess and the Goblin."
12mo. Decorated cloth. 50 cents net.
The Training of a Forester
By GIFFORD PINCHOT. 8 illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. $1. net-
Postpaid, $1.10.
This compact little book is designed especially to give
correct inside information to all those who, whether for
themselves or for others, are considering forestry as a career.
It contains in brief compass the most valuable and interest-
ing facts touching this most important work and shows the
relation of forestry to other important activities in our mod-
ern life.
Ten Sex Talks to Girls
(Fourteen Years and Older_)
By DR. IRVING DAVID STEINHARDT. Illustrated. 193 pages.
12mo. Cloth. $1.00 net.
Ten Sex Talks to Boys
("Fourteen Years and Older)
By DR. IRVING DAVID STEINHARDT. Illustrated. 200 pages.
12mo. Cloth. $1.00 net.
A New Volume in Lippincott's Farm Manual Series
Productive Horse Husbandry
By CARL W. GAY, D.V.M., B.S.A., University of Pennsyl-
vania. With 173 illustrations. 8vo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
Postpaid, $1.69.
A thoroughly complete and systematic study of the
horse. It covers structure and function, types and breeds,
the principles of breeding, the horse in service, etc., etc.
A reference work for the farmer, breeder, and veterinarian,
as well as an authoritative text-book for agricultural schools
and colleges.
Dairy Laboratory Manual and Note Book
By Prof. ERNEST L. ANTHONY, B.S.A. Instructor in Dairy
Husbandry, Pennsylvania State College. 72 pages.
Octavo. Limp binding, 60 cents net.
Experimental Domestic Science
By K. HENRY Joss, M.Sc., F.C.S. With 75 illustrations
in the text. Small 12mo. 80 cents net.
Health Through Diet
By KENNETH G. HATG, L.R.C.P. London.
$1.25 net.
12mo. Cloth.
1914]
•
THE DIAL
211
SPRING BOOKS, 1914
The Full of the Moon
By CAROLINE LOCKHART. Illustrated in color. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37.
Has all the vigor and intensity which made " Me-Smith " one of the best sellers,
although it is markedly different in both character and plot from either " Me-Smith "
or " The Lady Doc."
The Red Emerald
By JOHN REED SCOTT. Illustrated in color. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37.
"A delightful compound of mystery and romance." — Jacksonville Times-Union.
" A tale bewitching, entertaining, skillful in plot." — Grand Rapids Herald.
The Best Man
By GRACE LIVINGSTON HILL Lurz. Illustrated in color. $1.25 net. Postpaid, $1.37.
"A romance of startling adventure. The action is rapid; everything moves in a
breathless whirl." — New York Times.
Anybody but Anne
By CAROLYN WELLS. Illustrated in color. $1.25 net.
Postpaid, $1.37.
A new Fleming Stone mystery detective story that will
puzzle the most astute.
A New FRANK DANBY
Ready About April 15
Full Swing
By the Author of " Baccarat," etc.
MISCELLANEOUS
Unknown Mongolia
By DOUGLAS CARRUTHERS. With three chapters on Sport
by J. H. MILLER, F.Z.S., and an introduction by the Rt.
Hon. Earl CURZON, of Kedleston, G.C.S.I. With 168
illustrations, three original colored maps, and three
other maps. In two volumes. Octavo. Cloth gilt, with
gilt top. $7.00 net.
A record of travel and exploration on Russo-Chinese
borderlands.
Through Jubaland to the
Lorian Swamp
By I. N. DRACOPOLI, F.R.G.S. 44 illustrations and 2 maps.
Octavo. Cloth. $3.50 net.
By ROBERT W. WILLIAMSON, M.Sc. 43 illustrations and
a map. Octavo. Cloth. $3.50 net.
In Far New Guinea
By HENRY NEWTON, B.A. (Oxon.) 47 illustrations and
a map. Octavo. Cloth. $3.50 net.
Among the Primitive Bakongo
By JOHN H. WEEKS. 40 illustrations and a map. Octavo.
Cloth. $3.50 net.
The Practical Book of Garden
Architecture
By PHEBE WESTCOTT HUMPHREYS. Frontispiece in color.
120 illustrations from actual examples of garden archi-
tecture and house surroundings. Square octavo. Orna-
mental cloth, in a box. $5.00 net. Postpaid, $5.25.
A volume for the owner developing his property, large
or small — for the amateur or professional garden architect,
for the artist, student, nature lover.
The Flower-Finder
By GEORGE LINCOLN WALTON, M.D. Frontispiece in color.
With 573 line drawings in the text. 16 full-page illus-
trations. Decorative lining paper. 12mo. Bound in
limp leather, in a case. $2.00 net. Postpaid, $2.12.
No handsomer or more complete and authoritative work
has been published on nature study than this. Bound in
limp leather, printed on thin paper, in a slip case, it has
been possible to make a complete field compendium small
enough to fit the pocket.
The Meaning of Art:
Its Nature, Role, and Value
By PAUL GAULTIER. With a preface by EMILE BOUTROUX.
Translated from the third edition by H. and E. BALDWIN.
With 36 illustrations. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50 net.
This work was crowned by the French Academy of
Mural and Political Science. It is a remarkably entertain-
ing and earnest exposition of art in its utmost complexity.
212
THE DIAL
A Rare Chance for Book Buyers
OWING to changes in the character of the locality, we are giving up our Twenty-third Street store (occupied
for thirty-two years). Hereafter our Retail business will be concentrated in the Putnam Building, Forty-
fifth Street, just west of Fifth Avenue, where our Publishing offices are established, and where for three years we
have operated the new Retail store. We cannot transfer the stock from Twenty-third Street, as the new store
is already full and complete. We are therefore offering the entire huge stock to the public at such startling and
drastic prices as will doubtless insure its sale within a few weeks. This is NOT an ordinary clearance or reduc-
tion sale, but an attempt to SELL OUT ENTIRELY the many thousand books before we leave the place. The
books include every kind of literature one expects to find in a well-equipped store such as ours, — Fine Sets of
Standard Authors in cheap and in handsome editions, Rare English Collections and Sets and Single Volumes
under every classification. There are tens of thousands of volumes (one or two of a title) that are piled on our
counters, and marked at one-quarter to one-third usual price. No attempt is made to catalogue them, as the
stock changes greatly from day to day. A personal visit of inspection will pay. But we will answer any specific
inquiries from those who cannot call. We note herewith just a few items of which we offer varying quantities.
Some of these books are quite new, others are slightly shelf-worn or rubbed. All are perfect internally.
No. Copies Usual Special
for Sale Price Price
11 Cromwell's Letters and Speeches. 3 vols $6.00 $2.50
10 George Borrow. Life by Knapp. 2 vols 6.00 1 . 25
42 Porfirio Diaz. Life by Qodoy 2.00 .50
19 Daumier Caricatures. Cary. 76 illustrations . 3.75 .90
23 Epic of Fall of Man. Gurteen 2.50 .60
13 Huguenot Family. Fontaine 2.50 .75
9 Victorian Poets. Stopford Brooke 1.75 .60
11 Annals of a York shire House. Stirling. Illus-
trated. 2 vols 10.00 3.00
12 White's Natural History of Selborne 1 ,75 .75
4 Christopher Columbus. Thacher. Elaborately
illustrated. 3 vols. Royal 8vo 27 . 00' 9 . 00
15 History of Bluebeard. Wilson.... 1.75 .40
10 Rupert Prince Palatine. Scott 2.00 .75
21 Hypnotism and Suggestion . Hollander 1 . 75 .75
14 Mental Functions. Hollander 3.00 1.25
8 Leslie Stephen. Life by Maitland 4.50 2.25
8 Nicholls' History of English Poor Law. 3 vols. 16.50 7.50
11 Thoughts of Plato and Aristotle 3.50 1.40
14 Mediaeval Political Theory. Carlyle. 2 vols.. 7.00 2.90
34 Conquest of Air. Berget. Illustrated 3.75 1.00
14 Sons of St. Francis Macdonell 3.50 1.40
21 Literature of the 19th Century. Magnas 2.00 .75
No. Copies
for Sale
19 Songs of England's Glory.
36
24
Usual
Price
Leather ............ $1.25
Kingdom of Light. Peck ....................... 1.00
Short Sayings of Famous Men .................. 1.00
19 Bishop Potter's Reminiscences ................. 2.00
14 Idyllic Avon. Garrett. Illustrated ............ 3.00
12 More Colonial Homesteads. Illustrated ...... 3.00
23 Journey in Slave States. Olmsted. 2 vols ..... 5.00
11 Journey in Back Country. Olmsted. 2 vols... 5.00
3 Memoirs of Dukes of Urbino. 2 vols ........... 12 . 00
11 Shakespeare. 500 illustrations. 15 vols ....... 18.75
9 World's Great Orators. 10'vols ................ 15.00
3 Samuel Adams' Works. 4 vols ................. 20.00
8 C. G. Leland. Life by Pennell. 2 vols ......... 5.00
11 English People. Bontiny ....................... 2.50
18 First Principles of Politics. Lilly .............. 2.50
24 Factors in Modern History. Pollard .......... 2 . 25
14 Philosophy of Comte. Bruhl ................... 3.50
19 Reminiscences of Old Navy. Maclay .......... 2.50
9 Nineteenth Army Corps. Irwin ................ 4.50
16 History of the Republican Party. Curtis. 2vols. 6.00
3 Encyclo. of Sport. Illus. Halfmor. 2 vols... 30.00
8 Famous Families of New York. Illustrated.
2vols ......................................... 15.00
Special
Price
$.40
.40
.30
.80
.90
.90
1.50
1.50
6 . 00
7.50
6.00
6.00
2.00
.60
.75
.90
1.00
.75
1.75
1.50
9.50
5.00
Here Are Some Fine Standard Sets
Very slightly shelf-worn or rubbed.
Of most of them only two or three sets— of some only one Price Price
Byron's Works. Best Amer. Ed. 16 vols $24.00 $14.00
Mme. D'Arblay's Diary. 6 vols 22.50 12.00
Cyclopedia of U. S. History. Leasing. 10 vols. 30.00 4.75
Charles Dudley Warner. 15 vols 30.00 12.00
Montaigne's Works. Edited by Hazlitt.
10 vols 25.00 14.50
Thackeray. Dent's Large Paper Edition.
30 vols 200.00 100.00
Fitzgerald's Works. English Ed. 7 vols 55.00 32.00
Keats & Shelley. Fine edition. 12 vols 60.00 27.50
Waverley Novels. Edinburgh Ed. 48 vols — 220.00 105.00
Champlin Cyclopedia of Painting. Illustrated.
4 vols 100.00 47.00
Rufus King's Writings. 6 vols 30.00 12.00
James Madison's Works. 9 vols. V2 leather.. 45.00 18.00
James Monroe's Works. 7 vols. Va leather ... 35.00 14.00
John Marshall's Works. 2 vols. Vz leather. .. 10.00 5.00
County Seats of Great Britain. Morris. 7 vols.
240 colored plates 42.00 18.00
Tichborne Trial. Complete verbatim reports.
Illustrated. 9 vols., folio 48.00 29.00
Here Are Some Fine Bound Sets Worth Buying
Usual Special
McKenney & Hall's Indian Tribes. 3 vols. folio. Price Price
Colored plates. Splendid set $160 .CO $ 1 1 5.00
British Essayists. Chalmers. 38 vols. Va calf. 80.00 32.00
Shakespeare. Collier's edition. 6 vols. Calf. 29.00 19.50
Grote's Greece. Best English edition. 12 vols.
Very choice set in new full calf 145.00 100.00
Aldine edition British Poets. 53 vols 250.00 160.00
Lecky's Collected Works. Best edition. 29
vols. % crushed levant new 325.00 210.00
Edmund Burke. Best edition. 8 vols. Calf.. 48.00 29.00
Sorrow's Celebrated Trials. 6 vols. 1/2calf... 55.00 39.00
Waverley Novels. Original large type edition.
77 vols. Full calf 225.00 110.00
Irving's Works. Hudson Ed. 27 vols. % calf.
(First cost $100.) Nearly new 65.00 45.00
Walpole's Collected Works. 21 vols. V2 calf. 135.00 79.00
Charles Sumner's Works. 15 vols, % calf.
(First cost $75.) Nearly neiv 35.00 28.00
Roosevelt's Works. Fine subscription set.
Illustrated. 8 vols. Full crushed levant. 135.00 75.00
Muther's Modern Painting. Illustrated. 3
vols. % morocco 58.00 30.00
Duruy's Rome. Original issue. 3000 illustra-
tions. 16 vols. % leather. (Cost $250. )... 160.00 95.00
The above are merely a few specimens quoted from the immense stock
Carriage charges extra.
Never before in our 78 years of Retail business have we offered books at such prices
*^* Catalogue No. 2 (50 pages) describes many representative tempting items
27 and 29 West 23d Street, New York
(Just West of Fifth Avenue)
Putnams
1914]
THE D1A1,
213
A Rare Chance for Book Buyers
Abraham Lincoln
COMPLETE WORKS. Edited by ARTHUR BROOKS LAPSLEY. Together with Introduction by
Roosevelt, Essay on Lincoln by Schurz, Address by Choate, and Life by Noah Brooks.
Beautifully printed in extra large type. Portrait. 8 volumes. 8vo. Bound in three-quarter
red leather. Gilt tops. Price $40.00 net. Offered at $10.75
A western dealer contracted for 1000 sets put up in this special style. He failed after selling most of them.
The balance were returned in partial settlement. Our publishing sales manager has suggested that we offer these
special sets (which can not be used through regular channels) to retail buyers in connection with the Twenty-third
Street Sale. They are quite new and in wooden boxes.
No American who cares, should miss this chance to secure a set. To get such a set for one-quarter price is a
chance that will never occur again.
We also offer to retail buyers direct, instead of selling them to the trade, the following « Remainders " of
valuable books. Note the extraordinary prices. There are only a few of each item. All are quite new.
William Pitt, Earl of Chatham
Life by VON RUVILLE.
3 vols. Large 8vo. $9.00 for $3.50
This is the great German biography of the famous
English statesman.
Greek and Roman Portraits
By DR. ANTON HEKLEE.
4to. $7.50 for $2.50
A splendid collection of about 750 classic portraits
copied from the statues and busts in the great European
museums in Rome, Paris, Berlin, etc.
No other such comprehensive collection exists.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Life by FREDERIKA MACDONALD.
2 vols. 8vo. $6.50 for $2.50
The most complete life of Rousseau in English.
Irving's Belles Lettres Works
Pocket edition. 10 vols. 16mo.
$5.00 for $1.75
A very readable little set of Irving's lighter works
for 17 \ cents a volume !
Palaces of Crete and their Builders
By Mosso. 170 illustrations. 8vo.
$5.25 for $2.00
Lincoln Memorial Volume
Including the large Bronxe Medal by ROINE,
cleverly inlaid in the volume. 12mo.
$5.00 for $1.75
Lincoln Tribute Book
Appreciations by Statesmen, Men of Letters, and
Poets, at Home and Abroad.
With a miniature Bronze Medal by ROINE inserted
in the cover. $1.75 for 50 cents
Macaulay's Critical and
Historical Essays
With Introduction, Notes, and Index by F. C.
MONTAGUE.
Well-printed in 3 stout 12mo volumes. Cloth.
Gilt tops. Untrimmed. $5.25 for $2.50
The only really well- edited current edition.
Carriage charges, extra.
Never before in our 78 years of Retail business have we offered books at such prices
*q_* Catalogue No. 2 (50 pages) describes many representative tempting items
27 and 29 West 23d Street, New York
(Just West of Fifth Avenue)
214
THE DIAL
[March 16
THE COMPLETION OF A GREAT WORK
OMAN'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND
From the Earliest Times Down to the Year 1900
Written by various authors under the direction of and edited by
C. W. C. OMAN, Oxford University
Author of "The Art of War in the Middle Ages, " "A History of the Peninsular War," etc.
Complete in 7 volumes. Sold separately. Each $3.00 net. By mail, $3.20
"Possesses uncommon literary distinction and should find a wide field
for usefulness not only as a work of reference, but as a 'popular' history.
Indeed, it is difficult to recall any similar undertaking in which the funda-
mental requisites of the art of history-writing have been so admirably met.
. . . May be safely recommended to the student who would learn what the
latest research has to teach him, and to the educated public who, though
no more than the student, desire history served in an entertaining way."
— Literary Digest.
THE VOLUMES ARE:
I. England Before the Norman
Conquest.
Being a History of the Celtic,
Roman, and Anglo-Saxon Periods
down to the year A. D. 1066. By
Charles Oman, M.A., All Souls'
College, Oxford.
II. England Under the Normans
and Angevins. 1066-1272
By H. W. C. Davis, Fellow of Bal-
liol College, author of " Charle-
magne."
III. England in the Later Middle
Ages. 1272-1485
By Kenneth H. Vickers, M.A., Pro-
fessor of Modern History in the
University of Durham, author of
"Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester."
IV. England Under the Tudors.
1485-1603
By Arthur D. Innes. Sometime
Scholar of Oriel College, Oxford,
author of "Britain and Her
Rivals," "A Short History of the
British in India," etc.
V. England Under the Stuarts.
1603-1714
By G. M. Trevelyan, Fellow of Trin-
ity College, Cambridge, author of
"The Age of Wycliffe," etc.
VI. England Under the Hano-
verians. 1714-1815
By C. Grant Robertson, Fellow of
All Souls', Tutor in History to
Magdalen College, Oxford.
VII. England Since Waterloo.
1815-1900
By J. A. R. Marriott, Lecturer and
Tutor in Modern History and
Economics at Worcester College,
Oxford, author of " George Can-
ning and His Times."
Each volume is adequately supplied with maps.
ALL BOOKSELLERS
New York, 2 West 45th St. G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS London, 24 Bedford St.
1914]
THE DIAL
215
THE
FORTUNE
' •• YC
WILLIAM J-LC"
Important New Books
SELECTED FROM THE
SPRING LI ST OF
JOHN LANE COMPANY
NEW YORK
SPRING 1914
MISCELLANEOUS
BEHIND THE VEIL AT THE
RUSSIAN COURT
By COUNT PAUL VASSILI. With 23 Photogravure Plates.
Large 8vo. Cloth. $4.50 net.
Graphic revelations of social, political, and imperial life in
Russia, recorded with unsparing frankness from many secret
and official documents inaccessible to the public.
WITH THE RUSSIANS
IN MONGOLIA
By H. G. C. PERRY-AYSCOUGH and R. B.
OTTER-BARRY. With fifty Illustrations
and a Map. 8vo. Cloth. $4 50 net.
A really authoritative work dealing with the
religion, commerce and history of this " un-
discovered" country about which Western
civilization knows practically nothing to-
day.
NAPOLEON AT BAY: 1814
By F. LORAINE PETRE. With Maps and
Plans. 8vo. Cloth, $2 50 net.
Shows Napoleon after the disastrous cam-
paign in Germany — the first volume in En-
glish to give an account of this campaign.
INSIDE THE HOUSE THAT
JACK BUILT
By GEORGE LELAND HUNTER, author of " Home Fur-
nishing,"etc. With 36 Illustrations. Large 12mo. Cloth.
$1.50 net.
The story, told in conversation, of how two homes were
furnished. (Ready April 15.)
WHAT SCULPTURE TO SEE
IN EUROPE
By L. M. BRYANT, author of "What Pictures to See in
Europe," etc. With 160 Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth.
$1.50 net.
A concise and invaluable guide to the best sculpture in
Europe ( Readv April 15.)
FICTION
THE FORTUNATE YOUTH
By WILLIAM J. LOCKE. Eight Illustrations by ARTHUR
I. KELLER. Cloth. $1.35 net.
A great romance of life and love and ambition, the author's
best since "The Beloved Vagabond."
VICTORY LAW
By ANNE WARWICK, author of " The Un-
known Woman," "Compensation," etc.
Cloth. $1.30 net.
A powerful story of a brilliant young actress
for whom the stage is the be-all and end-all
of existence.
THE FLYING INN
Second
By GILBERT K. CHESTERTON.
Edition. Cloth. $1.30 net.
"A book that makes you want to get up and
shout. . . . Chesterton at his amazing best."
— Neiv York Times.
FOOL OF APRIL
By JUSTIN H. MCCARTHY, author of " If I
Were King," etc. Cloth. $1.35 net.
A whirling story of whims and humors — an
Arabian Night's romance in a modern set-
ting.
BEHIND THE BEYOND
By STEPHEN LE ACOCK, author of " Nonsense Novels."
" Literary Lapses," etc. Second Edition. Illustrated.
Cloth. $1.00 net.
" A genuinely funny book — a laugh on every page."
— Town Topics.
GARDEN OATS
By ALICE HERBERT. Cloth. $1.30 net.
A feminine variation of the man's " wild oats."
THE STRONG HEART
By A. R. GORING-THOMAS, author of " Way ward Feet,"
etc. Cloth. $1.25 net.
How a secret marriage bridged a social gulf and brought
harmony into two heretofore discordant households.
NEW BOOKS BY H. DE VERE STACPOOLE
THE POEMS OF FRANCOIS VILLON
Translated by DR. STACPOOLE. Edition de luxe. Handsomely
Printed and Bound. Cloth. $2.50 net.
An appreciation of Villon and a translation of his works which sets the
man definitely before us as well as the poet and his songs.
THE NEW OPTIMISM
Cloth. $1.00 net.
An exposition of the evolution of the solar universe, incidentally of
life, and finally of man. A beautiful and stimulating work, both in
spirit and style.
216
THE DIAL
[March 1C
NEW BOOKS
ISSUED BY
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
SPRING
1914
Everyman's Library
35 Volumes to be Ready in
April
BIOGRAPHY.
Seebohm's Oxford Reformers.
Froude's Lord Beaconsfield.
Dr. Elizabeth BlackwelPs Pioneer
Work for Women.
Colley Gibber.
CLASSICAL.
Livy's Rome. Vols. II. and III.
The Muses' Pageant. Vol. III.
Xenophon's Cyropsedia.
ESSAYS AND CRITICISM.
Folk-Songs and Other Essays. By the
Countess Martinengo-Cesaresco.
Dorothy Osborne's Letters to Sir
William Temple.
Anthology of English Prose.
FICTION.
Paltock's Peter Wilkins.
Turgeniev's Liza.
George MacDpnald's Sir Gibbie.
Morier's Hajji Baba.
Mrs. Gaskell's North and South.
Dostoieffsky's The Idiot.
Richardson's Pamela. 2 vols.
Anne Bronte's The Tenant of Wild-
fell Hall.
Balzac's The Country Parson.
Thackeray's Roundabout Papers.
FOR YOUNG PEOPLE.
Ruskin's The Two Boyhoods, etc.
Mrs. Boult's Asgard and the Norse
Heroes.
PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY.
Kehle's The Christian Year.
Hobbes's The Leviathan.
Malthus on the Principles of Popu-
lation. 2 vols.
POETRY AND DRAMA.
Hebbel's Plays.
The New Golden Treasury.
Bjornson's Plays. Vol. II.
ROMANCE.
Eric and Enid . By Chretien de Troyes.
The Grettir Saga.
SCIENCE.
Ly ell's Antiquity of Man.
TRAVEL.
Sorrow's Gypsies in Spain.
35 new volumes ready in April bring
this incomparable collection of the
world's best books up to a total
of 700 volumes from which to
make your choice.
C, A collection of your favorite books in rich uniform
binding is the sort of library to give you enduring
delight.
C. You can make it as comprehensive as you please;
for you can pick the best from every one of the main
channels ot Literature.
C. You can make it as individual as you please, choos-
ing .only the books you want to keep within reach of
your hand.
C. Whatever title you order you know exactly what
you will get: the best modern editing, good paper,
good printing, a well-bound book, light to hold,
handy to slip into your pocket or bag.
C. The price is possible only because these are ever-
lastingly popular books for which the demand is so
great that they can be printed in large numbers at
low cost.
Send for a new alphabetical list of titles.
Price per volume
in cloth binding
net 35 cents.
per
in leather binding
net 7O cents.
Able introductions, biographical and other helps make these the equal of any editions
obtainable at any cost ; and the type and artistic binding give them a form which has beauty and
distinction. You will enjoy owning volumes from EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY.
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
681 FIFTH AVENUE
NEW YORK
1914]
THE DIAL
217
NEW BOOKS
ISSUED BY
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
SPRING
1914
READY THIS DAY-BY THE GREATEST OF MODERN SOCIAL PROPHETS
H. G. WELLS'S New Novel
The World Set Free
By the Author of " The Passionate Friends," " Tono-Bungay," etc.
Cloth. $1.35 net
An amazing, absorbing story of the social results of a not-impossible
discovery which renders power for industrial uses exceedingly cheap
and wealth almost incredibly plentiful.
" Mr. Wells compels one's attention. ... Admiration cannot
be withheld. One simply must read him." — New York Times.
A splendid vision of an immense and inspiringly beautiful future of
which, more abundantly than any other modern writer, Mr. Wells gives
us hope and a high faith.
" In no other author's -work does one feel with such utter
conviction that we are destined for a future glory and a
wonder beyond belief." — Chicago Evening Post.
H. G. WELLS
OTHER NOTABLE NEW DUTTON BOOKS-
A new novel by the Nobel Prize winner
SELMA LAGERLOF
Liliecrona's Home
Perhaps the most remarkable of all
the writings by the author of "Gosta
Berling" for its rare blending of
truth to life and poetic fancy.
Cloth, net $1.25
The Honey-Star
By TICKNER EDWARDES
An interesting story set against the
fragrant background of an English
bee-keeping countryside. By the
author of " The Lore of the Honey
Bee." Cloth, net $1.35
The Governor of
England
By MARJORIE BOWEN
A romance in which is played the
whole tragedy of Cromwell's deal-
ings with England. Miss Bowen
supplies life and color and actuality
for the readers of standard histories.
Cloth, net $1.35
IMPORTANT RE-ISSUES
The Green Graves
of Balgowrie
By JANE H. FINDLATER
Intensely vivid, full of the fine
Scotch personality characteristic of
"Crossrig" and other of the Find-
later novels. Cloth, net $1.35
Over the Hills
By MARY W. FINDLATER
Delightfully sympathetic, with an
undercurrent of keen Scotch wit,
and a singular charm of spirit.
Cloth, net $1.35
The Way of All
Flesh
By SAMUEL BUTLER
A novel which Arnold Bennett,
Bernard Shaw, etc., place among
"the great novels of the world."
Interesting too for its many touches
of autobiography. Cloth, net $1.50
The Mahdah Menus
Eat and Grow Thin
With an Introduction by VANCE
THOMPSON on the Mahdah diet
The book includes the famous re-
ducing menus and recipes hitherto
unpublished for which Americans
are paying fifty guinea fees to fash-
ionable London physicians.
Cloth, net $1.00
The Romance of Names
By ERNEST WEEKLEY
Author of " The Romance of Words."
Full of bits of curious, diverting
history, to be found in the origin of
place names and surnames.
Cloth, net $1.25
The Surgeon's Log
By J. JOHNSTON ABRAHAM
"A very delightful book," says
JOHN MASEFIELD of this unusual
record of travel impressions in un-
spoiled Eastern ports.
New and cheaper edition, net $2 00
Three volumes ready
LITTLE SCHOOLMATE SERIES Florence Convene, Editor
In Sunny Spain Under Greek Skies A Boy in Eirinn
By KATHARHTE LEE BATES By JULIA D. DRAGOUMIS By PADBAIC COLUM
Child Life in Other Lands. Each with Frontispiece in colors and other illustrations, net $1.00
PUBLISHERS
E. P. DUTTON & COMPANY
681 Fifth Avenue
NEW YORK
218
THE DIAL
[March 16
ANNOUNCEMENT OF NEW BOOKS
To be Published April 4
PETER PIPER
By DORIS EGERTON JONES
Wrapper and frontispiece in full color by HENRY J. PECK
12mo. Cloth. $1.25 net.
" Peter Piper " is a breezy tale of ranch and town life in Australia, full of
refreshing humor and genuine pathos. The theme is that of an innocent
girl, who, through no fault of her own, becomes blameworthy. The world
at large knows nothing of this, but the fact radically affects her outlook on
life. The story, told in the first person as if told to a friend, fascinates from
beginning to end, while the writer's epigrammatic and witty style is most
delightful. It is an essentially clean book of singular charm.
Daniel Webster (A^^f
By FREDERIC A. OGG, Ph.D., Associate
Professor of History in Simmons College,
Boston, and author of " The Governments
of Europe." 12mo. Cloth. With frontis-
piece portrait. $1.25 net.
A study of Webster from a new point
of view, but with all historical data
carefully verified. The man Webster
is brought out in strong contrast to
the statesman and publicist.
A complete list of the "American Crisis
Biographies1' 'will be sent on request.
A Silent Peal from the Liberty Bell
By AD ALINE M. CONWAY, A.M., Ph.D.
12mo. 5 illustrations. Boards, 50 cts.net.
Leather, stamped in gold, boxed, $ 1 .50 net.
A description of the greatest of the
relics of American patriotism. The bell
tells the story of its life in the first
person as if it were looking back on the
162 years since it was cast by Pass &
Stow in their London smeltery, and
discourses on the stirring events that
marked the early history of this country
up to the time when it tolled for the
last time at the funeral of Chief Justice
Marshall, July 8, 1836.
More About Collecting
By JAMES VOX ALL, author of "The
ABC About Collecting." 8vo. Cloth.
48 full-page illustrations. $2.00 net.
This book continues, amplifies, en-
larges, and deepens the range of "The
ABC About Collecting." It gives a
full account of Old Blown Glass, Old
Cut Glass, Porcelain, Old Silver, Prints,
and Furniture. It is written in the
interesting enlightening style which
characterized the former book, so that
readers who have little experience of
collecting may find exactly the informa-
tion they require, expressed in a simple
style, in understandable terms.
Low-Cost Recipes
By EDITH H. BAIRD, former editor of
"Table Talk Magazine." Small 12mo.
Cloth. 75 cents net.
This book gives recipes for all times
and for all occasions. In view of the
high cost of living, however, all the
recipes have been prepared with the
view of helping the housewife to keep
down costs. Special attention is given
to the use of left-overs.
ORDER FROM YOUR BOOKSELLER OR FROM
GEORGE W. JACOBS AND COMPANY
PUBLISHERS PHILADELPHIA
1914]
THE DIAL
219
HARPER AND BROTHERS
NEW PUBLICATIONS OF GENERAL INTEREST
RELIGION AND LIFE
By DR. ELWOOD WORCESTER
The organizer of the Emmanuel Movement in Boston, in
this book, " frankly, avowedly, and positively Christian,"
deals with the social aspects of religion, with the spirit
of aspiration and unrest of the world, and with the
problems presented by the life of to-day.
Crown 8 vo. $1.25 net.
A BISHOP AMONG HIS FLOCK
By Bishop ETHELBERT TALBOT
The author of " My People of the Plains " dwells upon
the relation of religion to business, the duties of the
Church and its members to social service and to mis-
sions. Certain chapters are devoted to the history of the
Episcopal Church, to the Prayer Book, the Sacraments,
etc.
Portrait Frontispiece. $1.0O net.
SOCIAL FORCES IN ENGLAND
AND AMERICA uy H. a WELLS
The new book of essays by H. G. Wells contains, as he
says himself, " a fairly complete view of all my opinions.
It is practically all my miscellaneous writings for the
last four or five years, edited and drawn together into an
effective whole." The matters on whieh he writes are as
varied as his wide sphere of interests.
Crown 8vo. Cloth. $2. OO net.
THE IDOL BREAKER
By CHARLES RANN KENNEDY
The theme is Freedom. The story takes place in the
smithy of Little Boswell — a village of prejudices, tra-
ditions, and economic slavery. The grotesque comedy
situations have never been equalled since the author's
inimitable Bishop in " The Servant in the House."
Portrait Frontispiece. $1.25 net.
MODERN DANCING
By Mr. and Mrs. VERNON CASTLE
This book on the decent dances of to-day — brought out under the auspices of several New York social leaders
and written by the recognized authorities on dancing of fashionable New York — makes it possible for every reader
to know what the latest accepted dances are and to learn how to dance them. A practical book — practical as well
as authoritative.
Over 7O Illustrations from Photographs and Moving Pictures. $1.25 net.
THE YOUNG MOTHER'S
HANDBOOK
Home Treatment, Diet, and Physical Exercise for
Children
By MARIANNA WHEELER
The author, whose knowledge of children's needs is the
result of long and unusual experience, offers in these
pages valuable suggestions to mothers how to keep their
children in health and what to do in simple ailments.
16mo. Cloth. $1.0O net.
PRINCIPLES OF CORRECT
DRESS
By FLORENCE HULL WINTERBURN
This book is written not for to-day or to-morrow, but
for all time, as the principles it embodies concern not the
fashion of the moment, but the permanent rules of artistic
individual dress. It contains chapters by the two greatest
fashion authorities In the world — Jean Worth and Paul
Poiret, of Paris.
16mo. Cloth. fl.OOnet.
HARPER'S BOOK FOR
YOUNG GARDENERS
By ALPHEUS HYATT VERRILL
Shows how much profit and pleasure may be obtained
from simple gardens, and how to plan, arrange, and care
for them properly. School gardening, experimental
gardening, ornamental gardening are all explained.
Fully Illustrated. Crown 8vo. $1.50 net.
PLANNING AND FURNISHING
THE HOME
By MARY J. QUINN, Instructor in Design, School
of Household Science and Art, Pratt Institute
Miss Quinn goes into the question of good furnishing at
a cost which is possible and practical for the average
homemaker who wants her home to be beautiful but does
not know how to go to work to bring about the result.
16mo. Cloth. $1. OO net.
HARPER AND BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK
220 THE DIAL [March 16
Announcements of The Open Court Publishing Company
THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY in the Light of the Philosophy
of Science
By PAUL CARUS Cloth. $1.OO
The author recognizes the correctness of the Principle of Relativity, but criticises the exaggerated statements which
have done much to confuse students, and to mystify the reading public.
The Boston Transcript correctly summarizes his position as follows :
"Absolute existence, in fact everything absolute, is impossible. Reality is not immovable and unchangeable
absoluteness but the effectiveness of things in their relation. All things are in a flux, and we ourselves are constantly
changing. The only way to make knowledge possible is to ignore complications and to consider a thing as fixed. This is
a fiction similar to that in calculus where a curve is thought of as made up of a succession of straight lines infinitesimal in
length.
" The philosophy of science is the philosophy. If the philosophy of science had been better known, the principle of
relativity would have at once been rightly understood and the vagaries of many mystifying contentions would have been
avoided."
After presenting the problem and referring it to the domain of a priori reasoning rather than to that of experiment
the author quotes and discusses Prof. D, F. Comstock's characterization of relativity, Prof. Emil Cohn's account of the
Pizeau experiment. Dr. Philip Frank's discussion of absolute motion and absolute space in which the contrasted views of
Professors Ernst Mach and Alois Hofler are presented. Mr. Norman Campbell and Prof. William Francis Magie are quoted
and the merits of the Michelson-Morley experiment is discussed.
THE MECHANISTIC PRINCIPLE AND THE NON-MECHANICAL
By PAUL CARUS Cloth. $1.OO
The truth of the mechanistic principle is here unreservedly acknowledged in this little book, without any equivocation
or limitation, and it is pointed out that the laws of mechanics apply without exception to all motions ; but they do not
apply to things that are not motions. Ideas and sentiments as such are not motions. The physiological functions of
thinking, willing, and feeling present uninterrupted channels of cerebral motions. Thus, while thinking is unquestionably
a mechanical process, there is an element in our life that is not mechanical and in this domain there would be no sense in
expecting a mechanical explanation. How, for instance, can the meaning of a word, of thoughts or symbols of logical
syllogisms be mechanically explained? The essential feature of all higher organic life is the appearance of purpose, and
the task which the author sets himself is a careful investigation of the problem how purpose is possible in a mechanically
regulated world.
A considerable portion is devoted to the mechanistic views of Mark Twain and La Mettrie. The philosophy of the
former, here presented in copious extracts, is otherwise quite inaccessible to the reading public; and La Mettrie, the
pioneer of this theory, appears rather onesided in ignoring the factor of the non-mechanical.
Yet these non-mechanical elements play an important part in the mechanism of the brain.
Among the opponents of the mechanistic theory, the views of Dr. William Benjamin Smith and of Dr. James
Thompson Bixby are discussed in detail.
ALGEBRA OF LOGIC
By LOUIS COUTURAT. Authorized Translation by L. G. Robinson. With a Preface by Philip E. B.
Jourdain, of Cambridge. Cloth. $1.5O
" This is much the simplest and most concise exposition of the subject, which has been treated much more extensively
and ponderously by other representatives of symbolic logic, for instance Boole in England, and Schroeder in Germany,
Peano in Italy, and Peirce in the United States.
" Couturat's treatise is fitted to serve as an introduction to the study of mathematical logic. Mr. Jourdain's preface
is of an historical character and gives a very thorough account of the development of the subject and the various phases of
it especially emphasized by each of its different representatives."
PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE
By FEDERIGO ENRIQUES. Authorized Translation by Katharine Royce, with an Introduction by
Josiah Royce. 375 pages. $2.5O
The author is professor of projective geometry and geometric drawing in the University of Bologna, and is one of the
most conspicuous of contemporary Italian scientists.
The volume here translated is a comprehensive and compendious survey of what has been done and is yet to be done
in the scientific field. It gives evidence of a most thorough scientific equipment and a remarkable familiarity with the
results of the labors of scientists of all lands and nationalities.
NIETZSCHE and other Exponents of Individualism
By PAUL CARUS Illustrated. Cloth. $1.25
" Of books on Nietzsche, we doubt whether any will be found more simple in its analysis and interpretation of the
writings of ' the mad philosopher ' than the present work." — Pittsburg Journal.
"A two-fold purpose is served by this book — a study of philosophical anarchism and an interpretation of the theories
of Nietzsche." — Brooklyn Eagle.
" A brilliant refutation of the mad philosopher's doctrine." — Toronto Globe.
" This exposition of Nietzsche's life and philosophy is probably both truthful and fair and as nearly just as any that
can be made." — Chicago Daily Newt. ,
"The book is so incisive and clear that it may be taken as an introduction to the study of philosophy."— Trenton
Times.
" Nietzsche, to the average man, has been little more than a name — a sort of synonym for turbulence — and violence
of a nature not clearly understood. To such, this book will be welcome. It gives enough of both sides of the question of
individualism to enable the reader to judge intelligently the principle of the ' Overman.' "—Greensboro Daily News.
SEND FOR OUR NEW COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF
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The Open Court Publishing Company, 122 South Michigan Ave., Chicago
1914]
THE
221
IMPORTANT BOOKS from WINSTON'S SPRING LIST
FICTION
The Sorcerer's Stone
By BEATRICE QRIMSHAW, Author of " Vaiti
of the Itland," etc,
This is a mystery story of adventure, rich in color and
interest, by the master story-teller of the South Seas — a
story that takes the reader into the tropic wildness of
New Guinea in the feverish quest of "the sorcerer's
stone," a wonderful diamond. There is a suggestion both
of Kipling and of Stevenson in the vivid, breezy story as it
is told by Flint, and the net result will be to greatly widen
Miss Grimshaw's already large circle of readers.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth. $1.20 Net.
The Uttermost Farthing
By R. AUSTIN FREEMAN, Author of " The Mystery
of 21, New Inn," etc.
A rare treat for lovers of mystery and adventure stories.
When Humphrey Challoner — a specialist in criminal an-
thropology — dedicated his life to the apprehension and
punishment of his wife's murderer, he "started some-
thing" that is absolutely new in mystery fiction. Mr.
Freeman has created a curious and indescribable atmos-
phere not only so weird and real, but so irresistible to the
reader, that one is strongly reminded of Edgar Allan Poe.
12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. $l.tO Net,
The Merchant of Venice
A Romance founded on Shakespeare's play and giving
it complete in the form of fiction
There is undeniably a large class of readers who have
avoided Shakespeare because of the dramatic and poetic
form of his work, and who are equally unsatisfied by
Lamb's " Tales from Shakespeare " because of the inevit-
able fault to which Lamb confesses in his preface, namely,
the restraint laid upon him by the necessity of brevity.
To these readers the " Novels from Shakespeare " Series,
of which this is the first volume, will immediately appeal.
12mo. Cloth. Illustrated with eight fine color plates.
$1.20 Net.
DECORATED EDITIONS
Love Letters of an Erratic Husband
Bv ARTHUR K. STERN
Deliciously funny, unconventionally clever, these letters
tell the story of a young millionaire's escape from luxury
and love in the " Windy City " to solitary, workaday exist-
ence in New York. His search for a job, his efforts as
chauffeur, his adventures as match-maker, are related to
his wife with all the freshness and spontaneous humor of
the born story-teller.
256 pages, decorated in two colors, with cover inlay
and frontispiece in four colors. Attractively bound.
$1.00 Net.
Lorna Doone
Illustrated bv GORDON BROWNE
A handsome edition de luxe of this famous classic, illus-
trated by Gordon Browne with thirteen plates in full color
and sixty-one pen and ink drawings. The bindings are
very rich, royal blue cloth stamp in gold and inlaid.
Crown octavo. Cloth. 6Slt pages. 74 illustrations.
$2.00 Net.
HOUSEHOLD ARTS
Table Decorations and Delicacies
By " HESTER PRICE "
A practical handbook for the hostess anxious to have her
dinners and luncheons dainty and tasteful without the
extravagance of a caterer. Cbntains ninety-six full-page
plates from photographs of decorated tables and unusual
delicacies for all seasons and occasions. The accompany-
ing text gives methods, materials and all necessary infor-
mation, and contains a host of useful hints.
8vo. Cloth. $2.00 Net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION
Hunting in the Arctic and Alaska
Bv E. MARSHALL SCULL, Author of "A Bit
of Wild Africa," etc.
Of particular interest, because Mr. Marshall Scull's party
was the first one successfully to accomplish a hunting trip
into this part of the Arctic. Mr. Scull tells the story of
an adventurous big game hunt, of which the trophies in-
cluded specimens of practically all game to be met with in
Alaska, the western Arctic Ocean, and the shores of Siberia.
Crown octavo. 320 pages. With 106 valuable illus-
trations and 10 new maps. $2.50 Net.
From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile
Bv THE DUKE OF MECKLENBURG
An account of the German Central African Expedition of
1910-1911. The adventures and discoveries of the Duke of
Mecklenburg's party make absorbingly interesting read-
ing through two superb octavo volumes of a total of 526
pages, illustrated with 514 fine reproductions in color and
black and white from photographs and drawings, together
with a map of the regions explored.
S vols. Cloth. 526 pages. 5H illustrations. $9.00 Net^
The Story of Mexico
By CHARLES MORRIS, Author of " New Century
History of the United States," etc.
This interesting and timely work is a popular, comprehen-
sive history of this romantic and beautiful land, with a
graphic description of Mexico's, civilization and its magnif-
icent resources in fields, forests and mines. The author deals
frankly with the present unrest of Mexico and its causes.
Octavo. Cloth. £00 pages. 100 illustrations. $1.20 Netr
Italy in North Africa
By W. K. McCLURE, London "Times" Correspondent.
A full and fair account of Italy's war for a desert. Thfe
diplomatic history leading up to the occupation of Tripoli
and declaration of war on Turkey, the fighting around
Tripoli, and the campaign in Cyrenaica, together with
a general review of the campaign, precede interesting
descriptive chapters on the Italian army, the Arabs and
the Turks, and a glance into the future of the new colonies.
67 half -tone illustrations, five maps and a full index.
Crown octavo. Cloth. $2.50 Net.
EDUCATIONAL
Character Development
By CHARLES KEEN TAYLOR. B.S.. M.A.
A manual for the use of parents, teachers, and all inter-
ested in education, by the director of the experiment in
moral education in the Philadelphia public schools, con-
taining detailed plans for the carrying on of a complete
system of moral education. Mr. Taylor brings in the entire
moral field, considering the morality that should govern
men as citizens, as workers, and as private individuals.
12mo, Cloth. 2U% pages. $1.00 Net.
Physical
of Children
By CHARLES KEEN TAYLOR, B.S., M.A.
A handbook for medical inspectors, physical directors,
teachers and parents, giving in minute detail the physical
training work outlined in Character Development. It is
very much more than a book of exercises, and makes the
whole subject of physical examination and training so
simple that even the teacher without any previous experi-
ence can follow it. 12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. $1.00 Net.
REFERENCE
Handy Edition ^'-'If Dictionary
A new and remarkable edition of the well-known series of
Universal Self-Pronouncing Dictionaries. Unexcelled for
use in the school, the office, and the home. Fuller in con-
tents than any other dictionary of the kind published.
Larger, clearer type. Contains all the practical features
to be found in the editions previously issued. SlGpaties.
Size, ItXdVainches. Styles andpriceson application.
At all bookstore* or from the publishers
Publishers THE JOHN C. WINSTON COMPANY Philadelphia
222
[March 16
Longmans' New Books
THE WANDERER'S NECKLACE
By SIB RIDEK HAGGARD, Author of " Allan Quatermain," " King Solomon's Mines," etc. With Colored
Frontispiece and 3 other Illustrations. Crown 8vo. Pp. x-f-341. $1.35 net; by mail, $1.45.
A story of adventure and mystery, but entirely unlike anything this famous author of mystery stories, and creator of
" She " and " Allan Quatermain," has previously done. It relates the adventurous history of Olaf the Northman,
who lived in the ninth century, as revealed by psychic power to a modern reincarnation of the old Berserker. The
story opens at Aar in the far north, and the life of the wild Northmen is vividly portrayed in a series of " scenes "
culminating in the discovery of the " Wanderer's Necklace," the source of Olaf's subsequent troubles and triumphs.
" There is plenty of incident of the most stirring sort. . . . It is a fascinating tale of adventure, and in its telling
lacks nothing of that persuasive charm of which Mr. Haggard has so many times shown himself a master. The
action begins in the Northland at a period far back in the Dark Ages. The author soon warms into that rapid
swinging stride with which his tales usually go, and thereafter momentous events and stirring scenes and hours of
suspense come in swift succession." — N. Y. Times.
A History of England
From the Defeat of the Armada to the Death
of Elizabeth
With an Account of English Institutions During the
Later 16th and Early 17th Centuries
By EDWARD P. CHEYNEY. A.M.. LL.D., Professor of
European History in the University of Pennsylvania.
In 2 Volumes. 8vo. Vol. I. Pp. x+560. $3.50 net;
by mail, $3.70.
The Poetical Works of William Drummond
of Hawthornden. With "A Cypresse Grove"
Edited by L. E. KASTNER, M.A., University of Manchester.
With Bibliography, Notes, Index, Facsimiles, and Por-
traits. In 2 volumes. 8vo. $6.75 net. (Postage 38 cents.)
In preparing this edition of the works of the 17th century
Scottish poet, access was had to the Drummond originals
belonging to the late Lord Crawford and the University of
Aberdeen. By reason of its comprehensiveness and the large
amount of new light which is thrown upon Drummond and
his work, it is likely to become the standard edition.
University of London Historical Series
The Reign of Henry VII. from
Contemporary Sources
Selected and Arranged in Three Volumes, with an Introduc-
tion by A. P. POLLARD, M.A., Hon. Litt.D., Fellow of
All Souls College, Oxford ; Professor of English History
in the University of London. Crown 8vo. Vol. I. Nar-
rative Extracts. Vol. II. Constitutional Documents,
Social and Economic History. Each $3.00 net. (Post-
age 13 cents.)
Monksbridge : A Novel
By JOHN AYSCOUGH. Crown 8vo. $1.35 net. (Postage
extra.)
A new story by the author of "Gracechurch." charac-
terized by the same brilliant character sketches. It is a
tale of modern life in a Welsh town.
By the same author:
Gracechurch
Crown 8vo. Pp. x-f-319. $1.75 net. ( Postage 11 cents.)
"....Asa writer of charming essays and tales, he has
furnished mental refreshment for many thousands. ... It is
scarcely a matter of opinion that "Gracechurch" is a good
book which cannot fail to benefit its readers. ... It is not
a satirical or ironical book, but it denotes human foibles
with unfailing accuracy and kindly humor. It is, in short, a
true picture of life without a suspicion of ' modernity.' . . .
"Gracechurch " deserves to be read by all persons who like
to get out of the modern rush occasionally." — N. Y. Times.
The Life of John Henry Cardinal Newman
By WILFRID WARD. Cheaper Edition. 2 volumes, with
Frontispieces. $4.50 net. (Postage extra.)
" A great contribution both to religious and literary
biography." — Boston Transcript.
Uncrowned
A Story of Queen Elizabeth and the Early Life of " Francis
Bacon/' as told in his Secret Writings and in other
Contemporary Records of her Reign.
By C. Y. C. DAWBARN, M.A. Drawings by J. Y. DAWBABN.
M.A., LL.M. Crown 4to. $1.50 net. (Postage 13 cents.)
CONTENTS
Part I. THE HISTORICAL SETTING.
Chap. I. The Letter of a Queen. II. Romance and
Rumors. III. The Shadow of Death.
Part II. MY STOEY : AS TOLD IN CYPHER.
Chap. IV. A Soul was carried to its birth. V. The
Secret discovered. VI. The Spy. VII. A Royal Brother.
VIII. The Court of France. IX. " Love's little sunnie
hour." X. Recalled. XL The Service of the Queen.
XII. Undercurrents. XIII. As seen in Verse. XIV.
" Gold, yea, fine gold." XV. On dizzy heights. XVI.
" Cry, Trojans. Cry." XVII. " Aut Caesar aut Nullus."
XVIII. " And God have mercy on his soul." XIX. Sun-
set in Cloud. XX. Requiescat in Pace.
With Five Appendices: — A. The Machinery of the
Cypher. B. Marriages in the Fleet. C. In courtly phrase.
D. The use of Torture under the Tudors and Stuarts.
E. Some Miscellaneous Additions.
Men and Matters
By WILFRID WARD. 8vo. $3.50 net. (Postage extra.)
CONTENTS: Disraeli. — LordCromeron Disraeli. — George
Wyndham. — Mr. Chesterton among the Prophets. — John
Stuart Mill. — Cardinal Vaughan. — Tennyson at Freshwater.
— Cardinal Newman's Sensitiveness. — Union among Chris-
tians. — The Conservative Genius of the Church. — St.
Thomas Aquinas and Mediaeval Thought. — Cardinal New-
man on Constructive Religious Thought . — Reduced Chris-
tianity.—Papers read before the Synthetic Society.
A Bibliographical Catalogue
of the Printed Work* illustrated by GEORGE CRUIKSHANK
By ALBERT M. COHN. Royal 8vo. $5.00 net. (Postage
extra. )
Eight Hundred and Twenty Books, Pamphlets, and
Tracts are described, including nearly Two Hundred identi-
fied by Dr. Truman and others, and mostly authenticated
by G. Cruikshank himself prior to his death, which are not
to be found in any previous catalogue. A copious Title
Index, full Collations, and the latest Values are attached.
The Maid of France:
Being the Story of the Life and Death of Jeanne D'Arc
By ANDREW LANG. With 3 maps. New edition, reduced in
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THE DIAL
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1914] THE DIAL 225
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[March 16
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Before Dawn
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Colleague Crampton
Michael Kramer
Volume II
SOCIAL DRAMAS
Drayman Henschel
Rose Bernd
The Rats
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Henry of Aue
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1914] THE DIAL, 229
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president of the Unitarian Temperance Association and is the author of many well-known books on religious and sociological
subjects. Illustrated with eight full page charts and diagrams. About 300 pages.
Frances W. Danielson LESSONS FOR TEACHERS OF BEGINNERS Boards. Price 60c. net. Ready May 1
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four chapter-lessons the important phases of child training. A number of very interesting photographs of children, plans of
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The author says, " The prize of life is to be won every day. . . . To every class, in every rank of life there comes their call.
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George Harrison Durand JOSEPH WARD OF DAKOTA Cloth boards. Price $1.25 net. N<>«> ready
The story of the heroic career of one of the founders of a commonwealth. It gives the history of the beginning and progress
of Yankton College and the record of the struggle of Dakota for statehood, in both of which President Ward bore a leading part.
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A collection of poems that have already won wide appreciation for their exceptional beauty of thought and rhythm. Their
general theme is the life of quiet joy and solace sustained by faith and they will prove an exceptionally satisfactory contribution
in this prosaic age.
William Allen Knight THE WELL AT BETHLEHEM'S GATE Inbox. Price 75c. net. Ready June 1
A study of some of the most beautiful pictures that have ever been put into words. " Do you remember that fine story of a
time when David was warring in the hills of Judea, and how it says. ' and David longed and said, O that one would give me to
drink of the well of Bethlehem which is by the gate.' 1 " Illustrated with a number of beautiful photographs.
Marion Lawrance THE SUNDAY-SCHOOL ORGANIZED Stiff boards. Price 50c. net. Ready June 1
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modern Sunday-school Manuals edited by Charles Foster Kent.
Willaim Dana Orcutt THE MADONNA OF THE SACRIFICE Price 50 cents net Now ready
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Christian F. Reisner CHURCH PUBLICITY Price $1.50 net. Now ready
Mr. Reisner is an expert in the important field of church advertising and his knowledge is based not upon theory, but upon
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Jean Christie Root THE DREAM OF A FAR-AWAY HILL-TOP Envelope Series. Price 25c. net. Ready April l
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Philip C. Walcott MODERN VALUES Price $1.00 net. Ready June l
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tains also forms of worship and other devotional material.
230
THE DIAL
[March 16, 1914
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THE DIAL
21 .Semi»iJSl0ntf)ls Journal of SLitcrarg Criticism, ©fecusston, anto Information.
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Published by THE DIAL COMPANY, Fine Arts Building, Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Poat Office
at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
No. 666.
MARCH 16, 1914.
Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
. 231
NEW LAMPS FOR OLD
CASUAL COMMENT 233
A great cartoonist of the Victorian age. — The writ-
ings of the new Johns Hopkins President. — The
revival of a vanishing art. — An author's helpmate.
— The comparative delights of literature and farm-
ing.— The true cause of Dickens's death. — Public
appreciation of public libraries. — Governmental
unfairness to publishers. — A strange taste in pseu-
donyms.— A noticeable fact about juvenile fiction.
COMMUNICATIONS 236
Theodore Low De Vinne. George French.
Anti-Babel. Edgar Mayhew Bacon.
A Case of Wrongly- Ascribed Authorship. William
B. Cairns.
Precursors of the Present-Day Heroine. Floyd
Adams Noble.
" Q. B. Lancaster." William Nelson.
THE CRUISE OF A PIONEER YACHTSMAN.
Percy F. Bickhell 239
NEW INVESTIGATIONS OF THE MEXICAN
WAR. Frederic Austin Ogg 240
THE LORE OF PRECIOUS STONES. Martha Hale
Shackford . 242
LA.BOUCHERE OF "TRUTH." Laurence M. Larson 244
THE LIFE AND ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
Sidney Fiske Kimball 246
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . . .247
De Morgan's When Ghost Meets Ghost. — Caiman's
Old Mole. — Phillpotts's The Joy of Youth. — Ma-
son's The Witness for the Defence. — Hichens's The
Way of Ambition. — Mrs. Humphry Ward's The
Coryston Family. — Mrs. Wharton's The Custom of
the Country.— Mrs. Watts's Van Cleve. — Webster's
The Butterfly. — Home.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 252
A new estimate of Luther and the Reformation. —
An approach to Aristotle for college students. —
Christina of Denmark. — Studies of six European
dramatists. — Conservative views of popular govern-
ment.— Interesting byways of mediaeval life. — A pop-
ular preacher's miscellany. — Rural England as seen
from a motor-car. — Rambles in well-trodden liter-
ary paths. — The poetry and charm of common things.
BRIEFER MENTION 266
NOTES 256
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS . . . .257
A classified list of books to be issued by American
publishers during the Spring and Summer of 1914.
NEW LAMPS FOR OLD.
" Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of all
knowledge; it is the impassioned expression
which is in the countenance of all Science."
The quotation is so hackneyed that we are
almost ashamed to recall it to the attention of
our readers, who must have known it by heart
all their lives, but there are times when the im-
pulse to go back to first principles becomes an
mperative mandate. "A frequent recurrence
to the principles of civil government is absolutely
necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty."
These noble words of the Illinois Constitution
remind us of a similar urgency of obligation in
other spheres of thought than the political, and
wherever the fundamentals are flouted or ig-
nored, it behooves those who stand for sanity
and the acceptance of the ripe fruits of the
world's experience to rally around the old
standards. The parlous times in which we
live afford occasions innumerable for thus call-
ing out the old guard, for it has become the
fashion with young people to reject everything
that has been tested in the alembic of reflection,
and to offer us in its stead all manner of raw
and fantastic imaginings. Whatever is old
must perforce be outworn; whatever is new
must be deserving of serious consideration just
because of its novelty, and the more freakish
the form of expression, the more assured the
triumph.
What we are about to say is concerned
mainly with the art of poetry, which accounts
for the Wordsworthian text, and also for the
following collocation of words descriptive of
Chicago :
« Hog Butcher for the World,
Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat,
Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight
Handler;
Stormy, husky, brawling,
City of the Big Shoulders."
Here a word of explanation is needed. The
typographical arrangement of this jargon cre-
ates a suspicion that it is intended to be taken
as some form of poetry, and the suspicion is
confirmed by the fact that it stands in the
forefront of the latest issue of a futile little
periodical described as "a magazine of verse."
This, then, is what the coterie responsible for
232
THE DIAL
[March 16
the conduct of the magazine take to belong in
the category which also includes :
" Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more
Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere,
I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude;
And, with forced fingers rude,
Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year."
And
" The woods decay, the woods decay and fall,
The vapours weep their burthen to thje ground,
Man comes and tills the field and lies beneath,
And after many a summer dies the swan."
Well, there is poetry and poetry, and it is some-
times instructive to place the worst in juxtapo-
sition with the best for the sake of the contrast,
just as Conductor Stock recently sandwiched a
composition by Schoenberg between symphonies
by Beethoven and Brahms in a concert pro-
gramme which he must have planned with a
diabolical chuckle. One was in doubt, at the
end, whether any definition of the category
could possibly be framed comprehensive enough
to embrace the examples ; and one is equally in
doubt whether the broadest definition of poetry
could be made to embrace the three specimens
of composition cited above, but we have to deal
with the simple fact that certain persons obvi-
ously and honestly think that the characteriza-
tion of Chicago blurted out in such ugly fashion
may possibly have some relation to the divine
art which Wordsworth defined, and Milton and
Tennyson exemplified.
For our part, we deny the relation altogether.
The definition which should allow admission
of these chunks of inchoate observation to the
sacred precincts of the muse would not be a
definition of any form of art at all, for all defi-
nitions of art must say or imply that beauty is
an essential aim of the worker, and there is no
trace of beauty in the ragged lines we have
quoted or in the whole piece of which it is the
opening. It is not even doggerel, for doggerel
at least admits the claims of rhythm, and this
composition admits no aesthetic claim of any
description, and acknowledges subordination to
no kind of law. We are told that the author
" left school at the age of thirteen, and worked
in brickyards, railroads, Kansas wheat fields,
etc.,'' which we can well believe. That educa-
tion might have made him a poet we will concede ;
that these unregulated word- eruptions earn for
him that title we can nowise allow. There are
many ways of acquiring an education, no doubt,
and the academic path is by no means the only
one that leads to culture, but in these "hog-
butcher" pieces there is no discernible evidence
that culture has* been attained. At the risk of
being set upon the bad eminence of the reviewer
who advised Keats to go back to his pills and
ointments, we are inclined to suggest that this
author would be more at home in the brickyard
than on the slopes of Parnassus. We have
always sympathized with Ruskin for the splenetic
words about Whistler that were the occasion of
the famous suit for libel, and we think that such
an effusion as the one now under consideration
is nothing less than an impudent affront to the
poetry-loving public. If the " Ahkoond of
Swat" type of verse is to be accepted as a nor-
mal form of the lyric, all the old aesthetic canons
must go by the board.
The eternal law of art as of character is
Goethe's
" In der Beschrankung zeigt sich erst der Meister,"
and the aspirant for poetic laurels should be
under bonds to accept its salutary tyranny.
Any other way lies aesthetic anarchy. Mr. Yeats
has recently been talking to us about the art of
poetry, and his message seems to be that rhet-
oric must be eschewed. But rhetoric is simply
the fine art of expression, nothing more nor less
than that. There is splendid rhetoric and there
is tawdry rhetoric ; there is the rhetoric of ex-
alted emotion and the rhetoric of conceit and
fancy, but both species pay homage to some
guiding principle of expression. To condemn
all rhetoric off-hand is to condemn nearly all
great poetry, to condemn, for example,
" O here
Will I set up my everlasting rest
And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars
From this world-wearied flesh,"
which is simply rhetoric of the most magnificent
sort, for Shakespeare was the most consummate
rhetorician of the modern world. The thing
to do is, not to deny to rhetoric its valid claims,
but to learn to distinguish its nobler from its
baser forms. Mr. Yeats is quoted as saying,
at a recent literary dinner in London: "One
may admire Tennyson, but we cannot read
him." This is a most damning confession of
limitation. We hold Mr. Yeats to be a very
noble poet, but he never, at his highest, achieved
a passage that could match the opening verses
of " Tithonus," above quoted, and if he " cannot
read" such poetry, it augurs ill for the perma-
nency of his fame, and shows his critical judg-
ment to be well-nigh worthless.
Sir Gilbert Murray, writing the other day in
" The Saturday Review," said some very wise
things about the present experimental age in
poetry, with its craze for novelty, its determi-
nation to be original at any cost, its strident
1914]
THE DIAL
233
means of arresting attention, and its contempt
for poetic greatness as hitherto understood.
The passage is lengthy, but it is just what we
need for the close of this discussion, and we
reproduce it in full :
" The great difficulty that weighs on a poet at the
present day is, I believe, his relation to the tradition
that lies behind him. If he is the possessor of a lucky
temperament or great genius he will probably never
think about that relation at all. He will create what
he wants to create; he will use such traditional ideas
and forms as come naturally to him, and will probably
love them because he happens to love poetry. But the
young poet who lacks these exceptional gifts will be
troubled by a thousand small devils shouting in his ear.
When he likes some poem they will say, ' Pooh ! That
went out of fashion in 1908.' When he feels a large
or high emotion they will murmur, « For heaven's sake
don't be Victorian! ' When he thinks of a good story
they will shiver, 'Ugh! Melodrama.' When he makes
a clear or wise judgment upon life they will shriek in
real alarm, ' Puritanism and the end of all things! ' If,
discouraged, he turns to them for guidance, then
heaven help him! They will tell him to be at all costs
original; to be unlike everybody else; to eschew care-
fully all the qualities that he finds in the good poets of
the past. They will say to him privately, ' Do not try
to achieve beauty. It is hard, and no one knows it
when they see it. Do not try for wisdom; people do
not like it. Achieve something new. We can all tell
when a thing is new. The verses of the good old poets
would generally scan, let yours never scan. Their
stories were moving, let yours be dull. Their charac-
ters were interesting, let yours be scrupulously the
reverse. They kept an eye on truth or else on ideal
beauty, do you carefully avoid either. They loved
poetry, do you hate it. Then as long as you are new,
you will be successful, perhaps for as much as six
weeks.' '
CASUAL COMMENT.
A GREAT CARTOONIST OF THE VICTORIAN AGE,
born only a year later than Queen Victoria, and
knighted by her in 1893, died near the end of last
month, full of years and of honors. Sir John Ten-
niel will long be remembered for the masterly and
often shrewdly-prophetic political cartoons which
he contributed to "Punch" for more than forty
years; but perhaps his best claim to immortality is
to be found in his famous illustrations to those
joyous juvenile classics, " Alice in Wonderland "
and "Through the Looking-Glass." A pathetic in-
terest attaches to the story of his life and artist-
activities from the fact that he lost the use of one
eye in his youth while fencing with his father, and
thus was seriously handicapped in his chosen pro-
fession ; and his latter years were passed in total
blindness. " Do they suppose there is anything
funny about me?" he asked when he was invited
to join the staff of "Punch" in 1851. It had been
his ambition to become a great painter, not a car-
toonist and caricaturist, as proved to be his ultimate
destiny. His merciless caricatures of our President
Lincoln are still remembered by those whose mem-
ories go back to the war between the States; but
he later acknowledged the error of his ways in
respect to that great man, and "Punch" itself did
the handsome and the befitting thing in both verse
and illustration when Lincoln died. Ii is claimed
for Tenniel's sagacity in public affairs that he only
once made a mistake in his graphic forecasts of
events to come ; and that was when he pictured
General Gordon, at Khartoum, clasping the hand
of the commander who had hastened to his relief.
That cartoon, entitled " At Last ! " was hardly
printed when tidings of the sadly different reality
of the matter reached England. Sir John has been
described as a typical gentleman of the old school,,
bearing the ills of life with philosophical composure,
and endeared to the host of friends who had become
attached to him.
THE WRITINGS OF THE NEW JOHNS HOPKINS
PRESIDENT, Dr. Frank Johnson Goodnow, show
him to be a close student of municipal problems and
administrative law ; and the record of his activities
proves that he is no mere theorist, no studious
recluse, no shirker of difficult duties connected with
municipal government and even larger administra-
tive affairs. He served on the New York Charter
Revision Committee, on the Efficiency Commission
appointed by President Taft, and two years ago
rendered important service in investigating the New
York school system. Finally, and most important
of all, he has been for nearly a year special adviser
on legal and constitutional questions to the President
of the new Chinese republic. He is the author of
"Comparative Administrative Law," "Municipal
Home Rule," "Municipal Problems," " Politics and
Administration," "City Government in the United
States," and "Principles of Administrative Law in
the United States." Also he has edited " Selected
Cases on the Law of Taxation," " Selected Cases on
Government and Administration," "Selected Cases
on the Law of Officers," and "Social Reform and
the Constitution." His college education was re-
ceived at Amherst, whence he was graduated in
1879 at the age of twenty ; he then studied law at
Columbia, and afterward continued his studies at
the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques in Paris,
and at the University of Berlin. In 1883 he was
appointed instructor at Columbia, where he con-
tinued to teach and lecture on administrative law,
municipal science, and kindred subjects, until his
call to China. He comes to Johns Hopkins well
equipped to guide the destinies of that great and
growing university on the new site which it hopes
before long to occupy.
• • •
THE REVIVAL OF A VANISHING ART, one to which
literature owes an incalculable debt, was attempted
by William Morris when he made a diligent study
of the best examples of calligraphy and illumination
that have come down to us on parchment and vel-
lum and papyrus, and turned these researches to
234
THE DIAL
[March 16
account in the making of some beautiful printed
books and some choice manuscripts. More recently
another Englishman, Mr. Edward Johnston, of
London, has been doing his part toward restoring
this declining art to favor. And now, on this side
of the ocean, the officials of the Newark (N. J.)
Public Library — or, more particularly, of the
Museum Association connected with the library and
using a part of its building — have interested them-
selves in this branch of art, and are at present
exhibiting some examples of it as executed by the
deft hand of Miss Elizabeth H. Webb. In a brief
printed announcement of the exhibition, sent out by
the Newark Museum Association, we read of Mr.
Johnston's work in restoring this neglected craft :
"He is teaching it by the direct method instead of
by the laborious and indirect method of copying the
texts of old MSS. His theory is that with the same
tool which the old writers used, a quill pen so cut
as to gives strokes like those found in old MSS.,
and by a careful study of each stroke made in form-
ing letters, and by long and patient practice, present-
day writing can disclose the same freedom and
feeling, can be as sensitive to the writer's power and
mood, and can possess the same beauty, as did the
old. These results are obviously impossible by the
indirect method of blocking out the letters with a
pencil and then filling in with ink." That we are
not yet incurably corrupted by the type-writer and
the printing press is evidently Miss Webb's and
Mr. Johnston's hope. A list of forty-two historic
styles of lettering illustrated by Miss Webb, and of
seven "books written" by her, follows the intro-
ductory matter.
J • • •
AN AUTHOR'S HELPMATE is seldom more truly
helpful to her husband than was Mrs. Robert Louis
Stevenson, whose death has recently been reported.
Mr. S. S. McClure, who knew the Stevensons well,
warmly praises her in the current instalment of his
autobiography. " The more I saw of the Stevensons,"
he says, "the more I became convinced that Mrs.
Stevenson was the unique woman in the world to be
Stevenson's wife. . . . When Stevenson met her,
her exotic beauty was at its height, and with this
beauty she had a wealth of experience, a reach of
imagination, a sense of humor, which he had never
found in any other woman. Mrs. Stevenson had
many of the fine qualities that we usually attribute to
men rather than women : a fairmindedness, a large
judgment, a robust, inconsequential philosophy of
life, without which she could not have borne, much
less shared with a relish equal to his own, his wander-
ing, unsettled life, his vagaries, his gipsy passion for
freedom. She had a really creative imagination,
which she expressed in living. She always lived with
great intensity, had come more into contact with the
real world than Stevenson had done at the time when
they met, had tried more kinds of life, known more
kinds of people. When he married her, he married
a woman rich in knowledge of life and the world.
Mrs. Stevenson's autobiography would be one of the
most interesting books in the world. ... A sick man
of letters never married into a family so well fitted to
help him make the most of his powers. Mrs. Steven-
son and both of her children were gifted ; the whole
family could write. When Stevenson was ill, one of
them could always lend a hand and help him out. . . .
Whenever he had a new idea for a story, it met, at
his own fireside, with the immediate recognition,
appreciation, and enthusiasm so necessary to an
artist, and which he so seldom finds among his own
blood or in his own family." But how few of Ste-
venson's admiring readers have ever stopped to
reckon up their debt of gratitude to this exceptional
woman, who for fifteen years held so large a place
it his life and work.
• • •
THE COMPARATIVE DELIGHTS OF LITERATURE
AND FARMING, of menticulture and agriculture, as
one might express it, are presented to view in a
graphic table accompanying the current Report of the
Registrar of the University of Illinois — an elaborate
document, rich in meaning to the discerning eye.
The table referred to does not confine itself to the
two branches of education named above; it shows
the increase or decrease of enrolment by depart-
ments, or colleges, during the past two decades, and
incidentally illustrates the steady and considerable
growth of the college of agriculture and that of lit-
erature and arts, as contrasted with the inferior vigor
or the more marked fluctuations noticeable in the
other schools. As might have been predicted in this
age of extraordinary advance in the mechanic arts,
the department of engineering shows the greatest
present strength; but its growth has been chiefly
within the last dozen years, and for some reason a
sharp decline took place in the final year of the
record. The line denoting the ups and downs of
the college of literature and arts registers but one
year of decline, and that a very slight falling-off,
while in general its course is an even ascent, neither
excessively steep, nor unduly gentle. Next below
it, and almost parallel with it, but tending in recent
years to approach and perhaps promising ere long to
pass it, runs the line of the agricultural school, a climb-
ing line without a single downward slope in its twenty
years' course. Much else of significance might be
pointed out in this rich pamphlet, but for the present
it must suffice to call attention to the flourishing
condition of literary and agricultural studies at our
State University. Surely there is fair promise for the
community that devotes itself largely to the tillage
of the soil and the highest culture of the intellect.
THE TRUE CAUSE OF DICKENS'S DEATH, or at
least a contributory factor, has possibly seemed to
others beside the present writer to have been a har-
rowing perplexity over the "mystery" of Edwin
Drood — a mystery that the late memorable trial
before Mr. Justice Chesterton has in no wise helped
to clear up. And now there comes to notice some
comments by Mr. Clement K. Shorter in his paper,
"The Sphere," in which the opinion of Edmund
1914]
THE DIAL
235
Yates on this head is cited. Some time in the seven-
ties of the nineteenth century Yates was questioned
by Mr. Charles Noverre as to the solution of "The
Mystery of Edwin Drood," and the questioner has
now made public, in a letter to "The Eastern Daily
Press," the answer given by Yates; and this answer
re-appears in "The Sphere." "To my surprise,"
writes Mr. Noverre, "he replied that even Dickens
did not know, and that he really thought the trouble
to find a satisfactory solution hastened his end. He
informed me that Dickens never concocted a plot,
although he had a pervading motive — such as the
abuses of the Court of Chancery in ' Bleak House '
— when writing his novels, and positively looked
for inspiration at the time when the monthly part
had to be issued. Such a system, or want of sys-
tem, was bound to land him in difficulty sooner or
later." Who knows but it may have helped to land
him in his grave? It is a significant fact that his
death occurred very soon after an urgent call from
the printer for the remaining manuscript of the
unfinished novel.
• • •
PUBLIC APPRECIATION OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES is
gauged by the statistician in various ways: some-
times he compares the population of a town with its
library registration, again he quotes the number of
volumes circulated in one year for each inhabitant,
or he notes the amount of annual appropriation for
each inhabitant, or, finally, he may cite the yearly
circulation of each volume in the library (estimated
by dividing the total circulation for twelve months
by the number of volumes owned). Noticeable in
the current Report of what is virtually the public
library of Baltimore — the Enoch Pratt Free Library
— is the closing page, which is devoted to compar-
ative library statistics of thirty-seven of our prin-
cipal cities, including Baltimore. Dr. Steiner's plea
for an enlargement of the central building and for
increased annual appropriations deserves to be heard
and heeded; and the fact of the rather niggardly
treatment which his library receives at the hands
of the city fathers may largely account for the poor
showing it makes in some respects in the statistical
table. For instance, its registration appears to be
considerably less than one-tenth of its population —
a low percentage as compared with most of the other
cities on the list. But registration figures are ad-
mittedly open to a false interpretation, active card-
holders being not always distinguished from inactive.
In the circulation column we find a record equival-
ent to an annual lending of each volume twice and
a small fraction over, whereas San Francisco, for
example, and Portland (Oregon) lend each volume
almost seven times, Cleveland five times and a frac-
tion, Chicago nearly six times, and Philadelphia
nearly five times. Boston, with its great library and
comparatively small registration, shows a circulation
of about one and three-quarters for each volume,
and Providence a circulation of less than one and
one-half. New York has a creditable figure —
almost five. So much for statistics.
GOVERNMENTAL UNFAIRNESS TO PUBLISHERS,
and so, indirectly, to the buyers of those publishers'
books, is no new thing. A particular instance of
stupid and unjust taxation of literature is at present
exciting vehement protest from the American Pub-
lishers' Copyright League; and all fair-minded
readers, on having their attention called to the
matter, will join in the chorus of remonstrance.
A recent ruling of the Treasury Department affects
and, if it remains unreversed, is likely to prohibit
the American sale of English publications hitherto
imported by publishers on the payment of a duty
based on the actual cost to them of the imported
edition. Now our government, feeling that it is not
exacting the utmost penny legally due, issues orders
that such books be taxed on the basis of their
" market price in England," not on that proportion
of the cost of production which the American dealer
agrees to pay to the English publisher in return for
a corresponding proportion of the total issue. Is
there a determination in high places to reduce this
country to a condition of savagery ? The penalty
imposed on buyers of certain works of art and pro-
ducts of the printing press almost inclines one to
believe this to be the case. Will it avail nothing
to point out that the above-mentioned ruling is ut-
terly contrary to the spirit and purpose of the late
reduction of duties on books as enacted in the
Underwood tariff bill? Against stupidity the very
gods themselves contend in vain — as has been re-
marked several thousands of times since Schiller.
A STRANGE TASTE IN PSEUDONYMS was displayed
by the enormously prolific author who wrote more
than two hundred novels under the rather common-
place name of " Bertha M. Clay," and who was under
contract to continue writing them at the rate of four
a year, and also to furnish two short stories each
month, for a large publishing house in London,
when death from overwork (small wonder!) stopped
his output a few days ago. His real name, known
probably to not one in a thousand of his readers, was
Thomas W. Hanshew, and he was born in Brooklyn
in 1857, but for the last twenty-five years had lived
in England. An early passion for the stage led to
an engagement when he was but sixteen at Worth's
Theatre, on the site of the present Daly's Theatre,
in New York ; and a few years later he played with
Clara Morris and Adelaide Neilson, after which he
appeared in juvenile parts with Miss Ellen Terry.
Eventually he abandoned the stage for the roman-
cer's pen, and his popularity with a certain class of
readers in both England and America seems to prove
that he was not unsuccessful in his attempt to im-
prove his fortunes. Was it in the hope of attracting
the every-day sort of woman reader that he chose
to write under an every-day sort of woman's name?
If so, he apparently was not disappointed. How
many other novelists of the sterner sex can one
name, off-hand, who have disguised themselves
under feminine pseudonyms ?
236
[March 16
A NOTICEABLE FACT ABOUT JUVENILE FICTION,
and one often pointed out, is the considerable excess
of good story-books for boys over similar works for
girls. Supply and demand always tend, automati-
cally, to balance each other. Does, then, the compar-
atively small supply of good books for girls betoken
a correspondingly small demand? In partial proof
that this may be the case, there comes to our notice,
in the current annual Report of the Buffalo Public
Library, the following statement: ''The regular
Saturday morning story hour has been held as
usual, with throngs of children, mostly boys, in
attendance." Why were these boys present rather
than out in the ball-field, or skating on the ice, or
spinning tops, or engaged in any one of a score of
favorite boyish pastimes ? And what were the girls
doing meantime? Was their hunger for romance
appeased by their dolls and baby-carriages and play-
houses and mud-pies ? And do they lack the ability
to enter into the world of make-believe as presented
to them in cold print? Of. course there are hun-
dreds and thousands of book-loving girls, but as a
class girls do seem to show less zest for books than
is displayed by their brothers. Here is an open
field for research and perhaps for the discovery of
some significant facts and the deduction of a few
interesting general truths.
COMMUNICATIONS.
THEODORE LOW DE VINNE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Of the men who have contributed to the development
of the processes of printing during the last half of the
nineteenth century none is more worthy of the intelligent
appreciation of all the people than Theodore Low De
Vinne, who, in the ripeness of a worthy life, has recently
passed away. His service to printing covered the entire
period of its modern development, from the time of the
practical utilization of rotary presses to the introduction
and perfection of machines for setting type. About the
time he entered the printing business, some attempt was
being made to apply steam power to the operation of
printing presses, and it was his own firm of Francis
Hart & Co. that first began to print on dry paper.
Only a few years before he became an apprentice, Harper
& Brothers used but one rotary press, and drove it by
horse power, the horse (or mule) being raised by means
of a tackle to the upper story where the new and novel
press was installed, and let down to terra firma at night
in the same manner. When Mr. De Vinne started to
learn the printing business, type-setting machines were
only a dream, there were but very few cylinder presses,
nobody thought of trying to print on dry paper, and
only a few of the more venturesome dreamed of any-
thing but man power. In his own shop, that of Francis
Hart & Co., the first successful attempts were made to
use the cylinder press for anything but newspapers,
cheap pamphlets, almanacs, etc. Fine printing on
cylinder presses was considered impossible until this
concern persisted in experiments, and finally discovered
how to make a form ready and produce good job work
on a cylinder press.
Thus there is no department of printing, as now
practiced, that does not owe something substantial to
the persevering industry and insight of Mr. De Vinne,
ixcept the machine composition of type. That process,
though he recognized its inevitability and its utility for
ertain work, he always resisted as applied to good
book and magazine work; but he lived to see it su-
preme, even in his own shop and for the periodicals he
had made models of good typography. But he was
practically through with his active work before the
machines drove the hand work out of the periodical
field, and he was not personally obliged to modify his
ideals to allow the machines the right of way. Up
to the time of the adoption of machine work for
" The Century Magazine " and " St. Nicholas," these
periodicals were models of typographical excellence.
On the "Century," Mr. De Vinne had lavished himself.
He had years before devised a display type, known
then and now as "De Vinne," which began the revolu-
tion in display typography that has not yet quite com-
pleted its beneficent work. He designed a type for
the magazine that embodied many of the ideas he had
imbibed and evolved from his experience and study.
It was called " Century Expanded," and for a number
of years it was held for the exclusive use of the maga-
zine. When it was put in use the attempt was made
to use the French form of quotation marks with it, and,
though these marks are really much more sensible and
harmonious than our awkward apostrophes and inverted
commas, readers objected to them and they were dis-
continued. This type was discarded by the magazine
some ten or twelve years ago, and was then put on the
market by the type founders. It was at once taken up
by the newspapers for advertising purposes, and has
since been one of the more popular and extensively used
body types. It is perhaps as near an ideal face as it is
possible to get, embodying extreme legibility with those
qualities of form and tone which have been found more
agreeable and easy for the eye.
Mr. De Vinne's theory of printing would now be re-
garded as somewhat too conservative. His scheme for
type composition was thorough, and his main idea was
to produce a readable page. He attained this through
careful handling of accepted forms, rather than through
innovations. He led the way in the development
of presswork, and from his shop came a large pro-
portion of the improvements in method and practice
following the general utilization of the cylinder press.
To a certain point, he refined the processes of type-
setting, though as to basic principles he was a conserv-
ative. Given the fundamentals of Caxton and the early
masters, he secured his distinctive results by means of
carefully studied proportions, fitness of paper, excellent
presswork, etc. He was ultra in nothing, and was
reluctant to assent to the newer ideas evolved from
and based upon universal principles of art, so that
some of his best pieces of work give one the impression
that he was making a great effort to justify, through
his careful and skilful employment of the older methods
and forms, the work of the old masters, rather than to
exemplify and introduce the newer ideas of those stu-
dents who based their convictions upon the principles of
art and the requirements of the eye. He did not sym-
pathize with the extreme conservatism of William
Morris, for example, whose ideals all belonged to the
eighteenth century ; nor did he accept the extreme for-
ward look of such men as Mr. D. B. Updike and Mr.
Bruce Rogers. His were the ideals and the methods
of the Chiswick Press, in England, which has perpetu-
1914]
THE DIAL
237
ated the work of those early printers who were obliged
to obtain their results with one series of type, and who
had always before their eyes the artistic forms and
fundamentals of the manuscript books of the highly
developed artistic period before the invention of mov-
able types.
Mr. De Vinne's great merit was that he promoted his
good ideas. He was not content to be a good printer,
but he was always trying in his way to make other
printers good printers. He was an evangelist in print-
ing. He had scarcely become settled in his work before
he began to publish books about printing, and gradually
the list became long and important. He was a writer
to the last. After his retirement from active business he
produced several books, notably the series upon " The
Practice of Typography," comprising four volumes, —
" Plain Printing Types," " Correct Composition," " Title
Pages," and " Book Composition." He published a
book on " The Invention of Printing " in 1876, the year
before he acquired the business of Francis Hart & Co.
and made it Theodore L. De Vinne & Co.; and he has
been responsible for many volumes since then, the more
notable being, besides the series above mentioned, " His-
toric Types " and " Christopher Plantin." In 1910 he
issued a work on " The Notable Printers of Italy during
the loth Century." He wrote innumerable articles for
magazines and the printing trade papers, and was much
in demand as a speaker. He gathered a fine library of
works relating to printing and allied arts, and he was
acquainted with everything that happened anywhere in
the world that was of consequence to printing. It was
his especial delight to show his fine books and historic
examples of the printing of the old masters He was
very kind to his fellow craftsmen, taking advantage of
every opportunity to encourage and assist them. He
delighted in helping young men and boys who were
entering the business, and never wearied in counselling
and directing them. He was generous to prodigality
with his great store of knowledge concerning the history
and practice of printing.
Mr. De Vinne was for many years the most vital
force in the printing business in America, dragging it
out of the slough of imperfect education, bad precedent,
and commercial false doctrines. In the day of his
meridian he was the supreme authority as to correct
typographical form and style, and his work was for
many years the best extant. To-day, even less than a
decade since he abandoned active control of his Press,
he is a man of the past in the printing world. He did
his work with remarkable ability and steadfast devo-
tion, and he held rigidly to his ideals. When the time
came that he could not go on with the flood he anchored
his craft. When he died the other day we all felt keen
regret at the loss of the man, while realizing that a
great master printer of the near past had finished his
career, his work having already been completed.
Personally, Mr. De Vinne was a very charming man.
He was full of the milk of human kindness, always
seeking opportunity to befriend his fellows. He was
popular in the craft, and in every contact with others.
He was a big-brained and big hearted man, and the
success he achieved was much more than the success
he made of his business — he made a success of him-
self, and he helped many of his fellowmen to make
successes of themselves. Nothing much better can be
said of anyone, when the time comes that he must lay
down the life that has been such an opportunity for him.
New York City, March 4, 1914. GEORGE FRENCH.
ANTI-BABEL.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
As noted in one of your recent issues, the labor of
Ivar Aasen sixty years ago seems at last likely to result
in the adoption by the people of Norway of "Landsmaal,"
which we understand to be a reconstruction of the ancient
language of that country.
The role of prophet is not an attractive one in this
age. The sophisticated public of to-day has a way of
recording prognostications, and pointing the finger of
scorn at any pretended soothsayer who guesses wrong;
so that the Ezekiels and Daniels of our generation
incline rather to staking their dollars, which they are
likely to lose anyway, than their reputation for sagac-
ity, which may be needed for the accumulation of more
dollars.
Therefore I shall not prophesy that the attempt to
induce the people of Norway to adopt " Landsmaal "
cannot be permanently successful; but I would like to
point out that such ah attempt runs counter to the trend
of modern thought and economic energy, which is
towards unity, and it is therefore likely to be relegated
to the dump-heap of pleasing but futile plans.,
We are instructed that Norway is a somewhat idyllic
little monarchy where an unostentatious king may stray
at large without risk of personal violence, where state
functions of the first class are conducted without undue
pomp and ceremony, where titles of nobility are unknown,
and where one may roam from Christiansand to Nordkyn
without encountering either of those antipodal bugbears
of civilization, the millionaire or the pauper. From this
somewhat cursory view one gains the impression that
Norway, if not behind the age, is certainly not conspic-
uously travelling with it. It suggests a quiet eddy, for
a time untroubled by the turbulent current of a powerful
and persistent stream.
Viewed in this light, Norway seems to be a likely
field for such an experiment as the adoption and use of
a unique tongue. She is apparently not yet entered for
the world's Marathon. While her neighbors and kindred
are competing for the prizes in contests that demand
not only individual preparation, bat knowledge of the
training methods of each competitor; when men are
everywhere else awakening to the fact that progress
to-day means correlative effort, Norway may for a time
isolate herself by the adoption of a language that does
not promise to be merged in a world-language.
The exigencies of philosophy and science, no less than
of trade, are promising to compel the development of a
universal speech throughout the world. This impulse
will not depend upon what philologists and lovers of
literature desire or demand: it will be brought about
by what the world needs to complete the great enter-
prises now begun. Already the scientist is impatient
because of the delays incident to the necessity for pur-
suing his studies in several languages; the philosopher
is impatient at the opportunities for misunderstanding
which beset the translator; the merchant is impatient
of delays and losses that are inevitable where business
must be done through interpreters.
This is not in the realm of prophecy. The late effort
to invent a polyglot world-language, ingenious as it
was, was foredoomed to failure. "Pidgin " has had a
wider vogue. On the other hand the increasing preva-
lence of English and German, particularly the former,
during years which some of us can recall, suggests the
employment of one or both of these tongues as the
basis of a language universal. To-day about a third of
238
THE DIAL
[March 16
the earth's accounted inhabitants live under the gov-
ernment of English-speaking nations, and with possibly
not more than one exception the other tongues of
Christendom and Heathendom are either at a stand-
still or are actually losing ground. What is most vital
in them the English language has been for some time
assimilating.
It seems no more than reasonable to expect that the
universal speech of mankind in the future will combine
all that is strongest in all the living languages of the
present, even as our speech has been reconstructed
from the ruined edifices of the past. Experience has
taught us that language is a vital, voracious, omnivorous
organism. It feeds in strange pastures, and fattens
upon un reckoned food. From the Aryan Ur, and Ak,
and Om, it is a far cry to the vocabulary of a twentieth
century philologist, whose storehouse is filled with the
riches of every land and of all the ages. Experience
should also teach us that the tendency in language, as
in government, education, religion, manufactures, and
trade, is toward concentration.
Can we think that this movement of the centuries,
away from Babel, will be reversed?
What then are the indications? If Norway — attrac-
tive, simple, enviable Norway — adopts a language of
her own, a language that the rest of the world is too
busy to learn, what position will Norway occupy in the
general scheme of things when the next half century
mark is reached? Will someone who is not afraid to
prophesy please answer? EDGAR MAYHEW BACON
Wingdale, N. Y., March 7, 1914.
A CASE OF WRONGLY-ASCRIBED AUTHORSHIP.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I was surprised on referring recently to Mr. Reuben
Post Halleck's excellent " History of American Litera-
ture " to find the following stanzas credited to Margaret
Fuller, later Marchioness d'Ossoli, and cited as an ex-
pression of one of her transcendental moods:
" Come, let us mount on the wings of the morning,
Flying for joy of the flight,
Wild with all longing, now soaring, now staying,
Mingling like day and dawn, swinging and swaying,
Hung like a cloud in the light.
" Chance cannot touch me ! Time cannot hush me !
Fear, Hope, Longing, at strife,
Sink as I rise on, on, upward forever,
Gathering strength, gaining breath, — naught can sever
Me from the Spirit of Life ! "
I was again surprised when, in response to an inquiry,
Mr. Halleck cited as his authority George Willis Cooke's
" Poets of Transcendentalism," — a work which, while
not very profound in its criticism, I had always sup-
posed reliable as to matters of fact and texts. Mr. Cooke
not only prints the poem in his selections from Margaret
Fuller d'Ossoli, but refers to it in his comments on that
author.
The stanzas quoted are from the " Dryad Song " by
Miss Margaret Fuller of Norwich, Connecticut, and
date from a time nearly fifty years after the death of
the transcendental Margaret. The poem is given with
proper credit in Stedman's " American Anthology."
Mr. Halleck will doubtless change the plates of later
editions of his book. Miss Fuller informs me that
Cooke's error was the subject of some newspaper com-
ment, but it seems perhaps worth while to call attention
through your columns to the confusion which has arisen.
Nothing is harder to correct than a false tradition con-
cerning the authorship of a brief poem, particularly
when this owes its origin to a similarity of names. In
this case there is especial danger from the fact that the
" Dryad Song " has a lyrical movement conspicuously
wanting in most of the verse of the elder author, and
is just the sort of thing that a critic looking for a tak-
ing extract would welcome. That two critics find in
this end-of-the-century poem a notable expression of
the transcendentalism of 1840 is, I suppose, only an-
other indication of what an intangible thing that tran-
scendentalism really was. WILLIAM B. CAIRNS.
The University of Wisconsin, March 11, 1914.
PRECURSORS OF THE PRESENT-DAY HEROINE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The tendency of women in the modern novel to balk
at marriage is interestingly anticipated by two late-
Victorian heroines who express themselves in a strik-
ingly similar way. In George Meredith's " The Egoist,"
when De Craye mentions the supposedly-approaching
marriage, Clara Middleton replies: "Girls have grown
sick of it." And Sue Bridehead, in Mr. Hardy's " Jude
the Obscure," tells Jude: " Fewer women like marriage
than you suppose."
"I cannot conceive a claim on anyone's life as a claim:
or the continuation of an engagement not founded on
perfect, 'perfect' sympathy," says Clara Middleton.
And to Sir Willoughby she adds: " Does not one look
like a victim decked for the sacrifice — the garlanded
heifer you see on Greek vases, in that array of jewelry? "
"What tortures me," says Sue Bridehead, "is the
dreadful contract to feel in a particular way, in a matter
whose essence is its voluntariness." And in witnessing
how " a new husband and wife came into the open day-
light," she sighs: "The flowers in the bride's hand are
sadly like the garland which decked the heifers of
sacrifice in old times."
Of course the new way of projecting the characters
of a novel as mere stereopticon slides that illustrate the
author's lecture is hardly comparable to the creative
genius of Hardy or of Meredith. But when one con-
siders some of our contemporary novels, it does not
seem that Mr. Hardy lacked foresight when he made
Sue say : " Everybody is getting to feel as we do. We
are a little beforehand, that 's all."
FLOYD ADAMS NOBLE.
Harvard University, March <5, 1914-
" G. B. LANCASTER."
(To the Editor of THB DIAL.)
I do not wonder that your reviewer used the pronoun
" his " m referring to the author of that stirring and
virile story, " The Law-Bringers." But though pos-
sessing a most masculine pen, " G. B. Lancaster " is in
reality a lady of very shy and reserved demeanor, Miss
Littleton by name. Her stories of life in her homeland,
New Zealand, are as vivid in their way as " The Law-
Bringers." I wish they were available for the Amer-
ican reading public. WILLIAM NELSON.
Paterson, N. J-, March 2, 1914.
1914]
THE DIAL
239
00ks.
THE CRUISE OF A PIONEER YACHTSMAN.*
A most engaging though whimsical and wilful
personality is encountered in the leading char-
acter of " The Story of George Crowninshield's
Yacht, Cleopatra's Barge, on a Voyage of Pleas-
ure to the Western Islands and the Mediter-
ranean, 1816-1817," which is compiled, from
log-book, journals, and letters, by a Crownin-
shield of the present day (Mr. Francis B.) and
privately printed in sumptuous form, with inter-
esting facsimiles and with illustrations from
water-color sketches and other contemporary
sources. "Captain George," as we learn to
know him in the book, was of an old Salem
sea-faring and ship-owning family, the eldest of
six brothers, all but one of whom commanded
vessels before they were twenty, and at one time
all six were on the high seas, five in command of
ships in the East Indies. This practical appli-
cation of strenuous studies in boyhood in the
science of navigation was intended to lead event-
ually to a desk in the family counting-house and
a partnership in its extensive importing business.
But the embargo of 1809 was a death-blow to
the prosperity of the Crowninshield firm, and
the War of 1812 completed the ruin of Salem's
commerce. To these untoward events, however,
we are probably indebted for the conception of
the splendid yacht that served to amuse her
builder's leisure, and so led, almost a century
later, to the preparation of the volume, equally
splendid in its way, which celebrates her first and
most memorable cruise.
Who with a particle of romance in him could
fail to take kindly to a shipmaster so enamoured
of his yet unbuilt craft and her prospective per-
formances that he seriously purposed calling her
the "Car of Concordia," and only reluctantly
consented to the adoption of a slightly less fan-
tastical name. "Cleopatra's Barge" is more
than any present-day yachtsman could stomach,
but Captain George delighted in this product
of his invention, and also took such pride and
pleasure in the vessel herself that he made his
home on board — he was a care-free bachelor —
as soon as she had taken on sufficient shape to
be habitable. In design, equipment, ornament-
ation, and every detail of outfit, she was the
*THB STORY OF GEORGE CROWNINSHIELD'S YACHT,
Cleopatra's Barge, on a Voyage of Pleasure to the Western
Islands and the Mediterranean, 1816-1817. Compiled from
Journals, Letters, and Log-book, by Francis B. Crownin-
shield. Illustrated. Boston: Privately Printed. [D. B.
Updike, Merrymount Press.]
child of his teeming brain, the beautiful daughter
of his rich fancy. Crowds of welcome visitors
inspected her splendors in the weeks preceding
her maiden voyage, and the stream of sight-
seers that flowed through her gangway in foreign
ports was a veritable flood. She was, in fact,
the first American sea-going yacht, probably
the first under any flag to breast the broad
Atlantic; and only the "Jefferson," a much
smaller craft built also by George Crownin-
shield, takes precedence of her in our yachting
annals. Yet her tonnage was not quite two
hundred, her length on the water line but eighty-
three feet, her beam a little short of twenty-
three feet, and her depth eleven feet five and
one-half inches. Fifty thousand dollars was
her then unprecedented cost, her furnishing and
wood-work being of the choicest quality and
most artistic design.
Of the man who caused all this magnificence
to come into being we read that he was short
in stature, five feet six inches in height, of
robust physique, and famed for his courage and
boldness. His especial pastime was to sail forth
after a storm in his yacht, the "Jefferson,"
"taking with him extra men and stores with
which to render assistance to vessels which
might have been disabled. Such duty, now done
by revenue cutters, was to him an exceeding
pleasure." Strangely enough, with all this
hardihood and physical vigor, " Captain George
was a great swell and dandy. His clothes were
of the latest cut and the most advanced pattern.
He dressed in small-clothes and Hessian boots
with gold tassels. His coat was wonderful in
cloth, pattern, trimmings, and buttons, and his
waistcoat was a work of art." He wore a pig-
tail and a bell-crowned beaver hat, and his
chosen vehicle on land was a curricle, painted
yellow, a wonderful equipage, in which he drove
about to the admiration of all beholders. It is
recorded to his credit that he thrice leaped over-
board at sea to rescue persons from drowning,
and for one of these exploits he received the
gold medal of the Massachusetts Humane So-
ciety. He also was " a skilful fireman and
made several brave rescues from burning dwel-
lings."
The sailing of the new yacht, greatly delayed
by the unusual rigors of the season, took place
March 30, 1817 — though the " story " of the
enterprise, as indicated on the title-page, begins
in the preceding summer. Twenty persons, all
told, were on board, including the owner of the
yacht, his cousin Benjamin Crowninshield, who
acted as captain, the latter's son, Benjamin, Jr.,
240
THE DIAL
[March 16
who appears on the list as "passenger," but
played the important part of chronicler of the
cruise, and Samuel C. Ward, " clerk," who
also, in his master's name, wrote of much that
occurred, being probably the actual scribe
throughout most of the yacht's journal and in
most of the letters written in the yacht-owner's
name. There were two mates, ten seamen, and
four boys. Touching at Fayal, Funchal, Gib-
raltar, Barcelona, Marseilles, and other Medi-
terranean ports, the vessel proceeded as far as
Civita Vecchia, and, after a tedious and un-
eventful return voyage, cast anchor once more
in Salem harbor on the third of October, of the
same year. The once prevalent suspicion that
Captain George's real object in this saunter
over summer seas was to effect the escape of
Napoleon from St. Helena fails of anything like
confirmation in the chronicle presented. What
we do find in the book is a good deal of rather
ingenuous and often amusing observation and
comment from "Philosopher Ben," as the ship-
master's son is called, and a sufficient amount
of more concise and less entertaining matter
from the vessel's log-book. Also letters and
editorial intercalations and other miscellaneous
items go to round out the history of the great
undertaking. A chapter is added on the death
of the admirable originator of the enterprise,
and the book closes with an account of the
"Jefferson " when she was sailing as a privateer
and, despite her insignificance in size, made three
gallant captures.
Asa specimen of the florid style characteristic
of " Philosopher Ben," the following will suffice,
written at Barcelona :
" Yesterday morning I had congratulated myself on
the new regulation that was to give us a respite from
the turmoil of company, whose curiosity could not be
repressed, and whose imagination had been excited into
wonder by the marvellous accounts circulated on shore.
If a supernatural being had descended from heaven to
work miracles ; if an archangel had lighted on this earth ;
such things could not have been more wonderful than
the arrival of the Cleopatra's Barge at Barcelona.
" In all parts of Spain we have visited, the people
have never been taught the difference between Ameri-
cans and the inhabitants of Europe. We always pass
as Englishmen, and it must be an enlightened man, or
at least a traveller, who can make the distinction.
" Americans are universally thought to be negroes or
ferocious savages. Accordingly the crowd asks — Was
this built in America ? Was the furniture made there ?"
The views of various harbors visited are from
water-color paintings made by someone, artis-
tically inclined, on board ; probably one of the
stewards, surmises the editor. As works of art
they leave much to be desired ; but as illustra-
tions to the narrative they are of course quite in
place. A good index follows the reading matter.
A concluding word on the untimely death of
Captain George and the ultimate fate of his
yacht must be added. He died on board the
vessel he had long made his home, November
26, 1817, when he was planning a second voyage,
this time to England, the North Sea, and into
the Baltic as far as St. Petersburg. " Cleopatra's
Barge" was dismantled the following year, sold
at auction for about a third of her cost, and re-
fitted as a merchant vessel for the coasting service.
Afterward she ran for a time as a packet between
Boston and Charleston ; then made the passage
around the Horn to the Sandwich Islands, where
King Kamehameha I. bought her and recon-
verted her to a yacht for his private use. But
in a short time she was run upon a reef and
wrecked. /Sic transit gloria maris.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE
MEXICAN WAR.*
No chapter in the history of the United States
is being rewritten more assiduously in our time
than that relating to the war with Mexico ; and
it may be added that none has stood in greater
need of being rewritten. The superior results
which are now being attained by students of the
subject are to be attributed to three new and fav-
oring conditions. In the first place, the lapse of
time has made possible the opening of archives
which contain indispensable but hitherto inac-
accessible diplomatic and other documentary
materials. In the second place, there has grown
up a group of historical investigators, largely
but not wholly resident in the Southwestern
states, who have taken it for their task to bring
to bear upon the history of the Southwest the
same critical acumen that other scholars have
brought to bear upon the history of New En-
gland and that of the Mississippi Valley. Finally,
the motives and consequences of the war with
Mexico bore such vital relation to slavery and
the Civil War that no generation earlier than
our own could be expected to view them with
entire composure or to appraise them with
becoming judiciousness.
According to the older books — such books,
at least, as were written and circulated north
* THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO, 1821-1848. A
History of the Relations between the two Countries from the
Independence of Mexico to the Close of the War with the
United States. By George Lockhart Rives. In two volumes.
With maps. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
241
of Mason and Dixon's line — the annexation of
Texas and the Mexican War were of a piece,
and both were the products of a Southern con-
spiracy whose object was the acquisition of ter-
ritory in which the institution of negro slavery
might take root and flourish. This interpre-
tation of events was formulated and given cur-
rency by the Free Soil statesmen of the forties
and fifties. It found eloquent expression in the
writings of Lowell, Whittier, and other mid-
century anti-slavery men of letters. And it was
embedded solidly in such contemporary histories
as those of Ripley , Livermore, and William Jay.
Historians of a subsequent generation, notably
Von Hoist, approaching the subject in a temper
which inclined them always to believe the worst
of the " slavocracy," took at its face value the
word of writers whose last claim for themselves
was impartiality; and the distortion of facts,
instead of being corrected, tended rather to be
aggravated.
In the fulness of time there came the critics,
who sought evidence, weighed conflicting testi-
mony, made due allowance for prejudice, and
were at last successful in arriving at the truth
of their subject. The pioneer among them was
the late Professor Garrison. But they have
come to be a goodly number, and not the least
of them are men whose antecedents and places
of residence relieve them from any possible
imputation of sectional motive. Indeed, the
ablest books that have been written to disprove
the slavery conspiracy theory are both from the
hands of Northern men. One is Mr. Justin H.
Smith's " The Annexation of Texas," published
in 1911; the other is Mr. George L. Rives's
"The United States and Mexico."
Mr. Rives's book, aggregating more than four-
teen hundred pages, is the product of laborious
research extending over a large number of years.
The first impression which it yields is that of a
colossal mass of facts ; and although as one gets
into it one finds it by no means devoid of the
quality of readableness, its final evaluation must
be as a minute chronicle of events rather than
as a history laying claim to literary distinction.
Chronologically, the work begins with the nego-
tiation of the Spanish treaty of 1819; it closes
with the ratification of the peace of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. Ten chapters are consumed with
general developments from 1819 to the rise of
the Texan insurrection, the most valuable be-
ing two in which there are drawn comparisons
between the social and economic conditions of
Mexico and those of the United States. Many
of the aspects here brought out are not only
illuminating but such as are not likely to sug-
gest themselves to the casual student of the sub-
ject. The history of the Texan question from
Jackson's attempted purchase to the admission
of the Lone Star State in 1845 is told in a series
of seventeen chapters. The political and diplo-
matic issues of the period 1845-1846, relating
to Oregon, California, Mexican vengeance, and
slavery extension, are discussed in five chapters.
And the remainder of the work, nineteen chap-
ters, is taken up with the most detailed political
and military history of the contest with Mexico
which has ever been put in print.
The purpose of the author has been, in his
own words, not " to pass moral judgments upon
the conduct of those whose actions have been
described, but rather to endeavor to state the
relevant facts and allow these to speak for
themselves." This purpose has been adhered to
strictly throughout. The tone of the book is
never argumentative. The reader is brought
face to face with certain great conclusions, but
those conclusions follow naturally from the pro-
cession of facts mustered before one's gaze, not
from the effects of overt controversial dexterity.
The conclusions which stand out most sharply
are two. The first is that the annexation of
Texas to the United States was not the result
of a conspiracy to extend the area of slavery.
Says Mr. Rives:
" The evidence is quite clear that the first occupation
of Texas by settlers from the United States was due to
circumstances with which the leaders of public opinion
in the South had nothing to do, and that prior to the
defeat of the Mexican army by the Texans at San Jacinto
there was no combined or organized movement on the
part of any political faction in the United States to
encourage annexation. The movement for annexation,
when it began, began in Texas itself ; and it was carried
through, not by the South, but rather by the people of
the whole Mississippi Valley. There was at all times
a strong minority in the South, and especially in the
South Atlantic states, which was opposed to the annex-
ation for the very good reason that it was feared the
effect of annexation would be to increase the fast-growing
Northern sentiment against slavery."
The second important conclusion is that,
while the Mexican war may be regarded as, " in
a sense," a war for conquest, the territory which
was sought was New Mexico and California —
territory which, by the free admission of Cal-
houn and other pro-slave leaders, was entirely
unfitted to support the institution of slavery.
The war was a contest for territory, but not for
slave territory. Portions of the lands in ques-
tion had been sought by Jackson as president
and by Van Buren and Webster as secretaries
of state. Besides the fact that the practice of
242
THE DIAL
[March 16
civilized nations at the middle of the nineteenth
century was not opposed to wars of sheer con-
quest, there were the extenuating circumstances
(1) that the owners and inhabitants of Califor-
nia and New Mexico had failed utterly to
develop the natural resources of the country, so
that " every justification which could attend the
settlement by European nations of countries
inhabited by uncivilized races, or which could
be offered to excuse the expansion of the United
States over Indian territory, would in principle
apply to the conquest of California by the United
States," and (2) that for the conduct of the
United States in this instance there was an exact
precedent, i. e., the acquisition of the Floridas
from Spain upon the very grounds which here
applied — indebtedness for outrages committed
upon American citizens, inability to give satis-
faction in money, the derelict condition of the
country sought, and the urgent desire of the
United States for expansion to a natural frontier.
The conduct of the United States in relation
to Texas, Mexico, and the Mexican dependen-
cies may or may not be defensible. Mr. Rives
considers that it is defensible. But the matter
of present moment is that responsibility for that
conduct shall be placed, and that the motives
controlling it shall be interpreted, in accordance
with the preponderance of impartially consid-
ered evidence. This service Mr. Rives must be
regarded as having rendered. The credit is not
wholly his; for other students of the subject
have established independently a good many of
his points. But by no one have the best results
of scholarship within the field been amassed so
industriously or with equally telling effect.
The foot-notes abound in references to man-
uscript and printed materials in English, French,
and Spanish. In a bibliography appended to
the second volume the books which are cited in
the course of the work are listed. There is, also,
an excellent index. FREDERIC AugTIN
THE LOBE OF PRECIOUS STONES.*
•" Emerald sharpens the wits, confers riches
and the power to predict future events. To
evolve this latter virtue it must be put under
the tongue. It also strengthens the memory."
"If a piece of malachite is attached to an in-
fant's cradle, all evil spirits are held aloof and
the child sleeps soundly and peacefully."
*THE CURIOUS LORE OF PRECIOUS STONES. By George
Frederick Kunz, Ph.D. Illustrated in color, etc. Phila-
delphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
" Hematite procures for the wearer a favorable
hearing of petitions addressed to kings and a
fortunate issue of lawsuits and judgments."
Such are a few of the superstitions commented
upon in Dr. George F. Kunz's " Curious Lore
of Precious Stones," — the most comprehensive,
scholarly, and satisfactory discussion ever printed
in English on the subject of precious stones and
their properties.
The book is a treasure-house of fascinating
material, historical, critical, and anecdotal. A
widely varied list of topics is treated, including
histories of famous gems, accounts of collectors,
records of superstitions still alive not only among
savage or backward races but among the most
civilized peoples . We read that Madame M aeter-
linck " wears a diamond suspended on her fore-
head because her husband believes that this brings
good fortune to the wearer." The significance
of various colors is explained : " Blue on a man's
dress indicated wisdom and high and magnani-
mous thoughts; on a woman's dress, jealousy
in love, politeness and vigilance. Friday and
Venus were represented by blue, and the
celestial-hued sapphire was the stone in which
this color appeared in all its beauty." There
is very full treatment of stones in relation to
religious observances, and in connection with
medicine.
Those who have an instinctive feeling for the
glowing color of precious gems, and those who
enjoy whatever is associated with quaint and
potent superstitions, will delight in this volume.
Belief in the occult virtues of precious stones is
of great antiquity, and for centuries these beliefs
have been handed down, varying in many ways
yet preserving their essential outlines. Students
of folk-lore have ignored this subject, strangely
enough ; and so, too, have students of literature.
In Dr. Frazer's "Golden Bough," superstitions
about stones are dismissed with very slight
notice, almost no effort being made to penetrate
their significance in human history. Critics of
mediaeval and of Renaissance literature pass by
allusions to precious stones, giving only vague
explanations which do not even hint at the far-
reaching nature of the allusions.
Dr. Kunz, who is a scientist of eminence, a
well-known authority on minerals, and the
author of various learned articles and treatises,
has for twenty-five years been collecting mate-
rial in this field ; his pronouncements are there-
fore of the greatest value and interest. His
attitude towards the subject is free from preju-
dice. He tells us that in his investigations he
" has never found the slightest evidence of any-
1914]
THE DIAL
24S
thing transcending the acknowledged laws of
nature. Still, when we consider the marvellous
secrets that have been revealed to us by science
... we are tempted to think that there may be
something in the old beliefs, some residuum of
fact, susceptible indeed of explanation, but very
different from what a crass scepticism supposes
it to be." Written from such an open-minded
yet scholarly point of view, the book possesses
the caution that should belong to scientific
writing, together with the charm that surrounds
occult matters.
Sir Thomas Browne's " Inquiry into Vulgar
Errours" is a work to be mentioned in connec-
tion with Dr. Kunz's. He of the seventeenth
century who in matters of religion agreed with
Tertullian that "Certum est quia impossible
est " was strangely concerned about the credu-
lity of his age in the matter of occult powers of
herb and stone and beast, and he endeavored to
bring his generation out of bondage to supersti-
tion. Dr. Kunz, reflecting on the too rigid
sanity and rationalism of our day, endeavors to
quicken our sense of the mystery and romance
in these symbolic stones. Here is a paradox
after Browne's own heart !
The sources of Dr. Kunz's information are
various. He has expert knowledge of the stones
themselves, and he has a famous collection of
treatises on various phases of the subject. He
has studied the works of the early writers, the
pseudo-Aristotle, Pliny, Isidorus of Seville,
Albertus Magnus, Bartbolomseus Anglicus,
Camillo Leonardo, Thomas Nichols, Robert
Boyle, C. W. King, and others who have en-
deavored to give scientific worth to their discus-
sions in this field . Another series of compositions,
the lapidaries, or stone books, affords material
more distinctly uncritical and fanciful. The
most famous of the lapidaries was that of Mar-
bodus, the twelfth century Bishop of Rennes,
who discoursed in Latin verse on the appearance,
properties, and virtues of fifty stones. His
material was drawn from popular medieval
tradition, probably of remote Eastern origin;
and so wide was the interest in his subject that
many translations were made into Old French,
often with additions of Christian symbolism.
The vogue of the bestiary, of the volucrary,
and of the lapidary was widespread in the later
Middle Ages, and ecclesiastics were not slow to
take advantage of this situation to point out
sermons in stones. "The religious symbolism
of the diamond was a favorite theme with the
thirteenth century 'lapidaria.' Just as it could
only be discovered by night — an old fancy —
so was the Incarnation a hidden mystery; it
gave forth a great light, just as Jesus illumined
the depths of Hades when he descended thither ;
it was unconquerably hard, and who can resist
the might of God?""
The student of literature would be glad if a
final chapter in Dr. Kunz's volume had been
devoted to allusions to precious stones in English
literature. There is much material for such a
chapter, and scant justice has been done by
previous commentators to passages where Dr.
Kunz could add some interesting notes. Much
might be said, for instance, about the carbuncle.
A mediaeval lover, writing a lyric to his lady,
compares her to ten different gems, and con-
cludes by choosing the carbuncle for his supreme
metaphor. Allusions to the carbuncle in the
"Romance of the Rose," in the metrical ro-
mances, and in Chaucer's works are to be
found. Shakespeare, in "Coriolanus" (I., 4.
55), makes one of the characters speak thus of
Coriolanus :
" A carbuncle entire, as big as thou art,
Were not so rich a jewel."
In "Antony and Cleopatra" (IV., 8. 28) we
find "carbuncled like holy Phoebus' car," and
in "Cymbeline" (V., 5. 189) "a carbuncle
of Phosbus' wheel." The ever-luminous and
glowing hue of this stone, often identified with
the ruby, and its power to give its wearer
success in battle and to endow a man "with
lordship and mastery," are not pointed out by
commentators. It is a sign of good omen that
the New Variorum edition of "Cymbeline" does
discuss the ancient lore of the carbuncle ; but
the treatment is by no means adequate. Haw-
thorne's "The Great Carbuncle," also, should
surely be read with some remembrance of these
old traditions.
The Middle English poem, "The Pearl," has
aroused discussion in this respect, and by a few
scholars the lore of stones has been inquired into
rather industriously. Much more ought to be
done, however, especially in connection with the
Renaissance. Through the influence of Italy
and of Spain, where special manifestations of
interest in stones were evident during the Re-
naissance, not only Shakespeare, but Spenser,
Lyly, Greene, Lodge, and others were touched
by the fashion. The "Diana" of Montemayor
gleams with precious stones ; " Euphues " con-
tains many an allusion, by way of simile or
'metaphor, to the subject; and an investigation
of the period from 1550 to 1650 would doubtless
244
THE DIAL
[March 16
reveal some very significant truths regarding
this aspect of the New Learning.
The book is fully illustrated. Some of the
plates in color are unusually successful, and add
very greatly to the value of the treatise. There
is also an ample index.
MARTHA HALE SHACKFOKD.
LABOUCHERE OF "TRUTH."*
In 1880 there appeared in the English parlia-
ment a man whom Justin McCarthy once char-
acterized as "the most amusing speaker in the
House of Commons." This member was Henry
Labouchere, who had been returned from the
radical borough of Nottingham. There have, no
doubt, always been wits at St. Stephen's; but
Labouchere's humor had a quality of its own.
He seemed more like a jester than a wit : he nev^er
seemed to speak in real earnest; and yet his
hearers soon came to realize that few members
were more serious and more persistent in their
aims than the terrible radical from Nottingham.
For twenty-five years the House listened to his
droll speeches, till he withdrew from parliament
in 1905. He died in January, 1912.
Mr. Algar Labouchere Thorold, a nephew
of Henry Labouchere, has recently published a
biography of this unusual man. It happens too
often that memoirs and biographies written by
near kinsmen show less judicious treatment than
one should wish to see : praise is often too freely
bestowed, and unpleasant facts are overlooked
or suppressed. Mr. Thorold's work, however,
seems to be entirely free from these common
faults; his narrative appears to be candid,
straightforward, and honest. Labouchere lived
through a great age in English history; he
shared in the discussion and solution of many
problems of tremendous importance ; he was one
of the most prominent members of the British
parliament. It is, therefore, his public career
that Mr. Thorold is most interested in, and which
he deals with at greatest length. His private
life, his strange personality, his many eccentrici-
ties and peculiarities, are also duly considered ;
but the author is not tempted to give them
undue importance.
Labouchere was not a stranger to the House
when he took his seat in 1880 ; he had served a
brief term earlier, but his parliamentary career
really begins with the later date. Nor was he a
*THE LIFE OF HENRY LABOUCHERE. By Algar Labou-
chere Thorold. With portrait. New York: G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
stranger to the nation : he was widely known for
his connection with various newspaper ventures,
the " Daily News," the " World," and " Truth."
The chapter on Labouchere as a journalist is
contributed by Mr. R. Bennett, the editor of
"Truth." In this, and incidentally in other
chapters, we are given full information as to
the history, aims, and editorial methods of
" Truth," — which, by the way, Labouchere at
first intended to call the "Lyre." "Truth"
was the terror of all who tried to humbug the
public ; frequently the plain speech of the editor
led to suits for libel, and occasionally Labou-
chere had to pay heavily for his amusement;
but as he was very wealthy, he did not mind a
loss now and then.
The author feels called upon to explain why
a man of Labouchere's type should desire a seat
in parliament. " Curiosity had been his induce-
ment in the first place, and secondly, a conviction
that the House would benefit considerably from
contact with so sound a radical as himself."
Curiosity was a very real ingredient in Labou-
chere's make-up. It had led him into a great
variety of fields and had brought him a great
many interesting experiences. In the words of
Mr. Bennett, —
" When he first took up journalism he was nearly
forty, and he had had an unrivalled experience of all
phases of life, extending from Jerusalem to Mexico.
Among other things, he had spent ten years as an
attache' in six or eight different capitals ; he had gambled
in nearly every casino in Europe; he had travelled with
a circus in America; he had run a theatre in London;
he had sat in the House of Commons; he had dabbled
in finance in the city."
To complete the list, we may add that he had
spent several months with the Chippewa Indians
somewhere in Minnesota; perhaps this, too,
counted in the preparation for public life in
England.
Mr. Thorold gives a chapter to the exposition
of his uncle's radical creed, which should be of
some interest to American readers, inasmuch as
his radicalism had an American origin.
"I was caught young and sent to America; there I
imbibed the political views of the country, so that my
Radicalism is not a joke but perfectly earnest. My
opinion on most of the institutions of this country is that
of Americans — that they are utterly absurd and ridic-
ulous."
Labouchere believed in republicanism, but real-
ized that monarchy could be rendered harmless
and might serve a useful purpose ; he believed,
however, that the institution should be made
less expensive, and that the court ceremonial
should be simplified. He would abolish the
House of Lords, and preferred a single chamber
1914]
THE DIAL,
245
government. The duration of parliament, he
thought, should be reduced to three years, and
the members should be paid. The. Anglican
Church should be disestablished, and its rev-
enues used to finance a system of public schools.
His ideal public school system was that of
Illinois, the excellences of which he described
in "The Fortnightly Review" (1884). On the
subject of land reform he also held advanced
and decided opinions. He was, for a time,
almost the only prominent Englishman who
favored Home Rule for Ireland. In a speech
delivered in 1885 he summed up his beliefs in
a sentence that was also borrowed from the
West: "Coming to his Radical creed he said
that England should become a democracy, by
which he meant the rule of the people by the
people and for the people."
We should expect ideas of this sort among
members of the Labor Party, but coming from
an English gentleman of great wealth and
social standing they have a strange sound. But
the author assures us in the preface that La-
bouchere was not an Englishman. He was of
Huguenot ancestry, and French " he remained
to the day of his death, French in his method
of formation of opinion, in his outlook on life,
in the peculiar quality of his wit."
" He once observed to me, in his whimsical way, of a
colleague, that the mere denial of the existence of God
did not entitle a man's opinion to be taken without
scrutiny on matters of greater importance. No ' mere '
Englishman could have said that."
Labouchere did not expect to see his radical
programme carried out by the Liberal Party,
which was still dominated by an influential
Whig element. Nor did he hope much from
the great statesman whom he was the first to
speak of as " the Grand Old Man." His hopes
centred about Joseph Chamberlain, who would
surely, he thought, succeed Gladstone as prime
minister ; and his plan was to organize a radical
party which, in alliance with the Irish, would
be strong enough to take up the fight with the
Lords and the Established Church. But Cham-
berlain proved a great and bitter disappoint-
ment, and after the Liberal Unionist secession
Labouchere's aggressive spirit left him.
" He continued the war with abuse of privilege, ab-
surdity consecrated by tradition, and the other heads of
the hydra with which his party fought, but the tone of
his attacks was not the same as before the Home Rule
split."
The chapter on the split in the Liberal Party
is composed exclusively of letters, most of them
from Labouchere's pen, dealing with the nego-
tiations that were carried on between parties
and factions during the five months before
Gladstone's first Home Rule Bill met its defeat.
This is one of the most illuminating chapters
in the volume. It shows Labouchere in the
capacity of " political broker "; for almost every
shade of opinion finds expression in these letters.
With the genial editor of "Truth" all could
deal, and through him opponents were able to
enter into new relations. Many of the letters
were written to Mr. Chamberlain, and the effort
seems to be to find some ground on which all
the radical factions could stand. The letters
also throw much light on the genesis of the Bill.
It cannot be said that the correspondence shows
Mr. Chamberlain's part in the Liberal split in
the most favorable light : he evidently had given
his radical friends some reason to think that a
Home Rule Bill which would be satisfactory to
himself could be framed; but later his efforts
appear to have been directed toward making
such an outcome impossible. The letters also
show that there was much dissatisfaction among
the radicals with Gladstone's leadership at this
critical time.
The author has given several chapters to
Labouchere's connection with Irish affairs, and
in these, too, much important documentary ma-
terial has been included. It is made perfectly
clear how the radical leader, who was at one
time, if anything, opposed to Home Rule, so
soon became such a staunch supporter of the
Irish cause : it was the injustice that Ireland
suffered that drove him into the Nationalist camp.
A full account is also given of his part in the
exposure of the Piggott forgeries. The Brad-
laugh incident is discussed in a separate chapter.
Mr. Bradlaugh was Labouchere's colleague and
the genial radical was one of his ablest sup-
porters. The chapter on "Labouchere and
Socialism" is chiefly a report of a debate at
Nottingham between Labouchere and the So-
cialist leader, Mr. Hyndman.
The author has also discussed his uncle's
attitude toward Gladstone's Egyptian policy and
the South African war, — or Mr. Chamberlain's
war, as he called it. Labouchere was never a
Jingo. He was sympathetic toward the Mahdi,
and had some slight correspondence with the
exiled Egyptian leader, Arabi Pasha ; the letters
are included in the narrative. In the South
African struggle his sympathies were with the
Boers, and he held that the war was immoral as
well as expensive. He was a member of the
select committee that was appointed to investi-
gate the circumstances of the Jameson Raid, and
he dissented very strongly from the findings of
246
THE DIAL
[March 16
the majority. He had a suspicion that the colo-
nial office had guilty knowledge of this raid;
but his efforts to have the investigation turned
in this direction were blocked by the committee.
As Labouchere's parliamentary activities
touched nearly all the great problems of his
long career, a complete history of his life would
have to include a great deal of political history.
But the biographer has not yielded to the
temptation to write at length on Labouchere's
" times." " I have endeavored to concentrate
my own (and I hope my readers') attention on
Labouchere himself." In this he has succeeded ;
and yet a slightly fuller statement of the prob-
lem and the factors that contributed to its solu-
tion would in almost every instance help the
general reader to understand more thoroughly
the part that his subject took in the discussion.
In his preface the author has introduced a
splendid characterization of Labouchere, which
is a very interesting and valuable part of the
work. LAURENCE M. LARSON.
THE IJIFE AND ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES.*
In the edition of Mr. Henry Adams's " Mont-
Saint-Michel and Chartres," just issued, a book
privately printed ten years ago and modestly
esteemed by its author is now given to the
public under the distinguished patronage of the
American Institute of Architects. Within the
limited circle which has hitherto been privileged
to read it, few books have aroused a more in-
tense enthusiasm. The fascination of the Middle
Ages, with their devotion, their ardor, their
faith, shining through its pages, has revealed a
world not ours.
In the prefatory note, Mr. Ralph Adams
Cram, to whose energy the present publication
is due, has himself reviewed the book to the
admiration and the despair of a reviewer :
" To say that the book was a revelation is inadequately
to express a fact; at once all the theology, philosophy,
and mysticism, the politics, sociology, and economics,
the romance, literature, and art of that greatest epoch
of Christian civilization became fused in the alembic of
a unique insight and precipitated by the dynamic force
of a personal and distinguished style."
" And it is not a thin simulacrum he raises by some
doubtful alchemy; it is no phantasm of the past that
shines dimly before us in these magical pages ; it is the
very time itself in which we are merged."
The means by which this result is accom-
plished have a trace of whimsicality, correspond-
* MONT -SAINT- MICHEL, AND CHARTRES. By Henry
Adams. With Introduction by Ralph Adams Cram. Illus-
trated. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
ing to the personal form in which the book
originally appeared. A niece or nieces are
imagined, to whom (though they are soon enough
forgotten) the various aspects of the Middle
Ages are supposed to be interpreted. Readers
are warned that they also must enter into per-
sonal relations with the author — that for the
moment they must become nieces. " St. Michiel
de la Mer de Peril," " La Chanson de Roland,"
"The Court of the Queen of Heaven," "Les
Miracles de Notre Dame," are the appetizing
titles of certain of the chapters set before them.
Mont- Saint-Michel and Chartres are chosen as
supreme embodiments of the time in art ; con-
sideration of their architecture, their glass, and
their carving provides a filament on which are
strung, somewhat loosely and arbitrarily, the
jewels of mediaeval literature and thought.
The fundamental unity of the book is not in
its method or in its title, but in its real sub-
ject— the Middle Ages as a whole. Its im-
plicit idea is that the different manifestations
of the Middle Ages, more perhaps than of any
other period, are each intelligible only in the
light thrown by the others. Architecture must
be elucidated by poetry and religion, religion
by chivalry and art and philosophy. If here
and there fragments are thrown pell-mell into
the crucible, it does not prevent their fusion,
and the sympathetic reader will not be disturbed.
To a certain extent the old chroniclers and
the modern writers are left to speak for them-
selves, even in their native tongue, with Mr.
Adams to act as interpreter. More often they
are condensed and paraphrased, with plenteous
comment of the author's own. A scholar might
prefer his Viollet-le-Duc or Abbe Bulteau,
his Roland, Aucassin, Abelard, or Thomas of
Aquino, taken clear; or in his own mixture
compounded with judicious footnotes. But the
book is not written for scholars, and most read-
ers will perhaps welcome a method which intro-
duces them to so many interesting worthies they
might not otherwise meet, and which places them
together at their ease.
Of architecture Mr. Adams could not deal as
intimately as he does without some technicalities.
If these confuse, one will be wise to postpone
certain parts of the book to be read, as the
author intended, on the spot. As a picture of
Mont- Saint-Michel easier to realize, though
more general in its traits, some may enjoy
comparing Maupassant's, which makes not the
least delightful part of "Notre Coeur."
Mr. Adams is concerned not so much with de-
scription as with vitalization. He interprets the
1914]
THE DIAL
247
entire life of the Middle Ages as an assertion, in
defiance of evidences of relativity and dissonance,
that the world is an obvious and sacred harmony.
St. Thomas declared this in theology, as the
cathedral builders declared it in art.
" Every inch of material, up and down, from crypt to
vault, from man to God, from the universe to the atom,
had its task, giving support where support was needed,
or weight where concentration was felt, but always with
the condition of showing conspicuously to the eye the
great lines which lead to unity and the curves which con-
trolled divergence; so that from the cross on the fleche
and the keystone of the vault, down through the ribbed
nervures, the columns, the windows, to the foundation
of the flying buttresses far beyond the walls, one idea
controlled every line; and this is true of St. Thomas's
Church as it is of Amiens Cathedral."
" The trouble was not in the art or the method
or the structure, but in the universe itself, which
presented different aspects as man moved."
Even this instability, which the builders thought
they had conquered, is implicit in their work.
" The peril of the heavy tower, of the restless vault,
of the vagrant buttress; the uncertainties of logic, the
inequalities of the syllogism, the irregularities of the
mental mirror, — all these haunting nightmares of the
Church are expressed as strongly by the Gothic cathe-
dral as though it had been the cry of human suffering,
and as no emotion had ever been expressed before or is
likely to find expression again."
" Truth indeed," says Mr. Adams, " may not
exist ; science avers it to be only a relation ; but
what men took for truth stares one everywhere
in the eye and begs for sympathy." Nowhere
is this more true than at Mont-Saint-Michel and
at Chartres. The miraculous vision above the
waters is only less moving than the solemn,
hushed retreat within the jostling town. For-
tunate will he be whom the book may lead as
a true pilgrim to these shrines.
SIDNEY FISKE KIMBALL.
AN instructive and valuable report on " The People
of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Separated
Churches of the East, and Other Slavs," prepared by a
Commission of the Missionary Department of New En-
gland, and presented at the Council of the Department
held at Providence in 1912, is published by the Com-
mission and obtainable from The Young Churchman
Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Carefully prepared
accounts are given of the Greeks, Syrians, Slavs, Arme-
nians, and Albanians, with reference to their religious
and also their educational status and the extent to which
they are represented in our immigrant population. The
tables of statistics and the bibliographies present in
compact form much that will be especially helpful to
those library workers and others who are engaged in
uplifting and Americanizing these in-flocking aliens
seeking to better their lowly condition in a new country.
The pamphlet, one hundred and twenty pages in length,
holds a mass of information not to be found in any other
single publication.
RECENT FICTION.*
Whatever else may be said of Mr. De Morgan's
new novel, " When Ghost Meets Ghost," it must be
admitted to be "filling." There are no less than
862 closely-printed pages, running to something
approximating half a million words. This implies
an exaggeration of the sort of genial garrulity with
which the author has supplied us from the first, but
we cannot find it in our heart to blame him for it,
the sum total of the effect being as delightful as
acquaintance proves it to be. Mr. De Morgan's
later performances have proved sadly disappointing
to lovers of "Joseph Vance," but the new work
brings back the old charm, and we revel in its
excursions and divagations as belonging to the lei-
surely Victorian manner which it restores to our
literature of fiction. It will not do to skip anything,
for the author delights in supplying the clues to his
intricate plot in a casual or even furtive way, and
the most seemingly insignificant detail may turn
out to have been a signpost for our feet as they pur-
sue their devious way through the labyrinth of his
invention. The scene of the story is laid in the
fifties of the last century, and its roots strike back
into the soil of the century before. Twe octogena-
rian women, who make their appearance under
unrelated sets of circumstances, are soon surmised
to be twin sisters, separated early in life, and each
persuaded through certain villainous machinations
that the other has long since passed away. Slowly
the narrative works its way toward revelation of
the chapter of fateful accidents, toward mutual dis-
covery and recognition. Thus is the puzzling title
justified. It requires nearly seven hundred pages
to lead to this consummation, and then many pages
more to complete the process of enlightenment and
adjustment. During the process, we make many
fresh starts, and accumulate a bewildering collec-
tion of loose ends, but finally they are all shown to
be in relation, and the pattern becomes complete.
Humble folk and people of high station alternate
in claiming our interest until in the end the interest
is seen to be common to both groups. The figures
drawn from humble life are the most sympathetic
* WHEN GHOST MEETS GHOST. By William De Morgan.
New York : Henry Holt & Co'.
OLD MOLE. By Gilbert Cannan. New York : D. Apple-
ton & Co.
THE JOY OF YOUTH. By Eden Phillpotts. Boston :
Little, Brown, & Co.
THE WITNESS FOR THE DEFENCE. By A. E. W. Mason.
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
THE WAY OF AMBITION. By Robert Hichens. New
York : Frederick A. Stokes Co.
THE COBYSTON FAMILY. By Mrs. Humphry Ward.
New York : Harper & Brothers.
THE CUSTOM OF THE COUNTRY. By Edith Wharton.
New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
VAN CLEVE. By Mary S. Watts. New York: The
Macmillan Co.
THE BUTTERFLY. By Henry Kitchell Webster. New
York : D. Appleton & Co.
HOME. New York : The Century Co.
248
THE DIAL
[March 16
and appealing, owing to the Dickens-like quality of
the author's powers of characterization and humor-
ous description. The flow of quips and conceits is
unceasing, and enlivens the narrative at every point.
No summary of the plot may be attempted in any
space at our disposal, and we must be content with
the hints above given concerning the ingenuity and
lovable human quality of this voluminous work. It
is worth a whole wilderness of the popular novels
of the day.
"Round the Corner" established the position of
Mr. Gilbert Cannan among the half dozen or so of
living English novelists who count the most. It is,
then, with unusual flutterings of expectation that
we turn to his new novel, "Old Mole," further de-
scribed as "The surprising adventures in England
of Herbert Jocelyn Beenham, M.A., sometime
sixth-form master at Thrigsby Grammar School in
the County of Lancaster." The opening chapters
certainly relate a surprising adventure. Beenham,
after a blameless life of twenty-five years spent in
teaching the classics to grubby schoolboys who unan-
imously resent this attack upon the citadel of their
ignorance, finds himself one day in a railway car-
riage, and attempts to console an obviously distressed
damsel who is the only other occupant of the com-
partment. His benevolent intentions are miscon-
strued; she raises a cry which results in delivering
Beenham into the hands of the police, and the re-
sulting scandal blasts his career as a mentor of youth.
The prosecution having been dropped, Beenham
cultivates the acquaintance of the young woman,
and she gives herself up to his protecting care. She
has a mountebank uncle who heads a company of
strolling players, and with this company the two
join their fortunes, the girl as an amateur recruit,
the man as capitalist patron, adviser, and friend in
need. Beenham undertakes the girl's neglected
education, and soon establishes with her a tenderer
relation than that of pedagogue. As his wife, she
developes dramatic talent, and rises from humble
beginnings into stellar prominence, her husband
being her faithful attendant and travelling com-
panion. The rest of the story has to do with the
advent of a young man, one of Beenham's former
students, who falls in love with his wife. After a
little inward raging, which results in no violent de-
monstration, Beenham accepts the situation, and lets
the pair depart with his blessing. The story is a
thin one, for this is the whole of it, and the reader
must console himself for the lack of moving incident
and dramatic action by his enjoyment of the ironical
commentary upon life, as reflected in Beenham's
consciousness. This is the real substance of the
work, much as it is the substance of the masterpieces
of M. Anatole France, or of the later books of
Messrs. Wells, Locke, and Galsworthy. All the
books of this type, now so prevalent, are snares for
the novel-reader, luring him by a dramatic opening
into regions of psychological analysis and social
philosophy that he would not be likely to explore
at all if presented in formal fashion. They are
novels under false pretenses, but their brilliancy as
essay-writing saves them from failure. They are
primarily vehicles for the expression of ideas —
a pale reflection of life — rather than of life itself.
Mr. Cannan shows us that he can do this trick with
the best of his fellow-writers, and the result is clearly
worth while, but it is not what we expect from such
a brilliant opening as that with which he has pro-
vided us in the present instance.
A wide departure from his accustomed style and
setting is offered us by Mr. Eden Phillpotts in
"The Joy of Youth." From Dartmoor to Florence
is a far cry, and the substitution of sophisticated
art jargon for peasant dialect further emphasizes
the contrast. The artist hero casually stumbles
against the heroine in the British Museum, and
starts a conversation with her.
" ' I love art,' she said.
" ' Do you ? I love apricot jam, and a girl, and several
other things — not art. That's too big a business for love.
Art's my life.'
" ' Well, you can love your life,' she said quickly.
"'Good!' he answered. 'You're right and I'm wrong.
You can love art — in the same large sense that you can
love your life or your religion — if you've got one.'
" ' I'm an artist myself,' she deliberately declared ; but he
regarded her doubtfully.
" ' You hardly fill the bill — too much the very, very latest
thing in clothes.' "
The acquaintance thus breezily begun develops
into a romance, and eventually into an exchange of
pledges, although the girl is betrothed to a country
gentleman who is an embodiment of all the phil-
istine virtues, which his speech from time to time
sets forth in ironical terms of the author's choosing.
Her queer acquaintance is frowned upon by her set,
and he shocks them by the freedom of his speech.
But he prevails upon the girl to visit Florence, and
there he constitutes himself her cicerone and mentor,
enlarging her vision considerably, and emancipating
her from her conventional ideas. She keeps up the
pretence of her engagement until its continuance
becomes obviously impossible, and finally breaks
away from all the old routine of comfortable respect-
ability. The hero is a very flighty youth, fed up
on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and Bergson, and
spouting his ideas with great volubility. His talk
about art is packed with vital thought, and his gen-
uine passion for Italy is imparted to the reader as
well as to the girl. There are some beautiful pages
about the city of the Arno, and altogether much
succulent rhetoric upon many themes. It is not at
all the metier of Mr. Phillpotts, but we are glad
that he has taken it up by way of variety.
It seems to us that Mr. A. E. W. Mason gives us
something less than the best of his craftsmanship in
"The Witness for the Defence." The story is inter-
esting, as a matter of course, and holds us in suspense
until the end is neared, but it leaves an after taste
that is not quite pleasant. Stella Ballantyne, the
heroine, is married to an Anglo-Indian official of
high rank, who is a confirmed drunkard, and who
abuses her when in his cups. After life has thus
been made a hell for her for eight years, she shoots
1914]
THE DIAL
249
him (presumably in self-defence) one night when
they are in encampment. She is brought to Bombay
for trial, and at the last moment a witness appears
who gives evidence that results in her acquittal. He
is a man who had loved her in her girlhood, and
who had visited her at the encampment for an hour
just before the commission of the crime. His per-
jured testimony runs to the effect that Ballantyne
lived in constant terror of assassination at the hands
of natives, and that upon the night of the visit in
question, both he and his guest had seen a dark hand
and arm reaching under the flap of the tent in the
effort to seize a despatch-box. This was a drunken
delusion on Ballantyne's part, but Thresk, the witness,
accepts it as something seen by himself. The scene
then shifts to England, where Stella is once more
living in her childhood home, treated more or less
as an outcast because of her notoriety, in spite of the
fact that she has been legally cleared. A youhg
army officer makes her acquaintance, champions her
cause, and wins her love. Family opposition to the
match forces him to contract a secret marriage, and
just after this, Thresk intervenes, saving her from
suspicion by appearing again as a " witness for the
defence," this time in the family circle instead of in
a court of justice. Then, in a private interview, he
puts it up to Stella that she cannot marry the officer
unless she reveals the whole truth. As the marriage
has already taken place, this plea does not do very
much to clear up the complication, but Stella makes
a clean breast of the affair to her husband, and he
decides to accept the situation. This conclusion is
as tame as it is abrupt, and we think that the novel
needs about a hundred more pages before reaching
such an adjustment. All through there runs as an
undercurrent the thought that Thresk is really the
one responsible for Stella's married misery and con-
sequent guilt. In the opening chapters, he is repre-
sented as having won her love, and as having then
renounced it at the beck of ambition. In becoming
her defender in later years, he is doing what he may
to atone for the cold-blooded conduct of his early
manhood.
The novel which centres about the career of a
worker in the creative arts is usually a very unsatis-
factory type of book. The struggles of a novelist,
a painter, or a musician, to secure recognition for
his genius are confined within so narrow a sphere
of life that they cannot evoke the broad and sym-
pathetic interest at which a writer should aim.
There is necessarily a great deal of "shop" about
them, and this is not an engaging ingredient of fic-
tion. Even so accomplished and subtle a writer as
Mr. Robert Hichens has not triumphed over this
obstacle in " The Way of Ambition." It is musical
"shop" that here enlists our interest, and there is
a great deal too much of it. Claude Heath is a com-
poser of genius (so we are assured) who shrinks
from publicity. Certain designing women wish to
exploit him, that they may shine in society with the
reflected lustre, and one of them marries him with
that intent, although she disguises it under high-
flown phrases about helpfulness and devotion and
the like. Having got him into her clutches, she
cajoles him into attempting commercial success with
an opera, and the main part of the story is given to
the composition of this work, and to the intrigues
connected with its production. It is taken up by
an American impresario, given a presentation in
New York, and falls flat. The moral of the story
is that the failure is deserved, because the composer
has been persuaded to adopt a vehicle unfitted for
his genius. The efforts of his ambitious wife are
well-meant, but they divert his powers into wrong
paths, and make him false to his deepest convic-
tions. The chastening that results is probably a
good discipline for his spirit, but we feel that it
might have been spared him without real loss. Of
course, Mr. Hichens is a brilliant novelist, and has
made much of this thin material, but we miss the
creative power displayed in "The Garden of Allah."
A searching and poignant study of the conflict
between the older and the younger generations is
given us in "The Coryston Family," by Mrs.
Humphry Ward. The milieu of the novel is that
which the author knows best — the English society
of government leaders, titled gentry, and aristocratic
families. It goes without saying that this society
is described from accurate observation and with
essential truthfulness, and that the technique of the
performance is in every respect admirable. More-
over, Mrs. Ward is a fair-minded writer, and, if her
own sympathies incline toward the conservative
ideals that make for social stability, she is not inca-
pable of doing full justice to the disintegrating
ideals which are active in directing the current of
English contemporary life. Her Lady Coryston
typifies the old order. She is a tory by tradition
and conviction, and holds with grim determination
to the ideas upon which she has been nurtured.
Her life is made a spiritual tragedy by the way-
wardness of her children, but she uses her power,
while it is still hers, with the severe sense of duty
of a Roman matron. Her eldest son is a rank
socialist, and she disinherits him as a matter of
conscience ; she coddles her youngest son into accept-
ance of a seat in Parliament as a standard bearer
of tory principles, writes his speeches for him, and
makes him her puppet. For her daughter she plans
a marriage with a landed proprietor who makes the
stiffest ecclesiasticism his rule of conduct, and will
not be shaken from the course of duty by any
merely human appeal. But the old lady's plans
topple over like a house of cards when the favorite
son casts aside the political garments with which he
has been fitted, and announces his determination to
marry the daughter of the radical leader of the
government, while at the same time the daughter
revolts from what seems to her the inhumanity of
her lover, and breaks off the engagement. There is
no doubt that the strongest characters in the novel
are these two — the Roman mother and the Anglican
zealot; they at least have convictions, and shrink
at no sacrifice in giving them effect. We may
250
THE DIAL
[March 16
repudiate the ideas upon which their lives are based,
but we cannot, unless we are hopeless sentimental-
ists, refuse them the tribute of respect and even of
admiration. The children appeal to us deeply upon
the human side, but at the best they are actuated
by personal selfish motives, and we doubt if either
of them would be capable of sacrificing the objects
of their respective desires for the sake of any sort
of an abstract principle. So the older generation
wins a moral triumph, although utterly routed in
the battlefield of actual existence. The mother dies
of a broken heart, and the Anglican lover embraces
the cloistered religious life — in either case the only
possible outcome. It is a spiritual tragedy, as we
have already said, and each reader must, judge of
the right in accordance with the promptings of his
own nature.
In the list of Mrs. Edith Wharton's published
volumes, her latest novel, "The Custom of the
Country," is the fifteenth, — a somewhat impressive
fact, serving to remind us how large a place this
accomplished artist occupies in our contemporary
letters. It seems safe to say that no other woman
novelist has achieved such distinction in American
literature, or won such high praise from those who
are competent to judge. Large as the amount 'of
her work is, none of it has ever been hurried or
scamped; every page of it gives evidence of the
artistic conscience, as well as of a high degree of
creative power and stylistic perfection. We are
almost inclined to say that the new novel is the
finest of the whole series, so deeply has it impressed
us by its felicity of phrasing and by the incisive
quality of its characterization. Yet it is a novel for
the most part about very unpleasant people, for but
one of the characters enlists our sympathy, while of
the others we can only exclaim in Matthew Arnold's
phrase: "What a set! What a world!" And yet the
set and the world are fairly typical of one of the
most conspicuous phases of our civilization, the
phase which is represented by our so-called "society,"
with its mad pursuit of wealth and sensual pleasure
at the cost of every decent instinct and worthy
ideal, and with a recklessness which makes the rush
of the Gadarene swine seem the only suitable simili-
tude. Undine Spragg may be a little more coarse-
grained and repellent than the average young woman
who uses her physical charm as the means whereby
she seeks to accomplish her miserable ambition, but
her case must find many parallels in the circles
which fix wealth and social uselessness as their
entrance credentials. Undine is a climber by instinct,
practicing the art, first in Apex City, then in New
York, and then in Europe. The moral of her career
(if it have any moral) is that the fruit which she
grasps turns to dust and ashes in her mouth, and
that, when she has acquired one object of her eager
and vulgar ambition, she at once discovers another
just beyond her immediate reach. "The custom of
the country " which makes possible her series of
sordid adventures, is the custom of irresponsible
divorce, that cancer of the social tissue whose
ravages fill every thoughtful person with alarm. In
her efforts to "get on," Undine first marries, and
then promptly divorces, a flashy youth in Apex
City. Her second marriage is with the scion of an
old New York family, a man who does not discover
her steely and calculating selfishness until too late,
an idealist who wears himself out in the effort to
satisfy her mean ambitions. Freeing herself from
this entanglement, she spreads her net to capture a
New York bounder of the wealthy fast set, whom
she permits to lavish his attentions upon her in
Paris. Failing at the critical moment to land him,
she takes for her third husband a French aristocrat,
but soon chafes under the restrictions imposed by
the conditions of his caste. Released from this bond,
she finally takes up again with her first husband,
who has become a multi-millionaire in the game of
high finance as played in Wall Street, and in his
hands we leave her, wallowing in the vulgarity of
unbounded wealth. The only fly in the ointment is
the knowledge that even her husband's fortune is
not large enough to purchase an ambassadorship,
because, as he informs her: "Because you're di-
vorced. They won't have divorced ambassadresses."
How her life gutters out after that is left to the
imagination. This story is one of the finest preach-
ments we have ever read, although Mrs. Wharton
is too consummate an artist to obtrude her moral
upon us ; she leaves it entirely implicit, which makes
it all the more effective.
Mrs. Watts now has three novels to her credit,
and " Van Cleve " is quite the equal of its two prede-
cessors. This writer composes slowly and carefully ;
she writes of matters with which she is familiar, and
comments upon them with a shrewd and profound
knowledge of human nature. Her scenes and char-
acters may be called commonplace, but they give a
deep sense of reality ; they present a faithful tran-
script of life, viewed through the medium of a sober
and penetrative intelligence, and their art is not
artifice. Ohio is the scene of the new novel, with
a diversion of interest to the camps of the Spanish-
American war, which statement also serves to desig-
nate the period of the action. Van Cleve is not a
romantic hero ; he is simply a straightforward and
industrious youth, burdened with a collection of
shiftless relatives, whose support he takes upon his
shoulders, working for them with determination, in-
dustry, and efficiency, and finding in this charge his
natural function, not to be evaded or made the sub-
ject of complaint. His character is of the admirable
sort which, multiplied by many thousands, is at the
basis of our national stability and good sense. He
is much such a hero as Freytag conceived in his im-
mortal " Soil und Haben," and will be found wholly
sympathetic by all readers who are not swayed by
sentimentalism, or blinded by the romantic glamor
of passion or adventure. His excursion into the
field of war is not made for the purpose of waving
the flag or winning glory upon the battlefield, but
for the more prosaic purpose of rescuing a friend
who has weakly gone astray and got lost in the scrim-
1914]
THE DIAL,
251
mage. It is plain goodness of heart that supplies
the motive, although it may be said incidentally that
the wastrel in question is the brother of the girl
whom Van Cleve has secretly loved for years. He
wins the reward of her affections in due time, but
is in no hurry about it, for he feels that his first duty
is to meet the demands that life has made upon him.
Slowly and surely he makes his way in the world of
business, doing his plain duty as he sees it, and win-
ning the respect of all his associates. One must not
think from this account that the story is a dull one,
for it is rich in dramatic incident and in scenes that
illustrate the clash of character. It is the kind of
novel that is worth reading all through, and has
something for us in every paragraph. It makes us
feel hopeful for American fiction, which is by no
means the feeling aroused by the hectic and intense
styles that seem to be most in fashion. Certainly,
this book and its two predecessors give to Mrs.
Watts a high place among our woman novelists —
a rank which Mrs. Wharton and Mrs. Deland are
perhaps the only others to occupy.
Mr. Henry Kitchell Webster is an adept in the
writing of " mystery " stories, and he has never done
anything at once more captivating and absorbing
than "The Butterfly." It is absorbing because the
key to the complication remains concealed until the
reader's tension has about reached its limit, and it
is made captivating by its delightful humor and
sprightly allusiveness. Nothing could well be more
entertaining than the story of the series of catas-
trophes that overwhelmed the modest existence of
the professor of dramatic literature in the university
town of Monroe after the advent upon the scene of a
famous dancer, come to fulfil a professional engage-
ment. Unwisely seeking to make her acquaintance,
with the best mind in the world to act discreetly,
indiscretions are forced upon him until he finds
himself an object of dark suspicion on the part of
his fellow- townsmen and academic associates, and an
outcast pursued by the law for supposed complicity
in a mysterious murder. His escapades with the
dancer (who is really a nice girl) lead him far
from home and get him into a precious mess, but he
is shameless enough to enjoy them, and lets dignity
and reputation go hang. His character is eventually
rehabilitated, but it is with a sense of something
missing that he resumes his prosaic labors, and a
postscript serves the purpose of contriving his
emancipation. He writes a play in which his fair
quondam companion discovers just the vehicle that
she needs for her talent; she promptly accepts it,
and annexes the author into the bargain, from which
we infer for him a joyous future career as his wife's
husband in her professional peregrinations.
" Nobody but an exile will ever read into ' Home '
all that I have tried to put there," writes the author
of the anonymous serial whose recent publica-
tion in " The Century Magazine " has attracted
wide attention. Since most of its readers will be
men and women living far from the scenes "where
childhood knew the way," the appeal of this beauti-
ful story will awaken many responsive echoes.
Those of us "exiles" who have had the experience
of visiting, after many years, the place in which our
lives were first rooted, know full well the indescrib-
able and unanalyzable feelings with which our eyes
rest upon the dear familiar objects, the eagerness
with which we fill out the details of the blurred
mental image which we have brought back with us,
the deep instinctive sense that we are again where
we really belong, and that all the years we have
spent afar have been shadowy in outline and empty
of emotional content. And when our thoughts re-
vert to " home " in that childhood sense, there comes
a tugging at the heart-strings, and a yearning to
behold it once more that demands to be appeased
at almost any sacrifice. The feelings thus aroused
do not necessarily depend upon any contrast be-
tween the fever and fret of manhood and the calm
happiness of childhood, for the earlier experiences
may not have been particularly happy, and the later
ones may have been filled with material and spirit-
ual contentment. Even a stunted and starved child-
hood may draw us back to the scenes amid which
it was spent, for even in that unhappy case it was
a period in which the world was wonderful, and the
imagination free to dwell in the realm of boundless
possibilities. Sentiment may be a dangerous and
morally disintegrating influence if permitted to act
as the mainspring of conduct, but cherished for its
own sweet sake it is one of the precious things of
life, and the sentiment attached to the idea of home
is a source of pure joy to the reflective mind. The
work of fiction now under consideration is attuned
to this key, but the sentiment never for a moment
becomes mawkish or is permitted to lapse into
sloppiness. An illustrative quotation will serve to
make our meaning clear:
" And then the peace of home descended upon him. On
his scarred spirit he felt the touch of the healing hands of
home. Its sweetness and its power, its love everlasting de-
manding love forever knocked at his waking heart and found
the door open. Far, far had he wandered in the world of
mind and the world of men, but in the end he had come back
like a Wayne to the eternal mother of the Waynes. Tonight
he knew that his drifting soul had dropped anchor at last."
The "home" in this case is a New England town.
But many other "homes" are suggested in the
course of the narrative, and all have the same ap-
pealing attraction. The American consul stranded
in a Spanish- American republic, the escaped bank-
defaulter on a Brazilian ranch, the orchid- hunting
cowboy of the plains, the Barbadian in his island,
and the Russian cosmopolite in Africa and elsewhere,
— all these, as well as the two exiles from the home
in New England, afford revelations of the same
mystic spell. But there is much more than senti-
ment in the composition of this book. There is an
extremely vivid and dramatically interesting tale of
the human relations of real men and women, as well
as much exciting adventure in many parts of the
world. It is a book peopled with strong individu-
alities, with men and women who save their souls
after well-nigh losing them, with characters curiously
252
THE DIAL
[March 16
compounded of good and evil impulses, as life so
often presents them to us. It is a human novel,
compactly and beautifully put together, and in all
the varied phases of its interest entirely free from
dulness. We predict that the author of such a book
will not long be able to hide his head under a bushel.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
A new estimate % showing that Luther taught noth-
of Luther and ing new, that he was poles removed
the Reformation. from saintly greatness despite his
secular achievements, that the Reformation was a
political rather than a religious affair, and that it
did almost nothing for the immediate social and
civil betterment of the world, Professor Henry C.
Vedder's "The Reformation in Germany" (Mac-
millan) throws anything but a dim religious light
on the old story that Protestants love to tell; it is
therefore just they who should read this book with
care, because they can read it with the enduring
satisfaction that comes from seeing a familiar figure
neither whitewashed nor blackmailed. There may
be nothing new about the statement that where
Wyclif in England and Hus in Bohemia and Sav-
onarola in Italy all failed, Luther, inferior to each
of them in some important respects, succeeded in
Germany because he had a larger opportunity;
but there is something decidedly new in Professor
Vedder's most readable explanation of this oppor-
tunity,— in his economic interpretation of sixteenth
century Germany, done here for the first time. One
reads with a flush of elation the story of the Renais-
sance, of Humanism, of the printing-press without
which the Reformation could hardly have occurred,
and of the almost incalculable wealth of the towns in
Saxony, — the state in which, by no mere accident, the
Reformation started. What Luther actually did was
to unlock ecclesiastical directorates that controlled
the soul and the purse of the average burgher. The
reader of this book learns that Luther did not invent
German hymnology, that the Church did not dis-
courage the art of printing, that Luther must have
known there was a Bible before he went to Erfurt, and
that he did not translate the New Testament into
German in about ten weeks (January — March, 1522 )
but simply revised an older translation. The reader
learns, also, numerous facts about Luther's person-
ality,— that he was a consistent bigot, that he would
tolerate only followers, that he knew more about the
devil than he did about God, and that when the one
devil of popery went out the seven devils of secta-
rianism came in. In short, those accustomed to look
upon the Reformation in Germany as a wholly good
movement will find some slightly disagreeable in-
struction in this book. They may be pleased to see
their hero's "Address to the Christian Nobility of
the German Nation" referred to as "the greatest
political pamphlet ever issued." But they may wince
at the thesis that the sole victory of the Reformation
lay in a new attitude toward truth : it taught that
nothing is to be accepted as truth because it is old ;
there is but one authority, — that of truth itself.
Aside from the value of the admirably arranged
appendixes, it is a pleasure to commend this volume
as an unobtrusive display of originality, insight, and
scholarship.
An approach to Professor Lane Cooper's amplified
Aristotle for English rendering of Aristotle's
college students. «poetics" (Ginn) has a larger edu-
cational significance than immediately appears.
For what is likely to impress one, first of all, is
that the work fulfils adequately the modest aim
which the editor and translator announces : " It is
designed for certain students of English that I meet
with, who are capable of deriving profit from the
substance of the treatise, but gain less on a first
acquaintance with it in any modern translation
than their efforts commonly deserve." In Butcher's
excellent translation, for instance, the average col-
lege student of English would be nonplussed by
the sketchy nature of the treatise, as it has come
down to us, and by its unfamiliar terminology and
allusions ; nor would he be able, or willing, to help
himself by continual reference to the translator's
ensuing explanatory essay. For this student, Pro-
fessor Cooper's deliberate expansions within the
text (for instance, in the case of the famous defini-
tion of tragedy in Chapter 6) are not in the least
over-done, however likely to shock devoted Aristo-
telians. Concise and adequate, also, are the frequent
bracketed expositions of difficult points. To be sure,
a teacher employing the book will need, for most
of his students, to make the illustrations from mod-
ern literature much more explicit, and to supple-
ment them with further examples. And the trans-
lator's general introduction to the text carries the
virtue of concision too far in three or four passages.
The unqualified assertion that the drama should be
regarded always as a branch of poetry will not
contribute to clear-mindedness in the case of stud-
ents accustomed to hearing the term "drama"
applied to the modern prose play; especially when
they find, early in the text, a pertinent and appre-
ciative insistence on Aristotle's refusal to attach the
term "poetry" to non-metrical imaginative litera-
ture. Nor will the mental darkness of the student
of Browning, who has innocently come to suppose
that the dramatic monologue is a distinct and legit-
imate type of art, be lightened by what Professor
Cooper says of this poet's "hybrid" methods. On
the whole, however, this small book provides, for a
far wider constituency than the editor cares to claim,
so direct and attractive an avenue of approach to
Aristotle that one wonders why the way should
have remained practically unopened until now.
Perhaps the work may be regarded as indirectly an
outcome of the movement, still weak in this country
but obviously . gaining in vigor, toward that more
1914]
THE DIAL
253
humane and critical study of English literature with
which there must always go hand in hand a keener
perception of the significance of the Greek classics.
When Henry VIIL's third wife
died> the king remained a widower
for two whole years. This was not
out of consideration for the memory of Jane Sey-
mour, however, for we are told that he began to
negotiate a fourth marriage the day after Jane's
death. Among the princesses who were regarded
as eligible was Christina of Denmark, the widowed
duchess of Milan. It was probably this momentary
connection of Duchess Christina's career with En-
glish history that attracted the attention of Julia
Cartwright (Mrs. Ady), and led to the writing of
her latest biography, "Christina of Denmark,
Duchess of Milan and Lorraine" (Dutton). The
Duchess was a most attractive woman, and Mrs.
Ady's narrative of her varied experiences makes
pleasant reading. Her part in history was only a
lesser one, however. She was the daughter of the
erratic Danish king Christian II., who was deposed
by his subjects and kept in close confinement for
twenty-seven years ; and a disinherited princess has
but small opportunity to play a r6le on the stage of
history. But she was also a niece of the Emperor
Charles V., and her uncle found her very useful as
a pawn in the game of European diplomacy. In
the sixteenth century, when the State was still
looked upon as the private property of the monarch,
matrimonial alliances were very important political
events : treaties were often given an added sanction
by a marriage between the families of the contract-
ing parties. Very often negotiations looking toward
that end might serve the same purpose, as is shown
in the history of England during the reign of
Elizabeth, whose search for a husband at times
seems almost pathetic. When only twelve years old,
Christina was married to the Duke of Milan, who
died the following year. The youthful widow was
again married five years later, this time to the Duke
of Lorraine; but after four years the Duke died,
and Christina was a widow for the second time at
the age of twenty-three. "Her beauty was in its
prime, her charms attracted lovers of every age and
rank; during the next ten or twelve years she was
courted by several of the most illustrious personages
and bravest captains of the age." But she refused
to marry a third time. More than one-half of Mrs.
Ady's account is devoted chiefly to Christina's mar-
riages and to the negotiations that led up to them ;
the remainder deals with her long widowhood of
forty-five years, with her many difficulties as regent
of Lorraine, and with the marriage of her children.
One phase the author has neglected: as daughters
of the deposed Danish king, Christina and her sis-
ters had "hereditary rights" to the crowns of Den-
mark and Norway, and it was their refusal to
renounce these rights that forced the Danes to keep
their father in such long and severe confinement.
But the Danish phase of the story is not given the
attention that it deserves. A number of excellent
portraits, including a fine photogravure reproduction
of Holbein's famous painting, add to the pleasure
to be derived from the book.
Studies of ^r' Archibald Henderson's very in-
six European teresting volum e entitled "European
dramatists. Dramatists" (Stewart & Kidd Co.)
consists of a collection of essays on Strindberg,
Ibsen, Maeterlinck, Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw, and
Granville Barker. The first of these papers appears
here for the first time ; the others are largely revis-
ions of essays that have been already published. The
method of treatment is sufficiently autobiographic
to make clear the spiritual development of each
dramatist's genius ; and Mr. Henderson shows much
skill in making clear the personality of the man and
the individuality of the artist. The criticisms of
their work are keen and lucid, and have the advan-
tage of coming from one who has studied the plays
exhaustively and in some cases in their native en-
vironment. It was Mr. Henderson's privilege to-
see " Pelle'as and Melisande " acted at Maeterlinck's-
own home, the ancient Abbey of St. Wandrille ; to
witness a performance of "Ghosts" at Christiania;
and to have associated with Mr. Bernard Shaw as
his biographer. Each dramatist is made to stand
out as a dominant personality. Strindberg is "the
supreme universalist of our modern era ... in
essence an analyst, a research- worker in the domain
of the human spirit"; Ibsen is the emancipator of
human society by means of life-struggles shown in
dramas resting "upon the indestructible foundations
of permanent, enduring art"; Maeterlinck is "essen-
tially the celebrant and interpreter of love"; Wilde
is the "arch enemy of boredom and ennui ... a
purveyor of amusement and a killer of time"; Mr.
Bernard Shaw is "the most versatile and cosmo-
politan genius in the drama of ideas that Great
Britain has yet produced"; and Mr. Granville
Barker is an innovator in the drama and the theatre
who dares to "leave Aristotle out" and to experiment
with any materials he chooses. Around such con-
ceptions as these Mr. Henderson builds his excellent
criticisms.
Conservative EiSht \ecture8 delivered at Yale
views of popular University by Ex- President Taf t,
government. with two addresses given by him
before the American Bar Association at its meeting
in Montreal last September, make up a little volume
entitled "Popular Government: Its Essence, Its
Permanence, and Its Perils" (Yale Press). The
general subject of the Yale lectures is representative
government; the addresses before the Bar Associa-
tion deal with standards of admission to the bar and
the selection and tenure of judges. In the main,.
Mr. Taft's discussion of representative government
is devoted to a criticism of such newer democratic
experiments as the initiative, the referendum, the
recall, and the direct primary. He dwells upon the
physical impossibility of pure democracy in a coun-
try like this, and points out the defects and obvious-
254
THE DIAL
[March 16
limitations of the initiative and referendum. He
admits that representative government, like all
forms of government, has its defects; but he denies
emphatically that it has proved a failure, as is as-
serted by some representatives of the " new school of
philosophy." From an analysis of the operations of
the initiative and referendum in a number of states,
he attempts to show that the results have failed to
justify these institutions in the extreme form in which
they have usually been introduced; although he ac-
knowledges that the referendum when applied under
proper restrictions and limitations may subserve a
real purpose in our democracy. The employment of
the recall, especially as a means of removing judges
and of over-ruling their decisions, he pronounces a
vicious expedient, and one that will result in the de-
struction of the independence of the judiciary. He
predicts that in the end the good sense of the Amer-
ican people will assert itself, and all such radical
expedients will be abandoned and a return made to
the representative institutions under which we have
grown and prospered so long. Barring a certain
evidence of impatience, not to say intolerance, with
the views of those who advocate the extreme prin-
ciples of the new democracy, Mr. Taft's treatment of
the subject with which he deals should not be with-
out value in an age when there is a widespread de-
mand for radical changes in our governmental system
and the introduction of expedients some of which
are of doubtful practicability and utility.
interest™ ^r' ^' ^' Salzmann's leisurely essays
byways of collectively entitled " Mediaeval By-
medicevai life. ways» (Houghton) are concerned
chiefly with those mental byways and lanes which
lead into quaint regions of mediaeval life. The
author has jotted down matter which he has gained
from researches among documents "preserved be-
tween Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane," and has
brought together much interesting material regard-
ing the delusions, the misadventures, and the enjoy-
ments of our ancestors in the late Middle Ages.
The subjects treated in these six papers are various,
including, as they do, alchemy, astrology, "nigro-
mancy," the perils and pleasures of travel, doctors
and their repute, coronations, the ill-conduct of
bailiffs and other officers who emptied the purses
of the poor, and a final chapter concerning the
strange imports, the "ivory, apes, and peacocks,"
dear to that age. All of these topics are discussed
in a genial and entertaining style. Mr. Salzmann
writes without footnotes, yet we feel that behind
his smiling interpretation of incidents is ample
documentary evidence. The tone of the volume is
one of bland enjoyment of the human spectacle,
and nothing which bears ironic suggestiveness as to
the na/ivet& of private or official life is passed by.
For example, we read : " It is pleasant to note that
in an instance when the body of a man struck by
lightning was first found by his wife, the jury ex-
pressly exonerated her, saying, 'she is not sus-
pected.'" One should read these essays as casually
as the author wrote them, in order to obtain the
most complete satisfaction. Desultory and miscel-
laneous as they are, they yet touch on many im-
portant phases of historical and literary interest in
the crooked byways of English life. The volume
is very sympathetically illustrated by Mr. George
E. Kruger.
A popular ^ collection of the late Robert Coll-
preacher's yer's lectures, addresses, and poems
miscellany. has been edited by Mr John Haynes
Holmes, who " for seven happy years," as he says
in his preface, enjoyed the privilege of being asso-
ciated with Dr. Colly er in the ministry of the Church
of the Messiah. " Clear Grit," the title of the open-
ing selection, is also that of the book. Only this
first lecture has ever before been published; the
others appear now for the first time, though all
have been many times delivered orally from plat-
form or pulpit. The half-dozen poems, however,
which close the volume have all, except that on
Lucretia Mott, been printed and reprinted, times
without number; for Dr. Collyer's poetic gift re-
ceived warm recognition, and at least one of his
hymns ("Unto thy temple, Lord, we come") is by
this time a classic in hymnology. The prose pieces
of the book, instinct with their author's vigor,
directness, native charm, and wealth of illustrative
reminiscence and anecdote, treat of great men
known by the writer in life or through the medium
of literature and tradition, and of famous cathedrals
visited by him. Charles and Mary Lamb, Robert
Burns, "the human George Washington," the poet
Whittier, the Pilgrim Fathers, and "some old Uni-
tarian worthies," are thus dealt with. It is to be
regretted that more careful attention could not have
been given to the proof-reading. "Mary Watstan-
croft," for example, offends the eye; and a badly
tangled sentence (on page 208) makes Wellington
the son of George III. A lifelike portrait of Dr.
Collyer faces the title-page. (American Unitarian
Association).
Rural England an unnamed point in Sussex to
as seen from Aberdovey on the Welsh coast Mr.
a motor-car. James John Hissey journeyed for
pleasure, by devious ways and with many zig-zags,
in his motor-car, with his faithful fox-terrier for
companion; and he returned by other devious and
crooked courses, writing en route a book about the
whole adventure. "A Leisurely Tour in England "
(Macmillan), a mingling of topography and historic
anecdote, of personal experience and literary allu-
sion, generously illustrated with the help of the
author's camera and also of his brush, follows much
the same plan as Mr. Clifton Johnson's travel-books
in our own country. The distinctive character of
each district visited is set forth in bits of description
and scraps of conversation with the natives, helped
out by the trusty camera and the deft drawing —
" mere brush notes " Mr. Hissey modestly calls these
unstudied sketches by the way. Among the inter-
esting persons encountered in this holiday jaunt is
1914]
THE DIAL
a Cirencester tobacconist with a soul superior to
tobacco, who, unprofessionally, proves to be an
enthusiastic and well-informed antiquary, with a
special knowledge of Norman doorways in the
churches of the region. If we say in closing that we
like Mr. Hissey the author rather better — or let us
put it, even better — than Mr. Hissey the artist, we
hope that any slight offense given to the latter will
be more than balanced by the implied compliment
to the former. A sketch-map of the traveller's route
and a three-page index close the volume.
Rambles in In a g™cef ully illustrated, pleasingly
well-trodden printed, and every way attractive
literary paths. voiumej Mr. Arthur Grant brings
together a score of papers already published in part
in "The Scotsman" and "The Atlantic Monthly."
They are reminiscences of travel among favorite
haunts of England, and bear the well-chosen collec-
tive title, "In the Old Paths" (Houghton). Their
style and their sub-title show them to be " memories
of literary pilgrimages," and they conduct the reader
through parts of Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire,
and Oxfordshire, to Shakespeare's Arden and Cow-
per's Olney, to the Cotswold country and elsewhere,
as the author's fancy dictates. The genial character
of these ramble-sketches may be inferred from the
following passage : " I recollect The Autocrat of the
Breakfast Table, dear old Dr. Oliver Wendell
Holmes (who always somehow reminds me of Dr.
John Brown), remarking that it was not the great
historical events, but the personal incidents that,
after all, appealed to us most. ' Something intensely
human, narrow, and definite,' he writes, 'pierces to
the seat of our sensibilities more readily than huge
occurrences and catastrophes.'" It is the human,
definite, personal quality in these "memories" of
Mr. Grant's that one especially enjoys. The sixteen
drawings scattered through the book, and signed
" D. C. Bluatt," show an artist's eye and a delicate
touch.
The poetrv and The caPacity f or seeing the beautiful
charm of in what we call the commonplace,
common thing*. tne pOetrv and charm in simple, un-
obtrusive things, has been given in marked degree
to Miss Zephine Humphrey, whose nature studies
and miscellaneous essays, written with a light and
graceful touch and instinct with fine feeling, are
favorably known to many magazine-readers. A
volume of these papers has been put together under
the title "The Edge of the Woods" (Revell), and
in it the reader will find matter worthy of thoughtful
perusal on such themes as wood magic, the love of
places, the church and the mountain, springs of life,
the decline of melancholy, a portrait of the devil, in
praise of everyday, the peril of friendship, and many
more. Even on such a forbidding subject as the
little railway station known as Hoosick Junction, a
forlorn enough spot, surely, as we know by personal
experience, Miss Humphrey, in her large tolerance
and charity and with her saving grace of humor, can
find something fresh and significant and stimulating
to say. She faces the humdrum of life with a fine
courage, and her penetrating glance goes at once
to the hidden meaning of things commonly held
insignificant.
BRIEFER MENTION.
As much Chaucer as a student can read in a year's
college course is given in "The College Chaucer,"
edited by Dr. Henry N. MacCracken, and published at
the Yale University Press. The spelling of the text is
neither normalized nor modernized, for which we give
thanks, and an adequate glossary is provided.
" The Chief Middle English Poets " (Houghton) is a
collection of texts edited by that competent scholar,
Miss Jessie L. Weston, whose work in this field is well
known. It includes examples of all the principal
branches of mediaeval English literature, including
Layamon, Harbour's " Bruce," the legends of the saints,
such typical romances as " King Horn," " Havelok the
Dane," and "Amis and Amiloun," tales like "The Fox
and the Wolf" and "The Land of Cockaigne," di-
dactic poems like "The Owl and Nightingale," the
" Ormulum," and many religious carols and lyrics.
The text is modernized, which makes it of little value
to scholars, but brings it within the reach of a wide
circle of student beginners.
A manuscript recently unearthed at Paris among the
Archives Coloniales has provided Professor Stewart L.
Mims with the text now published at the Yale University
Press, entitled " Voyage aux Etats-Unis de 1'Ame'rique,
1793-1798." It is the work of Moreau de Saint-Me*ry,
and is the author's diary during his sojourn in the new
world. Certain parts of it have before appeared in print,
but the entire work is now published for the first time.
Moreau fled from the wrath of Robespierre in 1793, and
sailed with his family to America, landing at Norfolk.
After many wanderings, he settled in Philadelphia,
where for four years he maintained a book shop and
printing press. He also became an important writer
upon geographical subjects. Threatened with deporta-
tion under the infamous Alien Act of 1798, he ended his
exile in that year, and returned to Paris. The document
is one of great historical and economic value, and con-
tains many passages of vivid pictorial quality and lively
interest.
In the twenty-two years that have elapsed since its
original publication, Thomas Kirkup's " History of
Socialism " has attained the position of a standard
authority in its field, and has at three different times
been given a thorough revision by its author. A fifth
edition, revised and largely rewritten, is now published
by Messrs. Macmillan. Kirkup having died in 1912,
this revision is the work of Mr. Edward R. Pease, a
long-time Fabian and Labourite. He has expanded
some chapters of the book, rearranged others, and con-
tributed several that are almost entirely new. The
result is a most satisfactory and interesting handbook,
embodying not only a history of Socialism but a criti-
cism and interpretation of the movement also. What
will chiefly impress the uninitiated reader of this book
is the remarkable evolution of Socialism, during little
more than a half-century of time, from the narrow
economic dogmas of Karl Marx to a conception of hu-
man relationships against which the most insistent
objection to be urged is that it is too idealistic ever to
be practicable.
256
THE DIAL
[March 16
NOTES.
"Responsibilities" is the title of a new volume of
poems by Mr. W. B. Yeats, which will be issued in a
limited edition from the Cuala Press of Dublin.
We understand that an authorized biography of the
late Alfred Russel Wallace has been undertaken by
Rev. James Marchaut, and is now in active preparation.
A little book of selected passages from George Gis-
sing's " The Private Papers of Henry Ryecrof t " is soon
to be issued by Mr. Thomas B. Mosher, under the title
of « Books and the Quiet Life."
Mr. Edwin Bjorkman is now engaged upon a history
of nineteenth century Scandinavian literature, from and
including Ibsen, with a sketch of the earlier literature
of Scandinavia. Messrs. Holt will publish the work.
A new novel by Mrs. George Wemyss, author of
" The Professional Aunt," will be published immedi-
ately by the Macmillan Co. Its title is " Grannie,"
and it tells of a charming old lady and her family of
grandchildren.
" Arthur Rackham's Picture Book," which the Cen-
tury Co. will issue the last of this month, brings together
reproductions in color of forty-four of this well-known
artist's delightful pictures. The volume has an intro-
duction by Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch.
Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton's essays on " Poetry "
and " The Renascence of Wonder," those two remark-
able critical studies which have heretofore been acces-
sible only in the pages of encyclopaedias, are to be issued
in a separate volume during the Spring.
A collection of " The Correspondence of Mary Rus-
sell Mitford," edited by Miss Elizabeth Lee, is in
preparation for Spring issue. It will embody interest-
ing personal reminiscences of many of the greater
Victorians, from Cobden to Ruskin and Hawthorne.
A book on Japanese poetry by Mr. Tone Noguchi
will shortly be added to Messrs. Button's " Wisdom of
the East " series. It will contain a series of lectures
on the great poets of Japan, translations of a number of
their poems, and a chapter on the famous " No " plays.
Volumes of short stories and sketches by two promi-
nent European dramatists are to be published immedi-
ately by Messrs. John W. Luce & Co. in Arthur
Schnitzler's " Viennese Idylls " and Frank Wedekind's
" Princess Russalka." Each volume contains a portrait.
Arrangements have been made in London for the
publication of a new volume of Dostoieffsky's letters.
This correspondence is said to throw much light on the
celebrated quarrel with Tourguenie'ff, and the volume
also contains recollections of the novelist by personal
friends.
To his splendid series of monographs on American
artists, Mr. Frederic Fairchild Sherman is soon to add
a volume on Ralph Albert Blakelock, prepared by Mr.
Elliott Daingerfield. The same publisher has also in
press "The Later Years of Michel Angelo," by Dr.
Wilhelm R. Valentiner.
The Rev. Samuel Rolles Driver, D.D , regius pro-
fessor of Hebrew at Oxford, and canon of Christ Church
since 1883, died on February 26. Dr. Driver was born
in 1846, and was educated at Winchester College and
at New College, Oxford. He was the author of numer-
ous treatises on Biblical and Hebraic subjects, among
which may be mentioned: " Isaiah: His Life and Times,"
"An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testa-
ment," and " Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books
of Samuel." He was also joint author of "A Hebrew
and English Lexicon of the Old Testament."
Part II. of Mr. R. A. Peddie's " Conspectus Incuna-
bulorum," including entries from C to G, is announced
by Messrs. Grafton & Co. of London. This work is a
catalogue of all known books printed before the year
1501, and is an invaluable reference work for librarians,
booksellers, and those who handle early printed books.
Mrs. E. H. Chadwick, whose successful book on Mrs.
Gaskell appeared a couple of years ago, has now in
press a work of a similar kind, to be called " In the
Footsteps of the Brontes." She has spent some years
collecting material, and she promises us much fresh in-
formation about the lives and work of the famous sisters.
"The Winning of the Far West," by Dr. Robert
McNutt McElroy, is the title of a volume which the
Messrs. Putnam have in train for publication iu the
autumn. Professor McElroy includes in the volume a
history of the Texas revolution, the Mexican war, the
Oregon question, and the extension of American domin-
ion to the Pacific coast.
"Three Modern Plays from the French," just an-
nounced by Messrs. Holt, will include Lavedan's "Prince
d'Aurec," Lemaitre's " The Pardon," and Donnay's
"The -Other Danger." The first two are translated by
Mr. Barrett H. Clark, the third by Charlotte Genney
David ; while Mr. Clayton Hamilton will supply a
preface to the volume.
The forthcoming study of Nietzsche by Dr. George
Brandes, to which we referred in our last issue, will
contain all that Dr. Brandes has written on the subject
from the lectures which he gave at Copenhagen in 1888
down to those delivered last year in London and other
English towns. An interesting correspondence between
Nietzsche and the author will also be included.
Readers of Mr. William R. Thayer's "Life and
Times of Cavour," recently published, will be interested
in the announcement from Florence that the national
committee on the history of Italy's rise into being as a
nation is planning for the publication of the complete
writings of Cavour. A volume of memoirs by a close
associate of Cavour, Giovanni Visconti Venosta, will
be published in April by Houghton Mifflin Co. under
the title, " Memoirs of Youth."
A new historical review, to be issued quarterly and
to be known as "The Mississippi Valley Historical
Review," will soon make its appearance under the
managing editorship of Professor Clarence W. Alvord,
of the University of Illinois. The Mississippi Valley
Historical Association, organized in 1907, is supporting
this worthy enterprise, which will attest the Association's
rapid growth and present strength. The Secretary-
Treasurer of the Association, Mr. Clarence S. Paine,
Lincoln, Nebraska, will have charge of the magazine's
business details. June 1, 1914, is set as the date of
issue of the first number.
Major-General Joshua L. Chamberlain, author of
numerous books dealing with historical and political
subjects, died at Portland, Maine, on February 24. He
was born in 1828, and was graduated from Bowdoin
College in 1852. He served with unusual distinction
through the greater part of the Civil War. From 1866
to 1871 he was governor of Maine. Before the war
General Chamberlain was professor of rhetoric and
oratory at Bowdoin from 1856 to 1862, and at the close
of the war he served in the same capacity, and from
1914]
THE DiAJ.
257
1871 to 1883 he was president of the College. He was
United States Commissioner to the Paris Exposition in
1878. General Chamberlain was a member of numer-
ous historical societies, and since 1900 has been Sur-
veyor of Customs at Portland.
American admirers of the late Alfred Russel Wallace
should be glad to know of the opportunity now open to
them for subscribing to a Memorial Fund, intended to
perpetuate in various fitting ways the great scientist's
memory. A few months before his death, Dr. Wallace
had consented to sit for his portrait, and Mr. J. Seymour
Lucas, R.A., had undertaken to execute the work for
presentation to the Royal Society. An extension of this
scheme is now under way; and if a sufficient sum can be
raised, the following memorials are proposed: (1) A
Medallion to be offered to the Dean and Chapter of
Westminster Abbey. (2) Portrait. (3) A copy of the
Portrait for presentation to the Nation. (4) A Statue
to be offered to the Trustees of the British Museum for
erection in the Natural History Museum. Mr. Lucas is
willing to paint a portrait from the best available photo-
graphs, and it is estimated that a sum of £350 will cover
all expenses, including the provision, for each subscriber
of one guinea and upwards, of a reproduction in photo-
gravure signed by the artist. It is estimated that an
additional sum of £750 will permit the scheme being
carried out in its entirety. Subscriptions will be received
and acknowledged by Prof. R. Meldola, 6 Brunswick
Square, London, W. C. ; Prof. E. B. Poulton, Wykeham
House, Oxford; Sir Wm. Barrett, Kingstown, Co.
Dublin ; and the Manager, Union of London & Smiths
Bank, Holborn Circus, London, E. C.
Preliminary Spring announcements from the Pilgrim
Press of Boston include the following titles of general
interest: "The Real Turk," by Mr. Stanwood Cobb;
" Life of George William Puddefoot," by Mr. Joseph G.
Clark; "Joseph Ward of Dakota," by Mr. George Har-
rison Durand ; " The Young Woman Worker," by Miss
Mary A. Laselle; " Shall I Drink ? " by Dr. Joseph H.
Crooker; "The Prize of Life," by Dr. Wilfred T.
Grenfell; "To-morrow, and Other Poems," by Miss
Mary Chandler Jones; " The Animal School, and Other
Stories," by Miss Frances W. Danielson; " Bird Friends
of a Country Doll," by Miss Caroline S. Allen; and
" Josephine, a Story of the Civil War," by Mrs. George
R. Pierce. In the field of religion this house has in
press: " Church Publicity," by Mr. Christian F. Reisner;
" Christ's Vision of the Kingdom of Heaven," by Mr.
James Stirling; "Modern Values," by Mr. Philip C.
Walcott; " With Open Mind," by Dr. J. W. Bradshaw;
"A Minister's Manual," by Mr. James Burns; "The
Work of the Preacher," by Professor Lewis O. Brastow;
"The Young Man's Jesus," by Mr. Bruce Barton; "The
Church School," by Professor Walter S. Athearn;
" Effectual Words," by Mr. John Reid; « Present Day
Theology," by Dr. Washington Gladden; "The Well at
Bethlehem's Gate," by Mr. William Allen Knight; "A
Little Book for Every Day," by Rev. Charles M. Shel-
don; "He Took It upon Himself," by Miss Margaret
Slattery; "The Dream of a Far Away Hill Top," by
Miss Jean Christie Root; "The Life and Ministry of
Paul the Apostle," by Miss Eleanor D. Wood; "The
Youth of a People — Genesis to Kings," by Mr. Benjamin
S. Winchester; "The Work and the Way," by Messrs.
J. H. Wimms and Frederick Humphrey ; " Paul's Fight
for Galatia," by Dr. C. H. Watkins; and "The Modern
Speech New Testament," by Mr. Richard Francis
Weymouth.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF SPRING BOOKS.
Some eleven hundred titles, representing the out-
put of more than fifty American publishers, are
included this year in THE DIAL'S annual List of
Books Announced for Spring Publication, herewith
presented. We have not endeavored to list works
of strictly technological or medical character; and
new editions are not included unless having new
form or matter. Otherwise the list is a fairly com-
plete and (so far as the data supplied us by the vari-
ous publishers may be depended upon) an accurate
summary of American publishing activities from the
beginning of February well into the summer.
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Notes of a Son and Brother, by Henry James, illus.,
$2.50 net. — Maximilian in Mexico, by Percy F.
Martin, illus., $5.25 net. — My First Years as a
Frenchwoman, 1876 to 1879, by Mary King Wad-
dington, illus., $2.50 net. — Turkish Memories, by
Sidney Whitman, $2.25 net. — The Lives of the
Presidents of the United States, edited by James
Grant Wilson, new edition, 4 vols., illus., $7.50 net.
(Charles Scribner's Sons.)
Hail and Farewell, Vale, by George Moore, $1.75 net.
—Forty Years of It, by Brand Whitlock, $1.50 net.
— The Life of St. Augustine, by Louis Bertrand,
illus., $2.50 net. — Beating Back, an autobiography,
by Al Jennings and Will Irwin, illus., $1.50 net.
(D. Appleton & Co.)
Our Friend John Burroughs, by Clara Barms, illus.,
$2. net. — George Borrow and His Circle, by Clement
King Shorter, with frontispiece, $3. net. — Memoirs
of Youth, things seen and heard, by Giovanni, Vis-
conti Venosta, trans, by William Prall, D.D., illus.,
$4. net. — Thomas Wentworth Higginson, the story
of his life, by Mary Thacher Higginson, illus., $3.
net. — Elizabeth and Mary Stuart, the beginning of
the feud, by Frank A. Mumby, $3. net. — Confeder-
ate Portraits, by Gamaliel Bradford, illus., $2.50
net. — Commodore George Hamilton Perkins, his life
and letters, by Carroll Storrs Alden, illus., $1.50
net. — A Child of the Orient, by Demetra Vaka, Mrs.
Kenneth-Brown, $1.25 net. — Modern Biographies
Series, new vol.: A Life of Tolstoy, by Edward
Garnett, 75 cts. net. (Hough ton Mifflin Co.)
The Life of Nietzsche, by Mrs. Foerster-Nietzsche, Vol.
II., The Solitary Nietzsche, trans, from the German
by A. M. Ludovici, illus., $4. net. — Modern Heroine
Series, new vols.: Heroines of the Modern Stage,
by Forrest Izard; Heroines of Modern Adventure,
by W. D. Foster; illus., per vol., $1.50 net. — Me-
moirs Relating to the Empress Josephine, edited by
E. J. Meras, illus., $1.50 net. (Sturgis & Walton
Co.)
Fremont and '49, the story of a remarkable career and
its relation to the exploration of our Western Ter-
ritory, by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, illus. in color,
etc., $3.75 net. — The Autobiography of Thomas Jef-
ferson, 1743 to 1790, with a summary of the chief
events of Jefferson's life from 1789 to 1826, with
Introduction by Paul Lester Ford and Foreword by
George Haven Putnam, $1.50 net. — Heroes of the
Nations, new vol.: Cavour, and the making of mod-
ern Italy, 1810 to 1861, by Pietro Orsi, illus., $1.50
net. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
My Autobiography, by S. S. McClure, illus., $1.75 net.
(F. A. Stokes Co.)
More about King Edward, by Edward Legge, illus.,
$4. net. (Small, Maynard & Co.)
258
THE DIAL
[March 16
Nietzsche, by George Brandes. (Macmillan Co.)
Cecil Rhodes, the man and his work, by Gordon Le
Sueur, illus., $3.50 net. — The Autobiography of
Charlotte Amelie, Princess of Aldenburg, 1652 to
1732, trans, and edited by Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond,
illus., $4. net. — A Court Painter and His Circle,
Francois Boucher, 1703 to 1770, by Mrs. Bearne,
illus. in color, etc., $4. net. (McBiide, Nast & Co.)
Wagner, as Man and Artist, by Ernest Newman, $3.50
net. (E. P. Button & Co.)
Nollekens and His Times, by Wilfred Whitten, 2 vols.,
illus., $10. net. — The Chronicles of Erthig, by Al-
binia Gust, 2 vols., illus., $10. net. — Behind the Veil
at the Russian Court, by Count Paul Vassili, illus.
in photogravure, etc., $4.50 net. — On the Left of a
Throne, the youth of James, Duke of Monmouth, by
Mrs. Evan Nepean, illus., $3. net. (John Lane Co.)
With Walt Whitman in Camden, by Horace Traubel,
Vol. III., $3. net. — John Addington Symonds, by
Van Wyck Brooks, $1.50 net. — Joseph Pulitzer, by
Alleyne Ireland, $1.25 net. (Mitchell Kennerley.)
Memoirs of a War Surgeon, by John H. Brinton,
LL.D., with Introduction by S. Weir Mitchell, $2.
net. — The Life of Turner Ashby, by Thomas A.
Ashby, LL.D., $1.50 net.— With Dr. Grenfell in
Labrador, by Cuthbert Lee, illus. (Neale Publish-
ing Co.)
Mid- Victorian Memories, by R. E. Francillon, $3. net.
— Memoirs, by Francesco Crispi, Vol. III., Inter-
. national Problems, $3.50 net. — The Marechal, the
life story of the eldest daughter of General Booth,
by J. Strahan, $1.50 net. (George H. Doran Co.)
Memorials of Eminent Yale Men, a biographical study
of student life and university influences during the
eighteenth and nineteenth century, by Anson Phelps
Stokes, 2 vols., $10. net. (Yale University Press.)
The Empress Frederick, a memoir, anonymous, $2.50
net. — Landmarks of a Lawyer's Lifetime, by Theron
G. Strong, $2.50 net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Goldwin Smith, his life and opinions, by Arnold Haul-
tain, illus., $3.75 net. — Oscar Wilde and Myself, by
Lord Alfred Douglas, $1.50 net. (Duffield & Co.)
Napoleon, by H. A. L. Fisher, illus., $3. net. — Six
Years a Wanderer, by A. Loton Ridger, $3. net.
(Henry Holt & Co.)
American Crisis Biographies, new vol.: Daniel Web-
ster, by Frederic A. Ogg, Ph.D., with portrait, $1.25
net. (George W. Jacobs & Co.)
Junipero Serra, his life and his work, by A. H. Fitch,
illus., $1.50 net. — Gerhart Hauptmann, his life and
work, by Karl Holl, $1. net. (A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Richard Wagner, the man and his work, by Oliver
Huckel, illus., 75 cts. net. — Heroes of the Farthest
North and Farthest South, by J. K. Maclean, illus.,
50 cts. net. (Thomas Y. Crowell Co.)
Joseph Conrad, by Richard Curie, $1.50 net. (Double-
day, Page & Co.)
HISTORY.
A History of England, from the earliest times to the
present day, edited by C. W. C. Oman, Vol. III., com-
pleting the set of seven vols., England in the Later
Middle Ages, 1272 to 1485, by Kenneth H. Vickers,
M.A., with maps, $3. net. — The Story of the World,
by Elizabeth O'Neill, illus., $2.50 net. — One Genera-
tion of a Norfolk House, a contribution to Eliza-
bethan history, by Augustus Jessopp, D.D., third
edition, revised, $2.25 net. (G. P. Putnam's Sons.)
The Writings of John Quincy Adams, edited by
Worthington C. Ford, Vol. III., 1801 to 1810, $3.50
net. — The Cambridge History of India, edited by
E. J. Rapson, T. W. Haig, and Theodore Morison,
Vol. I., illus., $5. net.— The Letters of Richard
Henry Lee, collected and edited by James Curtis
Ballagh, Vol. II., $2.50 net. — Roman Imperialism,
by Tenney Frank, Ph.D., with maps, $2.50 net. — A
History of the National Capital from Its Founda-
tion to the Adoption to the Organic Act, by W. B.
Bryan, Vol. I., 1790 to 1814, with maps, $5. net.—
The Establishment of State Government in Cali-
fornia, 1846 to 1850, by Cardinal Goodwin, $1.50
net. (Macmillan Co.)
The Battle of Gettysburg, the crest wave of the Civil
War, by Francis Marshal, illus., $2. net. — The
Strategy of Robert E. Lee, by J. J. Bowen, illus.,
$2. net. — Pilot Knob, the Thermopylae of the West,
by Cyrus A. Peterson and Joseph Mills Hanson, $2.
net. — The Valley Campaigns, by Thomas A. Ashby,
LL.D., $2. net. — A History of the Civil War in the
United States, by Vernon Blythe, M.D., illus., $2.
net. — Modern Battles of Trenton, by William E.
Sackett, Vol. II., From Werts to Wilson, illus., $3.
net. — The Facts of Reconstruction, by John R.
Lynch, $1.50 net. (Neale Publishing Co.)
Original Narratives of Early American History, new
vols.: Narratives of Witchcraft, edited by George
L. Burr; Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675 to
1699, edited by Charles H. Lincoln, Ph.D., illus.,
per vol., $3. net. — The Hapsburg Monarchy, by
Henry Wickam Steed, $2.50 net. (Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.)
Annals and Memoirs of the Court of Peking, by
J. O. P. Bland and Edmund Backhouse, illus., $4.50
net. (Houghton Mifflin Co.)
Studies in Social and Legal History, edited by Paul
Vinogradoff, Vol. IV.: Part VII., History of Con-
tract in Early English Equity, by W. T. Barbour;
Part VIII., Estates of the Monastery of Saint-Ber-
tin, by G. W. Coopland. — The Auxilia of the Roman
Army, by G. L. Cheesman. — Two Historical Studies,
The Ancient Roman Empire and the British Empire
in India, and The Diffusion of Roman and English
Law throughout the World, by James Bryce, $1.90
net. — The Philistines, their history and civilization,
by R. A. Stewart Macalister, $1.20 net. (Oxford
University Press.)
The Colonising Activities of the English Puritans, by
Arthur Percival Newton, $3. net. — The Diary of a
Voyage to the United States, 1793 to 1798, by
Moreau de Saint-M6ry, edited, with Introduction,
by Stewart L. Mims, Vol. II., $2.50 net. (Yale
University Press.)
Kit Carson Days, by Edwin L. Sabin, illus., $3. net.
(A. C. McClurg & Co.)
Hellas and the Balkan Wars, by D. J. Cassavetti,
illus., $3. net. (Dodd, Mead & Co.)
Napoleon at Bay, by F. Loraine Petre, with maps,
$2.50 net. (John Lane Co.)
Italy in North Africa, an account of the Tripoli enter-
prise, by W. K. McClure, illus., $2.50 net.— The
Story of Mexico, a land of conquest and revolution,
by Charles Morris, $1.20 net. (John C. Winston
Co.)
The Masters of the Wilderness, studies of pioneer life
in North America, by Charles B. Reed, $1. net.
(University of Chicago Press.)
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Keats Letters, Papers, and Other Relics, with
Foreword by Theodore Watts-Dunton, limited edi-
tion, illus., $20. net. — The Berry Papers, being the
correspondence hitherto unpublished of Mary and
Agnes Berry, 1763 to 1852, by Lewis Melville, illus.,
$10. net. — On Life and Letters, by Anatole France,
second series, $1.75 net. — The Tower of the Mirrors,
and other essays on the genius of places, by Vernon
Lee, $1.25 net. — The New Optimism, by H. De Vere
Stacpoole, $1. net. (John Lane Co.)
1914]
THE DIAL
259
Emerson's Journals, edited by Edward W. Emerson
and Waldo Emerson Forbes, Vol. X., completing
the work, illus., $1.75 net. — Stories and Poems and
Other Uncollected Writings of Bret Harte, compiled
by Charles Meeker Kozlay, limited edition, illus.,
$6. net. — Lost Diaries, by Maurice Baring, $1.25
net. — In the Old Paths, by Arthur Grant, illus.,
$1.50 net. — Letters of a Woman Homesteader, by
Elinore Pruitt Stewart, illus., $1.25 net. (Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.)
French Portraits, French literature and French liter-
ary men, by Vance Thompson, $2. net. — Adventures
while Preaching the Gospel of Beauty, by Nicholas
Vachel Mndsay, $1.50 net. — Speculative Dialogues,
by Lascelles Abercrombie, $1.50 net. — The Fair
Haven, by Samuel Butler, with Introduction by
R. A. Streatfeild, $1.50 net.— The Humor of Homer,
and other essays, by Samuel Butler, with sketch of
the author's life by H. F, Jones, with photogravure
portrait, $1.50 net. (Mitchell Kennerley.)
Channels of English Literature, edited by Oliphant
Smeaton, new vols. : English Dramatic Poetry, by
Felix E. Schelling; English Historians and Schools
of History, by R. Lodge; English Elegiac, Didactic,
and Religious Poetry, by H. C. Beeching, D.D., and
Ronald Bayne; per vol., $1.50 net. — The Philosophy
of Ruskin, by Andre Chevrillon, $1.50 net. — The
Romance of Names, by Ernest Weekley, $1.25 net. —
Korean Folk Tales, imps, ghosts, and fairies, trans,
from the Korean of Im Bang and Yi Rynk by
James S. Gale, $1.25 net. — The Villain as Hero in
Elizabethan Drama, by C. V. Boyer. — The Dickens
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260
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262
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[March 16
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1914]
THE DIAL
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266
THE DIAL
[March 16
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1914J
THE DIAL,
267
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268
THE DIAL.
[March 16
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
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BOOKS FOR SCHOOL AND COLLEGE.
History of England, by Arthur Lyon Cross. — Con-
temporary American History, 1877 to 1913, by
Charles A. Beard. — Introduction to the Critical
Philosophy of Kant, by G. T. Whitney and P. H.
Fogel. — The Theory and Practice of Argumentation
and Debate, by V. A. Ketcham. — Handbook of
Exposition, by R. A. Jelliffe. — The Elementary
Principles of General Biology, by James Francis
Abbott, illus. — College Physiography, by Ralph S.
1914]
THE DIAL
269
Tarr. — Household Physics, by C. J. Lydne. — Ele-
mentary Household Chemistry, by J. F. Snell. —
Geometry of Four Dimensions, by Henry Parker
Manning. — Memorabilia Mathematica, the philo-
math's quotation-book, by Robert E. Moritz, Ph.D. —
Introduction to Celestial Mechanics, by Forest Ray
Moulton, revised edition. — American Government
and Politics, by Charles A. Beard, revised edition. —
Readings in American Government and Politics, by
Charles A. Beard, revised edition. — Simple Direc-
tions for the Determination of the Common Min-
erals and Rocks, by William Herbert Hobbs. — Pri-
mary Handwork, by Ella V. Dobbs. — Commercial
Education in Germany, by Frederic E. Farrington.
— Intensive Studies in American Literature, by
Alma E. Blount, Ph.D. — Oral Composition, by Cor-
nelia C. Ward. — Introduction to Latin, by John C.
Kirtland and George B. Rogers. — Plane Geometry,
by C. A. Willis. — Pocket Classic Series, new vols. :
Holmes's Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, edited
by C. R. Rounds; Trevelyan's Life and Letters of
Lord Macaulay, abridged, edited by Joseph Wayne
Barley; Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott,
abridged, edited by 0. Leon Reed; Selections for
Oral Reading, chosen and arranged by Claude M.
Fuess. — Gardening for the School and Home, by
Allen French. — Elements of Domestic Science, by
M. Katherine Christian and Elizabeth M. Crisman.
— Cajori Arithmetics, by Florian Cajori, Ph.D. —
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
[March 16, 1914
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274
THE DIAL
[April 1
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stvle."
Union Square
The Neale Publishing Company
New York
1914] THE DIAL 275
IMPORTANT NEALE BOOKS
The Valley Campaigns By THOMAS A. ASHBY, M.D., LL.D.
During the past eighteen years The Neale Publishing Company has issued more than one hundred volumes that
relate to the Civil War, written by Northerners, Southerners, and disinterested students and critics. These publications
have become known as Neale's Civil War Library, which probably comprises the most important output of military works
that has ever been issued by any publishing house. To this comprehensive library important volumes are frequently being
added. Among the number of recent additions are: "The Valley Campaigns" ($2.15 by mail), by Thomas A. Ashby,
M.D., LL.D., whose "Life of Turner Ashby" ($1.65 by mail; will be published by us this Spring. "The Battle of
Gettysburg: the Crest Wave of the Civil War" ($2.15 by mail), by Francis Marshal, a Union participant, and we recently
published another large volume on a single phase of the Gettysburg fight, " Little Round Top " ($2.15 by mail), by Oliver
Willcox Norton, who fought for the Union in that battle. " The Strategy of Robert E. Lee" ($2.15 by mail), by J. J.
Bowen, a distinguished military writer and student of strategy in warfare. " Pilot Knob " ($2.15 by mail), by Cyrus A.
Peterson, a Union participant in that fight, and Joseph Mills Hanson, writing in collaboration. " Memoirs " ($2.15 by mail),
by John H. Brinton, M.D., LL.D., formerly war surgeon, with rank of Major, on the staff of General Grant, with an intro-
duction by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, — this volume will not be ready until June.
The Scuttlers By CLYDE c. WESTOVER
The new Neale books of fiction are altogether noteworthy. To mention a few of them: "The Scuttlers" ($1.35 by
mail), a fine detective story of the sea, by Clyde C. Westover, whose " Dragon's Daughter " attracted widespread attention
when published by our house a year ago. "With Hooks of Steel" ($1.30 by mail), a novel of Virginia of the 'Fifties, by
William T. Townes. " The Devil's Discharge " ($1.10 by mail), by Willard French, author of " The Lorelei " ($1.10 by
mail), which will be published by our house next autumn, and author of "Thurnelda" and other novels. "Haliefa"
($1.10 by mail), a story of modern Egypt, by George K. Baker, author of "The Walls of Concarneau " ($1.35 by mail),
which is a romantic historical novel of Brittany that will be published by us later this Spring. " The Persian Tassel "
($1.30 by mail), a detective story, by Olivia Smith Cornelius. No fiction reader should fail to read these books; he cannot
afford to miss any of them.
The Negro Races By JEROME DOWD
To the important Neale publications that relate to the Negro and his problems have been added several new volumes
since the first of this year. In these books the relations of the white man and the black as they exist throughout the
world, but more particularly in the United States, and especially in the Southern States, are discussed by prominent
members of both the Caucasian and Negro races. Among these new volumes are: " The Negro Races: Vol. II.; East and
South Africans; With a Full Account of the Slave Trade " ($2.70 by mail), by Prof. Jerome Dowd, who is at the head of
the Department of Sociology and Economics of the University of Oklahoma. " The Facts of Reconstruction " (illustrated,
$1.65 by mail), by John R. Lynch, a Negro, who was temporary Chairman of the Republican National Convention of 1884,
Fourth Auditor of the Treasury, and Member of Congress from Mississippi, and who is now Major in the United States
Army, retired. " Out of the House of Bondage " ($1.65 by mail), by Kelly Miller, a Negro, Dean of the College of Arts
and Sciences, Howard University, and author of "Race Adjustment: Essays on the Negro in America" ($2.15 by mail),
published by this house and now in the third edition. " Race Orthodoxy in the South " ($2.15 by mail), by Thomas Pearce
Bailey, Ph.D., a noted educator, who has held professorships in the Universities of California, Chicago, and Mississippi,
and who is the author of various works on sociology. " Negro Social Life and Culture in Africa" (profusely illustrated,
$2.15 by mail), by George W. Ellis, K.C., F.R.G.S., a Negro, and recently and for eight years Secretary of the United
States Legation in Liberia, — this volume, from whatever angle it may be viewed, is an important contribution to th
literature of the Negro race ; it will be ready in June.
Masters of the Show By AUGUSTUS PITOU
In the domain of pure literature the Neale output this Spring is unusually interesting, including, among others, works
as follows : " Masters of the Show : As Seen in Retrospection by One who has been Associated with the American Stage
for Nearly Fifty Years" (profusely illustrated, $2.15 by mail), by Augustus Pitou, who, during his long and distinguished
career, has been a member of Booth's company, manager of the Fifth Avenue Theatre and of Booth's Theatre, both in New
York, and more recently manager of the Grand Opera House, New York, and who is also the author of various successful
plays. " Essentials of Logic" ($1.10 by mail), a text-book by William Dinwiddie, LL.D., Chancellor, and Professor of
Philosophy, Southwestern Presbyterian University. " With Dr. Grenfell in Labrador '' (profusely illustrated, $1.50 by mail),
by Cuthbert Lee, with a chapter by Wilfred T. Grenfell, and with an introduction by Douglass Palmer. " My Ogowe ''
(profusely illustrated, $3.25 by mail), by Robert Hamill Nassau, M.D., S.T.D., author of "In an Elephant Corral" ($1.10
by mail), published by this house a year ago. Dr. Nassau was a resident of Africa for forty-five years. In this volume,
which comprises more than 700 pages, and 50 full- page illustrations, he relates his long experiences with the African
tribes with which he was brought into contact. Other important new works of pure literature are : " The Political and
Economic Doctrines of John Marshall " ($3.25 by mail), who for thirty-four years was Chief Justice of the United States,
comprising his letters, speeches, and hitherto unpublished and uncollected writings, by John Edward Oster, A.M., LL.B.,
Department of Political Science, Columbia University. " Finland '' (profusely illustrated, $1.10 by mail), in which Helen
Gray shows the political structure of Finland, the social life of its people, its manners, and its customs, and studies them
comparatively in connection with American life and institutions.
Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
276 THE DIAL, [April 1
The Attack and
By First Lieutenant OLIVER WILLCOX NORTON
THIS BOOK is not a history of the Battle of Gettysburg, but only of the fighting on and
around Little Round Top, which hill is conceded by all Union and Confederate authorities to
have been the key-point of the battlefield on July 2, 1863. No other book devoted exclusively
to this part of the battle has been published.
THE OBJECT of this account by an eye-witness and participant as a member of Vincent's
brigade, is to correct errors of the leading historians in stating that General Warren, seeing the
impending attack by the Confederates on Little Round Top and its undefended condition, left
his place at the signal station and rode rapidly to Barnes' division then formed near the wheat-
field for a charge in support of De Trobriand, and took the responsibility of detaching Vincent's
brigade and conducting it to Little Round Top. It proves conclusively that Vincent, learning
that Sykes had sent an order to Barnes to send one of his brigades to Little Round Top and that
Barnes was not then present with his division, took the responsibility upon himself of taking his
brigade there without waiting for the staff officer to find General Barnes. It shows that Vincent
selected his own position on the southern slope of Little Round Top and placed his brigade there
without the guidance or assistance of Warren or any staff officer. Such writers as Swinton,
Doubleday, Walker, Hunt, De Trobriand, Powell, and Stine have made the statement directly
or by implication that Warren detached Vincent's brigade and conducted it to Little Round Top.
These statements deny to Vincent the responsibility which he took upon himself and relegate
him to the position of a brigade commander who went where he was ordered to go and stayed
where he was placed.
THE AUTHOR was a private soldier at the time of the battle, mounted and on detached
service at the headquarters of Vincent's Brigade as bugler and bearer of Vincent's brigade flag.
This duty required him to accompany the brigade commander wherever he might go on the
march and in battle. This position gave him a better opportunity to hear orders given and
received than even the members of the brigade staff, who were frequently absent at intervals
conveying orders. Chapter IV contains the author's account of what he saw and heard.
THE WARREN LETTERS. Chapter VII contains nineteen letters from General
Warren and one from Lieutenant Roebling, of Warren's staff, written to Captain Porter Farley,
who was Adjutant of Colonel O'Rorke's regiment, the 140th New York, at Gettysburg. With
the exception of a part of one letter written in 1872, none of them have ever been published.
The subject of these letters was a discussion of Farley's account of the history of his regiment,
which appears as "Farley's Number Nine" in the chapter on the Historians. In this form it
was approved by Warren and sent to the Comte de Paris. Warren never claimed that he
detached Vincent's brigade. On the contrary, he says in one of these letters, apparently with
some sarcasm, " If I detached Vincent's brigade, I don't recollect it." The letters reveal much
of the inner life of General Warren, his patriotism and fine personal character. They are a
great contribution to history.
CHAPTER III contains the OFFICIAL REPORTS of Sykes, Barnes and Regimental
Commanders of the Union forces engaged at Little Round Top. Also the Confederate Regi-
mental and Brigade reports of their forces which made the attack. These are copied from the
Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, published by the United States Government.
Large octavo, illustrated, handsomely bound in cloth. 350 pp., $2.00; by mail, $2.20.
Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
1914] THE DIAL. 277
An Important List of Spring Books
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THE DIAL
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This handbook has been prepared to meet the needs
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The Mosher "Books
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Ill
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ALGEBRA OF LOGIC. By Louis Couturat.
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No. 667.
APRIL 1, 1914.
Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
WHEN SWORDS BECOME PLOWSHARES . . .281
FREDERIC MISTRAL 283
CASUAL COMMENT 283
Slipshod English. — The beginnings of library
schools. — The humor of Henry James, senior. —
Tendencies and achievements in contemporary Mex-
ican literature. — How to get books to the bookless.
— A reader's hint to innkeepers. — The luxury of
rhetoric. — One way to praise a poet. — Antipodean
library activities. — The death of an accomplished
Greek scholar. — Local talent in the library. — A
proposed gift to the Harvard library.
COMMUNICATIONS 287
" High-brow." E. S.
Mr. Cotterill's " Ancient Greece." H. B. Cotterill.
Pioneer Library Legislation in Illinois. Sarah W.
Hiestand.
GLIMPSES OF A GIFTED FAMILY. Percy F.
Bicknell 289
NEW LIGHT ON THE CIVIL WAR. Ephraim
Douglass Adams 291
THE LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS OF LONDON.
Clark S. Northup 293
WOMAN AND THE INTELLECTUAL LIFE.
T. D. A. Cockerell 296
EVOLUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DECORATION.
Anna Benneson McMahan 298
STRINDBERG IN ENGLISH. Aksel G. S. Josephson 300
The Red Room. — Married. — The Son of a Servant. —
The Confession of a Fool. — By the Open Sea. — On
the Seaboard.— The Inferno. — Zones of the Spirit. — In
Midsummer Days. — Miss Lind-af-Hageby's August
Strindberg. — Plays by Strindberg, third series.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 303
Literature and art in the late 19th century. — An
uncanonized Quaker saint. — English church archi-
tecture. — A lawyer's anecdotal retrospections. —
Wise counsels for daily living. — An interpretation
of Chinese Buddhism. — A bible of humanistic
religion. — Our sense of Beauty. — Hidden nooks
from Land's End to the Adriatic. — Studies in the
evolution of the library. — A handbook to Haupt-
mann's life and work.
BRIEFER MENTION 307
NOTES 308
TOPICS IN APRIL PERIODICALS 309
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 310
WHEN S WORDS BECOME PLOW-
SHARES.
" For while the tired waves, vainly breaking,
Seem here no painful inch to gain,
Far back, through creeks and inlets making,
Comes silent, flooding in, the main."
In the long and often hopeless-seeming strug-
gle against ignorance and passion and folly,
these lines of Clough have given new courage
to many a soldier of the spirit. They remind
us that no effort for the right is really wasted,
and that, however the immediate aim may be
missed, moral agencies are set in motion which
slowly but surely disintegrate inveterate prej-
udices and dispel ancient illusions. The im-
pulse toward righteousness may for years work
silently beneath the surface of things, and be-
come translated into effective action only after
a long series of disheartening setbacks. The
path of progress is by no means the straight
upward-sloping line that its more noisy advo-
cates would have us think, but a spiral in which
every inch of height is gained by a circuitous
route, which often sags on the way. The forces
that finally collect and break in some irresistible
wave for the betterment of mankind have been
slowly gathering from many obscure quarters,
and their impact, when once focussed, surprises
us by the rush of its overwhelming energy. A
case in point is afforded by the dark chapter
of recent history which records our ill-starred
experiment in imperialism. During the past
fifteen years the wisest of our leaders have ap-
pealed, apparently in vain, to the better angels
of our nature for a repudiation of this monstrous
negation of the most cherished principles of our
national life. Their voices seemed to be as of
those crying in a wilderness of self-seeking
politics and smug hypocrisy, and yet they were
heard in the secret chambers of many a heart,
and wrought so effectively for the restoration of
our spiritual health that the revulsion is already
at hand, and the day clearly in sight when the
patriotic American may again feel that his coun-
try has been restored to him. There are signs
also that the two other wrongs that have more
recently made us hide our heads for shame —
the spoliation of Colombia and the violation of
our plighted faith with England — are about to
be righted, as far as reparation or reversal can
282
THE D1A1,
[April 1
right them, and that we may soon feel free to
look our sister nations in the face.
" Norman Angell," in a recent essay, gives us
an illustration of the slow and subtle processes
that, in the course of time, operate a radical
change of outlook in men's minds, so that a new
view, once rejected, becomes not merely accepted,
but taken for granted by that unconscious or
instinctive self that is the mainspring of most
human action taken in the mass. Speaking of
the once world-wide prevalence of the belief in
witchcraft, he reminds us that no ten-year-old
boy of our time "thinks it likely that an old
woman would or could change herself into a
cow or a goat."
" You say it is the instinct of the boy. But the
instinct of the seventeenth-century boy (like the learn-
ing of the seventeenth-century judge) taught him the
exact reverse. Something has happened ; what is it ?
We know, of course, that it is the unconscious applica-
tion on the part of the boy, of the inductive method of
reasoning (of which he has never heard, and could not
define), and the general attitude of mind towards
phenomena which comes of that habit. He forms by
reasoning correctly (on the promptings of parents,
nurses, and teachers) about a few simple facts — which
impress him by their visibility and tangibility — a
working hypothesis of how things happen in the world,
which, while not infallibly applied— while, indeed, often
landing the boy into mistakes — is far more trustworthy
as a rule than that formed by the learned judge reason-
ing incorrectly from an immense number of facts."
It is just this slowly-moving but in the end
irresistible force which works all the great
transformations of common opinion, which casts
long-accepted views into the rubbish-heap, and
makes each new generation wonder how on earth
the earlier one could have held to its prejudices
and absurdities with a straight face. It is the
agency before which the walls of feudalism went
down, at whose attack the principle of ecclesi-
astical authority crumbled, and the spirit of
democracy triumphed over the spirit of sub-
servience to absolutism.
"Norman Angell," as is well known, has
directed his efforts to an attack upon the falla-
cies that have hitherto supported warfare, and
particularly the warfare that is waged for con-
quest. Wars for the enlargement of a nation's
territorial area have long been condemned in
the forum of morals ; it is the aim of the author
of "The Great Illusion" to show that they are
also to be condemned in the forum of reason.
He maintains the thesis that no nation can really
profit by even a victorious war upon its neigh-
bors, and the cold logic which he brings to the
support of this contention is cogent and con-
vincing. In the long run, what is gained by
such a triumph as that of Japan over Russia,
or such victories as Germany's spoliation of the
Danish and French provinces, or Russia's
crushing of the liberties of Finland, or the
atrocity of the partition of Poland? Such
things are not even of immediate material bene-
fit, when the balance of profit and loss is fully
made up, and they leave running sores in the
international body politic, bequeathing to after
generations a legacy of wrongs that can be
righted only by other wars.
" Just as Galileo knew that the real justification of
his attempt to correct prevailing error was not a trivial
point as to the exact place or shape of the planet on
which we live, but the right understanding of the
physical universe, its laws and nature, so do we know
that our case is bound up with the destruction of mis-
conceptions which distort and falsify the fundamental
principles on which human society is based and inci-
dentally render insoluble those problems on behalf of
the solution of which force is generally most readily
invoked."
" The power of destruction serves no purpose
at all." This is the gauntlet boldly flung in
the faces of the advocates of militarism, and the
principle is defended, not by the sentimental
plea of which too much is heard in the contro-
versy, but by an array of argument from analogy,
from actual experience, from basic economic
principle, which is well-nigh incontrovertible.
"The idea that the struggle between nations is
a part of the evolutionary law of man's advance
involves a profound misapplication of the bio-
logical analogy. The warlike nations do not
inherit the earth ; they represent the decaying
human element." And yet the mad rivalry
of armaments goes blindly on, plunging the
people of the most advanced countries every
year into deeper poverty and more appalling
social distress, and all because men will not
look the question square in the face, and weigh
the enormous sacrifice of human welfare thus
certainly entailed against whatever probabilities
there may be of sacrifice from a condition of
unpreparedness from some contingency which
has perhaps one chance in ten of actually aris-
ing. " When the forts of folly fall," and the
delusion of militarism is at last cleared away,
how the world will wonder that it ever gained
such a hold on men's minds, and that the
nations so long submitted to its tyranny. Even
in our own country, so long happily free from
its obsession, it has placed us in its bondage,
and exacts increasing tribute every year from
our substance. The essay which is our present
text is an open letter "to the American student,"
and it is to him, before his mind becomes sealed
by prejudice and false pride, that the most
effective appeal may be made. All our hope
1914]
THE DIAL,
283
for the future is in the young people who in
our schools and colleges are now trying to puz-
zle out the meaning of life, and if we can keep
their vision clear, the coming generation may
witness the "main" flooding in, "through
creeks and inlets making." There are many
indications that the dykes have about reached
their breaking-point, indications that increase
in number and significance as every year goes
by, and, despite the bristling array of weapons
now turned against the cause of pacificism, it
is making its way with constantly gathering
energy. The "yawp" of the frenzied politician
and publicist has lost much of its power to
frighten us, and the bogey which it evokes is
seen more and more clearly as a mere scare-
crow. The civilized world is slowly groping its
way toward organic unity of purpose; rivalry
is giving way to cooperative action; and the
motives that precipitate nations headlong into
conflict are visibly becoming weaker. In this
connection a word must be said for the American
Association for International Conciliation whose
pamphlet publications (one of which has supplied
the material for our present remarks), represent
a high order of ability in exposition and argu-
ment, and are obtainable without price by all
who wish to have a share in the promotion of
the victories of peace.
FREDERIC MISTRAL.
One of the most important literary movements of
the last century was found in the efforts, made in
various parts of Europe, to revive for literary uses
the languages — some of them dialects, and others
more sharply differentiated from the orthodox forms
— which survived on the lips of the people, but which
were in danger of becoming extinct through lack of
preservation in print. Instances in point are the
Provencal, the Platt-Deutsch, the Norwegian Lands-
maal, and the Gaelic. The natural history of the
mind rightly regards the loss of such forms of speech
as a calamity analogous to that of the extinction of
the bison, the passenger pigeon, the great auk, or
the dodo in the animal kingdom. They should be
preserved, not to compete with the normal types of
language, but to throw light upon them, and to per-
petuate beauties that the latter do not exemplify.
The most remarkable and successful of these efforts
is that of the Felibrige, the society organized in the
fifties to keep alive the ancient langue d'oc, which
once had almost as good a chance of becoming the
orthodox literary speech of Frenchmen as the
northern form which finally left its rival far behind
in the race. The central figure in this Provencal
revival was that of Fre'de'ric Mistral, whose death at
Marseilles, on the twenty-fifth of last month, leaves
a gap in the literary world that will not easily be
filled. Mistral lived to his eighty-fourth year, and
was one of the last of the great race of nineteenth-
century artists for which the twentieth century thus
far shows no signs of providing substitutes. He
was the leading spirit in the Provencal movement,
although such men as Jasmin and Roumanille must
not go unmentioned in this connection, and when
the Nobel prize for 1904 was shared by him with
Echegaray, in accordance with its policy of reward-
ing veteran service to letters rather than of encour-
aging new promise, it was universally felt that the
distinction was deserved. Born of peasant stock in
1830, Mistral had the routine school education, fol-
lowed by the study of the law. An enthusiasm for
Virgil led him to translate one of the eclogues while
a boy, and suggested to him the hope of becoming
the Virgil of his own people. This hope was realized
when, in 1859, he published "Mire'io," that marvel-
lous rustic epic of Provencal life. This was followed
by other long poems : " Calendau " in 1867, " Nerto "
in 1884, and "Lou Poemo dou Rouse" in 1897.
Mistral also wrote " Lis Isclo d'or," a collection of
shorter pieces ; a play, " La Reino Juno "; and " Lou
Trdsor dou Fdlibrige," a collection of proverbs and
legends illustrating the speech and folk-lore of the
south of France. The great poem, "Mire'io," is
well known to English readers through the beautiful
version of Harriet Waters Preston, who has almost
made of it an English classic. Music-lovers know
the story part of it through Gounod's opera
"Mireille." America has done much to spread
Mistral's fame, notably by the translation just men-
tioned, and by the labors of the late Thomas A.
Janvier, who was a devoted Felibre, and wrote
much about the activities of the society. Nor should
we forget to mention Longfellow, whose translation
of a poem by Jasmin first brought the attention of
the American public to the Provencal revival.
CASUAL COMMENT.
SLIPSHOD ENGLISH is acknowledged to be one of
the most considerable by-products, if not indeed one
of the main products, of our educational system.
The faulty writing of college students and college
graduates has become a reproach and a taunt unto
the teachers of English composition. At Harvard
an expert has for some time been engaged in search-
ing for the causes of so much inability to express
thought clearly and correctly on paper, and his report
is awaited with interest. In the April "Harper's
Magazine" Professor Canby of Yale writes with
force and feeling on this sad defect in the culture
of so many of those supposed to be liberally edu-
cated, as well as in the preparatory equipment of
entering college students. He well says that "words
indicate the man," and that "the power to write
well shows intellect, and measures, if not its pro-
fundity, at least the stage of its development." At
284
THE DIAL
[April 1
the same time he believes that good literary expres-
sion can be taught; for "writing, like skating, or
sailing a ship, has its especial methods, its especial
technique, even as it has its especial medium, words,
and the larger unities of expression. The laws which
govern it are simple. They are always in intimate
connection with the thought behind, and worthless
without it, but they can be taught." The best
methods of this instruction, the times and the sea-
sons for it, form the subject of further remarks and
suggestions from Professor Canby. It is a refresh-
ment to follow his well-considered and scholarly dis-
course, so correctly and luminously unfolded; but
more than one reader is likely to receive a perceptible
shock when the writer permits himself, not once but
twice, to use a certain hardly defensible and surely
most uncalled-for colloquialism. Let us quote the
two instances: "It would be a comfort to blame it
all on the school; ..." "Again, it would be easy
to blame much of the slipshod writing of the under-
graduate upon the standards set by the grown-ups
outside the colleges." The writer of this present
comment well remembers the amusement and the
parental reproof evoked, a third of a century ago,
by a juvenile indulgence in the unclassical idiom
illustrated in the foregoing. Why is it not just as
easy, as well as less open to censure, to lay the blame
for an error on a person as to blame it on him ? And
finally, but without undue insistence, may it not be
as well, in a serious and scholarly essay, to let
"grown-ups" give place to the less questionable
and at the same time shorter and equally expressive
"adults"? . . .
THE BEGINNINGS OF LIBRARY SCHOOLS are com-
monly placed in the last quarter of the nineteenth
century; but the diligent and scholarly Dr. Rich-
ardson, of the Princeton University Library, pushes
these beginnings back to a time some five thousand
years earlier; and if instruction in the keeping of
tally sticks, for instance, or knotted strings, or
scratched bits of stone, is to be considered as teach-
ing in library economy, one may consent to go all
the way with Dr. Richardson in his burrowings
into the prehistoric past as illustrative of primeval
practice in that department of education wherein
Mr. Dewey is generally regarded as the pioneer. In
his recent book, "The Beginnings of Libraries,"
the Princeton librarian asserts that the germs of the
modern library school are to be found "in the
schools of the Scriptoria of the middle ages, where
librarians made as well as kept their books, and in
the temple schools of Greece and Egypt, where men
were trained to all sorts of professions, including
the keeping of books. Such schools are alleged in
Babylonia as early as 3200 B. c., and more primi-
tive still must be counted the schools for the training
in memorizing of ancient India. That some analo-
gies to this training in the keeping of books existed
in the collections of mnemonic books is not merely
inferred in general but found in the alleged train-
ing of keepers of quipus in the use and publication
of these records. The same is possibly true in some
of the initiation ceremonies of primitive tribes where
the young men are presumably taught the use of
message sticks, secret languages, and the like. It
may fairly be said that these are remote in nature
as well as in time, and yet they are as truly the
predecessors of the library schools of to-day, as these
of to-day are of the library schools of to-morrow,
which are likely to differ very considerably from
those of to-day." Five or six thousand years hence
will some scholar-librarian be searching the records
of the past and trying to convince incredulous
readers that at Albany on the Hudson there existed,
as early as the nineteenth century A. D., an institu-
tion that might, without undue violence to language,
be called a library school?
• • •
THE HUMOR OF HENRY JAMES, SENIOR, gentle
and scholarly, cheerful and kindly, is delightfully
presented in certain passages of his son and name-
sake's latest book, reviewed on another page. In
their school days the four James brothers were
frequently embarrassed, on being questioned by
their playmates as to their father's occupation, at
not being able to say exactly what it was ; and the
boy Henry was on one occasion filled with envy of
a comrade who was in a position to make the proud
announcement that his father was "in the business
of a stevedore" — fine and mysterious word. Some
such imposing term must be found for the hitherto
so lamentably nondescript occupation of the envious
youngster's father; but to all appeals that unsatis-
factory parent, with great apparent enjoyment of
the situation, put off the petitioners with strange
and unheard-of attributions that would have made
them ridiculous to their school-fellows. His "say
I'm a philosopher, say I'm a seeker for truth, say
I 'm a lover of my kind, say I 'm an author of books
if you like; or, best of all, just say I'm a student,"
helped his offspring but very little toward a solution
of the perplexing problem. "Abject it certainly
appeared," now writes the author-son, "to be reduced
to the 'student' plea; and I must have lacked even
the confidence of my brother Bob, who, challenged,
in my hearing and the usual way, was ready not
only with the fact that our parent 'wrote,' but with
the further fact that he had written Lectures and
Miscellanies James" A letter to a friend, Mrs.
Caroline Tappan, from this lover of his kind and
seeker for truth, we find beginning in this fashion,
not unsuggestive of a much more famous humorist :
"My dear Carry — Are you a carryatid that you
consider yourself bound to uphold that Lenox edi-
fice through the cold winter as well as the hot
summer? Why don't you come to town?"
TENDENCIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN CONTEMPO-
RARY MEXICAN LITERATURE are well summarized
in an article recently contributed to " La Revista de
America" (published at Paris), by Sefior Alfonso
Reyes, son of the late General Reyes. Unlike laws,
arts are not silent amid the clash of arms. Wars
1914]
THE DIAL
285
and poems, romances, pictures, and statues are as
coincident as sun spots and meteorological phenom-
ena. The Latin-American Republics, particularly
Mexico and Cuba, have been in a state of political
agitation or eruption for years. And these national
birth-throes seem to have resulted in a great deal
of literary expression. Poetry seems to predomi-
nate in recent Mexican literature, as is natural in a
nation struggling under great stress. The reign of
the novel usually arrives in the piping times of
peace. Among the poets briefly reviewed by Sefior
Reyes are Urbina, Diaz Mir<5n, Julio Ruclas, Jesus
Valenzuela, Manuel Jose" Orthdn, Rafael L<5pez,
Manuel de la Parra, Eduardo Colin, and Roberto
Argttelles Bringas. Among prose writers and
critics, Sefior Reyes cites Pedro Henriquez Urefia,
whose influence he declares to have been incalcu-
lable, and Alfonso Craviolo, representative of the
true literary feeling in prose. In philosophy there
are named Gomez Robelo and Antonio Caso; and
for the novel there is a champion in Carlos Gonzales
Pefia. Sefior Reyes claims that Mexican literature
has widened its horizon of late years; that it no
longer holds exclusively to French traditions and
standards ; that the younger men reflect the influence
of some of our North American writers — Poe, Mr.
Henry James, and Mrs. Edith Wharton. We own
we should like to see more of a blending together
of, and mutual admiration between, the Americas
in literature; though of course racial instinct is a
stronger power than geographical contiguity. Sefior
Arturo de Carricarte, in his literary articles in "El
Figaro" of Havana, seems to be working to effect
such an affiliation, though all the while championing
the claims of Latin-American authors to place and
appreciation.
HOW TO GET BOOKS TO THE BOOKLESS, who are
counted even in this enlightened country by the tens
of millions, is the present important problem with
those engaged in the publishing and the selling of
books. The still young but already vigorous Pub-
lishers' Cooperative Bureau is now investigating
existing conditions with a view to the adoption of
methods that shall increase the sale of their wares.
In this broad land of ours only one person in about
seven thousand three hundred buys a new book in
the course of a year. The record in Great Britain
is reported as approximately one in three thousand
eight hundred, the same in France, and what seems
to be a much better record in Germany and Japan
(where, however, many pamphlets are classed as
books), while in Switzerland there is the very credit-
able showing of one in eight hundred seventy-two.
Obviously, and as is maintained by the Cooperative
Bureau's manager, in many parts and over large
areas of our country not even the surface of book-
selling possibilities has been scratched. Some
more thorough-going method of book-distribution,
as Edward Everett Hale long ago declared, is what
the book-trade especially needs. It is significant
that our book-production fell from 12,470 to 10,903
in the two years following 1 910, and even last year
the figure had not quite risen to that of 1910. Of
course the necessity for judicious advertising is here
apparent, and there are a multitude of other details
to be considered. An early report from the Bureau,
which has been investigating this whole question, is
expected. Then perhaps we shall know more def-
initely why, among a people so rapidly growing in
number and so devoted to the cause of education,
the sale of books shows no corresponding vigor.
• • •
A READER'S HINT TO INNKEEPERS who wish to
increase the attractiveness of their hostelries, and
thereby add to their revenue, is given in the corre-
spondence columns of the London " Book Monthly."
The adoption of the suggestion might not contribute
to the greater comfort of a Falstaff taking his ease
at his inn, but it is conceivable that to a Shenstone
it might render still warmer that "warmest wel-
come " celebrated in the familiar quatrain. The
words of the correspondent, who signs himself "A
Travelled Reader," are in part as follows : " I am
perfectly certain that an hotel would have an added
attractiveness for many people if it were known that
it contained a decent library, with really readable
books instead of hoary old ' yellow-backs ' and still
more hoary works on subjects in which nobody is
interested whatever. I would not compel an hotel
manager to read books, but I would point out that it
is to his interest to have in the house books which
the quiet customer, who is always the best customer,
would regard as friends. You will say that these
ideas, if they are not exactly Utopian, are raw — and
that is true ; but every idea is a raw idea before
somebody has reduced it to a successful state of
cooking." Not so raw, after all, on this side of the
Atlantic. Mr. Arnold Bennett's pleased surprise at
finding in a certain Boston hotel an excellent library
with its own printed catalogue found expression in
his late book on what he saw and heard in the United
States. But it is true enough that this Boston inn-
keeper's praiseworthy example has not yet been fol-
lowed by many of his fellows even in this land of
libraries, while in other countries such an addition
to a hotel's equipment has scarcely been dreamt of.
THE LUXURY OF RHETORIC is indulged in, more
or less, by most of us. A good mouth-filling oath
is the plain man's not infrequent testimony to the
relief which language will sometimes bring to a
state of mental or emotional tension. " Rien ne
soulage comme la rhktorique" declared a French
master of the telling phrase ; and a conspicuous ex-
ample of the rhetorician addicted to unrestrained
indulgence in elaborate and vivid phraseology in
our own tongue is, of course, the sage who preached
the virtues of silence. When he was in the throes
of literary composition he grumbled and groaned,
orally and in his letters, over the gigantic obstacles
to progress that he encountered; and when he had
no book on hand he was in even more wretched
plight. " Nevertheless, be complaint far from us,"
286
THE DIAL
[April 1
he writes in characteristic vein to his brother Alex-
ander. "I am far sadder and gloomier of mind
than I used to be; but ought not to say that I am
to be called unhappy, — on the contrary rather.
This wretched blockhead and beggar of a world can
now do nothing for me, nothing against me; . . .
All is going (as you too feel) into unspeakable
downbreak; and must either re-make itself on a
truer basis, or die forever : — in either case with
long misery and agony, sad to contemplate." To
Augustus Hare he bewailed in splendid rhetoric the
hardship of his lot in having to endure the din of
the metropolis. "That which the world torments
me in most is the awful confusion of noise. It is
the devil's own infernal din all the blessed day long,
confounding God's works and his creatures — a truly
awful hell-like combination, and worst of all is a
railway whistle, like the screech of ten thousand
cats, and every cat of them all as big as a cathe-
dral." But no compelling force obliged him to live
nearly half a century, as he did, in the heart of this
uproar. What wealth of epithet should we not have
had from his lips and pen had he lived to hear the
honk of the motor-car, the screech of the electric
tram rounding a sharp curve, and all the other ear-
splitting inventions in the way of noise that the
twentieth century has produced!
• • •
ONE WAY TO PRAISE A POET, a cheap and obvious
way, is to belittle his rivals. Censure Homer for
his occasional nodding, and you thereby enhance
the renown of Virgil — or imagine you do. In the
closing years of the last century William Vaughn
Moody and those other gifted ones with whom he
associated at Cambridge decided among themselves
that Tennyson lacked the spirit of true poetry ; and
condemnation of a poet of Tennyson's fame must
carry with it a certain sense, innocent and harmless
enough, to be sure, of elation and superiority in the
censor. At a recent Chicago banquet of poets,
the guest of honor, Mr. William Butler Yeats, took
occasion to pay tribute to a brother poet, Mr. Nich-
olas Vachel Lindsay, in this wise : " I address Mr.
Lindsay because I have read his 'General Booth
Enters Heaven,' and in it I recognize the work of
a brother poet. Before there can be great poetry
in any country the poets must be humble and sim-
ple. The reason many of us have revolted against
Tennyson is that he is too ornate. Paul Verlaine,
whom I saw in my youth, told me that he could not
translate Tennyson because he was too 'English';
when he should have been bowed down with grief
he stopped for reminiscence. Mr. Lindsay speaks
the simple language of the humble people. He is a
truth-speaker." Why make invidious comparisons
when it is sufficient to point out differences? There
are diversities of poetic gifts, but the same spirit.
• • •
ANTIPODEAN LIBRARY ACTIVITIES acquire for us
a certain peculiar interest from their very remote-
ness in geographical location. In the latest number
that has reached us of that enterprising trilingual
periodical, "The Library Miscellany," of Baroda,
we find in the section devoted to India (and printed
in English) the following: "At the suggestion of
Mr. Govindbhai H. Desai, Subah of Kadi Division,
the Kadi Agriculturists' Association have organized
a travelling exhibition of agricultural implements.
The Library Department has cooperated by sending
an assistant who delivers lectures on library topics
and social and moral questions. An assistant from
the Visual Instruction Branch, with a ' Kok ' cinema,
sets of stereoscopes and stereographs, is also de-
puted." Do we see here the Oriental adoption of
an American idea? Another item may for more
reasons than one prove interesting. "Mrs. Billious
[one almost wishes the compositor had inverted the
w], the widow of Mr. Billious, a Jew merchant of
Howrah, has declared her intention of making over
to the Howrah Municipality her palatial residence
with about 150 bighas of beautifully laid out garden
situated in the heart of the town, to be utilized as a
public library. The deed of gift will take effect
after her death. The property is worth five lakhs
of rupees." And will the institution thus generously
provided for be known as the Billious Public Library?
• • •
THE DEATH OF AN ACCOMPLISHED GREEK
SCHOLAR, such as Rufus B. Richardson showed
himself to be, is occasion for peculiar regret in
these days of lessening regard for such scholarship.
Theological studies seem to have claimed his devo-
tion in earlier life, his academic course at Yale hav-
ing been followed by three years at the Yale Divinity
School and further studies of the same nature at
the University of Berlin. But in 1880, at the
sufficiently mature age of thirty-five, he accepted
the chair of Greek at Indiana University, whence
he was called to a like professorship at Dartmouth
two years later. There he remained until 1893,
when he was appointed Director of the American
School of Classical Studies at Athens, a post that
he held for ten years. In his later retirement at
Woodstock, Conn., he occupied himself chiefly with
writing and study. He was the author of many peri-
odical contributions on archaeological and classical
subjects, and also of the books, "Vacation Days in
Greece," "Greece through the Stereoscope," and
"History of Greek Sculpture." ^Eschines's "Ora-
tion against Ctesiphon" was edited by him while
he was at Dartmouth. He was born at Westford,
Mass., April 18, 1845, and died at Clifton Springs,
N. Y., March 10, of this year.
• • •
LOCAL TALENT IN THE LIBRARY is commonly
preferred to imported. It is pleasant to deal with
an assistant whom one has known for years; it is
sometimes embarrassing to go with one's questions
and complaints to an entire stranger behind the
delivery desk or in the reference room. Moreover,
tax-payers like to see their money circulate among
their own people, and not drained off by outsiders.
Something may be read between the lines, as well
as in the lines, of the announcement of the Cali-
1914]
THE DIAL
287
fornia Board of Library Examiners, printed in the
current issue of "News Notes of California Libra-
ries," to the effect that "for the present no exami-
nations will be given outside the State, for many
reasons: (1) Experience has shown that only per-
sons who have lived in the State and have done
library work in a way to gain personal knowledge
of California conditions really understand the county
free library plan for California. The aim of the
examination is to see how thorough the applicant's
knowledge is of the conditions under which the
county free library work must be carried on, and of
the problems to be met in the work as it is actually
being done in this State. A real and sympathetic
understanding of the work in California is thus
absolutely necessary. (2) The members of the
Board feel that the oral examination is very impor-
tant. They feel that they cannot fairly judge of an
applicant's qualifications without meeting him in
this way."
v • • •
A PROPOSED GIFT TO THE HARVARD LIBRARY
comprises nearly three thousand volumes of Mormon
literature collected by a Salt Lake City business
man and now offered for sale, as a whole, at two
dollars and fifty cents a volume. Secretary Roger
Pierce, of the Harvard Alumni Association, is
urging the Utah graduates of the university to fur-
nish the money necessary to secure this collection,
and to let it find shelter in the splendid library
building now rising on the site of Gore Hall. That
Mormonism possesses so large a body of literature
as twenty-eight hundred volumes (the number given
in the current report) will be news to many. The
claim that this is the best collection of the sort in
the West is not likely to be contested. Although
the Mormon Church wishes to buy five hundred
volumes of the collection to complete its own library,
the owner prefers to sell the whole lot at once.
COMMUNICA TIONS.
"HIGH-BROW."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A young woman was speaking to me the other day of
one who held her, as I knew, to be the best and truest
of friends, a well-tried and trusted companion. And as
she talked she exclaimed, laughing the while: " O, but
you know, he 's such a dreadful high-brow ! " I fear no
words will suffice for expressing the regret with which
these thoughtless words filled me, and yet I cannot resist
making the attempt. For the attitude here suggested —
how frequently does one meet with it, and how far-
reaching is the real and serious havoc which it plays
with the best tendencies and aspirations of our life !
'The reference was to a youth, brought up in an
atmosphere of plain thinking and high living, who had
yet managed, despite his parents, despite the environ-
ment and authorities of his preparatory school and his
fashionable college, to maintain an instinctive love of
the best that life affords. He held, with the good
Montaigne, that " it is not enough to join learning and
knowledge to the mind, it should be incorporated into
it: it must not be sprinkled, but dyed with it; and if it
.change not and better her estate (which is imperfect) it
were much better to leave it." And living under the
shadow of such wise counsel, he was, though young,
already on a fair way to attaining that ripeness of just
estimation, that mild sufficiency of mind, which apper-
tains only to him who has to good purpose spent his
years in loving contemplation of the heights of human
effort. Withal he was no self-conceited prig, formid-
ably strutting his little way about the earth ; but he was
of an excellent catholicity of judgment, fulfilled of too
much wisdom either wholly to condemn the prejudices
and excesses of the vulgar, or to approve the rigors of
the puritanical. In fine, this youth was learned and yet
not a pedant, virtuous and yet tolerant, seriously disposed
and yet gifted with a ready sense of humor, and, with
whatever failures and baitings by the way, yet in all his
actions and in all his thoughts he was
" Fain to know golden things, fain to grow wise,
Fain to achieve the secret of fair souls."
And of him, as of Cowley, it could be said : " His learn-
ing sat exceedingly close and handsomely upon him : it
was not embossed on his mind, but enamelled."
This, then, is the type of man of whom it was said,
" O, but you know, he is such a dreadful high- brow ! "
If this were a solitary instance it would still be deplor-
able, but it is more than that. The recollection of
everyone will rise up in confirmation of the belief that
it is typical, the type and norm of an attitude that pre-
vails with the vast majority of Americans. These (and
the fact is so well recognized that it passes for common-
place and excites no comment) use constantly our quoted
expression to indicate a certain light and nonchalant
contempt for all that is best in human endeavor, for all
that is worthiest in human thought. Lightly and almost
without reproof do our friends, and often enough even
our relatives, thus betray their feelings as to man's all
too wavering but yet never ending search for rounded
perfection.
Surely we are in no danger of making, as the phrase
goes, mountains out of mole-hills in our serious depre-
cation of this general attitude. For it is more than a
betrayal of meanness, — meanness of life and ignorance
in thought, — on the part of the countless many who
hold to it ; it is more than a tacit confession of com-
placent slothfulness, of self-satisfied frittering away of
mind and the moral fibre that makes for character. It
is in all this a sign of our disbelief in that fundamentally
important thing, right reason, as an efficacious guide in
the conduct of individual life, and as a preeminent neces-
sity for any real greatness of national life. But beyond
and behind all this it is a subtle indictment, coming out
of the mouths of those who are its typical fruit, of our
present mode of life. "It's a free country," we hear
it said. And again, " There 's no accounting for differ-
ence in taste." Here, perhaps, are the secrets of our
national loss of dignity and poise, our pursuit of — well,
it may not be the worst in literature, but at all events
the mediocre, our disbelief in intellect and in the impor-
tance of rigorous intellectual discipline. For by free-
dom we mean freedom to do as we please, forgetting
that it means, in a government constituted as ours in,
above all things a grave responsibility. And therefrom
springs our precious maxim regarding taste. In this
connection we use the word with a very v/ide latitude
indeed, applying it to many things which are really not
288
THE DIAL
[April 1
matters of taste at all, but primarily matters for the
exercise of sober and measured judgment. In other
words, we have, in so far as we might (and we are busy
even now attempting to extend the boundaries), banished
authority from our lives.
Perhaps the fact is sufficiently known; it is rather
one of the results of this process that we are here con-
cerned with. Just what the result is, we have been at
the pains of seeing; but perhaps it is not so plain that
our light-hearted contempt for intelligence is really a
result of our mode of life. Freedom, however, as we
know, means freedom to do as we please; and that an
instinctive love of the best is not the inheritance of
most of us, we know from our national attitude towards
right reason. Then, too, our mischievous saying about
taste, as if there never had been such a thing as an
educated taste or a cultivated taste, gives us an added
justification for what we already regard as the axiomatic
first law of our being — the freedom to conduct our
lives as superficially or as ignorantly as we choose. I,
for example, am as " good " as anybody else in this
broad land, and my opinion is as " good " as anybody
else's. So there is not — and how can there be ? — any
popular or widespread respect for the rigorous pursuit
of the best that life affords. We have deceived our-
selves into believing that in our most ordinary moments,
in our instinctive feelings, in our most ignorant phases
of thought, we are " good enough." And of all this
the result is (certainly it is plainly enough a result by
now) that we as a nation are not merely neglectful of
the best in human thought, the highest in human
endeavor, but we are complacently contemptuous of
those strenuous paths which lead us towards, though
never quite to, a rounded perfection of mind and soul.
Surely, then, it is high time for us to undertake a little
inward searching of our hearts : for us to come to some
sort of a realization that right reason is of the utmost
necessity for controlling any life that is to be truly good,
and that there can be no real test of worth save it be
centred in authority, — the authority of the trained
judgment of the wisest and the best. jj c
Indianapolis, Ind., March 21, 1914.
MR. COTTERILL'S "ANCIENT GREECE."
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
While thanking you for the friendly notice of my
" Ancient Greece " that appeared in your issue of
March 1, I should be much obliged if you would allow
me to answer publicly the allegation of your reviewer
that I "ignore the temple of Demeter at Paestum" and
" call the Poseidon temple simply Paestum." If he will
look at p. 215 and 216 n. he will see that I speak of
"the great Paestum temple," by which of course is
meant the Poseidon temple; and on p. 217 he will see
that I speak also of the Demeter temple and the
"Basilica"; and on p. 454 he will find a description of
all three Paestum temples and the remark that the
Demeter temple is a " splendid ruin." It seems almost
as if he had not observed that at the end of my book
there is an Appendix that gives an account of all the
finest Greek temples.
It comes rather as a surprise to be told that I am
ignorant of, or ignore, the existence of a splendid ruin
my acquaintance with which was made some forty-three
years ago, at a time when the delights of a visit to
Paestum were enhanced by the possibility of encounter-
ing brigands — to judge from the fact that the diligenza
had been robbed by these gentry only a few days
previously.
As for mutules and guttae, perhaps I should have been
a little more explicit; but surely it is justifiable to
intimate that the band or bracket adorned with globules
(i. e., the mutulus adorned with guttae) constitutes a
group of ornaments representing raindrops; and I find
a similar expression in Smith's " Dictionary of Antiqui-
ties," viz., " sets of drops, called mutules."
In regard to the " Corinthian order," I was aware
that some have banished it as a mere variety of the
Ionic. I knew also that Ruskin, on the contrary, asserts
that there never was, and never " till dooms-day " could
be, any order except the Doric (convex capital) and the
Corinthian (concave). But I did not think it necessary
to enter into polemics on the subject. Perhaps, how-
ever, I may here add that I regard what some writers
call the " aesthetic appeal " of the Corinthian order as
specifically different from that of the Ionic.
Lastly, Syracuse and Hyblaean Megara are certainly
not in the "southwestern corner" of Sicily; but seeing
that a few lines later (p. 118) Seliuus is also put in the
S. W., and seeing that a map faces the text and puts
everything in its proper quarter, perhaps it might have
been fairer not to have stigmatized a venial lapsus
calami as an " inaccuracy." ]j. B. COTTERILL.
Freiburg, Br., Germany, March 16, 1914.
PIONEER LIBRARY LEGISLATION IN ILLINOIS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A sentence in your " Briefer Mention " in the issue
of February 16 has just come to my notice : " In referring
to library legislation in Illinois he [Mr. Samuel Swett
Green] might well have supplemented his mention of
F. H. Hild's name in that connection by noting the
earlier and more important work of another Illinois
librarian, who drafted the library bill of 1872 and was
instrumental in procuring its passage."
Why not give the name of this librarian who did this
" earlier and more important work " ?
Dr. Samuel Willard, who died about a year ago at
the age of ninety-one, was the founder of free libraries
in Illinois, drawing up the bill providing for them and
arguing for its passage. He established the Public
Library of Springfield at that time, the first library
under the new law.
Dr. Willard came to Chicago in 1870 to teach history
in the one high school in the city of that day, and con-
tinued twenty-seven years in the service. Few in-
structors have done more for Chicago than he did in
sending forth class after class inspired with the love of
study for its own sake and of good reading for the joy
and satisfaction it bestows. SARAH W. HIESTAND.
Chicago, March 19, 1914.
[The paternity of the Illinois library law seems
to be subject to dispute. Our reference was to Mr.
E. S. Willcox, veteran librarian of the Peoria Public
Library. His work in connection with the law
passed in 1872 was fully described in the Peoria
"Journal" of May 19, 1895; and the article has
been reprinted in a leaflet obtainable from Mr.
Willcox, who refers all doubters to "the House
Journal of 1871" for verification of statements
made in the leaflet. — EDITOR THE DIAL.]
1914]
THE DIAL
289
GLIMPSES or A GIFTED FAMILY.*
Fulfilling the promise of his earlier autobi-
ographic volume, " A Small Boy and Others,"
Mr. Henry James now gives to his readers, in
"Notes of a Son and Brother," those fuller
memorials of the late William James that have
been awaited with no little eagerness, and at
the same time draws in considerable detail the
portrait of his gifted father, with less elaborate
delineations of the other members of this ex-
tremely interesting family, and passing glimpses
of many more or less famous persons outside
the domestic circle but of some intimate asso-
ciation with the writer or his household. The
period covered by the narrative is more partic-
ularly the decade between 1860 and 1870, with
some backward glances at a remoter past, and
a few incidental references to later years.
After an experiment of five years and a half
of Europe in search of the right environment
and atmosphere for his own and his children's
intellectual and spiritual well-being, the elder
Henry James returned with his family to
America and there continued the endless quest
for ideal conditions. New York and Newport
and finally Cambridge seem to have found
most favor with him, and it is in Cambridge
that the closing years of the decade referred to
see him somewhat contentedly and fixedly set-
tled, with his eldest son at last on the way to
that choice of a calling in which he was later to
distinguish himself, and the next oldest tasting
the delights of some little literary success and
dreaming of greater achievement to come. The
immediate and deciding cause of the family's
repatriation seems to have been William's
temporary passion for painting and his father's
decision to place him under the instruction of
the prospectively famous artist whom a few bold
and vivid strokes thus picture to the mind's eye
in the pages before us :
" William Hunt, all muscular spareness and brown-
ness and absence of waste, all flagrant physiognomy,
brave bony arch of handsome nose, upwardness of strong
eyebrow and glare, almost, of eyes that both recognised
and wondered, strained eyes that played over questions
as if they were objects and objects as if they were ques-
tions, might have stood, to the life, for Don Quixote, if
we could associate with that hero a far-spreading beard
already a little grizzled, a manner and range of gesture
and broken form of discourse that was like a restless
reference to a palette and that seemed to take for
granted, all about, canvases and models and charming,
* NOTES OF A SON AND BROTHER. By Henry James.
Illustrated. New York : Charles Scribner's Sons.
amusing things, the « tremendously interesting ' in the
seen bit or caught moment, and the general unsayability,
in comparison, of anything else. He never would have
perched, it must be added, on Rosinante — he was fonder
of horses than of the method of Couture, and though
with a shade of resemblance, as all simple and imagi-
native men have, to the knight of La Mancha, he least
suggested that analogy as he passed in a spinning buggy,
his beard flying, behind a favorite trotter."
Under Hunt's tuition, and with John La
Farge as sole fellow-pupil, William James for a
brief space applied himself with characteristic
whole-heartedness to the development of his
unmistakable talent for graphic art. A pencil
portrait of himself, prefixed as frontispiece to
the book under review, and other specimens of
his facility as draughtsman elsewhere in the
volume, notably his pen-and-ink sketches in
letters reproduced in facsimile, show a liveli-
ness and originality that for the moment almost
induce regret at his having so soon forsaken
art for other pursuits. What his brother, always
his admirer and repeatedly representing himself
to us as his humble imitator, has to say in this
connection is worth quoting:
" He at a given moment, which came quite early, as
completely ceased to ply his pencil as he had in his
younger time earnestly and curiously exercised it; and
this constitutes exactly the interest of his case. No
stroke of it that I have recovered but illustrates his
aptitude for drawing, his possible real mastery of the
art that was yet, in the light of other interests, so utterly
to drop from him ; and the example is rare of being so
finely capable only to become so indifferent."
Always master of the given situation, as the
writer says of him, " whatever he played with
or worked at entered at once into his intelli-
gence, his talk, his humour, as with the action
of coloring-matter dropped into water or that of
the turning-on of a light within a window."
Still again, and with engaging modesty on the
younger brother's part, it is said of William :
" Whatever he might happen to be doing made
him so interesting about it, and indeed, with the
quickest concomitance, about everything else,
that what I probably most did, all the while,
was but to pick up, and to the effect not a bit
of starving but quite of filling myself, the crumbs
of his feast and the echoes of his life." The
indulgent father's attitude toward such rapid
changes of bent as showed themselves in his
eldest son is finely described in the book.
Calmly philosophical, with abundance of toler-
ance and an enviable cheerfulness, he evidently
believed in allowing his children free scope for
the development of such germs of genius, of
whatever sort, as might discover themselves.
Even the following of mistaken promptings
290
THE DIAL
[April 1
he seems to have regarded as educationally
beneficial, so that his son says of him :
"I am not sure indeed that the kind of personal
history most appealing to my father would not have
been some kind that should fairly proceed by mistakes,
mistakes more human, more associational, less angular,
less hard for others, that is exemplary for them (since
righteousness, as mostly understood, was in our parent's
view, I think, the cruellest thing in the world) than
straight and smug and declared felicities. . . . He had
a manner of his own of appreciating failure, or of not
at least piously rejoicing in displayed moral, intellectual,
or even material economies, which, had it not been that
his humanity, his generosity and, for the most part, his
gaiety, were always, at the worst, consistent, might some-
times have left us with our small savings, our little ex-
hibitions and complacencies, rather on our hands. As
the case stood I find myself thinking of our life in those
years as profiting greatly for animation and curiosity
by the interest he shed for us on the whole side of the
human scene usually held least interesting — the element,
the appearance, of waste which plays there such a part
and into which he could read under provocation so much
character and colour and charm, so many implications
of the fine and worthy, that, since the art of missing or
of failing, or of otherwise going astray, did after all in
his hands escape becoming either a matter of real ex-
ample or of absolute precept, enlarged not a little our
field and our categories of appreciation and perception."
The father's favorite adjective when he wished
to express disapproval, in his mild fashion, of a
restless son's abandonment of one pursuit for
another, was " narrowing." Each of the eldest
son's successive shiftings from art to chemistry,
then to anatomy and physiology and medicine,
later to psychology and philosophy, was held
by him to be narrowing ; and, again, when the
second son turned to writing, " it was breathed
upon me," says the one thus mildly censured,
" with the finest bewildering eloquence, with a
power of suggestion in truth which I fairly now
count it a gain to have felt play over me, that
this too was narrowing." One queries whether
any concentration of energy whatever would
have commended itself to this large-minded
father as free from narrowness.
Perhaps it was the fear of narrowing their
view and cramping their minds that made the
elder James look with disfavor upon a college
education for his sons, his own memories of
Union College in its beginning years not being
of the most roseate hue imaginable. At any
rate, a picturesquely miscellaneous and decid-
edly spasmodic course seems to have been fol-
lowed in the studies of the early-expatriated
children; and perhaps such desultoriness and
variety and so great freedom of election were
best in this instance. After the return to
America, William, soon forsaking art for sci-
ence, entered the Lawrence Scientific School
and later the Harvard Medical School, while
his next younger brother, shaping his course
somewhat after the elder's example, as was his
wont, betook himself likewise to Cambridge and
attended lectures at the Harvard Law School,
where both he and the reader wonder at behold-
ing him going with mechanical regularity to
listen to teachings that had not the slightest
interest for him. But the Cambridge life brought
him into pleasant and helpful relations with
scholars and writers of note, and recollections
of these quickening influences furnish much
readable matter for his present book. Charles
Eliot Norton and the long book-lined library
at Shady Hill were not the least of these im-
portant factors in the stimulating of his literary
genius. He speaks with reminiscent rapture of
one beautiful morning when he went out to
Shady Hill and, "to the accompaniment of a
thrill the most ineffable, an agitation that, as I
recapture it, affects me as never exceeded in all
my life for fineness," drank "to the lees the
offered cup of editorial sweetness — none ever
again to be more delicately mixed." The occa-
sion of this intoxicating experience is thus
described :
" I had addressed in trembling hope my first fond
attempt at literary criticism to Charles Eliot Norton,
who had lately, and with the highest, brightest compe-
tence, come to the rescue of the North American
Review, submerged in a stale tradition and gasping for
life, and he had not only published it in his very next
number — the interval for me of breathless brevity —
but had expressed the liveliest further hospitality, the
gage of which was thus at once his welcome to me at
home. I was to grow fond of regarding as a positive
consecration to letters that half-hour in the long library
at Shady Hill, where the winter sunshine touched serene
bookshelves and arrayed pictures, the whole embrowned
composition of objects in my view, with I know not
what golden light of promise, what assurance of things
to come: there was to be nothing exactly like it later
on — the conditions of perfect Tightness for a certain
fresh felicity, certain decisive pressures of the spring,
can occur, it would seem, but once."
Of other Cambridge celebrities recalled by
the author, and of notable persons elsewhere
that lend interest and variety to his pages,
there is here no room to speak. Of his emo-
tions at the outbreak of our Civil War, and his
longings to be a participant in the conflict in
which his two younger brothers acquitted them-
selves honorably, but from which physical frailty
excluded him, he has considerable to say. In
short, there is a wealth of matter in the book,
presented with all the elaborate artistry dear to
Mr. James's readers, that renders it a remark-
able piece of autobiography and one of the most
notable works of the season. Its style, that of
1914]
THE DIAL
291
the author at his most characteristic — some
would say, at his best, others, perhaps, at his
worst — is a wonder and a delight to the reader
fond of intricacy, of delicate shadings, of occa-
sional tangled involutions.
The book's illustrations, from the hand of
the versatile William James, add to its interest.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
LIGHT ON THE CIVIL, WAR.*
Two years ago at Oxford University an Amer-
ican History Lectureship was established, — an
outcome of the Rhodes Scholarship Foundation.
This lectureship, providing for a course of lec-
tures each year, was inaugurated in 1912 by
Mr. James Ford Rhodes. In 1913, Mr. Charles
Francis Adams was invited to give the second
series. These addresses, delivered in the Spring
term of last year, are now issued under the title,
" Trans- Atlantic Historical Solidarity." The
title does not explain itself, and only illustrates
again Mr. Adams's penchant for the striking
enigmatic phrase that piques the curiosity of the
reader.
Previously to leaving for Europe, Mr. Adams
discussed the subjects of his forthcoming lectures
with his friend Mr. Bryce, explaining that he
proposed to present to his Oxford audience cer-
tain events and phases of the Civil War, and to
examine these from a novel point of view. He
hoped to present a new picture, and in so doing
to justify certain new conclusions. To his sur-
prise, Mr. Bryce failed to express sympathetic
accord with the plan, and in friendly but none
the less assured fashion warned the lecturer that
the American Civil War was not now vital his-
tory at Oxford ; that it was quite hopeless to
expect to revive interest in a subject which had
left no imprint upon England or the outside
world, — a subject, in a word, so essentially and
narrowly American as was our great conflict of
the sixties. Conceding the deep and stirring
impression the war made upon England at the
time, Mr. Bryce still maintained that for En-
gland to-day the subject is but " remotely
historical/'
The assurance that the present day Oxford
student was certain to regard the Civil War as
a dead issue, failed to deter Mr. Adams from
undertaking the subject, and led him to defend
with greater earnestness his positive contention
that the Civil War in America, far from being
* TRANS-ATLANTIC HISTORICAL SOLIDARITY. By Charles
Francis Adams. New York : Oxford University Press.
a mere domestic contest between North and
South, was in reality a world-event of moment-
ous importance, whose influence and results were
felt, and still are felt, in England and all Europe.
Hence the title, — which affirms so emphatic-
ally the permanent and world-wide historical
significance of the Civil War.
The four lectures in the volume are as follows :
I., Principia; II., The Confederate Cotton Cam-
paign, Lancashire, 1861-62; III., Dis Aliter
Visum ; IV., A Great Historical Character and
Vae Victis. The first lecture treats of the grow-
ing differences between the two sections of the
United States, based upon a differing interpreta-
tion of the Constitution and differing economic
conditions, and analyzes for the British listener
the relation between State and National sover-
eignty. For Mr. Adams's audience, this subject
was absolutely vital to a correct understanding
of his later lectures.
The second and third lectures, however, offer
matter of the first importance for American as
well as British readers, for in them we find
valuable material and suggestions now for the
first time given to the public. Mr. Adams is
the first historian to estimate properly, or to
emphasize adequately, the Lancashire Cotton
Famine in its intimate relation to the English-
American diplomacy of the period. Again, he
is first in an exact analysis of forces for and
against the North in England ; and last, and
perhaps most acutely interesting of all his offer-
ings, is his microscopic study of the inner work-
ings of the British Cabinet, and the accurate
balancing of men and measures in their official
attitude toward the crisis in America. If these
lectures were notable in no other particular,
they would claim a most respectful hearing
because of the new light they shed upon these
three subjects. The Cotton Famine in its
bearing upon the war has long been overlooked
or underestimated by historians; sources of
British popular opinion upon the Civil War
have not been known or investigated; while
materials for an accurate knowledge of the
processes of British official action have, until
now, not been available.
As viewed by Mr. Adams, the real crisis of
the Civil War came in England, rather than in
any military movements or series of events in
this country. Had official England decreed in-
tervention, recognized the Confederacy, broken
the blockade, and made the Southern cause her
own, it is certain that history would have been
differently written. No more serious menace to
Northern arms could be conceived than British
292
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[April 1
interference in behalf of the South, and Mr.
Adams clearly shows by how narrow a margin
that danger was averted. He analyzes the forces
effective in English government and policy, and
among the English people, as overwhelmingly
in favor of the South.
"In aid of the defiant, slave-holding Confederacy
came, first, the great British and Continental commer-
cial, financial, and cotton-spinning interests, with their
far-reaching political influence; next, the suffering
textile operatives, not only of Lancashire but wherever
throughout other countries cotton was woven into cloth
— they numbered millions; third, the entire governing
classes, as they then were, of Great Britain, including
the great landed interest. These last also were voiced,
and most persistently as well as powerfully voiced, by
the London Times, known as ' The Thunderer,' at the
acme of its great and memorable career. Finally, the
French Emperor, for Napoleon III., now at the height
of his prestige, for reasons of state to which I shall
presently make brief reference, was disposed to put forth
on behalf of the Confederacy all the influence he could
exert. A powerful combination, it was one, in a worldly
and political sense, wellnigh irresistible.
" Opposed to it was an array so apparently meagre
as to be almost pitiable; and if the alliance of forces I
have just described recalled Homer, that set over
against it was not less suggestive biblically — it was
David again confronting Goliath. Strange, wellnigh
inconceivable, when now asserted in the full light of the
event, that opposing array consisted simply of John
Bright, the Tribune in Great Britain of Political and
Industrial Democracy, and behind him « a little bit of a
woman,' as she at that time described herself, « just as
thin and dry as a pinch of snuff,' holding in her hand a
book; but the woman was Harriet Beecher Stowe, and
the book was entitled Uncle Tom's Cabin- or Life
Among the Lowly."
John Bright, then champion of Democracy
and spokesman of the English people, together
with Harriet Beecher Stowe, typifying the great
anti-slavery sentiment of the nation, were the
two great vital forces in England fighting for
the North. Official opinion was forming; the
Foreign Secretary had prepared a confidential
Cabinet circular asking definite expression upon
the American situation. The Prime Minister
himself was distinctly favorable to intervention ;
and a special Cabinet meeting, called for Octo-
ber 23, 1862, was to put the Ministry finally
on record. Previous historians have noted, as
does Mr. Adams, that this Cabinet meeting was
never held ; and that later, on November 13,
when France had suggested to England joint
action looking toward intervention, England
declined the offer. That on November 13
England should decline any participation in an
intervention which, beyond a doubt, was practi-
cally scheduled but a very few weeks earlier, is
surely surprising. This unexpected change in
British policy has never been satisfactorily ac-
counted for. Mr. Adams's explanation furnishes
extremely interesting reading.
Briefly, Palmerston and Russell had agreed
during September, 1862, that the moment for
recognition of the South was at hand. Glad-
stone and other Cabinet members were aware
of this opinion; and Gladstone, at least, had
expressed his emphatic approval of the plan. So
heartily was he in sympathy with the proposal,
and so eager to bring it about, that he committed
the now famous blunder of his Newcastle speech,
and, upon October 7, proclaimed the Cabinet
policy of intervention as practically assured.
The announcement was premature ; and Palmer-
ston, between whom and Gladstone there was
much friction, immediately seized upon his sub-
ordinate's officious announcement as a matter
for public denial. It was promptly stated with
Ministerial authority that Gladstone was in
error. Thus, according to Mr. Adams, the mo-
mentous matter of intervention was postponed
at the favorable moment. The Prime Minister
deferred for the time all action looking toward
intervention, but did so unquestionably with the
expectation that within a" fortnight or a month "
the subject would again be taken up and carried
to its logical conclusion. He could not know
that the matter, once deferred, was disposed of
for all time ; that the opportune moment which
was essential to successful intervention had
passed and could not be recalled. The Premier's
postponement for the fortnight or month proved
fatal to any action whatever.
" Within that space of time, as events then indicated,
he confidently believed some definite military result
would be reached in America. Under the vigorous lead
of Lee and ' Stonewall ' Jackson, the Confederate army
might not improbably occupy Washington. And within
the period assigned something did happen! — but not
what the British Premier had anticipated. At just that
critical juncture, and by the merest chance as to time,
one of the great events of the nineteenth century took
place in America. On September 22, while the Prime
Minister and the Foreign Secretary were corresponding
with a view to the immediate recognition of the slave-
holding Confederacy, the Emancipation Proclamation
of President Lincoln had been made public. That
African servitude was an issue in the American struggle
could no longer be denied; the attitude of the national
administration could not be ignored. From that time
the success of the Union cause meant the freedom of
the slave. A conflict of Titans, in the conflict, wholly
regardless of the influence it would have on the immedi-
ateEuropean situation, the quondam Illinois rail-splitter,
by force of circumstances, and quite unconsciously to
himself, became transfigured into a trans- Atlantic .Jove,
had launched an unmistakable thunderbolt.
" At first, in Europe, and more especially in Great
Britain, the proclamation was not taken seriously;
dazed, apparently, men seem in no way to have realized
its import. On the contrary, it excited scorn and
1914]
THE DIAL
293
derision. I have not time here to give sufficing passages
from the speeches of British public men and the news-
paper editorials of the period ; though they to-day read
curiously. I must confine myself to a few brief extracts.
Mr. Beresford-Hope, for instance, a highly respectable
member of Parliament, energetically characterized the
proclamation as ' This slavish type of weak yet demo-
niacal spite, the most unparalleled last card ever played
by a reckless gambler.' And a Mr. Peacock, the mem-
ber for North Essex, at a great Conservative demon-
stration at Colchester towards the close of October,
declared that if the proclamation was ' worth anything
more than the paper on which it was inscribed, and if
the four millions of blacks were really to be emanci-
pated on January 1st (then two months only distant),
we should be prepared to witness a carnage so bloody
as that even the horrors of the Jacquerie and the mas-
sacres of Cawnpore would wax pale in comparison ' —
and so forth and so on. Furthermore, the proclamation,
he declared, was ' one of the most devilish acts of
fiendish malignity which the wickedness of man could
ever have conceived.' And the London organ of the
Confederacy spoke within limits when it declared that
while ' every organ of a considerable party pronounced
the edict infamous,' a ' similar opinion of it was enter-
tained by every educated and nearly every uneducated
Englishman.'
" Viewed in the cool, clear perspective of history and
through the half-century vista of subsequent events,
there is indeed now something distinctly humorous in
the simple and honest, but altogether complete self-
deception in which the ' educated ' Englishman then
nursed himself. What he really objected to, and for
the best of reasons from his point of view, was the
onward movement towards ' Democracy ' — that he felt
in the very marrow of his bones."
The favorable chance for intervention rested
not so much upon American conditions as upon
the attitude of the British public. And all the
virulent speeches in condemnation of the Eman-
cipation Proclamation to the contrary not-
withstanding, the British public would never
support the Government that should interfere
to perpetuate the slave-holding Southern Con-
federacy. By the end of 1862, the democratic
instinct of Great Britain, inspired by John
Bright's assertion that the North was fighting
the cause of Democracy, and thoroughly aroused
by Lincoln's Proclamation, which also Bright
applauded, had created upon the Government
such pressure that, in spite of its inclination, it
dared not consider any step that might bring it
into conflict with the North. In these two chap-
ters Mr. Adams opens new ground. The reader
will be convinced that in the story of the Lan-
cashire Cotton Campaign there is here sketched,
for the first time adequately, the crisis of the
Confederacy.
Upon the fourth lecture, " A Great Historical
Character," it is unnecessary to comment. Mr.
Adams's presentation of General Lee, and of
the conditions at the close of the war, is broad
and sympathetic, and is characterized by the
same exhilarating directness and virility that
mark the entire volume.
Since the publication of the present work,
Mr. Adams has been extremely fortunate in
acquiring additional material bearing upon the
English Cabinet at this time. Some of this new
material is incorporated in an amplification of
the Oxford Lectures now in course of delivery
at the Johns Hopkins University. In these lec-
tures, which it has been the reviewer's privilege
to hear, Mr. Adams makes it clear that his later
findings materially alter certain conclusions in
the present volume. Whether this latest gather-
ing of new material from England is to appear
in print as a result of the Baltimore Lectures,
or whether it is to be reserved for later publi-
cation, the lecturer has not stated. In any case,
historical students will look forward with eager-
ness to its appearance in print.
Here, then, are four wholly delightful lectures
upon the Civil War. They discuss details of
events and intricate steps of diplomatic pro-
cedure that might easily make dull or difficult
reading, while much space is given to minute
and painstaking analysis. But the lectures are
wholly enlivening and stimulating. There is in
each chapter a thread of narrative which holds
the attention of even the casual reader; while
for the student of the period, the volume is
certain to be read with care and genuine satis-
faction. EPHRAIM DOUGLASS ADAMS.
THE UTERARY ASSOCIATIONS
OF LONDON.*
One has only to glance through the two
volumes cited below to be deeply impressed with
the part which London has played in our litera-
ture. A large number of English authors were
born in London ; many others sooner or later
migrated to London; and the London back-
grounds have always been most attractive to
literary men. The thought of London as a
microcosm has been familiar to us at least since
Ackermann's time, more than a century ago.
Here have always congregated those types dear
to the heart of the novelist, the playwright, and
the satirist — Pendennis, and Colonel Newcome,
and Nigel Oliphant, and Micawber, and Sam
Weller, and Sir Harry Wildair. It is some-
*THE BOOKLOVER'S LONDON. By A. St. John Adcock.
With twenty illustrations by Frederick Adcock. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
LONDON IN ENGLISH LITERATURE. By Percy H. Boynton.
University of Chicago Press.
294
THE DIAL
[April 1
what surprising, then, that notwithstanding the
large number of works on the antiquities of
London, there should be few or none dealing
generally with the literary atmosphere of the
great city, or in which a comprehensive attempt
is made to set forth the literary use made of the
various streets and buildings and localities of
what DeQuincey called "the nation of Lon-
don."
The two volumes before us in a way comple-
ment each other. Beginning with Chaucer's
day, Mr. Boynton gives us a series of ten pic-
tures of London, based as far as possible on
contemporary evidence. He shows us the city
of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Dry den, Ad-
dison, and Johnson, thus giving two chapters
each to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries;
then he writes three chapters on the nineteenth
century, and one on the twentieth ; a justifiable
proportion. Appended is a representative list
of about fifty novels, with references to the
parts of the city of which the authors treat.
This list might have been considerably extended,
but is good as far as it goes. Mr. Boynton's
narrative of the development of the city is well
balanced; and armed with his references, one
can go on almost indefinitely reading about the
city as it figures in drama and fiction. One
must add with regret that the volume is disfig-
ured by some bad misprints.
Mr. Adcock pursues a different plan. He is
interested not in chronology or in topograph-
ical development, but in sentimental journeys
to places peopled by the novelists. Going up
Cornhill, for example, he recalls the fact that
near by was
" The court in which Scrooge, of Dickens's Christmas
Carol, had his home and business premises, and that
coming from his bleak tank of an office one cutting,
wintry night Scrooge's clerk, Bob Cratchit, was so
carried away by the joyous spirit of the season that he
' went down a slide on Cornhill, at the end of a lane of
boys, twenty times in honour of its being Christmas
Eve'; and somehow Bob Cratchit became as real to
me in that moment as were any of the obvious people
swarming on the pavement around nie."
He is not therefore concerned so much with
where Shakespeare and Fielding and Gray and
Thackeray lived and what they saw in walking
through the streets ; but he is deeply interested
in the " Grecian " as being connected with Fal-
staff and Shallow, and in the " Bull and Gate "
in Holborn, where Tom Jones put up on his
first visit to London, and in the Charterhouse
as the old school of the Newcomes, father and
son, and of Pendennis. These men are for him
the realities of life rather than are the authors
of their being. And much as we may wish it
otherwise, is there not truth in this view?
Shakespeare is a shadowy figure at best, so
shadowy that certain vandals have sought to
deprive him of his fame and give it to Bacon or
some other impossible person ; but how real is
Falstaff, and the young Henry V., and Richard
III. ! Thackeray, too, and Dickens will in time
become mere names, except to the few who read
their biographies ; but Becky Sharp and David
Copperfield and Sydney Carton will live for
many generations.
This, then, is the point of view taken by Mr.
Adcock. Acting as a cicerone, he takes us here
and there through the city in a succession of
walks, pointing out who in fiction have lived in
this or that place, and how the scene has changed
since their time. It is surprising how much he
finds in every part of the city. Take, for ex-
ample, South London. Passing down Borough
High Street, we come to Lant Street, where Bob
Sawyer, the medical student in " Pickwick,"
first encountered Sam Weller. Across stood the
the King's Bench Prison, to which the officers
brought Mr. Micawber from Windsor Terrace ;
and further down stood the Marshalsea, full of
memories of Little Dorrit and her family. Then
there is St. George's Church, of which William
Halliday, in " The Orange Girl," was the organ-
ist. Round the corner of Horsemonger Lane,
John Chivery, lover of Little Dorrit, had a
tobacco business. Beyond Camberwell Green
lived Wemmick and The Aged, in " Great
Expectations." Mr. Adcock is not concerned
with the fact that Browning was born in Cam-
berwell — he might at least have referred to it, —
but he knows that Nancy Lord of Gissing's
" In the Year of Jubilee " lived in Grove Lane,
and that Samuel Barmby lived in Cold Harbour
Lane before he prospered and went to live in
Dagmar Street. At Brixton, Osmond Waymark
in Gissing's " The Unclassed " was a teacher.
Vauxhall Station and Park recall the fact that
Evelina used to go to the famous gardens, and
that Boz described them. Lambeth is full of
memories of Gissing's " Thyrza "; while Lam-
beth Marsh recalls the complaint of Luke in
Massinger's " The City Madam " that his gen tie-
men apprentices wasted their time in its evil
haunts. Bethlehem Hospital or Bedlam recalls
Totty Nancarrow, who passed it on her way to
St. George's. Hereabouts, too, the Gordon
rioters in " Barnaby Rudge " used to gather.
Finally, the Bankside recalls " The Bell of St.
Paul's," to say nothing of the Elizabethan
theatres.
Mr. Adcock's book would have been perhaps
1914]
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295
less interesting but certainly more useful if he
had omitted some of the long quotations and
had included a full topographical index, in addi-
tion to the somewhat meagre general index which
is provided.
Turning from these suggestive volumes to the
city itself, it may be worth while for us to glance
at the successive stages of London's growth as
related to literature, noting some features on
which Mr. Boynton has dwelt, and calling atten-
tion to some others. In the walled London of
Chaucer's day, with its forty thousand inhabit-
ants, the chief sights were the Bridge and old
St. Paul's. The narrow, irregular streets, full
of the smells of garbage and offal, were roughly
paved with large stones, and were lined with
small wooden houses. Morris's " London small
and clean and white " scarcely existed except
in romance. The various handicrafts were pretty
well segregated. The rich preyed on the poor :
a good picture of a poor man is seen in " London
Lyckpeny " (which, by the way, is not by Lyd-
gate : both our authors here follow a tradition
no longer accepted among scholars). The re-
ligious life was much in evidence. Of Chaucer's
twenty-nine pilgrims, ten had something to do
with the church or the great orders ; and all of
them were performing a religious task.
When Shakespeare went to London in 1586,
the population had increased to about a hundred
thousand, and many houses now stood outside
the walls. The city had become secularized ;
the religious orders had disappeared, and men,
turning from morbidly anxious attempts to save
their souls, had developed a deep interest in the
affairs of the present world. As Mr. Boynton
points out, this is well illustrated by the growth
of the theatres, the performances in which now
consumed much of the Londoners' time. Paul's
Walk continued to be a chief rendezvous.
Cheapside was unchanged. The Thames was a
noble stream, an important highway for business
and pleasure, on which some have estimated that
forty thousand persons earned a living. There
was such extravagance in food and dress that
the cost of living must have been relatively very
high ; all of which sounds strangely modern.
The youthful Milton beheld the growth of
Puritan opposition to the stage which resulted
in the closing of the theatres for eighteen years.
When they re-opened, conditions were, as Pepys
remarks, " a thousand times better and more
glorious than ever heretofore." The Puritan
restrictions upon conduct, as is well known, led
to the most violent reaction. Mr. Boynton puts
it mildly : " It is not too much to say that,
under royal auspices, vice and vicious luxury
have seldom flourished more arrogantly than at
that time."
The Plague and the Fire changed the map of
London. Although the old street lines were
preserved, in four years a new city arose on the
ashes of the old — a city on the whole far plainer
and more severe than the old, relieved only by
the noble architecture of Wren.
When Addison settled in London, the town
had swallowed up forty-seven outlying villages,
and had a population of three-fourths of a mil-
lion. After the reckless profligacy of the Stuart
times, London was inclined to sober down and
reflect upon its ways, in which " The Spectator"
helped. The great growths of the time were
the coffee house, the club, and the periodical
press; Mr. Boynton perceives also a new atti-
tude of respect toward women.
By Johnson's time the territory of Southwark
was almost as large as the City had been in
Chaucer's day. "Between 1750 and 1765 new
houses are said to have gone up at the rate of
over a thousand a year." Yet though London
was growing rapidly, it lost none of its charm.
" Johnson explained that it was ' in the multiplicity
of human habitations which are crowded together, that
the wonderful immensity of London consists.' Boswell
endorsed both himself and his subject when he said:
1 The intellectual man is struck with it, as comprehend-
ing the whole of human life, in all its variety, the con-
templation of which is inexhaustible.' To Burke it was
' an endless addition of littleness to littleness,' yet ' clean,
commodious, neat.' Gibbon, more candid, wrote: ' Never
pretend to allure me by painting in odious colours the
dust of London. I love the dust.' The great city was
all things to all men, a center of learning, a well-spring
of intellectual pleasures, a vast market, an assemblage
of taverns, a breeder of strong men, a ' heaven upon
earth.' Johnson, as usual, gives us the conclusion of
the whole matter: 'No, Sir, when a man is tired of
London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all
that life can afford.' "
One of the chief amusements of this very
satisfactory city was gambling. Mr. Boynton
recalls the fact that the British Museum was
begun with a lottery whose sponsors were the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancel-
lor, and the Speaker of the House of Commons,
and by means of which ,£100, 000 were raised.
At Almack's (later Brooks's) and other similar
places play ran high. For other diversions one
went to Vauxhall, reopened in 1732 after nine-
teen years of disuse; to Ranelagh, established
in Chelsea in 1742 ; to Marylebone Gardens ; or
to Bagnigge Wells. Roystering and mob vio-
lence were much in evidence ; the latter culmi-
nating, one may say, in the Gordon Riots, so
vividly portrayed in " Barnaby Rudge."
296
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[April 1
In Lamb's time the City had become almost
depopulated of residents — a London de-London-
ized. Lamb himself frequented the district
between Ludgate Circus and Charing Cross;
while Byron, between 1808 and 1815, was to
be found between Trafalgar Square and Hyde
Park. It is interesting to compare the impres-
sions London made upon the two. For Lamb,
the city was a never-failing source of delight,
with its streets, markets, theatres, churches,
its lamps, its coaches, its midnight cries of
"Fire!" and "Stop thief!" its Inns of Court,
its old book-stalls. Place by the side of this
Don Juan's first sight of the city :
"A mighty mass of brick, and smoke, and shipping,
Dirty and dusky, but as wide as eye
Could reach, with here and there a sail just skipping
In sight, then lost amidst the forestry
Of masts; a wilderness of steeples peeping
On tiptoe through their sea-coal canopy ;
A huge, dun cupola, like a foolscap crown
On a fool's head — and there is London Town! "
And this was typical of Byron's attitude toward
London in general.
The London we see through Dickens's eyes
was a grim one. Of course there were slums
before Dickens's time; only they did not get
into history and literature. Thackeray's Lon-
don was naturally different. It " started with
social position and used Bohemia as a back-
ground as naturally as Dickens's started with
poverty and resorted to the West End only by
way of contrast." Yet it was still an old-
fashioned city,
" Untouched by the march of comfort. There were no
telephones, nor telegraphs, nor railways above or below
ground. There were no electric lights, nor motor
busses, nor elevators; no department stores nor penny
post. . . . Old cities are like old houses. You cannot
introduce all the modern conveniences without changing
the looks of things."
In the Victorian era the clubs came into full
flower. Pall Mall is a creation chiefly of the
reign of Victoria ; so are many of the Govern-
ment buildings. As a literary centre, Chelsea
now assumes importance, with the Carlyles,
Leigh Hunt, Rossetti, George Eliot, Swinburne,
and Meredith. "There must have been abundant
ozone in the Chelsea atmosphere." Yet the
whole London atmosphere was stimulating.
"Seldom has there been deeper breathing, heartier
joking, more uproarious laughter, or sterner invective.
The general discontent that prevailed in Victorian
London belonged to the spirit of the age, which was an
age of transition. If the early century was troubled,
as it surely was, it was by ' the cheerful trouble of
change.' And if the adjustments which were incessantly
taking place made more for chaos than order, it was
because ' the creed of humanity was on its honeymoon.' "
Here let us take leave. With the London
of tubes and motor busses and evening papers
and luxurious hotels we will here have nothing
to do. That belongs to the next century, for
which the London of to-day will doubtless have
the same charm which Johnson's London has
for us- CLARK S. NORTHUP.
WOMAN AND THE INTELLECTUAL, LIFE.*
Whether we consider that ability for scien-
tific research arose as a by-product of human
evolution, or in some other way, it has become
an asset of the first importance to our species.
The history of nations and the experience of
individuals alike indicate that prosperity and
progress must come through new ways of util-
izing inherent abilities, the discovery of self
being the first step toward the discovery of the
laws and potentialities of nature. It is prob-
able that the most highly civilized nations of
to-day resemble the steam engine in the small
proportion of useful work done in comparison
with the energy expended; so that the social
problem, like that of the engineer, is one of
conservation and utilization, of the avoidance
of waste.
It is, therefore, extremely interesting to
inquire whether the commonly received opinion,
that women are less competent than men to
engage in research, has any foundation in fact.
The answer, if it can be found, is no longer a
matter of mere sentimental interest, but involves
the most practical considerations. Are we,
through the organization of society, and in con-
sequence of our customs and prejudices, pre-
venting the development of an enormous amount
of intellectual ability, which might be of incal-
culable value to our species? That this ques-
tion is not inherently absurd, is shown by the
history of science as cultivated" by men: the
long periods of stagnation and infertility, cer-
tainly due to nurture rather than to nature.
Dr. Mozans, in a work of over four hundred
pages, seeks to show that women not only are able
to engage in severe intellectual labor, but that
they have done so in very numerous instances
in the past, with the most brilliant results. He
begins with a discussion of woman and education
in ancient Greece, and after a short chapter on
woman's capacity for scientific pursuits, describes
in detail the achievements of women in mathe-
* WOMAN IN SCIENCE. With an Introductory Chapter
on Woman's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind. By
H. J. Mozans, Ph.D. With frontispiece. New York : D.
Appleton & Co.
1914]
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297
matics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology,
medicine, archseology, and invention. Then
follows a chapter on women as iuspirers and
collaborators in science, and a final one on the
future of women in science, with a summary of
the argument. There is a good bibliography.
The author has been indefatigable in search-
ing the records of the past, and has assembled
a surprising amount of information. When,
however, the reader has recovered from his
first astonishment at the array of illustrious
names, he is likely to reflect that after all, when
these are spread out over the length of history
and the breadth of civilization, they are as rare
as comets in the sky. He is likely to note that
one comparatively small volume is needed to
recount the scientific deeds of women, whereas
nobody would think of writing such a book on
"Men in Science." In all probability, he will
also remark on the extremely eulogistic phrases
used to describe the women whose brief biogra-
phies are given, and recall that the usages of
society have sanctioned every kind of gross
exaggeration and flattery in descriptions of
women by men. It will occur to him that the
author has assiduously and quite uncritically
collected all these sayings, with perhaps no
better sense of humor than that of an historian
who might endeavor to picture the personal
appearance of Queen Elizabeth from the letters
and addresses delivered to her during her life-
time.
All these reflections are obviously tinctured
with ancient prejudice; we will not say mascu-
line prejudice, for women are as likely to feel
it as men. It does appear, however, that the
author's narrative requires to be taken with a
certain amount of salt, and especially to be
supplemented by some other considerations.
The book is rather weak where it might have
been strong, in its treatment of the woman of
to-day. There are two rather distinct questions
involved : whether women in general are intel-
lectually inferior to men, and whether it is
possible for women to exhibit very high mental
powers. The latter point must certainly be
conceded, even if we temper the glowing pages
of history, and confine ourselves to the most
authentic cases. Everything Dr. Mozans has
recorded might be literally true, and yet it
might be true that the female sex was appre-
ciably inferior to the male in intellectual powers,
taken as a whole. Dr. Mozans, in his concluding
chapter, suggests that the sexes have substan-
tially equal powers, but men, as Etienne Lamy
said, prefer analysis, women synthesis. My own
judgment, after teaching both men and women
for many years, is that not even this difference
exists. As a matter of fact, when I have men
and women undergraduates in the same class,
the women always average better, generally
considerably better, than the men. This no
more proves that the female sex is inherently
superior, than the reverse is proved by the argu-
ments one often hears. The reasons for this
state of affairs are complicated; but college
women have on the whole fewer outside activities
than the men, and are not so likely to be taken
up with purely " prof essional' ' courses. It is
also probable, since the women at college are in
a minority, that they represent a more selected
group. John must go to the university, to get
ready for law, or medicine, or what not ; but it
is not worth while to spend money on Mary
unless she is clever. In some cases, I believe
that women gain an advantage from the way
they approach intellectual subjects. The boy,
mixing with other boys, has acquired certain
active prejudices ; the girl, coming into contact
with a new world of thought, naively appreciates
things more nearly according to their real merits.
Some people call this "feminine intuition";
but is it not rather lack of social inhibition ?
Dr. Mozans remarks on the multitudes of
unmarried women, — necessary multitudes, be-
cause of the numerical excess of their sex in
civilized countries. Why should not they be
contributing to the advancement of knowledge ?
It is, however, extremely undesirable to hinder
the ablest women from getting married, and
equally undesirable to leave scientific research
in the hands of any but the able. Madame
Curie is said to be an expert on babies as well
as on radium; and when we have discarded
some hoary notions, and have found really edu-
cated husbands for our brilliant women, it will
probably not appear that marriage is a fatal
obstacle to scientific activity. Dr. Mozans does
not so consider it, of course; but we protest
against the idea of presenting to a young woman
the alternatives of science or marriage, as may
easily be done with the best intentions. It is
not long ago since university fellows were re-
quired to remain celibate ; and very good argu-
ments can be adduced in favor of this rule, until
we begin to look at things in a larger way.
Among men and women, there will arise a
certain number of individuals endowed with
such remarkable powers that they become ex-
ceptions to ordinary rules, and require special
environments. If a teacher finds one such during
a lifetime, he is fortunate, and it is his duty to
298
THE DIAL
[April 1
do everything in his power to bring about the
fruition of so rare a plant, throwing all consid-
erations of time and academic technicalities to
the winds. He is, however, mainly and essen-
tially concerned with the normal person of good
ability, who should lead a normal life, and con-
tribute his share to the progress of the world.
I believe it is perfectly practicable for the
majority of such people, let us say a fourth or
a sixth of the adult population, to serve at least
as privates in the intellectual army, and in the
course of a lifetime to make positive contribu-
tions to human thought or knowledge. It is
doubtless possible for a very much larger num-
ber to have intellectual interests of some kind,
though not actually engaged in consecutive work.
This means a great extension of "amateur"
activities, and a great increase in general cul-
ture ; not only fruitful in itself, but furnishing
a public well able to appreciate and utilize the
greater labors of the genius. So far as history
and experience show, there is absolutely no rea-
son why women should not share equally with
men the glories of such a renaissance.
T. D. A. COCKERELL.
EVOLUTION OF HOUSEHOLD DECORATION.*
Thirty years ago when Oscar Wilde came to
America, he hastened to tell us what he thought
of our houses. Most of them, he said, were
"illy designed, decorated shabbily and in bad
taste, filled with furniture that was not honestly
made and was out of character." At first we
were indignant; when we had calmed down a
bit and looked about us, we found the charges
to be true ; then we said to each other, " What
can we do about it?" Soon came individual
efforts at reform, and later, magazine articles
and books pointing out the ways we should go.
Now we have arrived at a stage where pub-
lishers' lists show a somewhat appalling array
of books on household decoration. These books
are of wide appeal, since there are few persons
who do not at some time in their lives plan to
build or to furnish a home. During the reign
of the ugly, now commonly known as the mid-
Victorian period, the whole business of house
decoration was turned over to the professional
decorator ; the theory being that, given money
* HOME FURNISHING. By George Leland Hunter. Illus-
trated. New York : John Lane Co.
THE HOUSE AS HOME. By Mrs. Arthur Stallard. Illus-
trated. New York : James Pott & Co.
THE HOUSE IN GOOD TASTE. By Elsie de Wolfe. Illus-
trated. New York : The Century Co.
enough, he could and would evolve beauty. For
people without money the case was hopeless, and
beauty in the home out of the question. But
we have now renounced that belief ; though
we accept hints from the professionals, we have
discovered that no home is really beautiful unless
it expresses, to some extent at least, the individ-
uality of the family that occupies it. We know
better than anyone else our own desires, our
own limitations, and what minor things we are
willing to sacrifice in order to secure our chief
wants. Fortunately, the money side of the
question has faded into comparative insignifi-
cance. So many beautiful patterns and colors
are now offered in inexpensive fabrics, so many
charming designs in simple but graceful and
honest furniture, that even the household of
limited purse need not despair. In what we
refrain from buying, quite as much as in what
we buy, do we proclaim the quality of our taste.
This means that household decoration, like
all art, requires education in its fundamental
principles. While good taste comes more natu-
rally to some persons than to others, there are
few who do not need a certain amount of train-
ing,— at least enough to save them from the
dictum of the decorator or the follies of the
faddist. A right and necessary use of books on
the subject is apparent here. If we want an
eighteenth century house (and it happens that
there is a growing revival of fondness for eigh-
teenth century work) let us by all means consult
the English books devoted to this period. But
the number of people who build their own
houses is very small compared with those who
live in houses or apartments built for them by
others ; to adapt and furnish to their own taste
these ready-made habitations is the main con-
cern of the large majority.
While the character of the house must of
course dominate the situation in considerable
part, it cannot be allowed to do so entirely. All
the conditions of modern life have changed so
completely in the last two decades, that a house
older than that presents a very stubborn face.
Suites of gilded and high-ceiled rooms in which
the more formal etiquette of an earlier day
delighted are quite out of key with the mood of
the "tired business man" in his American
home or apartment. What he and his family
want is something as far removed as possible
from artificiality and affectation ; to banish the
old traditions and to create the proper atmos-
phere in the modern home are the chief aims in
our new art of house decoration. Accordingly,
it is not surprising to find in the three recently-
1914]
THE DIAL
published books on the subject, with which we
have here to deal, an emphatic refusal to remain
imitative and an earnest effort to become crea-
tive.
Moreover, many new appliances of science
call for a new art in their use. Electricity has
come to supplant the candles, lamps, and gas of
the earlier times; hence arise entirely new
problems in residence illumination. Compara-
tively little attention has been given to this
problem by illuminating engineers, their efforts
having been concentrated on the larger and
more lucrative contracts for commercial and
public buildings. Our new books wisely devote
considerable space to the subject of lighting
fixtures. In Mr. Hunter's volume occurs this
instructive passage :
" Light is the most beautiful thing in the world. It
is not only beautiful in itself, but upon it depends the
beauty of all beautiful objects. Without light they might
as well be nonexistent. Carefully to conceal light sources
is deliberately to abandon the greatest decorative possi-
bilities. The work of the illuminating artist is to place
and so shade the lights correctly that they glow with
gentle, grateful radiance. ... I cannot sufficiently
emphasize the difference that exists between the simple
rooms in light colors and the elaborate rooms in dark
colors. The latter take from two to five times as
much light without being satisfactorily illuminated. . . .
Frosted bulbs are one of the most blessed inventions of
the age. They absorb 10 or 15 per cent of the light,
but increase the amount of effective illumination. With
85 per cent of the light, the eye can see better than it
could with 100 per cent. For the burning of the eye
by the filament closes the pupil and makes it inefficient.
Frosting also tones the light slightly toward the cream."
In Mr. Hunter's comments on the subject of
rugs, tapestries, draperies, etc., we find much
valuable counsel. Best of all is a chapter of
good sense on a subject so long treated with
open abuse or silent contempt by writers on
interior decoration, — the subject of carpets
covering the whole floor.
" Many persons undoubtedly use rugs where carpet-
ing would be much more attractive decoratively as well
as much more comfortable. . . . The more I think about
carpets and carpeting, the less defense they seem to need.
The vacuum cleaner removed any objection that could
be made against them as dust collectors. And the fact
that they do collect and hold the dust instead of leaving
it to float loose in the air every time a door or a window
is opened, is a strong argument in their favor as well as
in favor of textiles generally. . . . Certainly, in halls
and on stairways and especially in dining-rooms they
are not only more comfortable but they are often more
decorative. Rugs break up a room and make it look
smaller, carpets pull it together and give the maximum
appearance of size. A long, narrow hall looks much
better proportioned with a full carpeting than with a
runner."
Had Mr. Hunter been a housekeeper he might
well have added that nothing has done so much
to bring about the unhappy state which now
obtains in domestic service as the supplanting
of carpets by rugs and hardwood floors. The
daily care of these doubles the work even in a
small house.
Of the other books before us, it may be said
that their essential difference is well indicated in
their respective titles, "The House as Home"
and "The House in Good Taste." The first-
named is by an Englishwoman, Mrs. Arthur
Stallard, whose qualifications are suggested by
her certificates and diplomas from schools of art
and of cookery. Her book goes into much detail
concerning such subjects as kitchens, basements,
stores, cookery, children, servants, etc. It is
illustrated by twenty-four plates from photo-
graphs by the author, mainly views in her own
home; but these are so commonplace as to
detract from the book rather than add to it. The
text is more convincing than the pictures.
Miss Elsie de Wolfe's volume wil be likely
to attract considerable attention, not only be-
cause the writer is well known as a professional
decorator, but because her publishers have made
such a beautiful book of it. Moreover, Miss
de Wolfe writes in an easy and intimate way,
telling of what she has herself done in recon-
structing three old houses for her own use, — two
in New York City and one in Versailles, France.
All of these houses she adapted for exclusively
feminine occupancy, — though the writer need
hardly have mentioned that fact, for in all three
cases the details show most of the features that
the average man most detests. Miss de Wolfe
remarks in her opening pages: "Men are for-
ever guests in our homes, no matter how much
happiness they may find there. . . . Man con-
ceived the great house with its parade rooms,
its grands appartements, but woman found
eternal parade tiresome, and planned for herself
little retreats, rooms small enough for comfort
and intimacy." Granting these premises (which
the present reviewer by no means can do), the
book contains many feasible and artistic sug-
gestions. One of the best chapters is that on
"The Effective Use of Color." Has not the
time come when we are ready to hear a strong
plea for more color in our houses? Are we
not all a little tired of neutral backgrounds,
patternless wall-papers, grey paint, etc.? Futur-
ism, Cubism, Synchronism, clamoring to be
recognized as art, have many sins to answer for ;
but they serve one good purpose, at least, in
calling anew our attention to the glory that lies
in color. The fact that strong tints are now
so generally demanded in pictures, wall papers
300
THE DIAL
[April 1
and costumes, seems to indicate that we are at
the beginning of an age of color.
The boast of the nineteenth century home was
that it made prompt use of the latest discoveries
and inventions of science; perhaps we of the
twentieth century may yet boast that we are
making good use of art, especially in the place
where it has been neglected longest — the decor-
ation of the home.
ANNA BENNESON MCMAHAN.
STRINDBERG IN ENGLISH.*
" The new American literature gave his skepticism an un-
expected support, about the time when he took up newspaper
work. American humorists began to be translated and seem
to have struck some highstrung chords in the hearts of his
contemporaries. The public accepted their jokes as jokes,
but Johan took them seriously — for they were serious.
They treated and analyzed everything from a modern stand-
point, and, consequently, everything was bosh ! The Amer-
ican's sense for the real had discovered the real import of
life in the struggle for existence ; purified from all hallu-
cinations, all ideals, and all romanticism, he understood the
relative nothingness of life and the absolute nothingness of
heaven, and he smiled a broad smile at the whole old civil-
ization. Neither rank, nor greatness, nor talent, nor wealth
could fool him into admiration ; nothing old, nothing of the
past, inspired him with reverence. Napoleon and Wash-
ington, Michael Angelo and Beecher Stowe were treated as
saloon cronies ; revolution and reaction, reformation and
renaissance were movements only, whether forward or back-
ward did n't matter ; neither the subjugated woman nor the
subjugated negro drew tears from anybody ; the newspaper
press, from which these authors had emanated, was treated
with the same contempt as any other business ; dogmas and
art theories, contributions to the lynch laws, were taken all
* THE RED ROOM. By August Strindberg. Authorized
translation by Ellie Schleussner. New York : G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
MARRIED. Stories of Married Life. Containing also the
tragicomedy, " Creditors." By August Strindberg. Author-
ized translation by Ellie Schleussner. Boston: John W.
Luce & Co.
THE SON OF A SERVANT. By August Strindberg.
Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduction by Henry
Vacher-Burch. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE CONFESSION OF A FOOL. By August Strindberg.
Translated by Ellie Schleussner. Boston : Small, Maynard
&Co.
BY THE OPEN SEA. By August Strindberg. Authorized
translation by Ellie Schleussner. New York: B. W.Huebsch.
ON THE SEABOARD. A Novel of the Baltic Islands. By
August Strindberg. Translated by Elizabeth Clarke Wester-
gren. Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd Co.
THE INFERNO. By August Strindberg. Translated by
Claud Field. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
ZONES OF THE SPIRIT. A Book of Thoughts by August
Sfcrindberg. Translated by Claud Field. With an Introduc-
tion by Arthur Babillotte. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
IN MIDSUMMER DAYS, and Other Tales. By August
Strindberg. Translated by Ellie Schleussner. New York :
McBride, Nast & Co.
AUGUST STRINDBERG : THE SPIRIT OF REVOLT. Studies
and Impressions. By L. Lind-af-Hageby. New York : D.
Appleton & Co.
PLAYS BY AUGUST STRINDBERG. Translated by Edith
and Warner Oland. Third series. Boston : John W. Luce
&Co.
in a lump ; no regard for personality existed ; the faith in
court justice and the love for the common weal were blown
away to be replaced by the pocket revolver. It was the
portent of that anarchy of thought which was to burst forth
later on, it was the balance sheet of the old view of the
world, the beginning of the demolition."
This passage from August Strindberg's autobi-
ography is significant and to American readers in-
teresting. It shows one of the sources from which
grew the spirit of "The Red Room." The founda-
tion was laid long before: when the boy found that
he could not win his mother's love; when he was
punished for a theft of which he was not guilty,
while his aunt, who was the real culprit, calmly sat
by. Another stone was laid when he walked the
streets of Upsala with a backgammon box under his
arm, trying to find a friend who would help him to
kill the time which he, without books and without
money, could not spend in study; and again, in
Stockholm, when he did not know where he should
get food for the next day ; finally, when the master-
piece of his youth, ''Master Olof," was refused by
the Royal Dramatic Theatre. Hence the motto
which he placed on the title-page of "The Red
Room": "Rien n'est si de'sagre'able que d'etre pendu
obscure'ment," — which motto the translator of the
English edition, probably not understanding its sig-
nificance, has omitted. " When I get to be thirty
I will write a novel," he used to say in his younger
days. When his friends asked what the book would
be about, he answered : " We '11 see when the time
comes." When the time came he wrote "The Red
Room." It is a large social canvas in which the
author shows society in cross sections, its tendencies,
its main figurants. He had discovered Dickens,
and here he had found his form. But when the
book appeared everybody cried " Zola ! " " L'assom-
moir" had just appeared in a Swedish translation;
and though there is nothing in Strindberg's book
that could be traced to the French author, the spirit
of revolt was evident in both works, and was recog-
nized by the champions of the existing order. Strind-
berg had as yet read nothing by Zola. But now he
began to read the Frenchman's works, and found
that he was superseded ; the other had already said
all that he wanted to say. Strindberg then returned
to his "learned idiocies," and began to delve in the
archives and libraries. The result was an historical
work, "The Swedish People," heterodox as every-
thing he wrote ; heterodox then, — but now the others
have caught up with him!
In 1884 appeared the book which should make
August Strindberg's name known far and wide:
'Giftas," i. e., "To Marry,"— not "Married," as
all the stories are not of married life, but all deal
with the problem of marriage.* Of this book the
author himself says : " He went to work with his book
on marriage with much sympathy and much old-
fashioned reverence for the mother, and he had his
ears full of talk about the subjugation of woman;
*Strindberg had actually considered the title, " Married
Folks," but instead selected "To Marry," for the above-
mentioned reason.
1914]
THE DIAJL
301
himself one of the subjugated, he wished to think out
and experiment with means to save her and all others
that were oppressed." After he had written some of the
stories he stopped to look over what he had written.
The result was not what he had expected. He lived
at this time with his family in a, pension in Switzer-
land, a house full of women whom he met "at every
meal, between meals and everywhere, idle, preten-
tious, pleasure-seeking." Then he wonders where
the husband might be, and " discovers the supporter
of the family." In the preface to the first collection,
the sociological viewpoint which ruled Strindberg is
very clearly brought out. Here he criticises Ibsen,
who in " A Doll's House " has " described an excep-
tional case and made it stand for a universal idea."
And he shows how the ideal of womanhood has
changed with the generations. The ideal of the
eighteenth century is not the same as that of the
middle of the nineteenth.
" To remove the woman question now, under present
conditions, from its connection with other problems is impos-
sible, to attempt it dangerous. Woman's desire for libera-
tion is the same as man's unruly strife for freedom. Let us
therefore emancipate the men from their prejudices and the
women will also be liberated. But towards this goal we
must work together, as friends, not as enemies." . ,'
To quote from Strindberg's programme for the
liberation of woman which follows this passage
would be interesting and instructive, but space for-
bids. It should be read in its totality. This whole
preface has, however, been suppressed by the trans-
lator. Nor will the reader of the English version
realize that the volume consists of two collections
of stories, written at different times, and the second
in a quite different spirit from the first. This is
emphasized in the original by the preface to the
second collection, which the translator has also sup-
pressed. Without these prefaces, and with no dis-
tinction between the two original collections, and
further with some of the more significant stories
omitted, the present volume presents a distortion of
the original that should not have been allowed to
be printed*; the more so as the translation itself is
on the whole unsatisfactory.
However, the "prize" is taken by the translation
of "Tjanstekvinnans Son," — "The Son of a
Servant," as the English version has it, or "The
Servantgirl's Son," as a more faithful translation
would read. That the translator has only a limited
knowledge of Swedish is very clear, or he would
not have translated "ga i vagen" as "go in the
street" instead of "get in the way"; he would not
have translated " kryddkramaren " as "shipping
agent" instead of "grocer"; he would not have
made the man servant of the General walk about in
"skull-cap and large hedge-scissors" instead of
helmet and saber! All this may be found on the
first page. In addition to making a miserable
translation, Mr. Claud Field has taken the liberty
* That the translator has added one more to the transla-
tions already existing of "Creditors" and tacked it on to
this volume of stories gives the whole a rather commercial
aspect.
of omitting the first three paragraphs, which give
the historical and social setting to the book. One
may hope that this translator will refrain from
attempting the remaining three parts of Strindberg's
great autobiography ; it is quite enough that he has
spoiled the first part, which, with its most interest-
ing story of the life of a boy and youth of unusual
sensitiveness, will always command a high place in
the autobiographical literature of the nineteenth
century, and which should have been given to the
English-speaking public in something like a faithful
and spirited rendering.
We may be permitted here to correct a statement
in Mr. Edwin BjOrkman's "Voices of Tomorrow,"
where he says that Strindberg's mother was "a
barmaid who had brought three children into the
world before her relations to their father was legiti-
mized by marriage." Strindberg's mother was never
a bar-maid; she was waitress in a restaurant, and
later his father's housekeeper and what we would
call his common-law wife. The union was legiti-
mized a few months before August Strindberg's
birth. He was not a welcome child, and was always
conscious of this fact. Still, he always felt tied to
the mother with the strongest of ties. Before he
was ten years old he and his older brother were
sent to the country to a sort of summer boarding
school. The steamer has left Stockholm and is far
out on the Baltic. He cannot return home ; and in
loneliness he thinks of his mother.
"He sees her picture before him, serious, mild, smiling.
He hears her last words : ' Be obedient and polite to every-
body ; be careful about your clothes, and do not forget to
say your prayers.' He thinks of how disobedient he has
been toward her, and wonders whether she is ill. Her
picture appears purified, transfigured, and draws him on
with longing's never-breaking ties. This longing and lone-
liness after the mother followed him through life. Had he
come too early to this world ? Was he an abortive ? What
held him so tied to the mother trunk ? '•
In "The Confession of a Fool," Strindberg gives
his own version of his first marriage. How much
of this version is true, how much based on a dis-
eased imagination, it is difficult to say. That there
was a substantial basis for his accusation against
his first wife is probably true ; but it is no less true
that he imagined much that had no foundation in
fact. But whether true or not, he believed it to be
true, and suffered from his imaginings as much as
from the actual reality. The book was written in
French, but a German translation appeared in 1893,
— a year before the French original was printed.
No authorized Swedish edition has ever been pub-
lished, though a spurious one from the German
appeared serially in a Stockholm weekly in spite of
the author's protest. The book will, however, be
included in Strindberg's collected works now in
course of publication. But no matter how revolting
some parts of the story are, the book cannot fail to
make a deep impression as explaining much that
would otherwise seem puzzling in the author's
writings, and it must awaken a deep sympathy for
him. To a man who has suffered as Strindberg
302
THE DIAL
[April 1
suffered during the last years of his first marriage,
much may be forgiven. Besides, the book is written
with a force which carries the reader away as does,
perhaps, no other work by this author.
During his sojourn in Switzerland in the middle
of the eighties, Strindberg had been imbued with
socialistic ideas, which found in his mind a fertile
soil. He never lost his sympathy for the down-
trodden or his interest in socialism ; but there came
at one time a reaction from the enthusiasm with
which he had embraced the socialistic tenets. One
outcome of this individualistic swing of the pendu-
lum was the novel "I havsbandet," of which two
translations have appeared: "By the Open Sea"
and " On the Seaboard," — the former, like the other
translations under consideration, by an English
translator, the latter by an American. There is
more than a touch of Nietzsche in the delineation
of the chief character, Axel Borg, the Inspector of
Fisheries, — neither "Fish Commissioner" as the
American translator has it, nor " Superintendent of
Fisheries," according to the English. Strindberg
had been in correspondence with Nietzsche for a
short time in the later eighties, not long before
Nietzsche's final collapse ; and the correspondence
has recently been printed in a German literary
journal. It is as a conversation between Die Jung-
frau and Finsteraarhorn ! Axel Borg is the super-
man who is above the rest of humanity, a sort of
scientific Sherlock Holmes. He finally succumbs
because the delicate machinery of his brain and
nerves is unable to withstand the double pressure
of sexual excitement and intellectual loneliness.
After the dissolution of his first marriage, Strind-
berg lived for some years in high tension, during
which he produced a number of short dramas, essays,
and sketches, — the former of a rather misogynic
character, the latter gradually culminating in a sort
of scientific mysticism. In the meanwhile, he mar-
ried for the second time, and after a couple of years
this marriage also was dissolved. About this time,
Strindberg went through the experience which he
has so faithfully described in " The Inferno." Dur-
ing this period, most of which he spent in Paris, he
was as near to real insanity as is possible without
actually overstepping the bounds of reason ; that he
did not overstep these bounds, but still held his mind
under control, is shown by his narration of what he
went through, probably on the basis of minute diaries.
During this period Strindberg experienced one of
his many religious crises, — the last one, — and he
came out of it not only a theist, but a believer in
every word in the Bible, though not as an orthodox
in the usually accepted meaning of the word. He
said later that, in order to be able to hold himself
upright, he found that he must have an infallible
authority, outside of himself to lean upon, and he
took the Bible, which he chose to accept as true
in its smallest details. The three stout volumes
published in 1907 and 1908 under the title, "En
Bla Bok," are a curious manifestation of this spiritual
development. Portions of the first two volumes are
now translated under the title, " Zones of the Spirit,"
and make very curious reading. They form a col-
lection of jottings, notes, studies in little, reflections
on science, denunciations of modern science and
philology. Most of them have a distinct interest
as human documents, but others have not even that
much interest.
The volume of collected tales published in En-
glish under the title of the one placed first, "In
Midsummer Days" (in Swedish called simply
"Sagor"), is, like too much of Strindberg's later
production, uneven. Some of the stories are quite
commonplace; others, for instance, "Half a Sheet
of Foolscap,"* and "The Story of St. Gotthard,"
are among the finest he has written.
All of these books, with the exception of "Zones
of the Spirit " and some of the tales, belong in their
original form to the most forceful productions of
modern workmanship in the Swedish language.
But the translations! There are parts of "The
Confession of a Fool " and of "The Inferno" where
one is reminded of Strindberg's language; but in
general the renderings are flat, — when they are
not worse. This is hardly to be wondered at.
Strindberg is one of the most individual and there-
fore one of the most trying authors for the trans-
lator. It is probably not yet time for a uniform
edition of a selection of Strindberg's work in En-
glish. When the time comes, it would be well to
take the existing translations and place them in the
hands of an editorial board of persons who know
both languages and represent both literary skill
and philological learning. With such a board, but
scarcely in any other way, will it be possible to
get an adequate rendering of August Strindberg's
writings in English.
The question will of course arise, Cui bono? Is
it all worth while? If it were only for the enrich-
ment of the language by characteristic and neces-
sarily unconventional phrases, the rendering of the
spoken language in printed form, the gain would be
great. But also as a contribution to literature, the
literature of power, it would be more than worth
while. Because a study of Strindberg's writings
and the remarkable thread of self-revelation that
runs through all he has written will help men better
to understand themselves and the hidden motives
that guide their thoughts and actions. As no mod-
ern literature now is complete without a rendering
of Ibsen and Nietzsche, so will the time surely come
when a knowledge of Strindberg will be regarded
as necessary by anyone who lays claim to a many-
sided intellectual equipment.
Miss Lind-af-Hageby's excellent and interesting
study should contribute to a deeper understanding
of Strindberg's life and writings, — in his case the
two are interwoven as with few writers. Strindberg
wrote, if anyone did, with his heart's blood. There
* Why " foolscap " ? The original title is " Half a Sheet
of Paper."
1914]
THE DIAL,
303
is little in his writings that was not experienced by
him, and there is nothing that has not been felt by
him just as deeply as if it had been part of his own
life.
Mr. and Mrs. Oland have added a third volume to
their series of translations of Strindberg's dramatic
writings, containing three plays from his later
years, — all three touched by his peculiar mysticism:
"Advent," with the dark mysticism of the Inferno-
year; "Swan-white," in a lighter vein, like the
fairy play it is ; "The Storm," with the spirit of old
age hovering over the scene. These translators,
the one a Swede, the other an American, have
succeeded better than others in giving not only a
faithful, but a spirited, rendering of Strindberg in
something like his own language.
AKSEL G. S. JOSEPHSON.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
Literature and Persons who open Mr. Holbrook
art in the late Jackson's new book of essays, " The
wth century. Eighteen Nineties" (Kennerley),
anticipating merely a lively account of "purple
patches," too-amorous minor poetry, Jin de siecle
epigrams, and decadent "yellowness" in art and
letters, — readers cherishing such anticipations are
doomed to disappointment. Mr. Jackson is too
serious a critic to devote himself to fripperies. He
is attracted to the last decade of the nineteenth
century because, like the ends of many centuries, it
was a big, vital, dramatic epoch. To be sure, its
bigness often bedizened itself in bizarre and tawdry
trappings. Its splendid vitality was sometimes
splendidly misdirected. Its dramatic fervor, its
zest for novelty, its eagerness to taste life, led to
inevitable indiscretions, indigestion and remorse,
due to its having tasted more life than was good for
it. But one should not, on this account, Mr. Jackson
thinks, over-emphasize fin de siecle decadence, or
set up Aubrey Beardsley as the type of the period.
Beardsley's strange exotic genius was but one
expression of the questing spirit of the time. He
challenged the world for individual freedom. Oscar
Wilde, writing "The Soul of Man under Socialism,"
showed himself awake to the equally novel and
equally insistent demand for social freedom: a
crusade that engaged the art of William Morris.
Meanwhile Mr. Kipling was preaching a noble
imperialism ; Mr. Shaw was insisting that facing
the facts of life is the only road to salvation ; Francis
Thompson turned to mysticism; John Davidson
analyzed the difficult present and hailed the dawn
of a splendid future; while an impressive array of
lesser geniuses wrote and painted, dreamed and
discussed, gaily defying old customs and solemnly
inaugurating a new, and on the whole a better,
order of things. To those who, like the present
reviewer, grew up in the nineties and were absorbed
in one or another of its many trends, the complexity
of Mr. Jackson's analysis will prove astonishing;
and to any reader it will be somewhat overpower-
ing, with the recurring long lists of names and the
conscientious attempt to be complete at all costs.
We miss the sympathetic spontaneity of Mr. Jack-
son's earlier and more casual studies of men and
books. Nevertheless, "The Eighteen Nineties" is
good work, worthy of the fine setting and copious
and interesting illustration that the publishers have
provided. Sympathetic studies of the arresting
phases of the "yellow nineties " are common enough;
Mr. Jackson has found his opportunity in showing
how regenerate forces mingled there with degenerate,
and in calling attention to the date of much fine
work — Mr. Shaw's plays, for example, — that was
the true fruit of the nineties, though it waited until
the twentieth century for popular understanding and
acclaim.
If the Quakers thus magnified their
Purest ?Pirits> John Woolman would
be a saint. But the Quakers have a
way, unfortunately, of keeping many of their best
things to themselves; and had it not been for the
recognition accorded by Charles Lamb and Presi-
dent Eliot and other men of the "world," Wool-
man's name would hardly be known outside of the
Society of Friends. As it is, many well-read people
know John Woolman's meagre Journal to be the
record of one of the most remarkably consistent
lives ever lived on the pattern of Christ's. As liter-
ature, it is one of the precious documents of the
American colonial period. To rehearse Woolman's
life with the help of his Journal, fortified by con-
temporary testimony, was well enough. But the
world to-day wants to know whether this Christ-life
led under the sole dictates of the Voice within is,
practicable. Is it possible for a man to be in the
world and yet not of it, as was Woolman ? A tailor
of Burlington, New Jersej7, he supported a family,
paid his bills, directed by spoken and written word
the trend of contemporary Quakerism, travelled re-
peatedly on horseback from New England to Virginia,
visited England in the love of the gospel, and died of
small-pox at York in 1772 in the fifty-third year of
his age. So much Mr. W. Teignmouth Shore relates
well enough, in his volume entitled "John Wool-
man: His Life and Our Times" (Macmillan) ; but
he misses the chance to present Woolman effectively
as a prophet of our times. See what this Quaker
stood for in the middle of the eighteenth century:
anti-slavery in the Colonies, a just treatment of the
Indians and a lively solicitude for their moral wel-
fare, temperance in the use of liquors, peace among
the nations, improvement in the condition of certain
oppressed laboring classes, simplicity of life and
modesty in expenditure, sharing the lot of the unfor-
tunate, the responsibility of wealth. This sounds
modern enough to arouse the curiosity of our gen-
eration to know more of such a life. Speaking only
at the irresistible dictates of his Master, letting his
example speak louder than words, by the modesty
and gentleness of his love for all sorts and condi-
304
THE DIAL
[April 1
tions of humanity he drew all men unto him. The
idiosyncrasies into which he was led by the logical
expression of his ideals seem not to have interfered
a whit with the great influence that was diffused by
his personality. There is a place for a book which
shall study this life from the standpoint of present-
day society; but in the meantime we do well to
ponder the secret of Woolman's power. His Journal
cannot be lightly read by any serious man. It
contains the most vital message that Quakerism has
brought to the modern world.
Mr. Francis Bond's imposing book on
"Engli8h Chu.rch Architecture"
(Oxford Press) is popular in intent ;
whereas his earlier work, "Gothic Architecture in
England," was confessedly technical. It is ques-
tionable, however, whether the intention is well
kept. In mere point of size, with their thousand
pages and their fourteen hundred illustrations, the
new volumes are somewhat discouraging. Mr. Bond
calls attention, for instance, to the individual analy-
ses of fifty-seven vaults which he expects will refresh
the jaded reader who has just finished a systematic
discussion of vaulting. Perhaps Englishmen with a
hobby for ecclesiastical architecture can enjoy this;
but most other people would prefer some selection.
When it is understood that the author has avoided
duplicating illustrations which were included in the
earlier book, itself containing over twelve hundred
of the most significant examples, it may be doubted
whether the volumes are supremely adapted for
popular reading. The student, of course, will wel-
come the rich publication of new photographic
material and comment, which must really have fur-
nished the chief motive for issuing the work. In
his general and special publications, Mr. Bond is in
effect gradually supplying a corpus of English
church architecture, not in the best organized form,
perhaps, but rendered accessible by the very excel-
lent indexes. In the new book the text is admittedly
subsidiary to the illustrations, yet it contains matter
of very great value. Its principal service is in
bringing church architecture into close relation to
ecclesiology, which has been much neglected in
architectural books. The relation of the plan of the
churches to the varied ritual under monastic, can-
onical, and parochial use, is set forth in the most
illuminating fashion, and goes far to explain many
differences which have seemed arbitrary. The
vexed questions of the origins of ribbed vaulting,
of the apsidal aisle, and of French flamboyant
tracery are treated with refreshing common sense
and freedom from national bias. The student, for
whose benefit such questions are really discussed,
may be amused by the popular analogies drawn
from millinery and gastronomy, and possibly a bit
irritated by didactic reiteration, but will welcome
the book as a useful addition to his resources. In-
deed, were it not for the uncertainty of aim which
has been noted, one might recommend the work
without qualification.
A lawyer's
anecdotal
If all extant stories of the bench and
bar were gathered into one volume,
retrospections. jjOW elephantine would be its pro-
portions! The professional memories of even a
single lawyer or judge are frequently packed with
enough choice anecdotes to fill a book of good size.
Rich in entertaining matter of this sort is the
reminiscent volume, "Landmarks of a Lawyer's
Lifetime" (Dodd), from the pen of Mr. Theron G.
Strong, of the New York bar. With modest self-
effacement he touches but lightly and incidentally
on the facts of his own history, but discourses at
length and with generous tribute of praise concern-
ing the leaders of his profession whom he has known
in the course of more than forty years' practice in
the courts of New York. A justifiable pride is
manifested by him, at the opening of his book, in
his descent from the Connecticut Strongs, among
whom have been many distinguished lawyers and
judges. He does not, however, weary his readers
by tracing that descent, as he probably could have
done, from the John Strong who came to this coun-
try in 1630 and, if genealogists are to be trusted,
was the progenitor of the Connecticut Strongs with
whom this bearer of the name claims kinship. In
fact, John is not mentioned at all ; but the names of
Judge Martin Strong, Mr. Justice William Strong,
Judge Theron R. Strong (the author's father), and
others, suffice to attest the more than common ability
of this branch of the Strong family. Among the
famous jurists whose achievements and peculiarities
are made to lend interest to the writer's pages are
William M. Evarts, Justice Field, Charles O'Conor,
George F. Comstock, John K. Porter, Mr. Joseph H.
Choate, and many others. Illustrations of Evarts's
ready wit are given in abundance, and among them
this brief message accompanying a present to Ban-
croft: "I am sending you the usual half-barrel of
pig-pork and my eulogy on Chief Justice Chase,
both the products of my pen" In a book so large
as Mr. Strong's, and presumably written rapidly in
scant moments of leisure, errors of inadvertence are
all but inevitable. Upon careful revision he would
doubtless correct such slips as " laid awake," and he
would alter the wording of the clause in which he
says of Justice Clifford, of the United States Supreme
Court, that he "rarely began a sentence with the
definite articles ' a ' ' an ' or ' the,' or with a personal
pronoun."
Dr. Richard C. Cabot's happily-
conceived and happily-named vol-
ume, "What Men Live By"
(Houghton), belongs to a type of book periodically
launched by the moralist, and usually varying from
the dismal and feeble to the mediocre relieved by
streaks of insight. The prejudice against books
of this type is for the most part justified ; but we
should be sorry if it lost Dr. Cabot a single reader.
So much depends upon how a task is conceived, and
how it is met. To begin with, Dr. Cabot speaks with
a fulness of many-sided knowledge and a geniality
1914]
THE DIAL
305
of outlook that may well claim kinship with the
spirit of the two great medical men of letters of our
land: the Autocrat still speaking to twentieth-
century breakfast tables, and Weir Mitchell, whose
loss carries the sorrow of a recent memory. The
four arms of the cross that support the burden of
life are Work, Play, Love, and Worship. Very old
themes, but set in a modern key ; readily bandied
as words, repeated as cant, circulated by the solemn
with a self-righteous complacency, and by the frivo-
lous in a Pickwickian sense : it is no slight under-
taking to put new wine in old bottles and risk the
odium of abused labels. The legacy of Puritanism,
despite the sturdy virtues that give it an enduring
place in American loyalty, has rested heavily on the
land. It is redeemed, in what measure it needed
redemption, by the ability with which its distin-
guished descendants have met the new obligations
with the new insight. It is as a contribution to
the values of life that this readable volume, aptly
phrased and well sustained, deserves a popular career.
It is sound doctrine for the body, good wholesome
sense for the mind, a balanced and not a specious
optimism for the soul. Here and there the critical
reader will find things that he would have said dif-
ferently, and some that he would not have said at
all. There is no preaching by intent, but only by
implication. If anyone wants good advice or good
stimulus to fair thinking on vital subjects, he will
find it here. If there could be disseminated a knowl-
edge of how to work and how to play, how to get
the blessing of personal giving and receiving, how
to be staunch and yet gentle, responsive to the
big things as well as to the little things, life would
be more worth living, and the limitations of our
influential neighbors less distressing. It is a fine
thing to have this demonstration that a man may
be as discriminating as the best of us and yet retain
an enthusiasm of interest and a sane perspective of
values. Those who have avoided books of this genus
because they did not care to expose themselves to
the insult of a complacent optimism that made all
things good because it saw all things with a com-
prehensive immunity to their real significance, may
take up Dr. Cabot's volume without apprehension.
They may not like all of it; but they will like much
of it. Everyone knows many people who should
read this book.
Anintervr etation Among the many publications of the
of Chinese past few years dealing with various
Buddhism. phases of Chinese civilization, it is a
rare pleasure to find a book at once so scholarly
and so sympathetic as is Mr. Reginald Fleming
Johnston's "Buddhist China" (Dutton). The early
chapters discuss the origin and development of char-
acteristic features of that form of Buddhism known
as the Mahayana, especially in its Chinese type.
The later chapters deal with religious pilgrimages in
China, and treat with especial fulness two of the
four sacred mountains of Chinese Buddhists. A
sojourner for fifteen years among the Chinese, Mr.
Johnston has shown his "grateful appreciation of
the unvarying courtesy and hospitality extended to
him by the abbots and monks in whose romantic
mountain-homes he has spent the happiest days of
his fifteen years " by not only studying with pains-
taking interest the religion embodied in these placid
mountain temple retreats, but also by imbibing that
spirit and transferring it to the pages of this book in
which he sets forth Chinese Buddhism to Occidental
readers. His study is a very pleasing example of
that sort of scholarly work which, instead of destroy-
ing the object of its analysis, really succeeds in con-
veying that object in essence to the reader. Free
of all conscious struggle to express the romantic and
poetic, the deep and the childlike, spirit of Chinese
Buddhism, Mr. Johnston's interpretation, neverthe-
less, does express just these well-nigh inexpressible
essences that float about the precincts of a Buddhist
monastery in the mountains of China. He has evi-
dently " fallen under the potent witchery of Chinese
landscape painting," and has " found his way into the
treasure house of Chinese poetry." If the statement
of Fenollosa, quoted in the preface of this study, that
" a very large part of the finest thought and standards
of living that have gone into Chinese life and the
finest part of what has issued therefrom in litera-
ture and art, have been strongly tinged with Bud-
dhism,"— if this is true, then so competent and so
sympathetic a treatment of Chinese Buddhism as
the one before us ought to do much to introduce to
Europe the spirit of Chinese art. To one who knows
something of that art it appears likely to be a mere
matter of a quarter-century before Chinese art will
be as popular among persons of taste in America as is
Japanese art to-day ; and its influence will be equally
wholesome and refining. Such books as Mr. Johns-
ton's "Buddhist China" will hasten that day.
The most elaborate, and in many
A bible of .-.Li- -1
humanistic ways the most interesting, compila-
religion. ^jon fa^ jjas come to our notice for
a long time past is Dr. Stanton Coit's " Social Wor-
ship " (Macmillan), published on behalf of the West
London Ethical Society as a memorial of its twenty-
first anniversary. In fixing upon this publication as
the most appropriate and useful form which their
memorial could assume, the members of the Society
(as we are told in the Introduction) " felt that the
Religion of Science, Democracy, and Personal Re-
sponsibility in the Service of Humanity must become,
like Buddhism, Christianity, and Mohammedanism,
a religion of a book. . . . Our ambition has been,
to do — so far as could be feasible, after only twenty-
one short years of organized effort — for the enthu-
siasms, visions, and . motives which have drawn us
into religious fellowship, what the writers and
compilers of the New Testament did for their own
religious experiences and those of their immediate
predecessors, in collecting the sayings and traditions
current among them ; or what the editors of the Old
Testament did for the moral idealism of their race."
The result of this ambitious purpose, embodied in
306
THE DIAL
[April 1
upwards of 650 doable-column quarto pages, is a
gleaning from the entire field of world literature, be-
ginning in point of time with the Eastern Scriptures
and coming down to President Wilson's Inaugural
Speech, — with a range of sources as various as these
two instances suggest. In the selection of matter
for inclusion, as well as in all other details of editor-
ship, the religious motive has been predominant ;
spirit and substance, rather than form, are counted
the essential thing. So far, indeed, are literary con-
siderations subordinated to the compiler's purpose,
that in not a few cases famous originals have been
adapted and even largely rewritten to bring them into
harmony with the ethical concept. The aim through-
out has been to produce, not a literary anthology,
subjectively chosen and arranged, but rather a litur-
gical manual for social worship, whether in the
family, the school, or the church. Such a work has
long been needed, and it is certain to fill a large
place and to exercise a very great influence in an
age when religious creeds of every sort are shaping
themselves more and more to the insistent human
demand for social brotherhood and righteousness.
We predict, too, that a wide circle of individual
readers will be grateful for such a splendid body of
inspirational, humanistic literature, presented in so
beautiful a typographical setting. A supplementary
volume, under the editorship of Mr. Charles Kennedy
Scott, is devoted to music, — canticles, hymns, re-
sponses, and anthems, all especially arranged for this
publication.
Not many students are qualified to
treat the psychology of aesthetics for
the lay reader; and the editors of
the Cambridge manuals were fortunate in securing
"Vernon Lee" (Miss Violet Paget) to write their
volume on "The Beautiful." The plan of the little
book is delightfully simple. " It takes Beauty as
already existing and enjoyed, and seeks to account
for Beauty's existence and enjoyment." In pursuit
of this aim, the author leads us through chapters
of varying difficulty on " Elements of Shape,"
"Empathy," "The Aims of Art," "Co-operation
of Things and Shapes," "^Esthetic Irradiation and
Purification," and kindred topics. The subject is
bound to be thorny, if it is approached conscien-
tiously. The physiological basis of aesthetic prefer-
ence is no simple problem, nor is anything to be
gained by complacently disregarding its funda-
mental complexity and inevitable difficulty. More
thorough and patient investigation of details by the
psychologists will help toward clarity ; but in the
meantime we may be sagaciously suspicious of any
general treatment that presents the appearance of
smoothness and finality. In this respect Miss
Paget's volume is admirable; for it does not blink
the hard points, while the presentation is as clear
and as free from technicalities as the nature and
status of the subject will allow. All in all, one is
glad to predict that the readers ot this tiny book
will be well repaid. After this commendation we
'
may be allowed to voice our belief that the final
chapter might have given us a little more help in
answering the important question, How has sensi-
tiveness to Beauty contributed to the survival of
mankind ? It is true that " aesthetic preference must
remain only one degree less mysterious than the
genesis and evolutional reason of its psychological
components "; but even so there are a few established
features that might have been adduced. As a matter
of sociological interest we quote the author's state-
ment that "aesthetic contemplation, instead of mak-
ing an exception, a kind of bank holiday, to daily
life, is in reality half of daily life's natural and
healthy rhythm." It may be true of the readers
kept in mind by our enviable connoisseur of the
fine arts; but what about the millions in Europe and
America for whom life is almost wholly squalid
grief and sordid toil ? In fulfilment of our duty as
a conscientious reviewer, we must protest against
" these kind of cases " (p. 140), and one or two minor
slips of presentation. (Putnam.)
Hidden nooks ^r> R°Dert Shackleton's "Unvisited
from Land's End Places of Old Europe" (Penn Pub-
to the Adriatic, lining Co.) is a revelation of how
many odd and interesting and well-nigh unknown
spots may be found by the curious traveller in
regions of Europe commonly held to have been
scoured clean of all mystery and romance by the
friction of assiduous tourists. Mr. Shackleton, a
traveller of experience and not lacking initiative
and originality, has sought and found the unfamiliar
and the piquantly attractive in the Scilly Islands,
Guernsey, the less-frequented portions of Normandy,
in the Ardennes, Holland, Luxembourg, the prin-
cipality of Liechtenstein, the anomalous little town
of Moresnet, owing allegiance to two sovereigns
and governed alternately by a Belgian and a Prus-
sian burgomaster, the old red city of Rothenburg,
the St. Gotthard pass in winter, the Dolomites in
the same bracing season, the real Naples of the
Neapolitans, and along the river Brenta to the Bride
of the Adriatic. The author has a keenly observant
eye and an aptly descriptive pen. In the little-
visited Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg he is agreeably
surprised to find, but slightly removed from the
beaten tracks of travel, "isolated villages, of houses
gleaming white against the glaring green of hill-
sides, where the landlord of the little inn will evince
a desire to shake your hand on arriving, but — to
use an expressive Americanism for which there is
really no capable substitute — not to pull your leg
on leaving." At Sedan, he tells us, " I noticed that
not a man, woman, or child dogged my steps to sell
mementoes of that bitter battlefield, and that if I
spoke in German to one of the townsfolk who was
not in a business demanding the pleasing of strang-
ers, I was told, with dry disrelish, that German was
not understood." Mr. Walter Hale furnishes a
colored frontispiece to the book, with numerous line
drawings in the printed page, and Mr. Ralph L.
1914]
THE DIAL
307
Boyer contributes tinted views from photographs.
In handsome binding and large type, the work in
its present edition makes a fine appearance, in har-
mony with the excellence of its contents.
studies in the He wil1 be difficult to please who
evolution of shall complain that Dr. Ernest C.
the library. Richardson, in his book on "The
Beginnings of Libraries" (Princeton University
Press), has not pushed his researches sufficiently
far back into the prehistoric past. The Vedas say
that book-collections existed even before the Creator
created himself, writes Dr. Richardson, and the
Koran maintains that such a collection coexisted
from eternity with the uncreated God. He decides
that it is idle to try to discover earlier traces of
libraries. On another page he writes, quite seriously :
"If it is true that the animals do make conscious
marks to guide them back to hidden objects, or even
that they do have memory for facts, which is true
memory, then possibly the beginnings at least of
memory libraries and perhaps of external records
must in the future be sought in the animal world."
Even the possibility of plant libraries is hinted at.
Under primitive libraries in the world of man are
considered collections of message sticks, fetishes,
personal ornaments, skin calendars, totems, votive
objects, etc. In fact, what most of us would regard
as an anthropological museum, the writer chooses to
consider a library; and therefore he illustrates his
book with wampum belts, Peruvian quipus, message
sticks, leopard's teeth, tattoo marks, and picture writ-
ing. Fanciful and strained must seem to the general
reader, if he should read the book, some of the ideas
it contains. But its nucleus was an address before
library school pupils, and to library workers chiefly
its present elaborated form is likely to appeal. It
shows scholarship and curious research, and is a
fitting addition to the author's earlier studies on
"Antediluvian Libraries," "Mediaeval Libraries,"
" Some Old Egyptian Libraries," etc.
A handbook to In his sma11 volume on the life and
Hauptmann's works of Gerhart Hauptmann, Pro-
life and work. fe8Sor Karl Holl succeeds in trans-
posing the challenging tones of the sunken bell, that
ring through all of Hauptmann's dramas, into notes
of universal compassion. He shows us this poetic
Teuton dreamer, Germany's greatest living dra-
matist, as the most potent force in the new idealism
that is leavening our literature. The autobio-
graphical note is interestingly emphasized. When
Hauptmann placed the early drama, "Lonely
Lives," in the hands of "those who have lived it,"
he saw no other way for the hero to end the conflict
in his soul than to seek peace in death. "Man must
justify his vision of life and make, not accept, des-
tiny,"— this expresses the individualism of Haupt-
mann's later heroes, and the influences that shaped
his own course. The soul-baring exposition of the
eternal problem of one man claimed by two women
in the gripping drama, "Gabriel Schilling's Flight,"
gives the crisis in his life. "Hannele," the first of
the dream-plays, bewildered the critics by its deeply
religious symbolism. Later, " When Pippa Dances "
was the subject of mystified comments. Professor
Holl elucidates the symbolical dramas for English
readers in an admirable manner, and he succeeds
in bringing out the sheer poetic beauty of realism,
when it serves truth, — as it does in all that Haupt-
mann has written. (McClurg).
BRIEFER MENTION.
"Readings in American History" (Scribner), by
Professor James Alton James, is a companion volume
to the historical text-book of Messrs. James and Saiid-
ford. There can be no doubt, as the editor urges, that
such a selection of source-material "adds life and real-
ity to historical study" in the secondary schools, and
we trust that the day is not far distant when every stu-
dent shall be required to obtain a book of this type for
use in connection with his narrative text. The selec-
tions are of widely varied interest, and seem to us excep-
tionally well chosen.
As a companion volume to similar works covering
Europe, Asia, and America, the projectors of " Every-
man's Library " (Dent-Dutton) now give us " A Lit-
erary and Historical Atlas of Africa and Australia,"
edited by Dr. J. G. Bartholomew. With upwards of
one hundred pages of maps and plans (for the most part
in colors), besides a gazetteer, index, and other text
material, the book is a marvel of value for the price.
The four volumes, as a set, present a graphic survey of
the world's historical and cultural development, from
earliest times to the present.
Mr. W. E. Carson's "Mexico: The Wonderland of
the South" (Macmillan), first published in 1909, is
now issued in a revised edition, with new chapters
summarizing the political history of the country from
the accession of Diaz in 1876 to the present adminis-
tration of Huerta, together with an account of existing
conditions based on the author's recent visit to the
republic. In its new form, this work embodies as
entertaining and instructive an account of Mexico as the
general reader is likely to want. There are numerous
illustrations from photographs, excellently reproduced.
Woman's achievements in literature, art, science,
finance, philanthropy, music, and education — as exem-
plified in the persons of seventeen eminent women of the
present day — form the subject of Miss Lois Oldham
Henrici's well-conceived and handsomely-made book,
" Representative Women," which bears the imprint of
" The Grafters," of Kansas City. From Madame Curie,
at the head of the list, to Miss Ellen Key, at the foot,
the names are those of women in whom we are all
interested; and the short biographical sketches, with
accompanying portraits, help to a clear conception of
their several kinds and degrees of genius or talent. A
six-page alphabetical list of other notable women is ap-
pended, and an Introduction by Miss Ada M. Kassimer
is prefixed.
To the numerous series of handbooks dealing with
serious topics on a scale somewhat between the average
encyclopaedia article and the exhaustive special mono-
graph is now added " The National Social Science
Series " (McClurg), issued under the general editorship
308
THE DIAL
[April 1
of Dr. Frank L. McVey of the University of North
Dakota. A promising beginning has been made with
three volumes, — " Money " by Professor William A.
Scott, "Taxation" by Mr. C. B. Fillebrown, and "The
Family and Society " by Professor John M. Gillette.
The treatment in each case seems to be thorough and
authoritative without sacrifice of popular appeal. In
view of the marked present interest in social and eco-
nomic affairs throughout America, we can imagine a
very wide field of usefulness for this enterprise.
Mr. G. W. Hinckley has a pitying scorn for the
weaklings who indulge in a summer outing in a so-called
" camp " of comfortable and even luxurious appoint-
ments, including porcelain bath-tubs and electric lights,
and call it "camping out." His conception of the real
thing in this branch of healthful recreation is presented
in the various chapters of his book, " Roughing it with
Boys " (Association Press), in which it is made plain
that he is a camper-out of the good old-fashioned sort,
and also a pedestrian of excellent staying powers. Fur-
thermore, he evidently knows boys and how to handle
them. On his title-page he describes himself as
" General Supervisor, Good Will Association, Hinckley,
Maine." This is plainly the book, or one of the books,
for boys to read in preparation for their summer's
camping. It is well illustrated in half-tone.
For well over half a century, Roget's " Thesaurus "
has been to countless literary workers a very present
help, second only in usefulness to the dictionary itself.
Of the long series of reissues since its first appearance
in 1852 the latest is a "large type edition" (Crowell),
revised and brought down to date by Mr. C. O. S.
Mawson. The large type is an actuality, and the
revision is of a very substantial sort — consisting in the
judicious addition of numerous slang and cant expres-
sions, Americanisms, and various new phrases and quo-
tations. The use of thin paper reduces the 650 pages
of the book to a thickness of less than an inch. Alto-
gether, this seems to us the very best edition of the
" Thesaurus " now available. An interesting minor
feature is the frontispiece portrait of Roget, which
shows us a countenance as modest and as winning as
Charles Lamb's.
NOTES.
Still another book about Shelley is announced in Mr.
A. H. Koszul's « The Youth of Shelley."
Miss May Sinclair is at work upon a new novel, the
scene of which will be laid in Yorkshire.
A volume on Poetry by Sir A. T. Quiller-Couch will
soon be added to Messrs. Button's attractive little
series of "Fellowship Books."
" From Connaught to Chicago " is the title of the
forthcoming volume of American impressions by Canon
Hannay (" G. A. Birmingham ").
Australia is the scene of Miss Doris Egerton Jones's
"Peter Piper," a novel which Messrs. George W.
Jacobs & Co. will publish early this month.
A study of " Corporate Promotions and Reorganiza-
tions," by Professor Arthur Stone Dewing, will be
published at once by the Harvard University Press.
A revised edition of Dr. Edwin R. A. Seligman's
standard work on the income tax is in press. An en-
tirely new chapter has been added and many minor
alterations made.
An addition to Messrs. Little, Brown & Co.'s Spring
list is announced in " The Lone Wolf," a new novel by
Mr. Louis Joseph Vance, which will appear in May.
An addition to the list of Spring books already an-
nounced by Houghton Mifflin Co. is a volume by Mr.
A. Wyatt Tilby on South Africa, in "The English
People Overseas " series.
Mr. Robert W. Neeser, author of that entertaining
chronicle, " A Landsman's Log," has in course of prep-
aration with the Yale University Press a work entitled
" Our Many-Sided Navy."
Early this month the Macmillan Co. will publish
Volume I. of Mr. W. B. Bryan's "History of the
National Capital," the first adequate survey of the rise
and development of the District of Columbia.
Mr. Henry James's forthcoming volume entitled
" Notes on Novelists " will range in subject from Stev-
enson to Matilde Serao, taking in Flaubert, Zola,
George Sand, Balzac, and d'Annunzio by the way.
We learn by way of the London " Nation " that Mr.
George Haven Putnam, the well-known publisher, has
completed a volume of personal reminiscences, soon to
be published under the title, " Memoirs of My Youth,
1844-1865."
Professor Sir Arthur T. Quiller-Couch's lectures
" On the Art of Writing," recently delivered before the
University of Cambridge, will be published shortly
in book form by Messrs. Putnam as agents for the
Cambridge University Press.
The first publication of Messrs. Vaughan & Gomme
of New York is a volume of short stories, entitled
"John Silence," by Mr. Algernon Blackwood. This
will be followed at intervals by reprints of other of Mr.
Blackwood's fiction, in uniform style.
A little book that will be widely read and discussed
is the English translation of M. Bergson's lecture on
Dreams, which Mr. B. W. Huebsch will publish this
month. The translation is the work of Dr. Edwin E.
Slosson, who also supplies an Introduction.
Mr. Paul Elmer More has retired from active editor-
ship of "The Nation" in order to devote his time
wholly to independent critical work. He is succeeded
by Mr. Harold De Wolf Fuller, who has been the
assistant editor for three or four years past.
" Coleridge and Wordsworth in the West Country :
Their Friendship, Work, and Surroundings," by Pro-
fessor William Knight, is an interesting announcement
from Messrs. Scribner. Mr. Edmund H. New will
contribute a number of drawings to the volume.
Dr. Paget Toynbee's well-known "Dante Dictionary"
has now for some years been out of print. " A Concise
Dante Dictionary " by Dr. Toynbee, announced by the
Oxford University Press, is designed to serve as a con-
venient handbook and a companion to the Oxford Dante.
Volumes on Walt Whitman, Henry James, and Mr.
Robert Bridges are soon to be added to the series of
critical studies published by Mr. Martin Seeker of
London. The three volumes are the work of, respect-
ively, Mr. Basil de Selincourt, Mr. Ford Madox Hueffer,
and Mr. F. Brett Young.
" Everyman's Irish Library " is the title of a new
series to be published under the supervision of Mr.
Alfred Perceval Graves by the Talbot Press, a Dublin
firm of publishers. The first volumes to appear will
include " Selections from the Prose and Poetical Works
of Thomas Davis" by Mr. T. W. Rolleston, "The
1914]
THE D1AJL
309
Parliaments of Ireland " by Mr. J. G. Swift McNeill,
" Grattan " by Lord Castletown, " The Mind of Burke "
by Professor Magennis, " A Paradise of Irish Poetry,
Old and New," compiled by Mr. A. P. Graves, and a
selection from Miss Edgeworth's novels containing un-
published material, edited by Mr. Malcolm Seton.
An important series of art books is being projected
by Messrs. Scribner in Professor John C. Van Dyke's
" New Guides to Old Masters." There are to be twelve
volumes in all, dealing with all the important art mu-
seums of Europe. The National Gallery and Wallace
Collections of London form the subject of the initial
volume, to appear immediately.
" Arms and Industry: A Study of the Foundations of
International Polity," by Norman Angell, will be issued
at once by Messrs. Putnam. In this book the author of
" The Great Illusion " shows systematically and scien-
tifically the nature of those forces which are transforming
the relationship of states and, indeed, to some extent
the mechanism of organized society as a whole.
The subject of Signer Guglielmo Ferrero's new book,
which will be published soon by Messrs. Putnam, is a
comparison between the morals and manners of ancient
Rome and those of modern America. Signer Ferrero
is now engaged on a more extended work which he
hopes to make the most comprehensive and searching
study of the modern and ancient worlds that has yet
appeared.
Still another periodical consecrated to poetry has
been launched in England. " New Numbers " is its
title, it will appear quarterly, and its sponsors are four
poets — Messrs. Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Rupert Brooke,
Lascelles Abercrombie, and John Drinkwater. Sixty
pages of verse by these writers make up the first issue.
It now only remains for some enterprising poet to pub-
lish a magazine devoted exclusively to his own writings.
"Ernest Dowson: Reminiscences, Unpublished Let-
ters, and Marginalia," by Mr. Victor Plarr, is soon to be
published by Mr. Elkin Mathews of London. It will
deal incidentally with the history of the Rhymers'
Club and the group at whose meetings, in Mr. Arthur
Symons's description, "young poets, then very young,
recited their own verses to one another with a desperate
and ineffectual attempt to get into key with the Latin
Quarter."
Harry Thurston Peck, author, editor, and classical
scholar, committed suicide March 23 at Stamford,
Conn., — the city in which he was born fifty-eight years
ago. Soon after his graduation from Columbia he
became a tutor in that university, and from 1904 to
1910 he held the Anthem chair of Latin language and
literature. He was editor of " The Bookman " from
1895 to 1902, and literary editor of the New York
" Commercial Advertiser," from 1897 to 1902. He
also edited a number of important publications, includ-
ing " Harper's Classical Dictionary," the " International
Encyclopaedia," the "New International Encyclopaedia,"
the "Library of the World's Literature," and the
Columbia University " Studies in Classical Philology."
Among his miscellaneous writings are the following:
" The Semitic Theory of Creation," "Latin Pronuncia-
tion," "The Adventures of Mabel," "The Personal
Equation," "What Is Good English?" "Greystone
and Porphyry " (a volume of poetry), " Life of Pres-
cott," " The New Baedeker," " History of Classical
Philology," and a translation of Petronius's "Trimal-
chio's Feast."
TOPICS IN LEADING PERIODIC AL.S.
April, 1914.
Aeroplane, The, and War. E. A. von Muffling Lippincott
Agricultural Credit. R. B. Van Cortlandt North American
America and Americans. G. A. Birmingham Everybody'1 s
American Literature. Edwin Bjorkman .... Century
Anti-trust Programme, The. Samuel Untermeyer No.Amer.
Art, A Distinctively American. J. W. Alexander Century
Art, The " Moderns " in. Walter Pach .... Century
Artist and Public. Kenyon Cox Scribner
Automobiles in America. R. Mel. Cleveland World1 sWork
Baker, Newton D., Mayor of Cleveland. B. J.
Hendrick World's Work
Brazilian Wilderness, In the. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner
Business, New Morals of. C. M. Keys . . World's Work
Canadian Construction Camps, Education in.
Alfred FitzPatrick World's Work
Celtic Immigrant Tide, The. Edward A. Ross . . Century
China, Revolutionary — II. B.G.Yung . World's Work
" Christianity, Twentieth-Century." A. T.
Mahan North American
Coastwise Toll Exemption. E. R. Johnson No. American
Cubism, Ancestry of. Jay and Gove Hambidge . Century
Denmark, Court of. Madame de Hegermann-
Lindencrone Harper
Diplomacy, Adventures in — I. F. T. Hill . . . Atlantic
Diplomatic Service, Standardizing Our. D. J. Hill Harper
Drama of Sincerity, The American. Sheldon Cheney Forum
East, Problem of the. J. Ingram Bryan .... Forum
Editors, Adventures with. Henry Sydnor Harrison Atlantic
Education, The Gary System of. A. J. Nock . American
English, The. James D. Whelpley Century
English, Writing. Henry Seidel Canby .... Harper
Ethics, The Fallacy of. H. Fielding-Hall . . . Atlantic
Eugenics, Progress of. C. W. Saleeby Forum
Europe : What It Thinks of Us — I. David S.
Jordan World's Work
Everlasting Life, Art of. Thomas P. Beyer . . . Forum
Fairs, County, in the West. W. H. Dunton . . Scribner
Fort, Paul. J. K. Rooker North American
Fourth Dimension, The. Frederick A. Rudd . . Forum
Frazer's " Golden Bough." George Hodges . . Atlantic
Furness, Horace H., Letters of. F. N. Thorpe . Lippincott
Gambling, American. Hugh S. Fullerton . . American
Government, Good, in New England. Lincoln
Steffens Metropolitan
Gravity — What It Is. Sir Oliver Lodge . . . Harper
Greek Feasts. H. G. Dwight Scribner
Grotesque, Riddle of the. May Ellis Nichols . . Forum
Immigration. Mary Antin American
Industrial Relations Commission. W. Lippmann Everybody's
Iwahig Penal Colony, The. Lyman B. Stowe World's Work
Jordan, David Starr. Isaac Russell . . World's Work
Matriarchy, A Survival of. Carrie C. Catt . . . Harper
Men, Fashions in. Katharine F. Gerould . . . Atlantic
Meunier, Constantin. Cornelia B. Sage .... Scribner
Mexico, With La Tropa in. John Reed . . Metropolitan
Mormons, Calling on the. Elinore R. Stewart . Atlantic
il Movies," Forerunner of the. Brander Matthews Century
North Africa, Deserts of. G. E. Woodberry . . Scribner
Painting of To-day. E. H. Blashfield .... Century
Painting of To-morrow. E. L. Blumenschein . . Century
Panama Canal, Value of . T. P. Shonts . World's Work
Profit-sharing, Mr. Ford and. E. A. Rumely World's Work
Profit-sharing Plan, The Ford. Garet Garrett Everybody's
Protestant Paradox. Zephine Humphrey . . . Atlantic
Railroads, Government, in Alaska. C. Weems N. American
Railroads, Valuation of. C. A. Prouty . World's Work
Railway Mail Pay. William J. Showalter . . . Forum
Railways, American. Slason Thompson . North American
Redmond, John. L. G. Redmond-Howard . . . Forum
Rihbany, Abraham Mitrie, Autobiography of . . Atlantic
Road, The. Winifred Kirkland Atlantic
School-days. Margaret Lynn Atlantic
310
THE DIAL
[April 1
Shavian Religion. P. Gavan Duffy Century
Singing-Teacher, The. Francis Rogers .... Scribner
Single Tax, The. Evans Woollen Atlantic
Smith, Goldwin. James Bryce .... North American
Socialism. Morris Hillquit and J. A. Ryan . Everybody's
Supreme Court, Men of the. E. G. Lowry World's Work
"Tiger": Mr. Bynner's Play. Gertrude Traubel . Forum
Travel. Louise Collier Willcox .... North American
Treaty-making Power. H. St. George Tucker No. Amer.
Vigor or Decadence ? Carl S. Downes Forum
War, The United States and. Harry A. Austin . Forum
Wilson, An Appeal to. George Harvey . North American
Wireless, Romance of the. Walter S. Hiatt . . Scribner
Woman Problem, The. Elisabeth Woodbridge . Atlantic
Yucatan Ruins, The. Ellsworth Huntington . . Harper
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 193 titles, includes book*
received by THE DIAL since its issue of March l.~\
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Notes of a Son and Brother. By Henry James. II-
lusrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 515 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
Forty Years of It. By Brand Whitlock. 12mo, 374
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net.
Landmarks of a Lawyer's Lifetime. By Theron G.
Strong. Large 8vo, 552 pages. Dodd, Mead &
Co. $2.50 net.
More About King Edward. By Edward Legge. Il-
lustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 388
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $4. net.
The Autobiography of Charlotte Amelle, Princess
of Aldenburg, 1652-1732. Translated from the
French and edited by Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond.
Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 367
pages. McBrlde, Nast & Co. $4. net.
The Empress Frederick: A Memoir. Illustrated
in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 379 pages.
Dodd, Mead & Co. $2.50 net.
Beaumont, the Dramatist. By Charles Mills Gay-
ley, LL.D. Illustrated, 8vo, 445 pages. Century
Co. $2. net.
Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1790, to-
gether with a Summary of the Chief .Events in
Jefferson's Life. New edition; with Introduction
and Notes by Paul Leicester Ford, and Foreword
by George Haven Putnam. With photogravure
portrait, 8vo, 162 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Rosa Bonheurt Ein Lebensbild. Von Theodore
Stanton; tibertragen von E von Kraatz. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 409 pages. Halle: Edgar Thamm.
Paper.
Paul Verlalne. By Wilfred Thorley. With por-
trait, 16mo, 107 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Two Historical Studies. By James Bryce. 8vo,
138 pages. Oxford University Press. $1.90 net.
Magna Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter
of King John. By William Sharp McKechnie.
Second edition, revised; 8vo, 530 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $4.25 net.
Virginia under the Stuarts, 1607-1688. By Thomas
J. Wertenbaker, Ph.D. Large 8vo, 271 pages.
Princeton University Press. $1.50 net.
Our Navy. By Archibald Kurd; with Preface by
the Earl of Selborne. 16mo, 270 pages. Fred-
erick Warne & Co. 50 cts. net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
The Cambridge History of English Literature.
Edited by A. W. Ward, Litt.D., and A. R. Waller,
M.A. Volume X., The Age of Johnson. Large
8vo, 619 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
Monologues. By Richard Middleton. 12mo, 287
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
Little Essays In Literature and Life. By Richard
Burton, 12mo, 356 pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
Lost Diaries. By Maurice Baring. 12mo, 215 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
Second Nights: People and Ideas of the Theatre
Today. By Arthur Ruhl. 12mo, 374 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.50 net.
Men and Matters. By Wilfrid Ward. Large 8vo,
451 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $3.50 net.
Latin Songs: Classical, Medieval, and Modern, with
Music. Edited by Calvin S. Brown. Large 8vo,
135 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2. net.
Viennese Idylls. By Arthur Schnitzler; translated
from the German by Frederick Eisemann. With
portrait, 12mo, 182 pages. John W. Luce & Co.
$1.25 net.
Princess Russalka. By Frank Wedekind; trans-
lated from the German by Frederick Eisemann.
With portrait, 12mo, 138 pages. John W. Luce
& Co. $1.25 net.
The Humour of Homer, and Other Essays. By
Samuel Butler; edited by R. A. StreatfeiW. With
photogravure portrait, 12mo, 313 pages. Mitchell
Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The English Moralities from the Point of View of
Allegory. By W. Roy Mackenzie. 8vo, 278
pages. Ginn & Co. $2. net.
Chaucer and the Roman de la Rose. By Dean
Spruill Fansler, Ph.D. 8vo, 269 pages. Columbia
University Press.
A Childhood. By Joan Arden; with Preface by Gil-
bert Murray. 12mo, 100 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1. net.
Introduction to the Study of English Literature.
By W. T. Young, M.A. 12mo, 238 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. 75 cts. net.
Matthew Arnold on Continental Life and Literature.
By Alexander P. Kelso, . B.Sc. 12mo, 52 pages.
Oxford: B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
Pocket Edition of the Works of William Morris.
Comprising: The Roots of the Mountains,
2 vols.; The Sundering Flood, 2 vols.; The Water
of the Wondrous Isles, 2 vols.; The Well at
the World's End, 2 vols.; The Wood Beyond the
World; A Dream of John Ball: Poems by the
Way; The Story of the Glittering Plain; The
Life and Death of Jason; The House of the
Wolflngs. 16mo. Longmans, Green & Co.
Per volume, 75 cts. net.
Loeb Classical Library. New volumes: Suetonius,
translated by J. C. Rolfe, Ph.D., Volume I.;
Horace's Odes and Epodes, translated by C. E.
Bennett; Cicero's De Offlciis, translated by
Walter Miller, with frontispiece; Dio's Roman
History, translated by Earnest Gary, Ph.D.,
Volume I. Each 12mo. Macmillan Co. Per
volume, $1.50 net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
The Tragedy of Pompey the Great. By John Mase-
fleld. With frontispiece, 12mo, 137 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
In the High Hills. By Maxwell Struthers Burt.
16mo, 76 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Chitra: A Play in One Act. By Rabindranath
Tagore. 12mo, 85 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
Auguries. By Laurence Binyon. 12mo, 97 pages.
John Lane Co. $1. net.
Nowadays: A Contemporaneous Comedy. By
George Middleton, 12mo, 218 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1. net.
Sanctuary: A Bird Masque. By Percy Mackaye;
with Prelude by Arvia Mackaye. Illustrated in
color, etc., 12mo, 71 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1. net.
Three Plays. By Bernard Sobel. 12mo, 79 pages.
Richard G. Badger.
Love and the Universe, The Immortals, and Other
Poems. By Albert D. Watson; with Introduction
by Katherine Hale. 8vo, 191 pages. Macmillan
Co. $1.50 net.
Belshazzar: A Drama. By Gertrudis Gomez de Avel-
laneda; translated from the Spanish by William
Freeman Burbank. 12mo, 64 pages. San Fran-
cisco: A. M. Robertson. Paper. 50 cts.
1914]
THE D1A1,
311
Saint-Gaudeus: An Ode, and Other Verse. By
Robert Underwood Johnson. 12mo, 361 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $1.50.
Little Wax Candle: A Farce in One Act. By Louise
Norton, 12mo, 38 pages. New York City: Claire
Marie. $1.25 net.
Atll In Gortland, and Other Poems. By Henry
Ransome. 12mo, 106 pages. Oxford: B. H. Black-
well.
The Tale of Florentine, and Other Poems. By A. G.
Shirreff. Illustrated, 16mo, 61 pages. Oxford:
B. H. Blackwell. Paper.
Abraham Lincoln: A Story and a Play. By Mary
Hazelton Wade. 12mo, 84 pages. Richard G.
Badger.
'Prentice Songs. By George M. P. Baird. Large
8vo, 58 pages. Pittsburgh: The Aldine Press.
Omar or Christ. By N. B. Ripley. 16mo, 20 pages.
Eaton & Mains. Paper. 25 cts. net.
FICTION.
Dodo's Daughter. By E. F. Benson. 12mo, 389
pages. Century Co. $1.35 net.
Black Is White. By George Barr McCutcheon. Il-
lustrated in color, 12 mo, 389 pages. Dodd, Mead
& Co. $1.30 net.
The Congresswoman. By Isabel Gordon Curtis.
12mo, 505 pages. Browne & Howell Co.
$1.35 net.
Cap'n Dan's Daughter. By Joseph C. Lincoln. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 390 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.35 net.
The White Gate. By Warwick Deeping. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 352 pages. McBride,
Nast & Co. $1.25 net.
The Governor of England. By Marjorie Bowen.
12mo, 376 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust. By Humfrey Jordan.
12mo, 404 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Intriguers. By Harold Bindloss. With frontis-
piece in color, 12mo, 305 pages. Frederick A.
Stokes Co. $1.30 net.
The Lodger. By Mrs. Belloc Lowndes. 12mo, 306
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.25 net.
Diane of the Green Van. By Leona Dalrymple.
Illustrated, 12mo, 441 pages. Reilly & Britton
Co. $1.35 net.
Vain Oblations. By Katharine Fullerton Gerould.
12mo, 324 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.35 net.
Overland Red: A Romance of the Moonstone
Canon Trail. Illustrated in color, 12mo, 349
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net.
Victory Law. By Anne Warwick. 12mo, 316 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.30 net.
The Man Inside. By Natalie Sumner Lincoln. Il-
lustrated, 12mo, 303 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.30 net.
The Reconnalsance. By Gordon Gardiner. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 328 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.35 net.
The Making of an Englishman. By W. L. George.
12mo, 424 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
Shallow Soil. By Knut Hamsun; translated from
the Norwegian by Carl Christian Hyllested.
12mo, 339 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1.35 net.
Mrs. Brand. By H. A. Mitchell Keays. 12mo, 375
pages. Small, Maynard & Co. $1.25 net.
Anthony the Absolute. By Samuel Merwin. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 360 pages. Century Co. $1.35 net.
Simple Simon: His Adventures in the Thistle Patch.
By A. Neil Lyons. Illustrated, 12mo, 344 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Silent Sam. By Harvey J. O'Higgins. 12mo, 390
pages. Century Co. $1.25 net.
Initiation. By Robert Hugh Benson. 12mo, 447
pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.35 net.
The Peacock Feather. By Leslie Moore. 12mo, 312
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
The Strong Heart: Being the Story of a Lady. By
A. R. Goring-Thomas. 12mo, 365 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Pillar of Sand. By William R. Castle, Jr.
12mo, 403 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $1.30 net.
Bat Wing Bowles. By Dane Coolidge. Illustrated
in color, etc., 12mo, 296 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.25 net.
When William Came: A Story of London under the
Hohenzollerns. By H. H. Munro ("Saki"). 12mo,
322 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
The Iron Year. By Walter Bloem; translated from
the German by Stella Bloch. 12mo, 400 pages.
John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Cleek of Scotland Yard. By T. W. Hanshew. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 358 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Full of the Moon. By Caroline Lockhart. Il-
lustrated in color, 12mo, 267 pages. J. B. Lippin-
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316 THE DIAL, [April 1
LINCOLN AS HIS FRIENDS, NEIGHBORS, AND
ASSOCIATES KNEW HIM
THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
A NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE BIOGRAPHY, WITH PEN-PICTURES
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1914]
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318 THE DIAL [April 1
THE
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THE AMERICAN NOVEL by Robert Herrick
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THE PERSONALITY OF TAGORE by Basanta Roy
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WOMAN AND SOCIALISM by Vida Scudder
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THE GERMAN THEATRE OF TO-DAY by Julius Petersen
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THE FEDERAL RESERVE ACT OF 1913 O. M. W. Sprague
ASH WEDNESDAY John Erskine
STEPHEN CRANE AS I KNEW HIM Hamlin Garland
THE HANDICAP OF THE TROPICS Ellsworth Huntington
RURAL CO-OPERATION Edward M. Chapman
AN ANATOLIAN JOURNEY Helen McAfee
THE WINDS OF MARCH)
THE EXILE \ Walter Peirce
THE SERIOUS PEPYS Wilbur C. Abbott
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1914]
THE DIAL,
319
HUMANISTS' LIBRARY
ANNOUNCEMENT
T N the Spring of 1914 two new volumes will be published in The
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THE PLAY-BOOK
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320
THE DIAL
[April 1, 1914
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322 THE DIAL, [April 16
The Attack and
By First Lieutenant OLIVER WILLCOX NORTON
THIS BOOK is not a history of the Battle of Gettysburg, but only of the fighting on and
around Little Round Top, which hill is conceded by all Union and Confederate authorities to
have been the key- point of the battlefield on July 2, 1863. No other book devoted exclusively
to this part of the battle has been published.
THE OBJECT of this account by an eye-witness and participant as a member of Vincent's
brigade, is to correct errors of the leading historians in stating that General Warren, seeing the
impending attack by the Confederates on Little Round Top and its undefended condition, left
his place at the signal station and rode rapidly to Barnes' division then formed near the wheat-
field for a charge in support of De Trobriand, and took the responsibility of detaching Vincent's
brigade and conducting it to Little Round Top. It proves conclusively that Vincent, learning
that Sykes had sent an order to Barnes to send one of his brigades to Little Round Top and that
Barnes was not then present with his division, took the responsibility upon himself of taking his
brigade there without waiting for the staff officer to find General Barnes. It shows that Vincent
selected his own position on the southern slope of Little Round Top and placed his brigade there
without the guidance or assistance of Warren or any staff officer. Such writers as Swinton,
Doubleday, Walker, Hunt, De Trobriand, Powell, and Stine have made the statement directly
or by implication that Warren detached Vincent's brigade and conducted it to Little Round Top.
These statements deny to Vincent the responsibility which he took upon himself and relegate
him to the position of a brigade ^commander who went where he was ordered to go and stayed
where he was placed.
THE AUTHOR was a private soldier at the time of the battle, mounted and on detached
service at the headquarters of Vincent's Brigade as bugler and bearer of Vincent's brigade flag.
This duty required him to accompany the brigade commander wherever he might go on the
march and in battle. This position gave him a better opportunity to hear orders given and
received than even the members of the brigade staff, who were frequently absent at intervals
conveying orders. Chapter IV contains the author's account of what he saw and heard.
THE WARREN LETTERS. Chapter VII contains nineteen letters from General
Warren and one from Lieutenant Roebling, of Warren's staff, written to Captain Porter Farley,
who was Adjutant of Colonel O'Rorke's regiment, the 140th New York, at Gettysburg. With
the exception of a part of one letter written in 1872, none of them have ever been published.
The subject of these letters was a discussion of Farley's account of the history of his regiment,
which appears as "Farley's Number Nine" in the chapter on the Historians. In this form it
was approved by Warren and sent to the Comte de Paris. Warren never claimed that he
detached Vincent's brigade. On the contrary, he says in one of these letters, apparently with
some sarcasm, " If I detached Vincent's brigade, I don't recollect it." The letters reveal much
of the inner life of General Warren, his patriotism and fine personal character. They are a
great contribution to history.
CHAPTER III contains the OFFICIAL REPORTS of Sykes, Barnes and Regimental
Commanders of the Union forces engaged at Little Round Top. Also the Confederate Regi-
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Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, published by the United States Government.
Large octavo, illustrated, handsomely bound in cloth. 350 pp., $2.00; by mail, $2.15
Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
1914]
328
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324
THE DIAL
[April 16
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1914] THE DIAL 325
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Memories of My Youth
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326
[April 16, 1914
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Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post Office
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No. 668.
APRIL 16, 1914.
Vol. LVI.
CONTENTS.
BEASTS OF BURDEN 327
THE JUPITER OF NOVELISTS. Charles Leonard
Moore 329
CASUAL COMMENT 331
A mine of manuscripts. — A passing glimpse of Em-
erson.— Recovered portraits of the Bronte' sisters. —
The soul of a librarian's wit. — The function of the
fairy tale. — A Japanese acrostic. — The secret of an
author's strength. — A great newspaper's bid for
popularity. — Mathematical determination of a libra-
ry's usefulness. — Literary classics on the moving-
picture screen. — Instances of editorial fallibility. —
This year's library conference.
THE HUMAN NATURE OF A NATURALIST.
Percy F. Bicknell 335
AN INTERVIEW WITH THE MUSE OF HISTORY.
Carl Seeker 336
TRAGEDY AND TREASON IN EDUCATION.
Thomas Percival Beyer . 338
ESSAYS OF RICHARD MIDDLETON. Norman
Foerster 339
FORT DEARBORN AND THE OLD NORTHWEST.
William V. Pooley .341
THE MEANING OF ART. Louis I. Bredvold
. 343
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 345
An addition to Chaucerian criticism. — New text-
books for studying the short story. — Two months
alone with nature. — Queen Victoria and the Prince
Consort. — Memories of a Southern girlhood. — Sir
Thomas More's house at Chelsea. — Everyday psy-
chology. — Judicial power over legislation in Amer-
ica.— English and French colonies in America. —
An admirable handbook on Greek Art. — What's in
a name ?
BRIEFER MENTION . . 349
NOTES 350
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 361
BEASTS OF BURDEN.
" A righteous man regardeth the life of his
beast." The wisdom of this proverb finds uni-
versal assent, but to admit it in theory and dis-
regard it in practice are courses that often go
hand in hand. " The last straw that broke the
camel's back" is too often exemplified in the
industrial, the political, and the educational
fields of activity. The consequent collapse might
easily have been foreseen and avoided, and yet
when it comes, the theorists who have prepared
the way for it are eloquent in expressing their
pained surprise at the catastrophe. Allowing
the theme to be metaphorically extended, there
is no end to the illustrations of it that present
themselves for our prayerful consideration, and
all these cases of malpractice shelter themselves
behind the blessed shibboleth of " efficiency."
Efficiency applied to industrialism can easily
make a showing of physical gains, but the
" speeding-up " of the work involves mental and
nervous strains that are lost sight of because
they are not susceptible of mathematical com-
putation. Political efficiency is often attained
through the disregard of principles that are more
fundamental than any matters of technical pro-
cedure, and educational efficiency is fondly
thought to be promoted when it really means
the sacrifice of hygienic and social principles
more important than any questions of adminis-
tration or curriculum.
In the political sphere, nothing is more desir-
able in the larger interests of society than the
preservation of the principle of representative
government, probably the most important of all
political inventions, the invention which it took
civilization some thousands of years to make,
for lack of which the society of the ancient world
crumbled away. And yet one of the favorite
nostrums of our time is a movement to reform
that principle altogether, and offer the most
complicated problems of government to the direct
arbitrament of voters in the mass. The refer-
endum has worked admirably, no doubt, in the
New England town-meeting, the Swiss canton,
and the Russian mir, because the simple affairs
of those communities were easily intelligible to
untrained minds, and directly affected the in-
terests of every individual who was called to
pronounce upon them. It seems so reason-
328
THE DIAL
[April 16
able to refer the intricate and technical affairs
of the larger community to the same court of
appeal, while in reality it is imposing upon the
average intelligence a burden too great to be
borne. Some of the recent fruits of the refer-
endum method in legislation must have given
pause to the most ardent advocates of that
policy. What they conceive as a means of get-
ting a direct expression of public opinion upon
the larger issues of politics becomes in practice
a bewildering array of propositions presented to
the voter when he spends his legal allotment of
five minutes in the polling-booth. Shall he vote
" yes " or " no " upon " An act to amend the act
entitled . . . concerning the incorporation of
cities and villages " ? How many voters will
take the pains beforehand to inform themselves
as to what the proposition really means, and as
to what the dozen or score of other and equally
mystifying propositions upon his ballot really
mean ? When we think how little trouble they
will take to vote intelligently when they are
asked to do more than make a choice between
man and man for a few offices, the notion that
they will put themselves to vastly greater pains
to become competent legislators as well as electors
is seen to be grotesquely inconsistent with what
we know of average human nature.
Elections are perplexing enough as they now
are without saddling upon the poor voter a series
of propositions of a strictly legislative character.
If he cannot select his representatives with judg-
ment, how on earth can he be expected to vote
upon the questions that should be decided upon
the basis of expert knowledge? The responsi-
bility of choosing aldermen and assemblymen
and members of Congress is staggering enough
without adding to it the responsibility of shap-
ing the laws that they are to make. After all,
we get from our legislators, in the long run,
the kind of laws that we really desire, and if we
complain about them, we are complaining about
our own inefficiency as voters. Representative
government, conscientiously applied, will be good
or bad according to our own pains or slothful-
ness. If we think the result is farcical, we have
the remedy in our own hands, and our first step
should be to reduce to a minimum the voting
burden we place upon our own shoulders. The
short ballot offers the solution to more political
problems than we imagine, because it means the
fixing and concentration of responsibility upon a
small number of persons, and the number may
readily be made small enough to offer no excuse
for careless or unintelligent selection. But if
we insist upon electing judges and court clerks
and educational administrators, we must endure
the consequences of our folly. And yet, such is
the inconsistency of human nature, the advocates
of the short ballot are often the very ones who
will raise their voices in demanding that special
additions be made to the already swollen lists.
The demand for elective school boards in cities
is the supreme instance of this sort of folly. A
specious plea for such a policy, considered by
itself, may easily be made ; but the proposition
should not be considered by itself, but only in
the light of the whole question of elections,
when its ill-advised character becomes at once
apparent.
Perhaps the most long-suffering of our modern
beasts of burden are those who, as teachers and
students, are engaged in the work of education.
The constant tendency is to load them with
greater and greater weights, in the extension of
supervised school activities, and in the increase
of work, measured both by quantity and by
hours. The recent increase of the amount of
work in the Chicago high schools is a case in
point. There was no respectable argument in
its favor; in fact, most informed opinion held
that the amount was already too great, and that
there was a crying need for its reduction, in the
interests of the health of all concerned. But
the increase was made, despite all the counsels
of sobriety, and without any attempt to learn
the wishes of the children's parents. And so it
goes all over the country. There is an ominous
undercurrent of sentiment among educators,
demanding now longer days, now shorter vaca-
tions, now fewer holidays, and now increased
requirements for diplomas. Every now and
then this sentiment gets itself translated into
specific action, and the cumulative effect of these
measures constitutes a veritable menace to child-
hood. The simple truth that intensive rather
than extensive work is to be desired is about
the last one that has any chance of prevailing
in these days of educational tinkering. Miss
Mary Hinsdale, in a paper just published in the
Journal of the Association of College Alumnae,
makes a vigorous protest against thus convert-
ing schools into beasts of burden, and utters
some very striking and pertinent truths. " The
same mother who declares at five o'clock tea
that the schools are ' just killing the children '
circulates a petition the next week to have some
new subject introduced." "The American high
school child has mental shortness of breath.
The contents of his mind are as a badly focussed
moving picture show." "Everywhere there is
a notion that every probable, or even possible,
1914]
THE DIAL
329
activity of life ought to be anticipated at school.
The simpler aim of putting the child in posses-
sion of his powers and leaving their special
applications to the great school of the world is
suspended for a while." " Some aspects of the
conversion of the school into a social beast of
burden are so contrary to nature that they would
grow less if enthusiasts would stop to think."
These random extracts illustrate the general
sanity of the paper in which they are included.
But the voice is of one crying in the wilderness.
We have practiced our educational experiments
now for many years of coddling children and
catering to the unscientific demands of the
ignorant, until a whole generation now bears
witness to the demoralizing results of the pro-
cess. The volume of our educational chatter
has multiplied many fold ; our expenditure on
education has grown enormously lavish, and
the net result is a flabby mentality and a low-
ered efficiency that would have shamed us had
it been the outcome of the limited resources and
appliances of thirty or forty years ago. It is
time to call a halt, but the process of getting
back to the simpler and saner practices of an
earlier generation will be no easy one. It must
be accomplished, if at all, by a regression as
gradual as the rake's progress of our recent
educational years. Little by little, painful step
by step, lopping oft here one thing and there
another, and encountering the stubborn oppo-
sition of the interested at every point, the work
must be accomplished, until the demands now
made upon both teachers and students are again
brought within tolerable limits. The beast of
burden now staggers helplessly along the road ;
to lighten his load should be the imperative
educational demand of the coming years.
THE JUPITER OF NOVELISTS.
Jupiter among the minor planets — such surely is
Sir Walter Scott's place in the world of novelists.
There are a few works of prose fiction in the whole
extent of literature which surpass any single one of
his ; but in mass, variety, and power he stands alone.
The charge of externality and lack of profundity
which Carlyle brought against his greater fellow-
countryman falls to the ground with a moment's
examination of the novels. No creative artist, ex-
cept Shakespeare, has given us so many men of the
hermit heart, who react against the facts of life,
who reenact the Promethean rebellion. No one has
given us so many sybils, seers, prophets, — victims
of second sight and superstition. Scott's mind was
literally haunted by the supernatural. There is an
element of this in almost every one of his novels.
Maclvor, Meg Merrilies, Balfour, Norna of the
Fitful Head, — it is hardly necessary to catalogue
the instances of his employment of wonder-working
agencies. And though sometimes, as in "Wood-
stock," he explains away his " spiritings," he is
usually far more serious and thrilling and profound
than Burns, for instance, in his playful " Halloween "
or his half grotesque "Tarn O'Shanter." As for
meditations on fate and human destiny, whole novels
like "Old Mortality," "Heart of Midlothian," and
"The Bride of Lammermoor" are imbued with
them. It is true that Scott did not project a Hamlet.
Nobody else has in modern times. "Faust" the
poem is profound enough, but Faust the character
is pretty feeble.
The objection of Carlyle that Scott is not high-
soaring or deeply penetrant is negatived by the
critics of the modern realistic school, who find that
he is too romantic, that his creations are made out
of the whole cloth, that he is lacking in observation
and truth. Now I do not believe that there are two
ways of creating. The distinctions between romantic
and realistic and naturalistic methods are all futile.
The only real difference is in the creative artists'
intensity of power and the direction in which they
exercise it. The searchlight of genius may flash
on mountain peaks, or wooded hills and glens, or
crowded city streets, or quiet little hamlets ; it may
reveal the action and agony of battle or a circle
gossipping around a tea table; its X-rays may show
minds starred with a universe of thoughts or may
glimpse others which stir only with an animal exist-
ence. But in every case the searchlight brings as
much as it finds, — it colors and creates. Here is
a passage from the autobiography of Anthony
Trollope, — certainly a typical realist, if there ever
was one:
" I never lived in any Cathedral city except London, never
knew anything of any close, and at that time had enjoyed
no particular acquaintance with any clergyman. My arch-
deacon, who has been called life-like, was I think the simple
result of an effort of my moral consciousness. It was such
as that, in my opinion, an archdeacon should be, or at any
rate would be with such advantages as an archdeacon might
have ; and lo ! an archdeacon was produced who has been
declared by competent authorities to be an archdeacon down
to the very ground. And yet, as far as I can remember, I
had not then even spoken to an archdeacon."
Scott, the arch romanticist, did not go about his
business in this fashion. It was late in life that
he began novel writing, and his knowledge and
experience of life in all its varieties was prodigious.
Probably no one's powers of observation ever sur-
passed his. As far as art can or cares to reproduce
truth and reality he went, and humanity recognizes
itself in his portraitures.
Scott shared with Shakespeare in a certain aris-
tocracy of temperament and aim. He wanted to be
among the privileged of the earth. This sets him
somewhat apart from the modern current. In their
different ways Dickens, Hugo, Tolstoi, even Balzac,
believed in the divinity of the people. They hank-
ered after the martyrdom of the multitude, even if
they hesitated to share it personally. Yet no one has
330
THE DIAL
[April 16
had a keener or more manly sympathy with the poor
than Scott. It was not a maudlin pity, — the Scotch
character forbade anything of the kind. " That for
your dommed luxury ! " says the Scotch father in
"Punch's" picture, as he kicks from under the head
of his son the snow pillow which the latter has rolled
up to make more comfortable his bed on the open
moor. This toughness of fibre is present in all of
Scott's poor people, and it is perhaps a better thing
than Dickens's happy sentimentalism or Tolstoi's
frustrate pity.
It is claimed for the Russian novelists, Dostoi-
effsky in particular, that out of their overflowing
love for disinherited and outcast humanity, they
have penetrated into the heart of criminal men and
women, — have shown the necessity for evil, and
the good that is wrapped up with it. Of course this
is an untenable proposition. Every great artist
since the beginning of time has recognized that evil
is his most powerful ally, — that it puts the most
vivid colors on his palette, draws the strongest lines
on his canvas. Indeed, it may be said that a great
artist must be in love with evil — as far as his work
goes. Certainly the man who drew Dirk Hatteraick,
Cleveland, Nanty Ewart, Balfour, the Templar,
Louis XIII., and innumerable other black sheep,
need not yield to any more recent creator in his
knowledge of and sympathy for errant human
nature. Nor, though he altered and nearly ruined
the plot of "St. Ronan's Well" to please the pru-
dishness of Ballantyne, has he any particular scru-
ples about "the young person's" supposed needs.
Indeed, there is much breadth of theme and racy
coarseness in his books, — more, I think, than could
be gathered out of Shakespeare.
Objection has always been taken to the insipidity
of Scott's heroes and heroines. The heroes of most
novels may be relegated to the limbo of the null
and indifferent, and Scott's are generally no excep-
tion to this law. But for his heroines a better case
may be put up. Certainly Flora Maclvor, Di
Vernon, Clara Mowbray, and Rebecca are clearly
entitled to a place in the legend of fair women.
We now come to a great stumbling block to many
of the late critics of Scott, — his lack of style. It is
rather difficult to know exactly what this objection
means, but it seems to divide into two parts, — want
of distinctive and perfected wording in the language,
and want of highly-wrought form and tone in the
whole compositions. As to the first, Scott wrote
with incredible rapidity, and there are plenty of
careless slips and many dull and sprawling pages.
But when he is interested, which is almost always,
he carries the interest of the reader along with
unparalleled vivacity. And whenever the character
or the situation needs it, he rises to the heights of
expression. If any of the modern stylists have
written better things than Meg Merrilies' farewell to
Ellangowan, or Mucklewrath's denunciation of
Claverhouse, or the latter's speech to Morton, or
Jeanie Deans's appeal to Queen Caroline, or a hun-
dred other passages of the kind, such superior mod-
ern efforts are hidden to the world. Scott's English
may sometimes be languid or careless, but he hardly
ever writes a speech in his own Scottish dialect
which is not racy and terse and vivid. As to fitting
together of parts and creation of atmosphere, we
may point to "The Bride of Lammermoor" as one
of the great tone poems of the language. And
"Old Mortality" and "Ivanhoe" are as perfect in
their different ways.
" Which is the greatest play of Shakespeare ? In
which aspect do you like the sea best ? " So ex-
claims Keats in one of his letters. We may echo
the saying in regard to Scott. There are about a
dozen of his novels so even in their diverse excellence
that there can be no real precedence given to any
one of them, — there can only be preference in the
individual reader's mood. To " Waverley " belongs
the right of primogeniture, and it has a certain state-
liness and splendor, a richness of material, which
support this right. It may dispute with " Marmion "
the honor of being the Scottish Iliad, — or, rather,
it has no rival, for the poem is mainly English in its
characterizations, as it is in the victory it celebrates.
To my mind, however, " Guy Mannering " is a more
important book. Meg Merrilies is Scott's greatest
creation, — a figure so great indeed that it gave a
bias to Scott's mind and compelled him to reproduce
it in many subsequent shapes. Then the variety of
other comic and eccentric characters in the piece are
remarkable, as are the variety of scene and incident.
I should say it has the best opening of any novel I
know. On the other hand, there is more bad con-
struction and more really insipid writing than in any
other of the novels of the first rank. In mere delight-
fulness, "The Antiquary" is perhaps supreme. But
Edie Ochiltree is a male Meg Merrilies ; Sir Arthur
Wardour is an inferior copy of Sir Robert Hazlewood.
Jonathan Oldbuck himself and the group of fisher
people are the novel elements of the piece. " Old
Mortality "is more closely wrought than "Waverley,"
with a high excellence of tragic and comic character,
yet it seems a trifle more remote from our sympathies
— a trifle academic. Not academic at all is "The
Legend of Montrose," but overflowing with human
interest. Dugald Dalgetty may almost dispute with
Meg Merrilies the primacy of Scott's people. Beauty
and pathos and tragedy have set their seal on '-The
Heart of Midlothian." But, fine' as are the delinea-
tions of Jeanie and Effie Deans, to me those quali-
ties seem more perfectly blended in Madge Wildfire,
who is absolutely Shakespearean. I should not do
battle with anyone who unfurled the banner of either
"Rob Roy" or "Redgauntlet." For all me, Di
Vernon may ride down to posterity at the head of
Scott's procession, with Nicol Jarvie on one side
and Andrew Fairservice on the other. And '• Red-
gauntlet " is the very pattern and paragon of ro-
mantic novels. It has hurry, bustle, change, enchant-
ment from start to finish. Something thrilling is
happening every minute, and we have Wandering
Willie's tale thrown in as a makeweight. " The
Bride of Lammermoor " is set apart in Scott's work,
1914]
THE DIAL
331
unique in its gloom and tragic singleness. " St.
Ronan's Well " has been accounted one of his fail-
ures, but it seems to me in the first rank. He wrote
it in good-natured rivalry with Jane Austen. It is
certainly not an Austen novel, but it is perhaps a
better thing. With all respect for Miss Austen's
inimitable genius, with a full appreciation of her
mastery in every stroke, one may still feel a sym-
pathy with FitzGerald when he likened her work
to gruel. " St. Ronan's Well " is unequally con-
trived. The villain and his machinations are taken
direct from '' Clarissa Harlowe." Some of the
people at the Spa are dropped there out of a Sheri-
danic comedy. But Clara Mowbray is so fine and
true to nature and the highest art that it does not
need to say that she has stepped out of Shakespeare.
And as Meg Merrilies is the progenitor of a long
line of strange or wandering beings, so Meg Dods
is the culmination and summing up of Scott's many
landladies and " douce Scotch bodies " in various
walks of life. " Ivanhoe " and " Quentin Durward "
complete the list of Scott's greatest novels. Each is
somewhat of a tour de force, and though in each
case the effort is successful we feel more than in the
Scottish novels that there is an effort.
Scott's novels of the second rank, "The Pirate,"
"Fortunes of Nigel," " Kenil worth," "The Talis-
man," "Woodstock," "The Monastery," "The Ab-
bott," and "The Fair Maid of Perth," are generally
so good that ope hardly knows why they should be
separated from the first flight. There is a differ-
ence, yet any one of them may ride forth with their
master's pennon and blazon and do him no discredit.
Even his failures, — " The Black Dwarf," " Peveril of
the Peak," "The Betrothed," "Anne of Geierstein,"
and "Count Robert of Paris," — have so much of
good in them that they would furnish forth a toler-
ably first-rate reputation.
When we take into account the fact that at least
three of Scott's metrical tales hold their own in any
assemblage of English narrative poetry, and when
we add to this that his profusion of lyrics in their
melody, ringing lilt, perfection of wording, and
grace or depth of meaning are with the best in the
language, we may realize that he was a wholesale
dealer in great literature. Many writers since have
equalled or surpassed him in quantity ; but it seems to
me that all his novel-writing successors at least must
give place to him for novelty, variety, vitality, and
energizing power. CHAKLES LEONARD MOORE.
CAS UA L COMMENT.
A MINE OF MANUSCRIPTS relating to the early
history of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and
the Old Northwest, has recently been opened and
four months spent in exploring its riches by Mr.
Earl G. Swem, assistant librarian of the Virginia
State Library, who now issues a report of his dis-
coveries in a bulletin entitled "A List of Manu-
scripts Recently Deposited in the Virginia State
Library by the State Auditor." Accumulated state
and county papers and record books for almost a
century and a half had been lying disregarded in
the basement of the library until Mr. Swem's energy
and enterprise were brought to bear upon their sift-
ing and sorting and the preservation of such con-
siderable portion of them as are of value to history
students, genealogists, statisticians, and others. "An
estimate of the total number of pieces retained and
deposited," says Mr. Swem in his prefatory note,
"is between 650,000 and 700,000, of which 10,000
are records in book form. The documents were at
once roughly grouped and their titles written in the
accession book. The list printed in the present
Bulletin is based upon this hasty and preliminary
classification, and is not presumed to be final. It
was thought advisable to give to students at once
some knowledge of what had been deposited."
Many records examined were returned to the audi-
tor's office, as properly belonging there, but the
series designated as "personal property books" —
that is, lists of owners of taxable personal property,
with enumeration of such property — was deposited
in the library, and is believed by Mr. Swem to con-
stitute "the most authentic and comprehensive
source material for the study of the economic and
social history of Virginia from 1782 to the close of
the War between the States." Genealogists, too,
will find much material of value to them in the col-
lection. But probably the most generally interesting
item in the catalogue is the following: "Clark,
George Rogers. 70 packages of letters, vouchers,
accounts, orders, captured papers and miscellaneous
documents concerning George Rogers Clark and the
Illinois country. 1778-1783. 300 pieces per pack-
age." The magnitude of the task undertaken and
carried through by Mr. Swem, and the inconveni-
ences attending it, together with the obvious uncer-
tainty whether the work would ever have been
entered upon if he had not had the courage for it,
all tend to increase respect for his zeal as well as
gratitude for his timely service to the cause of his-
torical study. . . .
A PASSING GLIMPSE OF EMERSON in an attributed
role not the most frequently associated with his name
is obtained in turning the pages of the richly en-
joyable " Notes of a Son and Brother," Mr. Henry
James's current contribution to good literature. In
a letter of his father's, written just after the writer
had been to Concord to " bury " two of his children,
as he expressed it — meaning that he had placed his
two youngest sons in Mr. Frank Sanborn's school —
he says : " Then we drove to Emerson's and waded
up to our knees through a harvest of apples and pears,
which, tired of their mere outward or carnal growth,
had descended to the loving bosom of the lawn, there
or elsewhere to grow inwardly meet for their heavenly
rest in the veins of Ellen the saintly and others ;
until at last we found the cordial Pan himself in the
midst of his household, breezy with hospitality and
blowing exhilarating trumpets of welcome. Age
has just the least in the world dimmed the lustre
332
THE DIAL
[April 16
we once knew, but an unmistakable breath of the
morning still encircles him, and the odour of prim-
eval woods. Pitchpine is not more pagan than he
continues to be, and acorns as little confess the gar-
dener's skill. Still I insist that he is a voluntary
Pan, that it is a condition of mere wilfulness and
insurrection on his part, contingent upon a merci-
lessly sound digestion and an uncommon imaginative
influx, and I have no doubt that even he, as the years
ripen, will at last admit Nature to be tributary and
not supreme. However this be, we consumed juicy
pears to the diligent music of Pan's pipe, while Ellen
and Edith softly gathered themselves upon two low
stools in the chimney-corner, saying never a word
nor looking a look, but apparently hemming their
handkerchiefs; and good Mrs. Stearns, who sat by the
window and seemed to be the village dress-maker,
ever and anon glanced at us over her spectacles as
if to say that never before had she seen this wondrous
Pan so glistening with dewdrops." After enjoying
that flight of playful fancy can one be surprised that
two of the writer's sons attained distinction with
the pen ? ...
RECOVERED PORTRAITS OF THE BRONTE SISTERS,
Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, in a group painted by
their brother, together with a profile sketch of Emily
from the same amateur hand, have by a fortunate
chance been acquired by the National Portrait
Gallery and will be hung in the so-called Modern
Literature Room. These pictures, good likenesses,
according to Mrs. Gaskell, though leaving much to
be desired as works of art, had long been given up
as lost, and their recent discovery brings joy to the
hearts of Bronte enthusiasts. The canvases had
been taken by Charlotte's widowed husband, the
Rev. A. B. Nicholls, to his home in Ireland when
he left Haworth, and beyond that nothing was known
of them. A few weeks ago, however, the surviving
second wife of Mr. Nicholls, still living in the house
that was his home at the time of his death, directed
a servant to clear out an old cupboard or wardrobe
that had remained undisturbed for many years;
and among the objects disinterred were two parcels
in brown paper. On being unwrapped they proved
to be the long-lost portraits, the canvas having the
group being folded in four, to its obvious detriment.
This was the very painting held up by Charlotte
for her future biographer to admire, as is related in
the "Life"; and how Charlotte's bereaved husband
could have brought himself to treat so barbarously
this memorial of her — if indeed his was the ruthless
hand that did the deed — one is at a loss to under-
stand. But perhaps he took this means to show his
little esteem for the vainglorious Branwell and all
his works. If so, one can rather easily forgive him.
THE SOUL OF A LIBRARIAN'S WIT, like that of wit
in general, is not seldom to be found in its brevity.
The current annual Report of the Rochester (N.Y. )
Public Library resembles the history of that insti-
tution : it is very short. Three years ago there
was no Rochester Public Library, and its present
succinct record of yearly progress is its second. But
terseness of statement need not indicate paucity of
achievement, any more than prolixity should be taken
to stand for great things accomplished. "This re-
minds us," says Mr. Yust, the librarian (but he does
not say it in his Report), " of a story in the Book
of Books. In Matthew 25 : 14-30 we are told of
three servants who had received talents, five, two
and one respectively. On the Master's return they
all rendered account of their stewardship. The first
two had doubled their capital. Each of them said
so in fourteen words, and their work was pronounced
'Well done, good and faithful servant.' Servant
number three had accomplished absolutely nothing,
but he made a full report in forty-two words, three
times as long as the other reports." Rochester is
building up its library system from the broad base
of its numerous and widely-scattered branches and
distributing centres — four hundred and forty-eight
in number- — instead of downward from the pinnacle
of a main library. This main library, still in more
or less distant prospect, will, it is hoped, be a fitting
consummation to all the effort and accomplishment
that have preceded it; and the trustees are now
watchfully waiting for a million-dollar building fund
— and a site for the buildisg, we infer. Most
creditable is the circulation record published by Mr.
Yust, — 274,372, with a total collection of 38,321
volumes, or more than seven lendings of each volume
owned. ...
THE FUNCTION OF THE FAIRY TALE in developing
the young reader's imagination is highly esteemed
by some educators, and as severely condemned by
others ; and the reasons for each of these opposing
judgments are obvious. Professor William A.
Neilson, of Harvard, at a recent meeting of mothers
gave his opinion of the Grimm tales and similar
juvenile works. "The stories by the brothers
Grimm," he said, "were written many years ago,
and perhaps the most charitable way of dismissing
them would be to say that for their time they were
all right. The fact remains, however, that they are
standard and classic, and that there is still a profit-
able business in publishing them. Sooner or later
they fall into the hands of our little folk. I believe
that these stories should be discarded because their
suggestion to the childish mind is that every wrong
was avenged. Revenge is a bad enough vice to
exist in any of us, without being suggested and
inlaid in the childish mind by a fairy tale." True,
in part. In an ideal world, with an ideal system of
education, the child would be taught to turn the
other cheek; but in an ideal world there would be
no cheek-smiting to begin with. In the actual
world the situation is more complex. In the actual
world, too, it is very improbable that any child not
an imbecile ever takes the Grimm tales literally.
When Hansel and Grethel shove the wicked witch
into the oven, slam the door, and run away to leave
her to her merited cremation, the young reader
takes a wholesome pleasure in this vivid illustration
of poetic justice, without incurring any serious risk
1914]
THE DIAL
333
of imitating Hansel's and Grethel's example. At
any rate, if our little folk are to have nothing given
them to read more highly-apiced than "Sandford
and Merton" and the Rollo books, they will never
develop much love for literature.
A JAPANESE ACROSTIC, the " I-Ro-Ha " hymn of
Kwai Han, a famous poet who lived more than a
thousand years ago, forms the subject of some inter-
esting remarks by Dr. Clay MacCauley in "The
Japan Magazine," of Tokyo; and the poem itself,
consisting of forty-seven verses, each verse beginning
with one of the syllables of the Japanese alphabet,
in abecedarian fashion, is translated, or paraphrased,
by the writer. Kwai Han's self-imposed task was
more difficult, or more considerable, one infers, than
that of the Hebrew poet who composed the 119th
Psalm, the Hebrew alphabet having but twenty-two
letters to be worked into the acrostic, while the
Japanese has forty-seven characters, or syllables.
"The Dominant Note of the Law" is Dr. Mac-
Cauley's rendering of the title of the hymn, and of
course his translation of the lines retains nothing of
their acrostic character, but merely reproduces in
substance the poet's tribute of praise and thanks-
giving to Buddha. Concerning this Japanese alpha-
bet, or "Hiragana syllabary," as it is called, Dr.
MacCauley has also something to say. The Buddhist
saint, Kukai, later known as Kobo Daishi, or "the
great Teacher who spread the law abroad," invented
the syllabary about twelve hundred years ago, and
at the same time devised a metrical arrangement of
the syllables in eight lines, " in which the conviction
fundamental in Buddhism is graphically concen-
trated." Like our mnemonic lines, "Thirty days
hath September," etc., these eight verses are readily
learned by the child, and they constitute the "ABC"
of Japanese school-children. Here is Dr. Mac-
Cauley's English paraphrase of them, in the original
metre :
" E'en though clothed in colors gay —
Blossoms fall, alas !
Who then in this world of ours
Will not likewise pass ?
Crossing now the utmost verge
Of a world that seems,
My intoxication fails —
Fade my fleeting dreams."
THE SECRET OF AN AUTHOR'S STRENGTH prob-
ably lies much oftener than is suspected in those
seeds of character that were sown in his very earliest
years. Those who profess to see the man indelibly
outlined in the boy of five will not be surprised at
Mr. John Burroughs's ascription of his success as
an author to the unconsciously-acquired nature-lore
of his childhood. In the autobiographic fragments
that give so much of life and charm to Dr. Clara
Barrus's "Our Friend John Burroughs" (reviewed
on another page) he says: "When I began, in my
twenty-fifth or twenty-sixth year, to write about
the birds, I found that I had only to unpack the
memories of the farm boy within me to get at the
main things about the common ones. I had uncon-
sciously absorbed the knowledge that gave the life
and warmth to my page. Take that farm boy out
of my books, out of all the pages in which he is
latent as well as visibly active, and you have robbed
them of something vital and fundamental, you have
taken from the soil much of its fertility." On a
later page this is significant : " From the impromptu
character of my writings come both their merits
and their defects — their fresh, unstudied character,
and their want of thoroughness and reference-book
authority. I cannot, either in my writing or in my
reading, tolerate any delay, any flagging of the
interest, any beating about the bush, even if there
is a bird in it. The thought, the description, must
move right along, and I am impatient of all footnotes
and quotations and asides." First and last, it is
made very evident that, though other nature-writers
may need to lay in a store of material by journeying,
gun in hand, to South Africa or South America, no
such premeditated course would ever have furnished
the books that now delight the thousands of Mr.
Burroughs's readers.
A GREAT NEWSPAPER'S BID FOR POPULARITY has
been known to work its own undoing in the long run,
or even in the surprisingly short run. Fortune loves
not to be truckled to, but has a way of bestowing her
favors most lavishly on those who scorn them. The
London " Times " at threepence had so long been a
national institution that its change to a lower price
could not fail to shock the conservative Englishman
and to seem indicative of a lowering of its tone. A
tuppenny "Thunderer" fails to be as impressive as
a sixpenny " Thunderer'' — for the journal had been
sold at sixpence, fivepence, and fourpence, before
it settled upon its long-familiar price of threepence.
And now we have the spectacle of a "Times" sold
on the street at the same paltry price at which the
hot cross buns of about this season are being cried
through the purlieus of London. Of course the
rivalry of competitive journals, notably the " Morn-
ing Post" and the "Daily Telegraph," is at the
bottom of all the plausible professions made by the
"Times" in justification of its descent to the penny
standard — or, at least, to the penny price. Perhaps
the threepenny standard can be maintained even by
a penny paper, but the course of journalism in our
own country has not been such as to create expecta-
tion of highest excellence in cheapest journals. It
is a significant fact that the three newspapers gen-
erally acknowledged to be the best in America are
sold at three times the price asked for the (at
present) immensely popular sheets that flaunt their
flaming headlines in every street-car and ferry-boat
in the land. ...
MATHEMATICAL DETERMINATION OF A LIBRARY'S
USEFULNESS must be appreciably more difficult than,
for instance, the determination of the amount of
salt in a gallon of sea water ; but the librarian of the
Gary (Indiana) Public Library proposes a system
for registering, in terms that he calls "units," the
334
THE DIAL
[AprU 16
quantity of service of all sorts, and of each separate
sort, rendered by a library in any given time.
Frankly acknowledging the impossibility of gauging
such an institution's total influence for good through-
out its community, he still believes it possible and
advisable to ascertain in mathematical terms just
how great its activity in each of several directions,
and in all these directions, really is. Counting as
a unit each lending of a book, attendance of a
reader in the reading-room, circulation of a picture
or of a piece of music, presence of a person at a
library lecture or club meeting or entertainment,
reference question answered by telephone or mail,
and so on, the statistically-inclined librarian should
be able at the end of the official year to report, with
professional pride and self-congratulation, that his
library had rendered public service to the extent of
(let us say) 343,761 units, with the separate items
of this service duly tabulated. And when a rival
library reports a total greater by fifty or sixty units,
what incentive there would be to beat that record
next year ! Ways of more sorts than one by which
this might be effected will readily suggest them-
selves. But is all this counting and classifying and
tabulating worth the brain tissue it consumes ? Per-
haps it is.
LITERARY CLASSICS ON THE MOVING-PICTURE
SCREEN will never, it is to be hoped, cause the same
classics to be ignored in book form. As an incentive
to reading rather than a substitute for reading, these
breathless glimpses of a great author's conceptions
might accomplish much good. A recent news item
under the general heading, "Music and Drama,"
announces that "Thomas Bailey Aldrich's 'Judith
of Bethulia ' and Richard Harding Davis's ' Soldiers
of Fortune,' in motion pictures, are filling Proctor's
Fifth Avenue Theatre at every representation."
These are not exactly to be counted among the
classics of all time; but Homer's "Odyssey," which
has been epitomized in moving-picture form, is
certainly a classic; and who knows but we may yet
have, for instance, Milton's " Paradise Lost " offered
to an eager public in the same manner? That great
epic has obvious possibilities in the way of spectacular
scenes and theatrical situations. Perhaps, too, the
bill-boards will some day announce the presentation
of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress," of Spenser's
"Faery Queene," and even of Chaucer's "Canter-
bury Tales," as the latest attraction to lovers of the
" movies "; for even the heedless throng tires in time
of the vulgar inanities that are reeled off by the
thousand yards at so many show-houses throughout
the land.
• • •
INSTANCES OF EDITORIAL FALLIBILITY in the
rejection of manuscripts that afterward and else-
where demonstrate both their commercial value and
their literary excellence are numerous enough in
the annals of periodical literature. A few nota-
ble illustrations, chiefly from his own experience,
are given by Mr. Henry Sydnor Harrison in an
article, "Adventures with Editors," in the current
"Atlantic Monthly." Entering upon "a regxami-
nation of an ancient inquiry : Why are manuscripts
rejected?" the writer offers some good advice to
editors who would save themselves from the embar-
rassment of discovering, too late, that they have
curtly dismissed an embryonic genius — such embar-
rassment as must have been felt by the unnamed
editor mentioned in the following anecdote, quoted
by Mr. Harrison : " The first real literary success
of Kathleen Norris, author of 'Mother' and 'The
Rich Mrs. Burgoyne,' was the acceptance of a story
by the Atlantic Monthly. 'This story,' she says,
' had been the rounds of the magazines, but when it
finally appeared in the Atlantic I received four
letters from editors, to whom it had previously been
submitted, complimenting me upon my work and
asking the privilege of considering my next story.
One of these was Mr. , of 's Magazine. I
wrote him thanking him for his praise, and told
him that the story had been submitted to him on
such and such a day, and had been returned with
a printed note of thanks a fortnight later.' " How
many a still unrecognized literary genius, with a
trunkful of rejected manuscripts, would rejoice to
find himself placed in a position similar to that of
Miss Norris, and how few of them, probably, would
exercise her forbearance toward the self-stultified
editor! ...
THIS YEAR'S LIBRARY CONFERENCE will be held
in Washington, D.C.,May 25-30, with headquarters
at the New Willard Hotel, and with accompanying
sessions of the various affiliated and subordinate
organizations of the American Library Association.
Announcement of the order of exercises, the post-
conference plans, and other details, is now awaited ;
but meanwhile a brief glance at the many attractions
Washington offers to those engaged in library work
must at least induce a strong desire to be present at
the coming convention. The Library of Congress,
the Library of the Bureau of Education (recently
strengthened and made more widely useful), the
various department libraries, the Library of the
District of Columbia, the museums and collections
of different kinds — all these contribute to both the
pleasure and the profit of such an occasion as the
forthcoming. Only once in its history has the
A. L. A. held its annual convention in this city of
libraries, and the home of our chief library; and
that was thirty-three years ago, when seventy, out
of a membership of more than four hundred, came
together to discuss topics of professional interest.
Probably one reason for the rather small attendance,
the fourth-smallest in the Association's history, was
the time chosen for the conference — early February,
when libraries generally are at their busiest and the
conditions for travelling least inviting. Certainly
a much larger attendance is to be expected this year,
when it is hoped there will be present a considerable
delegation from Canada in return for our own hearty
response to the invitation to Ottawa in 1912.
1914]
THE DIAL,
335
ooks.
THE HUMAN NATURE OF A NATURALIST.*
Many of Mr. John Burroughs's readers must
have interrupted their reading more than once
to ask themselves why it is that everything he
writes has so unquestionable a reality, so in-
evitable an interest, so inescapable a charm.
Scrutiny and analysis fail to reveal in his page
any rhetorical trick or other device that can be
made to explain the secret, nor does the thought
which his language clothes attain to such stu-
pendous heights or depths as shall account
for his unfailing command of our attention.
Finally, therefore, the conclusion is reached
that it is the man's personality itself that speaks
to the reader so compellingly, though so quietly
and unassumingly. One is made to live the
writer's own life and think his own thoughts
with him in his books. How then can they
fail to be alive with meaning and pregnant with
reality? As supplementary to these master-
pieces of intimate self-portraiture, such a vol-
ume as Dr. Clara Barrus's " Our Friend John
Burroughs," with its passages of autobiography
from the naturalist's own pen and its scraps of
familiar talk from his lips, must be very wel-
come to the less fortunate thousands of his ad-
mirers who have never enjoyed Miss Barrus's
good fortune in being invited to visit him at
Slabsides and Woodchuck Lodge, or to travel
with him and camp with him in Colorado and
California and the Hawaiian Islands.
The book's first chapter, bearing the same
title as the book itself, attempts to show why
Mr. Burroughs is " our friend," and says, among
other things, that " it is the ' child in the heart,'
and, in a way, the 'child' in his books, that
accounts for his wide appeal. He often says he
can never think of his books as works, because
so much play went into the making of them.
He has gone out of doors in a holiday spirit, has
had a good time, has never lost the boy's relish
for his outings, and has been so blessed with
the gift of expression that his own delight is
communicated to his reader." Then follow
instances and letters and anecdotes illustrating
the large, generous friendliness of the man.
"The Retreat of a Poet- Naturalist," as the
next chapter is called, shows the "Sage of
Slabsides " under his own rustic roof -tree. It
*OuB FRIEND JOHN BURROUGHS. By Clara Barms.
Including autobiographical sketches by Mr. Burroughs.
With illustrations from photographs. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Co.
was only after twelve years' acquaintance with
his books that Miss Barrus yielded to her im-
pulse and sent Mr. Burroughs a letter telling
him what a joy his writings had been to her.
Later there came to her a gracious invitation to
visit him, and so close a friendship was formed
that for the past twelve years she has had the
Enviable privilege of helping him with his corre-
spondence, which, in respect to letters received,
at least, is of no small proportions. Following
this admirable presentation of the naturalist* in
his woodland retreat comes what must be ac-
counted the best part of the book, bits of auto-
biography sent in the form of letters to Miss
Barrus at her request, and pieced out with fit-
ting additions of her own or selections from the
autobiographer's other reminiscent writings. In
three parts, dealing with his ancestry and family
life, his childhood and youth, and an inquiry
into the origin and nature of his own distinctive
peculiarities, he most frankly and engagingly
depicts himself and his environment, exciting
admiration for the noble candor to which any
concealment or disguise is so utterly foreign.
Like Franklin, he unhesitatingly tells the worst
that can be told about himself; but unlike
Franklin he has nothing that is morally repel-
lent to reveal. Like Franklin, again, he was
one of a large family of brothers and sisters,
none of the rest of whom attained to distinction.
A chapter is next devoted to Mr. Burroughs's
early writings, with illustrative extracts. In
the formality and comparative heaviness of those
first ventures into print, philosophical or didactic
in tone as they mostly were, there showed itself
very little of the man as he soon afterward
became when he really began to find himself
and his true place in the order of things. Even
in that first "Atlantic" essay ("Expression")
which Lowell so promptly accepted and pub-
lished— it was in 1860, when its writer was
twenty-three years old — there was, uncon-
sciously to the essayist, so much more of Emerson
than of the future author of "Wake Robin"
that the piece was generally ascribed to the
Concord sage. Indeecf, it may be found indexed
in "Poole" as of Emersonian origin, and the
earlier editions of Hill's "Rhetoric" have a
footnote quoting a line from it and assigning it
to Emerson. It was Miss Barrus herself, it
now appears, who called the Harvard professor's
attention to the error.
"A Winter Day at Slabsides" shows Mr.
Burroughs in the youthf ulness and high spirits
of seventy-four years, roasting a duck in a pot
for his invited guests and giving them such a
336
THE DIAL
[April 16
feast of reason together with the products of his
culinary art as may well excite the reader's
envy of those favored banqueters. Then comes
a view of the naturalist restored to the scenes
of his boyhood, in the town of Roxbury, Dela-
ware County, New York, where he has reclaimed
an abandoned farmhouse half a mile from the
old homestead where he was born, and has
christened it " Woodchuck Lodge." It is here
that he has the "hay-barn study " so pleasantly
familiar to readers of his later essays, and it is
here that he now spends his summers, wonder-
ing at the perversity that kept him so long
estranged from this beautiful Catskill country
of his childhood. In her penultimate chapter,
perhaps her best, Miss Barrus relates what must
have been the event of her life, — a camping
trip (with one other of her own sex) with " the
two Johns," " John of Birds " and " John of
Mountains." The latter — Mr. John Muir, of
course — joined the party in the Petrified For-
ests of Arizona, showed them the wonders of
the Grand Canon and the Mojave Desert, the
beauties of Southern California and the sublim-
ities of the Yosemite, and only parted with them
when they embarked for Hawaii. The striking
contrast between these two nature-lovers and old
friends is excellently brought out in the lively
chronicle of the memorable excursion, as, for
instance, in this passage :
" Mr. Muir talks because he can't help it, and his
talk is good literature; he writes only because he has
to, on occasion; while Mr. Burroughs writes because he
can't help it, and talks when he can't get out of it.
Mr. Muir, the Wanderer, needs a continent to roam in;
while Mr. Burroughs, the Saunterer, needs only a
neighborhood or a farm. The Wanderer is content to
scale mountains ; the Saunterer really climbs the moun-
tain after he gets home, as he makes it truly his own
only by dreaming over it and writing about it. The
Wanderer finds writing irksome; the Saunterer is never
so well or so happy as when he can write; his food
nourishes him better, the atmosphere is sweeter, the
days are brighter. The Wanderer has gathered his
harvest from wide fields, just for the gathering; he has
not threshed it out and put it into the bread of litera-
ture — only a few loaves; the Saunterer has gathered
bis harvest from a rather circumscribed field, but has
threshed it out to the last sheaf; has made many loaves;
and it is because he himself so enjoys writing that his
readers find such joy and morning freshness in his
books, his own joy being communicated to his reader,
as Mr. Muir's own enthusiasm is communicated to his
hearer. With Mr. Burroughs, if his field of observa-
tion is closely gleaned, he turns aside into subjective
fields and philosophizes — a thing which Mr. Muir
never does."
Miss Barrus's closing chapter is devoted to
an appreciation of Mr. Burroughs as a nature-
lover and a writer. Classing him with Gilbert
White, Thoreau, and Richard Jefferies, she not
unnaturally finds him greatly superior in some
respects to the three others. For example :
" Mr. Burroughs puts his reader into close and sym-
pathetic communion with the open-air world as no other
literary naturalist has done. Gilbert White reported
with painstaking fidelity the natural history of Selborne ;
Thoreau gave Thoreau with glimpses of nature thrown
in; Richard Jefferies, in dreamy, introspective descrip-
tions of rare beauty and delicacy, portrayed his own
mystical impressions of nature; but Mr. Burroughs
takes us with him to the homes and haunts of the wild
creatures, sets us down in their midst, and lets us see
and hear and feel just what is going on. We read his
books and echo Whitman's verdict on them: 'They
take me outdoors ! God bless outdoors ! ' And since
God has blessed outdoors, we say, ' God bless John
Burroughs for taking us out of doors with him ! ' '
Of Whitman and of Mr. Burroughs's in-
timacy with and admiration for him, the book
has considerable to say, as it also has of other
men, famous or obscure, whose lives or writings
or personalities have been in some way signifi-
cant in the naturalist's life-history and the ma-
turing of his powers. The purpose and method
of the entire book are well conceived, and the
author's success in bringing before us a very
real and living and lovable Mr. Burroughs is
worthy of warm praise, even though she must
share that praise largely with Mr. Burroughs
himself, whose own pen has contributed not the
least valuable portions of the volume. She
writes in a style not unworthy of the master
whose manner, admirable for its clearness and
simplicity, she so justly commends. Good por-
traits and views show the naturalist in a number
of his favorite haunts, and an unusually full and
accurate index makes quickly available any part
of the riches which it so handily unlocks.
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
INTERVIEW WITH THE MUSE
OF HISTORY.*
Mr. George Macaulay Trevelyan has pre-
pared an interesting book by writing the essay
which gives the volume its title, and printing
with it a number of articles which have already
appeared in various periodicals. Of the re-
printed pieces, the most notable are those on
George Meredith and "Poetry and Liberty."
Admirers of Meredith will wish to read the
former ; while the latter is commended to those
who do not realize how far England was, dur-
ing the period from 1796 to 1820, from pos-
* CLIO, A MUSE, and Other Essays, Literary and Pedes-
trian. By George Macaulay Trevelyan. New York :
Longmans, Green, & Co.
1914]
THE DIAL
337
sessing the freedom which tradition is fond of
attributing . to her. It need scarcely be said
that all of the essays are charmingly written.
The style is clear without being unpleasantly
crisp and businesslike; its leisurely urbanity
and relaxing humor are most engaging. And
this is particularly true of the new essay, " Clio,
a Muse," which Mr. Trevelyan describes as
"a delicate investigation" into the nature of
history.
Within fifty years, you must know, there
have been "great changes in the management
of Clio's temple. Her inspired bards and
prophets have passed away and been succeeded
by the priests of an established church; the
vulgar have been excluded from the Court of
the Gentiles ; doctrine has been defined ; heretics
have been excommunicated ; and the tombs of
the aforesaid prophets have been duly blackened
by the new hierarchy. While these changes
were in process the statue was seen to wink an
eye." The Muse, it seems, knew all the time
that history could never have a direct practical
value like the exact sciences, or ever succeed
like them in deducing the laws of cause and
effect ; she knew that its chief value must always
be educational, its chief business to "educate
the minds of men by causing them to reflect on
the past." A great mistake it was, therefore,
for the friends of history to "proclaim it a
' science ' for specialists, not ' literature ' for the
common reader of books." For while we all
share in the benefits of chemistry even if we
never read chemistry, we cannot profit from
history unless we have some acquaintance with
it. It is true there must be critics and spe-
cialists for investigation; but the final aim
must be "not merely the accumulation and
interpretation of facts, but the exposition of
these facts in their full emotional and intel-.
lectual value to a wide public by the difficult
art of literature." This is what the Muse
meant when she winked.
The Muse was unquestionably right in wink-
ing; the proof of which is that the "thought
and feeling of the rising generation is but little
affected by historians." The responsibility for
this situation, Mr. Trevelyan lays to historians
themselves ; for when they proclaimed history a
science for specialists, not literature for the
common reader of books, "the common reader
of books accepted his discharge.". There is
truth in this, but are we not likely to be a little
deceived by this very term, "the common
reader of books"? The common reader of
books is a much larger class than formerly. It
is said that Macaulay's history was on all the
young ladies' dressing tables. Now, I do not
suppose it was really on all of them. In any
case, fewer young ladies had dressing tables in
those days, and I have sometimes wondered how
effectively the book in question "entered into
the thought and feeling" of those who had.
Thousands of young ladies and young men who
nowadays read nothing more weighty than the
"Saturday Evening Post" would not have
read anything at all in the days of Macaulay.
If, therefore, these young people do not read,
I will not say the Cambridge Modern History,
but even Mr. Trevelyan's fascinating Life of
John Bright, historians cannot be held wholly
responsible. If as great a book as Macauky's
history should appear to-morrow, these young
people would not read it.
Still, it is undoubtedly true that as able and
well written a history as Macaulay's, if it should
appear to-morrow, would not create a tithe of
the interest, or exert anything like the influence
upon the thought and feeling of the readers of
serious books, that Macaulay's work did in his
day; and not Macaulay's only, but Ranke's
and Giesebrecht's and Thiers's and Michelet's
and a host of others. The truth is that in
Macaulay's day books on history commanded
the interest of thinking people in a way which
they no longer do, and the difference is not
merely a matter of their being well or ill writ-
ten. In politics and morals the Revolution
unsettled all the old foundations, and after the
Napoleonic era men turned to the past with
immense enthusiasm in order to rediscover there
the principles of ordered social life. To reconcile
authority and liberty was the primary need;
and when both divine and natural right had
failed, historic right seemed the only recourse.
But in our own day, when we are again, some-
what as men were in the eighteenth century,
seeking a "new freedom," when we are less
intent upon stability and more insistent upon
"social justice," the past seems unable to fur-
nish us what we want. The past seems to be on
the side of vested interests. Behind the mask
of historic right, many people think they can
discern the old familiar features of divine right.
And so the authority of tradition grows as
burdensome as the authority of kings.
If serious people read books on history less
than formerly, it is due partly no doubt to the
fact that not many are well written ; but it is
due quite as much to the fact that the orthodox
method of interpretation, surviving from an age
when men feared revolution more than they do
338
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[April 16
now, no longer ministers to the rising demand
for social regeneration. The men who fifty
years ago read history are no^v reading social
philosophy and books on religion. Mr. Ber-
nard Shaw is on all the dressing tables. Many
there are who prefer Maeterlinck to Mommsen.
The most serious minded read William James
or Bergson, or if not the very works of Bergson,
at least books which endeavor to explain how
with logical precision he denies the validity of
intellection. Nevertheless, it would be well if
more historians wrote as well as Mr. Trevelyan ;
for in that case I am sure they would not lack
readers. CARL BECKER.
TRAGEDY AND TREASON IN EDUCATION.*
This age has a habit of asking of itself search-
ing questions. And it is a most hopeful sign that
it also strives, almost agonizingly sometimes, to
answer these questions fairly and squarely with
intellectual honesty. The mere fact that the
world is so solicitous in regard to its pathological
symptoms offers perfect inherent proof that it
has some serious mental ailments.
The growing interest in the problems of edu-
cation has been for some years an out-standing
phenomenon. So far, many students feel, the
science of education has usurped the lime-light
too exclusively, while the art of education has
suffered comparative neglect. Now when the
accent, either grave or acute, is placed on science
the result is dogmatism ; and dogmatism in
education is the most complete and wholesale
form of race suicide imaginable. Unless edu-
cation educes the individual, or, as Professor
James put it, " organizes resources within the
human being," it is treason. And the betrayal
of the children of every generation is inexpres-
sibly more disastrous than the betrayal of a
nation.
Those who have felt the stunting power of
all the educational and social and religious forces
around them which make for dogmatism — and
who has not? — will welcome Mr. Edmond
Holmes's new book entitled "The Tragedy of
Education." It would not be easy to speak
with too great enthusiasm concerning this heart-
searching little volume. The author, unlike the
proverbial spinster who knows all about rearing
children, and laymen who lay down the law in
various fields, has had long official connection
with education, having served indeed as Chief
* THE TRAGEDY OF EDUCATION. By Edmond Holmes.
New York: E. P. Button & Co.
Inspector of Elementary Schools in England.
But, fortunately, his practical contact has not
spoiled him for philosophical analysis ; rather
it has supplied him with the most pertinent ma-
terial for criticism. " Tragedy '' is not too heavy
a term for the situation as he depicts it :
" For, with the best intentions, the leading actors in
it, the parents and teachers of each successive genera-
tion, so bear themselves towards their children and
pupils as to entail never-ending calamities on the whole
human race — not the sensational calamities which dra-
matists love to depict, but inward calamities which are
the deadlier for their very unobtrusiveness . . . such
as perverted ideals, debased standards, contracted
horizons, externalized aims, self-centered activities,
weakened will-power, lowered vitality, restricted and
distorted growth, and (crowning and summarizing the
rest) a profound misconception of the meaning and
value of life."
The three chapters of the book, entitled re-
spectively "The Poison of Dogmatism," "The
Malady," and "The Remedy," differ not so
much in material as in emphasis. The follow-
ing will serve as a brief summary : The adult's
assumption that the child wants toys, prizes,
distinctions, and the like is fundamentally
wrong. Before perverted by education the
child simply wants to "energize and grow."
Dogmatism does, or tends to do, three things, —
devitalize, vulgarize, and demoralize his life (the
last, by "substituting drill for self-discipline ").
The teaching profession is no more responsible
for the "follies and failures" of education than
is the army "for the horrors and miseries of
war." Society and world-tendencies are the
villains. Man comes under the law of growth ;
education should be " growth-craft." Western
education is based on distrust of the child (the
" original sin " notion). The teacher is expected
to obtrude himself as an ideal, — " what I think,
you are to learn to think," and so on. The
child's weakness is postulated at every turn,
and his food peptonized. The examination sys-
tem fosters show against reality. Competition
is disastrous.
" To invite the child to regard his classmates as rivals
instead of as comrades is to do him a great and far-
reaching wrong. It is to dam back the pure current of
unselfish sympathy at or near its source. It is to unseal
the turbid fountain of vanity, of selfishness, of envy,
of jealousy, of strife. It is to make the child an egoist,
without his consent and almost against his will."
Now for the remedy. The child must be
given the maximum instead of the minimum of
freedom. "The child is born good," and can
best point the way to its fullest development.
(Here is the inestimable service of evolution as
against the " special creation " theory.) " There
is a potential Christ in every new-born babe.
1914]
THE DIAL
339
. . . Whatever is born carries with it in em-
bryo the perfection of its own generic nature."
Pioneers of the right sort are Dr. Montessori,
Mr. George and Mr. Lane of the "Junior
Republic." and the author's own character,
"Egeria," in his "Utopian" school.
And now what is the teacher to do? Mr.
Holmes must, of course, not be dogmatic. This
is the teacher's task :
" To efface himself as much as possible, to realize
that not he, but the child, plays the leading part in the
drama of school life. . . . To provide outlets for his
healthy activities. . . . To place at his disposal such
materials as will provide him both with mental and
spiritual food. . . . To do nothing for him which he
can reasonably be expected to do for himself. ... To
foster his natural sincerity and keep far away from
him whatever savours of make-believe, self-deception,
and fraud. . . . To discourage competition. . . . To
foster the child's communal instinct, his spirit of com-
radeship, his latent capacity for sympathy and love."
Mr. Holmes realizes that he is setting a stiff
pace for the teacher. The good will be unat-
tainable for generations, — but it is a glorious
goal. And in straining toward it, the spirit of
the teacher will bathe in the fountain of per-
petual youth.
" The bastard self evolves itself in twenty or thirty
or forty years, and then grows old and decrepit. If the
real self is in a sense our unapproachable ideal, it will
keep the soul that strives to realize it everlastingly
young. Education can but help the evolving life to
make a happy start ; but a happy start, as Plato says, is
the most important stage towards ultimate perfection."
While much of this is not new (it is of course
thoroughly in line with the Montessori methods),
we believe that it is the most fundamental
critique from this point of view so far made.
The position and experience of the author,
moreover, give his utterances impressive weight.
Others have remarked on this same proselytiz-
ing tendency in our own and every age. " We
are all deaf men with big voices; but instead
of getting ear-trumpets we get megaphones and
proclaim our gospel." The tendency to prose-
lytize is without doubt one of the most persistent
and malignant temptations mind is heir to.
In modification, not objection, two things
might be said : First, the good- will in teachers
will itself make self-effacement difficult. Seeing
the young about to fall into the same errors
(in their judgment) that they have fallen foul of,
the natural instinct of love will call forth many
hortatory pleadings and injunctions, well-advised
and ill-advised, necessary and unnecessary.
Second, the method of this new evangel has
been tried out, not very wisely in most instances,
in America to a much greater extent than in
England, and so far not with complete success.
The dogmatic Froebellian kindergarten laxity
has achieved doubtful results. Teachers have
dogmatized in their handling of the novel
methods of freedom. The reign of love has in
some instances run riot and grown gouty. The
child is too frequently taught that he is merely
to follow his inclination in all things. Selfish-
ness easily follows; but it is not so easy to
develop reverence or a regard for duty under
this "sweet" system. Of course the warning
holds only when the " sweet " system is in fool-
ish and unskilled hands.
But the attempt to unseat dogmatism can be
made and must be made. The challenge comes
like a trumpet-call to the teachers. They will
find their work becoming more subtle and
exacting ; in compensation more honorific (they
of course will not expect it to become more
remunerative). They can no longer depend
upon a "chief," a "principal," or a "system,"
and content themselves with oiling the machinery
from day to day. In order to efface themselves
and permit the new generations educational
freedom, the teachers will need to become much
greater and more potent personalities than ever
before ; for they will be on tap, to run where
they are needed and to sit tight when they are
not needed. In short, they must add art to
their science. If such a race of super-teachers
can be developed, — teachers who can be trusted
to permit the stream of life to develop and
swell, ebb and flow, flood and enrich, in accord-
ance with the laws of life which we have not
yet learned, — they will be more truly than
ever the highest benefactors of the human race.
They will be the right hand of providence.
THOMAS PERCIVAL BEYER.
ESSAYS or RICHARD MIDDLETON.*
That Richard Middleton was more than a
clever journalist is indicated by the fairly sus-
tained excellence of his work ; that he was not,
however, a creator of pure literature who must
be reckoned with in all sobriety and critical
deliberation, is evident from the absence, in the
five volumes of his collected work, of remark-
able merit in verse or story or essay. Accord-
ing to his own dictum, he is hardly a poet at
all ; one could not venture to call him more than
a minor poet, and the minor poet is, according to
Middleton, a creature that never did and never
* WORKS OF RICHARD MIDDLETON. Comprising: The
Ghost-Ship, and Other Stones ; The Day before Yesterday ;
Poems and Songs ; Monologues. In five volumes. New
York : Mitchell Kennerley.
340
THE DIAL
[April 16
could exist. His stories, though they exhibit
ingenuity and power, tend to the ugly, even the
hideous. As for his essays, even though they
contain his most interesting work, one would
certainly not care to give them a place in the
tradition of the English essay; but they are
interesting, and it seems worth while to say
something about them.
In style, they are obviously of our own day,
— which is equivalent to saying that they are
not free from the taint of journalism. They
move nimbly, if not gracefully ; they proceed in
a straight line, and disdain embellishment, for
the epigrams and paradoxes with which they
abound are meant to produce an intellectual
shock rather than aesthetic surprise and satis-
faction ; they are without leisure and poise and
dignity, but they are also honest and direct, free
of elaborate posing ; they are at the same time
smartly irresponsible and terribly in earnest.
Here is the style at low ebb :
" It is hardly necessary to remind readers that Carlyle,
the Scotchman who wrote a fine romance about the
French Revolution but generally preferred to write in
broken German, once devoted a book to the considera-
tion of Heroes and Hero- Worshippers."
These are fairer illustrations :
" To-day we are so sure of ourselves that we are
prepared to classify miracles as they occur."
" Our poets have always been underfed, and, in con-
sequence, they have given us a great account of life, like
the hungry boy who flattens his nose on the cook-shop
window and thinks nobly of sausages."
For his style at its best, we must go to his
essays on childhood, extracts from which are
m
given below.
The burden of all the essays, whether they
deal with dreams, or politics, or editors, or
gambling, or " The New Sex," is one : that all
that is lovely and of good report has drooped
and faded away, and that in its stead we have
evolved a civilization, or a barbarism, which is
the reign of the prosy, the humdrum, the un-
spiritual, the ugly. The dominant mood in the
essays is that of disillusionment, with a nostalgia
that accompanies it as its shadow. Seeking to
predict who, of this era, will receive the plaudits
of posterity, he can find only five writers, two
painters, and no politicians at all ; it may well
be that, " like the majority of our countrymen,
the age to come will esteem professional cricket
and football above art, and we may not make
so bad a showing after all ! " " The present-day
Englishman is afraid of the big thought, the
big emotion, the big love." " A cold scepticism
is burning the hearts of men and women to ashes
of that desire that painted the trees green and
the lips of women red, and set the stars moving
over all." Common-sense and reason come in
for the usual modern indictment, and fancy and
the love of beauty are extolled. The following
sentence states the issue with candor:
" Sometimes, looking at the sky on a fine night, and
remembering how Coleridge was able to see a star within
the horns of the moon, a feat no longer possible to well-
informed persons, I wonder whether the next intellectual
revolution may not be directed against facts."
In an essay on "Traitors of Art," he sets forth
his creed :
" We are born to starve and shiver for a while in the
gutters of life and presently we die. But beauty is
eternal, and it is only by means of our appreciation of
beauty that we can bear with our clumsy, rotting bodies
while our life lasts. All other creeds seem to me for-
lorn and self -destructive."
The true attitude toward life, Middleton sug-
gests, is a combination of that of the Bohemian,
who sucks joy from the passing moment ; of the
rebel, who hates passionately what is not beau-
tiful; and of the pirate, whose enfranchised
spirit breathes diviner air than it is the general
lot of mankind to enjoy. Middleton himself had
in his veins what he termed " priceless piratical
blood " transmitted from an ancestor whose dis-
tinction it was to be hanged as a pirate by the
Spaniards at Port Eoyal.
Because childhood knows not disillusion, be-
cause it is nai've, and because the child is at once
Bohemian, rebel, and pirate, Middleton yearned,
in his weariness of soul, for " The Day before
Yesterday." The volume of this title is given
up entirely to autobiographic essays, and in-
cludes what is perhaps Middleton's best writing.
Typical chapters are on " An Enchanted Place,"
"The Boy in the Garden," "Street Organs,"
" On Digging Holes." To illustrate the quality
of these chapters, one need but quote a passage
or two at random ; where all is good, it is need-
less to seek isolated excellent passages. In
"An Enchanted Place," he tells of an attic
"mouse-cupboard" which served sometimes as
a cave, of tener as a boat :
" The fact that our cabin lacked portholes and was
of an unusual shape did not trouble us. We could hear
the water bubbling against the ship's side in a neigh-
bouring cistern, and often enough the wind moaned and
whistled overhead. We had our lockers, our sleeping-
berths, and our cabin-table, and at one end of the cabin
was hung a rusty old cutlass full of notches ; we would
have hated any one who had sought to disturb our illu-
sion that these notches had been made in battle. When
we were stowaways even the mice were of service to us,
for we gave them a full roving commission as savage
rats, and trembled when we heard them scampering
among the cargo.
"... If any of us had any money we would carouse
1914]
THE DIAL,
341
terribly, drinking ginger-beer like water, and after-
wards water out of the ginger-beer bottles, which still
retained a faint magic. Jam has been eaten without
bread on board the Black Margaret, and when we fell
across a merchantman laden with a valuable consign-
ment of dried apple-rings — tough fare but interesting
— and the savoury sugar out of candied peel, there
were boisterous times in her dim cabin. We would
sing what we imagined to be sea chanties in a doleful
voice, and prepare our boarding-pikes for the next
adventure, though we had no clear idea what they
really were."
Or take this, from "A Railway Journey ":
" Then something surprising happened. I saw the
earth leap up and invade the sky and the sky drop
down and blot out the earth, and I felt as though my
wings were broken. Then the sides of the carriage
closed in and squeezed out the door like a pip out of an
orange, until there was only a three-cornered gap left.
The air was full of dust, and I sneezed again and
again, but could not find my pocket-handkerchief.
Presently a young man came and lifted me out through
the hole, and seemed very surprised that I was not
hurt. I realized that there had been an accident, for
the train was broken into pieces and the permanent
way was very untidy. Close at hand I saw the little
girl sitting on a bank, and a man kneeling at her feet
taking her boots off. I would have liked to speak to
her, but I remembered how she had refused the offer
of my magazines, and was afraid she would snub me
again. The place was very noisy, for people were
calling out, and there was a great sound of steam. I
noticed that everybody's face was very white, espe-
cially the guard's, which made his beard seem as black
as soot. The young man took me by the hand and led
me along the uneven ground, and there was so much to
see that my feet kept stumbling over things, and he
had to hold me up. On the way we passed the body of
a man lying with a rug over his head. I knew that he
was dead; but I had seen drunken men in the streets
lie like that, and I could not help looking about for a
policeman."
NORMAN FOERSTER.
FORT DEARBORN AND THE
OLD NORTHWEST.*
Dr. Quaife's large volume on " Chicago and
the Old Northwest" is divided into two distinct
parts: (1) an Introduction of 125 pages giving
a description of the Chicago Portage and a
sketch of the history of the "old Northwest"
from the time of the earliest French Explora-
tions to the end of the eighteenth century ; (2)
a careful history of Fort Dearborn and the
Chicago massacre, written from the sources.
In some respects, the Introduction is the
least satisfactory part of the book. It covers
more than a century and a quarter of time, —
* CHICAGO AND THE OLD NORTHWEST, 1673-1835. A
Study of the Evolution of the Northwestern Frontier,
together with a History of Fort Dearborn. By Milo Milton
Quaife, Ph.D. Illustrated. University of Chicago Press.
too extensive a period to be treated adequately
in so small a space, if the chapters dealing with
Fort Dearborn and the massacre are to be ac-
cepted as the standard by which the book shall
be judged. It seems to us that the author might
better have followed one of two definite courses :
either he should have given a more condensed
treatment of those events most closely connected
with the early history of Chicago, as introductory
to the account which follows ; or these chapters
should have been expanded into a more intensive
study, — a separate volume, perhaps, — growing
out of the same careful investigation which
marks the excellent narrative dealing with Fort
Dearborn. The question of perspective, how-
ever, is always an open one.
It must also be said that the Introduction, as
it stands, shows too little regard for the sources.
Beyond doubt the narrative is readable ; but an
examination of citations to authorities used in
the chapter on " The Fight for the Northwest,"
for instance, reveals a free use of secondary
works, — a course which the author does not fol-
low in discussing that phase of Chicago history
in which his chief interest lies.
Furthermore, what is included in the term
"old Northwest" is not always clear. The au-
thor speaks of " the region tributary to Chicago,
since known as the old Northwest" (p. 79)
and of "the old Northwest, to which Chicago
belonged" (p. 81); so it seems reasonable to
assume that his " old Northwest " is more limited
in extent than that which is generally understood,
and comprises what may be termed the frontier
of the Upper Lakes. Where it becomes neces-
sary for the author to widen its limits in order
that the reader may more fully understand cer-
tain events significant in the evolution of this
frontier, he very properly allows himself that
privilege. What slight confusion may arise con-
cerning his use of the term "old Northwest"
is in all probability due to this fact.
Dr. Quaife does his best work in the chapters
dealing with Fort Dearborn and the Chicago
massacre. Here he has reconstructed the his-
tory of this period, and there is abundant
evidence of his diligent search after the sources,
his careful and critical appraisement of their
value, his practical sense in their use, and his
instinct for the essentials of historical investi-
gation. He has brought to light much material
hitherto unknown, or at least unused, and with
patient care and unquestioned skill has sifted
this material and built up an account unham-
pered by tradition.
It is a difficult, and not always a pleasant,
342
THE DIAL
[April 16
task to turn the light of historical criticism upon
popular tradition, and to bring to the view of
readers who have accepted that tradition as
authentic the knowledge that in many details
it lacks the accuracy demanded of true historical
writing. This is the task which Dr. Quaife has
found it necessary to undertake. In doing it
he makes no attempt to suppress evidence, but
lays it all before his readers, and in addition
gives them the benefit of his own sound scholar-
ship for the solution of difficult problems. When
the work is viewed in the broadest light, the
author must be commended for his building ;
although here and there in the process of sorting
out and weighing materials he has used a direct-
ness of method and expression which may not
meet with the approval of those who support the
accepted tradition.
In the course of his investigations Dr. Quaife
has been compelled to call into question some
of the statements made in " Wau-Bun," the
work upon which most writers of the early
history of Chicago have depended for their
accounts of the massacre; and in the light of
new sources he has arrived at conclusions which
differ materially from those generally accepted.
In such cases it appears that he has not been
intent upon lessening the glory of any of the
participants in those stirring events, but that he
has been desirous of stating the events in their
true proportion and in gaining for all partici-
pants their proper share in whatever glory was
won. Where, in his estimation, new evidence
necessitated a re-statement of an incident, or a
series of incidents, he makes that re-statement
"without fear or favor from any source." In
this, however, less positiveness of expression
might have been desirable, since it would not
have weakened the author's conclusions and
would have precluded the possibility of any
charge of contentiousness.
In recounting the story of the massacre,
which he does in a direct and impressive way,
free from the rhetorical embellishment which so
often leads a writer into inaccuracies of state-
ment, Dr. Quaife has made sure that Captain
Nathan Heald shall receive justice from the pens
of future historians. In defence of Captain
Heald, upon whose shoulders it has been custom-
ary to heap all the responsibility for the evacua-
tion of the fort, is quoted General Hull's order.
It states in language not to be misunderstood
that the fort is to be evacuated. It leaves no
choice to the commandant. The order was not
"to evacuate the fort, if practicable" as has been
commonly quoted to the detriment of Captain
Heald's judgment and his reputation as a sol-
dier. Dr. Quaife likewise interests himself in
the case of Isaac Van Voorhis, and by a sym-
pathetic interpretation of the scanty information
at hand does much towards wiping out the stain
of cowardice which has been so long attached
to Van Voorhis's memory.
The pathetic and tragic story of the hard-
ships and horrors of Indian captivity which
befell the survivors of the massacre is told in
detail, and with a vividness which almost makes
one feel that the victims whose bodies lay on
the sand dunes of the Lake Michigan shore
after the bloody work of the day was over were
more fortunate than those who were carried
away into captivity by the savages. The picture
of the dreariness and emptiness of garrison life
in the frontier posts is of more than passing
interest. By his practical handling of this sub-
ject the author has removed much of the romance
which both pleases and misleads the general
reader.
Three chapters round out the narrative to
1835 : one treats of the Winnebago and Black
Hawk Wars as they affected Chicago ; another
discusses the treaties by which the Indian land
titles to northern Illinois were extinguished;
and the third gives a suggestive account of the
fur-trade of the Chicago post. This field Dr.
Quaife has not worked exhaustively, as he him-
self admits ; but the brevity of his discussion is
to be regretted rather than criticised.
In the appendices, nine in all, may be found
material of exceptional interest. Some of the
documents are given here for the first time in
print: Captain Heald's Journal, which in one
brief paragraph tells the events of the fateful day
when the garrison of Fort Dearborn inarched
to its doom ; Darius Heald's Narrative as told
to Lyman C. Draper in 1868 ; and the Muster-
Roll of Fort Dearborn. Other documents
which have appeared before at different times
are given again. Of the two appendices which
are the author's own contributions, the one
entitled " Sources of Information for the Fort
Dearborn Massacre" will prove of the greater
interest. Here we have a critical appraisement
of the source material available for the study
of this dramatic episode, as well as a searching
analysis of previous accounts. The study is an
illuminating one, and worthy of the highest com-
mendation. It will, in all probability, provoke
discussion of a more or less earnest nature, but it
must be admitted that the author speaks " as one
having authority." The critical bibliography
will be of service to students of the period.
1914J
THE DIAL,
343
In a study possessing so many excellent
features as this one, it may seem almost hyper-
critical to call attention to minor errors. Yet
some of these will not escape the notice of a
careful reader. The footnotes, for instance,
are not always serviceable. On page 58, one
finds the following quotation from Dubuisson's
account of the attack on Detroit by the Fox
Indians in 1712 : "In this manner came to an
end, Sir, these two wicked nations, who so
badly afflicted and troubled all the country. . ."
No footnote marks the quotation; and if the
reader wishes to locate it in the source, he must
grope through two pages of text and notes to
find the citation, and when found it is so indefi-
nite that seventeen pages of Dubuisson's report
must be searched before the quotation is exactly
located. One specific footnote would have saved
all this search. A note (p. 316) which reads
" Wisconsin Historical Collections, narrative of
Hezekiah Cunningham, in 'Fergus Historical
Series,' No. 10, 47 ff." must confuse any reader.
Professor James's article, " The Significance of
the Attack on St. Louis," is carelessly quoted
(p. 95) as published in the "Turner Essays in
American History." There are frequent varia-
tions in capitalization and punctuation in direct
quotations, and in some instances the spelling of
words varies from that in the originals. Words
have been substituted in, and phrases omitted
from, direct quotations, without indication of
such changes to the reader. In no instance,
however, does it appear that any change has been
made with the desire to modify the evidence.
Most of these defects, as has already been
suggested, occur in the introductory chapters.
This leads one to surmise that the more careful
work on Fort Dearborn was completed first,
and that later the author conceived the plan of
expanding this into a narrative of more impres-
sive proportions, — hence the introductory study
of the "old Northwest." Whatever may be the
facts regarding this, Dr. Quaife has given us a
book which is of more than ordinary interest
throughout, while in his study of Fort Dearborn
and the Chicago massacre he has made a sub-
stantial and illuminating contribution to the his-
tory of the West. WILLIAM V. POOLEY.
"THE SCOTTISH REViEW,"which was founded in 1882
but suspended publication in 1900, has now been revived
for the purpose of supplying the Scottish people at
home and beyond the seas with a high-class quarterly
periodical of really national aim and significance. The
first issue of the new series makes a very handsome
external appearance, and presents an interesting array
of contributions.
THE MEANING OF AKT.*
One of the many manifestations of the prag-
matic and purely experiential tendency of our
culture, is the sort of response to art that is
content with " soul- wandering " among master-
pieces. In art, as in life, we do not seek a quiet
appreciation and understanding of permanent
aspects so much as sensation and- novelty.
We are forgetting amid the restless changes of
fashion that the appreciation of art requires
intelligence and discrimination, that a relation
exists between thoughtfulness and taste.
Fortunately, as every age has its adventurous
seekers after novelty, so it has also many who
aspire to the saving remnant. And for those
who wish to be students of art as well as tasters,
Mr. Edward Howard Griggs has written an
introductory volume. The book is a summary
of much of the recent literature on the principles
of the major fine arts, and the method of treat-
ment shows the skill derived from long experi-
ence on the platform. It is comprehensive, as
an introductory book should be, covering such
matters as art as an expression and interpreta-
tion of human life ; the three forces behind art :
the artist, the epoch, and the race ; the meaning
and function of sculpture, music, and painting ;
the relations of poetry to the other arts; and
other similar subjects.
Being very readable, and presenting a multi-
plicity of ideas, such a book cannot fail to
stimulate thought. A timely application of the
law of restraint may be quoted :
" When art attempts to do everything for its audi-
ence the effect is tawdry. That is one trouble with the
theatre to-day. The effort by skilful scene painting
and other sensational effects to accomplish everything
for the jaded senses and sluggish imagination of the
spectator, tends to make him sit back in a semi-somnolent
fashion merely to be played upon from without; while
the challenge to the actor is almost equally wanting.
The result is that, with no active cooperation between
artist and audience, the characters fail to impress
themselves."
But the author has not confined himself to
making valuable distinctions. There is a great
deal of " inspirational " interpretation, confes-
sions of personal responses to certain famous
works of art. And these parts of the book
*THE PHILOSOPHY OF AKT. The Meaning and Relations
of Sculpture, Painting, Poetry, and Music. By Edward
Howard Griggs. New York: B. W. Huebsch.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OK ART. Studies in Analytical
Esthetics. By Eleanor Rowland, Ph.D. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Co.
THE MEANING OF ART. Its Nature, R6le, and Value.
By Paul Gaultier. Translated from the third French edition
by H. and E. Baldwin. With a Preface by Emile Boutroux.
Illustrated. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Co.
344
THE DIAL.
[April 16
might better have been omitted. These inter-
pretations are, as Mr. Griggs repeatedly admits,
purely personal, depending " upon what of life
and knowledge we bring." The train of thought
suggested by a work of art is not part of its
significance, is not expressed by it ; and it is
confusing to dwell upon that sort of response
in a work dealing professedly with principles.
Here Miss Eleanor Rowland's new book is
an excellent corrective. As a " humble disciple
of Aristotle's method " she has been scientific
and objective. The aim of the volume is " to
limit the provinces of certain arts, the ideas
which these arts, better than any other of man's
creation, can express, and the characteristic
mental states that are aroused in appreciating
them — states which, like the pity and fear of
tragedy, must be aroused if an object is to fulfill
the demands of its own particular art." This
method is applied to sculpture, painting, music,
and such " minor arts " as wood-carving and
terra-cotta, coins and mosaics, glass-work and
metal-work.
Beginning with the material of each art, the
author discusses the nature of this material as
a means of art, its peculiar fitness for expressing
certain states of mind, and the province which
in consequence belongs peculiarly to each art.
Thus sculpture, its material being stone or
bronze, impresses one by its weight and solidity.
The inherent permanence and dignity of the
material rules out as inharmonious the expres-
sion of violent and uncontrolled passions or
actions ; on the other hand, the apparent triv-
iality of situation in much of Greek sculpture
nevertheless affects us like grandeur. " The
lack of occupation in these figures abashes us as
no reproof for inaction has ever done, and our
separate restless efforts to understand, to in-
vestigate, to be well informed — all these praise-
worthy anxieties lose their customary respectable
footing, and take on a reversed color of contempt.
Our activity becomes shamefaced before an idle
boy in stone who plays with an apple ! "
As the material of sculpture is heavy, still-
life is not available for its purpose, except in
reliefs ; for the stone must be made to express
life. The idea, on the other hand, must not be
too animated, but must exhibit "just enough
of liveliness to spiritualize its mass, without
quarreling with it." Sculpture, being more
than any other art the expression of restraint,
is the most classic of the arts. It emphasizes
least the individual variation; it is, in its
essence, "the art expressive of typical values."
Its message is " the absolute dignity of life as
such. Man himself is more than anything he
does. Our separate actions are, after all, two-
thirds fussiness; and the superb dignity of
these sculptured maidens who clasp a belt or
bind a sandal, the repose of those serene athletes
who stand or bend so easily, and who refuse to
commit themselves to more, is an eternal proud
assertion that life itself, not its pursuits, is the
greatest reality."
The same illuminating method is pursued
through the chapters on the other arts, until
one comes to realize that the "Aristotelian
method" not only informs us, but performs the
high service of disciplining the taste.
Perhaps the last chapter, on "Art and Na-
ture," suggests a limitation of the analytical
method. This chapter is an attempt to show
the naturalness of art. "Art is the great sen-
sitive intelligence. Science tells us what things
were, and what they shall be ; but art tells us
what they are." While this observation may
be wholly true, it does not appear central. For
art is distinguished from nature precisely by its
art, which means its consistency and complete-
ness. Art, amid every disorder and ugliness
and incompleteness, is " the world's sweet inn
from pain and wearisome turmoil," where the
spirit finds rest and nourishment as well as
satisfaction. In the strength and poise which
art gives, as also nature when appreciated as
beautiful, is to be found the essential aesthetic
appeal. And this vision of beauty is not won
by drawing distinctions after the Aristotelian
manner, but it belongs to the idealism of the
complementary Platonic tradition.
To preserve intact this sense of beauty is one
of the most difficult problems of culture. There
are those who do not consider beauty sufficient
in itself to merit serious attention, and who
therefore seek some external purpose by which
to justify it, such as its morality or its social
efficacy. There are others who isolate it from
every other department of life, and become
aesthetes and decadents. M. Paul Gaultier,
whose little book on " The Meaning of Art " is
now translated for us, has tried to rescue the
true art experience from these false or partial
modes of comprehending it ; and it is only to
echo European praise to say that .bis volume is
brilliant and significant. Dedicated to M. Berg-
son, the book belongs with the anti-intellectualist
movement. In the appreciation of art the first
and last thing is sensibility and sympathy. The
beautiful, this is his main thesis, is aesthetic
emotion and therefore subjective in its origin.
This emotion is communicated by being object-
1914]
THE DIAL
345
ified in the arts, and the sympathetic observer
of these again recreates in himself the emotion
first experienced by the artist.
But this is not to say that art is not concerned
with intellectual matters. M. Gaultier discusses
sanely and thoroughly the moral and social value
of art, admitting its unsocial developments,
marking its limitations, asserting the disinter-
estedness of art, and yet boldly insisting on its
essential harmony with the moral and social life.
For disinterestedness is essential to art ; and
because we are enchanted by art and lifted by
it to the plane of disinterestedness, we are lib-
erated from selfishness, narrowness, and preju-
dice, the great foes of morality. Likewise, as
it is always sympathetic, art is social and useful
to the progress of societies.
But these moral and social values of art are
only incidental. M. Gaultier nowhere lets the
reader doubt that beauty is its all-sufficient and
only legitimate aim. The role of intellectual
analysis is subordinated : " There is no true art
criticism except that which strives to understand,
and to make understood and valued, the degree
of art or of beauty which aesthetic works possess.
Furthermore, since beauty is essentially emo-
tional, it can be appreciated and judged, as
Kant pointed out in his ' Critique of the Judg-
ment,' only through the aesthetic emotion which
it arouses in us. The only true criticism of
art, then, is felt." But in the service of this
sympathy, to keep it from lapsing into mere
impressionism, the intelligence can distinguish
beautiful works by the presence or absence of
certain exterior masks, such as harmony and
unity ; it is even possible to discuss tastes and
preferences and to establish a basis of normal
sensibility from which to judge them. And, of
course, " the ideas, the moral and social tenden-
cies, for which art often serves as a vehicle,
apart from its own inherent quality," are subject
to examination by the intelligence. Learning
and scholarship may thus be informing and illu-
minating to the sensibility, they may fortify and
justify it. But in spite of these resources, art
criticism depends at last mainly upon the per-
sonality of the critic, upon his sympathy with
the beautiful. Works of art may reveal their
whole power to the simple-minded but sensitive,
while their secrets may remain hidden from the
learned ; " because historical knowledge explains
the work of art in another way than by itself ;
it cannot aid us in penetrating to its secret and
living soul."
The inconclusiveness of this position is per-
haps its great recommendation. We cannot live
by the intelligence alone, nor by the sensibility
alone ; we must choose the middle way. It is
the part of wisdom to understand the role of
sensibility and the several roles of the intelli-
gence, and permit each to play its part. M.
Gaultier's book presents in an excellent manner
their complex interrelations, and by his delicacy,
clarity, and sense, is saved from both dogmatism
and impressionism. Louis I. BREDVOLD.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
An addition Considering the vast amount of
to Chaucerian Chaucerian comment and criticism
criticism,; by 8cholars and laymen through five
centuries, it would be a notable achievement for
anyone to find anything fundamental and new to
say about the past. Yet Mr. William George
Dodd has recently accomplished something of the
sort in his book entitled "Courtly Love in Chaucer
and Gower" (Ginn). Though there is nothing
sensational or indeed unusual in the style or con-
tents of the volume, the conclusion contains some-
thing of an iconoclasm. If Mr. Dodd's thesis is
true, then Chaucer is much less humorous than we
had supposed. Instead of assuming that it is impos-
sible to fathom, much less exceed, his gentle irony,
we must be on guard lest we read satire into the
dullest conventions. In Chaucer's most character-
istic poems, such as "Troilus and Criseyde," the
"Parliament of Fowls," the "Legend of Good
Women," "The Knight's Tale" of Palamon and
Arcite, even in "The Nunnes Priests' Tale" of
Chanticleer and Pertelote, — that is, wherever
Chaucer touches upon the courtly element in love,
— we are to believe that he was following in plan
the most approved conventions, and that he did not
question their validity any more, let us say, than
Shakespeare questioned the social or political ideas
of his time. The establishment of this thesis was
by no means the author's main purpose in writing
his book; but nevertheless it is the most interesting
thing he has done, — or nearly done. The first
chapter traces the origin of the system of courtly
love from the troubadours of the eleventh century,
in the south of France. Two books contain its prin-
ciples: the "Conte de la Charrette" by Chretien
de Troies, and "De Arte Honest Amandi" by
Andreas Capellanus. The remainder of the book
takes up in order the "Romance of the Rose" and
other early French erotic poems, Gower's "Con-
fessio Amantis," and Chaucer's poems already men-
tioned, so far as they treat of courtly love. The
method followed, pointing out the same conventions
in setting and character of lady and lover as each
new poem is named, grows very tedious ; but that it
bears out well the author's purpose can hardly be
denied. The handling of "Troilus and Criseyde,"
Chaucer's great dramatic poem, is especially good;
the characterization of Criseyde (pp. 154-178) is
346
THE DIAL
[April 16
in our judgment the most satisfactory that has yet
been made of that baffling young woman. The
comparison of Boccaccio's "Teseide," Chaucer's
original, with "The Knight's Tale," is also of value
and interest to the student. It must be said that
the narrow range renders it impossible for this book
to create strong certitudes. It raises some questions
in our minds; but, strictly speaking, answers none.
In handling the large inquiry as to whether Chaucer's
treatment of love is conventional or shot with satire,
very many sources of evidence which this writer
deems out of his sphere must be evoked. Among
other queries, it would be interesting to seek the
bearing of that most curious of all facts in the Chaucer
psychology: the recanting of his best books at the
conclusion of that work of supererogation^ "The
Parson's Tale."
New textbooks Of making many books on the short
for studying story there is just now no end. One
the short story. of the iatest) «The Modern Short-
Story" (Barnes), by Miss Lucy Lilian Notestein
in collaboration with Mr. Waldo Hilary Dunn, is an
attempt to extract what is genuinely valuable from
the mass of recent theory and comment, and to
present it in a form useful for classes and self-
taught students. That the work gives generous
citations from other authorities is a proof of honesty
rather than of any lack of originality. The treat-
ment shows some of the limitations which are usual
in a book that is based on the instructional method
of one teacher; and as a textbook it suffers some-
what from slight indistinctness of plan, which is
made worse by the habit of printing illustrative
extracts in the same type as the text. With all
its minor defects it is, however, a pleasingly sane
and judicious manual, full of sound theory and good
illustrative criticism. — Miss Margaret Ashmun's
"Modern Short-Stories" (Macmillan) is another
of the many collections of short stories, with Intro-
duction, Bibliographical and Biographical Notes,
and a list of more stories in the Appendix. The
choice of stories reflects the present interest in
Continental writers, nine out of twenty-one items
being translations. At the same time, up-to-date
American methods are shown in selections from
Mr. Jack London, Mr. William Allen White, and
others. The Introduction contains carefully-wrought
brief essays on "The Technique of the Short-Story "
and "The Short-Story in Europe and America."
Unfortunately the biographical and bibliographical
notes are thrown together in the careless fashion
that characterizes so much American editing. Ex-
amples of easily corrected errors are the wrong date
for "The Scarlet Letter" (p. 258), and the strange
statement that Thomas Bailey Aldrich enlisted as a
private in the Civil War (p. 198). Unless Miss
Ashmun has data not known to recent biographers
of Poe, the statements regarding the composition of
"Berenice," and other "Tales of the Folio Club"
(pp. xxv., 11) are mere conjectures given as facts.
Repeated assertions regarding Poe's indebtedness
to Hoffmann are given with no hint that scholars
differ regarding the whole question of German
influence on Poe. All these are unessential matters,
and the book might not suffer much if the bio-
graphical sketches were entirely omitted ; but it
is time American teachers demanded that textbooks
should be edited with reasonable accuracy or not
at all.
Doubters of the actuality of Mr.
Two months i » 11 i •
alone with Joseph Knowles s alleged experiences
nature. during his two months of solitude in
the Maine woods, which he entered without clothing
or other equipment on the fourth of last August,
and whence he emerged in a suit of skins and in
hardy physical condition on the fourth of October,
should read the convincing narrative of this experi-
ment in primitive living — "Alone in the Wilder-
ness"— written subsequently by himself and illus-
trated from drawings made by him in the woods
with birch bark and charred sticks for his materials,
and also from photographs taken before and after
the events described. Of course his exploit was in
the nature of a "stunt," with the betting odds de-
cidedly against success in his proposed undertaking.
But the agencies that were expected to defeat him,
cold and hunger and other bodily hardships, proved
to be the least of the obstacles encountered. It
was the want of human intercourse in those sylvan
solitudes that came nearest to breaking the back-
bone of his resolution. How he devised occupation
to keep his mind in some sort of tone, and all the
wonders of the woodland world that revealed them-
selves to him, with much else that is to be read both
in and between the lines of his narrative, make a
story of rare interest, a Robinson Crusoe tale of real
life. With an excess of modesty he insists that what
he did was no more than any man in normal health
could have accomplished. On the contrary, few men
have both Mr. Knowles's skill in woodcraft and his
varied previous experience of roughing it under
divers sorts of trying conditions. With the enthu-
siasm born of his recent success in a hazardous
venture, he now plans to establish a colony on a
government tract of land, if he can obtain it, to lead
a wholesome outdoor life, near to nature's heart;
and he also proposes, in order to convince the skeptics
who at present question the truth of his narrative,
to repeat the experiment in the near future, with
"a dozen representative men" as witnesses. Mr.
Knowles, artist, trapper, hermit, naturalist, social
reformer, and writer, possesses elements of uncon-
scious picturesqueness and simple charm that cannot
fail to endear him to a wide circle of readers.
(Small, Maynard & Co.)
Tr. . . Mr. Clare Jerrold, who last year
Queen Victoria ,,rrt\ -at i
and the published a volume on "The Early
Prince Consort. Court of Queen Victoria," has con-
tinued his studies of royalty with a book devoted to
"The Married Life of Queen Victoria" (Putnam).
This new work covers the period from the Queen's
marriage in 1840 to the death of the Prince Consort
1914]
THE DIAL
347
in 1861 ; it is an intimate account of life at Windsor
and Buckingham, and is chiefly devoted to domestic
matters, though several chapters are included which
deal particularly with the attitude of the royal couple
toward the great international problems of their time.
The author apparently came to his task with a deep
appreciation of the worth and virtues of the monarch
whom he calls Victoria- Albert ; but this appreciation
seems to have declined as the study became more
intensive. He finds that while Prince Albert was
doubtless a most excellent man in many respects, he
was narrow and priggish, and that his unpopularity
had a more real basis than his German ancestry.
He came to England to teach the English aristocracy
certain lessons in virtuous conduct, and the rather
complaisant Englishman resented both the purpose
and the methods employed. The Queen is viewed
in a similar light; she had her strong points, but
was, after all, a rather ordinary woman. Her taste
in dress was not as highly cultivated as we should
expect: on the morning of the Prince's installation
as chancellor of the University of Cambridge, she
drove through that city "wearing a claret-coloured
silk gown striped with black, an amber-coloured
Indian shawl embroidered with a wreath of flowers,
and a bonnet of lilac-coloured silk covered with lace
and ornamented with flowers. A mixture of colours
so bizarre that criticism fails." The author tells us
that he began his study with strongprejudices against
Lord Palmerston, but soon came to see that he alone
of all the English statesmen of the time was equal
to the task assigned, that his policies were such as
the safety and strength of Britain demanded, and
that in his conflict with Victoria- Albert he was always
in the right. Like all of Mr. Jerrold's writings, the
book is gossippy and anecdotal ; but the account is"
interesting throughout, and has its value in that it
deals more freely in criticism than has been the
custom of earlier writers on the same subject. The
work contains a number of excellent illustrations,
chiefly portraits; among these the author has included
a reproduction of one of the Queen's own etchings,
which, though not great as a work of art, shows that
Victoria was not wholly wanting in artistic ability.
Memorietof Mr.8- T- */ O'Connor, whose long
a Southern residence in England and Ireland
may make others (but not herself)
forget that she is an American, a Southerner, by
birth, revives many of her early memories of the
home-land in a book packed with personal anecdote
and appropriately entitled, " My Beloved South "
( Putnam). Not unlike Mrs. Burton Harrison's retro-
spective volume of a few years ago (u Recollections,
Grave and Gay"), it presents in most attractive
form the chivalry and romance, with a touch also of
the pathos, of the Old South so famous in song and
story ; and it also deals instructively, here and there,
with more recent conditions in that part of our
country, as in the chapter entitled "A Present- Day
Plantation," a pendant to her earlier sketch of " An
Old-Time Plantation," in the same book. Other
chapters treat lightly and entertainingly of Charles-
ton, Washington, Savannah, New Orleans, the
Suwanee River, the mules of Georgia, the romance
of a Russian Romeo and Juliet (the scene of which
is laid partly in New Orleans), the " conquering
pioneer," the picturesque figure of Sam Houston,
and similar themes. The writer ventures the un-
qualified assertion that " the best blood of America
is in Texas," which of course is likely to raise the
temperature of the blood in every other State. She
also informs us that, by a wise provision of nature,
" after the Civil War all the babies born in the South
were boys. It was impossible for mothers who
longed for them, to produce girls, . . ." In speak-
ing of herself she says : " The one satisfactory thing
in my shorn and unsatisfactory life is that I was
born a Southern woman. I love the South and
everything in it. I could be, if I allowed myself,
rigid and narrow, but I just open my heart and
won't be." " I have known very charming, agree-
able, and generous Yankees," she magnanimously
acknowledges. A pleasing portrait of Mrs. O'Connor
precedes her lively and varied narrative.
Sir Thomas In his book> "The Greatest House
More's house at Chelsey " (Lane), Mr. Randall
at Chelsea. Davies deals with a most attractive
theme. It is to this historic building, now repre-
sented by a mere fragment, that Erasmus refers in-
the letter known to many readers: "More hatb
built near London upon the Thames side a commo-
dious house, neither mean nor subject to envy, yet
magnificent enough; there he converseth with his
family, his wife, his son, and daughter-in-law, his
three daughters and their husbands, with eleven
grandchildren. There is not any man so loving to
his children as he; and he loveth his old wife as
well as if she were a young maid; and such is the
excellency of his temper that whatsoever happeneth
that could not be helped, he loveth it as if nothing
could happen more happily. ..." One is tempted
to quote still more of this vivid description of a
lovable man in the bosom of his family, a tempta-
tion to which Mr. Davies wisely yields. The famous
house, built by More in 1520, and enlarged or
rebuilt by Sir Robert Cecil in 1597, was successively
owned by fourteen men of eminence, beginning with
More and ending with Sir Hans Sloane, and includ-
ing, besides Cecil, Lord Burghley, the great and
the lesser Dukes of Buckingham, the Earl of Bris-
tol, and the Duke of Beaufort. "With such company
as this," says the author, "the reader need never
fear to be dull; and lest the author should be, he
has preferred wherever possible to let the past speak
for itself, and to transcribe freely from the contem-
porary writers in each period." From unpublished
letters and other not easily accessible material, Mr.
Davies selects passages bearing upon the characters
and the scene of his historical drama, if one may so
name it ; and he adds eighteen illustrations, of which
the Holbein portraits are the most noteworthy. As
a view of two centuries (1520-1740) of English
348
THE DIAL,
[April 16
Every-dav
•psychology.
life and character, illustrated by a succession of
notable persons and interesting events, the book is
well planned and well executed.
"Psychology in Daily Life," by
Professor C. E. Seashore of the Uni-
versity of Iowa, is the first volume
in the " Conduct of Mind Series " (Appleton), whose
purpose is "to provide readily intelligible surveys
of selected aspects of the study of mind and its
applications." The series, as well as the initial
volume, expresses a dominant tendency in current
psychology. The infant stage of a science is a period
of theoretical and experimental orientation; the
adolescent stage is a period of rapidly widening
interests and applications to practical affairs; the
adult stage is a period of more or less settled facts
and confident progress. Psychology has reached
the stage in which applications abound, and contacts
with other and practical interests are profitable.
The boundaries of the science have sufficiently
expanded to make such advances useful and safe
under competent direction. There has recently been
much writing on applied phases of psychology.
Some of this literature is genuinely scientific, some
is purely or even crudely commonplace, and some is
pseudo-scientific. "Psychology in Daily Life" be-
longs to the first class. It is popular yet thoroughly
authoritative; it is non-technical yet scientifically
conservative. It is the mature outgrowth of broad
psychological knowledge and keen insight into the
varied and subtle ways of human behavior. The
scope of the book is indicated by the topics treated :
Play, Serviceable Memory, Mental Efficiency, Men-
tal Health, Mental Law, Law in Illusion, Mental
Measurement. Each chapter is a clear statement
of facts and of the practical suggestions which they
support. Teachers, business men, ministers, pro-
fessional men, in fact all intelligent readers, will
find the book at once interesting and profitable. It
will tend to give the reader a more balanced insight
into the motives and a more rational control of
conduct. The volume augurs well for the future of
the series, and deserves a wide circle of readers.
Judicial power Curing the last five or six years there
over legislation has been an extensive output of liter-
in America. ature dealing with the American
judiciary, — books, pamphlets, magazine articles, and
addresses before bar associations. Much of this liter-
ature has been devoted to criticism of the courts,
: and especially of their power to declare acts of the
legislature unconstitutional. American courts have
exercised this power since the Revolution, and for
the most part their right to do so has gone unques-
tioned. Recently, however, the freedom with which
the power has been exercised in some States, espe-
cially to nullify advanced social legislation, has led
to a widespread belief that the courts are usurping
functions that do not properly belong to them, that
they are standing in the way of social progress, and
that they are out of touch with modern economic
and social conditions. Naturally, much of the liter-
ature which deals with this question is controversial
in character ; but there have been some notable
exceptions, the most recent of which is Professor
Charles G. Haines's " The American Doctrine of
Judicial Supremacy " (Macmillan). The author
attempts to review the origin and development of
the practice of judicial control over legislation in
this country, from colonial times to the present. He
traces the origin of judicial power over legislation
from the ancient and mediaeval law of nature, from
Coke's theory of the supremacy of the common law
courts, and from American colonial precedents, to
its emergence in the nineteenth century as a fully
recognized principle of our constitutional law. He
reviews the early opposition which the doctrine en-
countered, and the recent outpouring of criticism by
socialists, progressives, sociological writers, and even
judges themselves. It is safe to say that no treatise
has yet appeared which deals with the subject in
a spirit characterized by so much impartiality,
scholarship, and breadth of view.
English and Dr' James Douglas, in his study of
French colonies "New England and New France"
in America. (Putnam), makes an attempt, and
on the whole a very satisfactory one, to describe and
contrast the spirit of the two colonies in the seven-
teenth century. In doing so, he depends mainly
upon the evidence of contemporary documents, and
quotes extensively from such narratives as the
Journals of Bradford and Winthrop for New En-
gland and Champlain's History and the Jesuit Rela-
tions for New France. He has apparently not
made any serious attempt to utilize the stores of
unpublished documents in the national and state
archives, the libraries of historical societies and
other institutions, but has made effective use of those
sources available in print. This material is familiar
to students of the period; but it has not hitherto
been brought together for the purpose of a compre-
hensive survey of the rival colonies. Dr. Douglas
discusses the colonial administrations of New France
and New England, their jealousies and conflicting
interests, the status of women, slavery, education,
the French and Puritan missions, superstitions, and
other minor topics. Two of the earlier chapters
are devoted to a useful summary of documentary
sources.
An admirable " The better the b°°k' the brief er the
handbook on praise." These words of an honored
Greek Art. editorial friend simply insist on being
placed at the beginning of this notice of Professor
Percy Gardner's "Principles of Greek Art" (Mac-
millan). Some nine years ago the same pen gave
us a modest but welcome volume called "A Gram-
mar of Greek Art," which was intended to set forth
the leading principles of sculpture, painting, archi-
tecture, and so forth, that could be traced in the
surviving monuments of ancient Hellas. The pres-
ent work only claims to be an enlargement of the
1914]
THE DIAL
349
" Grammar "; but the corrections and additions make
the revision distinctly more valuable, so that the
rather ambitious title is amply justified. The treat-
ment is sane, scholarly, and enjoyable from begin-
ning to end ; and we can recommend the book most
cordially. With it Professor Gardner has rendered
a substantial service to a cause that is dear to the
heart of every man who persists in believing that
the legacy of Hellas to the modern world is so sig-
nificant and so potentially glorious that life might
be made better and brighter by a wider appreciation
of an inheritance that we seem prone to underrate
and neglect. After this general commendation we
must content ourselves with saying that the twenty-
one chapters include the fundamental topics nat-
urally implied by the title of the volume; that the
hundred and twelve illustrations are adequate, and
wisely chosen; and that when one differs from the
author it behooves one to be very sure of his ground.
In a last word, we are glad to note that the typog-
raphy is excellent, and that the general effect of
the volume is pleasing in its simplicity.
Those who are curious to know what
It name™ interesting associations may have
gathered about their own surnames
should consult Professor Ernest Weekley's curiously
erudite volume on "The Romance of Names"
(Button), a work comparable in importance with
Bardsley's " Dictionary of English Surnames," and
probably more nearly free from hazardous etymo-
logical conjecture. With the London Directory as
a source from which to draw a supply of English
surnames, the author has grouped under twenty-
three chapter-headings scholarly discussions of three
thousand five hundred or more current names, with
an index at the end ; and as most surnames have
various forms (for example, Gardener, Gardiner,
Gardner, Gardenier, etc.), the book may be said to
deal with twice or thrice the number of names in
the index. Why the author assigns one chapter to
"occupative names" and another to "trades and
crafts," both treating of names having a similar
character, is not clear. Chaucer, whose writings
date from the period when English surnames began
to be hereditary, is aptly quoted, wherever possible,
by Professor Weekley. His present work, rich in
matter though it is, appears to be but a preliminary
study to a far more comprehensive " Dictionary of
English Surnames" which he has in preparation.
BRIEFER MENTION.
The leading characters in fifteen famous novels are
briefly but vividly presented in Dr. H. G. Pillsbury's
" Figures Famed in Fiction " (Rand, McNally & Cp.),
which is designed for those too busy to find time for
the complete romances thus, in a sense, epitomized,
and also for those who wish to renew, in a few short
readings, their acquaintance with these masterpieces.
Not all the novels selected are of the first rank, natu-
rally enough, but all are deservedly popular, and the
compiler has shown skill in extracting the best and the
most characteristic elements from these various works.
From Victor Hugo and Dickens, Blackmore and George
Macdonald, Miss Mulock and Mrs. Stowe, to John
Habberton and Ada Ellen Bayley, he interprets his
chosen authors sympathetically and reproduces as much
as possible of their own language.
The vicissitudes of a travelling showman's life — "a
showman from the day of my birth up to, and including,
the present time," the author calls himself — are briskly
and cheerily narrated by Mr. J. H. Taylor in his book,
"Joe Taylor, Barnstormer " (Jenkins). Disclaiming,
in the first line of his preface, any literary merit in his
chronicle, be ingratiates himself at once with his readers
by the frankness and good humor of his autobiographic
memories and anecdotes. The clever cartoonist known
by his signature as " Ripley " furnishes some amusing
illustrations for the book.
Two volumes of minor writings by the late William
Graham Sumner of Yale University have been collected
and edited by Professor A. G. Keller, under the titles
of " War and Other Essays " and " Earth Hunger and
Other Essays " (Yale University Press). Of the papers
here brought together, the greater part have been
printed elsewhere, either in periodicals or in earlier
volumes by Sumner. They range in length from forty
pages to five or six pages each, and the time of their
composition extends from 1880 to 1909, the last year
of Sumner's active writing. To the first volume Pro-
fessor Keller contributes an Introduction in the form
of a sketch of Sumner, written with the warm glow of
an intense personal devotion. Much of this material,
Professor Keller tells us, was to have been worked by
Sumner into a large book on " The Science of Society,"
which he did not live to finish. Like all of Sumner's
writings, these essays, though many are only fragments,
reveal the virility of the man, his intellectual honesty,
and his fearlessness of expression. In " War and Other
Essays " is included a bibliography of Sumner's writ-
ings, while in the other volume is reproduced a brief
autobiography written by Sumner in 1903. There are
frontispiece portraits; but neither volume is indexed.
Something over seventeen years ago there appeared
in " The Century Magazine " a contribution from the
pen of W. J. Stillman entitled "Billy and Hans: My
Squirrel Friends." It aroused widespread interest, and
was later published in England as a booklet, revised
and somewhat enlarged. Now, at last, it is made avail-
able to American readers, in an edition published by
Mr. Thomas B. Mosher. We doubt if a more appeal-
ing and sympathetic record of animal life has ever been
written. It is indeed a classic in its kind. — Similar in
subject as in title is Mrs. Maud Thornhill Porter's
"Billy: The True Story of a Canary Bird,'' which Mr.
Mosher has also just reprinted. Though lacking the
grace of style and depth of insight shown in Mr. Still-
man's narrative, this is nevertheless a charming bit of
writing, which will be enjoyed by every lover of birds.
— Completing Mr. Mosher's output for this season is
" Books and the Quiet Life," a thin volume of selections
from Gissing's " Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft."
Literature to Gissing was an absorbing passion, and in
these random thoughts about books and reading he falls
little below the charm of Lamb and Hazlitt and Leigh
Hunt in their writings on the same subject. — As always
with Mr. Mosher's books, the external form given these
three little volumes is fitting and delightful. Each is
printed on handmade paper, and bound in decorated
board covers.
350
[April 16
NOTES.
" A First Book of English Literature," by Professor
Saintsbury, is announced by Messrs. Macmillan.
" Challenge," a collection of poems by Mr. Louis
Untermeyer, is announced for publication this month by
the Century Co.
A book of verse by Mr. Coningsby Dawson, entitled
" Florence on a Certain Night, and Other Poems," will
be published this month by Messrs. Holt.
A comprehensive survey of "French Civilization in the
Nineteenth Century," by Professor A. L. Gue'rard, will
appear this month with the imprint of the Century Co.
It is announced that the author of " Home," the
anonymous novel published recently by the Century
Co., is Mr. George Agnew Chamberlain. " Home " is
Mr. Chamberlain's first book.
A biography of Douglas Jerrold has recently been
completed by Mr. Walter Jerrold. In "Douglas Jerrold
of < Punch,' " published some time ago, Mr. Jerrold dealt
with one phase only of his grandfather's career.
« The Origin of Attic Comedy," by Mr. F. M. Corn-
ford, and a posthumous volume of " Essays on Faith
and Immortality," by Father Tyrrell, are soon to be
published by Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co.
A collection of twelve lectures on Eugenics, recently
delivered by various authorities in the leading uni-
versities of the country, will appear in book form this
month under the editorship of Professor C. B. Davenport.
Mr. John Murray, the well-known London publisher,
has recently arranged to issue an English edition of
"The Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln." Mean-
while, a third edition is being required for the Amer-
ican market.
Mr. Beckles Willson, author of " The Life and Let-
ters of James Wolfe " and " The Romance of Canada,"
has been chosen to write the official biography of Lord
Strathcona. Mr. Willson has made a special study of
Canadian history, and few writers are better qualified
for the task upon which he is now at work.
In " Memorials of Eminent Yale Men," now in active
preparation by the Yale University Press, Mr. Anson
Phelps Stokes, Secretary of Yale University, has in-
cluded biographies of the seventy-eight Yale men who
seem to have had the greatest influence in American
life. He has drawn upon much material in the way of
old diaries and letters.
A posthumous work by "Sister Nivedita" (Miss
Margaret Noble) is announced by Messrs. Holt in the
volume entitled "The Myths of the Hindus and Bud-
dhists." The same publishers will soon have ready
another book hitherto unannounced, — " Russia, the
Country of Extremes," by Madame Jarintzoff, a Rus-
sian woman who has lived for several years in England.
Dr. J. G. Frazer has completed a third edition of
his " Adonis, Attis, Osiris," which forms Part IV. of
" The Golden Bough." This instalment will consist
of two volumes, instead of one as before. Dr. Frazer
has also prepared a volume containing a " General
Index and Bibliography " for the entire " Golden
Bough." All three volumes will soon be issued by
Messrs. Macmillan.
Several books of decided literary interest are an-
nounced by the Cambridge University Press, of which
Messrs. Putnam are the American agents. These in-
clude: "Lectures on Dryden," by the late A. W.
Verrall, Litt.D.; "The Literary Relations of England
and Germany in the 17th Century," by Mr. Gilbert
Waterhouse; "A Handbook of Prdcis- Writing," by
Mr. E. D. Evans, M.A.; and "A Book of English
Prose," in two volumes, edited by Mr. Percy Lubbock,
M.A.
An elaborate edition of Bracton's " De Legibus et
Consuetudinibus Anglian," which has been characterized
as " the crown and flower of English mediaeval juris-
prudence," is being undertaken by the Yale University
Press. The editor, Mr. George E. Woodbine, has
based his work directly upon the original manuscripts.
The edition will comprise six volumes, and is not likely
to be completed before 1930.
Mr. Franklin Spencer Edmonds's forthcoming life of
Ulysses S. Grant will complete the excellent series of
" American Crisis Biographies " which has been in
course of publication for several years past under the
capable editorship of Dr. Ellis Paxton Oberholtzer.
The fact that Mr. Edmonds has had access to a number
of unpublished letters and family papers should ensure
some interesting reading on a timely subject. The book
is promised for publication some time in the autumn.
The Iowa Library Commission sends out a number
of useful leaflets and folders explaining some of its
beneficent activities. Noteworthy are the recent issues
of this sort on " Books for the Blind," " Rural Exten-
sion of Public Library Privileges," " Debate Traveling
Library," " Making a Library Beginning," " Domestic
Science," and "Agriculture" — the last two being
book-lists merely, with a preliminary word of explana-
tion. Another leaflet, " Iowa Library Commission, its
Purpose and Activities," is of a general nature; and in
still another, the first of the series, the Iowa public
library laws are printed in full, with other matter use-
ful to those contemplating the starting of a new free
library.
Edward Payson Morton, whose death occurred in
Chicago on the 2d of this month, was a scholar of
wide interests, and one of the foremost authorities upon
the study of English versification. For several years
past he had been a valued member of THE DIAL'S
reviewing staff. He was born in St. Louis in 1869, was
graduated at Illinois College in 1890, and took the
degrees of A.B. «,nd A.M. at Harvard in 1892 and
1893, and Ph.D. at the University of Chicago in 1910.
He was Professor of English at Blackburn University,
1894-5, Instructor and Assistant Professor at Indiana
University, 1895-1908, and Professor at Wake Forest
College, 1910-11. In 1911 he settled in Chicago,
devoting himself to miscellaneous writing and editorial
work. During the laborious life of an English teacher
he found time to edit numerous books for students, his
latest publications of this kind being a series of little
volumes sketching the history, legends, and commercial
growth of the Great Lakes (Ainsworth: Chicago,
1913-14). Mr. Morton's chief interest, however, lay
in the fields of metrics and bibliography. On these
subjects he was a frequent contributor to philological
and other journals. His articles on the Sonnet, in the
" Publications of the Modern Language Association of
America " and elsewhere, and on the Spenserian Stanza,
in " Modern Philology," and his treatise on " The
Technique of English Non-Dramatic Blank Verse"
(Donnelley: Chicago, 1911), were distinct contributions
to metrical history. At the time of his death he had
made considerable progress with a much-needed set of
1914]
THE DIAL
351
" Chronological Outlines of English Literature," fuller
and more accurate than those now available. It is a
matter of regret that more of- his time could not have
been given to the bibliographical investigation for which
he was so markedly qualified. The fact is humiliating,
that as yet in America work of this kind, so funda-
mentally important to scholarship, can he done only
incidentally, by men who are supporting themselves in
other ways.
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 158 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.']
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Thomas Wentworth Hlgginson: The Story of His
Life. By Mary Thacher Higginson. Illustrated
in photogravure, etc., large 8vo, 435 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $3. net.
The Life of Emperor Francis-Joseph. By Francis
Gribble. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., large
8vo, 363 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.75 net.
Napoleon at Bay. By F. Loraine Petre. 8vo, 219
pages. John Lane Co. $2.50 net.
George Hamilton Perkins, Commodore, U. S. N. : His
Life and Letters. By Carroll Storrs Alden, Ph.D.
Illustrated, 12mo, 302 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.50 net.
Masters of the Wilderness. By Charles Bert Reed,
M.D. Illustrated, 16mo, 144 pages. University
of Chicago Press. $1. net.
Autobiographic d'apres Son "Journal Intime." By
Ralph Waldo Emerson; translated into French
by R6gis Michaud. With portrait, 12mo, 332
pages. Paris: Armand Colin. Paper.
Joe Taylor, Barnstormer. By J. H. Taylor. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 248 pages. William R. Jenkins Co.
$1.25 net.
Richard Wagner: The Man and His Work. By
Oliver Huckel. Illustrated, 12mo, 122 pages.
Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 75 cts. net.
Heroes of the Farthest North and Farthest South.
Adapted from J. Kennedy Maclean's "Heroes of
the Polar Seas." Illustrated, 12mo, 240 pages.
Thomas Y. Crowell Co. 50 cts. net.
HISTORY.
Roman Imperialism. By Tenney Frank. 8vo, 365
pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
Writings of John Qulncy Adams. Edited by Worth-
ington Chauncey Ford. Volume III., 1801-1810.
Large 8vo, 555 pages. Macmillan Co. $3.50 net.
Historical Papers upon Men and Events of Rare In-
terest in the Napoleonic Epoch. By Joseph Hep-
burn Parsons. In 2 volumes; illustrated, 8vo.
New York: Saalfleld Publishing Co. $5. net.
Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia,
1695-1702. Edited by H. R. Mcllwaine. Large
4to, 414 pages. Richmond: Virginia State Li-
brary.
GENERAL, LITERATURE.
Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Edited by Ed-
ward Waldo Emerson and Waldo Emerson
Forbes. Volume X., 1864-1876. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., 8vo., 546 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $1.75 net.
English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth
Century (1642-1780). By George Henry Nettle-
ton. 12mo, 366 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
The Tower of the Mirrors, and Other Essays on the
Spirit of Places. By Vernon Lee. 12mo, 243
pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
From an Island Outpost. By Mary E. Waller. 12mo,
313 pages. Little, Brown & Co. $1.25 net.
Initiation Into Literature. By Emile Faguet; trans-
lated from the French by Sir Home Gordon,
Bart. 12mo, 263 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.25 net.
Modernities. By Horace B. Samuel. 8vo, 244 pages.
E. P. Button & Co. $2.50 net.
The Romance of Names. By Ernest Weekley, M.A.
12mo, 250 pages. E. P. Button & Co. $1.25 net.
The True Ophelia, and Other Studies of Shake-
speare's Women. By an Actress. 12mo, 249 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Hooks and the Quiet Life: Being Some Pages from
"The Private Papers of Henry Ryecroft" by
George Gissing. Chosen by W. R. B. 16mo, 64
pages. Thomas B. Mosher. 75 cts. net.
Figures Famed in Fiction. By H. G. Pillsbury.
8vo, 409 pages. Rand, McNally & Co. $1.25 net.
The Art of Story-telling. By Julia Darrow Cowles.
12mo, 269 pages. A. C. McClurg & Co. $1. net.
Post-Impressions: An Irresponsible Chronicle. By
Simeon Strunsky. 12mo, 262 pages. Dodd, Mead
& Co. $1. net.
Looking Westward. By Marion Harland. With
portrait, 16mo, 28 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. 50 cts. net.
On the Relations between Spoken and Written Lan-
guages with Special Reference to English. By
Henry Bradley. 8vo, 22 pages. Oxford Uni-
versity Press. Paper.
An Interpretation of Maeterlinck's Blue Bird. By
Lida Morse Staples; with Memorial Note by
Anna B. Newbegin. 8vo, 24 pages. San Fran-
cisco: John J. Newbegin.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Sprays of Shamrock. By Clinton Scollard. 16mo,
67 pages. Portland: Mosher Press.
The Shadow of ^Etna. By Louis V. Ledoux. 16mo,
90 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1. net.
A Selection of Verses from the Manchester Uni-
versity Magazine, 1868-1912. With Preface by
Sir Alfred Hopkinson, LL.D. • 12mo, 235 pages.
Manchester: University Press. $1.50 net.
Songs of the Susquehanna. By Frederic Brush.
16mo. Thomas B. Mosher.
Klrstin: A Play in Four Acts. By Alice Cole Kleene.
12mo, 93 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
The Tempers. By William Carlos Williams. 18mo,
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1914]
THE DIAL
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354
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1914] THE DIAL 355
LINCOLN AS HIS FRIENDS, NEIGHBORS, AND
ASSOCIATES KNEW HIM
THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
A NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE BIOGRAPHY, WITH PEN-PICTURES
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356
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
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THE DIAL
[April 16, 1914
LOVERS
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362
THE DIAL
[Mayl
LOVERS
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THE PRACTICAL BOOK OF
GARDEN ARCHITECTURE
FOUNTAINS, GATEWAYS, PERGOLAS, TENNIS COURTS,
LAKES AND BATHS, ARCHES, CASCADES, WIND-MILLS,
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DOGBERRY'S LATEST
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CASUAL COMMENT 371
A fairy tale in Latin. — A book-loving blacksmith.
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of things. — A versatile Italian in Mogul India. —
Nantucket musings. — Counsel for mental sufferers.
— Brief essays on books and life. — The problem of
BRIEFER MENTION .391
NOTES 391
TOPICS IN MAY PERIODICALS . 392
LIST OF. NEW BOOKS . . . 393
DOGBERRY'S LATEST.
We have frequently been impelled to voice
our opinion of the tax upon knowledge which,
in the form of a duty upon English books,
affords a standing indication of our national
unwillingness to move into the ranks of the
civilized countries. The principle involved is
one that cannot be defended without blushing,
and its continued statutory assertion is nothing
less than a national disgrace. We had hoped
that the wicked practice would be altogether
abandoned by the administration of President
Wilson, but all that we got was a beggarly ten
per cent measure of relief, and the new tariff
still sheltered the principle of the old iniquity.
Our present discussion is, however, not con-
cerned with the principle itself, but with certain
recent administrative rulings that are utterly
repugnant to common sense, and that reveal
the figure of Dogberry still firmly in possession
of the seat of custom. The Dogberry type of
officialism can make a mockery of any law, and
never has it done so more conspicuously than
in the present case of its attitude toward the
publisher who arranges for the simultaneous
issue of a work in England and America upon
joint account.
The class of works involved in this case are
of great importance, although the demand for
them is so limited as to remove them as far as
possible from the class of best sellers. They
are books that could not possibly bear the cost
of duplicate manufacture, and which would
have no chance of getting published at all with-
out some arrangement whereby the cost of com-
position might be shared by the two countries.
The philosophical writings of Herbert Spencer
afford a typical example, for they could hardly
have seen the light had they not secured the
benefit of a joint arrangement between the En-
glish and American publishers. A present-day
example is the great "Cambridge History of
English Literature " — an enterprise which was
made practicable only by the cooperation of the
American house which assumed a share of the
initial cost. The American publisher, then,
agrees to take a thousand sets of such a work,
or half the entire edition, as the case may be,
and to assume a proportional share of the
expenses of production. The law says plainly
370
THE DIAL
[May 1
that he shall be penalized to the extent of fifteen
per cent ad valorem for performing this public-
spirited service for the American people. But
this is reckoning without Dogberry in the
Treasury Department, who "smells a rat," and
sniffs suspiciously at the transaction. At last,
out of his sapient cogitations comes forth the
edict that the fifteen per cent shall be reckoned,
not upon the invoiced value of the imported
American edition, but upon the trade value in
the London market, as based upon sales of a
dozen copies at a time to individual English
booksellers. In a word, these books shall not
be treated as other imported merchandise, but
shall be made the subject of an absurd discrimi-
nation likely, in effect, to make the American
edition impossible, and force the small and
scattered company of scholars who must have
the work in question to get it at a greatly
enhanced price by individual importation, if
indeed the work be published at all in the
mother country.
This preposterous ruling, so defiant of all
common sense, and so regardless of all humane
amenity, has actually been made by the Treas-
ury, and is now in force at the custom houses.
The official pronouncement uses the following
language: "The law requires merchandise to
be appraised at the price at which it is freely
offered for sale to all purchasers in the usual
wholesale quantities. If merchandise is sold for
export at prices less than it is sold for consump-
tion or for use in the country of origin, it is the
latter price which fixes the value for dutiable
purposes." The sale, by advance arrangement,
of American, Canadian, and Australian editions,
at a price determined by sharing the initial cost,
which arrangement is, in many cases, the only
means of making any publication of the work
possible, is thus debarred by this muddle-headed
decision. The normal fifteen per cent penalty
is thus arbitrarily raised to perhaps fifty per
cent, which is simply prohibitory in most of the
cases which come under the ruling.
It will be observed that in all this there is no
question of the undervaluation with fraudulent
intent whereby dealers in many kinds of mer-
chandise seek to get the better of the tariff.
The English publisher doubtless has two rates
for the sale of his book — one a wholesale rate in
dozen lots for the ordinary bookseller ; the other
a much lower rate for the foreign publisher
who shares the original expense, and is willing
to assume the risks and responsibilities that go
with the marketing of an entire edition. And
yet this foreign publisher is to be treated as if he
were the beneficiary of a secret rebate, although
he does not in any way come into competition
with the wholesale purchaser in the home mar-
ket. He makes a perfectly legitimate transac-
tion, on terms which would doubtless be offered
to any other purchaser on as large a scale, but
the Dogberry mind can see in the transaction
only an example of special privilege, ignoring
the patent fact that it enables an important
English work to be sold in America at a rea-
sonable price. Import your edition if you will,
but you must pay duties upon a fictitious valu-
ation, not upon the real value as determined by
your contract — this is the absurd position of
the authorities, which knocks the law itself into
a cocked hat. Mr. George Haven Putnam, who
always comes to the front as a valiant champion
of decency and fair dealing in matters concern-
ing the book business, puts the matter in a nut-
shell in his recent letter to President Wilson :
" The importer of woolen or linen goods is able to
base his duty upon the figures of his purchase invoice
because, and only because, similar quantities are sold in
the market of origin. The publishers claim a similar
privilege, namely, the right to base the dutiable value
upon which duty is paid in like manner upon the amount
actually paid by them for the goods. I hope very much
that it may be practicable for you to have this material
so digested that without an undue demand upon your
time, the matters at issue can be presented for your
attention and for your judgment."
He further says that "if the policy indicated
in this interpretation is to be maintained, the
business of importing into this market books in
editions will be brought practically to a close."
Another principle involved in this discussion
is that of the author's royalty. This is included
in whatever price is paid for the American edi-
tion and, according to the new ruling, becomes
also subject to the increased duty. But a de-
cision dated as early as 1877 expressly says
that "the royalty to be paid on the sale of
imported books does not constitute a dutiable
item, and this royalty is, therefore, not to be
included in the appraised value of such books."
This decision, it may be noted, was reaffirmed
only three years ago by Secretary MacVeagh,
but now the underling in charge of the matter
overrules it by the arbitrary edict that " when
said market value or wholesale price abroad
includes the charge for royalty, such charge
will be included by this office in the appraised
value." Thus the author, as well as the long-
suffering public, is to be mulcted, we suppose
in the sacred name of protection. It is doubt-
less an impudent pretension for an English
author to expect a royalty from the sale of his
1914]
THE DIAL
371
book in America, and it is well to read him a
lesson upon his greediness.
We are not very hopeful of any good results
from Mr. Putnam's appeal to the President.
Bureaucracy usually gets its own way in such
matters, and we cannot ignore the fact that the
President is responsible for the perpetuation of
the fundamental iniquity of the tax upon
knowledge, the meanest of all taxes. He had
but to say a word last year, and the whole dis-
grace would have been wiped out. The word
was left unsaid, and he will now have the excuse
that more weighty affairs of state preclude his
consideration of so petty a matter.
CASUAL COMMENT.
A FAIRY TALE IN LATIN sounds like a contra-
diction in terms, so stately and formal, so severely
logical and prosaically unimaginative, does the
spirit of the Latin language seem to those who have
labored over their Caesar and Cicero with grammar
and dictionary at school and college. Yet some
early memories of Phsedrus may linger, to remind
one that the Romans could, at a pinch, write some-
thing beside commentaries and orations and his-
tories and stately epics. But even the fables of
Phaedrus suffer the restrictions of verse. A good
story informally told is a thing hardly conceivable
in classical Latin literature. If the old Romans had
left us a few first-rate novels or even a single col-
lection of good short stories, how much easier and
pleasanter might have been the task of learning their
language! To supply this lack, in some measure,
Dr. Arcadius Avellanus has long been engaged in
putting forth translations and other productions of a
readable nature, thus demonstrating that Latin can
be learned as French and German are learned, with
no preliminary memorizing of the grammar and
without too much thumbing of the dictionary.
"Robinson Crusoeus" came from his hand a few
years ago, and now we are glad to welcome from
the same ready pen Ruskin's " King of the Golden
River" in fluent and simple Latin. "Rex Aurei
Rivi" is prefaced in English by Mr. E. Parmalee
Prentice, eloquent advocate of " the Amherst idea "
in liberal education. (See under this head THE
DIAL of June 16, 1911.) In his preface he gives
promise of further translations of a similar sort, in
such supply as the public demand may seem to justify.
In the present work it is curious to note the ingenuity
with which linguistic difficulties have been met.
"Southwest Wind, Esquire," is rendered, "Herus
Africus," and "coal-cellar "becomes " cellarium lith-
anthracinum." Occasionally, however, the terseness
to be expected of the Latin gives place to a rather
unnecessary circumlocution, as in the sentence, "It
is a cold day to turn an old man out in," which is
thus elaborated in translation: "Tempus nimis
algidum uvidumque est, nee senem convenit tarn
impropitia tempestate tecto evertere." Stricter lit-
eralness of rendering seems, here and there, both
possible and advisable, as in the sentence, "There
are enough of them to keep you warm," which ap-
pears in Latin thus: "Ad te operiendum habes
eorum satis." Still it remains none the less true
that for learning Latin, or for recovering one's lost
knowledge of that language, a more agreeable
method could not easily be devised than that of Dr.
Avellanus, who himself acquired the tongue collo-
quially in his childhood. This privately printed
version of a favorite fairy tale is procurable from
Mr. Prentice at 37 Wall Street, New York.
• • •
A BOOK-LOVING BLACKSMITH furnishes material
for an exceptionally interesting article in a recent
number of the " Wisconsin Library Bulletin." The
late Judge Anthony Donovan, of Madison, worked
at the forge for twenty-two years before he entered
the law school of the University of Wisconsin, at
the age of forty. His election as municipal judge
of Madison occurred when he had practiced law but
a year, and he sat on the bench almost as long as
he had stood at the anvil. A passionate lover of
books from his youth, he early accumulated a fund
for their purchase by laying aside daily the small
amount he would have spent on cigars and beer if
he had allowed himself even a moderate indulgence
in those superfluities. This "cigar account" and
"drink account" provided him in time with a fine
library, any occasional extraordinary addition to
which he managed to keep within the limit of what
it would have cost him to "go on a spree." "Intel-
lectual sprees " he called these book- buying orgies,
and they commonly left him poorer in pocket by
fifteen or twenty dollars, but immeasurably richer
in mental and spiritual satisfaction. In an autobio-
graphical confession that reminds one, in substance
though not in style, of Charles Lamb, he says:
" Were you ever afflicted with that incurable disease,
a mania for books? That disease which sends its
victims to the bookstores and has their pockets
emptied? Do you know what it is to be drawn to
a place where books are for sale with an attraction
like that of steel to a magnet? Did you ever stand
for hours turning over the pages of some coveted
volume and racking your brain for some art by
which with your limited funds you could make it
your own? Did you ever feel your heart sink within
you when, through your want of funds, you saw the
volume you had set your heart upon carried away
by some one more fortunate than you ? If you did,
I can sympathize with you, for I have had the same
experience." But Donovan was not merely a buyer
of books ; he read all that be bought and as fast as he
bought them. . . .
A SESQUI-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION of interest
to the educational and also to the literary world is
planned for October 11—15 of this year by Brown
University, to commemorate its founding in 1764.
On the programme of exercises, already issued by
372
[May 1
the Celebration Committee, we note the revival of
the old comedy by Vanbrugh and Gibber, " The
Provoked Husband, or a Journey to London," said
to be the first play performed in New England, and
to have been presented at Newport in 1761 by a
company of players from Virginia, who also appeared
at Providence in 1762. The old theatre, in Meeting
Street near Benefit Street, where took place this
first dramatic performance witnessed by the good
people of Providence, will be reproduced, together
with some historical incidents connected with the
beginnings of drama in the same city. Even more
popularly appealing is the announcement that "on
one evening there will be an illumination of the
campus and a torchlight procession of undergrad-
uates and alumni in costume representing with his-
torical accuracy various periods in the University's
history. A historical pageant will be given in
Warren, R. L, the original seat of the University."
Undoubtedly attractive to a large number present
will be the diversions of the closing day, when " there
will be special exercises at the athletic field of the
University, illustrating the development of athletic
training from grammar school to college, including
folk-dances and pageantry by school children, and a
football game between Brown and another New Eng-
land college." The orator selected for this memorable
occasion is the Hon. Charles Evans Hughes, who will
deliver an historical address Wednesday morning of
celebration week at the First Baptist Meeting House.
THE MOST-USED LIBRARY IN THE WORLD is that
which ministers to the needs of the great cosmo-
politan public of New York City. The extent and
variety of its activities, as presented to view in the
librarian's annual record, are all but incredible. Its
book-circulation in all departments last year easily
outstripped that of any other library in the land,
and in reference work — the use of books within
the building — not even the British Museum or the
Bibliotheque Nationale can show an equal activity.
Furthermore, the use of the main library is so rap-
idly increasing that each month now shows a gain
of not far from fifty per cent over the correspond-
ing month of last year. Mr. Anderson's endeavor
to make the institution under his superintendence a
vast storehouse of universal information, promptly
available for all comers, seems to be meeting with
success. As an illustration of the library's special
usefulness to scholars and writers and publishers,
far and near, note should be made of its photo-
graphic reproduction of rare works, upon request,
at a cost so slight that other libraries in many parts
of the country have been glad to obtain in this man-
ner facsimiles of missing pages 6r illustrations or
other details to make good the defects in their own
collections. In its work for the blind the library
circulated last year more than twenty-three thousand
books in raised type. That its income is not keep-
ing pace with the demands upon it, is of course a
foregone conclusion. But no city has so many
wealthy citizens as New York, and not a few of
these are philanthropists as well as millionaires; so
that there is hope for an ultimate strengthening of
the original Astor-Lenox-Tilden foundation.
• • •
A POET'S PERSONALITY has for many persons a
deeper interest than is felt for his poetry. The
current "Yale Review" has an article on "The
Personality of Tagore," by Mr. Basanta Koomar
Roy, a Hindu by birth, and well qualified to present
in lifelike portraiture the subject of his sketch.
Like many another boy destined to become famous,
the young Rabindranath cherished a vehement ha-
tred of school. " We all expected that ' Rabi' would
make his mark in the world," sadly remarked the
eldest sister after the attempt to educate him had
been given up in despair ; " but our hopes have been
nipped in the bud by the waywardness of the boy
— and now he will be the only unsuccessful man in
the family." The following passage is of curious
significance: "Of all subjects English was of least
interest to him. His Bengali teacher tried his best
to make Tagore feel that the English language was
very charming. With melodramatic intensity the
teacher would recite some of the most sonorous
passages from the famous English poets, to make
the child feel the beauty of English verse. But that
excited nothing but the mirth of the boy. He would
go into hysterics with laughter, and his teacher
would blush and give up reciting, and with it all
hope of turning his pupil into an English scholar.
And yet this boy, forty years later, as the author of
'Gitanjali,' was to give the world a new style in
English prose, rich in its singular simplicity, but
superb in its rhythmic effect." Not always, evi-
dently, does the familiar Wordsworthian adage
hold true. ...
A FRESH IMPETUS TO INTER-LIBRARY LOANS IS
one of the results already following upon the recent
admission of books, over eight ounces in weight, to
parcel-post privileges; and the American Library
Association, which holds its annual conference this
month at Washington, has under consideration plans
by which the libraries of the entire country, work-
ing together and making the fullest use of the mail
service, may greatly enlarge their sphere of useful-
ness. The Association's secretary, Mr. George B.
Utley, is warmly in favor of the proposed scheme.
Dr. Bostwick, of the St. Louis Public Library,
reports that, having announced his intention to
circulate books by mail as soon as the new postal
regulation should take effect, he received the first
request for a book (to be thus sent) on the morning
of the very day when the old order had given place
to the new. Direct sending of books to the library's
patrons, as well as loans effected through other libra-
ries, will be greatly facilitated by the cheapened
mail service. From Virginia there comes word
from the State Librarian that " the extension of the
parcel-post rates has already had a considerable
effect in increasing the use of the Virginia State
Library by the people in the interior of the State."
The present zone system of graduated rates makes
1914]
THE DIAL
373
rather expensive the sending of books from Maine to
California, or from Florida to Oregon ; but the chief
call for the new service will involve much shorter dis-
tances, and for the longer ones we now have a lowered
express rate. On the whole, there seems to be no rea-
son why henceforth, within certain limits and under
necessary safeguards, all the publicly-owned books in
the country should not be available for all the public.
• • •
SPELLING AND SOUND, often at so great a vari-
ance in our language as to seem to justify, in some
measure, the present movement for spelling-reform,
are especially likely to clash in English proper
names, both personal and geographical. In his ex-
cellent book on "The Romance of Names," already
noticed more fully by us, Professor Ernest Weekley
devotes a chapter to those patronymics that most
conspicuously fail to indicate their pronunciation
by their written form. Cholmondeley (Chumley),
Marjoribanks (Marchbanks), Mainwaring (Manner-
ing), Auchinleck (Affleck), Knollys (Knowles), and
Sandys (Sands) are familiar examples. Wemyss
and Colquhoun, which the author fails to mention,
are also old offenders, in the eyes of phonetic
spellers. Sometimes the telescoping of syllables has
been effected in the spelling as well as in the pro-
nunciation; for example, Milton (from Middle-
ton), Putnam (Puttenham), Posnett(Postlethwaite),
Dabney (d'Aubigny), and Tedman (St. Edmund).
Two names not unknown in this country, but not
mentioned by Professor Weekley, might appropri-
ately have found a place in the chapter referred to ;
they are Taliaferro, commonly pronounced Tolliver,
as indeed it is often spelled, and (strangest of all,
yet an actual surname borne by families in Virginia)
Enroughty, pronounced Darby!
A LIBRARY SCHOOL'S QUARTER-CENTURY RECORD
is briefly but impressively presented in the current
annual Report of the New York State Library
School. To be exact, the record covers twenty-seven
years, and it is displayed to the public by Director
Wyer in the hope that it may, for at least a passing
moment, arrest the public attention and bring to
the indifferent a quickened sense of the good work
done by one of the State's not least important edu-
cational institutions. More than two thousand posi-
tions have been filled by its students, the present
head of the New York Public Library is a graduate,
and forty-four other members of that library's staff
received their training at Albany, as did the libra-
rians of Rochester, Troy, and Utica. The two lead-
ing libraries at Albany have graduates of the school
as their chief administrative officers ; library schools
throughout the country have drawn upon the parent
institution for superintendents and instructors ; and
the number of smaller public libraries where positions
are filled by Albany graduates is past counting. But
with all the demand from outside the State for libra-
rians trained in the pioneer library school — a school
that in its first years was, of course, the only source
of supply for libraries seeking systematically-trained
employees — it appears that about thirty-eight per
cent of the places thus filled have been within New
York State itself. Other important aid rendered
to the community by this school at Albany is to be
noted in the recital of its achievements.
THE AUTHORITY OF THE STANDARD WRITERS 18
cited in support of its typographical vagaries by the
current quarterly issue of the '• Simplified Spelling
Bulletin." It asserts that "the Simplified Spelling
Board has never been able to get ahed of the ritera
of standard English literature. Whatever recom-
mendations the Board may make, it is found that
the 'standard riters' hav used them before. Of
course, as the newspapers frequently intimate, the
members of the Board and the other advocates of
simplified spelling ar totally indifferent to English
literature, and hav never red any of the works of the
great authors. It is therefore all the more gratify-
ing to find that whatever the Board recommends
happens to be supported by the authentic works of
the accepted riters of English literature." Will
some simplified speller have the kindness to point
out exactly where in these " standard riters " are to
be found the forms, ar, red (not the color), ahed,
riters, and (from another article in the same issue)
anomalus, tru, taut (not the adjective), scool, and
folloed? Perhaps this request is unreasonable, and
if it should be found difficult to comply with it the
simplified speller may still take comfort in the fact
that the Laramie " Boomerang " has recently adopted
a number of the officially approved spellings, and
the Truro "Daily News" still continues to appear
with so liberal a sprinkling of these spellings as
must make glad hearts at No. 1 Madison Avenue.
THE ART OF LEAVING OFF, in writing, in story-
telling, in speech-making, in preaching, in calling, and
in much else, is an art that many never learn, perhaps
chiefly because it is so simple — to stop when you
get through. Scott more than atones for the long-
winded preliminaries to his novels by the masterly
abruptness with which he closes them. A compli-
ment worth winning from one's readers is the in-
voluntary exclamation at the end of the book, — Is
that all! Those who have read much aloud will
recall many a masterpiece of fiction that has elicited
from breathless hearers that unmistakable testimony
to the attention-compelling quality of the narrative.
In her useful treatise on "The Art of Story-Telling "
(noticed more formally on another page) Miss Julia
Darrow Cowles pertinently remarks: "Story-tellers
sometimes remind one of a man holding the handles
of an electric battery. The current is so strong that
he cannot let go. The story-teller must know when
and how to 'let go.' Let us suppose that, in telling
Hans Christian Andersen's story of 'The Nightin-
gale,' the story-teller — after the delightful denoue-
ment of the supposedly dead Emperor's greeting to
his attendants, where he 'to their astonishment
said "Good morning!"' — were to add an explana-
tion of the effect of the nightingale's song in restor-
ing the Emperor to health ! It would be like offering
374
THE DIAL
[May 1
a glass of 'plain soda' from which all the efferves-
cence had departed."
TROUBLESOME AUTHOR-NAMES, which, by reason
of being compound names, or variously spelled
names, or pseudonyms, or, in the case of women,
married names not associated with the writers'
earliest and perhaps most famous books, cause con-
fusion and several sorts of blunders, are more in
number than might be supposed. At the Newberry
Library, as explained in the librarian's latest Re-
port, an ''official name list" is being compiled,
"definitely recording once for all our decisions as
to the forms of authors' names, the manner of spell-
ing them, the data necessary to differentiate two or
more bearers of the same name, cross-references
from forms not adopted but under which a reader
might first look, etc." Like library catalogues in gen-
eral, this catalogue of names will never be finished,
but must receive continual additions. At present it
contains more than thirty-six thousand "officially
adopted forms of names." The publication and gen-
eral adoption of some such carefully-compiled list
would be desirable in the library world, where stand-
ardization of working implements is not yet so com-
plete as the casual observer might be led to infer.
• • »
COOPER VERSUS SCOTT formed the subject of a
recent conversation with Mr. Joseph Conrad, re-
ported by Mr. H. I. Brock in the New York " Even-
ing Post." Not everyone will agree with the gifted
Pole (n6 Kortzeniowski, be it remembered) in pre-
ferring the Leatherstocking to the Waverley novels.
It was from the former that his " first deep draught
of English fiction in the original " was taken, and he
is still warm in his praises of the delectable quality
of the beverage. " Not only," writes his interviewer,
"did he find in Cooper a real genius for description
and an art of writing not to be despised, but as an
old sailor he discovered in the American's work an
extraordinarily fine and true feeling for the sea.
Cooper, who had been to sea in his youth as a mid-
shipman, confessedly wrote his story ' The Pilot ' to
show his contempt for the literary seamanship ex-
hibited by Sir Walter in his story of 'The Pirate.'
It did not appear, however, that Sir Walter's mud-
dled nautical vocabulary troubled Conrad. What
was missing for him was just that feeling for the sea
which Cooper had, and which was part of the fibre
of the being of the men who had spent half their
lives on the great waters. Sir Walter was a lands-
man." The unfairness of judging the landsman
when not in his proper element is, of course, obvious.
LITERATURE IN ARKANSAS has its lovers, though
not in such numbers as in Illinois and Indiana, New
York and Massachusetts. One good reason of the
disparity is that there are a great many more inhab-
itants in each of these latter states than in Arkansas.
From the Fourth Annual Report of the Little Rock
Public Library we learn that the late Judge U. M.
Rose, who is described as " a rare student and
scholar," has left his collection of nearly eight thou-
sand volumes to that institution — a gift that "espe-
cially strengthens the library in history, travel, gen-
eral literature and belles lettres. There are between
two and three thousand volumes in French, making
one of the largest French collections in the South.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, a set of Edinburgh Re-
view, Niles Register, and many other works which
would be difficult to duplicate, make the library an
invaluable source for reference. Though the library
contains no incunabula, strictly speaking, there is in
it a number of early editions which are interesting
because little, if at all, duplicated in the United
States. There are also specimens of early printing,
illustrating and binding." As the Little Rock library
had but about nine thousand volumes before receiv-
ing this gift, it now finds itself nearly doubled in
size. No other library in the country, remarks the
librarian with satisfaction, has been so favored in the
past year with respect to book-gifts.
• • •
THE NOVEL-WRITING HABIT, like other habits, in-
creases with indulgence. Mr. William Heinemann,
the well-known London publisher, has a pertinent
word to say on the subject in a conversation reported
by the London literary correspondent of the Boston
"Transcript." "I have no desire," declares Mr.
Heinemann, "to criticise contemporary fiction ad-
versely ; on the contrary, the standard of the best
fiction is as high as it ever was. What I have in
mind is the enormous surplus of rubbish that reaches
print. You may see this by the extent to which the
novel- writing habit has grown of recent years — so
much so that the possession of a pen and an ink-
pot seems quite excuse enough for anyone to turn
author." Upon the enterprising literary agent is
laid a large part of the blame for this recent rank
luxuriance of growth where already there was no
insufficient vitality. The agent's eagerness to swell
his commissions by "tying up authors and publishers
for several unread — and even unwritten — books on
the strength of the often imaginary success of a first
book," is at the bottom of much of the mischief,
avers the same competent authority. There are
reprehensible dealings in " futures " in the book
market, as on the stock exchange.
A WORD or CHEER TO HELLENISTS comes from
Hamilton College, which has recently issued its
annual catalogue, wherein one finds indubitable
evidence that not everywhere is the study of Greek
falling into irretrievable neglect. The number of
classical students at Hamilton increases yearly, and
the present freshman class has more members pur-
suing Greek than any former class in the history
of the college. The sophomores come within one of
equalling this record, and even in the junior class,
where the "grind" of the earlier college courses is
commonly exchanged, with sighs of relief, for less
exacting studies, largely elective, there is displayed
a gratifying fondness for Greek literature. One
cannot believe that Greek is made so easy at Ham-
ilton as to account for this enviable state of affairs,
but rather that it is made so attractive.
1914]
THE DIAL
375
COMMUNICATIONS.
THE OLD AND THE NEW POETRY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
May I say in your pages a few words about your
recent interpretation of that very true and beautiful
Wordsworthian text, " Poetry is the breath and finer
spirit of all knowledge " (the italics are mine) ?
You very aptly quote a certain fine passage from
Milton, and a certain fine passage from Tennyson, to
exemplify this famous definition of poetry.
But then, if I read you rightly, because a poet of a
different day and civilization from either Milton's or
Tennyson's narrates his impression of life in a metrical
manner different from either of theirs, you argue, or
seem to argue, that since he has not written in Milton's
or Tennyson's way, and with Milton's or Tennyson's
knowledge, but in his own way and with his own knowl-
edge, what he has written cannot be poetry. You might
of course have drawn this inference justly from Words-
worth's definition of the art, if this definition could be
understood to mean, " All poetry is the breath and finer
spirit of Milton's and of Tennyson's knowledge." But
I cannot help feeling that a rather more catholic inter-
pretation of the Wordsworthian definition might be
found to be more correct.
You mention " calling out the old guard " against
new expression in poetry. You call Wordsworth and
Milton and Tennyson. But will they come? It seems
to me that in quoting Wordsworth's words about " the
breath of all knowledge " you do not quite induce him
to emerge for us from the vasty deep of literary criticism,
in the character of a poet in a pet against other poetic
truth than his own.
As for Milton, you not only advise the writer of
poetry unlike Milton's to stop writing and turn to
manual labor, you not only exhort public opinion to
rouse itself against the existence of a periodical which
will print such poetry, but you seem to imply to the
reader that in voicing this advice and exhortation you
somehow express Milton's spirit iu these matters. But
do you express it? The ordinary, historic impression
of Milton has been that of one rather strikingly elo-
quent against the very points of your insistence. The
ideas and principles of "The Areopagitica : A Speech
of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicensed
Printing to the Parliament of England " are not very
plainly evoked by the vision of a figure opposed to the
expression of individual conceptions or to more open
opportunities for their publication.
Are you quite justified in assuming tacitly that the
composer of
"The woods decay, the woods decay and fall,"
can be summoned in the guise of one whose life and work
have been those of an old guard, ready to bayonet all
theories and practices of poetic art other than his own?
In both theory and practice, perhaps no poets were
ever wider apart than Tennyson and Whitman. Does
the following letter, quoted from Mr. Horace TraubeFs
"With Walt Whitman in Camden," evince a determi-
nation on Tennyson's part to drive Whitman and his
views of poetry from what you call " the sacred pre-
cincts of the muse "?
" Farringford, Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
" Jany. 15th, 1887.
"Dear Old Man:
" I, the elder man, have received your article in the Critic
and send you in return my thanks and New Year's greeting
on the wings of this East wind, which I trust is blowing
softlier and warmlier on your good gray head than here,
where it is rocking the elms and ilexes of my Isle of Wight
garden. " Yours Always
" Tennyson."
As you admire Tennyson's conception of poetry, I
know you will listen for a moment to the voice of the
singer he held in such honor and entreats so gently ; and
I am sure you will be generous enough to let me place
beside this passage from Whitman's song about the soul
facing death two other brief expressions on the same
theme by writers of very different manner but who use
somewhat the same metrical method:
" Facing west, from California's shores,
Inquiring, tireless, seeking what is yet unfound,
I, a child, very old, over waves, towards the house of
maternity, the land of migrations, look afar,
Look off the shores of my Western Sea — the circle almost
circled."
This is by W. E. Henley :
" The smoke ascends
In a rosy-and-golden haze. The spires
Shine and are changed. In the valley
Shadows rise. The lark sings on. The sun,
Closing his benediction,
Sinks, and the darkening air
Thrills with a sense of the triumphing night —
Night with her train of stars
And her great gift of sleep.
" So be my passing !
My task accomplished and the long day done,
My wages taken, and in my heart
Some late lark singing,
Let me be gathered to the quiet West,
The sundown splendid and serene,
Death ! "
My third quotation is one of the collection of verses by
Mr. Carl Sandburg recently published in " Poetry ":
" 1 shall foot it
Down the roadway in the dusk
Where shapes of hunger wander
And the fugitives of pain go by.
"I shall foot it
In the silence of the morning,
See the night slur into dawn,
Hear the slow great winds arise
Where tall trees flank the way
And shoulder towards the sky.
" The broken boulders by the road
Shall not commemorate my ruin.
Regret shall be the gravel under foot.
I shall watch for
Slim birds swift of wing
That go where wind and ranks of thunder
Drive the wild processionals of rain.
" The dust of the travelled road
Shall touch my hands and face."
In my own view these songs may all be fittingly in-
cluded in one category, and may all suitably be called
poetry. Whether or not any or all of these expressions
are poetry for you, I think it would have been fairer to
compare Mr. Sandburg's work with that of other singers
of somewhat the same method than with the verse of
singers of an entirely different musical tradition. For
you surely must admit the existence of a great body of
metrical text and metrical translation, not composed
according to classic conceptions of prosody, nor with the
foot or line measure of the Greeks or the Latins, nor by
English rhyme schemes, and yet holding a place among
the most enriching and distinguished possessions of the
376
THE DIAL
[May 1
world of letters, and regarded by thousands of people
in modern, media1 val, and ancient life, as poetry, — the
verse of Langland, of the Hymns of the Zend Avesta,
of Whitman, George Meredith, Ossian, Rabindra Nath
Tagore, the Psalms, and Lamentations, to mention some
random instances.
"So for one the wet sail arching through the rainbow
'round the bow,
And for one the creak of snow-shoes on the crust."
The call of poetry for the feet of the young men will
always, to my own belief, cry along very differing trails.
Least of all would I wish to appear to do anything so
pretentious as to deny to THE DIAL'S own course the
wisdom of " unto each his voice and vision ; unto each
his spoor and sign." I would only remind you a little
of this wisdom ; and that it seems to be true that "poetry
is the breath and finer spirit of all knowledge."
Chicago, April 22, 1914. EDITH WYATT.
MR. YEATS ON POETRY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
I was interested in your very sane comment on the
speech of Mr. William Butler Yeats at the recent dinner
given him by those associated with the magazine called
" Poetry." This gallant little periodical has done good
service in publishing original poetry, some of which is of
real distinction. I particularly liked the April number.
And Mr Yeats has done work of real merit, both as an
author and as a friend of authors. Nevertheless his
precepts are rather to be regarded as belonging to a
school, than as of universal validity.
He insists upon the necessity of simplicity, regardless
of the fact that a great deal of very noble poetry has
been complex, involved, and allusive; and that in the
effort to be simple a host of verse-writers, including
some men of exalted genius, have succeeded only in
being vacuous. He urges the poet to confine himself
to the expression of instinct, although surely instinct is
always most interesting, and not infrequently most
poetic, when associated with action or with ideas. He
urges the poet to avoid the attempt to instruct, although
history clearly proves that even didactic verse may be
great poetry, as was especially the case with the "De
Rerum Natura" of Lucretius. And lie strangely enjoins
the practise of humility, between which and poetry there
is absolutely no connection. It is good manners not to
brag; and it is certainly true wisdom not to let our
thoughts run monotonously on any merits that we may
believe ourselves to possess. But such counsel is of
personal and social import, and has nothing to do with
poetry, — a point which Mr. Yeats, speaking after a
good dinner, has seemed totally to miss.
Mr. Yeats's remarks are of interest as a confession
of his own aims and aspirations. One may easily be a
true poet and practise all that Mr. Yeats enjoins. One
may easily be a true poet and practise none of it. The
important thing is to be a true poet. Where there is
a real poetic gift, it is extremely difficult to lay down
rules as to its methods of procedure.
HENRY BARRETT HINCKLEY.
Northampton, Mass., April 18, 1914.
A RARE ASSOCIATION VOLUME.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The bibliophile is likely to possess all the garrulity
usually ascribed to old age before he has passed or even
reached the meridian. He delights in talk about his
treasures and particularly his "finds " (little things of a
bookish nature interest him), and it is not always what
Dr. Johnson called " good talk." Nevertheless, the
tribe smitten with the blight of bibliomania is numerous
enough to make even a trivial story worth the telling.
The " find " I am about to describe would not, I am
well aware, be considered a notable one in these degen-
erate days of long purses. But it is at least as curious
and interesting as many experiences I have heard related
with much gusto, — and listened to, it must be con-
fessed, with a tinge of envy.
Some years ago — in 1903 to be exact — I read with
profit Mr. John Bach McMaster's book on Daniel
Webster (New York, 1902), and was impressed by a
reference (page 81) to the opinion of Chief Justice John
Marshall respecting the maiden speech of Webster in
the House of Representatives. Mr. McMaster says:
" But a better testimonial as to the effect of that maiden
speech is furnished by Chief Justice Marshall. Nearly twenty
years later, when the name of Webster was known over all
the land, a copy of his ' Speeches and Forensic Arguments '
was sent to the great judge, who went straightway to Justice
Story, and expressed his regret that two were not in the col-
lection— that on the resolutions calling for proof of the repeal
of the French decrees, and another on the previous question.
' I read these speeches,' said Marshall, ' with very great
pleasure and satisfaction at the time. When the first was
delivered I did not know Mr. Webster ; but I was so much
struck with it that I did not hesitate then to state that Mr.
Webster was a very able man, and would become one of the
very first statesmen in America, and perhaps the very first.' "
A few months afterwards, while the reference was
still fresh in my mind, I was, one rainy afternoon (of
course, such things always happen on rainy afternoons),
browsing among some neglected books in the attic of
my wife's old Minnesota home. My search, if such it
could be called, had been fruitless. The books were
quite without value to me, and I had given up hope of
finding a single " nugget," to use a favorite term of the
late Henry Stevens of Vermont, when lo, I picked up
a stained and battered octavo, whose title-label was
indecipherable. Almost mechanically I opened the book
to learn its title, and encountered on the fly-leaf this
inscription : " Mr. Webster begs Chief Justice Marshall's
acceptance of this vol. Washington Jany 22ud 1831."
The title-page read:
Speeches and | Forensic Arguments. | By Daniel
Webster, j Boston : | Perkins & Marvin, and Gray &
Bowen. | New York : Jonathan Leavitt. | M DCCC
XXX.
It soon dawned upon me that I had in my hand the
identical volume mentioned by Mr. McMaster in the
foregoing quotation. How then did the book, once a
part of the library of the great jurist, find its way into
that Minnesota attic ? Inquiry soon pieced out the
book's story. The volume had been given by the Chief
Justice himself to my wife's grandfather, Ezra Abbott,
who for some years was a resident of Fauquier County,
Virginia. Mr. Abbott was a native of New Hampshire,
and after his graduation from Bowdoin College, in 1830,
he removed to Virginia to open a private school, in the
conduct of which he was very successful. In this ca-
pacity, several of the grandchildren of John Marshall
were entrusted to his care; and naturally enough he
became acquainted with the Chief Justice, then an old
man, when the latter paid his annual visit to the " Oak
Hill " estate, and now and then was privileged to talk
with him. Knowing that his young friend greatly
admired Webster, Marshall generously gave him the
1914]
377
collection of speeches. Later, Mr. Abbott became one
of the pioneers of Minnesota, where he died in 1876, a
useful and much-loved citizen.
This copy of Webster's " Speeches and Forensic
Arguments," a rare association volume in more than a
single sense, now has a place of honor on my shelves.
JOHN THOMAS LEE.
Madison, Wis., April 20, 1914.
INCREASING THE SALES OF BOOKS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Your " Casual Comment " paragraph on " How to
get books to the bookless," in THE DIAL of April 1,
suggests that the publishers must originate other and
new methods to accomplish that result, and also raises
the question as to whether it is worth while to do so.
Why, we may well ask, should anyone worry about
getting books to the bookless who evidently do not wish
to become book owners ? There are abundant facilities
for getting books to those who wish for them. But if
books must be forced upon the bookless it is evident
that the publishers must adopt other methods of selling
than merely to announce their wares and wait for the
demand to make best sellers. And that is just what
they must do. I believe the bookless may be reduced
to a figure comparable to England's record, or even
less, but not in consequence of present sales methods.
There is no other commodity which is allowed merely
to answer the original or normal demand. There are
many commodities that are now staples, and that sell
enormously, which were unknown and unwanted until
the enterprising vendors created the demand. The
publishers must create a new and increased demand for
books. It can be done, but not through studying con-
ditions among book buyers. Buyers can be created.
Books can be sold to people who are not readers and
will not become readers. The matter of books as house-
hold decorations has never been properly exploited;
and it has great possibilities. A fair-sized household
library is a cheap decoration, even when a good sum is
paid for the bookcases. Then the idea of a small library
for each home can be promoted. There are many
families that would buy some books, if the proposition
were to be put concretely to them — not to buy books,
but to buy these books that are arranged, selected,
priced, and described, and that will be delivered with a
suitable case upon terms easy to meet.
A great many sets of books are annually sold in this
manner, by concerns organized to sell books rather than
to publish them. Some of these sets are good, and some
are not. Most of them are sold to people who have no
idea of reading them. They buy them because the party
of the other part wished to sell them. Why do not the
"regular" publishers learn selling wisdom of these
concerns, who sell millions of books of mediocre value
and doubtful interest ? There are many ways to sell
books other than to people who wish the books to read.
Not one person in a hundred who buys books buys
them all to read, or expects to read all they buy. Pub-
lishers may regard their books as merchandise, rather
than strictly as literature, and promote their sale as
other merchandise is sold.
There is, it seems to me, a great field for book selling
that has not been exploited, and many methods that
have not been adequately tested. There is more than one
person in seven thousand who will buy books — if books
are properly offered to them. GEORGE FRENCH.
New York City, April 21, 1914.
" BIRD-WITTED " OR "HIGH-BROW"?
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The communication of R. S. printed under the head-
ing, "High-Brow," in your issue of April 1 has doubtless
met with the general commendation of those persons
who were so fortunate as to read a much needed protest
so well put. In the strong dramatic poem, "Barabbas,"
by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, published since his death in
" Book News," there is a striking line, —
" Bird-witted ever, these light minded Greeks ! "
The younger race of Americans, if one may judge from
the samples met with in clubs, private homes, social
gatherings, wherever men come together, seems to be
producing an undue proportion of the " bird-witted."
One wonders how much of this degeneration is due to
the influence of French literature and to the aping of
the Parisian attitude of mind. A prominent American
physician, himself of French stock, a part of whose
summer vacations is spent in Paris, not long ago said
that the degeneration of the Parisian was beyond hope
of redemption, — nothing could ever be expected of him
again. One is puzzled at times to know whether the
" bird-witted " Americans are merely " putting up a
front " or whether their mental fashion is the one nat-
ural to them and worn because it is within their limita-
tions. America, however, is so earnest a country that
there is good reason to hope as between the " bfrd-
witted " and the " high-brows " the latter will win out.
Ardmore, Pa., April 18, 1914. ^'
"ANTI-BABEL" AGAIN.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
One of your recent issues contains a communication
entitled "Anti-Babel," from Mr. E. M. Bacon, who asks
what will become of Norway should she adhere to a
language that the rest of the world is too busy to learn.
Travelling English folks, living as they do within a
few hours' sail of Norway, frequently visit that charm-
ing country, and are quite content to put up with its
language. Indeed, Norwegians are seafaring folks,
and pick up enough English to answer our questions
when in Norway. In the same way we pick up a good
many Norwegian words and phrases.
I am not afraid to prophesy that the Norwegians
will remain the happy people they have always been.
They might become more wealthy, but wealth is not
the main factor in happiness. In England, though so
small a country, dialects still prevail. A Southerner
often fails to understand a Yorkshire peasant, or a
Lancashire lad to understand a girl from Somersetshire;
a Sussex man cannot always understand a man of Kent,
or a Devonian a Dorset man. You speak of the United
States and ourselves as using the same language; but
we constantly meet with phrases, not only in your
press, but in books written by well-educated men and
women, which are not understood by us. Even THE
DIAL, which is unusually free from what we term
Americanisms, now and again uses some word which is
unknown to an Englishman who has not been in the
United States.
It must be borne in mind that the great majority of
all races travel little beyond their own homes, and read
little but the Bible, cheap magazines, and local news-
papers. They pass happy lives, which is far more
important than amassing wealth.
LEWIN HILL, C. B.
Kent, Bromley, England, April 10, 1914.
378
THE DIAL
[Mayl
§00ks.
A PUBLISHER'S EARLY MEMORIES.*
The same pen that has chronicled so accept-
ably the chief events in the life of George Palmer
Putnam, founder of the publishing house long
and widely known by his name, now traces in
more intimately personal detail, and with con-
sequent gain to the vividness and charm of the
narrative, the early and rather unusually varied
experiences in the life of the writer himself.
" Memories of My Youth," by Mr. George
Haven Putnam, is little likely to incur the cen-
sure pronounced upon the great mass of modern
literature by Walter Bagehot when he com-
plained that so few who can write ever have
anything worth writing about. Mr. Putnam
has the gift of pleasing narration and suggestive
comment, and also a store of varied recollections
well worth the narrating. Nor does it lessen
the readability of the narrative, but rather adds
to it what might be called a pathetic interest,
to learn that the book's preparation has been
attended with unusual difficulties arising from
defective eyesight and the disability of the writ-
ing arm — one a lifelong affliction, the other a
memento of service in the Civil War.
Eldest of seven sons in a family of eleven
children, young Haven Putnam, as he appears
to have been called, is shown to us as a
sturdy, self-reliant, resourceful lad, dependent
on his own industry and enterprise for most of
his spending money, and so successful in this
particular that when at the age of seventeen he
set forth for Europe, primarily to seek expert
advice on the care of his eyes, and secondarily
to pursue such studies as their condition per-
mitted, he had accumulated no less a fund than
three hundred dollars toward defraying his ex-
penses. Though this was his first visit to con-
tinental Europe, it was his fourth crossing of
the Atlantic ; for he was born in London, three
years after his father had established there a
branch of the Wiley and Putnam publishing
house, and four years before the dissolution of
the partnership called the junior member back
to America with his family. Again in 1851 the
father had occasion to visit England, and he took
his seven-year-old son with him, partly in the
hope that the voyage would benefit the boy's
eyes. Memories of the early home in London
* MEMORIES OF MY YOUTH, 1844-1865. By George Haven
Putnam, Litt.D., late Brevet Major, 176th Regt., N. Y. S.
Vols. Illustrated. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
still linger with the septuagenarian autobiog-
rapher. He says :
" The feeling of homelike reminiscence that comes
to me in arriving from year to year at Euston or at
Waterloo, I am disposed to connect with the first whiffs
of that wonderful compound of soot, fog, and roast
mutton that go to the making of the atmosphere of
London, and to the association of these familiar odours
with the earliest breathings of my infancy in the paternal
cottage in St. John's Wood."
Of chief interest in the book, and constitut-
ing the greater part of its contents, are the pages
describing the writer's boyhood home in and
about New York, his student life at Gottingen
and elsewhere in Europe, and his volunteer ser-
vice in the great war that cut short his academic
course in foreign lands. In his memories of the
family life at North Yonkers the author writes :
" Mention has been made in the Memoir of my father
of his own active work in organizing a village library
and in carrying on in connection with this institution a
series of lecture courses. The lecturers brought to
Yonkers, largely at his own personal solicitation, were
most frequently guests at our house. As a result, we
children came to have a personal impression of repre-
sentative citizens like Beeober, Bethune, Storrs, Wen-
dell Phillips, Curtis, Hale, and many others. Curtis
came to the house also from time to time in connection
with the business of Putnam's Magazine. He was at
that time quite a youngster, but I remember even then
being impressed by the maturity and tinish of his talk
and by a certain grace of dignity and manner which
made me think of Sir Roger de Coverley. (The wise
mother was at that time giving to us older children
some reading in Addison.) Another of the younger
men who came to the house with matters belonging to
the publishing office was Frederick Beecher Perkins,
a nephew of Henry Ward Beecher. My father and
others who knew him spoke with large hopefulness as
to the promise of his career. It was an expectation
which was, however, never fully carried out. Perkins
remained until his death, forty years later, a clever
man who was on the point of doing noteworthy things
but who never quite arrived."
From those early years, too, we must take
the description of Lincoln as he impressed him-
self on the youthful listener at that Cooper
Institute gathering presided over by Bryant
and made forever memorable by the first public
appearance in New York of him who was so
soon to be called upon to play a supremely im-
portant part in the nation's history. The elder
Putnam, as a member of the committee having
the meeting in charge, was able to smuggle in
his son and to give him a seat in a corner of
the platform, whence a good view of the speaker
was obtained.
" The first impression of the man from the West did
nothing to contradict the expectation of something
weird, rough, and uncultivated. The long, ungainly
figure upon which hung clothes that, while newly made
1914]
THE DIAL,
379
for this trip, were evidently the work of an unskilful
tailor; the large feet and the clumsy hands of which,
at the outset, at least, the speaker seemed to be unduly
conscious; the long gaunt head, capped by a shock of
hair that seemed not to have been thoroughly brushed
out, made a picture which did not fit in with New
York's conception of a finished statesman. The first
utterance of the voice was not pleasant to the ear, the
tone being harsh and the key too high. As the speech
progressed, however, the speaker seemed to come into
control of himself, the voice gained a natural and im-
pressive modulation, the gestures were dignified and
natural, and the hearers found themselves under the
influence of the earnest look from the deeply set eyes
and of the absolute integrity of purpose and of devotion
to principle which impressed the thought and the words
of the speaker. In place of a ' wild and woolly ' talk,
illumined by more or less incongruous anecdotes, in
place of a high-strung exhortation of general principles
or of a fierce protest against Southern arrogance, the
New Yorkers had presented to them a calm but forci-
ble series of well-reasoned considerations upon which
was to be based their action as citizens."
When a little later this young listener found
himself in Europe he was amazed and often also
amused at the false and absurd notions current
among the otherwise well-informed as to the
questions at issue in our great national contro-
versy, and even as to the geographical location
of the contestants themselves. One university
professor went so far wrong as to place the scene
of the war on the Isthmus of Panama, making
the North Americans and the South Americans
the contending parties; and he begged young
Herr Putnam to explain to him how a war of
such apparent magnitude could be carried on
within so contracted an area. To the youthful
patriot placed amid so much of misapprehension
and of prejudice in favor of the Southern Con-
federacy, the situation was trying in the extreme ;
and a class-room fight, precipitated by an En-
glish student's sneer at the North, left the Amer-
ican participant, who now chronicles the battle,
stretched helpless on the floor. Speaking in
another chapter of public sentiment in England
at this time, he says :
" Among the noteworthy friends of the North, men
who understood that the contest was not simply for the
domination of the continent, but for the maintenance of
a republican form of government and for the crushing
out of the anachronism of slavery, were John Bright,
Richard Cobden, the Duke of Argyle, W. E. Forster,
and Richard Hargreaves. In Oxford may be recalled
Jowett and Reade, both of them young men, and in
Cambridge, Leslie Stephen, who, youngster that he was
in 1861-5, was able, by the use of authoritative knowl-
edge and of earnestness of conviction and of readiness
to make a fight from the minority, to maintain some
backing in the University for the cause of the North.
I own a copy of a pamphlet, now very scarce, printed
by Stephen in September, 1865, in which he shows up
a long series of false statements and bogus news in
regard to our war printed in the Times between 1861
nd 1865."
Of the author's student days in Paris, Berlin,
and Gbttingen, he writes most entertainingly
and with a remarkable memory of detail. At
the Hanoverian university he became acquainted
with James Morgan Hart — in fact, introduced
him to the town and roomed with him at the
pension of Frau von H. Neither of the two
could then have dreamed how many American
students would be turned toward Gottingen by
Hart's future delightful book ("German Uni-
versities") relating chiefly his own experience
of student life at that famous seat of learning.
Concerning Mr. Putnam's premature return
home to enlist in the regiment of which he
ultimately became Brevet Major, and all the
stirring events he has to relate in his memories
of those critical times, there is room here to give
but a hint. His harsh experience as prisoner
in Libby Prison and at Danville has been nar-
rated by him more fully in a previous volume,
" A Prisoner of War in Virginia." That the
young New Yorker, only eighteen when he en-
listed in the summer of 1862, rendered valiant
service to the cause of the Union, becomes ap-
parent even in his own modest narrative. As
a detailed account of individual experience in
that war this part of the book is excellent and
of more than passing interest. With the close
of the war and the writer's completion of his
twenty-first year the autobiography comes to a
pause, but not to a full stop, since we are
promised a continuation (leisure and strength
permitting) under the title, "Memories of a
Publisher."
Portraits of the author in his adolescence are
inserted in the volume, and an index brings it
to a close. PERCT K BICKNELL.
THE FUTURE OF INDIA.*
And what of to-morrow?
In travelling about India, one finds this
question ever on the lips ; but alike from En-
glish friends and from Mohammedan or Hindu
acquaintances one receives only the most frag-
mentary and inconclusive answers. Nor does
the thoughtful student at home, appealing to
scores of seemingly authoritative volumes, fare
a whit better. The veil that hides the future
of all nations from the thinker's searching gaze
seems to grow jealously thicker and more im-
*THE PASSIKG OF EMPIKE. By H. Fielding-Hall.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
380
THE DIAL
[May 1
penetrable when India is the land into whose
destiny one fain would peer.
Yet what a compelling and enchaining prob-
lem it is ! It is needless to recall the thronging
millions of diverse habitants, to dwell upon the
vast geographical complex, to recite the historic
vicissitudes of native and foreign rule, or to
insist upon the unescapable charm of this in-
credible land. It has all been done a thousand
times ; and each time seems to deepen our help-
less discontent as we stand with strained eyes
and keen longing before the relentless veil.
And ever there is the temptation to listen to
the philosophic dreamer or the vaticinating
nationalist, when he summons our puzzled eyes
to visions beyond the sunset. But inevitably
we return with our question to some quiet Hindu
or Mohammedan thinker, or to some English
worker who has toiled for years beneath Indian
suns and can tell us of such lowly things as the
crooked stick that serves for a plow, the hapless
villager in the bewildering law court, and all
the countless minutiae of life and administra-
tion. The realities of to-day must be the key
of to-morrow.
And in this connection, I think, will be found
the chief significance of Mr. Fielding-Hall's
latest book. He can see, albeit ever so dimly,
the distant day when India shall be a daughter
nation ; but he speaks of present conditions with
the detailed knowledge of experience, and pro-
poses definite changes looking to a larger and
better future which he believes must dawn.
" India sees life through different windows than we
do; but her eyes are as our eyes, and she has the same
desires as we have. She has been nearly dead or sleep-
ing for long, but at last she moves. She is awake or
waking. Should it not be our task, our pleasure and
our pride, to help her early steps along the path of
conscious strength that leads to a national life such as
that we have been proud of ? And to do so must we
not try to understand her ?
" Have we ever tried ?
" I do not think we have ; but the time is coming
when, unless we can go hand in hand with her along
her path to nationhood, she will desert us. Her des-
tiny is calling her; shall we keep her back ?
" We cannot keep her back. ' No one can be more
wise than Destiny.' And if we stand in her way, who
will suffer like we shall ? For her sake and for ours
should we not try to understand ? "
After such an introduction we are prepared
for something radically different both from the
ordinary " interesting " superficial volume on
India and from the traditional apology for
British rule. And it is well that we are thus
prepared; for Mr. Fielding-Hall is in deadly
earnest, and with the very first chapter, headed
"Indian Unrest," we are plunged into a stream
of contention from which we never wholly
emerge.
In dealing with the discontent manifested
in various parts of India, most writers declare
that it is more or less local and temporary and
instigated primarily by dissatisfied Brahman s ;
but this view is regarded by our author as a
fatal mistake. He believes that the unrest is
caused by the slowly growing consciousness of
an energy that desires an advance in every direc-
tion and has no outlet. " Throughout India all
progress of all sorts is barred ; can you wonder
there is unrest from this one cause alone ? And
this feeling goes down to the very lowest ranks
as an unnameable, unanalysable fever and un-
happiness ; you see it everywhere." And in
pondering this opinion one must remember that
the writer is not some globe-trotting American
or some radical English member of Parliament,
spending a few weeks in Bombay or Delhi or
Calcutta, but a veteran official who has served
in Burma for many years. Moreover, he believes
that all this unrest is not a bad symptom, but a
good one, "a sign of an increasing life." It is
at once " the greatest compliment our rule could
have, and the happiest omen that could be. India
was our patient ; now she is recovering, shall we
make of her a subject, or a daughter ? She must
be one or other, or leave us altogether, for the
past is passed."
Then the author proceeds to set forth how the
factors of success in British rule disappeared,
and to explain how unsuitable the present
system of government has become. In the first
place he is sure the personnel of the whole
service has greatly deteriorated in the last fifty
years. The men of former times went out
younger and with less education. They were
without prejudices. They were enthusiastic and
friendly ; and they had individualities. They
knew the people's talk, made Indian friends,
and looked upon the natives as fellow-humans.
But now, alas, the victims of education come
out " with their minds already closed, and, as
a rule, closed they remain." They disregard all
the facts about the natives ; and having no real
understanding of the people, they have no
sympathy with them. In short, they are an
impossible lot.
And this shade of Stygian pessimism falls
over every chapter that deals with the present.
Everything is wrong. Nothing, apparently,
could be worse; yet everything threatens to grow
worse, unless prompt and energetic remedies are
applied at once.
But the destructive criticism of the volume
1914]
THE DIAL
381
is its least satisfactory feature ; and I hasten
to the constructive proposals, reserving any
comment on the former until we have considered
the latter. Incidentally, in weighing the sug-
gested improvements, we shall gain a fair idea
of the strictures we have omitted.
Passing, then, to this more pleasing phase of
the book, we find our author insisting first that
the necessary personality must be " restored "
to the task of governing India. Now the import-
ance of personality is the only point on which
all critics of things Indian agree : the question
is how to attract the right sort of men. And
here Mr. Fielding- Hall says emphatically there
will be no improvement until English education
is entirely remodelled. At present, he declares,
women and clergymen control English educa-
tion, and the supreme ideal is " authority."
This system must be replaced by a virile plan of
development that shall evoke independent minds
and sympathetic hearts. Then the prospective
Indian civil servant should be caught young, not
later than nineteen or twenty, and should only
be appointed if he possesses the following quali-
fications : *' A good physique and a liking for
sport. Good manners and a knowledge of eti-
quette. Discipline in act. Freedom and courage
in thought. Knowledge of life and humanity
as they are round him."
Our youthful civilian's real education will
begin when he lands in India. Once arrived,
he should learn the language (presumably the
language of the district wherein he is likely to
work). Then he must get an understanding of
the principles that underlie the Codes and Acts.
He must acquire a genuine insight into the cus-
toms of the people and the meaning thereof.
He should know something of the economic
side of native life. In particular he should de-
termine to encourage amusements, including all
sorts of manly sports for the boys and dancing
for the girls.
When the personnel has been reorganized
on this basis, it will be feasible to revive the
legal system, beginning with the penal law,
criminal courts and procedure. In criminal
procedure the most pressing need is to have an
accused person, when arrested, taken directly to
the magistrate without being questioned by the
police. The magistrate should investigate each
case; and on trial no one but the magistrate
should be allowed to speak directly to any party
to the case. (" There is no such curse now to
justice as cross-examination by a clever pleader
or barrister.") If this system were adopted,
there would not be much false evidence, because
the native idea that the trial is simply a fight
would largely disappear.
And then some day might come the possibility
of self-government. But this must begin with
the village. The village organism must be re-
stored to the state in which the British found it,
and from that point be helped and encouraged
to grow to greater things. Using Burma as an
example, the author urges that every village
should have a Council, with a Headman chosen
by the Council from its own members and con-
firmed by the Government. This important
official should be responsible to the village
Council ; and the British would retain ultimate
control by authorizing the District Officer to
suspend the Council when it failed too seriously
in its duties. To the village communities thus
constituted should be handed over all the rights
and responsibilities that could possibly be de-
volved upon them. They should be encouraged
to do everything; and they should form the
basis for all development.
Gradually, larger divisions should be organ-
ized as unified groups, and from the new
"Districts" representatives might be sent to a
Provincial Council. We should thus have real
though indirect representation of the people.
At present the General Council and the Pro-
vincial Councils are merely " suspended in the
air." "They rest on nothing ; they mean noth-
ing ; they have as much solidity and reality as
kites would have. Was there ever in history
a reductio ad absurdum like these Councils of
Despair?"
In the education of the natives, reading,
writing, and arithmetic are not fundamental.
The essential things are qualities of character.
To develop these, education must be entirely
separated from religion, and must be native to
the province concerned. Here again we must
begin with the village and work outward.
With regard to the policy of admitting more
Indians to the civil service, our author declares
flat-footedly that they ought not to be encour-
aged, and that they themselves are happier out-
side of it. " Government must do its work in
its own way, and that is the English way. No
Indian can tell what this is." He denies also
that the placing of natives in office would
placate the people.
In the foregoing paragraphs I have essayed
an absolutely impartial summary of the essential
phases of a book that is to me most irritating.
The author is an able man, a clever writer, a
trained administrator. He has spent in India
more years than many writers spend months.
382
THE DIAL
[May 1
He proposes certain improvements that I con-
sider vital and fundamental. Thus, he is cer-
tainly right when he insists on the importance
of the village as the unit of reform. The average
traveller knows nothing of the village and cares
less ; but the resident administrator, or absent
student, realizes that here is to be found the
real India. In fact, I think Mr. Field ing- Hall's
treatment of this question is more significant
than half a dozen ordinary volumes on India.
Furthermore, he is undeniably sound in dwel-
ling upon the importance of personality, and in
pointing out the possibility of reforms in legal
procedure. He inevitably evokes the sympathy
of a believer in free government and democracy,
when he looks forward to comparative independ-
ence for this richest domain of Great Britain.
But after conceding all this, I must respectfully
and modestly plead that he is frequently un-
trustworthy. He constantly proves too much ;
and I think a fair idea of his attitude may be
gathered from the following explosion against
" things at home " :
" Can we, with whom representation except of the
wire-pullers of the party has ceased to exist, in whose
schools of all kinds and in whose universities there is
no education, whose legal system is bad beyond all ex-
pression, who have under free forms less real freedom
than most other countries, can we give to India what
we have not ? "
Now it will be very difficult to convince any
intelligent American that such a sentence rep-
resents a lucid or dispassionate estimate of the
present situation in Great Britain ; and I need
only say that this same sweeping ferocity of
condemnation vitiates page after page of a
rather remarkable book. There is enough to
condemn and bewail in Indian administration,
as any student knows, and lurid coloring may
help to attract the general attention necessary
to ensure reforms; but surely a man of Mr.
Fielding-Hall's experience and attainments
might have favored us with a judicial exposi-
tion instead of a diatribe. Not all the British
in India a hundred years ago were brilliant
administrators, nor is every civilian to-day an
impenetrable blockhead. There is some good
in the enlarged Council of India and Provincial
Councils. Occasionally a law case is settled
justly. Now and again the Headman of a village
does faithfully represent his villagers. Once in
a while a District Officer is even all that our au-
thor demands. In fact, I am prepared to say
that the Indian Civil Service is attracting many
men of the very finest type. All of this, and
much more, our critic might have conceded,
and thereby strengthened the real points of his
contentions. As to his conclusion that Indians
should not be admitted to the Civil Service, I
must raise the query whether their admission
would not gradually prepare a supply of fairly
trained men for the desired day when British
rule may be relaxed. Certainly, representative
Hindus and Mohammedans are insisting that
their countrymen ought to be admitted in greater
numbers and ought to be entrusted with more
responsible posts. Again, when he maintains
that Indian education should be made non-
religious, Mr. Fielding-Hall assuredly contra-
dicts the general opinion of both Oriental and
Occidental writers ; although my own belief is
that in the long run his contention will be
justified.
Herewith I have left myself little space for
specific corrections ; but one is naturally dis-
turbed to find the population given sometimes
as three hundred millions and sometimes as three
hundred and fifty. If I remember rightly, the
last available census gives three hundred and
fifteen millions. Again, it is not reassuring to
find the following generalization taken as a basis
for law reform : " Everyone instinctively hates
and fears crime ; everyone is honest by nature ;
it is inherent in the soul." Nor does a reader
receive the impression of careful statement from
the declaration that the Government has delib-
erately (italics mine) made sixty thousand or
more criminals in Burma.
But if the book is marred by such major and
minor defects as these, why spend so much time
about it ? Just because it is exactly what I have
described, — an improbable mingling of valuable
suggestions and stimulating mistakes. And I
have no hesitation in saying that it will be pro-
fitable reading for any American desiring to
understand Indian problems. Only it must not
be accepted as holy writ.
F. B. R. HELLEMS.
THE EGYPTIAN BOOK OF THE DEAD.*
The latest of Dr. Wallis Budge's works is a
new and unified edition in more convenient
octavo form of two previous publications, the
facsimile of the papyrus of Ani having appeared
twice already (1890 and 1894) in folio, while
the explanatory and descriptive matter was first
issued in quarto in 1895. In the present sumptu-
*THE BOOK OK THE DEAD. The Papyrus of Ani. A
Reproduction in Facsimile, edited, with Hieroglyphic
Transcript, Translation, and Introduction, by E. A. Wallis
Budge. In three volumes, illustrated in color, etc. New
York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
383
ous edition, the facsimile plates forming the
third volume, although possibly over-vivid in
color, are especially well done. Before discus-
sing Dr. Budge's treatment of his subject in
volumes one and two, it is perhaps worth while
to state briefly the developments in Egyptian
mortuary beliefs which led to the manufacture
and use of such documents as the Papyrus of
Ani.
The oldest known remains of Egyptian re-
ligious literature are the Pyramid Texts in the
pyramids of the last five important rulers of
the Old Kingdom. These inscriptions will have
been cut on the walls during the period from
2650 to 2500 B. c., though internal evidence
indicates that some portions originated as early
as 3500 B. c. Their content is a jumbled mass
of funerary ritual, hymns, myths, magical
charms, and prayers, the whole clearly directed
to the great end of protecting and prospering
the king in a future life.
Two main strands of Egyptian belief are now
to be separated. To the humble folk, in their
agricultural pursuits, the fructifying Nile gave
each year a vision of life arising out of death,
— the same lesson upon which we ourselves
dwell at the Easter season. This principle of
fertility, exemplified in the Nile, its waters, and
the springing grain, they called Osiris. The
long myth which arose about Osiris pictured
him as reigning ultimately in a kingdom of the
dead. His conquest of death made possible for
others the same victory. Already in the Pyra-
mid Texts we find the dead king identified with
Osiris and passing to his realm, side by side
and intermingled with a belief in a royal Here-
after spent in the sky with the Sun-god.
With the decentralizing of power at the
breaking up of the Old Kingdom (after 2500
B. c.) and the rise of a group of feudal lords
several centuries later, came the thought that
the blessed future life previously imputed to the
king alone might, like the power he had pre-
viously wielded, be shared by his subjects. This
innovation is evidenced by coffins of the Middle
Kingdom (about 2000 B. c.). These also show
that, though the Sun-god had definitely become
the chief deity of living Egypt, Osiris had be-
come preeminent among the dead. The deceased,
whatever rank he may have possessed or lacked
on earth, now identified himself in his tomb
with Osiris the king. So on the coffins of the
non-royal in this age are found painted both
kingly regalia and utterances corresponding in
function to the ancient Pyramid Texts. Though
the latter lent certain sections to these Middle
Kingdom Coffin Texts, gradual but constant
additions to this type of literature furnished the
greater part.
The magical element which had all along been
present now began to receive more and more
emphasis. Grotesque newly-imagined dangers
of the Other World, illustrated by vivid vignettes
in addition to verbal descriptions, were to be
escaped through newly-invented charms. Ma-
terials such as these, with a few survivals from
the earlier groups, to which some commentary
was often appended, constituted under the
Empire (roughly 1500 B. c. ff.) what is to-day
commonly called the " Book of the Dead." But
this title is misleading. The distinct elements,
which in the Pyramid Texts we call" utterances "
and in the later material " chapters," clearly
arose in different ages and in different localities.
From the earliest times they are grouped in vary-
ing numbers, in varying order, and with varying
phraseology. With the increasing dependence
on magic, the Empire Egyptian found the texts
which he deemed necessary for use in gaining a
happy Hereafter too numerous to be written on
his coffin as had been done for his Middle King-
dom ancestors. Hence sections of the mortuary
literature, varying with individual preference,
were assembled on a long roll of papyrus, which
was then placed inside the coffin. Such a roll
is our Papyrus of Ani. Not until long centuries
afterward, during the Restoration, the last flicker
of Egypt's glory before its conquest by Persia
in 525 B. c., or later under the Ptolemies, do the
parts of the " Book of the Dead " regularly
appear with fixed phraseology and in a fixed
order.
The introductory material provided by Dr.
Budge in volume one, although individual facts
are abundant, shows but slight appreciation of
the continuous development of Egyptian reli-
gious thought during millenia. He extends the
designation " Book of the Dead " to cover the
whole field of Egyptian religious texts, distin-
guishing those of the different ages merely by
the unfortunate term "recensions.'' Again, in
his discussions of individual divinities, little
suggestion is found of the continuous tide of
religious thought down the ages, as a result of
which primitive local concepts became amalga-
mated and modified to form the complex and
inconsistent maze of attributes of the Egyptian
gods as he pictures them.
Copious proof-texts cited in hieroglyphic
form, sometimes left untranslated (e. g., pp. 92,
180, 183), impress the lay reader with the
learning of the author but fail to throw added
384
THE DIAL
[May 1
light upon his theme. Frequent rendering of
titles or epithets by transliterations tends like-
wise to obscure the thought. It might be in
place here to caution the reader that he will find
no consistency in the spelling of proper names.
Thus the same god appears as Atem (p. 109),
Atmu(p.llO),Tem(p. 113),andTemu(p.ll4).
Incorrect readings sometimes vie with more cor-
rect ones, e.g., "Kesta" (pp. 386, 655, etc.),
" Kesta (Mesta) " (pp. 127, 626, etc.), " Amset"
(pp. 89, 131, etc.) A similar lack of coordina-
tion may be noticed even in the title-pages, which
vacillate between a two and a three volume
preference.
Dr. Budge contends that the Pyramid Texts
were for general use, — a situation opposite to
that which we have indicated above. Incident-
ally, Maspero's early edition of these texts, the
one quoted throughout this work, is surpassed
in both accuracy and convenience of reference
by that of Sethe, completed in 1910, the exist-
ence of which is barely noticed by our author
(p. 1, n. 2). The chronology adopted by Dr.
Budge (source unnamed) is that of Brugsch,
going back to 1877. The modern studies of the
great historian Eduard Meyer* have been over-
looked in this work, though in 1908 our author
considered them in the Introduction to his
" Book of the Kings of Egypt." On the inter-
pretation of the ka (pp. 73-4) and of the title
of the " Book of the Dead " (p. 28), Professor
Breasted's recent volume,! briefly referred to
(p. 74), offers interesting data.
In his second volume Dr. Budge has given
not only the hieroglyphic transcription and the
translation of the portions of the " Book of the
Dead" contained in the Papyrus of Ani, but
has supplemented them from other papyri with
many selections omitted by Ani. Although
within the Ani text itself he has occasionally
noted corrupt passages (e.g., pp. 625, 627),
on the whole he leaves aside textual criticism.
Now since the " Book of the Dead " is in all its
copies quite corrupt, careful comparative study
is often indispensable, though not always effec-
tive, for arriving at the original sense. Our
editor, by his publication in facsimile of many
valuable documents belonging to the British
Museum, has done much to facilitate such com-
parative study, but has himself been singularly
slow to employ it. Apart from this, his trans-
lations, and even his transliterated names, sug-
* Aegyptische Chronologic, Berlin 1904 ; Nachtrage zur
agyptischen Chronologie, Berlin 1908.
t " Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient
Egypt," New York 1912. See pp. 52 ff. and 276, n. 1,
respectively.
gest the good old days of Egyptology when it
was not yet evident even that the Egyptian
language, like Hebrew and Arabic, writes no
vowels but only the consonants. Although the
author claims in his preface that the work is
"fully revised to the date of issue," it reminds
one strongly of perusing the aviation records of
1903 in search of the latest developments in
man's control of the air.
The transcription of the plates into hiero-
glyphic type is quite successful, in spite of minor
errors. But it is for the third volume, the plates
themselves, which so splendidly and conveniently
reproduce this magnificent Papyrus of Ani, the
finest of its class, that libraries will find Dr.
Budge's new edition especially valuable.
T. G. ALLEN.
A GREAT AMERICAN ARCHITECT.*
From its opening page, Mr. Alfred Hoyt
Granger's study of Charles Follen McKim
raises the great question of architectural ideals
on which the judgment of McKim 's work must
depend. To Mr. Granger, a disciple, a wor-
shipper, we must not look for a solution of this
question. His is, rather, a passionate advocacy,
raised at times above the level of prose by
enthusiasm for his master :
" He stood for a national architecture, inspired by
beauty and built on the solid foundations of law, order,
and tradition."
" Richardson was a poet of a Southern clime, rich,
exuberant, and endowed with the superabundant vitality
of the Middle Ages. McKim was a poet, too, but of a
later day, when men were alive to the power of reason
and awakened by the renaissance to the potency and
charm of order and simplicity."
"No lover ever served his mistress with a more tender
and entire devotion than McKim served Architecture.
To him she was emphatically the Mother of the Arts,
the fount of creative beauty, and for her embellishment
he pressed into cooperation with himself all whose work
was needed for the perfection of any building."
To Mr. Granger's enthusiasm we may all
heartily subscribe, without at the same time
committing ourselves to adoption of the archi-
tectural forms which McKim employed. The
difference of opinion will come in the interpre-
tation of the words "beauty"' and "national."
The road to the beautiful, we moderns believe,
is through expression, as the road to the good
is through duty. Expression in architecture
may be of many things — of structure, of use,
of eternal order, of spiritual inheritance, of
*CHAKLEB FOLLEN McKiM. A Study of His Life and
Work. By Alfred Hoyt Granger. Illustrated. Boston :
Houghton Mifflin Co.
1914]
THE DIAL
385
national individuality. The times are rare when
conditions are so happy that all can be achieved
in equal measure. The present moment, with
its contradictions of historical retrospect and
fresh material creation, is scarcely of these
times. To express either phase alone is partial
and anachronistic. To express the very con-
tradiction itself as an irreconcilable antagonism,
like the conflict of duties, creates tragedy, —
where it does not create farce. The solution
lies in a harmonization of the conflicting ele-
ments by emphasis on one or the other, — the
harmony either of the conservative or of the
radical.
McKim was the conservative, who chose to
express pervading order rather than specific
variety, continuity with the past rather than
proud renunciation. That he was not always
able to achieve these without sacrifice is un-
deniable. The regularity of the side facades of
the Boston Library is gained by disguising the
interior arrangement ; the imperial splendor of
the Pennsylvania Station, by the addition of
extraneous parts and by literal reproduction of
some elements, at least, which suggest another
civilization than that of to-day. In this, McKim
was behind his masters of the Ecole des Beaux
Arts, for whom scrupulous obedience to prac-
tical requirements was fundamental, and for
whom the details of classic form were merely the
traditional language for embodying the charac-
teristic dispositions and structure of the present.
The Biblioth£que St. Genevi£ve, with its single
room justifying regularity, its construction
frankly exposed on the interior; the Gare du
Quai d'Orsay, with its simplicity of plan, its
emphasis on the essential and the modern, are
buildings parallel to those of McKim's which
show a higher synthesis of qualities within the
classic tradition.
Already the classic tendency in America,
which McKim helped to restore after a half
century of interruption, is catching up with
this progress of the interim — the exaltation of
character as the sine qua non. The militant
tendency of secession, to be sure, has here been
beforehand in this, with its superb solution of
the artistic problems of the steel frame and
other requirements of modern commercialism.
Applied to problems more consecrated by time,
— the buildings of government and of the
church catholic for instance, — its novel forms
might in their turn show some lack of signif-
icance. A final victory for one or the other
of these tendencies, or a fusion of them, it is
too early to predict, nor is prophecy necessary
for the appreciation of such work as McKim's.
Both tendencies are expressive of the present,
neither can truly claim an exclusive right to the
title of a modern or an American style. For one
can be pleaded the individuality of American
life, for the other its essential cosmopolitanism.
To a greater extent than with the work of
many others, it is true, McKim's work involved
close imitation of prototypes in previous styles.
This must be recognized as a passing phase
of the movement he helped inaugurate, hav-
ing, to be sure, its own extenuation in the
historical spirit of the nineteenth century by
which the still more literal revivals of its earlier
years were inspired. With McKim himself,
moreover, there was always criticism of his orig-
inals — modifications, refinements, and thus
essential originality. The Boston Library is no
more renaissance in its forms than its ancestor,
the temple of the Malatesta at Rimini, is Roman .
The plagiarism is the plagiarism of Shake-
speare.
McKim's reputation, however, has no need
to rest on such achievements. The Bank of
Montreal, Harvard Hall, and the Morgan Li-
brary in New York, to mention but a few, are
fresh creations, perfectly adapted to their func-
tions, and alive with expression of character,
as well as sympathy for materials and purely
architectural harmony. Dignity, monumen-
tality, and respect for environment are never
absent from McKim's work. As a great artist
in the handling of brick and stone, wood and
metal, to bring out their characteristic beauties,
he was surpassed only by his partner Stanford
White. In the purity and assonance of his
architectural language, the delicate beauty of
proportion and of line, the music of forms,
McKim was the first of our time.
SIDNEY FISKE KIMBALL.
THE GRAIL, ix A NEW LJGHT.*
No student of mediaeval literature commands
more justly than Miss Jessie Weston a respect-
ful hearing from scholars for whatever she may
have to say. Her long and thorough study of
first-hand sources, proved by painful researches
into obscure MSS. in every important library
of Europe ; her eager investigation of all the
material illustrative of primitive life which an-
thropologists and folk-lorists have lately made
accessible ; above all, her open-mindedness and
hesitancy to let a theory govern her view of
* THE QUEST OF THE HOLY GRAIL. By Jessie L.
Weston. New York : The Macmillan Co.
386
THE DIAL
[May 1
facts, — all these have given her a place in the
front rank of authorities in her field. In her
latest book, " The Quest of the Holy Grail,"
she summarizes in a coherent statement the
theory which her data have at last forced her to
form about the many confused and conflicting
Grail legends surviving in the tales of Chretien,
Wolfram, Borron, and other poets of their time.
Miss Weston discards, as is now for that
matter the fashion, the hypothesis that the Grail
came into literature as originally a Christian
relic, — the cup of the Eucharist, — and the bleed-
ing lance also, — the lance of Longinus, — admit-
ting with Alfred Nutt and others that both talis-
mans were of popular origin. She nevertheless
profoundly modifies the " folk-lore " explanation
by turning its facts, and some additional ones,
into proofs that a consistent ritual ceremony lay
at the basis of the Grail story. She sums up the
now generally accepted evidence as to the nature
of the Adonis cults, with their bands of lament-
ing women and their mystery service of a dying
and reviving god; in which service a cup and
a lance, both equally " well-known phallic sym-
bols," played the part of emblems of fertility.
She assumes that the Grail legend in its account
of a solemn procession before a wounded king,
— a procession in which lance and Grail were
carried with awe by a band of wailing maidens,
— is a revelation of an attempt to initiate a new
worshipper into some similar Mysteries. She
goes further, and offers this suggestion :
" At one time the nature-ritual, upon the due per-
formance of which the fertility of the land was held to
depend, was celebrated publicly and generally; but
in consequence of the insults offered by a (probably
local) chieftain and his men to the priestesses of that
cult, or maybe to the temple maidens, the open celebra-
tion ceased. The tradition of these rites, their signifi-
cance, and their continued life in some secret stronghold,
was, however, preserved in the families of those who
had been, perhaps still were, officials of the cult."
Miss Weston supposes (and this supposition
at least is not far-fetched) that the Druidic
religion, which held "views on the origin and
transmission of life of a profound and compli-
cated character," and the Irish gods, who bore
the double character of " deities of increase and
fertility and lords of life " (a character possibly
derived from the introduction of the Adonis
cult into Britain by Phoenician sailors) all con-
tributed to the rite commemorated in the Grail
poems. Moreover, she thinks the evolution of
this account of a Mystery into a romance is
easily traceable, since two kinds of story-tellers
undoubtedly worked over the material : those
who understood its significance, — that is, the
initiated, — and the uninitiated. To the latter
(among whom Chretien is placed) the talismans,
cup and lance, which are found in the tale,
would inevitably, during the crusading centu-
ries, suggest the instruments of Christ's passion
and would as inevitably lead to a Christian
interpretation of the whole. To the others,
represented by Robert de Borron, those who
knew the meaning of the story "from the
inside," the primitive symbolism of a nature
cult became transmuted into the threefold sig-
nificance of "Christian esoteric teaching," in
which the Grail as the Eucharist stood for the
"Feast of Communion, the actual Body and
Blood of the Lord and the source of spiritual
life" (p. 121). A Mystery containing some
such threefold meaning Miss Weston thinks
may have been developed from the Gnostic
heresies by the Knights Templars, whose fall
was contemporary with the disuse of the Grail
story as a minstrel theme (p. 136). In short,
"the Grail romances are a survival of that
period of unrest" during which there was much
"search for the source of Life, Life physical,
Life immortal," a search that often preserved
the forms of ancient services frowned upon and
finally suppressed by the Church.
Such, stripped of many interesting details, is
the outline of the theory presented in this little
book. It will certainly command immediate
attention, and will as certainly provoke much
discussion and disagreement. One question that
is bound to be brought up very soon is that of
the relation of this hypothesis to the so-called
" Christ myth." Miss Weston leaves no very
clear impression as to whether she identifies
the Adonis cult with the heretical ceremonies
of the Gnostics, or whether the two are different
and if so as to which is to be taken for origin
of the Grail story. Probably the reasonable
solution is that the Gnostic heresy was so similar
to the pagan beliefs and rites that there is no
great need for differentiating them. But if that
is true, why bring in the Adonis cult at all save as
a parallel ? An increasingly large body of radi-
cal New Testament critics are tending to find
in the Gospel story of Christ's passion the
account not of an historic death but of the sac-
rifice of the annually dying and reviving fer-
tilization god of an obscure Jewish sect; the
Mysteries of this sect again are suspected of
having been perpetuated by the Gnostics and
of having spread rapidly over what became
Christendom through their likeness to a toler-
ably universal primitive method of invoking
fertility at the change of the seasons. If this
1914]
THE DIAL
387
basis for the Gospel story should coine to
acceptance, it may smooth out some of the diffi-
culties in the way of accounting for the Chris-
tianization of material itself probably the very
"Urstoff " of Christianity.
WINIFRED SMITH.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS.
" Dr. Johnson's Mrs. Thrale " is a
iniater°Ufe. person to whom no small interest
attaches in the minds of those who
cherish the Johnsonian legend. A new volume,
therefore, which has for its title "The Intimate
Letters of Hester Piozzi and Penelope Pennington :
1788-1821" (Lane), edited by Mr. Oswald G.
Knapp, will appeal pleasantly to those readers who
have wished for a more satisfying look at the hospit-
able mistress of Streatham Park than is afforded
in the pages of Boswell or Madame D'Arblay. As
the dates indicate, this correspondence occurred after
the breaking of that brilliant circle which brought
distinction, incidentally, to the household of the
wealthy brewer and his talented wife; Thrale was
dead ; Mrs. Thrale had married the Italian music
master, thereby incurring the wrath of Johnson,
alienating the Burneys, and permanently estranging
her own children ; Johnson himself had died, and
new friendships had replaced the old. In itself the
second marriage appears to have resulted happily.
Mrs. Piozzi's literary activities continued, and there
was no lack in contemporary appreciation of her
intellectual and social gifts. Mrs. Piozzi's corre-
spondent, who first appears as Miss Penelope Weston,
was a woman of literary tastes, somewhat younger
than her friend, whose acquaintance with the elder
woman seems to have begun at about the time of
the second marriage. The letters here published are
almost exclusively those written by Mrs. Piozzi, and
they continue to the year of her death. To the
casual reader these letters may appear rather incon-
sequential ; they certainly contain very little of the
Johnsonian sententiousness. But they are intimate
and vivacious even to the last — surprisingly viva-
cious for a writer who has passed the three score and
ten. Their style is obviously characteristic : " How
like herself, how characteristic is every line ! wild,
entertaining, flighty, inconsistent, and clever ! "wrote
Fanny Burney, after reading Mrs. Piozzi's narrative
of her continental journey (1789); the comment
applies equally well to her correspondence. If her
gossip on public affairs is not particularly astute, it
at least reflects the popular opinion and sentiment
of the time ; it is frank and intimate and altogether
human. " Dear, lovely, sweet Siddons " is her effu-
sive manner of referring to the queen of tragedy,
with whom she and her correspondent were on terms
of friendship, and whom she rarely mentions with-
out one or more endearing epithets. These expres-
sions are evidently an indication of an unusually
amiable temper which characterizes her statements
even when concerned with matters which might
easily have called forth harsher terms. "I never
was good at pouting when a Miss," she says ; " and
after fifteen years are gone, one should know the
value of Life better than to pout any part of it
away." As illustrative of the lively humor and the
easy colloquialism of her style the following para-
graph may be quoted:
" Our Master [Piozzi] is too bad to be diverted by any-
thing : 50 hours has that unhappy Mortal lain on an actual
rack of torment, nor ever dozed once except for 7 or 8
minutes, not ten. 'Tis truly a dismal life, and Mrs. Siddons
has called home Sally, and Mr. Davies is making holyday at
Brighthelmston, and there is nobody to make out whist with
good old Mr. Jones. I just had a peep of the Lees and
Greatheeds, it was, however, but a peep. We went to Town
one night and saw Euphrasia, and caught a cold which Piozzi
attributes to the Kanquroo, etc., that we carried the children
to look at next morning. ' Ah ! those Ferocious Beasts are
been my Ruin,' quoth he."
Such public matters as the occurrences in France
and the scandal about Queen Caroline are subjects
for her comment. She is depressed by the suffering
due to the hard times of 1799-1800 : " When the
Gardener came yesterday, scratching his head, and
saying there would be no wall-fruit this year, I could
hardly answer him civilly ; but I did say, For God's
sake, think about the hay and corn, and hang the
fine people and their wall-fruit." Her remarks upon
contemporary literature are numerous and interest-
ing. Just after " The Mysteries of Udolpho " ap-
peared, she wrote " [Mrs. Radcliffe's] tricks used to
fright Mrs. Siddons and me very much ; but when
somebody said her book was like Macbeth, 'Ay,'
replied H. L. P., 'about as like as Peppermint Water
is to good French Brandy.' " Scott's novels she found
dull; Irving's "Sketch Book " was "pretty enough."
Thus these letters are a real addition to the human
documents relative to an interesting age, as well as
a frank expression of a notable woman. The volume
is enriched with thirty-two illustrations, mainly por-
traits. We notice in the editorial accompaniment
two or three slips. " The Vision of Mirza," is attrib-
uted to Steele; the line "There is a tide in the
affairs of men, "etc., is placed in "Timon of Athens";
and where Mrs. Piozzi quotes lines from " A Mid-
summer Night's Dream " as spoken by Hermione
(confusing that heroine with Hermia), there is no.
correction, although they are really a part of
Lysander's speech.
Lord Milner's ^r> ^' Basil Worsfold's book enti-
laterworkin tied "Lord Milner's Work in South
South Africa. Africa," published eight years ago,,
has been recognized widely as a well-informed his-
tory of South African affairs during the period from,
the appointment of Sir Alfred Milner as High Com-
missioner in 1897 to the termination of the Boer
War by the Peace of Vereeniging, in June, 1902.
In that book Mr. Worsfold laid stress upon the
quality of virility which characterized the Milner
administration, and showed that, at last, despite-
(perhaps, rather, on account of) the upheaval caused)
388
THE DIAL
[May 1
by the war, South Africa seemed in a fair way to
lose its dubious eminence as the least successfully
governed portion of the British Empire and the
chief British "graveyard of reputations." Students
of British imperial history veil! be gratified to know
that Mr. Worsfold has carried his studies beyond
the point arrived at in his first volume, and that
there has come from the press a supplementary
work, in two volumes, bearing the title "Reconstruc-
tion of the New Colonies under Lord Milner"
(Button). Chronologically, these volumes cover the
period from June, 1902, to April, 1905, when Lord
Milner was succeeded in the high commissionership
by Lord Selborne; but an extended "epilogue"
bridges the interval between Lord Milner's retire-
ment and the establishment of the Union of South
Africa, May 31, 1910. Mr. Worsfold writes, in
part at least, from personal observation, and he has
made exhaustive use of the private diaries and
papers of Lord Milner, published official documents,
newspapers, and other materials of value. He
quotes freely from the letters and speeches of Milner
and of other South African officials and leaders.
His service as editor of the Johannesburg "Star"
during the years 1904 and 1905 gave him excep-
tional opportunities to follow closely the events of
those peculiarly formative years. By reason of the
importance of the problem of Oriental immigration
in the United States, the portions of Mr. Worsfold's
volumes which are most likely to prove of interest
to American readers are those (Chaps. XI.-XIV.)
in which is discussed the question of Chinese labor
in the colonies. It is shown that the need of large
quantities of unskilled labor in the mines is impera-
tive, that the requisite laborers cannot be found at
home, that the attempt to supplement native labor
by unskilled European labor has been futile and
must ever be so, and that, as Lord Milner early
came to believe, the importation of Chinese coolies
is an unwelcome, but the only practicable, solution
of the problem. The introduction of Chinese labor,
first authorized by ordinance in 1904, is pronounced
"the cardinal act of Lord Milner's reconstruction
of the new colonies''; and the assertion is ventured
that no one save Lord Milner could have induced
the Balfour Ministry to sanction a proposal which
was so certain to evoke a storm of opposition, not only
in South Africa, but in the United Kingdom and in
Australia and New Zealand.
To the reviewer of books dealing
W^ ^e moc'ern 8tage it is surpris-
ing that Mr. Clayton Hamilton
should offer as an apology for writing his "Studies
in Stagecraft" (Holt) the following remarkable
statement: "In this growing age of stagecraft, it is
necessary that criticism should bestir itself to keep
astride with rapid revolutions in dramatic artistry
that are being effected before our very eyes." Not
to mention the ephemeral emanations of the daily
and Sunday papers, and the slightly less ephemeral
articles in the weekly and monthly magazines, books
are constantly being published on all phases of dra-
matic activity. And there is, too, no lack of con-
temporaneity in these treatises, for the plays of last
season are passed in review in books published dur-
ing the following summer. Mr. Hamilton's volume
consists of a number of articles many of which have
appeared in popular magazines, where they no doubt
served a useful purpose. Very little exception may
be taken to the ideas set forth; they are in accord
for the most part with the best modern criticism.
One finds it hard, however, to agree with the defini-
tion of poetry as " in a large and general sense . . .
that solemn, tremulous happiness that overcomes us
when we become unwittingly and poignantly aware
of the existence and the presence of the beautiful."
Since when has poetry become happiness, even on
the stage? One of the most suggestive chapters in
the book makes a plea for a new type of play, — for
the "extensive" instead of the "intensive" drama,
for the synthetic instead of the analytic. "It will
not content itself with the analysis of character
within constricted bounds of time and place, but
will attempt to represent the logical development of
character in many places and through many times.
It will not be realistic but impressionistic, not prosaic
but poetic." This type of play will be made possible
by the invention of stage devices, already seen in the
revolving stage, and in the simplification of scenery,
shown in the work of Gordon Craig and Max Rein-
hardt. Is not the Irish theatre already doing what
Mr. Hamilton predicts? Certainly the Irish plays
have poetry, they are not narrowly intensive, and
they are not burdened by the demands of elaborate
settings. Synge's "Deirdre of the Sorrows" points
to a larger drama than the intensive work in "Hindle
Wakes," and is free from the technical artificiality
of the plays of Pinero.
in past and an<^ shores of the eastern
present provinces Mediterranean are so crowded with
of Turkey. historical memories and so rich in
picturesque charm that the well-read traveller,
moving among them with open eyes, can generally
write an entertaining account of his farings by land
or sea. Naturally, then, the list of volumes dealing
with these tempting scenes is almost appallingly
long; but we have no hesitation in saying that
Mr. Harry Charles Lukach was justified in adding
to the number with "The Fringe of the East"
(Macmillan). It is always easy to say exactly what
makes a successful book of travel, unless one begins
to recall the vast range of differences among the
classic works of this description, or even among those
we describe as readable. In the present instance
the explanation would seem to lie not merely in the
catholicity of the author's interest and his scholarly
training, but also in his appreciation of little things,
his enjoyment of fun, and a delightfully irrespons-
ible habit of introducing unexpected bits of folk-lore
and unfamiliar literature. Furthermore, he does
not weary the reader by dwelling unduly on what is
perfectly well known to everybody. Thus, in his
1914]
THE DIAL
389
chapters on the Holy Land and the neighboring dis-
tricts, while he does not neglect the often described
scriptural sites, he directs our interest very agreeably
to Mohammedan mosques, or to castles and other
monuments of the incredible Crusaders, who give
the impression that they must have built with one
hand while they fought with the other. However, we
may leave Mr. Lukach's readers to make a further
analysis for themselves; whatever the causes, the
book is enjoyable throughout. It is written in an
easy narrative style, and contains nearly eighty illus-
trations, most of them genuinely helpful. A useful
map may be found in an obscure place after the in-
dex, although no mention of it is made in the table
of contents. _
The effect of mnth series of Silliman Me-
ttimuius in morial Lectures at Yale University,
living subitance. delivered by Professor Max Verworn
of the Physiological Institute of the University of
Bonn, is now published in a volume entitled "Irri-
tability: A Physiological Analysis of the General
Effect of Stimuli in Living Substance" (Yale Uni-
versity Press) . The author is a physiologist of inter-
national reputation, and a specialist on the subject
of irritability and its consequence in the living
substance, — fatigue. He views and analyzes life
processes in terms of his specialty, though careful
to acknowledge the arbitrary element in such a classi-
fication and to admit the absence of isolated systems
in the world of life. The work deals with the his-
tory of the analysis of stimuli and irritability, with
the principles underlying research upon living sub-
stance and the conception of life as the entire sum
of vital conditions and also as a property of the
whole complex. Stimulus is defined as every alter-
ation, positive or negative, in external vital conditions,
while changes in internal states in the organism are
conveniently designated as "development." The
quality of stimulus and its effects, quantitative and
qualitative, upon metabolism, its relation to patho-
logical conditions as well as to hypertrophy and
atrophy, are discussed at length, as are also the
physiological indicators of the process of excitation
and fatigue. The results of exhaustive researches
into the physiological analysis of normal stimulation
are applied to the problems of fatigue, asphyxiation,
and narcosis. The work is technical, being designed
primarily for the physiologist ; but it is written with
a view to the larger relations of the subject, so that
its circle of service is much widened. The style is
made piquant at times by some lingering Teutonisms.
One marvels that a scientific book of this sort should
be issued without an index, and should contain the
misspelled names of Weismann and Strasburger.
It is also to be regretted that the history of tropisms
should be discussed at length in a series of lectures
before an American audience without reference
therein to the work of Professor Jacques Loeb and
his pupils, and that stimuli and oxidation should be
analyzed without reference to Professor Loeb's epoch-
making discoveries in artificial parthenogenesis.
The lets
seriout tide
of things.
^ 8ort °^ mo^icrous iiu',oiisH< j uential-
ity, with an underlying method in
fae ma(jne88 of ^ js the keynote of
Mr. Simeon Strunsky's "Post Impressions" (Dodd),
a book of brisk little sketches originally published
in the "Saturday Magazine" of the New York
"Evening Post" — hence the title of the volume.
The same nimble wit that gave delight in "Through
the Outlooking Glass" and "The American Cine-
matograph" banishes drowsiness when we dip into
these "Post Impressions." Among the favorite
objects of the author's playful satire we find the
college curriculum, and the erudite German pro-
fessor, and much of the educational machinery in
general. In his most characteristic vein is the fol-
lowing amusing absurdity: "It is true that we are
still without a definitive text of the Gilbert librettos.
For this we must wait until Professor Rucksack, of
the University of Kissingen, has published the
results of his monumental labours. So far, we have
from his learned pen only the text for the first half
of the second act of 'The Mikado.' This is in
accordance with the best traditions of German
scholarship, which demands that the second half of
anything shall be published before the first half."
In Gilbert's self-made men — Ko-Ko, the Lord
High Chancellor, and others — he finds "matter
enough for an entire volume," and adds: "I throw
out the suggestion in the hope that it will be some
day taken up as the subject of a Ph.D. thesis in the
University of Alaska." Admirable fooling will be
found in plenty between the two covers of Mr.
Strunsky's little book.
Avertatile
Italian in
Mogul India.
Under the dl™™S ^1 "A Pepys
of Mogul India" (Dutton), Miss
Margaret Irvine has prepared a
convenient and readable abridgment of her father's
"masterly edition" of Niccolao Manucci's "Storia
do Mogor." In the year 1656 this Venetian
wanderer, then a boy of seventeen, found himself a
friendless stranger in India; but he was a resource-
ful youth, and resourcefulness often seems coupled
with good fortune. At first he became an artillery-
man ; but by degrees he qualified himself to practise
medicine, or, at any rate, to impress even the highest
class natives with his powers of healing. One way
or another he found himself intimately associated
with the court life of the day ; and his pictures of
the daily farings and doings of princes and prin-
cesses form one of the most attractive features of
the book. At times he even rose to positions of
considerable diplomatic influence, which made his
notes a valuable source for political history. His
career was almost fantastically picturesque, and
fortunately he wrote voluminously, and often graph-
ically, about everything that interested him, from
the remarkable administering of a remarkable
enema to important questions of imperial relations.
In fact, his wide-ranging and human-hearted pages
almost justify Miss Irvine in adopting for him the
390
THE DIAL
[May 1
conjuring name of the inimitable English diarist,
although, of course, there is only one Pepys.
Manucci has long been a sort of mine for the
scholar ; and the present redaction will introduce
him favorably to a wider public as a very vital and
interesting personality moving in a strange and
varicolored environment.
A volume of odds and ends having
a wide ranSe of Vai7ing. interest
appears from the pen of Miss Mary
E. Waller under the title, "From an Island Out-
post" (Little, Brown, & Co.). If for no other reason
than that Miss Waller is the author of " The Wood-
Carver of 'Lympus" one is attracted by this pro-
duction of hers in a very different vein, dealing
with the facts of her own experience, outer and
inner, rather than the fictions of her fertile inven-
tion. Musings and memories indulged in during
quiet weeks and months at Nantucket form the sub-
stance of the book, and the pages are touched with
a reality, sometimes a homely reality, that delights
the discerning reader. "I made some beach plum
jelly this morning," the writer tells us in opening
her third chapter; "it is the thing to do at this sea-
son in Nantucket. It was a failure. Although it
was firm and clear the taste was not right. I must
try again." A little later she exclaims: "Ah, these
common things of life! What balance, what poise
they give us when we are forced to breast alone the
overwhelming flood of adverse circumstance ! " On
a theme quite different from beach plum jelly she
writes: "The ideal holds the truth in suspension.
With Ibsen it seems to be ideals versus truth. The
trouble seems to be that he has laid his foundation
stones in wrong relation to the superstructure —
en delit, as is said of the quarried stratified rocks
when placed in the walls contrary to their manner
of lying in the stratum." Miss Waller has fulness
of life and wealth of thought to draw upon for the
enrichment of such a book as she now offers to her
readers.
Counsel for Under the engaging title, "Minds in
mental Distress" (Luce), Dr. A. E. Bridger
sufferers. of Lon(jon endeavors to provide "a
psychological study of the masculine and the femi-
nine mind in health and in disorder." The author
is impressed, as are many of his fraternity on this
side of the Atlantic, with the desirability of placing
before those whose interest or whose nervous lia-
bilities inspires them with the importance of mental
hygiene, some words of insight and correction and
aid. To offer a life-preserver to minds in distress
is concentrated philanthropy. Would that the wish
were as readily the father of the deed as of the
thought; unfortunately, good wishes leave no off-
spring. The execution of Dr. Bridger's task suffers
from a doctrinaire attitude, which results in an
estrangement of precept and practice or in an aim-
less issue when they meet. The ingredients of the
book are well chosen ; but the composite is hardly a
Brief essays
on books
and life.
composition, for the ingredients do not compose.
The central distinction which makes the neuras-
thenic the clue to the masculine, and the hysterical
the clue to the feminine liability, is sound and is
coming to be more and more recognized. But a clue
is not a solution, any more than a plot is a story.
The lay reader rightly demands a story, not a series
of incidents out of which a story could be made.
He is likely to find this volume disappointing, —
perhaps unduly so because of the allurement of its
title.
Their crisp brevity will recommend
to many hurried readers the short
papers included in Professor Richard
Burton's "Little Essays in Literature and Life"
(Century Co.), collected chiefly from the pages of
"The Bellman," and grouped under five heads:
" Nature," " Man and Society," " Art and Letters,"
"Education," and "Facetiae." Though allowing
himself as a rule but a scanty five pages for each
theme, the author contrives to say much that is
significant and interesting on the matter in hand.
In the course of a few paragraphs devoted to his
own five-year-old daughter we note especially his
quick perception of "the exceeding silliness of
'talking down' to a little one who looks up to you
in the physical sense, since you are the taller; but
who looks down on you and patronizes you from a
height of spiritual superiority that is beyond plummet-
line, measure, or mark." And on the old, old theme,
the nature of humor, he observes, not too tritely,
that "what is true of the nation is true of the indi-
vidual; a great humorist — not a mere mountebank
whose verbal somersaults in the paper amuse us for
the moment — is always one who has a big, sympa-
thetic, sensitive soul, terribly aware of the tragic
possibilities of the ticklish business of living. Aris-
tophanes, Rabelais, Moliere, Heine, Mark Twain, —
they are all brothers under the skin in this respect."
Such essays as those on "Criticism and Cant,"
"Blunders and Blunderers," "Loafing," "Book One
Hundred One," "St. Augustine and Bernard Shaw,"
and many more that might be named from the
attractive table of contents, lure by their mere title ;
nor is the lure deceptive or disappointing.
Benedick said truly that " Every one
Can ^USbBf * grief but he that has »*•"
Such a book as Mr. Bolton Hall's on
"The Mastery of Grief" (Holt) must of necessity
contain maxims much easier of utterance than of
application. Yet it is a sane and thoughtful discus-
sion of the subject, with apt quotations from other
authors, and with wise avoidance of mysticism, of
dogma, of anything that might fail to appeal to the
common sense of the average reader. The succes-
sive chapters, admirable for their brevity, treat of
such themes as the tragedy of death, regrets, the
diversion of the mourner's thoughts, the course of
nature, the funeral rites, the persistence of life,
science and immortality, and the breakdown of faith.
A single brief extract will indicate the spirit of the
1914]
THE DIAL
391
book. " They say to you ' Have faith.' They might
as well say to those suffering in poverty 'Have
money.' We have reason, and must satisfy the
reason before we can have a reasonable faith." A
timely word is uttered in the chapter beginning,
"One of the ways we have of adding to our own
pain lies in our funeral customs. We are but little
less heathen than our ancestors in this direction."
The fact that Mr. Hall is a man of affairs rather
than a preacher gives his book a certain weight and
value that it might not otherwise have.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Professor Jacques Loeb's " Artificial Parthenogenesis
and Fertilization" (University of Chicago Press) is a
revision and enlargement, by the author, of an English
translation of his " Die chemische Entwicklungserre-
gung des tierischen Eies " which appeared in 1909. It
provides, in very convenient form, a digested summary
of the brilliant series of researches which were origi-
nally published in the form of short papers in many
widely scattered technical journals.
Experienced in the telling of stories to children)
Miss Julia Darrow Cowles writes wisely and well in
her book on " The Art of Story-Telling " (McClurg),
a compact little volume with every one of its chapters
very much to the purpose. She discusses story- telling
in the home and in the school, the choice of stories and
how to tell them effectively, the various kinds of
stories suitable for children, the joy of story-telling,
and the art of it, — all this, and more also, in Part I.
Part II. contains nearly half a hundred good short
stories, old and new, a title index and a topical index
to these, and a classified list of books for the story-
teller. Miss Cowles writes persuasively, and her book
will do good.
Undoubtedly the most widely read and in many
respects the most valuable book devoted to our Amer-
ican aborigines is Catlin's " Indians," — or, to give the
work its full title, " The Manners, Customs, Languages,
History, and Conditions of the North American Indians."
Its author, George Catlin, was a portrait painter who
conceived the plan of making as complete a pictorial
record as possible, direct from the subject, of the various
types and customs of the American red man; and for
eight years (1832-1839) he gave himself wholly to this
task. Of the book embodying his observations and ex-
periences during this period, and containing reproduc-
tions of his principal paintings, several editions were
published; but all have been long out of print, and un-
obtainable except at prices prohibitive to the ordinary
buyer. It is therefore a decided boon to have a new
edition of the work, with both text and illustrations
printed (as we are informed) from the original plates,
and published at a price which is only an inconsiderable
fraction of the sum usually brought by the early edi-
tions at auction. Messrs. Leary, Stuart & Co. are the
publishers of this new edition, which is in two large
volumes, well printed and substantially bound. The
illustrations number one hundred and eighty full-page
plates, printed in color by lithography. With this new
edition available, there is now no reason why Catlin's
"Indians" should not be in every public library of the
country, however small.
NOTES.
A volume of collected essays by Rudolf Eucken is
soon to appear, under the editorship of Mr. Meyrick
Booth.
Two hitherto unannounced novels to be issued imme-
diately by Messrs. Button are " A Free Hand " by Miss
Helen C. Roberts and "The Sheep Track" by Mrs.
Nesta H. Webster.
Mr. William Rose Bene*t has recently completed a
collection of some sixty lyrics, which the Yale University
Press will publish under the title, " The Falconer of
God, and Other Poems."
" Business: A Profession," by Mr. Louis D. Brandeis,
and a new and enlarged edition of Mr. Ralph Adams
Cram's " Church Building," are two new announcements
of Messrs. Small, Maynard & Co.
" Shakespeare Personally " is the title of a forthcom-
ing posthumous volume by the late Professor Masson,
which has been edited and arranged for the press by
his daughter, Miss Rosaline Masson.
An important contribution to sociology is announced
in Mrs. Florence Kelley's " Modern Industry, in Rela-
tion to the Family, Health, Education, and Morality."
Messrs. Longmans will publish the book.
Two important forthcoming additions to the " Con-
temporary Science Series " are Mr. Havelock Ellis's
" Man and Woman " and Mr. Robert Michels's " Sexual
Ethics: A Study of Borderland Questions."
We understand that Lord Bryce is engaged upon a
history of modern democracy. Probably no other living
writer is better fitted for this task, and the book is bound
to prove a contribution of notable importance.
A compilation of more than a thousand familiar
quotations pertaining to mathematics is promised by
the Macmillan Co. in Mr. Robert Edouard Moritz's
"Memorabilia Mathematica: The Philomath's Quota-
tion Book."
The autobiographical papers by Abraham M.
Rihbany, the Syrian immigrant who to-day occupies
the pulpit made famous by James Freeman Clarke,
have been collected into book form and will be pub-
lished in the Autumn by Houghton Mifflin Co.
"A Tramp through the Bret Harte Country," by
Mr. Thomas Dykes Beasley, is announced by Messrs.
Paul Elder & Co. The narrative describes a walking
trip through the region made famous by the " forty-
niners" and their chroniclers, Mark Twain and Bret
Harte.
A memorial to Sam Walter Foss, poet and librarian,
will be erected on the farm where he was born at Candia,
N. H., by the Candia Club. It will take the form of
a granite marker, bearing a bronze tablet on which will
be the date of the poet's birth and an inscription from
his works.
Mr. H. De Vere Stacpoole, the novelist, has recently
completed a philosophical work entitled "The New
Optimism," which John Lane Co. will publish. The
wide field of the author's optimism may be inferred
from the sub-title: " An exposition of the evolution of
the solar universe, incidentally of life, and finally of
man." ,
A series of "Elliott Monographs in the Romance
Languages and Literatures," edited by Mr. Edward C.
Armstrong, is being projected by the Johns Hopkins
Press. The first three volumes, to appear this Spring,
392
THE DIAL
[May 1
are the following: "Flaubert's Literary Development
in the Light of his Memoires d'un fou, Novembre, and
Education sentimentale" by Mr. A. Coleman; "Sources
and Structure of Flaubert's Salammbo," by Messrs. P. B.
Fay and A. Coleman; "La Composition de Salammbo
d'apres la correspondance de Flaubert," par F. A.
Blossom.
A statue of Anne Hutchinson is not unlikely to be
added, before very long, to the works of art adorning
the Boston Public Library. The women of America are
invited to contribute of their influence and their means
toward this end. A preliminary committee, headed by
Gen. Francis Henry Appleton, and including Mrs. Mar-
garet Deland and Mr. Erving Winslow, has the matter
in charge. Mr. Winslow is secretary of this committee.
S. R. Crockett, the Scottish novelist, died on April
20, at the age of fifty-four. For several years he was
a minister in the Free Church of Scotland. His first
publication, issued in 1886, was a volume of poems.
This was followed seven years later by " The Stickit
Minister," which became a great popular success, and
has always remained his most widely-read book. Since
that time a long list of fiction and children's books has
issued from his pen, beginning with " The Raiders "
and " The Lilac Sunbonnet," and ending with " Sandy,"
published two or three months ago.
The New York Browning Society is raising a fund
of $18,000 as half of the sum needed to purchase and
preserve in the caskets in which Robert Browning
placed them the entire collection of love letters of
Elizabeth Barrett and Robert Browning. The chief
librarian of the British Museum has announced that
British funds to an equal amount will be forthcoming
if America will do her share. The letters are obtainable
from the present owner for approximately the purchase
price. Contributions to the fund may be sent to the
Browning Society, Waldorf-Astoria, New York.
The papers of Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar have
been acquired by the Texas State Library by purchase
from his daughter, Mrs. Loretta Lamar Calder. They
are catalogued chronologically in the Library's Second
Biennial Report, and in a prefatory note are described
as consisting " mostly of Lamar's state papers, corre-
spondence, editorials, poems, etc., of the historical
material collected by him, largely from contemporaries,
in preparation for histories of Texas and Mexico and
for biographies of prominent Mexican and Texan his-
torical characters, and of his more or less fragmentary
manuscript histories and biographies based upon that
material." It is also pointed out that while the collection
is obviously most valuable for the history of Texas, espe-
cially from 1821 to 1841, it also contains material for the
history of Nicaragua and Costa Rica in 1858-9, when
Lamar was United States Minister to those countries.
TOPICS rsr LEADING PERIODICALS.
May, 1914,
Agricultural Pests, The War on. E. L. D.
Seymour World's Work
Alsace-Lorraine. David Starr Jordan .... Atlantic
America, The Greater. George Marvin . World's Work
Army, Bigger Job for the. Leonard Wood . World's Work
Army, Peaceful Triumphs of the. L. M.
Garrison . .... World's Work
Brazilian Wilderness, In the — II. . Theodore ,
Roosevelt . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scribner
Canada in 1914. P. T. McGrath . . . Review of Reviews
Canadian Rockies, In the. Elizabeth Parker . . Scribner
Cavalry, Light, of the Seas. D. P. Mannix . . Scribner
Chapman, Maria W. John J. Chapman . . . Atlantic
Clinics, School. E. H. Lewinski-Corwin . Popular Science
College, The — What is Wrong with It ? Harold C.
Goddard Century
Commerce, Foreign, Promotion of. A. L. Bishop . Atlantic
Cuba, Impressions of. Sydney Brooks . North American
Death, After. James T. Bixby Harper
Diseases, Exploring the Causes of. B. J.
Hendrick World's Work
Dry-farmer, The Real. J. R. Smith Harper
Education, Common Sense in. Willard French . Lippincott
Environic Factors. D. T. MacDougal . Popular Science
Equality, The Struggle for. C. F. Emerick Popular Science
Europe : What It Thinks of Us — II. David Starr
Jordan World's WorK
Germans, The, in America. E.A.Ross .... Century
Girl, The, of the Future. E. S. Martin .... Harper
Golf , The Soul of . P. A. Vaile Century
Harbors, New York and Foreign. W. C.
Brinton Review of Reviews
History, The Science of. C. W. Alvord . Popular Science
Idiocies, Our Instinctive. Seymour Deming . . Atlantic
Italian Court, At the. Madame de Hegermann-
Lindencrone Harper
Japan, Our Relations with. J. D. Whelpley . . Century
Journalism, Schools of . J. M. Lee . Review of Reviews
Joy, A Defense of. Robert H. Schauffler . . . Atlantic
King, Charles, Reminiscences of. Gertrude K.
Schuyler Scribner
Labor and Capital. J. J. Stevenson . . Popular Science
Legislators, First Aid for. C. F. Carter Review of Reviews
Legislatures, State. Emmet O'Neal . . North American
Louisiana Purchase, History of the. F. T. Hill . Atlantic
McKim's " Christianity and Christian Science" N. American
Manufacturer, The Future. E. A. Rumely World's Work
Mexico, Wilson's Policy in. William B. Hale World's Work
Mexico's Economic Resources. A. G. Robinson Rev. of Revs.
Moth, The Gipsy. Harold Kellock Century
Music of To-day and To-morrow. James Huneker Century
Navy, The, as a Power for Peace. Josephus
Daniels World's Work
Newspapers, Science in. J. A. Udden . Popular Science
Nonchalance, Cultivation of. Eliott Park Frost . Atlantic
Opera for and by the People. Pierre V. R. Key . Century
Pacific, Control of the. James H. Oliver . World's Work
Panama Tolls Exemption. R. L. Owen Review of Reviews
Pepys, Mrs., Portrait of. Gamaliel Bradford North Amer.
Philippine America. Harriet C. Adams . World's Work
Porto Rico, Development of. Cabot Ward World's Work
Present, The Cult of the. O. W. Firkins . . . Atlantic
Relativity, Theory of, and the New Mechanics.
William Marshall Popular Science
Religion, A Crisis in. George Hodges .... Atlantic
Religion, Laissez-Faire in. B. I. Bell .... Atlantic
Republican-Progressive Fusion Impossible.
Medill McCormick North American
Rodin's Note-book. Judith Cladel Century
Sanitation, Broadening Science of. G. C. Whipple Atlantic
Science, A Suit against. Herbert R. Sass . . . Atlantic
Sculptures, Some Recent. William Walton . . Scribner
Shakespeare and Balzac. George Moore . . . Century
Skyscraper, Impressions of a. Joseph Husband . Atlantic
States, Disorderly. Henry Jones Ford .... Atlantic
Tangier Island, Chesapeake Bay. J. W. Church . Harper
Tartarin's Country, In. Richard Le Gallienne . Harper
Theatre, The. Simeon Strunsky Atlantic
Tripoli. G. E. Woodberry Scribner
Venezuelan Llanos, The. C. W. Furlong ... Harper
Victorian Poetry, The Dionysian Quality in.
Louise C. Willcox North American
Villa, Pancho. N. C. Adossides . . . Review of Reviews
Wilson— Why He Is Right. George Harvey . No. American
Wilson's First Year. A, Maurice Low . . . . Century
Women, Enfranchisement of, by the National
Constitution. Ida H. Harper . "". '. North* Airier 'icon
1914]
393
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 144 titles, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Memories of My Youth, 1844-1865. By George
Haven Putnam, Litt.D. Illustrated in photo-
gravure, etc., large 8vo, 447 pages. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons. $2. net.
Confederate Portraits. By Gamaliel Bradford, Jr.
Illustrated, large 8vo, 291 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $2.50 net.
Recollections of Sixty Years. By Sir Charles
Tupper, Bart. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
large 8vo, 414 pages. Funk & Wagnalls Co.
$5. net.
Saint Augustin. By Louis Bertrand; translated
from the French by Vincent O'Sullivan. Large
8vo, 396 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $3. net.
On the Left of a Throne: A Personal Study of
James, Duke of Monmouth. By Mrs. Evan
Nepean. Illustrated in photogravure, etc.,
large 8vo, 246 pages. John Lane Co. $3. net.
My First Years as a Frenchwoman. By Mary King
Waddington. Illustrated, 8vo, 278 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2.50 net.
These Shifting Scenes. By Charles Edward Russell.
8vo, 311 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.50 net.
Elizabeth and Mary Stuart: The Beginning of the
Feud. By Frank Arthur Mumby. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., 8vo, 407 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $3. net.
Pennell of the Afghan Frontier: The Life of Theo-
dore Leighton Pennell. By Alice M. Pennell;
with Introduction by Earl Roberts. Illustrated,
large 8vo, 464 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$3. net.
Heating Back. By Al Jennings and Will Irwin.
Illustrated, 12mo, 355 pages. D. Appleton &
Co. $1.50 net.
Life, Letters, and Addresses of John Craig Have-
meyer. 12mo, 372 pages. Fleming H. Revell
Co. $1. net.
A Quaker Grandmother: Hannah Whitall Smith.
By Ray Strachey. Illustrated, 12mo, 144 pages.
Fleming H. Revell Co. $1. net.
Tolstoy: His Life and Writings. By Edward Gar-
nett. With portrait, 16mo, 107 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. 75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
The Rise of the American People: A Philosophical
Interpretation of American History. By Roland
G. Usher, Ph.D. 8vo, 413 pages. Century Co.
$2. net.
The Colonizing Activities of the English Puritans:
The Last Phase of the Elizabethan Struggle
with Spain. By Arthur Percival Newton; with
Introduction by Charles M. Andrews, Ph.D.
Large 8vo, 344 pages. Yale University Press.
$2.50 net.
The Early Wars of Wessex: Being Studies from
England's School of Arms in the West. By
Albany F. Major; edited by Charles W. Whistler.
With maps, 8vo, 238 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $3.50 net.
French Civilization in the Nineteenth Century: A
Historical Introduction. By Albert Leon Guerard.
8vo, 312 pages. Century Co. $3. net.
South Africa, 1486-1913. By A. Wyatt Tilby. 8vo,
632 pages. "English People Overseas." Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
The Balkans: A Laboratory of History. By Wil-
liam M. Sloane. 8vo, 322 pages. Eaton &
Mains. $1.50 net.
Semi-Centennial History of West Virginia. By
James Morton Callahan. Illustrated, large 8vo,
593 pages. Semi-Centennial Commission of
West Virginia.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Vices in Virtues, and Other Vagaries. By the
author of "The Life of a Pria:." 8vo, 96 pages.
Longmans, Green & Co. $1.20 net.
Elizabethan Drama and Its Mad Folk. By Edgar
Allison Peers, B.A. 12mo, 189 pages. Cam-
bridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
English Literary Miscellany. By Theodore W.
Hunt. Second series; 12mo, 318 pages. Oberlin:
Bibliotheca Sacra Co.
Things. By Alice Duer Miller. 16mo, 48 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. 50 cts. net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
The Dramatic Works of Gerhart Hauptmann;
edited by Ludwig Lewisohn. Volumes III. and
IV. Each 12mo. B. W. Huebsch. Per volume,
$1.50 net.
Poetical Works of Edward Dowden. In 2 volumes,
each with frontispiece, 12mo. E. P. Dutton &
Co. $4. net.
The Post-Office. By Rabindranath Tagore. 12mo,
95 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
Challenge. By Louis Untermeyer. 16mo, 144
pages. Century Co. $1. net.
Poems. By Walter Conrad Arensberg. 12mo, 121
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1. net.
Cambridge Poets, 1900-1913: An Anthology. Chosen
by Aelfrida Tillyard; with Introduction by Sir
Arthur Quiller-Couch. 12mo, 227 pages. Cam-
bridge: W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
In the Heart of the Meadow, and Other Poems.
By Thomas O'Hagan; with Foreword by Justice
Longley, LL.D. 12mo, 45 pages. Toronto:
William Briggs. $1. net.
The Four Gates. By Edward F. Garesche, S.J.
12mo, 139 pages. New York: P. J. Kenedy &
Sons.
NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD LITERATURE.
The History of England: From the Accession of
James the Second. By Lord Macaulay; edited
by Charles Harding Firth, M.A. Volume II. ,
Illustrated in color, etc., large 8vo. Macmillan
Co. $3.25 net.
The Plays and Poems of George Chapman: The
Comedies. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, .
by Thomas Marc Parrott, Ph.D. 8vo, 911 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
Atta Troll. By Heinrich Heine; translated from
the German by Herman Scheffauer, with Intro-
duction by Oscar Levy and illustrations by
Willy Pogany. 16mo, 185 pages. B. W.
Huebsch.
Loeb Classical Library. New volumes: Barlaam
and loasaph, by St. John Damascene, trans-
lated by G. R. Woodward, M.A., and H. Mat-,
lingly, M.A.; Tacitus, translated by M. Hutton;
Plato, translated by H. N. Fowler. Each with
photogravure frontispiece, 16mo. Macmillan
Co. Per volume, $1.50 net.
The Great Galeoto. By Jose Echegaray; trans-
lated from the Spanish by Hannah Lynch, with
Introduction by Elizabeth R. Hunt. 12mo, 141
pages. "Drama League Series of Plays."
Doubleday, Page & Co. 75 cts. net.
A Selection of Latin Verse. Edited by the In-
structors in Latin, Williams College. 12mo, <
134 pages. Yale University Press. 75 cts. net.
Poems (1848-1870). By Charles Kingsley. With
portrait, 12mo, 348 pages. "Oxford Edition."
Oxford University Press.
The Golden Treasury of the Best Songs and Lyrical
Poems in the English Language. Selected and
arranged by Francis Turner Palgrave; with
additional poems, and with notes by C. B.
Wheeler. 16mo, 756 pages. Oxford University
Press.
The World's Classics. New volumes: Poems and
Translations, 1850-1870, by Dante Gabriel
Rossetti; The Defence of Guenevere, The Life
and Death of Jason, and Other Poems, by Wil-
liam Morris; Selected English Short Stories
(Nineteenth Century), with Introduction by
Hugh Walker, LL.D. Each 16mo. Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
FICTION.
What Will People Say? By Rupert Hughes. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 511 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.35 net.
394
THE DIAL
[May 1
The Last Shot. By Frederick Palmer. 12mo, 517
pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.35 net.
Stories of Red Hanrahan. By William B. Yeats.
12mo, 231 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
"World's End. By Amelie Rives (Princess Trou-
betzkoy). Illustrated, 12mo, 425 pages. F. A.
Stokes Co. $1.30 net.
Vandover and the Brute. By Frank Norris. 12mo,
354 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.35 net.
Life Is a Dream. By Richard Curie. 12mo, 327
pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.35 net.
Idle Wives. By James Oppenheim. 12mo, 426
pages. Century Co. $1.30 net.
The Forest Maiden. By Lee Robinet. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 350 pages. Browne
& Howell Co. $1.25 net.
A Lady and Her Husband. By Amber Reeves. 12mo,
379 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.35 net.
Peter Piper. By Doris Egerton Jones. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 342 pages. George
W. Jacobs & Co. $1.25 net.
The Professor and the Petticoat. By Alvin
Saunders Johnson. 12mo, 402 pages. Dodd,
Mead & Co. $1.30 net.
Drum's House. By Ida Wild. 12mo, 340 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.35 net.
Oh, Mr. Bldgood! A Nautical Comedy. By Peter
Blundell. 12mo, 340 pages. John Lane Co.
$1.25 net.
The Hoosler Volunteer. By Kate and Virgil D.
Boyles. Illustrated, 12mo, 389 pages. A. C.
McClurg & Co. $1.35 net.
Katya. By M. Franz de Jessen. 12mo, 407 pages.
John W. Luce Co. $1.40 net.
Little Lost Sister. By Virginia Brooks. Illus-
trated, 12mo, ,363 pages. Chicago: Gazzolo
and Ricksen. $1.35 net.
The Secret Citadel. By Isabel C. Clarke. 12mo,
416 pages. Benziger Brothers. $1.35 net.
Bedesman 4. By Mary J. H. Skrine. With frontis-
piece, 12mo, 284 pages. Century Co. $1. net.
The Amazing: Adventures of Sophie Lyons; or, Why
Crime Does Not Pay. By Sophie Lyons. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 268 pages. J. S. Ogilvie Publish-
ing Co. Paper.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.— POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY,
AND ECONOMICS.
America and the Philippines. By Carl Crow. Il-
lustrated, 8vo, 287 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $2. net.
Democracy and Race Friction. By John M. Meck-
lin, Ph.D. 8vo, 273 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
Prisons and Prisoners: Some Personal Experiences.
By Constance Lytton and Jane Warton. With
portraits, 12mo, 337 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $1. net.
"Women Workers In Seven Professions: A Survey
of Their Economic Conditions and Prospects.
Edited by Edith J. Morley. 8vo, 318 pages.
E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
The United States Federal Internal Tax; History
from 1861 to 1871. By Harry Edwin Smith,
Ph.D. 8vo, 357 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.50 net.
The Cause of Business Depressions as Described
by an Analysis of the Basic Principles of
Economics. By Hugo Bilgram and Louis
Edward Levy. 8vo, 531 pages. J. B. Lippin-
cott Co. $2. net.
American Policy: The Western Hemisphere and
Its Relation to the Eastern. By John Bigelow.
12mo, 184 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1. net.
The Madras Presidency, with Mysore, Coorg, and
the Associated States. By Edgar Thurston.
Illustrated, 12mo, 293 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons. $1. net.
The Small Family System; Is It Injurious or Im-
moral? By C. V. Drysdale. 12mo, 119 pages.
B. W. Huebsch. $1. net.
Regulation. By W. G. Barnard. 12mo, 124 pages.
Seattle: Regulation Publishing Co. $1. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
North Africa and the Desert: Scenes and Moods.
By George E. Woodberry. 8vo, 364 pages.
Charles Scribner's Sons. $2. net.
From the Congo to the Niger and the Nile: An
Account of the German Central African Expe-
dition of 1910-1911. By Adolf Friedrich, Duke
of Mecklenburg. In 2 volumes; illustrated, 8vo.
John C. Winston Co. $9. net.
Italy In North Africa: An Account of the Tripoli
Enterprise. By W. K. McClure. Illustrated,
8vo, 328 pages. John C. Winston Co. $3. net.
Days in Attica. By Mrs. R. C. Bosanquet. Illus-
trated in color, etc., large 8vo, 348 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2. net.
The Real Mexico: A Study on the Spot. By H.
Hamilton Fyfe. 12mo, 247 pages. McBride,
Nast & Co. $1.25 net.
From the Thames to the Netherlands: A Voyage
in the Waterways of Zealand and Down the
Belgian Coast. Written and illustrated in color,
etc., by Charles Pears. 8vo, 211 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
The Real South Africa. By Ambrose Pratt; with
Introduction by Andrew Fisher, P.C. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 283 pages. Bobbs-Merrill Co.
$2.50 net.
ART AND ARCHITECTURE.
Greek and Roman Sculpture. By A. Furtwangler
and H. L. Ulrichs; translated from the German
by Horace Taylor. Illustrated, large 8vo, 241
pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
New Guides to Old Masters. By John C. Van Dyke.
New volumes: London, National Gallery and
Wallace Collection; Paris, The Louvre. Each
with frontispiece, 16mo. Charles Scribner's
Sons.
Architecture and the Allied Arts. By Alfred M.
Brooks. Illustrated, large 8vo, 258 pages.
Bobbs-Merrill Co. $3.50 net.
The Practical Book of Garden Architecture. By
Phebe Westcott Humphreys. Illustrated in
color, etc., large 8vo, 330 pages. J. B. Lippin-
cott Co. $5. net.
PHILOSOPHY AND PSYCHOLOGY.
The Concept of Consciousness. By Edwin B. Holt.
Large 8vo, 343 pages. Macmillan Co. $3.25 net.
Psychology and Social Sanity. By Hugo Miinster-
berg. 12mo, 320 pages. Doubleday, Page & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Psychology of Management: The Function
of the Mind in Determining, Teaching, and In-
stalling Methods of Least Waste. By L. M.
Gilbreth. 8vo, 344 pages. Sturgis & Walton
Co. $2. net.
Dreams: An Explanation of the Mechanism of
Dreaming. By Henri Bergson; translated, with
Introduction, by Edwin E. Slosson. 12mo, 57
pages. B. W. Huebsch. 60 cts. net.
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Vol. LVL
MAY 16, 1914.
No. 670.
CONTENTS.
THE CONSECRATED LIFE 403
THE LANGUAGE OF THE UNLETTERED.
Percy F. Bicknell 405
CASUAL COMMENT 407
The literary activities of a great logician. —
Allusions, literary and other. — The disen-
chantment of nearness. — The prolific pen of
" Gath." — ' The function of the platitude. —
A nest of singing birds. — The universal appeal
of the story of " human interest." — The cine-
matographed novel. — A novelty in library serv-
ice.— The sad fate of a book-scorner. — Intel-
ligent reading. — A bibliographical institute.
COMMUNICATIONS 411
The Function of the Fairy Tale. Anne Mack.
Fairy Tales and the Trained Imagination.
Charles Welsh.
Luther's Use of the Pre-Lutheran Versions of
the Bible. Edward H. Lauer.
THE STORY OF AN ACTIVE LIFE. Norman
Foerster 414
THE REAL RESTORATION COMEDY. George
Soy Elliott .,-'*,<* 415
RACIAL RELATIONS OF EAST AND WEST.
Payson J. Treat 418
FOLK-BALLADS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE.
Martha Hale Shaclcford 419
RECENT FICTION. William Morton Payne . 421
Jessen's Katya. — Stacpoole's Children of the
Sea. — Jordan's Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust. —
Locke's The Fortunate Youth. — Mundy's
Rung Ho! — Miss Dell's The Rocks of Valpre".
— Miss Dalrymple's Diane of the Green Van.
— Grey's The Light of Western Stars. — Eng-
land's Darkness and Dawn.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 425
Court life in Peking. — Chips from a psychol-
ogist's workshop. — Conquering Mt. McKin-
ley. — The relations of architecture to history.
— The life of an imperial misfit. — Beaumont
and his dramas. — Recollections of a veteran
journalist. — King Edward the Great. — Some
amusing bibliophilic adventures. — A fresh ob-
lation to the Genius Loci. — Diaries that
might have been. — The lesson of the seasons.
BRIEFER MENTION 431
NOTES 432
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . 433
THE CONSECRATED LIFE.
When the men who followed Garibaldi from
Rome asked what their reward should be, they
got this answer: "Fame, sete, marcie for-
zate, battaglie, e morte." And they accepted
the promise of this guerdon as that best be-
fitting their high enterprise. When Ibsen's
Brand had taken his followers half-way to
the heights, they halted, demanding guaran-
ties, and got this uncompromising speech from
their leader :
" How long the war will last?
As long as life, till ye have cast
All ye possess before the Lord,
And slain the Spirit of Accord;
Until your stiff will bend and bow,
And every coward scruple fall
Before the bidding : Nought or All !
What will you lose? Your gods abhorr'd,
Your feasts to Mammon and the Lord,
The glittering bonds ye do not loathe
And all the pillows of your sloth !
What will you gain ? A will that's whole, —
A soaring faith, a single soul,
The willingness to lose, that gave
Itself rejoicing to the grave ; —
A crown of thorns on every brow ; —
That is the wage you're earning now ! "
But it did not suit Ibsen 's satirical purpose
to endow his Norwegians with the heroic at-
tributes of the Italians who shed their blood
at Aspromonte; the former were of different
stuff, and made terms with the powers against
which they had revolted. Yet the call was in
both cases the same — a call to make the most
complete sacrifice of self in the interests of
a lofty impersonal ideal, and it is a call that
comes to most men at some time or other,
offering the choice between security and peril,
between comfort and hardship, between sav-
ing life to lose it, and losing it to save it, ac-
cording to the aspect of the problem upon
which the individual's eyes are set.
In the eyes of the world, devotion to a
cause or sacrifice for it without the prospect
of reward is viewed as the act of a madman,
so entangled are most minds in the network
of sordid motives which seem to direct most
human activities. And yet such disinterested
endeavor is the very essence of the system
which gives the name of "Christian" to our
404
THE DIAL
[ May 16
modern civilization. "Die to live" is its
categorical imperative, as the children of
light know by both instinct and precept, but
the thought is a jest to the children of this
world, with their frozen sympathies and their
dull self-interest. What does a man get by
closing his eyes to the obligation of unre-
quited service, which is the germinal principle
of every religious and ethical system? The
whole world, perchance; but only at the loss
suggested in terrible and memorable words
by the Founder of our official faith: "How
much do you think Homer got for his Iliad?
Or Dante for his Paradise?" is Ruskin's
scornful question. "Only bitter bread and
salt, and going up and down other people's
stairs." The world calls it failure, because
the world is set on hedonism, and cannot see
that above the good which is called happiness
there is the purer good known to the poets
and the saints and the knights of the spirit
as blessedness. The material world is so very
near and real to us, and the spiritual world
so dimly apprehended save by the vision
"purged with euphrasy and rue." And yet,
often enough for our example and sustaining
comfort, individual lives shine out from the
murky welter of our common humanity as
beacons to light the pilgrim's path toward the
Celestial City. A Father Damien, a Florence
Nightingale, a Mazzini, a William Lloyd Gar-
rison, lives and dies from time to time in the
service of mankind, and leaves an example to
refute the cynical view of human nature.
One of the most disheartening features of
our modern life is the tendency, on the part
of public servants, to reduce their relations
with the community to a basis of dollars and
cents. In voting themselves salaries, the mem-
bers of the English House of Commons have
immeasurably lowered the standards of public
life, and in the greed with which Ameri-
can officials performing legislative functions
almost everywhere filch as much as they dare
from the public treasury we have a signifi-
cant example of the blighting influence of the
money motive. For in such cases as these the
opportunity for service is everything, and the
personal reward should count for less than
nothing to persons who would keep their
patriotism free from suspicion. Even the
daily worker, dependent upon his wages for
support, should find his chief satisfaction in
performing the most work possible, and of the
best quality of which he is capable, rather
than in the contents of his pay envelope. The
work is the thing, and its reward only the ac-
cident; and yet we find the progress of most
industrial nations hampered by the purblind
course of their workers, intent chiefly upon
doing the smallest possible amount of work
that will suffice to keep them at their jobs.
And thus we find it in all the walks of life;
the thought of the pay comes first, and the
quality of the performance is only secondary.
The preacher in his pulpit, the teacher at his
desk, the writer in his study, the lawyer or
the physician in his office, are each and all
preoccupied with the thought of what their
labor is to bring them in material returns
rather than with the conscious joy that comes
from doing things as they should be done.
There are of course exceptions to this sweep-
ing condemnation — all sweeping statements
about human nature have their exceptions —
but the general attitude of men to their ap-
pointed labors is discouragingly apparent.
Can it then be wondered that, with this un-
wholesome temper of the general mind, life
should seem dull and joyless to most men and
women? Will they never learn that the one
universal and unfailing spring of joy is in
the exercise of the faculties to the fullest
effect and with the largest result. This is
equally true of the statesman and the brick-
layer, and either will miss the meaning of
life if satisfaction in the material returns
from his labors fills a larger place in his con-
sciousness than pride in the amount and qual-
ity of his achievement.
Out of the East comes wisdom. And the
processes of the Oriental mind have always
been such as to make that mind peculiarly
fitted to deal with the larger abstractions
which concern thought and conduct. Writing
in "The Hibbert Journal," the great Indian
poet Rabindranath Tagore thus reduces to
their last analysis the reflections which we
have sought to set forth more or less con-
cretely :
" When a man begins to have an extended vision
of his self, when he realizes that he is much more
than what he is at present, he begins to grow con-
scious of his moral nature. Then he knows that
what he is yet to be, the state not yet experienced
by him, is real, more real than what is under his
direct experience. Necessarily, his perspective of
life changes, and his will takes the place of his
wishes. For will is the wish of the larger life, life
whose greater portion is out of our present reach
and most of whose objects are not before our sight.
Then comes the conflict of our lesser man with our
1914]
THE DIAL
405
greater man, our wish with our will, the desire for
things that are before our senses with our purpose
which is within our mind. Then we begin to dis-
tinguish between what we desire and what is good.
For good is that which is desirable for our greater
self. Thus the sense of the goodness comes out of
the truer view of our life, which is the connected
view of the wholeness of the field of life, that takes
into account not only what is present before us, but
what is not, and perhaps never shall be. The man
who is provident feels for that life of his which is
not yet existent, feels much more for that than for
the life that is with him; therefore he is ready to
sacrifice his present inclination for the unrealized
future. In this he becomes great, for he realizes
truth. Even to be efficiently selfish one has to recog-
nize this truth, and has to curb his immediate im-
pulses of selfishness; in other words, he must be
moral. For our moral faculty is the faculty by
which we know that life is not made up of frag-
ments purposeless and discontinuous."
"To distinguish between what we desire
and what is good." This seems to be the
innermost secret of life. It is the secret ap-
prehended of the saints and sages and poets,
the secret which is revealed through sympathy
and the philosophic understanding, the secret
displayed as in an open book by the human
heart and by the aspects of nature, the secret
which, fathomed by Wordsworth, created in
him that precious mood of exaltation in which
he could say :
" To the brim
My heart was full ; I made no vows, but vows
Were then made for me ; bond unknown to me
Was given, that I should be, else sinning greatly,
A dedicated Spirit."
There is no sphere or activity of life that
does not have the need, and offer the oppor-
tunity, for dedicated spirits. Theirs it is to
have the only consciousness that has no touch
of bitterness, to know the only joy that is
pure. "Men have such need of joy," is the
cry of another poet, "but joy whose grounds
are true." Yet it can never come into the
lives of men who have not penetrated the
thought expressed by our Indian sage.
THE LANGUAGE OF THE
UNLETTERED.
Dialectic regeneration is said to be the cry-
ing need at present of our effete and anaemic
language, and the attempt to restore to it
some of the vigorous and racy words and ex-
pressions of a ruder age is not to be frowned
upon. There is something about the unaffect-
edness, the directness, the rugged strength and
artless picturesqueness of untutored speech
that refreshes the ear wearied with the stud-
ied correctness and self-conscious refinement
of cultured utterance. In the mouths of the
plain people, of those concerned much more
with the vivid and often grim realities of life
than with the literature and philosophy based
upon those realities, words seem somehow to
be very like living and breathing things, not
the lifeless symbols, the intrinsically valueless
counters of thought, that they tend to become
in the speech and writing of the intellectual
aristocracy.
To a person with vigor and spontaneity
unimpaired by meditation and introspection,
words are, in a sense, the very things they
stand for, and the application of a new name
to a familiar object seems a gross absurdity,
while the possibility that the same things may
not have the same names the world over is
hardly conceivable. A certain woman of little
education, on being told by one versed in for-
eign tongues that bread in Germany is called
Eroi, in France pain, and in Italy pane,
laughed asi a child might at the manifest
absurdity of such a notion. "For it is really
bread, you know," she insisted, unable to im-
agine its existence under any other designa-
tion, and filled with an amused contempt for
people so wrong-headed as not to call things
by their right names. Popular intolerance of
strange or obsolete words is illustrated by
Mr. Logan Pearsall Smith in the course of a
recent article on dialect terms in "The Eng-
lish Review." Why in one's particular social
circle one is not suffered to use words and ex-
pressions perfectly proper in themselves, but
not of the prevailing mode, is somewhat of a
mystery. "The fact remains, however," says
the writer, "that with the best will in the
world we can not speak of biding in the house,
of delving in the garden, or of slaying pheas-
ants; indeed, anyone who should make the
attempt would be likely to share the embar-
rassment of the would-be sportswoman, who
exclaimed in the hunting field : ' What a beau-
tiful leap ! ' and found it as well to leave the
neighborhood soon afterwards." Perhaps she
was from America, where her exclamation
would have excited no more comment than it
would have in the England of Dryden's day.
In like manner, a request in an English restau-
rant for rare instead of underdone roast beef
would probably bring upon one the ridicule of
the waiter, whereas in this country the adjec-
tive in the sense here indicated is in current
use. It is, by the way, a good old Anglo-Saxon
word, anciently written hrere, and not to be
confused with the Latin rarus, which has given
us rare in another sense. A number of what
are now good and generally accepted terms,
raised by common consent above the grade of
406
THE DIAL
[ May 16
uncouth colloquialisms, are cited by Mr. Smith
as stigmatized by Johnson with the condemna-
tory adjective "low." Clever (Anglo-Saxon
gleawferhdh), fun, and stingy were thus
grudgingly admitted by the great lexicog-
rapher to a place in his dictionary, while fad,
fogy, dawdle, and nag were altogether ex-
cluded. But, as Johnson himself acknowl-
edges, "no word is naturally or intrinsically
meaner than another; our opinion therefore
of words, as of other things arbitrarily and
capriciously established, depends wholly upon
accident and custom."
A writer in the London "Nation" of recent
date deplores the disuse of the word tempest
in polite speech. ' ' The country people every-
where," he says, "still speak of a storm as 'a
tempest.' Above a certain level of 'culture'
the word has become obsolete. But what a glo-
rious word it is !" Rather should he have ex-
claimed, What a glorious word storm is ! It is
genuine English, akin to the German Sturm,
and connected with the old French estor (bus-
tle, noise, fight), as also with our verb stir;
whereas tempest is a Latin word (tempestas)
derived ultimately from tempus (compare the
Greek temnein, to cut) , and so meaning merely
a section of time, a season, weather, — a feeble
and colorless word compared with storm.
Monosyllables are always likely to be better
and stronger words than their longer syno-
nyms. Curiously enough, moreover, in Amer-
ica the use of the word tempest would indicate
superior culture in the speaker rather than the
reverse.
An excellent book, full and scholarly, on
"Rustic Speech and Folk-Lore" has lately ap-
peared from the pen of Mrs. Joseph Wright,
helpmate of the well-known Oxford philolo-
gist who has given us the "English Dialect
Dictionary." In the opening of her preface
she remarks: "Among common errors still
persisting in the minds of educated people,
one error which dies very hard is the theory
that a dialect is an arbitrary distortion of the
mother tongue, a wilful mispronunciation of
the sounds, and disregard of the syntax of a
standard language." This misconception is
the counterpart of that of the unlettered per-
son who, with greater reason, regards "book-
talk" as the arbitrary and foolish creation of
the educated. Obviously the departure from
the natural and the spontaneous is on the side
of the cultured speaker of a standardized lan-
guage, not on that of the rustic who expresses
himself in his local dialect. Toward the close
of her preface, Mrs. Wright, disclaiming any
intention to pose as a specialist in linguistics,
says : ' ' But the field of English dialects offers
other allurements besides those which attract
the philologist and the grammarian. The lan-
guage specialist merely digs and quarries, as it
were, in the bare soil and rock, where he finds
rich ores amply sufficient to repay his pains
and toil, but there remains plenty of room for
the rest of us who are less laboriously inclined,
and at every turn are enticing paths. The real
charm lies in the fact that it is a 'faire felde
ful of f olke, ' natural, homely, witty folk. ' ' It
is into some of these enticing paths that we are
here venturing to stray for a brief space.
In an early chapter it chances that Mrs.
Wright discusses the word rare, mentioned
above, in the sense of half-cooked, evidently
considering it obsolete or provincial at the
present time. Like many another good old
English word dropped by our trans- Atlantic
cousins but retained by us, rare is in good use
with speakers and writers of this country, so
that we can read our Dryden with no sense of
encountering an archaism in the lines :
" New laid eggs, with Baucis' busy care,
Turned by a gentle fire, and roasted rare."
The same word, somewhat differently spelled
and pronounced, but with a meaning suffi-
ciently cognate to assure one that it is the same
word, is found in Gay's lines, quoted by Mrs.
Wright :
" O'er yonder hill does scant the dawn appear,
Then why does Cuddy leave his cot so rear? 'r
In the same chapter she calls attention to the
word piping (as in piping hot), and considers
it a dialect word, and in common use. It is, of
course, one of the thousands of homely and
expressive terms that we call, for lack of a
simpler adjective, onomatopoetic — expressing
their sense by their sound. The bubbling noise
of boiling water is supposed to be suggested by
the word. Milton uses it figuratively in speak-
ing of "the book of Santa Clara, the popish
priest, in defense of bishops which came out
piping hot"; and Chaucer has it in a literal
sense in the line, ' ' And waf res pyping hote out
of the glede," where another good old word,
glede (a glowing coal) is less familiar to mod-
ern readers. Other self-defining dialect terms
cited by Mrs. Wright are cappernishious,
crumpsy, f ratty, glumpy ("If he's glumpy,
let him glump"), muggaty, perjinkety, snip-
pety. A quarrelsome person engaged in heated
debate may fittingly be addressed by his oppo-
nent, "You nasty, brabagious creature!" A
fine, mouth-filling, anger-relieving adjective in
such a situation in America would not improb-
ably be rambunctious; and the somewhat sim-
ilar word rampagious (compare on the ram-
page) is also pressed into use in moments of
wrath.
Amusing to the educated listener is the sim-
ple rustic when out of his proper linguistic
1914]
THE DIAL
407
element and trying to express himself in the
language of that listener. His lapse into what
have been called Malapropisms is frequent.
There comes to mind the utterance of a person
oppressed by the warm dampness of the
weather — ' ' There is so much humility in the
atmosphere"; and the elegant variant used
by another for bachelor, — bacheldor. Mrs.
Wright tells of a farmer who, on being asked
if he would clean out a pond, replied: "No,
sir, I can't undertake the job; there's a sight
of sentiment in that there pit," meaning sedi-
ment. Again, her old nurse, having engaged
in chicken-raising in her later years, spoke of
collecting a "sitting" of a certain kind of
eggs because she hoped to get from them "a
profligate hatch," that is, a prolific hatch.
This is equalled by the young girl received as
a probationer in the parochial guild and
proudly announcing that she was "took in as
a reprobate." Unction and unctioneer are
cited by Mrs. "Wright as sometimes used for
auction and auctioneer; and a man crossed in
love in his youth was said to have been "a
woman-atheist ever since."
Among local peculiarities of speech, the
same writer notes the chariness with which
proper names are used in address in southern
England, the pronoun you sufficing even be-
tween intimate friends, whereas in the North
one's remarks are freely interspersed with
"Mr. Smith^' or "Mrs. Jones," in speaking to
a mere acquaintance, and with "John" or
' ' Mary ' ' in addressing a friend ; and the use
of the baptismal name, instead of the formal
Mr. or Mrs. or Miss So-and-so, is noticeably
more frequent in the northern than in the
southern counties. In our own country this
disinclination to make free use of personal
names is often observed in a curious unwilling-
ness on the part of married persons in the
rural districts to refer to their wives or hus-
bands by any more specific designation than he
or she, him or her, as if the taking of the mar-
riage vows rendered unthinkable and therefore
virtually non-existent any extra-conjugal he
or she. A not dissimilar dodging of the issue
was noted in a certain timid gentleman re-
ported to us, who, it was said, when he at last
fell a victim to the enticements of an enterpris-
ing widow — we will call her Mrs. Judkins —
never got over the habit of calling her "Mrs.
Judkins," both to her face and behind her
back, despite the fact of her sharing his bed
and board.
Referring to the dialect of Warwickshire,
Mrs. Wright makes the following significant
assertion: "The Shakespeare-Bacon theory,
if not too dead and gone to be worth further
combat, could easily be completely overthrown
by any one who chose to array against it the
convincing mass of evidence which proves
Shakespeare's intimate acquaintance with the
Warwickshire dialect. Numbers of the words
which Shakespeare used, and which we have
since lost, still exist in his native county, and
in the other counties bordering on Warwick-
shire. Some of them were at that date part
and parcel of the standard vocabulary, and
might be put by Shakespeare into the mouths
of his highest personages; others again must
even then have been regarded by him as dia-
lect, and natural only to the speech of lower
folk. ' ' Then follow instances from the plays.
Dialect is, obviously, not a plant that thrives
under cultivation ; and no man likes to use his
native Doric just for the sake of having it
studied with amused interest by the visiting
philologist. Rich and rare dialect words must
be caught on the wing, and the best way to
catch them is to appear not to be stretching
one's ears out for them. Those who have the
knack of gathering them into their net, and
can help to introduce some of the best of them
into our standard language, render a service
to speakers and writers, to listeners and read-
ers- PERCY F. BICKNELL.
CASUAL COMMENT.
THE LITEKAEY ACTIVITIES OF A GREAT LOGI-
CIAN might be expected to range not far be-
yond the field of formal logic. Too great
attention to the machinery of reasoning dead-
ens the creative faculty. Yet the late Charles
Santiago Sanders Peirce — his death last
month in his mountain cabin at Milford, Pa,,
has received too little notice — showed him-
self to be a thinker and writer of marked
originality and a wide range of interests.
From his father, Professor Benjamin Peirce
of Harvard, one of the leading mathematicians
of his time, he seems to have inherited a de-
cided fondness for mathematics, a branch of
science to which he made some notable con-
tributions. But it was to woo his first love,
the theory and art of reasoning, that he re-
tired to the solitudes of Pike County, Pennsyl-
vania, in 1887, at the age of forty-eight; and
from then to the time of his death his life of
learned seclusion and miscellaneous literary
industry was but little interrupted, though he
was tempted forth to lecture at Harvard (his
alma mater) in 1903, and to deliver a course
of Lowell Institute lectures in the winter of
1903-4. A treatise entitled "Photometric Re-
searches" was his first important published
work, followed by less elaborate studies in
optics, astronomy, gravitation, the color sense,
408
THE DIAL
[ May 16
map-projection, chemistry, engineering, meta-
physics, mathematics, early English pronun-
ciation, library cataloguing, the history of
science, and, not least of all, logic. He ed-
ited, with considerable additions, "Studies in
Logic," by members of the Johns Hopkins
University, and "Linear Associative Alge-
bra," by his father. He contributed largely
to the "Century Dictionary," to Baldwin's
"Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology,"
and to a number of encyclopaedias. But per-
haps the most memorable of his achievements
was his early formulation of the philosophical
principles now so widely known as "pragma-
tism." The name itself is his own, and Wil-
liam James made due acknowledgment of
indebtedness to him. It is said that the ref-
erence library collected by Peirce in his rural
retreat was among the most complete in exis-
tence on the subjects with which it dealt. A
greater passion for learning, especially ab-
stract learning, for its own sake, has seldom
been cherished than by this secluded scholar.
• • •
ALLUSIONS, LITERARY AND OTHER, are often
made a test, and a sufficiently severe one, of
a young person's general information. As
already noted by us, there has been compiled
by the Detroit High School librarian a list of
eight hundred and thirty-seven "Allusions
Which Every High School Student Should
Know"; and a casual turning of the pages
brings to light not a few allusions that even
a college professor might not like to be exam-
ined on without warning. Some of these not
too easy allusions are, for example, Maha-
bharata, Hippolyta, Gari Melchers, Loki,
Frigga, Fidei Defensor, Procrustes, nebu-
lar hypothesis, Missouri Compromise, Night
Watch, Land of Goshen, Cry of the Children,
Baptistry of San Giovanni, and the Bay Psalm
Book. A perusal of the entire list must bring
to almost any reader a renewed sense of the
variety and extent of his ignorance. In this
day and generation it is difficult to know even
a little of everything. At a recent examina-
tion in the Baltimore High School, an amusing
but not surprising lack of information on cer-
tain current topics of interest was revealed.
Concerning Ulster one pupil wrote : ' ' Ulster
is a great artist," while another was of opin-
ion that "Ulster is concerned in the oyster
fight. ' ' The name of a famous military char-
acter in an adjoining country brought forth
the following: "General Villa is a summer
home," and on the subject of disarmament
it was affirmed that ' ' disarmament is the proc-
ess of disrobing. ' ' Other original replies were
these: "Franklin's autobiography was writ-
ten by George Washington, " " Good examples
of martyrs — Wilson and Roosevelt," "A
fleet is a group of fish," and "A star shoots,
while a planet doesn't." Well, we all live in
glass houses, and it is not the present intention
to throw stones. Possibly this amusement
might have been indulged in with impunity
by Felix Berol, "the man with three hundred
thousand facts in his head," but he has just
died, and we can think of no one to take his
place as a memory expert.
THE DISENCHANTMENT OF NEARNESS often
plays sad havoc with our fond preconceptions
of noted authors — as, indeed, of noted men
and women in whatever walk of life. Genuine
worth, of course, never suffers loss from any
degree of proximity ; rather the reverse. But,
not to indulge in too many preliminary plati-
tudes, let us quote a paragraph from Madame
de Hegermann-Lindencrone 's current instal-
ment of reminiscences in "Harper's Mag-
azine." In a letter written at Rome in
February, 1881, she says: "The celebrated
Ibsen honored this feast [a dinner and ball
given by the Scandinavian Club] with his
presence, and especially honored the Chianti
and Genzano wines, which were served copi-
ously in fiascos. When you see Ibsen, with
his lion face and tangle of hair, for the first
time, you are fascinated by him, knowing what
a genius he is, but when you talk with him,
and feel his piercing, critical eyes looking at
you from under his bushy brows, and see his
cruel, satirical smile, you are a little preju-
diced against him. We meet him often at our
friend Ross's studio at afternoon teas, where
there is always a little music. Ibsen sits sul-
len, silent, and indifferent. He does not like
music, and does not disguise his dislike. This
is not, as you may imagine, inspiring to the
performers. In fact, just to look at him takes
all the life out of you. He is a veritable wet
blanket. I have read all his works in the orig-
inal. I think they lose a great deal in being
translated. The Norwegian language is very
curt and concise, each word conveying almost
the meaning of two in English, which enables
the author to paint a whole situation in a few
words. I can see the difference, in reading
the English translations, and where they fail
to convey his real meaning. Strangers who
wish to see Ibsen must go to the cheap Italian
restaurant, 'Falcone,' where he sits before a
small iron table, eating deviled devil-fish.
No wonder that he is morbid and his plays
weird ! ' '
THE PROLIFIC PEN OF ' ' GATH, ' ' after giving
to the world a greater quantity and variety
of reading-matter than it often falls to one
man to produce, is now at rest. Indeed, for
1914]
THE DIAL
409
more than a dozen years preceding his recent
death at the age of seventy-three George
Alfred Townsend had ceased to add to his
long list of writings — had perhaps lost the
power to interpret the events of the times as
he once so acceptably did interpret them. He
was born at Georgetown, Delaware, Jan. 30,
1841, and entered journalism at nineteen,
upon his graduation from the high school in
Philadelphia. The "Inquirer" and later the
' ' Press ' ' of that city gave him a chance to see
what he could do as a news- writer; but in a
short time he secured a place as war corre-
spondent on the New York "Herald." In a
few months, however, his restless spirit drove
him to England, where he wrote for Ameri-
can and English periodicals and lectured on
the great conflict whose events he had so re-
cently been reporting. In 1864-5 he acted
as war correspondent for the New York
"World" and gained considerable fame as
a descriptive writer under the pen-name
"Gath. " For the same journal he wrote de-
scriptive articles on the Austro-Prussian War
of 1866. Soon afterward we find him engaged
in the daily dictation of those long letters,
from two to four columns each, which ap-
peared simultaneously in the Chicago " Trib-
une," the Cincinnati "Enquirer," and many
other journals, under his widely-known pseu-
donym. But in the midst of this extraordi-
nary productivity as a journalist he found
time for more ambitious literary undertakings,
and he is known as the author of lives of Gari-
baldi, Lincoln, and Levi P. Morton, of two vol-
umes of poems and two novels, ' ' The Entailed
Hat" and "Katy of Catoctin." He also wrote
"Campaigns of a Non- Combatant," "The
New World Compared with the Old," "The
Bohemians" (a play), "Lost Abroad,"
"Washington Outside and Inside," "Wash-
ington Rebuilded," "Tales of the Chesa-
peake," "Tales of Gapland," "Columbus in
Love, ' ' and more besides. If he did not write
books that will live, he at least wrote books
and articles that enabled him to live in com-
fort if not in luxury to the end of his life.
• • •
THE FUNCTION OP THE PLATITUDE is one not
to be despised. A Fourth-of-July oration, a
political harangue, an after-dinner speech, or
a baccalaureate sermon, composed entirely of
new and original matter, would be as difficult
to follow with intelligence and appreciation
as would a supper of caviare, curry, and cay-
enne pepper be impossible of digestion. Both
speaker and hearer need a short rest between
each two pregnant and pithy utterances, but a
dead pause would be embarrassing ; hence the
indispensability of the platitude as a space-
filler. In print the need is far less, for the
reader can suspend his reading as often and
as long as he chooses; but even here the
usefulness of the platitude could be demon-
strated. In view of the near approach of our
annual library conference, the following ex-
tract from the facetious Mr. Pearson's latest
contribution to the gaiety of nations, "The
Secret Book" (more formally noticed on
another page), may be not untimely. It is
the Librarian who speaks, or writes (he is
preparing an address with which to electrify
the Buncombe County Library Club at its
next meeting). " 'The public library is an
integral part of public education,' I dictated.
Then I paused, and addressed Miss Sims, my
stenographer. 'That's rather neat, I think?'
She bit her pencil, doubtfully. 'Seems to me
I've heard it before, somewhere,' she sug-
gested. 'I should hope so! You wouldn't
have me make a new and original statement
at a meeting of librarians, would you? That
would never do! Part of them would de-
nounce me as flippant, and the rest — the
library magazines, for instance — would refer
condescendingly to what I said .as ' ' clever, ' '
which means ' ' smart but shallow. ' ' The great
art of a library meeting speech,' I continued,
'is to utter as many solemn platitudes as
possible with a very solemn face. It is
always sure to be called both ' ' scholarly ' ' and
"sound." ' " Without the plenteous plati-
tude how would our educators and our social
workers, our politicians and our publicists
generally, our reformers and our men and
women of light and leading in every depart-
ment of human progress, be able to conduct
their conventions ?
• • •
A NEST OF SINGING BIRDS seems to have estab-
lished itself in Devonshire Street, London,
where Mr. Harold Monro maintains his Poetry
Bookshop, already noticed by us. The place
has become a rendezvous for poetry-lovers,
and in an adjacent out-house, whitewashed
and provided with chairs, semi-weekly read-
ings of poetry by the poets themselves are con-
ducted. Over the shop are half a dozen
bedrooms occupied by young men who assist
Mr. Monro in his work and are themselves not
unknown in the world of poetry. The presid-
ing genius of the place is, of course, himself
a poet; and he is also a critic of poetry and
editor of the excellent quarterly, "Poetry and
Drama." He is described as an alert, sensi-
ble, progressive, and capable person, about
thirty years of age, and filled with a desire to
do some good to mankind in his chosen calling.
One detail of his work that is interesting
him especially at present is the perfecting of
some scheme whereby the poetry-readings
410
[ May 16
mentioned above may suffer less from the
bashfulness, the affectation, the poor elocu-
tion, or some other defect, in the reader. An
arrangement of the desk in such a position as
to hide the reader and yet not intercept the
sound of his voice is under consideration. But
better than this, he thinks, would be the organ-
izing of a company of trained rhapsodists or
elocutionists, with a true feeling for poetry,
to take the place of the author-readers them-
selves, who are so often least capable of ren-
dering effectively what they have so admirably
written.
• • •
THE UNIVERSAL APPEAL OF THE STORY OF
"HUMAN INTEREST" is something that one
likes to believe in, on psychological and other
grounds. The editor of one of our most widely-
circulated monthly magazines became early
convinced that what interested readers in one
part of the country would interest readers in
all parts of the country ; and considering him-
self a good example of "the average reader,"
he published the stories that he liked and re-
jected those for which he had no relish. His
method, judged by visible results, seems to
have justified itself. Disconcerting, therefore,
is it to find another rather competent author-
ity in these matters giving evidence directly
opposed to this editor's testimony. Miss Eva
L. Bascom, member of the Wisconsin Library
Commission, and head of the Book Selection
and Study Club Department of that commis-
sion, says in an article published in the cur-
rent "Iowa Library Quarterly": "I do not
have to tell you that all good novels are not
suited to all communities, that many excellent
authors find few readers in some localities.
I know a small town where books are more
popular than bridge, yet Arnold Bennett's
stories are fixtures on the shelves while De
Morgan 's are never in. ' ' Of course it is easy
enough to point to factory villages where
George Meredith and Mr. Henry James would
be sure to find fewer readers than Bertha M.
Clay and "the Duchess"; but why the same
community should be eager readers of ' ' Alice-
for-Short" and wholly indifferent to "The
Old Wives' Tale," is not so easy to under-
stand.
• • •
THE CINEMATOGRAPHED NOVEL, following
hard on the heels of the dramatized novel,
seems destined to enjoy an even greater meas-
ure of popular success. Mr. Clement K.
Shorter tells of a certain London publishing
house that last year did a more profitable busi-
ness in selling moving-picture rights in some
of its works of fiction than in its proper field
of publishing. Meanwhile the unauthorized
use of novel-titles and play -titles on the part
of unscrupulous producers of moving pictures
is giving annoyance to authors and play-
wrights, and a test case is soon to be carried
into the English courts. If an adverse deci-
sion is rendered, remedial legislation will be
asked for. To a reflective on-looker the whole
matter is interesting as a development in the
literary-theatrical world that could not have
been dreamt of twenty years ago. The drama-
tized novel and the novelized drama, compara-
tively recent creations that are still in some
quarters looked upon as hybrids with no legiti-
mate claim to recognition in either the dra-
matic or the literary world, have nevertheless
secured for themselves a certain standing, and
will have to be reckoned with in the future.
The photo-play, too, is another manifestation
that has already ceased to be a novelty and
made a place for itself that is not without
promise of permanence. But the cinemato-
graphed novel is distinctly of the new century,
and its possibilities are not yet exhausted.
Shall we ere long witness the appearance of
its complement, or logical successor, the ' ' nov-
elized cinema ' ' ?
A NOVELTY IN LIBRARY SERVICE IS advocated
by the Hon. Joseph P. Tracy, Commissioner
of Commerce and Manufactures of Leth-
bridge, Alberta. With a zeal worthy of a less
unwise and impracticable scheme he urges the
substitution of a postal library for the present
public library system. Every post-office would
be a branch library, with a supply of books
equal in number to the population of the town
in which it is situated ; and a fee of two cents
a week for each book drawn (by mail) would,
it is expected, pay the expense of the new
service. Existing book-collections in public
libraries "could be absorbed into the postal
library at their actual value. The real estate
can be converted to other uses without loss,"
and — let the tax-payer take note and rejoice
— "grants by cities, provinces, etc., to main-
tain such public libraries will no longer be
necessary. ' ' Instead of going to the library to
make his own researches, the student would
write to the postmaster, and he or an assistant
engaged for such work would furnish the de-
sired information (or try to) for a fee of fifty
cents per hour for the time spent in obtaining
it. And best of all, or next best to the saving
of expense by the abolition of library build-
ings, "there will be no waste of time in con-
versation (between librarian and patron)."
Personal intercourse would be entirely elim-
inated, the post-office machinery would auto-
matically respond to every demand as soon
as one dropped the properly stamped card
through the slot of the letter-box, and the
economy and efficiency of the system would
1914]
THE DIAL
411
excite universal admiration. For further de-
tails write to Mr. Tracy and ask him for a
copy of his printed prospectus of this mar-
vellous impending development of the library
idea. . . .
THE SAD FATE OF A BOOK-SCORNER IS vividly
set forth in rhyme on the final page of the
Gary Public Library's annual Report. Abim-
elech Easterley was the name of this misguided
person who was destined always to toil ' ' in the
rear, too busy to reach for the help that was
near." Librarians might do worse than to
commend their literary wares to the public
in such stanzas as those before us, the last two
of which, whatever else they may lack, show
no wavering or uncertainty in the rhythm of
their anapaests, which run thus trippingly on
the tongue :
"An hour with a book would have brought to
his mind
The secret that took him a whole year to find.
The facts that he learned at enormous ex-
pense
Were all on a Library shelf to commence.
Alas ! for our hero ; too busy to read,
He was also too busy, it proved, to succeed.
"We may win without credit or backing or
style,
We may win without energy, skill, or a smile,
Without patience or aptitude, purpose or
wit —
We may even succeed if we're lacking in
grit;
But take it from me as a mighty safe hint —
A civilized man cannot win without print."
• • •
INTELLIGENT READING is supposed to be
taught in the first years at school; but that
it is not always and everywhere thus taught
may be inferred from the fact that at Oberlin
College, where for the past three years a
searching investigation of that institution's
methods of instruction has been carried on,
provision has just been made for teaching the
student a thorough mastery of the printed
page. Reading that is at once close, careful,
critical, rapid, and retentive, is an accom-
plishment not to be despised; and it is not
promoted by the daily skimming of the yel-
low press, or even by the periodical cramming
for college examinations. Probably no drill
in the art of intelligent reading, and in the
appreciation of a logical and lucid presenta-
tion of the writer's thought, can compare with
that which is gained in an early study of the
Greek and Latin classics, under efficient guid-
ance. It is told of a certain Greek professor
of the old school that he was wont to grow
indignant whenever the suggestion was made
in his hearing that pupils ought to be taught
to read Greek "like English." On the con-
trary, he maintained, they would profit far
more if they could be made to read English
like Greek. Slipshod reading goes hand in
hand with, and is one of the chief causes of,
slipshod writing.
• • •
A BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE for this COUU-
try, similar to the Brussels International
Institute of Bibliography and the Paris Asso-
ciation for Scientific, Industrial, and Commer-
cial Bibliography and Documentation, has
long been advocated by Mr. Aksel G. S.
Josephson, of the John Crerar Library; and
now at least the beginning of some such use-
ful institution has taken shape in the Index
Office started by Mr. Josephson in cooperation
with Dr. Bayard Holmes, Mr. Eugene F.
McPike, Mr. Edward L. Burchard, and Mr.
Carl B. Roden. It is "established in the in-
terest of science, industry and commerce, as
a Reference Bureau and Intermediary be-
tween libraries and the public, to collect and
supply bibliographical and other information,
also to plan, organize and conduct special
libraries." All sorts of work entailing special
research, and even the supplying of transla-
tions and abstracts, and of photographic re-
productions of written and printed matter, as
well as the making of indexes, are to receive
the attention of the Index Office. Mr. Joseph-
son is its secretary, Mr. McPike its treasurer,
and its address is 31 W. Lake Street, Chicago.
COMMUNICATIONS.
THE FUNCTION OF THE FAIRY TALE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The defense of Grimm's Fairy Tales, in your
issue of April 16, pleased me more than anything
I have seen for a long time. It has always been
my deep conviction that the child from whom these
stories are withheld is forever cheated of a price-
less treasure. For the stories must be read in
childhood; the deficiency cannot be remedied by
reading them in maturity. They must grow in our
minds with our minds. I should not want - — I
should not dare — to read them now, for fear of
destroying the illusion that still hangs over them.
Perhaps that is what is the matter with teachers
and parents who lean toward the insipid modern
fairy tale.
There were two reasons why I first took to those
legends which, I understand, were not written by
the Brothers Grimm at all but were merely col-
lected by them — mostly from an old woman " who
knew a hundred." Those reasons are that the
tales were forbidden, and that the book containing
them had a beautiful red cover. It came into the
house, for me, at Christmastime, — and I bless the
aunt who sent it, — but through the rigid censor-
412
THE DIAL
[May 16
ship of Santa Glaus it was hidden away and I
didn't discover its hiding-place until summer. I
must then have been between nine and ten. How
old I was when I stopped reading that book I
don't know — twelve, probably, when the remains
of the worn volume went up in "our fire." It
didn't matter, — I knew it all by heart.
Their horrors, as I recall them now, were not
horrors to me then. I felt never a shiver when the
robber's luckless bride, hiding behind the chest,
saw the finger of another poor girl chopped off to
get her ring, when the miller was forced to cut
off the hands of his own child, or when a witch was
impaled upon some torture. There was nothing
for me but wide-eyed wonder, palpitating enthrall-
ment, breathless expectancy. What would happen
next? It was always something less harsh.
Considered from whatever viewpoint, they are
marvellous things, those tales; and their greatest
value lies in the fact that they teach the child that
he can withdraw into a world of his own, — that
there is some escape from the humdrum world
about him.
Just because they are so foreign to all rhyme or
reason in the order of his own existence, they are
infinitely more effective than the wishy-washy sub-
terfuge of " fairyizing " objects with which the
child is perfectly familiar, or of inventing unin-
spired and wholly artificial creatures. In such
stories he cannot possibly lose himself as he does
in Grimm ; nor do they contain half the invitation
to explore other fields of literature.
You quote Professor Neilson's objection that the
Grimm stories hold a pronounced suggestion of
revenge. The passion for " getting even " is one
of the most elemental of childish traits, — and one
of the most spontaneous. Nearly all normal and
lively children will " go the limit " in that direc-
tion, regardless of what literary food they are fed
on. Besides, the professor seems to overlook the
fact that often and often the tables were turned
on the revenge-seeker, — a proceeding with which
most normal and lively children are well ac-
quainted. On the other hand, why should he ob-
ject when wrong is righteously avenged?
We learn many things in childhood that we have
to outgrow, or which are even transmuted with
age. All unconsciously to him at the time, Grimm's
stories equip the child with a mine of facts about
life in general. When the poverty-stricken mother
and father turn their children out it seems only an
adventure for the youngsters; but when in after
years we find that such unnatural things can and
do happen, the edge of the shock has been taken
off the discovery.
« In their vivid, dramatic way these fairy tales
emphasize over and over the obligation of keep-
ing one's word; the fact that kindness pays; the
beauty of modesty and patience; the ugliness of
ill-temper, haughtiness, and envy; the penalties of
lying; the reward of faithfulness and of persever-
ance; the dire results of breaking into forbidden
precincts (and perhaps inferentially of readirg
secreted books). And how, if they please, can the
detractors of Grimm bring up their children with
a finer ideal of "true love" ? One prince and
one princess — him or her only,— with a devo-
tion that makes the word " unswerving " seem pale
and weak indeed. I am not saying that children
soak up these virtues like little sponges. They
don't, — neither from Grimm's (fairy tales nor
from the Bible. The best we can do is throw into
their way every influence against unseeing eyes
and an unfeeling heart, — as examples of which
influences the two books just named stand out pre-
eminently.
It will be hard work to " dismiss " Grimm's
fairy tales, even " charitably," because in their
fundamental essentials they are grippingly real;
tinged with cruelty often, and sometimes wryly
humorous; yet with other passages full of the
dignity and beauty of life. It is the combination
of underlying reality, fascinating strangeness, and
haze of romance and ideality that makes them
deathless. ANNE MACK.
Chicago, May 7, 1914.
FAIRY TALES AND THE TRAINED
IMAGINATION.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Every now and again objections are raised, on
some ground or another, to some of the classic
nursery rhymes and fairy tales, but none of the
objectors appear to be able to offer satisfactory
material that can really take the place of this liter-
ature in children's reading.
Nearly thirteen years ago I took up the cudgels
in your columns on behalf of these rhymes and
fairy tales, in an article entitled " The Right Read-
ing for Very Young Children." What I said then
was based upon years of careful observation of
children, and subsequent experience has not served
to change the views I then expressed.
The note in your issue of April 16 on Professor
William A. Neilson's plea for the discarding of the
tales by the brothers Grimm is thoroughly in ac-
cordance with what I believe is the experience of
most of us who have taken the pains to study chil-
dren and the effect of fairy tales upon them,
rather than to study fairy tales and predict the
effects that it is supposed will follow from the
reading of them by children.
There is, so far as I can discover, no other ma-
terial that so well lays the foundation of a trained
imagination in the child as this sort of literature,
for these stories deal with the crude things, the
things children can understand, and not with the
refinements which civilization and education enable
them later to grasp.
Many of the world's great workers and thinkers
have testified to the value and influence of nursery
rhymes and fairy tales, but not every one stops to
think of the enormous influence that this literature
has upon that training of the imaginative faculty
which enables men to do the world's work.
The late Professor Charles Eliot Norton has
said : " The imagination is the supreme intellectual
faculty, and yet it is of all the one which receives
the least attention in our common systems of edu-
cation. The reason is not far to seek. The ima-
gination is of all the faculties the most difficult
to control, it is the most elusive of all, the most
far-reaching in its relations, the rarest in its full
power. But upon its healthy development depend
1914]
THE DIAL
413
not only the sound exercise of the faculties of
observation and judgment, but also the command
of the reason, the control of the will, and the
quickening and growth of the moral sympathies.
The means for its culture which good reading af-
fords is the most generally available and one of
the most efficient."
All great deeds in every department of human
endeavor are the outcome first of all of an idea,
and no man can produce an idea unless he has
imagination, and the man who has a trained ima-
gination is the most fertile in productive ideas.
The principle of the steam engine existed in the
imagination of its inventors before ever it was
interpreted into terms of hard iron and steel.
Wireless telegraphy existed in the mind of Mar-
coni before he raised a pole; the railroad, electric
lights, electric traction, the telegraph, telephone,
stenography, typewriting, — all these things ex-
isted in the imagination of someone before they
were realized. The germ theory, photography,
typesetting machines, sewing machines, anesthetics,
reaping, harvesting and printing machines, — one
might continue the whole catalogue of those prac-
tical inventions that are absolutely essential in our
daily life and say that they owe their origin to the
trained imagination of the human mind.
The imagination is the Archimedean lever which
moves the universe. A trained imagination, there-
fore, is an invaluable asset to every business and
professional man. Foresight is the imagining of
conditions which may have to be met. The man
with a trained imagination marshals these condi-
tions in their order, places them in their proper
relations with each other, and not until that is
done are his plans matured and his work of actual
construction sent forward.
I verily believe also that the lack of a trained
imagination is responsible for a very large number
of the crimes that are committed daily. The
trained imagination that can forecast results from
causes would prevent many a crime from being
committed. But this is a larger question, and to
my mind a strongly thought-provoking one that
might be well worth following out.
CHARLES WELSH.
Tankers, N. T., May 8, 1914.
LUTHER'S USE OF THE PRE-LUTHERAN
VERSIONS OF THE BIBLE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The reviewer of Professor Vedder's " The Re-
formation in Germany," in your issue of March 16.
says : " The reader of this book learns . . '.
that he [Luther] did not translate the New Testa-
ment into German in about ten weeks (January —
March, 1522) but simply revised an older transla-
tion."
In support of this very interesting contention,
Professor Vedder in his book (page 171) has the
following to say: "This version [the pre-Lu-
theran High-German version of the Bible] was
certainly in the possession of Luther and was as
certainly used by him in the preparation of his
version. This fact once entirely unsuspected and
then hotly denied has been proved to a demonstra-
tion by the ' deadly parallel.' It appears from a
verse-by-verse comparison that this old German
bible was in fact so industriously used by Luther
that the only accurate description of Luther's ver-
sion is to call it a careful revision of the older
text."
It has already been pointed out, in " The Ave
Maria " of April 18, 1914, that Professor Vedder's
work would be a still better one if he had read Fr.
Hartmann Grisar. " His independent judgment
needs more facts to play upon than it has yet ac-
quired." And in this very important question
with regard to Luther's use of the pre-Lutheran
versions, the reader has a right to demand some-
thing more than a sweeping statement about the
" deadly parallel." If time or space forbade the
introduction of such additional material, reference
should at least have been made to the more recent
critical investigation on the subject. Professor
Vedder's statements about Luther's translations of
the bible would have been more accurate and con-
vincing if he had read an article on " Luther's Use
of the Pre-Lutheran Versions of the Bible," by
Professor W. W. Florer of the University of
Michigan (Ann Arbor: George Wahr, 1913). In
this work (pp. 18-20) we read: "Following the
suggestion of Geffchen (Bildercatechismus des 15.
Jahrhunderts, 1855) . . . the writer decided
to compare the 1522 (Luther) edition with that of
1483 (Anton Koburger, Niirnberg) which intro-
duced the third and last group of the pre-Lu-
theran versions. A careful examination will
clearly show the striking resemblance between the
editions of. 1483 and 1522. Such a similarity can-
not be, as Geffchen stated, accidental. . . .
The fact remains that the editions are quite simi-
lar and that Luther borrowed more from the ear-
lier versions than recent scholars have inferred,
and that the suggestions of men like Geffchen and
others before him have not been heeded. They
have been passed over as casual and unimportant,
or else have been forgotten. . . . The follow-
ing selections are fairly typical."
Then follows a series of selections from the Gos-
pels arranged so as to illustrate the " deadly
parallel." These comparisons lead to the conclu-
sion (page 32) : " Even from a comparison of the
above chapters one may assume that Luther used
this Koburger version, or a reprint thereof, as a
source for his translation; and further, that with-
out such a source it would have been impossible
for him to finish the manuscript of the Complete
New Testament by March, 1522."
The same point in reference to Luther's use of
the pre-Lutheran versions is referred to by Pro-
fessor Florer in an article on "Luther's Lan-
guage " in the " Publications of the Modern Lan-
guage Association of America," XXVI., 4; and
also in a note on page 3 of his dissertation, " Sub-
stantivflexion bei Martinus Luther" (Ann Arbor:
George Wahr, 1899). Furthermore, it is discussed
by Professor Hatfield in THE DIAL of December
16, 1911, in his review of the books on Luther by
Dr. Preserved Smith and Professor McGiffert.
EDWARD H. LAUER.
Iowa City, Iowa, May 5, 1914.
414
THE DIAL,
[ May 16
lUto $00 hs.
THE STORY OF AN ACTIVE LIFE.*
Although the author of "Cheerful Yester-
days" and "Army Life in a Black Regiment"
virtually wrote his own biography, he omitted
much that is interesting, especially as regards
his formative years, and, not attempting a
formal autobiography, gave little heed to co-
herence and proportion. The memoir prepared
by his wife, Mary Thacher Higginson, now
published, is by no means superfluous. Avoid-
ing, so far as possible, duplication of what
Colonel Higginson had written in his autobiog-
raphic papers, she tells the story of his life
with commendable brevity, in a tone so deli-
cately personal that it seems almost imper-
sonal, and, mainly by skilful quotation from
his journals, she succeeds in placing before us
one of the most active and benevolent and
brave figures of American life in the nineteenth
century.
Descended from Puritan ancestors whose
temper in considerable degree foreshadowed
his, Thomas Wentworth Higginson was born,
in 1823, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At the
age of twelve began his life-long habit of keep-
ing a journal. Some of the earliest entries tell
of his reading "The Select British Poets"
("a great big book") and of his enjoying
"Philip Van Artevelde" for the third time —
an early token of the omnivorous reading hab-
its that characterized him to the end. When
thirteen years old, he entered Harvard Col-
lege as the youngest of forty-five freshmen.
At college he exhibited a love of study, espe-
cially of Greek, mathematics, and natural his-
tory, together with great fondness for sports
and outdoor recreation. He was president of
the Natural History Society, became a member
of Phi Beta Kappa, and won a first Bowdoin
prize. Somewhat reserved in attitude, he was
also sentimental : " It is dreadful to me, ' ' he
writes, ' ' to see a woman kill an insect. ' ' After
meeting a certain ' ' best scholar and very agree-
able girl, ' ' he escorted her home from dancing-
school and wrote in his journal: "To bed at
lli^. Smitten. ' ' Though a platonic affection,
he finds it very disturbing : ' ' Dulcinia absent
for which I am glad, for to have seen her would
have used me up for some days. ' ' The future
minister regarded prayers as "rather a bore,"
and was summoned by "the Prex" for "cut-
ting" on seventeen occasions. On a visit to his
Southern cousin during a vacation, in Balti-
more the future abolitionist saw for the first
* THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON. The Story of his Life.
By Mary Thacher Higginson. Illustrated. Boston : Hough-
ton Mifflin Co.
time a sign reading "Negroes bought and
sold."
After graduation, he taught for a short
period in a school for boys at Jamaica Plain.
He was at this time somewhat of a dandy, and
his frivolous ways caused uneasiness in his
family. One of his imprudent acts consisted
in "riding on horseback with one of the girls
from the opposite boarding-school, this damsel
quietly climbing out of the window to take
these rides in the early morning, while her
schoolmates were still asleep." Next he be-
came a private tutor in the family of a relative
who lived at Brookline, at whose house he met
his second cousin, Mary Channing, sister of the
poet, who later became his first wife. Giving
up his position in order to fulfil a plan of study,
he returned to Cambridge; he had no goal
other than the pleasure of studying, — "Oh,
the delicious pleasure of learning whatever
there is to be learned. ' '
Then came the call of the Church. Under
the influence of James Freeman Clarke, one of
whose disciples was Miss Channing, Mr. Hig-
ginson began to think of studying for the min-
istry, and at length, after a struggle, he found
himself "in a quiet corner of Divinity Hall,
looking toward the sunset and close by the
Palfrey Woods. ' ' Toward the end of the year
came a revulsion, and a determination to aban-
don the routine of the school in favor of soli-
tary study ; this determination was carried out,
though subsequently he made application for
readmission. As the time of putting on his min-
isterial responsibilities drew closer, his rest-
lessness if anything increased, and Emerson's
serene radicalism acted as a solvent on what
was left of his orthodoxy. However, in 1847,
at the age of twenty-three, Mr. Higginson be-
came pastor of the First Religious Society of
Newburyport. Although the forms of religion
still caused him to feel at times "terribly
false," he contrived to make his work gen-
uine and profitable by placing emphasis on
the accidents rather than the essence of relig-
ion,— by taking an active part, that is, in the
social and political departments of church
enterprise. He spent much time in preaching
and lecturing elsewhere ; he wrote for various
newspapers, and was drawn into politics. Al-
ready he had espoused the causes of abolition,
temperance, and women's rights. After two
years, he resigned on account of his political
views, — ' ' Not a dozen are really opposed to
me, but they have all the wealth." During the
next two years he remained in Newburyport
leading the same life as before, with the eccle-
siastical part omitted.
But his preaching days were not quite over :
in 1852 he was invited to assume direction of a
1914]
415
Free Church in Worcester, an organization of
radicals of every description that had just been
formed. "They want me to stay at Worces-
ter," he wrote in a letter, " where there are
600 come-outers and a very thriving city and a
clear Free Soil majority and no anti-slavery
preaching, and 40 conventions in a year. ' ' This
was a combination that he could not resist.
Accordingly, he entered upon what proved to
be prolonged and varied and happy service in
Worcester.
To consider the remainder — the more fa-
miliar part — of Colonel Higginson's eventful
career even in a cursory manner would be im-
possible in the limits of a brief review. Suffice
it to say that he engaged with fervor in the
anti-slavery struggle, going out to Kansas as
brigadier-general of the Free State forces, and
all but going to Harper's Ferry with John
Brown. In 1862 he accepted a captaincy of the
Fifty-first Massachusetts Volunteers, and later
in the same year he was appointed colonel of
the first of the slave regiments. In 1864 he
resigned his commission on account of a wound.
For more than the decade ensuing he lived at
Newport, Rhode Island; and after 1879, the
year in which he married a second time, he led
a happy and useful life in Cambridge.
Nothing has been said, in this survey of
Colonel Higginson's life, of his acquaintance
with distinguished men of his time, including
Emerson, Thackeray, Arnold, Darwin, Glad-
stone, and Cardinal Manning, of all of whom
and many others there are sketches and anec-
dotes in this volume. Nor has anything been
said of his constant and versatile writing, even
though the bibliography which the author of
this memoir has compiled runs to twenty-five
pages. Nor has there been more than a hint
regarding his very charming and immensely
energetic personality. Of his personality more
ought to be said. Here are a few quotations
that tell a great deal :
"I never read of but one thing which thor-
oughly came up to my idea of enjoyment, and
that was the Charge of the Six Hundred. All
the rest of existence would I freely give for
one such hour." When he had accepted the
commission of colonel of the black regiment,
one of his nieces exclaimed, "Will not Uncle
Went worth be in bliss ! A thousand men, every
one as black as a coal." (And he was in bliss
with his "dear, blundering, dusky darlings.")
"The trouble with me" — he was quite right
about this — "is too great a range of tastes and
interests. I love to do everything, to study
everything, to contemplate and to write. I
never was happier than when in the army en-
tirely absorbed in active duties ; yet I love lit-
erature next — indeed almost better; and I
need either two lives or 48 hours in the day to
do all. " " Evening to Cambridge to meet pro-
cession of strikers — rode through them on
platform of car ; one stone hit me. Find my^
self enjoying the little danger as of yore." He
was then sixty-four years old. He died bravely
ln 1912> NORMAN FOERSTER.
THE REAL, RESTORATION COMEDY.*
"The present volume," says Mr. Palmer in
his Introduction, "is an attempt to fill a gap
in English dramatic criticism ; and, if it be
possible, to reform our point of view as to
the drama of the Restoration." Within the
limits suggested by this clear-cut statement,
the book is a notable one. It is an excellent
piece of "literary-historical criticism" — if
so clumsy a term may serve to designate a
genre essentially distinct from history of lit-
erature on the one hand and from pure criti-
cism on the other. A work of this kind has
the twofold purpose implied in Mr. Palmer's
statement : it aims to reconstruct and account
for some certain literary mode of the past,
and to judge the authors who were swayed
by that mode solely in reference to the criteria
it provides. Such an attempt is characteristic
of our age ; so also are the dangers which be^
set it, consequent upon the confusion of criti-
cal standards occasioned by the Romantic
movement. Above all, the writer may be
tempted to overvalue the literary mode with
which he has been preoccupied. Mr. Palmer
yields, somewhat, to this temptation; but
mainly as the result of a strong and com-
mendable effort to dissipate the mists which
the moralists have thrown over Restoration
comedy.
The author notes that since the appearance
of Jeremy Collier's "Short View of the Pro-
faneness and Immorality of the English
Stage," in 1698, "nearly every printed opin-
ion, with one or two celebrated and conspic-
uous exceptions, leaves the impression" that
the Restoration dramatists "have been meas-
ured by standards they would neither have
respected nor understood." To the invectives
quoted by Mr. Palmer, one might easily add
innumerable others : ranging all the way from
Taine's lurid remarks on the subject to the
Restoration chapter in the latest school his-
tory of English literature published in this
country. Indeed, a fling at Restoration ob-
scenity has come to be one of the literary his-
torian's favorite devices for dramatic relief.
Our author is justified in claiming for his
* THE COMEDY OP MANNERS. By John Palmer, sometime
Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. Illustrated. New York:
The Macmillan Co.
416
THE DIAL
book that it is "the first attempt, by a writer
who has en bloc digested the historical evi-
dence, to put right the injustice of two centu-
ries. ' ' Thus long has the spirit of Restoration
comedy had to wait for a complete and, on the
whole, just interpretation from the literary-
historical standpoint.
In his opening chapter, "Critical Prelim-
inaries," Mr. Palmer clears the ground with
a sharp assault on those who have echoed Col-
lier's "monstrous blast": Steele, Swift, John-
son, Macaulay, — yes, even Thackeray and
Meredith. He should have taken time to con-
sider more exactly just why it was that the
two last-named writers — who themselves re-
sumed and carried on, in a way, the tradition
of the English comedy of manners — felt im-
pelled to utter hard things of Restoration
drama. It is misleading to state that in this
matter Meredith was "conspicuously a vic-
tim" of "the inflamed Puritan conscience."
Thackeray evinces, notably in ' ' Vanity Fair, ' '
a combination of Puritan conscience and
humor which is a foe to the purely comic.
But quite different from the Puritan con-
science was that heightened Commonsense
which, when it led to social didacticism,
blurred the comic vision of Meredith; and
was the source of the too severe judgment he
passed, in his "Essay on Comedy" (1877),
upon Restoration drama. At the same time
this essay is almost epoch-making for the
light in which it presents the story of English
comedy. It must have contributed much to
that revival of interest in comic drama, and
comprehension of the purely comic stand-
point, which has given many evidences of
itself in England and America during recent
years. These evidences can not be detailed
here; but Mr. Palmer's own work is one of
the most distinguished of them. It marks a
general change of attitude since Macaulay 's
time of which Mr. Palmer himself seems
barely conscious. At the present day even
Macaulay could scarcely have written the re-
view he did in 1849 of Leigh Hunt's edition
of the Restoration writers. But in any case,
that review has long needed the keen analysis,
and its author's blind vigor the sound drub-
bing, which Mr. Palmer gives them in his first
chapter.
The ensuing six chapters trace the rise and
fall of Restoration comedy, and are excep-
tional for the degree in which they avoid
the dangers and develop the possibilities of
literary-historical criticism. Addressing him-
self always to "the merely literate," Mr.
Palmer has here managed to do what the
literary-historical pen usually staggers from:
namely, to write literature. His wide and
thorough scholarship, obvious to anyone at all
acquainted with the Restoration period, is
allowed to appear only in its results; and
these are given with admirable concreteness
and concision. Only the five most typical
writers are treated: Etherege, Wycherley,
Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar. In each
case the personality of the author, presented
as far as possible through his own utterances
or those of his contemporaries concerning him,
is made a glass for the social and artistic ideas
of the time. These ideas are then traced in
his works, by means of judicious excerpts and
illuminating comment. As a result, even the
reader who has had least previous knowledge
of the subject must be drawn gradually into
a real comprehension of the strange, almost
exotic, atmosphere in which he finds himself.
Charles Lamb turned that atmosphere into a
fascinating dream-haze ; Mr. Palmer wins our
sympathy for it by distilling its everyday
facts. Lamb said that the characters in Res-
toration comedy "have got out of Christen-
dom into a land of — what shall I call it ? —
of cuckoldry, the Utopia of gallantry," etc.
Mr. Palmer makes the reader intimately real-
ize that the society in which the dramatist
moved "had no horror of promiscuous exog-
amy"; that "the anxieties of ridiculous hus-
bands" in his plays are only "the anxieties
of men of property"; that Wycherley in
seventeenth century eyes "was undoubtedly,
astonishing as it may seem, a moral force";
and so on.
In regard to the trend of Restoration com-
edy, our author has some interesting conten-
tions. The type owed, he argues, "almost as
little to France as to the English school which
it displaced." He makes out a clear case for
its artistic originality, which has been so
largely obscured in the history of literature.
At the same time we must still believe that
the type was the outcome of a mood essentially
foreign to English society: the impulse came
from abroad, though it was so thoroughly
narrowed and heightened by the English ca-
pacity for artistic extremes (not well recog-
nized by English writers) that it produced
swiftly an original art-form. In this connec-
tion, we should have been grateful if Mr.
Palmer had faced the question as to just how
far the mood was actually current in English
society at the time. At this late date it is
impossible to count heads; but it seems cer-
tain that the term "Restoration Society,"
with its connoted attitude toward sex, should
stand for a comparatively small number of
persons, rather than for the wide social revo-
lution so glibly assumed by many writers.
On the other hand, the chapter on Congreve
makes clear that the Restoration mood merged
much more easily than is ordinarily supposed
1914]
THE DIAL
417
into that of the moralistic era which suc-
ceeded. ' ' The popular idea, ' ' says the author,
"is right in assuming that Congreve is King
Charles and his spaniels at their highest ex-
pression. It is wrong in not having realized
that King Charles and his spaniels at their
highest expression is Queen Anne and her
dish of tea. Pope is the perfection of Ether-
ege. The Essay on Man is the polished ex-
pression of Rochester's attitude towards life."
Especially interesting is Mr. Palmer's dem-
onstration of the manner in which Restoration
comedy declined in the hands of its later ex-
ponents. While still clinging to the type
which reached its height in Congreve 's "The
Way of the World, ' ' Vanbrugh and above all
Farquhar undermined that type by allowing
intrusions of the moralistic and emotional
standpoint. "Adultery is no longer treated
in the dry light of comedy. It is passionate;
it takes to itself fine names. It is a comedy
of heaving bosoms and seductive phrase.
Vanbrugh, in fact, killed the comedy of sex
for the English theatre." And "where the
critics find in Farquhar humanity and fresh
air, we shall detect an emotional and roman-
tic treatment of sex stifling the parent stem
of a comedy whose appeal depended upon an
entirely different system of moral and imag-
inative values." The fact is that we find in
Vanbrugh and Farquhar some of that cloaked
appeal of indecency which since their day has
frequently blotted English literature. It ap-
pears in the latest works of prominent English
novelists, although their master, Meredith
(who, to be sure, found difficulty in making a
living), had revived the batteries of the
Comic Spirit against it.*
In his final chapter, ' ' Critical Conclusions, ' '
Mr. Palmer analyzes Collier's "Short View"
in connection with the replies of Congreve,
Vanbrugh, and the anonymous author of "A
Vindication of the Stage" (1699). He makes
clear that the comparative futility of these
replies, which contributed largely to Collier's
triumph over his own and succeeding gen-
erations, is easily understandable from the
critical inaptitude of the writers and from the
nature of the atmosphere in which they moved.
Thereupon, however, our author leaves the
field of literary history and attempts (pages
288 to 297), from the standpoint of literary
criticism, a justification of Restoration com-
edy which adds no strength to the book. It
was the necessary sequel, however, of a ques-
* Mr. Palmer suggests that there is epochal significance in
the exclamation of Farquhar's Sir Harry Wildair upon listen-
ing to Angelica's sentimental verses : " This is the first
•whore in heroics that I have met with." There have indeed
been many since. See, for instance, the amazing verses
quoted for disapprobation on page 302 of the March " At-
lantic."
tion which he had raised, infelicitously in the
opinion of the reviewer, at the close of his
first chapter.
This question was whether we "are aesthet-
ically justified in accepting Hazlitt and Lamb
in the teeth of the giants, Johnson and Swift,
Thackeray and Meredith." Certainly the
question finds no satisfactory answer later on
in the book ; although the author had already
quoted with evident approbation eulogies of
Restoration comedy from the pens of Haz-
litt, Lamb, and Hunt. Now, these three
critics were touched by the Romantic mood
of their day; and "the detached historian,"
as Mr. Palmer once calls himself, ought to
recognize that their views, as well as those of
Collier and his tribe, are obsolescent. It will
suffice to point out here that they felt the
fascination of what we may call the Romantic
"pleasure of escape." Especially delightful
to Lamb was an imaginary escape from the
region of moral law into the atmosphere of
Restoration comedy where, he claims, "there
is neither right nor wrong, gratitude or its
opposite," and so on. But obviously, true
comedy cannot move, nor ever has moved,
in such a world : since it is a heightened rep-
resentation of polite social life, which is never
a-moral. This ground, in fact, Mr. Palmer
virtually assumes, without recurring to Lamb,
in his final chapter. His contention is that
the life-stuff of Restoration comedy is a lim-
ited, but nevertheless real and harmonious,
system of social morality. Here he is right;
but he fails to see how very limited, as mate-
rial for comedy, that system really is. In
urging that it comprises "a mood of the
human spirit which is in every age, though
in this particular age it was more conspic-
uous," he shifts his premise and obscures the
issue. For many a mood of the human spirit
has persisted in every age without attaining
that social stamp which alone can render it a
fit foundation for comedy. That the social
validity attaching to the Restoration "mood"
is very slight indeed, Mr. Palmer himself fre-
quently makes us feel in the course of his
work; for instance, when he reminds us that
to be in full sympathy with that mood we
must "forget that sexual pleasure is abom-
inable unless it be tempered with exalted
sentiments and a keen delight of the parties
in each other's society" (page 42). Indeed,
the swift decline of Restoration comedy, and
even the wrong-headed batterings of the mor-
alists, are testimony to the slightness of hold
which this artistic mode had on social reality.
In short, we must partly agree with that pro-
nouncement of Meredith's which Mr. Palmer
quotes to reject (page 27). "Our so-called
Comedy of Manners," says Meredith, "is the
418
THE DIAL
[ May 16
Comedy of Manners of South Sea Islanders
under city veneer; and as to comic idea, vac-
uous as the mask without the face behind it. ' '
The second half of this statement is false
criticism; but the first part neatly expresses
the limited and obsolete nature of Restoration
comedy. GEORGE ROY ELLIOTT.
RACIAL, RELATIONS OF EAST AND WEST.*
The race conflict in California of a year ago
which resulted in the anti-alien land law has
already occasioned two volumes dealing not
only with the local disturbance but with the
deep-lying conditions which made it possible.
Mr. K. K. Kawakami has given us "Asia at
the Door/' while "The American Japanese
Problem" is by the Reverend Doctor Sidney
L. Gulick. The authors, as well as their works,
present certain interesting comparisons. Mr.
Kawakami is a Japanese, long resident in
America and at present in California, a
trained journalist whose " American- Japanese
Relations" was well received in 1912. Dr.
Gulick has spent most of his life in Japan as
missionary and teacher, and he is best known
as the author of "Japanese Evolution, Psychic
and Social," a profound study of modern
Japanese life. These men are therefore well
prepared to serve as interpreters between
West and East. Their books reflect their
training. One is journalistic in style, clear,
interesting, with many descriptive passages
and personal incidents, but seldom probing
beneath the surface. The other is the pro-
duct of deep thinking, ever concerned with
principles rather than details, attacking the
problem and presenting a reasonable method
of solution.
Both authors emphasize the importance of
the recent controversy — which has appar-
ently been already forgotten by the public at
large. "Aside from the conflict of capital and
labour, the greatest problem of the age, and
of ages to come, is that resulting from contact
between the East and the West. Of this great
problem the Japanese question in America is
but a small fragment. The complete solution
of the Japanese question, therefore, seems
hardly possible without a complete readjust-
ment of relations between the Eastern and the
Western world." ("Asia at the Door," p.
* ASIA AT THE DOOR. A Study of the Japanese Question in
Continental United States, Hawaii, and Canada. By Kiyoshi
K. Kawakami. With a Prologue by Doremus Scudder, and
an Epilogue by Hamilton W. Mabie. New York: Fleming
H. Revell Co.
THE AMERICAN JAPANESE PROBLEM. A Study of the Ra-
cial Relations of the East and the West. By Sidney L.
Gulick, M.A., D.D. Illustrated. New York: Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.
27.) "Whites in America number approxi-
mately ninety millions, Asiatics number less
than one hundred and fifty thousand ; yet we
face an ominous racial situation. . . . Mis-
understanding, foreboding fear, humiliating
treatment, on the side of America; disap-
pointment, indignation, resentment, on the
side of Japan; such are the mutterings of a
threatened international storm." ("The
American Japanese Problem," p. 3.)
Both authors discuss the recent agitation
in California. Mr. Kawakami believes that
political expediency dictated the hostility to
the Japanese, but Dr. Gulick seems to have
come nearer the truth when he says:
"Months of study of this question in Cali-
fornia have convinced the writer that the
popular approval of the anti-Japanese agita-
tion and legislation does not concern the de-
tails of the proposed bills nor the insulting
language used by a few, but rests entirely
on the conviction that there should be no
swamping immigration from Japan. Their
universal and unqualified approval of this
position, which is fundamental, has led the
good people to keep silence in regard to details
which they consider are but incidental. ' ' Dr.
Gulick then shows that this anti-Japanese leg-
islation is needless, misleading, and humiliat-
ing to Japan, while it disgraces the United
States as well.
Again, both authors take up the question of
assimilation. They agree that the Japanese
are capable of assimilation, and that the
United States is able to Americanize them.
Dr. Gulick brings out clearly the three factors
in race assimilation: "biological assimila-
tion through intermarriage ; biological assimi-
lation without intermarriage; and social
assimilation. ' ' Both believe that the Japanese
will respond readily to social assimilation pro-
vided they are given equal opportunities with
other immigrants in this land. Dr. Gulick
also believes that Japanese born in America
will "tend to certain structural and physio-
logical characteristics of the dominant race."
But concerning assimilation through inter-
marriage we have little data to enlighten us.
Mr. Kawakami believes that "such unions
have, as a rule, been successful. ' ' Dr. Gulick,
on the other hand, considers mixed marriages
to be "highly undesirable. In only excep-
tional cases can there be a 'happy home.' '
In addition to the topics which find treat-
ment in both volumes, Mr. Kawakami de-
scribes the achievements of certain Japanese
in this country, such as Dr. Takamine, Dr.
Noguchi, Mr. Shima (the "potato king"), and
Mr. Furuya, a merchant of the Northwest.
He also describes the life of the Japanese
immigrants on the farms and in the cities,
1914]
THE DIAL,
419
pointing out the important place of the Jap-
anese in certain Californian industries. He
then devotes five chapters to the Japanese in
Hawaii and in Canada. It is a matter of
surprise to find in a book devoted to the re-
moval of racial prejudice a survival of that
very spirit. On several occasions the conduct
of the Chinese in California is cited as a con-
trast to that of the Japanese, and in one place
Hawaii is warned "against the undesirable
influence which must inevitably result from
the increasingly greater influx of immigrants
from Russia and Southern Europe."
There are two chapters in Dr. Gulick's vol-
ume which should be read by every American
having to do with Japanese as employees, for
in "Misunderstandings, Explanations, and
Interpretations" will be found much light on
otherwise unintelligible actions. Dr. Gulick's
treatment of "The Perils — Yellow and
White" and of "Illusions — Occidental and
Oriental" shows a thorough grasp of the
great world-movements in the Far East.
Finally, Dr. Gulick presents the "Outlines
of a New American Oriental Policy." It is
founded on a general immigration law, which
will apply to all peoples and which will admit
•only as many immigrants in a year as we may
be reasonably expected to assimilate, while
other features call for the granting of Ameri-
can citizenship "to every qualified individual
regardless of race," and the establishment
•of "direct federal responsibility for all legal
and legislative matters in which aliens as
such are involved."
Mr. Kawakami and Dr. Gulick have ren-
dered a real public service. They have clearly
shown the significance of the clash of races
which may arise around the shores of the
Pacific, and they have indicated the desira-
bility and the possibility of turning this
meeting of different peoples into a "golden
advantage" instead of a yellow or a white
"peril." The two volumes (for one supple-
ments the other) should be read by all for-
ward-looking Americans, and especially by
those whose official position gives them the
opportunity to be of service in meeting this
great world-problem, in the solution of which
America must take a leading role.
PAYSON J. TREAT.
FOLK-BALLADS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE.*
So vivid is the appeal of ballad poetry that
each new volume on the subject is assured of
an eager welcome. America, at the present
* FOLK-BALLADS OF SOUTHERN EUROPE. Translated into
English verse by Sophie Jewett. New York: G. P. Put-
nam's Sons.
time, is more appreciative than ever before
of the charm and significance of this form of
poetry, for Professor Child's work is having
its fruition in a generation trained in the
traditions of British ballads and aware of
their wayward and primitive beauty. More-
over, the investigations now being carried on
regarding cow-boy ballads, mountain ballads,
and many others, keep constantly before us
a sense of the vitality and permanence of this
folk literature. Miss Jewett 's volume of
translations of the folk-ballads of Southern
Europe is a contribution of distinctive and
enduring value, for it has material new to
most readers, and the translations themselvesv
are masterpieces.
In reading the folk-ballads of the south one
receives a wholly new impression of the inter-
relationships of the ballads, and of the slight-
ness of barrier of race and country in regard
to elemental feeling. An unexpected similar-
ity of motif and of manner seems to unite
these ballads of the south with ballads of the
north. The tremendous intensity of life, the
swiftness and suddenness of emotion, the
changes from violent love to pitiless reveng-
ing hate, the sinister belief in malign super-
natural powers, — all are to be found in these
poems drawn from various sources but hold-
ing perfect agreement as to the passionate
facts of human life. It is impossible to read
the ballads without surrendering to the naive
mood of the recorders. One is bound to for-
get centuries of conventional restraint, and
to live once more in the fierce and poignant
fashion pictured in these narratives. The re-
sponse is immediate, complete, and testifies to
the skill and art of the translator who could
so effectively turn southern accents into verse
that never suggests mere translation, but
seems like the original forms of the ballads
themselves.
Miss Jewett was engaged for many years
in studying southern ballads, translating some
of them for use as illustrative material in her
course in British ballads at Wellesley. As
the fascination of these old tales worked upon
her imagination, she continued to translate,
gathering together a group of varied ballads
which she intended to arrange for publication.
Her death in 1909, before the projected vol-
ume was quite completed, made its postpone-
ment inevitable, until her literary executors
could revise the material. The book has been
prepared for the press by Professor Katharine
Lee Bates, to whose loyal and devoted care is
due the fact that the form and content of the
work are in perfect accord with Miss Jewett 's
plans. With unerring skill Miss Bates has
arranged the Introduction and Notes, and has
added the necessary annotations, going very
420
THE DIAL
[May 16
carefully over the translations and verifying
each one with utmost exactness.
The translations are arranged under the
following heads : Ballads of Love, Ballads of
Murder, Ballads of Prisoners, Biblical and
Apocryphal Ballads, and Ballads of the Su-
pernatural. Under each division are grouped
the translations from various sources, includ-
ing Roumanian, Sicilian, Piedmontese, Vene-
tian, Neapolitan, Corsican, Castilian, Catalan,
French, Gascon, and Provengal. In every
case the original is printed on one page, with
the translation facing it, so that the student
can refer to the exact text from which the
translation was made. Miss Jewett's apparent
audacity in translating from so many differ-
ent dialects merely shows her intense preoccu-
pation with her subject. By no means a
linguist, and never ambitious to display the
real depth of her actual learning, she began
her work under the challenge of an imagin-
ative interest which forced her to undertake
tasks that demanded patient, exact, and scru-
pulously objective interpretation. Nothing
has been forfeited, nothing added; the bal-
lads are faithfully rendered, with a fine sense
of literary integrity.
Miss Jewett's familiarity with Italian made
easy her work in the various dialects of Italy
and Spain; but in translating Roumanian
she used French renderings, poring over these
and comparing them with the Roumanian
until she became, in a way, familiar with that
language and able to interpret its phrases.
Precision and accuracy are to be noted in all
the renderings, which are not the work of a
few days but of months of prolonged study.
Sheer enjoyment of the beauty and the vigor
of these foreign ballads lured her deeper into
the work of interpretation, and in this volume
we have an impressive instance of the way in
which the genuine lover of literature over-
comes difficulties, solves problems, and perse-
veres to the end in the endeavor to get truth
at its source. With slow and cautious exact-
ness she felt her way into the very heart of
these ballads, and gained that completeness of
sympathy which distinguishes the transla-
tions. On every page one realizes how keenly
she enjoyed the revelations of grim, undisci-
plined, spontaneous emotion, and how effec-
tively she preserved the naturalness of the
originals.
A satisfactory translation is almost like an
original creation, for it requires the power of
grasping the essential unity behind details,
and it demands the gift of subtly interpreta-
tive style and diction. The dramatic vigor
and relentless simplicity of the ballads are
brought out with consummate art by the trans-
lator. The rapid dialogue, with its terse and
tense movement and its ominous omissions,
is reproduced with vital understanding of that
primitive directness of speech. In rendering
rhythms and cadences, Miss Jewett has been
remarkably successful, keeping enough of the
original to suggest its form, and yet never
offending against the harmonies of English
verse.
Perhaps the best example of the translator's
art is to be seen in her own favorite, "Donna
Lombarda," a ballad which in the Piedmont-
ese is singularly full of potent suggestiveness,
and which in the translation seems to keep all
the terrible brevity of the original. With its
perfectly modulated cadences, its haunting
simplicity of diction, and its concentrated
expressiveness, the translation is perfectly
wrought. .
DONNA LOMBARDA.
" ' Love me, oh, love me, Donna Lombarda !
Love only me, love only me ! '
" ' I have a husband ; how would' st thou have me
To love only thee, to love only thee ? '
" ' Do him to death, Donna Lombarda,
Do him to death, and love only me.'
" ' How shall I slay him1? after what fashion?
To love only thee, to love only thee.'
" ' There is a fashion, Donna Lombarda,
There is a fashion, easy for thee.
" ' In thine own garden, Donna Lombarda,
Close to thy house lies a poisonous snake.
" ' Cut off its head, Donna Lombarda,
With mortar and pestle pound it and break.
" l Thou shalt poison his cup, Donna Lombarda,
Even with this when he asks thee for wine;
" ' For thy husband will come hot from his hunt-
ing,
And beg thee for wine, and beg thee for wine.'
" ' I have so great thirst, Donna Lombarda,
Give me to drink, give me to drink.
" ' What hast thou done, Donna Lombarda?
The wine is beclouded, what dost thou think?'
" ' There came in the sea- wind last night at sunset ;
It clouded the wine, it clouded the wine.'
" ' Drink with me then, Donna Lombarda,
Drink from the one cup, thy lips with mine ! '
" ' Why should I drink, who come not from hunt-
ing?
Why should I drink, who am not athirst? '
" ' Nay, thou shalt drink, Donna Lombarda ;
At the point of my dagger thou shalt drink
first!'
1914]
THE DIAL
421
" With the first drop Donna Lombarda
Loses her color so rose-red and brave;
" With the next drop Donna Lombarda
Calls her confessor to shrive her and save;
" With the third drop Donna Lombarda
Calls for the sexton to dig her a grave."
By the vigor and delicacy of her sympa-
thetic insight as revealed in the translations,
and also in the quick and clear suggestiveness
of the Introduction and Notes, Miss Jewett
has guided her readers to a keen sense of the
quivering and exultant passions of the folk.
The translations interpret a past that cannot
seem remote or insignificant, for some magic
of literary art and of human intuition has
recreated vanished beings and endowed them
with lasting life. To give this quickening im-
pulse to the laggard imaginations of readers
is to do literature a memorable service.
MARTHA HALE SHACKPORD.
RECEXT FICTION.*
"Katya" is a novel translated from the
Danish of Herr Fran/ de Jessen by Mr. W. J.
Alexander Worster. Both author and trans-
lator are unknown to us by name, but the
latter has done his work in so masterly a way
that he leaves us quite unconscious of any
struggle in the effort to express the thought
and style of his original in a foreign medium,
while the former has produced one of the big-
gest pieces of fiction that has come to us from
a continental source for many years. It is a
revelation of power and beauty comparable
with that given us by "War and Peace," by
the great trilogy of Sienkiewicz, by "Jorn
Uhl," and by ' ' Jean-Christophe. " The best
work now being done in English seems trifling,
sophisticated, and insincere, when set by the
side of this masterpiece of psychological in-
sight and dramatic power. Perhaps the most
astonishing thing about it is that it is the
work of a Dane, or, indeed, of anyone but a
Russian, so evidently does it challenge com-
* KATYA. A Romance of Russia. By Franz de Jessen. Bos-
ton : John W. Luce & Co.
CHILDREN OP THE SEA. By H. DeVere Stacpoole. New
York : Duffield & Co.
CARMEN AND MR. DRYASDUST. By Humfrey Jordan. New
York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
THE FORTUNATE YOUTH. By William J. Locke. New York :
John Lane Co.
RUNG Ho! By Talbot Mundy. New York: Charles Scrib-
ner's Sons.
THE ROCKS OF VALPRE. By Ethel M. Dell. New York:
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
DIANE OF THE GREEN VAN. By Leona Dalrymple. Chi-
cago : Reilly & Britton Co.
THE LIGHT OF WESTERN STARS. A Romance. By Zane
Grey. New York : Harper & Brothers.
DARKNESS AND DAWN. By George Allan England. Bos-
ton : Small, Maynard & Co.
parison with the work of Dostoieffsky, Tolstoy,
and Tourguenieff, and so unquestionably does
it exhibit the qualities that have made the
great Russians the masters of them that write
fiction in our modern age. Had it been signed
with one of their names, we should have been
unable to dispute, from any internal evi-
dence, the authenticity of the ascription. Dr.
Brandes has recently said of the author that
he "seems to know exactly not only the de-
tails of daily life on an estate in the Ukraine
and the manner in which Russian diplomats
pass their days in the capitals of Europe as
well as at isolated posts in small Turkish and
Servian towns ; he also knows how young and
older people of both sexes in those parts think
and feel." This judgment gives some idea
of the substance of the work. It opens on the
estate of Priluka, the ancestral home of the
Prilinskis; and, however far afield the action
may take us, Priluka, the home, always lies
in the background of our vision. Prince Pri-
linski, and his wife, their three children, the
young men and women who are the intimates
of the household, and the servants who are its
faithful retainers, constitute a group of peo-
ple who are characterized, one and all, with
unfailing sympathy and minute fidelity, and
individually realized as are few such groups
anywhere in the field of fictive art. From this
company emerges the central figure of Katya,
the younger daughter of the house, whose
vivid personality dominates the narrative, and
shapes the destinies of the men who come
within the sphere of her influence. For some
inexplicable reason, the American publishers
call her ' ' the Becky Sharp of Russia, ' ' which
is a comparison so amazingly inept that we
do not see how it could have suggested itself
to any intelligent mind. In common with
Thackeray's hateful creation, Katya has am-
bition, it is true, but otherwise she is a crea-
ture of air and fire, lovable in her most
wayward aspects, and the men who proudly
bear her chains are richly rewarded for their
glad servitude. Our own comparison would
be with Mary Stuart rather than with Becky
Sharp, but here also with a difference; the
severest indictment that may be brought
against her is that she is over-avid of admira-
tion, that sordid considerations have some
share in her marriage, that she is a little less
than the perfect mother to her children, and
that she is a little reckless of consequences
at critical moments. We have an impression
that the author would have us view her more
harshly than we can find it in our heart to
do, and that the sadness and futility of her
late years are to be taken somewhat as a judg-
ment upon her for her hardness, her selfish-
ness, and her vacillation of spirit. But if
422
THE DIAL
[ May 16
this be his wish, we can only say that his
heroine has escaped from the control of her
creator, and that she still holds our allegiance,
as she held that of the Englishman who gave
her the full measure of his devotion, and of
the naval officer who entered the path of de-
struction when he thought that she was lost
to him. She remains imaged to us, despite
her faults, as a splendid creature to whom
our deepest sympathies go out, and who is the
sport of malign fate rather than the destroyer
of men's souls. Only a few words may be
spared for a suggestion of the plot. Prince
Prilinski has gone into extensive building oper-
ations in a suburban quarter on the water
front of Odessa, with the aid of capital bor-
rowed from General Karatayef, a man whose
great wealth is of dubious origin. The Prince
becomes overloaded with debt, and is in dan-
ger of losing all his means, when the General,
ambitious for his only son Niki, offers to re-
lieve the situation on the condition of an alli-
ance between Niki and Katya. The condition
is accepted, and Priluki is saved. Now Katya
is really in love with Niki, and makes him a
faithful wife throughout his long career in
the diplomatic service. After that career is
ended by a Turkish bullet in an uprising at
Stradova, where he is the Russian consul, she
yields to the solicitations of Farringham, the
English lover who has given her a doglike
devotion for many years, and pledges herself
to him. But she is not sure of herself, and
puts him off from month to month. Mean-
while, Petya Orloff is in the distance, an offi-
cer in the Russian navy. Katya has been the
lodestar of his life, and in his youth she had
given him just enough encouragement to keep
the spark of hope alive in his breast. Lost
to him once when she married Niki, he now
finds her seemingly lost to him again when
she pledges herself to Farringham. This im-
pels him to a desperate course. It is the time
of the war with Japan. The Russian defeats
have given the forces of disorder their oppor-
tunity, and the revolutionary uprising in
South Russia breaks out. In the scenes of
carnage that follow, a child of the people, who
has for years been Orloff 's mistress, is killed
in the street. He is distracted by her death,
and with the surplus of emotion over logic
that marks the Russian temperament, offers
himself to the revolutionary party as a leader.
In the roadstead of Odessa lies the battleship
of which he is second officer, and Orloff heads
a mutiny by which he obtains command of the
vessel. Placing it at the service of the revo-
lution, he is ordered to shell the very quarter
of Odessa which the Karatayef-Prilinski en-
terprise had built, and which has become a
nest of conspirators. Their cause is already
lost, and only this heroic measure will save
their papers from seizure and their leaders
from arrest. The work of destruction is ac-
complished, and then Orloff, accepting full
responsibility, surrenders himself, is tried,
and, despite the frantic efforts of Katya in his
behalf, is sentenced and executed. Katya
has now lost the truest of her lovers, and Far-
ringham has gone out of her life, having
learned of her feelings for Orloff. The bom-
bardment of Odessa has bereft her of most
of her fortune, and she ends by accepting an
offer of marriage from a neighboring land-
owner, a commonplace person who had also
been one of her admirers in the careless days
of youth. The movement of the novel, at
first deliberately measured, receives rapid ac-
celeration when we come to the tragedy of
Stradova, and the scenes of the mutiny are
flashed upon the screen in swift and bewil-
dering succession. We know of few things in
fiction as stirring and tense as are these later
chapters. And from beginning to end, we are
given the sense of knowing in their habit as
they lived the figures that people these pages.
They become intimate acquaintances, and
arouse both interest and sympathy in the
deepest degree. Slow as is the development
of the plot before the stage of its whirlwind
finish, there is nothing that we would call
superfluous, and the sure instinct of the artist
makes every touch effective. The name of
Franz de Jessen must now be added to the
list of the greatest living novelists. It is in-
deed a new star that has swum into our ken.
The exotic fictions of Mr. Stacpoole are mul-
tiplying rapidly, and exhibit a growing power
which is making this writer a man to be reck-
oned with. His ''Children of the Sea" is a
grim and vivid story of Iceland, with a pro-
logue on the Japanese coast, where are sown
the seeds of the tragedy that later ripens
under the Arctic circle. A sailorman named
Ericsson on shore-leave runs foul of a com-
pany of Japanese merrymakers, and becomes
captivated by the provocative witchery of a
girl of the party. Then the scene shifts to
Iceland, whither he returns, and where he sets
out to establish a fishing business in rivalry
with the local monopolist. He wins the love
of Schwalla, a beautiful girl whose parents
are forcing her into a marriage with this octo-
pus of the fisheries, and then he makes the
appalling discovery that his Japanese esca-
pade has infected him with leprosy. Like a
wounded animal, he crawls off to a cave which
he may use as a hiding-place in which to meet
his miserable fate alone, but Schwalla tracks
him to his lair, and the two put out in a boat
together that the sea may swallow them up.
This tense and colorful history is told with
1914]
THE DIAL
423
sharp verbal economy, and with a strong
sense of the values of the rugged sea-girt land-
scape of the island of fire. It exhibits an
intimate knowledge of the life and the psy-
chology of the Iceland fisher-folk, and is
deeply impressive in its directness and simple
strength. Something of the spirit of the
saga-writers has got possession of the author
and controlled his pen. In its reduction of
sentiment to a minimum, and in its clear-
visioned presentation of the bare facts of life,
it comes near to being a masterpiece. Mr.
Conrad could hardly have told the story to
better effect, although he would have told
it with much more of indirection, and with a
profusion of the analysis in which Mr. Stac-
poole is so conspicuously lacking.
"Carmen and Mr. Dryasdust" is not at all
the story we should have expected from the
author of "The Joyous Wayfarer," although
we can understand its having been written by
the author of ' ' Patchwork Comedy. ' ' Mr. Jor-
dan seems to be well on the way toward match-
ing Mr. Snaith in the matter of versatility and
the command of various manners. Mr. Dry-
asdust is a Cambridge don, of the dons don-
nish, a typical specimen. Why he should
have married Carmen, or she him, is a good
deal of a mystery, for Carmen is a young
woman of Spanish ancestry, and her advent
into Cambridge society considerably flutters
the dovecotes of dondom. To begin with, she
cannot take college society seriously, and its
gossiping and petty intrigue seem to her only
a parody of real existence. Further, she
knows exactly what she wants, and exactly
how to get it, which means that her husband
is as wax in her hands. She loves him, and
just because of that she seeks to get him out
of the academic rut and to widen his horizon.
This she accomplishes, but so deftly that he
hardly realizes the compulsion of the silken
web of constraint that she spins around him;
it is true that he makes an apparent struggle
from time to time, but he knows that he will
have to yield, and does it gracefully enough
after just enough protest to appease his self-
respect. And when he finds himself in the
end a denizen of the strange extra-university
world, he recognizes the fact that all has
worked out for the best, and that Carmen has
been his good angel. He has become undesic-
cated while there is yet time for him to become
a man, and to appreciate the fact that life is
something more than an affair restricted
within cloisters and quadrangles. It is a very
human story and a highly entertaining one,
albeit its course is placid and the depths of
emotion are nowise sounded.
Mr. Locke's story of "The Fortunate
Youth" begins in a London slum. At this
early stage of his career, the youth has pic-
turesque powers of speech which may be illus-
trated by this choice specimen of repartee:
"You could no' knock hell out of a bug." A
little later, we find him conversing after the
following fashion: "You may find happiness
and peace of soul under the stars." During
the interval that has elapsed, he has run away
from home, lived on the road with a vagrant
peddler, found his way to London, and be-
came an actor in a humble way. The reform
of his speech is the result of several factors:
the root of the matter is in him ; he has extraor-
dinary powers of imitation and adaptation;
he cherishes the delusion that he is a lost child
of noble parentage. In addition, he is extraor-
dinarily handsome, and things come his way
so fast that we are breathless as we follow his
fortunes. It all seems to be a fairy tale as
we go on to read of his being picked up by a
county family and adopted into the house-
hold, of his becoming secretary to an M. P.
and later a candidate himself for political
honors, of his brilliant social career, and of
his success in winning the love of a princess.
Toward the end, the dream of his life is rudely
shattered by the discovery that his long-lost
father is a fried-fish magnate and ex-convict,
not the noble Italian whom he had confidently
expected sometime to discover. But while
this is a setback, it does not really matter in
the end, for the princess becomes reconciled
to the situation, and her hero wins the elec-
tion, incidentally inheriting a fortune when
his father dies. The narrative has but slight
relation to reality, but it appeals to the roman-
tic instinct that has little use for reality or
even verisimilitude, and it is written with the
sprightly and whimsical touch that always
makes Mr. Locke's work interesting. And it
has strong characters, — Paul himself, Barney
Bill, who saves him from the slum, the Win-
woods, who make a man of him, and Silas
Finn, the religious zealot who turns out to
be Paul's father. These make engaging com-
pany for the hours spent in reading the story.
The Indian Mutiny is a subject of appar-
ently inexhaustible interest for the novelist.
The latest in the long line of good stories based
upon this theme is Mr. Talbot Mundy 's ' ' Rung
Ho ! ' ' which takes us up to the very edge of
the outbreak, but has nothing to do with the
hackneyed horrors of Delhi and Lucknow and
Cawnpore. The hero is Ralph Cunningham,
who comes into the Indian military service
backed by the prestige of his father and
grandfather, long imbedded in the heroic
legend of the country. Mahommed Gunga, a
wise and wily chieftain who had followed and
loved the father, takes the son under his pro-
tecting care, discovers by various tests that
424
THE DIAL
[ May 16
he is really the sort of man his father's son
should be, and contrives to put him into the
position of leadership for which he is fitted.
The Mutiny has not yet been declared, but
its imminence is apparent to the informed,
and the episode which is the climax of the
present narrative and of which Ralph is the
hero is one that serves to strengthen the Brit-
ish resistance to the coming storm. Roman-
tically, it is concerned with the rescue of
Rosemary MacLean, daughter of a Scotch
missionary in Rajputana, from a perilous sit-
uation in which her life is placed by the
wooing of a treacherous native prince. The
hero and the heroine are predestined for one
another, but no sentimentality is wasted upon
their romance. When the time comes, they
simply accept the situation as a matter of
course. In fact, there seems to be no waste
or surplusage anywhere in the story, which
is told in singularly forthright fashion, and
is for that reason, as well as for its insight
into native character, extraordinarily effec-
tive. Mr. Kipling could hardly have done it
better, and Mrs. Steel could not have done it
in less than three times the space.
When Christine Wyndham is a little girl
of seventeen, in charge of a governess on the
seashore of France, she makes a playmate of
a young French officer, and is implicated with
him in an innocent escapade which has serious
consequences. They are caught in a cave by
the tide, and forced to remain overnight. The
resulting scandal is such that Christine is
bundled post-haste back to England. When
she grows up, she marries an Englishman who
is almost painfully good, but the memory of
her childish attachment does not fade from
her heart. Meanwhile, the Frenchman has
been made the victim of a treacherous plot
which results in his being convicted of trea-
son, and sentenced to a term of imprisonment.
When set free, he takes refuge in England,
and suffers the direst poverty, until he is
rescued by Christine *s husband, and taken
into the family as his private secretary. Chris-
tine, all this time, has made the mistake of
concealing from her husband the romantic
episode of her childhood ; and when he learns
of it from other sources, an estrangement re-
sults, which ends in her taking flight. She
cannot restrain her love for the Frenchman,
but their mutually avowed passion is without
sinful consequences. In the course of time,
the plot which had led to his degradation is
exposed, and he is shown to have been a sec-
ond Dreyfus, just as he is at the point of
death from heart failure. His vindication is
complete, but only death can unravel the knot
of his personal fate, and so he is conveniently
disposed of, leaving the way open for a recon-
ciliation between Christine and her husband.
I'The Rocks of Valpre" is a deft old-fash-
ioned novel, with much variety of interest and
some effective character drawing. It comes
dangerously near shipwreck on the rock of
sentimentality, but never becomes quite
mawkish. Miss Ethel M. Dell, who wrote
that strong novel, "The Way of an Eagle,"
is the author.
Heralded by much advertisement, and with
all the notoriety attendant upon the winning
of a substantial money prize, "Diane of the
Green Van" makes a clamorous appeal for
our attention. It is the work of Miss Leona
Dalrymple, a young woman hitherto unknown
to fame, and now disclosed as a writer of
tricksy charm and astonishing fertility of in-
vention. We frankly confess that the plot
baffles us. It would require the analytical
skill of a Poe or a Sherlock Holmes to exhibit
the complication in diagrammatic form. New
intricacies and unexpected relations are de-
veloped in every chapter, until at the end we
are utterly bewildered, and can make no con-
fident guess at the writer's intentions. All
that we are sure of is that here is a charming
heroine, impelled by the wanderlust to roam
gypsy-fashion from Connecticut to Florida in
the green van of the title, attended on her
way by a train of devoted lovers — and des-
perate villains. The secret of her love for the
open appears to be that she is of Seminole
descent, and the varied machinations of which
she is the victim are accounted for by some
sort of connection with the royal line of an
obscure European kingdom called Houdania.
Whether she really is thus connected, or
whether her Indian strain is authentic, we
have been unable to discover with certainty.
When the ancient document concealed in the
old wooden candle-stick is found to have been
a mystification, the solid ground slips from
under our feet, and we are left helpless. How-
ever, the gypsy pilgrimage is vividly de-
scribed, and the faithful suitor who guards
the heroine is rewarded for his devotion. Of
this much, but of little more, we are certain.
The book offers the very delirium of romance,
set forth in a manner of which a feeling for
nature and a smart slangy type of conversa-
tion are the chief ingredients.
"The Light of Western Stars," by Mr.
Zane Grey, is a stirring romance of the south-
western desert, the scene being laid in New
Mexico, close to the Mexican border. This
enables the author to work the Mexican revo-
lution into his plot, and raids in both direc-
tions are among the incidents. A young
woman of wealth and social distinction is the
heroine. Becoming weary of the round of
gaiety which has been her normal existence,
1914]
THE DIAL
425
and fairly loathing its emptiness, she cuts
loose from it all, and sets out to visit her
brother, who is a rancher in New Mexico. Her
adventures begin the moment she steps off the
train at the frontier station, for her brother,
who has not known of her coming, is not on
hand to meet her, and she falls into the hands
of a drunken cowboy, who insists that she
shall marry him forthwith. A Spanish padre
is produced, who mumbles words that she does
not understand, and the distracted girl says
"Si" without knowing to what the vocable
commits her. It is not until near the close of
the story that she learns herself to have been
the wife of the cowboy all the time. Mean-
while, the desert fascinates her, and she casts
in her lot with it, purchasing a ranch, and thus
becoming the employer of many other ador-
ing cowboys. Her unknown husband, not
daring to reveal the secret, protects her from
many perils, and worships her from afar. His
love works in him a regeneration that makes
him worthy of her, for he has been a gentle-
man, and is only temporarily fallen from that
estate. After many melodramatic happen-
ings, the truth comes out, but not before she
is ready to be reconciled to the revelation and
its consequences. The situation is not unlike
that of "The Great Divide." It is all stagy
and conventional stuff, but good of its kind,
skilfully managed, and effective. Now and
then, the writer seems to be planning effects
for us which do not quite come off and leave
us rather disappointed, as in the case of the
elaborate preparations made for fooling and
thrilling the lady 's visitors from the east, and
in the case of the Mexican bandit who seeks
to abduct the heroine. But there is no lack
of excitement in the narrative, which has also
a considerable admixture of romantic glamour
and poetic charm. It "reads" from begin-
ning to end and mingles a good deal of humor
with its melodramatic plot.
A blend of Jules Verne, Sir Rider Haggard,
and Mr. H. G. Wells is offered us by Mr.
George Allan England in "Darkness and
Dawn." Allan Stern and Beatrice Kendrick,
a civil engineer and his stenographer, wake
up one morning on the fortieth floor of a sky-
scraper to behold a world in ruins, and come
gradually to realize that they have been in a
state of suspended animation for a thousand
years or more. A cataclysm has swept man-
kind from the earth, and these two alone sur-
vive of the human race, unless we style human
the debased and bestial creatures whom they
afterwards encounter in their adventures. New
York has become a jungle and the lair of wild
beasts, and nearly everything of organic na-
ture has rotted away, leaving only objects of
stone and metal unchanged. Precession has
made a notable change in the direction of the
earth's axis, and increased speed of rotation
has shortened the day by an hour or more. A
new satellite has been formed by ejection from
the earth, and revolves about its parent as a
dark attendant, although no attempt is made
to explain why it does not receive illumina-
tion from the sun, which shines as usual. This
object seems to have been torn from the earth
in the region of the Great Lakes, presumably
taking Chicago with it, and in its place there
is a huge abyss, inhabited by a race of degen-
erate descendants of civilized man. These
discoveries are made by the enterprising cou-
ple in the course of their explorations, which
are extensive, being made with the aid of an
airship fortunately unearthed, and put into
commission by the engineer's skill. Strange
to say, they find abundant stores of alcohol in
the cities, although the gasoline has all evap-
orated, and this provides them with fuel for
motive power. In fact, they find most of the
things they really need for carrying on life,
and learn to make those that they do not find,
aided by a copy of the " Encyclopaedia Brit-
annica" printed upon nickel leaves, and thus
preserved from decay. When they discover
the men of the abyss, they attempt to civilize
them, and take them forth into the world of
sunlight by means of the aeroplane, hoping
to rear a new race of men upon this debased
foundation. Allan proves a most resourceful
person, and Beatrice a sturdy helpmate in the
series of fantastic perils to which they are
exposed, and from which they always escape
after reaching a point at which there seems
to be no possible way out. They are predes-
tined to be lovers, and the chinks of the weird
narrative are filled in and thickly plastered
over with sentiment. We should say that for
those who like this sort of thing the tale will
provide just the sort of thing that they like.
WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE.
BRIEFS ox XEW BOOKS.
The establishment of the Re-
public in China, with the conse-
quent intensified interest in the
Chinese people, and also the consequent dis-
appearance, in large measure, of the old rev-
erence for the royal family, seems to have
been a fortunate event for students of history.
A rich new field for research has thus been
opened to scholarship. Among those who are
availing themselves of this tempting oppor-
tunity, Messrs. Backhouse and Bland, joint
authors of "China under the Empress Dow-
ager," have already taken very high rank,
and this rank has been well sustained by Mr.
426
THE DIAL
[ May 16-
Bland in "Recent Events and Present Poli-
cies in China." It is gratifying, therefore,
to have a study of court life during1 the
Manchu dynasty under the same joint author-
ship. In "Annals and Memoirs of the Court
of Peking" (Houghton) historic Chinese char-
acters, both men and women, become alive
again, and a thrilling tale is unfolded of the
degeneration and ultimate ruin of an Oriental
dynasty. The authors have availed themselves
of original sources of information probably
quite inaccessible during the continuance of
the dynasty, and the first-hand accounts of
stirring and terrible events from the begin-
ning of Manchu rule down to the end of that
sway in China furnish as interesting reading
as any historical romance. Indeed, there is a
sort of interest attaching to this book which
is wanting in the best romance: the stamp of
veracity on the numerous excerpts from con-
temporary documents which the authors use
adds tremendously to the genuine human ap-
peal of the book. One feels that for the first
time the very roots of the hidden life at
Peking are being laid bare. The authors are
to be criticised for having omitted needed ref-
erence to authorities in a good many passages
where interpretations of vitally important
events are offered to the reader, — interpreta-
tions by no means so obviously true as to
carry conviction with the mere statement;
but in the main the work is a product of
painstaking scholarship, and evidences quite
unusual preparation and ability for research
in Chinese history. While recognizing the
great qualities of the Chinese race, the writers
are temperamentally pessimistic in their out-
look, and the present reviewer believes that
a more hopeful attitude toward the near fu-
ture in China is perfectly reasonable even
in the light of the ugly pictures convincingly
drawn by these writers of the court life in
Peking. Believing in the almost ineradicable
nature of race traits, the writers do not make
sufficient allowance for the gradual modifica-
tion of race traits with the alteration of
environment. Moreover, the faithful and
courageous personalities revealed — though in
a sad minority — in every one of the terrible
and repulsive situations described constitute
the saving remnant which is destined to give
a higher tone to Chinese history in the not
too distant future.
Chips from a
psychologist's
workshop.
A lenient judge of Professor
Miinsterberg 's "Psychology and
Social Sanity" (Doubleday)
would comment upon the volume as an inter-
esting collection of studies in a psychological
vein, reflecting the views of a fertile mind.
The attraction of the titles displays a versa-
tility not unsuggestive of the caterer's art.
These consist of the following: "Sex Edu-
cation," a defense of the policy of silent
discretion as against noisy discussion and
dramatic exposure; "Socialism," an arraign-
ment of its insufficiency as a solution, versus
the inner bulwark of reasonable content that
makes its proposed remedies needless; "The
Intellectual Underworld," specimens of the
"crank" correspondence in a psychologist's
mail; "Thought Transference," showing the
weakness of the premises in the case; "The
Mind of the Juryman," a psychological de-
fense of the jury system when confined to
men; "Efficiency on the Farm," a plea for
a scientific analysis of the processes of rural
industry; "Social Sins of Advertising," a
disclosure of the bad influence and bad busi-
ness of mingling advertisements with reading
matter; "The Mind of the Investor," am
attempt to set forth why Americans specu-
late; "Society and the Dance," explaining
the dangers and the benefits of dancing, ac-
cording to how it is carried on ; " Naive Psy-
chology," as reflected in the popular wisdom
of literature. A critical view of the volume
by the Professor of Psychology in Harvard
University would deplore not the popularisa-
tion, but the journalistic condescensions of
the presentations dominated by the approving
presence of the magazine reader. The critic
conversant with the evidences of the author's
scholarly abilities in other volumes would re-
gret the more than occasional lapses from
good taste and modest restraint. He might
be tempted to draw a lesson, which is not
drawn, from the ingenuous reversal of the
prophecy that Socialism would not gain head-
way in America (as set forth in a former
volume) to the present prophecy that it will,
— both conclusions being psychologically sup-
ported. He might be particularly offended
at the far from ingenuous implications as to
the author's relations to the Faladino dis-
closures. Returning to the lenient mood, he
would deplore rather than censure the yield-
ing to temptation that besets exponents of
popular themes, who assume professorially
the white man's reforming burden. The criti-
cal layman might well conclude by question-
ing whether the psychology that confers the
authority of speech on so wide and various
an array of subjects, thickly saturated with
practical difficulties, is in reality a science
or a papal perquisite. In the author's book
on "The Americans" he set forth with de-
ductive lucidity what would be wrong with
Americans, and how these wrongs would be
righted, if only Americans happened to be
Germans. The present volume is open to the
interpretation that the course of social sanity
1914]
427
lies in avoiding the dictates of a psycholo-
gist 's disaff ections.
A straightforward story, unem-
bellished by exaggerated tales
of hardships or danger or spec-
tacular exploits of any sort, is that which Dr.
Hudson Stuck, archdeacon of the Yukon, tells
in his volume entitled ' ' The Ascent of Denali ' '
(Scribner), in which he recounts the well-
laid plans for the conquest of the peak, the
daily incidents of the toilsome ascent, and the
very fortunate weather that favored the party
on the day when the summit was finally con-
quered. From the base camp at tirnberline on
the inner flank of the range, established April
10, the explorer and his two hardened Alas-
kan aids toiled until June 7 through the snow
and across crevassed glaciers and up an earth-
quake-shattered ridge of ice to the summit,
whose altitude was computed from barometric
determinations to be 20,700 feet. The moun-
tain .is not one presenting technical moun-
taineering difficulties, except those created by
the shattered ice-ridge presumably created
by a recent earthquake. Its difficulties lie in
its remoteness, its size, and its wide expanses
of snow and ice. Its problems are those of
transportation of supplies. The writer esti-
mates the actual linear distance from the foot
of the glacier to the summit as twenty miles;
yet his party, in order to have adequate sup-
plies for the weathering out of persistent
storms such as actually did hold up their
progress, were compelled thrice to retrace
their steps and to climb 60,000 feet, in bring-
ing the requisite food supplies and shelter to
the uppermost camp from which the final
sally to the summit was made. Possibly some
persons may regret that the author has seen
fit to replace the name of President McKinley
with the not unpleasing Indian name Denali,
"the Great One," as a designation for the
mountain. But the latter at least has Alas-
kan priority, and might fittingly remain to
show that there once dwelt in the land a sim-
ple and hardy race who braved successfully
the rigors of its climate and flourished, until
the septic contact of a superior race put cor-
ruption into their blood. It is perhaps 'need-
less to say that the author found no evidence
to corroborate Dr. Cook's claims to having
ascended the mountain, but rather evidence
that his description of the summit is wholly
inapplicable.
The relation, *? "Architecture and the Al-
of architecture lied Arts" (Bobbs-Merrill Co.)
Professor Alfred M. Brooks has
repeated anew in popular form the current
dicta on the art of Europe in the middle
ages and in classic times. The need for such
a repetition is not obvious; discussions of art
in its relations with historic environment
have been the commonplace of criticism since
the middle of the last century. To do the
greatest service, a new treatment should have
taken into account more recent critical move-
ments tending to modify certain over-hasty
conclusions of the founders of evolutionary-
aesthetics. At least it should have embodied
the latest acceptations in the realm of archae-
ological fact. One is disappointed, then, to
find again the well-worn generalizations on
the importance of art to the historian and
of history to the artist ; and to encounter, in
too many cases, the discredited conceptions
of yesterday. The old popular idea of Greek
curvatures and inclinations still persists. They
are thought intended "to overcome the illu-
sion which makes tall posts appear to spread,
parallel-sided posts appear to hollow-in, and
vertical posts seem to lean," although it has
recently been pointed out that this explana-
tion is devoid of every vestige of psychological
or artistic authority. Even in elementary
matters of fact there are disquieting slips, —
as when the sack of Rome is placed in 476,
or the plan of the temple of Apollo at Selinus
is given for that of the Parthenon. Merit in
the presentation of traditional views was per-
haps all that was attempted, but the literary
value is hardly so superlative as to justify the
lack of other positive qualities. Clear and
readable the book usually is. The illustra-
tions are well selected, the photographs of de-
tail and sculpture being especially beautiful.
The frequency of quotation will be welcomed
by some. If this is all an American book
buyer demands, however, Mr. Brooks is to
be reproached for not showing himself supe-
rior to his public. In view of the equal em-
phasis of the sub-title on "Greek, Roman,
Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic" arts,
and the very independent treatment given to
Greece and Rome, one is surprised to learn
that the purpose of the book is to serve those
interested in history and art of the Middle
Ages. One would have expected, then, a more
summary and a more dynamic treatment of
earlier periods. Less elaborate circumscrip-
tions of the subject, subdivisions, and defini-
tions would also fit the book better for general
use. It is the same indecision of purpose, the
failure to remain within the genre tranche, that
is to be lamented in so much present-day writ-
ing on the fine arts. If we must resign our-
selves to popular treatment, by all means let it
be divorced from sententiousness and labored
convolution. Yet we may be permitted to
hope that not every professor will content
428
THE DIAL,
[ May 16
himself with disclaiming the idea of contribut-
ing to the history of art.
The life of
an imperial
misfit.
The anonymous memoir of the
Empress Frederick, wife of the
unfortunate young German Em-
peror whose reign lasted only three months,
now published by Messrs. Dodd, Mead & Co.,
is the first biography of Kaiser Wilhelm's
mother which has appeared. Although it is
a frank justification of the much-maligned
English princess who was never understood
by her German subjects, and is consequently
a spirited arraignment of Bismarck, the old
Emperor, and the others who thwarted her,
it bears the marks of sincerity and accuracy
from beginning to end. The author admits
that the Empress's difficulties were due in a
large degree to her own inability to read the
character of others ; but he qualifies this very
inability as a merit, since he traces it to the
fact that, being herself absolutely candid and
invariably generous, she could never be
brought to see that the great majority of the
men and women she had dealings with were
neither candid nor generous. The story is a
deeply pathetic one. The warm-hearted and
somewhat strong-minded daughter of Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert is betrothed to
the young nephew of the King of Prussia. The
alliance pleases neither English nor Prussians,
even before either country knows the char-
acter which the young couple will develop.
The ardent young Princess, with the spirit of
a missionary, sets about converting savage
Prussia to constitutional government and En-
glish gardens. Prussia fails to appreciate her
own benighted condition, and resents patron-
age from a country which she disliked fifty
years ago almost as much as she does to-day.
Moreover, this versatile blue-stocking was not
content with woman 's sphere, as Prussians —
men and women alike — delimited it. So the
devoted efforts of the Princess to be useful
to her adopted country, her charities, her hos-
pitals, her generous devotion to the wounded
in the Austrian and French wars, her unmis-
takable evidences of real love for Prussia and
Germany, went for very little because she
never grew shrewd enough to conceal the fact
that she reckoned the country of her birth a
country to imitate and envy. So it came about
that she lived and died unappreciated, — and
when she died, a Church of England clergy-
man came and read the Anglican service over
her body! An interesting supplement to the
present biography is a pedigree showing the
family connections of the Emperor and Em-
press Frederick, and their common descent
from King James I. of England.
One of the most fascinating
problems in Elizabethan dra-
matic literature consists in the
determination of the share each author had
in the plays that go under the joint author-
ship of Beaumont and Fletcher. Internal
and external evidence, dates and verse tests,
diction and other stylistic qualities have been
scrutinized in order to lead to a solution of
this problem. The most thorough-going con-
tribution so far made is Professor Charles
Mills Gay ley's "Beaumont, the Dramatist"
(Century Co.). This work seeks not only to
distinguish the personality of Beaumont from
that of Fletcher as shown in his plays, but
also to bring together a body of biographical
facts which will show his relation to the time
and the stage and his more especial asso-
ciates. Thus, the first part of the book is
taken up with "Beaumont's life, his acquaint-
ance, and his career as poet and dramatist,"
and the second part with "The collaboration
of Beaumont and Fletcher." The criteria
applied to the three test plays, "Philaster,"
"A King and No King," and " The Maid's
Tragedy, ' ' which are indisputably the product
of the joint authorship, are primarily versifi-
cation, "then successively and cumulatively
. . . diction and mental habit. ' ' These criteria
are applied to the admitted works of each
man, and then to those in dispute, so as to
determine which is Beaumont's and which
Fletcher's. The result is that, as Professor
Gayley says, the judgment of Swinburne
passed in 1875 may be accepted pretty fully
to-day, that "in those tragic poems of which
the dominant note is the note of Beaumont's
genius a subtler chord of thought is sounded,
a deeper key of emotion is touched, than ever
was struck by Fletcher, ' ' and that " if a dis-
tinction must be made between the Dioscuri
of English poetry, we must admit that Beau-
mont was the twin of heavenlier birth. ' ' Pro-
fessor Gayley, it may be noted, refuses to
accept the opinion that the last romantic
comedies of Shakespeare were influenced by
the romantic plays of Beaumont and Fletcher.
Shakespeare is his own predecessor in that
the qualities regarded as distinctive of the
later plays are already present in his earlier
comedies, though to a less extent.
, „ ,.
Recollections
of a veteran
If ever a man was qualified
., ,. ,
to write all about newspaper-
making and newspaper-publish-
ing, that man would seem to be the author of
"These Shifting Scenes" (Doran), a collec-
tion of "stories" such as will not be found in
any newspaper, but will hardly be surpassed
in interest by the products of the most alert
and imaginative reporter's pen. Mr. Charles
1914]
THE DIAL,
429
Edward Russell, the chronicler of these varied
journalistic experiences, was reared in an at-
mosphere redolent of printer's ink; but when
he left his native West and for weary, dis-
heartening months tried to get a foothold in
New York as a cub reporter, he found that
there were more things in metropolitan jour-
nalism than he had dreamt of in his philos-
ophy. His ultimate winning of success and
rise to high position in his calling brought
him into contact with many strange varieties
of human nature and disclosed to him many
astonishing things in the world about him.
Incidents too incredible even for fiction came
again and again to his notice, and from this
fund of unusual experience he draws for the
entertainment of his readers. His chapters
deal with such topics as "Old Days with the
Tramp Printers," "The Man out of Work"
(vividly autobiographical), "The Haymarket
and Afterward," "Why Harrison was Nomi-
nated in 1888," "The Rocky Road to Johns-
town," "Travels with the Cholera Fleet,"
and "The Art of Reporting." But with all
his harking back to the ' ' good old times, ' ' Mr.
Raissell believes that still better times are
ahead, and with them better newspapers.
Almost too good to be true is his vision of
this coming newspaper. "Out of this condi-
tion," he prophesies in his closing paragraph,
"will come in time the ideal newspaper, which
can be produced only as a communal enter-
prise; which will be published for informa-
tion and not for profit; which will not
attempt to combine the two desirable but
properly distinct functions of telling us how
goes the progress of the world and where to
get hams. ' ' May he live to see that glad day !
Few of the rest of us can hope for such lon-
gevity.
Mr. Edward Legge, the En-
d glish Journalist whose "King
Edward in His True Colors"
appeared a year or so ago, has been encour-
aged by the success of that book to go over
the same ground again, in a volume entitled
"More about King Edward" (Small, May-
nard & Co.). Sir Sidney Lee's cautious and
impartial biography of the late King in the
"Dictionary of National Biography" comes
in for quite as liberal a share of abuse as was
inflicted upon it in the earlier book; and the
author is as insistent as ever that Edward
was the ablest public character of his time
and substantially free from faults. A writer
who questions the value of the painstaking
and accurate Dictionary, and suggests that
contemporary newspaper utterances — pro-
vided always that they are complimentary to
the King — are more to be depended upon,
is scarcely to be taken seriously. But with
all its serious faults of style and manner, Mr.
Legge 's book is decidedly interesting. There
are two chapters on the King's personal at-
tributes; one on the theft of the Dublin
Crown Jewels, which the writer mysteriously
characterizes as a very significant event, but
about which he tells us very little; a chapter
which maintains that the monarchy, brought
to a critical condition by the aloofness of
Queen Victoria, was saved by the skill of her
son and successor, the shrewdest of all dip-
lomats; one — a marvellous example of the
noble craft of making bricks without straw —
on the ' ' official ' ' biography of the King, which
has not yet appeared, and perhaps never will
appear, and about which it is clear that Mr.
Legge knows exactly as much as the rest of us ;
one on the King's appreciation of poetry,
which tells us quite as little as the preceding
chapter, for the excellent reason that there
is nothing to tell ; a history of the King 's ill-
ness; a long and really delightful chapter of
anecdotes, of the complimentary sort, con-
cerning His Majesty; and a final chapter
which deals with various members of his fam-
ily, particularly with that beautiful character,
Queen Alexandra. The volume is handsomely
illustrated, largely with reproductions of
photographs which have not appeared else-
where ; but typographical errors are more fre-
quent than they should be.
some amusing A variety of entertaining and
bibiiophuie often absurdly impossible inci-
dents, in which books and libra-
ries and librarians play an important part,
are strung together by Mr. Edmund Lester
Pearson in a small volume entitled "The
Secret Book" (Macmillan). What this "se-
cret book" is, and how the narrator almost
had the unspeakable pleasure of handling it,
is told in the first chapter; how a friend of
his actually got possession of it (a unique
copy) in Paris, and brought it home to sell
for a fabulous sum to the richest book-col-
lector in the world, is briefly indicated, with
due accompaniment of mystery, in the clos-
ing chapter. Between these two, which suffice
to justify the book's title, are a half -score of
other chapters that take the form chiefly of
papers read by different members of "the
Club." These papers are for the most part
selections from that department of the Boston
"Transcript" known as "The Librarian" and
conducted by Mr. Pearson. In most char-
acteristic vein is his account (quoted from
' ' The Dictionary of Authors, Sacred and Pro-
fane," by Enoch and Eliphalet Sneed) of the
life and death of Ibid, or, in full, Marcus
Alias Hortensius Ibidimus, who seems to have
430
THE DIAL
[ May 16
been a Roman general, poet, and rhetorician,
of incredible productivity as an author.
When, after a long siege, he had taken Um-
brage, he retired into hither Gaul and devoted
the rest of his life to the writing of those in-
numerable poems published under his pen-
name, ' ' Anon. ' ' But his end was tragic : for
some serious transgression of the laws " he
was hanged in Effigy, a town in Lower Egypt,
on Christmas Day, 102 B. C. " Excellent non-
sense, with many a keen thrust at the foibles
of our common human nature, is to be found
between the covers of this brightly amusing
book.
... It would be idle for a reviewer
A fresh, oblation . , .
to the to attempt to say anything new
about the devotion of "Vernon
Lee" to the Spirit of Places, or about her
dainty personal treatment of the themes sug-
gested by her wayfaring. Her latest volume,
after opening with an allegorizing eponymous
chapter, "The Tower of the Mirrors," wan-
ders in amiable haphazard fashion from
"French Roads" and "Chablis" to "Winter
Days at Ravenna" and "Divinities of Tuscan
Summer Fields"; and the entertainment it
offers is almost as uneven as it is varied.
While some of the essays are so slight that
one is compelled to question the advisability
of including them, others are most delightful,
and all of them manifest the characteristic
touch of our essayist, who combines an insa-
tiable thirst for travel with a keen apprecia-
tion of countless little human-hearted things
and an intimate knowledge of the art and
literature of Western Europe. Among the
most enjoyable chapters to the present re-
viewer are ' ' The Gooseberry Garden of Jena, ' '
"The Victor of Xanten," and "Castiglione
d'Olona." But it would be idle to expect
our readers to agree with this selection, or
any other. The great charm of "Vernon
Lee's" essays will be found in their individ-
uality ; and individuality, one notes with joy,
must naturally make most diverse appeals.
(Lane.) '
The same scholarly wit that
Diaries that , _ _ _ _ . * _. ,
might have made Mr. Maurice Barings
"Dead Dialogues" and "Di-
minutive Dramas" a delight to the discerning,
animates also the third number of the same
series, "Lost Diaries" (Houghton), which
comprises twenty selections from journals that
might have been written by as many celebri-
ties, historical and fictitious, had these illus-
trious persons only been more alive to their
opportunities. Among these potential dia-
rists are King Cophetua, Froissart, Wash-
ington, Marcus Aurelius, Mrs. James Lee's
husband, Sherlock Holmes, Harriet Shelley,
William the Conqueror, Mrs. John Milton,
Christopher Columbus, and Hamlet. Here is
young George Washington's account of a cer-
tain famous incident with which his name is
associated. The date is October 13, 1744. "A
pretty little episode happened at home to-day.
The gardener's boy asked me if he might try
his new axe on the old cherry-tree, which I
have often vainly urged mother to cut down.
I said, 'By all means.' It appears that he
misunderstood me and cut down the tree. My
mother was about to send him away, but I
went straight to her and said I would take
the entire responsibility for the loss of the
tree on myself, as I had always openly advo-
cated its removal and that the gardener's boy
was well aware of my views on the sub-
ject. My mother was so much touched at my
straightforwardness that she gave me some
candy, a refreshment to which I am still par-
tial. ' ' Again we are reminded of the lamenta-
ble inaccuracy of history and tradition. Like
its predecessors, this book is made up of mat-
ter that has stood the test of periodical or
newspaper publication.
Not himself a naturalist, but
none the less a lover of nature,
Mr. C. DuFay Robertson tells
us in "Down the Year" (Eaton & Mains)
some of the interesting thoughts and fruitful
suggestions that come to him in his contem-
plation of the periodic changes that pass over
the face of the outside world with the progress
of the seasons. The approach of spring, the
country in summer, the tranquil delights of
a parsonage back yard, the coming of dawn
across the fields, the beauty of gently falling
snow, the mystery of winter twilight — these
and other like themes receive fitting treatment
in either prose or verse at Mr. Robertson's
hands. Keenly appreciative of color effects
in nature, he writes thus of the summer land-
scape as seen through rain: "I have just
learned where the old tapestry weavers got
their delightful, soft, filmy colors. There is
nothing more beautiful in all art than old
tapestries, with their mysterious, veiled, rem-
iniscent neutral tints and colors, brilliant yet
subdued. I have long wondered where the
old artists got their ideas for such color
schemes, and have speculated much upon the
question. I know now, for I have been in
the country when it rains." A rich harvest
of the quiet eye is stored in Mr. Robertson's
book, to which the camera has contributed a
half-dozen beautiful views of rural scenes —
if one of them, showing a portion of the starry
heavens, can be called rural.
1914]
THE DIAL,
431
BEIEFEE MENTION.
"A Stevenson Bibliography," by Mr. J. Herbert
Slater, is the first volume of a forthcoming series
which promises to be decidedly useful to collectors
of books, as well as to librarians and booksellers.
Instead of the old chronological arrangement, the
titles are entered in alphabetical order. Each entry
is followed by a bibliographical note, giving full
information about the size, the publishers, the dif-
ferent editions that have been issued, and the pres-
ent auction prices.
A valuable little introduction to the Swedenbor-
gian religion has just been issued by Messrs. Lip-
pincott, under the title, " The Path of Life." It is
a compilation from the writings of Swedenborg,
and represents much careful and loving research,
mostly on the part of the late John Curtis Ager.
As the title indicates, emphasis is placed in the
selection upon the practical conduct of life, and so
the volume should prove fruitful even to those who
are unable to make contact with Swedenborg's
metaphysics.
A study of " Cavour and the Making of Modern
Italy, 1810-1861," by Pietro Orsi, forms the latest
volume in the " Heroes of the Nations " series
(Putnam). As its title indicates, the book is not
essentially a biography, but rather a history of the
period of Cavour. Though " the father of modern
Italy " is the central figure of the work, his real
character and personality are emphasized little, if
any, more than in the corresponding sections of
general histories. In other words, we have here the
skeleton of the history of Italy in Cavour's time, —
the externals of Cavour's deeds ; Cavour himself is
lacking. But, as we have said, the volume does not
pretend to be a biography, and it does well what it
sets out to do.
The most famous bell in America tells, briefly
and simply, with a proper blending of chronology
and sentiment, of history and patriotism, the story
of its origin and the record of its distinguished ser-
vice, in a little book entitled "A Silent Peal from
the Liberty Bell" (Jacobs), written by Miss Ada-
line May Conway. Five illustrations show the bell
itself, the old State House where it once hung and
where it is now preserved, the Declaration Cham-
ber in that building, and portraits of John Nixon
and John Marshall. In closing its somewhat pa-
thetic tale, the cracked old bell pleads to be left in
peace and not sent on any more journeys across the
country for exhibition purposes. It was a happy
thought that gave rise to this attractive little book,
which is designed especially for young readers.
In adding the principal works of William Morris
to their " Pocket Library," Messrs. Longmans are
performing a service for which book-lovers gener-
ally will be heartily grateful. Fourteen volumes
have recently appeared, comprising " Poems by the
Way " and " Jason," "A Dream of John Ball," and
seven of the prose romances, — " The Well at the
World's End," "The Water of the Wondrous
Isles," " The Roots of the Mountains," and " The
Sundering Flood," in two volumes each ; and " The
Story of the Glittering Plain," " The Wood beyond
the World," and "The House of the Wolfings,"
each in a single volume. The books are faultlessly
printed, of convenient size, and inexpensive in
price. " News from Nowhere " and Mackail's Life
of Morris were published in the same series a year
or so ago.
Street's " Gothic Architecture in Spain," which
has held its own for nearly half a century as the
best work on the subject, is now republished by
Messrs. Dutton in two conveniently-sized and low-
priced volumes, under the editorship of Georgiana
Goddard King. The revisions and additions are
not extensive, — as the editor remarks, " Street was
very thorough, and Spain is very slow"; a few
necessary notes on the "primitives," discovered
since Street wrote, are included, and the material
is brought up to date in other respects. It was
wisely decided to retain the author's own sketches,
cut on wood for the original edition, rather than to
introduce photographic substitutes. These beauti-
ful drawings are, indeed, an integral part of the
book. In its new form, Street's work belongs with
Baedeker in the equipment of every art-loving tour-
ist in Spain.
The translation of Mr. Max Rooses's admirable
little handbook on "Art in Flanders" (Scribner)
gives one more proof of the cosmopolitanism of
interest in art that is growing to be one of the
strong ties binding European races together. This
particular volume belongs to a series written by
well-known critics and published simultaneously, in
five languages, in New York, London, Paris, Stutt-
gart, Bergamo, and Madrid. Each volume is illus-
trated by hundreds of cuts, small but very clear,
illustrating the architecture, painting, and sculp-
ture of the country dealt with. Mr. Rooses makes
in addition a special effort to present the minia-
tures and manuscript paintings of early Flemish
art, thereby greatly enriching the history and clari-
fying the evolution of his subject. For an under-
standing of the racial conventions that are worked
out before the great individualities of art can ap-
pear, this small book furnishes excellent material.
Wise counsel to the young, especially to young
students of the male sex, is offered in short, per-
suasive, often unusually readable and richly sug-
gestive form, in a book edited by Mr. Homer H.
Cooper, superintendent of Spiceland Academy
(delightfully alluring name) and a man who evi-
dently knows the needs and temptations peculiar
to adolescence. Eighty-seven bits of practical wis-
dom from nearly as many educators, thinkers,
preachers, authors, reformers, and statesmen, are
collected under the title, " Right Living : Messages
to Youth from Men Who Have Achieved" (Mc-
Clurg), and the greater number of these short arti-
cles were prepared primarily for the Spiceland
students. Among the passages dealing more espe-
cially with literature, one notes with approval Rev.
Jenkin Lloyd Jones's commendation of Xenophon's
" Memorabilia " as a better book for the beginner in
Greek than the same author's "Anabasis," a mili-
tary history unfruitful of good to the young reader
except as a dreary drill in grammar and syntax.
Mr. Cooper closes his book with some true words on
" Practical Day Dreams."
432
THE DIAL.
[ May 16'
NOTES.
" Midstream " is the title of Mr. Will Levington
Comfort's new novel, which the George H. Doran
Co. will publish this month.
"The Wolf of Gubbio," a poetic comedy by
Josephine Preston Peabody, is being translated into
German by Mrs. Amelia von Ende.
" Henry of Navarre — Ohio " is the title of a
story of college life and fun in a small town which
the Century Co. will publish in June.
•' The Miscellany," a little quarterly devoted to
books, book plates, and kindred matters, has just
been launched by Mr. H. Alfred Fowler of Kansas
City.
A translation of Wolzogen's successful novel of
German musical life is being made for Mr. B. W.
Huebsch by Messrs. Edward Breck and Charles
Harvey Genung.
Mr. Theodore Dreiser's new novel, " The Titan,"
which was announced for publication some months
ago by Messrs. Harper, will appear this month with
the John Lane Co.'s imprint.
A new and revised edition of the late Holman
Hunt's work on the Pre-Raphaelite Movement is
announced by Messrs. Button. New matter and
new illustrations have been added, and the price
reduced.
Miss Mabel Brailsford's book on the early Quaker
women, to be published in the autumn, deals with
an aspect both of the feminist movement and of the
struggle for religious liberty about which very lit-
tle has been written.
A new novel by Mr. Eden Phillpotts, entitled
" Faith Tresilion," is announced for publication
this month by the Macmillan Co. It is a story of
the early nineteenth century, the scene of which is
laid in a remote village in Cornwall.
A volume dealing with " Shakespeare's Country,"
from the pen of Archdeacon Hutton, is about to be
added to Messrs. Macmillan's well-known "High-
ways and Byways " series. Mr. Edmund H. New
has supplied a large number of illustrations.
Mr. Yone Noguchi has written a volume on " The
Spirit of Japanese Poetry " for Messrs. Button's
" Spirit of the East " series. The book will contain
numerous renderings from Japanese poetry, both
ancient and modern, and a chapter on the " No "
play.
A volume on Princeton, by Professor V. C. Col-
lins, is now nearly ready in the "American College
and University Series" published by the Oxford
University Press. Bean Keppel's volume on Colum-
bia, published recently, was the first title of the
series.
A third volume of Br. Bavid Jayne Hill's " His-
tory of Biplomacy in the International Bevelop-
ment of Europe " is promised for immediate issue
by Messrs. Longmans. This instalment will deal
with " The Biplomacy of the Age of Absolutism,"
1648-1775.
Three important novels, hitherto unannounced,
are to be published next month by Messrs. Hough-
ton Mifflin Co. These are Mr. Robert Herrick's
" Clark's Field," Mr. Leroy Scott's " No. 13 Wash-
ington Square," and Miss Phyllis Bottome's " Bro-
ken Music."
" Some Oxford Libraries," by Mr. Strickland
Gibson, a little book mainly intended for those who-
wish to learn more about the older Oxford libraries-
than may be gathered from books of reference or
guide books, is announced for immediate issue by
the Oxford University Press.
A notable magazine feature is the " Reminis-
cences of Tolstoy," by his son, the Count Ilya,.
which will appear in the June " Century." The
same issue will contain the beginning of Mr. Arnold
Bennett's " From the Log of the Velsa," a narra-
tive of cruising in the North Sea.
In addition to the immediately forthcoming vol-
ume of Mr. Bernard Shaw's plays (containing
" Misalliance," " Fanny's First Play," and " The
Bark Lady of the Sonnets"), still another volume
is in press, to contain "Androcles and the Lion,""
" Pygmalion," and " Great Catherine."
Mr. Arnold Bennett's new novel, " The Price of
Love," will be published this month by Messrs.
Harper. The same house has also nearly ready
" The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon," by
Mr. W. B. Howells, and two volumes of " Essays-,
and Miscellanies," by Mr. Joseph Auerbach.
" The Return of the Prodigal," Miss May Sin-
clair's forthcoming volume, is a collection of sev-
eral rather long stories. The Macmillan Co., who-
will publish this book, plan to issue at about the
same time a new volume of stories by Mr. Jack Lon-
don, to be entitled " The Strength of the Strong.""
Br. C. W. Saleeby's forthcoming book on " The
Progress of Eugenics " gives a history of the Eu-
genic movement during the past five years. Br.
Saleeby emphasizes the manner in which Mendelism
has modified former views of heredity, and he also-
lays stress on the changing attitude of public bodies
towards the whole question of Eugenics.
Five novels to be published this month by the
John Lane Co. are the following: " The Trend,"
by Mr. William Arkwright ; " Macdonald of the
Isles," by Mrs. A. M. W. Sterling; "The Purple
Mists," by Miss F. E. Mills Young; "A Girl's-
Marriage," by Agnes Gordon Lennox ; and "Curing
Christopher," by Mrs. Horace Tremlett.
The Phi Beta Kappa Society has delegated to a
committee consisting of Professor Clark S. Nor-
thup, of Cornell University, Mr. William C. Lane,,
librarian of the Harvard University Library, and
Mr. John C. Schwab, librarian of the Yale Univer-
sity Library, the preparation of a volume of repre-
sentative Phi Beta Kappa orations. Since the
organization of the society in 1776, some scores of
notable addresses have been delivered before the-
various chapters. It is now proposed to publish
fifteen or twenty of these in a volume of some five
hundred pages, with a photogravure frontispiece,,
in a limited edition, through a house noted for the
excellence of its publications. As the committee
must guarantee the publishers a sale of five hun-
dred copies, they invite subscriptions, which may
be sent to any member of the committee. The price
of the book will not exceed three dollars.
1914]
THE DIAL
433
OF XEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 92 titles, includes
•books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Hail and Farewell: Vale. By George Moore. 8vo,
384 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.75 net.
Daniel "Webster. By Frederic Austin Ogg, Ph.D.
With portrait, 12mo, 433 pages. "American
Crisis Biographies." George W. Jacobs & Co.
$1.25 net.
Joseph Pulitzer: Reminiscences of a Secretary. By
Alleyne Ireland. With portrait, 12mo, 236 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net.
A Child of the Orient. By Demetra Vaka. 12mo,
298 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
-Great Men. First volumes: Charles Dickens and
Louis Pasteur, by Albert Keim and Louis Lumet,
translated from the French by Frederic Taber
Cooper. Each illustrated, 12mo. F. A. Stokes
Co. Per volume, 75 cts. net.
HISTORY.
.Athanase de Mezieres and the Louisiana-Texas
Frontier, 1768-1780. Edited and annotated by
Herbert Eugene Bolton, Ph.D. In 2 volumes,
8vo. Arthur H. Clark Co. $10 net.
\ History of the National Capital: From Its
Foundation through the Period of the Adoption
of the Organic Act. By Wilhelmus Bogart Bryan.
Volume I., 1790-1814. Large 8vo, 669 pages.
Macmillan Co. $5 net.
"Narratives of the "Witchcraft Cases, 1648-1706. Ed-
ited by George Lincoln Burr, LL.D. Large 8vo,
467 pages. "Original Narratives of Early Amer-
ican History." Charles Scribner's Sons. $3 net.
Ill in. .is Travel and Description, 1765-1865: A Bibli-
ography. By Solon Justus Buck. With portrait,
large 8vo, 514 pages. Springfield: Illinois State
Historical Library.
iJio's Roman History. Translated by Earnest Gary,
Ph.D. 12mo, 518 pages. " Loeb Classical Li-
brary." Macmillan Co. $1.50 net.
GENERAL LITERATURE.
Myths of the Hindus and Buddhists. By the Sister
Nivedita and Ananda K. Coomaraswamy. Illus-
trated in color, large 8vo, 400 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $4.50 net.
The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Collected and
edited by James Curtis Ballagh, LL.D. Volume
II., 1779-1794. Large 8vo, 608 pages. Macmil-
lan Co. $2.50 net.
The Comedies of Holberg. By Oscar James Camp-
bell, Jr. 8vo, 362 pages. Yale University Press.
$2.50 net.
The Origin of Attic Comedy. By Francis Macdon-
ald Cornford. 8vo, 252 pages. Longmans, Green
& Co. $2.40 net.
The Ancient Irish Epic Tale: Tain Bo Cualnge.
Done into English by Joseph Dunn. Large 8vo,
381 pages. London: David Nutt.
The Secret Book. By Edmund Lester Pearson.
12mo, 253 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
•Great Poems Interpreted. By Waitman Barbe.
12mo, 368 pages. Hinds, Noble & Eldredge.
$1.25 net.
/French Novelists of To-day. By Winifred Stephens.
Second edition, revised; 12mo, 314 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.50 net.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Florence on a Certain Night, and Other Poems. By
Coningsby Dawson. 12mo, 130 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $1.25 net.
Earlham. Poems by students and graduates of
Earlham. 16mo, 43 pages. Richmond: John
Dougan Rea.
.A Friend of the People: A Play in Four Acts. By
Theodore Bonnet. 12mo, 115 pages. San Fran-
cisco: Pacific Publication Co.
FICTION.
" Unto Caesar." By Baroness Orczy. With frontis-
piece in color, 12rno, 382 pages. George H. Doran
Co. $1.35 net.
The Heart's Country. By Mary Heaton Vorse.
Illustrated, 12mo, 291 pages. Houghton Mifflin
Co. $1.35 net.
Playing: with Fire. By Amelia E. Barr. Illustrated,
12mo, 328 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.35 net.
The Quarterbreed. By Robert Ames Bennet. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 347 pages. Browne
& Howell Co. $1.25 net.
The Cost of "Wings, and Other Stories. By Richard
Dehan. 12mo, 313 pages. F. A. Stokes Co. $1.25
net.
The Home of the Seven Devils. By Horace W. C.
Newte. 12mo, 404 pages. John Lane Co. $1.35 net.
The End of the Rainbow. By Marian Keith. 12mo,
352 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
The Desert and Mrs. Aja.v. By Edward Moffat.
Illustrated, 12mo, 334 pages. Moffat, Yard & Co.
$1.25 net.
Glory of the Pines: A Tale of the Ontonagon. By
William Chalmers Covert. Illustrated in color,
etc., 12mo, 245 pages. Philadelphia: Westmin-
ster Press. $1.25 net.
The Secret of the Night: Further Adventures of
Rouletabille. By Gaston Leroux. Illustrated,
12mo, 376 pages. Macaulay Co. $1.25 net.
The Blindness of Virtue. By Cosmo Hamilton.
12mo, 307 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25
net.
Keeping Up Appearances. By Maximilian Foster.
Illustrated, 12mo, 285 pages. D. Appleton & Co.
$1.25 net.
The Shield of Silence. By M. E. Henry-Ruffln,
L.H.D. 12mo, 463 pages. Benziger Brothers.
$1.35 net.
The Milky "Way. By F. Tennyson Jesse. With
frontispiece in color, 12mo, 335 pages. George
H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
To-day. Novelized from the drama of George
Broadhurst and Abraham S. Schomer by Richard
Parker. Illustrated, 12mo, 304 pages. Macaulay
Co. $1.25 net.
The Yellow Angel. By Mary Stewart Daggett.
Illustrated, 12mo, 235 pages. Browne & Howell
Co. $1 net.
The Marryers: A History Gathered from a Brief
of the Honorable Socrates Potter. By Irving
Bacheller. Illustrated, 12mo, 217 pages. Harper
& Brothers. $1 net.
The Wonderful Visit. By H. G. Wells. New edi-
tion; 12mo, 245 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$1.35 net.
Hyacinth. By G. A. Birmingham. New edition;
12mo, 316 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.20 net.
The Bad Times. By G. A. Birmingham. New edi-
tion; 12mo, 288 pages. George H. Doran Co.
$1.20 net.
SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS.
Interpretations and Forecasts: A Study of Sur-
vivals and Tendencies in Contemporary Society.
By Victor Branford, M.A. Large 8vo, 411 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley. $2.50 net.
Socialism: Promise or Menace? By Morris Hill-
quit and John A. Ryan, D.D. 12mo, 270 pages.
Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Modern Industry: In Relation to the Family,
Health, Education, Morality. By Florence Kel-
ley. 12mo, 147 pages. Longmans, Green & Co.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirk*:
A Record of Pioneer Work among the Canadian
Alps, 1908-1912. By Howard Palmer. Illustrated
in photogravure, etc., large Svo, 439 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons. $5 net.
Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled: A Narrative
of Winter Travel in Interior Alaska. By Hud-
son Stuck, D.D. Illustrated in photogravure,
etc., large Svo, 420 pages. Charles Scribner's
Sons. $3.50 net.
434
THE DIAL,
[May 16
Russia: The Country of Extremes. By Madame N.
Jarintzoff. Illustrated, large 8vo, 372 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $4 net.
Modern Mexico. By R. J. MacHugh. Illustrated,
large 8vo, 342 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co. $3.50
net.
The Mexican People t Their Struggle for Freedom.
By L. Gutierrez de Lara and Edgcumb Pinchon.
Illustrated, 8vo, 360 pages. Doubleday, Page &
Co. $1.50 net.
SCIENCE.
Memorabilia Mathematlca; or, The Philomath's Quo-
tation-Book. By Robert Edouard Moritz, Ph.D.
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A QUOHELETH OF THE FAR EAST. By Herbert H.
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440 THE DIAL [May 16, 1914
LINCOLN AS HIS FRIENDS, NEIGHBORS, AND
ASSOCIATES KNEW HIM
THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF
ABRAHAM LINCOLN
A NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE BIOGRAPHY, WITH PEN-PICTURES
AND PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS BY THOSE WHO KNEW HIM
BY
FRANCIS FISHER BROWNE
Compiler of" Golden Poems," ''Bugle Echoes: Poems of the Civil War,"
"Laurel-Crowned Verse" etc.
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THE DIAL
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1914] THE DIAL 443
NEALE'S FOR JUNE
Discovering Our Parents By Burr Chapman Cook
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Thought and Its Expansion By Lily Young Cohen
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The Professional Witness By Edwin v. Mitchell
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Thumelda By Willard French
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Book Reviews By High Authorities
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Union Square The Neale Publishing Company New York
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CONTENTS.
A GEEAT DANE 447
CASUAL COMMENT 449
The shame of the book tariff. — The joys of
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COMMUNICATIONS 453
Norway and an International Language.
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TOWARD A BROADER TO-MORROW. F. B.
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THREE NEW VOLUMES OF THE CAM-
BRIDGE ENGLISH LITERATURE.
Lane Cooper 456
AN ENGLISH STATESMAN'S REFLEC-
TIONS ON POLITICS AND HISTORY.
L. E. Eobinson 459
THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF THE TER-
ROR. Henry E. Bourne 461
THE PROBLEM OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Wallace Rice 463
Le Roy's The Americans in the Philippines.
— Worcester's The Philippines. — Chamber-
lin's The Philippine Problem. — Williams's
The Odyssey of the Philippine Commission.
— Crow's America and the Philippines.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 467
A dubious introduction to literature. — Eu-
rope in the seventh and eighth centuries. —
Scandinavia's greatest writer. — Biological
problems of to-day. — A Spanish painter of
the 18th century. — With Shakespeare and
Bacon at Stratford-on-Avon. — A plea for
the poor immigrant. — A premature valedic-
tory.— A town history of national interest.
— Fruitless " psychical " adventures.
BRIEFER. MENTION 472
NOTES 472
TOPICS IN JUNE PERIODICALS . . . .473
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . 474
A GREAT DANE.
The present visit of Dr. Georg Brandes to
the United States, although it is covering only
a fortnight, is an event of the utmost impor-
tance in our cultural annals. Dr. Brandes is
one of the half-dozen most famous men of let-
ters now alive and incomparably the greatest
of living Scandinavians. "We doubt if this
country has ever entertained a more distin-
guished representative of European letters.
We have had of recent years, it is true, visits
from M. Bergson and Lord Morley, we had
about ten years ago the great Danish poet
Drachmann, and thirty years ago the great
Norwegian poet Bjornson, and the visits of
Matthew Arnold, Thackeray, and Dickens are
marked by red letters in our calendar. The
appearance of Dr. Brandes is at least as mem-
orable as any of these, and will long be remem-
bered by those who have come into contact
with his vital and powerful personality. It
has fulfilled a hope that we had cherished for
many years, and almost abandoned as the
flight of time brought him within measurable
distance of the brink of years from which mor-
tality takes its final plunge.
We trust that the welcome accorded our
guest has made him realize more fully than he
could have realized it from a transatlantic dis-
tance the strength of his hold upon all Ameri-
cans who are interested in the greater problems
of art and life, and who have found their
way into the main stream of the world's mod-
ern thought. No one has helped them more
" Im ganzen, guten, schonen
Resolut zu leben,"
and their debt of gratitude is correspondingly
great. For many years, a few of us have been
reading him in his own tongue and many
more of us in German translation, while dur-
ing the last decade his major works have been
reproduced in the English language. They
have been to us a revelation of cosmopolitan
thought, interpreted in the spirit of the broad-
est freedom, and handled with deep penetra-
tion and philosophical insight. Many are the
minds that have found enfranchisement in his
pages and learned from him that literary
criticism, in a master's hand, may become com-
448
THE DIAL
[June 1
prehensive enough to cover the whole -of life.
Of what may be called creative criticism, Dr.
Brandes is the best example of our time. He
has the power which bestows upon this form
of writing the qualities which make it worthy
to be classed with the literary categories of
belles-lettres, with fiction, the drama, and
poetry. His work has made good this claim
for literary criticism, in the sense in which it
has been made good before him by Lessing and
Goethe, by Sainte-Beuve and Taine and Bru-
netiere, by Coleridge and "Walter Pater and
Matthew Arnold.
What is needed to raise criticism from the
status of a narrow discussion of technical
aesthetic principles to the creative plane is a
method which brings it into intimate relations
with life. Such a method was boldly outlined
by Dr. Brandes in the second volume of his
' ' Hovedstromninger, " published in the early
seventies :
" First and foremost, I endeavor everywhere to
bring literature back to life. You already have
observed that while the older controversies in our
literature — for example, that between Heiberg
and Hauch, and even the famous controversy be-
tween Baggesen and Oehlenschlager — have been
maintained in an exclusively literary domain and
have become disputes about literary principles
alone, the controversy aroused by my lectures not
merely by reason of the misapprehension of the
opposition, but quite as much by reason of the
very nature of my writing, has come to touch upon
a swarm of religious, social, and moral problems.
- . . It follows from my conception of the relation
of literature to life that the history of literature I
teach is not a history of literature for the drawing-
room. I seize hold of actual life with all the
strength I may, and show how the feelings that
find their expression in literature spring up in the
human heart. Now the human heart is no stagnant
pool or idyllic woodland lake. It is an ocean with
submarine vegetation and frightful inhabitants.
The literary history and the poetry of the drawing-
room see in the life of man a salon, a decorated
ball-room, the men and the furnishings polished
alike, in which no dark corners escape illumination.
Let him who will look at matters from this point of
view ; but it is no affair of mine."
To this method the author has remained true
all his life, and this is what makes of his work
one of the impressive monuments of modern
thought. A living literature, he says, ' ' brings
problems up for debate," and " for a litera-
ture to bring nothing up for debate is the same
thing as to lose all its significance. ' '
Thus our author has found the literature of
modern times to be bristling with debatable
problems, and he has stood in the arena for
nearly half a century engaged in the struggle
over these problems, and always championing
the cause of justice and individual freedom,
and the emancipation of the soul from all the
degrading fetters of hide-bound prejudice and
inveterate superstition. He has been a fighter
for ideas all his life, a true Ritter vom Geist,
a doughty warrior for the cause upon which
Heine based his chief claim to the world's re-
gard. Engaged in this conflict primarily for
his fellow-countrymen, who seemed to him to
be living in the eddies and backwaters of
thought, he sought to drag them by pure force
of reason out into the main current, and han-
dled them so roughly in his efforts for their
salvation that they would have none of their
rescuer, and turned upon him, and drove him
from among them. Whereupon he went forth,
lived in foreign lands for a term of years, and
returned to his fellow-countrymen a world-
figure, with weapons freshly forged and tem-
pered, and forced them to give him heed.
Meanwhile, his eloquence had evoked responses
in all the cultured nations of the earth, and he
was fast becoming the commanding figure
which he is to-day in the intellectual world.
What are the qualities that have made Georg
Brandes thus preeminent ? One of them is the
wide range of his knowledge, which has al-
lowed nothing deeply significant in modern
life to escape his attention. Another is the
possession of a clear-cut and incisive style
which makes the full weight of conviction tell
in his thrust. The title of this article might be
flippantly taken to suggest what has been
called " the big bow-wow style," than which
no comparison could be more absurdly inept.
A third quality is a burning passion for intel-
lectual freedom and social justice, coupled with
an unfaltering belief in the power of truth
eventually to prevail over error,. As long ago
as 1872, he said to the critics who were fero-
ciously attacking him in the Danish press :
" I am treated as if the ideas which inspire me
and which I express, were my own inventions.
They are the ideas of all intelligent Europe. If a
man is guilty for maintaining them, then the guilt
is not mine, but that of European scientific thought.
Or rather, if the men of the younger generation are
guilty, when they cherish these convictions, the real
guilt lies upon the men of the older generation.
Why did you not bring us up better? If these
ideas can be confuted, why did you not refute them
for us? If it were possible to equip the present
generation for a victorious battle against free
thought, why did you not thus equip us? You did
not do it, because you could not do it, because thesa
ideas are not to be confuted."
1914]
THE DIAL,
449
A fourth quality, which is perhaps little more
than an amplified statement of the second one
mentioned, is the possession of that incom-
municable gift of genius to give interest to
any subject under discussion, to present even
familiar matters from such unexpected points
of view and with such exquisite turns of
phrase as to make them seem fresh and new.
This is the gift that makes us feel that even
the most hackneyed themes, in his handling,
will acquire a vital significance hitherto un-
realized, that we may go, for example, to a lec-
ture upon Shakespeare or Napoleon, with the
assurance that we will bring from it something
that we did not take to it, however familiar we
were with the subject. This power of giving
interest and charm to simple and commonplace
matters is what makes the autobiography of
Dr. Brandes a work' comparable with "Dich-
tung und Wahrheit. ' '
The better part of the work of Dr. Brandes
is now to be had in English translation. We
have the monumental "Main Currents in the
Literature of the Nineteenth Century," in
six volumes, the "William Shakespeare," in
which a Dane has done for the creator of
' ' Hamlet ' ' what a Frenchman did for the his-
tory of our literature, the Beaconsfield, the
Lassalle, the Bjornson, the Ibsen, the fascinat-
ing study of Poland, the "Recollections of
Childhood and Youth," already referred to,
and the essays upon the "Moderne Gjennem-
brudsmasnd ' ' — the men of the modern ' ' break-
ing through." It is to be hoped that the pres-
ent visit, now so nearly ended, of their dis-
tinguished author may send thousands of new
readers to these works, which are among the
most significant and influential that our age
has produced. And it will be the hope of all
of his friends that his ripened wisdom may
continue to be poured out for many years to
come, for our helpful guidance and spiritual
refreshment, and for the furthering of the
great cause of intellectual freedom.
CASUAL COMMENT.
THE SHAME OF THE BOOK TARIFF, an imposi-
tion endured by only two of the great powers
of the world, our own country and Russia, was.
mercilessly exposed by Mr. Edwin H. Ander-
son in his presidential address before the
American Library Association at AVashington
last week. Of course it is an old story, but it
is likely to be considerably older before the
disgrace is wiped out and we are able to hold
up our heads and claim a place among the
nations enlightened enough not to lay a pen-
alty on the acquisition of knowledge. Fifty
per cent higher now than before the Civil War,
the present duty on imported English books
fails ridiculously to yield any considerable
revenue or to foster home industry in the
manufacture of books. Our annual publishing
statistics show a production of only six per
cent of the total book-publication of the world.
In proportion to population, Switzerland is-
sues each year ten times as many books as we ;
the Scandinavian countries six times as many ;
Germany, France, the British Empire, Hol-
land, Italy, Austria, and Japan, each from
three and one-half to five times as many ; Rou-
mania more than three times as many; and
Russia, even with its arbitrarily censored
press, manages to put on the market a yearly
book-product amounting to more than one and
one-half times our own — in proportion to
population, as already indicated. With Spain
and Portugal (grouped together) somewhat
ahead of us, we seem-to hold. the humiliating
position of tail-enders in this procession. As
to annual revenue accruing from " the tax on
ideas " (to quote the heading of Mr. Ander-
son's paper), our treasury is enriched to the
extent of about half a million dollars by those
who each year pay for the privilege of helping
to keep this country among the best educated,
the most enlightened, of the nations. If, then,
as a tariff for revenue, the book-tax yields only
a negligible return compared with our total
revenue, and if as a protective tariff it fails to
protect, or, at most, furnishes ignoble shelter
to an unworthy few, why suffer it to remain on
the statute-book? Mr. Anderson says, "We
put a tax on the enlightenment of all the peo-
ple to serve the selfish interests of the few."
But even these few, or those of them whose
utterance on the subject commands a respect-
ful hearing, announce their entire willingness,
as one of their number, Mr. George Haven
Putnam, has repeatedly declared, that the
book-duty should be removed. Our copyright
laws furnish such protection to both author
and publisher as to render a tariff on books as
needless as it is stupid. It is well to have, in
Mr. Anderson's address, a formal and em-
phatic statement of the American Library
Association's position on this question — a
position all the more significant because, pro-
fessionally, the librarian is unaffected by the
tariff. . . .
THE JOYS OF THE LITERARY ARTIST, more
particularly the newspaper artist, are splen-
didly painted by Mr. Charles Edward Russell
in the closing chapter of "These Shifting
Scenes," an admirable piece of journalistic
450
THE DIAL
[June 1
autobiography recently noticed in these pages.
After a quarter-century of newspaper expe-
rience he feels himself justified in declaring
that "the best job on earth is that of the city
editor of a New York daily. Other employ-
ments are but rubbish in comparison." For,
observe, "the city editor is an artist. As a
painter before his easel, so sits every day the
city editor before the paper he is to make.
Here in his hand he holds all the colors of all
the news of the day; upon his schedule as
upon canvas he lays them to suit the taste
before mentioned [that is, the New York
reader's taste] . He can lay on the crimes and
give to his paper a red hue ; he can develop
the humorous side of a day's life in the city;
he can seize "a story in low tones from the
heart of the lost-and- found advertisements;
he can work out every contrast of scarlet and
purple, for every variety of tint is supplied
by the events before him. He has but to
choose, to combine, and to study the results.
And all the time he can derive from his weav-
ings the satisfaction that pertains only to the
exercise of art, which is now and always a
means to transfer a feeling. Provided, to be
sure, he is blessed with reporters that in their
turn have the instinct of artistic craftsmen;
for when reporting is true and free from the
taint of advertising and the business office
and allowed to deal according to its princi-
ples, it is an admirable art." Editor-in-chief
and managing editor and editorial writer are
poor creatures compared with the city editor,
thinks Mr. Russell. "The editorial writer
emits great thoughts for the exclusive perusal
of the proof-reader, ' ' he tells us. The obvious
weakness in the city editor's position as above
pictured, the drop of bitterness in his goblet
of nectar, is the confessed necessity he is
under "to suit the taste before mentioned," to
please the sensation-loving throng "that the
newspaper must please if it is to succeed, ' ' as
Mr. Russell views the matter. Preferable, by
far, is the part played by him who, as we are
told but are not bound to believe, ' ' emits great
thoughts for the exclusive perusal of the
proof-reader. ' '
• • •
PAINLESS PRELIMINARIES TO THE ENJOYMENT
OF A FOREIGN LITERATURE are surely a desid-
eratum in the educational world, though their
possibility may be doubted by those who hold,
rightly enough, that there is no royal road to
learning. Some recent paragraphs in these
columns on the subject of Latin will perhaps
have prepared the reader to receive without
too great protest the remarks of a veteran
teacher of that language on the right way to
initiate a pupil in its mysteries. Writing
anonymously to a prominent journal, he says,
in part: "One speaks first of the 'beginners'
because teachers of Latin so often declare the
first-year work to be the most critical. The
most difficult it is necessarily ; the most bene-
ficial and the most loved it is if so made by
the teacher. But commonly this first-year
work on which so much depends is horribly
mismanaged. Year after year, one may go
into these classes and see the same old meth-
ods— work too hard for the pupils, too little
understood, and stupid, dry, tiresome beyond
expression. Any boy or girl of spirit is justi-
fied in getting out of it, as a very large num-
ber 01 them do, in the course of the first
half-year — many before the end of the first
month. Break away from these methods, one
longs to urge upon every beginners' Latin
teacher (only exceptionally capable teachers
should be in charge of this class, of course) ;
whatever you do, don't start another class
with the first lesson in a book, by making the
pupils learn paradigms, whole ones — stupid
things — with a lot of new English words so
captivating as 'paradigm,' 'inflection,' 'de-
clension,' 'genitive,' 'dative,' 'accusative,'
'ablative,' etc. . . . Use no book for at
least a month — preferably two — possibly six
months. This is, of course, perfectly prac-
ticable with a class of reasonable size, as is
done to some extent in America, to great ex-
tent in Germany. Then can class-work be
made suitable, appealing, inspiring, the class
interested, eager, confident or gladly, persis-
tently plucky, able to work hard out of class
without help or lamentations. . . . This is
simply to say that the study must be alive
enough for very live boys and girls — a na-
tional pursuit, spirited, full of sense ; at pres-
ent, the study is commonly irrationally dull,
quite too dead for Young America. May
teachers and pupils soon very generally enjoy
first-year Latin — find it the favorite class-
work, such as it certainly can be made."
• • •
FIRST AID TO THE INQUIRING READER is freely
and expertly rendered by most librarians,
though some insist that the visitor should
reach the end of his own resources in cata-
logue and reference-book consultation before
soliciting professional assistance. Probably
a judicious mixture of self-help and expert
aid is wisest as a general rule. In sharp con-
trast to the Lethbridge plan (described in our
last issue) of mechanizing the public library
by bringing it into gear with the post-office
machinery, thus eliminating much waste, in-
cluding that of time taken up in personal
intercourse between librarian and patron, an
"ex-librarian" has something to say, in the
May "Public Libraries," in favor of extend-
ing that personal side of library work which
1914]
THE DIAL
451
the Lethbridge scheme would abolish. We
quote a few sentences: "With no reflection
upon any library in particular, it is the expe-
rience of many readers that the atmosphere
among the assistants of the average free
library is of a forbidding type. Many library
helpers seem to be so afraid that they will
give an inquirer one word too many in
extending information. Perhaps the writer
erred in the other direction ; but in her expe-
rience in library work she was never so happy
as at the time when an earnest reader made
inquiries, and an opportunity presented itself
to gather together all the literature upon a
specified subject which might be found in
indirect ways — hidden chapters of books with
irrelevant titles, etc. Certain experiences in
library work in one of the largest libraries in
this country, together with two seasons of
lecture-recital programmes, have brought to
vision the possibility of broadening the influ-
ence of the free library as an educational
centre — in all branches." Of course there is
liability of imposition upon a too complaisant
librarian : he may find that he is expected to
write club papers, prepare outlines for de-
bates, decipher difficult manuscripts, trans-
late whole books from the lesser-known foreign
tongues, and in other similar ways occupy his
supposedly abundant leisure; but the compe-
tent and tactful librarian will know how to
decline an unreasonable request and at the
same time maintain his reputation for urban-
ity and omniscience.
• • •
A THOUGHT FOR THE COMMENCEMENT SEA-
SON, now upon us, is offered in the following
extract from "They Who Knock at Our
Gates," which receives more particular notice
on another page. ' ' Next after liberty, ' ' writes
the author, in considering the quality of our
alien element, ' ' the Puritans loved education ;
and to-day, if you examine the registers of
the schools and colleges they founded, you
will find the names of recent immigrants
thickly sprinkled from A to Z, and topping
the honor ranks nine times out of ten. All
readers of newspapers know the bare facts, —
each commencement season the prize-winners
are announced in a string of unpronounceable
foreign names; and every school-teacher in
the immigrant section of the larger cities has
a collection of picturesque anecdotes to con-
tribute : of heroic sacrifices for the sake of a
little reading and writing; of young girls
stitching away their youth to keep a brother
in college; of whole families cheerfully starv-
ing together to save one gifted child from the
factory. Go from the public school to the
public library, from the library to the social
settlement, and you will carry away the same
story in a hundred different forms. The good
people behind the desks in these public places
are fond of repeating that they can hardly
keep up with the intellectual demands of their
immigrant neighbors. In the experience of
the librarians it is the veriest commonplace
that the classics have the greatest circulation
in the immigrant quarters of the city ; and
the most touching proof of reverence for
learning often comes from the illiterate
among the aliens. On the East Side of New
York, 'Teacher' is a being adored. Said a
bedraggled Jewish mother to her little boy
who had affronted his teacher, 'Don't you
know that teachers is holy?' Perhaps these
are the things the teachers have in mind when
they speak with a tremor of the immense
reward of work in the public schools."
• • •
CONFUSION WORSE CONFOUNDED is the pros-
pect avowedly confronting the misguided
"reformers" of our spelling. A communica-
tion sent out by the secretary of the- Modern
Language Association of America to all its
members notes the action of that body in
adopting, two years ago, "the rules and rec-
ommendations of the Simplified Spelling
Board ... as the norm of spelling in the
official publications and correspondence of the
Association," and now invites an individual
expression of opinion on the whole question
of joining the simplifiers, whole-heartedly,
half-heartedly, or not at all. It is known that
at least a strong minority still preserves its
sanity on this subject. Among other observa-
tions of the secretary, our attention is arrested
by the following: "The official spelling does
not call itself reformd ; it is at most in process
of reformation, or of simplification; and, as
'simplified,' it is not at a stage that anybody
regards as final. ' ' Too true ; and will it ever
reach that stage, or will not rather the tin-
kering process, once begun, be considered per-
missible on the part of anybody and everybody
to the end of time? Will the genie so reck-
lessly released from the bottle ever be got
back into it again ? A questionnaire appended
to the circular letter contains three interro-
gations as to the degree in which the receiver
of the letter favors the new forms of spelling,
with two blank columns for replies, headed,
"Anser, " and, immediately beneath, "Yes,"
' ' No. ' ' A cross in the proper place is all that
is required. Honest Dogberry was inconsola-
ble because he had not been writ down an ass.
The Modern Language Associate of anserine
predilections will have only himself to blame
if he is not now writ down an anser.
• • •
TRIUMPHS OF STAGE REALISM meet with a
popular acclaim absurdly disproportionate to
452
June 1
their real artistic worth. What did the Greeks
of Sophocles 's time care for the paltry details
of realism? How much did realism have to
do with the success of ^Eschylus's Oresteian
trilogy? How meagre was the setting of an
Elizabethan drama! Shakespeare's art knew
nothing of realism. But to-day the play-goer
demands that nothing shall be left to the
imagination; he delights in such products of
stage-carpentry as Mr. Simeon Strunsky de-
scribes in the current "Atlantic Monthly."
Concerning one very popular play he writes :
"For weeks, the author, the producer, and
several assistants (I am now quoting press
authority) had been searching the city for the
exact model of a hall bedroom in a theatrical
boarding-house such as the playwrights had
in mind. They found what they were looking
for. When the curtain rose on the opening
night, the public, duly kept informed as to
the progress of the quest, naturally rose with
enthusiasm to the perfect picture of a mean
chamber in a squalid boarding-house. The
scene was appalling in its detail of tawdry
poverty. Except for the fact that the bed-
room was about sixty feet long, forty feet
wide, and fifty feet high, the effect of destitu-
tion was startling. ' ' And all the time no one
disputes that the highest art achieves its re-
sults with the severest economy of means.
• • •
THE MOST WIDELY TRANSLATED BOOK IN THE
WORLD is, of course, the Bible. This fact is
impressed upon us anew by the statement of
the secretary of the New York Bible Society,
at its recent quarterly meeting, that the scrip-
tures are now being distributed in fifty-three
languages in the city and harbor of New York.
Nearly a thousand vessels at that port have
been visited in the last three months by a
missionary of the Society for purposes of
Bible-distribution, a work that is also exten-
sively carried on at Ellis Island, where every
immigrant is sure to find at his disposal at
least one book in his own language amid the
Babel of tongues that there assails his ears.
Among other items of interest in the secre-
tary's report, we note that nearly a thousand
copies of the Bible were lately placed in the
hands of those connected with the circus.
Whether half a thousand will be read by the
devotees of the sawdust ring may be doubtful.
A like query arises in connection with the
several hundred copies bestowed upon the per-
formers in the Wild West show. An ex-
amination of the figures showing the many
editions and the wide circulation of Shake-
speare and the Bible, and a comparison of that
circulation with the acquaintance that the
people seem to have with Shakespeare and the
Bible, might induce a belief that in order to
be really read and appreciated an author
should appear in only strictly limited editions.
• • •
CULTIVATION OF THE INQUIRING MIND is evi-
dently not neglected in Atlanta, as may be
inferred from a significant paragraph in that
city's current library Report. A single sen-
tence will make this sufficiently evident. ' ' Dur-
ing the year," writes the librarian, "17,284
(nearly 5,000 more than in 1912) sought here
information on subjects varying from cor-
poration tax laws, Dingley tariff, telephotog-
raphy, German Hussar uniform, Easter hare,
picture suitable for soft drink poster, laundry
machinery, social work of the Church, modern
novelists, tension on the strings of a piano,
Polish costume, census reports, Yazoo fraud,
wireless stations of the world, pictures of
Lookout Mountain for the local theatre, pic-
tures for the mural decoration of the Ansley
Hotel, statistics of the production of tin, to
the Potsdam Giants, blue sky laws, and the
address of many people of note." All these
inquiries, made by frequenters of the refer-
ence room ranging ' ' from the Governor of the
State, who has been a frequent visitor, to
mechanics, seeking latest developments in
electric elevators," were, we doubt not,
promptly and intelligently answered.
• • •
A STORY OP BOOK-RESCUE WORK on the part
of an alert and faithful janitor contributes an
element of novel interest to the "Thirteenth
Annual Report of the Brumback Library of
Van W^ert County." Van Wert County is in
Ohio, as nearly everyone knows, and it was
the Ohio flood of 1913 that imperilled the
government documents and other less-used
books stored in the basement of the aforemen-
tioned library. First those on the floor and
lowest shelves were moved so that no volume
was within a foot of the floor. But the water
rose, inch by inch, compelling a further rais-
ing of the literary level, until high-water
mark was reached at twenty-three inches, with
all books safely above that limit: and then,
after remaining stationary for some anxious
hours, the ebb began and the flood subsided,
doing no further damage than the warping of
the basement cupboard doors, the extinguish-
ing of the furnace fire, and the suspension of
the library's usefulness for a day. The jani-
tor himself writes the account of the occur-
rence in the library report, and it is safe to
conclude that he is worthy of the position he
holds in the library world.
• • •
HOW ONE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY IS STRENGTH-
ENED is explained in a recent news item from
New York, where a branch of the great public
library of that city has just been established
THE DIAL
453
at Columbia University, in a room of the Low
Library Building, for the benefit of Columbia
professors and students. A first instalment
of books, three thousand in number, is placed
in the care of an experienced library assistant,
and additions to this supply will be made as
needed. By the inter-branch loan system a
total of about thirty thousand books is at the
command of those using this branch, an auto-
mobile delivery system facilitating the trans-
mission of any desired volume from its place
of deposit to the branch where the request is
made.
COMMUNICATIONS.
NORWAY AND AN INTERNATIONAL
LANGUAGE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The letter of Lewin Hill, in your issue of May 1,
will hardly be accepted as a complete refutation of
the objections raised against the adherence by Nor-
way to a language unintelligible to the rest of the
world. The unwholesomeness of the hermit life,
for an individual or for a nation, is no longer u
matter of doubt, in these days of enlarged interna-
tional interests. Narrowmindedness and a mere
blind devotion to the forms and ideas of the past
do not make for the nobler kind of race building.
On the other hand, the argument for the pre-
servation of the lesser languages and even dialects
as permanent and ever living forms of expression
is entirely unanswerable. Every race, to whom the
call has not come too late, does well to resist the
tendency toward linguistic amalgamation with any
other people, however closely related by blood or by
political connection. The many reasons for this
are too familiar to require enumeration.
Here, then, is an apparent dilemma, for which
there is but one possible solution, which will stand
the acid test. To save the small languages from
destruction, on account of the need of mutual com-
prehension, between the few who cherish them and
the immense number who use the few dominant
tongues, a simple and easily acquired means of
international communication must be provided as
supplementary to the mother language. There are
numberless other valid grounds for the develop-
ment and use of an international auxiliary lan-
guage; but I venture to rank its service to the
weaker peoples and the saving of the lesser lan-
guages as among the strongest.
It is fortunate that such an instrument already
exists, and that it has been proved by all conceiv-
able tests, over a long period of years, to be fully
capable of meeting all the requirements. Esper-
anto long since passed from the domain of theory
to that of actual and habitual use for international
purposes of every character, by a large number of
persons in all parts of the earth. It is almost
incredibly easy to learn, and is flexible and expres-
sive to a degree which staggers the belief of those
not familiar with it. Those who have fairly tested
its advantages find it a help with which they would
not dream of dispensing. The people of Norway
will in no way be cut off from the world by the
exclusive use of the Norwegian tongue for domestic
purposes, if they are wise enough to supplement it
by the general adoption of Esperanto for interna-
tional relations.
JAMES F. MORTON, JR.
New York City, May 20, 1914.
WALTER PATER AND BISHOP BERKELEY.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
While comparing FitzGerald's " Euphranor "
recently with Berkeley's "Alciphron," as suggested
by Mr. Gosse in the Variorum Edition of the
Works of Edward FitzGerald (Introduction, Vol.
I., p. XXVI.), I came upon a remarkable state-
ment of the doctrine which spelled " success in
life" to Walter Pater (see his Conclusion to " The
Renaissance").
"According to us," says Alciphron in the First
Dialogue, " every wise man looks upon himself, or
his own bodily existence in this present world, as
the centre and ultimate end of all his actions and
regards. He considers his appetites as natural
guides, directing to his proper good, his passions
and senses as the natural true means of enjoying
this good. Hence, he endeavours to keep his
appetites in high relish, his passions and senses
strong and lively, and to provide the greatest
quantity and variety of real objects suited to
them, which he studieth to enjoy by all possible
means, and in the highest perfection imaginable.
And the man who can do this without restraint,
remorse, or fear is as happy as any other animal
whatsoever, or as his nature is capable of being."
Opponents of Pater's epicureanism, materialism,
" sentimental Platonism," and religious and philo-
sophical skepticism may also be reminded that,
throughout "Alciphron," Berkeley "criticises the
prevailing materialism, and presents his spiritual
philosophy in aspects fitted to restore faith in the
omnipresence of Omnipotent Spirit, in the moral
order of the universe, and in the Christian revela-
tion of God." (Alexander Campbell Fraser,
" Berkeley and Spiritual Realism," 1908, p. 11.)
WM. CHISLETT, JR.
Stanford University, May 20, 1914.
PROFESSOR NEILSON AND GRIMM'S
FAIRY TALES.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A completely misleading account of an address
I recently made on "What children should read"
has been widely circulated in the newspapers. I
have thought it futile to attempt to have the
mistake corrected; but my respect for THE DIAL
impels me to inform you that the chief point of
my remarks was the value and importance of
imaginative literature such as Grimm's Mdrchen
in the education of children. The words quoted
in your note of April 16 are not mine; and I am
in general agreement with the attitude to which
you give expression in your criticism of what I
am reported to have said. w. j^ NEILSON
Harvard University, May 20, 1914.
454
THE DIAL
[June 1
gooks.
TOWARD A BROADER TO-MORROW.*
Now whoso loveth the peace of established
order and hath set his heart upon things as
they are to-day, must never be lured into the
restless, forward-sweeping pages of Mr. H. G.
"Wells. He is so mercilessly disturbing, this
un-English Englishman. He assails without
pity and questions without ruth. Perhaps
because he loves his own countrymen best
(although I fear his love is not very generally
reciprocated) he goads and flays them most
persistently, declaring them to be formal,
stupid, ill-read, unscientific, unenterprising,
unthinking, unimaginative, and un-every-
thing-else requisite for real progress. Nat-
urally, the institutions of such an impossible
nation must be belated and benighted to
correspond to the stupidity and blindness of
its citizens. However, we in America cannot
complain of neglect; for we come second in
his conscientious flagellation and presumably,
therefore, also in his affection. In his latest
novel he generously concludes that ' ' the
United States of America remains the greatest
country in the world and the living hope of
mankind ' ' ; but it is in spite of ' ' coarseness
and blundering and rawness and vehemence
and a scum of blatant, oh! quite asinine
folly."
Yet, with all his relentless assailing of what
is wrong in the world, Mr. Wells is constantly
constructive in spirit: so far from being
merely a Genius of Storm, he holds that Faith
can and should create what Love desires.
And in this belief he is willing to have his
most serious arguments refuted, his brightest
Utopias demolished, if haply in the useful
clashing of mind stuff there may emerge some
vital spark of truth to light us on the upward
way. A prolific writer, animated by such a
spirit, must naturally make many mistakes.
But even when we convict him of incon-
sistency, we remember that such is the in-
evitable penalty of growth; and when we are
confident his predictions are wrong, we often
feel a tiny ghost of doubt within our hearts,
or an unvoiced choking prayer that he may
be right. Along with the countless would-be
prophets among the present generation of
authors one may find a few genuine seers,
and to this distinguished group Mr. Wells as-
suredly belongs, although his relative place
therein can only be decided by that imme-
morial tribunal to which we reluctantly re-
* SOCIAL FORCES IN ENGLAND AND AMERICA.
Wells. New York : Harper & Brothers.
By H. G.
linquish so many judgments, even the stern,
impartial years. For the present, however, I
think we may safely rank him with the most
delightfully vigorous and helpfully prescient.
In Mr. Wells 's new volume are twenty-
eight papers of varying length and merit.
They represent gleanings from the last five
years, and range from " The Coming of
Bleriot " to " The Contemporary Novel."
Now if Mr. Wells were asked to give the chem-
ical formula for the reaction of sulphuric acid
on zinc, I am perfectly sure he would include
in his correct answer at least two paragraphs
on the unsatisfactory conditions of human life
at present and the possible betterment thereof
in the future. Accordingly, with this unde-
tachable tendency of our author and the
avowedly social or economic subjects of many
of the chapters, we are prepared for a volume
treating scores of vital topics in the spirit
suggested by our first two paragraphs.
Obviously, then, it would be better not to
attempt to notice each of the papers, but to
set forth our author's present general attitude
and then take up a few particular points.
As to the former we may first quote a force-
fully worded passage from " The Passionate
Friends," a novel that must have been in Mr.
Wells 's mind concurrently with the matter
presented in many of these essays. It will be
recalled that Stephen Stratton, an English-
man, and Gidding, an American, both " want
to do something decent with life," and that
the former records for his son their profession
of faith:
"And it is not only a great peace about the
earth that this idea of a World State means for
us, but social justice also. We are both convinced
altogether that there survives no reason for lives
of toil, for hardship, poverty, famine, infectious
disease, for the continuing cruelties of wild
beasts and the greater multitude of crimes, but
mismanagement and waste, and that mismanage-
ment and waste spring from no other source than
ignorance and from stupid divisions and jealousies,
base patriotisms, fanaticisms, prejudices and sus-
picions that are all no more than ignorance a
little mingled with viciousness. We have looked
closely into this servitude of modern labor, we
have seen its injustice fester towards syndicalism
and revolutionary socialism, and we know these
things for the mere aimless, ignorant resentments
they are; punishments, not remedies. We have
looked into the portentous threat of modern war,
and it is ignorant vanity and ignorant suspicion,
the bargaining aggression of the British pros-
perous and the swaggering vulgarity of the Ger-
man junker that make and sustain that monstrous
European devotion to arms. And we are con-
vinced there is nothing in these evils and conflicts
that light may not dispel. We believe that these
things can be dispelled, that the great universals,
1914]
THE DIAL,
455
Science which has limitations neither of race nor
class, Art which speaks to its own in every rank
and nation, Philosophy and Literature which
broaden sympathy and banish prejudice, can flood
and submerge and will yet flow over and submerge
every one of these separations between man and
man."
Of course it is as impossible to find the real
Mr. "Wells in any one page as it is to depict him
in any one review; but I think the foregoing
is perhaps the most enlightening single excerpt
that could be made for our purpose. To it I
would add the following considerations from
two of these papers, " The Great State " and
" The Human Adventure."
In the former, the great central belief is
that ' ' a state may solve its economic problem
without any section whatever of the people
being condemned to life-long labor." This is
based on the tenets that " the absolutely un-
avoidable labor in a modern community in
its ratio to the available vitality must be of
very small account indeed," and that " there
exists a real disposition to work in human
beings." For the small irreducible residue of
undesirable toil, our radical falls back on a
suggestion of the late Professor William
James, and inasmuch as this seems to me
about the most important point in the whole
book, I again quote verbatim :
" He [Professor James] was profoundly con-
vinced of the high educational and disciplinary
value of universal compulsory military service,
and of the need of something more than a senti-
mental ideal of duty in public life. He would
have had the whole population taught in the
schools and prepared for this year (or whatever
period it had to be) of patient and heroic labour,
the men for the mines, the fisheries, the sanitary
services, railway routine, the women for hospital,
and perhaps educational work, and so forth. He
believed such a service would permeate the whole
state with a sense of civic obligation."
As to the few creatures actually unwilling
to work, a type almost inconceivable to our
energetic reformer, he takes the bull by the
horns with perfect composure and firmness,
and declares they may remain idle, subsisting
on their presumptive rights as shareholders in
the State. Touching the much stressed dan-
ger of the disappearance of individual free-
dom, he insists that all men, women, and
children must be given every opportunity,
even every inducement, to work out their
finest potentialities. On the question of the
family, always the most delicate problem in
•any communistic or socialistic scheme, and
perhaps the most difficult, Mr. Wells is ob-
served to hedge in a manner that suggests
many mental reservations. He ventures the
innocuous suggestion that " a new type of
family, a mutual alliance in the place of sub-
jugation, is perhaps the most startling of all
the conceptions which confront us directly
we turn ourselves definitely towards the Great
State." But his positive proposals are des-
perately irresolute ; and one begins to draw a
picture of a respectable paterfamilias who has
been given furiously to think by the colossal
stature of the little things of everyday life.
On two points, however, he is perfectly clear.
One is that the cruel and pitiless sex-jealousy
that thwarts so many thousands of lives to-
day must be replaced by something higher.
The other is that motherhood should be pub-
licly endowed.
Then he goes on to insist that wealth must
be watched, land the legislator no less. Books
must be made common as air, — a proposal
developed at greater length in "The Passion-
ate Friends "; and criticism upon all con-
temporary institutions and processes must
have the utmost liberty. Education must be
made a vital, pulsating force. "Whatever
increases thought and knowledge moves
towards our goal."
Clearly it is with this generalizing Mr.
Wells that we are primarily concerned; but
it is a pleasure to note that many of the more
specifically directed papers also offer a val-
uable and enjoyable pabulum. Thus, "The
Common Sense of Warfare " fights with both
slashing sabre and piercing foil for a sane
view of world peace. Again, in "The Philos-
opher's Public Library," he delicately en-
forces the truth that the essentials of a library
are books, not bricks. In "The Disease of
Parliaments " he presents a telling and care-
fully elaborated plea for an intelligent system
of elections, based on the single transferable
vote. And so our commendations might run
on through various titles.
On the other hand, the reader will note
many evidences of fallibility in our author.
I suppose one man can only be one man, so
we must not rage when even Mr. Wells is
inaccurate about his facts, half-hearted in his
conclusions, or misguided in his criticisms.
We must even be patient when his venerable
prophetic mantle opens to reveal, for the mo-
ment at least, a mere ephemeral journalist.
Yet it is provoking to read such a feeble piece
of hackwork as " The Possible Collapse of
Civilization " when one is cherishing the
memory of that striking passage in " The
Passionate Friends " where Stratton is con-
sidering the same question. Again, the paper
on " Doctors " and that on " Divorce " are
undeniably weak, the former being superficial
and the latter inconclusive. For the author's
insistence on education we must be grateful ;
THE DIAL
[ June 1
but he really progresses no farther than a
thousand other interested and intelligent ob-
servers who see in a general way what is amiss
but cannot prescribes practical remedy.
Herewith I have left myself no space for
differences about details; but I cannot help
wondering how the greatest believer in the
modern annihilation of space can think that
the mere geographical location of our national
capital must inevitably prove a serious ob-
stacle to progressive government. Nor can I
accept the placidly recorded verdict that
many of our State Universities are no ' ' more
than mints for bogus degrees. ' ' I am bitterly
aware of weaknesses in our State Univer-
sities ; but they do not deserve this particular
condemnation, with its horrible connotations.
Again, the declaration that "America cher-
ishes the rights of property above any other
rights whatever " is well worth weighing;
but our Civil War would seem to suggest that
we have been capable of other ideals. How-
ever, I may cheerfully leave his readers to do
their own quarrelling with Mr. Wells. It is
half the fun of reading him.
In " The New Machiavelli, " which Mr.
Walter Lippmann calls the spiritual biog-
raphy of a searching mind, we read the fol-
lowing account of the progress from being a
reformer of concrete abuses to being a revo-
lutionist in method:
" You see, I began in my teens by wanting to
plan and build cities and harbors for mankind; I
ended in the middle thirties by desiring only to
serve and increase a general process of thought,
a process fearless, critical, real-spirited, that would
in its own time give cities, harbors, air, happiness,
everything at a scale and quality and in a light
altogether beyond the match-striking imaginations
of a contemporary mind."
On the whole, it is this more advanced
Mr. Wells that is represented in the new col-
lection of essays, as well as in his later novels.
Indeed, such a development is the normal
thing in all reformers and prophets who are
not carried away by the inner force of some
persistently brooded special idea; and gen-
erally speaking it is to be desired. With it,
however, comes the danger that the broaden-
ing seer may see so broadly as to lose his
perspective on modest specific reforms. It is
so easy to think for Man and forget men.
Mr. Wells may speak lightly in disparagement
of what he considers the misdirected efforts of
the Fabians; but the work of Mr. and Mrs.
Sidney Webb deserves unstinted praise, and
may live to be blessed by posterity when some
of Mr. Wells 's most resplendent vaticinations
are either forgotten or cherished only as a
quaint source of quiet amusement. I do not
mean that we can tarry where Fabianism
seems to be resting. — or where anything else
seems to be resting, for that matter; I only
mean that something is gained when we merci-
fully allay a particular hunger or justly smite
a particular wrong. It is well to peer eagerly
down the widening vista of the future ; it is ill
to miss the evils before one 's feet. However, it
would be unfair to impute to Mr. Wells any
remissness of practical attitude, and I have
introduced my plea only because I believe so
thoroughly in the union of a self-sacrificing
effort to meet the specific evils of to-day with
a keen-eyed vision that is set upon a better
and brighter to-morrow.
In conclusion, I would say that this book
deserves a wide circle of thoughtful readers.
But even as I write, there arises the irritating
reflection that where it is needed most it will
be read least.
The binding is simple and the type legible.
There are very few slips in the four hundred
and fifteen pages of text; and I suppose
"jerrymander" is a deliberate English spell-
ing, but it spoils a delightfully picturesque
American word. The "Synopsis," which was
evidently prepared for the original title, "An
Englishman Looks at the World," makes a
crude misfit in its present connection. And,
to end with a complaint that is really a com-
pliment, I am sure many readers will share
my regret that the volume has no index.
F. B. R. HELLEMS.
THREE
VOLUMES OF THE CAMBRIDGE
ENGLISH LITERATURE.*
The great " Cambridge History of English
Literature " is rapidly marching to its goal;
for Volumes VIII., IX., and X. bring it
almost within striking distance, as it were, of
the end at first proposed. However, in addi-
tion to Volumes XI.-XIV., which are needed
in order to fill out the original plan, we still
expect two supplementary volumes of illus-
trative extracts; and yet two other volumes,
it is now understood, are to be devoted
to American literature — a welcome after-
thought.
The general characteristics of the work as
it has progressed have been sufficiently dis-
cussed in our previous reviews. Accordingly,
we may take up the present three volumes in
order, dwelling upon one point and another
in a running comment, Volume VIII. begins
* THE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. Edited
by A. W. Ward and A. R. Waller. Volume VIII., The Age
of Dryden. Volume IX., From Steele and Addison to Pope
and Swift. Volume X., The Age of Johnson. Cambridge,
England : University Press. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
457
with an able chapter on Dryden, not by Pro-
fessor. Saintsbury (as one might have pre-
dicted), but by the Master of Peterhouse him-
self. Needless to say, the treatment of Dryden
by this celebrated historian of dramatic litera-
ture is competent and readable; though he
has permitted himself many long sentences
with parenthetical qualifications, and has a
trick of using French words, such as venue,
revue, revanche, and remaniement, when there
is no adequate ground for not writing English.
Morigeration, too, on p. 39, would seem to be
an unnecessary freak of style. And for "less
rigidly adhering to ... rules," may an
American suggest " less rigorously," etc., as
better usage? As for substance, it is unde-
sirable to speak of "the conclusions reached"
in "An Essay of Dramatick Poesie," where,
according to Dryden, all he has said " is
problematical" — that is, tentative, and in
keeping with the nature of a dialogue. Since
the chapter, all things considered, though
sound and true, is not inspired, one might
supplement the good things in it with the
following little-known but vigorous criticism
of Dryden by Wordsworth, who writes to
Scott concerning the latter 's great edition:
" I was much pleased to hear of your engage-
ment with Dryden; not that he is, as a poet, any
great favorite of mine. I admire his talents and
genius highly, but his is not a poetical genius.
The only qualities I can find in Dryden that are
essentially poetical are a certain ardor and im-
petuosity of mind, with an excellent ear. It may
seem strange that I do not add to this, great com-
mand of language; that he certainly has, and of
such language, too, as it is most desirable that a
poet should possess, or, rather, that he should not
be without. But it is not language that is, in the
highest sense of the word, poetical, being neither
of the imagination nor of the passions — I mean
of the amiable, the ennobling, or intense passions.
I do not mean to say that there is nothing of this
in Dryden, but as little, I think, as is possible,
considering how much he has written. You will
easily understand my meaning when I refer to
his versification of ' Palamon and Arcite,' as con-
trasted with the language of Chaucer. Dryden
has neither a tender heart nor a lofty sense of
moral dignity. Whenever his language is poeti-
cally impassioned, it is mostly upon unpleasing
subjects, such as the follies, vices, and crimes of
classes of men or of individuals. That his cannot
be the language of imagination must have neces-
sarily followed from this, that there is not a single
image from Nature in the whole body of his
works; and in his translation of Virgil, whenever
Virgil can be fairly said to have his eye upon his
object, Dryden always soils the passage."
In the same volume, Professor Schelling con-
tributes one chapter out of three on the drama
of the Restoration, paying due attention to
French influences. Mr. Whibley writes well
on Congreve, Farquhar, and Gibber, and later
on the ' ' Court Poets. ' ' Mr. J. Bass Mullinger
does not write so well on "Platonists and
Latitudinarians. ' ' The trouble is not so much
with what the erudite gentleman says as with
his way of saying it. Here, for example, is
a passage that almost defies interpretation.
After a long quotation from Whichcote, we
read:
"The drift of the above passage is unmistakable.
Tuckney believed that Whichcote, when at Em-
manuel, had come under the influence of certain
students and admirers of Plato, not that he had
influenced them; had he done so, indeed, it is
difficult to understand how the fact could have
failed to attract the notice of his former tutor,
and the latter have omitted to make any reference
to the same in the above controversy."
This actually means: At Emmanuel Col-
lege, so Tuckney believed, Whichcote had
been influenced by certain enthusiastic stu-
dents of Plato, not they by him. Indeed, had
the influence come from Whichcote, how could
it have escaped the notice of his tutor there,
and what would keep the tutor from men-
tioning it in the subsequent controversy ?
Substance and form considered, the best
chapter in the volume is the last, on " The
Essay and the Beginning of Modern English
Prose," by Mr. A. A. Tilley. This writer is
fond of expressions like " a lucid survey," a
" straightforward and simple style," " the
clearness and readableness of diplomatic dis-
patches," and " a writer of clear and agree-
able prose ' ' ; and similar terms are applicable
to the chapter and its writer.
Volume IX. we must pass over rapidly. It-
opens with an interesting account of Defoe
by Professor Trent, containing various refer-
ences, naturally, to " Robinson Crusoe."
There is, however, no exhaustive treatment of
this masterpiece in itself, and but passing
allusion to the literature of travel and dis-
covery to which it is heavily indebted. Some-
thing was said on this topic in THE DIAL for
October 1, 1907; but the whole subject still
awaits a patient investigation. Light is
needed also on the relations existing between
" Robinson Crusoe " and subsequent narra-
tives like " Gulliver's Travels " and the fas-
cinating " Peter Wilkins " of Robert Pal-
tock ; and between all of these and the sources
they may have in common. If the indexing
is complete, the only reference to Paltock in
the present three volumes of the Cambridge
History is in one of the bibliographies (Vol.
X., p. 478). No censure of Professor Trent
is implied in the foregoing remarks; a sep-
arate chapter for the discussion of the in-
fluence of geography upon literature in the
458
THE DIAL
[June 1
England of the eighteenth century would have
fitted well enough into the scheme of the gen-
eral editors. Still another desideratum would
be the separate treatment of the character-
sketch and its influence throughout the cen-
tury; an influence which was exerted not
least upon the literary periodicals, — their
very titles betray it: " The Tatler," " The
Idler," " The Rambler," " The Spectator,"
and so on. (The subject has been dealt with
by Professor Edward Chauncey Baldwin in
the " Publications of the Modern Language
Association " for 1903-4.) In this volume we
have twenty-eight pages on Defoe, forty-three
on Steele and Addison, twenty-seven on Pope,
and forty- four on Swift, — no unfair division
of space, as it seems; in English scholarship
generally Swift has not of late received the
attention he deserves. The chapter on Swift
here is very matter-of-fact, especially at the
beginning. One could wish for as many pages,
had they come from Dr. Elrington Ball.
What we have from Mr. Aitkin makes better
reading toward the close, partly because of
the quotations from his author. In Chapter
XIII. (" Scholars and Antiquaries ") the
first section, on the " Scholars," was not in-
trusted to Professor Sandys, who could have
written in masterly fashion on Bentley; for
the section on the "Antiquaries," by Mr.
H. G. Aldis, no substitute could be desired.
In the last chapter, XV., on the history of
education from the Restoration through the
reign of George the Third, there is an allusion
to " the anonymous Latin book ' Nova
Solyma ' (1648)." Mr. Adamson is safe in
not mentioning the attribution of this work
to Milton. As a writer in " The Library "
(July, 1910) has proved almost beyond doubt,
the author was a contemporary of Milton at
Cambridge, Samuel Gott. No chapter in this
or the next volume deals with the history of
literary criticism during the period concerned,
— something really more needful under the
circumstances than a history of education.
To tell the truth, the development of criticism
in the eighteenth century, except for Addison,
Johnson, and one or two others, is imperfectly
known. The course of many critical ideas
must sometime be traced in the thought of
authors who are now well-nigh forgotten.
With Volume X. we come to a period which
in some sense is our own, and to men like
Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne,
who belong to a literature with which we feel
ourselves akin. The authors of several chap-
ters have not previously distinguished them-
selves in treating the subjects now allotted
them. It might have been better to select
Professor Cross to write on Sterne, and Pro-
fessor John Edwin Wells to write on Fielding.
Of the many valuable studies in Fielding by
Professor Wells, Mr. Harold Child seems to
be quite unaware. In Chapter IV. Professor
Nettleton has given in advance the main con-
clusions of his more recent book entitled
" English Drama of the Restoration and
Eighteenth Century." Mr. A. Hamilton
Thompson writes of " Thomson and Natural
Description in Poetry," not uninterestingly,
though there is little that is new in his way
of looking at things, and something thread-
bare in the talk about ' ' nature, ' ' — but for
the democratic use of " lower case " through-
out the Cambridge History, the magic word
would doubtless be spelled with a great N.
The chapter is unexpectedly severe in its
strictures upon Thomson's "Castle of In-
dolence." A melancholy interest attaches to
the chapter on Gray, the last contribution of
the late Duncan C. Tovey to the study of a
poet he had made peculiarly his own. From
beginning to end it is vital. Unfortunately,
the author did not live to correct the proofs,
or, it would seem, to compile a bibliography
that would match the excellence of the chap-
ter. The final touches, then, are wanting,
though there is no lack of essential finality in
the substance. A slight omission may be
noticed : there is no reference to Isola, assist-
ant to Gray, and subsequently Wordsworth's
instructor in Italian. In Chapter VII. the
Panurgic Mr. Saintsbury discusses after his
own fashion "Young, Collins, and Lesser Poets
of the Age of Johnson." His own fashion, as
usual, is distinctive enough; one is forced to
borrow a word from the style itself to describe
it, that is, "journalese." The lesser poets
are familiar domain to Professor Saintsbury;
but it appears that he is in sympathy with
none of them save Collins. That the others
are ' ' minor ' ' is assumed in the title ; why,
then, reiterate the notion in the text? "A
true critic," says Addison, " ought to dwell
rather upon excellencies than imperfections,
to discover the concealed beauties of a writer,
and communicate to the world such things as
are worth their observation." Chapter VIII.
is on Johnson and Boswell. Is it difficult or
easy to write on Johnson ? Many have written
well besides Boswell, many ill besides Macau-
lay. On the whole, since the researches of
Birkbeck Hill, there is no good reason for mis-
understanding either Johnson or Boswell.
Professor D. Nichol Smith has done superla-
tively well with both. So, too, has Mr.Austin
Dobson with Goldsmith. Of the more general
chapters, one may single out for approbation
that of Professor Ker on " The Literary In-
fluence of the Middle Ages"; that of Dr.
1914]
THE DIAL
459
Henry B. Wheatley and the Ven. W. H.
Hutton on the ''Letter- writers"; and the sec-
ond of the two essays on the "Historians,'' —
that is, the chapter on Gibbon by Sir Adolphus
Ward. The sketch of Gibbon's life, in the
main, it seems, extracted from his autobiog-
raphy, is followed by an illuminating account
of his critics, and this by an estimate of his
style and personality, thus : ' ' But it is quite
obvious to any candid student of 'The Decline
and Fall ' that its author had no sympathy with
human nature in its exceptional moral devel-
opments— in a word, that his work was
written, not only without enthusiasm, but
with a conscious distrust, which his age shared
to the full, of enthusiasts. ' '
Herewith we must close these casual re-
marks upon three volumes which it is vir-
tually impossible to describe in a general way
apart from those that have gone before. One
thing, however, at least to the present re-
viewer, is very evident. Though the editors
do not ignore the existence of American
scholarship in the field of English, and in
general have chosen their American collabora-
tors with skill, many of the bibliographies
appended to the separate chapters show a
lamentable want of information concerning
special books and articles that have been pro-
duced in this country. It was to be expected
that a careful scholar like Professor Ker
would know such things as Farley's " Scan-
dinavian Influences in the English Romantic
Movement ' ' ; and so he does ; his list of
books is admirable. But in other cases, as
the bibliography of Gray, the omissions pass
belief. Professor Cook's Concordance, indis-
pensable in the apparatus for a study of the
poet, is not mentioned; nor is Professor
Northup's edition of " Gray's Essays and
Criticisms," in spite of the favorable review
in the London " Times " (Aug. 24, 1911),—
not to speak of his article on "Addison and
Gray as Travellers" in the Hart memorial
volume. More astonishing yet is the reference
to translations and parodies of Gray; for
these, so we read in the Cambridge History,
''see Bradshaw's bibliography," Bradshaw's
edition of Gray appeared in 1891; Professor
Northup's far more extensive list of adapta-
tions appeared in "Notes and Queries" just
twenty years later. Under Biography and
Criticism we are referred to an appendix on
"Gray's Knowledge of Old Norse" in a vol-
ume of selections bearing the date 1894, and
not to Farley's "Scandinavian Influences,"
which appeared in 1903. Rolfe's edition of
Gray is nowhere included. In view of these
omissions, which are chance discoveries, it is
obvious that the talented author of the chap-
ter had very little to do with the bibliog-
raphy; he may have furnished some of the
titles, but we owe it to his memory not to
hold him responsible for the final form.
LANE COOPER.
Ax ENGLISH STATESMAN'S REFLECTIONS
ON POLITICS AND HISTORY.*
In a delightful essay, "On Old Men in
Public Life," Plutarch remarks that states-
manship "is the career of a civilized being
with a gift for citizenship and society, and
with a natural disposition to live a life of
public influence, worthy aims, and social
helpfulness for as long as occasion calls."
Among the few modern instances of those
who fit into this high conception of the Greek
biographer is Lord Morley. At the age of
seventy-six he is still contributing to a long
career of public influence and social helpful-
ness, and any utterance from him suggests a
pause for thoughtful consideration. His re-
cent volume, ' ' Notes on Politics and History, ' '
the expansion of an address which, as Chan-
cellor, he delivered last year before the Uni-
versity of Manchester, is the application to
some public questions of the same admirable
temper which his readers are familiar with,
for example in "Compromise" and the biog-
raphies of Rousseau and Gladstone. Lord
Morley 's ideas in this new book, though some-
what detached, are, as we should expect,
heightened in their effect of fruitfulness by
choice illustrations out of his treasures of
knowledge both new and old.
This essay, invoicing the author's reflec-
tions upon a variety of political subjects,
possibly invites a wider appeal by virtue of
its possessing an oral style. Its value is
undoubtedly enhanced by the historic view
from which its topics are considered and
appraised. The writer reminds his reader
that the national atmosphere, as well as the
machinery of government, undergoes change.
This does not imply instability, for it is also
true that the "national character is slowest
of all things to alter in its roots." However,
believing that respect for law and its admin-
istration is the "keystone of all civilized gov-
ernment," Lord Morley notes with some
seriousness the "latter-day antinomianism, "
which he regards as a decline of popular
reverence for institutions as such. He ob-
serves that this attitude toward law affects
both England and America. He concludes
that, although loss of confidence in Parliament
* NOTES ON POLITICS AND HISTORY. A University Address.
By Viscount Morley, O.M. New York : The Macmillan Co.
460
THE DIAL
[June 1
would be "formidable," and loss of respect
for courts of justice would be "taking out
the linch-pin, " the popular sense of political
obligation has not declined. So far as the
greatly increased number now sharing the
electoral privilege is a test, the feeling of
political obligation is stronger than ever, and
the sense of social duty "has vastly grown
alike in strength and range."
This extension of privilege and social feel-
ing has remote beginnings. It does not date,
we are reminded, merely from Rousseau's
time, nor yet from that of Milton. The
civilized European of the present day repre-
sents a birth two thousand years old. The
feud between History, or established institu-
tions, and the Law of Nature and Rights of
Man carries us back many centuries. Deeper
than men's opinions is the complex of moral
feelings and character out of which opinions
grow. Events, more than books and doctrines,
determine the course of human life. Is there,
then, such a thing as political science? Are
the methods and processes of politics com-
parable with those of biology ? Many readers
of Lord Morley's book will recall at this point
the plausible analogy between the life-history
of social organisms and the forms of organic
life presented in Mr. Benjamin Kidd's "Social
Evolution." Lord Morley finds himself in
agreement with the late Professor Maitland
in the belief that, despite the politician's use
of biological terminology, we are far away
from the creation of an "inductive political
science." The atmosphere of what we call
such a science is, in its present state, as
rarefied as that of economics in the earlier
years of the nineteenth century. It is still
very artificial. The tests and standards of a
real knowledge of history and its actors are
relative; and to interpret matters by political
mechanics instead of by the varieties of social
impulses behind them is to miss their driving
force.
With the judgment that "the value of
political forms is to be measured by what
they do," the Pragmatists, at least, will be in
hearty accord. It is good democratic philos-
ophy that holds that political forms "must
express and answer the mind and purposes of
the State, in their amplest bearings," if we
mean by "State" the people. Yet, as the
author feels, the Weltanschauung, or world
outlook, of men in general is vague. In the
world-changes that arise men still "live but
in a corner." In men's creeds, forms, and
habits it is the Weltanschauung that "fixes
vision, moulds judgments, inspires purpose,
limits acts, gives its shades, colors, and texture
to common language. Even for superior
natures, narrow are the windows of the
mind."
How, then, shall we estimate the conception
of History? Lord Morley speaks luminously
of the "historic method":
"Its sway is now universal in the field of social
judgment and investigation. It warns us that we
cannot explain or understand, without allowing
for origins and the genetical side of the agents
and conditions with which we have to deal. It
substitutes for dogmas . . . search for two things.
The first, the correlation of leading facts and social
ideas with one another in a given community at a
given time. The second, the evolution of order suc-
ceeding to order in common beliefs, tastes, customs,
diffusion of wealth, laws, and all the arts of life!
Stripped of formality, this only expands the famil-
iar truth that laws and institutions are not made
but grow, and what is true of them is true of ideas,
language, manners, which are in effect their source
and touchstone."
"Inquiry what the event actually was, vital and
indispensable as that of course must be, and what
its significance and interpretation, becomes sec-
ondary to inquiry how it came about. Too
exclusive attention to dynamic aspects, weakens the
energetic duties of the static. More than one
school thus deem the predominance of historic-
mindedness excessive. It means, they truly say
in its very essence, veto of the absolute, persistent
substitution of the relative. . . . There is no more
conscience in your comparative history than there
is in comparative anatomy. You arrange ideals in
classes and series, but a classified ideal loses its
spark and halo. Every page abounds in ironies
. . . talk of ' eternal political truths,' or ' first prin-
ciples of government/ has no meaning. Stated
summarily, is not your history one prolonged
' becoming ' (fieri, werden) , an endless sequence
of action, reaction, generation, destruction, reno-
vation, ' a tale of sound and fury signifying
nothing'?"
Every reflective reader of history has many
a time felt the force of the question of his-
toric truthfulness. Lord Morley quotes Free-
man, whom he regards as the most "learned
and laborious" historian of our time, as
having come to doubt whether there "was
such thing as truth in the world." Freeman
had found that no two people, though eye-
witnesses, exactly agreed except when they
copied from one another. This, he observes,
gives some support to Goethe's dictum that
' ' the only form of truth is poetry. ' ' It would
be difficult to find elsewhere an epitome of
historians and historic theories at once so
instructive and readable as is contained in
Lord Morley's volume. One rises from read-
ing it with the feeling that history has its own
troubles, clear enough. One agrees heartily
that "we have no business to seek more from
the past than the very past itself"; that
Cicero is indisputable when he says, "Who
1914]
THE DIAL
461
does not know that it is the first law of history
not to dare a word that is false? Next not
to shrink from a word that is true. No par-
tiality, no grudge." But there's the rub!
Again, shall the historian, as Treitschke main-
tains, find his surest aim by sticking close to
the State; or, as Burckhardt has done, and
Mr. Gooch of England asserts is proper, admit
a large sympathy for Kulturgeschichte? Lord
Morley speaks with true vision, no doubt,
when he gives to the history of the Church the
immense force of political reality, — when he
insists that "contemporaries and historians,
more often than they suppose, miss a vital
point, because they do not know the intuitive
instinct that often goes farther in the states-
man 's mind than deliberate analysis or argu-
ment." He gives a telling illustration of this
in Bismarck's own words, and concludes that
"Improvisation has far more to do in politics
than historians or other people think."
This view raises afresh the persistent ques-
tion whether history does or does not make
a clear case for human progress. Is progress
a spontaneous force or a fixed historic law?
Of course, as Lord Morley says, progress may
stand for a hundred different things. If by
the word we mean "progress in talents and
strength of mind" the case is doubtful, for
many thinkers find these as much, often more,
in evidence in ignorant as in cultivated times.
Among such thinkers is John Stuart Mill, but
Mill nevertheless believed in human progress
and saw a great advance "in feelings and
opinions." Mill challenged the contention
that mechanical inventions had improved the
lot of the workers. This recalls Ruskin's
misgivings on the same subject. Although the
author sees beneficence in the abolition of
child labor and the restrictions that guard
the labor of men and women, he thinks that,
as a "universal law, for all times, all States,
all Societies, Progress is not." Many of his
readers will probably regard his intimation of
the ' ' decline of the Latin race in the southern
half of the American hemisphere" as open to
serious argument. All will assent to the ' ' ma-
terial prosperity and mental vigor of the
English, Scotch, Irish, and French stocks
among their northern neighbors," but must
think it curious that the list does not include
the German. , He finds a common ground for
both optimists and pessimists in the view that
"progress is no automaton, spontaneous and
self-propelling," but "depends on the play
of forces within the community and external
to it."
" It depends on the room left by the State for
the enterprise, energy, and initiative of the indi-
vidual ... on the absence from the general mind,
at a given time, of the sombre feeling, Quota
pars omnium sumus, — how small a fraction is a
man's share in the huge universe of unfathomable
things! It depends on no single element in social
being, but on the confluence of many tributaries
in a great tidal stream of history; and those tides,
like the ocean itself, ebbing and flowing in obe-
dience to the motions of an inconstant moon."
From the summit of his long experience
and ripe scholarship, Lord Morley speaks
nowhere in this book with more effective calm
than, in its concluding pages, on the two
divergent schools of modern statesmanship.
Treitschke in the nineteenth century, answer-
ing to Machiavelli in the fifteenth, represents
one school in his bristling phrase, ' ' The State
is Force. ' ' This is the theory of bureaucracy ;
that "right and wrong depend on ... what
is done by other people." As one of its
champions has put it, "War and brave spirit
have done more great things than love of
your neighbor." This political practice, freed
from the "wholesome exigencies" of debate
and compromise, is more depressing for po-
litical energies than parliamentary discussion.
The other school has a great spokesman in
Burke, whose political wisdom stands high in
Lord Morley 's affections. In Burke 's view,
"The true lawgiver . . . ought to love and
respect mankind, and to fear himself." (This
is thoroughly Wordsworthian also. ) ' ' Political
arrangements, as a work for social ends, are
only to be wrought by social means. . . .
Time is required to produce that union of
minds which alone can produce all the good
we aim at. "
In "Politics and History," Lord Morley
has contributed one of those delightfully rare
books that no reader can afford to take up in
a hurried state of mind. It is a small volume,
but one that must be given a place among
the well-prized acquisitions of the library.
L. E. ROBINSON.
THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF
THE TERROR.*
It was a singular fate that gave the man-
agement of the most redoubtable tribunal in
history to a broken-down attorney. Fouquier-
Tinville was one of those whom the insur-
rectionary torrent of August 10, 1792, rolled
up from the deeps of Paris life. He seems to
have owed his first official position to Camille
Desmoulins, the journalist, the friend of
Danton, the chief personage of the new revo-
lution and now minister of justice. Fouquier
* THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR OF THE TERROR: ANTOINE
QUENTIN FOUQUIER- TINVILLE. Translated from the French
of Alphonse Dunoyer by A. W. Evans. New York : G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
462
THE DIAL
[ June 1
was made one of the directors of the jury
which was to indict those accused of the
"crime of August 10," that is, of having
attempted to save the monarchy. He was
grateful for the appointment, for he had
seven children to support and was poor. In
this way his connection with Revolutionary
justice was begun ; and when in March, 1793,
the Extraordinary Criminal Tribunal, com-
monly called the Revolutionary Tribunal, was
created, he was chosen assistant prosecutor,
and finally public prosecutor, as the man ap-
pointed to that office had the good sense or
the good fortune to decline the honor.
No one in the Spring of 1793, while the
Girondins were still influential in the Conven-
tion, dreamed of the role which the new
tribunal was destined to play a few months
later. Fouquier, like any job-hunter of the
present day, might well have congratulated
himself upon his success. He was now to
stand elbow to elbow with the most notable
politicians who ruled the Republic. This was
certainly better than moving from apartment
to apartment to escape one's creditors.
In reality Fouquier 's appointment was for
him, as well as for France, a calamity of
tragic magnitude. He had done nothing
hitherto which deserved more than continued
obscurity. His new position was, however,
soon to bring him days and nights of labor
and anxiety, eventually a terrible punishment
for the errors or crimes of which he was
guilty, and an immortality of infamy. The
fundamental cause of his ruin is to be found
in his lack of character. It is the study of
such a personality under the extraordinary
strain to which it was subjected that gives M.
Dunoyer's book its unusual interest.
This is not the first time that M. Dunoyer,
who is a distinguished Paris lawyer, has
attempted to throw light upon the operations
of the Revolutionary Tribunal. A few years
ago he published biographical sketches of
Vilate and Trinchard, two typical jurors. In
reading these sketches, as well as the study of
Fouquier-Tinville, one is reminded of Eva-
riste Gamelin, the hero of Les Dieux ont soif
by Anatole France. M. Dunoyer has treated
his subject with the thoroughness of the sci-
entific historian and with the skill of the
lawyer long accustomed to weigh evidence in
the court-room. His aim is not to give a
history of the Tribunal, but simply to show
the part taken by Fouquier in its manage-
ment. In order to define this more exactly
he has presented analyses of all the evidence
given both at the preliminary examination
and at the trial. Fouquier 's dossier was un-
usually full, for the hearings lasted several
months. There is so much testimony from
all sorts of persons, — ushers, registrars,
jurors, judges, and a few of the rare victims
that escaped the guillotine, — that the figure
of the terrible prosecutor is outlined with
remarkable clearness.
M. Dunoyer divides Fouquier 's career as
prosecutor into two parts. During the first
year he " drew up his indictments conscien-
tiously enough and in accordance with the
cross examination of the accused persons and
the documents which had been transmitted
to his office. . . . He did not discuss the
component parts of the accusation that he
had in his hands. He criticized neither their
value nor their origin. ... He admitted in
its entirety the most questionable evidence.
. . . He adapted himself exactly, with ac-
tivity, zeal, and application, to the designs
and intentions of the legislators," in other
words, of the Jacobin rulers of France during
the Reign of Terror. Just before the Danton
trial in April, 1794, a change took place in
Fouquier 's attitude. " Now," as M. Dunoyer
says, " he was to give proof of initiative, to
play a personal part, to show himself. . . .
He would suggest to his chiefs of the two
Committees of General Security and Public
Safety that the powers at his command were
too small, that it was possible, by decrees
adapted to circumstances, to go farther, to
strike conspirators and suspects more surely. ' '
Thus Fouquier came quite naturally to ' ' sym-
bolise Terror and Dismay, at first almost
insensibly, then in crescendo to the final
butchery." In the last forty-nine days of
the Tribunal before the overthrow of Robes-
pierre, 1,366 were condemned to death.
It is not surprising that as the activities
of the prosecutor's office assumed the propor-
tions of a great business operation Fouquier
acquired a frightful notion of efficiency. If
any prisoners were acquitted, he fell into a
fury, especially if he had had too much wine
at dinner. He would demand the names of
the jurors, and would exclaim " Things must
move. There must be 400 or 450 this decade ;
for the next one so many are always to be
had." In important cases he selected the
jurors himself, his " solid men," " firers of
uninterrupted volleys," as he called them.
" Pass through it" was one of his favorite
phrases for obtaining the condemnation of a
prisoner. " Make them mount " was another
choice bit of official slang. His idea of effi-
ciency is also illustrated in his practice of
ordering the carts for the condemned before
the opening of the trials.
Fouquier and his associates considered
themselves men of esprit. One of the judges
1914
THE DIAL
463
showed Fouquier a caustic letter from the
Comte de Fleury, a prisoner, and remarked,
' ' Does it not seem to you that this fine fellow
is in a hurry?" Fouquier replied, " Yes, he
appears to me to be in a hurry, and I am
going to send for him." The prisoner was
accordingly added to a group charged with
conspiring against Robespierre's life and was
condemned to die in the red shirt of a par-
ricide.
The most serious accusation against Fou-
quier was that of grouping persons absolutely
strange to one another under the same charge.
This was the famous amalgamation. Fouquier
defended himself on the ground that he was
authorized by a decree passed on the 23rd
Ventose. His fault in this case, as in the
equally execrable case of the conspiracy of
the prisons, was that he gave the most sinister
interpretation to the decree. Towards the
last his indictments were vague, made up of
turgid Jacobin phraseology, and names were
erased or inserted upon the lists of those
indicted without any change in the indict-
ment. He did not even take the time to
obtain the full names of those sent before the
Tribunal. As a result in two or three cases
the wrong person was condemned. On one
occasion he sent for a ®astellane, and when
the usher reported that there were two in
prison, he retorted : ' ' Bring them both, they
must both pass through it."
After all, it was certain members of the
governing committees that were responsible
for such villainies, rather than a wretched
pettifogger like Fouquier. He only erred
through excess of zeal. His conduct and
theirs are fine examples of what happens
when revolutions are directed by men who
have neither strong character nor clear intelli-
gence. HENRY E. BOURNE.
THE PROBLEM or THE PHILIPPINES.*
In five recent works devoted to informing
the American people in regard to their Asiatic
possessions, one sentiment is predominant:
Whatever other facts or tlreories may be
* THE AMERICANS IN THE PHILIPPINES. A History of the
Conquest and First Years of Occupation, with an Intro-
ductory Account of the Spanish Rule. By James A. LeRoy.
With an Introduction by William Howard Taft. In two
volumes. Illustrated. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co.
THE PHILIPPINES, PAST AND PRESENT. By Dean C. Worces-
ter. In two volumes. Illustrated. New York: The Mac-
millan Co.
THE PHILIPPINE PROBLEM, 1898-1913. By Frederick Cham-
berlin. Illustrated. Boston : Little, Brown & Co.
THE ODYSSEY OF THE PHILIPPINE COMMISSION. By Daniel
R. Williams. Illustrated. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
AMERICA AND THE PHILIPPINES. By Carl Crow. Illus-
trated. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
advanced, we have assumed duties toward
the various peoples of the archipelago on one
hand, and toward the family of nations on
the other, which are not now to be avoided.
Few of the writers seem in any degree con-
vinced that we shall ever be able in the future
to disregard these obligations, internal and
external, to the islands themselves, and they
place the time when the Filipinos shall be
capable of self-government generations, if not
centuries, hence. It may also be noted that
all five writers regard this state of affairs with
complacency, if not with pleasure.
The books are written either by former
office-holders under Republican appointments
in the Philippines, or by those who are in
sympathy with and have obtained their facts
and opinions from Republican appointees.
In so far as they touch upon the Anti-im-
perialistic movement in this country and the
position assumed by the Democratic party in
the campaign of 1900, they regard both as
unmixed evils, leading to an extension of the
movement for national independence in the
archipelago and to a lengthening of the time
required to bring our new subjects under the
yoke. It is notable that, while varying ac-
counts of the preliminary dealings between
the United States through its consular and
naval officers are given, all tending to show
that these officials quite effectually misled the
revolutionary Filipino chiefs into the belief
that independence awaited them on the ex-
pulsion of the Spaniards, there is nowhere in
any of the books either a word to indicate the
complete break with our own wise traditions
or any attempt to justify our actions subse-
quent to the victory of Commodore Dewey in
Manila Bay by an appeal to principles recog-
nizable as American. Expediency, the god of
the Republican Party from the moment the
War between the States ended, is still the one
divinity worshipped here.
There is positive insincerity in one or two
of the books regarding the price we have had
to pay for this experiment in governing with-
out the consent of the governed. From none
of the books is it possible to obtain facts or
figures regarding our expenditures in money
or in blood. The nearest approximation to a
fact is the round statement that $300,000,000
has been expended from the national treasury
to reduce the Filipino people to such a point
of exhaustion that our rule had to be accepted ;
and there goes with this statement nothing to
indicate that the money has not been well
used. Bearing in mind that the $300,000,000
admittedly spent in bringing an alien and
distant population under subjection has been
raised largely by taxation bearing far more
464
THE DIAL
[June 1
heavily upon the poor than upon the rich
among us, and it would seem that a paragraph
of two in these various books which urge us
to keep our hold upon the islands might have
been devoted to an apology for our seizure of
them.
Much the fairest and best of the volumes
under consideration are the two which com-
prise the late James A. LeEoy's "The Ameri-
cans in the Philippines." The author was
for two years officially connected with the
United States Philippine Commission, which
established such civil rule as the islands now
possess. Seized with a fatal illness, he wrote
the greater part of his history while in our
consular service in Mexico, receiving every
assistance possible at that distance from the
archives at Washington. His preliminary
survey of the condition of the islands under
Spanish rule is a marvel of compact and lucid
statement, and the book is uniformly well
written. Unfortunately the story ends with
the reelection of President McKinley in 1900,
and so we are denied the satisfaction of fol-
lowing the account of so conscientious and
well-informed an historian into the present.
The writer devotes comparatively little space
to the dealings between Aguinaldo and his
junta with American officials, though he
brings out clearly enough the bringing of the
Filipino leader to Cavite by Commodore
Dewey and the subsequent armament of Agui-
naldo 's followers with American rifles. The
shifting and indeterminate policies at Wash-
ington following the capture of Manila, the
final steps which led up to the Treaty of
Paris, and our succeeding to the ill-starred
Oriental empire of Spain in consequence, and
the mistakes made by us in our relations to
the friars, are alii told with candor. The
evils and absurdity of the military censorship,
the backing and filling of the military govern-
ment, and the errors of its chiefs are made
clear. The chapters relating to the military
movements in scattering the Filipino armies
and pursuing Aguinaldo are as interesting as
fiction. The book abounds in notes, often
containing information as important as that
in the text, and it is buttressed everywhere
with citations to original documents. The
attitude of the writer throughout is, of course,
that of the imperialist.
Former Civil Commissioner Worcester, who
has also required two volumes to express him-
self regarding "The Philippines, Past and
Present," writes to tell of the enormous ad-
vance made by the Filipinos in good govern-
ment under his paternal administration of
their affairs. From this account it appears
that the islanders are being put in the way of
being much more prosperous than any similar
number of human beings in the continental
United States. He is, in places, rabidly par-
tisan, inevitably discrediting his own narra-
tive by ill temper. His criticisms of the
Democratic administration in the islands,
based upon newspaper rumors that he should
be the last to place reliance upon, are in the
worst possible taste, especially in light of the
extravagances of his own administration
which have recently been brought to light.
To bring home to Americans the excesses of
the guerrillas during the war, he writes as
follows :
"In a letter . . . Legarda complained that a
bad impression had been produced by the news
from Dagupan that when the Insurgents entered
there, after many outrages committed upon the
inmates of a girls' school, every officer had carried
off those who suited him.
"What should we say if United States troops
entered the town of Wellesley and raped numerous
students at the college, subsequently taking away
with them the young ladies who happened to suit
them?"
Mr. Worcester has a pleasant fancy; but
Mr. LeRoy, with more fairness, devotes a
large part of one of his chapters to a recital
of the evils done by our own United States
troops, due in part to the reprisals which
guerrilla warfare brings out at all times and
places, but still more to a lack of proper
discipline. After describing the prevailing
conditions, Mr. LeRoy writes as follows:
"Unless every American command was offi-
cered by prudent, humane, and vigilant men,
the contagion of guerrilla methods would
spread from the Filipino to the American
camp. And in many, indeed, almost certainly
most, places it did infect American officers,
both high and low, and their soldiers." It
would seem hardly necessary to intrude an
American woman's college into the discussion
in view of the facts which Mr. Worcester
prefers to suppress. It is even more in-
structive, after Mr. Le Roy's account of the
shuffling policy of Washington, before the
cheerful phrase "benevolent assimilation"
had been invented, to learn from Mr. Worces-
ter about "a divine Providence that is all-
seeing, all- wise, and inexorable." But im-
perialism and the cant of religion and patriot-
ism have always been near of kin.
Mr. Frederick Chamberlin, a Republican
campaign speaker, presents in "The Phil-
ippine Problem" a Republican campaign
speech. His conclusions are remarkable for
their frankness, and deserve quotation. After
discussing, in his final chapter, the Oriental
characteristics of the Filipinos, he observes :
"We must know, then, once for all, that there
1914]
465
will never be a real United States of the Phil-
ippines, no matter when we turn the Islands back
to their people.
"And more, there is no assurance that we ever
shall turn them back. Indeed, there is consid-
erable probability that the gente illustrada and the
American Anti-Imperialists are correct in assert-
ing that if Americans invest heavily in the Phil-
ippines, the United States will never relinquish
the Islands."
A page further on contains this extraor-
dinary paragraph :
" If stay there we do, there are some results
that can now be foretold with considerable accu-
racy. For one thing, there is to be faced the
continual murmur of the word ' Independence/
that ever since Aguinaldo's rebellion has been in
the mouths of the gente illustrada. The English
and other European colonizing peoples know what
they are talking about when they criticise us for
telling the Filipinos that we shall set them free,
that everything we are out there for is to prepare
them for that state, and that we are giving them
schools because that will make them our equals.
These foreign critics have always said that the
natives would some day rise against us. It cer-
tainly is extremely probable, considering the resil-
iency of that term ' Independence.' It acts like
a germ that never leaves any system it enters. It
multiplies until the fever of it possesses men
utterly. It grows by what it feeds upon. It
seems endowed with magic and boundless power.
It possesses immortality."
Yet this extraordinary something, so mys-
teriously veiled by this candid American
of presumably Revolutionary descent under
the quoted term "Independence," seems to
be what our forefathers understood as nothing
more or less than freedom and liberty, to
which independence was the first step. That
Mr. Chamberlin should now be confused by it
need surprise no one, for it is precisely that
mysterious somewhat which has brought man
up from the beasts, and will carry him to
greater heights. Note, too, the "weasel"
words, "since Aguinaldo's rebellion," which
do not refer to the revolt against Spanish
misrule in 1896, two years before America
knew of the Philippines, but to the war for
independence against the United States. Note,
too, the sensitiveness to European opinion,
against which our forefathers so carefully
warned us, and against which, and to baffle
which, by affording the Latin republics to the
south their chance for independence, the
Monroe Doctrine was formulated. Surely if
"Independence" is a germ, imperialism is a
specific poison.
Mr. Daniel R. Williams, who has been con-
nected with the civil government in the
islands from its beginnings, transcribes from
his letters home "The Odyssey of the Phil-
ippine Commission," a pleasant and cheerful
account of the efforts made by the commission
to fit the Filipinos for self-government. Spe-
cifically, it tells of the travels of the Com-
mission to establish such measures of local
autonomy as it deemed expedient, of the
formulation of laws and procedures, or the
cheerfully endured hardships it went through,
and of much else that is readable and interest-
ing. The office-holder, as such, speaks little
until the final chapter. From that chapter
we learn of the "somewhat wobbly Monroe
Doctrine," without drawing the conclusion
that the wobbliness proceeds chiefly from
American occupancy of the islands. There-
upon ensues this remark :
"As to ' Neutralization ' — the granting of inde-
pendence under an international protectorate —
the scheme is wholly chimerical and impossible.
It would require, for success, the unanimous con-
sent of the world powers, for which consent there
is neither motive nor moving necessity."
Even Mr. Chamberlin did not venture to
differ from Mr. Moorfield Storey, whom he
describes as "one of the ablest lawyers in the
English-speaking world," on this important
point, but contented himself with inferring
that a people requiring neutralization could
not maintain a stable government, forgetting
that the Monroe Doctrine, which has effectu-
ally neutralized Latin America, has been able
to point to a number of stable governments
there. But Mr. "Williams does believe in
Filipino autonomy, and ventures to look for-
ward to a time when the situation shall be
relieved from "personal prejudice and the
baneful influence of party politics," without
setting any time when that point will be
reached. But such books as his and Mr.
LeRoy's will make toward that end, which is
more than can be said for the others. The
question will be removed from partisanship
only when Americans are educated to the
point that permits them to follow their oldest
and best traditions, without losing them
through the desire to exploit a subjugated
people.
Mr. Carl Crow's "America and the Phil-
ippines" deserves careful reading, for it ap-
pears to be not the work of an office-holder,
past or present, but the conclusions of an
American who is proud of what we have been
able to do toward elevating a strange and
distant people, and who believes that this
people can be brought within a reasonable
time to complete autonomy. For example,
while most of the other writers assume that
one solution of the problem will come through
the investment of American capital, he says
frankly :
466
THE DIAL
[June 1
" But should the agricultural development of the
islands by Americans be encouraged? A few who
have established themselves successfully on planta-
tions have added to the country's prosperity by
their improved methods of cultivation. . . . But
each one has added to the number of tenant farm-
ers and unskilled laborers. If this development
by Americans is good for the islands, then we
should hope that, say, 5000 Americans, each sup-
plied with a liberal amount of capital, would
go there and engage in the profitable business of
raising hemp, copra, sugar, or tobacco. ... If
all remained and all prospered, we would at
once have an enormously increased production.
Railways would be built; new steamship lines
would run to Manila; that and every other Phil-
ippine city would thrive; there would be new
banks, an increased revenue, and the Philippine
Islands would be the busiest and most prosperous
place in the far East. But in the meantime, what
of the Filipino? What benefit would he derive
from this development? He would be drawn from
his little farm to work on the big farm of the
American, and even then the demand for labor
would not be satisfied. With every American who
goes to the Philippines to plant sugar, cocoanuts,
tobacco, or hemp, the number of small farmers
who help to build up a conservative community
would decrease. [Mr. Crow forgets the lesson in
this regard taught us by New Zealand.] With the
natives all employed by Americans, America might
add to her prosperity and to the prosperity of the
islands, but where then would be our high ideals
about building a nation for a dependent people?"
This is a spirit too seldom shown in these
volumes. The other writers have not learned
the sad chain set forth by Byron, "Wealth,
vice, corruption, barbarism at last, ' ' which we
are so earnestly struggling against ; Mr. Crow
has. Yet he can write, in all seriousness, of
"the American bromide about 'governments
. . . deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed.' ' If America has
any characteristic policy, or if there is any
feeling in the breasts of its people to set them
apart from Europe, that is not derived from
the Declaration of Independence, it has been
unknown to every great statesman we have
produced.
A chapter of the book entitled "Pesos and
Centavos" sets forth a most interesting
account of tariff manipulation in favor of the
harvester trust, whereby American purchasers
of hemp for binding twine secured all the
benefits of a high duty and the Filipino pro-
ducer rather less than none. This account is
commended to the consideration of those who
wondered at the masterly silence preserved by
the Progressive Party two years ago regard-
ing the whole question of the Filipino people.
Mr. Crow, like most of the other writers,
falls into the palpable error of regarding as
essential to freedom a high degree of indi-
vidual education ; he states with far too much
certainty that the Filipino is able to show
marked intellectual status only when he has
been ancestrally crossed with other races,
white or yellow. The case of the American
Negro is brought up to show a similar state
of affairs at home. But it is submitted, with
full consciousness of the room for vast differ-
ences of opinion, that the Negro in Massa-
chusetts, under that state's admirable school
system, is better educated than the Caucasian
in the black belts of the South, and is quite as
\vell fitted for self-government.
Mr. Crow, too, has a fear that every evil
will result from the falling of the government
under Filipino autonomy into the hands of
the gente illustrada, the educated and astute
natives, who are estimated at one-tenth of the
whole population. Without minifying the
evils that have resulted in the United States
from a similar state of affairs, it should be
fair to quote once more the late Pierpont
Morgan's observation to Senator Cummins, to
the effect that the time was at hand when a
dozen men in America could sit about a table
and settle the affairs of the nation. Senator
Cummins replied, so the report runs, that he
was afraid such a plan would not work unless
God Almighty sat with them as chairman.
The point is that we in the United States are
prone to view with complacency our own
shortcomings, while we point with alarm to
precisely the same state of affairs in aliens.
Yet, to take a minor instance, the temperate
Filipino is able to survive the consumption
of certain native beverages, which the exist-
ing government has had to prohibit to the
intemperate American because they killed
him. The trade of the archipelago doubled
the year after the American Congress estab-
lished free trade between the States and the
islands; yet it took thirteen years to bring
this about. Is the Filipino government ever
going to follow a more foolish course than we
did in this respect from 1896 to 1909 ? It is
doubtful.
Let it be said in conclusion that all the books
under consideration here convey between their
lines, even when it is least in their lines, the
fullest promise of a complete autonomy for
the Filipino people within a time greatly less
than they report as possible. Every American
school-teacher in the archipelago is a force
making for the independence which some as-
sume to dread ; but the innate native feeling
for independence is a still greater force.
Every American who retains his self-respect
in the presence of a people he realizes to be as
human as himself is also such a force, because
of the universal acceptance among us of the
1914]
THE DIAL
467
spirit of equality of the great Declaration, al-
most unknown to the peoples of Europe, albeit
it is the reading of the Golden Rule into prac-
tical politics.
The relief is coming from the common peo-
ple of the islands, and not from the gente illus-
trada, just as it is coming in Mexico from the
same source. The United States seized the
Philippines when at the nadir of their political
idealism. We have travelled an enormous dis-
tance since toward the stars of a destiny suffi-
ciently manifest to all not blinded by the
merest materialism. The fundamental criti-
cism against our occupation comes now from
President Wilson himself, in words recently
spoken of another situation but capable of
universal application ; and they are words too
truthfully hopeful to be omitted here :
" I challenge you to cite me an instance in all the
history of the world where liberty was handed down
from above! Liberty always is attained by the
forces working below, underneath, by the great
movement of the people. That, leavened by the
sense of wrong and oppression and injustice, by
the ferment of human rights to be attained, brings
Freedom." WALLACE RICE.
BRIEFS ox
BOOKS.
A dubious
introduction
to literature.
Last year M. Emile Faguet pub-
lished a little volume ("Initia-
tion Litteraire") intended as a
guide to literature for beginners, in the form
of a summary outline of literary history from
the time of the Vedas. Such a volume, if
thoroughly well done, would be convenient
for reference ; but its value to a beginner may
be doubted. Almost necessarily it must
employ critical terms which are1 beyond a
beginner's understanding; M. Faguet 's sur-
vey abounds in such terms. The quality of
the book suggests that the author regarded
it as a piece of hack work. Writing for
French readers, it is proper enough that he
should have given most space to French litera-
ture ; but he should have paid more attention
to proportion and accuracy in dealing with
other literatures. Some slips are plainly due
to carelessness; such is the remark that one
of Xenophon's principal works is the Mem-
orabilia of Plato. Others seem to be due to
plain ignorance; such is the observation that
Bacon was perhaps a collaborator of Shake-
speare, and the surprising information that
the Lake poets were so called because they
were Scotch ! The last error is omitted in the
English translation ; but the others stand.
As to proportion, it is astonishing to find
most of a paragraph devoted to William
Habington in an outline of- English literature
which makes no mention of Beowulf, Alfred,
Piers Plowman, Smollett, Jane Austen, or
Matthew Arnold (we select almost at random
a few of the omitted great). We find, too,
some rather absurd literary judgments, such
as the characterization of the style of Thu-
cydides as limpid, and the remark that Klop-
stock's "Messiah" is one of the finest products
of the human mind. It is difficult to see why
such a volume should be translated into
English at all ; it is more difficult to see how
any reputable publisher could have put out
so schoolboyish a version as Sir Home Gor-
don's, published under the title, "Initiation
into Literature" (Putnam). An idea of the
baronet's quality as a translator may be
gained from the fact that he renders
"fabliau" as "fable," " insaisissable " as
"insatiable," and "Trouvere" as "found-
ling." Not only is he guilty of these and
other gross blunders as to the meaning of
words, but he utterly perverts and destroys
the sense of whole sentences. One instance
must stand for many. Speaking of the nine-
teenth century novel, M. Faguet writes :
"II arrivait meme qu'un esprit, ne pour voir
d'une maniere admirablement juste la realite, la
voyait en effet, mais, a cause du temps, ou en
partie a cause du temps, 1'associait a une imagina-
tion grossissante et deformante, a une sorte de
megalomanie litteraire et ce fut le cas d'Honore
Balzac."
This Sir Home Gordon transmogrifies as
follows :
"It even happened that a mind born to see
reality in an admirably accurate manner, saw it
so only by reason of the times, or at least partly
due to the times, associated it with a magnifying
but deforming imagination converting it into a
literary megalomania; and this was the case of
Honore de Balzac."
The book abounds with minor errors and
inaccuracies, not all of which can be charged
to bad proof-reading. Thus we find ' ' Perseus' '
for "Persius," "Lucian" for "Lucan,"
"Philostrates" for " Philostratus, " "Ana-
creonotic," "Gower's 'Speculum Medi-
tatus,' " etc., etc. The title-page announces
"additions specially written for the English
version," but these consist only of a few
sentences. It is a pity that so- wretched a
travesty should thus seem to have the authori-
zation of M. Faguet. The adage ' ' Traduttore,
traditore" has seldom been better exem-
plified.
Europe in the The second volume of the "Cam-
seventh and bridge Medieval History ' ' ( Mac-
eighth centuries. mjnan) " covers the stormy per-
iod of about three hundred years from Jus-
tinian to Charles the Great inclusive." These
468
THE DIAL
[June 1
three centuries are among the most important
in the world's history: during this period the
Germans who had invaded the Roman Empire
were settling down among the conquered
peoples ; new states were being created ; new
languages were in formation ; a new civiliza-
tion was being developed; the foundations
of modern Europe were being laid. The story
of this interesting but imperfectly known age
is told after the Cambridge fashion in a series
of monographs by scholars who have achieved
distinction as investigators in various sections
of the mediaeval field. Most of the contrib-
utors are from Great Britain, but other
nations have also been drawn upon. Among
the better known continental contributors are
the French professors, Charles Diehl, who
writes on the age of Justinian, Christian
Pfister, who deals with the Merovingian
period, and Camille Julian, who discusses
Celtic heathendom; Dr. Gerhard Seeliger,
who contributes two chapters on the Caro-
lingian monarchy; Dr. Rafael Altamira, the
noted Spanish historian, who writes on the
Visigothic kingdom ; and Professor Paul Vino-
gradoff, who discusses the origins of Feudal-
ism. Our own country is represented by
Professor George Lincoln Burr, who con-
tributes a chapter on the reign of Pepin and
the Frankish intervention in Italy. Professor
Burr's chapter is of the suggestive type, and
his account has certain stylistic graces that
are not general in the volume as a whole.
Worthy of particular mention is the chapter
on the expansion of the Slavic peoples by
Dr. T. Peisker of Graz, whose discussion of
the Huns and kindred Mongol tribes was one
of the more important contributions in the
first volume of this history. On the English
side the volume contains an important chap-
ter by Mr. W. J. Corbett, in which the author
sums up what is known about the Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms in the seventh and eighth
centuries. In this account, as generally
throughout the volume, minor details are
suppressed and the space devoted to a dis-
cussion of the larger aspects. The subject of
heathendom and conversion is split up into
five sections, each of which has a separate
author. This is scarcely a satisfactory plan;
wrhen several writers deal with closely related
themes, there is likely to be an overlapping
and often a difference in viewpoint and con-
clusions) that are confusing to the general
reader. HowTever, it must be said that Miss B.
Phillpotts's discussion of German heathen-
dom, though all too brief, is excellent and
unusual in that it takes into account the rich
sources of the heathen North and the writings
of Scandinavian scholars on this subject.
While the work is chiefly concerned with the
new peoples of Western Europe, an attempt
has been made to comprehend all the Medi-
terranean and European countries: more
than one-third of the space is given to the
Byzantine and Saracenic empires and civiliza-
tions. Like all the Cambridge volumes, the
work is a vast storehouse of information ; but
the editors have succeeded in producing more
readable accounts than was the case with the
heavy and detailed narratives of the "Cam-
bridge Modern History." The bibliographies
are of the usual complete type, and the maps
Mail prove of particular value.
At last there is a book in
English on the greatest of all
Scandinavian writers. Hitherto,
students of literary history, knowing Ludvig
Holberg by name, and knowing that he is to
Scandinavian literature what Shakespeare is
to English, and Moliere is to French, have
been unable to find in the English language
any extended account of his life and work.
The fullest statement accessible has been the
monograph of Dr. William! Morton Payne,
published in the "Warner Library," and,
with additions, in "The Sewanee Review."
Beyond this, a few passages in the essays of
Boyesen, Mr. Gosse, and Dr. Brandes, together
with a few scant pages in Mr. Oliver Elton's
"The Augustan Age" have provided about
the sum total of information upon the subject.
Yet Holberg was so towering a genius that he
transcended the parochial limits of Denmark
and Norway, and has even been characterized
as an intellectual force second only to Vol-
taire in the eighteenth-century European
world. The work which we now welcome is
Professor Oscar James Campbell's "The
Comedies of Holberg," published as one of
the "Harvard Studies in Comparative Litera-
ture." Its title shows it to be of restricted
scope, and there is still a place and a need
for the comprehensive work that will survey
Holberg's career in all its aspects — for he
was at once the Moliere, the Voltaire, and
the Montaigne of Denmark ; but we are thank-
ful for what we have, and also for the pros-
pect of a translation of the best of the
Holberg comedies, now nearly ready under
the auspices of the Scandinavian-American
Foundation. Professor Campbell's work, as
far as it goes, is done with scholarly thorough-
ness. It includes a biographical chapter, a
section devoted to the plays, and a series of
special studies of Holberg's relations to Mo-
liere, to the Commedia dell'Arte, and to
English, French, and classical literature. A
chapter on "Holberg's Genius," with a bibli-
1914]
THE DIAL
469
ography and notes, rounds out the volume.
The chapter on Holberg's relations with
English literature is probably the most inter-
esting in the volume. The two years (1706-8)
that he spent in London and Oxford had a
marked influence upon his creative develop-
ment, as Olsvig pointed out several years ago.
Holberg borrowed many ideas from Jonson,
and the influence of Farquhar is seen in
"Erasmus Montanus," while "Jeppe paa
Bjerget" makes it fairly evident that he saw
a performance of "The Taming of the
Shrew." But the most important influence
of all was that of the English essayists — the
' ' Tatler ' ' and the ' ' Spectator ' ' —and much
of his satire of social foible is clearly trace-
able to those papers as a source. It is also
interesting to note that Goldsmith knew of
Holberg's tramp through Europe, and prob-
ably undertook his own peregrinations in
imitation of that example. In closing his
discussion, Professor Campbell justly says:
"He will prove a source of delight because
he was able to make his vividly realized facts
concerning Danish life of the eighteenth cen-
tury typical of universal human experience.
Thus Holberg's laughter, evoked by the folly
of mankind two hundred years ago, bids fair
to be immortal."
Biological
problems
of to-day.
The Harvard exchange profes-
sor at the University of Berlin
in 1912-13 was the distinguished
embryologist, Dr. Charles Sedgwick Minot.
By special request of His Royal Highness,
the Grand-Duke of Saxe- Weimar, Dr. Minot
was invited to lecture at Jena as well as Ber-
lin. The six lectures delivered in response
to this invitation have been put together in
a small volume under the title, "Modern
Problems of Biology" (Blakiston Co.). The
problems dealt with by Dr. Minot either cen-
tre in and about the cell, or at least are ap-
proached by the cytological pathway. This
is entirely proper and to be expected consid-
ering what the author 's life work and interest
have been. The viewpoint is altogether mod-
ern, however, as is indicated by the conclusion
of the first lecture on "The New Cell Doc-
trine," which is stated in the following terms :
"The living substance is more important to
biologists than its tendency to form cells.
Hence we consider the chief problem of biol-
ogy to be the investigation of the structure
and chemical composition not of cells, but of
the living substance. The new conception has
won its way gradually. It corresponds to so
fundamental a change of our views that we
are justified in describing the new conception
as the new cell doctrine." Succeeding lec-
tures deal with cytomorphosis, by which term
of the author's earlier invention are denoted
the transformation of cells incident to the de-
velopment, growth, and senescence of the in-
dividual; with immortality and the evolution
of death; and with the determination of sex.
It is of interest to note the matured opinion
of so acute and critical an investigator as Dr.
Minot on one of the most doubtful questions
of heredity. He says: "We must admit that
the protoplasm also participates in heredity.
I do not see how we can accept the theory
that the nucleus is exclusively the organ of
heredity. On the contrary we must say that
the essence of reproduction is the continua-
tion of the growth of immortal protoplasm.
The history of protoplasm is uninterrupted,
and therefore we say: the immortality of the
protoplasm and of the nucleus is also the
explanation of heredity." The chapter on
sex-determination reviews rather fully the
cytological evidence that sex is an inherited
character. The final chapter deals with "The
Scientific Conception of Life." The author
concludes that it is still open to question and
investigation as to whether all the phenomena
of life can be explained mechanistically. This
conclusion is one which would probably be
subscribed to by the majority of conservative
biologists. This book throughout is marked
by the distinction of manner and absolute
precision and clearness of statement which are
characteristic of its author.
A Spanish As a rule, histories of Spanish
painter of the art have always shown a tend-
18th century. f gw
nameg
at the expense of lesser artists. A school
relatively so unimportant as the School of
Aragon has, indeed, been entirely ignored by
some writers. Nevertheless, this provincial
school contains works of art as interesting as
any in Spain, and it produced one of the
most original and distinctive of artists, not
simply in Spain but in all Europe — Fran-
cisco Goya. His position as an artist, how-
ever, has suffered somewhat from the fact
that (except for a few scattered examples)
only in Spain can his pictures be found ; and
that, only in Madrid can his peculiar char-
acteristics be examined and appreciated.
Moreover, English appreciation has been still
further hampered by the fact that hitherto
no real study of the work and personality of
this eighteenth century Spanish painter and
satirist has been offered in the English lan-
guage. This lack is now remedied by Mr.
Hugh Stokes 's large and copiously illustrated
volume. Although extending to nearly four
hundred pages, these are none too many for
470
THE DIAL
June 1
our enjoyment, dealing as they do with an
art and a personality of such engrossing fas-
cination. Although in his own land Goya
founded no school and left no pupils, and
although his career did not signalize a renais-
sance of Spanish art, his influence upon the
art of Europe has been very great indeed.
He refused to bow down to tradition, and
used to say, "My only masters have been
Nature, Velasquez, and Rembrandt." i Mr.
Stokes classes Goya as "the link between the
art of Velasquez and the art of the future,"
and counts Sargent as ' ' one of Goya 's artistic
descendants." Dying in 1828, at the age of
eighty-two, Goya is not only the last great
Spanish painter, but, judged by his best
works, one of the great masters of art. He
caught a peculiar quality of existence and
vitality which no other artist in the history
of painting has ever surpassed. This gift of
energy and life was his supreme talent, and
he possessed it because he worshipped life and
the joy of living. Despite his apparent cyni-
cism and his avowed materialism, he had an
intense sympathy for his fellow-men. Added
to this, he had a rare psychological insight
and a depth of fantastic imagination which
is one of the rarest gifts of the gods. So
industrious and fertile was his life that the
mere catalogue of his paintings, etchings,
lithographs, etc., occupies fifty pages, forming
by itself a valuable handbook of reference for
students of this remarkable master in many
kinds of art. (Putnam.)
with Shakespeare Shakespeare-lovers have a treat
and Bacon at before them in Mr. Howells s
Seen and the Unseen at Stratf ord-on-Avon "
(Harper), wherein he describes a visit to the
great poet's birthplace at the time of the
annual Shakespeare pageant, and reports his
talks and walks with the shades of both Shake-
speare and Bacon. The book is a pleasant
mingling of Stratford topography, bank-holi-
day customs, Shakespeare lore, good-natured
ridicule of the Baconian theory, ripened re-
flection on pertinent topics, just a sufficient
touch of mysticism to heighten the interest
and add to the spiritual reality of these re-
markable communings with the illustrious
dead, and, here and there, a not unaccountable
tinge of Swedenborgianism. Lightness of
touch and fertility of invention give the
humorous-fanciful narrative a movement and
a sparkle that insure the reader against any
thought of weariness, which is rendered still
further impossible by the writer's refusal to
exhaust his theme and by the division of the
reading matter into short chapters. One is
glad to learn, early in the book, that neither
Shakespeare nor Bacon trouble themselves in
the least about "that silly superstition" (the
Baconian theory), but are now, as heretofore,
the best of friends. Bacon himself takes occa-
sion to maintain, reinforcing his argument by
citing Andrew Lang's "Shakespeare, Bacon,
and the Great Unknown," that, contrary to
the accepted view of the matter, there is far
more known of his famous contemporary's
life than of most authors' lives; to which the
poet merrily replies : ' ' There 's more known
in some particulars than I would have allowed
if I could have helped it, ' ' for he admits that
he was "a wild enough boy" in his youth.
But Bacon defends him. "Will, here, prob-
ably played his wild pranks, as he would own,
but the man who ended as he did never went
far in that way." The modernity of phrase
in which Shakespeare is made to express him-
self in these talks is accounted for, or apolo-
gized for, at the very end of the book. Mr.
Howells has seldom if ever written in happier
vein than in this fantasy.
A plea for
the poor
immigrant.
If there is anyone qualified to
speak on the immigration ques-
tion with intelligence and fair-
ness, it should be the author of "They Who
Knock at Our Gates" (Houghton), she who
is known in the world of letters by her maiden
name of Mary Antin, and whose earlier vol-
ume on "The Promised Land" attained so
wide and deserved a popularity. Herself an
immigrant from Russia and therefore under-
standing perfectly the immigrant's point of
view, she has adopted this country with a
passionate devotion to the ideals it represents
in her eyes, and with a loyalty to its best tra-
ditions that would jealously guard it from
corrupting influences. Her treatment of her
theme divides itself into three parts, which
answer successively the three questions : Have
we any right to regulate immigration ? What
is the nature of our immigration? Is immi-
gration good for us? To the first question
she replies, with appropriate amplification
and illustration: "Whatever limits to our
personal liberty we are ourselves willing to
endure for the sake of the public welfare, we
have a right to impose on the stranger from
abroad ; these, and no others. ' ' In answer to
the second she believes, and gives reasons for
her belief, that "what we get in the steerage
is not the refuse but the sinew and bone of
all the nations," arguing soundly enough
that it is enterprise and not indolence that
cuts loose from the old and makes its way
to the new world. As to the third question,
she feels that it is good for us both materially
and spiritually to welcome the alien, and she
quotes from another to show how fortunate
1914]
THE DIAL
471
it is for America that great numbers are every
year coming to remind us of the "promise of
American life," and insisting that it shall not
be forgotten. The author's love for her
adopted country is beautiful to behold, her
Americanism is as thorough-going as any true
patriot could wish, and her enthusiasm in
espousing the cause of both the immigrant
and the new land to which he is hastening, is
contagious. And, with it all, her command of
her adopted language is remarkable. Mr.
Joseph Stella contributes three good drawings
of immigrant types.
A premature
valedictory.
Mr. George Moore's "Vale,"
being part three in his auto-
biographic trilogy, "Hail and
Farewell" (Appleton), need not by any means
be his last word to his readers ; for he is still
in the prime of his powers, and it is unbe-
lievable that he will shake off the habit of
years and deny himself the pleasure of fur-
ther literary production, even though that
pleasure in this instance is pictured to the
reader as nothing short of positive pain. ' ' It
was between Mullingar and Dublin," he con-
fides to us in his closing chapter, "that I
realized, more acutely than I had ever done
before, that this book was the cause of my
being. 'I have been led to write it by whom
I know not, but I have been led by the hand
like a little child.' It was borne in upon me
at the same time that a sacrifice was de-
manded of me, by whom I knew not, nor for
what purpose, but I felt I must leave my
native land and my friends for the sake of
the book; a work of liberation I divined it
to be — liberation from ritual and priests, a
book of precept and example. I knew this
book to be the turning point in Ireland's des-
tiny and yet I prayed that I might be spared
the pain of the writing it and permitted in-
stead to acquire the Clos St. Georges, a wife,
and a son. But no man escapes his fate."
One who takes his mission as a writer so seri-
ously as that is not likely to throw down his
pen in thoughtless haste. As in the two pre-
ceding volumes of the trilogy, so in this there
is a rich (not to say riotous) mingling of
fragmentary autobiography, odds and ends of
criticism and theory, studies of human nature,
graphic character sketches, more or less racy
anecdote, and miscellaneous matter not easy
to classify, but seldom failing to hold one's
willing attention. The author's pursuit of
art in Paris, up to the point when he became
convinced he was not born to be a painter,
with sundry incidental experiences in the gay
capital, fills a considerable portion of the
book; but the "Irish Literary Movement"
and other themes of peculiar interest to Irish-
men are not neglected. Yet it is not quite
plain just how this work is "the turning
point in Ireland's destiny." That remains to
be revealed.
A town history Sparing neither labor nor ex-
of national pense, the Lexington (Mass.)
Historical Society has issued a
revised and enlarged edition of Charles Hud-
son's history of that famous town, continuing
the chronicle from 1868, when Hudson
dropped it, to 1913, the close of the second
century of Lexington's history as an incor-
porated town. In its present form this
"History of Lexington, Massachusetts"
(Houghton) fills two octavo volumes, the first
being devoted to the history proper and run-
ning to nearly six hundred pages, the second
confining itself to genealogies and falling only
three pages short of nine hundred. The
excellence and accuracy of Hudson 's work, the
more commendable because of the difficulties
he had to contend with half a century ago
in preparing his book, are appropriately recog-
nized by the revisers, who take occasion to say
in regard to the historian's account of the
most memorable occurrence in Lexington's
annals: "Special care has been taken to
examine the many volumes dealing with the
Battle of Lexington, with the result, how-
ever, of proving that, while some new light
has been thrown upon that event by modern
historians, few, if any, narrations of the
Battle are so comprehensive, so well balanced,
and so accurate as is Mr. Hudson's." Ham-
matt Billings 's drawing of the historic en-
counter appears in engraved reproduction as
frontispiece to the first volume, while the
portrait of Theodore Parker, grandson of the
Captain John Parker who covered himself
with glory in that encounter, adorns in sim-
ilar manner the second volume. Numerous
other views and portraits are supplied, with
interesting notes concerning them in the list
of illustrations. Printed in clear type on
durable paper made especially for the work,
these two substantial volumes give promise of
a permanence befitting their subject. The
edition is limited to one thousand copies, and
is printed from type.
Fruitless Mr- H. Addington Bruce con-
" psychical" tributes some further "Adven-
adventures. turings in the Psychical"
(Little, Brown & Co.) to the series of books
of similar import and equal inconsequence
already available. It is difficult to under-
stand why further volumes repeating the
familiar accounts of ghosts and telepathy and
clairvoyance and mediums and singular cases
of personally puzzling incidents continue to
472
THE DIAL,
[June 1
attract readers. Books of this kind are made
on the basis of a dramatic interest which is
well enough for a journalistic pen, but which
seems quite out of place in book form. Mr.
Bruce 's mind is of that extremely tolerant
kind that can entertain antagonistic explana-
tions at the same time. If the familiar saying
of Voltaire that, incantations together with a
sufficient amount of arsenic will undoubtedly
kill your neighbor's sheep could be applied
to the present volume, it would be indicated
by saying that Mr. Bruce believes in both
arsenic and incantations. When the one
applies the other is unnecessary, and vice
versa. On the whole, books of this type do a
considerable harm in spreading the notion
that the chief business of psychology is to
investigate happenings of this order ; and they
do further harm in spreading the belief that
many men of science are seriously concerned
with this type of matter as evidence of the
scientific principles that control thought.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Palgrave's " Golden Treasury," with a liberal
selection of additional poems, and some 250 pages
of notes by Mr. C. B. Wheeler, is published by the
Oxford University Press in a volume whose attrac-
tive and convenient form will commend it to many
besides the young students for whose special use it
has been prepared. The additional poems are se-
lected with excellent judgment. We are glad to
see Matthew Arnold given the largest amount of
space, with Browning, Tennyson, and Swinburne
following in the order named. Time's ultimate ver-
dict on the chief Victorian poets is not unlikely to
agree with this sequence. Mr. Wheeler's notes are
in the main purely explanatory, and are full enough
to satisfy the needs of even the dullest student of
literature.
Mr. Moritz Moszkowski has edited for the
"Musicians' Library" (Ditson) the first volume of
an "Anthology of German Piano Music," devoted
to the early composers. The introductory essay is
in English and German, in parallel columns. The
frontispiece groups the five portraits of Bach,
Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. These five
represent the peaks of creative achievement illus-
trated by the collection. The other names are little
known except to special students. There are eleven
of these others, from Froberger (1605-67) to
Hassler (1747-1822). Of Beethoven's later works
the writer says : " It is not to be denied that his
latest compositions reveal at times perhaps an
increase of geniality and sublimity of thought; but
I cannot rid myself of the impression that, owing to
Beethoven's deafness, his inner musical hearing
was more and more withdrawn from the tones of
the outer world, and there resulted a certain ab-
stractness of musical thought in which fruits of
the spirit grew to ripeness upon which no real sun
had ever cast its rays."
Miss Katharine Tynan's new book, a collection of
short stories, is to be entitled " Lovers' Meetings."
Wassili Kandinsky's " The Art of Spiritual Har-
mony " will be published this month in an English
translation.
Mr. R. A. Douglas-Lithgard has written " Nan-
tucket: A History," which Messrs. Putnam will
publish shortly.
Mr. W. L. George, English novelist and propa-
gandist of feminism, has written a study of mod-
ern drama, " Dramatic Actualities."
Mr. Edward Sheldon has made a play of the
English version of Sudermann's novel, " The Song
of Songs," for Mr. Charles Frohman.
The second volume of Andersen Nexo's trilogy,
which began with " Pelle the Conqueror," will not
be published in this country until November.
Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson has written a
new novel, to be called " Oddfish," which Messrs.
Dodd, Mead & Co. will publish in the autumn.
Miss Ethel M. Dell, author of " The Way of an
Eagle " and " The Rocks of Valpre," will soon pub-
lish a volume of short stories under the title of one
of them, " The Swindler."
A book on " Juvenile Courts and Probation " by
Messrs. Bernard Flexner and Roger N. Baldwin, of
the National Probation Association, will be issued
this month by the Century Co.
Mr. Yoshio Markino, the Japanese artist whosi
observations on life in London were so amusing,
has written a new book, " My Recollections and
Reflections," which will be published shortly.
Mr. Graham Wallas's new book, " The Great
Society," is to be published in July by the Mac-
millan Co. It is described in its sub-title as "A
Psychological Analysis." Mr. Wallas will be re-
membered as the author of " Human Nature and
Politics."
A new and interesting series of essays on " The
Art and Craft of Letters " is announced in
England. " Comedy " by John Palmer, " Satire "
by Gilbert Cannan, " History " by R. H. Gretton,
and " The Epic " by Lascelles Abercroinbie, are
now ready. " Parody " by Christopher Stone,
"Criticism" by P. P. Howe, "The Ballad" by-
Frank Sidgwick, and " Punctuation " by Filson
Young will be published shortly.
Dr. William Aldis Wright, for nearly twenty-
five years past Vice-Master of Trinity College,
Cambridge, died in London last week. As editor
of the "Cambridge" and "Globe" editions of
Shakespeare, Dr. Wright is known to every stu-
dent of the dramatist. He also edited the letters
and miscellaneous writings of Edward FitzGerald,
and a long list of English classics. Dr. Wright was
secretary to the Old Testament Revision Company,
1870-85^ and joint editor of the " Journal of Philol-
ogy " from its beginning in 1868.
Jacob A. Riis, the author and social worker,
died May 26 at his summer home in Barre, Mass.
He was born in Denmark in 1849, and came to this
country at the age of twenty-one. After six years
1914]
THE DIAL
473
of poverty and struggle, he secured a position as
reporter with a New York news bureau, and for
more than a quarter-century thereafter he gave his
remarkable energies to journalistic and social work
in New York. His principal published books are
the following : " How the Other Half Lives," " The
Children of the Poor/' " The Making of an Amer-
ican " (his autobiography), "The Battle with the
Slum," " Children of the Tenements," " The Old
Town," " Theodore Roosevelt the Citizen," and
" Hero Tales from the Far North."
The latest Bulletin received from the Philippine
Library — the issue for March — has a noteworthy
article in Spanish, by the head of the Philippine
Division, on the importance of Philippine periodi-
cals and neAvspapers in the study of the history of
those islands. Not far from a score of these pub-
lications are named, the earliest having its origin
in 1779 and confining itself to some meagre ac-
counts of native depredations and the punishment
administered to the marauders. The writer is a
specialist in this department of Philippine litera-
ture, and speaks with authority, but is debarred by
limitations of space from a full treatment of his
subject. In the same issue are lists of recent gov-
ernment publications (insular), of books and arti-
cles on the Moros, and of late accessions to the
library.
Inadequacies will reveal themselves in any
scheme of book-classification for libraries, all the
more so because different libraries specialize in
different departments. Perhaps the best that can
be done is to adopt as far as possible a standard
system like the Dewey Decimal, and to modify and
elaborate as special needs require. What has been
done of this sort at the University of Illinois, espe-
cially in the ancient classics and in German litera-
ture, is clearly set forth by Mr. Philip S. Goulding,
" Catalogue Librarian " at that seat of learning, in
a paper, " The Classification of Literatures in the
University of Illinois Library," read some time ago
at a joint meeting of the Illinois and Missouri
Library Associations, and lately published in " The
Library Journal," from which it is reprinted in
separate form.
The London " Times " finds in the discovery of a
new fragment of Sappho's lyric poetry an earnest
that we shall eventually recover most of her work.
The new fragment is thus rendered in Part X. of
" The Oxyrhynichus Papyri " :
" Some say that the fairest thing on the dark earth
is a host of horsemen, others of foot, others of
ships; but I say that is fairest which is the object
of one's desire. And it is quite easy to make this
plain to all: for Helen, observing well the beauty
of men, judged the best to be him who destroyed
the whole majesty of Troy, nor bethought herself
at all of child or parents dear, but through love
Cypris led her astray. . . . Even so have I called
to mind Anactoria, though far away, whose gracious
step and flashing glance I would rather see than the
chariots of the Lydians and the charge of footmen
in armour. We know that all things may not come
to pass amongst men; but to pray for a share. . . ."
" The Oxyrhyriichus Papyri " is edited, with trans-
lations and notes, by Messrs. Bernard P. Grenfell
and Arthur S. Hunt, and published by the Oxford
University Press for the Egypt Exploration Fund.
TOPICS ix IJEADIXG PERIODICALS.
June, 1914.
Acheson, Edward G. J. M. Oskison . . . World's Work
American Parties. William M. Sloane .... Harper
Americanisms, First Dictionary of. Thomas R.
Lounsbury Harper
Andalusia, Sunday in. Grant Showerman . . . Atlantic
Art: Real and American. Gutzon Borglum World's WorK
Bernard, Claude. D. W. Wilson Pop. Sc. Mon.
Borglum, Gutzon. George Marvin .... World's Work
Business and the Weather Map. Allan P.
Ames World's Work
Byron, " Gex " Portrait of. C. W. Macfarlane . . Century
Camaguey of Spain. Julius Muller Century
Capital, Socia_l Gradations of. A. W. Small Am. Jour. Soc.
Chamois-hunting in Switzerland. P. Kiihner . . . Scribner
Chestnut Tree, Future of the. A. H. Graves Pop. Sc. Mon.
Child Welfare. W. L. Dealey Am. Jour. Soc.
Constitution, Judicial Bulwark of. F. E.
Melvin Am. Pol. Sc. Rev.
Consumptive, Confessions of a. William G. Brown Atlantic
Conversation. Brander Matthews Scribner
Cooperative Living. R. S. Bourne Atlantic
Country Life, Teaching. W. A. Dyer . . . World's Work
Development, Facts of. E. G. Conklin . . Pop. Sc. Mon.
Dewan-i-Khas. E. F. Benson Century
Dogmas and Christian Belief. H. D. Sedgwick Atlantic
Equality, Struggle for. C. F. Emerick . . Pop. Sc. Mon.
Geographic Conditions and Social Realities.
E. C. Hayes Am. Jour. Soc.
Hadley, President, of Yale. B. J. Hendrick World's Work
History, Mendacity of. J. W. Thompson . . . No. Amer.
Holland. Arnold Bennett Century
Huerta, Victoriano. Louis C. Simonds .... Atlantic
Illumination, The New. Clara B. Lyman . . World's Work
Immigration Question, Crux of. A. P. Andrew No. Amer.
Indian, Assimilation of the. Fayette A.
McKenzie Am. Jour. Soc.
Industrial Relationships, Functional. P. L.
Vogt Am Jour. Soc.
International Settlements. William Crozier . . No. Amer.
Judges, Removal of, in Massachusetts. L. A.
Frothingham Am. Pol. Sc. Rev.
Justice, A Constructive Department of. George
Harvey No. Amer.
Law Making, Neglected Factors in. Ernest
Bruncken Am. Pol. Sc. Rev.
Liszt, Days with. Madame de Hegermann-
Lindencrone Harper
Logan, Dr. O. T., Work of. W. W. Peter . World's Work
Marine, The American. A. G. McLellan . . . Atlantic
Medical Profession, Need for a Salaried. P. L.
Vogt Pop. Sc. Mon.
Medical Science, American Contributions to. B. J.
Hendrick Harper
Monroe Doctrine, The. Elihu Root No. Amer.
Monroe Doctrine, The. T. S. Woolsey .... No. Amer.
Montessori Method, The. F. P. Graves . . Pop. Sc. Mon.
Motion Picture Industry, The. H. W. Lanier World's Work
Municipal Affairs, Current. Alice M.
Holden Am. Pol. Sc. Rev.
Newspaper Morals. Ralph Pulitzer Atlantic
Normandy, Elections in. Frances W. Huard . . Century
Orphans, Care of. Alden Fearing .... World's Work
Paraguay, Headwaters of the. Theodore Roosevelt Scribner
Parcel Post, The. James Middleton . . . World's Work
Party Organization. Frances A. Kellor . . . No. Amer.
Pastures, Upland, of New England. W. P. Eaton Scribner
Philippines, Assimilation in the. A. E.
Jenks Am. Jour. Soc.
Playground Survey, The. H. S. Curtis . . Am. Jour. Soc.
Public Lands, Passing of the. W. J. Trimble . . Atlantic
Recreation, Sociology of. J. L. Gillin . . Am. Jour. Soc.
Redwood Canyon. H. S. Canby Atlantic
Relaxation, Psychology of. G. T. W. Patrick Pop. Sc. Mon.
Religion from Another Angle. W. P. Hall . . No. Amer.
Rodin's Note-Book — II. Judith Cladel .... Century
Rose Glacier, Karakoram. Fanny B. Workman . . Harper
Scandinavians in America. E. A. Ross .... Century
Sea-shore, The. Harrison Rhodes Harper
Simple Living. Maurice F. Egan Century
Sleep. Frederick Peterson Atlantic
Spanish America, Government in. Bernard
Moses Am. Pol. Sc. Rev.
Stael, Madame de. Florence L. Ravenel . . . No. Amer.
Stimulation in Living Organisms. R. S.
Lillie Pop. Sc. Mon.
Tariff and Politics. James D. Whelpley .... Century
Tenniel, Sir John. Frank Weitenkampf .... Scribner
Tolstoy, Reminiscences of. Ilya Tolstoy .... Century
Treaty-making Power, The. E. S. Corwin . . No. Amer.
Villon, Francois, I. George Bronson-Howard . . Century
Wages and Capital. Ray Morris Atlantic
Washington Manor of Northamptonshire. Anne H.
Wharton Scribner
474
THE DIAL
[ June 1
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 112 titles, includes
books received by THE DIAL since its last issue.]
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
With Walt Whitman in Camden. By Horace Trau-
bel. Volume III. Illustrated, large 8vo, 590
pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $3. net.
Cesare Borgia: A Biography. By William Harri-
son Woodward. Illustrated, 8vo, 477 pages.
E. P. Button & Co. $3.50 net.
The Golden Age of Prince Henry the Navigator.
By J. P. Oliveira Martins; translated by James
Johnston Abraham and William Edward Rey-
nolds. Illustrated, large 8vo, 324 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $3.50 net.
Shakespeare Personally. By David Masson; edited
and arranged by Rosaline Masson. 8vo, 243
pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2. net.
MacDonald of the Idles: A Romance of the Past and
Present. By A. M. W. Stirling. Illustrated in
color, etc., Svo, 295 pages. John Lane Co. $4. net.
Junipero Serra: The Man and His Work. By A. H.
Fitch. Illustrated, Svo, 364 pages. A. C.
McClurg & Co. $1.50 net.
The Marechale. By James Strahan. Illustrated,
12mo, 303 pages. George H. Doran Co. $1.25 net.
HISTORY.
History of the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C.
Edited by Eba Anderson Lawton. Large Svo, 1S7
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $2.50 net.
The Reign of Henry the Fifth. By James Hamilton
Wylie, D.Litt. Volume L, 1413T1415. Large Svo,
589 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Puritans in Power: A Study in the History of
the English Church from 1640 to 1660. By G. B.
Tatham, M.A. Svo, 282 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
Selections from the Federalist. Edited, with Intro-
duction, by William Bennett Munro. Svo, 202
pages. Harvard University Press.
The Beginnings of Spanish Settlement in the El
Paso District. By Anna E. Hughes. Large Svo,
392 pages. Berkeley: University of California
Press. Paper, 75 cts. net.
GENERAL, LITERATURE.
Stories and Poems, and Other Uncollected Writings.
By Bret Harte; compiled by Charles Meeker
Kozlay. Illustrated in photogravure, large Svo,
429 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $6. net.
Walt Whitman: A Critical Study. By Basil de
S£lincourt. With photogravure portrait, Svo,
251 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2.50 net.
The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon: A
Fantasy. By William Dean Howells. Svo, 112
pages. Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
The Comedies of Hoi berg. By Oscar James Camp-
bell, Jr. Svo, 362 pages. Harvard University
Press. $2.50 net.
In Cheyne \Valk and Thereabout: Containing Short
Accounts of Some Ingenious People and Famous
Places that Were by the Riverside at Chelsea.
Illustrated, Svo, 322 pages. J. B. Lippincott Co.
$3. net.
Essays and Miscellanies. By Joseph S. Auerbach.
In 2 volumes, 12mo. Harper & Brothers. $3. net.
Where No Fear Was. By Arthur Christopher Ben-
son. 12mo, 256 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
$1.50 net.
Lectures on Dryden. Delivered by A. W. Verrall,
Litt.D. ; edited by Margaret de G. Verrall. Svo,
271 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Essay* and Studies Presented to William Ridgeway.
Edited by E. C. Quiggin, Ph.D. Illustrated in
photogravure, etc., large Svo, 656 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons.
The True Adventures of a Play. By Louis Evan
Shipman. Illustrated, 12mo, 181 pages. Mitchell
Kennerley. $1.50 net.
Representative Narratives. By Carroll Lewis
Maxcy, M.A. 12mo, 396 pages. Houghton Mif-
flin Co. $1.50 net.
A Stepdaughter of the Prairie. By Margaret Lynn.
12mo, 282 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Penn's Country. Being Literary and Historical
Studies of the Country of Penn, Milton, Gray;
Burke, and the Disraelis. By E. S. Roscoe.
Revised and enlarged edition; illustrated, 16mo,
212 pages. Longmans, Green & Co. 90 cts. net.
Gnomic Poetry in Anglo-Saxon. Edited, with Intro-
duction, Notes, and Glossary, by Blanche Colton
Williams, Ph.D. Svo, 171 pages. Columbia Uni-
versity Press. $1.50 net.
The Social Significance of the Modern Dramn. By
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pupil'sbook for Grades Five and Six, is nearly ready.
The rapidity with which city after city adopted
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of a wide-spread need for the constructive language work
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Miss Catherine T. Bryce, Primary Supervisor of Schools,
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From
Nebula to Nebula
or
The Dynamics of the Heavens
This work shows that, contrary to the assumption of
modern science, the Sun is neither cooling nor con-
tracting, but is passing through a stage of maturity in
which his volume, density and temperature are remain-
ing practically stable.
It is a remarkable fact, insufficiently appreciated by
scientists, that, under the law of gravitation, the self-
compression of a cosmic body rapidly increases with
contraction — specifically, inversely as the square of
the radius. In the case of the Sun, for instance, the
compression upon his inner parts at the time when he
is supposed to have filled the orbit of Mercury was only
.0001 of what it is now; and, on the other hand, should he
continue to contract until he attains the same density as
our earth his present constriction will be doubled.
Now it is clear that the thermal effects produced by
the processes of condensation and contraction are not
due primarily to these processes themselves, but to
the driving force of gravitation behind them.
Since, then, the efficient cause in the production of
the Sun's heat has been shown to be gravitation pure
and simple; since, further, this cause rapidly increases
with the progress of condensation, finally reaching and
maintaining a maximum when contraction wholly
ceases; and since, lastly, effects are necessarily con-
current and commensurable with their causes, the con-
clusion becomes inevitable that cosmic heat, whether
of the Sun, stars or planets, is a staple and continuous
product of Nature, and that celestial bodies, barring
accidents, are permanently constituted as we now see
them. To the energy thus created the writer has given
the name, GRAVISTATIC HEAT.
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480
THE DIAL,
[June 1, 1914
A Remarkable Novel
That Will Arouse Much Discussion
FRANK DANBY'S
MASTERLY WORK
FULL SWING
Is a distinct advance over her other -successes,
THE HEART OF A CHILD and PIGS IN CLOVER.
I2mo. Cloth, $1.35 net. Postage Extra.
NEW YORK TRIBUNE: "A true and understanding study of character."
NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW: "The study of Agatha Wanstead Is
unceasingly fine. The secondary love story, too, is full of sweetness and charm. "
NEW YORK WORLD: "Among the most notable presentations of the publishers'
year. 'Full Swing' ends happily. One closes the book with the satisfied feeling of
having followed through a particularly complete and polished work of fiction."
Jehane of the
Forest
By L. A. TALBOT. 12mo. Cloth.
$1.25 net. Postage extra.
Since Maurice Hewlett's "Song of
Renny" and "The Forest Lovers" there
has been no finer taie of high romance
than this. The scenes are set in the
marshes of Wales in the time of the second
Henry. There is the freshness and quaint
charm of olden days throughout all the
adventures of Jehane, a winsome maid of
the forest, and her lover, Sir Lambert.
Two in the
Wilderness
By STANLEY WASHBURN. 12mo.
Cloth. $1.25 net. Postage extra.
A strong, hearty man — a girl of u.tra
fashionable' society stranded by an unex-
pected accident in a Canadian forest and
Mother Nature in her wildest moods are
the principal characters in this story of
rare naturalness — a tale which sweeps
one through the splendid forest him! of
British C Columbia.
A Timely Lower Priced Edition.
The Heart of the Antarctic
Being the Story of the British Antarctic
Expedition 1907-09
By SIR ERNEST H. SHAGKLETON. New and Revised Popular Priced Edition.
Witli a map and many illustrations. $1.50 net.
The people of this country have shown the keenest interest in the various British Polar
Expeditions, and it is for the many who could not purchase the original $10.00 edition
that this moderate priced volume has been prepared. The complete narrative of the
expedition is given, with the scientific discoveries considerably condensed and described
in a popular manner.
The Cause of Business Depressions
As Disclosed by an Analysis of the Basic Principles
of Economics
By HUGO BILORAM, in collaboration with Louis Edward Levy. With 9 dia-
grams. 531 pages. Octavo. Cloth. $2.00 net. Postage extra.
NORTH AMERICAN, Philadelphia, Pa.: "Modern questions of wenlth distribu-
tion and land tenure, rarely considered by earlier economists, are here dealt with in open-
eyed, new-century processes of fearless thinking. The average citizen will be a wiser
and more thoughtful fellow after perusing and studying the arguments adduced in this
volume."
In Cheyne Walk
and Thereabout
Containing Short Accounts of Some
Ingenious People and Famous
Places that Were by the
Riverside at Chelsea.
By REGINALD BLUNT. With
many illustrations from scarce old
photographs and engravings. 322
pages. Svo. Cloth. $3.00 net.
Postage extra.
If you are fond of writers and painters
and odd nooks and corners of old London
and the gossip of that friendly town, you
will want to read this delightful volume.
Where Pharaoh
Dreams
Being the Impressions of a Wornan-of-
Moods in Egypt.
By IRENE OSGOOD. With an in-
troduction by Stephen Phillips. Il-
lustrations and initial letters by
W. Gordon Mein. 334 pages. Svo.
Cloth. $1.75 net. Postage extra.
This brilliant book about Egypt is not a
travel book, but a delightful volume of
Egyptian fantasies. Among the various
themes touched upon are Illusion, Unrest,
Hope, Temptation, Peace, etc., etc.
Outdoor Books
The Practical Book of Garden
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Fountains, Gateways, Pergolas,
Tennis Courts, Lakes and Baths,
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races, Water Towers, etc., etc.
By PHEBE WESCOTT HUMPH-
REYS. Front ispii-oe in color. 125
illustrations from actual examples of
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roundings. Square octavo, (linn-
mental cloth, in a box. $5.00 net.
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CHICAGO RECORD-HERALD: "To
the lover of beauty, lay or professional.
The Practical Hook of Garden Architecture
provides a springing fount of pure delight.
The material is rich and it is treated with
sympathetic and comprehensive intelli-
gence . . . and as for the pictures
— they'd lure mother birds from their
nests."
The Flower Finder
By DR. GEORGE L. WALTON.
With 590 illustrations. Limp leather.
$2.00 net. Postage extra.
CLEVELAND PLAIN DEALER:
"What's that flower over there in the
field? You'll find out in 'The Flower
Finder.' Gives many color charts and
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leather that permits it to be slipped in the
pocket."
The Training of a Forester
By GIFFORD PINCHOT. 8 illus-
trations. $1.00 net. Postage extra.
This compact little book gives correct
inside information on Forestry in this
country. Just the book to put in the
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brought so forcibly to public attention.
Travel
Unknown Mongolia
A Record of Travel and Exploration
on Russo-Chinese Borderlands
By DOUGLAS CARRUTHERS.
With 108 illustrations, three original
colored maps, and three other maps.
In two volumes. $7.00 net. Postage
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This will undoubtedly be one of the
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exploring Mongolia, and this work Is the
only authoritative one in English.
Through Jubaland to the
Lorian Swamp
By I. N. DRACOPOLI, F.R.G.S.
44 illustrations and 2 maps. $3.50
net.
An adventurous journey of exploration
and sport In the unknown African forests
and deserts of Jubaland to the undis-
covered Lorian Swamp.
In Far New Guinea
By HENRY NEWTON, B.A. 47
illustrations and a map. $3.50 net.
A stirring record of work and observa-
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with a description of their manners, cus-
toms and religions, etc.
The Ways of the South
Sea Savage
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M.Sc. With 43 illustrations and a
map. $3.50 net.
A record of travel and observation
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Islands and primitive coast and mountain
peoples of New Guinea.
Among the Primitive Bakongo
By JOHN H. WEEKS. 40 illustra-
tions and a map. $3.50 net.
A record of thirty years' close Inter-
course with the Hakongo and other tribes
of Equatorial Africa, with a description
of their habits, customs and religious
beliefs.
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THE DIAL
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Notes of a Son and Brother
By HENRY JAMES
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close friendship to one whose nobility of outlook, whose disdain of low ideals, is so great that the reader must needs grow the
worthier for the confidence." — The Saturday Review.
Illustrated. $2.50 net; postage extra.
Life Histories of African Game Animals
By THEODORE ROOSEVELT and EDMUND HELLER
"Colonel Roosevelt and his partner have really added to the
sum of human knowledge a vast amount which will be useful
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as they were in the province visited by the immortal Tartarin.' '
— Boston Transcript.
"The volumes will hold an important and permanent place
in the literature of African sport and in that of natural his-
tory."— New York Tribune.
Illustrated from photographs and from drawings by Philip R.
Goodwin and with forty faunal maps.
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The American Japanese Problem
By SIDNEY L. GULICK
A logical treatment of the much discussed "yellow peril,"
which, the writer believes "may be transformed into golden
advantages for us, even as the 'white peril' in the orient is
bringing unexpected benefits to those lands. The West needs
the East as the East needs the West. Right treatment of
Asiatics by white men at this juncture will surely avert the
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Ten Thousand Miles with a Dog Sled The Ascent of Denali (Mt. McKinley)
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North Africa and The Desert
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— Chicago Post. $2.00 net; postage extra.
New Guides to Old Masters
By JOHN C. VAN DYKE
NOW READY
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CASSEL— Royal Gallery. $1.00 net.
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CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
American Policy
The Western Hemisphere in its Relation to the Eastern
By JOHN BIGELOW. Major U. S. Army, Retired
A treatment of the subject from the South American as well
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The United States and Peace
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482
THE DIAL
[ June 16, 1914
The Works of
Jacob A. Riis
The recent death of Jacob
A. Riis, social reformer and
civic worker, "New York's
Most Useful Citizen," as he
was deservedly called, renews
interest in the works of this
"Ideal American," whose
books should find a place in
every home.
The Making of an
American
An Autobiography
"In this volume Jacob A. Riis tells
the strange story of his varied
career ana the work which gained
him a national reputation." Illus-
trated. $1.50 net.
Also in The Macmillan Standard
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The Battle with the Slum
"A story of grim struggle and
ennobling victory." Illustrated.
$2. OO net.
Children of the Tenements
"Deeply human, sympathetic
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Side of New York." Illustrated.
$1.50 net.
Theodore Roosevelt
The Citizen
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picture of a man's fight against
civic corruption and political op-
pression." Illustrated. $2.00
net.
Also in The Macmillan Standard
Library edition, 50 cents net.
"A delightful description of Ribe,
Mr. Riis's birthplace in Denmark,
full of the charm of old world
associations and the origins of an
interesting personality." Illustra-
ted. $2.0O net.
HeroTales of the Far North
"True stories of the famous
herpes of Scandinavia, stirring and
exciting." Illustrated. $1.35
net.
Is There a Santa Claus ?
"A classic of childhood — an
attractive book for boys and girls."
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Important New Macmillan Books
The Soul of
America
By STANTON COIT
A convincing plea for
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Work and Wealth
By J. A. HOBSON
"A human valuation" and
survey of individual and social
welfare. $2.00 net.
The Great
Society
By GRAHAM WALLAS
A keen, readable analysis of
life's modern problems.
Ready June //.
The Income Tax
By EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN
A second revised and
enlarged edition of this valuable
standard work. $3.00 net.
New Macmillan Fiction for Summer Reading
Jack London's
New Book
The Strength of
the Strong
By JACK LONDON
A new book of life and
adventure in this popular
author's best style. $1.25 net.
Eden Philip otts's
New Novel
Faith Tresilion
By EDEN PHILLPOTTS
An attractive story of early
nineteenth century life in a
remote village in Cornwall.
Ready June 24.
A Novel of Mystery
The Story of
Duciehurst
By CHARLES EGBERT
CRADDOCK
(Mis* Murfree)
A story of Mississippi just
after the Civil War.
Ready shortly
May Sinclair's
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The Return of
the Prodigal
By MAY SINCLAIR
A new book rich in character
study by the well-known author
of "The Divine Fire."
$1.35 net.
A Novel of Vigorous
Life
A Lad of Kent
By HERBERT HARRISON
A stirring novel full of life,
adventure and bubbling humor.
£7.25 net.
A Dramatic
Love Story
They Who
Question?
Anonymous
An unusually fine novel
woven around a world-old
theme of universal appeal.
Ready shortly.
Published at T1! 1i & *11 f*
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THE DIAL
&etm=fH0ntf)l2 Journal of Hiteratg Crtttcfsm, Btgcuggion, anfc Information.
THE DIAL (founded in 1880) is published on the 1st and
16th of each month. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION, $2. a year in
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ceived, it is assumed that a continuance of the subscription is
desired. ADVERTISING RATES furnished on application.
Published by THE HENRY O. SHEPARD COMPANY,
6SS So. Sherman St., Chicago.
Entered as Second-Class Matter October 8, 1892, at the Post
Office at Chicago, Illinois, under Act of March 3, 1879.
Vol. LVI.
JUNE 16, 1914.
No. 672.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
. 483
WHAT CHILDREN SHOULD KNOW . .
THE A. L. A. AT THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.
Aksel G. S. Josephson 485
CASUAL COMMENT 487
How Jacob Riis became an author. — Sur-
reptitious reading. — Temptations to misquo-
tation.— Opinions that one would like to
have expressed differently. — Literary expres-
sion of the "American spirit." — Drama for
the rural districts. — Polyglot puzzles. — Lorna
Doone's narrow escape.
COMMUNICATIONS . . 490
Language of the Unlettered. Mrs. I. S.
Heidi.
" The Pilgrim's Progress " in Moving Pic-
tures. E. W. Clement.
An Interesting Literary Resemblance. G. H.
Maynadier.
American Poets and English Traditions.
Robert J. Shores.
AN AGED POET IN HIS DAILY TALK.
Percy F. Eicknell 493
THE HEART OF SHAKESPEARE'S MYS-
TERY. Samuel A. Tannenbaum . . .494
BARTHOU'S LIFE OF MIRABEAU. Fred
Morrow Fling 499
THE MEXICAN SITUATION. Wallace Bice 501
RECENT FICTION. Lucian Gary 504
Dreiser's The Titan. — MacGill's Children of
the Dead End. — Tressall's The Ragged-
Trousered Philanthropists. — Oppenheim's Idle
Wives. — Johnson's The Salamander. — Ben-
nett's The Price of Love.
BRIEFS ON NEW BOOKS 506
New aspects of English governance. — The
stage of to-day. — The story of man's evolu-
tion simply told. — A Norwegian dramatist in
translation. — Psychology and the manage-
ment of labor. — The most democratic of
democracies. — A case of learned precocity. —
Studies in the early history of the Northwest.
— The fever of love in the animal world. —
Poe as reflected in his poems. — Two hand-
books of heraldry. — Ancient Rome and mod-
ern India. — The fairies in present-day life.
— M. Bergson on dreams.
BRIEFER MENTION .511
NOTES . 511
LIST OF NEW BOOKS . . . .512
WHAT CHILDREN SHOULD KNOW.
The summer months have long been known
to English journalism as "the silly season."
This is the time when inane discussions are
carried on in the newspapers by self-impor-
tant and fussy contributors, burdened with
the weight of ideas that they feel must find
expression in print. The subjects range from
veracious accounts of the sea serpent to proofs
of the Baconian theory of the authorship of
Shakespeare — for which Dr. Brandes the
other day found exactly the right epithet
when he called it ' ' that woeful hallucination ' '
— based upon the kind of buttons figured in
the portraits of the dramatist, or upon a count
of the letters in carefully selected passages of
the text. In our American journalism, it is
doubtful if any season of the year may be
specially designated as "silly," so uniformly
are communications and discussions upon
such vital subjects distributed through the
months, and made to enliven the columns
whose avowed purpose is to provide the dear
public with whatever pungent stimulus it is
believed will provoke a reaction.
Nothing could be more characteristic of a
"silly season" than a recent ripple in the
American newspaper sea. Dr. Charles Wil-
liam Eliot, whom we are accustomed to regard
as one of our sages, the other day innocently
put forth the opinion that every child should
know such poems as "Abou Ben Adhem,"
"The Village Blacksmith," and the chaste
lines "To a Waterfowl." Acting upon this
cue, the reportorial tribe was let loose upon
all sorts of persons who happen to be in the
public eye, to elicit their views upon the pro-
nouncement. It was assumed to be of pon-
tifical character, and editors took it up with
a pontifical sense of their public responsi-
bility, reminding us once more how
" God sends country lawyers, an' other wise fellers,
To start the world's team wen it gits in a slough."
What business had Dr. Eliot thus to single
out these poems for such distinction ? What
wretched judgment it showed thus to call
attention to such duffers as Hunt and Long-
fellow and Bryant, when Messrs. Walt Mason
and James Whitcomb Riley were passed by in
484
THE DIAL
[ June 16
silence ! What ignorance of the mission of
art was revealed when a mere pedagogue, thus
pedagogically discoursing, ventured to sug-
gest that certain poems were peculiarly fitted
for the child's reading because of their
didactic qualities and their "uplifting"
power ! Thus sapient souls,
" Prerogatived,
With reason, reasoned,"
and the hapless cause of all this pother must
have rubbed his eyes to find out if he were
awake or dreaming.
So much for the incident that has pro-
vided us with a text. The subject of "what
children should know" is a large one, and
may be viewed from many angles. The
French, for example, have their ideas about
it, and the contrast between what they think
children (especially girls) should know and
what they really do know is rather startling.
Probably the same condition obtains in other
countries, and with us, but we do not go quite
so far with the smug pretence that the child-
ish mind is uncontaminated with evil
thoughts. We know too well what sort of
things he picks out from the newspapers,
what sort of revealing suggestions he gets
from the popular songs, vaudeville shows, and
moving-picture displays, of which his opening
and curious intelligence is made free by the
indulgence or criminal negligence of his par-
ents. Some of the more portentously serious
among us even take the bull by the horns,
and, adopting the false psychology of the
couplet,
" Vice is a monster of so frightful mien,
As to be hated, needs but to be seen,"
while ignoring the couplet that follows, insist
that it is our duty to bring childhood face to
face with evil in the bluntest form of state-
ment, and seem to believe that the right sort
of moral reaction will ensue. Under the spe-
cious name of "sex hygiene," these misguided
doctrinaires seek to introduce into public edu-
cation the discussion of subjects that demand
for their treatment not only the utmost deli-
cacy, but, above all things else, privacy —
which qualities are entirely incompatible with
such a scheme of exploitation.
Turning now from the consideration of a
precocity which is undesirable, to the consid-
eration of the lamentable ignorance of our
children concerning elementary matters in the
stock of common human knowledge, we find
a condition of things that is absolutely shock-
ing. There is an admirable series of books
devoted to the "Things That Every Child
Should Know, ' ' but it needs only a very slight
acquaintance with the equipment of our boys
and girls to convince us that very few chil-
dren really do know more than a small frac-
tion of the things thus specified. This series
represents the veriest counsel of perfection,
as far as the average child is concerned, al-
though its standard falls far short of that
embodied in Macaulay's famous schoolboy.
When a boy or girl is old enough to be in a
high school, there are some things that have
to be taken for granted by both teachers and
writers of text-books. These people ought to
be able to assume that the children with whom
they are concerned know, for example, within
a century or so, when Socrates and Shake-
speare and Napoleon lived ; that Havana is in
Cuba and the Philippine Islands in the
Pacific; that the Great Lakes flow through
the St. Lawrence into the Atlantic and not
the Atlantic into the Great Lakes; but, as a
matter of fact, our high schools are filled with
children who do not know these things, or
others of equally elementary character. There
is next to nothing that the teacher can take
for granted about their knowledge, and the
text-books placed in their hands are almost
invariably above their heads. There ought to
be a considerable body of simple knowledge
acquired in childhood by the mere process of
absorption, by hearing it talked about, rather
than by the painful methods of study; in
reality, a large proportion of our children
reach high school age without having learned
anything worth mentioning by this process,
and without having retained ten per cent of
what has been taught them in their earlier
years. For this deplorable condition the
responsibility rests, first, with the lack of any
stimulus or guidance in the home; second,
with the senseless way in which children are
passed, from stage to stage through the public
school mill without undergoing any real test
of their capacity for promotion.
Taking the example most frequently ad-
duced in illustration of the vacant minds of
our boys and girls, we find that their ignorance
of the Bible is simply appalling. Now we
hold no brief for the Bible as the bulwark of
any form of religious belief, but we do hold
a brief for it as an indispensable component
of culture. The meanings of history and lit-
erature and ordinary speech are absolutely
1914]
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485
sealed to the child who is not familiar with
the Book which has, beyond all others, pene-
trated the recesses of the English mind, and
colored every mode of its expression. Yet the
most commonplace Scriptural allusions evoke
no response in the minds of most children
to-day ; they are received merely as meaning-
less mystifications, because the soil has never
been prepared for the seed. We do not mean
trifling and tricky matters like those of a
recent questionnaire over which many biblical
students stumbled, but the stories which chil-
dren would eagerly grasp and safely hold in
memory were they only made accessible at the
right time, and imparted with the right touch
of sympathy.
What children should know and do not
know is a theme upon which every teacher
can wax eloquent. And the occasion for such
eloquence will continue to exist until we have
the courage to reform our demoralized public
educational system altogether, to sweep the
Augean stables clean of kindergarten methods
and the fads and fancies of sentimentalism,
and to restore most of the conditions of a
generation ago. For the simple and indis-
putable fact is that the old ways produced
more substantial results than the new ones
now produce, and that without one-half of
the modern pother and palaver. The home
factor and the school factor are the prime
elements of the problem, and probably share
about equally in the present disgraceful out-
come. The school factor, at least, is in the
hands of the public, and may be put upon a
rational basis by concerted effort. The home
factor must be left to individual parents; if
that has gone so far along the downward path
that no return to sane and wholesome ideals
is possible, then our civilization is indeed un-
done. _____________
THE A. L. A. AT THE NATIONAL
CAPITAL.
It was predicted that the Washington con-
ference of the American Library Association
would be a sightseeing conference; perhaps
it did not require much prophetic vision to
predict it. The programme committee had evi-
dently done its part to promote sightseeing by
cutting down the number of general sessions
from five to four, and by planning a pro-
gramme that would not necessarily attract
great crowds from the rank and file. Still, the
general sessions, three of which were held in
the evening, were fairly well attended. The
sessions and affiliated associations held their
meetings, but did not seem to be as much in
evidence as usual.* As a matter of fact the
whole A. L. A. was not as much in evidence
as when it invades and occupies for a
week a whole hotel on a countryside. Even
for meeting other librarians, renewing old
acquaintances and forming new, there was
less opportunity even than at Ottawa. How-
ever, it is to be hoped that the young librarians
embraced the opportunity to see the Library
of Congress and other government libraries
at work and to make themselves acquainted
with the resources at Washington.
At the general sessions of the Association
the usual reports were made, and at the open-
ing session the President, Mr. Edwin H.
Anderson of New York, delivered the annual
address which already has been noted in these
columns. The speaker gave a cursory view of
the history of the tariff on books and of the
agitation for its abolishment. He showed
very clearly that there can be no argument in
favor of this tariff, if it be not that the im-
portation of Bibles printed in England might
deprive certain American "manufacturers"
of part of their profit and lower the price of
this Book, — hardly a worthy reason. Mr.
Anderson demonstrated that this particular
tariff does not give the national government
any revenue to speak of, does not protect any-
body who needs protection, and (with the
above mentioned exception) is not desired,
either by publishers or by authors. Verily,
it is a tariff of stupidity!
Mr. Anderson opened his address with the
enumeration of the countries that do not
impose any tariff on books, showing that in
this respect the United States, in spite of its
boasts, is on a par with Russia, Brazil, Spain,
Portugal, Italy, and some lesser countries.
Professor J. Franklin Jameson, of the Car-
negie Institution of Washington, similarly
opened his paper, "On the Need of a National
Archive Building," with a list of names of
countries that possess archive buildings. It
would seem that in this respect the United
States stands nearly alone. This country has
no central repository for its official records.
But he has hopes. In Great Britain the
first suggestion that such a building be
erected was made in 1616, though it was not
until 1838 that the Public Record Office was
erected in London ; so, if it does not take our
government any longer to wake up to its needs
in this respect, we might have such a building
in the year 2118 ! In the meantime our manu-
* For the papers read at the meetings of the Special
Libraries Association I would refer to the June number of
its organ, " Special Libraries," which contains advance issues
of them.
486
THE DIAL
[June 16
script records will rot in cellars, dry up to a
crisp under roofs, disappear from under stair-
ways, and other open spaces, and lie in ware-
houses where nobody knows where anything
is to be found ! And the government will go
on paying in rent for such warehouses more
than the interest on the capital needed for the
erection of a building large enough to hold
all its present collections ; and soon there will
be no room for the officials of the Treasury
Department, the Pension Office, the General
Land Office, etc., properly to perform their
duties: all space within the walls of these
buildings will be filled with documents. This
is the result of what might be called the
bureau system of archive management, by
which each department, each bureau, each
office takes care (?) of its own documents.
For example, papers on the government of
territories are scattered so that they cannot
be found without a special guide; some of
these documents have gone to the Library of
Congress; and so far, so good; these are
available for public use in a proper manner.
But the rest ? They are found ' ' in the Stygian
darkness of the General Land Office files," in
the Indian Office, the offices of the Adjutant
General, of the Inspector General of the U. S.
Army, in the buildings of the State, Interior,
and Treasury Departments. In the Treas-
ury building "several miles of wooden shelv-
ing contain old Treasury papers, closely
packed together and dry as tinder, which up
to the present time have not succumbed to
spontaneous combustion under our August
sun." In the basement of the old Corcoran
Art Gallery is ' ' a body of government records
so stored that in a dry season they can be
consulted by any person wearing rubber over-
shoes, while in a wet season they are accessible
by means of some old shutters laid on the
basement floor." The worst case of all is the
General Land Office; here we find "a body
of archives representing the titles to four
hundred million acres of formerly public but
now private lands, stored in a place, I think,
as fit for the purpose as the average libra-
rian's coal cellar."
Neglect is not the only or the worst feature
of the manner in which invaluable records
are kept. "There are half a dozen places in
Washington where, if an extensive fire should
break out, it might in a few hours, by burning
up documents with which claims against the
government are defended, cause the govern-
ment to lose several times the cost of a good
national archive building."
Under such circumstances, search and use
of these records is sometimes impossible and
always difficult.
Interesting as these addresses were and im-
portant as were the subjects dealt with, the
most notable utterance during the conference
was undoubtedly the address on "Prestige"
by Mr. W. N. C. Carlton of the Newberry
Library. Prestige, he said, "is an intangible
quality the possession of which brings recog-
nition and power." Its dictionary definition,
which is "ascendancy based on power," he
finds somewhat incomplete. ' ' During the past
few years," Mr. Carlton said, "I have found
myself asking, Do librarians possess Prestige ?
For what kind of 'ascendancy based on
power' are they notable? With what tradi-
tions and ideals are they associated in the
public mind of our time ? To what extent are
they influencing men and opinions of the
day ? ' ' And he is constrained to answer : " I do
not feel that we possess an 'ascendancy based
on power ' of any sort ; or that we exert a large
influence on contemporary thought." The
remedy for this condition he sees in a liberal,
or rather, a humanistic education, a recur-
rence to the ideal of a "classical" education,
the subjects being: Greek, Latin, Mathe-
matics, Modern Languages, Philosophy, His-
tory, and Literature. It is quite possible to
disagree with this choice of subjects, without
denying the fundamental truth of Mr. Carl-
ton's thesis that "the ancient heritage with
which the library profession should unmis-
takably connect itself, and association with
which would give it a lasting prestige, is no
other than Humanism and the Humanities:
those precious depositories of what is best in
man 's past, and matchless instruments for up-
lifting him in the present. " " Ideals derived
from the Humanities," Mr. Carlton con-
tinued, "should inspire our daily work; our
object should be to inciilcate a desire for them
in the minds of the people, they should color
every activity with which we are concerned.
Unless we make this the very heart and center
of our striving we shall never be other than
a petty office-holding class, a bureaucracy em-
balmed in a dull, uninspiring routine. With-
out Humanistic ideals and learning we can
not have prestige truly worthy of our work. ' '
Graduates of library schools requiring a
preliminary education covering the above
mentioned field, Mr. Carlton believes, would
"begin library work with a prestige fully
equal to that with which the graduates of the
Harvard Law School, the Johns Hopkins
Medical School, the Union Theological School,
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
enter upon their several professions. Add
gifts of personality to this mental equipment,
and the individual would inevitably be a
dynamic influence within the institution or
1914
THE DIAL
487
community whose service he enters." Words
to ponder for the directors of our library
schools. Their graduates do not now possess,
nor have they ever, as graduates, possessed
anything near the prestige of the graduates
of other professional schools. The reason for
this is not only lack of mature scholarship in
those who are admitted.
The ' ' classical ' ' curriculum might be varied
somewhat : it may be said that the ' ' freedom
from convention, the bold experimentation,
and the discipline of sanity and good taste"
which is said to be the result of the study of
Greek might be attained just as well from a
study of Greek literature in translations.
Knowledge of Latin would seem to give rather
a technical than a cultural equipment, in that
even a reasonably fair knowledge of it gives
an understanding of the meaning of many
technical terms which without some knowledge
of Latin we would regard as akin to magic
formulas ; but the ' ' wide view ' ' which Schop-
enhauer claims for the Latinist will surely be
attained as well through the study of German.
AJS to modern languages, it is, of course,
absurd for anyone to take up library work
without a thorough knowledge of German
and at least some familiarity with French,
not only because, as Mr. H. G. Wells says,
"half the good things of the human mind
are outside English altogether," while most
of the important books of all kinds in other
languages are to be found in German transla-
tions, but also because the most important
professional publications without the knowl-
edge of which a librarian can not follow the
movements in his profession, are in German.
As for history, I would broaden its field to
include not merely the history of the activities
of the human race "during holidays and
workadays, in peace and war," but the his-
tory of science, arts, and industry as well. A
true humanistic education cannot in our days
omit a knowledge of the advancement of sci-
ence, nor of the progress of the arts, both
"fine" and "useful." A narrow classical
education, it may be feared, might breed a
feeling of contempt for "science" as it is
usually termed, and for the "useful" arts.
Not until he has conquered this contempt can
a librarian — or anyone else, for that matter
— on himself use Terence's words, "Homo
sum ; humani nihil a me alienum puto. ' '
To those filled with the ambition to become
executives the speaker addressed a warning
that a victory of this tendency "would lower
what ought to be a learned profession to a
'line of business' such as that of the depart-
ment store or mail order house." "Utility,"
he said, "however excellent, does not carry
prestige in the public mind"; and he added,
"Great librarianship implies sound scholar-
ship, and the courage to proclaim the highest
intellectual ideals." It is not enough for a
librarian to be a scholar in general, a mere
"educated man." He must "seek by long
and continuous study to make! himself an
authority and recognized expert in some
special branch of knowledge." More than
that, librarians should be men who, to quote
Mr. Wells again, "will have the knowledge,
nerve and courage to do splendid dangerous
things."
I have given so much space to consideration
of Mr. Carlton's address because it carries a
wide application and exemplifies a character-
istic attitude. It is quite true that in this
country we have "no such respect for learn-
ing as the Germans have, and no such respect
for literature as characterizes the French."
The attitude of too many librarians toward
their calling is only a reflection of the general
attitude of the public toward them, and not
only toward them, but toward the teaching
profession and everything that savors of non-
utilitarianism.
Whether the young librarians of the present
generation will improve by Mr. Carlton's ex-
hortation and turn to the scholarly rather
than toward the executive side of librarian-
ship depends in a large degree on the attitude
of the chief librarians. In their hands lies
the power to raise or lower the future stand-
ing of real librarianship.
AKSEL G. S. JOSEPHSON.
CASUAL COMMENT.
How JACOB Rus BECAME AN AUTHOR is told
in characteristic manner by Mr. Riis himself
in his admirable autobiography, "The Mak-
ing of an American," a book that now gains
an added interest from the recent lamented
death of its author, the most energetic, re-
sourceful, and efficient social worker the city
of New York has ever seen, as well as one
of the most genuinely eloquent and persua-
sive speakers and writers of our time. "For
more than a year," he says, in the twelfth
chapter of the above-named book, "I had
knocked at the doors of the various maga-
zine editors with my pictures, proposing to
tell them how the other half lived, but no
one wanted to know. ' ' Then he names a cer-
tain prominent publishing house that "took
to the idea," but the editor to whom he was
sent treated him "very cavalierly." "Hear-
ing that I had taken the pictures myself, lie
proposed to buy them at regular photog-
rapher's rates and 'find a man who could
488
THE DIAL,
[June 16
write ' to tell the story. We did not part with
mutual expressions of esteem. I gave up
writing for a time then, and tried the church
doors. That which was bottled up within me
was, perhaps, getting a trifle too hot for pen
and ink. ' ' He had magic-lantern slides made
from his negatives, and on February 28, 1888,
in the Broadway Tabernacle, he told the story
they illustrated. Thereafter things mended
somewhat. "I had had my say and felt bet-
ter," he tells us; and further: "The thing
I had sought vainly so long came in the end
by another road than I planned. One of the
editors of Scribner's Magazine saw my pic-
tures and heard their story in his church,
and came to talk the matter over with me.
As a result of that talk I wrote an article that
appeared in the Christmas Scribner's, 1889,
under the title 'How the Other Half Lives,'
and made an instant impression." In the
very week of its publication there came a let-
ter from Miss Gilder, of "The Critic," ask-
ing if he had thought of extending his article
so as to make a book. If so, she knew a pub-
lisher. After that it was comparatively plain
sailing, though the publisher's reader and
after him the proofreader came near to
wrecking the book; but the author joined
battle at first sight of the blue pencil, had
a heart-to-heart talk with the firm, and the
volume was finally printed as it had been
written. In telling the story of its publica-
tion the writer records sundry amusing ex-
periences and indulges in occasional sage
reflections. Of luck he says: "I hear peo-
ple saying once in a while that there is no
such thing as luck. They are wrong. There
is; I know it. It runs in streaks, like acci-
dents and fires. The thing is to get in the
way of it and keep there till it comes along,
then hitch on, and away you go." His own
hard experience had taught this sturdily self-
reliant, self-made American that "as to bat-
tling with the world, that is good for a young
man, much better than to hang on to some-
body for support. A little starvation once
in a while even is not out of the way. We
eat too much anyhow, and when you have
fought your way through a tight place, you
are the better for it. I am afraid that is not
always the case when you have been shoved
through. " As a story of hard-won and highly
honorable success on the part of a poor im-
migrant with all the odds apparently against
him at the start, Mr. Riis's autobiography is
one of the great and lasting books of its kind.
• • •
SURREPTITIOUS READING is not all done under
shelter of the school desk. A member of the
Enoch Pratt Free Library staff tells in the
Baltimore "Sun" of a certain regular bor-
rower of books who always fetches and car-
ries them carefully concealed in a market
basket; for "in some of the poorer districts
reading is looked upon as a luxurious in-
dulgence, something for the rich. This is
especially true in the case of the women. A
woman who reads a book or two a week is
supposed to be lax in her housekeeping — a
sort of pampered good-for-nothing who neg-
lects her family duties in order to read worth-
less novels." This discovery came to the
person here quoted when she noticed the care
with which a certain poor woman always
wrapped and covered the books she borrowed
and returned, always stowing them out of
sight in a basket. "I do it on account of my
neighbors," explained the woman when ques-
tioned. ' ' If they knew that I managed to read
two books every week they'd talk about me,
and the talk would more than likely reach
my husband's ears. They'd think I wasn't
doing my duty by him if they saw me coming
in and out of the house with books. They'd
say I couldn't feed him right or keep his
clothes mended. And he might believe it, too.
And so, Miss, I don't say anything at all
about it. I just get up early mornings and
have my washing and ironing and cleaning
all done before some of them are out of their
beds. And then when I'm going to the store
or on some other errand, I stop by here and
get my books. They 'd make my life miserable
if they knew I was reading a lot. They 'd say
I was getting above them and thought myself
something. Do you blame me for keeping
quiet about it? It's my only pleasure, read-
ing. I don't think I could live without it."
It is rather a pathetic story. Pathetic, too,
in a different way, is the glimpse one gets,
both at this library and at others, of the
human derelicts who use the reading-room in
other ways than to feed their hunger for lit-
erature. With no less stealth and artifice than
that employed by the woman with the basket,
they convert the library to their uses as a dor-
mitory, a lunch-room, an intelligence office
for those seeking employment (this without
stealth except in the occasional cutting-out of
help-wanted advertisements from the reading-
room newspapers), a dressing-room, and, in-
credible though it sounds, a laundry. Truly,
the public library is the place of all others in
which to study both books and human nature,
both literature and life.
• • •
TEMPTATIONS TO MISQUOTATION are many,
and of diverse character. For example, the
strict grammarian is sorely tempted to cor-
rect Macbeth when he says, "I'll make assur-
ance double sure, and take a bond of fate,"
by substituting the regular form of the ad-
1914]
THE DIAL
489
verb in place of "double." In the editorial
columns of a leading metropolitan journal
now open before us the eye catches this sen-
tence : ' ' The one person who in his heart
of hearts must be opposed to the spread of
civilization is the anthropologist." Probably
not one writer or speaker in a thousand who
are commonly rather accurate in their quota-
tions would be found to give Hamlet's exact
words in the foregoing familiar phrase. Ham-
let says, addressing Hloratio : ' ' Give me that
man that is not passion's slave, and I will
wear him in my heart's core, ay, in my heart
of heart, as I do thee. ' ' Obviously the heart 's
core is the very heart of the heart, not the
heart of hearts. The latter is a manifest ab-
surdity, but, perhaps after the analogy of
such phrases as "king of kings," is the ex-
pression that comes most readily to the lips.
Another familiar quotation, "Be it ever so
humble, there's no place like home," holds
out to the careful writer and speaker a temp-
tation to put "never" in place of the illog-
ical though popularly sanctioned "ever" —a
temptation all the stronger because in John
Clarke's " Parosmiologia " occurs the proverb,
"Home is home, though it be never so
homely." In like manner, the common mis-
quotation, "Pride goeth before a fall," may
have won its place in our every-day speech
partly by reason of an early familiarity with
the proverb (given in Hey wood's collection),
"Pryde will have a fall." In Heywood also
is another well-known saying that is some-
times misquoted, — "She looketh as butter
would not melt in her mouth. " It is a rather
absurd bit of imagery, but somehow it appeals
to the fancy and one likes to use it, except
that it is often difficult to remember whether
the butter should be represented as melting
or refusing to melt in the mouth of a person
of certain supposed characteristics. On the
whole, it is the hope of bettering the original
that probably causes the greater number of
our misquotations. When we speak, as we are
tempted to, of grappling a person to our soul
with "hooks" of steel, we certainly use a
more appropriate word than the authorized
' ' hoops. ' ' Here, as in many other instances,
one is torn by conflicting desires, wishing to
be scholarly and accurate and at the same time
vivid and forceful.
• • •
OPINIONS THAT ONE WOULD LIKE TO HAVE
EXPRESSED DIFFERENTLY are, in not a few in-
stances, as all the world knows, the opinions
of publishers' readers on manuscripts sub-
mitted to their criticism. To the patient vic-
tim of repeated rejections it is consoling, in
those bitter moments that so often follow the
postman's ring or the expressman's call, to
run over once more the long and distinguished
list of near-failures that have ultimately been
converted into brilliant successes. The list
is all but endless; a few titles, however, will
occur to any reader, such as "Jane Eyre,"
"John Inglesant," "East Lynne," "We
Two," "David Harum," and "The Broad
Highway. ' ' The late Mr. Arrowsmith, a pub-
lisher not often caught napping when writers
of genius knocked at his door, made one colos-
sal mistake when he rejected the manuscript
of an unknown young man in India and, con-
ceiving his tone to be a little conceited (which
in truth it may have been), refused to have
anything to do with the youth. A later and
somewhat similar experience with a New York
publishing house did not by any means suffice
to silence the pen of the future author of
"Kim" and "Captains Courageous," or to
suppress his endeavor to make himself heard
in the great world of books. An interesting
query prompted by a consideration of such
instances as the foregoing is this : How many
literary masterpieces, thrust with insufficient
persistence upon the publishers, have perished
un printed?
• • •
LITERARY EXPRESSION OF THE "AMERICAN
SPIRIT" will by one critic be found in one
author, by another in another, because no
two will exactly agree as to what really is
' ' the American spirit. " Is it something dash-
ing and reckless, like our express trains; or
something spontaneous and original and wil-
ful, like the supposedly typical American
child ; or something vigorous, masterful, self-
controlled, like the latest dreadnought added
to our navy; or all of these combined; or
none of these? The eminent Danish critic,
Dr. Georg Brandes, was lately interviewed
in characteristic newspaper fashion before he
had fairly set foot on our shores, and was
represented as singling out Mr. Jack London
among contemporary American novelists as
distinctively representative of the American
spirit, while places close to him were assigned
to Mr. Upton Sinclair and the late Frank
Norris. Incidentally Poe was named as the
foremost American poet. It would have been
just as easy and just as natural for Dr.
Brandes, with his eyes open to certain other
qualities undeniably possessed by us, to name
Mr. Howells as our greatest and most truly
representative living novelist, and Whitman
or even Emerson as the true type of the
American poet. Probably the truth of the
matter is that, just as in human experience
whatever is most poignantly and peculiarly
individual in our joys and sorrows turns out
to be most universal, so whoever expresses
himself most faithfully and fearlessly in lit-
490
THE DIAL
[June 16
erature will be found to have best expressed
the thought and feeling of the millions within
reach of his book. In other words, the gen-
uine American spirit is not so much a
parochial or provincial spirit as it is one of
wide and universal appeal.
• • •
DRAMA FOR THE RURAL DISTRICTS is chiefly
conspicuous by its absence; but the accepta-
ble presentation of good plays by local talent,
even in a small town, is not an impossibility.
To prove this the North Dakota Agricultural
College has turned its attention — a part of
its attention, rather — to amateur dramatics,
with results as noteworthy in their way as
the achievements of Harvard and Columbia
and other large universities in the same de-
partment of liberal education. One of the
rooms in its administration building has been
equipped with a stage and stage accessories,
and with seats for about two hundred per-
sons; and here have been successfully pro-
duced half a score of plays, such as "Miss
Civilization," "Cherry Tree Farm," and "A
Fatal Message," all short and requiring no
elaborate properties or costumes. Most of the
actors have been country-bred youths and
maidens, and what they have shown them-
selves capable of in this branch of art at the
college is no more than the young folks of
almost any rural community could achieve in
their own town hall or high school or other
public building of moderate size and seating
capacity. The city theatre has long been an
attraction luring the young men and women
from their country homes. It is now high
time for the country to exert a counter-
attraction, which the North Dakota Agricul-
tural College is trying to show it how to do.
• * *
POLYGLOT PUZZLES for the expert cataloguer
seem to have presented themselves in plenty
at the Brooklyn Public Library during the
past year. The accomplished superintendent
of the cataloguing department of that institu-
tion calls attention, in the library's current
Report, to some of the difficulties encountered
in handling books in little-known foreign lan-
guages. Bibles in strange tongues, about one
hundred and fifty in number, caused much
time-consuming labor and research. "To
quote just a few of the languages and dialects :
Rarotongan, Greenland, Eskimo, Malay, Ma-
layalim, Gaelic, Manx, Chinese, Modern Greek,
Maori. Persian, Bulgarian, Servian, Russian,
Bhugelkhunda, Manchurian, Mpongwe, Ga,
Tahitian, and many others in the American
Indian dialects and the dialects of India, etc."
The total number of books in foreign lan-
guages added during the year was 2,354,
including works in Yiddish, German, French,
Russian, Polish, Italian, Danish, Hebrew,
Dutch, and Lithuanian; and the cataloguing
of these was necessarily more of a task than
the similar treatment of a like number of En-
glish books. Few outsiders realize how many
entries a single work may require, whatever
its language. Schmidel's "Histoire Veritable
d'un Voyage Curieux," for example, called
for fifty-eight cards, under as many headings,
from the cataloguer, to ensure its greatest use-
fulness to the public consulting the catalogue :
and 5,696 books added to other departments
than fiction demanded collectively the addi-
tion of 26,132 cards to the catalogue. But the
champion trouble-maker seems to have been a
volume of pamphlets on the Bangorian con-
troversy, which necessitated the writing of
243 separate cards. Was the book worth it ?
• • •
LORNA DOONE'S NARROW ESCAPE from an
early and unmerited oblivion is told by Mr.
T. Herbert Warren, of Magdalen College,
Oxford, who contributes an introduction to
the "World's Classics" edition of Black-
more 's masterpiece. When the novel was
first published, in the day of three-volume
fiction at the price of a guinea and a half, it
naturally took that time-honored form; and
in that form and at that price it found no
large number of purchasers. But the edition
was at last sold out, and then arose the ques-
tion whether the work should be reissued in
a single volume or gently dropped out of
sight altogether. Finally Mr. Sampson Low
put in a good word for its author: "Black-
more is a good fellow and an old friend. Give
him the benefit of the doubt." Such inci-
dents as this help to confirm belief in the part
that luck and chance, as well as merit, have
played and are still playing in the winning of
popular literary success.
COMMUNICATIONS.
LANGUAGE OF THE UNLETTEEED.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
The article, " The Language of the Unlettered,"
in your issue of May 16, recalls an occurrence of
interest which came to my attention recently.
The proprietor of a small store near a summer-
resort hid away among the East Tennessee moun-
tains was staggered by the demand of a youthful
" clod " from the back hills for a " race " of chew-
ing-gum. No — a package of gum would not an-
swer ; a race was what he wanted. After prolonged
inter-interpretation, the boy's meaning was made
clear, and the satisfied " brother to the insensible
rock " departed with only a single layer of the
desired article. Investigation among the summer
guests discovered one of professorial acquirements
who recalled having seen in some out-of-date
English dictionary the word " race," defined as " a
1914]
THE DIAL
491
layer, as one layer of soap-cakes in a box," or
words to that effect.
Now, as the chief point of interest of the story,
arises the query: Where did the boy get the
word? The prevalence of English surnames
among those mountain folk would give authority
to the historic statement that during Revolutionary
times many of the royalists sought refuge among
the mountains. The word " race " in the above
signification may also serve as a " pinnacle of
some submerged civilization."
MRS. I. S. HEIDT.
Nashville, Tenn., June 5, 1914.
" THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS " IN MOVING
PICTURES.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
In " Casual Comment," on page 334 of the April
16 issue of THE DIAL, in discussing " literary
classics on the moving-picture screen," the follow-
ing appears : " Perhaps, too, the bill-boards will
some day announce the presentation of Bunyan's
' Pilgrim's Progress.' " That prophecy has been ful-
filled in Tokio; I have seen the advertisement of
that very " classic " in the tram cars ; and was
only sorry that I did not have a chance to see the
pictures. E. W. CLEMENT.
Tokio, Japan, May 9, 1914.
AN INTERESTING LITERARY RESEMBLANCE.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
Has attention ever been called to a resemblance
between Thackeray's " Vanity Fair " and the first
part of Miss Terrier's " Marriage " ?
Henry Douglas, the hero of this part of " Mar-
riage," is, like Rawdon Crawley, a dashing young
guardsman. Like Crawley, too, he makes a secret
marriage, though in this case with opposition more
from the bride's people than the bridegroom's.
The Douglases, like the Crawleys, establish them-
selves after a while in London. The wife is
socially ambitious; the couple live far beyond
their means. Financial ruin follows, and then
separation. In each case the woman is more to
blame than the man.
Though there are these resemblances between
the stories, there are also differences. Henry
Douglas's wife, Lady Juliana, is a silly woman;
Becky Sharp emphatically is not. Becky is
socially ambitious because, having no position at
all, her only way to get one is to conquer it. The
position of Lady Juliana Douglas, daughter of
the Earl of Courtland, is assured; she wishes to
shine in society because she is too frivolous to have
other ambitions. Her debts accumulate because
she has no idea of the value of money; whereas
Becky's grow because she knows the value of
money — that is, ready money — much too well to
waste it in paying bills that may in any way be
put off. And in " Marriage " there is no Lord
Steyne.
But these differences are not so striking as the
resemblances, which once or twice are remarkable
even in detail. In both novels the matrimonial
crash is coincident with the financial. In both the
husband is carried off to a debtor's prison, though
in " Marriage " without the connivance of Ms
wife. Henry Douglas, after his release, is sent
away to end his days with a regiment of the line
in India, a position secured for him by the in-
fluence of his brother-in-law, who has now become
Earl of Courtland. In " Vanity Fair " the influ-
ence of the Marquis of Steyne sends poor Rawdon
to end his days in the tropical island which Thack-
eray aptly names Coventry. And in each novel
the wife, quite at her ease, sends her husband, in
the midst of his difficulties, a supposedly com-
forting letter. Lady Juliana's is short enough to
quote entire :
" Dearest Henry — I have been received in the
kindest manner imaginable by Frederick, and have
been put in possession of my old apartments, which
are so much altered I should never have known them.
They were furnished by Lady Lindore, who really
has a divine taste. I long to show you all the delights
of this abode. Frederick desired me to say that he
expects to see you here at dinner, and that he will
take charge of paying all our bills whenever he gets
money. Only think of his owing a hundred thousand
pounds, besides all Papa's and Lady Lindore's debts!
I assure you I was almost ashamed to tell him of
ours, they sounded so trifling; but it is quite a relief
to find other people so much worse. Indeed, I always
thought it quite natural for us to run in debt, con-
sidering that we had no money to pay anything,
while Courtland, who is as rich as a Jew, is so ham-
pered. I shall expect you at eight, until when, adieu,
mio caro, Your Julie.
" I am quite wretched about you."
Becky's letter to Rawdon, sent to him in prison,
is longer, and moister with crocodile's tears :
" Mon pauvre cher petit,
" I could not sleep one wink for thinking of what
had become of my odious old monstre: and only got
to rest in the morning after sending for Mr. Blench
(for I was in a fever), who gave me a composing
draught and left orders with Finette that I should
be disturbed on no account. So that my poor old
man's messenger . . . remained in the hall for
some hours waiting my bell. You may fancy my state
when I read your poor dear old ill-spelt letter.
" 111 as I was, I instantly called for the carriage,
and as soon as I was dressed ... I drove venire
a terre to Nathan's. I saw him — I wept — I cried —
I fell at his odious knees. Nothing would mollify
the horrid man. He would have all the money, he
said, or keep my poor monstre in prison. I drove
home with the intention of paying that triste visite
chez mon oncle (when every trinket I have should be
at your disposal . . .) and found Milor there . . .
who had come to compliment me upon last night's
performances. . . .
"I went down on my knees to Milor; told him
we were going to pawn everything, and begged and
prayed him to give me two hundred pounds. He
pish'd and psha'd in a fury — told me not to be such
a fool as to pawn — and said he would see whether he
could lend me the money. At last he went away,
promising that he would send it me in the morning;
when I will bring it to my poor old monster with a
kiss from his affectionate Becky.
" I am writing in bed. Oh, I have such a head-
ache and such a heartache!"
These letters differ not so much in spirit as in
the greater brilliancy of Mrs. Rawdon Crawley's.
492
THE DIAL
[June 16
In both are the same sort of protestation, the
same reference to irrelevant matters, the same
affectation of foreign phrase (to be sure, in the
one Italian, in the other French), the use of the
nickname in the signature, and finally the signifi-
cant postscripts : " I am quite wretched about
you." " I am writing in bed. Oh, I have such a
headache and such a heartache!"
If all of these resemblances are the result of
coincidence, it is remarkable enough to be noted.
But may they not be more? Thackeray, we know,
was an eager novel-reader; and it is but natural
that traces of his reading should appear in what he
wrote. The death of Colonel Newcome is reminis-
cent of the death of Leatherstocking in " The
Prairie," whom Thackeray as late as when he
was writing the " Roundabout Papers," thought
" one of the great prize-men of fiction." Was
Thackeray in some period of his reading so deeply
impressed by Miss Ferrier's " Marriage " that
conscious or unconscious reminiscences of it
appear in " Vanity Fair " ? If such is the fact, at
least it is not widely known by people who write
histories of literature or biographies of Thackeray.
G. H. MAYNADIER.
Harvard University, June 8, 1914.
AMERICAN POETS AND ENGLISH
TRADITIONS.
(To the Editor of THE DIAL.)
A reviewer in a recent number of " Poetry and
Drama," the English quarterly, berates certain
American poets because, as he says, they are imi-
tative; they write to fit the English standards
and there is nothing distinctively American in
their works. For this reason, he declares, America
produces no great poetry. Is this a fair criticism1?
And is it true that poetry, to be great, must be
national?
Looking back upon English literature, we find
but few English poets who could be called typi-
cally English. Shakespeare, the greatest of all,
chose foreign scenes and foreign stories for most
of his plays, and even in those plays in which the
scene was laid in England, he did not deal with
the England of his own day. Chaucer, perhaps,
was English, but this is not the reason why his
poetry appeals to us today. Spenser was not
English ; he was Norman-French in his atmosphere.
Dryden, Pope, and all of the classical and meta-
physical poets modelled their work upon that of
the Greeks and the Romans. Byron was so un-
English that the English could not endure to have
him in England. Keats and Shelley were surely
not typical Englishmen. Scott was more English
than Scottish. Burns stands alone as the national
poet of Scotland, and for that reason, perhaps,
has been rated greater than he might have been
had he had rivals. But Burns is not read by any
but English-speaking people, and his reputation
scarcely penetrates beyond the boundaries of
English-speaking countries, whereas Byron has en-
joyed a vogue in Germany, in France, in Italy —
and even today is regarded by the Russians as the
greatest English poet. Of the two Irishmen, Moore
and Goldsmith, Goldsmith is certainly the greater,
though he wrote as an Englishman.
Among our own poets those who have followed
the English tradition have enjoyed the greatest
popularity and the greatest reputation, not only
at home, but abroad. Poe, to be sure, is an excep-
tion to this rule, but though Poe was not English,
he was not American either. He had more sym-
pathy with the French manner of thought than he
had with either the English or the American, and
it is only natural that the French should have been
the first to appreciate his genius. Bret Harte was
an American poet. So was Field, and so is Riley;
but can any of these be ranked with Longfellow?
Among our prose writers Washington Irving
and Mark Twain represent the two extremes, and
it is safe to say that Irving will outlast Twain,
for Mark Twain is not representative of the
America of to-day; he is, rather, representative of
the America of the sixties, seventies, and eighties.
But Irving represents the traditions of English
literature. He wrote for all men and for all
times. His humor does not depend upon current
customs or current jests for its point. Now, what
is true of prose writers in this regard is also true
of poets. The poet who aims to represent his own
country in his own day, speaking only to his
countrymen, is doomed to neglect in the future.
His interest for posterity is purely antiquarian.
The writer of the article in " Poetry and
Drama " is mistaken in supposing that the resem-
blance of American poetry to English poetry is
due to servile imitation. Americans are taught
English literature before they are taught American
literature, and they are trained to regard the
latter as being merely a continuation of the
former. As long as American writers are grounded
in English literature (and God help us if the
time ever comes when they will not be!) they
will continue to write much like the English, and
the more nearly their work approaches the work
of the standard English authors, the more nearly
that work conforms to the ideal which they have
always before their eyes. Our whole life is colored
by English traditions. We not only begin our
reading with English books and our history with
English history, but our clothing is English cloth-
ing, our law is English law, and our customs are
chiefly English customs. We have taken from
other races practically nothing but people. We
are, in short, transplanted Englishmen, and though
our population is largely made up of people from
other countries, these are Anglicized in the second
generation, having Shakespeare for their premier
poet and King Alfred for their earliest boyhood
hero. It would be absurd to expect us to be
totally unlike the English in our literature. Robert
Louis Stevenson lived in the South Seas, but he
was not therefore expected to write like a South
Sea Islander. Neither should the English expect
us to evolve a unique literature in a country which
was inhabited by savages four hundred years ago.
ROBERT J. SHORES.
New York, June 3, 1914.
1914
THE DIAL
493
fleto Uooks.
AN AGED POKT IN His DAII/V TAL,K.*
With more than Boswellian faithfulness Mr.
Horace Traubel reports his revered master's
daily talk and minutest actions in a third
volume under the now familiar title, "With
Walt Whitman in Camden. " The period cov-
ered by the nearly six hundred ample pages
of the book is but half a yea,r, and five days
over, so that no reasonable reader will com-
plain of insufficient industry on the reporter's
part. It must be added, however, that con-
siderable space is occupied by the many letters
printed from the poet's correspondence. The
time of this intimate intercourse between
Whitman and his disciple falls in the spring
and early summer of 1888 and, after an inter-
val of three and one-half months, in the
autumn and winter of that and the following
year.
In this "most truthful biography in the
language," as it has been called, there is no
doubt that we have Walt Whitman drawn to
the very life, with no previous posing of the
subject for his portrait. Every page of the
book makes this apparent, as where we open
at random and read :
" W. suddenly took a notion to get up. I
helped him to the chair. His legs are little good.
He leans heavily on you. Yet he on his own
plane is comfortable just now. ' One thing is
gone utterly and forever — my agility,' he said
as we walked across the room. Sat down. Stirred
the fire. ' I will get you to hand me the poker,'
he said. Then worked for fully ten minutes —
likes it — with the embers, talking meanwhile
leisurely and at perfect ease. Turned up light,
too : brushed his hair back from his face and
brow. Did he nap it always so in the evening as
Ed said ? ' No : I have no rule : I live, move,
just as the spirit directs.' He had read some-
where of Humboldt's informal mode of life while
in Paris — eating, sleeping, etc., not by hours,
but by instinct. W. liked the idea."
In this there is, of course, much more of the
minute and unsparing fidelity of the photo-
graph than of the broader treatment of the
portrait-painter ; but as we are at perfect
liberty either to take it or leave it there is
no occasion for adverse criticism. Whatever
else may be said, there is material here, in
abundance, for the future portrait-painter of
an undeniably picturesque subject.
As an example illustrating how Whitman
was repeatedly falling into and out of favor
with critics who lacked the courage of their
*WITH WALT WHITMAN IN CAMDEN. (March 28 — July
14, 1888.) (November 1, 1888 — January 20, 1889.) By
Horace Traubel. Illustrated. New York : Mitchell Ken-
nerley.
convictions and could never quite decide what
they ought to think about his work, the
following passage is significant. Whitman
speaks :
" 'It is with The Literary World much as with
The Tribune: they occupy the same comparative
position. For instance, let me give you a case.
Whitelaw Reid — I have spoken to you of it —
was, years ago, exceedingly well disposed towards
me — towards Leaves of Grass, it was said, too :
greatly so: personally he was always very kind
to me. When I was in New York — the trip
seven or eight years ago — he called on me, put
a cab at my disposal: was courteous in that way,
in other ways: I was lame: he respected it.
Yet in spite of this apparent good feeling, when
the change in ownership came — Reid's father-in-
law becoming a heavy owner — the stock running
into a million or millions, I should say — a con-
ference of the staff was called : it was decided that
the paper should pursue a certain policy: that
any tendency towards too great a freedom —
social, sexual, religious freedom — should be
frowned down, should not be encouraged: that the
Mrs. Grundyisms should be cultivated — the con-
ventional, traditional, appealed to.' He knew ' this
was not a novel procedure.' ' I was informed
that among other things it was asked how Walt
Whitman, Leaves of Grass, the man, his writings,
were to be treated. It was then settled that Reid's
f avorability should be toned down greatly — that
while nothing should be said absolutely adverse,
neither should anything positive be said in the
way of applause.' "
In the selections from Whitman's wide cor-
respondence we note especially letters from
A. Bronson Alcott, Mr. John Burroughs, Mr.
Edward Carpenter, Moncure D. Conway, Ed-
ward Dowden, John Hay, Lord Houghton,
Joaquin Miller, William M. Rossetti, Mr.
Frank B. Sanborn, Charles Warren Stoddard,
John Addington Symonds, John T. Trow-
bridge, and John Russell Young. Letters and
other writings of Whitman's are also given
in abundance, in a few instances in facsimile.
The relation existing between Whitman and
Mr. Traubel has some light thrown on it by
the following inscription in a copy of the
poet 's complete works presented by the author
to his future literary executor (or, more accu-
rately, co-executor) :
"To Horace Traubel
from his friend the author
WALT WHITMAN
& my deepest heartfelt thanks go with it to H T
in getting this book out — it is his book in a sense
— for I have been closely imprisoned & pros-
trated all the time (June to December 1888) by
sickness & disability — & H T has managed it all
for me with copy, proofs, printing, binding, &c.
The Volume, & especially ' November Boughs ' &
the portraits, could not now be existing formu-
lated as here, except thro' his faithful & loving
494
THE DIAL
[ June 16
kindness & industry, daily, unintermitted, unre-
munerated — " W W Dec : 1888 — "
A letter from Edward Dowden, written in
Dublin in 1871, closes thus : "We have heard
that Mr. Tennyson has asked you to come to
him. I hope you will come. And if to En-
gland— to Ireland too. And if to Ireland,
would you not come to this house if you had
not pleasanter quarters? Your welcome, at
least, would be very sincere." Commenting
on Dowden 's cordial friendliness toward him,
Whitman said:
" ' I confess men like Dowden, Rossetti, Symonds
(there are others too of the same stamp) surprise
me — almost upset my applecart: they are schol-
ars, in certain ways classicists, yet they are the
promptest sort possible in analyzing and rightly
estimating new things: it seems natural for men
like O'Connor, like Ingersoll, to like me : they are
my kind through and through: but those other
fellows have been trained in other schools — as a
rule we expect, in fact get, other things from
them. Thank God I don't have to solve all the
mysteries: I am satisfied to have Dowden's love,
satisfied for him to have my love, without trying
to match pennies with him.' "
From bits of talk so fragmentary and mis-
cellaneous and, necessarily, so frequently of
a rather unimportant nature, it is difficult to
select for quotation passages of a striking
character and at the same time suitable for
the purposes of such a review as this. Flashes
of truth and gleams of beauty and poetry
light up the page here and there, but it is all
so disjointed and informal — so faithful to
the reality of the unpremeditated give and
take of every-day conversation — that a re-
viewer is at a loss how best to make the qual-
ity of the book apparent to the reader without
being guilty of inadvertent misrepresentation
or incurring the charge of doing less than
justice to the author. Among references to
men of note whom Whitman had met in his
goings and comings, we find more than one
mention of Lincoln, of whom he declared that
there never had been a good portrait, "never
a real portrait: there were certain ones of
,us agreed on that." But, when asked the
reason, he could not tell, "none of us could:
all we knew was, it was not there: had we
seen it, had it been there, we should have
been mighty happy, you can well believe."
He spoke of Lincoln's "wonderful reserve,
restraint, of expression — fine nobility staring
at you out of all that ruggedness." In a
mood of self-appraisal Whitman is reported
as saying:
" 'I feel that at many points, in essentials, I
share the Shakespearean quality — except,' he
apologized — ' of course ' — here again a reflect-
ing moment — 'as to the last point — the highest
flights — the latest plays — in which the breadth
is so great — so unmistakably phenomenal.' But
he must still state his dissent even from S.
1 Shakespeare, however, is gloomy, looks upon the
people with something like despair: does so espe-
cially in his maturer plays: seems to say: after
all the human critter is a devil of a poor fellow —
full of frailties, evils, poisons — as no doubt he
is if you concentrate your light on that side of
him — consent that this, this alone, is the man —
are determined to take the pessimistic view.' But
his own ' deep impressions run counter to such
lack of faith.' "
It is a richly human and also somewhat
tenderly pathetic picture Mr. Traubel has
given us of the aged and physically failing
poet. These chapters seem rather superior to
the earlier ones in a certain increase of dig-
nity and seemly reserve in their presentation
of the poet's daily doings and informal chats;
not that there is any apparent curtain of
concealment or any perceptible trimming of
the homely actualities, but there is something
less of undignified unrestraint than seemed to
make itself felt in the first volume. The whole
story goes along, as the poet said, "writh the
history of those times — with the fortuitous
career of 'Leaves of Grass.' : In its pictorial
equipment of likenesses, early and late, of
Walt Whitman and some of his friends, the
book does not disappoint expectation, though
the rough plaster model of the sitting poet
chosen for reproduction in the frontispiece
suggests rather an amorphous mass of putty
or clay than a close likeness of Walt Whit-
man. The index of proper names proves
itself a useful and generally reliable way-
finder to the miscellaneous wealth of material
in the preceding pages. Our present parting
with the poet leaves him with three years and
more of life before him. Shall we have still
further chapters from this sunset period ?
PERCY F. BICKNELL.
THE HEART or SHAKESPEARE'S
MYSTERY.*
Of books and essays on Shakespeare's Son-
nets the cry is "still they come" ; and if they
added even a jot to our knowledge of the poet
or threw the faintest ray of light on the
many enigmas associated with those one hun-
dred and fifty-four poems, we should be
amongst the first to say, "Damn'd be him
who first cries, 'Hold, enough!" But the
two latest books dealing with the subject can-
not, even by the widest stretch of the imag-
* MISTRESS DAVENANT. The Dark Lady of Shakespeare's
Sonnets. By Arthur Acheson. Chicago: Walter M. Hill.
THE SONNETS OF WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. New Light and
Old Evidence. By the Countess de Chambrun. Illustrated.
New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons.
1914]
THE DIAL
495
ination, be said to have contributed anything
of value to the solution of any one of the per-
plexing problems that we associate with the
sonnets and their cryptic dedication. After
a careful study of the two volumes, we are
as far as ever from knowing when and to
whom the Sonnets were written, who the
poet's "friend" was, who the Dark Lady who
enthralled Shakespeare's heart was, why the
poems were published without their author's
supervision, how Thomas Thorpe obtained
them for publication, how they came to be
arranged as they are, who the rival poets
were, etc. It may be said without fear of
contradiction that satisfactory solutions to
these riddles would go a great way to clear
up the mystery surrounding the man Shake-
speare and to throw interesting and valuable
light on some of his other poems.
Mr. Arthur Acheson sets himself the task
of "demonstrating" the following proposi-
tions : that the long poem ' ' Willobie his
Avisa," published in 1594, had a satirical in-
tention regarding Shakespeare and Henry
Wriothesly, the Earl of Southampton; that
' ' Henry Willobie ' ' was a pseudonym adopted
by Matthew Roydon, the intimate friend and
associate of the poet Chapman ; that the Dark
Lady of the Sonnets was Jane, the wife of
John Davenant, an innkeeper at Oxford ; that
the Sonnets wTere private epistles written to
the Earl of Southampton and to Mrs. Dave-
nant, and were not intended for publication
and sale ; that they were written between the
years 1592-3 and 1598-9 ; that they are in-
complete and out of their sequential and
chronological order; that some of them are
not by Shakespeare; "that the Sonnets were
obtained and published surreptitiously by per-
sonal enemies of our poet, in the endeavor to
revamp an old scandal which was first circu-
lated in 1594." As corollaries to these prop-
ositions, Mr. Acheson sets up a large number
of bold assertions not one of which has a par-
ticle of evidence to support it. He begins with
the statements that some time about 1594 the
Earl of Southampton had shown Shakespeare
some signal favor and that Chapman, with
his eyes on the young Earl's liberal purse,
sought to ingratiate himself with him by sub-
mitting to him for his patronage the "Hymns
to the Shadow of Night"; that Shakespeare
read this poem and prevailed on Southamp-
ton to refuse sponsorship for it, and that
thereupon Chapman conspired with Roydon,
to whom he dedicated the rejected poem, to
disrupt Shakespeare's relations with his pa-
tron and, by means of new matter, to win
Southampton's favor for themselves. After
this it was war between Shakespeare, Chap-
man, Roydon, and others who were sub-
sequently drawn into the quarrel which
developed into the so-called "Poetomachia"
or "war of the theatres." It was in the
interests of this feud that, according to Mr.
Acheson, Roydon published the "Avisa"
under the pseudonym of "Henry Willoby."
Those not acquainted with this poem may be
interested to know that it is an account of
the licentious wooing of Avisa, a simple, pious,
beautiful country maid of low birth and hum-
ble estate, by several sorts and conditions of
men, all of whose suits she scornfully rejects.
In the second half of the poem one "H. W.,"
Henry Willoby himself, after some advice by
his familiar friend "W. S.," attempts the
seduction of Avisa, who is now married, and
is repulsed. The initials "W. S." and
' ' H. W. ' ' are responsible for the identification
of these two characters with Henry Wriothesly
and William Shakespeare.
The burden of Mr. Acheson 's book is that
if he can prove that Roydon, the anonymous
author of "An Elegie, or Friends Passion
for his Astrophell" (1595), wrote the pseu-
donymous "Willobie his Avisa, or the true
Picture of a modest Maid and of a chast and
constant wife," it must follow that this poem
is a satire on the drama of love and betrayed
friendship unfolded in Shakespeare's Son-
nets, and that Avisa is Mistress Jane Dave-
nant, "H. W." (cantos 48 to the end) is
Henry Wriothesly and "W. S." (cantos 45
and 47) is William Shakespeare. Let us say
at once that not only does Mr. Acheson fail
to prove his proposition, but that he does not
even create the suspicion of a likelihood that
Roydon had anything to do with the author-
ship of ' ' Willobie his Avisa. ' ' We read much
of "evidence" in Mr. Acheson 's book, but of
that commodity we find not enough to choke
a daw w'ithal. And yet Mr. Acheson has
reasons, pretty ones, for his conclusions.
(1) Roydon had the habit of publishing
anonymously or pseudonymously ; "Henry
Willoby," it is generally conceded, was not
the author of the poem; "Hadrian Dorrell,"
the self-styled editor of the poem, is probably
a pseudonym; hence (!) Roydon is Henry
A^7illoby alias Hadrian Dorrell. (2) In style,
metre, language, figures of speech, etc., Wil-
loby's "Avisa" exhibits the same character-
istics as does Roy don's "Elegie"; hence
Roydon wrote the "Avisa." A single reading
of these two productions will convince anyone
with even only half an ear for poetry that the
"Avisa" and the "Elegie" could not have
emanated from the same pen. Mr. Acheson 's
parallel passages would move an Egyptian
mummy to laughter — could it read English.
The "Avisa" is in many respects poetry of
a high order; whereas the "Elegie" is the
496
THE DIAL
[June 16
wretched, stilted, artificial contrivance of a
stupid and unimaginative versifier. (3) Mr.
Aeheson has a very naive way of assigning all
"poems" written toward the end of the six-
teenth century in stanzas of six iambic tetra-
meter (not "pentameter") verses, rhyming
ababcc, to Roy don; and inasmuch as "Avisa"
is so written it must, according to Mr. Ache-
son, have been written by Roydon. It is
really amusing to see how Mr. Acheson accom-
plishes this feat. "A new Sonet of Pyramus
and Thisbie" (1584) is subscribed "I. Thom-
son," and inasmuch as Shakespeare may have
glanced at this poem in "Midsummer Night's
Dream," Mr. Acheson finds it perfectly evi-
dent that "I. Thomson" was one of Roy don's
pseudonyms. "The Sturdy Rock" (1596), a
little poem by "M. T.," written in the verse
above described, he attributes without any
hesitation to Roydon because he knows of no
poet with these initials and because "M. T."
may be a misprint for "M. R." So, too,
"Penelope's Complaint" (1596), by "Peter
Colse, " must be by Roydon because "Peter
Quince" is, to Mr. Acheson, a parody of
"Peter Colse," and Shakespeare must have
had Roydon on the brain while writing "A
Midsummer Night's Dream." A MS. play in
Latin on Pyramus and Thisbie in the Brit-
ish Museum is attributed to " N. R. " ; and of
course this too must be Roydon, the N stand-
ing "for Nathaniel, the more classic form
of Matthew." "The Shepherd's Slumber"
(1600), a composition of considerable poeti-
cal excellence to which Shakespeare alludes,
subscribed "Ignoto," is also attributed to
Roydon, although it bears absolutely none of
the earmarks of his invention. There is more
of this kind of stuff, but one who has not been
convinced by these arguments will not be by
those we omit.
The evidence to prove Mrs. Jane Davenant
the poet's dark-eyed and dark-haired siren is
of a quality with that proving Roydon the
author of "Avisa. " To save any possible
reader the depressing task of hunting out Mr.
Acheson 's reasons we shall summarize them.
Avisa is beautiful, clever and witty; she was
married to an innkeeper (one of her wooers
asks for wine and her house displays the badge
of St. Gleorge) ; her initials are given as
"A. D. " (it was very unkind of Mistress
Davenant that her name did not begin with
an A ; but Mr. Acheson gets around this very
neatly: A is the initial letter of "Avisa" or
"avis," a bird; a Mr. Byrd is mentioned in
John Davenant 's will; the word "bird" is
always spelled with a capital B in "Avisa"
— it is not, but Mr. Acheson says it is, — hence
the A stands for "Byrd," which must have
been Mrs. Davenant 's maiden surname!) ; the
scene of action of the poem must have been
Oxford (because the poem is dated from that
place), and because there were scandalous
stories afloat about Sir William Davenant
being Shakespeare's bastard son (Mr. Acheson
rejects this story, because it conflicts with his
dating of the Sonnets, but retains the scan-
dal). The objections to this identification are
numerous. Shakespeare's sweetheart was not
a beauty, according to the Elizabethan ideal,
was not clever or witty, was not an innkeeper 's
wife, was not poor and of low estate, and her
husband's name was "William." From in-
ternal evidence it is certain that Avisa in 1594
was at least thirty years of age (she was mar-
ried at twenty and had been married some
nine years when assailed by her post-nuptial
wooers), exactly Shakespeare's age, and we
have good reason to believe that the Dark
Lady was much younger than the poet. And
it is almost certain that the Davenants were
not married as early as 1585, the year of
Avisa 's marriage. It is certain, therefore,
that Avisa was not the Dark Lady, Mrs. Dave-
nant was not Avisa, and the Dark Lady was
not Mrs. Davenant.
In a supplementary pamphlet, "A Woman
Coloured 111," Mr. Acheson gravely an-
nounces, in absolute confirmation of his
theories, some very important recent Shake-
spearean "discoveries." First, that a certain
Professor Bang has discovered that in Spen-
ser's "Colin Clout's Come Home" "Rosa-
linde" is an anagram for "Els Roiden" (sic),
a sister of Matthew Roydon of whose exis-
tence we have no record; second, that "Ha-
drian Dorrell" is an anagram for "Harrolld
(sic,= herald) Roidan"; third, that "Vigi-
lantius Dormitanus" (the signature to the
poem prefixed to "Willobie his Avisa") is an
anagram for "Vigilant Mt. Roidan." Not to
be outdone by Professor Bang, Mr. Acheson
quite accidentally "discovered" that the first
thirteen letters ("In Lavine Land t") in the
first verse of this introductory poem are an
anagram for "111 In (=Jn = Jane) Dave-
nant " ! If we remember that Shakespeare
applied the word "ill" to the Dark Lady
it follows that Mr. Acheson 's theories are
"proved." It may be only a trifling coinci-
dence, but it is at least curious, that in Spen-
ser's " Rosalinda " I "discovered" "Ros
Daniel," an actual personality, the sister of
the poet Samuel Daniel, and that in "Hadrian
Dorrell" I discovered, also quite accidentally,
"Harrrold Daniel." The three growling r's
in "Harrrold" (= herald) are really no objec-
tion to the anagram; on the contrary, their
presence is a very subtle way of informing
posterity that in publishing the wickedness of
English ladies to the world, Daniel, whom we
1914]
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497
must now consider the author of ' ' Avisa, ' ' was
performing a dog-like office. It strikes me
that Mr. Acheson's anagram would gain tre-
mendously in value if we substitute "John"
instead of ' ' Jane ' ' for the " In. " The change
would explain why so many men expected to
overcome Avisa 's virtue, why her husband
nowhere interferes, why "H. W. " assures her
(canto 53) that her husband is "a worthlesse
thing that no way can that pleasure bring
your flowring yeares desire to find," and it
makes her resistance to their love suits the
more commendable; besides, it is not at all
likely that she would have been wooed so
ardently and persistently, or that she would
have had the physical strength to resist her
suitors, had she been ill. It will surely prove
a task congenial to Mr. Acheson's talents to
ferret out the nature of Avisa 's husband's
illness.
After the perusal of Mr. Acheson 's book, the
Countess de Chambrun's study is almost posi-
tively pleasurable. Her publishers have co-
operated with her in producing a large and
attractive volume by a liberal supply of blank
pages, wide margins, large print, and an
abundance of portraits (some of which are
not at all germane to the matter). Although
the ostensible purpose of the book seems to
have been to discuss and rearrange the Son-
nets and to prove Mrs. Davenant to be Shake-
speare 's Dark Lady, the Countess also reprints
Rowe's Life of Shakespeare, discusses the
Baconian theory, Shakespeare's legal knowl-
edge and religious convictions, and gives us
liberal extracts from Stowe's "Annals," Row-
land Whyte's correspondence, John Aubrey's
"Lives," etc.
For a book that pretends to offer a serious
scientific contribution to the study of the
most perplexing literary problems concerning
Shakespeare, the volume now under review
is marred by an exceedingly large number of
wholly inexcusable errors of fact. It is not
true that Massey was "the pioneer Sonnet-
critic"; that Lee is the "generally accepted
authority on the time of Shakespeare"; that
Howe's Life is "the chief source from which
we draw our knowledge of the poet and his
works" (Rowe is not the independent author-
ity for a single fact concerning Shakespeare) ;
that the Countess has found "much that is
new" concerning the Sonnets (she has not en-
riched our knowledge by a single fact) ; that
Dowden's views coincide with hers on the
arrangement of the Sonnets; that Shake-
speare's character is to be found only in his
early poems and comedies (a poet can never
eliminate himself from his work, though it
mav be more difficult to discover him in his
later output) ; that "an old tradition" iden-
tifies the Earl of Southampton with the youth
of the Sonnets (this "identification" was
first made by Drake in 1817) ; that the poet
was one of ten children; that John Shake-
speare had difficulty in supporting his family ;
that several editions of "Venus and Adonis"
were printed in 1593; that the critics do not
read Shakespeare; that the "first Eliza-
bethan sense of the word 'begetter' is 'one
who procured documents for publication' '
(the New English Dictionary records no such
definition) ; that "all comparative analytical
criticism places the date of composition of the
earliest Sonnets contemporaneously with the
publication of Venus and Adonis"; that the
"Passionate Pilgrim" contained three "son-
nets" from "Love's Labor's Lost"; that
"Willobie his Avisa" was ordered out of
print because it was libellous to some great
person (this is only one of Mr. Acheson's
guesses) ; that there are "more than a hun-
dred pages" to Willoby's "Avisa" (there are
only seventy-seven pages to the first edition) ;
that "H. W." in the "Avisa" is "a dissolute
nobleman" (he is described as "a new actor";
the dissolute nobleman wooes her before her
marriage) ; that H. W. 's verses "always" end
with Italian phrases; that Willoby exclaims
against the wickedness of the world "in a
note" (this occurs in a long introductory
apology to the 1596 edition; the Countess,
we fear, has not even examined the "Avisa") ;
that H. W. 's verses in cantos 44 to 46 were
the lines that were censored out of press;
that Mr. Acheson "has proved" that the
Davenants' Inn bore the ensign of the Cross
of St. George in 1594 ; that when Shakespeare
returned to Stratford he "lifted the mort-
gages from his father's property" (there werp
none to be lifted) ; that all the rival poets are
satirized in "Love's Labor Lost"; that actors
were then "denied the privilege of Christian
burial"; that the Shakespeare coat of arms
was granted under James I. (it was granted
in 1596) ; that Minto and Acheson identify
"Marlowe, Chapman, Greene, Nashe and
Florio" as the rival poets (especially as
Greene was dead before the Sonnets were
written and Florio was not a poet) ; that
according to "an old tradition" Holof ernes
is drawn on the pattern of Florio (the "tra-
dition" had its origin in the horrible imagin-
ings of Warburton) ; that Shakespeare used
his art to shape the political destinies of
England; that Fulman's is the earliest bio-
graphical record of Shakespeare (he was pre-
ceded by Fuller, Aubrey, and Ward) ; that
Dyce is the only Shakespearean commentator
sincere enough to mention Fulman's state-
ment that the poet died a Papist (many
498
THE DIAL
[ June 16
mention and discuss it) ; that the Earl of Pem-
broke would never have been accounted beau-
tiful (we have the positive testimony of
Francis Davison that he was beautiful), etc.,
etc. It is quite evident that very little re-
liance can be placed in the Countess's state-
ments in matters pertaining to Shakespeare,
and that she lacks the fundamental pre-
requisite of sound scholarship — accuracy of
detail — without which all the superstructure
topples to the ground.
The Countess's identification of the Fair
Youth of the Sonnets Avith the Earl of South-
ampton rests upon the following grounds:
that in the dedication prefixed to the "Rape
of Lucrece" Shakespeare pledged all his
future literary work to Southampton; that
Sonnet 26 is only a rhapsodized paraphrase
of the 1594 dedication; that the "W. H." of
Thorpe's sphinx-like dedication to the Son-
nets are only the initials of Southampton in
reversed order for the purpose of disguise;
that the physical charms of the patron are
those of the young Earl; that, like the Fair
Youth, Southampton was "the only son of a
widowed mother"; that the rival poets "can
be identified with men who eagerly sought
Southampton's favor"; that the subject mat-
ter of the Sonnets pertains to incidents in
Southampton's career, e. g., refusal to marry
Elizabeth Vere, his dissipated life, his mar-
riage to Elizabeth Vernon, his liberation from
prison; that Shakespeare's heroes, Hal,
Romeo, Bassanio, Benedick, and Florizel, are
all one and the same and all that one Henry
Wriothesly, and the Desdemonas and Ophelias
are Elizabeth Vernon; that the testimony of
Rowe, "a contemporary" (!), shows that
Shakespeare and Southampton were friends;
that "Willobie his Avisa" is a satire on the
Sonnet drama and that "the dissolute young
nobleman Harry W." who there wooes Avisa
is Henry Wriothesly; that Shakespeare fre-
quently alludes to tennis, a game at which
Southampton was adept, and often quotes
from Florio, Southampton's Italian tutor!
Most of these "proofs," which the Countess
considers sufficiently good evidence to be ad-
missible in a court of law, are of too trivial
and light a nature to merit serious considera-
tion. The 1594 dedication is a purely formal
and conventional epistle repeating the phrases
of self-depreciation and exaggerated praises
of the dedicatee that we find in the "Venus
and Adonis" dedication and in other dedi-
cations to noble patrons; both bear the for-
mal address to the "Right Honourable Henry
Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton and Baron
Titchfield," and both are subscribed "in all
dutie." In the second dedication the poet
speaks of his love and duty, but he relies on
the Lord's "Honourable Disposition," not on
his love, for the acceptance of the new poem.
There is absolutely no reason why a poet
might not pledge his love and duty to each
new patron just as a lover to a new love. The
fact that the poet employs some words and
ideas in Sonnet 26 that occur in the 1594
dedication, apart from the fact that love and
duty are conventionally mated, would rather
show that they were not addressed to the same
person. Even if Shakespeare did pledge him-
self to dedicate all his future work to one
patron that did not impose on him the obliga-
tion of making that patron the object of his
love and the subject matter of his poems. For
the truth is that the Fair Youth was not the
poet's "patron," but his love. Besides, the
Sonnets are in many respects wholly inap-
plicable to Southampton. There is nothing
in them to show that the youth was the only
son of a widow. In the judgment of many
excellent Shakespearean scholars a much bet-
ter case can be made out for William Herbert.
The first folio (1623) was dedicated to him;
he prosecuted the poet and his works with
favor ; he was beautiful and dissipated ; many
poets sought his patronage and dedicated their
books to him; he was averse to marriage-,
the initials of his name are those of Thorpe's
dedicatee; if Shakespeare needed a living
model for some of his romantic heroes Pem-
broke would have answered the purpose as
well as Southampton ; etc. From the so-called
"Will Sonnets" it is certain that the Chris-
tian name of the youth beloved of Shakespeare
was William, and this alone is sufficient to
disprove the Southampton theory, though of
course it does not establish the contention of
the Herbertists. To my thinking neither
Herbert nor Wriothesly was the fair youth
of the Sonnets, the master-mistress of Shake-
speare's passion, the object of his sublimated
homosexuality. Who he was we may never
know, and it does not much matter whether
we do.
Like Mr. Acheson, the Countess tries to
prove that Mrs. Davenant was the Dark Lady
of the Sonnets. There are ten counts in her
indictment of the wealthy Oxford vintner's
wife. (1) Anthony a Wood records that
Mrs. Davenant "was a very beautiful woman,
of good wit and conversation very agreeable, ' '
and that Shakespeare "frequented" her house
in his journeys between London and Strat-
ford. (2) At the age of eleven William Dave-
nant wrote an ode on Shakespeare's death.
(3) A mid-seventeenth century wit ridiculed
Sir William's pretensions to noble Norman
descent by remarking that "every one
knows that d'Avonant comes from Avon."
(4) Oldys records that one day when young
1914]
THE DIAL
499
William Davenant was running to see his
"godfather Shakespeare" he was admonished
not to take the name of God in vain. (5) Sir
William's vanity permitted him to give his
contemporaries the impression that he was
Shakespeare's son. (6) Aubrey heard Parson
Robert Davenant, William 's elder brother, say
that he had received a hundred kisses from
Shakespeare. (7) The description of the
hostess of the Crown Inn tallies with that of
the hostess in the "Comedy of Errors" ("A
wench of excellent discourse, pretty and witty,
wild, and yet too gentle"). (8) The Garrick
bust of Shakespeare was discovered (in 1845)
in the wall of a warehouse which had been
erected on the site of a theatre built by Dave-
nant in 1660, and the Chandos portrait of
the great poet was at one time the property
of Sir William. (9) Mr. Acheson has
"proved" that Avisa and Mistress Davenant
were one. (10) And this above all: in 1599
the Lady Southampton wrote her husband
that "Sir John Falstaff" (= Shakespeare)
"is by his mistress Dame Pint-Pot" (=Mrs.
Davenant) "made father of a goodly Miller's
thumb, a boy that is all head and very little
body." It is somewhat of a surprise that so
indefatigable an investigator as the Countess
should have overlooked two very significant
contemporary references to the Shakespeare-
Davenant scandal. One is a six-line poem
published in 1655 and the other an allusion
in an elegy occurring in Denham's poems
( 1668 ) . Whatever these counts may ' ' prove ' '
as to Sir William's paternity they do not
prove that his mother was the missing Dark
Lady. William Davenant was born in 1606
and his elder brother in 1604; and as his
mother did not give birth to a son in 1599,
the Lady Southampton 's letter could not have
referred to her. Nor does it seem consistent
with delicacy of feeling and refinement of man-
ners to make Lady Southampton, the only
begetter of the Desdemonas and Ophelias,
write her husband — the poet's quondam rival
for the illicit love of the Dark Lady — of the
birth of that miller's thumb. And it is ex-'
tremely improbable that Shakespeare was
ever known as "Falstaff." From the Will
Sonnets, too, it is fairly inferable that the
Dark Lady's husband's name was William;
Davenant 's name wras John. The description
of Shakespeare 's Cleopatra does not tally with
what we know of Mrs. Davenant; she was
not a beauty, was not distinguished for wit
and did not excel in conversation. The affair
with the Dark Lady was probably done with
long before William Davenant was born.
The chapter on the rival poets is very amus-
ing. Apart from asserting that in her opinion
Marlowe was the rival poet, thus disagreeing
with Mr. Acheson and Professor Minto, the
Countess devotes her talents to "proving"
that John Florio — one of the most versatile
Englishmen of his day — was the original of
the pedant " Holof ernes. " Her main argu-
ment is the strange ' ' coincidence, ' ' discovered
accidentally, that the letters H-o-l-o-f-e-r-n-e-s
can be arranged so as to spell "John Florio" !
To get this wonderful result she, with
the liberty accorded to all anagrammatists,
changes "Holof ernes" to " Hiolof erne " and
then omits an o and an i and inserts two e's!
Holof ernes has, as we know, also been identi-
fied with Curate Hunt, Thomas Jenkins, and
Richard Mulcaster, and as all these "identifi-
cations ' ' were made in all seriousness and upon
indisputable evidence by allowed scholars, we
must conclude that Shakespeare must be cred-
ited with the invention of composite pho-
tography.
Of the Countess's rearrangement of the
Sonnets, as of that of every other meddler
since Thomas Thorpe, including Mr. Acheson,
we must say that not only is it wholly un-
necessary, but that no one ever takes the trou-
ble to read them in the proposed order. As
with emendations to Shakespeare's text:
they satisfy no one but the emendator.
SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM.
LIFE or MIR ABE ATI.*
The collocation of the names of these two
French statesmen is not without justification.
M. Barthou has written a life of Mirabeau.
To many American readers Barthou is known
as a recent prime minister of France; but
who was Mirabeau? When it transpires that
Mirabeau was also a statesman and a would-be
prime minister, it may create a presumption
in favor of his importance to know that
M. Barthou has thought it worth while to
write a book about him and that this book
has been translated into English. That Mira-
beau is not well known either to American or
English readers is not the fault either of
Mirabeau or of the readers. M. Barthou
assures us that he was one of the most signifi-
cant figures in modern French history, "a
powerful realist, to whom destiny alone re-
fused, between Richelieu and Bonaparte, a
role fitting to his genius, a genius hardly in-
ferior to theirs." Frenchmen have long
known this, and there is no dearth of good
biographies of Mirabeau in French, but none
of them has ever been translated into English.
To be sure, these other volumes, although very
good books, better in some respects than
* MIRABEAU. A Biography. From the French of Louis
Barthou. Illustrated. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
500
THE DIAL
[June 16
M. Barthou 's, were not written by prime min-
isters. It is seldom that prime ministers can
spare the time from affairs of state to write
books about dead statesmen ; but when they
do write, their utterances take on something
of a Delphic importance, and are listened to
with a respect such as the professional his-
torian can never hope to command. And this
attitude of the public is not so irrational as
it appears at first sight, for what the public
would have from a prime minister who writes
books — M. Barthou, for example — is not
what he knows about Mirabeau, but what he
thinks of Mirabeau as a statesman. An opin-
ion upon such a subject from such a source,
although it may not be history, is well worth
listening to ; and if the historical part is not
badly done, the public prefers a biography of
this kind to one of a more scholarly nature.
Apart from the peculiar value attaching to
it as the work of a practical statesman, the
volume by M. Barthou is the best short life
of Mirabeau now available in English. The
bibliography in the French edition (omitted
from the translation) indicates that M. Bar-
thou had at his command the larger part of
the published sources and the secondary works
in French relating to the life of Mirabeau;
recent German and English studies were evi-
dently unknown to him. How thorough his
use of this material was it is impossible to tell
from a short work of little more than three
hundred pages; but there is evidence that he
used his sources carefully and intelligently,
when he did use them. An additional and
rather unusual value is given to the volume
by the incorporation into the narrative of
several letters, hitherto unpublished, written
by Mirabeau and his father. These letters
occupy a disproportionate amount of space,
but this fact will call forth no criticism from
the student of Mirabeau 's life, who had long
supposed that these very important letters had
been destroyed. They will give a permanent
value to this short biography that even the
prestige of M. Barthou 's name could not con-
fer upon it. The book is well-proportioned
and very readable, even in the translation,
which is unusually good, although not the
most satisfactory substitute for M. Barthou 's
charming French. In France, the reviewers
have criticized the amount of space — about
half the volume — devoted to Mirabeau 's life
before the meeting of the states general, claim-
ing that the treatment of the last two years
of his life was not adequate. This criticism
does not seem to be sound. The French work
formed one in a collection called "Figures of
the Past. ' ' It was not supposed to be a sim-
ple study of the statesmanship of Mirabeau,
but a biography of a man who would have
been one of the striking figures of the past
had he never been a member of the great
French assembly. The criticism that occurred
to us while reading the volume was that the
second part (devoted to Mirabeau in the na-
tional assembly) assumed too much knowledge
on the part of the reader, — it did not supply
sufficient background to make the course of
events clear to one not acquainted with the
French Revolution through some other work.
That may, however, be necessary in so short
a volume.
The important chapters of the work are
those dealing with the relations of Mirabeau
to the court and Montmorin, and with his
work as a statesman. Here M. Barthou is
evidently working sources in hand; his inter-
pretation is careful, sympathetic, and impar-
tial. Especially valuable is his treatment of
Mirabeau 's ministerial aspirations and their
significance in the history of the Revolution.
He stresses, as it has never before been
stressed, the fatal decree of November 7, 1789,
excluding all members of the assembly from
the ministry, thus sealing the political doom
of Mirabeau. In one of the most striking
passages in his book, M. Barthou indicates
what the course of the Revolution might have
been had that decree not been passed:
" Camille Desmoulins distinguishes in Mirabeau
the tribune, whom he admired, and the consul,
whose plans he feared. The time for a ' consul '
had not yet come. But would it ever have come
if, in November, 1789, Mirabeau had been min-
ister? It was the opportunity he needed. Fate
withheld it from him. If he had been called to the
ministry then, not only would his fate have been
different, but it is not too much to say that the
destinies of the country would have been changed.
What Mirabeau, the secret adviser of the court,
could not accomplish at the time of his death,
Mirabeau, the responsible minister, would have
attempted eighteen months earlier, and would no
doubt have succeeded in doing. By reconciling
the monarchy and the Revolution, the authority
of the king and the liberty of the nation, the
principles of 1789 and the prerogatives of the
executive power, by making ' the royal power the
patrimony of the people,' he would have spared
France the Terror, Ca3sarism, and invasion. He
would have advanced by a quarter of a century
the definite establishment of the political conquests
of the Revolution. . . . Mirabeau had every quality
necessary for playing such a game and winning, —
general culture and familiarity with practical
affairs, talent and audacity, skill and force, pas-
sion and self-possession, conviction and courage,
and also that desire for a personal rehabilitation
which accorded well with the national reconstruc-
tion of which he hoped to be the architect. With-
out making any essential change in the general
lines of the programme which he subsequently
offered to the court, he would have aimed at its
1914 J
THE DIAL
501
realization by other means more worthy of him-
self and, it must be said, of the Revolution. The
tribune would have taken the place of the pro-
posed police. There, in open debate, in the conflict
of interests and parties, no man, in hours of crisis,
could withstand him. . . . Lanjuinais was not mis-
taken when he spoke of the influence that Mirabeau
as minister would have exercised over the assembly.
He would have been its master. But the gain
would have been as great for the country as for
Mirabeau. The decree of November 7 broke the
only power which could consolidate the Revolution
by moderating it. It was on that day really, and
not on the day of Mirabeau's death, that l the
ruins of the monarchy became the prey of faction '
and Revolution by way of the Terror won the
first victory over Revolution by way of Law."
The volume containing the English trans-
lation is not as attractive or as artistic as the
original French publication. The vignette on
the title-page and at the end of the chapters,
reproducing a seal made by Mirabeau while
in Vincennes, has been omitted ; and the illus-
trations are not as well done as in the original.
Attention should be called to the exceedingly
interesting reproduction of a crayon in two
colors made from the death mask of Mirabeau.
The original drawing forms part of the val-
uable Mirabeau collection of the late Paul
Arbaud of Aix en Provence, and was pub-
lished for the first time in M. Barthou 's book.
It will be a revelation to those who have seen
nothing but the reproductions of contem-
porary paintings or sketches of Mirabeau. It
shows a strong face, the face of a genius ; and
the geniality, to which all bore testimony who
knew him well, has left its fascinating stamp
upon the face of the dead. It is a smile that
Leonardo da Vinci might have loved to paint.
FRED MORROW FLING.
THE MEXICAN SITUATION.*
Three informing books about the situation
in Mexico, brought almost up to the moment,
have appeared nearly simultaneously. Of their
authors, it may be said that Mr. MacHugh is
a traveller of the conventional sort, deriving
his information from the customary sources,
largely official, and his book is certain to bring
comfort to those conservative minds that be-
lieve in strong governments and the preser-
vation of the public peace at the sacrifice of
whatever ideals. Messrs. De Lara and Pinchon
are socialists, writing that disturbing sort of
history which makes villains of conventional
* MODERN MEXICO. By R. J. MacHugh. Illustrated. New
York: Dodd, Mead & Co.
THE MEXICAN PEOPLE. Their Struggle for Freedom. By
L. Gutierrez De Lara and Edgcumb Pinchon. Illustrated.
New York : Doubleday, Page & Co.
THE REAL MEXICO. A Study on the Spot. By Hamilton
Fyfe. With map. New York : McBride, Nast & Co.
heroes and saints of agitators and revolution-
ists in popular causes. These two works are
mutually corrective, in many matters almost
mutually eliminative, like factors in an alge-
braical equation. Mr. Fyfe is a newspaper
correspondent of the usual sort, whose keen-
ness of observation overrides any marked pre-
possessions for either side of the present
struggling forces, but who shows more regard
for the facts on the surface than for under-
lying causes and for the state of affairs now
and in the immediate future rather than for
anything in a remoter past. The truth seems
to lie somewhere between Mr. MacHugh and
Messrs. De Lara and Pinehon, and, on the
authority of Mr. Fyfe, rather nearer the so-
cialistic than the capitalistic writers. The
books by all three writers will be found inter-
esting in direct proportion to one's interest in
Mexico's problems, past, present, and future,
and their perusal will add enormously to any
interest now felt.
"Modern Mexico" is, however, rather a
compilation than an organized and premedi-
tated work on the subject of which it treats, —
a series of disconnected articles written for
independent publication and left unrevised
when brought together in book form. This
lack of method permits the author to say
everything more than once, and it is probable
that the volume's size might have been dimin-
ished by one-fifth to the benefit of everyone
concerned. And, as there has been no appar-
ent attempt to reconcile conflicting accounts
of the same fact, the result is rather discon-
certing. The Emperor Iturbide, for example,
is referred to as "Augustin I." on page 31
and on subsequent pages as "Augustus I.";
a note on page 164 says, "The peso, at par,
is worth almost exactly two shillings," while
on page 265 we are told that "the peso at par
is as nearly as possible the equivalent of 2s.
Id."; on page 5 one reads "seventy thou-
sand human victims were annually offered,"
but on pages 108 and 276 the number is given
as twenty thousand. Other similar errors
may be noted, such as that on page 63, where
General Reyes, already in his native land, is
dispatched to "Mexico"; and on page 108,
where the Aztecs are said to have adopted
helmets "in recent times."
The book is written for the British reader,
and the facts regarding the United States
in their relation—to Mexico have been taken
largely from tlUr followers of Huerta. On
page 173, after speaking of the "suspicion
and lurking fea^: that that [this] country
harbors ulterior Designs against the sister re-
public," the remarkable statement is made
that ' ' This suspicion has been increased rather
than lessened by the attempt which, it is
502
THE DIAI,
[ June 16
rumored, President Wilson's Administration
has made to make Mexico pay for recogni-
tion." It is too much, apparently, to expect
a writer of this sort to acquaint himself with
President Wilson 's express declaration against
the acquisition of more territory; but it is
difficult to see why a Briton should find any-
thing mysterious in the refusal to acknowl-
edge Huerta, when Great Britain delayed for
years in her recognition of a Balkan king
whose throne was attained by assassination.
On page 285 one reads that "There are three
parties in the United States actively concerned
in the opposition to the Huerta Adminis-
tration." Of these there is one ''whose
opposition to General Huerta is based on the
assumption that his Government was rendered
possible by the support of British interest in
Mexico, and that they are bound, as a matter
of policy, to oppose it."
" The others are, first, those who desire to bring
about military intervention at any cost; and, sec-
ondly, the section who do not desire the United
States to intervene directly in Mexican internal
affairs at first, but whose plan it is to induce some
of the Northern Mexican States, particularly
Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and
Tamaulipas, and possibly Sinaloa, Durango, and
Zacatecas, to secede from Mexico to the United
States."
As a record of the sort of rumor Huerta and
his crew are spreading concerning American
intentions, this possesses the value of news;
but Mr. MacHugh evidently believes it him-
self, for he goes on to say: "If Mexico
allowed them to go peaceably, well and good,
but if an effort should be made to retain them
in their old allegiance then this third party
would require the United States to take up
arms and complete the severance." This
astonishing statement appears to be based
solely on the imaginative writings of the Texas
newspaper correspondents, Mr. MacHugh be-
ing probably the only person in the world who
takes them seriously. As neither Democrats,
Republicans, Progressives, nor Socialists have
shown themselves willing to be enrolled as
members of any of these newly-discovered
American parties on the Mexican question,
one is reduced to the belief that some regard-
less countrymen of ours have been engaged
in the national game of supplying the British
tourist with exclusive information.
The author appears to be. totally blind to
the reasons for the present Constitutional
revolution in Mexico, and attributes its suc-
cesses solely to the American refusal to
recognize Huerta. Presided Wilson's recent
declaration of intentions should enlighten him,
and they are so pertinent that they deserve
quotation :
" First — The United States, so long as Mr.
Wilson is President, will not seek to gain a foot
of Mexican territory in any way or under any
pretext. When we have finished with Mexico,
Mexico will be territorially intact.
" Second — No personal aggrandizement by
American investors or adventurers or capitalists,
or exploitation of that country, will be permitted.
Legitimate business interests that seek to develop
rather than exploit will be encouraged.
" Third — A settlement of the agrarian land
question by constitutional means — such as those
followed in New Zealand, for example — will be
insisted on."
It is this last clause that Mr. MacHugh has
quite failed to discover in his investigations,
though it appears to be the chief reason for
General Carranza's uprising; which would
have directed against Madero for his complete
failure to deal with it, as it is now against
Huerta, the successor of that Diaz whose
wholesale confiscations of private property in
the possession of the tillers of the soil raised
the question.
But one must read with care, however
strongly in disagreement, the whole of "The
Mexican People: Their Struggle for Free-
dom" in order to understand the situation.
Being a socialistic work, it is written as an
economical interpretation of history. It finds
all of Mexico's many troubles to lie in the
age-long struggle between the commonalty on
the one side, and the governing classes, the
landed aristocracy, the church, and the army,
in close alliance on the other. It boldly holds
that what is called, with some confusion in
terms, "industrial civilization," is not civi-
lization at all, and hopes to carry Mexico to
the status of a cooperative commonwealth
without having to pass through such a stage.
To those who have assimilated Mill's dictum
regarding the failure of machinery to contrib-
ute to the happiness of the human race such
views may still appear extreme, but to the
ordinary mind the failure to identify the fac-
tory system with progress must seem arrant
nonsense. Nevertheless, the facts of Mexican
history interpreted from the point of view of
the proletariat, — in this case the oppressed
and dispossessed peon, whose name is officially,
in this country at least, identified with that
of slave, — are too valuable to be ignored, how-
ever little one sympathizes with a collectivistie
government as an ideal step toward true prog-
ress. Especially informing in this connection
is such a paragraph as the following :
" Were we to compile a text-book for the Sci-
ence of Government by a ruling class, for the use,
for instance, of some young modern aspirant to
power, the testimony of all history, from the most
remote times, would compel us to divide our work
into three main chapters: the first, on the neces-
1914]
THE DIAL
503
sity of religious instruction for the people; the
second, on the necessity for the patriotic instruc-
tion for the people; the third, on the necessity of
diverting the revolt of the people by instituting a
campaign of foreign aggression, or by inviting the
invasion of the home country by a foreign army.
Herein lies the entire science of government by
class rule."
Those who have wondered at the insults
offered the United States, leading to the seiz-
ure of Vera Cruz by our army and navy, may
find an explanation here, in so far as such
insults are not merely the results of ignor-
ance or the legacy of hatred from our in-
famous war of 1847. Carranza and Villa, as
we know both from this book before us and
from authentic news sources, are dividing
among those to whom they rightfully belong
the estates stripped from the smaller land-
OAvners by means the most infamous. The mil-
lions of acres brought under the control of
General Felix Diaz by wholesale murder and
fraud are among those so apportioned. This,
and the success of the Constitutionalista arms,
made it necessary for Huerta to provoke the
intervention of the United States, in the des-
perate hope of uniting under his administra-
tion all the forces now in field to fight a
common enemy. Little in recent history is
more reassuring than Villa's, followed at an
interval by Carranza 's, refusal to be diverted
from an honest purpose by such a pretext,
after the intentions of President Wilson had
been made clear to them; it means the possi-
bility of a lasting and prosperous peace among
the United Mexican States, based upon the
welfare of the submerged peon, who forms
the huge majority of the Mexican nation. It
even bespeaks, less remotely in the future, an
effort to prevent the submerging of the Amer-
ican tiller of the soil, now drifting into ten-
ancy and a peasant state with alarming speed.
It is, as President Wilson clearly sees, the
only possible solution of Mexican troubles, as
it is the only basis for a lasting national pros-
perity.
This well-written book has other uses. It
will bring home to American readers the sorry
part in Mexican affairs played by this gov-
ernment in the past. It will bring about a
sincere and intelligent sympathy for the real
aspiration of the Mexican people, and con-
vince the reader that at last they are pre-
paring themselves for self-government in a
manner impossible under the atrocities of the
Cientificos, in part through the steady growth
of an intelligent artisan class, but more
through the founding of a class of small
farmers.
Mr. Fyfe's "The Real Mexico" well supple-
ments the previous books, providing a sound
basis for the moderation of the extreme state-
ments found in both, and leaving a pleasant
flavor after it of the common humanity we
enjoy with the Mexicans, however they have
been debased by the ruling classes through
centuries of oppression. If not the bright
angels of Messrs. De Lara and Pinchon, the
Mexicans are certainly not the black devils
of Mr. MacHugh. Every shade of opinion is
represented, but the writer himself has not
been befooled by the suavity of the Latin-
American official into acceptance of the be-
neficence of Diazism, even where so astute an
authority as Lord Bryce has proved amenable
to their smoothness further south.
Constructive ideas, not merely conven-
tional, are also advanced by Mr. Fyfe. The
Mexican government in the near future must
move against the drunkenness which has be-
sotted too many of the poorer citizens, just
as the Russian government has found the same
course needful. The general schooling of the
people, which Juarez began with such en-
thusiasm and Diaz stifled, must be rigorously
attended to; their childish characteristics are
largely attributable to ignorance of books and
total lack of intellectual discipline. Mr. Fyfe
believes the future of the country to be well
assured through the steady growth of the arti-
san class, almost wholly Indian, and he has
little good to say of the half-castes, or Mes-
tizos,— almost the sole components of the
present futile middle class. Hie investigates
and throws aside as worthless the tale of the
present war being a struggle between the
petroleum interests of the British Lord Cow-
dray and the American Standard Oil Com-
pany,— though the Diaz family is profoundly
interested in the former and the book pre-
viously considered admits the receipt of help
to the Constitutionalistas from the latter. His
chapter on Diaz, entitled "The Nemesis of
Paternalism, ' ' should dispose of the myth that
Diaz was a benefit to his country in any pos-
sible sense of the word, — though here, again,
he does not go into such details as the social-
ists have to offer. He further suggests an
efficient army as the only possible corrective
to the brigandage into which the landless
peons have been forced.
"Modern Mexico" is sparsely indexed, has
a prefatory map, and a few reproduced photo-
graphs; "The Mexican People" is profusely
and interestingly illustrated by similar means
and has a large folding map, with smaller
maps to illustrate historical periods, but it
sadly lacks an index; "The Real Mexico"
also has a large map, but lacks illustrations
and an index — its lighter character and
briefer space not rendering this last any great
loss. WALLACE RICE.
504
THE DIAL
[June 16
RECENT FICTION.*
The distinction, so commonly attempted in
newspaper offices, between reporters who
" write " good stories and reporters who
" get " good stories is often applied to novel-
ists. And though to press the point is to
divorce form and material to a degree alto-
gether misrepresentative of the facts, the dis-
tinction is a useful one. It was not artistry
that made "Uncle Tom's Cabin" the naming
document it was. Mrs. Stowe had a thumping
story to tell, a story that circumstance had
made so good that only her limited skill was
needed to render it effective. On the con-
trary, it was artistry that made "Mademoiselle
de Maupin" the book it was, and is. The
story was nothing, or would have been nothing
in the hands of a lesser writer than Gautier.
The case of Mr. Dreiser's new volume, the
second of his "trilogy of desire," is as far as
possible from that of "Mademoiselle de Mau-
pin." My first feeling was that Mr. Dreiser
had as good a story as Mrs. Stowe 's, and one
a good deal more to my own taste, without the
art to tell it. But the truth is that Mr.
Dreiser has, in the slang of the city-room,
"fallen down on the story." He wanted to
give us, against the background of that great,
new, struggling Chicago of the eighties and
nineties, the figure of an adventurer without
master or scruple, a Superman. He has all
the facts. I do not doubt that he could give
names and dates for every incident in the
book. Indeed, any one who knows Chicago
could come very near doing it without any
assistance from him. The story is always
dangerously close to actual event ; dangerously
close because Mr. Dreiser has depended on
this actuality to convey reality. He has so
many facts that he supposes he has done
enough when he has set them down. But
outward facts are significant only when they
are the sign of an inward meaning. And Mr.
Dreiser simply does not know the inward
meaning. He has never for a moment stood
in Frank Cowperwood's shoes and looked out
upon the Chicago of twenty-five years ago
with Frank Cowperwood's eyes. The result
is that though Frank Cowperwood conquers
a woman or a financier in every other chapter,
* THE TITAN. By Theodore Dreiser. New York : John
Lane Co.
CHILDREN OF THE DEAD END. The Autobiography of an
Irish Navvy. By Patrick MacGill. New York: E. P.
Dutton & Co.
THE RAGGED-TROUSERED PHILANTHROPISTS. Ry Robert
Tressall. New York : Frederick A. Stokes Co.
IDLE WIVES. By James Oppenheim.- New York: The
Century Co.
THE SALAMANDER. By Owen Johnson. Indianapolis:
The Bobbs-Merrill Co.
THE PRICE OF LOVE. By Arnold Bennett. New York :
Harper & Brothers.
he is no more a Superman than the barber
around the corner.
But if Mr. Dreiser has failed to draw his
figure he has done some astonishing things
with his background. No other writer's view
of Chicago is so individual or so effectively
presented. I confess, also, to enjoying his
ironies at the expense of the pillars of society,
though it is silly to pretend that the liaison
was as well established in the Lake Shore
Drive of 1886 as it was in the French farce of
the same period and tiresome to read so many
pages about dull creatures like Stephanie
Platow.
Mr. Patrick MaeGill ensured himself a
story to tell by taking himself for hero: if
there is a receipt for writing a novel worth
reading it is the autobiographical one. Mr.
MacGill has the advantage of being a navvy
who until recently earned his living at the
aluminum works of Kinlochleven, in Scotland.
How he learned to make use of this advantage
is another matter. One might expect that a
navvy who learned to write at all would be
either helpless or academic. Mr. MacGill is
seldom either. His is a stout narrative, some-
times boastful and sometimes tender, with a
flavoring of folk-speech. His view of life is
for the most part conventional. He believes
that the truth is not in newspapers ; that men
who work with their hands are much more
genuine than others; that the Church is a
travesty of Christianity; and that fighting
with the fists is a joy. He says of himself
and his fellow navvies :
" We never asked questions concerning the ulti-
mate issue of our labors, and we were not sup-
posed to ask questions. If a man throws red muck
over a wall to-day and throws it back again
to-morrow, what the devil is it to him if he keeps
throwing that same muck over the wall for the
rest of his life, knowing not why nor wherefore,
provided he gets sixpence an hour for his labor?
There were so many tons of earth to be lifted and
thrown somewhere else; we lifted them and threw
them somewhere else; so many tons of iron-hard
rocks to be blasted and carried away; we blasted
and carried them away, but never asked questions
and never knew what results we were laboring to
bring about."
The fact that Mr. MacGill came only the other
day from such work cannot but add to the
interest of anything he writes ; it should not
be permitted to conceal the more important
fact that the author of "Children of the Dead
End " is by way of being an artist.
Robert Tressall's autobiographical novel,
"The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists," is
told with less art than Mr. MacGill's, but the
story would carry larger headlines in a news-
paper. Tressall was, as Miss Jessie Pope
1914]
THE DIAL
505
informs us in a prefatory note, a socialistic
house-painter and sign-writer who gave up
the struggle to make a living. About half
the manuscript that was found among his
effects after his death makes the book now
published. His Frank Owen is himself, but
it is his indictment of the working-classes that
dominates the book. Tressall's mood is that
of Mr. Arturo Giovannitti 's poem, the one in
which he represents himself as standing in
front of Tiffany's window, disheartened be-
cause two men ask him, not for a stone but
for a nickel.
Tressall's charge is the more credible
simply because it comes directly from the
ranks of those against whom it is made. Per-
haps if he had been willing to let his facts
speak for themselves — there is no lack of
circumstantial detail — we should have been
compelled completely to accept them. Un-
fortunately his tone is the tone of the propa-
gandist. That gives the middle-class reader,
at least it gave me, an excuse for refusing
to believe that the British workman is of as
poor stuff as Tressall has made him out to
be. Poverty-stricken he doubtless is ; " ground
under the iron heel of capitalism" he may
be; but incapable of revolt he is not.
One point, and Tressall has made it almost
by the way, deserves mention. These painters
care nothing about their work and take no
pride in it. They are not permitted to do
good work. The whole trade is degraded by
scamping and rushing. But when Frank
Owen has a solitary chance to exercise the
skill that is in him on a special contract he
can think of nothing else until he has finished.
That incident is worth thinking about.
Mr. James Oppenheim's novel, "Idle
Wives," is out of place among these others.
It is abominably written. No sense of the
value of words restrains Mr. Oppenheim's
attempts at poetizing. Such a bath of senti-
ment as he has prepared may be acceptable
to the poorer magazines for women or to the
moving-picture people, but elsewhere its day
is past. Incidentally, Mr. Oppenheim has
passed by a case that could hardly fail, just
now, to arouse interest — that of the woman
who finds that the care of a small flat and a
child or two to which she is confined takes all
her time without using half her energy or
one-quarter of her capacities — in order to
devote all this bad writing to a case of no
particular consequence : that of the woman
with plenty of servants whose husband objects
to her activity on behalf of wayward girls.
Mr. Owen Johnson is another young Ameri-
can writer who has not done all that has been
expected of him. There is evidence that he
would welcome the sort of praise which may
be bestowed on the few contemporary novel-
ists who have dealt frankly and artistically
with life while continuing to sell his serial
rights. At any rate Mr. Johnson has lately
been defending publicly his conception of
' ' The Salamander, ' ' asserting he was justified
in making his Dore Baxter wicked because
her wickedness is typical of a new but large
class of American young women. Hjis naivete
is revealed in his assumption that Dore is
daringly unconventional and that she is
peculiar to the present decade. As a matter
of fact, Dore is a tolerable example of the
parasite without any courage or special indi-
viduality. She lives, until she makes a suc-
cessful marriage, by enticing men while pre-
serving her "virtue." Hence the title of the
novel which presents her.
Young women of her sort, it should go
without saying, are weak rather than daring,
conventional rather than unconventional, and
old rather than new. Mr. Johnson has no
perspective for viewing the phenomenon he
has isolated. It is as if the last twenty years
of feminist and anti-feminist propaganda had
never been. But this is of no consequence to
Mr. Johnson 's audience. Sophistication would
be a positive disadvantage to him. "The
Salamander" is rattling good magazine stuff
and Dore is bound to be discussed wher-
ever high school misses gather. If it does
any harm it will be in persuading the inex-
perienced that it is easier to gain a living
without working or sinning — in New York
— than they are likely to find it.
To turn from "The Salamander" to "The
Price of Love" is to turn from juvenility to
assured competence. Mr. Arnold Bennett is
the Admirable Crichton of contemporary
novelists. He can do anything sufficiently well
to excite admiration, and though his willing-
ness to do just anything is hardly respectable,
his adequacy to such occasions as he permits
himself is satisfying.
The present occasion is not a great one.
The story involves theft and a marriage. The
figures are trivial. Its distinction is in its
workmanship — the sort of workmanship which
characterizes a double gun by Messrs. West-
ley-Richards or a trunk by M. Vuitton. ' ' The
Price of Love" is an excellent example of
what a first-class craftsman may do with a
little material. Mr. Dreiser has collected ten
times as many facts and attempted an in-
finitely more important task than has Mr.
Bennett, but Mr. Bennett has done precisely
what he set out to do, which is more than any
one can say for Mr. Dreiser.
LUCIAN GARY.
506
THE DIAL
[ June 16
BRIEFS oyf NEW BOOKS.
New aspects
of English
governance.
The revised edition of Mr. Sid-
ney Low's treatise on "The
Governance of England" (Put-
nam) is not, on the whole, greatly changed
from the original work, published nine years
ago. The new edition deals chiefly with the
"working constitution," which, as every one
knows, is quite different from the formal and
conventional aspects of the English system.
Dry legal discussions are accordingly unnec-
essary, and the book is correspondingly in-
teresting to the layman — a quality greatly
enhanced by an admirably simple style. The
author realizes that he is at a disadvantage
in describing the actual government of En-
gland just at a time when the Parliament
Act has limited the power of the Lords, and
when the Home Rule Bill promises a funda-
mental change in the relations of Parliament
to the parts of the United Kingdom. These
and related topics find a place in the Intro-
duction and in the final chapter, "Aspects
of Change ' ' ; and the reflections of so eminent
a publicist as Mr. Low on these matters are
vastly more interesting and important than
the description of the English system, which
is already fairly well understood. The Par-
liament Act, thinks Mr. Low, adds to the
strength of the Cabinet, by restricting the
power of the Lords over legislation. The
Quinquennial Act contributes to the same re-
sult, as it tends to establish regular elections,
like those of the United States. Within the
Cabinet the Prime Minister's influence and
power are growing, as is shown by the royal
proclamation of 1905 which gave precedence
to the Premier, next after the two highest
ecclesiastical dignitaries of the realm. There
is a danger in this growing power of the chief
minister, in the authority it gives him — the
leader of the dominant party in the United
Kingdom — over the British dominions. It
is pointed out that the colonial constitution-
alists fear the Prime Minister more than the
King, — indeed, that they regard the latter
as their protector against "Downing Street."
The control of the dominions by an elective
Minister, who secures this control by effective
mastery of a political party in one part —
though the central part — of the British Em-
pire, seems to Mr. Low quite as hazardous
as direct personal control by the King. To
be sure, the King cannot in these days rees-
tablish unlimited monarchy, but must always
be influenced by the representatives of the
people. But what would result if the advice
given the King by the elective English Pre-
mier should differ from that given by the
elective Premier of one of the Dominions, —
Canada, for example? This seems to point
to the need of some other system of coordinat-
ing the Empire than that in vogue. The
Prime Minister and the Cabinet should also
be limited to some degree in their control of
foreign affairs through the establishment of
a Committee of Parliament, like the American
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, enti-
tled to know the foreign problems and policies
of the Cabinet. Finally, Mr. Low again de-
clares his conviction that some machinery of
subordinate legislatures, some devolution on
a large scale, is required to relieve the central
Parliament of what are local questions, in
order that all matters may be dealt with more
carefully and effectually.
Mr. Arthur Ruhl used to write
^out plays for "Collier's
Weekly. ' ' But he did not write
in the capacity of first-night critic: that
"bored but witty person, with a black ribbon
to his eye-glasses, who descends to his seat
just before the curtain rises, and turns to
survey the house ere he sits down." His was
the more leisurely, less exciting, but no less
exacting or important task of sorting out of
second nights — or second weeks or months,
as the case might be — significant figures,
trends, and aspects of our contemporary
theatre. Some of these impressions and opin-
ions fill his recent book, cleverly entitled
"Second Nights" (Scribner). There is noth-
ing technical about Mr. Ruhl 's criticisms ; he
leaves that to the astute first-nighters. He
views the theatre and its people as a side of
life, particularly interesting and significant
during the period covered by his observation
— that is, from 1905 to the present; and he
writes of such human and general considera-
tions as may have weight with the average
reader, whose interest in the stage is some-
what cursory, though genuine. No one can
complain that Mr. Ruhl's outlook is narrow.
He appreciates all the phases of Mr. George M.
Cohan, admits the "charm" of Miss Maude
Adams in Mr. Barrie's settings, and finds
"Sumurum" amusing; his review of Mr.
Bernard Shaw's American nights is intelli-
gent, yet he is not above enjoying a vaude-
ville turn or a Bowery burlesque; and he
interviews Mile. Genee. Miss Duncan, and
Miss St. Denis with absolute impartiality.
The lengths at which his kindly tolerance
draws the line are the "no quarter" school
represented by "Madame X" and the plays
of Mr. Eugene Walter, and the plays with
sawdust insides and photographic exteriors
by the ingenious Mr. Belasco. His warmest
admiration, on the other hand, is divided be-
1914]
THE DIAI,
507
tween the best of the "new" drama as typi-
fied by Mr. Galsworthy 's "The Pigeon" and
the old-fashioned but perennially refreshing
melodrama, whether you get it glorified at
a Drury Lane opening or merely what the
public wants at the ten-twenty-thirties. How
much of life of all sorts, — mere play and
splendid earnest, besides some innocent and
some calculated affectation, — there has been
behind the footlights in the last few seasons
will astonish many of Mr. Buhl's readers.
The truth is that most observers have axes to
grind, whereas Mr. Buhl devotes himself to
seeing and passing on his observations; with
the result that there is an amazing amount of
information about the theatre to be had from
the pages of "Second Nights."
Over forty years ago Mr. Ed-
The story of _, if-*' VAJ.I u 1
man's evolution ward (Jlodd wrote a little book
simply toid. on «The childhood of the
World" which contained a simple account of
man 's origin and early history freed from the
technicalities of science and set forth as a
continuous story of progress. The book has
been deservedly well received, having been
translated into seven languages and printed
in raised type for the blind. The rapid prog-
ress of the sciences has compelled a revision of
the text, which now appears in expanded form
and with new illustrations. It tells the story
of the evolution of life on the globe, but prin-
cipally of man's origin from lower forms, the
growth of human society and of the arts of
civilization. Man's migrations, the methods
by which his primal needs of food, warmth,
and shelter were met, his development of
tools, and the discovery and use of metals are
recounted and pictured. The origin of the
various occupations, the development of lan-
guages, the arts of writing, counting, and
measuring, and the more social arts of sport
and music, are traced back to their begin-
nings. More attention, however, is paid to
the growth of ideas and of myths interpre-
tative of natural phenomena and leading to
worship, magic, witchcraft, animism, and
theism in its several forms, culminating in the
sacred books of various peoples. A few words,
all too brief, are devoted to the growth of
modern science and its bearings on race
progress. (Macmillan.)
A Norwegian
dramatist in
translation.
Mr. Edwin Bjorkman, who has
already laid the American pub-
lic under a heavy debt of grati-
tude for his translations from the modern
Scandinavian literature, now gives us a second
series of Plays by Bjornstjerne Bjornson
(Scribner). In these plays Bjornson evi-
dently attempts to combat the nihilistic pessi-
mism of some of his contemporaries and the
"master morality" of others by the formula-
tion of a more socially constructive interpre-
tation of life and character. "Beyond Human
Might" is a powerful effort to argue the
problem of Mr. Galsworthy's "Strife, "- — the
problem, that is, of the modern labor war
against capitalistic tyranny. The Norwegian
poet does not, like the Englishman, stop with
a picture of hopeless misery, a cul-de-sac for
both sides; but after a rather over-melodra-
matic climax of violence and sacrifice involv-
ing innocent with guilty, he eloquently points
the path to a better future to be achieved by
science and by love. It is easy to cavil at
the long speeches, often too heavily freighted
with thesis, and at the tinge of a too pietistic
sentimentality at the close; yet in spite of
all this it must be admitted that the beauty
of the vision in this drama and the power of
its grasp on life make ' ' Strife ' ' seem an ama-
teurish pamphlet in comparison. The other
two plays in the volume, "Love and Geog-
raphy" and "Laboremus," are in them-
selves less interesting than "Beyond Human
Might," chiefly because they are not so mod-
ern in .theme ; but they reveal very wonder-
fully the breadth and nobleness of Bjornson 's
nature. Mr. Bjorkman, though himself a
Swede by birth, writes his adopted tongue
with great fluency rather than with a fine
sense for the spirit and idiom of the lan-
guage; his work, therefore, while never halt-
ing, never quite deludes the reader into
forgetting that it is translation ; a slight stiff-
ness, an occasional jarring tone resulting
sometimes from the juxtaposition of a too
colloquial beside a bookish expression, an
unequal success in keeping the speech of
the different characters sufficiently individual,
— such blemishes of style must tend to lower
the effect of plays which in the original are
of high poetic quality. These blemishes are
not so many or so serious, however, as to de-
tract notably from the reader's interest and
enjoyment.
With such slogans as efficiency
Psychology and , , . , •
the management and conservation dominant in
of labor. tne worifl Of material goods, it
is inevitable that the same attitudes should
be transferred to the things of the mind. Psy-
chology is summoned, though commonly less
as an expert physician than as a trained nurse,
to minister to ills beyond the control of house-
hold art. Mr. L. M. Gilbreth's "The Psy-
chology of Management" (Sturgis & Walton
Co.) is one of a growing number of books
that aim to set forth the principles upon
which work may be sustained with least waste,
508
THE DIAL
[June 16
and the human individual brought to the
highest efficiency as an operative with due
recognition that he is human. The laborer
has a psychology of his own which determines
his work and how that work may be related
to his individuality. That the alliance of
psychology and the management of labor is
sound and well founded can hardly be dis-
puted. The question of how this campaign
of enlightenment and mutual support is to be
carried on, is less certain. Much crudity of
effort is inevitable; and it cannot be said
that Mr. Gilbreth, any more than his col-
leagues in the art, has succeeded in presenting
more than a programme, and a rather didactic
book of advice. The danger is inherent of
relying upon method as a panacea, and still
more obviously of letting method obscure the
importance of the end. Common sense and
the ordinary versatility of a "handy" mind
and hand are assets that cannot be neglected
or overruled. Standardization is one of the
fetishes that may defeat its own end by the
blindness with which its worship is pursued.
The present book suggests that the phrases
in which a carter speaks to his horse may well
be standardized in the interests of efficiency.
But when all is said and done, the theme and
the policy remain ; what is still in its infancy
is the sense of perspective in which the values
of one order or another find their proper
places. Until this emerges, the art of scien-
tific management is likely to exterminate as
well as to weed, — even to throw out the child
with the bath. The appeal to psychology is
welcome; gradually it will be more intelli-
gently addressed and its behests more sym-
pathetically followed.
Of books dealing with demo-
The most . - . ° .
democratic of cratic and socialistic experi-
ments in Australasia, there is
no end. One of the most brilliant studies of
the kind that has yet been written is M. Andre
Siegfried's "Democracy in New Zealand,"
published in French some ten years ago, and
now offered to the public in an English trans-
lation by Mr. E. V. Burns. M. Siegfried
is best known to American readers as the
author of a study on the race question in
Canada, published several years ago. In his
book on "Democracy in New Zealand," he
considers in turn such matters as the influ-
ence of geographical factors, present political
and social conditions, federation, imperialism,
projects of expansion, etc. ; but his principal
theme is the working out in practice of the
various legislative experiments in relation to
compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, old
age pensions, land legislation, government
loans to farmers, state aid to immigration,
and other measures of a more or less socialistic
character which have attracted world-wide
attention to New Zealand. His interpretation
of the results of such legislation is, on the
whole, marked by singular good judgment,
and his attitude is one of sympathy, insight,
and breadth of view. During the ten years
that have elapsed since the publication of his
book in French, some things have occurred,
however, to make his interpretation less ac-
curate now than it was at the time he wrote.
Thus his statement that the arbitration act
had put an end to strikes is no longer true,
since in recent years there has been a recru-
descence of strikes, some of which have been
serious and prolonged; and it may be added
that the people no longer have the same whole-
hearted confidence in legislative panaceas that
they had ten years ago. But when due allow-
ance has been made for these unexpected
results, the book remains one of the most bril-
liant, sympathetic, and accurate studies of
the sturdy little democracy of New Zealand
that we have. (Macmillan.)
A case of
learned
precocity.
In a volume entitled "The Ed-
ucation of Karl Witte, " Messrs.
Crowell publish an English
translation of a record of the methods pur-
sued in educating the eminent German Dante
scholar (1800-1883), who received the doc-
torate at the age of eighteen and a professor-
ship at twenty-two. Wide public interest in
recent cases of precocity of learning furnishes
an ostensible reason for introducing the vol-
ume to present-day readers. It has been the
customary view of the parents of precocious
boys that the system which they apply is re-
sponsible for the results. The record of John
Stuart Mill remains the one of greatest inter-
est and value. It may be recalled that Lord
Kelvin was another example of such precoc-
ity encouraged by the father; and the recent
case of the son of Dr. Sidis and that of the
son of Professor Wiener of Harvard furnish
other examples. The present volume owes its
translation to Professor Wiener, and thus
sponsored is presumably a document with
which he is sympathetic. The introduction
by Mr. H. Addington Bruce contains a rather
slight formulation of the educational princi-
ples involved. But cases of this kind, while
they carry a very real lesson, are not likely
to be educationally convincing. To show how
far the forcing method may be carried in tra-
ditional fields of scholarship may be an inter-
esting demonstration. It is not the only or
the most convincing proof that the pace set
by school systems and social expectations is
1914]
509
too slow. Also it is important to have shown,
as has been done, that precocity within limits
is directly associated with more than aver-
age, even with exceptional ability, — popular
tradition to the contrary notwithstanding.
But the pros and cons of what is gained and
what may be lost by forcing are not thus dis-
closed. Such cases throw an interesting side-
light upon the limitations and the possibilities
of nurture when seconded by nature : beyond
that their utility is not notable.
studies in the T.° brin& ,out the romance of
early history of history, without throwing the
the Northwest. background out of focus> ig an
achievement as rare as it is praiseworthy.
To a considerable extent Dr. C. B. Reed has
succeeded in doing this in his "Masters of
the Wilderness" (University of Chicago
Press), which is issued as the latest volume
in the ' ' Fort Dearborn Series ' ' of the Chicago
Plistorical Society. This attractive little book
embraces three essays, the first, which gives
its title to the volume, being a study of the
Hudson's Bay Company; the second, a
sketch of the old Beaver Club, of Montreal,
and its members the partners of the North
West Company; and the third, a picture of
the romantic attempt of Frontenac, La Salle,
Tonty, and Iberville to found a French Em-
pire in America stretching from Quebec to
Louisiana. One notes an occasional slip. For
instance, the Saskatchewan and Red rivers
were unknown except through vague Indian
report at the date of the treaty of Ryswick,
1697 (p. 11). Alexander Mackenzie never
saw Great Bear lake; the reference (p. 37)
is evidently to Great Slave lake. On the same
page, "Atabasca" should be "Athabaska."
Fort William was one of the principal posts
of the North West Company, not of the con-
federated companies (p. 40). York Factory,
and later Norway House, were headquarters
of the Hudson's Bay Company, where the
Governor and Factors met in annual council.
Apropos of the reference on p. 27 to beaver
as almost extinct, it may be interesting to
note that the protection afforded by the
Ontario Government in Algonquin Park has
led to such an extraordinary increase that
beaver have become almost a pest to the
farmers in the neighborhood of the park.
The fever of
love in the
animal world.
Much of the elaboration of or-
nament and of the development
of complicated instincts and
unusual types of behavior among animals
have arisen in the course of the evolution of
the animal world in conjunction with the
function of reproduction. The organs of bat-
tle and the fighting instinct in some animals
at least find their present use in the struggle
for mates, and the theory of sexual selection
seeks to explain much that is militant as well
as much that is beautiful in the animal world
as the result of capture by the victorious
suitor or of preferment of the most charm-
ing one. Mr. W. P. Pycraft in his study of
"The Courtship of Animals" (Holt) decries
somewhat the efficiency of this theory, and
prefers the idea of "an inherent diathesis"
which must work itself out in the evolution of
ornament, a sort of physiological orthogen-
esis of animal decoration, or, as Professor
Shaler was wont to put it pithily, a struggle
for beauty. The author discusses in an en-
tertaining way the really remarkable antics
attending the courtships of spiders and of
various insects, and especially the mating
habits of birds whose evolution of decorative
feathers is usually attended by a supplemen-
tary instinct of display, as in the strutting
of the peacock, or accompanied and to some
extent even displaced by the development of
vocal powers, as in song. Following the fash-
ion of some other recent English writers on
biological themes, the author uses his biolog-
ical data to point a moral as well as to adorn
his tales. His thesis is that the path of de-
generation in the animal world is marked by
the assumption on the part of the female and
of the young of structural features originally
characteristic of the male. The militant suf-
fragist, yea, the whole feminist movement, is
therefore a solemn warning fraught with dir-
est threat of impending degeneration for the
future of our civilization and race, — if only
our fearsome prophet's thesis be a general
biological law and his argument by analogy
from biological structures to the field of
social evolution be valid.
Poe as
reflected in
his poems.
To present the main facts of
Poe.'s life, in particular those
that may be inferred from his
poems, and in the light of these facts to in-
terpret and appraise anew his poems, is the
task that Mr. Lewis N. Chase has set himself
in the little volume, "Poe and his Poetry,"
issued in the "Poetry and Life Series" (Lon-
don: Harrap & Co.), under the general ed-
itorship of Professor W. H. Hudson. This
task Mr. Chase has performed in a manner
in most respects satisfactory. The facts of
Poe's life he gives with unusual accuracy;
Poe's character he interprets with admirable
sympathy and fairness; and so much of ap-
preciation as he attempts is in accord with
the views now generally held by students of
Poe. In reading autobiography out of Poe's
510
THE DIAL
June 16
verses, moreover, Mr. Chase has proceeded
cautiously. As revelations of Foe's inner
life, he justly says, the poems are invaluable ;
but as reflecting concrete facts in his life, he
holds that they are not to be relied on im-
plicitly, in view of Poe's well-known fondness
for mystification and hoaxing. Accordingly,
Mr. Chase ignores the traditional interpreta-
tion of "Tamerlane" as adumbrating the
poet's early love-affair with Miss Royster;
and in the case of "Ulalume," although he
maintains that the poem is "allegorized auto-
biography, " he is silent as to the possible allu-
sion contained in it to the poet's infatuation
for Mrs. Shew. A number of the earlier and
more personal poems are omitted altogether.
The volume throws no new light on any of the
obscure places in Poe's biography, but it pre-
sents the case for the poet from a new angle,
and hence will serve a useful purpose.
An unusual number of books
of™erMrby°°k8 published of late years on her-
aldry would seem to indicate a
revival of interest in that subject. Though
its vitality and meaning have departed, her-
aldry is still of importance to the archaBolo-
gist and antiquarian, as well as to the student
of history and art. Of the two most recent
books on the subject, Mr. Francis J. Grant's
"Manual of Heraldry" (Edinburgh: John
Grant) is a revision of a former edition of a
standard work, and contains all the technical
knowledge of the subject that the student
would wish to possess, presented, through a
complete dictionary of terms and 350 illus-
trations, in such manner as to make it inval-
uable as a ready book of reference. The other
volume, Mr. W. H. St. John Hope's "Gram-
mar of Heraldry," in the "Cambridge Man-
uals of Science and Literature" (Putnam),
presents the subject in a far more attractive
manner to the general reader, and goes far
toward justifying the oft-repeated claims of
heraldry to be a "science." Though the
smallest book on heraldry that has come to
our notice, Mr. Hope's manual is of value out
of all proportion to its size. The author
makes wise suggestions regarding the modern
use of heraldry and a revision of its archaic
nomenclature.
Ancient Rome
and modern
India.
Some years ago Mr. James
Bryce published a series of
essays under the title, "Studies
in History and Jurisprudence," two of which
dealt with the government of India viewed in
the light of the Roman imperial system. These
have recently been revised and republished in
a separate volume by the Oxford University
Press. In the first essay, "The Ancient Ro-
man Empire and the British Empire in
India," the author traces a number of inter-
esting and suggestive parallels between the
ancient provincial system and the British oc-
cupation and administration of India. He
also finds a number of notable differences,
some of which are more significant and fun-
damental than the similarities. The second
essay, "The Diffusion of Roman and English
Law throughout the World," deals particu-
larly with the development of a new legal
system for the Orient. As the Hindu na-
tionalistic movement is attracting some atten-
tion at present, these essays make a very
timely publication ; they will do much to
clarify the mind of the average American
reader on the subject of Hindu affairs. It
may be said in passing that Mr. Bryce does
not believe in a speedy realization of the
dreams of the Hindu nationalists : the differ-
ences of caste, religion, and race are too pro-
nounced and too dividing.
Whether or not we sophisticated
twentieth-century grown-ups be-
lieve in fairies, we cannot get on
happily without them: this is the thesis of
Mr. S. R. Littlewood's original little essay
entitled "The Fairies Here and Now" (Mc-
Bride, Nast & Co.). Nowadays we like our
fairies to be little and good; we prefer the
familiar house-and-garden fairies to the more
elusive sprites that inhabit inaccessible places.
Above all, our fairies must have charm, since
to enchant us with gaiety and sweetness,
daintiness and grace is the modern mission of
the "little people." There is a good deal of
fairy history in Mr. Littlewood's book, and
an alluring account of fairy land, — or shall
we say fairy lands, since there seem to have
been as many kinds of fairy worlds as there
have been of fairy folk to people them. But
Mr. Littlewood's original contribution to
fairy lore is his keen analysis of present-day
conditions. Fairy stock is going up. We do
want the fairies, and in spite of scoffers and
unbelievers this drab old world is getting
more and more fairylike all the time. The
most hardened scoffer will be entertained by
Mr. Littlewood's argument, equally with
readers who already appreciate the fairies at
their true worth.
With a very un-Bergsonian in-
ondreeramsn troduction, Mr. E. E. Slosson
presents an English version of
M. Bergson's essay on "Dreams" (Huebsch).
The essay, though slight in form and compass,
is suggestive and penetrating. It is in ac-
cord with the current interpretation of dream-
1914
THE DIAL
511
life by applying, with allowance for altered
condition of the apperceptive mind, the nor-
mal processes and relations of perception.
Eliminate the sense of support as well as the
consciousness that one is lying down, and the
movement becomes one of flying or falling.
Release the sense of directive guidance, and
the mind lapses back to the natural romanc-
ing of dreams and the relaxed material of
casual attention. Dismiss the errand, and the
walk becomes a stroll responsive to the in-
vitations of the wayside. M. Bergson dips
interestingly here and there into the mecha-
nism of dreams, brings in an apposite illus-
tration, and shapes the whole to a consistent
interpretation. As an apercu, clear, succinct,
to the point and purpose, the essay will de-
light the attentive public which M. Bergson
has made his own.
BRIEFER MENTION.
Mr. Herbert Cescinsky and Mr. Malcolm R.
Webster have written a book on " English Do-
mestic Clocks" (Button) which supplements the
former's authoritative work on " English Furni-
ture of the Eighteenth Century." It is a history,
elaborately illustrated from photographs and line
drawings, of English clocks from 1665 down to
the present day. A list of English clockmakers is
appended.
Mr. Ernest A. Baker has included in his "A
Guide to Historical Fiction " (Macmillan) many
novels dealing with periods contemporary to their
authors. Thus Fielding's, Jane Austen's, and
George Eliot's novels are listed because " they are
the finest history of society available for the
periods to which they belong," even though they
were not avowedly or intentionally historical. The
book is an elaboration of Mr. Baker's " History
in Fiction " and a companion volume to his "A
Guide to the Best Fiction in English," being in-
dexed on the same encyclopaedis system.
The autobiography of a manuscript, told in the
style and with the limitations that one may imagine
as belonging to a manuscript, comes to us from
Mr. Henry H. Harper, who chooses to call the
little book " The Story of a Manuscript," though
the relation is, throughout, in the first person. It
is a rather pathetic little tale of a literary master-
piece, unappreciated and unpublished in the
author's lifetime, but valued at an incredible price
a century later, when an American millionaire
collector got possession of it and gave it a place
of honor in his magnificent library. After his
death it was returned to its English home, the
" humble cottage " of its author, which had been
restored as nearly as possible to the condition in
which its now illustrious occupant had known it.
The tasteful volume, with its excellent linen paper,
clear print, broad margins, and what has the
appearance of half -vellum binding, is " printed
privately for complimentary distribution only."
NOTES.
Mr. John Galsworthy's play, " The Mob," which
was presented recently on the London stage, will
be published immediately by Messrs. Scribner.
Mr. Irvin Cobb's humorous account of his ex-
periences in Europe, "Roughing It De Luxe,"
will be illustrated by Mr. John T. McCutcheon.
The first volume of Professor Karl Pearson's
biography of Francis Galton will be published
immediately by the Cambridge University Press.
A collection of Mr. T. Sturge Moore's poems,
which will include a number not hitherto printed
in book form, is to be issued shortly under the
title " The Sea Is Kind."
Mr. Oliver Onions has undertaken the task of
condensing his trilogy of novels — " In Accord-
ance With the Evidence," " The Debit Account,"
and " The Story of Louie " — into a single volume.
"The Duchess of Wrexe," the novel by Mr.
Hugh Walpole which so much interested Mr.
Henry James when he made his recent survey of
"the younger generation," will be published
shortly in America by the George H. Doran Co.
Mr. Stephen Phillips has undertaken to edit for
Mr. Erskine MacDonald a series of modern dramas
to be known as The Malory Playbooks, in which it
is intended to include representative English
drama, irrespective of whether the plays have been
produced.
Mr. L. Hope Cornford is editing Lord Charles
Beresford's autobiography, "A Sailor's Life." A
full account is included of Lord Charles's recol-
lections of the Egyptian war and the Sudan cam-
paign, and. several chapters are devoted to his
sporting memories.
A selection of Shelley's poems arranged in five
parts by Mr. T. J. Cobden-Sanderson will be pub-
lished at The Doves Press, Hammersmith, next
month. Mr. Cobden-Sanderson has in prepara-
tion for early publication the poems of Keats, to
be arranged in five parts, and Shakespeare's " The
Rape of Lucrece," to be printed from the text of
the first edition, 1594.
A new edition of Miss Florence M. Hopkins's
"Allusions Which Every High School Student
Should Know" is in preparation. Each entry
will be provided with a brief note telling what
standard reference book or books to consult for
explanation of the allusion. That this aid is not
superfluous will be readily believed when we add,
on Miss Hopkins's authority, that the allusion,
" Dan to Beersheba," brought forth from one pupil
the information that Dan was a man who was
confined in a lion's den for mistreating his wife,
Beersheba; and that another pupil described
Canaan as the mother of Cain.
Professor Brander Matthews, writing in the cur-
rent " Scribner's," identifies the six masters of
conversation whom Stevenson celebrated in " Talk
and Talkers." Burly was W. E. Henley; Spring
heel'd Jack was R. A. M. Stevenson, a cousin of
Robert Louis Stevenson; Cockshot was Professor
Fleeming Jenkin; Opalstein was John Addington
Symonds; and Athelred was, Professor Matthews
believes, Stevenson's executor, Mr. Baxter. Pro-
512
THE DIAL
[ June 16
fessor Matthews on occasion talked with all of
these except Symonds and Baxter. He ventures
the opinion that, splendid talkers though they
were, it would be possible to match them among
their American contemporaries. As their equals
he names Thomas B. Reed, John Hay, Clarence
King, and Thomas Bailey Aldrich.
The eighth annual Report of the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
covers the year ending last October, and presents
in considerable detail what has been accomplished
in various fields of educational inquiry and
encouragement. Especially noteworthy is the study
of education in Vermont undertaken at the re-
quest of the Educational Commission of that State,
and made the subject of a separate report; also
to be noted is the study of legal education, similar
to that of medical education already completed,
with encouraging results; and plans are perfected
for the study of engineering education.
" The American Oxonian," a semi-annual pub-
lication edited by Professor Frank Aydelotte at
Bloomington, Indiana, where it is also published,
makes a hopeful start in its first issue, of April,
1914, in which the Senior Tutor of St. John's
College, Oxford, presents " Oxford's Opinion of
the Rhodes Scholars," more particularly the
American Rhodes scholars; two of these scholars
contribute an article on "Athletics at Oxford:
The New Rules " ; a London " Times " article on
" Rhodes Scholars and Athletics," by the Oxford
Secretary to the Rhodes Trustees, is reprinted;
Dr. Henry Van Dyke's Thanksgiving sermon of
November 27, 1913, before the Rhodes Scholars, is
also given in full; and there are departments of
"Oxford News " and " Editorial Notes and News."
This scholarly and interesting periodical is to
serve as " the official magazine of the Alumni
Association of American Rhodes Scholars," and is
deserving of their hearty support, and, indeed, of
a support not confined to American Rhodes Schol-
ars. The next number will appear in October.
Dr. Oscar Levy, editor of the collected English
edition of Nietzsche's works, writes as follows:
" In view of the seventieth anniversary of Fried-
rich Nietzsche's birth, which falls on October 15,
1914, it is intended to raise a monument to his
memory on the hill near Weimar in the neighbor-
hood of the Nietzsche Archiv. A considerable
fund has already been collected for the purpose,
and any surplus that may accrue will be used for
the support of the Nietzsche Archiv, which, under
the guidance of Nietzsche's sister, Mrs. Forster-
Nietzsche, has done and is doing so much good
work for the study of Nietzsche. It is likewise
proposed that this latter institution shall be con-
stituted an intellectual centre for securing that
cultural unity of Europe which must precede its
political and commercial union. Contributions
from all who wish to show their gratitude for the
liberating genius of Nietzsche should be directed
to Nietzsche's cousin, Dr. Richard Oehler, the
librarian of Bonn University (70 Konigstrasse,
Bonn, Germany), or to the Nietzsche Monument
Fund, care of London County and Westminster
Bank, 109-111 New Oxford street, London, W."
LIST OF NEW BOOKS.
[The following list, containing 124 tides, includes books
received by THE DIAL since its last issue.~\
BIOGRAPHY AND REMINISCENCES.
Memoirs of Youth: Things Seen and Known. By
Giovanni Visconti Venosta; translated from the
Italian by William Prall, with Introduction by
William Roscoe Thayer. Illustrated, 8vo, 463
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $4. net.
Life of "Walter Bagehot. By Mrs. Russell Barring-
ton. Illustrated in photogravure, etc., 8vo, 478
pages. Longmans, Green & Co. $4. net.
Ralph Albert Blakeloek. By Elliott Daingerfleld.
Illustrated in color, etc., large 4to, 40 pages.
New York: Privately Printed.
Brief Biography and Popular Account of the Un-
paralleled Discoveries of T. J. J. See. By W. L.
Webb. Illustrated, large 8vo, 298 pages. Lynn:
Thomas P. Nichols & Son Co. $2.50 net.
HISTORY.
A History of Connecticut: Its People and Institu-
tions. By George L. Clark. Illustrated, 8vo,
609 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $3.50 net.
The Hussite Warn. By the Count Liitzow. With
photogravure frontispiece, large 8vo, 384 pages.
E. P. Button & Co. $4.50 net.
My Days of Adventure: The Fall of France, 1870-71.
By Ernest Alfred Vizetelly. With frontispiece,
8vo, 337 pages. London: Chatto & Windus.
GENERAL. LITERATURE.
The Villain as Hero in Elizabethan Tragedy. By
Clarence Valentine Boyer, Ph.D. 8vo, 264 pages.
E. P. Button & Co. $2. net.
Dramatic Portraits. By P. P. Howe. 8vo, 264 pages.
Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The Spiritual Message of Dante. By W. Boyd Car-
penter, LL.B. Illustrated, 12mo, 250 pages.
Harvard University Press.
The Continental Drama of To-day: Outlines for Its
Study. By Barrett H. Clark. 12mo, 252 pages.
Henry Holt & Co. $1.35 net.
At the Sign of the Van. By Michael Monahan.
12mo, 439 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $2. net.
Nova Hibernia: Irish Poets and Bramatists of To-
day and Yesterday. By Michael Monahan.
12mo,. 274 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.50 net.
The Medieval Popular Ballad. By Johannes C. H. R.
Steenstrup; translated from the Danish by Ed-
ward Godfrey Cox. 12rno, 269 pages. Ginn & Co.
.$1.75 net.
Speculative Dialogues. By Lascelles Abercrombie.
12mo, 203 pages. Mitchell Kennerley.
DRAMA AND VERSE.
Misalliance, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets, and
Fanny's First Play, with a Treatise on Parents
and Children. By Bernard Shaw. 12mo, 245
pages. Brentano's. $1.30 net.
The Drama League Series of Plays. New volumes:
Mary Goes First, by Henry Arthur Jones, with
Introduction by Clayton Hamilton; Her Hus-
band's Wife, by A. E. Thomas, with Introduction
by Walter Pritchard Eaton; The Sunken Bell,
by Gerhart Hauptmann, with Critical Analysis
by Frank Chouteau Brown. Each 12mo. Bouble-
day, Page & Co. Per volume, 75 cts. net.
Songs of the Dead End. By Patrick MacGill. 12mo,
167 pages. Mitchell Kennerley. $1.25 net.
Collected Poems. By Norman Gale. 12mo, 240
pages. Macmillan Co. $2. net.
A Cluster of Grapes: A Book of Twentieth Century
Poetry. 12mo, 108 pages. London: Erskine
Macdonald.
Rough Edges. By B. H. G. Arkwright. 12mo, 59
pages. Oxford: B. H. Blackwood.
Eris: A Bramatic Allegory. By Blanche Shoemaker
Wagstaff. With portrait, 12mo, 41 pages. Mof-
fat, Yard & Co. $1. net.
North of Boston. By Robert Frost. 12mo, 143
pages. London: Bavid Nutt.
Driftwood and Foam. By Gary F. Jacob. 12mo, 67
pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
Candle Flame: A Play. By Katharine Howard.
12mo, 32 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
The Rift in the Cloud. By John S. Wrightnour.
12mo, 86 pages. Sherman, French & Co. $1. net.
Stage Guild Plays. By Kenneth Sawyer Goodman.
New volumes: Barbara; The Game of Chess.
Each 16mo. New York: Vaughan & Gomme.
Per volume, 35 cts. net.
1914]
THE DIAL
513
H.i Minis of Childhood. By Michael Earls, S.J. 12mo,
SO pages. Benziger Brothers. $1. net.
FICTION.
Yon Never Know Your Luck. By Gilbert Parker.
Illustrated in color, 12mo, 328 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1.25 net.
Storied of Russian Life. By Anton Tchekoff; trans-
lated from the Russian by Marian Fell. 12mo,
314 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons. $1.35 net.
The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists. By Robert
Tressall. 12mo, 385 pages. F. A. Stokes Co.
$1.25 net.
The Strength of the Strong. By Jack London. With
frontispiece, 12mo, 257 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1.25 net.
Midstream: A Chronicle at Halfway. By Will Lev-
ington Comfort. 12mo, 320 pages. George H.
Doran Co. $1.25 net.
Idylls of a Dutch Village. By S. Ulfers; translated
by B. Williamson-Napier. 8vo, 397 pages. E. P.
Button & Co. $1.75 net.
Broken Music. By Phyllis Bottome. 12mo, 348
pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.35 net.
At the Casa Napoleon. By Thomas A. Janvier.
Illustrated, 12mo, 226 pages. Harper & Brothers.
$1.25 net.
Set to Partners. By Mrs. Henry Dudeney. 12mo,
322 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.25 net.
A Daughter of Love. By Mrs. K. J. Key. 12mo, 348
pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.25 net.
Cross Trails: The Story of One Woman in the North
Woods. By Herman Whitaker. Illustrated,
12mo, 264 pages. Harper & Brother^. $1.20 net.
E: The Complete and Somewhat Mad History of
the Family of Montague Vincent, Esq., Gent.
12mo, 387 pages. Duffleld & Co. $1.35 net.
The Nigger of the Narcissus: A Tale of the Fore-
castle. By Joseph Conrad. Illustrated, 217
pages. Doubleday, Page & Co. $1.20 net.
Henry of Navarre — Ohio. By Harold E. Porter
("Holworthy Hall"). 12mo, 191 pages.
Century Co. $1. net.
TRAVEL AND DESCRIPTION.
Highways and Byways in Shakespeare's Country.
By W. H. Hutton. Illustrated, Svo, 448 pages.
Macmillan Co. $2. net.
A Wanderer's Trail: Being a Faithful Record of
Travel in Many Lands. By A. Loton Ridger.
Illustrated, large Svo, 403 pages. Henry Holt &
Co. ?3. net.
The Upper Reaches of the Amazon. By Joseph F.
Woodroffe. Illustrated, Svo, 304 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $3. net.
Europe after 8:15. By H. L. Mencken, George Jean
Nathan, and Willard Huntington Wright. Illus-
trated, 12mo, 222 pages. John Lane Co. $1.25 net.
Travel Notes of an Octogenarian. By W. Spooner
Smith. Illustrated, Svo, 215 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1.50 net.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS SOCIOLOGY, ECONOMICS,
AND POLITICS.
The Soul of America: A Constructive Essay in the
Sociology of Religion. Svo, 405 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
The United States and Peace. By William H. Taft.
12mo, 1S2 pages. Charles Scribner's Sons.
$1. net.
Love and the Soul Maker: A Study of Marriage and
Its Relation to the Problems of Modern Society.
12mo, 287 pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net.
Within Prison Walls: Being a Narrative of Per-
sonal Experience during a Week of Voluntary
Confinement in the State Prison at Auburn, New
York. By Thomas Mott Osborne. 12mo, 328
pages. D. Appleton & Co. $1.50 net.
The Railways of the World. By Ernest Protheroe.
Illustrated in color, etc., Svo, 752 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $2. net.
Our Dishonest Constitution. By Allan L. Benson.
12mo, 182 pages. B. W. Huebsch. $1. net.
The Political and Sectional Influence of the Public
Lands, 1828-1842. By Raynor G. Wellington,
A.M. Svo, 131 pages. Cambridge: Riverside
Press. $1. net.
The Income Tax: A Study of the History, Theory,
and Practice of Income Taxation at Home and
Abroad. By Edwin R. A. Seligman. Second edi-
tion, revised and enlarged; large Svo, 743 pages.
Macmillan Co. $3. net.
The Monroe Doctrine, and Mommsen's Law. By
Charles Francis Adams. 16mo, 43 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. 50 cts. net.
International Law: Topics and Discussions, 1913.
Svo, 203 pages. Washington: Government Print-
ing Office.
The Profitable Wage: What is It? By Ed. E. Sheas-
green. Svo, 154 pages. Chicago: Standard Cost
Finding Service Co.
Efficient Causes of Crime. By Rufus Bernhard von
KleinSmid. Svo, 12 pages. Battle Creek; Paper.
NATURE AND OUT-DOOR LIFE.
Pot-Pourri Mixed by Two. By Mrs. C. W. Earle
and Ethel Case. Illustrated in photogravure,
etc., Svo, 456 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $2.50 net.
Tree Guide: Trees East of the Rockies. By Julia
Ellen Rogers. Illustrated, 22mo, 265 pages.
Doubleday, Page & Co. $1. net.
The Natural History of the Farm. By James G.
Needham. Illustrated, 12mo. 348 pages. Ithaca:
Comstock Publishing Co. $1.50 net.
ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND MUSIC.
The Ministry of Art. By Ralph Adams Cram. Svo,
246 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.50 net.
The Art of Spiritual Harmony. By Wassily Kan-
dinsky; translated, with Introduction, by
M. T. H. Sadler. Illustrated, Svo, 112 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.75 net.
What Sculpture to See in Europe. By Lorinda Mun-
son Bryant. Illustrated, 12mo, 215 pages. John
Lane Co. $1.35 net.
New Guides to Old Masters. By John C. Van Dyke.
New volumes: Berlin, Dresden; Munich, Frank-
fort, Cassel. Each with frontispiece, 16mo.
Charles Scribner's Sons. Per volume, $1. net.
The History of the Dwelling House and Its Future.
By Robert Ellis Thompson, LL.D. 12mo, 171
pages. J. B. Lippincott Co. $1. net.
The Conception of Art. By Henry R. Poore. Re-
vised edition; illustrated, Svo, 222 pages. G. P.
Putnam's Sons. $2. net.
Art and Environment. By Lisle March Phillipps.
New edition; illustrated, Svo, 343 pages. Henry
Holt & Co. $2.25 net.
The Making of Musicians. By T. H. Yorke Trotter.
12mo, 142 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co. $1.50 net.
RELIGION AND THEOLOGY.
The Church Revival: Thoughts Thereon and Remi-
niscences. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A. Illustrated,
large Svo, 415 pages. E. P. Dutton & Co.
$4.50 net.
Roman Ideas of Deity, in the Last Century before
the Christian Era. By W. Warde Fowler, M.A.
Svo, 167 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.40 net.
Religious Confessions and Confessants: With a
Chapter on the History of Introspection. By
Anna Robeson Burr. Svo, 562 pages. Houghton
Mifflin Co. $2.50 net.
The Year of Grace: Trinity to Advent. By George
Hodges. New edition; in 2 volumes, 12mo, 299
pages. Macmillan Co. Each $1.25 net.
The Place of the Church in Evolution. By John
Mason Tyler. 12mo, 198 pages. Houghton Mif-
flin Co. $1.10 net.
The Test. By Burt Estes Howard. 16mo, 130 pages.
American Unitarian Association. $1. net.
Thinking God's Thoughts after Him. By Henry
Melville King, D.D. 12mo, 285 pages. Richard G.
Badger. $1.25 net.
PHILOSOPHY.
Clay and Fire. By Layton Crippen. 12mo, 178
pages. Henry Holt & Co.
An Introduction to Kant's Critical Philosophy. By
George Tapley Whitney and Philip Howard
Fogel. 12mo, 226 pages. Macmillan Co. $1. net.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary
of Notable Living Men and Women of the United
States. Edited by Albert Nelson Marquis. Vol-
ume VIII., 1914-1915. 12mo, 2888 pages. Chi-
cago: A. N. Marquis & Co. $5 net.
The New International Year Book: A Compendium
of the World's Progress for the Year 1913. Ed-
ited by Frank Moore Colby, M.A. Illustrated,
large Svo, 776 pages. Dodd, Mead & Co.
The Theory and Practice of Argumentation and
Debate. By Victor Alvin Ketcham, LL.B. Svo,
366 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Dictionary of the Organ: Organ Registers, Their
Timbres, Combinations, and Acoustic Phenom-
ena. By Carl Locher; translated from the Ger-
man by Claude P. Landi. 12mo, 207 pages. E. P.
Dutton & Co. $1.25 net.
514
THE DIAL,
[June 16
The Comprehensive Standard Dictionary of the En-
glish Language. Abridged from the New Stand-
ard Dictionary by James C. Fernald. 8vo, 680
pages. Funk & Wagnalls Co. $1. net.
The Year Book of Canadian Art, 1913. Compiled by
the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto. Illus-
trated, 8vo, 290 pages. Toronto: Arts and Let-
ters Club. $1.
Good Form for all Occasions: A Manual of Manners,
Dress, and Entertainment for Both Men and
Women. By Florence Howe Hall. 12mo, 228
pages. Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
Black's Medical Dictionary. By John D. Comrie.
Fifth edition; illustrated in color, etc., 8vo,
858 pages. Macmillan Co. $2.50 net.
Robert Louis Stevenson: A Bibliography of His
Complete Works. By J. Herbert Slater. 12mo,
46 pages. Macmillan Co. 75 cts. net.
EDUCATION.
The Training? of a Working Boy. By H. S. Pelham,
M.A. ; with Foreword by the Lord Bishop of
Birmingham. Illustrated, 12mo, 158 pages. Mac-
millan Co. $1.25 net.
Dr. Montessori's Own Handbook. By Maria Mon-
tessori. Illustrated, 12mo, 121 pages. F. A.
Stokes Co. $1. net.
A Path to Freedom in the School. By Norman Mac
Munn, B.A. 12mo, 162 pages. Macmillan Co.
60 cts. net.
A History of Philosophy. By Frank Thilly. 8vo,
612 pages. Henry Holt & Co.
Bacteriology for Nurses. By Isabel Mclsaac, R.N.
12mo, 179 pages. Macmillan Co. $1.25 net.
Physics of the Household. By Carleton John Lynde,
Ph.D. Illustrated, 12mo, 313 pages. Macmil-
lan Co. $1.25 net.
The Beginner's Garden Book: A Textbook for the
Upper Grammar Grades. By Allen French.
Illustrated, 12mo, 402 pages. Macmillan Co.
$1. net.
Burke's Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Dis-
contents. Edited by W. Murison, M.A. 16mo,
162 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
A First German Grammar. By George O. Curme.
Illustrated, 12mo, 282 pages. Oxford University
Press. 90 cts. net.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Letters of a 'Woman Homesteader. By Elinore
Pruitt Stewart. Illustrated, 12mo, 282 pages.
Houghton Mifflin Co. $1.25 net.
A History of Penal Methods: Criminals, Witches,
Lunatics. By George Ives, M.A. 8vo, 409 pages.
F. A. Stokes Co.
Complete Auction Bridge. By A. R. Metcalfe. Illus-
trated, 16mo, 188 pages. Browne & Howell Co.
$1.50 net.
Nurses for Our Neighbors. By Alfred Worcester,
M.D. 12mo, 267 pages. Houghton Mifflin Co.
$1.25 net.
The Story of the Panama Canal. By Logan Mar-
shall. Illustrated in color, etc., 8vo, 358 pages.
John C. Winston Co.
The Elements of New Testament Greek: A Method
of Studying the Greek New Testament, with
Exercises. By H. P. V. Nunn, M.A. 12mo, 204
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Phonetic Spelling: A Proposed Universal Alphabet
for the Rendering of English, French, German,
and All Other Forms of Speech. By Harry John-
ston. 12mo, 92 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Social Dancing of To-day. Demonstrated by John
Murray Anderson, with illustrations by Troy and
Margaret West Kinney. Large 8vo, 49 pages.
F. A. Stokes Co. $1. net.
The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion.
By J. G. Frazer, Litt.D. Part IV., Adonis, Attis,
Osiris, Vols. I. and II. Third edition, revised and
enlarged; large 8vo. Macmillan Co. $6. net.
Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. By Edward
Westermarck. Large 8vo, 422 pages. Macmillan
Co. $3. net.
The Business of Farming. By William C. Smith.
Illustrated, 8vo, 292 pages. Stewart & Kidd Co.
$2. net.
Table Decorations and Delicacies: A Complete
Handbook for the Hostess. By Hester Price.
Illustrated, 8vo. John C. Winston Co. $2. net.
The County Library: The Pioneer County Library
(The Brumback Library of Van Wert County,
Ohio) and the County Library Movement in the
United States. By Saida Brumback Antrim and
Ernest Irving Antrim, Ph.D. Illustrated, 8vo,
306 pages. Van Wert: Pioneer Press.
The Changing Order: Essays on Government, Mo-
nopoly, and Education, AVritten during a Period
of Readjustment. By George W. Wickersham.
12mo, 287 pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons. $1.25 net.
Latin Quantity and Accent in the Pronunciation of
Latin. By F. W. Westaway. 12mo, 111 pages.
G. P. Putnam's Sons.
The Physician in English History. By Norman
Moore, M.D. 12mo, 57 pages. G. P. Putnam's
Sons.
Animals in Social Captivity. By Richard Clough
Anderson. Illustrated, 12mo, 96 pages. Stew-
art & Kidd Co. $1.25 net.
Kindred and Clan in the Middle Ages and After:
A Study in the Sociology of the Teutonic Races.
By Bertha Surtees Philpotts, M.A. 8vo, 302
pages. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Novel "Ways of Entertaining. By Florence Hull
Winterburn, and Others. 12mo, 212 pages.
Harper & Brothers. $1. net.
Camping and Camp Cooking. By Frank A. Bates.
New and revised edition; illustrated, 16mo, 128
pages. Boston: Ball Publishing Co. 75 cts. net.
The Physical Examination and Training- of Chil-
dren. By Charles Keen Taylor. Illustrated,
12mo, 99 pages. John C. Winston Co. $1. net.
The Story of a Manuscript. By Henry H. Harper.
Svo, 29 pages. Privately Printed.
Tender Buttons: Objects, Food, Rooms. By Ger-
trude Stein. 16mo, 78 pages. New York: Claire
Marie. $1. net.
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Address Boston Transcript, E. V., BOSTON, MASS.
Heine's Atta Troll
Translated by HERMAN SCHEFFAUER ;
with introduction by DR. OSCAR LEVY,
and illustrations by WILLY POGANY.
An admirable translation of the famous
poetic satire that applies to political con-
ditions of all times and countries. $1.25 net.
B. W. HUEBSCH, Publisher
225 Fifth avenue, New York
GENEALOGY OF THE WARNE FAMILY IN AMERICA. A most
interesting- and valuable history of this old American family,
beginning with Thomas Warne, one of the Twenty-four Propri-
etors of East New Jersey. One hundred or more other families
connected by marriage are carefully recorded. Valuable mate-
rial on the early history of New Jersey is also contained therein.
Profusely illustrated. Prices : in cloth, $6.50 ; three-quarters
Morocco, $8.50. Also Warne Arms and Lord Arms, $1.00 each.
Address REV. GEORGE W. LAB AW, R. R. No. 1, PATERSON, N. J.
JUST PUBLISHED
THE MECHANICS OF LAW MAKING
By COURTENAY ILBERT, G.C.B.
Clerk of the House of Commons.
12mo, cloth, pp. viii + 209. $1.50 net.
This volume will appeal to all who are interested in
improving the form of legislation.
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LEMCKE AND BUECHNBR, Agents
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1914]
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THE DIAL
[June 16
WAR
BORDWELL'S LAW OF WAR BETWEEN BELLIGERENTS
Read ap on the laws of war. Intensely interesting.
Giving history of war practice between nations.
Oomrnencement of war. Opening hostilities.
Effect of war. Franco- German war. Russo-Jap-
anese war. War in South Africa, etc.. etc.
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520 THE DIAL [June 16, 1914
Salient Philosophical Problems
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