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From  the  collection  of  the 


o  PreTinger 

i     a 

JLJibrary 

p 


San  Francisco,  California 
2006 


ESTABLISH 

LAWRENCE 


THE    DIAL 


A  Fortnightly  Journal  of 


Literary  Criticism,  Discussion,  and  Information 


Public  Library 


VOLUME  LIX 

JUNE  24  TO  DECEMBER  23,  1915 


CHICAGO 

THE  HENRY  O.  SHEPARD  CO. 
1915 


7^7^ 


INDEX  TO  VOLUME  LIX 

PAGE 

ACTING,  CLASSICS  ON  THE  ART  OF H.  C.  Chat  field-Taylor 564 

A.  L.  A.  CONFERENCE,  THE Arthur  E.  Bostwick 8 

AMERICA,  THE  MAKING  OF William  V.  Pooley 367 

AMERICAN  DRAMA,  AN,  OF  THE  18TH  CENTURY William  B.  Cairns 60 

AMERICAN  NATURALIST,  A  GREAT T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 16 

AMERICAN  NOVELISTS,  SOME,  AND  THE  LAME  ART    .    .     .     .    H.  W.  Boynton 548 

AMERICAN  ONE- ACT  PLAYS,  RECENT Homer  E.  Woodbridge Ill 

AMERICAN  POLITICS,  THE  NEW  SPIRIT  IN Frederic  Austin  Ogg 62 

AMERICAN  THOUGHT,  THE  FINE  FLOWER  OF William  Morton  Payne 83 

ASTRONOMER,  A  GREAT,  MEMORIALS  OF Mabel  Loomis  Todd 488 

BELGIUM'S  POET-LAUREATE Benj.  M.  Woodbridge 152 

BLUE-STOCKINGS,  THE,  AND  THEIR  INFLUENCE Martha  Hale  ShacTcford     ....  105 

BOOKS  OF  THE  AUTUMN  SEASON,  1915 199 

BUDDHIST  PSYCHOLOGY L.  W.  Cole 322 

CARLYLE    REDIVIVUS Alex.  Mackendrick 483 

CHILDREN  OF  THE  CITY T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 103 

CHRISTIANITY'S  FIERCEST  ANTAGONIST James  Taft  Hatfield 144 

"  CRITIC,  THE  GENTEEL,"  A  WORD  ON H.  W.  Boynton 303 

CRITICS,  A  BREVIARY  FOR Herbert  Ellsworth  Cory     ....  98 

DANTE  IN  A  NEW  TRANSLATION W.  H.   Carruth 372 

DE  PROFUNDIS Alex.  Mackendrick 376 

DIPLOMAT  OF  THE  GOLDEN  RULE,  THE W.  H.  Johnson 411 

DRAMA  IN  ENGLISH,  THE  NEW Helen  McAfee 415 

EDUCATION,  A  PRAGMATIC  ILLUMINATION  OF Thomas  Percival  Beyer 109 

ELBA,  WATERLOO,  ST.  HELENA Henry   E.   Bourne 318 

EMERSON  STUDIED  FROM  His  JOURNALS Charles  Milton  Street 214 

ESSAYS,  CRITICAL,  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY J.  Paul  Kaufman 218 

ESSAYS  AND  ESSAYISTS Charles  Leonard  Moore  .....  45 

ESSAYS  IN  MINIATURE William  Morton  Payne 148 

EXEGI  MONUMENTUM:    RUPERT  BROOKE Charles  H.  A.  Wager    .    .    .    .    .  605 

FAMILIES,  Two  FAMOUS,  A  CENTURY'S  RECORDS  OF  .     .     .     .     T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 263 

FERNSEED,  ON  THE  EATING  OF Charles  Leonard  Moore     ....  591 

FICTION,  RECENT Edward  E.  Hale  .    421,  495,  573,  615 

FICTION,  RECENT William  Morton  Payne  63,  219,  328,  379 

FLAUBERT,  THE  ROMANTICISM  OF Lewis  Piaget  Shanks 316 

GALSWORTHY,   JOHN Edward  E.  Hale 201 

GARDENER,  THE  AMATEUR  .     .            T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 419 

GERMAN  STATE  SOCIALISM,  TRIUMPHS  OF Frederic  Austin  Ogg 566 

GREECE,  RELICS  OF  THE  BRONZE  AGE  IN Frederick  Starr 58 

HISTORY,  A  NEW  PHILOSOPHY  OF Carl  Becker 146 

HISTORY  As  IT  Is  POPULARIZED Isaac  Joslin  Cox 612 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS,  1915 497,  575,  618 

INCOME  AND  ITS  DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES  .     .    .    David  T.  Thomas 212 

INDIANS,  SLAVE-HOLDING,  IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR Walter  L.  Fleming 216 

IRVING-BREVOORT  LETTERS,  THE William  B.  Cairns 491 

JAPANESE  PEOPLE,  AN  AUTHORITATIVE  HISTORY  OF  THE    .     .    Payson  J.  Treat 270 

JAPANESE  PRINTS,  THE  FASCINATION  OF Frederick  W.  Gookin 373 

JEWELS,  MAGIC  CHARMS  AND Helen  A.  Clarke 610 

LIFE,  FINDING  ONESELF  IN Alex.   Mackendrick 20 

LITERARY  HISTORY,  A  CURIOSITY  IN Benj.  M.  Woodbridge 571 

LITERATURE  AND  HISTORY Fred  Morrow  Fling 493 

LONDON,  LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN J.  C.  Squire 306,  404,  549 

LYRIC  LORD,  THE Charles  Leonard  Moore      .    \     .     .  401 

"  MOVIES,"  OLD  AND  NEW,  THE H.  C.  Chatfield-Taylor 17 

MORRIS,  WILLIAM,  AND  THE  WORLD  TO-DAY T.  D.  A.  Cockerell 545 

Music,  THE  INNER  LIFE  OF Louis  James  Block 155 

"  NATION,  THE,"  JUBILEE  OF 86 

PAINTING,  THE  NEW Grant   Showerman 486 

PARIS,  LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN Theodore  Stanton  .     .     .     356,  474,  593 

PARSIFAL  LEGEND,  A  NEW  VERSION  OF  THE M.  Goebel 377 


INDEX 


PETRARCH   AGAIN W.  P.  Reeves    .     .     .    . 

PLAYS  OF  WAR  AND  LOVE,  RECENT Homer  E.  Woodbridge  . 

POETRY,  RECENT Raymond  M.  Alden  .     . 

"  PREPAREDNESS,"  CASSANDRA-VOICES  OF Edward  Krehbiel  .     .    . 

PUBLISHER  AND  MAN  OF  ACTION,  RECOLLECTIONS  OF  A  .     .     .  Charles  Leonard  Moore  . 

RUSSIA,  THE  NEW Frederic  Austin   Ogg     . 

SHAKESPEARE,  BACONIZING Samuel  A.  Tannenbaum 

SHAKESPEAREANA,  FRAGMENTA Samuel  A.  Tannenbaum 

SHAW,  BERNARD,  SENSE  AND  NONSENSE  ABOUT Archibald  Henderson 

SHORT  STORIES,  THE  BEST Charles  Leonard  Moore  . 

SOUTH  AMERICAN  NEIGHBORS,  OUR Walter  L.  Fleming    .  .  . 

STEVENSON,  NEW  VIEWS  OF Clark  S.  Northup  .     .    . 

"  STORY,  JUST  A  NICE  " H.  W.  Boynton     .     .     . 

STYLE,  THE  PUGNACIOUS Percy  F.  Bicknell  .    .    . 

THE  PITY  OF  IT! William  Morton  Payne  . 

THOREAU,  THE  MODERN Henry  Seidel  Canby  .     . 

VIENNESE  PLAYWRIGHT  IN  ENGLISH,  A Winifred  Smith     .     .     . 

VIRGINIA,  THE  STORIED  BUILDINGS  OF Fiske  Kimball  .... 

VISIONARY,   A   DIVINE Arthur  Damson  Ficke    . 

VOCATION,  THE  GREAT Grant   Showerman     .     . 

WAR,  THE  GREAT,  DIPLOMACY  AND James  W.  Garner  .    .     . 

WAR,  THE  GREAT,  SOCIALISM  AND Thomas  Percival  Beyer  . 

WAR,  SCORCHED  WITH  THE  FLAMES  OF Wallace  Rice     .... 

WASHINGTON,  THE  BUILDING  OF Fiske  Kimball  .... 

WORLD,  THE  FEDERATION  OF  THE T.  D.  A.  Cockerell     .    . 


26, 


PAGE 
418 

325 
271 
416 
366 
264 
567 
320 
210 
133 
150 
561 
471 
353 
5 

54 

267 

614 

323 

253 

107 

56 

22 

269 

609 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS,  1915 228,  284 

SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG,  1915 507 

CASUAL  COMMENT 9,  47,  87,  136,  203,  256,  308,  358,  405,  475,  551,  596 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 30,  66,  156,  221,  276 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 31,  67,  113,  158,  222,  277,  329,  379,  423 

BRIEFER  MENTION 72,  118,  226,  281,  334,  428 

NOTES 34,  72,  118,  162,  226,  282,  334,  383,  428,  510,  580,  624 

TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS 74,  120,  164,  283,  430,  581 

LISTS  OF  NEW  BOOKS 35,  74,  121,  164,  243,  288,  336,  385,  430,  512,  582,  625 


CASUAL  COMMENT 


PAGE 

Academy-Making:,  A  Word  about 552 

American  Novel,  The  Unwritten 309 

"  Androcles  and  the  Lion  "  in  Germany 479 

Aphoristic  Wisdom ". 408 

Art,  The  Asceticism  of 11 

Austrian  Index  Librorum  Prohibitorum,  The 600 

Author's  Thirst  for  Applause,  The 308 

Autographs,  Valuable,  An  Arrested  Auction  Sale  of 10 

Bibles  and  Bombs 601 

Book-Borrowers,  A  Concession  to  Delinquent 361 

Book-Borrowers'  Responsibilities 311 

Book-Buyers,  A  Pathetic  Appeal  to 408 

Book-Buying  in  Times  of  Stress 206 

Book-Collecting  While  You  Wait 91 

Book-Collector,  How  to  Become  an  Expert 50 

Book-Reading  Habit,  Statistics  Concerning  the 360 

Books,  Misplaced   . . , 49 

Books,  Our  Ancestors'  Respect  for 49 

Books,  The  Deceitfulness  of  Appearances  in 479 

Bookland,  The  Induction  of  Children  into 91 

Byronic  Discovery,  A 139 

Card  Catalogue,  A  New  Use  for  the 258 

Carnegie  Institution  Publications 600 

Cataloguer,  Perplexing  Problems  for  the 598 

Cataloguing,  Cooperative,  A  New  Development  in 10 

Censorship,   Simple  Simons  of  the 553 

Clergymen,  The  Favorite  Reading  of 260 

Culture,  Superimposed   47 


PAGE 

Dana  Centennial,  The 89 

Dictionary-Maker,  The  Death  of  a 88 

Dramatic  Renascence,  The 475 

Economy,  A  Questionable 360 

Editorial  Initiative 136 

"  Education,  Universal,  The  Greatest  Menace  to  " 553 

Educational  Efforts,  Abortive. 310 

Encyclopaedic  Research,  A  Monument  of 60 

Essayists,  A  Prize  Competition  for 408 

Fiction,  Forbidden,  The  Fascination  of 477 

Fiction,  Implacable  Foes  to 406 

Fonetics,  Frenzied  555 

Franklin's  Epitaph    139 

French  Literary  Genius  as  Food  for  Cannon 257 

Fruitlands,  The  Restoration  of 138 

Gems  of  Purest  Ray  Serene 554 

Hall  of  Fame,  Seventeen  Selected  Candidates  for  the 12 

"  Hamlet,"  A  Hamletless 310 

History,  Embroidered  311 

How  to  be  Happy  though  Rejected 359 

Humor,  Learned,  A  Curious  Specimen  of 312 

Imagism  and  Plagiarism 476 

India's  First  Library  Exhibition 407 

"  Insects'  Homer,  The  " 358 

Italian  Patriotism,  An  Incentive  to 140 

Japan's  Annual  Book-Trade 90 

Jubilee,  A  Quarter-Millennial 477 

Juvenile  Literature,  Safety  First  in 478 


INDEX 


PAGE 

Knights,  Plumed 60 

Language,  Purging  a,  by  Fire 138 

Language,  Universal,  The  Birth-Pangs  of  a 206 

Lexicographer's  Lament,  A 360 

Lexicography  in  War  and  Peace 90 

Library,  a  Large,  Agonies  of  "  Moving  Day  "  in 269 

Library,  A  Windmill  Converted  into  a 310 

Library  Administration,  Novelties  in 88 

Library,  Art  in  the 139 

Library- Building,  A  New  Suggestion  in 601 

Library  Buildings,  A  Defence  of  Fine 655 

Library  Economy  in  Holland,  Instruction  in 261 

Library  History,  American,  A  Notable  Chapter  in 809 

Library,  Public,  Commission  Government  and  the 136 

Library  Service,  Half  a  Century  of 407 

Library,  The,  as  an  Aid  to  Efficiency 61 

Life,  The  Real  Things  of 260 

Lincoln  Manuscript,  The  History  of  a 598 

Lincoln's  Many  Biographies,  Not  the  Least  of 311 

Lissauer's  Literary  Lapse 259 

Literary  Artists  in  the  Trenches 260 

Literary  Effort  in  the  South,  A  Spur  to 87 

Literary  Hints  to  the  Vacant-Minded 206 

Literary  Honor,  A  Graceful  Acknowledgment  of  a 551 

Literary  Recreations,  A  Statesman's 204 

Literature,  A  Contribution  to  the  Curiosities  of 554 

Literature,  A  Nation's  Unfaith  in  its  Own 48 

Literature,  An  Embargo  on 552 

Literature,  Good,  Endowments  that  Aid  the  Cause  of 204 

Literature,  The  Consolations  of 9 

Literature,  The  Sifting  of 206 

Longfellow  House,  The 91 

Mind  and  Body,  The  Simultaneous  Nutrition  of 256 

Mirth,  The  Mission  of 137 

Murray,  Sir  James,  Some  Anecdotes  of  the  Late 553 

"  National  Book  Fortnight,"  A 600 

Nippon,  In  Somnolent 140 

"  Notes  and  Queries,"  The  Fate  of 597 

"  Novels,  Best,  in  the  English  Language,"  A  Surprising 

Abundance  of 203 

"  Old  Nassau  "   . .    600 

Perfection,  The  Path  to 11 

Periodicals,  Unpopular 267 


PAGE 

Philological  •  Frenzy  359 

Poetic  Vision  and  Grim  Reality 312 

Poetry,  Periodical,  The  Year's 477 

Pratt,  Bill,  Saw-Buck  Philosopher 552 

Publishing  and  Bookselling  Arts  and  Crafts,  A  National 

Home  for  the 90 

Publishing  Business,  Enterprise  in  the 406 

Publishing  Firm,  an  Old,  The  Last  Member  of 188 

Reading  and  Studying,  The  Difference  between 51 

Reading  by  the  Clock 308 

Reading  in  Bed 268 

Reading  with  the  Eyes 554 

Reference  Work,  The  Most  Voluminous,  in  the  World 478 

Romance  Outdone  by  Reality 599 

Russian  Literature,  Revived  Interest  in 204 

Russia's  Dearth  of  Books  and  Libraries 137 

Scribe,  the  Patient,  Our  Debt  to 478 

Sedgwick,  Arthur,  The  Tragic  End  of 87 

Serbians,  The  Poetic 361 

Shakespeare  Tercentenary,  The 598 

Shakespeare,  The  Russian  Peasants'  Appreciation  of 49 

Skimpole,  Harold,  Once  More 89 

South  Africa's  Favorite  Author 268 

Speech,  Rustic,  The  Vigor  of 90 

Spellers,  Simplified,  The  Geographical  Distribution  of...  140 

Staircase  Wit 599 

Stevenson  at  Saranac 88 

Style,  The  Potency  of 359 

Tauchnitz  Series,  A  Continuation  of  the 206 

Textbooks,  Better,  at  Lower  Price 476 

Thoreau,  Reminiscent  of 87 

Tsingtau,  The  University  of 91 

University  Library  Buildings,  Dedication  of  the  Finest  of  48 

University,  The  Autonomous 406 

Verse,  Martial,  The  Secret  of  Success  in 407 

War,  Higher  Learning  as  Affected  by.  the 358 

War's  Devastation  in  the  Field  of  Letters  and  Learning. .  205 

War's  Ugliest  By-Products,  One  of 596 

Warsaw's  Literary  Treasure. 260 

Widener  Library,  Another  Word  about  the 11 

Woman  Librarian,  The  Psychological  Wherefore  of  the. . .  259 
Writing,  Easy,  and  Hard  Reading,  Exceptions  to  the 

Rule  of   551 


AUTHORS  AND  TITLES  OF  BOOKS  REVIEWED 


Abbott,   Eleanor  Hallowell.     The  Indiscreet  Letter 157 

Abbott,    Ly  man.      Reminiscences 618 

Abel,  Annie  H.     The  American  Indian  as  Slave  Holder..   216 

Adams,  Frank  R.     Five  Fridays 157 

Altgeld,  John  Peter.     Oratory,  new  edition 33 

Anderson,  Ada  Woodruff.     The  Rim  of  the  Desert 66 

Andrews,  Mary  Raymond  S.     The  Three  Things 623 

Andreyev,  Leonid.     The  Sorrows  of  Belgium 326 

Armstrong,  Edward  C.     Elliott  Monographs 316 

Artzibashef,  Michael.     Breaking-Point 378 

Averill,  Mary.     The  Flower  Art  of  Japan 620 

Baden-Powell,  Sir  Robert.     Memories  of  India 618 

Bailey,  L.  H.  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture,  revised  edition.  225 
Baker,  C.  H.  Collins.  Art  Treasures  of  Great 'Britain ...  498 
Balfour,  Graham.  Life  of  Stevenson,  revised  edition ....  563 
Ball,  W.  Valentine.  Reminiscences  of  Sir  Robert  Ball...  488 

Balmer,  Edwin.     The  Wild  Goose  Chase 276 

Barbour,   Ralph  Henry.     Heart's  Content 606 

Barnes,  James,   and   Kearton,   Cherry.     Through  Central 

Africa     158 

Barney,  J.  Stewart.     L.  P.  M 66 

Barr,  Amelia  E.     The  Measure  of  a  Man 222 

Barr,  Amelia  E.     Three  Score  and  Ten 618 

Barrie,  J.  M.     Der  Tag ;    or,  The  Tragic  Man 325 

Bassett,  Sarah  W.     The  Taming  of  Zenas  Henry 221 

Bax,  E.  Belfort.  German  Culture,  Past  and  Present. ...  72 
Baxter,  James  P.  The  Greatest  of  Literary  Problems .  .  .  567 

Baynes,  Ernest  H.     Wild  Bird  Guests 677 

Beard,  Mary  R.     Woman's  Work  in  Municipalities 32 

Becke,  A.  F.     Napoleon  and  Waterloo 318 

Becker,  Carl  L.     Beginnings  of  the  American  People ....   367 

Beggs,  Gertrude  H.     The  Four  in  Crete 619 

Bell,  Lilian.     The  Story  of  the  Christmas  Ship 579 

Belloc,  Hilaire.  High  Lights  of  the  French  Revolution . .  493 
Benjamin,  S.  G.  W.  Life  and  Adventures  of  a  Free  Lance  223 

Bennett,  Arnold.     The  City  of  Pleasure 156 

Bennett,  Arnold.     These  Twain 573 

Bennett,  Helen  C.     American  Women  in  Civic  Work. . . .   118 


Benson,  Arthur  Christopher.     Escape,  and  Other  Essays.   329 

Beresford,  J.  D.     The  Invisible  Event 66 

Bernhardi,  General  von.    Germany  and  England 31 

Bianchi,  Martha  G.  D.    The  Kiss  of  Apollo 157 

Bigelow,  Poultney.     Prussian  Memories 618 

Bindloss,  Harold.     Harding  of  Allenwood 328 

Binns,  Henry  B.     The  Free  Spirit 29 

Binyon,  Laurence.     The  Winnowing  Fan 272 

Black,  Hugh.     The  New  World 579 

"Bliss,  Reginald."     Boon:     The  Mind  of  the  Race 278 

Blossom,  F.  A.    La  Composition  de  Salammbo 316 

Boardman,  Mabel  T.    Under  the  Red  Cross  Flag 578 

Bodkin,  M.  McD.     Recollections  of  an  Irish  Judge 380 

Bostwick,  Arthur  E.     Making  of  an  American's  Library.  280 
Bowen,  Louise  de  Koven.     Safeguards  for  City  Youth . . .   103 

Bowen,  Marjorie.     Prince  and  Heretic 221 

Bowen,  Marjorie.     The  Carnival  of  Florence 221 

Brangwyn,  Frank.     A  Book  of  Bridges 497 

Brinkley,  F.     A  History  of  the  Japanese  People 270 

Brooke,   Rupert,   Collected  Poems  of 605 

Browne,    Francis    Fisher.      Every-Day    Life    of    Lincoln, 

new  and  cheaper  edition 428 

Bruce,  H.  Addington.     Sleep  and  Sleeplessness 114 

Bryan,  Wilhelmus  B.    History  of  the  National  Capital . .   269 
Bugbee,  L.  H.    Man  Who  Was  Too  Busy  to  Find  the  Child  623 

Burnett,  Frances  Hodgson.     The  Lost  Prince 495 

Butler,  Mrs.  John  Wesley.    Historic  Churches  in  Mexico.   499 

Bynner,  Witter.     The  New  World 275 

Calhoun,  Dorothy  D.     Blue  Gingham  Folks 623 

Canfield,  Dorothy.     The  Bent  Twig 616 

Capper,   Alfred.     A   Rambler's   Recollections   and   Reflec- 
tions       618 

Carmichael,  Orton  H.     The  Shadow  on  the  Dial 506 

Carrington,  FitzRoy.     The  Quiet  Hour 506 

Carter,  W.  H.     The  American  Army 417 

Gather,  Willa  Sibert.     The  Song  of  the  Lark 496 

Chamberlain,  Joshua  L.     The  Passing  of  the  Armies 575 

Champney,  Elizabeth  W.     Romance  of  Old  Belgium 619 


INDEX 


Chase,  Mrs.  Lewis.  A  Vagabond  Voyage  through  Brittany  501 

Churchill,  Winston.  A  Far  Country 63 

Clark,  Barrett  H.  British  and  American  Drama  of  To-day  416 

Clarke,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Paris  Waits :  1914 24 

Cobb,  Irvin  S.  Speaking  of  Operations 623 

Cohen,  Helen  Louise.  The  Ballade 117 

Coleman,  A.  Flaubert's  Literary  Development 316 

Columbia  University  Dramatic  Museum  Publications, 

second  series  564 

Conklin,  Edward  G.  Heredity  and  Environment  in  the 

Development  of  Men 332 

Converse,  Florence.  The  Story  of  Wellesley 502 

Coriat,  Isador  H.  The  Meaning  of  Dreams 114 

Cornford,  Frances.  Spring  Morning 272 

Cotterill,  H.  B.  Medieval  Italy 575 

Cowan,  Sada.  The  State  Forbids 326 

Cram,  Ralph  Adams.  Heart  of  Europe 498 

Crockett,  S.  R.  Hal  o'  the  Ironsides 276 

Crothers,  Rachel.  A  Man's  World 326 

Cruse,  Amy.  Robert  Louis  Stevenson 563 

Dall,  William  H.  Spencer  Fullerton  Baird 16 

Dalrymple,  Leona.  Jimsy  the  Christmas  Kid 623 

Dana,  John  Cotton.  Modern  American  Library  Economy, 

Part  XVII  334 

Davis,  Fannie  Stearns.  Crack  o'  Dawn 273 

Davis,  Philip.  Street-Land 104 

Dawbarn,  Charles.  Makers  of  New  France 70 

Day,  Holman.  The  Landloper 329 

Dejeans,  Elizabeth.  The  Life-Builders 66 

Deming,  Seymour.  The  Pillar  of  Fire 579 

Desmond,  Humphrey  J.  The  Glad  Hand 622 

Dewey,  John  and  Evelyn.  Schools  of  To-morrow 109 

De  Witt,  Benjamin  P.  The  Progressive  Movement 62 

Dickens's  Christmas  Carol,  illus.  by  Arthur  Rackham...  506 
Dickinson,  Edward.  Music  and  the  Higher  Education...  156 
Dickinson,  Thomas  H.  The  Case  of  American  Drama. . . .  415 

Dickinson,  Thomas  H.  Wisconsin  Plays Ill 

Dimick,  Howard  T.  Photoplay  Making 17 

Dimock,  Anthony  W.  Wall  Street  and  the  Wilds 619 

Dix,  Beulah  Marie.  Across  the  Border Ill 

Dodd,  William  E.  Expansion  and  Conflict 370 

Donnay,  Maurice.  Lovers;  The  Free  Woman;  They...  327 

Douglas,  Norman.  Old  Calabria 500 

"  Downie,  Vale."  Robin  the  Bobbin 623 

Dreiser,  Theodore.  The  "  Genius  " 422 

Du  Bois,  W.  E.  B.  The  Negro 334 

Duncan,  Norman.  Australian  Byways 501 

Durham,  W.  H.  Critical  Essays  of  the  18th  Century 218 

Dwight,  H.  G.  Constantinople,  Old  and  New 500 

Dyer,  Walter  A.  Early  American  Craftsmen 620 

Eberlein,  Harold  D.  Architecture  of  Colonial  America. .  497 

Edgeworth,  Edward.  The  Human  German 71 

Edmonds,  Franklin  S.  Ulysses  S.  Grant 114 

Eliot,  Charles  W.  The  Training  for  an  Effective  Life 425 

Eliot,  Thomas  D.  Juvenile  Court  and  the  Community...  104 

Ellis,  Mrs.  Havelock.  Love  in  Danger 327 

Elson,  Arthur.  The  Book  of  Musical  Knowledge 620 

Epler,  Percy  H.  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton 575 

Ervine,  St.  John  G.  Alice  and  a  Family 222 

Eydoux-D&nians,  Mme.  M.  In  a  French  Hospital 278 

"  Eye-Witness's  Narrative  of  the  War  " 25 

Eyre,  John  R.  The  Mona  Lisa 223 

Fay,  Lucy  E.,  and  Eaton,  Anne  T.  Instruction  in  the 

Use  of  Books  and  Libraries 70 

Fay,  P.  B.,  and  Coleman,  A.  Sources  and  Structure  of 

Flaubert's  Salammbo  316 

Ficke,  Arthur  Davison.  Chats  on  Japanese  Prints 373 

Ficke,  Arthur  Davison.  Sonnets  of  a  Portrait-Painter. .  30 

Firkins,  O.  W.  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 214 

Fletcher,  John  G.  Irradiations  :  Sand  and  Spray 27 

Foote,  Mary  Hallock.  The  Valley  Road 276 

Foulke,  William  D.  Some  Love  Songs  of  Petrarch 418 

Fox,  Edward  L.  Behind  the  Scenes  in  Warring  Germany  23 
France,  Anatole.  The  Man  who  Married  a  Dumb  Wife..  328 
Francke,  K.  A  German-American's  Confession  of  Faith.  113 
Frank,  Maude  M.  Short  Plays  about  Famous  Authors..  118 

Fraser,  Mrs.  Hugh.  Storied  Italy BOO 

French,  Allen.  Old  Concord 501 

"  Freydon,  Nicholas,  The  Record  of  " 159 

Frost,  Robert.  North  of  Boston 274 

Galsworthy,  John.  A  Bit  o'  Love 328 

Galsworthy,  John.  The  Freelands 219 

Gardner,  Lillian.  Cupid's  Capers 623 

Garnett,  Porter.  Stately  Homes  of  California 498 

Garrison,  Fielding  H.  John  Shaw  Billings 113 

Garstin,  Denis.  Friendly  Russia 266 


PAGE 

Giesy,  J.  U.     All  for  His  Country 67 

Girling,  Katherine  P.    When  Hannah  Var  Eight  Yar  Old  623 

Glaspell,    Susan.      Fidelity 66 

Goodman,  Kenneth  Sawyer.     Stage  Guild  Plays 112 

Gordon,  I.  L.,  and  Frueh,  A.  J.     The  Log  of  the  Ark...  580 

Gorgas,  W.  C.     Sanitation  in  Panama 225 

Gorky,   Maxim.     My   Childhood 503 

Gorky,   Maxim.     Submerged 326 

Graham,  Stephen.     Russia  and  the  World 266 

Graham,  Stephen.     Way  of  Martha  and  Way  of  Mary...  621 

Grant,  Robert.     The  High  Priestess 423 

Green,  F.  E.     The  Surrey  Hills 576 

Grey,   Zane.     The  Rainbow  Trail 157 

Gwynn,  Stephen.     Famous  Cities  of  Ireland 500 

Hadley,  Arthur  T.     Undercurrents  in  American  Politics.  37& 

Hagedorn,  Hermann.     Makers  of  Madness Ill 

Hall,  H.  R.     JEge&n  Archaeology 58 

Hallet,  Richard  Matthews.     The  Lady  Aft 222 

Hamilton,  Clayton.     On  the  Trail  of  Stevenson 619 

Hammond,  B.  S.     Bodies  Politic  and  their  Governments.  333 
Hammond,  John  M.     Quaint  and  Historic  Forts  of  North 

America   577 

Hardy,  Thomas.     Satires  of  Circumstances 29 

Harris,  Frank.     Contemporary  Portraits 158 

Hart,  Albert  B.    Problems  of  Readjustment  after  the  War  424 
Hauptmann,   Gerhard.      Parsival,    trans,   by   Oakley  Wil- 
liams       377 

Hawkes,  Clarence.     Hitting  the  Dark  Trail 278 

Hawkins,  Chauncey  J.     The  Little  Red  Doe 623 

Hay,  Ian.     Scally 623 

Hay,  Ian.     The  Lighter  Side  of  School  Life 622 

Hay,  James,  Jr.     The  Man  Who  Forgot 31 

Healy,   Dr.   and  Mrs.  William.     Pathological  Lying,  Ac- 
cusation,   and    Swindling 426 

Hedin,  Sven.    With  the  German  Armies  in  the  West 22 

Hellman,  George  S.     Letters  of  Irving  to  Brevoort 491 

Henderson,  Charles  R.     Citizens  in  Industry 277 

Henshaw,  Julia  W.    Wild  Flowers  of  the  North  American 

Mountains    621 

Herts,    B.    Russell.      The    Decoration    and    Furnishing   of 

Apartments     279 

Hewlett,  William.    A  Child  at  the  Window 220 

Hobson,  J.  A.     Towards  International  Government 609 

Hodges,  George.    Henry  Codman  Potter 504 

Hoeber,  Arthur.     The  Barbizon  Painters 499 

"Holgar,  Paxton."     From  the  Shelf 161 

Holland,  Leicester  Bodine.     The  Garden  Bluebook 577 

Holley,  Horace.     Creation 28 

Holme,    Charles,    and    Taylor,    E.    A.      Paris,    Past    and 

Present     576 

Hooker,    Brian.      Poems 273 

Hough,  Emerson.     Out  of  Doors 577 

Howard,  George  Bronson.     God's  Man 379 

Howard,  Keble.     Merry  Andrew 157 

Howe,  Daniel  W.     Political  History  of  Secession 117 

Howe,  Frederic  C.     Socialized  Germany 566 

Hrebelianovich,     Princess     Lazarovich.       Pleasures     and 

Palaces     503 

Hubback,  John.     Russian  Realities 266 

Hudson,  William  H.     Adventures  among  Birds 577 

Hudson,  William  H.     A  Quiet  Corner  in  a  Library 381 

Hughes,  Rupert.     Empty  Pockets 64 

Hunter,  Frederick  W.     Stiegel  Glass 71 

Hunting,  Harold  B.    The  Story  of  Our  Bible 505 

Hurgronje,  C.  Snouck.     The  Holy  War 34 

Husband,  Joseph.    America  at  Work 622 

Hutton,  Edward.     Attila  and  the  Huns 427 

Infanta  Eulalia  of  Spain.     Court  Life  from  Within 503 

Innes,  Arthur  D.     History  of  England,  Vol.  IV 425 

James,  George  Wharton.     Our  American  Wonderlands...  619 

Jane,  L.  Cecil.    The  Interpretation  of  History 146 

Job,  Herbert  K.     Propagation  of  Wild  Birds 116 

Joffre,  General.     My  March  to  Timbuctoo 69 

Johnson,   Allen.     Union  and  Democracy 369 

Johnson,  Clifton.     Battleground  Adventures  in  Civil  War  621 

Johnson,  Clifton.    Highways  and  Byways  of  New  England  576 

Johnson,  Henry.     Dante's  The  Divine  Comedy 372 

Johnston,  Henry  Phelps.    Nathan  Hale,  1776,  new  edition  225 

Johnston,  R.  M.     Arms  and  the  Race 416 

Jones,  Doris  Egerton.    Time  o'  Day 67 

Kallen,  H.  M.     William  James  and  Henri  Bergson 382 

Kelland,  Clarence  B.     Into  His  Own 623 

Kellner,  Leon.     American   Literature 33 

Kellor,  Frances  A.     Out  of  Work 114 

King,  Mrs.  Francis.     The  Well-Considered  Garden 419 


INDEX 


PAGE 

King,  Willford  I.     The  Wealth  and  Income  of  the  People 

of  the  United  States 381 

Kinnicutt,  Lincoln  N.     To  Your  Dog  and  to  My  Dog 622 

Klein,  L'Abbe  Felix.     La  Guerre  Vue  d'une  Ambulance. .     25 

Knibbs,  H.  H.     Sundown  Slim 67 

Kreisler,  Fritz.     Four  Weeks  in  the  Trenches 24 

Kunz,  George  F.     The  Magic  of  Jewels  and  Charms 610 

Lane,  Mrs.  John.     Maria  Again 276 

Lancaster,  Robert  A.,  Jr.     Historic  Virginia  Homes  and 

Churches    614 

Larson,  Laurence  M.     Short  History  of  England 428 

Le  Gallienne,  Richard.     Vanishing  Roads 116 

Le  Rossignol,  J.  E.    Jean  Baptiste 276 

"Lee,  Vernon."    The  Ballet  of  the  Nations 621 

Lees,  Bertha.     Alfred  the  Truthteller 618 

Leupp,  Francis  E.    Walks  about  Washington 500 

Lewis,  A.  G.     Sport,  Travel,  and  Adventure 576 

Lewisohn,  Ludwig.     The  Modern  Drama 68 

Lincoln,  Abraham.     Discoveries  and  Inventions 622 

Lincoln,  Joseph  C.     Thankful's  Inheritance 157 

Litchfield,  Henrietta.     Emma  Darwin 263 

Locke,  William  J.     Jaffery 63 

London,  Charmian  K.    The  Log  of  the  Snark 501 

London,  Jack.     The  Scarlet  Plague 31 

Loughead,  Flora  H.     Life  of  Oscar  Lovell  Shafter 619 

Mach,  Edmund  von.     Germany's  Point  of  View 222 

Machen,  Arthur.     The  Bowmen 382 

Mackail,  J.  W.     Russia's  Gift  to  the  World 266 

Mackay,   Helen.     Accidentals 277 

Mackaye,  Percy.     The  Present  Hour 274 

Mackellar,  Dorothea.     The  Witch-Maid,  and  Other  Verses  272 

MacGill,    Patrick.      The   Rat-Pit 276 

MacMunn,  G.  F.     A  Freelance  in  Kashmir 116 

MacVeagh,  Mrs.  Charles.     Fountains  of  Papal  Rome 499 

McCabe,  Joseph.     George  Bernard  Shaw 210 

McCarter,  Margaret  H.     The  Corner  Stone 623 

McFarland,  J.  Horace.     My  Growing  Garden 505 

McSpadden,  J.  Walker.    Opera  Synopses,  enlarged  edition  506 

Marden,  Orison  Swett.     Woman  and  Home 506 

Marquand,  Allan.     Luca  della  Robbia 161 

Marshall,  Archibald.    The  House  of  Merrilees 221 

Marvin,  Frederic  Rowland.     Fireside  Papers 578 

Mason,  Eugene.     A  Book  of  Preferences  in  Literature. . .   326 

Mason,  Walt.    Horse  Sense 506 

Masters,  Edgar  Lee.     Spoon  River  Anthology 28 

Maugham,  W.  Somerset.     Of  Human  Bondage 220 

Maxim,  Hiram  S.     My  Life 115 

Maxim,  Hudson.     Defenseless  America 416 

Maybeck,  Bernard  R.     Palace  of  Fine  Arts  and  Lagoon . .   500 

"Me" 157 

Middleton,   George.     Possession 112 

Miyamori,  Asataro.     Tales  from  Old  Japanese  Dramas . .   504 

Methley,  Violet,     Camille  Desmoulins 504 

Montague,  Margaret  Prescott.     Closed  Doors 427 

Montaigne's  Essay  on  Friendship  and  XXIX  Sonnets  by 

Estienne  de  la  Boetie,  translated  by  Louis  How 579 

Moore,   Charles  Leonard.     Incense  and  Iconoclasm 148 

Moth,  Axel.     Technical  Terms  Used  in  Bibliographies . . .  281 

Muir,  William.     The  Caliphate,  revised  edition 428 

Mulder,  Arnold.     Bram  of  the  Five  Corners 157 

Mullgardt,    Louis    C.      The   Architecture   and    Landscape 

Gardening  of  the  Exposition 500 

Munson,  Arley.     Kipling's  India 620 

"  Nation's   Library,   The  " 72 

Nearing,    Scott.      Income 212 

Neeser,  R.  W.     Our  Navy  and  the  Next  War 417 

Neuhaus,  Eugen.     The  Art  of  the  Exposition 499 

Neuhaus,  Eugen.     The  Galleries  of  the  Exposition 499 

Newman,   Cardinal.     The  Dream  of  Gerontius,   with  In- 
troduction by   Gordon   Tidy 621 

Newton,  R.  Heber.     The  Mysticism  of  Music 155 

Nietzsche,  Frau  Forster.     The  Life  of  Nietzsche,  Vol.  II.   144 

Noguchi,  Yone.    The  Spirit  of  Japanese  Art 68 

"  Noguchi,  Yone,  The  Story  of,"  illus.  by  Yoshio  Markino  330 

Norris,  Kathleen.     The  Story  of  Julia  Page 615 

Northend,  Mary  H.     Remodeled  Farmhouses 498 

Noyes,  Alfred.     A  Belgian   Christmas  Eve 325 

O'Brien,  Howard  Vincent.     "  Thirty" 221 

O'Connor,  Mrs.  T.  P.     Dog  Stars 505 

"  Old  English  Mansions  " 226 

Olmstead,  Florence.     A  Cloistered  Romance 65 

Oppenheim,  E.  Phillips.     The  Way  of  These  Women 222 

Orczy,  Baroness.     A  Bride  of  the  Plains 222 

Ordway,  Edith  B.     The  Opera  Book 620 

Oswald,  Felix.     Alone  in  the  Sleeping-Sickness  Country.   333 
Palmer,  Bell  Elliott.    The  Single  Code  Girl 276 


PAGE 

Palmer,  John.     Bernard  Shaw:  Harlequin  or  Patriot?..  212 

Palmer,  John.     Peter  Paragon 616 

Parker,  Gilbert.     The  Money  Master 496 

Parrott,  J.  Edward.     The  Pageant  of  British  History 502 

Parrott,  J.  Edward.     The  Pageant  of  English  Literature.   579 

Paxson,  Frederic  L.     The  New  Nation 370 

Peel,  Mrs.  C.  S.     Mrs.  Bamet  Robes 30 

Pennell,  Joseph.     Pictures  in  the  Land  of  Temples 499 

Pennell,  Joseph  and  Elizabeth.     Lithography  and  Lithog- 
raphers    497 

Perin,  Florence  Hobart.     Sunlit  Days 506 

Perry,  Bliss.     Thomas  Carlyle 483 

Petrovich,  W.  M.    Hero  Tales  and  Legends  of  the  Serbians  505 

Phillips,  Stephen.     Panama,  and  Other  Poems 271 

Pierce,  F.  E.    Selections  from  Symbolical  Poems  of  Blake  323 

Plunket,   lerne.     Isabel  of  Castile 618 

Potter,  Elizabeth  G.,  and  Gray,  Mabel  T.     The  Lure  of 

San  Francisco   499 

Powell,  E.  Alexander.     The  Road  to  Glory 612 

Preston,  W.  T.  R.    Strathcona  and  the  Making  of  Canada    71 
Prince,  L.  B.     Spanish  Mission  Churches  of  New  Mexico.  576 

Putnam,  George  Haven.     Memories  of  a  Publisher 366 

Putnam,  George  H.     Tabular  Views  of  Universal  History  118 

Putnam,  James  J.     Human  Motives 114 

Raymond,  George  L.     An  Art  Philosopher's  Cabinet ....   426 

Reade,  Arthur.     Finland  and  the  Finns 501 

Reese,  A.  M.     The  Alligator  and  its  Allies 281 

Rhodes,  Harrison.     In  Vacation  America 501 

Rhys-Davids,  Mrs.  C.  A.  F.     Buddhist  Psychology 322 

Rinehart,  Mary  Roberts.     "  K  " 222 

Ritchie,  Mrs.  David  G.    Two  Sinners 221 

Rittenhouse,  Jessie  B.     Little  Book  of  American  Poets . . .   679 

"  Riverside  History  of  the  United  States  " 367 

"  Robert's  Rules  of  Order  Revised  " 118 

Robinson,  Albert  G.     Cuba,  Old  and  New 576 

Roessler,  Erwin.     The  Soliloquy  in  German  Drama 226 

Rogers,  Robert.     Ponteach,  edited  by  Allan  Nevins 60 

Rohmer,  Sax.     The  Yellow  Claw 222 

Rohrbach,  Paul.     Germany's  Isolation 31 

Ross,  Edward  Alsworth.    South  of  Panama 150 

Ryan,  Kate.     Old  Boston  Museum  Days 502 

Ryan,  Oswald.     Municipal  Freedom 115 

Sabatier,  Paul.     The  Ideals  of  France 277 

Sabatini,  Rafael.     The  Sea-Hawk 329 

Safroni-Middleton,  A.     Sailor  and  Beachcomber 564 

Sardou,  Victorien.     Patrie  ! 326 

Sargent,  Porter  E.     Handbook  of  Best  Private  Schools..   334 

Sarolea,  Charles.     The  Anglo-German  Problem 67 

Schnitzler,  Arthur.     Playing  with  Love 267 

Schnitzler,   Arthur.     Professor  Bernard! 267 

Schnitzler,  Arthur.     The  Green  Cockatoo 267 

Schnitzler,  Arthur.     The  Lonely  Way 268 

Schnitzler,  Arthur.     Viennese  Idylls 268 

Schoff,  Hannah  Kent.     The  Wayward  Child 103 

Sears,  Annie  L.    The  Drama  of  the  Spiritual  Life 423 

Sears,  Clara  E.     Bronson  Alcott's  Fruitlands 32 

Service,  Robert  W.     The  Pretender 276 

Shackleton,  Robert.     Conwell's  Acres  of  Diamonds 580 

"  Shattuck's  Parliamentary  Answers  " 118 

Shaw,  Anna  Howard.     The  Story  of  a  Pioneer 332 

Shelton,  Louise.     Beautiful  Gardens  in  America 621 

Sherrill,    Charles    H.      French    Memories    of   Eighteenth- 
Century  America 602 

Sinclair,  Upton.     The  Cry  for  Justice 376 

Smith,  E.  M.     Investigation  of  Mind  in  Animals 381 

Smith,  F.  Hopkinson.     Felix  O'Day 495 

Smith,   Langdon.     Evolution:    A  Fantasy 623 

Smith,  Thomas  F.  A.     The  Soul  of  Germany 281 

Sologub,   Fedor.     The   Sweet-Scented  Name 605 

"  Some  Imagist  Poets  " 26 

Souttar,  H.  S.     A  Surgeon  in  Belgium 24 

Speakman,  Harold.     The  First  Christmas 622 

Spence,  Lewis.     Hero  Tales  and  Legends  of  the  Rhine. .   578 

"  Statesman's   Year-Book,"   1915 226 

Steiner,  Edward  A.    Introducing  the  American  Spirit 579 

Step,  Edward.     Marvels  of  Insect  Life 330 

Stephens,  James.     Songs  from  the  Clay. . .] 272 

Stewart,  Elinore  Pruitt.    Letters  on  an  Elk  Hunt 382 

Stone,   Gilbert.     Wales 502 

Stoner,  Winifred  Sackville,  Jr.     Natural  Education 33 

Stopes,  Mrs.  C.  C.     Shakespeare's  Environment 320 

Stowell,  Ellery  C.     The  Diplomacy  of  the  War  of  1914..   107 

Stratton-Porter,  Gene.     Michael  O'Halloran 222 

Stratz,  Rudolph.    His  English  Wife 31 

Strettell,  Alma.     Poems  of  Verhaeren,  enlarged  edition.   155 
Strindberg,  August.     Master  Olof 333 


via 


INDEX 


PAGE 

"  Stultitia  " 418 

Sullivan,  Mark.     National  Floodmarks 427 

Swift,  Judson.    A  Song  Old  and  New 623 

Swinnerton,  Frank.     R.  L.  Stevenson 561 

Thayer,  William  R.    The  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Hay..   411 
Thomas,  Mrs.   Theodore.     Our  Mountain  Garden,   second 

edition    420 

Thoreau,  Writings  of,   "Riverside  Pocket  Edition" 54 

Thorpe,  Merle.     The  Coming  Newspaper 160 

Thurstan,  Violetta.     Field  Hospital  and  Flying  Column . .     25 

Tinker,  Chauncey  B.     The  Salon  and  English  Letters 105 

Tompkins,  Juliet  Wilbor.     Diantha 67 

Toulmin,  Harry  A.    City  Manager :   A  New  Profession ...     69 

Trail,  Florence.     A  History  of  Italian  Literature 571 

Train,  Arthur.     The  Man  Who  Rocked  the  Earth 31 

Tregarthen,  John  C.     The  Story  of  a  Hare 505 

Tregarthen,  John  C.     The  Life  Story  of  an  Otter 505 

True,  Ruth  S.     Boyhood  and  Lawlessness,  and  The  Neg- 
lected Girl 104 

Turley,  Charles.     The  Voyages  of  Captain  Scott 504 

Upward,  Allen.     Paradise  Found 212 

Van  Loon,  Hendrik  W.     Rise  of  the  Dutch  Kingdom 117 

Veblen,   Thornstein.     Imperial   Germany   and   the   Indus- 
trial  Revolution    331 

Verrill,  A.  Hyatt.     Isles  of  Spice  and  Palm 620 

Vinogradoff,  Paul.     The  Russian  Problem 265 

Vizetelly,   Frank  H.      Essentials   of  English   Speech   and 

Literature 224 

Voute,  Emile.     The  Passport 379 

Wald,  Lilian  D.     The  House  on  Henry  Street 578 

Wales,  Hubert.    The  Brocklebank  Riddle 31 

Waley,  Adolf  F.    The  Remaking  of  China 280 

Walker,  J.  Bernard.     America  Fallen ! 417 

Walling,  William  English.     The  Socialists  and  the  War. .     56 


PAGE 

"  War  Book  of  the  German  General  Staff  " 160 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphry.     Eltham  House 422 

"  Wayfarer's    Library,    The  " 159 

Webster,   Marie  D.     Quilts 498 

Wells,  H.  G.     The  Research  Magnificent 421 

Wentworth,   Marion   Craig.     War  Brides Ill 

Westcott,  Frank  N.     Hepsey  Burke 67 

Westervelt,  William  D.     Legends  of  Old  Honolulu 580 

Wharton,  Anne  H.     English  Ancestral  Homes  of  Noted 

Americans    578 

Whipple,  Wayne.     The  Heart  of  Lincoln 623 

Wiener,  Leo.     An  Interpretation  of  the  Russian  People. .  264 

Wiggin,  Kate  Douglas.     Penelope's  Postscripts 157 

Wilde,   Percival.     Dawn 112 

Williams,  H.  Noel.     Rival  Sultanas 540 

Williams,  Sherman.     New  York's  Part  in  History 502 

Wilson,  Woodrow.     When  a  Man  Comes  to  Himself 20 

Winter,  William.     Vagrant  Memories 503 

Wister,  Owen.     The  Pentecost  of  Calamity 380 

Woodberry,  George  E.     Two  Phases  of  Criticism 98 

Woodbridge,  Elisabeth.     More  Jonathan  Papers 505 

Woodruff,  Helen  S.     Mr.  Doctor  Man 623 

Worcester,  Elwood.     The  Issues  of  Life 622 

Work,  Edgar  Whitaker.     Every  Day 622 

Work,  Edgar  W.     The  Folly  of  the  Three  Wise  Men 623 

Wright,  Willard  Huntington.     Modern  Painting 486 

Wynne,  Arnold.     The  Growth  of  English  Drama 72 

"  Year-Book  of  Decorative  Art,"  for  1915 226 

Young,  C.  C.     Abused  Russia , 266 

Young,  J.  T.     New  American  Government  and  its  Work.  279 

Young,  Norwood.    Napoleon  in  Exile  at  Elba 319 

Young,  Norwood.     Napoleon  in  Exile  at  St.  Helena 319 

Zangwill,  Israel.     Plaster  Saints 327 

Zweig,  Stefan.     Emile  Verhaeren 152 


MISCELLANEOUS 


Allegory,  A  Plea  for.  Morris  Schaff 141 

Allen,  Dr.,  A  Word  for.  Margaret  A.  Friend 53 

Authors'  Agencies,  Mr.  Benson  and.  Robert  H.  Edes....  482 

Authors  and  Knighthood.  Noel  A.  Dunderdale 97 

Book  Publishing  in  England  in  War  Time 73 

"  Book  of  France,  The,"  Publication  of 120 

Bross  Prize,  The  Second  Decennial 335 

Bryant,  A  Few  Facts  about.  John  L.  Hervey 861 

Bryant  and  "  The  New  Poetry."  John  L.  Hervey 92 

"  Bryant  and  the  New  Poetry."  Harriet  Monroe 814 

Bryant,  Some  Further  Remarks  about.  John  L.  Hervey  555 

Bryant,  William  Cullen,  Again.  Harriet  Monroe 479 

College  Commercialized,  The.  Clark  S.  Northup 209 

Concordance  Society  Issues,  Some  Prospective 73 

"  Contemporary  Verse,"  The  First  Number  of 581 

Crowell,  Thomas  Young,  Death  of 119 

Diphthongs,  Dr.  Vizetelly  and.  Wallace  Rice 365 

Diphthongs,  More  about.  Frank  H.  Vizetelly  and  Wallace 

Rice  559 

D'Ooge,  Martin  Luther,  Death  of 283 

Edmands,  John,  Death  of 384 

German  War  Book,  The.  Saml.  A.  Tannenbaum 262 

German  War  Book  Again,  The.-  The  Reviewer 364 

Hawthorne's  Short  Stories  in  Japan.  Ernest  W.  Clement  410 

Hervieu,  Paul,  Death  of 429 

Holder  ^  Charles  Frederick,  Death  of 384 

Holder  Chair  of  Biology,  The  Recently  Endowed 581 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  Publications  of  the. 

J.  Seymour  Currey 143 

Imagism  and  Plagiarism.  Arthur  Davison  Ficke 560 

Imagist  to  the  Defence,  An.  John  Gould  Fletcher 96 

Indians  in  the  Civil  War.  John  C.  Wright 315 

Japan,  Books  in.  Ernest  W.  Clement 604 

Knopf,  Alfred  A.,  New  Publishing  House  of 163 

"  La  Revue  de  Hollande,"  The  First  Number  of 163 

Librarian  as  Literary  Critic,  The.  Bernard  C.  Steiner...  480 

"  Maarten  Maartens,"  Death  of 120 

Meyer,  Kuno,  and  the  Harvard  Prize  Poem.  F.  P 53 

Michigan  Dutch  in  Fiction,  The.  H.  Houston  Peckham. . .  209 
Moody,  William  Vaughn,  and  William  Blake.  Wm.  Chis- 

lett,  Jr 142 

Murray,  Sir  James,  Death  of,, and  the  Oxford  Dictionary  511 
Necessity,  The  Law  of.  S.  A.  Tannenbaum  and  C.  M. 

Street 481 


Negro,  A  Southern  Tribute  to  a.  Garland  Greever 409 

"  News  Notes  of  California  Libraries  " 227 

Once  in  a  Blue  Moon.  Alma  Luise  Olson 557 

"  Oxford  Dictionary,"  Editorial  Changes  in  the  Staff  of. .  581 

Petrarch's,  A  Friend  of.  Theodore  Stanton 209 

Philippine  Library,  Bulletins  of  the 34 

Phillips,  Stephen,  A  Proposed  Testimonial  to.  Erskine 

MacDonald  365 

Phillips,  Stephen,  Death  of 624 

Poetry,  The  Imperishable  Elements  of.  Louis  C.  Marolf . .  207 
Policies,  Present-Day,  Ancient  Precedents  for.  David  Y. 

Thomas  142 

"  Ponteach,"  The  Author  of.  W.  H.  S •. .  97 

"  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  The  New 227 

Pronunciation  and  Poetry.  Robert  J.  Shores 482 

Prophecy,  An  Interesting.  Alfred  M.  Brooks 604 

Putnam,  John  Bishop,  Death  of 384 

"  Religion  of  Science  Library,"  The 35 

"  Sanine,"  The  Author  of.  A  Reader 365 

Shakespeare  and  the  New  Psychology.  S.  A.  Tannenbaum  601 

Short  Story,  Elements  of  the.  I.  M.  Rubinow 262 

Starr,  Frederick,  Expedition  of,  to  Japan  and  Korea 511 

"  Technical  Book  Review  Index,"  First  Number  of  the.  . .  383 

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McSimpson  315 

Tinayre,  Madame,  War  Novel  of.  Benj.  M.  Woodbridge . .  408 

Translator's  Error,  A.  A.  H.  Fisher 53 

Vocational  Training  and  Citizenship.  Orvis  C.  Irwin. . . .  363 

Washington,  Booker  T.,  Death  of 512 

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Vol.  LIX. 


JUNE  24,  1915 


No.  697 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


THE  PITY  OF  IT!     William  Morton  Payne    .     .       5 
THE  A.  L.  A.  CONFERENCE.     Arthur  E.  Bost- 

wicTc 8 

CASUAL  COMMENT 9 

The  consolations  of  literature. — An  arrested 
auction  sale  of  valuable  autographs. — A  new 
development  in  cooperative  cataloguing. — The 
path  to  perfection. — Another  word  about  the 
Widener  Library. —  The  asceticism  of  art. — 
Seventeen  selected  candidates  for  the  Hall  of 
Fame. 

COMMUNICATIONS 12 

The    Growth    of    the    Whitman    "  Legend." 

John  L.  Hervey. 
The  Wisconsin  University  Survey.      William 

H.  Allen. 
A  GREAT  AMERICAN  NATURALIST.     T.  D. 

A.  Cockerell 16 

THE  "  MOVIES  "  OLD  AND  NEW.    H.  C.  Chat- 
field-Taylor      17 

FINDING  ONESELF  IN  LIFE.    Alex.  Maclcen- 

drick 20 

SCORCHED   WITH   THE   FLAMES   OF  WAR. 

Wallace  Rice 22 

Hedin's  With  the  German  Armies  in  the  West. 

—  Fox's  Behind  the  Scenes  in  Warring  Ger- 
many.— Kreisler's  Four  Weeks  in  the  Trenches. 

—  Souttar's   A    Surgeon    in   Belgium. —  Mrs. 
Clarke's    Paris    Waits:      1914.— Klein's    La 
Guerre  Vue  d'une  Ambulance. — 'Eye-Witness's 
Narrative  of  the  War. — Misa  Thurstan's  Field 
Hospital  and  Flying  Column. 

RECENT  POETRY.     Raymond  M.  Alden       .     .     26 
Some  Imagist  Poets. — Fletcher's  Irradiations. 

—  Holley's  Creation. —  Masters's  Spoon  River 
Anthology. —  Hardy's     Satires     of     Circum- 
stance.—  Binns's   The    Free    Spirit. —  Ficke's 
Sonnets  of  a  Portrait-Painter. 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 30 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 31 

Two  German  apologists. —  The  story  of  a 
short-lived  community. — Civic  work  of  women 
in  America. —  Our  literature  estimated  by  a 
foreigner. —  The  development  of  an  infant 
phenomenon. — An  orator  on  his  art. —  Ger- 
many and  the  "  Holy  War." 

NOTES 34 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  35 


THE  PITY  OF  IT! 


The  passion  aroused  in  the  German  breast 
last  August,  when  it  became  evident  that  En- 
gland, the  old-time  champion  of  the  menaced 
liberties  of  Europe,  had  no  intention  of  evad- 
ing its  honorable  obligations  toward  Belgium 
and  France,  and  viewed  treaties  as  being  dis- 
tinctly something  more  than  scraps  of  paper, 
was  characterized  by  a  peculiar  form  of  petu- 
lance. We  read  with  sorrowful  amusement  of 
the  Kaiser's  actions  in  casting  off  the  various 
honorary  distinctions  bestowed  upon  him  in 
happier  times  by  the  English  government,  and 
in  thus  reducing  to  a  considerable  extent  the 
number  of  costumes  in  his  wardrobe.  A  more 
serious  matter  was  offered  by  the  many  Ger- 
man scholars  who  forthwith  disclaimed  any 
further  membership  in  the  scientific  and  lit- 
erary associations  of  the  enemy  nations,  and 
flung  back  upon  the  donors  their  medals  and 
degrees  and  official  titles.  While  this  act,  also, 
was  so  childish  as  to  be  amusing,  it  had  besides 
a  very  serious  and  ominous  aspect,  for  it  be- 
tokened a  rupture  in  the  intellectual  common- 
wealth that  was  bound  to  work  much  mischief 
long  after  the  warring  peoples  should  have 
come  to  terms  upon  the  battlefield.  To  many 
of  us,  this  was  the  most  harrowing  thought  of 
the  war  —  the  thought  that  the  world's  comity 
of  intercourse  in  things  spiritual,  the  strongest 
bond  of  brotherhood  that  civilization  has  estab- 
lished among  men,  was  likely  to  be  shattered  as 
regarded  the  nation  to  which  the  rest  of  the 
world  is  in  so  many  fields  of  achievement  so 
heavily  indebted.  The  thought  weighed  intol- 
erably upon  those  whom  culture  had  broad- 
ened to  world-mindedness,  and  who  were 
brought  by  it  to  a  more  poignant  sense  of  the 
meaning  of  warfare  than  is  possible  to  the 
homme  sensuel  moyen  who  eggs  on  the  com- 
batants from  narrow  motives  of  pelf  or  mis- 
guided patriotism. 

The  thing  was  not  without  precedent.  We 
recall  the  similar  amenities  which  were  a  by- 
product of  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  We 
recall,  for  example,  the  case  of  Pasteur,  who 
returned  his  diploma  to  the  University  of 
Bonn,  saying :  "  Now  the  sight  of  that  parch- 
ment is  odious  to  me,  and  I  feel  offended  at 


6 


THE    DIAL 


[ June  24 


seeing  my  name,  with  the  qualification  of 
Virum  clarissimum  that  you  have  given  it, 
placed  under  a  name  which  is  henceforth  an 
object  of  execration  to  my  country,  that  of 
Rex  Gulielmus."  The  counter  was  neat  and 
emphatic :  "  The  undersigned,  now  Principal 
of  the  Faculty  of  Medicine  at  Bonn,  is  re- 
quested to  answer  the  insult  which  you  have 
dared  to  offer  to  the  German  nation  in  the 
sacred  person  of  its  august  Emperor,  King 
Wilhelm  of  Prussia,  by  sending  you  the  expres- 
sion of  its  entire  contempt.  P.  S.  Desiring 
to  keep  its  papers  free  from  taint,  the  Faculty 
herewith  returns  your  screed." 

It  was  Renan,  however,  rather  than  Pas- 
teur, who  carried  off  the  honors  in  these 
exchanges  of  diplomatic  notes  between  the 
great  powers  of  European  scholarship.  His 
correspondence  with  D.  F.  Strauss  offers  a 
masterpiece  of  the  delicate  and  deadly  satire, 
or  caustic  irony,  which  no  stylist  but  a  French- 
man could  possibly  have  at  his  command. 
Commenting,  nearly  a  year  later,  upon  the  fact 
that  Strauss  had  published  the  correspondence 
in  a  pamphlet,  Renan  said : 

"  It  is  true  that  you  have  done  me  an  honor  which 
I  am  bound  to  appreciate.  You  yourself  have 
translated  my  reply  and  included  it  with  your  two 
letters  in  a  pamphlet.  You  have  had  this  pamphlet 
sold  for  the  benefit  of  an  establishment  for  wounded 
German  soldiers.  God  forbid  that  I  should  quibble 
upon  a  point  of  literary  property !  The  charity  to 
which  you  have  made  me  contribute  is  a  work  of 
humanity,  and  if  my  feeble  prose  has  been  instru- 
mental in  bestowing  a  few  cigars  upon  the  men  who 
looted  my  little  house  at  Sevres,  I  thank  you  for 
having  given  me  the  opportunity  to  conform  my 
conduct  with  certain  of  the  principles  of  Jesus  that 
I  believe  to  be  the  most  authentic.  But  I  must  call 
your  attention  to  a  delicate  distinction.  Assuredly, 
if  you  had  permitted  me  to  publish  one  of  your 
writings,  it  would  never  have  occurred  to  me,  never 
in  the  world,  to  do  it  for  the  benefit  of  our  Hotel 
des  Invalides." 

How  profoundly  Kenan's  nature  was  stirred 
by  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  and  how  poig- 
nantly he  felt  the  disruption  of  intellectual 
comity  that  it  inevitably  entailed,  may  be  seen 
on  many  a  page  of  his  "  Reforme  Intellectuelle 
et  Morale,"  from  which  the  above  passage  has 
been  translated.  This  is  indeed  a  volume  for 
the  present  times,  replete  with  wisdom,  and 
infused  writh  the  noblest  of  feeling.  We  read 
in  the  preface : 

"  It  had  been  the  dream  of  my  life  to  labor,  to 
the  extent  of  my  feeble  powers,  for  the  intellectual, 
moral,  and  political  alliance  of  France  with  Ger- 
many, an  alliance  that  should  bring  England  in  its 


train,  and  constitute  a  force  capable  of  ruling  the 
world,  directing  it  in  the  ways  of  liberal  civilization, 
equally  apart  from  the  naively  blind  impulses  of 
democracy  and  from  the  puerile  velleities  that 
would  have  it  retrace  its  steps  toward  a  past  that  is 
definitely  dead.  My  dream,  I  admit,  is  destroyed 
forever.  An  abyss  is  dug  between  France  and  Ger- 
many; centuries  will  not  avail  to  fill  it.  The  vio- 
lence done  to  Alsace  and  Lorraine  will  long  remain 
a  gaping  wound ;  the  guaranties  of  peace  dreamed 
by  German  journalists  and  statesmen  will  be  guar- 
anties of  wars  without  end.  .  .  What  we  loved  in 
Germany,  its  breadth  of  view,  its  lofty  conception 
of  humanity,  exists  no  longer.  Germany  is  now 
nothing  more  than  a  nation;  she  is  at  present  the 
most  powerful  of  nations ;  but  we  know  how  endur- 
ing are  these  hegemonies  and  what  they  leave 
behind  them." 

At  the  close  of  Kenan's  correspondence  with 
Strauss  comes  this  melancholy  refrain : 

"  France  is  about  to  say  with  your  Herwegh : 
'  Enough  of  that  sort  of  love ;  let  us  try  hatred  for 
a  change.'  I  shall  not  follow  her  in  this  new  course, 
the  success  of  which  may  be  doubted.  France  holds 
to  a  resolve  of  hatred  less  than  to  any  other.  In 
any  case,  life  is  too  short  for  it  to  be  wise  to  waste 
time  and  dissipate  energy  in  so  wretched  a  sport. 
I  have  toiled  in  my  humble  sphere  to  bring  about 
friendship  between  France  and  Germany;  if  now 
the  '  time  to  refrain  from  embracing '  has  come,  as 
the  Preacher  says,  I  will  withdraw.  I  will  not 
counsel  hatred  after  having  counselled  love;  I  will 
keep  silent." 

How  closely  all  these  old  matters  are  par- 
alleled in  the  present  tragic  hour  is  apparent 
to  every  reader  of  the  history  that  is  now  being 
made  from  day  to  day.  The  correspondence 
between  Strauss  and  Renan  finds  its  counter- 
part in  the  letters  exchanged  last  autumn 
between  Herr  Gerhart  Hauptmann  and  M. 
Romain  Rolland.  The  petulant  attitude  of 
German  scholarship  is  once  more  illustrated  by 
Professor  Kuno  Meyer,  who  has  recently  taken 
such  offence  at  some  poor  verses  of  anti- 
German  tenor  contributed  by  an  undergradu- 
ate to  the  "  Harvard  Advocate  "  that  he  has 
held  the  University  responsible  for  the  "  vile 
poem,"  and  indignantly  repudiated  the  plan 
to  make  him  an  "  exchange  professor  "  in  that 
institution  for  the  coming  year.  His  screed 
addressed  to  President  Lowell  speaks  of  "  this 
gratuitous  and  shameful  insult  to  the  honor 
and  fair  fame  of  a  friendly  nation,"  declares 
Harvard  and  its  President  to  be  "  branded 
before  the  world  and  posterity  as  abettors  of 
international  animosity,  as  traitors  to  the 
sacred  cause  of  humanity,"  expresses  the  hope 
that  "  no  German  will  again  be  found  to  accept 
the  post  of  exchange  professor  at  Harvard," 
and  voices  his  regret  that  he  himself  was  ever 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


induced  "  to  set  foot  in  the  defiled  precincts  of 
a  once  noble  university."  And  the  occasion  for 
this  outpouring  of  emotion  is  nothing  more 
than  the  fact  that  an  irresponsible  student,  in 
a  publication  entirely  controlled  by  students, 
has  written  in  a  sense  antagonistic  to  the  Ger- 
man cause !  Hinc  illce  lachrymcc.  Was  there 
ever  so  amazing  an  exhibition  of  childishness 
on  the  part  of  a  man  supposed  to  stand  for 
light  and  leading ! 

Such  matters  are  symptomatic  of  a  breach 
which  is  not  so  much  a  rift  within  the  lute  as 
an  unbridgeable  abyss — and  the  gulf  has  been, 
if  possible,  widened  by  the  attitude  of  the  Ger- 
man nation  toward  the  "Lusitania"  crime, 
frankly  adopting  and  defending  the  Black 
Hand  method  of  warfare,  and  openly  exulting 
in  its  ghastly  outcome.  The  intensity  of  the 
feeling  engendered  between  Germany  and  the 
powers  she  has  made  her  foes  finds  so  many 
illustrations  that  it  is  disheartening  to  think 
of  the  legacy  which  her  aggression  will  be- 
queath to  the  coming  generation.  What  hope 
can  there  be  of  a  resumption  of  friendly  rela- 
tions either  in  the  political  or  the  intellectual 
sphere  when  such  a  man  as  Professor  von  Ley- 
den  of  Berlin  can  utter  such  sentiments  as 
these : 

"  No  self-respecting  German  will  ever  consent  to 
remain  in  any  room  of  which  an  Englishman  is  the 
occupant.  If  the  German  can  not  eject  the  English- 
man he  will  himself  leave  the  room.  We  can  not  be 
expected  to  breathe  the  same  polluted  air  as  our 
deadliest  foes,  who  fell  upon  us  from  the  rear  and 
in  the  dark.  There  can  be  no  compromise  on  this 
point.  We  have  to  swear  a  national  vendetta 
against  the  English  never  to  rest,  never  to  cease  our 
preparations  for  another  war,  never  to  spare  an 
effort  until  the  last  semblance  of  English  power  is 
destroyed,  and  there  will  be  no  rest  or  repose  for 
any  honest  German  till  the  British  Empire  has  been 
swept  into  the  oblivion  of  past  history." 

The  virulence  of  hatred  found  in  'this  utter- 
ance and  in  the  famous  Hassgesang  is  typical 
of  the  German  attitude  in  its  present  aberra- 
tion. While  opinion  in  the  opposing  camps 
does  not  go  to  such  extremes,  it  is  nevertheless 
determined  on  the  question  of  future  relations 
with  the  enemy.  The  French  attitude  is  re- 
ported by  Mr.  Stoddard  Dewey,  who  knows  the 
contemporary  French  mind  in  all  its  workings, 
in  the  following  words:  "Whatever  may  be 
the  terms  which  France  will  have  to  accept  or 
which  will  be  imposed  on  Germany,  all  human 
relations  of  Frenchmen  with  Germans  have 
ceased  indefinitely.  .  .  Every  French  con- 
sciousness, erroneously  or  not,  is  filled  with 


too  keen  a  sense  of  intolerable  wrong  for 
human  intercourse  until  Time  the  Healer  has 
passed." 

Viewed  sub  specie  ceternitatis}  this  is  clearly 
an  impossible  situation,  but  it  is  one  that  will 
prolong  the  tragedy  of  the  present  clash  of 
arms  long  beyond  the  date  of  the  formal  treaty 
of  peace.  It  will  take  many  years  to  bind  up 
these  wounds,  and  bring  either  of  the  com- 
batants to  the  standpoint  of  "malice  toward 
none  and  charity  for  all."  But  the  intellec- 
tual severance,  we  feel  assured,  cannot  last 
forever ;  to  believe  that  it  will  so  last  is  to  take 
counsel  of  despair  and  to  reject  utterly  the 
unifying  ministry  of  idealism  to  the  over- 
wrought mind.  Perplexed  in  the  extreme 
though  the  issue  now  be,  the  future,  if  far  dis- 
tant, must  bring  a  return  to  acceptance  of  the 
faith  that  in  matters  of  the  spirit  all  the  races 
of  mankind  have  a  commonwealth  of  which  the 
franchise  is  offered  to  every  sincere  seeker 
after  goodness  and  truth  and  beauty.  Every 
indication  of  a  return  to  the  sanity  of  outlook 
in  this  vitally  important  matter  should  be  re- 
ceived with  generous  hospitality  as  a  welcome 
harbinger  of  the  reconciliation  that  the  future 
must  bring  as  an  atonement  for  the  distraught 
present.  Some  such  indications  are  already  at 
hand,  significantly  from  German  sources,  and 
we  trust  that  they  may  be  multiplied  before 
too  grievous  a  period  of  estrangement  shall 
have  intervened.  It  is  the  socialist  deputy 
Herr  Haenisch  from  whom  these  hopeful 
words  come:  "  There  has  been  some  talk  that 
in  future  German  science  and  art  must  lead 
their  own  life  and  that  foreign  scientific  work 
should  not  be  reviewed  in  German  periodicals. 
This  is  sheer  rubbish.  After  the  war  the 
nations  will  be  still  more  dependent  upon  one 
another  than  before,  and  without  the  fructify- 
ing influence  of  foreign  countries  our  national 
culture  will  wither."  And  it  is  the  "Frank- 
furter Zeitung"  which  asks  editorially: 
"  What  sense  is  there  in  German  professors  de- 
claring that  they  will  no  longer  collaborate 
with  this  or  that  scientific  institution  in  En- 
gland ?  Science  and  art  have  always  appeared 
as  the  common  possession  of  civilized  peoples, 
and  does  not  one  injure  one's  own  people  and  its 
science  by  sitting  on  the  stool  of  isolation  and 
by  breaking  off  scientific  intercourse?  "  Such 
utterances  as  these  show  that  the  seed  is  al- 
ready being  sown  of  a  future  comity  which  it 
should  be  the  sacred  mission  of  every  lover  of 
mankind  to  further  in  its  growth. 


8 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


In  April  of  last  year,  the  German  Shake- 
speare Society  celebrated  at  Weimar  the  birth- 
day of  the  poet.  It  was  an  international 
gathering,  with  guests  from  many  countries, 
England,  France,  and  Belgium  being  among 
those  represented.  The  delegates  came  to- 
gether in  the  best  of  good  fellowship,  joined  by 
the  common  bond  of  reverence  for  Shake- 
speare's genius.  They  parted  in  joyous  antici- 
pation of  their  next  reunion,  appointed  for 
1916  in  the  town  of  Stratford,  for  the  tercen- 
tenary of  Shakespeare's  death.  How  that 
dream  was  shattered  a  few  weeks  later  we  all 
know.  But  that  dream  stood  for  an  ideal  too 
precious  to  be  abandoned  —  the  ideal  of  an 
intellectual  community  of  interest  that  rises 
above  prejudice,  and  knows  no  passion  save 
that  of  devotion  to  the  high  concerns  of  the 
spirit.  One  of  the  privileges  of  mankind  lies 
in  "  beholding  the  bright  countenance  of  truth 
in  the  quiet  and  still  air  of  delightful  studies," 
and  it  is  intolerable  to  think  that  this  privilege 
is  to  be  renounced  because  the  fumes  of  anger 
have  dulled  men's  higher  faculties.  For  a 
time,  it  may  well  be,  such  intercourse  will  be 
held  in  abeyance,  but  it  must  in  the  end  be 
resumed,  and  those  who  speak  the  tongues  of 
Shakespeare  and  of  Goethe  must  come  to  real- 
ize that  they  cannot  do  without  one  another, 
and  that  no  people  on  earth  can  do  without 
them.  Let  us  pray  that  the  day  of  that  realiza- 
tion may  be  hastened,  and  "the  golden  years 
return."  Meanwhile,  pending  such  consum- 
mation, we  can  only  say  with  Othello,  "  Oh,  the 
pity  of  it!"  WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


THE  A.  L.  A.  CONFERENCE. 

The  thirty-seventh  annual  conference  of 
the  American  Library  Association,  just  com- 
pleted at  Berkeley,  Cal.,  has  been  marked  by 
all  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  a 
convention  in  an  exposition  year,  near  an 
exposition  town.  The  fair  induces  a  large 
gathering,  but  it  also  distracts.  Not  all  the 
librarians  who  registered  as  delegates  spent 
their  time,  or  most  of  it,  in  attendance  upon 
the  sessions  of  the  convention.  In  the  election 
of  officers  only  87  votes  were  cast,  although 
the  registered  attendance  was  about  700.  The 
absence  of  a  contest  partly  explains  this  dis- 
crepancy, but  not  entirely  so.  The  atmosphere 
of  the  meeting  was  perfect.  The  Univer- 
sity of  California  had  opened  its  hospitable 
doors  to  the  conference,  and  not  only  were 


general  and  sectional  meetings  held  in  its 
well-appointed  halls,  but  a  large  proportion 
of  the  delegates  found  accommodation  in  the 
fraternity  and  sorority  houses,  besides  those 
who  stayed  at  the  hotels  and  the  few  who  pre- 
ferred living  in  San  Francisco. 

There  were  the  usual  courtesies,  of  course. 
The  University  gave  a  reception  in  the  unique 
Hearst  gymnasium;  the  City  of  Oakland  en- 
tertained the  delegates  at  a  luncheon,  and  the 
authorities  of  Mills  College,  among  the  resi- 
dential hills  of  that  city,  opened  their  fine 
grounds  for  a  lawn  party.  The  exposition 
management  welcomed  the  Association  with  a 
brass  band,  behind  which  its  somewhat 
amused,  but  very  appreciative,  members 
marched  to  the  Court  of  the  Four  Seasons, 
where  they  received  official  welcome  on  a 
bronze  plaque,  and  the  freedom  of  the  fair. 

The  meeting  was  noteworthy  as  being  some- 
thing of  a  family  affair  among  the  members. 
No  outsider,  eminent  or  otherwise,  addressed 
it.  Even  California's  lieutenant-governor, 
announced  on  the  programme  to  speak  at  one 
of  the  sessions,  was  called  away  to  Sacramento 
by  urgent  state  business.  None  of  the  literary 
stars,  of  whom  California  has  more  than  one 
in  her  firmament,  intruded  his  presence  or 
extruded  his  opinions.  There  were  addresses 
on  books  and  on  printing  by  two  New  York- 
ers not  members  of  the  Association  —  Henry 
W.  Kent,  secretary  of  the  Metropolitan  Mu- 
seum, and  T.  M.  Cleland ;  but  these  gentlemen 
spoke  as  friends  of  libraries  and  lovers  of 
books,  rather  than  as  outsiders.  To  make  up 
for  the  absent  statesmen  and  litterateurs,  the 
Association  listened  to  some  of  the  best  that 
its  own  members  were  able  to  furnish.  Note- 
worthy among  the  papers  was  a  charmingly 
appreciative  critique  of  modern  poetry  by 
Miss  May  Massee,  editor  of  the  Association's 
"  Booklist,"  in  which  she  showed  that  poetry- 
is  to-day  coming  into  its  own,  if  we  are  to 
judge  by  the  increased  use  and  appreciation 
of  it  by  readers  in  our  public  libraries.  Mr. 
Richard  R.  Bowker,  the  veteran  editor  of 
"  The  Library  Journal,"  spoke  on  "  The  Func- 
tion of  the  Public  Library,"  sketching  the  his- 
tory of  the  New  York  Public  Library  as  a 
typical  example  of  library  development  —  a 
choice  perhaps  not  altogether  justified,  as  few 
institutions  can  boast  of  so  remarkable,  varied, 
and  interesting  a  history.  The  tendencies  of 
modern  library  architecture  were  sketched, 
with  pictorial  illustrations,  by  Mr.  Chalmers 
Hadley,  librarian  of  the  Denver  Public  Li- 
brary. The  trend  of  branch  library  develop- 
ment, according  to  Mr.  Hadley,  is  now  away 
from  the  "  butterfly  type,"  with  its  book  body 
and  adult  and  juvenile  wings,  about  which  we 


1915 


used  to  hear  so  much,  and  toward  a  rectangu- 
lar one- room  arrangement,  less  formal  and 
more  homelike.  This  is  doubtless  true,  but  it 
should  be  noted  that  this  arrangement  is 
hardly  suited  for  large  city  branches,  unless 
the  librarian  is  willing  to  exclude  adults 
altogether  from  his  ministrations.  In  such 
branches  we  cannot  yet  do  without  a  separate 
•children's  room.  For  large  central  buildings 
the  speaker  commended  a  kind  of  "  loft "  plan, 
with  few  fixed  partitions,  and  division  of 
book-stacks  into  sections  capable  of  easy  ex- 
pansion and  contraction.  This  type  of  library 
is  related  to  those  with  which  we  are  familiar, 
somewhat  as  the  Japanese  house  with  its 
screens  is  to  the  familiar  American  home.  It 
is  well  exemplified  in  the  new  library  of 
Springfield,  Mass.,  and  we  are  likely  to  see  a 
further  extension  of  it  in  the  Cleveland  build- 
ing, now  planning,  where  the  librarian  is  con- 
sidering the  abandonment  of  the  orthodox 
stack  room,  building  his  floors  strong  enough 
to  hold  book-shelves  wherever  he  may  want  to 
place  them.  Flexibility,  however,  is  not  the 
only  desideratum  in  a  library,  and  we  shall 
probably  still  continue  to  see  buildings  with 
fixed  partitions. 

Among  the  things  done  by  the  Association 
for  the  improvement  of  library  service 
throughout  the  country  were  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  to  cooperate  in  the  expansion 
of  the  Decimal  System  of  classification  —  a 
step  taken  with  the  expressed  approval  of 
Dr.  Melvil  Dewey,  the  author  of  the  system; 
the  extension  of  the  schedule  for  uniform 
statistical  reports  to  cover  the  activities  of  col- 
lege and  reference  libraries ;  and  the  authori- 
zation of  a  printed  manual  setting  forth  the 
general  rules,  and  especially  the  limitations, 
under  which  loans  of  books  between  one 
library  and  another  are  carried  out. 

The  election  of  officers  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  Miss  Mary  W.  Plummer  for  president — 
the  second  woman  who  has  held  the  office.  As 
head  of  the  Pratt  Institute  Library  School, 
and  later  of  the  school  established  by  the  New 
York  Public  Library,  Miss  Plummer  has  long 
been  a  conspicuous  figure  among  librarians, 
and  has  exercised  an  undoubted  and  valuable 
influence  on  the  progress  of  libraries  in  the 
United  States,  her  pupils  occupying  librarian- 
ships  or  other  responsible  positions  in  every 
state  of  the  union. 

The  final  session  witnessed  a  plea  for  a  more 
active  participation  by  libraries  in  pacificist 
propaganda.  The  speaker,  Mr.  George  F. 
Bowerman,  librarian  of  the  public  library  at 
"Washington,  D.  C.,  argued  that  the  library, 
as  an  essentially  peaceful  institution,  would  be 
only  adopting  a  measure  of  self-preservation 


by  stressing  the  value  of  peace  whenever  it 

could  do  so  in  its  activities.    In  the  discussion 

that  followed,  other  members  deprecated  an 

attempt  to  commit  libraries  in  favor  of  any 

i  movement,  no  matter  how  righteous,  arguing 

that  their  non-partisanship  is  their  most  valu- 

I  able  asset  and  that  departure  from  it  in  one 

;  instance  might  make  it  difficult  for  them  to 

I  resist  taking  sides  in  other  questions. 

An  immediate  result  of  this  discussion  was 
the  dispatch  of  a  message  from  the  Associa- 
tion to  President  Wilson,  conveying  its  sym- 
pathy and  expressing  confidence  that  what- 
ever course  he  might  pursue  in  the  present 
crisis  would  tend  ultimately  to  the  establish- 
ment of  international  peace.  While  this  seems 
unobjectionable,  some  members  expressed  an 
opinion  that  the  message  was  capable  of  inter- 
pretation as  urging  "  peace-at-any-price,"  and 
regretted  its  form  as  an  excursion  beyond 
those  professional  limits  which  such  a  body  as 
ours  usually,  with  great  propriety,  establishes 
for  its  actions  and  pronouncements. 

The  local  and  travel  arrangements  for  the 
convention  were  carried  out  with  unusual 
smoothness,  the  former  by  a  local  committee 
of  librarians  —  the  latter  by  the  Association's 
own  travel  committee.  Most  of  the  eastern 
delegates  proceeded  to  the  conference  by  spe- 
cial train  from  Chicago,  in  an  itinerary  em- 
bracing stops  at  Denver  and  Glenwood 
Springs,  Colo.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Riverside  and 
San  Diego,  Cal.,  for  the  inspection  of  local 
libraries  and  incidental  rest  and  refreshment. 
Altogether,  the  members  have  concluded 
that  neither  the  beauties  of  California's  scen- 
ery nor  the  hospitality  of  her  citizens  have 
diminished  since  their  last  visit,  four  years 

a»°-  ARTHUR  E.  BOSTWICK. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

THE  CONSOLATIONS  OF  LITERATURE,  like  those 
of  philosophy,  avail  but  little  against  the 
really  serious  ills  of  our  mortal  lot.  Neither 
literature  nor  philosophy  can  bake  bread  to 
feed  a  war-devastated  Belgium  or  Poland,  but 
what  little  a  good  book  can  do  to  render  less 
intolerable  the  consciousness  of  the  world's 
present  wretched  plight,  seems  to  be  appre- 
ciated by  not  a  few  who  are  much  nearer  to 
the  seat  of  the  hideous  gangrene  than  we  of 
the  western  world.  In  a  letter  from  Paris  to 
"  The  Book  Monthly,"  of  London,  Mr.  James 
Milne  says,  among  other  interesting  things: 
"Nearly  every  Frenchman  who  writes  is  at 
the  war,  or  doing  something  for  it  other  than 
writing.  Bookshops  which  were  closed  when, 
the  Germans  threatened  Paris,  have  gradually 


10 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


re-opened  and  are  doing  some  trade,  but  not 
very  much.  .  .  The  Frenchmen  and  French- 
women who  must  read,  because  reading  is 
part  of  his  or  her  nature,  are  turning  to  the 
old  masters,  to  the  classics,  the  old  familiar 
faces  in  print.  They  are  reading  Moliere,  and 
Mirabeau,  and  Victor  Hugo,  and  all  the  great 
ornaments  of  their  literature,  including  that 
living  master,  Anatole  France.  They  are 
reading  for  inspiration,  of  which  they  are 
themselves  full,  and  they  are  reading  for  the 
consolation  which  a  trusty  book  is  in  an  hour 
when  somebody  has  lost  somebody  near  and 
dear.  They  are  essentially  a  literary  people, 
the  French,  full  of  all  the  charm  which  we 
associate  with  the  pretty  page  of  a  good  book, 
so  scholarly  in  their  knowledge,  so  adept  at 
using  it,  so  logical  and  clear  in  their  style  of 
writing  and  their  manner  of  reading.  They 
combine  poesy  with  pure  reason,  and  the  sun 
shines  through  both  with  a  quality  which  is 
alike  clarifying  and  warming."  From  an- 
other source  of  information,  the  reports  of 
the  municipal  lending  libraries,  it  is  learned 
that  Paris  is  reading  many  more  books  than 
it  read  a  year  ago,  even  though  its  popula- 
tion has  been  diminished  by  several  hundred 
thousand  persons.  In  the  first  four  months  of 
this  year  the  libraries  circulated  more  than 
thirteen  thousand  volumes  in  excess  of  the 
circulation  for  the  same  period  last  year ;  and 
the  quality  of  the  reading  is  reported  to  be  as 
creditable  as  the  quantity.  If  the  war  is  thus 
really  turning  the  people,  or  even  a  small 
fraction  of  the  people,  back  to  the  best  things 
and  the  serious  things  in  literature,  it  is  ac- 
complishing at  least  a  grain  of  good  to  help 
offset  the  mountain  of  evil. 
•  •  • 

AN    ARRESTED    AUCTION    SALE    OF    VALUABLE 

AUTOGRAPHS  and  other  kindred  matter  is  one 
of  the  recent  events  of  interest  to  collectors 
of  literary  rarities.  The  lately  discovered 
"  Weare  Papers,"  lost  for  a  century  and  com- 
prising a  wealth  of  historical  material  of 
great  value,  were  to  have  passed  under  the 
hammer  —  a  part  of  them-,  at  least — in  Phila- 
delphia early  this  month;  but  an  injunction 
stopped  the  sale,  the  proper  ownership  of  the 
papers  being  in  dispute.  As  is  already  known 
to  many,  the  Weare  collection  takes  its  name 
from  Meshech  Weare,  first  governor  of  New 
Hampshire  after  the  Revolution,  and  it  is 
upon  the  early  history  of  that  State  that  these 
documents  will  be  found  to  throw  such  light 
as  probably  to  make  necessary  the  re-writing 
of  that  history.  As  Americana  of  inestima- 
ble worth,  their  sale  at  auction  would  have 
realized  a  very  pretty  fortune  for  the  person 
or  persons  now  claiming  their  ownership.  So 


far  as  has  yet  been  determined,  the  papers 
seem  to  have  come  not  quite  regularly  or 
legally  into  the  possession  of  Jacob  C.  Moore, 
an  early  historian  of  New  Hampshire,  asso- 
ciated with  John  Farmer  in  the  compilation 
of  Farmer  and  Moore's  "Historical  Collec- 
tions," and  this  Moore  left  the  material  to  his 
son  of  the  same  name,  who  in  turn  bequeathed 
it  to  a  kinsman,  Mr.  Frank  C.  Moore,  of 
Brooklyn,  in  whose  possession  a  part  of  it  was 
not  long  ago  discovered  by  persons  interested 
in  such  researches.  Another  portion  seems  to 
be  held  by  another  of  the  original  Moore's- 
descendants  in  Montclair,  N.  J.,  though  how 
the  division  came  about,  and  who  is  the  right- 
ful owner  of  the  whole  treasure,  does  not  yet 
appear.  To  stimulate  further  curiosity  as  to 
this  collection  of  rarities,  not  by  any  means  to 
satisfy  it,  let  it  be  noted  that  it  contains,  for 
instance,  a  deposition  before  Governor  Brad- 
ford and  John  Alden  of  New  Plymouth,  with 
the  rare  signatures  of  the  Mayflower  passen- 
gers; twenty-nine  autograph  letters  of  Wash- 
ington; Governor  Wentworth's  proclamation 
of  a  day  of  thanksgiving  for  the  capture  of 
Quebec,  dated  November  4,  1759 ;  and  a  copy 
of  the  first  publication  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  in  New  Hampshire.  The  New 
Hampshire  Attorney-General's  attempt  to  re- 
cover possession  of  these  precious  papers  is 
most  natural,  and  the  disinterested  outsider 
must  hope  that  he  will  succeed. 

•        •        • 

A  NEW  DEVELOPMENT  IN  COOPERATIVE  CATA- 
LOGUING, a  branch  of  library  work  for  which 
the  Library  of  Congress  has  of  late  years 
done  so  much  by  its  issue  of  standard  cards- 
ready  for  insertion  in  the  card-catalogue, 
comes  to  public  notice  in  an  announcement 
that  appears  in  "The  Wilson  Bulletin"  of 
recent  date.  This  is,  in  brief,  to  the  effect 
that  the  H.  W.  Wilson  Company,  of  White- 
Plains,  N.  Y.,  has  added  to  its  various  pub- 
lications now  familiar  to  most  librarians  a 
form  of  catalogue  that  can  be  used  by  almost 
any  American  public  library,  and  is  "practi- 
cally the  fulfilment  of  Professor  Jewett's  idea 
of  a  general  catalogue  of  all  the  books  of  the 
country."  In  this  undertaking  "  the  work  of 
cataloguing  each  title  is  done  once  for  all  and 
the  entry  preserved  by  means  of  the  modern 
linotype  slug.  Each  of  these  slugs  contains 
a  line  of  type  in  permanent  form,  and  these 
slugs  can  be  assembled  and  reassembled  an 
infinite  number  of  times  and  in  any  form 
desired.  Stock  catalogues  are  issued  from 
time  to  time,  in  standard  editions  of  varying 
sizes,  and  the  library  may  purchase  as  many 
copies  as  desired  of  the  edition  corresponding 
most  closely  to  its  needs,  checking  in  them  if 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


11 


desirable  the  titles  which  the  library  has.  It 
is  also  possible  for  a  library  to  have  its  own 
catalogue,  by  merely  checking  in  one  of  the 
stock  editions  the  titles  desired  and  sending 
it  in.  The  proper  slugs  can  be  withdrawn 
from  their  places  in  the  central  body  of  the 
type,  assembled,  and  if  other  titles  are  to  be 
added,  slugs  for  these  can  be  prepared  from 
copy  furnished  by  the  library,  the  whole 
assembled  in  proper  order  and  the  desired 
number  of  copies  struck  off,  after  which  the 
slugs  are  returned  to  their  proper  places." 
A  manifest  saving  of  time  and  money  is  thus 
effected,  and  one  is  spared  the  necessity  of 
doing  laboriously  what  already  has  been 
done,  or  is  being  done,  or  will  be  done,  hun- 
dreds of  times,  by  others. 
•  •  • 

THE  PATH  TO  PERFECTION,  as  someone  has 
said,  leads  through  a  series  of  disgusts.  With 
Bronson  Alcott  one  of  these  disgusts  took  the 
form  of  distaste  for  animal  food;  or  so  he 
tried  to  persuade  himself  and  the  world  when 
he  sought  refuge  at  Fruitlands  from  the  car- 
nal allurements  of  beef,  pork,  mutton,  poul- 
try, and  fish.  The  story  of  that  short-lived 
colony  of  vegetarians  striving  to  attain  to 
high  thinking  by  plain  living  and  hard  man- 
ual labor  is  agreeably  told  by  its  founder  and 
some  of  his  associates  in  "  Bronson  Alcott's 
Fruitlands"  (noticed  more  fully  on  another 
page) ,  a  book  that  offers  many  amusing  or 
more  seriously  interesting  passages  for  quota- 
tion. Here,  for  example,  is  a  sketch  of  the 
method  by  which  mortal  frailty  and  error  are 
to  be  combated :  "  On  a  revision  of  our  pro- 
ceedings it  would  seem,  that  if  we  were  in  the 
right  course  in  our  particular  instance,  the 
greater  part  of  man's  duty  consists  in  leaving 
alone  much  that  he  is  in  the  habit  of  doing. 
It  is  a  fasting  from  the  present  activity, 
rather  than  an  increased  indulgence  in  it, 
which,  with  patient  watchfulness,  tends  to 
newness  of  life.  'Shall  I  sip  tea  or  coffee?' 
the  inquiry  may  be.  No;  abstain  from  all 
ardent,  as  from  alcoholic  drinks.  'Shall  I 
consume  pork,  beef,  or  mutton  ? '  Not  if  you 
value  health  or  life.  '  Shall  I  stimulate  with 
milk  ? '  No.  '  Shall  I  warm  my  bathing 
water  ? '  Not  if  cheerfulness  is  valuable. 
'  Shall  I  clothe  in  many  garments  ? '  Not  if 
purity  is  aimed  at.  '  Shall  I  prolong  my 
hours,  consuming  animal  oil  and  losing  bright 
daylight  in  the  morning?'  Not  if  a  clear 
mind  is  an  object.  '  Shall  I  teach  my  chil- 
dren the  dogmas  inflicted  on  myself,  under 
the  pretence  that  I  am  transmitting  truth  ? ' 
Nay,  if  you  love  them  intrude  not  these  be- 
tween them  and  the  Spirit  of  all  Truth." 
And  more  questions  of  like  sort,  with  the 


same  negative  answer.  "Be  not  so  active  to 
do,  as  sincere  to  be."  The  charms  of  the  sim- 
ple life  have  been  glowingly  depicted  by 
many  writers  since  Alcott's  time,  but  those 
unsuccessful  attempts,  at  Brook  Farm  and 
Fruitlands,  to  perpetuate  that  life,  still  re- 
tain their  interest  and  their  pathos  for  us  of 
to-day.  .  .  . 

ANOTHER  WORD  ABOUT  THE  WIDENER  LI- 
BRARY, a  subject  of  unfailing  interest  to  book- 
lovers  and  book-collectors,  comes  to  our 
attention  in  "  The  Harvard  Crimson,"  from 
the  pen  of  an  unnamed  librarian  of  promi- 
nence. Apropos  of  the  approaching  dedica- 
tion of  the  new  Harvard  library  building  he 
writes:  "In  the  centre  of  the  new  building 
will  be  two  rooms  in  which  his  [Widener's] 
own  collection  of  rare  books  will  be  kept. 
Widener  began  to  buy  books  while  in  college, 
and  very  soon  became  interested  in  the  first 
editions  of  the  English  writers  whom  he  read. 
He  was  especially  fond  of  Stevenson,  and 
the  collection  of  Stevenson's  works  became 
Widener's  especial  hobby.  He  had  secured 
nearly  every  one  of  the  Stevenson  rarities, 
and  a  few  others  which  his  mother  has  since 
purchased  for  the  collection  make  this  by  far 
the  most  complete  in  existence.  His  first  edi- 
tions of  Dickens,  Thackeray,  Tennyson,  and 
other  nineteenth-century  authors  were  nearly 
as  complete,  and  a  large  number  of  his  vol- 
umes had  autograph  inscriptions  of  the  writ- 
ers. .  .  He  had  a  good  many  of  the  famous 
books  of  English  literature  written  in  the  ear- 
lier centuries.  Caxton's  'Royal  Book,'  the- 
four  Shakespeare  folios,  Ben  Jonson's  worksy 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Florio's  Montaigne, 
and  Defoe's  'Robinson  Crusoe'  are  a  few  of 
the  more  famous  of  these  volumes  which  will 
be  placed  on  exhibition  next  fall."  The  loss 
sustained  by  young  Mr.  Widener's  growing 
collection  in  the  sinking  of  the  "  Titanic," 
which  at  the  same  time  cut  short  the  life  of 
the  collector  himself,  is  a  disaster  still  fresh 
in  memory.  .  .  , 

THE  ASCETICISM  OF  ART,  the  necessity  of 
forgoing  material  satisfactions  if  one  would 
depict  with  insight  and  power,  whether  with 
brush  or  pen,  some  aspect  of  life  as  the  ideal- 
ist sees  it,  is  an  ancient  but  an  ever-fruitful 
theme.  Dr.  Earl  Barnes  contributes  to  "  The 
Popular  Science  Monthly"  for  June  an  arti- 
cle on  "The  Celibate  Women  of  To-day,"  in 
which  he  essays  some  adequate  <  answer  to  the 
question,  "Why  do  so  many  women  elect  to 
walk  through  life  alone  ?  "  In  recounting  the- 
compensations  of  celibacy  he  takes  occasion  to- 
say,  aptly  and  well :  "  Our  real  living  is  never 
in  the  mere  possession  and  use  of  things,  but 


12 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


in  what  we  think  and  feel  about  them.  Lower 
animals  live  in  facts;  man  lives  in  his  ideas 
and  ideals.  All  life's  values  must  be  found 
on  the  way ;  when  we  arrive  we  are  always  in 
danger  of  becoming  unconscious  and  so  losing 
what  we  came  to  get.  This  is  why  art  and  lit- 
erature have  always  had  to  find  their  charac- 
ters in  the  struggling  classes,  the  poor  and  the 
rich.  The  smug  middle  classes  and  the  com- 
fortably rich  have  the  facts  of  existence;  but 
they  do  not  know  it.  The  universal  contempt 
of  those  who  know  for  such  unconscious  living 
finds  expression  in  the  terms  bourgeoisie,  phil- 
istines,  and  bromides.  On  the  other  hand, 
struggling  and  self-conscious  groups  always 
attract  and  interest  us.  Bohemia  is  poor;  it 
lacks  the  facts  of  property;  but  it  has  the 
most  alluring  of  all  festivals  and  immortal 
banquets.  Who,  that  has  a  soul  as  well  as  a 
stomach,  would  not  turn  from  a  banquet  of 
facts  at  twenty  dollars  a  plate,  with  dull  un- 
consciousness of  life  in  the  people,  to  a  group 
of  dreamers  and  wits  with  very  modest  fare, 
and  twenty-dollar  talk  at  table?  .  .  .  The 
poet  Dante  illustrates  in  his  own  life  the  rela- 
tive value  of  facts  and  dreams,  of  living  life 
directly  and  living  it  vicariously,  to  a  singu- 
lar degree."  All  this,  with  more  in  the  same 
vein,  is  everlastingly  true,  and  no  wise  person 
would  have  it  otherwise;  although  at  times, 
in  the  unreasoning  hunger  that  will  occasion- 
ally assail  even  the  best  of  us,  it  is  a  little 
dismaying  to  reflect  that  by  no  possibility  can 
we  continue  to  have  our  cake  if  we  insist  upon 

eating  it. 

•    •    • 

SEVENTEEN  SELECTED  CANDIDATES  FOR  THE 
HALL  OF  FAME  of  New  York  University  are 
announced  by  Chancellor  Emeritus  Mac- 
Cracken,  chairman  of  the  Hall  of  Fame  Com- 
mittee. More  than  two  hundred  names  were 
sent  in  by  that  portion  of  the  public  inter- 
ested in  this  quinquennial  ceremony,  and 
from  this  number  the  hundred  electors  ap- 
pointed for  the  purpose  chose  seventeen, 
which  it  will  be  their  further  duty  to  reduce 
to  five  next  September,  there  being  but  five 
tablets  available  every  five  years  for  perpetu- 
ating the  fame  of  illustrious  Americans.  In 
the  preliminary  list  place  has  been  found  for 
but  one  author,  and  even  he  might,  through 
some  unwisdom  in  the  ultimate  selection,  be 
•cast  out.  Here  is  the  list,  which  will  not  be 
new  to  all  readers :  Francis  Parkman,  author ; 
Mark  Hopkins,  educator;  Alice  Freeman 
Palmer,  teacher;  Horace  Bushnell,  preacher 
and  theologian;  Joseph  Henry,  Benjamin 
'Thompson,  and  Louis  Agassiz,  scientists; 
*George  Rogers  Clark,  Nathaniel  Greene,  and 


Thomas  J.  Jackson,  soldiers;  Bufus  Choate 
and  Thomas  Mclntyre  Cooley,  jurists;  Sam- 
uel Adams,  Patrick  Henry,  John  Jay,  and 
Alexander  Hamilton,  statesmen;  Charlotte 
Saunders  Cushman,  actress. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  WHITMAN  "LEGEND." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  few  evenings  ago  I  attended  the  annual  ban- 
quet of  the  Walt  Whitman  Fellowship  of  Chicago, 
held  upon  the  anniversary  of  the  poet's  birth, 
May  31.  The  Fellowship  is  not  an  "  organiza- 
tion," and  its  banquets  are  projected  and  carried 
out  with  as  few  formalities  as  possible.  If  you 
are  a  "  kindred  spirit "  you  are  welcome.  Upon 
the  occasion  referred  to  something  like  350  men 
and  women  falling,  supposititiously,  in  this  classifi- 
cation, sat  down  to  the  banquet.  It  is  manifestly 
improper  to  allude  to  anything  Whitmanic  as  a 
"  function  " ;  so  it  may  be  said  that  these  affairs, 
originally  very  limited  in  scope,  have  within  the 
past  few  years  assumed  quite  imposing  propor- 
tions. 

There  was  an  extremely  interesting  programme. 
The  list  of  speakers  included  numerous  well- 
known  names,  and  Walt  was  "  considered "  in 
various  aspects  by  various  devotees.  Also,  poems 
were  read  or  recited  which  were  offered  as  typical 
products  of  the  "new  poetry,"  whose  pedigree  — 
it  need  not  be  inquired  too  closely  how  —  was 
asserted  to  trace  back,  in  the  direct  line  of  descent, 
to  the  Camden  bard. 

Listening  attentively  to  everything  that  was 
presented,  I  could  not  but  marvel  at  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  Whitman  "  legend."  While  Walt 
died  as  lately  as  1892  —  but  twenty-three  years 
ago, —  it  is  apparent  that  the  day  is  not  far  dis- 
tant when  he  will  assume  an  aspect  almost  mythi- 
cal. That  the  number  of  Whitman  "  fans "  is 
steadily  increasing  is  evident;  but  that  their  con- 
ception of  the  poet  is  as  nebulous  as  was  the 
classical  conception  of  Homer,  the  banquet  made 
plain.  In  no  other  way  can  their  enthusiastic 
acceptance  of  and  applause  for  the  most  gro- 
tesque assertions  about  him  be  explained. 

If  Walt's  own  word  is  good  for  anything,  he 
sought  to  inculcate  nothing  so  much  as  tolerance. 
"  There  is  room  for  everything  in  the  Leaves,"  he 
said.  And  when  somebody  asked  him,  "  Even  for 
Matthew  Arnold?"  (who  was  almost  his  greatest 
aversion  among  his  own  contemporaries)  he  re- 
turned: "Yes  —  even  for  him!"  But,  listening 
to  the  "  interpreters "  who  held  forth  from  the 
speakers'  table,  I  gathered  an  overwhelming  im- 
pression of  the  most  fanatical  intolerance.  Broad- 
sides were  poured  upon  all  sorts  of  hated  objects, 
literary,  social,  human  and  divine.  The  vocab- 
ulary of  objurgation  and  contempt  was  ransacked 
for  the  strongest  epithets,  and  the  stream  of  de- 
nunciation foamed  and  lashed  about  every  obstacle 
in  its  path.  And  draping  it  all  was  what  I  have 
previously  referred  to  —  a  series  of  depictions  of 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


13 


the  poet  himself,  as  distinguished  from  his  ideas 
and  his  influence,  that  was  so  compendiously  un- 
veracious  as  to  make  anyone  who  really  knew  the 
facts  stare  in  undisguised  amazement. 

While  not  occupying  the  chief  position  upon  the 
list  of  speakers,  undoubtedly  the  most  eagerly 
anticipated  orator  of  the  evening  was  a  gentleman 
with  a  wide  reputation  as  an  advocate  of  "  the 
new  freedom  "  in  what  might  be  termed  its  most 
ultra  phases.  Gifted  with  a  voice  of  plangent 
resonance  and  with  marked  forensic  ability,  and 
throwing  himself  ardently  into  his  subject,  he 
delivered  a  discourse  that  enraptured  the  vast 
majority  of  his  auditors.  That  it  did  not  particu- 
larly enrapture  me  was,  I  suppose,  because  it 
presented  to  me  a  Whitman  that  I  failed  to  recog- 
nize; for  the  speaker  seemed  to  possess  almost 
encyclopedic  ignorance  of  Whitman  the  man  and 
of  the  forces  and  the  environment  that  produced 
him. 

Among  his  statements,  for  instance,  were  these: 
That  Whitman  was  born  in  poverty,  never  went 
to  school  in  his  life,  was  almost  wholly  without 
means  of  literary  culture;  that  his  career  was  one 
unbroken  struggle  against  want  and  discourage- 
ment ;  and  that  he  "  died  in  a  hovel,  in  poverty 
and  despair."  The  facts  are  that  the  family  into 
which  Walt  was  born  was  not  poverty-stricken; 
that  Walt  himself  enjoyed  more  "  schooling  "  than 
did  many  another  young  American  of  his  time 
belonging  to  the  social  stratum  of  which  he  was  a 
part;  that  he  began  work  in  a  newspaper  office 
while  in  his  early  teens  and  for  years  remained  a 
member  of  the  "  fourth  estate  " ;  that  he  was  also 
a  school-teacher  for  a  number  of  years  as  a  young 
man;  that  his  early  literary  efforts  were  accepted 
and  published  in  what  were  then  the  leading 
journals  of  the  metropolis,  and  some  of  them 
appeared  in  book  form ;  that  he  was  at  this  period 
a  frequenter  of  the  theatre,  the  opera,  and  the 
libraries,  and  came  into  contact  with  a  majority 
of  the  "literati"  and  the  "  intellectuals "  best 
worth  knowing ;  sported  a  silk  hat,  a  boutonniere, 
a  cane,  and  affected  the  appearance  and  the  habits 
of  the  carpet  knight  rather  than  the  shirt-sleeved 
protagonist  of  the  "  open  road." 

Furthermore,  we  know  that  later  on  he  for  a 
considerable  time  enjoyed  a  government  clerkship 
at  Washington  which  left  him  much  ef  his  time  to 
dispose  of  as  he  pleased;  that,  from  the  date  of 
the  appearance  of  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  while  he 
had  a  hard  fight  for  recognition  as  a  poet,  he  was 
nevertheless  never  without  prominent  advocates, 
eulogists,  and  "  promoters " ;  that  a  constantly 
growing  band  of  enthusiasts  gathered  around  him, 
with  unfailing  support,  both  pecuniary  and  moral ; 
that  edition  after  edition  of  his  poems  was  printed 
and  bought,  and  that  individual  pieces  appeared 
in  many  of  the  leading  magazines  and  newspapers, 
while  he  was  also  called  upon  to  compose  and  de- 
liver special  effusions  at  notable  public  gatherings 
and  celebrations;  that  he  had  a  strong  following 
overseas,  and  that  within  his  own  lifetime  the 
translation  of  the  "  Leaves "  into  foreign  lan- 
guages was  being  taken  up.  Finally,  we  know 
that  during  all  his  last  years  a  group  of  the  most 


devoted  friends  gravitated  around  him;  that  all 
his  wants  were  sedulously  fulfilled;  that  he  had 
the  best  medical  attendance  procurable;  that  he 
had  a  nurse  and  a  housekeeper  to  care  for  him; 
that  he  lived  in  a  house  that  was  his  own  property 
and  for  years  had  been;  that  he  was  buried  in  a 
mausoleum  which  he  had  himself  caused  to  be 
constructed  for  the  Whitman  family,  at  a  cost,  I 
find  it  stated,  of  some  $4000;  and  that  his  execu- 
tors, "much  to  their  surprise,"  found,  upon  his 
death,  that  he  had  a  balance  of  several  thousands 
of  dollars  to  his  credit  in  a  local  bank. 

The  orator  to  whom  I  refer  was  either  ignorant 
of  these  facts,  or  else,  for  purposes  best  known  to 
himself,  he  not  merely  ignored  but  perverted  them 
in  order  to  draw  a  picture  of  a  persecuted  man, 
upon  whom  no  ray  of  sunshine  ever  fell  and  who 
died  a  pauper  in  the  blackest  woe.  At  the  same 
time,  this  orator  declared  in  accents  that  made  the 
chandeliers  vibrate,  that  the  purpose  of  his  re- 
marks was  to  elucidate  the  sacred  cause  to  which 
Whitman  devoted  himself  and  all  his  works  —  the 
exposition  of  the  Truth,  with  a  capital  T ! 

"  What  is  truth  ?"  said  an  historic  inquisitor 
ages  ago,  when  in  doubt  regarding  an  Immortal 
Personage.  None  of  us  can  be  too  certain.  But 
Walt,  we  may  take  it  as  assured,  is  destined  to  be 
one  of  our  immortals,  and  the  facts  about  him  are 
on  record.  That  is,  some  of  them  are  —  there  are 
others  which,  for  reasons  of  his  own,  he  chose 
carefully  to  suppress.  Perhaps  what  we  do  not 
know  and  never  can  —  notably,  of  the  "  veiled 
period "  —  would  be  of  great  help  to  us  in  our 
efforts  to  unriddle  the  enigma  that,  in  many  ways, 
he  presents  to  us.  But  what  we  do  know  is  easily 
ascertainable,  for  there  is  a  whole  library  of  the 
"  documents  in  the  case." 

Walt  himself,  with  his  unique  insight  into  so 
many  of  the  peculiarities  of  what  he  was  fond  of 
referring  to  as  the  human  "  critter,"  had  a  pre- 
monition that  it  would  be  wise  for  him  to  avoid 
identifying  himself  with  clubs,  fellowships,  et 
cetera,  whose  avowed  purpose  was  the  dissemina- 
tion of  his  doctrines.  Some  clairvoyance  seemed 
to  warn  him,  and  he  steadily  refused  to  give  them 
his  personal  sanction.  He  had,  to  be  sure,  his  own 
little  private  cenacle,  whose  incense  he  found  very 
grateful;  but  the  spectacle  of  the  Browning  and 
Shakespeare  societies  caused  him  resolutely  to 
keep  within  its  confines.  He  preferred  to  "  leave 
it  to  the  Leaves,"  —  in  which  he  was  not  mis- 
taken. At  the  banquet,  however,  the  "  Leaves " 
were  not  conspicuous.  Only  one  of  the  speakers 
incorporated  any  of  them  into  his  or  her  dis- 
course; and  the  table  in  the  anteroom  where  they 
were  on  sale  seemed  unattractive  to  most  of  the 
banqueters. 

We  may  say  confidently  of  Walt,  however,  that, 
while  he  chose  to  maintain  an  almost  sphinx-like 
reticence  regarding  certain  phases  of  his  career, 
those  which  he  did  desire  recorded  he  wished  set 
down  with  complete  veracity.  Only  recently  I 
have  completed  my  reading  of  the  third  and  latest 
volume  of  Horace  Traubel's  bulky  series,  "  With 
Walt  Whitman  in  Camden,"  and  all  are  replete 
with  injunctions  to  alter,  expurgate,  suppress,  or 


14 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


veneer  absolutely  nothing.  Nevertheless,  the  evi- 
dence is  that  Walt's  "legend"  is  growing  like 
some  tropical  parasite,  that  within  no  very  long 
time  it  will  so  obscure  his  true  proportions  as  to 
render  them  imperceptible  save  to  the  student  and 
the  historian.  Creeping  all  over  the  surface  of 
this  colossal  rough-hewn  monolith  will  be  an  in- 
sidious growth  of  "  interpretative "  fable  and 
falsification  effectually  hiding  the  reality  from 
view  —  not  only  hiding,  but  defacing  and  defiling 
it.  That,  during  his  lifetime,  he  was  the  victim  of 
much  misapprehension  and  misinterpretation  is  a 
commonplace  of  Whitman  history  —  in  which, 
however,  he  differed  not  at  all  from  a  host  of  other 
great  poets  and  innovators.  That  his  posthumous 
fate  will  be  similar,  in  degree  if  not  in  kind,  there 
is  every  reason  to  believe. 

JOHN  L.  HERVEY. 
Chicago,  June  14,  1915. 


THE  WISCONSIN  UNIVERSITY   SUEVEY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  article  in  your  current  issue  entitled  "A 
Bull  in  the  Educational  China  Shop "  is  enter- 
taining. Will  your  readers  care  to  have  three  or 
four  facts  which  will  help  furnish  a  frame  into 
which  to  fit  permanently  your  picture  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  survey? 

The  questions  of  which  you  speak  as  harassing 
were  submitted  to  the  faculty  after  conference 
with  university  officers.  Including  space  for 
answers,  they  took  39,  not  50  pages.  Of  them  the 
president  wrote :  "  These  questions  will  give  an 
opportunity  to  the  members  of  the  faculty  to  pre- 
sent their  cases  fairly." 

You  quote  the  following  statement :  "  The  sur- 
vey of  the  graduate  school  has  been  mainly  di- 
rected to  its  clothes  rather  than  to  the  living 
being  beneath  the  clothes."  The  survey  of  the 
graduate  school  and  graduate  work  showed  the 
following:  Flaunting  plagiarism;  slovenly  work- 
manship and  unscholarly  writing;  lack  of  orig- 
inality; lack  of  purpose  and  application;  lack 
of  opportunities  for  specialization;  presence  of 
graduate  students  in  freshman  and  sophomore 
classes,  including  nine  students  who  were  doing 
exclusively  freshman  and  sophomore  work;  in- 
ability of  candidates  for  a  Ph.D.  degree  to  read 
foreign  languages  on  November  1  coupled  with 
certification  of  their  ability  to  read  foreign  lan- 
guages a  fortnight  later;  lack  of  plan  for  re- 
search; failure  of  many  departments  to  develop 
in  absentia  graduate  work;  the  fact  that  of  389 
students  enrolled  as  graduate  students  163  had 
faculty  connection;  that  of  these  389  only  50 
were  doing  exclusively  graduate  work  and  that 
of  these  50,  34  had  faculty  connection;  lack  of 
supervision;  specific  instances  of  graduate  work 
that  was  of  grammar  school  grade,  high  school 
grade,  freshman  and  junior  grade;  the  fact  that 
a  master's  degree  is  given  by  several  departments 
merely  for  a  fifth  year  of  study  without  speciali- 
zation; the  university's  endorsement  of  Ph.D. 
theses  after  glaring  defects  had  been  pointed  out 
by  the  survey.  If  these  are  the  "  clothes,"  what 


is  the  "  living  being  beneath  the  clothes  "  in  the 
graduate  school? 

The  plagiarism  of  one  thesis  is  admitted  by 
the  university  on  page  356  of  the  report. 

Of  a  second  thesis,  the  fact  that  it  was  "  ap- 
proved by  the  editor  of  the  series  in  which  it  was 
published  "  is  cited  as  contributing  evidence  of  its 
quality.  The  university  comment  did  not  state  to 
the  educational  world  that  the  editor  in  question 
is  also  the  member  of  the  faculty  who  approved 
the  thesis  and  who  also  was  joint  author. 

Of  a  third  thesis,  Professor  Hanus  of  Harvard 
wrote :  "  It  is  not  a  strong  presentation.  On  a  scale 
of  10  I  should  mark  the  thesis  6^/2,  it  being  under- 
stood that  a  thesis  graded  5  or  below  would  not 
be  accepted."  Of  this  same  thesis  a  Columbia 
professor  wrote :  "  I  should  not  accept  it  with  its 
present  organization."  Both  letters  were  written 
to  the  university,  page  357. 

In  support  of  the  quality  of  work  done  by  a 
fourth  thesis  writer,  who  specialized  in  experi- 
mental psychology  and  education,  it  is  stated  on 
page  357  that  he  "  now  occupies  an  honorable 
post  in  an  eastern  university."  The  "  eastern " 
is  Ohio,  and  the  "  university "  is  an  institution 
that  is  not  considered  a  university  by  readers  of 
THE  DIAL,  or  by  the  Carnegie  Foundation,  or  by 
the  Ohio  legislature.  The  work  of  this  specialist 
in  education  is  minor  extension  work. 

Of  a  fifth  thesis,  page  358,  Professor  Reeves  of 
Michigan  wrote  to  the  university :  "  6  being  fail- 
ure and  10  excellent  I  should  rank  the  thesis  not 
over  7."  Professor  Jenks  of  New  York  Uni- 
versity would  have  accepted  this  thesis,  "  with, 
however,  the  condition  that  it  be  rewritten." 

Of  a  sixth  thesis,  it  is  admitted  that  one  chapter 
was  taken  bodily  from  an  English  work.  This 
chapter  is  said  by  the  university  to  be  an  "  annex," 
although  it  is  the  next  to  the  last  chapter,  with 
nothing  whatever  to  indicate  that  it  is  not  an 
important  and  integral  part  of  the  thesis.  The 
university  world  was  not  told  that  the  conclusions 
in  this  thesis  and  the  greater  part  of  the  work 
appeared  in  a  thesis  accepted  by  the  University  of 
Paris  in  1876. 

In  defence  of  a  seventh  thesis,  the  university 
comment,  page  355,  says  that  if  the  material  col- 
lected and  used  by  the  author  "  existed  for  any 
similar  period  of  mediaeval  history,  it  would  be 
deemed  worthy  of  publication  in  critical  editions." 
The  university  world  again  was  not  told  that  the 
period  for  which  this  material  was  collected  was 
the  Reconstruction  period  after  the  Civil  War, 
and  that  it  consists  of  35  letters  from  southern 
farmers.  There  is  evidence  of  the  use  of  only  a 
small  part  of  even  this  very  small  amount  of 
material.  What  the  farmers  were  asked,  whether 
they  wrote  that  they  had  no  time  to  answer,  or 
could  not  remember,  or  whether  they  wrote  facts 
worth  while,  was  not  recorded.  The  other  ma- 
terials upon  which  this  thesis  is  based  have  been 
culled  over  for  the  most  part  by  several  other 
writers.  If  American  scholarship  were  to  be 
gauged  by  this  quality  and  quantity  of  work,  no 
one  would  be  attributing  the  revival  of  learning 
to  the  introduction  of  research  methods. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


15 


Will  your  readers  also  wish  to  know  some  of 
the  37  things  which  "  the  dean  of  the  graduate 
school  of  the  much  lauded  University  of  Wisconsin 
is  not  expected  to  do"1?  First,  will  you  permit 
me  to  quote  the  statement  from  my  report  to  the 
effect  that  these  facts  were  not  cited  as  evidence 
of  incompetence  or  negligence  of  that  officer,  as 
you  said?  On  the  contrary,  my  report  reads, 
page  163 :  "  The  above  list  is  given  not  to  raise 
question  as  to  whether  the  dean  is  doing  all  that 
may  reasonably  be  expected  of  his  office,  but 
whether  the  university  at  present  is  expecting 
enough  of  the  deanship  of  the  graduate  school." 
Who  of  THE  DIAL'S  readers  needs  to  have  evi- 
dence presented  that  it  is  not  "  desirable  or  prac- 
tical to  do  any  one "  of  the  following  among 
the  37? 

1  —  To  have  or  act  upon,  further  than  through 

private  conference,  knowledge  as  to  effi- 
ciency or  inefficiency  of  instruction  in 
classes  attended  by  graduate  students.  (No. 
11,  page  161.) 

2  —  To  supervise  research  by  graduate  students 

or  to  have  current  evidence  that  research 
is  being  supervised  or  how  far  it  has  pro- 
gressed. (No.  12.) 

3  —  To  read  theses  offered  toward  advanced  de- 

grees for  any  other  purpose  than  to  see 
that  they  fulfill  the  mechanical  requirements 
as  to  form.  (No.  15.) 

4  —  To    require    an   examiner   appointed   by   the 

dean  to  participate  in  an  examination  for  a 
doctor's  degree  to  read  the  thesis  offered. 
(No.  16.) 

5  —  To  have  information  at  the  dean's  office  as 

well  as  in  the  departmental  offices  as  to 
qualifications  of  graduate  fellows.  ( No.  25. ) 

6  —  To  have  any  record  of  examinations  for  mas- 

ter's and  doctor's  degrees  except  the  ex- 
aminer's certificate  that  the  candidate  has 
or  has  not  been  recommended. 
Will  your  readers  wish  to  know  the  statement 
which  drove  the  university  to  vernacular  and  to 
furnish  the  epitaph  for  the  surveyor's  mausoleum? 
The  statement  which  is  called  "  rot "  is  this :  "  So 
long  as  183  different  standards,  unchecked  and 
unsupervised  administratively  are  employed  .  . 
in  judging  students'  work  .  .  the  testing  of  work 
cannot  be  well  enough  done."  Will  you  invite 
readers  of  THE  DIAL  to  write  you  in  case  they 
do  not  find  this  statement  rot?  If  it  is  rot,  then 
a  very  large  number  of  the  faculty  are  guilty  of 
writing  rot  because  they  wrote  to  the  survey  pro- 
testing against  present  conditions  where  work 
that  is  graded  "  failed "  in  one  class  would  be 
called  "  fair  "  in  another. 

One  other  illustration  may  help  your  readers. 
You  state  that  "  so  ignorant  is  Dr.  Allen  of  the 
meaning  of  numbers  that  he  converts  a  cold  sta- 
tistical statement  that  class-markings  follow  the 
law  of  distribution  of  averages  into  a  deliberate 
intention  on  the  part  of  the  instructor  to  repress 
talent."  As  stated  on  pages  484-485,  the  purpose 
of  the  bulletin  on  class  markings  is  "  to  convince 
high  school  teachers  that  year  in  and  year  out 
with  students  as  they  come  proper  marking  will 


result  in  2%  excellent,  2%  failed,  23%  good,  23% 
poor  and  50%  fair."  After  showing  that  this 
statement  did  not  apply  to  the  university,  that 
the  principle  was  not  at  work  at  the  university, 
the  survey  listed  certain  defects,  page  485  —  inter 
alia.  "  Where  attention  of  supervisors  should  be 
directed  to  quality  of  instruction  this  bulletin 
directs  it  to  distribution  of  marks."  "  The  appli- 
cation of  this  principle  is  not  only  unfair  to  indi- 
vidual children  but  inhibits  where  the  university 
should  stimulate  the  determination  of  teachers  to 
produce  excellent  results  out  of  seemingly  difficult 
or  even  seemingly  hopeless  material."  "  It  leaves 
no  hope  that  a  whole  class  may  be  brought  nearer 
a  standard  of  excellence  than  was  ever  done  be- 
fore." "  Interest  is  diverted  from  the  work  the 
child  does  to  the  marks  other  children  have  re- 
ceived." Instead  of  convincing  a  teacher  that  the 
percentage  of  failures  or  poors  in  her  subject 
should  disappear  as  the  quality  of  her  teaching 
improves  and  the  size  of  her  classes  decreases,  the 
bulletin  declares,  page  10 :  "  If  the  teacher  has 
to  do  only  with  small  classes  the  results  of  several 
years'  marking,  or  of  several  classes  in  the  same 
subject  in  the  same  year,  should,  when  put  to- 
gether, be  similar  to  the  marks  of  a  larger  group 
given  at  one  time." 

Finally,  your  readers  may  wish  to  know  that 
although  the  survey  set  out  to  be  cooperative, 
although  every  statement  was  sent  to  the  uni- 
versity for  confirmation  or  conference  so  as  to 
secure  agreement  as  to  fact,  and  although  agree- 
ment was  easily  reached  with  respect  to  early 
sections  until  the  university  discontinued  confer- 
ence with  the  survey,  the  following  changes  were 
made  after  I  left  the  state  without  submitting 
them  to  the  board  of  public  affairs,  or  the  uni- 
versity regents,  or  the  advisory  committee  or  to 
me:  Sections  publicly  agreed  to  by  the  university 
last  October  are  now  excoriated.  Ninety-eight 
times  my  name  is  used  in  the  first  five  pages,  and 
259  times  in  the  first  25  pages  of  the  university 
comment.  Sections  clearly  marked  as  written  by 
others  are  first  called  mine  and  then  personally 
attacked.  One  important  section  written  by  a 
former  faculty  member  who  had  been  for  several 
years  in  the  division  which  he  reported  upon,  was 
never  shown  to  me,  was  written  by  arrangement 
with  the  dean,  and  yet  now  for  publicity  purposes 
is  first  called  mine  and  then  bitterly  criticized  with 
such  expressions  as  "  unsympathetic,"  "  desire  to 
injure,"  "grossly  unfair,"  etc. 

Will  American  scholars  who  do  not  accept 
plagiarized  theses,  who  do  not  assign  work  for 
graduate  students  that  can  be  done  by  a  clerk 
who  has  never  gone  to  high  school,  who  do  not 
approve  warmed-over,  long-winded,  disorganized 
lectures,  who  are  incapable  of  telling  untruth  or  of 
intimidating  truth,  accept  ex  parte  criticism  of  a 
work  in  which  600  faculty  members  joined,  or 
will  the  600  be  given  a  chance  to  tell  their  story  as 
they  have  told  it  in  the  survey  report? 

WILLIAM  H.  ALLEN, 
Joint  Director,  University 
of  Wisconsin  Survey. 

Madison,  Wis.,  June  17,  1915. 


16 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


A  GREAT  AMERICAN  NATURALIST.* 

A  number  of  years  ago,  one  of  the  Wright 
brothers  was  making  an  aeroplane  at  Dayton, 
Ohio,  when  an  old  man,  a  neighbor,  stopped 
to  remonstrate  with  him.  "  What  a  pity  it  is," 
he  said,  "  that  a  clever  young  fellow  like  you 
should  so  waste  his  time  and  money."  Mr. 
Wright  pled,  in  self-defence,  that  he  really 
expected  to  get  practical  results,  when  his  old 
friend  interrupted,  and  in  solemn  tones  ad- 
monished him :  "  Young  man,  let  me  tell  you 
this:  if  anyone  ever  makes  a  flying  machine 
that  will  fly,  it  will  not  be  anybody  in 
Dayton!" 

The  Americans  are  often  accused  of  being 
a  boastful  people,  who  like  to  hear  their  eagle 
scream;  but  a  close  student  of  our  history 
may  find  evidences  of  an  excess  of  humility 
which  has  been  positively  harmful.  Quite  in 
the  spirit  of  the  old  man  of  Dayton,  we  have 
been  slow  to  recognize  scientific  ability,  not 
merely  in  its  incipient  stages,  but  even  after 
the  work  has  proved  its  worth.  Thus  it  hap- 
pens that  the  name  of  Baird,  a  truly  great 
man  judged  by  the  quality  and  quantity  of 
his  accomplishments,  is  practically  unknown 
outside  of  a  comparatively  small  scientific 
circle.  Student  and  teacher  at  Dickinson  Col- 
lege, Carlisle,  Pa.,  he  was  gratefully  remem- 
bered by  his  old  pupils  and  associates;  but  a 
recent  graduate  of  that  institution  assured 
the  reviewer  that  he  had  never  heard  the  name 
of  the  naturalist.  He  was  the  creator  of  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum;  yet  the  visitor  to 
Washington  finds  neither  statue  nor  inscrip- 
tion on  the  grounds  to  commemorate  his  work. 
At  Woods  Hole,  Mass.,  where  he  founded  a 
great  laboratory  for  the  study  of  marine  life, 
and  where  he  died  in  1887,  there  is  indeed  an 
appropriate  tablet  on  a  large  granite  boulder ; 
while  more  recently  a  bust  of  Baird  was 
placed  in  the  American  Museum  in  New  York 
City. 

Agassiz  and  Baird  belong  to  the  same  gen- 
eral period,  and  were  variously  associated  in 
much  of  their  work.  Yet  why  is  it  that 
Agassiz  is  everywhere  remembered,  while 
Baird  is  forgotten  or  was  never  generally 
known?  In  many  respects  their  labors  ran 
parallel :  each  founded  and  developed  a  great 
natural  history  museum,  each  published  great 
contributions  to  American  zoology,  each  in- 
spired and  taught  numerous  young  men  who 
have  since  continued  the  work  they  began. 


*  SPENCER  FULLER-TON  BAIRD. 
Healey  Ball,  D.Sc.  Illustrated, 
cott  Co. 


A    Biography.      By  William 
Philadelphia :   J.   B.   Lippin- 


When  we  compare  the  results  item  by  item,  it 
is  impossible  to  give  Baird  a  second  place. 
Agassiz  came  with  a  great  European  reputa- 
tion, was  a  fascinating  and  picturesque  char- 
acter; Baird  was  a  plain  American,  hard- 
working and  modest.  It  is  impossible  to  re- 
sist the  appeal  which  Agassiz  makes  to  the 
imagination,  and  we  would  grudge  him  none 
of  his  fame;  but  after  all,  Baird  deserves  a 
much  better  place  in  the  minds  of  his  coun- 
trymen than  he  has  ever  held.  Individually 
and  as  a  nation  we  need  to  cultivate  a  better 
appreciation  of  good  work  done  in  unsensa- 
tional  ways,  and  a  readier  recognition  of 
native  American  talent. 

After  the  death  of  Professor  Baird  plans 
were  made  for  the  preparation  of  a  biog- 
raphy, but  for  various  reasons  the  work  was 
delayed  until  it  seemed  in  danger  of  being 
abandoned.  Baird's  daughter,  Miss  Lucy 
Baird,  was  keenly  interested  in  the  project, 
and  had  accumulated  much  valuable  material, 
but  her  death  in  1913  left  everything  unfin- 
ished. Miss  Baird  did,  however,  leave  instruc- 
tions to  her  executor  to  see  the  memoir 
completed  if  possible ;  and  fortunately  at  this 
juncture  Dr.  W.  H.  Dall,  on  being  appealed 
to,  consented  to  undertake  the  work.  Dr. 
Dall  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  eminent  as 
a  naturalist  and  keenly  appreciative  of 
Baird's  character  and  labors,  having  worked 
under  Baird  for  many  years,  was  in  every 
respect  the  most  suitable  person  to  write  the 
book.  More  than  occupied  with  his  own  im- 
portant researches,  for  the  completion  of 
which  even  the  long  life  we  all  wish  him  must 
be  wholly  inadequate,  it  was  no  small  thing 
to  turn  aside  and  undertake  the  preparation 
of  a  voluminous  biography.  Yet  it  was  abun- 
dantly worth  while,  and  we  cannot  be  suffi- 
ciently grateful  that  the  record  has  been  made 
in  an  adequate  manner,  before  it  was  alto- 
gether too  late. 

Dr.  Dall  has  not  attempted  any  elaborate 
or  complete  analysis  of  Baird's  scientific  work, 
which  stands  as  published,  and  can  be  re- 
viewed in  detail  at  any  subsequent  time.  He 
has  rather  chosen  to  present  to  us  the  man 
himself,  the  manner  of  his  life,  his  friend- 
ships and  ideals,  the  growth  of  his  personality, 
and  all  those  intimate  things  which  if  not  told 
by  those  who  knew  him,  could  scarcely  be 
known  to  posterity.  Perhaps  the  strongest 
impression  we  get  is  that  of  wonder  at  Baird's 
early  maturity,  his  surprising  ability  as  a 
zoologist  when  little  more  than  a  boy.  This 
was  well  understood  by  his  associates,  and  by 
the  various  eminent  naturalists  of  the  day 
with  whom  he  became  acquainted.  Thus,  at 
the  age  of  seventeen,  he  discovered  a  new 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


17 


bird,  and  wrote  to  the  celebrated  ornithologist 
Audubon : 

"  You  see,  sir,  that  I  have  taken  (after  much 
hesitation)  the  liberty  of  writing  to  you.  I  am 
but  a  boy  and  very  inexperienced,  as  you  no  doubt 
will  observe  from  my  description  of  the  Flycatcher. 
My  brother  last  year  commenced  the  study  of  our 
Birds,  and  after  some  months  I  joined  him.  He 
has  gone  elsewhere  to  settle  and  I  am  left  alone." 

To  which  Audubon  replied: 

"  On  my  return  home  from  Charleston,  S.  C., 
yesterday,  I  found  your  kind  favor  of  the  4th 
instant  in  which  you  have  the  goodness  to  inform 
me  that  you  have  discovered  a  new  species  of  fly- 
catcher, and  which,  if  the  bird  corresponds  to  your 
description,  is,  indeed,  likely  to  prove  itself  hitherto 
undescribed,  for,  although  you  speak  of  yourself 
as  being  a  youth,  your  style  and  the  descriptions 
you.  have  sent  me  prove  to  me  that  an  old  head 
may  from  time  to  time  be  found  on  young 
shoulders ! " 

The  bird  proved  new,  and  was  subsequently 
published  by  the  brothers  Baird. 

In  1846  Baird  married  Miss  Mary  Church- 
ill, who,  though  herself  no  naturalist,  sympa- 
thetically supported  all  his  endeavors.  An  old 
servant  who  was  with  Baird  for  nearly  forty 
years  was  able  to  say  that  he  never  saw  either 
one  angry.  In  illustration  of  her  mother's 
kindly  tolerance  and  her  father's  sense  of  the 
value  of  time,  Miss  Lucy  Baird  set  down  the 
following  story,  as  she  got  it  from  Mrs.  Baird 
herself : 

"  At  the  time  of  his  courting,  he  was  exceedingly 
busy  with  his  college  work  and  also  studying  very 
hard.  After  he  became  engaged,  he  was  anxious 
of  course  to  spend  his  evenings  with  his  fiancee 
and  yet  did  not  feel  that  he  could  take  all  that 
time  from  his  studies;  so  he  fell  into  the  habit  of 
taking  a  book  with  him  in  order  that  he  might 
carry  on  his  studies  and  still  have  the  pleasure  of 
sitting  in  the  room  with  her.  Being  an  early  riser 
and  often  taking  long  walks  with^  his  class,  making 
collections,  my  father  would  be  apt  to  get  drowsy 
towards  the  end  of  the  evening  and  was  apt 
towards  its  close  to  fall  asleep  over  his  book;  so 
when  the  hour  arrived  at  which  my  mother  knew 
he  expected  to  leave,  she  would  wake  him  up  and 
send  him  home." 

Baird  himself,  in  a  letter  to  Professor  Dana, 
thus  describes  his  wife  in  1850 : 

"  My  wife  is  a  daughter  of  Gen.  Churchill, 
Inspector-General  of  the  Army,  and  a  first-rate 
one  she  is,  too.  Not  the  least  fear  of  snakes,  sala- 
manders, and  such  other  zoological  interestings ; 
cats  only  are  to  her  an  aversion.  Well  educated 
and  acquainted  with  several  tongues,  she  usually 
reads  over  all  my  letters,  crossing  i's  and  dotting 
t's,  sticking  in  here  a  period,  and  there  a  comma 
...  In  my  absence,  she  answers  letters  of  corre- 
spondents, and  in  my  presence  reads  them.  She 
transcribes  my  illegible  MSS.,  correcting  it  withal, 
and  does  not  grudge  the  money  I  spend  in  books. 
In  addition  to  these  literary  accomplishments,  she 


regulates  her  family  well  (myself  included)  and 
her  daughter  is  the  cleanest  and  most  neatly  dressed 
child  in  town." 

The  daughter,  Lucy,  then  about  twenty-three 
months  old,  was  "passionately  fond  of  Natural 
History,  admiring  snakes  above  all  things." 

How  Baird,  beginning  as  curator  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  built  up  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum,  and  did  many  other  things 
in  the  service  of  science  and  of  his  country, 
must  be  gathered  from  the  book  itself ;  which, 
while  it  chronicles  Baird's  life,  is  necessarily 
also  to  a  large  extent  a  history  of  the  progress 
of  American  zoology  during  a  large  part  of 
the  nineteenth  century. 

T.  D.  A.   COCKERELL. 


THE  "  MOVIES  "  OLD  AND  NEW.* 

During  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
of  1893,  Edison's  Kinetoscope,  a  contrivance 
for  showing  photographs  in  motion  to  one 
person  only  for  about  thirty  seconds  at  a  time, 
was  displayed  to  the  public.  Three  years 
later,  Sir  Augustus  Harris  installed  Robert 
Paul's  "  Theatrograph "  at  Olympia,  a  ma- 
chine fundamentally  the  same  as  the  Bioscope 
of  to-day.  Contemporaneously  with  Mr.  Paul's 
efforts,  French  inventors  were  developing  the 
Cinematograph,  a  machine  which  was  installed 
at  the  Eden  Musee,  New  York,  during  the 
autumn  of  1896. 

Only  nineteen  years  have  passed,  therefore, 
since  the  theatrical  debut  of  the  motion  pic- 
ture; yet  to-day  the  business  of  purveying 
motion  pictures  theatrically  to  the  American 
people  is  computed  to  be  the  fifth  largest  in- 
dustry in  the  United  States.  Nearly  a  million 
people  of  all  ages  and  of  both  sexes  attend 
daily  the  moving-picture  theatres  of  Greater 
New  York  alone,  the  attendance  throughout 
the  other  cities  of  the  country  being  propor- 
tionally universal  and  no  hamlet  too  small  to 
be  the  home  of  a  "movie"  theatre.  Indeed, 
the  motion-picture  play, —  or  the  photoplay, 
as  it  is  technically  called, —  far  more  than  the 
stage  play,  has  become  the  amusement  of  the 
nation.  Beside  the  circulation  of  a  photoplay 
that  of  a  "  best  seller,"  or  even  that  of  a  popu- 
lar ten  cent  magazine,  becomes  insignificant. 

Surely,  such  a  power  for  good  or  evil  should 
not  be  scorned  by  those  having  the  welfare  of 
the  people  at  heart.  Better  would  it  be  to 
exclaim :  "  I  care  not  who  makes  the  laws  of 
the  nation,  if  I  may  write  its  '  movie '  plays !  " 
Indeed,  the  photoplay  offers  to'the  writer  his 
widest  means  of  artistic  expression. 

*  PHOTOPLAY  MAKING.  A  Handbook  Devoted  to  the  Appli- 
cation of  Dramatic  Principles  to  the  Writing  of  Plays  for 
Picture  Production.  By  Howard  T.  Dimick.  Ridgewood, 
N.  J. :  The  Editor  Co. 


18 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


To  the  word  "artistic,"  exception  will 
doubtless  be  taken  by  those  who  are  in  the 
habit  of  deriding  the  "movies"  as  vulgar 
clap-trap,  too  crude  and  garish  to  be  consid- 
ered artistic;  yet  these  scoffers  seldom,  if 
ever,  attend  "movie"  performances  and  there- 
fore know  little  of  the  possibilities  of  this  new 
form  of  theatrical  art.  Scarcely  eighteen  years 
old,  it  is  only  within  the  last  five  years, —  it 
might  almost  be  said  within  the  past  year, — 
that  the  photoplay  has  been  developed  into  the 
multiple  reel  play,  or  the  feature  film,  so- 
called.  Previously  the  slapstick  farce,  or  the 
crude  melodrama  in  a  single  reel,  was  the 
offering.  Now  the  filmed  novel  or  stage  play, 
presented  by  actors  of  established  reputation, 
has  relegated  the  one-reel  film  to  the  second 
class  theatre,  and  raised  the  price  of  admis- 
sion in  the  better  class  of  "movie"  play- 
houses from  five  and  ten  cents  to  twenty-five 
and  fifty  cents, —  even  in  some  instances  to 
regular  theatrical  prices.  This  raising  of  the 
price  has  raised  the  standard  of  production, 
the  public  naturally  being  unwilling  to  pay 
fifty  cents  for  the  former  five  cents'  worth. 
As  in  the  case  of  the  regular  stage,  the  mana- 
gers seek  plays  that  will  appeal  to  the  public, 
for  without  popular  plays  the  "  movie  "  indus- 
try would  cease.  Prior  to  the  advent  of  the 
photoplay,  thousands  wrote  for  the  regular 
stage,  while  only  tens  succeeded  in  getting 
their  plays  produced.  Tens  of  thousands 
write  for  the  movies  now,  and  again  it  is  a 
case  of  the  survival  of  the  fittest,  the  man 
without  the  dramatic  sense  having  no  more 
chance  to  succeed  as  a  "  movie  "  playwright  — 
save  in  that  the  volume  of  production  is  infi- 
nitely greater  —  than  he  had  as  a  writer  for 
the  regular  stage. 

With  such  a  bait  to  dangle  before  the  eyes 
of  literary  aspirants  as  the  sure  attainment  of 
successful  "movie"  authorship,  the  corre- 
spondence schools,  manuscript  readers,  and 
literary  advisers  have  been  reaping  a  rich 
harvest.  Small  wonder  that  a  considerable 
literature  upon  the  art  of  writing  photoplays 
has  sprung  into  being,  with  the  object  of  ap- 
pealing to  the  legion  of  men,  women,  and 
children  who  aspire  to  get  rich  quickly  in  the 
"  movies." 

One  of  our  comic  weeklies  recently  pub- 
lished a  quip  to  this  effect:  "Jones. — *[  un- 
derstand Robinson  is  making  a  good  living  out 
of  the  short  story.  Brown. —  Why,  I  heard  he 
had  never  had  one  accepted.  Jones. —  He 
hasn't;  he's  writing  articles  on  how  to  write 
them  for  a  correspondence  school."  If  the 
word  "  photoplay "  be  substituted  here  for 
"  short  story,"  Robinson  becomes  the  type  of 
man  who  gives  instruction  in  the  art  of  photo- 


play making,  those  who  are  deft  in  that  art 
being  too  busily  engaged  in  reaping  the  rich 
harvest  their  skill  has  brought  forth,  to  find 
the  time  in  which  to  initiate  the  public  into 
the  secret  of  their  success.  Yet  to  the  rule  that 
books  on  the  "  movies  "  are  valueless,  there  is 
the  proverbial  exception ;  since  in  "  Photoplay 
Making,"  by  Mr.  Howard  T.  Dimick,  many 
sane  ideas  are  set  forth,  albeit  in  a  somewhat 
cumbersome  way. 

"  From  the  drama  of  the  stage,"  says  Mr. 
Dimick,  "I  turned  to  that  of  the  screen,  after 
an  experience  as  writer  and  critic  of  plays." 
As  no  record  of  his  experience  appears  in  that 
vade-mecum  of  successful  endeavor,  "  Who's 
Who  in  America,"  and  as  his  book  is  pub- 
lished in  Ridgewood,  New  Jersey,  it  is  easy  to 
suspect  Mr.  Dimick  of  kinship  with  the  Rob- 
inson of  the  comic  weekly  quip.  Howsoever 
that  may  be,  he  has  profited  well  by  his 
experience  as  "  writer  and  critic  of  plays,"  the 
real  value  of  his  book  lying  in  the  emphasis 
he  lays  upon  the  similarity  between  the  photo- 
play and  the  stage  play.  Indeed,  funda- 
mentally they  are  the  same,  their  construction 
being  governed  by  precisely  the  same  laws; 
for  though  the  technical  methods  of  the  two 
arts  may  differ  considerably,  "yet,"  as  Mr. 
Dimick  acutely  observes,  "the  underlying 
dramatic  principles  of  both  forms  of  theatri- 
cal exposition  are  identical." 

The  stage  play  appeals  to  the  ear  as  well  as 
to  the  eye ;  therefore  conditions  that  are  sup- 
posed to  exist  before  the  commencement  of  a 
play  may  be  set  forth  by  dialogue.  In  the 
photoplay  these  conditions  must  be  shown  in 
action;  but  in  the  construction  of  his  play 
the  photoplaywright  (if  one  may  be  pardoned 
the  use  of  the  word)  is  bound  by  the  same 
dramatic  laws  as  govern  his  colleague  of  the 
regular  stage.  The  dramatic  action  in  both 
instances  must  be  logical,  and  must  proceed 
from  understandable  causes  to  effects  that 
seem  so  inevitable  that  they  appeal  sponta- 
neously either  to  our  sympathy  or  our  risibil- 
ity. Indeed,  unity,  sequence,  cause  and  effect 
are  as  necessary  in  the  one  as  in  the  other, 
and  also  atmosphere  and  characterization. 
The  stage  dramatist  has  the  benefit  of  dia- 
logue, but  is  hampered  by  the  restrictions 
which  stage  appliances  impose.  The  photo- 
dramatist,  on  the  other  hand,  is  unlimited 
scenically;  but  is  limited  in  utterance  to  the 
sub-titles  and  spoken  titles  he  may  flash  on 
the  screen.  These,  however,  must  be  used 
sparingly,  the  ideal  photoplay  being  under- 
standable, like  the  ideal  pantomime,  without 
a  single  explanatory  word. 

Sir  Arthur  Wing  Pinero  calls  drama  "the 
art  of  compressing  life  without  falsification," 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


19 


—  an  apt  definition  which  Mr.  Dimick  perti- 
nently qualifies  in  so  far  as  it  relates  to  photo- 
drama.  "The  complete  play,"  he  says,  "is 
not  in  its  ultimate  analysis  a  '  mere  screenful ' 
of  life.  It  is  —  or  should  be  —  'a  screenful ' 
of  art  with  the  likeness  of  life." 

The  task  of  the  photo-dramatist,  however, 
is  far  less  arduous  than  that  of  the  stage 
dramatist.  In  both  instances  dramatic  sense 
is  required,  but  the  stage  dramatist  must  pos- 
sess literary  sense  as  well.  Although  both 
must  think  dramatically,  the  dramatist  who 
writes  stage  plays  must  clothe  his  thoughts  in 
language  that  will  characterize  not  only  the 
persons  in  his  play,  so  that  they  appear  real, 
but  must  unfold  the  story  in  a  way  that  the 
audience  may  both  understand  and  enjoy.  It 
is  this  literary  aspect  of  the  stage  drama 
which  makes  it  the  superior  art,  for  in  other 
respects  photoplay  making  and  stage  play 
making  are  governed  by  the  same  fundamen- 
tal laws,  the  play  in  both  instances  being 
constructed  in  practically  the  same  way 
through  the  preparation  of  a  scene  plat  or 
scenario. 

This  word,  which  calls  to  mind  the  Italian 
Commedia  dell'Arte,  recalls  also  the  striking 
resemblance  this  popular  entertainment  of  the 
renaissance  bears  in  several  particulars  to  the 
photo-drama  of  the  present  day,  not  only  in 
its  construction,  but  in  the  manner  of  its  pro- 
duction. Indeed,  it  might  almost  be  said  that 
were  the  camera  work  eliminated,  the  photo- 
play of  to-day  would  become  peripatetic 
Commedia  dell'Arte,  the  one  appreciable  dif- 
ference between  the  two  being  the  fact  that 
the  scenes  of  a  Commedia  dell'Arte  were  acted 
upon  a  stationary  stage,  whereas  those  of  the 
photoplay  take  place  wherever  the  imagina- 
tion of  the  dramatist  elects  that  they  be 
performed. 

As  in  the  Commedia  dell'Arte,  the  dialogue 
of  the  photoplay  scenario  is  unwritten,  except 
in  the  case  of  passages  which  emphasize  vital 
points  of  the  story.  In  a  Commedia  dell'Arte 
these  were  called  the  doti  or  dowries;  in  the 
photoplay  they  are  the  "  spoken  titles "  or 
"  leaders,"  and  are  flashed  on  the  screen.  The 
construction,  however,  is  so  similar  in  both 
instances,  that  a  photoplay  producer  could 
take  the  average  Commedia  dell'Arte  scenario 
and  "  film "  it  almost  without  alteration,  his 
method  of  rehearsing  his  company  being  so 
like  that  of  the  corago  or  stage  manager  of 
Italian  Improvised  Comedy,  that  it  is  difficult 
to  believe  the  technique  of  photoplay  acting 
is  not  a  direct  inheritance  from  that  of  the 
Commedia  dell'Arte. 

The  similarity  between  these  two  stage 
forms,  which  distinguishes  them  most  from 


the  regular  drama,  is  the  improvisate  char- 
acter of  their  dialogue.  Should  the  play- 
wright of  the  regular  stage  turn  his  scenario, 
or  outline  of  his  play,  over  to  the  stage  man- 
ager, with  no  dialogue  written  except  impor- 
tant lines,  which  the  very  blocking  out  of  the 
play  called,  forth ;  and  should  the  stage  man- 
ager read  it  to  the  company,  scene  by  scene, 
and  impress  upon  its  members  the  various 
characters  they  are  to  play  and  the  situations 
they  are  to  unfold,  but  leave  to  their  readiness 
of  wit  the  extemporization  of  all  dialogue, 
except  a  few  vital  lines  absolutely  necessary 
to  the  unfolding  of  the  story,  we  would  then 
have  in  nearly  every  essential  a  Commedia 
dell'Arte  as  it  was  written  and  produced  in 
Italy  during  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries. 

Now  in  the  production  of  a  photoplay  this 
is  precisely  the  modus  operandi.  That  dia- 
logue obtains  in  the  photoplay  may  astonish 
the  uninitiated;  yet  not  only  do  the  actors 
speak,  so  that  the  effebt  of  moving  lips  may 
be  registered,  but  they  speak  lines  which  re- 
flect both  the  character  and  the  situation  they 
are  portraying.  These  lines,  though  impro- 
vised while  a  scene  is  in  rehearsal,  are  impor- 
tant to  the  effective  registration  by  the 
camera  of  the  action,  for  they  enable  the 
actors  to  be  "in  their  roles,"  as  the  French 
say,  much  more  effectively  than  if  pantomime 
alone  were  resorted  to.  Moreover,  moving- 
picture  actors  seldom  play  without  an  audi- 
ence, particularly  in  the  exterior  scenes  of  a 
play,  while  during  the  taking  of  the  interior 
scenes  there  are  usually  a  few  interlopers  or 
fellow  actors  in  the  studio,  to  witness  their 
histrionic  efforts.  Hence  the  repetition  of  a 
scene  which  the  camera  registers  becomes  not 
a  rehearsal,  but  a  performance.  Again,  the 
rapidity  with  which  a  scene  is  made  by  a 
competent  producer, —  often  with  but  one  re- 
hearsal, seldom  with  more  than  two  or  three, 
—  brings  the  "movie"  actor  into  close  pro- 
fessional kinship  with  the  Commedia  dell'Arte 
performer,  of  whom  Luigi  Riccoboni  says  in 
his  Histoire  de  I'ancien  theatre  italien  (1730)  : 

"  To  a  comedian  who  depends  upon  improvisa- 
tion, face,  memory,  voice,  and  sentiment  are  not 
enough.  If  he  would  distinguish  himself,  he  must 
possess  a  lively  and  fertile  imagination,  a  great 
facility  in  expression;  he  must  master  the  subtle- 
ties of  the  language  too,  and  have  at  his  disposal 
a  full  knowledge  of  all  that  is  required  for  the 
different  situations  in  which  his  role  places  him." 
In  all  except  the  phrase  "he  must  master 
the  subtleties  of  the  language,"  this  state- 
ment applies  with  equal  force  to  the  actor  in 
the  Improvised  Comedy  of  the  Italian  renais- 
sance and  the  "movie"  actor  of  to-day,  only 
those  actors  who  possess  "  a  lively  and  fertile 


20 


THE   DIAL 


[June  24 


imagination,  a  great  facility  of  expression, 
and  a  full  knowledge  of  all  that  is  required 
for  the  different  situations  in  which  their 
roles  place  them,"  being  effective  histrions  in 
the  movies.  The  slow,  studying  actor,  whom 
the  stage  manager  can  by  patience  whip  into 
a  part,  or  the  actor  who  depends  upon  read- 
ing rather  than  acting  for  his  effects,  will  fail 
ignominiously  before  the  camera.  Indeed, 
this  new  histrionism  calls  for  precisely  the 
qualities  of  which  Riccoboni  speaks,  with  the 
added  requirement  that  the  actor  must  pos- 
sess a  face  which  in  the  technical  language  of 
the  "movie"  studio  "registers"  effectively; 
more  than  one  actor  who  succeeded  because  of 
his  good  looks  on  the  regular  stage  has  failed 
in  the  "movies,"  because  his  features  do  not 
photograph  well. 

A  distinctive  element  of  the  Commedia  dell'- 
Arte  was  characterization,  as  exemplified  by 
Pantalone,  Arlecchino,  Brighella,  Pulcinella, 
Scaramuccia,  and  their  merry  mates,  each  pic- 
turing the  local  characteristics  of  some  Italian 
city.  These  were  set  characters,  one  or  more 
of  whom  appeared  in  every  comedy,  the  plots 
being  constructed  around  these  known  and 
popular  roles.  Although  the  "movies"  have 
not  accepted  this  plan  of  construction  in  its 
entirety,  it  nevertheless  obtains,  a  series  of 
plays  having  been  constructed  around  popular 
characters,  such  as  Bronco  Billy;  while  John 
Bunny  and  Charley  Chaplin  might  with  con- 
siderable verisimilitude  be  dubbed  the  Panta- 
lone and  Arlecchino  of  the  "  movies,"  the  parts 
they  have  invariably  filled  being  certainly  sim- 
ilar in  conception  to  those  that  bore  these 
names  in  the  Italian  Improvised  Comedy. 

Indeed,  although  the  drama  of  to-day  un- 
consciously owes  much  in  the  way  of  construc- 
tion to  the  adept  dramaturgy  of  those  nimble 
Italian  actors  who,  schooled  by  experience  in 
stagecraft,  developed  the  Commedia  dell' Art e, 
or  professional  comedy,  along  lines  that  were 
followed  by  Moliere  and  Goldoni,  the  "mov- 
ies "  have  revivified  the  most  distinctive  char- 
acteristics of  that  popular  drama  of  the 
renaissance. 

The  very  word  scenario  used  by  the  actors 
of  that  period  survives  to  indicate  the  photo- 
play, which  in  form  differs  from  those  Italian 
scenari  that  have  been  preserved  to  us  only  by 
the  addition  of  camera  directions,  such  as 
"close  up,"  "back  to  scene,"  "cut,"  "fade," 
etc.,  all  of  which  are  called  forth  by  the  tech- 
nical demands  of  photography.  Although 
sprightly  Arlecchino  and  roguish  Brighella  do 
not  prank  in  the  "movies"  in  Bergamask 
attire,  their  ectypes  are  there  in  modern  garb ; 
while  the  actors  who  extemporize  their  lines, 
nimbly  play  before  the  camera  in  the  rollick- 


ing and  spontaneous  way  of  the  Commedia 
dell'Arte  actors,  as  described  by  Riccoboni, 
Garzoni,  Barbieri,  and  other  contemporary 
admirers  of  this  forgotten  art.  Thus  it  would 
appear  that  there  is  nothing  entirely  new 
under  the  dramatic  sun,  not  even  the  "movies." 
H.  C.  CHATFIELD-TAYLOR. 


FINDING  ONESELF  IN 


Every  lover  of  reading  knows  something  of 
the  anticipatory  pleasure  in  opening  a  book 
the  title  of  which  suggests  a  purpose,  points  a 
moral,  or  adorns  a  promised  tale.  In  the  title 
of  President  "Wilson's  little  volume,  "When 
a  Man  Comes  to  Himself,"  we  have  just  such 
a  pledge  of  a  book  with  a  serious  meaning. 
Some  books  make  their  appeal  with  an  entirely 
impersonal  authority,  as  though  claiming  to 
be  regarded  as  emanations  from  the  collective 
intellect  of  the  race,  and  bringing  with  them 
no  suggestion  of  self  -revelation.  Others,  again, 
seem  to  require  for  their  interpretation  and 
complete  comprehension  the  conception  of  a 
known  or  unknown  personality  behind  them. 
In  this  latter  category  we  must  class  the  book 
now  under  review;  and  we  trust  it  may  not 
seem  an  intrusion  into  the  privacies  of  a  life 
if  we  assume  it  to  be  something  in  the  nature 
of  an  apologia  pro  vita,  a  glimpse  of  the  inner 
workings  of  an  heroic  soul,  a  laying  bare  for 
our  instruction  and  edification  of  the  manner 
in  which  its  writer  has  escaped  from  the 
stifling  atmosphere  of  littleness  and  self-seek- 
ing into  the  upper  air  of  universal  aims  where 
"our  souls  have  sight  of  that  immortal  sea 
which  brought  us  hither." 

The  parable  of  the  Prodigal  Son  has  ob- 
viously suggested  the  title  of  the  book;  b*ut 
the  author  in  the  first  few  pages  has  made 
clear  what  much  requires  to  be  kept  in  mind, 
that  it  is  not  necessary  for  a  man  to  have  wan- 
dered into  "a  far  country"  or  to  have  been 
reduced  to  coveting  "the  husks  which  the 
swine  did  eat"  before  reaching  the  point 
where  he  must  come  to  himself,  if  his  life  is 
not  to  end  in  failure.  The  emotional  upheaval 
known  as  "  conversion  "  has  become  so  soiled 
by  the  ignoble  uses  of  a  cheap  evangelicalism 
as  to  have  lost  credit  in  the  world  of  sober 
judgment  ;  but  that  some  analogous  change  of 
attitude  towards  the  mystery  of  existence  and 
the  meaning  and  uses  of  life  must  precede  the 
entering  upon  his  highest  inheritance,  is  what 
every  man  in  his  heart  probably  believes.  For 
even  among  those  spiritually  "  impotent  folk  " 
who,  as  the  author  remarks,  "never  come  to 

*  WHEN  A  MAN  COMES  TO  HIMSELF.  By  Woodrow  Wilson. 
New  York:  Harper  &  Brothers. 


.1915] 


THE   DIAL 


themselves  at  all,"  who  can  say  how  many 
there  are  who  are  quite  aware  of  the  necessity 
for  this  change,  and  who  may  have  waited 
long  by  the  pool  of  Bethesda  for  the  coming 
>of  the  disturbing  angel  that  they  might  be  the 
first  to  plunge  into  its  healing  waters?  The 
spiritually  "blind  and  halt  and  withered" 
belong  to  all  classes  of  society,  and  are  to  be 
found  among  the  wise  and  prudent,  and  in  the 
very  household  of  Mr.  Worldly  Wiseman  of 
the  town  of  Morality.  Indeed,  that  this  "  com- 
ing to  oneself"  is  as  necessary  to  the  man  of 
genius  or  to  him  who  instinctively  prefers  to 
walk  in  the  paths  of  rectitude  and  veracity,  as 
to  the  wayward  child  of  humanity,  is  the  les- 
•son  which  this  book  seems  to  leave  with  us. 

Where  one  is  in  complete  agreement  with 
the  main  conclusions  of  an  author,  and  in  the 
deepest  sympathy  with  the  spirit  of  his  writ-  | 
ing,  it  may  appear  ungracious  to  select  points 
in  detail  with  which  to  disagree.     As  honest 
criticism,  however,  is  the  proper  function  of 
the  critic,  we  must  join  issue  with  Mr.  Wilson 
in  one  of  his  dicta  where  he  affirms  that  the 
coming  to  oneself  is  "  a  change  reserved  for 
the  thoroughly  sane  and  healthy  and  for  those  j 
who  can  detach  themselves,"   etc.     Judging  j 
from  observation  and  experience,  one  might  be  j 
tempted  to  think  that  complete  sanity  and  i 
perfect  health  sometimes  act  as  a  bar  to  the 
oncoming  of  the  great  change,  and  positively 
prevent  a  man's  coming  to  himself.    Might  it 
not  even  be  said  that  a  little  defect  in  health  or  ; 
a  slight  touch  of  insanity  sometimes  provides  ! 
~the  conditions  under  which  the  change  is  most  ! 
likely  to  take  place?    The  psychological  mys- 
tery which  surrounds  the  motions  of  the  spirit 
is  as  inexplicable  now  as  it  was  to  the  apostle 
who  said :    "  By  grace  are  ye  saved  and  that 
not  of  yourselves,  it  is  the  gift  of  God."    For 
upon  whom  does  the  gift  seem  most  readily  to 
descend?    Does  it  not  come  most  frequently 
to  those  who  are  conscious  of  having  lost  some- 
thing of  that  healthiness  and  sanity  which  re- 
sult from  complete  adjustment   to   outward 
conditions  ?    May  it  not  be  that  here  again  the 
intellectual  and  emotional  invalids  or  sinners 
may  have  at  least  an  equal  chance  to  come  to 
themselves,  with  those  who  have  observed  all 
the  laws  of  mental  and  emotional  hygiene  ?    It 
is,  at  all  events,  a  more  cheerful  and  sustaining 
TDelief  that  the  change  is  not  reserved  for  the 
thoroughly  sane  and  healthy;   as  there  are 
so  few  who  can  truthfully  be  so  described. 

We  believe  we  interpret  the  author's  conclu- 
sions aright  in  assuming  that  he  regards  the 
•coming  of  a  man  to  himself  not  as  a  single  and 
final  transaction,  but  as  a  process,  which  hav- 
ing begun  will  be  repeated  as  life  unfolds  its 
hidden  potentialities;  and  that  we  must  be 


re-born  not  once  but  many  times  if  we  are  to 
expand  to  the  full  circumference  of  our  being. 
While  there  are  undoubtedly  many  to  whom 
the  initial  awakening  arrives  gradually,  like 
the  return  to  consciousness  of  a  healthy 
sleeper,  to  most  of  us  it  comes  with  more  or 
less  of  a  shock;  to  some  with  the  force  of  a 
mighty  rushing  wind;  to  others  with  only  a 
gentle  "click"  indicating  that  a  corner  has 
been  rounded,  an  important  point  passed,  a 
new  outlook  gained.  But  every  man  who  has 
experienced  the  change  and  realized  the 
altered  perspective  in  which  the  world  is  seen, 
and  who  has  received  the  gift  in  the  spirit  of 
true  humility,  will  expect  further  revelations 
and  adjustments  and  will  not  be  disappointed. 
Each  recurring  "  coming  to  himself  "  will  take 
place  with  less  shock  and  more  and  more  fre- 
quency, until  in  a  real  sense  he  comes  to  him- 
self at  the  opening  of  each  new  day. 

On  many  other  points  most  readers  will  find 
themselves  in  absolute  agreement  with  Mr. 
Wilson.  That  "men  come  to  themselves  by 
discovering  their  limitations  no  less  than  by 
discovering  their  deeper  endowments,"  that 
"Moral  enthusiasm  is  not,  uninstructed  and 
of  itself,  a  suitable  guide  to  practicable  and 
lasting  reformation,"  and  that  "  if  the  reform 
sought  be  the  reformation  of  others  as  well  as 
of  himself,  the  reformer  should  look  to  it  that 
he  knows  the  true  relation  of  his  will  to  the 
wills  of  those  he  would  change  and  guide,"  — 
these  are  aphorisms  of  inestimable  value  for 
the  clarification  of  thought  and  the  guidance 
of  the  social  reformer.  The  idea,  too,  that  man 
reaches  his  highest  degree  of  individuality 
in  proportion  as  he  identifies  himself  with  his 
community,  was  surely  never  more  happily 
expressed  than  in  the  following  epigrammatic 
sentences :  "A  man  is  the  part  he  plays  among 
his  fellows.  He  is  not  isolated.  His  life  is 
made  up  of  the  relations  he  bears  to  others  — 
is  made  or  marred  by  those  relations,  guided 
by  them,  judged  by  them,  expressed  in  them." 
"Adjustment  [to  those  relations]  is  exactly 
what  a  man  gains  when  he  comes  to  himself." 
Would  it  be  possible  to  find  a  more  felicitous 
elucidation  of  the  antinomy  which  accepts 
Society  as  an  organism  yet  insists  on  main- 
taining the  individuality  of  the  man  ? 

"And  so  men  grow  by  having  responsibility 
laid  upon  them,  the  burden  of  other  people's 
business."  In  these  words  we  seem  to  feel  the 
inner  spirit  of  the  distinguished  writer  of  this 
edifying  little  book.  That  the  burden  our 
great  civic  chief  t  is  at  present  bearing  may 
react  in  the  manner  he  obviously  desires,  will 
be  the  sincerest  wish  of  every  reader  of  "When 
a  Man  Comes  to  Himself." 

ALEX.  MACKENDRICK. 


22 


THE   DIAL 


[June  24 


SCORCHED  WITH  THE  FLAMES  OF  WAR.* 

Of  all  who  have  gone  forth  to  write  of  the 
present  war  for  the  purpose  of  influencing 
the  opinion  of  the  world,  Mr.  Sven  Hedin  is 
the  most  eminent.  Educated  in  Germany  in 
his  youth,  preserving  through  life  an  honest 
love  for  and  admiration  of  its  people  in  peace, 
the  recipient  of  many  honors  and  much  ap- 
plause throughout  its  empire,  he  was  allowed 
the  widest  latitude  by  no  less  a  person  than 
the  Kaiser  himself  for  the  acquirement  of 
such  knowledge  as  would  most  convincingly 
present  the  cause  of  the  German  Empire  to 
the  neutral  nations.  As  in  so  many  other 
cases,  he  has  made  over  his  own  into  a  Ger- 
man heart,  and  his  large  octavo  volume  con- 
tains no  criticism  of  the  Germans  that  is  not 
wholly  favorable.  As  in  so  many  other  cases, 
too,  he  is  not  satisfied  to  record  merely  what 
he  sees,  though  he  more  than  once  professes 
that  to  be  his  object;  he  argues  from  his  own 
experiences  and  observations  to  sweeping  gen- 
eralities, denies  all  atrocities,  and  leaves  the 
German  soldier  with  a  clean  bill  of  moral 
health.  It  may  be  remarked  here,  for  the. 
purpose  of  clearing  up  a  great  deal  of  muddy 
thinking  in  such  matters,  that  so-called  nega- 
tive testimony  of  this  kind  is  not  testimony 
at  all.  Mr.  Hedin  offers  no  contradiction,  as 
an  eye-witness,  of  the  cases  set  forth  in  the 
Bedier  and  Bryce  reports,  buttressed  as  they 
are  by  extracts  from  the  diaries  of  German 
soldiers ;  he  is  content  to  present  himself  as  a 
witness  in  the  spirit  in  which  the  twenty 
friends  who  had  not  seen  the  Irishman  steal  the 
pig  contradicted  the  ten  who  did.  This  is  not 
to  be  held  as  vitiating  the  force  of  his  actual 
observations;  a  traveller  of  the  first  distinc- 
tion and  trained  both  to  see  and  to  write,  his 
book  is  authoritative  within  its  limits,  and  its 
faults  are  those  of  prejudgment  and  of  mass 
psychology.  But  even  these  prejudices  are 
interesting  in  the  record,  as  when  he  notes: 
"  I  was  told  that  the  wounds  of  the  Germans 
heal  better  and  quicker  than  those  of  the 

*  WITH  THE  GERMAN  ARMIES  IN  THE  WEST.  By  Sven  Hedin. 
Authorized  translation  from  the  Swedish  by  H.  G.  de  Walter- 
storff.  Illustrated.  New  York :  John  Lane  Co. 

BEHIND  THE  SCENES  IN  WARRING  GERMANY.  By  Edward 
Lyell  Fox.  Illustrated.  New  York :  McBride,  Nast  &  Co. 

FOUR  WEEKS  IN  THE  TRENCHES.  The  War  Story  of  a  Vio-. 
linist.  By  Fritz  Kreisler.  Illustrated.  Boston:  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co. 

A  SURGEON  IN  BELGIUM.  By  H.  S.  Souttar,  F.R.C.S.  Illus- 
trated. New  York:  Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

PARIS  WAITS:  1914.  By  M.  E.  Clarke.  Illustrated.  New 
York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

LA  GUERRE  VUE  D'UNE  AMBULANCE.  Par  1'Abbe  Felix  Klein. 
Illustrated.  Paris  :  Librairie  Armand  Colin. 

EYE-WITNESS'S  NARRATIVE  OF  THE  WAR.  From  the  Marne 
to  Neuve  Chapelle:  September,  1914-March,  1915.  New  York: 
Longmans,  Green  &  Co. 

FIELD  HOSPITAL  AND  FLYING  COLUMN.  Being  the  Journal 
of  an  English  Nursing  Sister  in  Belgium  and  Russia.  By 
Violetta  Thurstan.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


Frenchmen,  whatever  the  reason  may  be." 
Again  what  we  should  call  British  self- 
respect  and  independence  he  characterizes  as 
bad  breeding: 

"  Of  the  prisoners,  it  was  said  that  there  was  a 
great  difference  between  the  British  and  the 
French.  The  former  would  stand  with  their  hands 
in  their  pockets  and  a  pipe  in  their  mouth  when 
spoken  to  by  an  officer,  and  a  salute  was  only 
elicited  by  a  reprimand.  The  Frenchmen,  on  the 
other  hand,  always  salute  the  German  officers 
without  being  told,  and  this  is  probably  due  to 
their  inherited  military  spirit  and  to  the  trait  of 
inborn  courtesy  which  pervades  the  whole  nation." 

Mr.  Hedin  met  and  talked  with  the  Kaiser 
three  times  during  his  stay  in  Germany  (from. 
September  14  to  November  12,  1914),  and 
presents  this  portrait  of  him : 

"  The  talk  of  the  Emperor  having  aged  during 
the  war,  and  of  the  war  with  all  its  labors  and 
anxieties  having  sapped  his  strength  and  health, 
is  all  nonsense.  His  hair  is  no  more  pronouncedly 
iron  grey  than  before  the  war,  his  face  has  color, 
and  far  from  being  worn  and  thin,  he  is  plump 
and  strong,  bursting  with  energy  and  rude  health. 
A  man  of  Emperor  William's  stamp  is  in  his  ele- 
ment when,  through  the  force  of  circumstances, 
he  is  compelled  to  stake  all  he  possesses  and  above- 
all  himself  for  the  good  and  glory  of  his  country. 
But  his  greatest  quality  is  that  he  is  a  human 
being  and  that  with  all  his  fulminant  force  he  is 
humble  before  God." 

Mr.  Hedin  has  convinced  himself  that  this  is 
a  holy  war,  in  which  the  Kaiser,  like  Gustavus 
Adolphus  before  him,  is  holding  up  the  arms 
of  Protestantism — against  what,  one  does 
not  quite  make  out.  After  a  detailed  account 
of  the  celebration  of  mass  near  the  front,  he- 
writes  : 

"  Perhaps  one  ought  to  .  .  realize  what  Swedes 
and  Germans  have  in  common.  At  one  time  we 
gave  each  other  the  best  and  noblest  that  we  pos- 
sessed. The  Lutheran  faith  preserved  by  the 
sword  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  was  the  seed  and 
life  germ  which  has  given  birth  to  that  Germanic 
culture  which  to-day  is  fighting  for  its  existence. 
None  of  us  can  escape  the  responsibility  for  the 
inviolable  preservation  of  the  common  heritage. 
Our  German  brethren  are  now  shedding  their 
heart's  blood  in  a  cause  which  in  equal  measure 
concerns  themselves,  and  for  which  Sweden's 
greatest  Kings  gave  their  all  and  their  lives." 

France  is  held  to  be  the  victim  of  a  specious. 
and  inhuman  diplomacy  —  "surely  one  can- 
not with  self-respect  refrain  from  loudly  con- 
demning the  policy  which  alone  is  the  cause 
of  it  all."  The  use  of  Turcos  and  Gurkas  and 
Sikhs  brings  forth  objurgations  —  the  actual 
Turks  are  not  mentioned.  One  of  the  inter- 
esting ways  in  which  Germany  is  having  the- 
cost  of  the  war  defrayed  for  her  by  her  ene- 
mies is  worth  setting  down  in  full : 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


"Nothing  is  taken  away  off-hand.  All  will  be 
made  good  to  the  owners  after  the  war.  The 
terms  of  peace  will  contain  a  provision  to  the 
effect  that  the  defeated  side  shall  pay  the  amount 
of  every  receipt  or  voucher  (bon)  representing  the 
value  of  the  things  requisitioned  during  the  mili- 
tary occupation.  The  individual  is  not  to  suffer 
direct,  but  only  as  a  participant  in  the  misfortune 
which  falls  on  the  country  as  a  whole.  It  is  the 
duty  of  the  State  to  make  good  the  people's  per- 
sonal losses  when  the  State  is  incapable  of  pro- 
tecting the  property  of  the  individual  against  the 
enemy.  And  if  the  invading  power  is  defeated 
in  the  war,  its  just  punishment  is  that  it  must 
make  good  the  losses  of  the  sufferers." 

This  reads  fairly  enough,  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  there  is  nowhere  in  the  large 
volume  any  hint  of  anything  but  German  vic- 
tory, complete  and  absolute.  The  French  who 
accept  the  German  vouchers,  having  no  choice 
in  the  matter,  are  to  look  to  their  own  govern- 
ment for  repayment  for  the  supplies  they  are 
forced  to  give  its  foes.  The  Hague  conven- 
tions are  not  silent  on  this  subject,  but  as  Mr. 
Hedin  observes,  "In  more  than  one  respect 
this  war  has  demonstrated  the  impotence  and 
futility  of  all  conferences  and  conventions  of 
Geneva,  The  Hague,  and  other  places,  bearing 
names  which  now  have  an  empty  and  illusory 
sound."  It  is  well  to  have  a  categorical  state- 
ment of  this  sort  from  such  a  completely 
pro-German  source.  After  noting  the  trench 
warfare  in  northern  France,  and  getting  to 
Antwerp  just  after  its  fall,  Mr.  Hedin  re- 
turned home.  He  had  been  under  French  fire 
and  the  British  naval  bombardment  of  Ostend, 
had  been  entertained  by  numerous  royalties 
and  high  dignitaries,  and  his  tone  is  that  of  a 
man  who  thoroughly  enjoyed  himself. 

Mr.  Edward  Lyell  Fox  did  not  have  so 
elaborate  a  social  experience  with  German 
notabilities  as  Mr.  Hedin,  but  his  opportuni- 
ties for  gaining  knowledge  were  almost  equal 
and  of  much  the  same  nature.  His  book, 
"  Behind  the  Scenes  in  Warring  Germany,"  is 
\vritten  with  less  reserve  and  more  energy, 
describing  conditions  on  both  the  western 
front  in  autumn  and  the  eastern  in  winter,  in 
the  form  of  special  correspondence  for  Amer- 
ican periodicals.  Mr.  Fox  is  much  more 
guarded  in  his  statements  about  German  pro- 
ceedings which  have  not  fallen  under  his  own 
eyesight, —  as  when  he  remarks  in  this  con- 
nection :  "Were  every  American  who  believes 
these  Belgian  stories,  to  live  with  the  German 
soldiers  as  I  have,  and  to  know  them  off  duty, 
and  to  watch  them  in  the  trenches,  he  would 
be  utterly  at  sea.  The  stories  of  Belgium  do 
not  agree  with  the  men  of  the  German  army." 
This  is  brought  out  by  nothing  more  than  the 
accusation  that  the  home-loving  Teuton  has 


wantonly  burned  houses;  and  in  the  para- 
graph immediately  following  he  describes  a 
Prussian  officer's  bomb-proof  in  the  trenches 
as  filled  with  loot  from  a  neighboring  chateau 
—  the  sort  of  thing  that  Mr.  Hedin  gave  us 
his  assurance  was  not  done.  Mr.  Fox  was  on 
the  firing  line  during  an  English  charge,  and 
was  mightily  moved  to  take  an  active  part  in 
the  fighting,  being  completely  carried  away 
by  the  excitement  of  the  moment.  His  ac- 
count of  the  defeat  of  the  enemy  must  be 
given: 

"  I  began  to  notice  then,  by  craning  my  head 
from  left  to  right,  that  the  red  wavering  lines  of 
fire,  which  had  a  way  of  rushing  at  you  and  van- 
ishing to  appear  again  further  back,  was  [sic] 
slower  now  in  appearing  after  it  lost  itself  some- 
where in  the  mud,  and  then  it  became  even  slower 
in  showing  itself  and  finally  when  it  came,  you 
saw  that  it  had  disintegrated  into  segments,  that 
it  was  no  longer  a  steady  oncoming  line,  rather  a 
slowly  squirming  thing  like  the  curling  parts  of 
some  monstrous  fiery  worm  that  had  been  chopped 
to  bits  and  was  squirming  its  life  away  out  there 
on  the  mud.  And  it  dawned  upon  you  in  horror 
that  the  fiery  red  lines  had  been  lines  of  men, 
shooting  as  they  had  come;  and  that,  when  one 
line  had  been  mowed  down,  another  had  rushed 
up  from  behind,  so  on  almost  endlessly  it  had 
seemed  until  they  became  broken  and  squirmed 
like  the  others  had  done,  into  the  mud,  and  came 
no  more.  And  the  spell  that  you  had  been  held 
in  was  broken;  and  you  remembered  that  there 
Avas  a  God,  and  you  thanked  Him  that  your  hands 
had  found  nothing  with  which  to  kill." 

(It  could  have  been  wished,  when  Mr.  Fox 
came  to  write,  that  he  had  remembered  that 
there  is  also  syntax  in  English. )  He,  too,  like 
Mr.  Hedin,  visited  the  prison  camps  in  Bel- 
gium, and  noted  that  the  British  did  not 
salute  German  officers;  also  that  when  he 
asked  an  English  marine  how  he  liked  it  there, 
though  an  officer  stood  beside  him,  the  En- 
glishman answered,  "Rotten."  The  fighting 
in  Poland  was  even  fiercer;  and  the  battle  of 
Augustowo  Wald,  at  which  Mr.  Fox  was  pres- 
ent, affords  him  material  for  what  he  calls 
"  the  first  complete  account  of  a  great  battle 
that  has  been  told  in  this  war."  As  recorded, 
it  was  one  of  those  overwhelming  Russian 
defeats  that  have  characterized  the  eastern 
fighting,  an  army  of  240,000  men  being  com- 
pletely obliterated  by  General  von  Hinden- 
berg.  The  last  chapter  in  the  book  shows, 
with  photographic  reproductions,  that  En- 
gland possessed  accurate  military  maps  of 
Belgium, —  proof  to  the  Germans  that  Great 
Britain  intended  the  invasion  of  that  un- 
happy country;  and  equal  proof,  from  the 
other  side,  that  the  British  were  aware  of 
Germany's  dishonorable  intentions  in  that 
regard. 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


From  September  to  December,  1914,  Mr. 
H.  S.  Souttar  was  attached  to  a  British  hos- 
pital corps  and  not  under  the  personal  escort 
of  exceedingly  polite  German  officers  with  the 
limitation  of  experiences  thus  implied.  In 
consequence  we  are  given  in  his  book  entitled 
"A  Surgeon  in  Belgium  "  a  record  of  personal 
experiences.  After  discussing  the  rules  of  the 
Geneva  Convention  the  author  says: 

"  It  is,  after  all,  possible  to  fight  as  gentlemen. 
Or  at  least  it  was  until  a  few  months  ago.  Since 
then  we  have  had  a  demonstration  of  '  scientific ' 
war  such  as  has  never  before  been  given  to  man- 
kind. Now,  to  wear  a  Red  Cross  is  simply  to 
offer  a  better  mark  for  the  enemy's  fire,  and  we 
only  wore  them  in  order  that  our  own  troops 
might  know  our  business  and  make  use  of  our  aid. 
A  hospital  is  a  favorite  mark  for  the  German 
artillery,  whilst  the  practice  of  painting  Red 
Crosses  on  the  tops  of  ambulance  cars  is  by  many 
people  considered  unwise,  as  it  invites  any  passing 
aeroplane  to  drop  a  bomb.  But  the  Germans  have 
carried  their  systematic  contempt  of  the  rules  of 
war  so  far  that  it  is  now  almost  impossible  for 
our  own  men  to  recognize  their  Red  Crosses.  Time 
after  time  their  Red  Cross  cars  have  been  used  to 
•conceal  machine-guns,  their  flags  have  floated  over 
batteries,  and  they  have  actually  used  stretchers 
to  bring  up  ammunition  to  the  trenches.  Whilst 
I  was  at  Furnes  two  German  spies  were  working 
with  an  ambulance,  in  khaki  uniforms,  bringing 
in  the  wounded.  They  were  at  it  for  nearly  a 
week  before  they  were  discovered,  and  then,  by  a 
Tuse,  they  succeeded  in  driving  straight  through 
the  Belgian  lines  and  back  to  their  own,  Red  Cross 
ambulance,  khaki  and  all." 

Later  he  cites  another  instance  that  fell 
within  his  personal  knowledge : 

"  But  Ypres  gave  us  yet  another  example  of 
German  methods  of  war.  On  the  western  side  of 
the  town,  some  distance  from  the  furthest  houses, 
stood  the  Asylum.  It  was  a  fine  building  arranged 
in  several  wings,  and  at  present  it  was  being  used 
for  the  accommodation  of  a  few  wounded,  mostly 
women  and  children,  and  several  old  people  of 
the  workhouse  infirmary  type.  It  made  a  mag- 
nificent hospital,  and  as  it  was  far  away  from 
the  town  and  was  not  used  for  any  but  the  pur- 
poses of  a  hospital,  we  considered  it  safe  enough, 
and  that  it  would  be  a  pity  to  disturb  the  poor 
old  people  collected  there.  We  might  have  known 
better.  The  very  next  night  the  Germans  shelled 
it  to  pieces,  and  all  those  unfortunate  old  creatures 
had  to  be  removed  in  a  hurry.  There  was  a  sense- 
less barbarity  about  such  an  act  which  could  only 
appeal  to  a  Prussian." 

The  book  is  both  witty  and  wise,  and  the 
work  of  a  man  who  can  write  excellent  En- 
glish. It  contains  a  number  of  suggestions 
of  a  professional  sort,  such  as  the  establish- 
ment of  hospitals  in  the  country  for  the  better 
treatment  of  city  dwellers,  and  records  the 
results  of  the  use  of  the  most  modern  surgical 


appliances.  Madame  Curie  was  in  Mr.  Sout- 
tar's  hospital  with  her  wonderful  apparatus, 
and  the  King  and  Queen  of  Belgium  were 
frequent  visitors. 

Mr.  Fritz  Kreisler,  the  eminent  violinist 
now  touring  the  United  States,  was  for  a 
month  on  the  Austrian  firing  line,  took  part 
in  several  engagements  and  a  long  retreat, 
was  wounded  in  the  leg,  and  honorably  dis- 
charged from  the  service  as  no  longer  phy- 
sically fit  for  its  hardships.  His  brief  account 
of  "Four  Weeks  in  the  Trenches"  corrobo- 
rates those  given  by  many  others,  regarding 
the  ease  with  which  a  man  of  refinement  slips 
back  into  the  barbarism  of  war,  with  its  at- 
tendant dirt  and  filth  and  lack  of  everything 
regarded  as  humanly  decent.  A  week  or  two 
of  marching  under  heavy  equipment  brought 
him  into  unexpected  health  and  strength,  as 
in  so  many  other  cases.  His  musical  ear 
enabled  him  to  be  of  service  to  his  army,  for 
it  detected  the  differences  in  the  sounds  made 
by  shells  before  attaining  their  maximum 
height  and  after  they  had  begun  their  de- 
scent. "Apparently,"  he  writes,  "  in  the  first 
half  of  its  curve,  that  is,  its  course  while 
ascending,  the  shell  produced  a  dull  whine 
accompanied  by  a  falling  cadence,  which 
changes  to  a  rising  shrill  as  soon  as  the  acme 
has  been  reached  and  the  curve  points  down- 
ward again."  Confiding  his  observations  to 
his  commanding  officer,  "it  was  later  on  re- 
ported to  me  that  I  had  succeeded  in  giving 
to  our  batteries  the  almost  exact  range  of  the 
Russian  guns."  Interesting  as  this  is,  it  seems 
a  poor  use  to  put  a  great  artistic  talent  to. 
Several  instances  are  cited  of  the  men  exhibit- 
ing a  simple  humanity  toward  their  enemies, 
notably  in  a  case  where  a  Russian  officer  and 
his  orderly  came  under  a  flag  of  truce  to 
plead  hunger,  "  offering  a  little  barrel  of 
water  which  his  companion  carried  on  his 
head  and  a  little  tobacco,  in  exchange  for 
some  provisions."  The  response  was  gener- 
ous, though  the  Austrians  were  themselves  on 
scant  rations,  Mr.  Kreisler's  "  proud  contribu- 
tion consisting  of  two  tablets  of  chocolate, 
part  of  a  precious  reserve  for  extreme  cases." 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Clarke  has  done  nothing  more 
than  record  the  state  of  feeling  suggested  by 
the  title  of  her  well  written  book,  "Paris 
"Waits :  1914,"  during  the  fearful  days  of  the 
German  advance,  and  by  the  respite  that  came 
in  September  when  the  French  pushed  their 
adversaries  back  to  the  Aisne.  Of  the  re- 
treat immediately  before,  she  writes: 

"  I  never  realized  how  ill  men  could  be  from 
sheer  fatigue  until  I  saw  a  Seaforth  Highlander 
and  a  Rifle  Brigade  man  utterly  prostrate  in  a 
French  hospital  after  that  awful  retreat  on  Paris. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


25 


They  had  marched  twenty-five  miles  a  day  during 
four  days,  with  practically  nothing  to  eat,  and 
fighting  all  the  way.  .  .  They  had  been  in  hospital 
ten  days  when  we  found  them,  and  they  were  still 
unable  to  stand  on  their  feet,  although,  beyond 
fatigue,  there  was  nothing  the  matter  with  them. 
They  craved  food,  rest,  and  forgetfulness  of  all 
they  had  seen.  Their  pity  for  the  Belgian  refugees 
was  very  real,  and  whatever  English  soldier  you 
meet  it  is  always  the  same :  they  will  never  forget 
those  heart-rending  scenes  of  mutilated  women 
and  children,  burning  villages,  and  roads  stream- 
ing with  frightened  groups  of  human  beings 
seeking  safety  by  walking  away  from  their  own 
dwellings  into  the  unknown.  Above  all,  they  will 
never  forget  or  forgive  the  Germans  for  driving  j 
the  women  and  children  before  their  guns  as  pro- 
tection for  themselves  against  the  fire  of  the  Allies. 
Even  the  laconic  Highlander  talked  about  that, 
and  the  Rifle  Brigade  man  became  eloquent." 

Though  the  book  makes  no  pretence  to  con- 
secutiveness  or  literary  form,  it  will  stand  as 
a  psychological  cinematograph  of  the  feelings 
of  a  great  capital  in  a  great  historical  crisis. 

M.  1'Abbe  Felix  Klein  will  be  remembered 
as  the  author  of  several  books  which  have 
been  translated  and  sold  widely  in  America. 
He  has  also  travelled  and  lectured  exten- 
sively in  this  country.  Thus  it  was  not  inap- 
propriate that  he  should  attach  himself  to  the 
American 'Ambulance  Corps  in  France  as  its 
chaplain.  His  new  book,  "La  Guerre  Vue 
d'une  Ambulance,"  is  in  the  form  of  a  diary, 
running  from  the  third  of  August  to  the  last 
day  of  December,  1914,  in  which  he  sets  down 
the  actual  events  of  each  day  with  related 
impressions  and  observations.  Here  is  con- 
firmation of  Mrs.  Clarke's  record  from  an 
independent  source : 

"  II  ne  leur  est  permis  de  parler  des  faits  de 
guerre  qu'apres  quinze  jours  ecoules.  Ce  n'est 
pas,  jugent-ils  a  bon  droit,  desobeir  a  cet  ordre 
que  de  nous  confirmer,  pour  les  avoir  vues  de 
leurs  yeux,  les  atrocites  des  Allemands  en  Belgique, 
et  notamment,  le  fait  tres  souvent  renouvale, — 
chaque  fois,  semble-t-il,  que  c'etait  possible, —  de 
placer  devant  eux  les  enfants  et  les  femmes,  au 
moment  du  combat." 

There  is  also  the  protest,  not  uncommon  in 
either  France  or  Britain,  against  the  use  of 
similar  devices: 

"  Rien,  pas  meme  le  sac  de  Senlis,  qui  a  donne 
lieu,  rien  ne  justifie  de  pareilles  explosions  de 
fureur.  Je  sais  bien  que  les  atrocites  allemandes 
depassent,  cette  fois,  toutes  limites,  et  qu'elles 
revetent  souvent  un  caratere  general,  officiel,  qui 
en  augmente  singulierement  la  portee.  Mais  quoi! 
n'est-ce  pas  eela  meme  qui  prouve  I'inferiorite  de 
1'adversaire  ?  Loin  de  nous,  a  jamais,  1'idee  de 
nous  abandonner  a  la  plus  monstrueuse  des  emu- 
lations !" 

The  impression  given  is  vivid  and  sincere, 
and  the  United  States  has  occasion  to  feel 


proud  of  the  excellent  work  accomplished 
through  its  Ambulance  Corps  in  France. 

Out  of  the  obscurity  thrown  over  the  work 
of  the  British  expeditionary  force  in  Belgium 
and  France  has  come  from  time  to  time  the 
writings  of  an  official  eye-witness, —  brief  and 
well  worded  accounts,  sometimes  picturesque, 
which  are  for  the  most  part  from  the  accom- 
plished pen  of  Colonel  Ernest  D.  Swinton. 
These  have  been  collected  into  a  volume,  "Eye- 
Witness's  Narrative  of  the  War,"  which 
needed  this  presentation  of  them  since  the 
exigencies  of  daily  journalism  have  often  led 
to  omissions  large  and  small.  The  accounts 
here  given  run  from  the  victory  of  the  Allies 
on  the  Marne  to  the  British  advance  at  Neuve 
Chapelle  last  March,  the  selection  of  the  two 
events  giving  form  to  the  narrative.  As  an 
example  of  the  information  given,  the  follow- 
ing statement  concerning  the  event  last  named 
may  be  quoted : 

"  One  wounded  Prussian  officer,  of  a  particu- 
larly offensive  and  truculent  type  which  is  not 
uncommon,  expressed  the  greatest  contempt  for 
our  methods.  'You  do  not  fight.  You  murder,' 
he  said.  '  If  it  had  been  straightforward,  honest 
fighting,  we  should  have  beaten  you,  but  my  regi- 
ment never  had  a  chance  from  the  first;  there 
was  a  shell  every  ten  yards.  Nothing  could  live 
in  such  a  fire.' 

"  This  feeling  of  resentment  against  our  ar- 
tillery was  shown  by  several  of  the  prisoners. 
Gratifying  as  it  is  to  our  gunners,  it  is  an  exhibi- 
tion of  a  curious  lack  of  any  judicial  sense  or 
even  of  a  rudimentary  sense  of  humor  on  the  part 
of  the  apostles  of  '  Frightfulness.'  It  was  the 
Germans  who  prepared  an  overwhelming  force  of 
artillery  before  the  war,  and  they  were  the  first 
to  employ  the  concentrated  action  of  heavy  guns 
in  field  warfare.  When  the  tables  are  turned  and 
they  have  their  first  taste  of  what  we  have  so  often 
eaten  they  actually  have  the  effrontery  to  com- 
plain. It  also  especially  galled  our  prisoners  that 
they  should  have  been  captured  by  the  British, 
who,  they  had  been  informed,  were  very  inferior 
enemies." 

It  was  this  battle  that  at  last  disclosed  to  the 
British  the  only  secure  method  of  advancing, 
and  they  immediately  set  about  securing  the 
necessary  enormous  quantity  of  heavy  ammu- 
nition. The  book  pays  full  credit  to  the  Ger- 
man efficiency  and  personal  bravery,  and 
some  informing  letters  secured  from  prison- 
ers about  the  pinch  of  poverty  are  of  especial 
interest. 

Miss  Violetta  Thurstan,  an  English  trained 
nurse  attached  to  the  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
Red  Cross,  went  to  Belgium  almost  immedi- 
ately after  the  invasion  of  that  country,  re- 
mained there  until  the  Germans  deported  her 
and  her  assistants  after  subjecting  them  to 
needless  and  gross  personal  insults,  and  from 


26 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


Denmark  passed  to  the  Russian  Red  Cross  at 
the  flying  column  detailed  to  the  front.  Her 
experiences  were  thrilling  in  the  extreme,  and 
were  borne  with  that  high  spirit  of  valor 
which  characterizes  the  English  gentlewoman 
at  her  best.  Wounded  at  last  and  soon  after 
stricken  by  pleurisy,  she  has  occupied  her 
convalescence  in  writing  the  account  of  her 
experiences.  Her  book,  "  Field  Hospital  and 
Flying  Column,"  fully  bears  out  the  dictum 
that  no  autobiography  is  dull.  Interesting  as 
the  narrative  is,  still  more  interesting  is  the 
personality  of  the  author,  which  may  be 
judged  in  part  by  the  following  extract: 

"  War  would  be  the  most  glorious  game  in  the 
world  if  it  were  not  for  the  killing  and  wounding. 
In  it  one  tastes  the  joy  of  comradeship  to  the 
full,  the  taking  and  giving,  and  helping  and  being 
helped,  in  a  way  that  would  be  impossible  to  con- 
ceive in  the  ordinary  world.  At  Radzivilow,  too, 
one  could  see  the  poetry  of  war,  the  zest  of  the 
frosty  mornings,  and  the  delight  of  the  camp-fire 
at  night,  the  warm,  clean  smell  of  the  horses 
tethered  everywhere,  the  keen  hunger,  the  rough 
food  sweetened  by  the  sauce  of  danger,  the  riding 
out  in  high  hope  in  the  morning;  even  the  return- 
ing wounded  in  the  evening  did  not  seem  altogether 
such  a  bad  thing  out  there." 

No  idea  that  the  pacifists  have  advanced  is 
more  convincing  than  that  of  making  peace  as 
interesting  as  warfare;  once  this  is  accom- 
plished, the  vastest  of  all  human  evils  will 
probably  disappear.  WALLACE  RICE. 


RECEXT  POETRY.* 

In  a  roughly  convenient  fashion,  one  may 
classify  all  contemporary  verse  in  two  grand 
divisions,  according  as  it  represents  the  fol- 
lowing of  poetic  tradition  or  the  distinctive 
resolution  to  be  new.  In  connection  with  the 
second  group,  no  one  interested  in  the  subject 
can  fail  to  be  aware  of  a  considerable  amount 
of  very  interesting  experimentation  by  cer- 
tain of  the  younger  poets,  analogous  in  a  more 
than  superficial  way  to  the  various  modernist 
schools  of  painting.  Even  if  we  have  serious 
suspicions  as  to  the  probable  value  of  these 
experiments,  we  should  try  to  understand 

*  SOME  IMAGIST  POETS.  An  Anthology.  "  New  Poetry 
Series."  Boston  :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

IRRADIATIONS:  SAND  AND  SPRAY.  By  John  Gould  Fletcher. 
"  New  Poetry  Series."  Boston :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

CREATION.  Post-Impressionist  Poems.  By  Horace  Holley. 
New  York :  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

SPOON  RIVER  ANTHOLOGY.  By  Edgar  Lee  Masters.  New 
York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

SATIRES  OF  CIRCUMSTANCE.  Lyrics  and  Reveries,  with  Mis- 
cellaneous Pieces.  By  Thomas  Hardy.  New  York:  The  Mac- 
millan Co. 

THE  FREE  SPIRIT.  Realizations  of  Middle  Age,  with  a  Note 
on  Personal  Expression.  By  Henry  Bryan  Binns.  New  York : 
B.  W.  Huebsch. 

SONNETS  OF  A  PORTRAIT-PAINTER.  By  Arthur  Davison  Ficke. 
New  York :  Mitchell  Kennerley. 


them;  and  for  this  reason  it  is  a  cause  for 
satisfaction  that  there  should  be  initiated  a 
"New  Poetry  Series,"  designed  to  represent 
the  work  of  the  latest  generation  in  small, 
well-printed  volumes,  modestly  priced.  The 
first  title  of  this  series  is  an  anthology  repre- 
senting the  "  imagist "  poets,  through  the  col- 
laboration of  six  of  them,  with  a  preface 
setting  forth  their  principles. 

Unfortunately,  when  one  seeks  to  ascertain 
the  principles  of  any  sect  from  its  leaders, 
one  is  likely  to  be  puzzled  by  the  way  in  which 
they  revert  to  obvious  matters  on  which  it  is 
difficult  to  believe  they  have  any  peculiar 
claim.  A  Mormon,  on  being  pressed  for  such 
a  statement,  will  not  mention  polygamy  or 
tithes,  but  will  tell  you  that  his  Church  is 
characterized  by  its  belief  in  the  coming  of 
the  kingdom  of  God  on  earth  —  something 
which  you  supposed  you  had  always  believed 
yourself.  A  Seventh-day  Adventist  will  not 
speak  of  the  Sabbath,  but  will  say  that  his 
one  passion  is  liberty  of  conscience,  as  if  this 
were  a  new  doctrine  made  for  the  times.  It 
is  much  the  same  with  the  modernist  poets. 
The  preface  before  us  tells  us  that  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Imagists  are  five :  to  use  the  lan- 
guage of  common  speech,  employing  the  exact 
and  not  the  decorative  word;  to  create  new 
rhythms,  not  to  copy  old  ones ;  to  allow  abso- 
lute freedom  in  the  choice  of  subject;  to 
present  an  image  as  distinguished  from  vague 
generalities ;  to  produce  poetry  that  is  "  hard 
and  clear";  and  to  practice  concentration. 
Now  apart  from  the  matter  of  the  new 
rhythms,  it  is  obvious  that  these  principles 
are  the  commonplaces  of  English  poetry  since 
the  days  of  Burns  and  of  Wordsworth,  when 
they  are  not  the  commonplaces  of  good  poetry 
of  every  age.  If  we  look  for  interpretations 
of  them  in  the  anthology  itself,  the  matter  can 
hardly  be  said  to  be  cleared  up.  For  instance, 
Mr.  D.  H.  Lawrence  gives  us  the  following 
images  in  a  poem  alluringly  called  "  Illicit " : 

"  You  are  near  to  me,  and  your  naked  feet  in  their 

sandals, 

And  through  the  scent  of  the  balcony's  naked  timber 
I  distinguish  the  scent  of  your  hair;    so  now  the 

limber 

Lightning  falls  from  heaven. 
Adown  the  pale-green  glacier-river  floats 
A  dark  boat  through  the  gloom  —  and  whither? 
The  thunder  roars.    But  still  we  have  each  other. 
The  naked  lightnings  in  the  heaven  dither 
And  disappear.    What  have  we  but  each  other? 
The  boat  has  gone." 

If  these  verses  were  not  the  product  of  one 
who  not  only  is  bound  to  employ  the  exact 
word,  but  who  is  under  no  obligation  to  make 
use  of  any  rhyme  whatsoever,  we  should  be 
tempted  to  assume  that  the  interesting  words 
"  limber  "  and  "  dither,"  applied  to  the  light- 


THE   DIAL 


27 


ning,  were  suggested  by  the  rhyme.  Being 
forbidden  this  hypothesis,  we  hesitate.  As  to 
the  lightning's  being  reported  as  naked,  when 
we  should  hardly  have  thought  to  ask  that  it 
be  clothed,  this  may  be  attributed  to  a  subtle 
sympathy  with  the  illicit  nudity  of  the  feet 
and  the  timbers.  But  all  this  is  so  far  from 
being  new  that  it  was  keenly  and  legitimately 
parodied  by  Mr.  Owen  Seaman,  years  ago,  in 
his  ballad  of  the  nun  who 

"  passed  along  the  naked  road, — 
The  road  had  really  nothing  on." 

Turn  now,  for  further  illustration  of  our 
principles,  to  some  of  the  poems  contributed 
"by  Miss  Amy  Lowell,  who  before  this  has 
done  praiseworthy  work  in  poetry,  and  note 
images  like  these : 

•"  Little  cramped  words  scrawling  all  over  the  paper 
Like  draggled  fly's  legs." 

•"  Why  do  lilies  goggle  their  tongues  at  me 
When  I  pluck  them; 
And  writhe,  and  twist, 
And  strangle  themselves  against  my  fingers?  " 

•"  My  thoughts 
Chink  against  my  ribs 
And  roll  about  like  silver  hail-stones." 

Is  this  exactness?  Is  this  to  be  concentrated, 
hard,  and  clear?  "Well,  one  may  not  be  sure 
how  the  words  are  used.  But  to  those  familiar 
with  the  history  of  English  poetry  it  looks 
very  much  like  a  reversion,  suggestive  at 
times,  and  not  without  charm,  to  rather  crude 
and  youthful  forms  of  the  old  method  of  the 
"conceit."  Not  to  seek  further  light  on  the 
theory  of  the  poems,  we  may  note  that  their 
•chief  values  are  of  the  same  character  as 
those  of  a  painter's  jottings  and  sketches  in 
his  note-book, —  oftentimes  suggestive  of  the 
materials  for  an  interesting  bit  of  color  or  of 
composition,  still  unformed  into  any  signifi- 
cant whole.  Here,  from  the  work  of  Mr.  John 
Gould  Fletcher,  is  a  view  of  London  from  a 
'bus- top : 

"  Black  shapes  bending, 
Taxicabs  crush  in  the  crowd. 
The  tops  are  each  a  shining  square, 
Shuttles  that  steadily  press  through  woolly  fabric. . , 

"  Monotonous  domes  of  bowler-hats 
Vibrate  in  the  heat. 

"  Silently,  easily  we  sway  through  braying  traffic, 
Down  the  crowded  street. 
The  tumult  crouches  over  us, 
Or  suddenly  drifts  to  one  side." 

And  here,  from  Mr.  F.  S.  Flint,  is  a  sketch  of 
liouses  at  night : 

""  Into  the  sky 

The  red  earthenware  and  the  galvanised  iron  chim- 
neys 

Thrust  their  cowls. 
'The  hoot  of  the  steamers  on  the  Thames  is  plain. 


No  wind; 

The  trees  merge,  green  with  green; 

A  car  whirs  by; 

Footsteps  and  voices  take  their  pitch 

In  the  key  of  dust, 

Far-off  and  near,  subdued. 

Solid  and  square  to  the  world 

The  houses  stand, 

Their  windows  blocked  with  Venetian  blinds. 

Nothing  will  move  them." 

By  far  the  most  effective  composition  in  the 
anthology  is  Miss  Lowell's  picture  of  the  bom- 
bardment of  a  continentalcity —  presumably 
Rheims;  but  this  does  not  even  profess  to  be 
more  than  cadenced  prose,  and  is  printed 
accordingly. 

A  second  issue  of  the  "  New  Poetry  Series  " 
is  made  up  entirely  of  the  imagistic  work  of 
Mr.  Fletcher ;  and  exhibits,  for  the  most  part, 
the  qualities  that  have  been  noticed.  The 
following  sketch  is  of  some  special  interest  as 
attempting  the  same  sort  of  impression  as  that 
familiar  in  a  certain  type  of  painting,  strewn 
broadcast  with  spots  of  prismatic  color : 

"  Over  the  roof-tops  race  the  shadows  of  clouds; 
Like  horses  the  shadows  of  clouds  charge  down  the 

street. 

"  Whirlpools  of  purple  and  gold, 
Winds  from  the  mountains  of  cinnabar, 
Lacquered  mandarin  moments,  palanquins  swaying 

and  balancing 
Amid    the    vermilion    pavilions,    against    the    jade 

balustrades. 
Glint  of  the  glittering  wings  of  dragon-flies  in  the 

light : 

Silver  filaments,  golden  flakes  settling  downwards, 
Rippling,  quivering  flutters,  repulse  and  surrender, 
The  sun  broidered  upon  the  rain, 
The  rain  rustling  with  the  sun. 

"  Over  the  roof-tops  race  the  shadows  of  clouds ; 
Like  horses  the  shadows  of  clouds  charge  down  the 
street." 

For  this  little  volume  Mr.  Fletcher,  like  the 
editor  of  the  anthology,  has  written  an  in- 
structive preface,  explaining  something  of  the 
doctrines  of  his  group.  It  is  more  frank  than 
the  other,  but  singularly  full  of  misstate- 
ments.  In  the  brief  space  here  available  one 
must  be  dogmatic;  hence  it  can  only  be 
shortly  observed  that  the  art  of  poetry  in 
English-speaking  countries  is  not  in  a  greatly 
backward  state;  that  the  poets  have  not  at- 
tempted to  make  of  their  craft  a  Masonic 
secret,  declaring  that  rhythm  is  not  to  be 
analyzed ;  that  it  is  not  true  that  each  line  of 
a  poem  represents  a  single  breath ;  that  every 
poet  of  eminence  has  not  felt  the  fatiguing 
monotony  of  regular  rhyme  and  constructed 
new  stanzas  in  order  to  avoid  it;  that  Shake- 
speare did  not  abandon  rhyme  in  his  mature 
period  (that  is,  in  lyrical  verse,  which  is  ap- 
parently the  only  kind  under  consideration). 
Of  course,  if  the  reader  is  disposed  to  question 
these  denials,  we  cannot  claim  to  have  offered 


28 


THE   DIAL 


[June  24 


proof, —  he  can  only  be  referred  to  any  schol- 
arly authority  on  the  matters  concerned.  But 
if  a  preface  like  this  is  a  specimen  of  the 
actual  information  at  the  disposal  of  the 
imagists,  one  can  only  say  that  their  practice 
may  excel  their  theory,  but  that  the  latter  is 
beyond  hope. 

Mr.  Horace  Holley  has  collected  a  number 
of  poems  which  he  calls  not  imagist  but  "  post- 
impressionist."  In  form  and  manner  they 
resemble  those  we  have  been  considering,  but 
are  less  sensuously  colored  and  decidedly 
richer  in  intellectual  substance.  One  called 
"In  a  Factory"  rather  strikingly  represents 
the  social  aspect  of  the  poet's  thought : 

"  Smoky,  monotonous  rows 
Of  half -unconscious  men 

Serving,  with  lustreless  glance  and  dreamless  mind, 
The  masterful  machines; 
These  are  the  sons  of  herdsmen,  hunters, 
Lords  of  the  sunlit  meadow, 
The  lonely  peak, 

The  stirring,  shadow-haunted  wood, — 
Of  mariners  who  swung  from  sea  to  sea 
In  carven  ships 

And  named  the  unknown  world: 
Hunters,  herdsmen,  sailors,  all 
By  trade  or  chase  or  harvest 
Winning  their  substance 
Rudely,  passionately  like  a  worthy  game 
With  a  boy's  great  zest  of  playing. 

O  labour, 

Whoso  makes  thee  an  adventure 
Thrilling  to  the  nervous  core  of  life, 
He  is  the  true  Messiah, 
The  world's  Saviour,  long-waited,  long-wept-for." 

Finally,  for  our  group  of  modernists,  we 
may  note  the  "  Spoon  River  Anthology "  of 
Mr.  Edgar  Lee  Masters,  which  might  be  called 
the  reductio  ad  absurdum  of  certain  of  the 
new  methods, —  such  as  the  abandonment  of 
conventional  form  and  the  fearless  scrutiny 
of  disagreeable  realities.  There  is  nothing 
here,  to  be  sure,  of  the  vaporings  of  some  of 
our  imagists,  but  a  stern  virility  to  which  one 
might  warm  were  it  not  so  deliberately  un- 
lovely. The  contents  of  this  "  anthology "  is 
a  series  of  monologues  d'outre  tonibe,  sup- 
posed to  be  spoken  by  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Spoon  Eiver  cemetery,  who  one  by  one  tell  us 
something  of  what  they  did  and  felt  while 
living,  and  in  many  cases  how  they  met  their 
end.  Whether  Spoon  River  is  meant  to  be 
viewed  as  typical  of  Illinois  villages  —  for  it 
appears  to  be  in  the  vicinity  of  Knox  College 
and  Peoria  —  or  to  be  a  place  peculiarly 
accursed,  doth  not  clearly  appear.  In  either 
case  it  furnishes  an  extraordinary  study,  in 
mortuary  statistics.  From  the  first  half  of 
the  volume,  or  thereabouts,  there  may  be 
culled  such  characters  as  these :  a  person  who 
was  hanged  for  highway  robbery  and  murder ; 
a  woman  who  was  slain  by  the  secret  cruelty 
of  her  husband,  the  details  not  revealed;  an 


inventor  who  was  bitten  by  a  rat  while  dem- 
onstrating a  patent  trap ;  a  woman  who  took 
morphine  after  a  quarrel  with  her  husband;, 
another  who  died  in  childbirth,  the  event  hav- 
ing been  foreseen  by  her  husband;  a  boy 
who  was  run  over  while  stealing  a  ride  on  a 
train;  another  boy  who  contracted  lockjaw 
from  a  toy  pistol;  a  woman  whose  lock  jaw  was 
due  to  a  needle  which  had  pierced  her  while 
she  was  washing  her  baby's  clothes;  a  citi- 
zen who  fell  dead,  presumably  from  apoplexy, 
while  confessing  a  hidden  sin  to  his  church; 
a  trainer  who  was  killed  by  a  lion  in  a  circus; 
a  greedy  farmer  who  died  from  eating  pie  and: 
gulping  coffee  in  hot  harvest  time;  a  rural 
philosopher  who  was  gored  by  a  cow  while- 
discussing  predestination;  an  innocent  man 
who  was  hanged  on  a  trumped-up  charge;  a 
courtesan  who  was  poisoned  by  an  Italian 
count;  and  a  prohibitionist  who  developed' 
cirrhosis  of  the  liver  from  over-drinking. 
Enough  —  though  the  half  has  not  been  told. 
Under  most  of  these  tragedies  lurk  a  grim 
pathos,  and  an  irony  due  to  such  causes  as  the- 
total  misunderstanding  by  his  fellows  of  the 
life  (and  often  the  death)  of  the  ghostly 
speaker.  A  really  remarkable  series  of  char- 
acter-studies, though  the  half  would  be  much 
better  than  the  whole;  but  for  poetry  —  GUI 
bono  ?  Mr.  Masters  has  shown  before  this  that 
he  knows  what  verse  is ;  how  then  can  he  per- 
petrate, and  endure  to  see  in  type,  trash  like- 
this: 

"  If  even  one  of  my  boys  could  have  run  a  news-stand, 
Or  one  of  my  girls  could  have  married  a  decent  man,. 
I  should  not  have  walked  in  the  rain 
And  jumped  into  bed  with  clothes  all  wet, 
Refusing  medical  aid." 

(In  passing,  note  this  method  of  suicide,  per- 
haps the  most  original,  because  the  most  indi- 
rect, of  those  described  in  the  collection.)  It 
can  only  be  because  he  was  resolved  to  por- 
tray—  in  the  words  of  one  of  his  own  char- 
actersa  "  wingless  void 

Where  neither  red,  nor  gold,  nor  wine, 
Nor  the  rhythm  of  life  are  [sic]  known." 

In  two  or  three  of  the  monologues  only  is  the 
rhythm  of  life  heard  sounding  underneath  the 
tragedy  —  as  it  always  is  in  actual  poetry  and 
real  tragedy ;  in  the  words  of  Petit  the  Poet :; 

"  Tragedy,  comedy,  valor  and  truth, 
Courage,  constancy,  heroism,  failure  — 
All  in  the  loom,  and  oh  what  patterns! 
Woodlands,  meadows,   streams  and  rivers  — 
Blind  to  all  of  it  all  my  life  long. 
Triolets,  villanelles,  rondels,  rondeaus, 
Seeds  in  a  dry  pod,  tick,  tick,  tick, 
Tick,  tick,  tick,  what  little  iambics, 
While  Homer  and  Whitman  roared  in  the  pines!" 

All  this  formless,  blundering,  but  seriously- 
purposed   waiting,   under  whatever  name  it 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


29 


goes,  is  of  value  to  the  thoughtful  reader  for 
inferential  and  negative  rather  than  positive 
reasons.  Practically  all  the  compositions  at 
"which  we  have  been  looking  fail  to  meet  the 
eternal  test  of  poetry:  they  would  perform 
their  function,  express  their  image  or  their 
thought,  as  well  in  prose  form  as  in  verse, — 
sometimes  better.  What  does  this  signify? 
Their  prefaces  do  not  tell  us.  The  real  char- 
acteristic common  to  the  group  is  the  delib- 
erate abandonment  of  faith  in  a  type,  a  law, 
an  ideal  —  call  it  what  you  will  —  to  which 
the  fleeting  momentary  experiences  caught  up 
by  the  poet  are  to  be  referred,  and  of  which 
his  dependence  on  a  persistent  form,  a  stead- 
ily flowing,  ineluctable  rhythm,  is  but  a  sym- 
bol. Some  will  cling  to  form,  but  throw  away 
the  idea  for  which  it  stands;  some  will  cling 
to  beauty  of  detail,  but  abandon  beauty  of 
the  whole;  some  will  keep  their  sense  of  the 
type,  the  law,  the  idea,  but  throw  away  out- 
ward form,  just  for  the  zest  of  difference  and 
novelty.  When  they  abandon  all  —  faith  and 
form  together  —  then  we  have  a  complete  and 
instructive  pathologic  specimen  of  the  process. 
What  remains  may  be  called  poetry,  but  it 
is  a  poetry  like  that  religion  which  has  aban- 
doned both  religion's  ritual  and  its  faith. 

Mr.  Thomas  Hardy  is  of  those  who  keep  the 
ritual  without  the  faith.  In  other  words, 
whether  in  prose  or  in  verse,  he  holds  to  the 
traditional  forms  of  his  art  despite  the  hope- 
less and  unbeautiful  creed  which  is  familiar 
to  all  his  readers.  In  his  early  volume  of 
verse,  the  "Wessex  Poems,"  he  somewhere 
expressed  himself  to  this  effect:  that  life 
would  be  more  tolerable  if  we  could  believe 
ourselves  to  be  in  the  toils  of  a  malicious 
power,  bent  on  causing  suffering, —  it  would 
at  any  rate  be  a  more  rational  state  than  to 
feel  that  our  suffering  is  without  either  pur- 
pose or  meaning.  In  later  years,  as  every- 
one knows,  he  has  achieved  the  satisfaction 
merely  dreamed  of  in  the  poem  referred  to, 
and  come  to  something  like  a  solemn  faith  in 
a  Power  not  ourselves  that  makes  for  un- 
righteousness. This  gives  a  kind  of  ideality 
to  his  pessimism  which  is  quite  wanting  in  the 
insignificant  disillusioned  ghosts  of  Spoon 
River.  His  recent  volume  of  collected  poems 
represents  this  in  many  a  passage,  but  in  none 
so  nobly  as  in  the  lines  on  the  loss  of  the 
"Titanic"  (called  "The  Convergence  of  the 
Twain")  : 

"...  Well,  while  was  fashioning 

This  creature  of  cleaving  wing, 

The  Immanent  Will  that  stirs  and  urges  everything 

"  Prepared  a  sinister  mate 

For  her  —  so  gaily  great  — 
A  Shape  of  Ice,  for  the  time  far  and  dissociate. 


"  And  as  the  smart  ship  grew 

In  stature,  grace,  and  hue, 
In  shadowy  silent  distance  grew  the  Iceberg  too. 

"  Alien  they  seemed  to  be : 
No  mortal  eye  could  see 
The  intimate  welding  of  their  later  history, 

"  Or  sign  that  they  were  bent 

By  paths  coincident 
On  being  anon  twin  halves  of  one  august  event, 

"  Till  the  Spinner  of  the  Years 

Said  '  Now !  '     And  each  one  hears, 
And  consummation  comes,  and  jars  two  hemispheres." 

The  title  poems  of  the  volume,  called  "  Satires 
of  Circumstance,"  are  brilliant  ironic  sketches 
in  precisely  the  mordant  manner  of  Mr. 
Hardy's  most  disconcerting  prose  narrative. 
Quite  as  keen,  and  perhaps  even  more  finely 
balanced  in  respect  to  comedy  and  tragedy,  is 
the  neighboring  dialogue  between  a  buried 
woman  and  some  one  digging  on  her  grave. 
At  first  she  imagines  it  to  be  her  lover  plant- 
ing rue,  but  the  answer  comes,  "No,  he 
wedded  another  yesterday."  "My  nearest 
kin,  then  ?  "  "  No,  they  are  saying,  '  What 
use  to  plant  flowers?"  "My  enemy,  then, 
prodding  maliciously  ? "  "  No,  she  thinks  you 
no  more  worth  her  hate."  "  Who  is  it,  then  ? " 
"Your  little  dog,  my  mistress  dear."  "Ah, 
one  true  heart  left  behind  —  I  might  have 
known."  But  the  dog  answers: 

"  Mistress,  I  dug  upon  your  grave 

To  bury  a  bone,  in  case 
I  should  be  hungry  near  this  spot 
When  passing  on  my  daily  trot. 
I  am  sorry,  but  I  quite  forgot 

It  was  your  resting-place." 

It  seemed  well  to  paraphrase  the  greater  por- 
tion of  this  little  narrative,  not  merely  for  the 
sake  of  brevity,  but  to  exemplify  the  fact  that 
this  is  a  type  of  composition,  again,  which 
does  not  lose  its  essence  when  transferred  to 
prose.  The  verse  points  it,  to  be  sure, —  gives 
finish  and  consequent  satisfaction;  but  the 
spirit  is  not  that  of  poetry,  because  the  spirit 
of  poetry  is  never  that  of  mere  negation. 
And  this  is  true  of  a  great  part  of  Mr.  Hardy's 
verse.  But  there  are  plenty  of  exceptions,  as 
in  the  poem  on  the  "  Titanic,"  where,  as  we 
have  seen,  a  big  and  looming  imaginative  con- 
cept rises  from  the  very  ruins  of  faith. 

In  marked  contrast  to  all  these  modernists 
is  a  new  volume  of  poems  representing  the 
spiritual  philosophy  of  Mr.  Henry  Bryan 
Binns.  Some  of  the  verse  seems  modern 
enough,  to  be  sure;  some  of  it  is  in  vers 
libre;  but  Mr.  Binns  is  not  under  the  illu- 
sion that  he  is  contributing,  in  these  irregular 
forms,  to  the  normal  evolution  of  the  poetry 
of  the  race.  He  values  them,  sagaciously, 
only  as  means  of  expressing  certain  personal 
"realisations,"  —  such  as,  in  some  cases,  recall 


30 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


the  ecstatic  utterances  of  seventeenth  century 
mystics  like  Traherne.  From  "  High  Noon," 
for  instance,  is  this : 

"  See  the  sun  atop,  crowning  Noon's  height, 
Level  beneath  him  the  round  world! 
Level  lies  earth  beneath  and  takes  to  the  brim 
Her  full  of  him,  ere,  tilting  to  East 
The  light  begins  spilling. 

"  While  Noon's  now  at  full 
Brim-high  with  this  effulgence  of  light, 
Who  has  heart, —  come,  drain  it ! 
Who  has  faith,  let  him  drink!  " 

Of  conventional  forms,  there  are  many  son- 
nets in  the  volume,  but  in  this  form  Mr.  Binns 
tends  to  be  didactic  and  unimaginative.  His 
happiest  vein  is  perhaps  exemplified  in  cer- 
tain verses  in  the  four-foot  measure,  which 
has  often  been  proved  to  have  possibilities  for 
the  combination  of  thoughtful  epigram  with 
lyrical  feeling.  Of  this  character  is  the  fine 
conclusion  to  the  title  poem : 

"  Whatever  of  myself  I  win 
Out  of  my  peril  or  despair, 
With  all  the  inseparable  kin 
And  pilgrimage  of  life,  I  share. 

"  Alone  in  the  light  the  skylark  sings 
And  sets  us  singing  in  the  gloom : 
I,  also,  on  victorious  wings 
An  instant  overleap  my  doom: 

"  And  though  I  know  not  how,  I  know 
As  Earth,  whereof  we  spring,  is  one, 
So  every  spirit's  overflow 
Eeplenishes  the  common  sun." 

The  Emersonian  flavor  evident  in  these  lines 
is  still  more  noticeable  in  the  lighter  vein  of 
"The  Scolding  Squirrel."  There  remains 
space  for  only  two  or  three  stanzas  of  this: 

"  Squirrel,  squirrel  up  in  the   tree, 
While  you  jerk  that  tail  at  me 
I  mock  at  you  and  blithely  dine 
On  the  other  fruit  of  the  pine.  .  .  . 

"  All  about  me  for  my  food 
Drops  the  wisdom  of  the  wood : 
What  a  thousand  pine-trees  think 
Is  distilled  to  be  my  drink.  .  .  . 

"  An  ever-living  tide  of  mirth 
That  flows  for  aye  about  the  Earth 
Begins  to  sing  its  song  in  me, 
Squirrel,  underneath  your  tree." 

We  return  to  America  for  a  volume  which 
should  have  found  earlier  notice  in  these  col- 
umns, Mr.  Arthur  Ficke's  sequence  of  "Son- 
nets of  a  Portrait-Painter."  Mr.  Ficke's  work 
in  the  sonnet  has  won  many  a  friendly  word 
before  now,  and  the  new  collection  marks 
progress  in  his  art.  The  sequence  is  a  genu- 
ine one,  with  dramatic  values  over  and  above 
the  lyrical  ones,  such  as  every  such  work  must 
have  to  give  it  unity.  Unfortunately  this 
element  is  not  developed  as  effectively  as  the 
opening  portion  of  the  series  gives  warrant 
for  hoping.  There  the  character  of  the  painter 


and  that  of  his  environment  come  out  with 
some  vividness,  and  the  poet  is  not  afraid  to 
heighten  these  with  homely  and  humorous 
realism,  as  in  this  admirable  quatrain,  from 
Sonnet  5 : 

"  Heaven  knows  what  moonlit  turrets,  hazed  in  bliss, 
Saw  Launcelot  and  night  and  Guinevere! 
I  only  know  our  first  impassioned  kiss 
Was  in  your  cellar,  rummaging  for  beer." 

But  of  this  distinctness  there  seems  not  to  be 
enough.  At  least  one  is  not  without  fears, 
though  the  painter  does  live  and  grow 
throughout  the  sequence,  that  he  sometimes 
draws  from  his  portfolio  a  sonnet  on  things, 
in  general,  which  might  have  been  written  by 
poets  in  general,  as  distinguished  from  him- 
self. Nevertheless,  there  have  been  few  more 
successful  experiments  in  this  difficult  type 
in  recent  times.  Mr.  Ficke  uses  the  English 
or  Shakespearean  form  of  sonnet,  with  a  vivid 
sense  of  its  characteristic  movement,  which 
is  less  generally  understood  in  our  day  than 
that  of  the  "Italian"  form.  Even  Shake- 
speare seems  frequently  not  to  have  troubled 
to  make  his  final  couplet  more  than  a  tag  or 
appendix  to  a  lyric  already  complete  in  twelve 
lines.  This  tendency  Mr.  Ficke  avoids  with 
skill.  The  movement  and  unity  of  his  lyric 
may  be  represented  by  the  rapturous  love- 
sonnet,  Number  20 : 

"  Ah,  life  is  good !     And  good  thus  to  behold 
From  far  horizons  where  their  tents  are  furled 
The  mighty  storms  of  Being  rise,  unfold, 
Mix,  strike,  and  crash  across  a  shaken  world:  — 
Good  to  behold  their  trailing  rearguards  pass, 
And  feel  the  sun  renewed  its  sweetness  send 
Down  to  the  sparkling  leaf-blades  of  the  grass, 
And  watch  the  drops  fall  where  the  branches  bend. 
I  think  to-day  I  almost  were  content 
To  hear  some  bard  life's  epic  story  tell, — 
To  view  the  stage  through  some  small  curtain-rent, 
Mere  watcher  at  this  gorgeous  spectacle. 
But  now  the  curtain  lifts: — my  soul's  swift  powers 
Else  robed  and  crowned — for  lo!    the  play  is  ours!  J> 

RAYMOND  M.  ALDEN. 


NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS. 

The  author  of  "The  Hat  Shop,"  Mrs.  C.  S. 
Peel,  seems  to  promise  a  work  of  the  same  kind 
in  her  later  novel,  "Mrs.  Barnet  Robes"  (Lane), 
but  there  is  considerable  difference.  The  titular 
character  is  deserted,  with  a  small  daughter,  by 
the  gentleman  she  loves,  and  after  hard  work 
establishes  herself  as  a  dressmaker  of  fashion. 
He  marries  in  his  own  class  after  a  time,  and  his 
first  child  is  a  daughter.  The  narrative  divides 
itself  fairly  between  the  two  girls,  who  meet  with- 
out knowledge  of  any  relationship,  but  with 
recognition  of  an  unusual  personal  resemblance. 
The  marriage  is  unfortunate,  and  the  legitimate 
daughter  grows  up  in  an  atmosphere  of  tragical 
misunderstanding,  while  the  other  develops  in  a 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


31 


humbler  walk  of  life  into  a  happiness  entirely 
normal.  It  is  a  study  of  environments,  thoughtful 
and  carefully  considered. 

Such  a  book  as  "His  English  Wife"  (Long- 
mans), translated  by  Mr.  A.  C.  Curtis  from  the 
German  of  Herr  Rudolph  Stratz,  is  bound  to  have 
more  than  fictional  value  at  the  present  time, 
written  as  it  was  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war. 
It  was  widely  popular  in  Germany,  and  has 
reached  a  second  edition  in  England.  It  describes 
the  difficulties  attending  the  married  life  of  a 
young  German  officer  and  a  young  English  girl 
whose  father  was  born  in  Frankfort.  It  is  just 
to  Herr  Stratz  to  say  that  he  has  contended 
against  the  usual  impulse  to  set  one's  countrymen 
a  pace  or  two  forward  while  the  foreigner  takes 
two  steps  to  the  rear.  The  capture  of  English 
trade  by  Germany,  one  of  the  industriously  ex- 
ploited fictions  of  the  time,  bears  no  small  share 
in  the  story. 

James  Hay,  Jr.,  has  brought  the  "  temperance  " 
tract  fairly  up  to  the  compass  of  a  novel  in  "  The 
Man  Who  Forgot "  (Doubleday).  The  protagonist 
has  steeped  himself  in  drink  until  he  emerges 
from  his  last  debauch  absolutely  forgetful  of  his 
past  and  with  no  clue  to  his  identity.  Determined 
to  overthrow  the  Demon  Rum  in  revenge,  as  well 
as  for  the  benefit  supposed  to  enure,  he  enlists 
the  resources  of  two  millionaires  whose  sons  have 
turned  out  drunkards,  organizes  a  nation-wide 
demonstration  at  the  Capital,  and  secures  thereby 
the  adoption  by  Congress  of  a  constitutional 
amendment  forbidding  the  importation,  manufac- 
ture, and  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages.  Incidentally 
he  gains  a  desirable  wife  and  comes  to  a  knowledge 
of  his  earlier  life;  but  the  propaganda,  as  usual 
in  such  books,  outweighs  the  romance  of  the  tale. 

Mr.  Jack  London  seems  determined  to  prove 
that  fiction  can  be  stranger  than  fact,  in  spite  of 
warring  Europe's  example  to  the  contrary,  and 
"  The  Scarlet  Plague  "  (Macmillan)  is  a  doughty 
effort  to  that  end.  By  a  world-wide  epidemic, 
humanity  is  almost  obliterated  from  the  world, 
and  the  few  who  outlast  the  scourge  are  selected 
without  reference  to  the  survival  of  the  fittest. 
The  story  is  placed  in  the  mouth  of  a  former  pro- 
fessor of  a  Californian  university,  transformed 
into  "  a  dirty  old  man  clad  in  goatskins."  Mankind 
is  placed  at  the  foot  of  the  ladder  once  more,  to 
begin  a  toilsome  ascent,  and  the  grandchildren  of 
the  survivors  are  depicted  on  the  plane  of  the 
Digger  Indians.  It  is  difficult  to  be  sympathetic 
with  such  a  story;  the  realities  are  sufficiently 
ghastly  nowadays. 

Civilization  is  at  present  so  shaken  by  calamity 
that  cataclysmic  stories  seem  necessary  if  fiction 
is  to  make  itself  as  absorbing  as  the  daily  news- 
paper tale  of  slaughter  and  destruction.  Accord- 
ingly, Mr.  Arthur  Train  has  written  "  The  Man 
Who  Rocked  the  Earth"  (Doubleday)  to  show 
that  science  may  still  have  a  few  things  up  its 
sleeve  to  add  to  the  horrors  of  daily  living;  but 
he  reconciles  his  readers  by  invoking  this  awful 
power  on  the  side  of  peace.  He  makes  the  old 
dream  of  Archimedes  come  true  by  giving  the 


mysterious  "  Pax "  of  his  narrative  an  electric 
lever  which  shifts  the  earth's  axis,  and  promises 
to  twist  it  further  around  if  the  nations  do  not 
stop  fighting.  It  is  an  absorbing  tale,  made  plaus- 
ible in  the  face  of  evident  difficulties. 

Mystery,  complicated  by  theosophy,  makes  "  The 
Brocklebank  Riddle"  (Century  Co.),  by  Mr. 
Hubert  Wales,  a  puzzling  story  indeed.  After  a 
man's  wife  and  his  partner  have  seen  him  die, 
and  one  of  them  has  seen  his  body  cremated,  he 
appears  at  his  office.  The  situation  becomes  more 
and  more  strained  when  a  woman  whose  husband 
has  disappeared  without  warning  comes  to  inquire 
after  him.  Brocklebank  himself  is  puzzled,  but 
dismisses  all  thought  of  anything  supernatural. 
The  last  pages  of  the  book  solve  the  riddle  as 
ingeniously  as  the  earlier  pages  proposed  it. 


Two  German 
apologists. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

In  General  von  Bernhardi's 
"Germany  and  England"  (Dil- 
lingham),  the  erstwhile  lion  of 
militarism  roars  you  as  gently  as  any  sucking 
dove.  Americans  are  sufficiently  familiar 
with  the  doughty  general's  stout  defence  of 
war  as  a  biological  necessity  and  a  moral  and 
political  tonic.  They  will  now  be  amazed  to 
learn  from  this  little  book,  which  is  intended 
for  American  consumption,  that  the  author 
never  meant  to  say  the  things  one  finds  in  his 
earlier  volumes,  or  that  somehow,  as  the  Ger- 
man Chancellor  implied  of  his  own  unlucky 
"scrap  of  paper"  phrase,  he  "had  his  fingers 
crossed  "  when  he  did  say  them.  War  is  here 
justified  only  when  peaceful  means  have 
failed,  and  of  course  Germany  had  exhausted 
all  such  means  last  summer  before  the  plunge 
was  taken.  The  earlier  Bernhardi  had  the 
merit  of  candor;  the  present  Bernhardi  is  an 
unpalatable  mixture  of  disingenuousness  and 
naivete.  He  is  disingenuous  in  attempting  to 
explain  away  his  own  sincere  utterances,  and 
he  is  naive  in  supposing  that  people  will  be 
fooled  by  that  attempt.  Like  most  of  the 
German  apologists,  including  even  the  dear 
departed  Dr.  Dernburg,  he  grievously  under- 
estimates the  intelligence  of  the  Am;erican 
public.  The  book  also  comes  at  a  most  inop- 
portune moment,  just  when  pro-Germans  in 
this  country  have  been  doing  their  best  to  dis- 
avow and  forget  Bernhardi  and  all  his  ways. — 
A  somewhat  better  statement  of  the  German 
case  is  to  be  found  in  Dr.  Paul  Rohrbach's 
"  Germany's  Isolation"  (McClurg),  which  has 
been  well  translated  by  Dr.  Paul  H.  Phillip- 
son.  Nevertheless,  readers  of  the  same  au- 
thor's "German  World  Policies"  (reviewed 
in  THE  DIAL  for  April  15  last)  will  be  dis- 
appointed. The  book,  though  written  for  the 
most  part  before  the  present  struggle  began, 


32 


THE   DIAL 


[ June  24 


was  evidently  composed  in  the  shadow  of  com- 
ing events.  The  tone  is  aggressive,  and  even 
menacing;  it  fairly  vibrates  with  the  note  of 
approaching  conflict,  thus  unconsciously  fur- 
nishing interesting  testimony  to  the  state  of 
mind  of  some  observant  Germans  in  the 
months  before  the  war  broke  out.  An  intro- 
duction and  a  final  chapter  have  been  added 
by  Dr.  Rohrbach  since  the  opening  of  hostili- 
ties. In  the  latter  he  appears  as  an  apologist 
for  all  of  his  country's  acts:  Germany  was 
not  the  assailant,  the  Kaiser  strove  almost  un- 
duly to  keep  the  peace,  the  invasion  of  Bel- 
gium was  justified  because  England  violated 
Danish  neutrality  in  1807,  etc.  Yet  the  sig- 
nificant admission  is  made  that  it  is  difficult 
to  think  of  "  a  phase  more  favorable  to  the 
German  cause  than  the  present  alignment  of 
Germany's  forces  and  those  of  her  opponents." 
The  book  closes  with  the  inevitable  denuncia- 
tion of  England  as  the  one  unpardonable  foe. 
'The  stereotyped  nature  of  German  thinking  on 
the  war  has  scarcely  ever  been  more  patheti- 
cally revealed  than  in  this  volume  by  an 
intelligent  publicist  whose  mind  in  normal 
times  has  not  lacked  proper  elasticity. 


The  story  of  From  the  early  summer  of  1843 
a  short-lived  to  the  following  mid-winter,  a 
little  company  of  "consecrated 
cranks,"  as  they  have  since  been  called  by  the 
irreverent,  strove  to  realize  the  higher  life  and 
to  set  an  example  to  the  rest  of  the  world  by 
practising,  on  a  farm  at  Harvard,  Massachu- 
setts, the  principles  of  strict  vegetarianism, 
"brotherly  love,  simplicity  and  sincerity,  and 
other  virtues  —  with  next  to  nothing  in  the 
way  of  material  resources  whereby  to  prevent 
this  life  of  the  spirit  from  becoming  as  inde- 
pendent of  the  body  in  actual  fact  as  it  was 
in  ideal  and  aspiration.  But  the  rigors  of  a 
New  England  winter  proved  too  severe  a  trial 
•of  their  faith  to  these  apostles  of  "the  New- 
ness," in  their  linen  tunics  and  canvas  shoes, 
and  unsustained  by  more  invigorating  diet 
than  a  fast-diminishing  ration  of  barley;  and 
so  the  high-hearted  enterprise  of  ushering  in 
the  millennium  on  a  regimen  of  cereals  and 
water  came  to  a  premature  end.  "Bronson 
Alcott's  Fruitlands"  (Houghton)  rehearses 
the  pathetic  tale  of  this  adventure  in  spir- 
ituality. Miss  Clara  Endicott  Sears,  a 
dweller  upon  the  hill  overlooking  the  scene  of 
the  undertaking,  has  compiled,  in  a  spirit 
of  mingled  "pity,  awe,  and  affection,"  this 
account  of  the  "  Consociate  Community " 
founded  by  Alcott,  with  his  long-suffering 
wife  and  his  four  daughters,  and  a  half-score 
of  more  or  less  earnest  and  ascetic  souls  from 
different  quarters  of  the  globe.  Letters  and 


diaries,  including  the  bits  of  journals  kept  by 
two  of  the  Alcott  girls,  Anna  and  Louisa, 
with  other  contemporary  records,  have  been 
diligently  searched  and  judiciously  utilized 
by  Miss  Sears,  who  has  also  added,  by  permis- 
sion. Miss  Alcott's  ever-entertaining  "  Trans- 
cendental Wild  Oats,"  and  has  given  in  an 
appendix  the  very  interesting  "  catalogue  of 
the  original  Fruitlands  library,"  about  a 
thousand  volumes  brought  from  England  by 
Alcott  and  his  friend  Charles  Lane,  and  de- 
scribed in  "The  Dial"  of  that  time  as  "con- 
taining undoubtedly  a  richer  collection  of 
mystical  writers  than  any  other  library  in 
this  country."  Views  of  the  Fruitlands  house, 
exterior  and  interior,  with  portraits  of  the 
Alcotts  and  other  inmates,  are  abundantly 
supplied.  To  readers  of  discernment  the  book 
will  commend  itself  as  a  veritable  treasure. 


avic  work  most    recently    published 

of  women  volume  in   the   "National   Mu- 

nicipal League  Series"  (Apple- 
ton)  is  Mrs.  Mary  Ritter  Beard's  "Woman's 
Work  in  Municipalities."  The  original  plan 
of  the  author  was  to  present  simply  a  col- 
lection of  readings  illustrating  the  various 
phases  of  her  subject.  It  was  found,  how- 
ever, that  there  are  not  in  existence  docu- 
mentary materials  adapted  to  the  purpose, 
and  consequently  the  chapters  of  the  book 
were  written  out  by  the  author  herself,  with 
free  use  of  passages  from  reports,  correspon- 
dence, newspaper  comment,  and  other  scat- 
tered "sources."  The  result  is  a  volume 
covering  every  important  aspect  of  the  civic 
work  of  women  in  this  country  in  the  past 
quarter-century,  notably  in  relation  to  educa- 
tion, public  health,  recreation,  housing,  cor- 
rections, the  social  evil,  the  assimilation  of 
races,  and  public  safety.  The  fourfold  pur- 
pose of  the  book  is  explained  by  the  author 
to  be :  (1)  to  give  something  like  an  adequate 
notion  of  the  extent  and  variety  of  women's 
interests  and  activities  in  cities  and  towns, 
without  attempting  a  statistical  summary  or 
evaluation;  (2)  to  indicate,  in  their  own- 
words,  the  spirit  in  which  women  have  ap- . 
proached  some  of  their  most  important  prob- 
lems; (3)  to  show  to  women  already  at  work 
and  those  just  becoming  interested  in  civic 
matters,  the  interrelation  of  each  particular 
effort  with  larger  social  problems;  and  (4) 
to  reflect  the  general  tendencies  of  modern 
social  work  as  they  appear  under  the  guidance 
of  men  and  women  alike.  It  may  be  said  that, 
in  the  main,  these  praiseworthy  objects  are 
accomplished.  Information  concerning  thei 
civic  activities  of  women,  in  smaller  towns  no 
less  than  in  the  great  cities,  is  brought  to- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


33 


gether  from  widely  scattered  quarters,  sifted, 
digested,  correlated,  and  presented  in  form 
both  unassuming-  and  convincing.  And  the 
temptation  (which  must  have  been  strong)  so 
to  stress  the  part  played  by  women  in  civic 
betterment  as  to  produce  an  incorrect  impres- 
sion has  been  resisted. 


Our  literature 
estimated  by 
a  foreigner. 


Of  considerable  interest  for  the 
opportunity  it  gives  of  seeing 
ourselves  as  others  see  us  is  the 
little  book  on  "American  Literature  "  (Double- 
day),  by  Professor  Leon  Kellner  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Czernowitz,  translated  by  Miss 
Julia  Franklin.  Professor  Kellner's  estimates 
of  the  greater  American  writers  and  their 
works  are,  on  the  whole,  those  with  which  we 
are  familiar;  though  it  seems  strange,  for 
example,  to  find  no  mention  of  the  Harvard 
"  Commemoration  Ode "  when  three  of  Low- 
ell's lesser  odes  are  praised.  The  peculiarities 
of  the  work  are  found  chiefly  in  the  attention 
bestowed  on  a.uthors  who,  at  home,  are  consid- 
ered "  minor,"  but  who  to  the  foreign  observer 
are  especially  significant.  Eugene  Field  and 
C.  G.  Leland  are  each  given  as  much  space  as 
Bryant ;  and  the  former,  who  is  highly  praised, 
almost  as  much  space  as  Whittier.  Emily 
Judson,  H.  C.  Dodge,  and  A.  W.  Bellow  are 
among  the  names  which  appear  in  Professor 
Kellner's  book,  and  are  not  commonly  found 
in  native  histories  of  our  literature.  For  these 
judgments  of  a  distant  observer,  even  those 
which  seem  most  erratic,  there  are  conceivable 
reasons  which  the  American  student  would  do 
well  to  ponder.  Statements  of  fact  are  mostly 
accurate,  but  unfortunately  the  book  abounds 
in  crude  misprints  of  proper  names  which 
might  have  been  avoided  if  translator  or 
proofreader  had  been  even  moderately  famil- 
iar with  American  literary  history.  Typical 
of  such  blunders  are  "Hannah  W.  Forster" 
(p.  9),  "Quabi"  (p.  21),  "Natty  Bumppo" 
(p.  33),  "Duyckink"  (p.  147),  "Edgar  Allen 
Poe"  (p.  159),  "  The  Facts  in  the  Case  of  M. 
Waldemar"  (p.  165) — the  last  evidently  the 
result  of  a  double  transliteration.  On  page 
47,  "  Expostulation  "  and  "  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia"  seem,  either  through  a.n  error  or 
through  awkwardness  of  the  English  sentence, 
to  be  credited  to  Bryant. 


The  development 
ofaninfant 

phenomenon. 


what  is  "Natural  Education  "  ? 
If  we  are  to  accept  the  view  of 

.-,  ,-,  /,     -,,•  TIT-     •  /»       -i 

the  mother  of  Miss  Winifred 
Sackville  Stoner,  Jr.,  whose  account  of  her 
daughter's  training  is  published  under  that 
title  by  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Company,  in  the 
"  Childhood  and  Youth  Series,"  it  is  a  "  natu- 
ral education  "  for  a  girl  to  be  lulled  to  sleep 


by  the  hexameters  of  Virgil  when  six  weeks 
old,  to  know  one  forgets  how  many  languages 
at  five,  to  have  written  a  play  in  Esperanto  at 
four,  to  have  kept  a  carefully  written  diary 
from  the  age  of  two,  and  to  have  convinced 
"  an  old-fashioned  Professor  "  at  five  that  she 
"  knew  all  the  famous  myths  handed  down  by 
the  Grecians,  Romans  and  Vikings,"  etc.,  etc. 
After  reading  the  pages  which  tell  of  her 
knowledge  of  Latin,  another  "  old-fashioned 
Professor"  is  tempted  to  suggest  that  if  this 
little  girl  really  knows  Latin  it  is  a  pity  that 
she  was  not  called  upon  to  read  the  proof  of 
this  volume  and  correct  the  sad  blunders  in 
Latin  words  and  sentences  which  have  passed 
unchallenged  the  eyes  of  her  mother,  who 
taught  her  the  language  and  wrote  the  book, 
and  of  Professor  O'Shea,  the  general  editor  of 
the  series.  The  average  parent  who  reads  the 
book  will  scarcely  conclude  that  the  kind  of 
education  which  it  describes  is  either  natural 
or  desirable.  And  yet  Professor  O'Shea  boldly 
challenges  comparison  of  the  book  with  Rous- 
seau's "  Emile,"  claiming  for  it  a  style  fully  as 
attractive  as  that  of  the  French  classic,  and 
the  advantage  of  being  an  account  of  what  has 
actually  been  accomplished,  rather  than  an 
exposition  of  what  an  educational  theorist 
thinks  desirable.  "  It  is  not  beyond  reason," 
he  adds,  "  to  expect  that  the  present  volume 
will  do  for  the  practise  of  teaching  at  home 
and  in  the  school  what  '  Bmile '  has  done  for 
the  theory  of  education."  Prophecy,  of  course, 
can  be  met  only  with  counter  prophecy;  but 
the  style  of  written  books  is  open  to  inspection, 
and  .Professor  O'Shea  will  search  long  for  a 
disinterested  and  competent  critic  to  agree 
with  him  in  the  dictum  that  the  style  of  this 
volume  is  on  a  level  with  that  of  Rousseau,  or 
of  any  other  fairly  competent  master  of 
French  prose, —  an  instrument  of  expression 
which  no  other  modern  tongue  equals  save  in 
very  rare  instances. 


The  noblest  of  the  arts,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  late  Governor 
Altgeld,  is  oratory.  A  new 
printing  of  his  little  book  on  "  Oratory," 
which  originally  appeared  in  1901,  now  comes 
from  the  press  with  this  year's  date  on  its 
title-page.  In  discussing  the  principles  of 
public  speaking  the  author  falls  little  short 
of  poetic  fervor  in  praise  of  the  oratorical  gift. 
"  Oratory,"  he  declares,  "  is  an  individual 
accomplishment,  and  no  vicissitudes  of  for- 
tune can  wrest  it  from  the  owner.  It  points 
the  martyr's  path  to  the  future ;  it  guides  the 
reaper's  hand  in  the  present,  and  it  turns  the 
face  of  ambition  toward  the  delectable  hills 
of  achievement.  One  great  speech  made  to 


34 


THE    DIAL 


[ June  24 


an  intelligent  audience  in  favor  of  the  rights 
of  man  will  compensate  for  a  life  of  labor, 
will  crown  a  career  with  glory  and  give  a  joy 
that  is  born  of  the  divinities."  Like  Demos- 
thenes, Mr.  Altgeld  makes  "  action,"  or  deliv- 
ery, the  first,  second,  and  third  requisite  of 
oratory.  Admirable,  and  not  exactly  to  be 
expected  from  an  effective  public  speaker,  is 
his  insistence  on  literary  excellence  as  a  prime 
essential  of  good  oratory.  "Literary  excel- 
lence is  the  robe  of  immortality  without  which 
no  speech  can  live."  True,  but  many  an  un- 
literary  and  even  illiterate  harangue  has 
wrought  powerfully  upon  its  hearers.  Not 
without  autobiographic  interest  and  meaning 
is  the  following  concerning  the  orator  of, 
unselfish  purpose:  "If  he  would  reach  the 
highest  estate  possible  on  this  earth  he  must 
stand  resolutely  with  his  face  toward  the  sun ; 
and  when  the  cry  of  oppressed  humanity  calls 
for  sacrifice  he  must  promptly  say,  'Here, 
Lord,  am  I.' "  The  greatest  orators  have  not 
seldom  been  the  champions  of  lost  causes,  as 
the  writer  notes,  and  "  defeat  is  often  the 
baptism  of  immortality."  A  lofty  idealism 
reveals  itself  on  almost  every  page  of  this 
remarkable  little  treatise,  and  nowhere  more 
clearly  than  in  the  assertion  that  "  isolation  is 
the  price  of  greatness,  and  the  stars  are  all 
the  friends  an  orator  needs."  The  book  is 
issued  by  "  The  Public,"  Ellsworth  Building, 
Chicago. 

The  short  monograph  by  Dr.  C. 
Germany  and  Snouck  Hurgronje,  of  Leiden 

the "  Holy  War."    .„.,.  .,  ...-,     -,    «  r™        TT    i 

University,  entitled  "  The  Holy 
War:  Made  in  Germany"  (Putnam),  is  in- 
tended to  clear  up  misconceptions  as  to  the 
nature  of  a  jihad  or  "  holy  war."  Following 
the  coup  d'etat  by  which  Germany  dragged 
hesitant  Turkey  into  the  war  last  October 
came  the  proclamation  of  the  jihad,  by  which 
Germany  hoped  to  incite  all  Moslems  to  a 
general  attack  on  Great  Britain  and  France. 
That  the  attack  failed  to  ensue  is  now  a  matter 
of  common  knowledge.  Dr.  Hurgronje  ex- 
plains the  reasons,  and  shows  how  German 
expectations  were  based  on  ignorance.  Ac- 
cording to  Islamic  doctrine,  no  wars  are  per- 
missible except  those  against  the  infidels,  and 
every  such  war  is  a  jihad.  But  modern  Turkey 
is  mainly  made  up  of  Christians,  and,  con- 
versely, the  majority  of  Mohammedans  are 
citizens  of  other  countries.  Moreover,  not 
only  is  there  no  political  unity  in  the  modern 
Moslem  world,  but  even  the  Caliphate  or 
central  religious  authority  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire is  no  longer  recognized.  Hence  the  mis- 
calculations of  Germany  in  trying  to  revive  a 
mediaeval  institution  so  hopelessly  out  of  place 
in  the  world  of  to-day. 


NOTES. 


The  Hope  of  the  Family"  is  the  title  of  a 
novel  of  the  present  war  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Egerton 
Castle,  announced  by  Messrs.  Appleton. 

Early  in  September  "  Jane  Clegg,"  the  first 
play  by  Mr.  St.  John  Ervine  to  be  published  in 
this  country,  will  be  issued  by  Messrs.  Holt. 

A  volume  of  "  Sonnets  of  the  Empire  before  and 
during  the  Great  War,"  by  Mr.  Archibald  T. 
Strong,  will  soon  come  from  the  press  of  Messrs. 
Macmillan. 

A  new  edition  of  an  early  volume  by  Mr.  Have- 
lock  Ellis,  "Affirmations,"  is  promised  for  early 
publication.  It  will  contain  an  important  new 
preface  written  by  the  author. 

"  Germany's  Violation  of  the  Laws  of  War,"  a 
report  prepared  under  the  direction  of  the  French 
Ministry  for  Foreign  Affairs,  is  in  train  for  early 
publication  by  Messrs.  Putnam. 

A  play  of  old  Japan,  entitled  "  The  Faithful : 
A  Tragedy  in  Three  Acts,"  by  Mr.  John  Masefield, 
is  announced.  The  period  chosen  is  that  of  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Before  the  end  of  the  month  the  fourth  volume 
of  "  Glimpses  of  the  Cosmos,"  the  series  including 
the  collected  essays  of  the  late  Lester  F.  Ward, 
will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Putnam.  This  vol- 
ume will  contain  the  contributions  the  author 
made  during  his  prime  —  from  his  forty-fourth 
to  his  fifty-second  year. 

Mr.  Frederic  Harrison  has  collected  his  scat- 
tered writings  on  the  relations  of  Germany  and 
Britain,  covering  a  period  of  fifty  years,  in  a 
volume  to  be  published  under  the  title  of  "  The 
German  Peril."  The  book  is  divided  into  three 
sections,  the  first  entitled  "  Forecasts,  1864-1914," 
the  second  "Realities,  1915,"  and  the  third 
"  Hopes,  191—." 

An  anthology  entitled  "  Literary  California," 
made  up  of  selections  in  prose  and  verse  from 
writers  identified  with  the  Pacific  West,  is  an- 
nounced for  early  publication  by  Mr.  John  J.  New- 
begin  of  San  Francisco.  The  compiler  is  Mrs.  Ella 
Sterling  Mighels,  author  of  "  The  Story  of  the 
Files."  Biographical  sketches  and  portraits  of 
the  writers  represented,  bibliographical  data,  and 
a  full  index  will  add  much  to  the  value  of  the 
work. 

A  new  series  of  biographies  is  in  prospect,  the 
project  being  the  joint  venture  of  Messrs.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  and  Messrs.  Constable  &  Co.  of 
London.  It  will  be  entitled  "  Makers  of  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,"  and  will  be  edited  by  Mr.  Basil 
Williams.  Each  volume  is  to  contain  the  life  of  a 
man  or  woman  who  has  had  an  influence  on  the 
century.  The  three  titles  scheduled  for  publica- 
tion this  fall  are,  "John  Delane,"  by  Sir  E.  T. 
Cook;  "Abraham  Lincoln,"  by  Lord  Charnwood; 
and  "Herbert  Spencer,"  by  Mr.  Hugh  S.  Elliot. 
Biographies  of  Cecil  Rhodes,  Victor  Hugo,  Lord 
Shaftesbury,  and  General  Lee  are  in  preparation. 

Bulletins  of  the  far-away  Philippine  Library 
make  their  rather  belated  appearance  in  our  office 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


35 


from  time  to  time,  giving  information  chiefly  as 
to  recent  accessions,  with  occasional  items  of  wider 
interest,  as,  for  example,  in  the  October  issue,  a 
brief  history  of  the  library  from  the  formation  of 
the  American  Circulating  Library  Association  of 
Manila,  in  memory  of  American  soldiers  and  sail- 
ors killed  or  wounded  in  the  Philippines  —  an  or- 
ganization from  which  the  present  one  had  its 
origin  —  down  through  the  transfer  of  the  insti- 
tution to  the  government  in  1901,  its  incorporation 
with  the  Bureau  of  Education  in  1905,  its  trans- 
formation by  legislative  act  into  its  present  con- 
dition (except  as  to  fees)  in  1909,  and  the  entire 
removal  of  fees  last  July.  In  that  and  the  fol- 
lowing month  about  two  thousand  cards  were 
issued,  two-thirds  of  them  to  Filipinos.  In  the 
reading-room  the  proportion  of  native  readers  is 
between  seventy  and  eighty  per  cent. 

Publication  of  a  second  series  of  classics  in 
science  and  philosophy  has  been  begun  by  the 
Open  Court  Publishing  Co.  The  first  series,  en- 
titled "  The  Religion  of  Science  Library,"  was 
begun  just  after  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion held  in  Chicago  in  1893.  Its  purpose  was 
to  put  the  study  of  religion  on  a  scientific  basis, 
and  was  the  direct  outcome  of  the  founding  of  the 
Open  Court  Publishing  Company  by  the  late 
Edward  C.  Hegeler  of  La  Salle,  111.  He  was  very 
much  interested  in  the  Religious  Parliament  idea, 
the  first  meeting  of  which  was  called  the  World's 
Congress  of  Religions,  held  in  Chicago  in  1893. 
This  series  deals  largely  with  the  philosophy  of 
religion.  It  now  numbers  seventy  volumes.  The 
second  series  will  consist  of  reprints  of  classics 
marking  the  historical  development  of  science  and 
philosophy.  The  first  volume  of  the  series  is  still 
in  preparation;  but  the  second  volume,  made  up 
of  "  Selections  from  the  Scottish  Philosophy  of 
Commonsense,"  has  just  appeared.  In  thus  mak- 
ing available  in  convenient  and  inexpensive  form 
the  classics  of  philosophic  thought,  the  publishers 
are  rendering  a  service  that  should  be  widely 
appreciated. 

OP  NEW  BOOKS. 


[  The  following  list,  containing  59  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY. 
Writing*  of  John  Quincy  Adams.     Edited  by  Worth- 

ington    Chauncey    Ford.      Volume    V.,    1801-1810. 

8vo,  555  pa^es.    Macmillan  Co.     $3.50  net. 
A  History  of  England  and  the  British  Empire.     By 

Arthur   D.    Innes.     Volume   IV.,   1802-1914.     With 

maps,  12mo,  604  pages.    Macmillan  Co.     $1.60  net. 
The    History    of    England    from     the    Accession     of 

James    the    Second.      By   Lord    Macaulay;     edited 

by    Charles    Harding    Firth,    M.A.      Volume    VI.,    ! 

illustrated    in    color,    large    8vo.      Macmillan    Co.    ! 

$3.25   net. 
The    Evolution    of    a    Teacher:     An    Autobiography.    ! 

By  Ella  Gilbert   lyes.     With   portrait,   12mo,   188    ! 

pages.     The  Pilgrim  Press.     $1.  net. 
My  March  to   Timbiictoo.      By  General   Joffre;    with 

Biographical     Introduction     by     Ernest     Dimnet. 

12mo,  169  pages.     Duffield  &  Co.     75  cts.  net. 

DRAMA   AND   VERSE. 
Paradise  Found;    or,  The  Superman  Found  Out.     By 

Allen     Upward.       12mo,     99     pages.       Houghton 

Mifflin  Co.     $1.25  net. 
A   Bit   o>   Love:     A    Play    in    Three    Acts.      By    John 

Galsworthy.     12mo,  84  pages.     Charles  Scribner's 

Sons.     60  cts.  net. 


The  Lonely  "Way,  Intermezzo,  Countess  Mizzle: 
Three  Plays.  By  Arthur  Schnitzler;  translated 
from  the  German,  with  Introduction,  by  Edwin 
Bjorkman.  "Modern  Drama  Series."  12mo,  323 
pages.  Mitchell  Kennerley.  $1.50  net. 

Processionals.  By  John  Curtis  Underwood.  12mo, 
273  pages.  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

The  Judge:  A  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By  Louis  James 
Block.  "American  Dramatists  Series."  12mo, 
119  pages.  The  Gorham  Press.  $1.  net. 

FICTION. 

The  Miracle  of  Love.     By  Cosmo  Hamilton.      12mo, 

325  pages.     George  H.  Doran  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Pieces   of  the   Game:    A  Modern   Instance.     By   the 

Countess  de  Chambrun.    With  frontispiece,  12mo, 

259  pages.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.35  net. 
Five    Fridays.      By    Frank    R.    Adams.      Illustrated, 

12mo,  339  pages.     Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Accidentals.     By   Helen   Mackay.     12mo,    320   pages. 

Duffield  &  Co.     $1.25   net. 
The   Auction    Mart.      By    Sydney    Tremayne.      12mo, 

341  pages.     John  Lane  Co.     $1.25  net. 
The    Enemy.      By    George    Randolph    Chester    and 

Lillian    Chester.      Illustrated,    12mo,    362    pages. 

Hearst's  International  Library  Co.     $1.35  net. 
Come  Out  to  Play.     By  M.  E.   F.   Irwin.     12mo,  304 

pages.     George  H.  Doran  Co.     $1.25  net. 

PUBLIC    AFFAIRS SOCIOLOGY     AND 

ECONOMICS. 
America     and     Her     Problems.       By     Paul     H.     B. 

D'Estournelles     de     Constant.       With     portrait, 

12mo,  545  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $2.  net. 
The    Japanese    Problem    in    the    United    States.      By 

H.  A.  Millis.     Illustrated,  12mo,  334  pages.     Mac- 
millan  Co.     $1.50  net. 
Street-Land:    Its   Little   People   and   Big  Problems. 

By   Philip   Davis.      Illustrated,   12mo,   291   pages. 

Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 
Population:   A  Study  in  Malthusianism.    By  Warren 

S.  Thompson,  Ph.D.     8vo,  216  pages.     Longmans, 

Green  &  Co.     Paper,  $1.75  net. 
The  Orthocratic  State:    The  Unchanging  Principles 

of    Civics    and    Government.      By    John    Sherwin 

Crosby.    With  portrait,  12mo,  166  pages.     Sturgis 

&  Walton  Co.     $1.  net. 
Nationalization  of  Railways  in  Japan.     By  Toshiharu 

Watarai,     Ph.D.       8vo,     156     pages.       Longmans, 

Green  &  Co.     Paper,  $1.25  net. 

THE  GREAT  WAR  —  ITS  HISTORY,  PROBLEMS, 
AND  CONSEQUENCES. 

The  World  in  the  Crucible:  An  Account  of  the 
Origins  and  Conduct  of  the  Great  War.  By  Sir 
Gilbert  Parker.  With  portrait,  12mo,  422  pages. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Great  War:  The  Second  Phase.  By  Frank  H. 
Simonds.  With  maps,  12mo,  284  pages.  Mitchell 
Kennerley.  $1.25  net. 

The  Note-book  of  an  Attache:  Seven  Months  in  the 
War  Zone.  By  Eric  Fisher  Wood.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  345  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.60  net. 

Cartoons  on  the  War.  By  Boardman  Robinson. 
Illustrated,  large  8vo,  75  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  & 
Co.  $1.50  net. 

Field  Hospital  and  Flying  Column:  Being  the  Jour- 
nal of  an  English  Nursing  Sister  in  Belgium  and 
Russia.  By  Violetta  Thurstan.  12mo,  184  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.  net. 

Eye-Witness's  Narrative  of  the  "War:  From  the 
Marne  to  Neuve  Chapelle,  September,  1914- 
March,  1915.  12mo,  303  pages.  Longmans,  Green 
&  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

DECORATIVE   ART. 

The  "Studio"  Year  Book  of  Decorative  Art,  1915. 
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Lane  Co.  Paper,  $2.50  net. 

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THE    DIAL 


[June  24,  1915 


BRITISH  EMBASSY, 

Washington,  Oct.  23,  1912. 
MY  DEAR  SIR: 

Having  just  returned  to  Washington,  I 
find  a  copy  of  your  book  entitled  Retrospec- 
tion, and  hasten  to  thank  you  for  it.  I  am 
reading  it  with  very  great  interest. 
The  light  y9u  throw  upon  much  of 
the  early  history  of  California  at 
the  time  of  the  first  American 
occupation  of  the  country,  as  well 

as  upon  the  early  history  of  the  Mormons,  is  new  to  me 
and  of  the  highest  value  and  interest.  It  tempts  me 
indeed  to  wish  that  you  had  found  it  possible  to  enter 
even  more  fully  into  details  regarding  the  events  and 
the  characters  of  those  stirring  times. 

Believe  me,  with  renewed  thanks,  Very  faithfully  yours, 
H.  H.  BANCROFT,  Esqre.  JAMES  BRYCE. 


ALBERT  BUS!   - HART 


Professor     of 


Government 
University. 


in     Harvard 


5  Quincy  Chambers,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

February  28,  1913. 
GENTLEMEN: 

I  have  been  very  much  inter- 
ested in  H.  H.  Bancroft's  Retro- 
spection, which  gives  a  very  vivid 
picture  of  a  side  of  California 

life  about  which  we  know  far  too  little  and  have  far  too 
little  material,  namely  the  actual  upbuilding  of  the 
community  in  the  face  of  economic  and  political  diffi- 
culties. It  is  a  permanent  source  in  the  history  of 
California.  Very  truly  yours, 

ALBERT    BUSHNELL    HART. 
THE  BANCROFT  COMPANY. 


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torian." 
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RETROSPECTION 

THE  NEW  PACIFIC 

POPULAR  HISTORY  OF  MEXICO 

By  HUBERT  HOWE  BANCROFT. 

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Two  Very  Important  New  Books 

De  Morgan's  Budget  of  Paradoxes 

By  AUGUSTUS  DE  MORGAN 
Edited  with  Full  Bibliographical  Notes  and  Index 

By  DAVID  EUGENE  SMITH 

Teachers'  College,  Columbia  University,  New  York 
Author  of  Kara  Arithmetica,  Portfolio  of  Eminent  Mathematicians,   etc.,   etc. 

THE  BUDGET  OP  PARADOXES.  As  a  piece  of  delicious  satire  upon  the  efforts  of  circlers  of 
squares,  and  their  kind,  there  is  nothing  else  in  English  literature  that  is  quite  so  good  as  the  delightful 
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technical,  but  is  written  in  a  popular  style  which  any  one  can  appreciate. 

THE  PRESENT  EDITION.  Many  names  which  were  common  property  in  England  when  this 
work  was  first  published  50  years  ago,  and  incidents  which  were  subjects  of  general  conversation  then 
have  long  since  been  forgotten,  so  that  some  of  the  charm  of  the  original  edition  would  be  lost  on  the  reader 
of  the  present  day  in  publishing  a  reprint.  Accordingly,  in  this  new  edition,  it  was  arranged  to  leave  the 
original  text  intact,  to  introduce  such  captions  and  rubrics  as  should  assist  the  reader  in  separating  the 
general  topics,  and  to  furnish  a  set  of  footnotes  which  should  supply  him  with  complete  information.  The 
publishers  feel  that  this  unique  work  will  prove  a  source  of  delight  to  all  who  peruse  its  pages. 

THE  EDITOR.  David  Eugene  Smith,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  has  worked  in  de  Morgan's  library,  is  thor- 
oughly familiar  with  all  of  de  Morgan's  writings,  and  has  a  type  of  mind,  tastes,  experience  and  learning, 
which  are  sympathetic  with  those  of  the  author  of  the  Budget. 

VALUE  TO  PUBLIC  LIBRARIES.  This  new  edition  may  properly  take  its  place  among  the  valu- 
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everywhere  and  always,  and  a  popular  work  that  will  show  them  their  folly  is  a  thing  that  every  library 
should  welcome.  The  great  care  taken  by  Dr.  Smith  in  his  notes  also  renders  the  work  invaluable  on  a 
shelf  of  general  reference.  Two  Volumes,  pp.  500  each.  Cloth,  $3.50  per  Vol. 

Goethe:  With  Special  Reference  to  His  Philosophy 

By  DR.  PAUL  CARUS 

A  sympathetic  study  of  one  of  the  most  notable  men  in  the  world's  history.  The  author  delineates  to 
us  Goethe,  the  man,  the  poet,  the  thinker,  and  Goethe  the  man  is  almost  a  more  attractive  figure  than  the 
poet  or  the  thinker.  He  was  sanely  human;  liberal,  but  not  an  infidel;  religious,  but  not  dogmatic  or 
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or  a  monist.  He  was  positive  in  his  inmost  nature  and  so  opposed  the  destructiveness  of  all  negativism. 

A  positive  attitude  was  so  characteristic  of  Goethe  that  he  denounced  the  methods  of  so-called  higher 
criticism  as  applied  to  Homer,  as  well  as  to  the  New  Testament.  His  satire  on  Barth,  the  New  Testament 
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Goethe's  relations  with  women  have  often  been  criticized  and  rarely  understood.  His  friendship  with 
Friederike  is  described  in  this  book  and  judged  with  fairness.  The  facts  are  stated,  not  in  a  partisan  spirit, 
but  purely  from  the  historical  standpoint. 

Among  the  large  number  of  books  on  the  interpretation  and  appreciation  of  the  ethics  and  philosophy 
of  Goethe's  writings,  this  one  contains  the  best  statement  of  its  undercurrent  of  philosophic  thought. 
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'The  Weak  Man  and  the 
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WORLD  1915 

HOW  ONE  MAN'S  PERSONAL  GRUDGE 
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over  an  issue  which  did  not  concern  us." 

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The  Real 
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Published  by  THE  HENRY  O.  SHEPARD  COMPANY, 
632  Sherman  Street,  Chicago. 

Entered  as  Second-Class  Matter  October  8,   1892,  at  the  Post 
Office  at  Chicago,  Illinois,  under  Act  of  March  3,  1879. 


Vol.  LIX. 


JULY  15,  1915 


No.  698 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


ESSAYS   AND   ESSAYISTS.     Charles  Leonard 

Moore 45 

CASUAL  COMMENT 47 

Superimposed  culture. — The  dedication  of  the 
finest  of  university  library  buildings. — A 
nation's  unfaith  in  its  own  literature. —  Our 
ancestors'  respect  for  books. — The  Kussian 
peasant's  appreciation  of  Shakespeare. —  Mis- 
placed books. — A  monument  of  encyclopaedic 
research. —  How  to  become  an  expert  book- 
collector. —  Plumed  knights. — The  library  as 
an  aid  to  efficiency. — The  difference  between 
reading  and  studying. 

COMMUNICATIONS 51 

The  Wisconsin  Survey  Once  More.    George  C. 

Comstoclc. 

A  Word  for  Dr.  Allen.  Margaret  A.  Friend. 
Kuno  Meyer  and  the  Harvard  Prize  Poem. 

F.  P. 
A  Translator's  Error.     A.  H.  Fisher. 

THE     MODERN     THOREAU.       Henry     Seidel 

Canby 54 

SOCIALISM  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR.    Thomas 

Percival  Seyer 5b 

RELICS  OF  THE  BRONZE  AGE  IN  GREECE. 

Frederick  Starr 58 

AN  AMERICAN  DRAMA  OF  THE  18TH  CEN- 
TURY.    William  B.  Cairns       .....     60 
THE    NEW    SPIRIT    IN    AMERICAN    POLI- 
TICS.    Frederic  Austin  Ogg 62 

RECENT  FICTION.     William  Morton  Payne      .     63 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 66 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 67 

A  Belgian's  prophecy  of  the  great  war. — 
Japanese  art  interpreted  by  a  Japanese. — 
A  survey  and  study  of  the  modern  drama. — A 
soldier's  narrative,  by  General  Joffre. — A 
study  of  city  managership. —  Men  and  women 
of  new  France. — A  comprehensive  library 
manual. —  Strathcona  as  the  evil  genius  of 
Canada. — The  German  as  a  human  being. — 
A  colonial  glass-maker. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 72 

NOTES 72 

TOPICS  IN  JULY  PERIODICALS 74 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  74 


ESSAYS  AND  ESSAYISTS. 


We  doubt  whether  any  kind  of  reading 
yields  more  easy  pleasure  than  the  good 
essay.  Of  course  it  lacks  the  excitements  of 
the  higher  forms  of  literature, —  the  vivid 
lightning  and  appalling  thunder  of  tragedy; 
the  epic  splendor,  where  verse  marches  on  like 
captive  kings  and  warriors  in  a  Roman  tri- 
umph ;  the  ordered  disorder  of  the  comic  med- 
ley, which  makes  our  sides  ache  and  our  tense 
minds  relax;  the  interest  of  the  novel,  which 
seizes  upon  us  with  the  first  page  and  keeps  us 
in  pleasing  torment  until  we  turn  the  last; 
the  keen,  instantaneous  joys  and  pains  of  the 
lyric.  All  these  it  lacks;  or  rather,  it  has 
them  only  by  hints  and  recollected  visions. 
The  essay  is  something  like  an  autumn  stream 
which  flows  before  us  gleaming  white  or 
sombre  through  its  matted  debris  of  red  and 
yellow  and  green  and  brown, —  a  carpet  which 
has  been  blossoms,  which  has  been  foliage 
waving  in  the  wind  and  sun.  Half  our  inter- 
est in  the  essay  is  in  the  current  of  mind  and 
personality  it  reveals,  and  half  in  the  rich 
burden  which  it  bears. 

All  other  literary  kinds  are  fenced  about 
with  restrictions :  they  have  laws  and  methods 
which  they  cannot  overstep ;  a  circle  is  drawn 
about  them  to  keep  out  the  evil  influence 
which  would  tear  them  to  pieces;  they  must 
retain  their  form,  like  a  Prince  Rupert  drop, 
which  if  it  be  pinched  in  the  tail  shatters  into 
fragments.  But  the  only  rule  of  the  essay  is 
to  have  no  rule.  It  is  most  like  a  little  piece 
of  original  chaos.  Of  course  it  generally  has 
a  subtle  evolution;  and  like  everything  that 
tangibly  exists,  it  must  have  a  beginning,  a 
middle,  and  an  end.  Subject,  however,  to  the 
slightest  restrictions  it  can  be  anything  and 
do  everything.  It  can  jump  from  one  business 
to  another, —  some  of  De  Quincey's  essays  are 
one  monstrous  digression.  It  can  mingle 
heroic  outlines  with  the  homeliest  details, —  as 
Cellini  threw  his  household  utensils  into  the 
molten  bronze  to  eke  out  the  cast  of  his 
Perseus.  It  can  be  a  traveller's  sketch  or  a 
Dutch  painting  of  an  interior.  It  can  be  gay 
and  lively  with  adventure,  or  can  rise  to 
solemn  fugues  of  thought  as  in  Sir  Thomas 


46 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


Browne's  "Urn  Burial,"  Milton's  "Areopa- 
gitica,"  Addison's  "Vision  of  Mirzah,"  or 
De  Quincey's  "  Our  Ladies  of  Sorrow."  It 
is  the  miscellaneous  form  of  literature:  an 
olla  podrida;  in  its  poorest  manifestations  a 
hash, —  what  the  Bowery  waiter  calls  "  a 
graveyard  stew." 

Essays  divide  into  two  main  species:  those 
which  deal  with  life,  and  those  which  voice 
opinions  about  books,  pictures,  art  of  all  sorts. 
We  hope  we  are  not  pushing  analysis  too  far, 
but  the  first  of  these  species  again  divides  into 
two  kinds :  the  essay  where  the  personality  of 
the  author  is  dominant,  and  that  in  which, 
as  in  a  Claude  Lorraine  glass,  we  get  minia- 
ture glimpses  of  the  outside  world.  In  the 
first  we  are  talking  with  the  man  himself,  as 
with  the  most  intimate  acquaintance.  "We  are 
seated  in  Sieur  de  Montaigne's  library,  and  he 
"  rolls  us  out  his  mind."  The  flood  of  erudi- 
tion is  much ;  but  more  are  his  frank  revela- 
tions about  himself,  his  friends,  his  tastes, 
even  about  the  gravel  which  afflicts  him.  Or 
we  are  in  Charles  Lamb's  chambers,  among 
that  wonderful  circle  of  wits  and  oddities 
whom  he  attracted  as  a  loadstone  does  metallic 
dust,  and  we  listen  to  his  crackling  fire  of 
puns,  his  rhapsodies  about  old  books  and 
brawn  and  suckling  pigs.  Or  we  are  with 
Hazlitt  in  the  hut  at  Winterslow,  watching 
the  red  sunset  die  upon  the  hills ;  or  we  walk 
with  him  a  summer's  day  while  he  discourses 
of  the  poets  he  has  known  or  the  lodging- 
house  keeper's  daughter  whom  he  worshipped. 
Or  we  are  with  Stevenson  in  the  wynds  of 
Edinburgh,  or  on  the  neighboring  hills,  listen- 
ing through  him  to  the  mighty  talkers  of  his 
acquaintance.  All  these  men  are  nothing  if 
not  autobiographical.  They  are  intensely  in- 
terested in  themselves  and  everything  that 
happens  to  them.  Why  is  it  that  such  egotism 
does  not  revolt  us?  They  fling  themselves 
upon  our  interest  with  the  most  naive  confi- 
dence, and  we  receive  them  with  open  arms. 
The  more  they  tell  us  the  more  we  want  to 
know.  Nay,  if  an  essayist  comes  along  who 
rather  holds  us  at  a  distance,  we  get  in  a  huff 
and  want  little  to  do  with  him.  Bagehot  is 
almost  as  clever  as  Hazlitt,  and  a  good  deal 
wittier  than  Stevenson ;  but  the  world  hardly 
knows  that  Bagehot  lived.  He  has  the  reserve 
of  the  man  of  the  world,  an  air  of  good 
society;  and,  to  paraphrase  one  of  his  own 
sayings,  it' is  very  much  as  if  a  steam  engine 
was  making  phrases. 


To  unbosom  oneself  seems  to  be  a  short  cut 
to  the  affection  of  the  world,  which  likes  to 
play  the  part  of  a  priest  in  the  confessional 
and  hearken  to  sins  and  peccadilloes,  vaunt- 
ings  and  vaporings.  That  is  the  secret  of  the 
perennial  charm  of  memoirs, —  whether  Cel- 
lini's grim  and  boasting  tale  or  Pepys's  can- 
did one.  It  is  what  gave  Marie  Bashkirtseff's 
book  its  vogue  not  long  ago ;  the  world  recog- 
nized that  she  simply  told  what  most  young 
girls  think,  though  no  one  before  had  had  the 
courage  to  set  it  down.  If  Walt  Whitman, 
instead  of  writing  queer  verse,  had  put  into 
good  prose  all  that  laudation  of  himself,  he 
would  probably  have  ten  readers  where  he  now 
has  one.  But  the  great  essayists,  those  we 
have  named  and  others  of  the  same  blood,  min- 
gle their  egotism  with  modesty  and  geniality 
and  humor.  It  is  their  enormous  enjoyment 
of  life  which  they  communicate  to  us. 

The  older  English  essays,  those  of  Addison 
and  Steele  and  Johnson  and  Goldsmith,  were 
not  nearly  so  individual,  so  pregnant  with 
personality,  as  the  later  ones.  These  writers, 
hid  themselves  under  an  assumed  character^ 
or  created  a  club  to  carry  on  their  miscella- 
nies. They  were  novelists  in  miniature,  satir- 
ists and  moralists  at  large.  They  set  out  to- 
picture  the  life  about  them,  to  scourge  the 
follies  and  lighter  vices  of  the  world.  They 
give  vignettes  of  characters,  kit-cat  portraits^ 
thumb-nail  sketches, —  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,. 
Will  Honeywood,  Beau  Tibbs,  the  Man  in 
Black,  and  many  others.  The  short  story 
exists  in  their  works,  in  germ  at  least, —  East- 
ern apologues,  fables,  and  the  like.  But  in 
the  main  they  were  curiously  journalistic. 
They  gave  the  world  about  them  a  report  of 
itself.  And  their  world  was  the  Town:  a 
world  of  paint  and  powder  and  patches  and 
pomatum.  When  this  world  was  driven  from 
the  stage  it  found  refuge  in  the  miscellany 
prints.  Bright  and  charming  and  various  as 
this  form  of  the  essay  is,  it  cannot  compete 
with  the  novel,  the  comedy,  the  large  satire. 
The  essay  proper  still  remains  the  essay  of 
personality, —  the  intimate  talk,  that  is,  of  one 
who  is  revealing  himself  at  every  word. 

The  critical  essay,  however,  is  perhaps  more 
important,  and  is  certainly  the  most  widely 
cultivated.  Authors,  artists,  creators  of  every 
kind,,  have  .always,  been  contemptuous  of  the 
critic.  .  But  what,  do  they  publish  or  show 
their  works-  for  if  they  do  not  want  people  to 
have  opinions  about  them  1  At  its  worst,  a 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


47 


criticism  is  an  advertisement.  It  is  true  that 
probably  fifty  per  cent  of  contemporary  criti- 
cism is  always  ludicrously  wrong.  But  the 
other  fifty  per  cent  is  penetrating,  just,  help- 
ful. After  three  hundred  years  of  Shake- 
spearean laudation,  there  is  nothing  that  sur- 
passes Ben  Jonson's  famous  lines  on  the  poet. 
Side  by  side  with  Dr.  Johnson's  sneering 
remarks  about  Gray,  are  his  keen  and  true 
sentences  about  Collins.  Side  by  side  with 
"  Blackwood's "  denunciation  of  Keats  is 
Hunt's  enthusiastic  appreciation  of  him.  Side 
by  side  with  Lady  Eastlake's  description  of 
Charlotte  Bronte  as  one  who  had  forfeited  the 
companionship  of  her  own  sex  is  Sydney 
Dobell's  noble  eulogium  of  Emily  Bronte. 
The  fact  is  that  really  great  critics  are  rarer 
than  great  artists.  In  all  English  literature, 
there  are  only  four  of  the  former  class  — 
Johnson,  Coleridge,  Hazlitt,  and  Matthew 
Arnold;  while  there  are  a  good  many  more 
than  forty  great  writers.  Even  about  the 
accepted  authors  of  the  past  the  spirit  of 
ignorance  and  envy  is  always  surging  up 
in  revolt.  We  are  always  being  told  that 
Homer  and  Virgil,  Shakespeare  and  Milton, 
are  passe,  and  of  small  account  besides  some 
new  luminary. 

The  critical  essay,  also,  is  of  two  sorts :  that 
which  deals  with  the  underlying  principles  of 
art,  and  that  which  is  devoted  to  appreciations 
of  single  authors  or  works.  In  its  greatest 
manifestations  the  former  kind  rises  to  the 
treatise;  and  a  few  of  these, — Aristotle's 
"  Poetics,"  Longinus's  "  On  the  Sublime,"  and 
Lessing's  "Laocob'n," —  are  monuments  of 
genius  which  dispute  place  with  the  great 
creative  works  of  the  world.  But  the  brief, 
discursive,  appreciative,  critical  essay  is  the 
more  delightful.  Like  an  actor's  interpreta- 
tion of  a  part  on  the  stage,  it  adds  something 
to  the  original.  It  gives  the  work  studied  un- 
der new  lights,  helps  it  with  caressing  tones 
and  endearments  of  admiration,  brings  it  into 
focus  with  other  pieces  of  the  same  kind.  It 
is  the  critic's  soul  and  mind  thrown  in  as  a 
makeweight  to  the  author's.  It  is  the  greatest 
reward  the  artist  can  receive.  And  for  the 
reader,  as  Sir  Richard  Steele  said,  there  is  no 
greater  favor  that  one  man  can  do  another 
than  to  tell  him  the  manner  of  his  being 
pleased. 

The  best  criticisms  are  excursions  and 
forays  into  the  past.  They  are  onsets  to  re- 
cover the  body  of  Patroclus  in  order  to  bear 


him  to  his  tent,  cleanse  his  wounds,  and  give 
him  splendid  funeral.  Or  to  change  the  figure, 
the  undergrowth  which  is  continually  spring- 
ing up  tends  to  choke  and  kill  the  giants  of  the 
forest;  it  is  the  main  business  of  the  critic  to 
make  these  giants  visible  and  accessible  so  that 
their  shade  and  shelter  may  be  of  use  ;to 
mankind. 

It  is  not  worth  while  to  exaggerate  the  im- 
portance of  the  essay,  either  the  personal,  the 
creative,  or  the  critical  kind.  Its  slippered  ease 
and  sauntering  pedestrianism  are  not  con- 
ducive to  the  great  actions  of  art.  When  the 
artist  is  really  inspired,  soul  fuses  itself  with 
body.  Form  is  a  necessity,  and  that  form  is 
succinct,  supple,  rapid  in  motion.  Here  and 
there,  essays  stand  out  which  fulfil  the  condi- 
tions of  creative  art.  The  "  Urn  Burial,"  the 
"  Reverie  in  Boar's  Head  Tavern,  Eastcheap," 
the  "Vision  of  Sudden  Death,"  —  these  are 
some  of  its  triumphs.  But  if  the  essay  is  sel- 
dom great,  it  is  often  pleasurable  and  lovable 
in  the  extreme.  It  is  literature  in  undress, — 
the  soul  uttering  itself  in  artless  and  unpre- 
tending ways.  CHARLES  LEONARP  MoORE, 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


SUPERIMPOSED  CULTURE  is  but  a  thin  var- 
nish, at  best.  In  fact,  it  is  no  culture  at  all, 
in  the  true  sense  of  the  word.  Every  person 
capable  of  culture  claims  the  right  to  work  out 
his  own  intellectual  salvation  from  within, 
aided  only  by  such  hints  and  helps  as  shall 
not  compromise  his  spiritual  independence. 
In  the  current  issue  of  "  The  Hibbert  Jour- 
nal," a  protest  against  "America's  Bondage 
to  the  German  Spirit "  is  made  by  Dr.  Joseph 
H.  Crooker,  whose  many  years'  observation  of 
the  workings  of  Teutonic  academicism  in  our 
own  colleges  and  universities  has  qualified 
him  to  speak  on  the  subject  with  understand- 
ing and  conviction.  That  such  a  protest 
should  be  called  for  in  this  one  hundred  and 
thirty-ninth  year  of  our  national  existence  is 
a  rather  surprising  and  still  more  humiliat- 
ing development,  but  it  is  useless  to  blink  the 
facts  as  set  forth  by  Dr.  Crooker.  Too  long 
has  it  been  true,  with  certain  modifications 
and  exceptions,  that  "the  one  thing  that 
makes  an  impression  in  our  university  circles 
is  the  scholarship  that  is  marked:  Made  in 
Germany!  And  just  here  lies  some  of  the 
mischief  .  .  'made'  in  Germany.  It  has 
been,  too  often,  a  scholarship,  not  ripened  in 
the  warm,  brooding  atmosphere  of  a  humane 
and  humanising  culture,  but  a  standardised 


48 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


erudition,  intent  on '  accumulation  of  mere 
facts,  tested  by  cubic  measure,  sought  for 
ends  of  efficiency,  fitted  to  help  man  as  a 
mechanism,  and  imbued  with  a  vast  conceit 
of  knowledge."  Due  tribute  is  paid  to  all 
that  is  best  in  the  spirit  that  America  has 
breathed  in  from  the  Germany  of  the  past; 
nevertheless  the  question  for  us  to-day  is 
this :  "  Is  it  wise  and  wholesome  to  have  tens 
of  thousands  of  our  susceptible  American 
youths,  in  our  colleges  and  universities  —  the 
intellectual  aristocracy  of  the  land,  the  future 
leaders  of  American  opinion  and  action  — 
constantly  under  the  training  of  men  who 
have  been  thoroughly  Germanised  and  to  a 
decided  degree  de- Americanised  ?"  Of  course 
such  a  question  would  be  pertinent  whether 
our  educational  ideals  and  methods  were  im- 
ported from  Germany  or  China  or  Mozam- 
bique or  the  planet  Mars;  it  is  the  fact  of 
wholesale  importation  that,  first  and  fore- 
most, is  fraught  with  possibilities  of  evil. 
Hope  of  better  things  as  soon  as  peace  is  re- 
stored brightens  the  close  of  Dr.  Crocker's 
article,  which,  let  it  be  added,  covers  a  larger 
field,  in  its  consideration  of  German  influ- 
ence on  America,  than  has  been  indicated  in 

this  brief  notice. 

•    •    • 

THE  DEDICATION  OF  THE  FINEST  OF  UNI- 
VERSITY LIBRARY  BUILDINGS,  the  splendid 
Widener  Memorial  at  Harvard,  took  place 
June  24,  with  Senator  Lodge  as  the  orator  of 
the  occasion.  As  he  truthfully  said,  "no 
other  university  and  scarcely  any  state  or 
nation  possesses  a  library  building  so  elabo- 
rately arranged,  so  fitted  with  every  device 
which  science  and  ingenuity  can  invent  for 
the  use  of  books  by  scholars  and  students." 
The  address  was  notable  from  beginning  to 
end  for  its  fine  enthusiasm  for  all  that  is  true 
and  noble  in  literature  and  learning.  It 
revealed,  by  quotation  and  allusion,  the  wide 
reading  and  sound  scholarship  of  the  speaker, 
and  showed  also  his  sympathies  with  all  who 
love  good  books  and  find  their  solace  and  sus- 
tenance in  the  masterpieces  of  literature. 
Excellent  was  this  passage,  toward  the  end  of 
the  speech :  "  Here,  as  to  all  great  collections 
of  books,  as  to  all  books  anywhere  which  have 
meaning  and  quality,  come  those  who  never 
write,  who  have  no  songs  to  sing,  no  theories 
with  which  they  hope  to  move  or  enlighten 
the  world,  men  and  women  who  love  knowl- 
edge and  literature  for  their  own  sakes  and 
are  content.  Here  those  who  toil,  those  who 
are  weary  and  heavy-laden,  come  for  rest. 
Here  among  the  books  we  can  pass  out  of  this 
workaday  world,  never  more  tormented,  more 
in  anguish,  than  now,  and  find,  for  a  brief 


hour  at  least,  happiness,  perchance  consola- 
tion, certainly  another  world  and  a  blessed 
forgetfulness  of  the  din  and  the  sorrows 
which  surround  us."  Finely  fitting,  too,  were 
the  lines  quoted  from  a  living  English  poet 
who  writes  thus  of  Shakespeare  in  these  trou- 
bled times: 

"  0,  let  me  leave  the  plains  behind, 

And  let  me  leave  the  vales  below; 
Into  the  highlands  of  the  mind, 
Into  the  mountains  let  me  go. 

"  Here  are  the  heights,  crest  beyond  crest, 

With  Himalayan  dews  impearled; 
And  I  will  watch  from  Everest 

The  long  heave  of  the  surging  world." 


A  NATION'S  UNFAITH  IN  ITS  OWN  LITERATURE 
is  not  an  inspiring  spectacle,  any  more  than  is 
a  nation's  excessive  pride  in  its  own  literature. 
Something  of  that  timid  questioning  of  its 
right  to  hold  up  its  head  in  the  literary  world 
which  this  country  is  thought  even  yet  not  to 
have  wholly  outgrown  is  noticeable  in  modern 
Japan's  attitude  toward  foreign  authors. 
Translations  and  importations  hold  a  noto- 
riously prominent  place  in  the  Japanese  book- 
trade;  and  more  than  one  native  writer  is 
commenting  regretfully  on  this  fact.  A  late 
issue  of  "  The  Japan  Advertiser  "  cites  an  in- 
stance of  this  disapproval.  "Nation's  ambi- 
tions,'' it  quotes  from  an  unnamed  author, 
"spring  from  firm  convictions.  Without  the 
latter  there  can  be  no  former.  When  we  look 
at  the  conditions  of  our  world  of  thoughts, 
which  is  easily  conquered  by  foreign  ideas  and 
litterateurs,  we  cannot  but  question  the  self- 
confidence  of  our  nation."  The  writer  then 
notes  the  influx  of  Russian  literature  that  fol- 
lowed the  Russo-Japanese  war,  and  names 
other  European  authors  that  are  eagerly  read 
in  Japan.  A  leading  article  in  "  The  Japan 
Times  "  makes  similar  reference  to  the  native 
fondness  for  occidental  literature  of  all  kinds, 
and  adds :  "  The  comparative  scarcity  of  new 
original  works  undoubtedly  promises  badly 
for  the  intellectual  independence  of  the  coun- 
try. The  truth  is,  we  have  been  accustomed  to 
importing  ready-made  thought  and  have  felt 
no  inconvenience  as  long  as  this  facility  has 
remained  open.  The  present  closing  up  of  the 
intellectual  centre  of  Europe  by  war  has,  how- 
ever, awakened  us  keenly  to  the  disadvantage 
we  are  under,  and  we  feel  confident  that  the 
genius  of  the  race  will  meet  the  deficiency, 
even  as  necessity  will  father  more  original 
thinking."  A  recent  remarkable  increase  in 
the  reading  habit  is  among  the  best  of  signs  for 
Japan's  future,  but  her  considerable  literary 
use  of  a  language  not  her  own,  with  the  occa- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


49 


sional  inevitable  departures  from  that  lan- 
guage's proper  idiom,  is  not  wholly  to  be 
approved,  however  much  the  western  world  is 
indebted  thereto  for  its  knowledge  of  things 
Japanese.  By  all  means  let  Japan  adopt  a 
manageable  alphabet  in  which  to  write  her 
beautifully  expressive  tongue,  and  then  let  her 
develop  her  literature  according  to  her  native 
bent.  .  .  . 

OUR  ANCESTORS'  RESPECT  FOR  BOOKS  was 
greater  than  ours  of  the  present  time,  partly, 
of  course,  because  books  were  far  less  plenti- 
ful in  the  early  days  than  now,  and  most  of 
them  came  from  the  other  side  of  the  broad 
Atlantic  —  an  ocean  much  wider  then  than  in 
this  age  of  steam  and  electricity.  At  Wil- 
mington, Vermont,  there  has  been  found  an 
old  book  of  records  revealing  the  interesting 
fact  that  there  existed  a  "social  library"  in 
that  town  as  early  as  1795.  On  the  last  day 
of  that  year  the  Wilmington  Social  Library 
was  organized,  and  the  record  book  gives  its 
constitution  and  by-laws,  with  a  list  of  sub- 
scribers. Among  the  miscellaneous  entries  in 
the  book  is  one  to  the  effect  that  Israel  Law- 
ton  was  fined  seventeen  cents  for  dropping 
tallow  on  book  No.  93  —  a  sufficiently  heavy 
fine,  one  would  think,  considering  the  relative 
value  of  money  then  and  now,  and  the  re- 
movability of  grease  spots  from  paper  by 
expert  methods  (which,  however,  may  not 
have  been  known  in  the  Wilmington  of  1795). 
Timothy  Castle  was  fined  six  cents  for  spill- 
ing one  drop  of  tallow  on  book  No.  16.  (Poor 
fellow!  He  was  doubtless  so  absorbed  in  his 
reading  and  so  eager  to  make  the  most  of  the 
scant  hour  or  so  before  bedtime  that  he  did 
not  notice  how  he  was  tilting  the  candle.) 
Levi  Packard  was  mulcted  in  sixty  cents  for 
tearing  the  binding  of  book  No.  106  —  a  griev- 
ous offense,  surely.  Other  fines  were  imposed 
for  dogs'-ears  and  finger-marks.  And  to 
think  that  to-day  one  can  go  to  the  public 
library,  especially  in  the  rush  hours,  and 
hand  in  without  fear  or  trembling  a  book 
pretty  well  stuck  up  with  chewing  gum  and 
candy,  and  quite  freely  annotated  and  under- 
lined in 'pencil  if  not  in  ink!  —  though  of 
course  the  library  of  any  librarian  reading 
this  is  too  carefully  conducted  to  admit  of 
any  such  outrage. 

•    •    • 

THE  RUSSIAN  PEASANT'S  APPRECIATION  OP 
SHAKESPEARE  is  strikingly  illustrated  by  an 
incident  recorded  in  Professor  Leo  Wiener's 
recent  book,  "An  Interpretation  of  the  Rus- 
sian People."  In  a  chapter  devoted  to  "  The 
Peasant"  and  containing  other  instances  of 
unexpected  good  literary  taste  among  the 


lowly,  the  author  tells  of  certain  readings  be- 
fore a  peasant  Sunday  school  where  the  hear- 
ers ranged  in  age  from  early  youth  to  forty 
years  or  more,  and  where  "  Oliver  Twist"  and 
"Uncle  Tom's  Cabin"  met  with  high  favor, 
especially  when  offered  in  unabridged  form; 
but  still  more  marked  appears  to  have  been 
the  preference  for  Shakespeare,  uncut  and 
unadapted,  to  Shakespeare  in  short  narra- 
tive prose  (like  the  Lamb  "Tales")  or  other- 
wise shorn  of  his  full  glory.  "King  Lear" 
was  read  to  these  unsophisticated  hearers  in. 
three  forms,  the  short  tale  by  Lamb,  a  native 
adaptation  with  happy  ending,  and  the  com- 
plete tragedy  in  literal  translation.  The  listen- 
ers' quick  appreciation  of  the  latter,  despite 
its  confusing  foreign  names  and  unfamiliar 
setting,  was  astonishing.  The  success  of  the 
reading  was  complete.  When  one  of  the 
younger  girls  referred  to  the  general  simi- 
larity between  "  King  Lear  "  and  the  Russian 
adaptation,  "  Old  Man  Nikita  and  his  Three 
Daughters,"  she  was  met  with  the  contemptu- 
ous retort:  "  What  a  comparison !  That  was 
written  for  peasants,  while  this  is  for  gentle- 
folk." "  This  is  much  better,"  she  was  prompt 
to  admit,  adding  that  whereas  the  peasant 
version  had  a  happy  ending,  "such  a  story 
never  could  end  well."  Significant  was  the 
refusal  of  this  company  of  working  people  to 
be  moved  to  mirth  by  Dickens's  humor;  it 
left  them  blank,  it  touched  no  responsive 
chord,  though  in  other  respects  Dickens's 
genius  met  with  gratifying  appreciation.  It 
would  be  interesting  to  learn  whether  the 
same  hearers  showed  themselves  at  all  appre- 
ciative of  Shakespeare's  humor  as  displayed 
in  his  comedies;  they  were  quick  to  indicate 
their  enjoyment  of  the  fool  in  "  Lear."  But 
probably  life  is  too  serious  and  even  tragic  a 
thing  to  the  mujik  to  admit  of  much  place 
for  careless  merriment. 

•    •    • 

MISPLACED  BOOKS  are  for  the  time  being  as 
good  as  lost,  or  as  bad  as  lost.  This  is  notably 
true  in  the  case  of  library  books  carelessly 
returned  to  the  open  shelves  by  readers  whose 
regard  for  order  and  system  is  so  slight  as  to 
render  them  indifferent  to  the  consequences 
of  carelessly  tossing  Miss  Alcott's  "Little 
Women "  on  to  the  shelf  containing  Zola's 
novels,  or  of  tucking  away  "  The  Light  of 
Asia  "  by  the  side  of  "  Vestiges  of  Creation." 
No  little  act  more  clearly  betrays  a  person's 
lack  of  that  courtesy  which  consists  in  a 
scrupulous  regard  for  the  rights  and  the 
convenience  of  others  than  this  thoughtless 
misplacing  of  books  on  the  public  library 
shelves.  At  the  Minneapolis  Public  Library, 
as  appears  from  the  librarian's  "  Twenty- 


50 


THE   DIAL 


[  July  15 


fifth  Annual  Report/'  these  reckless  raids 
of  the  irresponsible  are  by  no  means  wholly 
outside  the  experience  of  those  in  authority. 
Hence  it  is  announced :  "  The  Shelving  De- 
partment has  been  reorganized.  Curtis 
Krake  h,as  been  appointed  head  shelver,  and 
with  the  help  of  two  boys  has  kept  the  shelves 
"'ready  for  company'  seven  days  in  the  week. 
In  addition  there  was  daily  revision  of  the 
shelves  by  members  of  the  staff,  not  only  to 
correct  mistakes  in  shelving,  but  to  remove 
books  ready  for  mending  or  binding,  or  which 
had  lost  their  labels."  If  every  library  could 
have  its  careful  Curtis  Krake  and  corps  of 
assistants,  there  would  be  fewer  application 
slips  returned  to  disappointed  applicants 
with  the  disheartening  and  often  uncon- 
vincing word,  "  Out "  —  unconvincing  because 
the'  applicant  may  feel  morally  certain  that 
no  one  else  in  town  could  possibly  desire  just 
that  book  at  just  that  time.  Misplacement  is 
more  than  likely  to  be  at  the  bottom  of  the 
mischief. 

A   MONUMENT   OF   ENCYCLOPAEDIC   RESEARCH, 

bearing  witness  to  the  rare  devotion,  the  en- 
lightened public  spirit,  the  untiring  energy, 
and  the  comprehensive  scholarship  of  Dr. 
Takami  Modzume,  of  Tokyo,  is  now  awaiting 
publication.  Whether  it  will  be  published, 
or  left  in  manuscript  (of  two  thousand  two 
hundred  volumes)  to  the  Imperial  Household 
Department,  depends  on  the  author's  success 
in  obtaining  three  thousand  subscribers  of 
one  hundred  and  thirty  yen  each  to  defray 
the  cost  of  printing.  He  has  spent  the  best 
part  of  his  sixtV-eight  years,  and  140,000  yen 
of  his  money,  besides  incurring  a  debt  of  half 
that  amount,  in  preparing  this  work  for  the 
instruction  of  his  own  people  in  what  they 
ought  to  know  about  themselves  and  their 
country.  For  thirty  years  he  has  been  delv- 
ing in  the  lore  of  Japan,  China,  and  India, 
going  through  more  than  one  hundred  thou- 
sand volumes,  in  the  compilation  of  a  refer- 
ence work  having  sixty  thousand  entries, 
alphabetically  arranged,  relating  to  Japanese 
life  and  usages,  and  also  in  making  a  vo- 
luminous compendium  (if  that  be  not  a  con- 
tradiction in  terms)  of  extracts  from  the 
hundred  thousand  volumes  examined,  these 
extracts  treating  of  the  topics  enumerated  in 
his  reference  work.  In  a  country  where  dis- 
astrous fires  are  as  frequent  as  they  §re  in 
Japan,  books  of  the  sort  required  by  Dr. 
Modzume  in  prosecuting  his  self-imposed  task 
.are  often  extremely  rare  and  difficult  of 
access.  Hence  the  time  and  labor  and  expense 
involved  in  his  undertaking,  which  will  have  a 
•corresponding  value  when  completed.  "  The 


Japan  Times,"  in  an  appreciative  editorial 
containing  the  foregoing  facts,  recalls  the  ex- 
ample of  another  and  much  earlier  Japanese 
scholar  and  public  benefactor,  the  Buddhist 
priest  Ankaku,  who  in  the  infancy  of  Bud- 
dhism in  Japan  visited  China  and  committed 
to  memory  all  the  scriptures  of  India  that  had 
been  translated  into  Chinese;  then  he  re- 
turned home,  hung  a  small  desk  to  his  neck, 
went  from  house  to  house  begging  a  sheet  of 
paper  at  each,  and  so  in  twenty-five  years  of 
pilgrimage  succeeded  in  putting  into  writing 
the  precious  results  of  his  arduous  studies. 

•         •        • 

HOW  TO  BECOME  AN  EXPERT  BOOK -COLLECTOR 

is  not  to  be  explained  in  three  words,  or  even 
in  a  whole  lecture;  but  a  course  of  lectures, 
supplemented  by  the  inspection  and  handling 
of  some  examples  of  fine  book-making,  some 
products  of  the  famous  presses  of  early  and 
later  times,  will  accomplish  something  toward 
opening  the  eyes  to  what  is  genuine  and  what 
is  shoddy  in  book-manufacture.  Announce- 
ment is  made  of  such  a  course  of  lectures  at 
Harvard,  Division  of  the  Fine  Arts,  for  the 
coming  academic  year.  Mr.  George  Parker 
Winship,  Lecturer  on  the  History  of  Printing, 
will  give  this  course,  which  "is  intended  for 
men  who  are  interested  in  books  as  objects  of 
art,  and  who  desire  to  possess  or  to  produce 
beautiful  books."  From  the  period  of  the 
illuminated  manuscript  to  the  present  time  the 
history  of  book-production  will  be  traced,  with 
such  attention  to  mechanical  details  as  ;to 
enable  the  pupil  to  distinguish  honest  merit 
from  pretentious  sham.  The  "Widener  Memo- 
rial room  in  the  new  library  building  will  be 
the  appropriate  meeting-place  of  the  class, 
and  not  only  the  Widener  collection,  but  also 
other  special  collections  from  the  Treasure 
Room  of  the  Harvard  Library  will  be  avail- 
able as  object  lessons.  The  Boston  Public 
Library  and  other  libraries  in  the  vicinity, 
private  as  well  as  public,  will  be  visited  for 
the  purposes  of  demonstration  and  instruc- 
tion ;  and  in  addition  to  the  required  reading 
a  written  report  will  be  expected  from  each 
student  on  some  bibliographical  topic  of 
especial  interest  to  him. 
•  •  • 

PLUMED  KNIGHTS,  as  we  meet  them  in  the 
pages  of  romance,  are  a  picturesque  and 
pleasing  spectacle.  When,  however,  the 
plume  takes  the  form  of  a  goose-quill  (de- 
servedly honored  symbol  of  the  literary  art) 
the  spectacle  seems  somehow  to  lose  a  great 
part  of  its  picturesque  and  pleasing  quality. 
Were  we  not,  years  ago,  a  little  resentful  at 
being  called  upon  to  cease  speaking  and 
writing  of  Mr.  Walter  Besant,  and  to  call  him 


1015] 


THE    DIAL 


51 


Sir  Walter  ?  Already  there  was  one  Sir  Wal- 
ter enshrined  in  our  hearts,  and  this  other, 
despite  his  acknowledged  modesty  and  worth, 
almost  seemed  like  an  interloper.  "  Sir 
Leslie  Stephen"  also  came  with  some  diffi- 
culty from  the  tongue  long  accustomed  to  the 
more  democratic  title;  and,  considerably 
later,  "  Sir  James  M.  Barrie  "  caused  a  little 
vocal  fumbling.  Harder  still  would  it  be  to 
shape  our  mouths  to  "  Sir  Rudyard  Kipling  " 
or  "Sir  Herbert  G.  Wells"  or  "Sir  Arnold 
Bennett."  But  who  would  dare  predict,  in 
this  be-knighted  age,  that  some  such  demand 
may  not  be  made  upon  us  before  long?  Only 
the  other  day  that  admired  Bengalese  poet 
and  sage,  the  author  of  "  Gitanjali,"  became 
transmogrified  from  what  his  honorable  East- 
Indian  ancestry  and  traditions  and  his  own 
achievements  had  caused  him  to  be  in  our 
minds  and  imaginations,  and  appeared  before 
us  in  tasteless  hybrid  form  as  Sir  Rabin- 
dranath  Tagore.  It  is  almost  as  if ,  for  example, 
one  so  distinctive  and  inimitable  as  our  own 
Mark  Twain  had  suddenly  been  metamor- 
phosed into  "  Sir  Samuel  Clemens,"  or  "  Lord 
Stormfield,"  or  some  similar  inconceivable 
absurdity.  In  the  republic  of  letters  what 
place  or  need  is  there  for  titles  and  orders 
and  other  bedizenments  bestowed  by  royalty1? 
And  yet,  after  all,  this  is  very  much  a  ques- 
tion of  taste  and  personal  point  of  view ;  and 
therefore  the  old  adage,  de  gustibus,  will  be 
the  short  and  sufficient  rejoinder  of  anyone 
not  like-minded.  ... 

THE  LIBRARY  AS  AN  AID  TO  EFFICIENCY  is  not 

exactly  the  kind  of  library  some  of  us  delight 
in.  The  library  of  our  dreams  is  likely  to 
resemble,  in  one  respect  at  least,  the  ideal 
university  as  defined  by  Lowell.  He  used  to 
say  a  true  university  is  a  place  where  nothing 
useful  is  taught ;  and  it  is  pleasant  to  imagine 
a  library  as  a  collection  of  books  containing 
nothing  useful.  Nevertheless,  if  books  must 
be  turned  to  other  purposes  than  those  of 
pure  delight,  one  can  bear  the  thought  of 
their  promoting  the  prosperity  and  happi- 
ness of  some  of  the  hundreds  of  thousands 
who  daily  have  access  to  the  thickly  sprinkled 
public  libraries  of  our  broad  land.  And  there 
are  now  many  other  collections  of  books,  not 
quite  so  public,  maintained  by  the  great 
business  houses  of  our  large  cities  as  instru- 
ments for  the  perfecting  of  the  efficiency  of 
those  whom  they  employ.  The  growing  im- 
portance of  these  collections  has  only  recently 
been  revealed  by  the  new  and  enterprising- 
periodical,  "Special  Libraries,"  and  there  are 
other  kindred  publications  that  call  occa- 
sional attention  to  the  utilitarian  aspect  of 


the  library.  For  instance,  the  June  issue  of 
the  "Wisconsin  Library  Bulletin"  has  an 
"  eye-opener "  in  the  shape  of  a  sketch  of 
"Libraries  in  Business,"  by  Miss  Pearl  I. 
Field,  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library,  who  is 
officially  connected  with  the  business  libraries 
of  the  city,  so  far  as  they  maintain  relations 
with  the  public  library,  whose  head,  be  it 
added,  has  shown  himself  energetic  in  the 
establishment  of  such  special  book-collections 
in  commercial  houses. 

•    •    • 

THE     DIFFERENCE     BETWEEN     READING     AND 

STUDYING  is  not  clearly  marked.  In  England 
the  university  man  "  reads  "  for  honors,  or  for 
a  coming  examination,  or  to  fit  himself  for  a 
chosen  profession.  He  "reads,"  even  though 
it  be  algebra  or  geometry  or  trigonometry  that 
claims  his  attention,  whereas  in  America  these 
and  far  more  literary  subjects  would  be  made 
the  object  of  "  study."  But  it  certainly  sounds 
pleasanter  and  easier  and  perhaps  more  dig- 
nified and  gentleman-like  to  "read"  for  a 
double-first  than  to  "study"  for  the  same 
prize.  Therefore  it  may  be  well  that  the  Yale 
authorities,  in  adopting  a  well-established 
custom  of  Cambridge  University,  have  an- 
nounced that  a  "  reading  term  "  rather  than  a 
"studying  term"  is  to  be  introduced  at  New 
Haven  in  September.  Thus,  it  is  explained, 
the  students  will  have  "  an  opportunity  to  do 
special  reading  a  few  weeks  before  the  regular 
opening  of  the  university."  They  will  be  free 
from  the  ordinary  college  routine,  and  no  ex- 
tra tuition  fee  will  be  demanded.  Shall  we, 
in  course  of  time,  have  the  vacation  "  reading 
parties,"  in  rural  retreats,  so  agreeably  de- 
picted in  English  fiction  and  elsewhere  as  a 
pleasant  and  profitable  part  of  the  English 
university  system  ? 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

THE  WISCONSIN  SURVEY  ONCE  MORE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
It  is  the  recognized  privilege  of  a  defeated 
attorney  to  appeal  his  case  from  the  trial  court  to 
the  press,  and  there  to  urge,  ex  parte,  evidence 
that  has  not  found  credence  and  views  that  have 
not  prevailed  in  the  original  tribunal.  This  privi- 
lege is  exercised  in  THE  DIAL  of  June  24,  1915,  by 
Mr.  William  H.  Allen,  who  there  sets  forth,  at 
some  length,  matter  submitted  by  him  as  "  Joint 
Director"  of  the  University  of  Wiscqnsin  Survey 
to  his  employers,  the  State  Board  of  Public 
Affairs,  and  not  adopted  by  that  body.  With  its 
eyes  open  to  all  the  evidence,  that  Board  has 
chosen  to  write  its  own  report,  which  is  wholly 
different  in  tenor  from  the  findings  of  its  agent 
and  which  constitutes  a  substantial  repudiation  of 
those  findings.  The  interested  reader  will  do  well 


52 


THE   DIAL 


[  July  15 


to  compare  the  report  of  the  Board  with  the 
report  of  its  employe,  and  with  University  com- 
ment thereon,  all  officially  published  by  the  State 
of  Wisconsin.* 

It  is  not  the  purpose  of  this  communication  to 
object  in  any  way  to  Mr.  Allen's  right  of  appeal 
to  the  public,  but  it  seems  necessary  to  warn  the 
public  in  considering  that  appeal  not  to  give 
credence  to  alleged  facts  or  conclusions  without 
specific  verification  from  original  sources  or  com- 
parison with  University  comment.  Mr.  Allen's 
letter  teems  with  misstatements  which  have  been 
publicly  challenged  and  refuted  by  the  University. 
This  refutation  need  not  be  here  repeated,  since  it 
is  readily  accessible  in  the  official  report;  but  one 
case  of  gross  misrepresentation  seems  to  call  for 
some  comment,  viz.,  the  eight  doctors'  theses  dis- 
cussed by  Mr.  Allen  with  much  condemnation  of 
their  alleged  slovenly,  unscholarly,  and  dishonest 
character.  The  facts  are  as  follows: 

Eight  doctors'  theses  were  read,  under  Mr. 
Allen's  direction,  by  persons  professing  no  compe- 
tence in  the  subject  matter  of  the  theses,  but  under 
instructions  to  look  for  misspelled  words,  errors  of 
punctuation,  citation,  and  other  mechanical  de- 
fects. Some  of  these  theses,  although  accepted  by 
the  University  for  substantial  merit,  were,  at  the 
time  chosen  for  their  inspection,  incomplete  work 
in  that  they  were  fresh  from  the  hands  of  the 
amanuensis  and  had  not  been  revised  for  the 
printer.  Numerous  errors  of  the  kind  sought  were 
here  available,  as  is  common  in  such  unrevised 
"  copy " ;  and  the  following  specimens,  incor- 
porated in  the  printed  Allen  report,  illustrate  his 
standards  for  measuring  the  value  of  research 
work.  He  found  "  coust "  for  "coast,"  "ofra" 
for  "of  a,"  "chashed"  for  "clashed,"  "  cof  rec- 
tion "  for  "  correction,"  etc.  They  are  all  pre- 
served for  posterity,  as  the  transient  ripple  on 
some  beach  of  past  ages  is  preserved  in  fossilized 
mud.  Some  of  the  theses  read  were  in  their  defini- 
tive, published,  form,  and  the  critic  graciously 
acknowledged  that  here  "  there  were  relatively  few 
errors  in  spelling,"  "  relatively  few  typographical 
mistakes."  The  University  protested  and  protests 
this  whole  procedure  as  directed  only  to  "  its 
clothes,"  and  in  no  way  furnishing  a  criterion  of 
substantial  merit  in  its  work. 

Criticism  directed  toward  such  merit,  made  by 
Mr.  Allen,  in  the  revision  of  his  report  for  the 
printer,  apparently  under  the  stimulus  of  the 
phrase  last  quoted,  the  University  regards  as  a 
wholly  different  matter,  directed  in  fact  "  to  the 
living  body,"  and  legitimate  in  aim  if  not  in 
execution.  Although  often  flippant  in  tone  and 
showing  little  competence  in  respect  of  the  matter 
criticized,  these  Survey  queries  and  innuendoes 
(positive  statements  are  conspicuously  lacking) 
have  received  detailed  reply  that  is  published  in 
the  official  volume.  The  University  justifies  its 
acceptance  and  approval  of  the  theses  in  question", 
with  one  exception,  and  defends  their  substantial 

*  Report  upon  the  Survey  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 
Findings  of  the  State  Board  of  Public  Affairs  and  its  Report 
to  the  Legislature.  Appendices :  W.  H.  Allen's  Report  to 
the  Board.  E.  C.  Branson's  Report  to  the  Board.  Comment 
by  Committee  of  University  Faculty  upon  Report  of  Investi- 
gators. Madison :  State  Printer. 


worth.  One  thesis  contains  many  quotations  from 
a  book  often  cited.  In  three  cases  the  quoted  mat- 
ter, of  considerable  extent,  is  not  accompanied  by 
the  proper  marks  and  references,  and  the  Uni- 
versity here  concedes  a  technical  plagiarism  (pos- 
sibly flagrant)  that  should  not  have  escaped 
detection. 

Among  the  other  seven  theses  there  is  doubtless 
a  considerable  range  of  excellence,  although  in 
Mr.  Allen's  hands  they  fall  under  a  common  con- 
demnation having  little  relation  to  differences  in 
their  real  merit.  An  accurate  estimate  of  such 
merit  is  indeed  difficult,  since  different  critics  of 
like  competence  may,  and  do,  differ  considerably 
in  their  judgment  of  the  same  thesis.  With  respect 
to  these  differences,  always  unavoidably  present, 
the  University  conceives  its  duty  to  be :  To  main- 
tain a  standard  of  excellence  below  which  no 
thesis  shall  be  accepted,  and  to  secure  in  the 
average  thesis  a  degree  of  merit  considerably 
exceeding  this  minimum  standard. 

In  University  opinion  the  theses  in  question 
satisfy  the  requirement  thus  formulated,  but 
recognizing  that  neither  its  own  officers  nor  Mr. 
Allen's  agents  can  pass  definitive  and  final  judg- 
ment in  this  respect,  the  University,  conforming 
to  a  recognized  practice,  seeks  through  publication 
to  submit  every  doctor's  thesis  to  the  judgment  of 
all  scholars  interested  in  its  field.  For  each  thesis 
here  criticized  by  Mr.  Allen,  where  such  publica- 
tion has  not  yet  been  made,  the  University  has 
submitted  the  work  to  the  judgment  of  two  or 
more  scholars  of  recognized  eminence  in  its  field, 
and  with  their  approval  has  published  over  their 
names  their  judgments  concerning  it.  None  of 
these  scholars  was  in  any  way  connected  with  the 
preparation  of  the  theses  or  with  the  University 
of  Wisconsin.  A  few  of  the  less  favorable  of 
these  judgments  are  reproduced  by  Mr.  Allen, 
who  neglects,  however,  to  point  out  that  in  every 
case  the  weight  of  opinion  is  that  the  University 
would  have  erred  in  refusing  approval  to  the 
thesis.  He  ignores  hearty  commendation  of  theses 
scorned  by  himself,  and  is  quite  oblivious  to  com- 
ment by  two  eminent  scholars  upon  the  thesis  most 
sharply  (but  wrongly)  condemned  by  himself  as 
plagiarized.  In  their  phrase,  "  it  is  a  good 
thesis,"  "  good  enough  to  print  with  credit  to  the 
University,"  "  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any 
errors " ;  and  there  follows  sharp  comment  by 
one  of  these  scholars  upon  the  presumption  dis- 
played by  the  Survey  critic  in  dealing  with  a 
thesis  outside  the  range  of  his  competence. 

It  is  not  here  purposed  to  inflict  upon  the 
reader  a  review  of  Mr.  Allen's  aberrations.  They 
and  the  commentary  upon  them  must  be  sought  in 
the  official  printed  record;  but  the  foregoing  ex- 
hibit is  fairly  typical  of  the  points  at  issue.  To 
the  reader  having  some  familiarity  with  University 
life  and  work,  the  fatuous  character  of  much  of 
the  material  furnished  by  Mr.  Allen  to  THE  DIAL 
will  appear  sufficiently  evident  without  comment, 
e.  g.,  that  any  one  person  should  "  supervise 
research "  and  "  read  theses  offered  toward  ad- 
vanced degrees  by  graduate  students  "  working  in 
the  most  diverse  fields  of  knowledge, —  astronomy, 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


53 


bacteriology,  chemistry,  dairying,  electrical  engi- 
neering, forestry,  geology,  history,  language, 
mathematics,  etc.  The  day  of  the  Admirable 
Crichton  is  past,  at  least  in  university  circles; 
and  such  universal  genius  as  would  be  here  re- 
quired seems  reserved  for  non-academic  folk. 

Possibly  a  revelation  of  such  abnormal  genius 
should  be  recognized  in  Mr.  Allen's  assurance  to 
the  reader  that  "  the  Survey  set  out  to  be  coopera- 
tive "  and  agreement  as  to  fact  "  was  easily 
reached  with  regard  to  early  sections."  The 
writer  of  these  lines  recalls  with  mixed  feelings 
the  long  list  of  corrections  to  such  early  sections, 
furnished  by  himself,  in  writing,  formally  ad- 
dressed by  name  to  the  "  Joint  Director,"  but 
never  acknowledged,  never  discussed,  and  appar- 
ently without  effect  upon  his  published  report. 
If  an  "  agreement  "  may  be  thus  reached  "  with- 
out difficulty,"  whose  are  the  minds  that  meet 
in  it? 

We  deeply  regret  that  an  opportunity  to  render 
large  service  to  academic  interests  through  a  com- 
petent and  judicial  survey  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  has  been  worse  than  wasted  by  em- 
ployes of  the  State  Board.  Nevertheless,  the 
University  will  consider  in  detail  the  study  made 
by  them,  and  will  doubtless  find  among  much  chaff 
some  good  grain  for  which  it  will  be  pleased  to 
make  due  acknowledgment.  In  the  meantime,  it 
asks  the  public  to  maintain  an  attitude  of  at  least 
reserve  toward  alleged  facts  and  proffered  conclu- 
sions that  have  not  been  found  able  to  bear  exam- 
ination, and  that  have  not  found  credence  with  the 
Board  charged  with  ultimate  responsibility  in  the 
matter.  GEORGE  C.  COMSTOCK, 

Dean  of  the  Graduate  School. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  July  4,  1915. 


A  WORD  FOE  DR.  ALLEN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

If  THE  DIAL  was  mistaken  in  its  editorial  enti- 
tled "A  Bull  in  the  Educational  China  Shop," 
it  was  gratifying  to  see  that  it  had  the  fair- 
ness to  acknowledge  its  fallibility  by  allowing 
Dr.  Allen  to  present  his  version  of  the  story  to 
your  readers. 

It  is  true  that  "  no  one  expected  this-  kind  of 
a  survey."  Not  even  the  University  of  Wiscon- 
sin,—  though  it  was  opposed  to  the  idea  of  a 
survey  from  its  inception, —  expected  that  the 
truth,  so  carefully  hidden  through  its  bureau- 
cratic organization,  its  clever  advertising,  and  its 
ingenious  appeal  to  the  people  of  the  state 
through  its  agricultural  and  extension  work,  would 
be  so  frankly  and  completely  laid  before  the  pub- 
lic. The  University  wanted  generalities.  It  got 
detailed  facts.  It  wanted  a  report  picturing  the 
University  as  a  few  in  authority  wished  it  to  be 
seen.  It  got  a  report  as  the  six  hundred  faculty 
members  saw  it.  Had  Dr.  Allen  submitted  to  the 
intimidation  brought  to  bear  upon  him  in  an 
effort  to  suppress  certain  findings,  had  he  been 
willing  to  overlook  the  faults  of  those  high  up  in 
educational  circles,  his  report  would  have  been 
lauded  and  extolled,  and  he  himself  doubtless 
taken  into  the  inner  circle  of  the  elect. 


Surely  it  is  time  that  we  have  found  some  one 
who  is  not  afraid  to  tell  the  truth  as  he  sees  it, 
who  will  not  be  bound  by  the  educational  autocrats 
of  the  country,  but  who  will  come  forth  as  a  leader 
of  the  many  who  know,  as  he  knows,  that  freedom 
of  speech  and  freedom  of  action  in  the  field  of 
higher  education  are  but  rights  in  name  alone. 

MARGARET  A.  FRIEND. 

Madison,  Wis.,  July  6,  1915. 


KUNO  MEYER  AND  THE  HARVARD 

PRIZE -POEM. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
While  agreeing  fully  with  the  general  tenor  and 
point  of  view  of  the  excellent  leading  article, 
"  The  Pity  of  It !  "  in  your  issue  of  June  24,  I 
should  like  to  point  out  that  your  statement  of 
fact  regarding  the  recent  Kuno  Meyer  incident  at 
Harvard  is  not  accurate.  After  quoting  from 
Professor  Meyer's  denunciation  of  the  university, 
you  say :  "  The  occasion  for  this  outpouring  of  emo- 
tion is  nothing  more  than  the  fact  that  an  irrespon- 
sible student,  in  a  publication  entirely  controlled 
by  students,  has  written  in  a  sense  antagonis- 
tic to  the  German  cause !  "  But  in  reality  Pro- 
fessor Meyer's  resentment,  however  immoderate, 
rested  on  sounder  grounds.  The  offending  poem, 
though  written  by  an  undergraduate,  and  pub- 
lished in  "  The  Harvard  Advocate,"  an  under- 
graduate magazine,  had  been  awarded  the  prize 
in  a  competition  for  poems  about  the  war  con- 
ducted by  the  "Advocate,"  and  the  two  judges  who 
made  this  award  were  Dean  Briggs  and  Professor 
Bliss  Perry.  Was  it  wholly  unnatural  that  Pro- 
fessor Meyer  should  interpret  this  action  of  two 
such  prominent  representatives  of  Harvard  as 
indicative  of  the  university's  attitude  toward  his 
country?  At  any  rate,  it  seems  to  me  that  your 
writer's  statement  of  the  circumstances  connected 
with  the  incident,  as  quoted  above,  is  quite  unfair 
in  view  of  the  facts  which  I  have  cited. 

F   P 

Dubuque,  Iowa,  July  5,  1915. 


A  TRANSLATOR'S  ERROR. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  one  of  your  recent  issues  a  contributor  cites 
some  amusing  mistakes  of  authors,  and  among 
these  instances  one  from  Henry  Bordeaux.  A 
passage  from  that  writer's  novel  "  Les  Yeux  qui 
S'ouvrent,"  issued  in  English  as  "  The  Awaken- 
ing," is  quoted,  in  which  the  heroine  speaks  of  a 
"  telegraphed  letter,"  and  a  few  pages  further 
on,  a  reader  of  this  "  telegraphed  letter  "  is  made 
to  recognize  the  handwriting.  The  mistake  is  not 
Bordeaux's,  but  the  translator's.  The  original 
French  reads :  "  C'est  une  lettre  sous  enveloppe 
pneumatique."  In  other  words,  it  was  a  letter 
sent  by  special  pneumatic  tubes  or  cjiutes, —  one 
of  the  "  petits  bleus,"  with  which  dwellers  in 
Paris  are  familiar  as  being  the  French  equivalent 
of  our  "  special  delivery."  In  a  letter  so  sent 
there  would  of  course  be  nothing  absurd  about 
one's  recognizing  the  handwriting. 

A.  H.  FISHER. 

New  York  City,  July  2,  1915. 


54 


[July  15 


THE  MODERN  THOREATI.* 

Longfellow,  so  it  is  reported,  is  being  less 
and  less  read  in  America.  What  the  statistics 
may  indicate  as  to  Thoreau,  I  have  no  means 
of  ascertaining;  but  I  am  confident  that  in 
the  future  he  will  be  read  more  and  more. 
His  publishers  are  evidently  of  the  same 
faith,  for  they  have  just  issued  a  new  and 
most  convenient  pocket  edition  of  his  com- 
plete works,  in  eleven  volumes,  bound  in 
attractive  leather  covers,  with  good  illus- 
trations (many  of  them  new),  and  other 
embellishments  suggesting  an  author  whose 
circulation  is  to  be  wide  and  permanent.  But 
I  do  not  base  my  thesis  as  to  Thoreau's 
increasing  popularity  on  the  appearance  of 
this  fine  new  edition,  although  that  is  a  good 
commercial  argument.  I  believe  in  his  widen- 
ing audience  because  I  believe  in  his  increas- 
ing value  for  American  life  and  American 
thinking. 

This  is  not  merely  because  Thoreau  is  the 
most  satisfying  student  of  nature,  certainly 
since  Gilbert  White,  perhaps  in  English  lit- 
erature. Nor  is  it  solely  because  of  his  vigor- 
ous philosophy.  You  cannot  separate  his 
natural  science  from  his  speculation  without 
injustice.  You  can  as  little  appreciate  Tho- 
reau's philosophy  without  his  science,  or  his 
nature  without  his  thought,  as  the  song  of  a 
woodthrush  away  from  the  cool  darkness  of 
the  June  woods.  It  is  the  combination  that 
makes  this  shy  and  courageous  New  En- 
glander  an  enduring  figure. 

Thoreau  entered  upon  his  research  into  the 
secrets  of  nature  in  the  spirit  of  wonder, —  not 
romance,  or  sentiment,  but  intelligent  and 
stimulating  wonder.  And  he  came  back  from 
wondering  with  his  mouth  full  of  shrewd  say- 
ings and  intensely  practical  thought.  No  one 
can  read  "Walden"  or  "Spring"  without 
feeling  that  this  man  stood  with  his  feet  firmly 
on  the  ground  of  fact ;  no  one  can  read  them 
without  realizing  that  here  is  one  American  at 
least  who  has  made  a  permanent  contribution 
to  the  theory  of  what  is  worth  while  in  living. 

The  modern  schools  of  "nature  students" 
have  diverged  widely  from  the  path  which 
Thoreau  followed.  The  scientists  have 
eschewed  philosophy,  and  confined  themselves 
to  ascertainable  fact.  Well  enough  for  them ; 
but  unfortunate,  perhaps,  for  us,  who  wish 
some  profit  from  nature  in  our  time,  and  may 

*  THE  WRITINGS  OF  HENRY  D.  THOREAU.  Riverside  Pocket 
Edition.  In  eleven  volumes.  With  photogravure  frontispieces. 
Boston :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


distrust  the  leadership  of  men  who  criticize 
the  ancients  because  they  speculated  upon 
truth,  honor,  happiness,  instead  of  discover- 
ing what  causes  rain.  Would  Plato  have  been 
a  specialist  in  egg-fertilization  in  1915?  one 
wonders.  If  so,  the  worse  for  the  world  and 
for  Plato !  As  for  the  mere  "  nature  lovers," 
they  have  gone  to  the  other  extreme;  they 
have  foregone  the  ideals  of  science  completely, 
and  lapsed  into  sentimentality.  Thoreau  was 
thrilled  by  a  wild  duck,  a  rhodora,  even  a 
muskrat.  For  the  romantic  nature  lover, 
beast,  bird,  and  flower  must  be  given  false  per- 
sonality and  all  the  attributes  of  man  before 
his  imagination  kindles.  This  is  the  decadence 
of  nature  study,  as  the  ultra-scientific  atti- 
tude threatens  to  become  its  Alexandrianism. 

Thoreau's  practice  was  first  to  study  nature 
honestly,  and  then  to  think  from  it  into  terms 
of  human  life.  His  observations  are  pain- 
fully exact,  without  perhaps  always  being 
accurate.  See  how  he  measures  his  dead  moose, 
makes  notes  upon  the  webs  of  his  flying  squir- 
rel, records  the  flowers  of  each  Maine  back- 
. water,  and  studies  the  habits  of  the  musquash 
whenever  and  wherever  he  finds  him.  But  his 
notes  are  seldom  complete.  They  are  not, 
indeed,  an  end  in  themselves.  Many  of  his 
records  would  be  scorned  by  a  professional 
classifier.  But  for  their  own  purposes  they 
are  complete  enough.  Thoreau  studies  the 
Maine  forests  that  he  may  think  out  the  value 
of  the  pine  tree  for  man.  He  tramps  the 
frozen  marshes  of  Massachusetts  that  he  may 
speak  honestly  of  what  thrills  him  in  wild 
nature  after  knowing  it  as  one  knows  a  friend. 
Always  he  is  pushing  down  to  fact, —  always 
rising  again  to  correct  and  renew  his  specula- 
tions. He  did  not  live  to  classify,  he  classi- 
fied to  live. 

A  casual  reader  might  well  suppose  that 
Thoreau's  passionate  attempt  to  know  his 
environment  was  merely  a  phase  of  self- 
development.  He  is  constantly  speaking  of 
the  "  flow  "  of  his  life,  always  moving  toward 
some  unattained  goal.  He  is  ever  allowing 
the  personal  joy  which  observation  gave  him 
to  escape  into  his  pages.  But  Thoreau's 
ardent  independence  is  deceptive.  Walden 
was  a  social,  not  an  individual,  experiment, 
paradoxical  as  it  may  seem.  It  was  an  at- 
tempt to  discover  how  man  will  live  when 
self-dependent  and  free  of  the  conventions, 
rather  than  a  call  to  the  hermit's  life.  And 
this  is  true  of  all  Thoreau's  works.  They  are 
social,  in  a  very  excellent  sense.  They  consti- 
tute, one  and  all,  an  attempt  to  link  the 
American  to  his  environment,  to  his  soil.  See 
with  what  intense  curiosity  he  studies  the 
Indian.  See  with  what  entire  absence  of  illu- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


55 


sion  or  sentimental  romance  he  delights  in  his 
instinctive  responses  to  natural  phenomena. 
How  he  rejoices  when  Polis  finds  a  hidden 
trail,  or  hears  the  moose  across  miles  of  water. 
The  Indian  is  in  accord  with  his  background 
—  he  has  sunk  roots  in  his  soil. 

Compare  Thoreau's  Maine  studies  with  his 
ramblings  in  Massachusetts,  and  you  will  find 
that  he  does  his  Massachusetts  better.  He 
finds  more  soil  for  the  white  man  there. 
Maine,  for  Thoreau,  is  impressive ;  but  a  little 
alien,  a  little  monotonous.  It  fits  the  Indian ; 
it  does  not  fit  him.  He  prefers  it  to  Boston ; 
but  not  to  the  country  that  lies  about  Con- 
cord. The  rapprochement  with  nature  that 
he  seeks  is  more  difficult  in  the  endless  for- 
ests of  spruce  and  fir,  than  upon  Lee's  cliff, 
and  round  Walden  pond. 

If  I  am  right  in  my  speculation,  Thoreau 
is  best  understood  in  the  simile  of  civilized 
man  in  a  new  country,  trying  to  strike  spir- 
itual roots  into  the  environment  it  offers,  as. 
his  pioneer  ancestors  had  in  a  very  real  sense 
made  physical  roots  to  grow  there.  This  ex- 
plains the  alternation  of  fact  and  'philosophy 
that  characterizes  every  one  of  his  books,  and 
most  of  all  his  best.  "  It  is  not  important  that 
the  poet  should  say  some  particular  thing,  but 
that  he  should  speak  in  harmony  with  nature," 
he  says;  meaning,  I  think,  that  the  creative 
artist's  first  duty  is  to  know  his  environment. 
And  for  Thoreau,  environment  was  primarily 
nature.  "  Properly  speaking  there  can  be  no 
history  but  natural  history,  for  there  is  no 
past  in  the  soul,  but  in  nature."  This  may 
not  be  absolutely  true;  but  it  is  true  enough 
for  the  white  man  in  America. 

One  fault,  at  least,  in  Thoreau's  work  may 
be  assignable  to  this  pioneer  quality.  His 
writing  often  lacks  form.  It  is  best  when  it 
is  closest  to  the  diary,  the  most  formless  of 
literary  modes.  This  has  hurt  his  reputation 
with  contemporary  readers.  The  present  is 
an  age  of  form  —  at  least  in  America.  We 
have  achieved  technique.  Our  short  stories, 
our  novels,  our  plays,  and  our  photo-plays, 
are  well  built,  even  when  there  has  been  little 
with  which  to  build  them.  A  child  recognizes 
form  in  a  short  story,  and  is  troubled  by  its 
absence.  A  grown  man  often  cannot  tell  good 
substance  from  bad.  We  read  our  Thoreau 
by  excerpt  selected  where  form  has  been  at- 
tained,—  the  wrong  way  to  read  him. 

The  fault  in  part  is  Thoreau's.  His  life,  as 
he  says  himself  again  and  again,  was  always 
flowing.  Like  all  faithful  students,  he  never 
reached  his  goal.  Unlike  many  philosophers, 
he  was  ever  willing  to  test  his  creed.  Hence 
his  books  are  all  experimental, —  all,  even 
"Walden,"  mere  notes  upon  life.  He  did  not 


live  long  enough  to  find  the  ultimate  form  his 
imagination  required.  A  deficiency  this,  if 
we  are  to  judge  him  as  an  artist,  although  the 
age  was  quite  as  responsible  as  his  genius. 
But  even  in  this  artistic  incompleteness  one 
finds  a  tonic.  He  is  good  medicine  for  the 
careless  modern  reader,  who  has  come  to 
believe  that  a  well-worded  description,  a  well- 
balanced  narrative,  an  essay  properly  con- 
ducted to  its  final  "punch."  is,  by  reason  of 
its  successful  form,  necessarily  true  and  good. 
"  Nothing  can  be  more  useful  to  a  man  than  a 
determination  not  to  be  hurried."  Thoreau 
was  not  hurried  into  a  deceptive,  a  prema- 
ture, a  hollow  perfection.  His  notes  on  life 
are  unfinished,  but  they  are  true. 

And  yet,  though  every  one  of  his  books,  in 
a  sense,  is  unfinished,  I  believe,  as  I  have 
already  said,  that  Thoreau  will  remain  the 
most  appreciated  of  all  our  earlier  writers. 
His  attitude  toward  the  American  background 
is  more  familiar  now  that  most  of  us  "  take  to 
the  woods  "  at  least  once  a  year,  than  before 
the  Civil  War.  His  value  becomes  greater  in 
measure  as  it  becomes  more  difficult  to  breed 
such  independent  livers  and  thinkers.  Civili- 
zation weighs  upon  us  with  a  greater  weight  of 
complexity.  The  luxuries  he  despised  are  not 
only  more  abundant,  they  are  more  desirable 
than  in  his  sparse  New  England.-  Convention 
is  more  difficult  to  escape,  because  it  has  crys-^ 
tallized  in  a  vast  and  bourgeois  society.  Fur- 
thermore, even  when  we  produce  Thoreaus, 
they  do  not  speak  out.  They  are  self -regard- 
ing, not  social.  The  mass  of  mediocre  Amer- 
icans for  whom  our  magazines  are  edited  "and 
our  books  written  daunts  them.  They  may 
follow  his  advice  of  not  hurrying.  They  may 
keep  themselves  free  from  the  incumbrance 
of  convention,  as  Thoreau  kept  his  freedom  by 
distrusting  the  ownership  of  land.  But  the 
weight  of  the  vast  majority  keeps  them  silent. 
In  idiosyncratic,  free-thinking  New  England 
of  the  'forties  a  "crank"  like  Thoreau  could 
be  sure  of  a  hearing.  He  felt  —  as  writers 
must  feel  —  an  audience  waiting.  But  to-day 
one  must  be  really  a  "  crank  "  —  absurd,  over- 
emphatic,  unbalanced  —  if  one  is  to  depart 
from  what  the  bourgeois  expect,  and  succeed. 
Let  us  value,  then,  Thoreau. 

HENRY  SEIDEL  CANBY. 


A  volume  by  Lord  Curzon,  entitled  "  Subjects 
of  the  Day,"  is  announced  for  immediate  publica- 
tion by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  It  consists  of  speeches 
and  addresses  on  topics  outside  of  party  politics, 
and  ranging  from  woman  suffrage  and  India  to 
national  service,  national  character,  and  the  war. 
The  Introduction  has  been  written  by  Lord 
Cromer.  i 


56 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


SOCIALISM  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR.* 

Almost  as  soon  as  German  feet  touched 
Belgian  soil,  books  of  crimination  and  re- 
crimination, of  explanation,  history,  poetry, 
and  prophecy,  began  to  pour  from  the  press. 
The  first  nine  months  of  the  war  have  given 
birth  in  America  alone  to  two  hundred  and 
thirty-eight  independent  publications,  as 
listed  in  the  "  Cumulative  Book  Index  "  under 
the  title,  "  the  European  war."  What  the 
European  presses  have  added  to  this  number 
is  only  a  matter  of  conjecture.  Needless  to 
say,  much  of  this  current  history,  born  of  the 
moment,  dies  in  the  next  moment.  Some  of  it 
will  furnish  valuable  grist  for  future  histo- 
rians, however,  especially  those  works  which 
aim  at  compilation  of  documentary  evidence. 
Of  such  books,  Mr.  William  English  Waiting's 
"  Socialists  and  the  War "  deserves  and  no 
doubt  will  receive  high  place. 

Whatever  one  may  think  of  Socialism,  the 
student  of  the  times  finds  it  of  growing  inter- 
est and  importance  to  know  what  the  socialists 
think.  What  they  think  of  war  and  of  the 
war  is  just  now  supreme.  Mr.  Walling,  a 
trained  student  of  politics  and  economics,  a 
socialist  himself  of  robust,  independent,  and 
non-sectarian  opinions,  undertakes  to  satisfy 
this  interest  in  a  volume  containing  the  con- 
centrated essence  of  socialist  pronouncements. 
He  conceives  his  task  as  purely  editorial ;  and 
with  remarkable  judgment  he  sifts  and  culls, 
and  with  remarkable  restraint  he  limits  him- 
self to  a  minimum  of  comment.  To  present 
a  brief  adequate  review  of  a  book  already  so 
condensed  and  digested  is  of  course  an  impos- 
sible task;  yet  one  may  hope  to  give  some 
general  topographical  features. 

The  book  is  planned  in  five  parts.  Part  I. 
gives  the  general  position  of  the  socialists  on 
war,  including  their  attitude  toward  nation- 
alism, militarism,  and  imperialism.  Impor- 
tant chapters  are  devoted  to  the  General 
Strike  as  a  remedy  against  war,  and  to  the 
refusal  of  money  aids  for  military  purposes. 
Part  II.  deals  with  the  period  immediately 
before  the  war,  the  Balkan  affairs  with  their 
sequels,  and  the  revolutionary  general  strikes 
in  Russia  and  Italy.  Part  III.,  "The  Out- 
break of  the  War,"  is  a  splendid  digest  of  the 
statements  of  official  bodies  and  prominent 
socialists  of  the  world,  defining  their  attitude 
toward  the  inpending  conflict.  Part  IV.,  the 
largest  and  by  far  the  most  important  section, 
gives  an  account  of  socialist  action  and  opin- 
ion during  the  war.  Germany  naturally  is  con- 
sidered with  greatest  particularity.  Part  V. 

*  THE  SOCIALISTS  AND  THE  WAR.  By  William  English  Wall- 
ing. New  York:  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 


takes  up  the  socialist  peace  policy,  and  the 
consideration  of  various  alleged  socialist 
measures  to  which  the  belligerent  governments 
have  been  driven. 

From  these  five  hundred  pages  bristling 
with  fact,  opinion,  and  argument,  certain 
salient  observations  are  to  be  made. 

First,  it  is  plain  that  Marxism  is  not  synon- 
ymous with  Socialism.  A  group  of  Marxian 
or  "  classical "  socialists  is  everywhere  con- 
fronted by  a  group  of  "revisionists,"  —  social- 
ists who  believe  in  a  progressive  revelation. 
It  seems  worth  while  to  note  this,  because 
a  common  assumption  of  the  opponents  of 
Socialism  is  that  every  socialist  must  hold 
to  Marx  or,  socialistically  speaking,  be 
damned.  Nothing  could  be  more  absurd. 
However,  it  might  be  remarked  that  Marx  was 
no  mean  prophet  regarding  the  present  war. 
In  1870,  three  days  after  Sedan,  he  wrote: 
"  Whoever  is  not  totally  stupefied  by  the  noise 
of  the  moment,  or  has  no  interest  in  stupefy- 
ing others,  must  realize  that  the  war  of  1870 
bears  within  its  womb  the  necessity  of  a  war 
with  Russia.  .  .  If  they  [Germany]  take 
Alsace-Lorraine,  then  Russia  and  France  will 
make  war  on  Germany.  It  is  superfluous  to 
point  out  the  disastrous  results." 

Second,  clear  and  abundant  evidence  is  pre- 
sented here  to  prove  what  is  now  pretty  gener- 
ally admitted:  that  despite  the  lapses  of 
occasional  groups  into  jingoism  or  junkerism 
or  Chauvinism,  socialists  have  been  both  in 
season  and  out  of  season  —  the  season  of  war 
fever  —  the  pioneers  and  champions  of  peace. 
On  July  30,  1914,  at  the  demonstration  of  the 
Internationalist  Socialist  Bureau  in  Brussels, 
the  German  delegate  Haase  said : 

"  The  Austrian  ultimatum  was  then,  in  reality, 
an  actual  provocation  for  a  war  both  longed  for 
and  awaited.  Servians  answer  was,  it  is  known, 
drawn  up  in  a  spirit  so  moderate  that  if  good 
faith  were  admissible  on  the  part  of  the  Aus- 
trians,  peace  would  be  assured.  Austria  wanted 
war.  But  what  is  so  dreadful  is  the  fact  that  this 
criminal  madness  can  cover  all  Europe  with  blood. 
.  .  The  German  proletariat  contends  that  Germany 
ought  not  to  intervene  even  if  Russia  should  in- 
tervene." 

What  French  socialists  thought  before  the 
violation  of  Belgium  is  seen  in  the  words  of 
the  martyred  Jaures  on  the  same  occasion: 
"As  for  ourselves,  it  is  our  duty  to  insist  that 
the  government  speak  forcibly  enough  to  Rus- 
sia to  make  her  keep  hands  off.  But  if  Russia 
unfortunately  should  not  take  notice,  our  duty 
is  to  say,  '  We  know  but  one  treaty,  the  treaty 
that  binds  us  to  the  human  race.' "  It  is  not 
difficult  to  conceive  why  a  Chauvinistic 
France  demanded  the  life  of  the  author  of 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


57 


this  unpatriotic  sentiment.  Everywhere  one 
can  read  the  same  stubborn  story.  On  August 
1,  1914,  after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  against 
Austria,  the  Servian  socialists  in  Parliament 
refused  their  support  to  the  government.  In 
1911  the  sole  socialist  deputy  in  the  Bulgarian 
Assembly,  Sakasoff,  cast  the  only  ballot 
against  war.  Marx  and  Engels  were  not 
pacificists,  and  practically  all  socialists  believe 
with  Bebel  in  purely  defensive  war ;  yet  it  is 
marvellous  how  long,  in  the  present  world- 
madness,  their  internationalism  kept  them 
sane.  For  instance,  Mr.  J.  Ramsay  Macdon- 
ald,  Chairman  of  the  Labor  Party  in  England, 
in  an  article  in  "  The  Labor  Leader "  of 
August  13  last,  "  excused  Germany's  declara- 
tion of  war  against  Russia  and  France,  and 
put  upon  England  the  chief  responsibility  for 
the  war  between  England  and  Germany." 
The  best  statement  of  the  tragic  socialist  fail- 
ure, despite  everything,  to  keep  out  of  the 
war,  is  found  in  the  "Arbeiter  Zeitung"  rep- 
resenting the  Austrian  socialists : 

"  In  all  countries  we  Socialists,  German,  French, 
English,  Belgian,  Austrian,  Servian,  have  done 
our  duty  as  internationalists,  as  long  as  it  was 
possible;  we  warned  against  the  war,  and  with 
every  drop  of  our  blood  have  sought  to  hinder  it; 
and  we  tried  to  make  use  of  every  possible  chance 
of  maintaining  peace  up  to  the  very  last  minute. 

"  But  since  Fate  has  overtaken  us  and  over- 
come us,  the  proletariat  in  all  countries,  which 
formerly  did  its  international  duty,  now  does  its 
duty  as  sons  of  its  people,  who  risk  everything 
in  order  that  the  people  shall  not  be  conquered,  in 
order  that  its  soil  will  not  be  delivered  to  the 
horrors  of  a  defeat.  We  all  suffer  wrong;  we 
all  do  right  to  protect  ourselves  against  it.  .  . 
But  even  in  this  tragic  moment  we  do  not  forget 
that  we  are  International  Social  Democrats.  Our 
hearts  bleed  because  of  the  frightful  necessity  of 
this  conflict,  but  we  give  to  our  people  and  to 
the  State  what  belongs  to  the  people  and  the 
State." 

This  is  clearly  meant  to  apply  in  justification, 
not  of  Austrian  socialists  alone,  but  of  all 
combatants.  No  franker,  braver,  or  more  chari- 
table utterance  has  been  evoked  by  the  war. 
Third,  it  becomes  clear  that  socialists  have 
no  stereotyped  diagnosis  and  panacea  for  war. 
While  they  believe  with  Mr.  Morris  Hillquit 
"  that  modern  wars  are  mainly  caused  by  the 
industrial  competition  between  nations,"  wide 
variations  in  emphasis  appear.  Kautsky, 
"the  intellectual  leader"  of  German  radical 
socialists,  thinks  "that  there  may  develop  in 
the  present  war  a  combination  of  the  stronger 
nations  which  will  put  an  end  to  the  competi- 
tive building  of  armaments."  Thus  war 
would  be  ended  not  by  Socialism,  but  by  a 
developed  capitalism.  Otto  Bauer  attributes 


war  squarely  to  Nationalism,  the  economic  in- 
terests of  all  classes.  On  the  other  hand  the 
majority  of  the  French  socialists,  including 
Jaures,  announced  at  Stuttgart  in  1907 : 
"  Militarism  is  to  be  viewed  exclusively  as  the 
arming  of  the  State  in  order  to  keep  the  work- 
ing classes  in  political  and  economic  subjec- 
tion to  the  capitalist  class."  Needless  to  say, 
this  is  also  a  common  view  in  Russia. 

Fourth,  it  is  demonstrated  absolutely  that 
the  German  socialists  were  not  a  unit  in  the 
support  of  the  government  at  the  outbreak  of 
the  war,  and  that  there  is  a  strong  and  grow- 
ing opposition  in  the  party  to  the  war's  con- 
tinuance. Geyer  of  Saxony  led  a  strong 
minority,  37  to  52,  against  the  war  budget  of 
1913;  and  the  majority  voted  for  it  solely 
because  it  called  for  a  direct  tax  upon  the 
capitalist  class,  thus  coinciding  with  their 
principles.  On  December  2,  when  Karl  Lieb- 
knecht  was  the  only  member  of  the  Reichstag 
to  vote  "  no  "  to  the  second  war  loan,  he  was 
not  the  only  socialist  to  think  "  no."  Twenty- 
five  stood  by  him  in  the  Party  Congress,  and 
fourteen  of  these  absented  themselves  when 
the  vote  was  taken,  indicating  in  the  only' 
legitimate  socialist  manner  their  dissent  to  the 
majority.  At  the  voting  of  the  third  loan  on 
March  20,  Ruehle  stood  with  Liebknecht,  and 
thirty  other  party  members  stayed  away. 
"  Vorwaerts,"  the  most  powerful  organ  of 
German  Socialism,  has  never  defended  the 
Reichstag  vote,  and  has  opposed  the  war  up  to 
the  extreme  limit  of  the  censor's  blue  pencil. 

Fifth,  it  is  perfectly  clear  why  the  majority 
of  German  socialists  support  the  righteousness 
of  the  cause  of  enlightened  Germany  against 
the  encroachments  of  Russia. 

Sixth,  socialists  in  every  belligerent  coun- 
try are  divided  roughly  into  two  groups :  de- 
fenders of  the  war  as  defensive,  and  a  minority 
sternly  pointing  to  the  same  issues  they  have 
always  pointed  out, —  commercial  rivalry  and 
militarism.  In  each  country, —  with  the  ex? 
ception  of  France,  where  the  completest  una- 
nimity against  the  German  invasion  exists, — 
certain  prominent  socialists  arraign  their  own 
government  with  the  same  impersonal  justice 
that  is  to  be  found  in  neutral  countries. 
"  Vorwaerts "  in  Germany,  Messrs.  Ramsay 
Macdonald  and  Keir  Hardie  and  Bernard 
Shaw  in  England,  and  Martoff  in  Russia  illus- 
trate this  remarkable  socialist  sanity. 

Seventh,  socialists  in  neutral  countries  de- 
sire Germany  to  be  successful  against 'despotic 
Russia,  but  not  against  democratic  England 
and  republican  France.  The  Poles,  to  be  sure, 
feel  that  there  is  little  choice  between  Russ 
and  Pruss.  An  article  in  "  The  American 
Socialist"  of  January  9,  1915,  sums  up  the 


58 


THE   DIAL 


[  July  15 


American  view  on  this  point :  "  Whatever  the 
cause  of  human  progress  may  gain  through  a 
punishment  of  Prussian  militarism,  it  will 
lose  a  hundredfold  through  a  victory  of  Rus- 
sian despotism."  Mr.  Hillquit  is  for  a  draw 
and  a  return  to  the  status  quo,  while  Mr.  Debs, 
and  also  evidently  Mr.  Walling,  are  strongly 
opposed  to  such  a  no-termination.  An  inter- 
esting passage  from  Betel's  Memoirs  reads 
like  an  extract  from  Norman  Angell's  thesis 
in  "  The  Great  Illusion  " :  "  My  view  is  that 
defeat  in  war  is  rather  advantageous  than  dis- 
advantageous to  a  people  in  our  unfree  condi- 
tion. Victories  make  a  government  that 
stands  opposed  to  a  people  arrogant  and  exact- 
ing. Defeats  compel  them  to  approach  the 
people  and  win  their  sympathy."  The  back- 
ground is  very  different  from  Norman  An- 
gell's, but  the  conclusion  is  identical ;  and  by 
the  same  token,  diametrically  opposed  to  that 
of  Plechanoff,  who  thinks  that  a  German  vic- 
tory over  Russia  would  mean  "an  almost 
indefinite  triumph  of  Russian  despotism." 

Eighth,  socialist  peace  plans  have  thus  far, 
through  mutual  distrust  and  international 
war  divorcements,  proved  as  frustrate  as  any 
others.  Little  can  or  need  be  said  on  this 
topic.  The  end  is  not  yet. 

One  further  question  is  of  prime  interest. 
It  has  been  said  by  socialist  and  non-socialist 
press  alike  that  the  exigencies  of  war  have 
forced  several  of  the  governments  engaged  to 
adopt  socialist  measures.  Is  this  true?  Yes 
and  no.  Take  two  prominent  illustrations. 
State  Socialism  in  Germany  was  undoubtedly 
making  rapid  progress  before  the  war,  through 
graduated  inheritance  and  income  taxes  and 
taxes  on  the  unearned  increment  in  land.  The 
war  chest  was  filled  by  a  direct  tax  on  capital, 
even  amounting  to  confiscation.  To  raise  the 
immense  amounts  necessary  to  pay  interest  on 
the  war  loan,  it  will  be  necessary  to  increase 
taxes  of  this  sort.  This  would  tend  to  redis- 
tribute large  fortunes,  and  would  really 
amount  to  Socialism.  "Vorwaerts,"  on  the 
other  hand,  stamps  as  a  dangerous  illusion  the 
tendency  to  regard  government  organization 
of  industry  for  war  purposes  as  socialistic. 
Government  ownership,  as  Kautsky  points  out 
in  "Die  neue  Zeit,"  gained  by  purchase  at 
the  market  price  and  not  by  confiscation,  has 
no  vital  resemblance  to  Socialism. 

Again,  it  is  asserted  that  the  British  Gov- 
ernment, in  nationally  organizing  the  rail- 
roads of 'the  United  Kingdom  at  the  beginning 
•of  the  war,  took  a  long  step  toward  Socialism. 
In  a  sense  that  is  true.  It  was  shown  how 
easy  and  natural  such  a  change  could  be 
effected.  But  at  the  core  this  measure  no  more 
resembles  Socialism  than  does  martial  law. 


The  government  agreed  to  pay  the  railroads 
"  the  sum  by  which  the  aggregate  net  receipts 
of  the  railways  for  the  period  during  which 
the  government  is  in  possession  of  them,  fall 
short  of  the  aggregate  net  receipts  for  the 
corresponding  period  for  1913  "  ;  also  to  guar- 
antee them  against  any  injury  they  might  sus- 
tain, thus  providing  the  railways  assurance  of 
kindly  government  aid  in  making  long  de- 
ferred improvements.  Only  the  worst  enemy 
of  Socialism  would  see  a  real  resemblance  here. 
However,  as  Mr.  Lloyd-George  has  pointed 
out,  "  the  British  people  are  essentially  a  peo- 
ple who  act  on  example  and  experiment  rather 
than  on  argument,"  and  other  peoples  are 
pretty  much  of  the  same  stripe;  so  if  these 
various  experiments  in  nationalization  and 
municipalization  prove  successful,  there  is 
reason  to  expect  that  in  the  future  they  will 
become  what  they  are  not  now, —  socialistic. 
THOMAS  PERCIVAL  BEYER. 


RELICS  OF  THE  BROXZE  AGE  LV  GREECE.* 

Mr.  H.  R.  Hall's  "introduction  to  the 
archaeology  of  prehistoric  Greece"  is  written 
by  an  assistant  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
forms  one  of  the  volumes  in  a  series  of  man- 
uals of  archaeology  of  different  lands.  The 
culture  which  it  considers  was  first  brought 
into  prominent  notice  by  Schliemann's  finds  at 
Mycenae.  It  has  been  made  more  fully  known 
by  later  investigations,  to  some  degree  in  the 
Greek  mainland  but  principally  in  Crete  and 
the  Cyclades.  No  archaeological  studies  have 
produced  greater  surprises,  or  forced  more 
far-reaching  criticism  of  earlier-held  views. 
The  culture  known  as  Mycenaean  in  Greece 
proper  is  Minoan  in  Crete  and  Cycladic  in 
the  smaller  islands.  The  term  JEgean  of  our 
author  includes  the  three  phases  and  is  a  con- 
venient general  designation.  The  time  period 
covered  by  it,  determined  largely  by  compari- 
son with  Egyptian  evidence  of  fixed  date, 
seems  to  have  ended  about  1200  B.  c.  and  to 
run  back  to  the  time  of  the  pyramid  builders, 
perhaps  about  3000  B.  c.  As  a  whole,  the  cul- 
ture represents  the  "bronze  age,"  and  is  of 
remarkable  beauty  and  interest  and  has  had  a 
great  influence.  As  regards  nomenclature,  the 
Minoan  culture,  the  full  Cretan  development, 
is  divided  into  three  main  divisions  —  Early, 
Middle,  and  Late,  each  of  which  is  subdi- 
vided into  three  lesser  divisions  —  L,  II.,  III. 
Thus  we  may  speak  of  E.M.  II.  or  L.M.IIL, 
meaning  Early  Minoan  middle,  or  Late  Mi- 
noan end.  The  Cycladic  culture  parallels  the 


*  ^GEAN  ARCH/EOLOGY.  An  Introduction  to  the  Archae- 
ology of  Prehistoric  Greece.  By  H.  R.  Hall,  F.S.A.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


59 


Minoan,  and  its  subdivision  gives  rise  to  ex- 
pressions like  M.C.I,  and  L.  C.  II.  Myce- 
naean culture  is  relatively  late,  and  corresponds 
only  to  Late  Minoan,  so  its  terminology  de- 
mands but  three  expressions,  Myc.  I.,  Myc.  II., 
Myc.  III. 

Mr.  Hall  devotes  a  long  early  chapter  to  the 
history  of  exploration  and  discovery  from 
Schliemann  down  to  the  present.  Workers 
of  many  nationalities  have  been  engaged  in 
the  fascinating  pursuit,  the  most  famous  being 
Arthur  Evans,  of  England.  Americans  are 
justly  proud  of  the  work  done  by  Harriet  Boyd 
(-Hawes),  whose  excavations  at  Gournia  were 
of  high  character.  A  number  of  Greeks  have 
been  industrious,  and  have  made  valuable  con- 
tribution. In  following  chapters,  there  is 
presented  a  detailed  study  of  the  archaeo- 
logical material  unearthed, —  stone,  metal, 
pottery,  towns,  houses,  palaces,  fortresses,  tem- 
ples, tombs,  decoration,  painting,  sculpture, 
hieroglyphic  system,  weights  and  measures, 
costume,  armor,  weapons,  tools,  ships,  and 
domestic  animals,  being  among  the  more  im- 
portant topics  considered.  We  can  here  make 
but  a  few  comments  upon  this  material.  In- 
teresting and  characteristic  are  stone  vessels 
of  the  E.M.  and  E.G.  cultures.  Vases  and 
lidded  boxes  are  among  the  forms;  graves  of 
E.  M.  III.  age  at  Mochlos  "  yielded  innumera- 
ble small  vases  of  multicolored  stone,  steatite, 
marble,  and  breccia,  wrought  with  the  utmost 
skill,  and  using  the  actual  veins  of  the  stone 
to  form  a  coherent  pattern."  Beautiful  metal 
work  was  done  in  gold,  silver,  and  bronze. 
While  the  famous  gold  cups  from  Vaphio  per- 
haps still  remain  the  masterpieces  of  the 
^Egean  goldsmith's  art,  lovely  specimens 
found  at  other  localities  come  as  close  seconds. 
They  are  wonderfully  attractive  in  their  grace 
and  beauty  of  form,  and  in  the  boldness  and 
delicacy  of  tjeir  repousse  ornamentation.  In 
all  the  art  work  of  this  culture,  the  student 
constantly  comes  upon  charming  examples  of 
the  law  of  copy  —  and  this  often  in  strangely 
unexpected  ways.  Thus,  the  potter  of  the 
M.  M.  imitated  metal  vases  in  form,  and  stone 
vessels  both  in  form  and  color  —  "the  varie- 
gated hues  of  the  stone  vases  were  imitated 
and  polychromy  first  appeared  in  the  JEgean 
ceramic."  Another  interesting,  and  unex- 
pected, exemplification  of  the  law  of  copy  is 
to  be  seen  in  steatite  vessels  upon  the  surface 
of  which  the  repousse  decoration  of  gold  vases 
is  imitated.  In  the  decoration  of  metal  work, 
splendid  raised  designs  represent  groups  of 
men  and  animals  in  action,  and  throw  a  flood 
of  light  upon  the  life  of  the  time.  In  pottery, 
the  culture  finds  remarkable  expression:  the 
art  can  be  traced  in  its  whole  development, 


step  by  step  ;  form,  decoration,  color  handling, 
polychromy,  show  the  working  out  of  an  exu- 
berant fancy.  The  representation  of  sea  ani- 
mals in  color  design  is  remarkable :  "  the  accu- 
rate observation  of  the  artist  shews  itself  in 
the  splendid  impressions  of  octopods,  squids 
and  nautili,  tritons,  anemones,  seapens  and 
shells,  amid  jagged  rocks  from  which  seaweed 
waves,  which  cover  the  best  vases  of  this  age." 
Where  such  mastery  was  gained  in  the  appli- 
cation of  color  designs  to  the  surfaces  of 
vessels,  there  is  no  reason  for  surprise  that 
mural  decoration  flourished. 

No  subject,  however,  in  JEgean  archaeology 
surpasses  the  written  system  in  interest.  This 
was  discovered  and  investigated  by  Mr.  Evans. 
It  presents  itself  as  cut  on  seal-stones  and 
scratched  or  pressed  on  clay  tablets.  Two 
periods  in  the  development  of  the  script  are 
recognized.  The  earlier,  pictographic  char- 
acters, on  seal-stones,  may  date  back  to  3000 
B.  c. ;  the  latest  script  is  from  about  1200  B.  c. 
Sir  Arthur  Evans  connects  the  Cretan-^Egeau 
script  with  the  Cypriote  syllabary,  and  sug- 
gests that  the  Phoenician  alphabet  (with  its 
Greek  and  Latin  descendants)  owes  its  origin 
to  the  Cretan  script.  While  the  characters 
have  been  identified  and  their  evolution  has 
been  traced,  their  decipherment  has  not  been 
accomplished.  The  numeral  signs  have  been 
worked  out,  but  we  do  not  even  know  whether 
the  syllabic  characters  represent  the  sounds  of 
an  Aryan  or  a  non- Aryan  language. 

It  must  be  evident  from  what  we  have  said 
that  the  matter  of  Mr.  Hall's  book  is  of  ex- 
traordinary interest;  unfortunately  his  pre- 
sentation of  it  is  dry  and  heavy.  The  book  is 
amply  and  beautifully  illustrated.  In  closing 
his  work,  the  author  presents  a  brief  summary 
of  conclusions.  Crete  was  the  centre  of  ^Egean 
culture,  and  its  whole  history  is  to  be  traced 
there.  To  a  remarkable  degree  it  underwent 
an  independent  and  individual  development. 
From  Crete,  it  passed  into  Greece,  gaining  a 
foothold  in  the  Peloponnese  and  spreading  out 
from  there  as  a  new  centre.  Crete  itself  prob- 
ably received  population  and  the  beginnings 
of  its  art  from  Africa  —  the  Nile  valley, — 
and  always  remained  to  some  degree  in  touch 
with  Egypt.  "The  ^gean  culture  was  a 
maritime  one,  the  civilization  of  a  sailor- 
people  of  the  islands,  and  its  progress  was 
rendered  possible  only  by  the  sea.  By  the 
sea  it  lived,  and  when  a  stronger  people  com- 
ing from  the  North,  and  bringing  with  it  the 
use  of  iron,  dispossessed  the  J3geans  of  the 
exclusive  control  of  the  seaways  their  power 
collapsed,  and  with  it  the  great  civilization  of 
which  we  have  described  the  remains." 

FREDERICK  STARR. 


60 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


AN  AMERICAN  DKAMA  OF  THE  ISTH 
CENTURY.* 


"Ponteaeh,  or  The  Savages  of  America," 
often  described  as  the  first  tragedy  written  by 
an  American  on  an  American  subject,  has 
hitherto  been  available  only  in  the  original 
London  edition  of  1766,  of  which  but  five 
copies  are  known  to  be  in  existence.  By  re- 
printing the  play  with  an  introduction,  a  bib- 
liography, and  an  elaborate  biography  of  the 
author,  the  Caxton  Club  of  Chicago  has  ren- 
dered a  service  to  students  of  American  litera- 
ture, even  though  the  chief  interest  of  the 
editor,  Mr.  Allan  Nevins,  is  evidently  in  his- 
torical rather  than  in  literary  questions.  The 
attractive  appearance  of  the  volume  is  highly 
creditable  to  its  sponsors. 

Colonel  Robert  Rogers,  the  author  of  the 
play,  was  born  in  Methuen  on  the  Massachu- 
setts frontier  in  1731.  As  a  mere  boy  he  saw 
service  in  Indian  conflicts,  and  while  still  a 
young  man  became  a  noted  leader  of  rangers 
in  the  French  and  Indian  wars.  In  1760  he 
was  appointed  to  receive  the  submission  of  the 
French  posts  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  it  was 
on  his  journey  westward  for  this  purpose  that 
he  first  met  Chief  Pontiac.  His  fame  by  this 
time  was  such  that  the  next  year  he  was 
hastily  summoned,  only  six  days  after  his  mar- 
riage, to  take  part  in  the  campaign  against 
the  Cherokees  in  the  Carolinas.  Two  years 
later,  on  the  re-opening  of  hostilities  in  the 
North,  he  fought  against  Pontiac  at  Detroit. 
In  1765  he  went  to  England,  where  his  two 
prose  .works,  the  Journals  and  the  "  Concise 
Account  of  North  America,"  were  published. 
"  Ponteach  "  followed  early  in  1766.  He  re- 
turned to  America  as  governor  of  Mackinac, 
and  in  the  administration  of  this  post  became 
engaged  in  controversies  with  Sir  William 
Johnson.  Later  he  went  to  England  to  plead 
his  cause,  possibly  served  a  few  months  in 
Algiers,  and  returned  to  America  to  take  a 
slight  part,  on  the  British  side,  in  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  later  years  of  his  life  were  spent 
obscurely  as  a  half-pay  colonel  in  London, 
where  he  died  in  1795. 

The  private  character  of  this  picturesque 
soldier  is  of  little  concern  to  the  student  of 
his  tragedy;  yet  the  casual  reader  of  Mr. 
Nevins's  portrayal  may  be  tempted  to  protest 
against  what  seems  a  tendency  to  use  the 
blackest  possible  colors.  The  biographer's 
habitual  treatment  of  motives  may  be  seen 
from  the  following  quotations  chosen  almost 
at  random :  "  In  the  Browne  home,  Rogers 
met  and  fell  in  love  with  the  youngest  daugh- 


*  PONTEACH,  OB  THE  SAVAGES  OF  AMERICA.  A  Tragedy  by 
Robert  Rogers.  With  an  Introduction  and  a  Biography  of  the 
Author,  by  Allan  Nevins.  Chicago :  The  Caxton  Club. 


ter,  Elizabeth,  a  beautiful  girl  of  nineteen, 
and  into  this  domestic  circle  he  determined  to 
push  himself.  Apart  from  all  reasons  of  sen- 
timent, he  could  have  taken  no  step  more 
advantageous"  (p.  74);  "Certificates  of  his 
usefulness  and  bravery  he  secured  from  al- 
most every  considerable  American  leader 
during  the  Seven  Years  War, — Amherst, 
Abercrombie,  Howe,  Moncton,  Webb,  Lou- 
doun,  Eglinton,  and  others;  some  of  them, 
delivered  with  an  alacrity  strongly  suggestive 
of  jealousy  of  Gage  and  Johnson,  added  warm 
personal  recommendations  to  the  more  per- 
functory testimonials  "  (pp.  147-8) .  That  the 
dashing  young  ranger  who  had  fallen  in  love 
with  a  beautiful  girl  married  her  only  to  push 
himself  into  the  family  of  a  Portsmouth 
clergyman,  or  that  the  most  distinguished 
generals  in  America  were  guilty  of  praising 
Rogers  only  to  warm  a  grudge  against  some 
one  else  seem  gratuitous  assumptions.  There 
is  no  doubt  that  Rogers  had,  probably  in  high 
degree,  the  improvidence  and  the  personal 
vices  often  developed  by  the  frontiersman  and 
the  soldier.  But  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  a 
man  completely  sunk  in  dissipation  could 
have  attained  the  self-culture  which  Rogers 
shows;  or  how  so  despicable  a  character  as 
Mr.  Nevins  pictures  could  have  held  for  years 
the  respect  and  friendship  of  Indians,  traders, 
army  officers,  and  leaders  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment. 

The  authorship  of  "Ponteach"  has  at 
times  seemed  open  to  some  doubt,  partly  be- 
cause the  Indians  are  portrayed  in  a  way 
hardly  to  be  expected  of  a  frontier  fighter; 
partly,  perhaps,  because  the  copy  most  readily 
accessible  to  scholars,  that  in  the  British 
Museum,  contains  an  early  manuscript  entry 
ascribing  it  to  "  Richd.  Rogers."  All  such 
doubts,  so  far  as  they  concern  the  main  re- 
sponsibility for  the  work,  Mr.  Nevins  seems 
effectively  to  have  set  at  rest.  He  points  out 
that  the  estimate  of  Indian  character  in  the 
appendix  to  the  "  Concise  Account "  is  essen- 
tially that  which  pervades  the  play.  He  also 
quotes  from  a  writer  in  "  The  Critical  Review  " 
who  in  discussing  the  "  Concise  Account " 
said :  "  The  picture  exhibited  of  the  Emperor 
Pontiac  is  novel  and  interesting,  and  would 
appear  to  vast  advantage  in  the  hands  of  a 
great  dramatic  genius."  It  was  some  four 
months  after  this  hint  that  "Ponteach"  was 
issued  by  John  Millan,  who  had  published 
Rogers's  other  works;  and  although  its  au- 
thorship was  never  acknowledged,  it  was 
almost  universally  ascribed  by  the  London 
critics  to  Rogers. 

As  a  work  of  literary  art  "  Ponteach  "  is 
negligible.  As  Mr.  Nevins  remarks,  it  is  un- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


61 


likely  that  Rogers  had  attended  a  stage  per- 
formance before  he  reached  London,  and  he 
had  probably  read  few  plays.  The  plot  —  as 
distinguished  from  the  setting  —  is  weak  and 
conventional.  The  form  is  a  rude  blank 
verse,  with  occasional  rhymed  passages.  An 
amusing  indication  of  the  author's  provincial 
pronunciation  is  perhaps  found  in  what  looks 
like  an  attempt  to  rhyme  "  home  "  and  "  gun  " 
(Act.  I.  Sc.  II.).  The  diction  is  often  collo- 
quial to  an  extent  that  was  more  troublesome 
to  the  London  critics  of  1766  than  it  is  to  us. 
Yet  different  passages  of  the  play, —  in  par- 
ticular, different  Indian  speeches, —  vary  so 
much  in  tone  as  to  suggest  the  possibility  of  a 
double  authorship.  The  first  act  is  the  rough- 
est and  most  direct.  In  Act  I.,  Sc.  III.  occurs 
the  following  dialogue  between  Ponteach  and 
the  English  Commander: 

"  Ponteach.    Well,  Mr.  Colonel  Cockum,  what  d' 

they  call  you? 

You  give  no  Answer  yet  to  my  Complaint; 
Your  Men  give  my  Men  always  too  much  Rum, 
Then  trade  and  cheat  'em.     What!   d'ye  think  this 

right? 
"  Cockum.      Tush !     Silence !     hold    your   noisy 

cursed  Nonsense; 
I've  heard  enough  of  it;   what  is  it  to  me? 

"Ponteach.     What!    you   a   Colonel,    and   not 

command  your  Men? 

Let  ev'ry  one  be  a  Rogue  that  has  a  Mind  to  't. 
"  Cockum.     Why,  curse  your  Men,  I  suppose 

they  wanted  Rum ; 

They'll  rarely  be  content,  I  know,  without  it. 
"  Ponteach.     What  then  ?     If  Indians  are  such 

Fools,  I  think 

White  Men  like  you  should  stop  and  teach  them 
better. 

"Cockum.     You  may  be  d — — d,  and  all  your 

Frenchmen  too. 

"Ponteach.     Bed— d!  what's  that?    I  do  not 

understand." 

In  contrast  to  this  is  the  absurd  discourse  of 
the  Indian  maiden  to  her  lover  in  Act  III., 
Sc.  I. : 

"  The  Earth  itself  is  sometimes  known  to  shake, 
And  the  bright  Sun  by  Clouds  is  oft  conceal'd, 
And  gloomy  Night  succeeds  the  Smiles  of  Day — 
So  Beauty  oft  by  foulest  Faults  is  veil'd, 
And  after  one  short  Blaze  admir'd  no  more, 
Loses  its  Lustre,  drops  its  sparkling  Charms, 
The  Lover  sickens,  and  his  Passion  dies. 
Nay  worse,  he  hates  what  he  so  doted  on. 
Time  only  proves  the  Truth  of  Worth  and  Love, 
The  one  may  be  a  cheat,  the  other  change, 
And  Fears,  and  Jealousies,  and  mortal  Hate, 
Succeed  the  Sunshine  of  the  warmest  Passion." 

A  speech  like  that  just  quoted  may  have  been 
composed  with  the  aid  of  some  hack  writer,  or, 
as  Mr.  Nevins  suggests,  of  Rogers's  secretary, 


Nathaniel  Potter;  but  the  pictures  of  fron- 
tier life  and  the  portrayal  of  Indian  character 
are  clearly  Rogers's  own. 

There  is  room  for  a  study  of  the  treatment 
of  the  Indian  in  literature  which  shall  con- 
sider how  far  the  interpretation  of  aboriginal 
character  has  been  determined  by  the  tem- 
perament and  the  social  philosophy  of  indi- 
vidual writers.  In  the  preparation  of  such  a 
study  "  Ponteach "  will  be  a  valuable  docu- 
ment. From  the  earliest  times  there  have 
been  two  extreme  opinions  —  that  the  "noble 
red  man  "  was  in  his  native  state  possessed  of 
every  essential  virtue,  and  that  "  the  only 
good  Indian  is  a  dead  Indian."  Neither  of 
these  views  has  been  confined  either  to  the 
frontiersmen  who  knew  the  Indian  intimately, 
or  to  the  city-dwelling  disciples  of  Rousseau. 
Colonel  Rogers  was  a  man  whose  life  from 
early  boyhood  had  been  spent  in  fighting 
Indians,  yet  who  felt  that  they  were  essen- 
tially noble,  and  that  they  had  been  the  vic- 
tims of  cruelty  and  fraud.  In  his  play  the 
French  priest  is  licentious,  the  British  traders 
are  cheats,  the  hunters  are  murderers,  the 
military  officers  Cockum  and  Frisk  are  super- 
cilious and  insulting,  and  the  governors, 
Sharp,  Gripe,  and  Catchum,  are  all  that  their 
names  imply.  Of  the  Indians,  Philip  is  a 
villain;  but  the  others,  though  showing  hu- 
man weaknesses,  command  our  sympathy,  and 
Ponteach  is  really  noble.  Rogers  undoubtedly 
believed  that  the  French  plan  of  mingling  on 
terms  of  equality  with  the  Indians  was  better 
than  the  English  show  of  authority  and  supe- 
riority, but  he  wrote  in  no  sense  as  a  propa- 
gandist. He  seems  to  have  interpreted  the 
Indians  in  the  light  of  his  own  temperament ; 
and  if  he  did,  his  work  is  a  commentary  both 
on  the  Indian  character  and  on  his  own. 

As  Colonel  Rogers  was  far  more  important 
as  ranger  and  frontiersman  than  as  author,  it 
would  be  unfair  to  blame  Mr.  Nevins  for  mak- 
ing his  biographical  sketch  an  historical 
rather  than  a  literary  monograph.  Yet  it  may 
be  pointed  out  that  he  has  not  traced  so  far 
as  he  might  parallelisms  between  the  play  and 
Rogers's  prose  works ;  and  that  he  has  left  for 
later  students  the  tasks  of  searching  for  the 
models  that  the  author  used  in  preparing  his 
plot,  and  of  comparing  his  treatment  of  the 
Indians  with  that  of  other  English  writers  of 
the  hour.  Anyone  who  is  but  slightly  famil- 
iar with  English  magazines  in  the  decade  in 
which  "  Ponteach  "  appeared  has  noticed  how 
much  space  is  given  to  American  matters, 
including  those  which  concerned  the  Indians. 
The  fact  that  "  Ponteach  "  itself  seemed  worth 
the  attention  if  not  the  approbation  of  Lon- 
doners is  shown  in  the  fact  that  "  The  Gentle- 


62 


THE   DIAL 


[  July  15 


man's  Magazine"  for  February,  1766,  places 
it  first  in  the  list  of  "  Books  Published,"  and 
gives  it  as  much  space  as  is  given  to  the  other 
twenty-one  titles  of  the  month  combined. 

WILLIAM  B.  CAIRNS. 


THE  NEW  SPIRIT  IN  AMERICAN  POLITICS.* 


To  the  many  extant  interpretations  of  pro- 
gressivism  in  contemporary  American  politics 
—  President  Wilson's  "  The  New  Freedom," 
Mr.  Weyl's  "  The  New  Democracy,"  and  Mr. 
Croly's  "  Progressive  Democracy,"  to  men- 
tion but  three  —  has  lately  been  added  Mr. 
Benjamin  P.  De  Witt's  "  The  Progressive 
Movement."  Mr.  De  Witt  writes  sympa- 
thetically, but  \\dth  a  due  measure  of  re- 
straint; and  he  fixes  the  scope  of  his  subject 
broadly  and  sanely.  He  very  truly  says  that 
so  much  attention  has  been  given  to  the  rise 
and  development  of  the  Progressive  party  in 
the  United  States  that  there  has  been  a  ten- 
dency to  overlook  the  larger  and  more  funda- 
mental movement  of  which  it  is  a  part  —  a 
movement  which  had  struck  its  roots  far  back 
in  the  past  and  had  assumed  formidable  pro- 
portions before  the  campaign  of  1912  began. 

"  The  progressive  movement  is  broader  than  the 
Progressive  party  and,  in  fact,  than  any  single 
party.  It  is  the  embodiment  and  expression  of 
fundamental  measures  and  principles  of  reform 
that  have  been  advocated  for  many  years  by  all 
political  parties.  Although  differences  in  name, 
in  the  specific  reforms  advocated,  and  in  the 
emphasis  placed  upon  them,  have  obscured  the 
identity  of  the  movement,  the  underlying  purposes 
and  ideals  of  the  progressive  elements  of  all 
parties  for  the  past  quarter  of  a  century  have 
been  essentially  the  same.  To  make  clear  this  uni- 
versal character  of  the  progressive  movement  is 
one  of  the  objects  for  which  this  book  has  been 
written." 

The  common  substratum  of  progressivism 
in  all  political  parties  is  declared  by  Mr. 
De  Witt  to  consist  in  three  main  tendencies: 
(1)  insistence  by  the  better  element  that 
special,  minority,  and  corrupt  influence  in 
government  —  national,  state,  and  city  —  be 
removed;  (2)  the  demand  that  the  structure 
or  machinery  of  government,  which  hitherto 
has  been  admirably  adapted  to  control  of  the 
few,  be  so  modified  that  it  will  be  more  diffi- 
cult for  the  few,  and  easier  for  the  many,  to 
control;  and  (3)  the  rapidly  growing  convic- 
tion that  the  functions  of  government  at  pres- 
ent are  too  restricted  and  that  they  must  be 
increased  and  extended  to  relieve  social  and 

.  *  THE  PROGRESSIVE  MOVEMENT.  A  Non-partisan,  Compre- 
hensive Discussion  of  Current  Tendencies  in  American 
Politics.  By  Benjamin  P.  De  Witt.  New  York :  The  Mac- 
Tnillan  Co. 


economic  distress.  These  three  tendencies, 
with  varying  emphasis,  are  seen  to-day  in  the 
platform  and  programme  of  every  political 
party;  they  are  manifested  in  the  political 
changes  and  reforms  that  are  advocated  and 
made  in  the  nation,  the  states,  and  the  cities; 
and,  because  of  their  universality  and  defi- 
niteness,  they  may  be  said  .to  constitute  the 
real  progressive  movement. 

Mr.  De  Witt's  method  is  both  historical 
and  analytical.  Following  a  chapter  devoted 
to  the  meaning  and  general  aspects  of  the 
history  of  the  progressive  movement,  he 
writes  at  some  length  of  the  movement  in 
each  of  the  five  principal  parties  of  the  pres- 
ent day,  that  is,  the  Democratic,  the  Kepub- 
lican,  the  Progressive,  the  Socialist,  and  the 
Prohibitionist.  Thereupon  he  turns  to  the 
development  and  the  achievements  of  pro- 
gressivism in  the  nation,  in  the  states,  and  in 
the  municipalities.  It  is  these  later  portions 
of  the  book  that  are  most  valuable.  The 
earlier  chapters  comprise  only  rapid  sketches 
of  recent  and  familiar  party  history.  The 
later  ones,  however,  summarize  in  a  helpful 
manner  recent  triumphs  of  progressive  prin- 
ciples and  characterize  pending  problems  in- 
volving the  application  of  progressive  ideas. 

We  are  told  that  the  progressive  movement 
is  not  so  far  advanced  in  the  nation  as  it  is  in 
the  states,  and  that  therefore  so  far  as  the 
nation  is  concerned  emphasis  must  be  placed 
primarily  upon  the  preliminary  steps  of  gov- 
ernment and  corporation  control,  while  in  the 
states  these  matters  are  becoming  more  and 
more  incidental  to  the  extension  of  the  func- 
tions of  government  to  afford  social,  economic, 
and  industrial  relief.  In  the  city,  while  the 
broader  phases  of  the  movement  are  the  same 
as  in  the  states,  there  are  some  differences  of 
emphasis.  In  the  first  place,  the  city  must 
be  made  free  from  the  domination  of  the 
state  legislature  —  must,  in  other  words,  have 
municipal  home  rule.  In  the  second  place, 
the  city  must  adopt  that  form  of  charter  that 
will  afford  to  its  voters  the  largest  oppor- 
tunity for  direct  and  effective  participation 
in  municipal  affairs.  Furthermore,  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  city  must  be  put  upon  a 
business  basis,  with  much  stress  upon  efficient 
and  economical  organization  and  methods. 
Finally,  the  functions  of  city  government 
must  be  extended  to  promote  the  welfare  and 
comfort  of  the  inhabitants  so  far  as  is  com- 
patible with  free  government  and  democratic 
institutions.  The  municipal  programme  out- 
lined in  the  closing  chapters  is  attractive,  and 
considerable  portions  of  it  are  being  carried 
into  execution  to-day  in  many  cities. 

FREDERIC  AUSTIN  OGG. 


1915 


THE    DIAL 


63 


RECENT  FICTION.* 

Mr.  Churchill  has  the  lecture  habit  in  an 
aggravated  form,  and  it  is  seriously  impair- 
ing his  function  as  a  novelist  in  any  artistic 
«ense.  Probably  he  will  not  be  much  stirred 
by  this  criticism,  for  when  a  man  thinks  that 
lie  sees  a  gigantic  evil,  and  feels  that  he  has 
.a  mission  to  expose  and  overthrow  it,  he  is 
apt  to  be  somewhat  reckless  of  the  means 
employed.  If  he  happens  to  be  a  popular 
novelist,  he  will  unhesitatingly  jettison  the 
equipment  which  makes  for  lasting  literary 
.achievement,  and  ram  the  object  of  his  attack 
at  the  risk  of  sinking  his  own  craft.  Mr. 
Churchill  clearly  believes  that  he  has  such  a 
mission,  and  employs  all  his  persuasiveness 
to  impress  his  readers  with  its  importance. 
In  "  The  Inside  of  the  Cup,"  his  attack  was 
upon  the  hypocrisy  which  makes  of  religion 
a  crust  without  substance;  in  "A  Far  Coun- 
try," his  artillery  is  aimed  at  the  methods  of 
""big  business"  in  the  modern  American 
world.  We  do  not  say  that  he  has  lost  all 
sense  of  the  artistic  demands  made  upon  him 
as  a  novelist,  but  he  has  distinctly  subordi- 
nated them  to  the  purpose  of  preaching  an 
effective  sermon.  Of  his  earnestness  there 
can  be  no  doubt,  and  he  does  not  scold  his 
fellow-men  for  their  lack  of  vision  in  the 
monotonous  manner  of  Mr.  H.  G.  "Wells,  but 
he  makes  himself  wearisome  by  excess  of 
argument,  and  he  distorts  the  facts  of  life  by 
excess  of  emphasis.  There  are,  heaven  knows, 
evils  enough  in  the  business  world  of  to-day, 
and  the  moralist,  even  if  he  be  a  writer  of 
fiction,  is  justified  in  making  them  his  target, 
but  the  rapier  of  indirection  and  suggestion 
is  far  more  likely  to  reach  their  vitals  than 
the  bludgeon, — the  sling  and  the  "  five  smooth 
stones"  than  the  "weaver's  beam."  Briefly, 
""A  Far  Country"  is  the  autobiography  of 
Hugh  Paret,  son  of  a  lawyer  of  the  old  school 
of  high  ethical  standards,  and  himself  a  law- 
yer of  the  new  school  which  promotes  cor- 
porations, grabs  franchises,  and  corrupts 
courts  and  legislatures.  He  believes  in  the 
new  business  gospel  of  efficiency,  and  is  per- 
suaded that  the  small  group  of  financiers  to 
which  he  belongs  is  the  group  best  fitted  for 
leadership  and  for  mastery  of  the  political 
and  industrial  life  of  the  nation.  Actual  con- 


*  A  FAR  COUNTRY.  By  Winston  Churchill.  New  York :  The 
Macmillan  Co. 

JAFFERY.  By  William  J.  Locke.  New  York:  The  John 
L<ane  Co. 

EMPTY  POCKETS.  By  Rupert  Hughes.  New  York :  Harper 
&  Brothers. 

A  CLOISTERED  ROMANCE.  Bj-  Florence  Olmstead.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

FIDELITY.  By  Susan  Glaspell.  Boston :  Small,  Maynard 
&  Co. 

L.  P.  M.  The  End  of  the  Great  War.  By  J.  Stewart  Bar- 
ney. New  York  :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


temporary  history  will  no  doubt  supply  chap- 
ter and  verse  for  every  one  of  the  nefarious 
activities  whereby  Paret  acquires  wealth  and 
commanding  influence,  but  the  men  of  his 
type  illustrate  only  one  aspect  —  albeit  a  sin- 
ister one  —  of  the  American  business  life  of 
to-day.  It  is  well  that  this  aspect  of  life 
should  be  exposed  in  all  its  vicious  ugliness, 
but  it  is  not  well  that  these  methods  should 
be  presented  as  universally  prevailing.  The 
pointing  of  Mr.  Churchill's  moral  is  a  con- 
tinuous process.  Even  in  Paret's  most  suc- 
cessful hours,  he  has  stirrings  of  a  better 
nature  that  make  him  uncomfortable,  and  in 
the  end,  through  the  influence  of  the  radical 
agitator  Krebs,  who  has  antagonized  him 
throughout  his  career,  he  experiences  a  revul- 
sion of  feeling  in  which  the  bitter  truth  is 
brought  home  to  him  that  his  success  has  been 
but  as  dust  and  ashes  in  the  mouth.  He  real- 
izes the  meaning  of  the  old  text  about  the 
futility  of  gaining  the  whole  world  if  a  man 
thereby  loses  his  own  soul,  and  tardily  sets 
about  the  recovery  of  his  soul  before  it  is  lost 
forever.  Two  women  are  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  his  fortunes  —  the  one  whom  he 
marries  only  to  become  estranged  from  her, 
and  the  one  for  whom  he  entertains  a  guilty 
passion  without  being  dragged  beyond  the 
verge  of  the  precipice.  The  necessity  for 
renunciation,  caused  by  this  woman's  native 
strength  of  character,  becomes  the  instru- 
ment of  his  conversion,  and  turns  his  groping 
steps  backward  from  the  "far  country"  in 
which  his  manhood  life  has  been  spent,  bring- 
ing him  once  more  within  sight  of  a  region 
of  simpler  and  saner  ideals.  This  study  of 
an  erring  soul,  perplexed  in  the  extreme  by 
the  amazing  discovery  that  worldly  success 
does  not  bring  spiritual  satisfaction,  makes  a 
strong  appeal  to  our  sympathies,  despite  its 
many  desert  tracts  of  self-analysis,  despite 
the  encumbrance  of  a  mass  of  insignificant 
detail,  and  despite  the  handicap  of  a  literary 
style  that  rarely  has  the  note  of  distinction, 
and  has  stodginess  for  its  chief  characteristic. 
The  type  of  whimsical  humor  wrhich  makes 
an  intellectual  appeal  is  the  salient  character- 
istic of  Mr.  Locke's  later  work,  and  is  once 
more  exemplified  in  "Jaffery."  It  enables 
him  to  invest  an  exotic  character  with  human 
interest,  and  to  lend  probability  to  a  situation 
which  the  logical  mind  would  be  forced  to 
reject  as  beyond  the  pale  of  possibility.  Both 
these  audacious  feats  are  here  accomplished, 
the  one  in  the  case  of  the  Albanian  heroine 
Liosha,  and  the  other  in  the  success  (for  a 
time)  of  Jaffery 's  device  for  sparing  the  feel- 
ings of  the  woman  he  adores  by  covering  up 


64 


THE   DIAL 


[  July  15 


the  fraudulent  literary  career  of  her  deceased 
husband.  Adrian  Boldero  finds  among  the 
possessions  of  a  dead  comrade  the  manuscript 
of  a  complete  novel.  This  he  publishes  under 
his  own  name,  thereby  gaining  both  fame  and 
wealth.  He  also  gains  Doria,  who  marries 
him,  worships  him  as  a  genius,  and  envelopes 
him  in  an  atmosphere  of  incense.  He  prom- 
ises his  publishers  a  second  novel,  but  is 
utterly  incapable  of  writing  it,  and  wears  his 
life  out  (aided  by  many  potations)  in  the 
effort  to  perform  his  impossible  task.  His 
widow  believes  that  he  has  finished  this  sec- 
ond work,  and  it  lies  with  Jaffery  to  safe- 
guard her  delusion.  Thereupon  he  writes  the 
novel  himself,  gives  it  to  the  publishers  as 
Boldero 's  work,  and  it  repeats  the  success  of 
the  first  production.  It  is  true  that  the  pub- 
lic is  puzzled  by  the  new  theme  and  the  new 
style,  but  no  doubt  is  cast  upon  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  authorship.  Such  a  thing  is,  of 
course,  frankly  impossible,  for  Jaffery  is  a 
burly,  explosive,  Rabelaisian  person,  having 
not  a  single  intellectual  trait  in  common  with 
Boldero,  but  Mr.  Locke  almost  makes  the 
reader  accept  it.  Of  course  Doria  has  to  dis- 
cover the  double  imposition,  and  her  clay  idol 
has  to  come  down  from  his  pedestal.  Mean- 
while, Jaffery  discovers  that  his  true  mate  is 
Liosha,  and  that  his  love  for  Doria  has  been 
a  delusion.  Doria  deserves  nothing  better 
than  this,  for  she  is  a  very  silly,  selfish,  and 
parasitical  young  woman,  and  one  feels  like 
shaking  Jaffery  for  his  dog-like  attendance 
upon  her  footsteps.  As  for  Liosha,  she  is 
indescribable  at  any  less  length  than  the 
novel  itself.  Born  of  Albanian  parents  in  the 
Chicago  stock  yards,  her  later  years  of  life 
among  her  ancestral  mountains  have  not 
obliterated  the  Chicago  idiom  from  her 
speech.  When  Jaffery,  who  is  a  war  corre- 
spondent in  the  Balkans,  comes  into  her  life, 
she  is  the  wife  (and  soon  thereafter  the 
widow)  of  one  of  his  fellow- journalists.  She 
is  left  in  Jaffery's  charge,  and  he  brings  her 
to  England.  The  people  who  attempt  to  civi- 
lize her  she  characterizes  as  "  damn  fools," 
she  is  disposed  to  stick  a  knife  into  any  one 
who  crosses  her  will,  and  her  manners  are,  to 
say  the  least,  primitive.  These  traits,  added 
to  her  Amazonian  frame,  make  her  a  terror 
in  more  senses  than  one,  and  we  are  led  to 
regard  her  as  a  comic  diversion  rather  than 
as  a  serious  heroine  of  romance.  But  Mr. 
Locke  has  made  up  his  mind  that  we  shall 
take  her  seriously,  and  in  the  end  almost 
makes  us  accept  her  as  the  life  companion 
predestined  for  Jaffery.  The  unblushing 
sophistication  with  which  Jaffery's  relations 
with  Doria  and  Liosha  are  set  forth  may  be 


seen  in  the  following  quotation  :  "  He  imag- 
ined himself  to  be  in  love  with  a  moonbeam. 
And  the  moonbeam  shot  like  a  glamorous, 
enchanted  sword  between  him  and  Liosha, 
and  kept  them  apart  until  the  moment  of 
dazed  revelation,  when  he  saw  that  the  moon- 
beam was  merely  a  pale,  earnest,  anxious, 
suffering  little  human  thing,  alien  to  his 
every  instinct,  a  firmament  away,  in  every 
vital  essential,  from  the  goddess  of  his  idola- 
try." It  will  be  seen  from  the  preceding 
remarks  that  "Jaffery"  is  to  be  read  with 
an  undercurrent  of  subconscious  protest 
against  the  tricks  of  the  author's  invention ; 
but  for  all  that,  J;he  story  is  no  less  capti- 
vating than  its  predecessors,  and  we  would 
not  for  anything  have  missed  our  acquain- 
tance with  either  Jaffery  or  his  Albanian 
charge. 

The  six  hundred  pages  of  "  Empty  Pock- 
ets," by  Mr.  Rupert  Hughes,  may  be  recom- 
mended as  providing  ideal  entertainment  for 
the  vacation  leisure  of  any  reader  who  wishes 
to  avoid  the  strenuous,  yet  who  demands 
tense  and  sustained  interest  of  his  fiction. 
Something  is  happening  all  the  time  in  these 
pages,  and  their  manifold  incidents  are 
woven  into  a  fabric  of  close  texture  which 
never  allows  the  pattern  of  the  plot  to  escape 
the  eye.  There  is  also  much  lively  humor  of 
the  journalistic  sort  which  works  its  effects 
by  unanticipated  similitudes  and  quaint  tricks 
of  expression.  The  story  is  concerned  with  a 
murder  mystery,  and  the  first  fifty  pages 
supply  the  stage-setting  and  the  climax. 
Then  the  author  steps  a  year  backward,  and 
proceeds  to  pick  up  the  threads  of  the  com- 
plication, and  to  show  us  exactly  how  it  came 
about  that  the  body  of  Perry  Merrithew,  New 
York  clubman  and  rake,  was  found  one 
morning  in  the  summer  of  1914,  upon  the 
roof  of  a  tenement  building  in  the  slums  of 
the  East  Side,  his  skull  fractured,  and  his 
fists  tightly  clenching  the  strands  of  copper- 
colored  hair  which  some  woman  had  cut  away 
for  the  purpose  of  freeing  herself.  After 
some  five  hundred  pages  of  narration,  we  are 
brought  to  the  point  at  which  the  story  began, 
and  thence  proceed  swiftly  to  the  close,  to 
learn  that  Merrithew  had  really  died  of 
apoplexy  at  the  very  moment  of  an  attempted 
outrage  upon  the  woman,  and  that  she  had 
been  guilty  of  no  other  crime  than  self- 
defence  against  his  attack.  This  is  a  com- 
forting revelation,  for  the  heroine,  the  daugh- 
ter of  one  of  New  York's  wealthiest  families, 
is  a  very  charming  girl,  and  her  indiscretions 
are  really  of  the  most  innocent  and  warm- 
hearted description.  During  the  narrative, 
four  or  five  other  red-haired  girls  are  drawn 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


65 


across  the  trail,  and  we  are  kept  until  near 
the  end  from  getting  on  the  right  scent. 
When  we  learn  that  it  was  really  Muriel  who 
was  Merrithew's  companion  on  that  midnight 
excursion  into  the  slums,  we  receive  a  severe 
shock,  for  it  is  not  until  after  that  revelation 
that  we  are  led  to  abandon  the  pre-conceived 
theory  of  murder  for  the  explanation  that 
rehabilitates  the  heroine  and  shows  Merri- 
thew  to  have  got  no  more  than  his  deserts. 
Two  aspects  of  metropolitan  life  alternate  in 
claiming  our  interest.  There  is  the  pleasure- 
seeking  aspect  of  the  dinner-dance  and  the 
amusement  resort,  and  there  is  the  grim  and 
sordid  aspect  of  the  underworld  of  poverty 
and  vice  and  crime.  Perhaps  the  most  excit- 
ing episode  is  the  kidnapping  of  Muriel  by  a 
gang  of  bandits,  and  the  breathless  taxicab 
race  from  the  Bowery  to  the  Bronx  in  which 
she  is  finally  rescued  by  the  pursuers.  It  all 
seems  to  have  been  transferred  bodily  from  a 
film-melodrama  to  the  pages  of  a  book.  Mr. 
Hughes  is  minutely  realistic  in  both  descrip- 
tion and  dialogue,  and  his  East  Side  types, 
in  particular,  are  done  to  the  life.  We  must 
hasten  to  add,  however,  that  his  characteriza- 
tions are  purely  external;  of  character- 
portrayal  in  the  deeper  sense,  he  does  not 
give  us  a  single  instance,  and  his  figures  are 
no  more  life-like  than  the  marionettes  in  a 
puppet-booth.  He  manifests,  moreover,  a 
cynical  temper  that  is  anything  but  whole- 
some, and  his  efforts  to  swing  the  satirical 
lash  over  the  back  of  society  are  amusingly 
ineffective.  But  he  has  told  a  good  story,  in 
spite  of  its  over-sophistication,  and  its  read- 
ers will  regret  that  it  is  too  long  to  be  read 
at  a  single  stretch. 

A  Catholic  home  for  aged  paupers  provides 
the  setting  for  Miss  Florence  Olmstead's  "A 
Cloistered  Romance."  It  is  situated,  we 
fancy,  somewhere  in  rural  New  England,  al- 
though that  is  a  detail  which  does  not  greatly 
matter.  The  mother  superior  and  the  sisters 
are  mostly  of  French  extraction.  One  day 
the  community  mule  Goliath,  driven  by  one 
Samuel,  who  earns  his  keep  by  the  perform- 
ance of  such  services  for  the  sisterhood,  gets 
out  of  hand,  greatly  to  the  peril  of  the  sisters 
who  occupy  the  wagon.  At  this  critical  mo- 
ment, a  young  man,  who  happens  to  be  a 
popular  novelist  strolling  along  the  country- 
side, springs  to  the  rescue,  and  checks  Goliath 
in  his  mad  career,  but  is  himself  run  over  by 
the  wagon  and  seriously  injured.  He  is 
thereupon  taken  into  the  home,  and  given  the 
attention  his  case  requires.  Now  it  so  hap- 
pens that  Miss  Alethea  Lawrence,  a  young 
woman  of  wealth  and  social  standing,  is  a 
frequent  visitor  to  the  home,  and  its  benefac- 


tress in  many  small  ways,  reading  to  the  in- 
valids, and  bringing  them  delicate  things  to 
eat.  She  is  a  very  charming  young  woman, 
and  when  David  Paget  becomes  the  subject 
of  her  ministrations,  he  decides  to  play  the 
game,  and  allow  her  to  believe  him  as  the 
others,  a  penniless  dependant  upon  the 
sisters'  charity.  Thus  begins  the  "  cloistered 
romance  "  of  Miss  Olmstead's  devising.  How 
it  ends  is  another  matter,  and  one  not  difficult 
to  imagine.  David  lingers  in  the  home  rather 
longer  than  is  strictly  necessary  for  his  phy- 
sical needs,  and  when  he  takes  a  reluctant 
departure,  reveals  himself  in  his  true  colors 
by  bestowing  upon  the  institution  a  generous 
cheque  for  the  building  of  the  much-needed 
addition.  The  narrative  is  one  of  "  humors  " 
rather  than  of  plot,  and  includes  several  char- 
acters who  are  an  unfailing  source  of  delight 
—  the  bibulous  and  philosophical  Samuel,  the 
grouchy  Mr.  Shultz,  the  suspicious  and  gos- 
sipping  Mary  Giffin  with  her  passion  for 
chocolate  crackers,  the  austere  but  very  hu- 
man mother  superior  who  will  do  anything 
for  the  sake  of  her  pet  cat  Hafiz,  and  the 
efficient  and  sympathetic  Sister  Gertrude. 
Even  Goliath  provides  a  character-study  of 
deep  mulish  interest.  Aside  from  the  artifice 
of  the  main  complication,  the  story  has  all 
the  naturalness  of  a  transcript  from  real 
daily  life,  and  the  by-play  of  dialogue  is 
inimitable.  A  brief  example,  with  Mary 
Giffin  in  the  foreground,  may  be  given: 

" '  I  had  my  day,  Mr.  Paget/  she  said  proudly, 
'  an'  she  ain't  nothin'  to  the  handsomeness  of  me.' 

'  I  guess  you  must  have  been  good-looking, 
Mary,'  he  admitted. 

'  I  was  a  corker ! '  said  Mary.  'And  think  o'  me 
takin'  up  with  John  Giffin,  an'  him  dyin'  without 
so  much  as  a  nickel's  worth  of  insurance!  I  could 
er  had  Meggs's  father,  an'  that  would  er  meant  an 
interest  in  the  store.' 

'  Is  that  all  you  think  about,  Mary  ?  ' 

'  It  comes  to  that  sooner  or  later,'  said  Mary, 
'  an'  the  sooner  the  better.  If  I'd  a-thought  about 
featherin'  my  nest,  like  some,  I  wouldn't  be  settin' 
in  a  Catholic  home  to-day.  My  people  was  hard- 
shell Baptis'  long  before  anybody  ever  heard  about 
Catholics.' 

'  You  needn't  to  look  for  no  partic'lar  luck  in 
makin'  wealthy  connections.  It  don't  come  to  the 
poor,'  she  added  by  way  of  warning." 

This  novel  seems  to  be  rather  dull  at  the  out- 
set, but  its  insinuating  charm  gains  upon  the 
reader,  and  holds  his  interest  more  deeply 
with  every  added  chapter.  The  freshness  of 
its  thematic  material,  and  the  knowledge  of 
human  nature  which  it  displays  at  every 
point,  added  to  its  genuine  humor,  show  us 
once  more  how  the  most  commonplace  of  sub- 
jects may  supply  the  artist  with  all  that  he 


66 


THE    DIAL 


[July  15- 


needs  in  the  way  of  objective  stimulus.  The 
creative  instinct  will  do  the  rest,  as  it  notably 
does  in  the  present  instance. 

''Along  came  Ruth,"  and  her  appearance 
in  the  town  of  Freeport  (Illinois?)  had  the 
effect  qf  a  moral  bombshell,  Ruth  had  been  a 
Freeport  girl  some  ten  years  earlier,  and  had 
scandalized  the  community  by  running  away 
with  a  married  man,  whose  wife  inconsid- 
erately refused  to  divorce  him  for  Ruth's 
benefit.  She  returns  because  of  her  father's 
mortal  illness,  and  her  family  and  former 
associates  make  things  very  uncomfortable 
for  her.  This  is  the  story  of  Miss  Susan 
Glaspell's  "Fidelity,"  a  title  which  expresses 
Ruth's  persistent  belief  that  she  has  done 
nothing  essentially  wrong,  and  that  all  the 
people  who  refuse  to  take  her  back  on  the  old 
terms  are  unfeeling  pharisees.  This  is  the 
plain  unsophisticated  statement  of  the  moral 
situation  presented  by  the  novel.  As  Miss 
Glaspell  puts  it,  Ruth  is  a  noble  creature, 
deeply  misunderstood,  and  a  victim  of  pro- 
vincial cant  and  hypocrisy.  By  every  device 
of  indirection  and  insinuation,  this  view  is 
thrust  upon  us,  and  the  woman's  sin  is 
glossed  over.  It  seems  to  us  a  very  unwhole- 
some story,  and  it  is  an  amazingly  dull  one, 
made  so  by  its  interminable  passages  of 
analysis  and  introspection.  We  are  spared 
nothing  of  what  goes  on  in  the  minds  of  all 
these  commonplace  people,  and  chapter  after 
chapter  is  spun  out  of  their  uninteresting 
reflections  and  mutual  reactions.  When  Ruth 
returns  to  her  paramour,  she  finds  that  his 
love  has  grown  cold,  and  when  the  news  comes 
of  the  divorce  tardily  consented  to  by  the 
wronged  wife,  she  rejects  his  offer  to  legalize 
her  status,  and  deserts  him  to  shape  a  new 
life  for  herself.  So  confused  a  study  of  moral 
values  is  not  often  met  with,  even  in  these 
days  of  "advanced"  thought  and  chatter 
about  "  the  rights  of  the  soul." 

Our  only  war  novel  for  this  month  is  a 
crude  and  amateurish  performance  styled 
"  L.  P.  M.,"  by  Mr.  J.  Stewart  Barney.  This 
enigmatic  title  turns  out  to  stand  for  "  Little 
Peace  Maker,"  which  is  the  invention  of  a 
philanthropic  American  millionaire.  This 
person,  whose  name  is  Edestone,  has  discov- 
ered how  to  free  objects  from  the  force  of 
gravity,  leaving  mass  and  momentum  un- 
affected. This  is  accomplished  by  means  of  a 
"  deionizer,"  and  an  airship  is  constructed 
with  six-foot  steel  plates  and  the  dimensions 
of  an  ocean  liner.  Being  impervious  to  at- 
tack, this  monster  can  hover  close  to  the 
earth,  and  rain  destruction  upon  cities  and 
fleets.  Its  effectiveness  is  such  that  it  soon 
brings  the  warring  powers  to  terms,  and  a 


world  agreement  for  perpetual  peace  is  made 
in  consequence.  The  chief  scenes  are  in  Ber- 
lin, where  the  inventor  "  cheeks  "  the  German 
Emperor  to  his  heart's  content,  and  thwarts, 
the  efforts  of  the  enraged  General  Staff  to- 
compass  his  destruction  and  capture  his  air- 
ship. The  science  of  the  story  is  childishly 
unconvincing,  and  its  language  bears  no  rela- 
tion to  that  of  real  life.  A  most  disgusting- 
injection  of  American  slang  into  the  closing 
chapters  makes  them  even  more  intolerable 
than  their  predecessors.  This  book  is  dis- 
tinctly an  example  of  how  not  to  do  the  sort, 
of  thing  that  Mr.  Wells  does  so  effectively. 
WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


NOTES  ON  N%W  NOVELS. 

Mr.  J.  D.  Beresford  completes  his  trilogy  con- 
taining the  life  history  of  Jacob  Stahl  with  the- 
most  satisfactory  volume  of  the  three,  "  The  Invisi- 
ble Event"  (Doran).  The  work  has  to  do  with  a 
highly  unusual  situation.  Continuing  the  narra- 
tive where  it  left  off  in  "A  Candidate  for  Truth,"' 
it  opens  with  the  expressed  willingness  of  a  clergy- 
man's daughter  to  live  with  Jacob  without  the- 
blessing  of  either  church  or  law.  Yet  the  young 
woman  feels  the  injury  done  her  conscience,  until! 
the  months  bring  Jacob  slowly  earned  success  as  a 
writer,  when  her  view  of  freedom  becomes  more- 
assured  than  his  own.  Desire  for  children  and  the- 
need  for  doing  them  justice  follow  on  the  death  of 
Jacob's  Avife,  and  the  marriage  ceremony  takes 
place, —  not  for  conscience'  sake  or  as  a  concession 
to  the  conventions,  but  solely  on  the  children's; 
account.  It  is  a  novel  of  the  best  sort. 

Mrs.  Ada  Woodruff  Anderson's  "  The  Rim  of 
the  Desert"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.)  gains  its  title- 
from  a  plot  of  ground  in  the  mountains  on  which' 
a  spring  enables  irrigation  to  produce  astonishing 
results.  The  hero  is  in  the  service  of  the  United' 
States  Geological  Survey,  and  has  long  been  on 
duty  in  Alaska,  where  he  forms  a  noble  friend- 
ship. Unable  to  save  his  friend's  life,  he  conceives; 
what  seems  to  be  a  just  resentment  against  his- 
friend's  widow;  though  he  carries  out  the  former's- 
wishes  regarding  the  desert  land  on  the  widow's 
behalf.  Chance  throws  them  together  without  his 
being  aware  of  her  identity.  An  admirable  love- 
story  follows,  with  the  needs  of  Alaska,  the  found- 
ing of  a  thriving  western  city,  and  much  more  in 
the  background.  The  transfer  of  one's  sympathies 
from  the  friend  to  the  friend's  widow  is  excel- 
lently managed. 

An  atmosphere  of  vulgar  wealth  surrounds 
every  character  in  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Dejeans's  "  The 
Life-Builders"  (Harper),  and  none  but  her  hero- 
and  heroine,  with  an  unmarried  painter,  escape 
from  its  insidious  influences.  A  multi-millionaire's 
ambitions  force  his  daughter  into  a  preposterous 
marriage,  from  which  she  flees  to  seek  an  inde- 
pendent livelihood  in  New  York.  One  wishes  her- 
success  were  gained  without  her  unsympathetic-- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


67 


father's  aid,  however  much  the  practical  impossi- 
bility of  this  is  recognized.  One  wishes,  too,  that 
the  end  could  have  been  reached  without  a  tragedy, 
though  no  alternative  suggests  itself.  The  book 
has  merit,  and  is  a  clear  statement  of  contempo- 
rary problems  of  conscience. 

The  recent  unfortunate  taking-off  of  the  Rev. 
Frank  N.  Westcott  lends  an  added  interest  to  his 
first  book,  "Hepsey  Burke"  (H.  K.  Fly  Co.). 
As  the  work  of  a  brother  of  the  author  of  "  David 
Harum,"  the  novel  invites  comparison  with  that 
famous  story ;  but  their  only  similarity  lies  in  the 
fact  that  both  deal  with  homely  folk  in  homely 
situations, —  one  with  a  shrewd  but  kindly  man, 
the  other  with  a  charitably  disposed  and  energetic 
widow.  The  latter  becomes  a  voluntary  assistant 
to  a  young  Episcopalian  clergyman  and  his  bride, 
who  take  a  small  parish  and  carry  on  their  work 
under  circumstances  which  but  for  Hepsey  might 
have  been  disheartening.  The  book  is  pleasant 
reading,  often  productive  of  hearty  laughter,  and 
leaves  a  regret  that  its  author  has  not  been  spared 
for  further  work. 

After  the  United  States  has  been  invaded  and 
almost  reduced  to  subjection,  in  Mr.  J.  U.  Giesy's 
"All  for  His  Country"  (Macaulay),  a  marvellous 
airship  is  brought  into  being,  by  which  the  enemy 
is  routed.  This  airship  depends  for  its  flight  upon 
what  may  be  termed  "  negative  gravity,"  a  screen 
of  radium  shutting  off  the  attraction  toward  the 
earth's  surface,  whereupon  it  rises  by  centrifugal 
motion.  This  is  not  only  unsatisfactory  as  physics, 
but  the  same  idea,  minus  the  radium,  was  used  in 
a  magazine  story  not  many  years  ago.  The  book 
is  highly  sensational,  and  is  not  likely  to  help  us 
solve  our  difficulties  with  Japan. 

Mrs.  Juliet  Wilbor  Tompkins's  "  Diantha " 
(Century  Co.)  is  a  Cinderella  story,  in  which  the 
unbeautiful  twin,  disciplined  to  give  up  every- 
thing to  her  lovely  and  selfish  sister,  is  brought  to 
an  even  greater  beauty  through  the  curative  power 
of  a  surgical  operation,  so  that  she  comes  to  her 
heritage  lovely  both  in  soul  and  body.  That  seems 
an  ideal  combination  —  so  much  so  that  the  lover 
who  comes  a-wooing  before  the  transformation 
seems  not  quite  good  enough  for  her  afterward, 
so  far  as  the  reader  is  concerned. 

Mr,  II.  II.  Knibbs's  hero,  who  lends  his  name 
to  the  story  called  "  Sundown  Slim"  (Houghton), 
begins  as  a  rather  worthless  and  cowardly  tramp 
in  the  cattle  country,  and  ends  as  a  useful  member 
of  society.  Though  the  stress  of  the  narrative  is 
on  the  exciting  events  which  ensue  upon  open 
warfare  between  cattle  and  sheep  men,  the  devel- 
opment of  the  man's  character  is  really  the  impor- 
tant thing.  There  is  genuine  humor  in  the  story. 

Australian  life  in  the  upper  middle  class  is  the 
background  of  Mrs.  Doris  Egerton  Jones's  "  Time 
o'  Day"  (Jacobs).  The  title  is  taken  from  the 
heroine's  name,  Thyme  O'Dea,  and  the  story  is 
told  by  her  to  her  great-grandchildren  in  posse. 
One  hopes  the  author  is  mistaken  in  regarding  her 
heroine  as  typical  of  social  life  on  the  other  side 
of  the  globe,  yet  she  is  evidently  in  love  with  the 
girl. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


The  European  war  has  brought 

A  Belgian  s 

prophecy  of  into  general  notice  certain  neg- 
mr-  lected  books  which  now  appear 
in  the  light  of  subsequent  events  to  have  been 
singularly  clairvoyant.  The  late  Professor 
Cramb's  eloquent  lectures  afford  the  best- 
known  example.  But  for  defmiteness  of 
forecast  no  other  work  equals  Dr.  Charles 
Sarolea's  "The  Anglo-German  Problem"  (Put- 
nam). We  have  here  to  do  not  merely  with 
intelligent  anticipation,  but  with  almost  un- 
canny prophecy.  Published  in  1912  to  warn 
England  of  the  menace  from  Germany,  the 
book  fell  flat  and  was  even  contemptuously 
dismissed  by  leading  English  newspapers  as 
alarmist  and  sensational.  The  following  sen- 
tences, scattered  through  the  book,  now  seem 
more  like  portents  than  scare  mongerings : 

"  Europe  is  drifting  slowly  but  steadily  towards 
an  awful  catastrophe  which,  if  it  does  happen,  will 
throw  back  civilization  for  the  coming  generation." 

"  It  is  true  that  in  theory  the  neutrality  of 
Belgium  is  guaranteed  by  international  treaties; 
but  when  I  observe  the  signs  of  the  times,  the 
ambitions  of  the  German  rulers,  and  when  I  con- 
sider such  indications  as  the  recent  extension  of 
strategic  railways  on  the  Belgian-German  frontiers, 
I  do  not  look  forward  with  any  feeling  of  se- 
curity to  future  contingencies  in  the  event  of  a 
European  war." 

"And  not  only  is  German  Socialism  not  as 
strong,  neither  is  it  as  pacifist  as  is  generally  sup- 
posed. .  .  Many  things  in  Germany  are  national 
which  elsewhere  are  universal.  And  in  Germany 
Socialism  is  becoming  national,  as  German  po- 
litical economy  is  national,  as  German  science  is 
national,  as  German  religion  is  national." 

"  German  contemporary  history  illustrates  once 
more  a  general  law  of  history,  that  the  dread  of  a 
civil  war  is  often  a  direct  cause  of  a  foreign  warr 
and  that  the  ruling  classes  are  driven  to  seek  out- 
side a  diversion  from  internal  difficulties." 

"  Very  few  observers  have  pointed  out  one 
special  reason  why  the  personal  methods  of  the 
Kaiser  will  prove  in  the  end  dangerous  to  peace  — 
namely,  that  they  have  tended  to  paralyze  or 
destroy  the  methods  of  diplomacy." 

"  In  vain  does  the  Kaiser  assure  us  of  his 
pacific  intentions:  a  ruler  cannot  with  impunity 
glorify  for  ever  the  wars  of  the  past,  spend  most 
of  the  resources  of  his  people  on  the  prepara- 
tions for  the  wars  of  the  future,  encourage  the 
warlike  spirit,  make  the  duel  compulsory  on  officers 
and  the  Mensur  honorable  to  students,  place  his 
chief  trust  in  his  Junkers,  who  live  and  move  and 
have  their  being  in  the  game  of  war,  foster  the 
aggressive  spirit  in  the  nation,  and  hold  out  am- 
bitions which  can  be  fulfilled  only  by  an  appeal 
to  arms." 

In  view  of  the  above  passages,  to  which  others 
of  a  like  nature  might  be  added,  it  is  small 


68 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


wonder  that  the  book  is  now  attracting-  wide- 
spread attention.  Apart  from  any  adventi- 
tious interest,  it  deserves  careful  reading  for 
its  fairness,  moderation,  and  political  insight. 
Although  Dr.  Sarolea  is  a  Belgian,  and  was 
therefore  in  1912  a  disinterested  neutral,  his 
attitude  was  even  then  one  of  frank  sympathy 
for  England,  because  British  rule  "is  to-day 
the  most  just,  the  most  moderate,  the  most 
tolerant,  and  the  most  adaptable,  the  most 
progressive,  government  of  the  modern  world." 


Japanese  an  As  an  interpretation  of  "The 
interpreted  by  Spirit  of  Japanese  Art,"  Yone 
Noguchi's  little  book  in  the  ex- 
cellent "Wisdom  of  the  East  Series"  (But- 
ton) would  be  more  convincing  were  the 
author's  command  of  English  adequate  for  the 
expression  of  his  ideas  with  clearness  and  pre- 
cision. Professor  Noguchi  is,  however,  a  poet 
and  a  thinker ;  and  if,  to  the  Occidental  mind, 
his  verbal  imagery  is  sometimes  obscure,  no 
great  effort  on  the  part  of  the  reader  is  re- 
quired to  penetrate  the  meaning  of  even  such 
sentences  as  the  following:  "As  a  certain 
critic  remarked,  the  real  beauty  flies  away  like 
an  angel  whenever  an  intellect  rushes  in  and 
begins  to  speak  itself;  the  intellect,  if  it  has 
anything  to  do,  certainly  likes  to  show  itself 
up  too  much,  with  no  consideration  for  the 
general  harmony  that  would  soon  be  wounded 
by  it."  This  is  the  way  he  looks  upon  the 
criticism  of  Utamaro's  works  made  in  that 
artist's  day  by  those  who  "  saw  the  moral  and 
the  lesson  but  not  the  beauty  and  the  picture." 
The  ten  short  papers  that  make  up  the  volume 
have  for  their  themes  the  works  of  eight 
artists  of  the  last  three  centuries,  "Ukiyoye 
Art  in  Original,"  and  "Western  Art  in 
Japan."  Their  chief  claim  to  consideration 
lies  in  their  presentation  of  the  views  of  an 
educated  Japanese  of  the  present  day  who  is 
impressed  by  the  inherent  worth  of  the  classic 
art  of  the  Far  East,  and  yet  is  able  to  perceive 
much  intrinsic  merit  in  the  work  of  such 
artists  as  Kyosai  and  Tsukioka  Yoshitoshi. 
Such  catholicity  of  taste  savors  somewhat  of 
indiscriminate  admiration.  But  Professor 
Noguchi  does  not  write  as  a  critic ;  indeed  he 
exclaims,  "  Criticism  ?  Why,  that  is  the  art 
for  people  imperfect  in  health,  thin  and  tired." 
He  aims  instead  to  present  the  emotional  sub- 
jectivity of  which  he  asserts  that  to  lose  it 
"  against  the  canvas,  or,  I  will  say  here  in 
Japan,  the  silk,  is  the  first  and  last  thing." 
With  some  of  his  dicta  it  is  impossible  to  agree, 
as  when  he  claims  that  the  greatest  praise  we 
can  give  to  any  works  of  art  is  that  "they 
never  owed  one  thing  to  money  or  payment 
for  their  existence."  A  few  misspellings  of 


proper  names,  as  "  Hopper  "  instead  of  Hap- 
per,  and  "  Fenellosa "  for  Fenollosa,  mar  the 
pages ;  and  in  saying  that  Katsukawa  Shun- 
sho  "  died  in  1792  at  the  age  of  ninety-seven  " 
the  author  overstates  that  artist's  years  by 
thirty-one.  Against  these  slight  blemishes  he 
must  be  credited  with  having  coined  some  de- 
lightfully felicitous  phrases..  Of  Kwaigetsudo 
Dohan  he  says  " he  might  be  the  cleverest"  of 
the  Kwaigetsudo  group,  but  "  his  colour- 
harmony  is  marred  by  ostentatious  impru- 
dence." And  in  the  opening  sentences  of  the 
Introduction  we  have  these  significant  words : 

"In  the  Ashikaga  age  (1335-1573)  the  best 
Japanese  artists,  like  Sesshu  and  his  disciples,  for 
instance,  true  revolutionists  in  art,  not  mere  rebels, 
whose  Japanese  simplicity  was  strengthened  and 
clarified  by  Chinese  suggestion,  were  in  the  truest 
meaning  of  the  word  Buddhist  priests,  who  sat 
before  the  inextinguishable  lamp  of  faith,  and 
sought  their  salvation  by  the  road  of  silence ;  their 
studios  were  in  the  Buddhist  temple,  east  of  the 
forests  and  west  of  the  hills,  dark  without  and 
luminous  within  with  the  symbols  of  all  beauty 
of  nature  and  heaven.  And  their  artistic  work 
was  a  sort  of  prayer-making,  to  satisfy  their  own 
imagination,  .  .  they  drew  pictures  to  create  abso- 
lute beauty  and  grandeur,  that  made  their  own 
human  world  look  almost  trifling,  and  directly 
joined  themselves  with  eternity." 

It  is  not  easy  to  see  how  this  could  be  put  more 
finely  or  more  cogently. 


.  .        Dr.    Ludwig    Lewisohn's    "The 

A  survey  and  -.f~,  -^  »>     /  TT       i       i   \      • 

study  of  the         Modern  Drama      (Huebsch)    is 

modern  drama.        ^    logical    succeSsor    of,    though 

it  does  not  supersede,  Dr.  Archibald  Hender- 
son's "  The  Changing  Drama."  Dr.  Lewisohn 
has  paid  less  attention  to  the  social,  scientific, 
moral,  and  aesthetic  causes  underlying  con- 
temporary drama,  arid  has  shown  us  the 
change  accomplished,  so  far  as  that  is  possi- 
ble, rather  than  the  process.  It  is  the  drama 
as  literature  with  which  he  is  chiefly  con- 
cerned. His  first  chapter,  on  "  The  Founda- 
tions," begins  with  Ibsen,  and  is  a  rapid 
historical  and  critical  treatment  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian and  French  movements,  including 
mention  of  the  Theatre  Libre,  the  Freie 
Biihne,  and  the  Independent  Theatre.  The 
succeeding  chapters  are  entitled  "  The  Realis- 
tic Drama  in  France,"  "  The  Naturalistic 
Drama  in  Germany,"  "The  Renaissance  of 
the  English  Drama,"  and  "  The  Neo-Roman- 
tic  Movement  in  the  European  Drama."  At 
the  end,  for  the  convenience  both  of  those  who 
wish  to  make  a  serious  study  of  drama  and 
of  those  who  wish  merely  to  read  profitably 
in  a  fascinating  field,  are  a  number  of  study 
lists,  which  group  representative  plays  ac- 
cording to  character  (realism,  etc.),  subject 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


69 


matter  (social  justice,  sex,  etc.),  and  struc- 
ture (unities).  The  book  concludes  with  a 
valuable  critical  bibliography.  Dr.  Lewisohn 
writes  from  the  fulness  of  exact  knowledge 
that  might  be  expected,  has  the  rare  faculty 
of  knowing  what  to  leave  out,  possesses  a 
rapid  and  easy  style,  and  has  the  poetic  gift  of 
communicating  delicate  critical  apprecia- 
tions in  the  happy  phrase.  He  covers  the 
vast  field  (vast  even  without  Italy,  Spain,  and 
Russia,  which  the  reader  will  miss)  without 
a  heavy  or  uninteresting  page.  His  criticism 
is  exacting  without  being  unsympathetic.  If 
the  reader  sometimes  feels  that  full  justice 
has  not  been  rendered  the  individual  drama- 
tist, he  will  probably  detect  the  cause  in  the 
fact  that  Dr.  Lewisohn  sees  all  drama  against 
the  background  of  Hauptmann  and  natural- 
ism. A  certain  liability  to  injustice  must  in- 
here in  a  book  that  includes  such  opposites  as 
German  naturalism  and  Irish  neo-roman- 
ticism.  Surely  we  may  like  both  Hauptmann 
and  Synge;  but  we  can  hardly  like,  as  well 
as  he  deserves,  either  one  in  the  presence  of 
the  other.  Yet  no  one  could  ask  for  greater 
judicial  temper  in  a  critic  than  Dr.  Lewisohn 
displays.  Especial  note  should  be  taken  of 
Dr.  Lewisohn's  opinion  that  under  present 
conditions  it  is  more  important  for  American 
universities  to  train  audiences  than  to  attempt 
the  production  of  dramatists.  The  student 
and  general  reader  could  do  nothing  more 
profitable  than  to  use  this  book  and  Dr.  Hen- 
derson's in  connection  with  the  twenty  repre- 
sentative plays  reprinted  in  Mr.  Dickinson's 
"Chief  Contemporary  Dramatists."  All  of 
these  books  reflect  the  greatest  credit  upon 
American  critical  scholarship. 


A  soldier's  ^    natural    eagerness    to    learn 

narrative,  by        some  particulars  of  the  life  and 

General  Joffre.         j       j          .0.1.1  -i  IT  i 

deeds  of  the  silent  soldier  who 
at  present  seems  to  hold  the  destinies  of 
France  in  his  hands  will  insure  a  welcome  to 
the  only  book  he  has  ever  written,  and  proba- 
bly the  only  one  he  ever  will  write, —  "My 
March  to  Timbuctoo'.'  (Duffield), which  comes 
out  at  this  time  in  an  English  rendering  by 
his  compatriot,  the  Abbe  Ernest  Dimnet,  who 
also  contributes  a  most  acceptable  biographi- 
cal introduction  of  nearly  fifty  pages,  tracing 
the  development  of  the  tardily  discovered 
military  genius  from  his  boyhood  in  southern 
France  to  his  appointment  as  generalissimo 
of  the  French  forces  and  his  masterly  han- 
dling of  the  difficult  situation  of  last  August 
and  September.  General  Joffre  is  now  mid- 
way in  his  sixty-fourth  year,  and  was  already 
forty-one  when,  as  major,  he  was  sent  to  the 
Soudan  to  superintend  the  construction  of  the 


railway  from  Kayes  to  Baf oulabe ;  and  it  was 
in  the  course  of  this  three  years'  sojourn  in 
Africa  that  he  undertook  the  expedition  de- 
scribed by  him  with  military  conciseness  and 
published  with  the  sanction  of  the  Minister 
for  Colonial  Affairs.  The  march  from  Segou 
to  Timbuctoo  and  back,  with  subordinate  ex- 
peditions about  the  latter  place,  all  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  French  influence  in 
that  important  though  almost  inaccessible 
region,  occupied  little  more  than  six  months; 
and  if  the  march  was  as  rapid  as  some  of 
Caesar's  in  Gaul,  the  account  of  it  is  even 
more  terse  and  direct  than  the  famous 
"  Commentaries."  The  same  unpretentious 
plainness  and  simplicity  that  charm  the 
reader  in  Grant's  soldierly  chronicle  are 
found  here,  though  the  French  commander 
has  little  of  fighting  and  nothing  of  complex 
military  strategy  to  record.  He  had  been 
asked  to  tell  his  story,  and  he  told  it  with  no 
waste  of  words.  That  it  was  worth  the  telling 
may  be  inferred  if  merely  from  the  fact  that 
in  the  two  centuries  preceding  his  expedition 
only  three  Europeans  had  visited  Timbuctoo. 
M.  Dimnet,  who  has  written  books  in  French 
and  books  in  English,  shows  a  perfect  com- 
mand of  the  latter  tongue.  A  useful  map 
accompanies  the  narrative. 


The  latest  word  in  municipal 
A  study  of  government  is  the  city  manager- 

city  managership.  n  .  %      .       .  ,  ° 

ship ;  and  it  was  as  desirable  as 
it  was  inevitable  that  there  should  be  included 
at  some  time  in  the  series  of  handbooks  pub- 
lished under  the  auspices  of  the  National 
Municipal  League  a  volume  devoted  to  the 
city  manager  plan.  The  question,  however, 
may  well  be  raised  as  to  whether  the  time  is 
yet  ripe  for  the  preparation  of  such  a  book. 
Certainly  no  one  can  feel  that  Mr.  Harry  A. 
Toulmin,  in  his  volume  entitled  "  City  Man- 
ager: A  New  Profession"  (Appleton),  has 
presented  more  than  the  most  tentative  sort 
of  discussion  of  the  subject.  The  first  city 
manager  was  employed  by  the  city  of  Staun- 
ton,  it  is  true,  as  many  as  seven  years  ago. 
Constitutional  restrictions  made  it  necessary 
in  that  instance,  as  in  Staunton's  sister  city 
of  Fredericksburg,  to  superimpose  the  city 
managership  upon  a  municipal  organization 
of  the  old  mayor-council  type,  and  it  was  not 
until  Sumter,  S.  C.,  adopted  the  plan  in  1912, 
and,  more  notably,  Dayton  and  Springfield  in 
1913,  that  the  city  managership  was  first  em- 
ployed in  conjunction  with  the  commission 
form  of  city  government.  It  is  only  as  a  fea- 
ture of  the  commission  plan  that  the  city 
managership  has  exhibited  large  usefulness 
or  prospect  of  importance.  This  means  that 


70 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


Mr.  Toulmin's  data  are  very  meagre,  being 
drawn  almost  entirely  from  the  experience  of 
Dayton  (the  author's  home  city)  and  Spring- 
field during  barely  a  twelvemonth.  At  that, 
one  searches  the  book  in  vain  for  even  a  brief 
history  of  the  establishment  of  the  plan  in 
these  cities.  Similarly,  when  there  is  under 
review  the  features  of  the  important  Lock- 
port  Proposal  of  1911,  which  failed  in  the 
New  York  legislature  but  was  widely  influen- 
tial throughout  the  country,  the  subject  is 
dropped  abruptly  with  no  indication  of  the 
outcome,  and  is  resumed  only  by  the  presenta- 
tion of  a  synopsis  of  the  plan  in  a  chapter  far 
removed.  To  students  of  municipal  affairs, 
few  subjects  are  just  now  of  larger  interest 
than  the  city  managership  and  its  possibili- 
ties, and  it  will  be  regretted  that  the  volume 
under  review  is  not  a  better  piece  of  work. 
But  it  must  be  reiterated  that  there  has  been 
insufficient  development  to  warrant  the  pub- 
lication just  now  of  a  book  upon  the  subject. 
A  fifty-page  pamphlet  presenting  the  history 
and  first  results  of  the  city  managership  in 
Dayton  and  Springfield,  or  in  Dayton  alone, 
would  have  met  the  present  need.  Into  it 
could  have  been  put  all  that  is  new  or  worth 
while  in  Mr.  Toulmin's  volume  of  six  times 
the  size. 


Men  and 
women  of 
new  France. 


The  war  has  revealed  a  new 
France,  "silent,  resolute,  and  im- 
perturbable ";  decadent  France 
lias  disappeared.  Who  has  wrought  the 
change?  Mr.  Charles  Dawbarn  attempts  to 
answer  this  extremely  interesting  question  in 
liis  volume  entitled  "  Makers  of  New  France  " 
(Pott),  containing  sixteen  biographies, — 
sketchy  newspaper  descriptions  of  fourteen 
men  and  two  women.  He  has  evidently  seen 
or  met  all  the  persons  dealt  with  in  his  book ; 
but  the  information  contained  in  the  various 
chapters  is  very  meagre,  and  in  many  cases 
does  not  justify  the  inclusion  of  the  subject 
•of  the  chapter  among  the  "makers  of  new 
France."  More  objectivity,  more  "meat," 
more  definiteness,  less  fine  writing,  would 
nave  made  the  volume  more  valuable.  Fur- 
thermore, there  is  no  clear  evidence  that  Mr. 
Dawbarn  had  a  well  defined  idea  of  what  the 
"new  France"  is  like,  or  that  he  used  this 
idea  as  a  touchstone  in  selecting  the  "makers 
of  new  France."  Take,  for  example,  the  two 
women,  Madame  Paquin  and  Mile.  Miropol- 
sky,  —  the  one  a  world-famous  dressmaker, 
the  other  a  lawyer  of  twenty-six.  By  no 
stretch  of  the  imagination  can  this  interesting 
young  avocate  be  made  responsible  for  the 
"new"  France  of  which  she  is  clearly  a 
product.  And  what  that  is  "  new  "  in  France 


shall  we  attribute  to  Madame  Paquin,  bril- 
liant and  successful  woman  though  she  is? 
All  Mr.  Dawbarn's  subjects  are  important 
figures  in  the  France  of  to-day,  some  more 
so,  some  less;  but  that  is  nowise  equivalent 
to  saying  that  they  are  the  makers  of  France. 
And  what  shall  we  say  of  the  names  that 
have  been  omitted?  Among  the  "makers  of 
new  France,"  we  look  in  vain  for  the  name 
of  an  artist ;  not  even  Rodin  has  found  favor. 
A  France  without  an  artist  is  indeed  a  "  new  " 
France !  Among  the  writers  there  is  no  Ros- 
tand and  no  Rolland,  only  Anatole  France, 
Finot,  and  Brieux.  To  be  sure,  Rostand  is 
of  the  older  generation;  but  so  also  is  Ana- 
tole France,  and  Rolland  must  be  numbered 
among  the  big  men  of  the  new  generation. 
Mr.  Dawbarn  had  a  suspicion  that  we  might 
"wonder  why  one  is  admitted  and  another 
refused,"  and  attempted  to  forestall  unfavor- 
able criticism  by  explaining  that  "  the  gallery 
is  obviously  limited  by  the  covers  of  a  book." 
What  he  has  given  us  is  but  "the  head  of 
the  procession  moving  toward  the  sun."  Per- 
haps ;  but  he  had  no  clear  vision  of  the  "  new 
France,"  no  means  of  infallibly  discerning  its 
makers,  and  he  has  failed  to  make  clear  to  us 
the  importance  of  the  role  of  those  upon  whom 
his  choice  fell.  

In  the  last  few  years  a  number 
A  comprehensive  of  serviceable  handbooks  on  the 

library  manual.  „  •  „  , 

use  or  the  library  have  come 
from  authoritative  sources  and  have  met  cer- 
tain needs  with  different  readers  and  with 
different  emphasis  upon  the  various  subdivi- 
sions of  the  general  theme.  We  have  had  Mr. 
Gilbert  0.  Ward's  elementary  manual  on 
"  The  Practical  Use  of  Books  and  Libraries," 
and  Mr.  Charles  P.  Chipman's  "Books  and 
Libraries,"  and  Miss  Gilson's  "  Course  of 
Study  for  Normal  School  Pupils  on  the  Use 
of  a  Library,"  not  to  mention  the  series  of 
practical  treatises  on  library  matters  by  Mr. 
John  Cotton  Dana  and  his  corps  of  assistants. 
Now  we  have,  from  the  librarian  and  the 
assistant  librarian  in  the  University  of  Ten- 
nessee, Miss  Lucy  E.  Fay  and  Miss  Anne  T. 
Eaton,  respectively,  a  more  generally  compre- 
hensive and,  one  might  say,  popularly  useful 
work  than  any  of  the  above-named.  It  is  enti- 
tled "  Instruction  in  the  Use  of  Books  and 
Libraries"  (Boston  Book  Co.);  and  though 
announcing  itself  "  a  textbook  for  normal 
schools  and  colleges,"  it  is  equally  adapted  to 
self-instruction,  and  might  well  have  a  place 
in  the  bookcase  of  every  family  as  a  compe- 
tent guide  to  the  intelligent  use  of  the  local 
public  library  or  to  the  formation  of  a  private 
library.  Divided  into  three  parts  in:  one 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


71 


•octavo  volume  of  449  pages,  it  considers, 
first,  "  the  use  of  books,"  then  "  selection  of 
books  and  children's  literature,"  and,  finally, 
'"  the  administration  of  school  libraries/'  a 
more  technical  or  professional  theme  than  the 
general  reader  will  care  to  concern  himself 
with.  Its  book-lists  and  other  bibliographical 
matter  show  care  and  judgment,  with  a 
reliance  on  the  best  authorities.  Pen-and-ink 
drawings,  where  needed  to  explain  the  text  or 
.add  to  its  interest,  are  supplied  by  Mrs.  Nor- 
man B.  Morrell,  and  a  good  general  index 
closes  the  book.  The  authors  have  done  their 
work  so  well  as  to  make  it  improbable  that 
the  same  task  will  have  to  be  undertaken  again 
for  a  long  while. 


.Strathcona  as 
the  evil  genius 
of  Canada. 


Mr.  W.  T.  R.  Preston  wisely 
waited  until  his  subject  was 
dead  before  publishing  his  book 
•on  "  Strathcona  and  the  Making  of  Canada  " 
(McBride,  Nast  &  Co.).  Among  the  least 
•offensive  of  the  comments  upon  Lord  Strath- 
cona's  life  and  character  of  which  the  book 
mainly  consists  is  this:  "He  was  as  punc- 
tilious about  paying  off  personal  scores  as  in 
paying  his  debts."  The  same  statement  would 
perhaps  be  as  charitable  a  way  of  character- 
izing Mr.  Preston's  attitude  toward  his  subject 
as  one  would  be  justified  in  adopting.  The 
book  is,  in  fact,  a  fairly  clever  sketch  of  the 
life  of  Strathcona,  particularly  of  his  connec- 
tion with  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  in 
which  every  public  scandal  of  the  past  half 
century  of  Canadian  history  is  dragged  out  to 
•serve  as  a  background  for  one  who  is  pictured 
as  the  evil  genius  of  his  country.  Chapter 
after  chapter  is  made  up  for  the  most  part  of 
.statements  and  insinuations,  damning  to 
Strathcona's  memory,  for  which  we  are  offered 
no  better  proof  than  Mr.  Preston's  word,  or  a 
reported  conversation  between  Mr.  Preston 
and  some  contemporary  of  Strathcona's,  who 
curiously  enough  always  happens  to  be  dead. 
The  book  is  decidedly  one  that  leaves  an  un- 
pleasant taste  in  the  mouth.  The  only  point 
about  this  vindictive  biography  which  is  left 
in  the  dark  is  the  particular  grievance  which 
Mr.  Preston  had  against  Lord  Strathcona, 
when  he  set  himself  the  task  of  writing  the 
latter's  life.  

There  must  be  many  readers 
lhhu?neanbTing.  who  are  utterly  weary  of  books 

on  the  war.  To  such  be  it  said 
that  "The  Human  German"  (Button),  by 
Mr.  Edward  Edgeworth,  has  not  the  remotest 
connection  with  the  struggle  now  convulsing 
Europe.  It  is  a  whimsical,  ironical,  yet  sym- 
pathetic estimate  of  the  human  qualities  in 


the  individual  German  and  in  his  collective 
achievements.  Though  the  author  is  evidently 
an  Englishman,  he  has  written  without  na- 
tional prejudice;  indeed,  he  has  as  sharp 
things  to  say  of  his  own  countrymen  as  of 
foreigners.  With  Berlin  as  his  centre,  he  sur- 
veys the  67,000,000  Germans,  their  habits  and 
institutions,  and  finds  them  all  menschlich, 
allzumenschlich, —  that  is  to  say,  creatures  of 
human  frailty,  but  for  that  reason  of  human 
interest  and  likableness.  Even  in  the  porten- 
tous and  forbidding  German  State,  a  human 
nucleus  is  discovered.  This  genial  tolerance 
is  plentifully  spiced  with  a  sense  of  humor 
and  a  perception  of  the  ridiculousness  of  most 
of  the  ways  and  works  of  men.  The  author  is 
a  capital  raconteur,  and  some  of  his  stories 
(for  example,  that  of  the  disconcerting  experi- 
ment of  the  eugenics  professor)  are  memora- 
ble. Happily,  however,  his  book  is  not  for  the 
most  part  anecdotal,  but  is  pitched  in  a  more 
impersonal  key.  Though  ideas  are  not  fon- 
dled for  their  own  sake,  the  human  material 
is  everywhere  discussed  in  a  vein  of  philoso- 
phic banter.  The  result  is  highly  amusing,  if 
not  always  formally  instructive.  When  the 
reader  has  finished,  he  has  perhaps  not  learned 
many  new  facts  about  Germany,  but  he  has 
certainly  come  to  know  the  Germans  better; 
and  more  surely  still  he  has  made  the  acquain- 
tance of  Mr.  Edgeworth,  whose  idiosyncrasies 
of  mind  and  temperament  make  up  a  person- 
ality well  worth  cultivating.  Altogether  this 
is  a  very  human  book  by  a  very  human  writer 
about  a  people  who  are  by  no  means  as  inhu- 
man as  their  methods  of  warfare  indicate. 


The  development  in  pre-revolu- 
tiasls-ma~ier.  tionary  times  in  Eastern  Penn- 
sylvania of  a  notable  industry  in 
the  manufacture  of  glassware  of  considerable 
artistic  merit  both  in  form  and  color  is  related 
in  Mr.  Frederick  W.  Hunter's  "Stiegel  Glass" 
(Houghton) .  The  work  is  the  result  of  the  au- 
thor's enthusiastic  efforts  as  connoisseur  and 
collector  in  gathering  the  Hunter  collection 
of  colonial  glassware  now  in  the  Metropolitan 
Museum  of  New  York.  It  recounts  his  diffi- 
culties and  successes  in  ferreting  out  the  his- 
tory of  Baron  Stiegel,  his  family  connections, 
his  land,  iron,  and  glass  ventures,  his  colonial 
and  foreign  trade,  his  efforts  (by  means  of 
the  American  Flint  Glass  Lottery)  to  recoup 
his  losses  due  to  over-zealous  expansion  and  to 
the  approach  of  the  War  of  Independence. 
There  is  much  information  about  the  methods 
of  manufacture  employed,  verified  by  excava- 
tions on  the  sites  of  Stiegel's  three  factories, 
and  comparisons  of  these  findings  with  extant 
specimens  of  the  handicraft  of  these  colonial 


72 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15 


artisans.  The  work  is  illustrated  by  twelve 
plates  in  color,  and  159  fine  half-tones  por- 
traying the  range  in  shapes  and  decorations. 
Diaries  and  account  books  have  been  ran- 
sacked to  determine  the  dates  of  the  enter- 
prises, and  to  develop  an  interesting  picture 
of  the  efforts  of  this  enthusiastic  but  vision- 
ary manufacturer  to  extend  the  sale  of  his 
wares  in  competition  with  those  from  Euro- 
pean makers.  Brief  accounts  of  other  colonial 
ventures  in  glass-making  are  also  given.  The 
work  is  well  written,  and  is  full  of  interest  as 
a  picture  of  industrial  conditions  in  colonial 
times,  as  well  as  of  colonial  art  and  handicraft. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

Mr.  E.  Belfort  Bax,  the  author  of  several  works 
on  Socialism,  has  written  a  volume  entitled  "  Ger- 
man Culture,  Past  and  Present"  (McBride,  Nast 
&  Co.),  which  describes  the  mediaeval  civilization 
of  Germany  during  the  Reformation  period.  As  a 
socialist,  the  author  believes  in  the  economic  inter- 
pretation, rather  than  the  "  great  man "  theory. 
Consequently,  there  is  less  mention  of  Luther  than 
of  the  peasants'  revolts,  the  Anabaptist  movement, 
the  collapse  of  knighthood,  and  such  like  general 
tendencies.  The  two  concluding  chapters,  dealing 
with  that  modern  German  culture  which  is  based 
on  militarism  and  national  efficiency,  seem  an 
afterthought  suggested  by  the  war. 

Five  titles  constitute  the  beginning  of  a  new 
series  to  be  known  as  "  The  Nation's  Library,"  each 
volume  being  written  especially  for  the  series  by  a 
well-known  authority.  They  are  as  follows: 
"  Eugenics,"  by  Dr.  Edgar  Schuster ;  "  Modern 
Views  on  Education,"  by  Dr.  Thiselton  Mark; 
"  The  Principles  of  Evolution,"  by  Mr.  Joseph 
McCabe;  "The  Star  World,"  by  Professor  A.  C. 
de  la  Crommelin ;  and  "  Socialism  and  Syndical- 
ism," by  Mr.  Philip  Snowden.  In  each  instance, 
both  in  these  volumes  and  in  those  in  prospect,  the 
aim  is  to  view  the  specialized  information  on  the 
subject  in  its  relationship  to  modern  life  and 
thought.  (Baltimore:  Warwick  &  York,  Inc.) 

Mr.  Arnold  Wynne's  "  The  Growth  of  English 
Drama"  (Oxford  Press)  is  a  simply  and  ad- 
mirably planned  book.  After  four  chapters  on 
"  Early  Church  Drama  on  the  Continent,"  "  En- 
glish Miracle  Plays,"  "  Moralities  and  Interludes," 
and  "  Rise  of  Comedy  and  Tragedy,"  the  writer 
treats  comedy  and  tragedy  separately  down  to 
and  including  Nash  and  Marlowe,  and  concludes 
the  work  with  an  appendix  on  the  Elizabethan 
Stage.  The  feature  which  gives  Mr.  Wynne's 
book  individuality,  insures  it  against  the  charge 
of  repetition  of  familiar  matter,  and  makes  its 
writing  a  real  service  to  literature,  is  his  generous 
use  of  well-selected  passages  in  illustration  of 
characteristic  plays.  There  is  enough  of  this  in 
the  volume  to  make  it  a  study  of  literature  as  well 
as  a  study  about  literature.  The  special  student 
will  find  the  book  a  convenience,  while  for  the 
general  reader  it  will  supply  a  real  need. 


NOTES. 


"The  Landloper"  is  the  title  of  Mr.  Holman 
Day's  new  novel,  which  Messrs.  Harper  will  issue 
this  month. 

Mr.  George  Kennan,  whose  "  Tent  Life  in 
Siberia  "  originally  appeared  forty-five  years  ago, 
has  a  volume  of  Russian  stories  and  sketches  in 
the  press,  to  be  published  during  the  summer 
under  the  title  of  "A  Russian  Comedy  of  Errors." 

Of  especial  interest  in  "  The  English  Review  " 
for  June  is  the  first  instalment  of  Maxim  Gorki's 
vividly  written  autobiography.  As  with  nearly  all 
other  English  periodicals  at  this  time,  the  contents 
of  this  issue  are  devoted  almost  wholly  to  contribu- 
tions having  to  do  with  the  great  war. 

A  series  of  about  one  hundred  letters,  many  of 
them  never  before  published,  written  by  Washing- 
ton Irving  to  Henry  Brevoort  between  the  years 
1807  and  1843,  will  appear  in  the  autumn  with  the 
imprint  of  Messrs.  Putnam.  The  volume  is  edited 
by  Mr.  George  S.  Hellman,  who  also  contributes 
an  Introduction. 

"  Why  Europe  is  at  War  "  is  the  title  of  a  vol- 
ume soon  to  come  from  Messrs.  Putnam.  It  is 
made  up  of  essays  by  writers  from  each  of  the 
belligerent  Powers,  giving  reasons  why  their  re- 
spective countries  are  at  war,  together  with  a  con- 
cluding chapter  expressing  the  point  of  view  of 
the  United  States. 

Goncharov's  "  Oblomov,"  in  which  the  author 
created  a  type  which  has  taken  its  place  in  Rus- 
sian literature  as  firmly  as  that  taken  by  Pecksniff 
in  English  literature  and  Tartuffe  in  the  literature 
of  France,  has  been  translated  from  the  Russian 
by  C.  J.  Hogarth  for  an  English  edition  which  is 
now  in  preparation. 

Arrangements  have  been  completed  by  Mr.  Lau- 
rence J.  Gomme  for  publishing  "  The  Anthology 
of  Magazine  Verse  for  1915,"  compiled,  as  usual, 
by  Mr.  William  Stanley  Braithwaite.  Mr.  Gomme 
has  found  it  necessary  to  issue  a  new  edition  of  the 
anthology  for  1914,  which  he  now  has  ready.  He 
has  also  published  Mr.  Clinton  Scollard's  "  The 
Vale  of  Shadows,  and  Other  Poems  of  the  Great 
War." 

A  new  volume  in  the  "  Countries  and  Peoples 
Series  "  is  in  preparation  by  Messrs.  Scribner  and 
will  be  published  before  long.  It  is  entitled 
"  Scandinavia  of  the  Scandinavians  "  and  is  writ- 
ten by  Mr.  Henry  Goddard  Leach  of  New  York, 
Secretary  of  the  American  Scandinavian  Founda- 
tion, who  has  lived  several  years  in  Scandinavia. 
It  will  describe  the  daily  life  and  the  habits  of 
thought  of  the  three  northern  nations,  Denmark, 
Norway,  and  Sweden. 

Sir  Henry  Newbolt  has  written  a  book  for  boys 
on  the  European  War,  entitled  "  The  Book  of 
the  Thin  Red  Line,"  which  is  announced  for  early 
issue  by  Messrs.  Longmans.  From  the  same  house 
will  come  Mr.  Maurice  S.  Evans's  "  Black  and 
White  in  the  Southern  States,"  a  study  of  the 
race  problem  in  the  United  States  from  a  South 
African  point  of  view ;  and  a  revised  and  enlarged 
edition  of  Dr.  Charles  Gross's  "  The  Sources  and 
Literature  of  English  History." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


73 


Two  books  on  the  Renaissance  may  shortly  be 
expected.  One  of  these  is  Mr.  Christopher  Hare's 
illustrated  "  Life  and  Letters  in  the  Italian 
Renaissance,"  in  which  the  author  contrasts  the 
lives  of  writers  and  thinkers  from  Lorenzo  the 
Magnificent  to  Machiavelli  and  Baldassare  Castig- 
lione  with  the  pomp  and  splendor  of  their  time; 
the  other  is  a  "  History  of  the  Renaissance :  The 
Protestant  Revolution  and  the  Catholic  Reforma- 
tion in  Continental  Europe,"  by  Professor  Edward 
M.  Hulme,  of  the  University  of  Idaho. 

Due  to  the  war,  the  "  Statesman's  Year  Book  " 
for  1915,  which  Messrs.  Macmillan  will  soon  issue, 
has  been  subjected  to  a  large  amount  of  revision. 
Egypt  has  been  transferred  to  the  British  Empire, 
the  Turkish  pages  have  been  largely  rewritten,  and 
all  the  countries  included  have  been  brought  as 
far  as  possible  up  to  date.  A  diary  and  bibliog- 
raphy of  the  war  are  included,  together  with  a 
list  of  important  publications  on  the  struggle, 
arranged  according  to  the  countries  of  origin. 

Among  the  books  to  be  issued  in  the  autumn  by 
the  Yale  University  Press  are:  "The  Port  of 
Boston,"  by  Professor  Edwin  J.  Clapp ;  "  Jour- 
neys to  Bagdad,"  by  Mr.  Charles  S.  Brooks; 
"  Symbolic  Poems  of  William  Blake,"  by  Pro- 
fessor Frederick  Erastus  Pierce ;  "  The  Liberty 
of  Citizenship,"  by  the  Hon.  Samuel  W.  McCall; 
"  The  New  Infinite  and  the  Old  Theology,"  by 
Professor  Cassius  J.  Keyser;  "A  Voice  from  the 
Crowd,"  by  Mr.  George  Wharton  Pepper;  aud 
"  Henry  Fielding's  Covent-Garden  Journal," 
edited,  with  an  introduction  and  notes,  by  Pro- 
fessor Gerard  E.  Jensen. 

The  autobiography  of  Richard  Whiteing,  whose 
'•'  Number  5  John  Street "  is  still  remembered  and 
read  nearly  a  score  of  years  after  its  first  publica- 
tion, is  among  the  forthcoming  publications  of 
Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  Mr.  Whiteing's  inti- 
mate association  for  the  last  half  century  with  all 
that  was  best  in  art  and  literature,  and  with  much 
of  what  was  most  interesting  in  social  progress 
both  in  England  and  on  the  Continent,  and  his 
skill  with  the  pen  ought  to  make  his  recollections 
an  interesting  volume.  Before  its  appearance  in 
book  form  a  series  of  chapters  from  the  work  will 
be  published  in  "  The  Bookman,"  beginning  with 
the  July  number. 

Publishing  in  England,  except  for  the  war- 
books,  is  almost  at  a  standstill,  says  "  The  New 
Statesman."  "  In  the  autumn  and  spring  a  con- 
siderable number  of  books  were  published;  but 
these  had  been  almost  all  arranged  for,  and  most 
of  the  expenditure  upon  them  contracted,  before 
the  war.  But  the  publishers  are  now  drawing  in 
their  horns.  Few  new  books  are  coming  out,  and 
authors  are  finding  it  difficult  to  get  commissions 
or  place  manuscripts.  Some  even  of  the  largest 
firms  are  postponing  publication  of  important 
books,  commissioned  long  since,  until  after  the 
war.  New  enterprise  now  is  altogether  too  specu- 
lative for  most  people." 

The  first  volume  of  the  English  translation  of 
Treitschke's  "  History  of  Germany  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century  "  will  be  published  at  once  in  this 
country  by  Messrs.  McBride,  Nast  &  Co.,  with  an 


Introduction  by  Mr.  W.  Harbutt  Dawson  on  "  The 
Extinction  of  the  Empire."  It  carries  the  narra- 
tive from  "  Germany  after  the  Peace  of  West- 
phalia "  to  the  end  of  "  The  War  of  Liberation." 
Volume  II.,  dealing  with  "  The  Beginnings  of  the 
Germanic  Federation,  1814-1819,"  will  follow  in 
September,  and  the  remaining  five  volumes  at 
quarterly  intervals.  Mr.  Dawson  will  write  the 
supplementary  volume,  dealing  with  the  history  of 
Germany  from  the  point  at  which  it  was  left  by 
Treitschke  down  to  date. 

Lovers  of  the  writings  of  John  Muir  will  be 
glad  to  know  that  he  left  at  his  death  a  large  body 
of  important  manuscript  material  which  Messrs. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.,  his  authorized  publishers, 
will  issue  in  the  near  future.  Arrangements  are 
pending  for  the  publication  of  several  character- 
istic records  of  travel  similar  to  Mr.  Muir's  well- 
known  books  on  the  Sierras  and  the  Yosemite,  as 
well  as  for  a  notable  "  Life,  Letters,  and  Journals  " 
which  promises  to  take  its  place  with  the  most 
important  American  publications  of  this  type. 
This  will  be  the  only  biography  of  Mr.  Muir 
authorized  by  the  family,  and  all  persons  who 
have  letters  or  other  material  likely  to  be  of  value 
to  the  biographer  will  confer  a  favor  by  sending 
such  material  to  the  publishers  for  forwarding. 

The  Concordance  Society  issues,  in  "  Circular 
No.  9,"  a  brief  report  of  progress  and  prospects. 
Though  no  publishing  has  been  done  since  the 
appearance  of  the  Wordsworth  concordance  four 
years  ago,  there  are  in  preparation  two  similar 
works,  a  concordance  to  Coleridge,  and  one  to 
Browning,  only  one  of  which  will  the  Society  be 
able  to  assist  in  a  pecuniary  way.  All  members 
are  invited  to  indicate  their  preference.  A  Keats 
concordance,  finished  by  its  compilers  more  than 
a  year  ago,  has  recently  been  accepted  for  publica- 
tion by  the  Carnegie  Institution.  Other  like  under- 
takings enjoying  assistance  from  the  same  quarter 
and  soon  to  be  completed,  in  book-form,  are  Pro- 
fessor Lane  Cooper's  "  Concordance  to  Horace " 
and  a  "  Concordance  to  Spenser."  A  concordance 
to  Goethe's  poems  is  also  projected.  Stronger 
support  and  increased  membership  are  asked  for 
by  the  Society. 

Mr.  Sidney  Low  has  edited  a  series  of  essays  on 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  Allied  Nations,"  contributed 
by  various  writers,  each  of  whom  is  an  authority 
on  his  subject.  "  The  Spirit  of  France  "  is  dealt 
with  by  Paul  Studer,  Taylorian  Professor  of  the 
Romance  Languages  in  the  University  of  Oxford; 
"  The  Spirit  of  Russia,"  by  Alexis  Aladin,  late  a 
member  of  the  Russian  Duma ;  "  The  Spirit  of 
Belgium,"  by  Paul  Hamelius,  Professor  of  English 
Literature  in  the  University  of  Liege ;  "  The  Spirit 
of  the  Serb,"  by  Dr.  R.  W.  Seton- Watson,  author 
of  "The  Southern  Slav  Question";  "The  Spirit 
of  Japan,"  by  J.  H.  Longford,  Professor  of  Japa- 
nese at  King's  College,  University  of  London ;  and 
"  The  Spirit  of  the  British  Empire  and  its  Allies," 
by  the  editor.  Mr.  Low  also  summarizes  the  con- 
clusions of  the  various  writers  in  an  introductory 
essay,  and  adds  some  personal  notes  of  a  recent 
visit  to  the  French  battle  zone.  The  volume  is 
announced  for  immediate  publication. 


74 


THE   DIAL 


[July  15. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

July,  1915. 

Advertising,  A  New  Essay  in  the  Psychology  of  Unpopular 
Aerial  Warfare  and  International  Law.  A.  de 

Lapradelle Scribner 

Aeroplane  in  Warfare,  The.  C.  L.  Freeston  .  .  Scribner 
Allies,  Selling  Arms  to  the.  Horace  White  .  .  No.  Amer. 
American  Citizenship  for  Germans.  Wayne 

MacVeagh No.  Amer. 

Anglo-French  Commercial  Rivalry.  C.  M. 

Andrews Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

Anglo-German  Rivalry,  Future  of.  Bertrand  Russell  Atlantic 

Autistic  Thinking.  Pearce  Bailey Scribner 

Balkans  and  the  War,  The.  Ivan  Yovitchevitch  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Ballad  Poetry,  Tragic  Art  of.  E.  G.  Cox  ....  So.  Atl. 
Beauty  and  the  Theatrical  Ambition.  Virginia  Tracy  Century 
Berkeley's  Influence  on  Literature.  C.  A.  Moore  .  So.  Atl. 
Berkshires,  Motoring  in  the.  Louise  C.  Hale  .  .  Century 
British  Generalship.  Alfred  G.  Gardiner  ....  Atlantic 
Bryan,  The  Revolt  of.  George  Harvey  ....  No.  Amer. 
Business  and  Democracy.  J.  L.  Laughlin  .  .  .  Atlantic 
California,  Floral  Features  of.  LeRoy  Abrams  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Cawein,  Madison.  H.  Houston  Peckham  ....  So.  Atl. 

Cezanne.  Willard  H.  Wright Forum 

Chemistry,  Modern,  The  Dawn  of.  J.  M.  Stillman  .  Pop.  Sc. 
China,  The  Peril  of.  Gardner  L.  Harding  .  .  .  Century 
Chinese,  Moral  Development  of  the.  F.  G.  Henke  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Civil  War,  French  Opinions  of  Our.  L.  M.  Sears  Mid-West 
Classical  Romanticist,  A.  George  R.  Throop  .  .  Mid- West 

College,  The  Presidency  of  a  Small Unpopular 

Commercial  Attaches  and  Foreign  Trade.  A.  L. 

Bishop Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

Compensation  and  Business  Ethics.  R.  W.  Bruere  Harper 
Cooperation  among  Grocers  in  Philadelphia.  E.  M. 

Patterson Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

Criticism,  Square  Deal  in.  Florence  K.  Kelly  .  .  Bookman 
Culture,  Ancient,  Decline  of.  W.  L.  Westermann  Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

Dardanelles,  Fate  of  the.  Edwin  Pears Yale 

Dixie,  The  Waterway  to.  W.  J.  Aylward  ....  Harper 
Drake,  Joseph  Rodman.  A.  E.  Corning  ....  Bookman 

Dramatic  Criticism,  A  Diagnosis  of Unpopular 

Dutch  Art,  Modern.  A.  T.  Van  Laer Scribner 

Dynamite,  The  Manufacture  of.  Joseph  Husband  .  Atlantic 
England.  Houston  Stewart  Chamberlain  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
English  Cabinet,  The  New.  Sydney  Brooks  .  .  No.  Amer. 
English  Characteristics.  James  D.  Whelpley  .  .  Century 
English  Constitution,  The  War  and  the.  Lindsay 

Rogers Forum 

Euripides,  The  Plays  of.  Will  Hutchins  ....  Forum 
Experience,  Literary  Uses  of.  Elisabeth  Woodbridge  Yale 

Fiction,  Free.  Henry  Seidel  Canby Atlantic 

Fields,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  James  T.  Henry  James  .  .  Atlantic 

Fiji,  A  History  of.  Alfred  G.  Mayer Pop.  Sc. 

Flux,  The  Philosophy  of Unpopular 

Foreign  Trade,  No  Mystery  about.  W.  F. 

Wyman World's  Work 

French  Ambulance,  With  a.  Howard  Copland  .  .  .  Yale 
German  Way  of  Thinking,  The.  S.  N.  Patten  .  .  Forum 

Germanic  Statecraft  and  Democracy Unpopular 

Germany,  Modern,  The  Background  of.  F.  C.  Howe  Scribner 
Germany  and  Prussian  Propaganda.  Wilbur  C.  Abbott  Yale 

Germany  and  the  "  Iron  Ring " Unpopular 

"  Gott  Strafe  England  I "  Edward  Lyell  Fox  .  American 
Government  of  To-morrow,  The.  H.  A.  Overstreet  .  Forum 
Grub  Street  Organized.  Louis  Baury  ....  Bookman 
Guerin,  Eugenie  de.  Gamaliel  Bradford  ....  So.  Atl. 

Hay,  John,  and  the  Panama  Republic Harper 

Henry  Street,  The  House  on  —  V.  Lillian  D.  Wald  Atlantic 
Holland,  Imperiled.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  ....  Century 
Home  Rule  for  American  Cities.  Henry  H.  Curran  .  Yale 
Homes,  Good,  for  Workmen.  Ida  M.  Tarbell  .  .  American 
Industrial  Peace,  A  Way  to.  George  Creel  .  .  .  Century 
Italy  and  Her  Rivals.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Italy  in  the  War Unpopular 

James,  William,  Some  Scripts  from Unpopular 

Joffre.  Eugene  Etienne World's  Work 

Justice Unpopular 

Justice,  The  Question  of.  John  C.  Ransom  ....  Yale 
Kilauea :  The  Hawaiian  Volcano.  Cleveland  Moffett  Century 
Kitchener's  Great  Army.  J.  Herbert  Duckworth  American 

Laforgue,  Jules.  James  Huneker No.  Amer. 

Law,  Police,  and  Social  Problems.  N.  D.  Baker  .  Atlantic 
Leatherstocking  Trail,  The.  Ruth  K.  Wood  .  .  Bookman 

Life,  Thoughts  on  the  Meaning  of Unpopular 

Literature,  Current,  and  the  Colleges.  Henry  S.  Canby  Harper 

Luck.  Wilbur  Larremore Forum 

Magazine  in  America,  The  —  V.  Algernon  Tassin  Bookman 
Magna  Carta  and  the  Responsible  Ministry.  G.  B. 

Adams  . .  .  J  .  Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

Mechanistic  Science  and  Metaphysical  Romance.  Jacques 

Loeb Yale 

Meredithians,   Maddening  the.     William   Chislett,   Jr.     Forum 
Mexico,  More  Light  on    .    ,    ,.     ........     Unpopular 

Mexico,  Our  Relations  with.  John  A.  Wyeth  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Militarism  and  Sanity.  Charles  Vale  .  .  .  .  .  .  Forum 


Mistral,  Frederic.  Elizabeth  S.  Sergeant  ....  Century 
Monopoly,  Automatic  Regulation  of.  F.  K. 

Blue Am.  Econ.  Rev. 

Moslems  and  the  War.  George  F.  Herrick  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Mosquito  Sanitation,  Pioneers  in.  L.  O.  Howard  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Mothers  on  the  Pay-roll.  Sherman  M.  Craiger  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Nature  Cult,  The  Conventional Unpopular 

Nicholas  :  Grand  Duke  of  Russia.  Perceval  Gibbon  Everybody's: 

Nietzsche.  P.  H.  Frye Mid-West 

Pacifism,  Dangers  of.  Philip  M.  Brown  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
Pacifism  and  the  French  Revolution.  Charles  Kuhl- 

mann Mid-West 

Panama  Canal :  What  It  Is  Doing.  C.  M.  Keys  World's  Work 
Panama-Pacific  Exposition.  French  Strother  World's  Work 
Paris  :  Red  and  Black  —  and  Gold.  Estelle  Loomis  Century 
Parties,  The  Old,  and  the  New  Power  ....  Unpopular 

Plato  as  a  Novelist.  Vida  D.  Scudder Yale 

Postal  Service,  Defects  in  the.  Henry  A.  Castle  .  No.  Amer. 
Professor  Who  Publishes,  The.  Alvin  S.  Johnson  Mid-West 

Psycho-analysis.  Max  Eastman Everybody's- 

Russia  and  Her  Emperor.  Curtis  Guild Yale 

Russian  Fleet  and  the  Civil  War.  F.  A.  Colder  Am.  Hist.  Rev. 
Scene-painting,  Evolution  of.  Brander  Matthews  .  Scribner 

Scientific  Faith.  John  Burroughs Atlantic 

Serbia  and  Southeastern  Europe.  G.  M.  Trevelyan  Atlantic 
Servia  between  Battles.  John  Reed  ....  Metropolitan 
Socialist  Participation  in  tne  War.  H.  E.  Wildes  .  So.  Atl. 
South  American  Newspapers.  Isaac  Goldberg  .  Bookman 
Spain  and  the  United  States  in  1822.  W.  S. 

Robertson Am.  Hist.  Rev. 

Spanish,  National  Need  of.  F.  B.  Luquiens  .  .  .  Yale 
Stage  Wisdom,  Picking  up.  Katherine  Grey  .  .  American 
Submarine,  Inventor  of  the.  B.  J.  Hendrick  .  World's  Work 
Suffrage.  William  Hard  and  V.  D.  Jordan  .  .  Everybody's 

Suffrage  Prophets,  The Unpopular 

Switzerland,  Neutral.  John  M.  Vincent  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Telegraphy,  Modern,  Efficiency  of.  Robert  W.  Ritchie  Harper 
Trade  Unionism  vs.  Welfare  Work  for  Women.  Annie 

M.  Maclean Pop.  Sc* 

Turkey,  Eurasian  Waterways  in.  Leon  Dominian  Pop.  Sc. 
Turkey  and  the  Balkan  States.  Edwin  Pears  .  .  Atlantic 
Unionism  Afloat.  "  Atlanticus  " Atlantic- 
United  States  as  a  Neutral.  Charles  C.  Hyde  .  .  .  Yale 
Verhaeren :  Poet  of  Industrial  Evolution  .  -  .  .  Unpopular- 
War.  The,  and  Literature.  St.  John  G.  Ervine  .  No.  Amer. 
War,  The,  and  Spiritual  Experience.  Francis  Young- 
husband  Atlantic 

War  Boom,  On  the  Eve  of  a.  Theodore  H.  Price  World's  Work 
War  Fronts  in  June,  Four.  Frank  H.  Simonds  Rev.  of  Revs. 
War  Opinion  in  England.  Albert  J.  Beveridge  Rev .  of  Revs. 
War  Spirit  in  Canada,  The.  J.  P.  Gerrie  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Water  Conservation,  Fisheries,  and  Food  Supply.  R.  E. 

Coker  Pop.  Sc. 

West  Indies,  A  Journey  to  the.  Louise  C.  Hale  .  .  Harper 
Wexford,  County,  Some  Customs  of.  Maude  R.  Warren  Harper 

Whiteing,  Richard,  Reminiscences  of Bookman 

Whitman,  With,  in  Camden.  Horace  Traubel  .  .  Forum 
Wilson's  Cabinet.  James  C.  Hemphill  ....  No.  Amer. 
Workmen's  Compensation.  W.  C.  Fisher  .  Am.  Econ.  Rev. 
Workmen's  Compensation  in  New  York.  W.  H. 

Hotchkiss Rev.  of  Revs. 


LIST  or  NEW  BOOKS. 


[  The  following  list,  containing  109  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.) 

BIOGRAPHY  AXD   HISTORY. 

The  Life  of  Henry  Laurens.  By  David  Duncan  Wal- 
lace, Ph.D.  With  frontispiece,  8vo,  539  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $3.50  net. 

Women  the  World  Over.  By  Mrs.  Alec-Tweedie, 
F.R.G.S.  Illustrated  in  photogravure,  etc.,  large 
Svo,  364  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Record  of  Nicholas  Freydon:  An  Autobiogra- 
phy. 12mo,  376  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

Joseph  Chamberlain:  An  Honest  Biography.  By 
Alexander  Mackintosh.  Revised  and  enlarged 
edition;  large  Svo,  416  pages.  George  H.  Doran 
Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Sovereign  Council  of  New  Prance:  A  Study  in 
Canadian  Constitutional  History.  By  Raymond 
Du  Bois  Cahall,  Ph.D.  Large  Svo,  274  pages. 
Columbia  University  Press.  Paper,  $2.25  net. 

The  Life  and  Adventures  of  a  Free  Lance.  By 
S.  G.  W.  Benjamin.  12mo.  Burlington,  Vt. :  The 
Free  Press  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Review  of  American  Colonial  Legislation  by  the 
King  in  Council.  By  Elmer  Bucher  Russell, 
Ph.D.  Large  Svo,  227  pages.  Columbia  Univer- 
sity Press.  Paper,  $1.75  net. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


75- 


GENERAL,  LITERATURE. 

Poets  and  the  National  Ideal:  Four  Lec- 
tures. By  B.  de  S£lincourt.  8vo,  119  pages. 
Oxford  University  Press. 

The  Evolution  of  Literature:  A  Manual  of  Compar- 
ative Literature.  By  A.  S.  Mackenzie.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  440  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

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Vol.  LIX.         AUGUST  15,  1915 


No.  699 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


THE      FINE      FLOWER      OF      AMEEICAN 

THOUGHT.     William  Morton  Payne     .     .     83 

"  THE  NATION'S  "  JUBILEE 86 

CASUAL  COMMENT 87 

A  spur  to  literary  effort  in  the  South. — 
Reminiscent  of  Thoreau. —  The  tragic  end  of 
Arthur  Sedgwick. —  Novelties  in  .  library  ad- 
ministration.—  Stevenaon  at  Saranac. —  The 
death  of  a  dictionary-maker. —  Harold  Skim- 
pole  once  more. —  The  Dana  centennial. —  A 
national  home  for  the  publishing  and  book- 
selling arts  and  crafts. —  The  vigor  of  rustic 
speech. —  Japan's  annual  book-trade. —  Lexi- 
cography in  war  and  peace. —  The  induction 
of  children  into  bookland. —  The  University 
of  Tsingtau. —  Book-collecting  while  you 
wait. —  The  Longfellow  house. 

COMMUNICATIONS 92 

Bryant   and   "  The   New   Poetry."     John   L. 

Hervey. 
Results  of  the  Wisconsin   Survey.     Wm.  H. 

Allen  and  George  C.  Comstock. 
The  Wisconsin  Theses.     David  E.  Berg. 
Mr.     Allen     and     the     Wisconsin     Faculty. 

W.  E.  Leonard. 
An    Imagist   to    the    Defence.     John    Gould 

Fletcher. 

The  Author  of  "  Ponteach."     W.  H.  S. 
Authors  and  Knighthood.     Noel  A.  Dunder- 

dale. 

A    BREVIARY   FOR   CRITICS.     Herbert   Ells- 
worth Cory 98 

CHILDREN  OF  THE  CITY.     T.  D.  A.  Cocker  ell  103 

THE    BLUE-STOCKINGS    AND    THEIR    IN- 
FLUENCE.   Martha  Hale  ShacTcford     .     .  105 

DIPLOMACY  AND  THE  GREAT  WAR.    James 

W.  Garner 107 

A    PRAGMATIC    ILLUMINATION    OF    EDU- 
CATION.    Thomas  Percival  Beyer     .     .     .109 

RECENT     AMERICAN      ONE-ACT      PLAYS. 

Homer  E.  Woodbridge Ill 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 113 

A  life  of  prodigious  achievement. —  The 
apologia  of  a  German-American. —  Hand- 
books on  mind  and  health. — A  brief  account 
of  the  hero  of  Appomattox. —  Problems  of 
unemployment. —  An  inventor's  autobiog- 
raphy.—  A  handbook  on  commission  govern- 
ment.—  A  romance  of  love  and  war  in 
India. —  Beckoning  vistas. —  A  manual  of 
wild  bird  culture. —  Secession  and  slavery : 
an  old  view  revised. —  Origins  and  develop- 
ment of  the  ballade. —  A  little-known  period 
in  Dutch  history. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 118 

NOTES 118 

TOPICS  IN  AUGUST  PERIODICALS       .     .     .120 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS     ,  .  121 


THE  FINE  FLOWER  OF  AMERICAN 
THOUGHT. 


The  five  young  men  of  William  and  Mary 
College  who  foregathered  on  the  fifth  of  De- 
cember, 1776,  to  organize  the  first  Greek  letter 
society  in  America,  builded  better  than  they 
knew.  "A  happy  spirit  and  resolution  of 
attaining  the  important  ends  of  society  enter- 
ing their  minds,"  they  chose  as  their  emblem 
a  square  medal  with  S.  P.  engraved  on  the  one 
side,  and  Phi  Beta  Kappa  on  the  other,  "  for 
the  better  establishment  and  sanctitude  of 
their  unanimity."  Within  a  year,  the  society 
had  grown  to  a  membership  of  fourteen,  and 
had  provided  itself  with  officers,  laws,  and  an 
oath  of  fidelity.  Such  were  the  modest  begin- 
nings of  the  organization  which  has  since 
flourished  apace,  which  now  includes  chapters 
in  eighty-six  American  institutions  of  collegi- 
ate and  university  rank,  with  a  living  mem- 
bership of  more  than  thirty  thousand  men 
and  women,  and  which  for  over  a  century  has 
set  admission  to  its  ranks  as  a  shining  goal 
upon  which  every  college  student  of  serious 
purpose  has  centred  his  ambition.  The  par- 
ent idea  of  the  society  found  so  many  imita- 
tors that  the  combinations  and  permutations 
of  the  Greek  alphabet  have  been  heavily 
drawn  upon  to  supply  the  mystic  designa- 
tions needed,  and  in  too  many  cases  the  idea 
has  been  perverted  to  serve  purposes  that  are 
anything  but  academic,  to  stand  for  snobbish 
exclusiveness  or  a  brummagem  college  aris- 
tocracy; but  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  has  re- 
mained the  society  of  scholarship  in  the 
severest  sense,  and  its  badge  has  continued  to 
denote  intellectual  distinction  and  nothing 
else. 

The  progress  of  the  war  caused  the  society 
to  languish  in  Virginia,  and  it  was  in  danger 
of  an  early  death,  when  steps  were  taken  for 
its  extension  into  New  England,  and  the 
establishment  of  chapters  at  Harvard,  Yale, 
and  Dartmouth  made  its  future  secure.  It 
was  the  North,  and  later  the  West,  that  gave 
it  enduring  vitality,  and  it  is  a  noteworthy 
fact  that  only  a  dozen  of  the  chapters  existing 
to-day  are  south  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line. 
When  the  society  gave  up  its  attributes  of 


84 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


secrecy,  owing  to  the  anti-masonic  agitation 
of  1826,   and  abandoned  the  tomfoolery  of 
oaths  and  cipher  codes,  it  still  further  empha- 
sized   its   unique    position    among    academic 
organizations,  and  opened  its  path  to  a  future 
growth  that  would  hardly  have  been  possible 
under  the  old  conditions.    The  Harvard  chap- 
ter seems  to  have  been  mainly  responsible  for 
what  has  been  for  more  than  a  century  the 
chief  manifestation  of  Phi  Beta  Kappa  activ- 
ity—  the  annual  celebration  by  an  oration 
(and  sometimes  a  poem)  in  which  each  branch 
of  the  society  pays  tribute  to  the  ideals  of  the 
founders.    The  early  records  of  Harvard  men- 
tion   an    oration   in    1788   by   John    Quincy 
Adams,  then  a  graduate  of  twenty;    and  a 
poem  in  1797,  by  Robert  Treat  Paine.    Lafay- 
ette in   1824,   after  listening  to   an  oration 
nearly  two  hours  long  by  Edward  Everett, 
offered  the  following  toast:     "This  Antient 
University,  this  Literary  Society.    This  Holy 
Alliance  of  Learning  and  Virtue  and  Patri- 
otism is  more  than  a  match  for  any  coalition 
against  the  rights  of  mankind."     The  Har- 
vard roll  alone  of  orators  and  poets  is  almost 
a  catalogue  of  the  chief  mountain  peaks  in 
the  range  of  American  literature,  including 
as  it  does  the  names  of  three  Adamses,  Tick- 
nor,     Emerson,     Beecher,     Curtis,     Phillips, 
Woodrow  Wilson,  Bryant,  Holmes,  Longfel- 
low,  and   Gilder.     For  the  foregoing  facts, 
together  with  much  other  interesting  histori- 
cal material,  we  are  indebted  to  an  article  in 
"The  Sewanee  Review,"  by  Professor  John 
M.  McBryde,  Jr.,  the  editor  of  that  quarterly. 
How    the    history    of    Phi    Beta    Kappa 
throughout  the   nation   has  justified   Lafay- 
ette's  toast   is    triumphantly   shown   in    the 
volume  of  "Representative  Phi  Beta  Kappa 
Orations"  recently  published  under  the  edi- 
torship of  Professor  Clark  S.  Northup.    It  is 
the  aim  of  every  chapter,  for  the  occasion  of 
its  annual  meeting,  to  obtain  for  its  orator  the 
most  eminent  man  within  its  reach,  and  the 
honor   of  the   invitation   is  such  that  it  is 
rarely  declined.    The  speaker  feels  that  some- 
thing better  than  his  normal  best  is  demanded 
by  the  occasion,  and  strives  to  emulate  the 
great  men  who  have  preceded  him  in  the 
function.     The  consequence  is  that  Phi  Beta 
Kappa  oratory  has  now  for  a  century  em- 
bodied the  best  thought  and  the  finest  powers 
of  expression  of  the  intellectual  leaders  of  the 
nation,  and  offers  a  wealth  of  material  which 


American  literature  treasures  as  one  of  its 
most  valuable  assets.  This  is  the  reason  for 
which  we  have  ventured  to  characterize  the 
volume  now  before  us  as  the  unfolding  of 
"  the  fine  flower  of  American  thought."  Here 
we  have,  in  a  commentary  ranging  over  the 
greater  part  of  a  century,  the  voice  of  Amer- 
ican idealism  in  its  purest  strain,  the  voice 
which  expresses  what  the  nation  is  funda- 
mentally thinking  upon  religion,  literature, 
science,  politics,  education,  and  the  conduct 
of  life, —  in  short,  upon  all  the  great  subjects 
of  human  concern.  Only  an  anthology  of  the 
noblest  American  poetry  could  be  equally 
indicative,  in  a  typical  way,  of  the  essential 
genius  of  the  nation. 

The  papers  here  reprinted  are  twenty-six 
in  number,  1837  and  1910  being,  respectively, 
the  earliest  and  the  latest  dates.    The  former 
year  is  that  of  Emerson's  stirring  Harvard 
address  upon  "  The  American  Scholar,"  our 
intellectual     declaration     of     independence, 
which  fired  the  youth  of  that  early  generation 
with  the  exalted  purpose  to  realize  the  mission 
of  democracy  in  the  wider  spheres  of  thought 
and  action.     The  latest  date  is  that  of  Pro- 
fessor Paul   Shorey's   Oberlin   address  upon 
"  The  Unity  of  the  Human  Spirit/'  with  its 
calm  assurance  of  refuge  for  the  mind  in  the 
fortress  which  guards  the  permanent  achieve- 
ments of  the  human  intellect  from  all  the 
winds  of  doctrine  that  buffet  its  impregnable 
defences.    And  between  these  two  dates,  how 
imposing  an  array  of  our  greatest  thinkers  is 
marshalled,  and  how  wide  a  range  of  subjects 
of  the  first  importance  is  considered!    Let  a 
few  only  of  the  speakers  and  their  themes  be 
instanced  to  show  what  manner  of  writing  is 
here  to  be  found.     Besides  the  two  already 
mentioned,  we  have  Andrew  Preston  Peabody 
on    "  The    Connection   between    Science    and 
Religion,"  George  William  Curtis  on   "The 
American     Doctrine    of    Liberty,"     Francis 
Andrew  March  on  "  The  Scholar  of  To-day," 
Charles  Kendall  Adams  on  "  The  Relations  of 
Higher   Education  to  National  Prosperity," 
Wendell  Phillips  on  "  The  Scholar  in  a  Repub- 
lic," Andrew  Dickson  White  on  "Evolution 
vs.  Revolution  in  Politics,"  Charles  William 
Eliot  on  "Academic  Freedom,"  and  Woodrow 
Wilson  on  "The  Spirit  of  Learning."     Here 
are  ten  names  that  stand  for  our  intellectual 
best,  the  names  of  men  to  whom  we  can  point 
with  confidence  that  no  ill-considered  teach- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


85 


ing  and  no  unworthy  thought  will  proceed 
from  their  lips.  And  many  of  the  other 
names  are  of  hardly  less  weight.  If  those  of 
Job  Durfee  and  Charles  Henry  Bell  are  not 
exactly  household  words,  those  of  John  Jay 
Chapman,  Bliss  Perry,  John  Franklin  Jame- 
son, Josiah  Royce,  and  Barrett  Wendell  rep- 
resent men  who  are  held  in  high  esteem  as 
broad-minded  and  penetrating  analysts  of  our 
social  and  intellectual  life. 

It  is  only  natural  that  some  of  the  earlier 
utterances  among  these  orations  should  show 
unmistakable  signs  of  "  dating."  It  seems 
curious  to  find  Horace  Bushnell  speaking  of 
"  the  new  science  of  political  economy" ;  and 
there  is  an  echo  from  a  remote  past  of  igno- 
rance and  prejudice  in  Andrew  P.  Peabody's 
remark  that  "  if  people  choose  to  admire  Vol- 
taire and  worship  Goethe,  none  can  gainsay 
them."  We  are  far  indeed  from  the  time 
when  the  Frenchman  might  be  dismissed  as  a 
mere  scoffer  at  things  sacred,  or  the  German 
as  an  immoral  devotee  of  the  cult  of  self- 
realization.  Even  Emerson's  great  plea  for 
the  scholar's  individuality  and  independence 
seems  now  a  little  antiquated.  Peabody's  sug- 
gestion that  the  "  Natural  Orders  have  not  in 
a  scientific  aspect  superseded  the  Linnsean 
system  "  sounds  quaint  to  a  modern  botanist. 
When  Curtis  tells  us  that  "  the  foundation  of 
liberty  in  natural  right  was  no  boast  of  pas- 
sionate rhetoric  from  the  mouths  of  the  fath- 
ers," he  gives  expression  to  a  doctrine  that  is 
unfashionable  among  the  young  lions  of  our 
new  political  theorizing,  although  we  suspect 
that  he  was  nearer  the  truth  than  they  are. 
And  a  later  critic  of  literature  than  F.  A. 
March  would  hardly  make  contemptuous  ref- 
erence to  "the  long-drawn  eunuch  dallyings 
of  Swinburne  or  Whitman,"  whatever  in 
March's  imagination  these  may  have  been. 
But  the  substance  of  even  the  oldest  of  these 
addresses  is  of  the  essence  of  wisdom,  because 
the  speakers,  true  to  the  ideals  of  the  society, 
have  concerned  themselves  with  the  eternal 
rather  than  the  temporal,  and  have  planted 
their  feet  upon  the  solid  foundations  of  truth. 

It  is  not  surprising  that  Emerson's  classical 
essay  on  "  The  American  Scholar "  should 
have  fixed  a  type  for  Phi  Beta  Kappa  orations 
to  which  many  of  his  successors  have  sought  to 
conform.  The  society  stands  for  scholarship, 
and  the  exaltation  of  the  scholarly  function. 
Thus,  in  the  present  collection,  we  find  "  The 


Scholar  of  To-day,"  "The  Scholar  in  a  Re- 
public," and  "  The  Attitude  of  the  Scholar." 
Closely  related  to  this  theme  are,  of  course, 
such  matters  as  "  Intellectual  Leadership  in 
American  History,"  "  Humanities  Gone  and 
to  Come,"  "Academic  Freedom,"  "  The  Spirit 
of  Learning,"  "The  Mystery  of  Education," 
and  "The  Unity  of  the  Human  Spirit."  These 
are  all  lights  shed  upon  the  function  of  the 
scholar  in  society.  The  second  Leitmotiv  of 
the  collection  is  democracy,  as  instanced  by 
such  titles  as  "  The  American  Doctrine  of 
Liberty,"  "  Evolution  vs.  Revolution  in  Poli- 
tics," "  Jefferson's  Doctrines  under  New 
Tests,"  "  The  Hope  of  Democracy,"  and 
"Democracy  and  a  Prophetic  Idealism." 
Science,  religion,  and  social  welfare  also  con- 
tribute their  themes  to  the  counterpoint  of 
this  symphony  of  idealism.  If  we  are  to 
seek  for  a  text  which  shall  stand  for  the 
collective  meaning  of  the  volume  in  its  essen- 
tial attributes,  and,  indeed,  for  the  underly- 
ing thought  of  all  Phi  Beta  Kappa  oratory 
which  is  true  to  type,  it  will  be  in  Professor 
Shorey's  address  on  "The  Unity  of  the  Human 
Spirit,"  which  is  perhaps  the  best  piece  of 
writing,  compact  of  pregnant  wisdom,  among 
all  these  modern  instances.  The  writer's 
thesis  is  "the  identity  of  the  highest  Euro- 
pean thought  of  the  past  two  or  three  thou- 
sand years,"  which  is  practically  all  the 
thought  that  counts  for  civilization,  and  his 
protest  is  against  the  notion  that  there  is 
much  that  is  either  new  or  important  in  the 
speculative  vagaries  of  our  noisy  contempora- 
ries. One  of  his  most  valuable  suggestions  is 
that  our  distracted  minds  would  be  well- 
advised  to  go  back  to  Mill,  from  whom  they 
may  learn  "  lessons  of  comprehensive  and  con- 
secutive thinking,  judicial  weighing  of  all 
considerations  pro  and  con,  temperance  and 
precision  of  expression,  and  scrupulous  fair- 
ness to  opponents,  which  they  will  hardly  get 
from  the  undigested  mixtures  of  biology, 
nervous  anatomy,  anthropology  and  folk- 
lore, answers  to  questionnaires,  statistics,  and 
reports  from  the  pedagogical  or  psychological 
seminar,  with  a  seasoning  of  uncritical  his- 
torical and  illiterate  literary  illustration,  that 
compose  the  made-to-order  text-books  of 
pedagogy,  sociology,  ethics,  and  psychology 
on  which  their  minds  are  fed."  We  know  of 
no  finer  or  more  persuasive  call  to  the  spirit 
of  humanism  than  is  found  in  the  following : 


86 


THE   DIAL 


"  There  is  one  great  society  alone  on  earth,  the 
noble  living  and  the  noble  dead.  That  society  is 
and  will  always  be  an  aristocracy.  But  the  door 
of  opportunity  that  gives  access  to  it  opens  easily 
to  the  keys  of  a  sound  culture,  and  is  closed  only 
to  the  ignorance  and  prejudice  that  fixes  our  hyp- 
notized vision  on  the  passing  phantasmagoria.  A 
certain  type  of  educator  is  given  to  denouncing  the 
tyranny  of  the  classics.  There  is  no  intellectual 
tyranny  comparable  to  that  exercised  over  the 
imagination  by  the  present,  the  up-to-date,  with  its 
incessant  panorama  of  self-representation,  its 
myriad-voiced  iteration  of  itself  from  the  news- 
papers, the  dime  magazines,  the  platforms  that 
mould  or  enforce  the  opinions  of  ninety  million 
men.  The  new  psychologists  have  coined  a  ques- 
tion-begging epithet  into  a  pseudo-scientific  term, 
'  misoneism,'  or  hatred  of  novelty,  to  stigmatize  the 
hesitation  of  culture  to  accept  every  popgun  of 
hypothesis  as  the  crack  of  doom.  What  Greek 
compound  will  do  justice  to  that  hatred  of  the  old, 
that  distaste  for  everything  not  mentioned  in  yes- 
terday's newspaper,  which  seals  their  minds,  and 
the  minds  of  the  generation  which  they  are  edu- 
cating, to  so  much  of  the  inherited  beauty  and 
wisdom  of  the  world?  .  .  But  if,  to  wrest  the  old 
Platonic  phrases  once  more  to  our  purpose,  the 
flux  is  not  all,  if  the  good,  the  true,  and  the  beau- 
tiful are  something  real  and  ascertainable,  if  these 
eternal  ideals  reembody  themselves  from  age  to 
age  essentially  the  same  in  the  imaginative  visions 
of  supreme  genius  and  in  the  persistent  sanity  and 
rationality  of  the  world's  best  books,  then  our 
reading  and  study  are  redeemed,  both  from  the 
obsessions  of  the  hour,  and  the  tyranny  of  quanti- 
tative measures  and  mechanical  methods.  The 
boundless  ocean  of  books  is  before  us,  and  the 
courageous  reader  will  make  many  a  bold  voyage 
of  discovery  to  rarely  visited  shores.  But  more 
and  more  as  the  years  go  by  will  he  concentrate  his 
attention  on  the  books  that  preserve  from  age  to 
age  the  precious  distillation  of  the  human  spirit  in 
its  finest  flower.  They  are  not  so  many  but  that 
he  may  in  time  hope  to  seek  them  out  and  in  some 
sort  to  know  them.  They  are  comparatively  few, 
but 

*  That  few  is  all  the  world  with  which  a  few 
Doth  ever  live  and  move  and  work  and  strive.' " 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


"THE  NATION'S"  JUBILEE. 

The  passing  of  the  half -century  mark  in  the 
life  of  "The  Nation"  is  an  event  well  worth 
the  attention  which  it  has  received.  With  a 
circulation  small  in  comparison  with  that  of 
the  popular  magazines,  an  expense  to  its 
owners  much  of  the  time  rather  than  a  source 
of  profit,  it  has  nevertheless  been  the  most 
powerful  and  the  most  healthful  single  influ- 
ence, in  American  periodical  literature  during 
the  period  which  its  life  has  covered.  To  have 
read  its  pages  means  to  have  been  brought 


into  serious  contact  with  every  important  field 
of  human  thought  and  action,  and  sooner  or 
later  with  all  the  most  important  workers  in 
those  fields.  A  prominent  New  Yorker  once 
remarked,  whether  justly  or  not  does  not  mat- 
ter here,  that  he  read  a  certain  paper  when- 
ever he  wanted  absolute  intellectual  rest.  No 
such  remark  could  ever  plausibly  be  uttered 
concerning  "  The  Nation."  To  provoke  vital 
thought  on  vital  questions  was  the  aim  of  its 
sponsors  from'  the  outset,  and  that  aim  has 
been  abundantly  realized.  And  for  such  a 
purpose  the  profession  of  journalism  has  pro- 
duced no  more  effective  pen  that  that  of 
E.  L.  Godkin,  its  first  editor.  His  intellect 
and  energy  and  character  were  so  inextricably 
woven  into  its  columns  during  the  first  dec- 
ades of  its  existence  that  one  might  easily 
make  the  mistake  of  thinking  of  it  as  his  per- 
sonal organ, —  a  mistake,  because  Godkin's 
work  for  "  The  Nation "  was  always  wholly 
above  personal  motive. 

But  Godkin  unaided  could  not  have  made 
"  The  Nation "  what  it  was.  The  excellent 
editorial  management  of  Wendell  Phillips 
Garrison,  associated  .with  Godkin  from  the 
beginning,  gave  just  the  setting  which  the 
latter's  writing  needed.  It  was  Garrison  who 
chose  the  numerous  staff  of  reviewers  who 
lent  weight  and  dignity  and  continuity  to 
"  The  Nation's "  literary  columns,  and  hun- 
dreds of  letters  are  in  the  hands  of  these 
reviewers  to-day  bearing  testimony  to  the  con- 
scientiousness with  which  his  duties  as  literary 
editor  were  performed  and  to  his  kindly  per- 
sonal interest  in  his  widely  scattered  staff. 
With  Godkin  and  Garrison  in  control,  it  is  no 
wonder  that  "  The  Nation  "  drew  to  its  stand- 
ard a  large  percentage  of  the  most  capable 
leaders  of  thought  and  action  in  the  land. 
And  through  its  influence  on  the  leaders,  it 
has  reached  and  benefitted  multitudes  who  do 
not  even  know  of  its  existence. 

The  strength  of  "  The  Nation "  has  been 
that  of  sincere  devotion  to  high  ends,  and 
intelligent  management  in  the  pursuit  of 
those  ends.  This  is  abundantly  brought  out 
in  the  contributions  which  fill  its  Jubilee 
issue.  It  is  pleasant  to  know  that  the  pas- 
sage of  its  fifty-year  mark  finds  "  The  Nation  " 
in  a  position  of  renewed  energy  and  pros- 
perity, its  owners  and  editors  thoroughly 
devoted  to  the  standards  which  Godkin  and 
Garrison  created  for  it,  and  its  circulation  on 
the  ascending  pathway.  The  efficiency  of 
democracy  lies  in  the  willingness  of  indi- 
viduals to  do  just  such  work  as  Garrison  and 
Godkin  inaugurated,  and  to  inspire  others  in 
succession  to  take  hold  of  that  work  and 
maintain  it  as  a  permanent  institution. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


87 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

A  SPUR  TO  LITERARY  EFFORT  IN  THE  SOUTH, 

where  the  people  seem  tolerably  content  to 
live  their  lives  without  romancing  about  them 
in  print,  has  for  fifteen  years  been  sedulously 
applied  by  the  State  Literary  and  Historical 
Association  of  North  Carolina,  which  now,  un- 
der the  zealous  leadership  of  Professor  Archi- 
bald Henderson,  shows  the  world  what  it  is 
doing  in  the  "  Proceedings  "  of  its  fifteenth  an- 
nual session,  a  notable  document  that  tends  to 
disprove  the  truth  of  those  famous  lines  of  the 
bard  of  South  Carolina :  "Alas  for  the  South ! 
Her  books  have  grown  fewer ;  She  never  was 
much  given  to  literature."  That  the  Old  North 
State  has  become  or  is  becoming  addicted  to 
literature  in  a  creditable  measure,  is  the  im- 
pression gained  from  reading  the  papers 
(included  in  these  "Proceedings")  on  North 
Carolina  historians,  novelists,  ballad  litera- 
ture, poetry,  and  oratory,  North  Carolina 
bibliography  for  the  year,  North  Carolina's 
famous  "0.  Henry,"  and  her  late  poet  lau- 
reate, Henry  Jerome  Stockard.  A  tablet,  with 
medallion  portrait,  in  memory  of  William 
Sidney  Porter  ("  0.  Henry")  was  unveiled  in 
the  Hall  of  History,  at  Raleigh,  where  the 
meetings  of  the  Association  were  held;  the 
Patterson  Memorial  Cup  for  literary  achieve- 
ment was  presented  to  Dr.  J.  G.  de  R.  Hamil- 
ton, whose  recent  book,  "Reconstruction  in 
North  Carolina,"  brought  him  this  honor;  an 
address  on  "  Some  Argentine  Ideas "  was 
delivered  by  Ambassador  Naon ;  and  from 
first  to  last  President  Henderson  was  active  in 
promoting  the  success  of  the  entire  series  of 
exercises,  his  opening  paper  on  "The  New 
North  State  "  sounding  an  unmistakable  note 
of  high-hearted  hopefulness  and  determina- 
tion. Prominence  was  given,  in  the  addresses 
and  discussions,  to  the  need  of  historical  study 
and  writing  throughout  the  state,  with  a  view 
to  the  production  of  worthy  histories  of  the 
counties  of  North  Carolina,  only  a  few  of 
which  have  yet  been  made  the  subject  of  such 
study.  Outside  of  Virginia,  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult to  point  to  more  creditable  endeavor  of 
this  literary-historical  sort,  in  any  of  our 
southern  states,  than  that  which  has  for  more 
than  a  decade  been  led  and  inspired  by 
Professor  Henderson. 


REMINISCENT  OF  THOREAU  and  his  sturdy 
though  ineffectual  protest  against  what  he 
considered  an  unjustifiable  tax  levy,  was  the 
prompt  refusal,  the  other  day,  of  Thoreau's 
most  distinguished  living  fellow- townsman  to 
pay  a  fine  of  ten  dollars  for  failing  to  make 


the  drainage  system  of  his  Concord  house 
tributary  to  that  of  the  town.  For  more  than 
a  year  considerable  publicity  has  attended 
Mr.  Sanborn's  resolute  defence  of  his  case 
before  the  authorities  and  in  the  courts  of 
law ;  and  the  end  is  not  yet.  "  I  shall  die 
before  this  case  is  settled,"  was  the  defen- 
dant's prophecy  as  he  appealed  the  question 
to  a  higher  court  on  the  ground  of  unconsti- 
tutionally in  the  existing  law.  There  must 
be  many  still  living  who  can  recall  that  char- 
acteristic manifestation  of  recalcitrancy  which 
brought  the  hermit  of  Walden  into  close 
acquaintance  with  the  town  lock-up.  It  was 
his  refusal  on  one  occasion  to  pay  his  yearly 
tax  that  procured  him  this  inside  knowledge, 
and  of  course  it  was  on  high  moral  grounds 
that  he  took  his  stand  in  the  matter,  with 
what  one  suspects  to  have  been  a  real  enjoy- 
ment of  his  brief  martyrdom  in  the  supposed 
cause  of  justice.  As  the  story  goes,  when 
Emerson,  upon  hearing  of  his  friend's  incar- 
ceration, hastened  to  the  house  of  detention 
and,  appearing  at  the  door  of  Thoreau's  cell, 
sorrowfully  demanded  of  him,  "Henry,  why 
do  I  find  you  here  ? "  the  other  promptly  re- 
joined, in  a  like  tone  of  voice,  "Waldo,  why 
do  I  not  find  you  here?"  The  spectacle  of 
Thoreau  in  the  common  jail  may  well  have 
appeared  too  incongruous  to  admit  of  long 
continuance ;  at  any  rate,  some  one,  probably 
Emerson  himself,  effected  an  early  adjust- 
ment of  the  difficulty  with  the  tax-collector, 
and  the  prisoner,  considerably  against  his 
will,  found  himself  at  liberty.  It  is  impossible 
to  believe  that  this  later  instance  of  opposition 
to  the  constituted  authorities  of  Concord  in- 
volves any  disregard,  on  the  opponent's  part, 
of  the  best  interests  of  the  community;  and 
his  picturesque  appearance  in  court  as  able 
and  fluent  counsel  in  his  own  defence  must 
breed  a  rather  general  desire  for  the  success 

of  his  cause. 

•    •    • 

THE  TRAGIC  END  OF  ARTHUR  SEDGWICK,  wllO 

took  his  own  life  on  the  fourteenth  of  July  in 
a  moment  of  despondency  caused  by  ill  health 
and  other  anxieties,  has  evoked  some  interest- 
ing reminiscences  of  the  man's  noteworthy 
achievements  in  more  than  one  branch  of 
activity,  and  his  repeated  exhibition  of  the 
best  qualities  of  mind  and  heart.  Arthur 
George  Sedgwick  was  born  October  6,  1844,  in 
New  York,  was  graduated  from  Harvard  in 
1864,  entered  the  volunteer  army  of  the 
North  in  the  same  year,  as  lieutenant  of  the 
Twentieth  Massachusetts  Regiment,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  the  Confederate  forces  at  Deep 
Bottom,  Virginia,  soon  afterward,  and  became 
acquainted  with  the  interior  of  Libby  Prison, 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


where  he  contracted  an  illness  that  disabled 
him  for  further  service  in  the  field.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  he  studied  law  and  practised 
in  Boston  until  1872 ;  edited,  with  Mr.  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes,  Jr.,  "The  American  Law 
Review,"  and  about  1875  was  admitted  to  the 
New  York  bar.  He  practised  his  profession 
in  New  York  until  1881,  but  the  inclination 
to  literary  pursuits  seems  to  have  drawn  him 
more  and  more  from  the  dry  technicalities  of 
the  law.  He  joined  the  editorial  staff  of 
"  The  Nation  "  and  "  The  Evening  Post,"  and 
contributed  to  other  journals  as  well.  A 
course  of  Lowell  Institute  lectures  on  law  was 
delivered  by  him  in  1885-6,  and  he  was  Godkin 
Lecturer  at  Harvard  in  1909.  With  Mr.  F.  S. 
Wait  he  produced  a  work  on  land  titles,  also 
wrote  "Elements  of  Damages,"  edited  the 
fifth  edition  of  his  father's  "  Measure  of  Dam- 
ages," assisted  in  editing  the  eighth  edition  of 
the  same  treatise,  and  was  one  of  the  authors 
of  "  Essays  on  the  Nineteenth  Century."  But 
what  he  gave  to  the  world  as  a  writer  cannot 
be  taken  as  an  adequate  measure  of  his  abil- 
ity in  letters.  His  personality  stood  for  far 
more  than  his  writings.  Original  and  uncon- 
ventional in  his  habit  of  mind,  he  appears, 
especially  in  view  of  his  sad  end,  as  one  some- 
what too  keenly  conscious  of  the  ironies  of 
life,  too  acutely  appreciative  of  the  cruel  joke 
played  upon  man  at  the  moment  of  his  birth. 

•    •    • 

NOVELTIES  IN  LIBRARY  ADMINISTRATION,  some 
of  them  merely  experimental  and  short-lived, 
and  others  having  the  qualities  of  perma- 
nence, come  from  time  to  time  to  the  attention 
of  him  who  is  interested  in  the  never-ceasing 
evolution  of  "the  people's  university"  —  if 
one  may  be  allowed  still  to  use  the  hackneyed 
and  often  ridiculed  but  nevertheless  servicea- 
ble and  appropriate  Carlylism.  One  of  the 
latest  of  these  innovations  is  described  by 
Dr.  Bostwick  in  his  current  annual  report  of 
the  St.  Louis  Public  Library.  It  is  the  instal- 
lation of  a  public  writing  room,  for  corre- 
spondence and  similar  purposes,  first  in  a 
small  upper  room  designed  for  study,  and 
then,  as  the  new  department  gained  in  popu- 
larity, in  larger  quarters  originally  designed 
for  the  storage  of  pamphlets,  but  affording 
unused  space  enough  for  four  writing  tables 
accommodating  twenty-four  persons.  Pens, 
ink,  and  inexpensive  stationery  are  supplied 
without  charge,  while  a  better  quality  of  paper 
and  envelopes,  as  well  as  postage  stamps  and 
illustrated  library  postcards,  may  be  pur- 
chased at  cost.  Furthermore,  the  attendant 
in  charge  "takes  dictation,  does  typewriting 
and  notarial  work,  and  receives  orders  for 


translations  from  foreign  languages,  at  cur- 
rent rates."  Thus  the  department  is  made 
self-supporting,  and  the  public  convenience 
is  served.  It  is  true  that  many  libraries  have 
long  made  a  practice  of  furnishing,  in  a  more 
or  less  irregular  and  haphazard  fashion, 
similar  accommodation  on  request;  but  an 
organized  and  equipped  secretarial  depart- 
ment is  something  of  recent  origin.  A  word 
of  praise  must  not  be  omitted  for  the  rather 
unusual  art  features  of  Dr.  Bostwick's  report, 
all  contributed  by  the  St.  Louis  School  of 
Fine  Arts  (connected  with  Washington  Uni- 
versity) and  comprising  a  colored  frontis- 
piece and  numerous  sketches  and  designs  in 
black-and-white.  Nor  are  there  lacking  still 
other  features  of  notable  interest  in  this 
record  of  a  year's  library  work. 

•        *        • 

STEVENSON  AT  SARANAC  sought,  not  very 
successfully,  physical  reinvigoration,  and  won, 
with  less  of  premeditated  design,  a  considera- 
ble fraction  of  his  present  renown  as  a  writer. 
It  was  here  that  in  the  winter  of  1887-8  he 
produced  most  of  those  admirable  essays  that 
made  their  first  appearance  in  print  in 
"  Scribner's  Magazine "  during  the  ensuing 
year,  and  that  include  such  favorites  as  "  The 
Lantern-Bearers,"  "A  Christmas  Sermon," 
"  Pulvis  et  Umbra,"  "  Beggars,"  "  Gentlemen," 
and  "A  Chapter  on  Dreams."  Here  too  he 
conceived  the  plot  and  structure  of  his  novel, 
"  The  Master  of  Ballantrae  " ;  and  what  else 
of  ferment  and  germination  took  place  in  his 
mind  as  he  walked  about  the  secluded  ham- 
let on  the  lake,  who  shall  attempt  to  say? 
Memorable  enough,  at  any  rate,  is  the  fact  of 
his  sojourn  in  that  retired  nook  of  the  Adiron- 
dacks  to  warrant  the  erection  there  of  some 
statue,  urn,  tablet,  bust,  or  other  worthy 
memento  in  his  name;  and  therefore  the 
Saranac  Lake  Stevenson  Memorial  Committee 
has  been  formed  to  accomplish  this  end.  The 
noted  sculptor,  Mr.  Gutzon  Borglum,  has 
enthusiastically  entered  into  the  plan,  and 
will  design  the  proposed  memorial  as  a  labor 
of  love,  it  is  announced.  Popular  subscription 
is  invited  for  meeting  the  necessary  expenses 
of  the  undertaking,  and  contributions  may  be 
sent  to  Dr.  Lawrason  Brown,  chairman  of  the 
committee,  at  Saranac  Lake,  New  York. 
•  •  • 

THE    DEATH    OF   A   DICTIONARY-MAKER   WOuld 

ordinarily  attract  little  attention  even  in  the 
world  of  letters ;  for  dictionary-makers  are,  as 
a  class,  as  obscure  as  their  work  is  useful.  In 
the  death  of  Sir  James  A.  H.  Murray,  however, 
at  Oxford,  July  27,  the  learned  labors  of  a 
distinguished  philologist  at  the  head  of  the 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


89 


most  important  lexicographical  work  ever  un- 
dertaken in  our  language  are  brought  to  a 
premature  close.  It  had  been  his  hope  to 
finish  before  he  reached  the  age  of  eighty  the 
great  "New  English  Dictionary/'  commonly 
known  as  the  Oxford  Dictionary,  on  which  he 
had  been  engaged  since  1888;  but  with  the 
final  volume  still  in  preparation  he  died  at 
his  post  two  years  before  the  time  set  for  the 
writing  of  "  Finis  "  after  the  last  entry  under 
the  letter  Z.  Dr.  Murray,  as  he  was  known  to 
the  world  until  he  became  a  knight  in  1908, 
was  born  in  1837  at  the  little  town  of  Den- 
holm,  Roxburghshire;  received  his  academic 
training  at  London  University  and  afterward 
at  Balliol  College,  Oxford;  and  subsequently 
was  the  recipient  of  honorary  degrees  in  gen- 
erous number  and  variety  from  various  seats 
of  learning.  His  published  writings  have  been 
almost  wholly  of  a  philological  character,  and 
are  chiefly  scattered  through  the  publications 
of  learned  societies  devoted  to  his  chosen 
branches  of  research.  But  his  great  work  is, 
of  course,  the  dictionary  so  ably  planned  and 
edited  by  him  with  the  help  of  thirty  assistant 
editors  for  the  sorting  of  the  mountains  of 
material  submitted  by  more  than  fifteen  hun- 
dred co-workers  engaged  in  the  vast  amount  of 
reading  required  in  such  an  enterprise.  Dr. 
Johnson,  with  his  six  amanuenses,  would  in  a 
whole  lifetime  have  made  but  little  headway 
on  so  vast  a  work.  Happily,  the  successful 
termination  of  Murray's  magnum  opus  is  as- 
sured by  the  zeal  and  ability  of  his  editorial 
staff  and  the  stability  and  resources  of  the 
Oxford  University  Press. 
•  •  • 

HAROLD  SKIMPOLE  ONCE  MORE  comes  to  our 
attention  in  a  hitherto  unpublished  letter 
which  Mr.  Clement  K.  Shorter  tells  us,  in 
"  The  Sphere,"  he  recently  had  the  good  for- 
tune to  acquire,  and  which  he  prints  for  the 
benefit  of  his  readers.  Charles  Dickens  is  the 
writer,  and  Leigh  Hunt  his  correspondent,  the 
date  of  the  missive  being  June  23, 1859,  seven 
years  after  the  perpetration  of  the  notorious 
caricature  to  which  the  first  paragraph  of  the 
brief  letter  so  lightly  refers.  That  paragraph 
is  as  follows:  "Believe  me,  I  have  not  for- 
gotten that  matter;  nor  will  I  forget  it.  To 
alter  the  book  itself,  or  to  make  any  reference 
in  the  preface  of  the  book  itself,  would  be  to 
revive  a  forgotten  absurdity,  and  to  establish 
the  very  association  that  is  to  be  denied  and 
discarded."  And  yet  the  world  will  never 
deny  or  discard  the  association;  and  how 
Dickens  himself  felt  about  it  at  an  earlier 
date,  when  the  ink  was  scarcely  dry  on  the  pen 
that  drew  the  distorted  portrait,  appears  un- 


mistakably in  a  private  letter  reproduced  by 
Mr.  Shorter.  Unremorsefully,  self-compla- 
cently  even,  Dickens  writes  to  Mrs.  Richard 
Watson  of  Rockingham  Castle :  "  Skimpole — 
I  must  not  forget  Skimpole  —  of  whom  I  will 
proceed  to  speak  as  if  I  had  only  read  him 
and  not  written  him.  I  suppose  he  is  the 
most  exact  portrait  that  was  ever  painted  in 
words !  I  have  very  seldom,  if  ever,  done  such 
a  thing.  But  the  likeness  is  astonishing.  I 
don't  think  it  could  possibly  be  more  like 
himself.  It  is  so  awfully  true  that  I  make  a 
bargain  with  myself  '  never  to  do  so  any  more.' 
There  is  not  an  atom  of  exaggeration  or  sup- 
pression. It  is  an  absolute  reproduction  of  a 
real  man.  Of  course,  I  have  been  careful  to 
keep  the  outward  figure  away  from  the  fact; 
but  in  all  else  it  is  the  life  itself."  Here  evi- 
dently was  an  instance  where  the  writer  should 
have  prayed  to  be  protected  from  his  own 
excess  of  cleverness.  Significant,  in  this  con- 
nection, is  the  invariably  cordial  and  admir- 
ing mention  of  "  my  friend  Charles  Dickens  " 
which  occurs  in  Leigh  Hunt's  autobiography. 
•  •  • 

THE  DANA  CENTENNIAL,  the  hundredth  re- 
currence of  the  day  (August  1)  on  which  was 
born  the  author  of  "Two  Years  before  the 
Mast,"  has  passed  with  some  appreciative 
mention,  here  and  there,  of  the  early  devel- 
oped talent  of  the  young  man  who  at  nineteen, 
for  his  health's  sake,  shipped  as  a  common 
sailor  for  the  voyage  round  the  Horn,  and  at 
twenty-five  published,  in  what  has  proved  one 
of  the  best  and  most  popular  books  of  its  kind, 
a  detailed  account  of  this  seafaring  experience. 
It  is  his  one  and  sufficient  claim  to  literary 
immortality;  for  neither  his  later  volume, 
"The  Seamen's  Friend,"  nor  his  edition  of 
Wheaton's  "  International  Law,"  nor  anything 
else  from  his  pen,  is  ever  mentioned  in  the 
same  breath  with  his  early  masterpiece,  which 
was  in  very  truth  "a  voice  from  the  fore- 
castle," presenting  "the  life  of  a  common 
sailor  at  sea  as  it  really  is — -the  light  and  the 
dark  together."  This  booky  which  has  been 
reprinted  no  one  knows  how  many  times,  and 
which  only  two  or  three  years  ago  reappeared 
in  two  simultaneous  and  rather  elaborate  edi- 
tions, was  sold  to  its  first  publishers  for  $250, 
but  brought  considerably  more  to  its  author 
from  its  conscientious  English  re-publisher. 
Indeed,  its  success  in  England  among  persons 
of  note  in  literature  was  most  'gratifying. 
Formal  celebration  of  Dana's  centennial  will 
be  held,  somewhat  belatedly,  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Historical  Society  of  his  native 
town,  Cambridge,  on  the  27th  of  October, 
with  Mr.  Joseph  H.  Choate,  Professor  Bliss 


90 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


Perry,  and  others  as  speakers,  and  Bishop 
Lawrence  as  presiding  officer.  About  the  same 
time  there  will  be  an  exhibition  of  Dana  relies 
in  Harvard's  new  library. 

•    •    • 

A  NATIONAL  HOME  FOR  THE  PUBLISHING  AND 
BOOKSELLING  ARTS  AND  CRAFTS  WOUld  meet  a 

need  that  must  have  been  at  least  vaguely  felt 
for  a  long  time  by  those  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture and  sale  of  our  large  and  increasing 
annual  product  of  reading  matter  of  the  more 
respectable  sorts.  Such  a  permanent  home, 
like  that  so  successfully  maintained  in  Leipzig 
by  the  German  book-trade,  seems  bound  to 
come  in  the  not  distant  future;  and  its  com- 
ing has  been  hastened,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  by  the 
recent  able  plea  for  its  establishment  in 
"The  Publishers'  Weekly,"  from  the  pen  of 
Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch,  who  would  have  in  the 
proposed  building  headquarters  for  the 
Authors'  League,  the  Booksellers'  League,  the 
Publishers'  Co-operative  Bureau,  the  Amer- 
ican Booksellers'  Association,  and  other  simi- 
lar organizations.  Here,  too,  the  recently 
started  Booksellers'  School  would  have  its 
abode,  and  here  would  be  maintained  a 
bureau  of  information  for  all  interested  in 
books  and  their  production,  with  a  competent 
superintendent  at  its  head.  As  Mr.  Huebsch 
explains  his  plan,  "  the  building  would  be  an 
exchange;  all  of  the  agencies  engaged  in  the 
production  and  distribution  of  books,  pic- 
tures, and  music  would  co-operate,  preserving 
their  present  identity  and  autonomy,  but  act- 
ing as  a  whole  when  a  temporary  union 
seemed  desirable."  Further  practical  details 
are  added,  so  that  the  whole  scheme  is  made 
to  appear  entirely  feasible  as  well  as  highly 
desirable;  and  the  home  itself,  delightful  in 
anticipatory  contemplation,  is  to  be  architec- 
turally worthy  of  its  high  purpose. 

•        •        • 

THE  VIGOR  OF  RUSTIC  SPEECH,  such  speech  as 
those  may  hear  who  spend  their  summer  vaca- 
tion in  the  far  backwoods  and  among  the 
mountains,  lies  largely  in  the  clinging  to  old 
forms  and  idioms  that  date  back  perhaps  to 
rugged  sixteenth-century  days,  or  even  earlier, 
and  have  survived  the  wear  and  tear  of  the 
intervening  centuries  only  by  virtue  of  an 
exceptional  geographical  remoteness  from  the 
centres  of  progress  and  the  abodes  of  unrest. 
It  is  in  such  rural  retreats  that  one  still  hears 
the  good,  mouth-filling  possessive  pronouns, 
liisn  and  Kern,  yourn  and  ourn  and  theirn,  as 
logically  formed  as  thine  and  mine,  though  no 
longer  countenanced  in  polite  society  or  in 
literature.  There,  too,  a  healthy  preference 
for  strong  preterites  lingers,  and  is  responsi- 
ble for  the  diction  of  the  small  boy  who  tells 


how  he  "  clum "  up  a  tree,  or  "  whup  "  his 
schoolmate,  or  "  fotch  "  the  doctor  to  minister 
to  grandpa's  "  rheumatiz."  In  the  current 
"  Harper's  Monthly  "  is  published  an  interest- 
ing account  of  linguistic  and  other  usages 
in  "  Shakespeare's  America,"  by  Mr.  William 
Aspenwall  Bradley.  By  "  Shakespeare's  Amer- 
ica" is  meant  the  secluded  region  of  the 
Cumberland  Mountains  where  speech  and  cus- 
tom have  suffered  little  modification  from  the 
changing  fashions  of  the  world  at  large. 
There,  for  example,  present  participles  enjoy 
all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  adjectives, 
including  the  ability  to  express  degrees  of 
comparison  by  adding  the  regular  endings. 
Mrs.  Jones  may  be  the  "talkingest"  woman 
in  town,  or  Lucy  Lindsay  the  "  smilingest " 
girl  ever  seen.  One  Cumberland  Mountain 
matron  was  being  complimented  on  her  skill 
in  knitting  as  she  followed  the  rough  country 
roads  or  climbed  the  steep  trails.  "  Oh.  that's 
nothin' !"  she  exclaimed,  deprecatingly.  ''  Now 
ther's  Aunt  Mandy.  She's  the  knittingest 
woman  ever  I  saw.  She  takes  her  yarn  to  bed 
with  her  ever'  night,  and  ever'  now  and  then 
she  throws  out  a  sock." 

•    •    • 

JAPAN'S  ANNUAL  BOOK-TRADE  is  increasing, 
as  a  writer  in  "  The  Japan  Times  "  notes  with 
satisfaction,  though  he  is  pained  to  observe 
the  subordinate  place  it  still  holds  in  com- 
merce when  compared  writh  the  traffic  in  alco- 
holic beverages  of  various  sorts;  and  he  casts 
an  eye  of  envy  upon  the  much  larger  sale  of 
reading  matter  that  this  country  can  boast  — 
larger  per  capita  as  well  as  in  the  total.  Books 
of  all  sorts,  except  school  textbooks,  have  a 
yearly  sale  in  Japan  amounting  to  about  three 
million  yen,  or  half  as  many  dollars;  maga- 
zines show  an  equal  circulation;  elementary 
schoolbooks  are  in  demand  to  the  extent  of  two 
million  three  hundred  thousand  yen ;  and 
textbooks  for  the  intermediate  schools  call  for 
an  annual  outlay  of  about  half  as  much. 
What  the  high  schools  and  colleges  have  to  say 
in  regard  to  textbook-purchase  is  not  recorded 
by  the  "  Times."  This  yearly  disbursement  of 
almost  ten  million  yen  for  literature  is  credita- 
ble, though  we  must  remember  that  Japan's 
population  is  fifty-six  millions,  so  that  an 
average  of  only  fifteen  sen  is  spent  annually 
on  reading  matter  by  the  Japanese  man, 
woman,  or  child.  Seven  cents  a  year  will  not 
buy  much  of  a  library. 

•    •    • 

LEXICOGRAPHY  IN  WAR  AND  PEACE  continues 
sedately  to  pursue  its  appointed  course.  In- 
deed, it  is  in  times  of  war  more  than  in  years 
of  peace  that  lexicographical  industry  should 
be  in  requisition.  Language  is  never  more 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


91 


briskly  in  the  making  than  during  such  times 
as  these,  as  every  newspaper  reader  has  abun- 
dant cause  to  know.  And  so  we  cease  to 
wonder  that  the  makers  of  the  great  Oxford 
Dictionary  allow  themselves  no  vacation  on 
account  of  current  conditions  in  Europe,  and 
we  read  without  surprise  in  the  Paris 
"Figaro"  that  "the  French  Academy  de- 
voted yesterday's  session  to  its  work  on  the 
French  Dictionary"  —  a  work  that  has  gone 
on,  with  little  interruption,  for  nearly  three 
centuries,  while  empires  rose  and  fell  and 
dynasties  succeeded  one  another,  and  will  con- 
tinue to  go  on  as  long  as  there  shall  be  a 
French  nation  and  a  French  language.  Ger- 
man armies  may  come  and  go,  may  surge  to 
the  gates  of  Paris  and  roll  back  again;  but 
the  French  Dictionary  goes  on  forever. 

THE  INDUCTION  OF  CHILDREN  INTO  BOOKLAND 

calls  for  tact  and  skill,  and  often  for  inex- 
haustible patience  and  an  abundant  store  of 
kindliness.  It  was  fourteen  years  ago  that 
the  art  and  science  of  this  branch  of  modern 
librarianship  received  full  recognition  in  the 
establishment  of  a  training  school  for  chil- 
dren's librarians  at  the  Carnegie  Library  of 
Pittsburgh,  this  school  being  the  outgrowth 
of  a  training  class  formed  the  year  before  for 
the  preparation  of  young  women  to  serve  in 
the  juvenile  department  of  that  library.  It 
is  supported  by  an  endowment  fund  given  by 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  and  in  its  plan  and 
purpose  it  has  had  many  imitators  on  a  smaller 
scale,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  training  classes 
connected  with  public  libraries  or  library 
schools.  The  Pittsburgh  school  enjoys  the 
advantage  of  an  immediate  environment  em- 
bracing juvenile  representatives  of  almost 
every  European  nationality,  and  there  are 
eight  branch  libraries  as  well  as  the  central 
library  for  the  active  prosecution  of  this  kind 
of  work  among  the  children  of  the  city.  Thus 
is  furnished  a  vast  laboratory  for  purposes  of 
practice,  and  it  is  not  surprising  to  learn  that 
the  school  attracts  pupils  from  far  beyond  the 
borders  of  its  own  community.  A  full  account 
of  its  wrork  is  given  in  the  "  Circular  of  Infor- 
mation "  which  it  issues  in  this  its  fifteenth 
year.  •  .  . 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  TSINGTAU  has  only  a 
prospective  existence  at  present,  but  if  the 
plans  of  prominent  Japanese  educators,  aided 
by  certain  men  of  wealth  in  both  Japan  and 
China,  and  with  the  support  of  leading  schol- 
ars in  the  two  countries,  are  carried  out,  we 
shall  ere  long  see  the  tenets  of  Confucianism 
taught  where  not  long  before  the  principles  of 
Teutonic  militarism  were  undergoing  demon- 


stration.  It  is  urged  by  the  promoters  of  this 
laudable  enterprise  that  as  Shantung  is  the 
native  province  of  the  great  Chinese  philoso- 
pher, it  is  eminently  fitting  that  it  should  have 
a  university  devoted  to  the  study  of  Confu- 
cianism and  of  the  Chinese  classics  in  general. 
Count  Okuma  is  said  to  favor  the  plan,  and 
such  a  noted  scholar  as  Dr.  Unokichi  Hattori, 
who  is  to  lecture  at  Harvard  next  term,  is  also 
interested.  Among  other  signs  of  a  sort  of  re- 
vival of  learning  in  this  part  of  the  far  East, 
there  is  remarked  a  quickening  of  interest 
in  current  philosophic  thought.  Sir  Rabin- 
dranath  Tagore,  the  Hindu  poet  and  philoso- 
pher who  has  already  won  many  disciples  and 
admirers  in  Europe  and  America,  is  expected 
to  visit  Japan  in  October  and  expound  the 
principles  of  his  philosophy.  In  fact,  an  im- 
pulse that  might  be  called  a  Tagore  movement 
is  now  said  to  be  manifest  in  Japan.  Such 
signs  of  intellectual  activity  are  more  than 
welcome  in  days  like  these. 

•  •    • 

BOOK-COLLECTING  WHILE  YOU  WAIT  is  prom- 
ised on  the  most  reasonable  terms  and  with  the 
utmost  promptness  by  a  certain  western  firm 
which  wishes  it  to  be  known  that  "  every  book 
in  any  language,  new  or  old,  published  either 
in  this  country  or  abroad,  may  be  obtained 
through  us  at  a  moderate  price"  —  a  joyful 
bit  of  news,  surely,  for  all  collectors  not  in 
the  multimillionaire  class.  Furthermore: 
"We  know  no  such  word  as  fail!  Nearly 
every  man  of  intelligence  wants  some  book 
which  he  cannot  find.  We  make  it  our  busi- 
ness to  hunt  up  such  books  and  get  you  any 
book  printed  anywhere  at  any  time.  The 
longer  you  have  looked  for  the  same  without 
success,  the  better  it  will  suit  us,  as  you  will 
be  all  the  more  pleased  with  our  services.  We 
have  filled  thousands  of  orders  for  books 
which  could  not  have  been  supplied  by  ordi- 
nary booksellers.  Sometimes  it  may  take 
months  to  trace  a  book  which  is  '  out  of  print/ 
but  we  emphatically  wish  to  state  to  the  book- 
buying  public  that  it  would  be  a  waste  of  time 
to  ask  if  we  can  furnish  a  certain  book.  Send 
your  money  (or  if  price  is  unknown,  $1.00  to 
$2.00  on  account)  and  the  book  will  be  for- 
warded to  your  address,  or  if  not  in  stock, 
ordered  for  you,  otherwise  the  amount  paid 
will  be  returned."  What  a  chance  to  secure, 
"  at  a  moderate  price,"  John  Eliot's  Indian 
Bible,  for  example,  or  a  first  folio  Shakespeare ! 

•  •    • 

THE  LONGFELLOW  HOUSE,  otherwise  known 
as  the  Craigie  mansion,  famous  as  Washing- 
ton's headquarters  in  early  Revolutionary  days 
and  as  the  home  of  the  author  of  "Evangeline" 
during  most  of  his  forty-six  years'  residence  in 


92 


THE    DIAL 


[  August  15 


Cambridge,  is  ere  long  to  become  a  memorial 
"  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,"  as  was  lately 
learned  through  the  filing  of  the  will  of  the 
recently  deceased  Mrs.  Richard  Henry  Dana 
(Edith  Longfellow  Dana),  daughter  of  the 
poet.  Another  daughter,  Miss  Alice  Longfel- 
low, at  present  occupies  the  house ;  but  as  soon 
as  there  shall  cease  to  be  any  Longfellow  heir 
desirous  of  making  such  domiciliary  use  of  the 
historic  mansion,  it  is  to  be  dedicated  to  the 
free  use  of  the  public  as  a  Longfellow  museum, 
or  Longfellow  memorial,  with  suitable  pro- 
vision for  its  maintenance.  Thus  this  praise- 
worthy intention  will  be  realized  before  many 
years,  and  what  is  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing eighteenth-century  houses  in  America  will 
open  its  doors  without  restraint  to  visitors. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 


BEYANT  AND  "  THE  NEW  POETKY." 
(To  the  Editor  o£  THE  DIAL.) 

What  constitutes  the  perishable  and  what  the 
imperishable  element  —  or  elements  —  in  poetry  ? 
The  question  is  perennial.  It  has  been  asked  and 
answered  innumerable  times,  but  still  it  confronts 
the  poetry  lover;  who,  howsoever  much  light  he 
may  seek  or  find  upon  the  subject,  is  always,  in  the 
end,  obliged  to  answer  it  anew  for  himself.  That 
is,  if  he  be  truly  a  poetry  lover.  If  his  love  for  it 
is  mere  lip-service,  it  is  quite  otherwise, —  for  then 
the  anthologists  and  the  appreciators  are  at  his 
elbow  to  settle  the  matter  for  him  without  further 
ado. 

.  Nowadays,  it  must  be  allowed,  there  is  a  multi- 
tude of  counsellors,  and  those  disinclined  to  think 
or  to  feel,  to  weigh  or  to  ponder,  are  blessed  with 
an  infinitude  of  opportunities  for  having  such 
things  done  for  them,  the  results  of  these  opera- 
tions being  dealt  out  on  demand,  by  the  yard  or  by 
the  pound,  and  served  over  the  counter  as  is  any 
other  merchandisable  commodity.  Some  of  them, 
too,  are  very  attractively  done  up ;  and  while  the 
contents  of  the  carton  may  not  invariably  be  all 
that  the  label  incites  the  purchaser  to  suppose,  it 
is  an  old  story  that  predigested  pabulum  is  not 
intended  for  hearty  appetites.  Moreover,  expecta- 
tion and  fulfilment  never  have  been  and  never  will 
be  any  more  necessarily  synonymous  in  a  literary 
than  in  any  other  sense. 

Some  such  thoughts  as  these  came  unsummoned 
to  my  mind  one  evening  not  long  ago  when  it  was 
my  privilege  to  hear  the  "  what's  what "  of  poetry 
expounded  by  no  less  an  authority  than  Miss  Har- 
riet Monroe.  She  was  addressing  a  large  assem- 
blage of  presumed  poetry-lovers,  and  was  speaking 
upon  a  variety  of  verse  in  which,  presumably,  their 
interest,  like  her  own,  was  intense  —  namely, 
"  The  New  Poetry."  Her  expression  of  opinion 
was,  therefore,  devoid  of  dissembling  or  weak  con- 
cession. Perhaps,  though,  the  term  "  expression 
of  opinion "  is  inadequate  as  applied  to  her  re- 
marks, for  they  were  rather  a  statement  of  doe- 


trine,  a  promulgation  of  law,  than  a  mere  outline 
of  idea  or  theory.  Miss  Monroe  stated,  without 
hesitation,  that  the  "  new  poetry  movement "  in 
America  was  the  most  important  thing  in  the 
literary  world  to*-day;  and  that  this  so-momentous 
"  movement "  had  originated  in  the  sanctum  of  her 
magazinelet,  "  Poetry."  I  gathered  that,  something 
as  Dr.  Franklin,  upon  a  celebrated  occasion,  sent 
up  a  kite  and  brought  down  the  lightning  among 
an  astounded  populace,  Miss  Monroe  sent  up 
"  Poetry "  and  brought  down  "  the  new  poetry." 
Apparently,  also;  her  experiment  was  fully  as  elec- 
trical as  that  of  the  Doctor.  For  later  in  the  eve- 
ning, when  one  of  the  stars  in  the  "  new  poetry's  " 
firmament,  Mr.  Carl  Sandberg,  delivered  two  origi- 
nal poems,  entitled,  respectively,  "  Bobby  Burns  " 
and  "  Billy  Sunday,"  the  thrills  which  his  recita- 
tion —  or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  reading  —  pro- 
duced far  exceeded  many  that  I  have  seen  evoked 
by  the  application  of  the  galvanic  battery. 

Miss  Monroe  was  also  kind  enough  to  throw 
some  explicit  and,  so-to-speak,  ex-officio  illumina- 
tion upon  the  newness  which  is  the  distinguishing 
trait  of  "  the  new  poetry."  Incidentally,  of  course, 
she  found  it  expedient  to  animadvert  upon  the  old- 
ness  of  other  poetry.  In  doing  so  —  again  of 
course  —  it  was  necessary  to  exhibit  a  Horrible 
Example,  and  the  one  that  she  selected  was  William 
Cullen  Bryant. 

I  cannot  pretend  to  recall  more  than  the  drift, 
the  purport,  of  Miss  Monroe's  references  to 
Bryant, —  but  among  other  things  that  she  said 
were  these:  That  she  had  spent  a  considerable 
portion  of  that  very  day  in  re-reading  Bryant, 
and,  with  his  best  work  thus  fresh  in  mind,  she 
felt  compelled  to  state  that,  of  his  entire  copious 
poetical  output,  there  were  only  two  pieces  which 
"  would  live."  These  pieces,  she  said,  were 
"  Thanatopsis  "  and  "  To  a  Water-fowl."  But  she 
qualified  this  fiat  by  adding  that  the  "  Water- 
fowl "  was  "  doubtful,"  as  in  certain  respects  it 
was  "  very  faulty."  But,  at  any  rate,  these  were 
the  only  two  poems  of  Bryant's,  she  declared,  that, 
under  any  circumstances,  she  would  think  of  ac- 
cepting for  publication  in  "  Poetry,"  were  they 
contemporaneously  composed  and  offered  to  her 
for  that  purpose. 

It  was  quite  like  the  "  Off-with-his-head-so- 
much-for-Buckingham "  line  that  Colley  Gibber, 
they  say,  wrote  into  "  Richard  III.,"  and  more 
than  a  few  of  Miss  Monroe's  hearers  turned  to 
each  other  with  subdued  oh's  and  ah's.  But  they 
felt  conscious  that,  while  perhaps  participating 
in  something  almost  sacrilegious,  from  the  poetical 
point  of  view,  they  had  been  "in  at  the  death," 
just  the  same;  also  that,  in  the  language  of  the 
street,  they  were  being  "  put  wise  to  the  real 
thing."  And  many  fair  hands  were  clapped  in 
applause  by  ladies  present  —  of  whom,  I  have  an 
idea,  more  than  a  few,  in  times  it  would  be  impo- 
lite to  say  how  long  past,  had  recited  from  the 
rostrum  "  The  Death  of  the  Flowers "  as  typical 
of  what  they  then  considered  most  beautiful  and 
most  moving  in  American  verse. 

Bryant,  then,  is  poetically  "  a  dead  one."  Miss 
Monroe  bas  said  so,  and  Miss  Monroe  knows.  She 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


93 


spoke  in  behalf  of  Time,  and  with  an  accent  that 
betrayed  her  intimate  familiarity  with  that  hoary 
functionary.  But  the  only  trouble  was  that  she 
did  not  go  far  enough.  For  instance,  I  at  least 
would  have  felt  grateful  if  she  had  singled  out 
those  poems,  let  us  say,  of  Mr.  Sandberg's,  which 
"  would  live."  Or,  for  that  matter,  any  others 
which  have  appeared  in  "  Poetry  "  to  date.  I  have 
read  it  pretty  regularly,  and  my  uncertainty  re- 
garding such  items  is  so  utter  that  a  little  enlight- 
enment from  Miss  Monroe  would  have  been  to  me 
as  the  shadow  of  a  great  rock  in  a  weary  land. 
While,  just  as  Baudelaire  invented  decadence, 
Mallarme  symbolism,  Poe  the  grotesque  and  ara- 
besque, and  Hugo  romanticism,  "  the  new  poetry  " 
was  invented  in  the  sanctum  of  "  Poetry,"  as  Miss 
Monroe  unequivocally  declared,  she  did  at  least  by 
inference  assert  that  the  patron  saint  of  the 
"  movement "  was  Walt  Whitman, —  that  if  any 
one  "  great  influence  "  was  the  springboard  from 
which  its  practitioners  took  their  flying  leap  into 
the  poetical  empyrean,  it  was  that  of  Walt.  This 
being  so,  it  occurred  to  me  to  turn  to  what  Walt 
had  said  of  Bryant  —  for  I  remembered,  although 
I  could  not  recall  its  precise  phrasing,  that  it  was 
not  at  all  like  what  Miss  Monroe  had  said.  I  find 
it  to  be  as  follows  (see  "  Specimen  Days  ":  "  My 
Tribute  to  Four  Poets  ") : 

"  In  a  late  magazine  one  of  my  reviewers,  who  ought 
to  know  better,  speaks  of  my  '  attitude  of  contempt 
and  scorn  and  intolerance  '  toward  leading  poets  —  of 
my  '  deriding '  them,  and  preaching  their  '  uselessness.' 
If  anybody  cares  to  know  what  I  think  —  and  have 
long  thought  and  avow'd  —  about  them,  I  am  entirely 
willing  to  propound.  .  .  .  Bryant  pulsing  the  first 
interior  verse-throbs  of  a  mighty  world  —  bard  of  the 
river  and  wood,  ever  conveying  a  taste  of  open  air, 
with  scents  as  from  hayfields,  grapes,  birch-borders  — 
always  lurkingly  fond  of  threnodies  —  beginning  and 
ending  his  long  career  with  chants  of  death,  with  here 
and  there  through  all,  poems  or  passages  of  poems, 
touching  the  highest  universal  truths,  enthusiasms, 
duties  —  morals  as  grim  and  eternal;  if  not  as  stormy 
and  fateful,  as  anything  in  ^Eschylus." 

Such  was  Whitman's  tribute  to  Bryant.  It  does 
not  strikingly  resemble  that  of  the  editress  of 
"  Poetry  " ;  but,  somehow,  it  seems  to  come  nearer 
"  touching  the  highest  universal  truths,  enthusi- 
asms, duties  "  of  poetry. 

To  me,  I  must  also  confess,  the  selection  of 
Bryant  as  a  Horrible  Example  by  propagandists  of 
the  "  new  poetry  "  is  singularly  ill-judged.  For  is 
it  not  both  illogical  and  unjust  that  an  exponent  of 
rers  libre  and  allied  affairs  should  "  knock  "  a  poet 
who,  generations  before  most  "  new  poets "  were 
born,  himself  wrote : 

"  No  smooth  array  of  phrase, 

Artfully  sought  and  ordered  though  it  be, 
Which  the  cold  rhymer  lays 

Upon  his  page  with  languid  industry. 
Can  wake  the  listless  pulse  to  livelier  speed, 
Or  fill  with  sudden  tears  the  eyes  that  read. 

"  The  secret  wouldst  thou  know 

To  touch  the  heart  or  fire  the  blood  at  will? 
Let  thine  own  eyes  o'erflow ; 

Let  thy  lips  quiver  with  the  passionate  thrill; 
Seize  the  great  thought,  ere  yet  its  pewer  be  past, 
And  bind,  in  words,  the  fleet  emotion  fast. 


"  Then,  should  thy  verse  appear 

Halting  and  harsh,  and  all  unaptly  wrought, 
Touch  the  crude  line  with  fear, 

Save  in  the  moment  of  impassioned  thought; 
Then  summon  back  the  original  glow,  and  mend 
The  strain  with  rapture  that  with  fire  was  penned." 

Still,  I  think  Miss  Monroe  was  entirely  correct 
when  she  declared  the  unfitness  of  Bryant's  poetry 
for  her  publication.  As  Walt  says,  it  "  ever  con- 
veys a  taste  of  the  open  air "  —  and  if  there  is 
anything  that  the  verse  printed  in  "  Poetry  "  does 
not  convey,  it  is  precisely  that  quality.  "  The  new 
poetry  "  is,  manifestly,  manufactured  in  sanctums, 
as  was  the  "  movement "  that  it  features.  Hence, 
the  thought  of  anything  of  Bryant's  in  the  pages 
of  "  Poetry  "  is  indeed  impossible.  And,  by  the 
way,  what,  oh,  what,  do  you  suppose  Walt  would 
have  thought  of  Miss  Monroe's  magazine  if  he  had 
lived  to  see  it?  JOHN  L.  HERVEY. 

Chicago,  July  27, 1915. 


EESULTS  OF  THE  WISCONSIN  SURVEY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  words  "once  more"  in  the  title  given  by  you 
to  Dean  Comstock's  letter  in  your  issue  of  July  15, 
"  The  Wisconsin  Survey  Once  More,"  recall  how 
quickly  even  students  tire  of  controversy  over 
things  that  can  be  settled. 

It  is  on  this  fact  that  the  University  counted 
from  the  first.  For  a  time  it  wavered  between  the 
policy  adopted  by  the  normal  schools,  that  is,  ad- 
mitting the  truth  and  proceeding  to  correct  defects, 
and  the  other  policy  of  standing  pat,  denying 
everything,  and  diverting  attention  from  defects  of 
the  University  to  personalities  of  surveyors. 

When  a  dean  of  a  graduate  school  of  a  university 
with  international  reputation  makes  a  statement, 
readers  of  THE  DIAL  naturally  expect  that  this 
statement  is  truthful  as  well  as  scholarly.  Dean 
Comstock  writes  that  the  State  Board  of  Public 
Affairs  failed  to  adopt  the  report  of  survey  investi- 
gators, wrote  a  report  of  different  tenor,  and  sub- 
stantially repudiated  the  Survey  findings.  Casual 
examination  will  show  that  the  conclusion  is  con- 
trary to  fact.  The  State  Board  agreed  with  the 
Survey  in  all  but  three  of  the  matters  touched  upon 
by  both  the  Survey  and  the  State  Board.  It  dis- 
agreed on  trifling  matters  only:  (1)  substitution 
of  state  pensions  for  Carnegie  pensions;  (2)  sub- 
stitution of  Madison-owned  for  University-owned 
high  school;  (3)  substitution  of  optional  for  com- 
pulsory military  drill.  In  other  matters  the  State 
Board  supported  the  Survey, —  inter  alia: 

1.  Research   is    unsupervised   and   needs   to   be 
supervised,    p.  12. 

2.  Social  sciences  have  not  grown  with  the  Uni- 
versity,   p.  14. 

3.  More  practical  field  work  is  needed,    p.  14. 

4.  Supervision  of  instructors  is  inadequate  and 
needs  to  include  class-room  visiting,    p.  16. 

5.  Student  adviser  system  not  as  effective  as  it 
might  be  and  needs  strengthening,    p.  17. 

6.  Junior  colleges  are  needed  and  are  practical. 
p.  28. 

7.  University  should  discontinue  high  school  in- 
spection for  purposes  of  accrediting  and  should 


94 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


continue  it  for  the  sole  purpose  (the  board  said)  of 
improving  the  quality  of  instruction  in  the  subjects 
each  community  decides  to  place  in  its  high  school. 
p.  31. 

8.  Regular  courses   leading  to   graduation   and 
degrees    without    foreign    language    requirements 
should  be  established,    p.  32. 

9.  Students  have  too  little  contact  with  the  older 
and  stronger  men  on  the  faculty,    p.  32. 

10.  Further  attention  to  organization  and  admin- 
istration of  Wisconsin  high  school  is  needed,    p.  33. 

11.  Only  such  small  classes  should  be  continued 
as  are  fully  justified  upon  investigation,    p.  34. 

12.  Better    organization    and    more    systematic 
management  of  the  Extension  Division  are  needed 
and  the  instructional  force  should  be  strengthened. 
p.  36. 

13.  The  University  has  failed  to  follow  rigidly 
the  legislative  requirements  in  giving  preference 
when  allotting  dormitory  accommodations  to  stu- 
dents in  this  state,    p.  62. 

14.  A  high  percentage  of  non-use  of  certain  class- 
rooms is  shown,    p.  62. 

15.  Accounting  system  is  not  in  accordance  with 
modern  business  methods,    pp.  124,  126. 

16.  Some  few  members  of  the  faculty  have  taken 
unwarranted  advantage  of  the  opportunity  offered 
them  for  outside  work,  and  their  service  to  the 
University  has  been  impaired  through  a  division 
of  their  interest,    p.  15. 

Do  these  statements  from  the  State  Board's 
report  look  like  wholesale  endorsement  of  the  Uni- 
versity's efficiency  and  like  repudiation  of  fact 
reports  showing  in  what  particular  places  ineffi- 
ciency exists? 

A  similar  discrepancy  between  fact  and  Dean 
Comstock's  report  will  be  found  at  whatever  point 
the  reader  cares  to  follow  up  Dean  Comstock's 
statement.  The  thesis  which  he  says  I  wrongly 
referred  to  as  plagiarized  covers  a  ground  that  was 
incomparably  better  covered  in  a  thesis  submitted 
to  the  University  of  Paris  in  1876.  One  chapter  of 
it  is  taken  almost  verbatim  from  an  English  work, 
with  the  scant  acknowledgment  that  the  chapter  is 
based  upon  that  work.  The  fact  that  eastern  schol- 
ars found  the  work  satisfactory  means  absolutely 
nothing  until  the  readers  of  THE  DIAL  know 
whether  those  scholars  had  seen  the  works  upon 
which  it  was  based  and  had  critically  read  the 
thesis  itself.  If  the  Columbia  professors  who 
liked  the  thesis  read  it  with  no  greater  care  than 
the  Wisconsin  professor  who  approved  it  their 
liking  is  meaningless.  If  they  approved  it  after 
reading  Piggeoneau's  thesis  of  1876  and  Colvin's 
Godfrey,  so  much  the  worse  for  Columbia  scholar- 
ship. If  they  approved  it  without  reading  these 
works,  again  so  much  the  worse  for  Columbia 
scholarship. 

The  fact  is  that  there  is  not  one  of  these  eight 
theses  which  a  Harvard  professor  would  be  willing 
to  send  to  Paris,  Berlin,  or  Oxford  as  a  fair  sample 
of  American  scholarship. 

The  history  of  the  thesis  now  admitted  to  be 
technically  plagiarized  is  more  sordid  than  any 
experience  I  had  in  ten  years'  dealings  with  Tam- 
many Hall.  Dean  Comstock  first  wrote  a  blanket 


denial:  the  thesis  was  admirable,  absolutely  origi- 
nal in  a  field  entirely  lacking  in  secondary  sources. 
When  these  statements  were  proved  to  be  untrue, 
he  secondly  wrote  in  the  Survey  report  that  only  a 
small  part  of  the  thesis  was  plagiarized.  Now  he 
writes  to  THE  DIAL  that  considerable  portions  were 
given  without  proper  reference.  The  fact  is,  and 
he  knows  it  and  the  president  knows  it  and  the  two 
regents  who  compared  this  work  with  original 
sources  know  it,  that  the  thesis  was  from  cover  to 
cover  paste  and  scissors  work  taken  from  other 
sources  with  a  brazenness  that  would  cause  the 
University  to  drop  a  freshman. 

Is  there  not  some  reader  of  THE  DIAL  who  is 
interested  enough  in  the  nation-wide  aspects  of  this 
situation  to  make  a  personal  inspection  of  this 
thesis  and  of  the  Galland  thesis  above  referred  to 
and  of  the  other  six  theses?  If  so,  I  will  pay  his 
board  in  Madison  and  all  travelling  expenses  if  he 
does  not  report  that  the  Survey  understated  rather 
than  overstated  the  scholarship  deficiencies  of  these 
theses,  provided  that  Dean  Comstock  will  pay  for 
board  and  travelling  expenses  if  such  student 
reports  that  we  overstated  these  deficiencies. 

Madison,  Wis.,  July  30,  1915.W™'  H'  ALLEN- 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
The  communication  printed  above,  of  which  I 
have  seen  an  advance  proof,  furnishes  an  excellent 
illustration  of  certain  methods  characteristic  of  the 
Allen  Survey.  The  incautious  reader  who  is 
tempted  to  infer  an  official  approval  of  the  Allen 
report  from  the  sixteen  to  three  comparison  above 
made  should  turn  to  pp.  909-926  of  the  report  cited. 
He  will  there  find  set  forth,  in  all  the  pomp  of 
serial  numbers,  339  separate  recommendations 
made  by  Mr.  Allen  to  the  State  Board  of  Public 
Affairs.  If  we  assume  nineteen  of  these  to  be 
accounted  for  by  Mr.  Allen's  foregoing  exposition 
of  the  case,  shall  we  infer  that  the  remaining  320 
constitute  the  material  to  which  reference  is  made 
in  the  Findings  of  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs, 
under  the  heading,  "  Conclusion "  p.  36  of  the 
official  volume?  This  reference  is  as  follows: 
"Absence  from  this  report  of  specific  recommenda- 
tions relative  to  any  matter  commented  upon  by 
any  investigator  employed  by  this  board  is  not  to 
be  construed  as  an  endorsement  of  his  views.  In 
several  particulars  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs 
does  not  accept  either  the  conclusions  or  findings  of 
one  or  the  other  of  the  investigators  employed  by 
it;  but  either  because  of  want  of  full  information 
or  for  other  satisfactory  reasons  this  board  with- 
holds specific  recommendations." 

One  must  admire  the  optimism  with  which  the 
surveyor  contemplates  the  waste-basket  to  which 
ninety-five  per  cent  of  his  recommendations  are 
consigned,  and  which  regards  the  following  finding 
of  the  State  Board  as  confirmation  of  his  charges : 
"  That  the  administration  of  the  institution  has 
been  of  a  superior  order  is  evidenced  by  the  posi- 
tion the  University  of  Wisconsin  holds." 

Ab  uno  disce  omnes.    ~  „,    ~ 

GEORGE  C.  COMSTOCK, 

Dean  of  the  Graduate  School. 
University  of  Wisconsin,  Aug.  7,  1915. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


95 


THE  WISCONSIN  THESES. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Let  me  express  my  appreciation  of  the  spirit  of 
fairness  you  exhibit  in  printing  simultaneously  in 
your  columns  two  such  diverse  views  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin  Survey  as  Dean  G.  C.  Corn- 
stock,  of  the  Graduate  School  of  the  University  of 
Wisconsin,  and  Margaret  A.  Friend,  of  Milwaukee, 
present  in  your  issue  of  July  15. 

I  personally  was  one  of  the  number  who  reported 
on  doctors'  theses  accepted  and  approved  of  by 
the  University  of  Wisconsin.  I  was  amazed  at  the 
triteness,  the  mediocrity,  the  superficiality,  and  the 
dishonesty  of  the  work.  The  author  of  one  of  these 
theses  dealt  with'  the  history  of  a  great  family  dur- 
ing the  time  of  the  Crusades,  as  treated  in  a  cycle 
of  poems  produced  in  the  Middle  Ages.  The  fol- 
lowing are  some  of  the  things  that  appeared  in  the 
course  of  my  work : 

I.  The  author's  thesis  served  no  purpose  in  the 
world  of  scholarship;    it  was  merely  the  duplica- 
tion of  the  work  of  a  Trench  scholar,  who  in  1876 
presented  a  thesis  on  the  same  subject  before  the 
University  of  Paris.     The  French  scholar's  han- 
dling of  the  subject  was  infinitely  more  compre- 
hensive and  incomparably  more  brilliant  than  that 
of  the  Wisconsin  man. 

II.  The    Wisconsin    man    incorporated   bodily 
into  his  thesis  a  section  of  an  introduction  to  a 
prose  work  in  English.    This  extract  forms  an  in- 
tegral   part   of   his   thesis,   constituting   a   whole 
chapter.    It  consisted  of  an  historical  sketch  of  the 
main  character  treated  in  his  thesis.     Dozens  of 
accounts  of  the  hero's  life  were  available,  but  this 
account  happened  to  be  of  just  the  right  length  to 
serve  as  a  chapter  in  his  thesis. 

III.  The  whole  of  the  thesis  of  120  pages  —  if 
we  leave  out  the  20  blank  pages  that  are  numbered 
• —  is  merely  a  technical  exercise  to  prove  the  author 
a   linguistic  virtuoso  in  three  old  Romance  lan- 
guages :  Old  French,  Old  Spanish,  and  Old  Italian. 
Seven  of  the  nine  texts  used  by  the  author  were 
in  Old  French,  only  one  text  in  Old  Spanish  and 
that    in    prose  —  the    thesis    purported    to    be    a 
"  Poetic  History,"  —  and  the  other  one  in  Old  Ital- 
ian, of  which  a  half  dozen  good  translations  exist. 
The  two  latter  texts  are  treated  only  cursorily  by 
the  author. 

IV.  Not  a  statement  occurs  in  the  last  chapter 
of  the  thesis,  termed  "  Conclusion,"  that  cannot  be 
found  in  the  thesis  of  the  French  author  written  in 
1876.     Many  statements  are  translated  verbatim 
without   giving   the   French   scholar   credit.      The 
style  of  the  thesis  does  not  yield  a  trace  of  bril- 
liancy;   and  the  observations,  the  conclusions,  and 
in  fact  the  whole,  of  the  thesis  fails  to  show  a  single 
gleam  of  originality.    And  this  is  the  type  of  work 
that  the  great  University  of  Wisconsin  accepts  as 
an  original  contribution,  and  rewards  the  perpe- 
trator with  the  highest  possible  reward  of  scholar- 
ship, the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy ! 

Every  statement  made  here  can  be  readily  sub- 
stantiated by  detailed  and  concrete  proof.  When 
the  borrowed  and  unaccredited  sections  were  read 
aloud  to  two  of  the  regents,  Dean  Comstock  and 


the  head  of  the  department  concerned,  the  regents 
were  convinced  of  the  validity  of  the  criticisms. 
Later,  in  the  final  Survey  report,  I  was  surprised 
to  discover  that  the  "  lifted "  chapter  above  re- 
ferred to  is  called  an  "  annex  "  to  the  thesis  by  the 
University!  As  late  as  July  1,  1915,  not  a  sign 
existed  to  show  that  the  author  regarded  it  as  such. 

DAVID  E.  BERG. 
Madison,  Wls.,  Aug.  5,  1915. 


MR.  ALLEN  AND  THE  WISCONSIN  FACULTY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  July  15  is  a  letter  signed  Mar- 
garet A.  Friend,  defending  Mr.  W.  H.  Allen's  Sur- 
vey of  the  University  of  Wisconsin.  Its  essential 
point  is  the  following :  "  The  University  .  . 
wanted  a  report  .  .  as  a  few  in  authority  wished  it 
to  be  seen.  It  got  a  report  as  the  six  hundred 
faculty  members  saw  it." 

Though  Mr.  Allen's  methods,  purposes,  stand- 
ards, and  findings,  as  investigator,  educator,  and 
efficiency  expert,  have  been  extensively  canvassed 
in  the  intellectual  press  of  America  —  notably  in 
the  New  York  "  Evening  Post,"  "  The  Nation,"  and 
THE  DIAL,  "the  six  hundred  faculty  members" 
have  heretofore  expressed  their  opinion  only  in 
private.  Thus  your  correspondent's  statement  may 
well  suggest  to  some  readers  a  new  and  important 
aspect  of  the  subject;  administrative  tyranny, 
whether  of  president,  deans,  or  board  of  trustees, 
over  an  oppressed  and  voiceless  faculty  has  often 
been  alleged  and  sometimes  proved  in  the  uni- 
versity world  of  America.  Is  Mr.  Allen,  then,  fight- 
ing for  such  "  six  hundred  faculty  members "  at 
Madison?  No,  and  absolutely  no. 

But  it  has  become  Mr.  Allen's  policy  to  attempt 
to  enlist,  or  to  pretend  to  have  enlisted,  the  faculty 
against  the  administration.  A  cardboard  folder, 
dated  May  28,  1915,  and  signed  by  Mr.  Allen,  enti- 
tled "  Open  Letter  to  Faculty  Members  of  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,"  begins  thus :  "  In  your 
name  a  new  glossary  of  vituperation  is  being  cre- 
ated; 'academic  freedom'  at  the  University  of 
Wisconsin  is  being  so  defined  as  to  prohibit  free 
and  impersonal  consideration  of  opportunities  for 
increasing  efficiency,"  etc.  The  whole  lengthy  docu- 
ment is  a  masterpiece  of  folly,  and  was  so  ad- 
judged, I  fancy,  by  every  one  of  "  the  six  hundred  " 
who  took  time  from  better  things  to  peruse  it. 

All  "  the  six  hundred  "  filled  out  the  elaborate 
questionnaires  on  which  a  part  of  Mr.  Allen's 
report  was  subsequently  based,  only  to  find  their 
evidence  in  many  cases  misunderstood  or  curiously 
manipulated.  Later,  a  large  number  of  those  "  six 
hundred "  directly  cooperated,  by  written  memo- 
randa or  by  oral  conference,  in  furnishing  the 
materials  from  which  was  made  up  that  scholarly, 
keen-witted,  and  high-minded  rejoinder,  the  appen- 
dix entitled  "  Comment  by  Committee  of,  University 
Faculty  upon  Report  of  Investigators."  Note,  in- 
deed, the  significant  words,  "  Committee  of  Uni- 
versity Faculty  "  —  not  Miss  Friend's  "  few  in 
authority." 

Moreover,  the  present  writer,  through  many 
months  of  pretty  wide  contact  and  conversation, 
has  not  heard  from  a  single  colleague  one  word  of 


96 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


defence  or  even  of  apology  for  Mr.  Allen's  work. 
Whatever  useful  details  of  criticism  may  be  found 
here  and  there  in  its  voluminous  pages,  as  a  whole 
Mr.  Allen's  report,  while  certainly  an  attack  upon 
"  the  few  in  authority,"  is  still  more  certainly  an 
attack  upon  the  entire  faculty.  But  it  is  chiefly  an 
attack  upon  university  ideals  and  the  yet  broader 
principles  of  candor,  justice,  and  intelligence. 

The  above  statement  has  been  read  to  a  repre- 
sentative group  of  university  colleagues ;  they  unite 
in  the  hope  that  THE  DIAL  may  give  it  the  fullest 
publicity.  w.  E.  LEONARD. 

University  of  Wisconsin,  July  22,  1915. 


[It  is  not  practicable,  nor  do  we  feel  that  it 
would  be  profitable,  to  allow  this  discussion  to 
continue  further  in  our  columns,  and  the  corre- 
spondence must  therefore  close  with  the  publi- 
cation of  the  letters  printed  above. — EDITOR.] 


AN  IMAGIST  TO  THE  DEFENCE. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
My  attention  has  been  drawn  to  an  article  in 
your  issue  of  June  24,  entitled  "  Recent  Poetry." 
The  author  of  this  review  takes  exception  to  the 
preface  of  my  book  of  verse,  "  Irradiations."  As 
he  has  taken  the  trouble,  in  a  series  of  dogmatic 
statements,  to  deny  about  everything  I  wrote  in 
that  preface,  surely  it  is  only  fair  to  me  to  permit 
me  to  undogmatically  defend  myself.  Let  the  pub- 
lic be  the  judge  between  us. 

First  of  all,  Mr.  Alden  assumes  that  in  my 
preface  to  "  Irradiations  "  I  was  speaking  of  the 
theories  of  the  Imagists  as  a  group.  Surely  he 
should  have  known  that  I  was  doing  nothing  of  the 
sort.  The  preface  to  "  Some  Imagist  Poets " 
contains  all  that  the  Imagists  desire  to  hazard 
concerning  themselves  collectively.  The  preface  to 
"  Irradiations  "  is  purely  a  personal  utterance. 

Mr.  Alden  next  says  that  the  art  of  poetry  in 
English-speaking  countries  is  not  in  a  greatly  back- 
ward state.  That  is  a  question  of  Mr.  Alden's 
taste  —  or  rather,  of  the  scope  of  his  reading, 
about  which  he  tells  us  nothing. 

"  Poets  have  not  attempted  to  make  of  their  craft 
a  Masonic  secret,  declaring  that  rhythm  is  not  to  be 
analyzed."  Apparently,  then,  many  English  poets 
have  written  technical  treatises  on  rhythm!  Yet  I 
know  of  only  three  who  have  tackled  this  subject: 
Poe,  Lanier,  and  Robert  Bridges.  If  Mr.  Alden 
knows  of  more,  he  should  enlighten  my  ignorance. 
"  It  is  not  true  that  each  line  of  a  poem  repre- 
sents a  single  breath."  Then  what  does  it  repre- 
sent? Why  should  there  be  any  rhythmical  unit 
at  all,  if  the  breath  of  the  bard  or  reciter  is  not  to 
be  taken  into  account? 

"  Every  poet  of  eminence  has  not  felt  the  fatigu- 
ing monotony  of  regular  rhyme."  It  depends  on 
how  you  class  eminence.  Milton  says  Satan  was 
raised  "  to  that  bad  eminence." 

"  Shakespeare  did  not  abandon  rhyme  in  his 
maturer  period  (that  is,  in  lyrical  verse)."  Does 
Mr.  Alden  seriously  suppose  that  Shakespeare, 
when  he  was  writing  "  The  Tempest,"  said  to  him- 
self :  "  Go  to !  this  is  sung  by  Ariel ;  I  must  write 


lyrical  verse,  and  lyrical  verse  must  rhyme  " ;  and 
later :  "  Hold !  this  is  spoken  by  Prospero ;  hence 
it  is  not  lyrical  and  must  be  in  blank  verse  "  ?  Does 
Mr.  Alden  suppose  this?  I  have  a  problem,  then, 
for  his  solution.  Which  is  more  lyrical,  Ariel's 
"Ding  dong  bell"  or  Prospero's  "Leave  not  a 
rack  behind  "  ?  JOHN  GOULD  FLETCHER. 

Bay  View,  Mich.,  July  27, 1915. 

[I  am  glad  to  see  some  further  discussion  by 
Mr.  Fletcher  of  the  matters  touched  on  in  his 
Preface,  and  should  also  enjoy  pursuing  the 
subject  of  two  or  three  of  them ;  but  it  is  clear 
that  this  cannot  be  done,  except  with  more  of 
assertion  than  proof,  in  the  incidental  space 
appropriate  to  the  discussion  of  my  review. 
A  note  or  two  of  explanation  may  be  added. 
It  is  quite  true  that  the  question  whether  the 
art  of  English  poetry  is  in  a  greatly  backward 
state  is  largely  one  of  taste  and  judgment. 
I  can  only  say,  therefore,  that  my  own  impres- 
sion is  shared  by  all  the  competent  judges 
with  whom  I  am  acquainted,  to  the  effect  that 
the  past  few  years  have  shown  a  marked  and 
growing  revival  of  poetry  as  a  vital  expression 
of  contemporary  thought  in  England  and 
America,  and  that  an  encouraging  amount  of 
decidedly  creditable  verse  is  finding  both  pub- 
lication and  sale.  Perhaps  I  may  claim  some 
liberality  in  adding  that  I  find  evidence  of  the 
same  thing  even  in  the  "new  poetry,"  which 
I  do  not  greatly  admire,  since  it  implies  that 
an  increasing  number  of  persons,  including 
some  with  no  great  rhythmical  endowment, 
are  turning  to  poetry  as  a  means  of  sincere 
and  serious  expression. 

If  in  saying  that  "  poets  have  attempted  to 
make  of  their  craft  a  Masonic  secret."  Mr. 
Fletcher  meant  only  that  they  have  not  writ- 
ten many  treatises  on  versification,  I  shall  not 
press  my  denial.  But  I  know  of  none  who 
have  not  welcomed  opportunities  to  discuss  the 
subject  and  to  give  hints  to  younger  men 
regarding  their  understanding  of  the  rhyth- 
mical art.  This  is  particularly  true  of  two 
such  great  progressive  metrists  as  Coleridge 
and  Tennyson. 

I  cannot  answer  the  question,  What  does 
each  line  of  a  poem  represent  if  not  a  single 
breath  ?  except  by  saying  that  it  represents  an 
arbitrary  art  pattern,  like  a  unit  of  decoration 
on  a  Greek  pediment,  or  the  pitch  intervals 
in  the  tempered  scale.  Various  eccentric  theo- 
ries have  been  suggested,  from  time  to  time, 
connecting  our  rhythmic  types  with  the 
breath, —  as  in  the  effort  to  conjecture  why 
one  race  prefers  longer  lines  than  another,  or 
rhythm  of  fours  rather  than  threes,  and  the 
like ;  but  no  authority  on  prosody  accepts  any 
of  these.  But  here  let  me  ask,  if  we  assume 
that  each  line  of  verse  does  represent  a  breath, 


1915 


THE   DIAL 


97 


is  not  the  art  of  vers  libre  alarmingly  unhy- 
gienic, in  tending  to  develop  such  irregular 
breathing  as  it  implies  ? 

Mr.  Fletcher  appears  to  have  understood 
me  to  say  that  Shakespeare  never  used  un- 
rhymed  verse  for  lyrical  passages.  I  should 
be  very  far  from  making  such  a  statement,  or 
even  from  undertaking  to  answer  the  difficult 
question  just  what  a  lyrical  passage  is.  The 
matter  concerned  was  Mr.  Fletcher's  state- 
ment that  in  his  maturer  period  Shakespeare 
abandoned  rhyme.  Now  the  only  change 
which  is  known  to  Shakespearean  criticism,  in 
the  poet's  use  of  rhyme,  is  his  dropping  of  the 
early  fashion  of  using  it  in  dramatic  speech. 
His  later  plays  are  peculiarly  rich  in  rhymed 
lyrics,  and  there  is  not  the  slightest  evidence 
that  he  ever  wearied  of  rhyme  for  ordinary 
lyrical  purposes.  Neither,  so  far  as  I  know, 
has  any  eminent  English  poet  save  one  — 
Milton  —  given  evidence  of  a  distaste  for 
regular  rhyme  in  his  maturer  years.  It  is 
harmless  for  any  private  person  to  dislike  regu- 
lar rhyme  and  to  abandon  it,  and  quite  un- 
necessary that  he  should  twist  metrical  theory 
and  history  in  his  defence. —  THE  REVIEWER.] 


THE  AUTHOR  OF  "  PONTEACH." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  have  read  with  much  interest  the  review  by 
Mr.  William  B.  Cairns,  in  your  issue  of  July  15, 
of  the  reprint  of  "  Ponteach,"  edited  by  Mr.  Allan 
Nevins  and  published  by  the  Caxton  Club  of  Chi- 
cago. Of  the  author  of  "  Ponteach,"  Robert  Rog- 
ers, a  celebrated  Ranger  during  the  French  and 
Indian  War,  Mr.  Cairns  says :  "  It  is  difficult  to 
see  how  a  man  completely  sunk  in  dissipation 
could  have  attained  the  self -culture  which  Rogers 
shows." 

I  am  sure  it  would  be  a  favor  if  Mr.  Cairns  or 
somebody  else  would  point  out  to  the  students  of 
this  period  of  our  history  any  evidence  to  prove 
that  Rogers  was  a  man  of  culture. 

It  is  at  least  my  own  opinion  that  Rogers's 
"  Journals "  and  his  "  Concise  Account "  were 
written  by  some  hack  writer  in  London,  who 
secured  his  information  from  Rogers  or  from  Rog- 
ers's note-books.  Anyone  who  will  take  the  trouble 
to  consult  the  "  Documentary  History  of  the  State 
of  New  York,"  Vol.  II.,  p.  205,  etc.,  will  see  from 
Rogers's  reports  of  his  scouting  expeditions  as  there 
printed,  presumably  from  the  originals,  that  he  was 
so  illiterate  that  he  could  not  even  spell  his  own 
name  correctly  —  at  least  not  all  the  time, —  and 
some  of  the  simplest  words  in  the  language  were 
misspelled.  W.  H.  S. 

New  York  City,  July  23, 1915. 

[As  I  wished  to  make  plain  in  my  review, 
my  interest  in  "  Ponteach  "  is  in  the  literary 
values  and  relationships  of  the  play,  and  on 
matters  of  historical  and  biographical  research 
I  speak  purely  as  a  layman.  The  journals  of 


Rogers's  scouting  expeditions  in  1755,  to 
which  your  correspondent  refers,  seem  to  me 
to  show  neither  more  nor  less  of  crudity  than 
might  be  expected  in  the  work  of  a  man  with 
Rogers's  lack  of  early  training.  This  same 
ranger,  whose  orthography  in  1755  so  shocks 
your  correspondent,  was  apparently  able  ten 
years  later  to  impress  favorably  the  social, 
official,  and  military  circles  of  London,  and  to 
win,  without  money  and  in  the  face  of  strong 
American  opposition,  an  important  appoint- 
ment. He  was  also  the  author,  or  at  the  very 
least  was  believed  by  those  who  knew  him  to 
be  the  author,  of  two  prose  works  and  a  verse 
drama  which  show  some  slight  acquaintance 
with  books  as  well  as  with  life ;  and  his  manu- 
script letters  and  journals  of  later  date  which 
I  am  able  to  examine  in  the  library  of  the 
State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  are  not 
in  penmanship,  wording,  or  even  in  spelling 
the  work  of  a  man  who  could  be  called  illit- 
erate. This  development  indicates  what  I 
called  "self-culture,"  though  I  should  not 
quarrel  in  defence  of  the  term.  My  argu- 
ment was  that  it  made  against  the  contention 
that  Rogers  was  wholly  given  over  to  low  vice. 
When  I  wrote  I  was  not  aware  that  the 
authorship  of  the  "  Journals  "  and  the  "  Con- 
cise Account"  was  seriously  questioned.  I 
note  that  your  correspondent,  though  he 
speaks  without  apparent  hesitation  of  "the 
author  of  'Ponteach,'  Robert  Rogers,"  ex- 
presses the  opinion  that  Rogers  did  not  write 
the  prose  works  named.  Doubtless  Mr.  Nev- 
ins would  be  glad,  as  I  should,  of  any  substan- 
tial evidence  in  support  of  this  somewhat 
peculiar  view.  It  would  require  more  than 
the  inconsistent  spelling  in  the  journals  of 
Rogers's  scouting  days  to  have  much  weight. — 
THE  REVIEWER.] 

AUTHORS  AND  KNIGHTHOOD. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  is  not  my  place  or  desire  to  criticize,  but  as  a 
regular  reader  of  THE  DIAL  I  feel  constrained  to 
utter  a  feeble  protest  against  the  tone  of  the  edito- 
rial paragraph,  "  Plumed  Knights,"  in  your  issue 
of  July  15. 

It  seems  trivial  and  foreign  to  your  practice  to 
decry  any  time-honored  custom  of  any  land,  much 
less  the  one  that  holds  first  place  in  the  production 
of  the  best  in  literature.  While  we  in  America  may 
have  but  little  regard  for  knighthood,  should  we 
not  at  least  respect  it  as  being  an  outward  sign  of 
the  appreciation  of  a  people,  bestowed  by  royalty 
though  it  may  be,  for  one  who  has  done  something 
worthy?  Since  the  authors  of  to-day  accept  this 
honor,  we  are  not  justified  in  belittling  it,  but 
should  rather  esteem  it  because  of  their  acceptance. 
NOEL  A.  DUNDERDALE. 

Chicago,  July  28,  1915. 


98 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


€jj*  |Uto  §0ohs. 


A  BREVIARY  FOR  CRITICS.* 

Close  upon  the  heels  of  Mr.  Brownell's  criti- 
cal credo,  recently  reviewed  in  these  pages, 
follows  the  manifesto  of  Mr.  George  Edward 
Woodberry,  who  takes  rank  with  Mr.  Brownell 
himself,  Professor  Irving  Babbitt,  and  Mr. 
Paul  Elmer  More  among  the  most  conspicuous 
critics  in  America  to-day.  Like  Mr.  Brownell, 
Mr.  Woodberry  combines  a  kindly  attitude 
toward  the  later  modes  of  impressionism  and 
appreciation  with  an  eager  desire  to  hold  fast 
to  the  best  in  the  old  magisterial  conception. 
He  weighs  and  sifts  the  historical  method  for 
its  dross  of  death  and  its  life-gold,  and  he 
passes  on  to  a  sober  but  hymnlike  adoration  of 
art  in  its  immortality  which  is  perhaps  the 
most  exalting  prose  of  its  special  kind  since 
Shelley's  "Defence  of  Poetry." 

In  his  first  essay,  Mr.  Woodberry  reminds 
us  of  an  alluring  conception  of  criticism  as 
re-creation,  but  sets  such  a  definition  aside  for 
a  space  while  he  considers  how  far  the  his- 
torical critic  may  understand  a  work  of  art 
as  it  was  in  another  nation  and  in  a  dim  past 
without  re-creating  it  and  thereby  inevitably 
adding  to  it  the  color  of  his  own  personality. 
Mr.  Woodberry  calls  upon  us  to  remember 
Taine  with  admiration,  but  to  make  the  large 
generalizations  of  the  French  critic  more  valid 
by  putting  against  them  the  psychological  crit- 
ic's absorption  in  the  individual  (with  a  pass- 
ing frown  at  the  modern  habit  for  hounding 
out  the  abnormal  as  essential  in  genius).  A 
third  group,  "  a  hybrid  of  the  sociologists  and 
the  psychologists,"  has  arisen  to  dwell  on  great 
personalities  amidst  a  maze  of  influences  from 
nations  and  epochs,  making  criticism  "an 
anatomy  of  texts."  Criticism  seems  to  draw 
"  ever  further  away  from  the  work  of  art 
itself ;  it  leaves  the  matter  of  life,  which  art  is, 
for  the  matter  of  knowledge."  Should  we  not 
then  take  warning  and  accept  after  all  the 
definition  formulated  by  recent  critics?  Can 
we  re-create,  however,  and  re-create  "  the  work 
of  art  as  it  was  in  the  mind  of  the  original 
artist "  ?  To  re-create  not  "  a  vision  of  our 
own"  but  the  identical  vision  in  the  mind  of 
the  artist  of  the  past  is  to  enter  the  realms  of 
history.  Despite  the  universal  qualities  which 
we  may  readily  perceive,  there  are  "  local  and 
temporal  associations"  which  require  a  most 
complete  absorption  to  re-create  in  their  integ- 
rity. In  fact,  you  cannot  re-create  from  any 
point  of  view  (for  all  the  hopes  of  recent 


*Two  PHASES  OF  CRITICISM,  HISTORICAL  AND  .^ESTHETIC. 
By  George  Edward  Woodberry.  Limited  edition.  Published 
for  the  Woodberry  Society. 


impressionists)  unless  you  pay  some  attention 
to  the  historical  method. 

"  What,  you  will  say,  '  is  not  line  the  same 
beauty  in  a  Greek  or  Japanese  or  Trench  work  ?  has 
not  color  the  same  value?  is  not  the  human  eye  the 
same  the  world  over?'  Well,  to  begin  with,  the 
line  is  not  the  same,  and  it  has  different  connota- 
tions; and  so,  also,  of  the  color;  and  the  human 
eye  is  as  various  as  the  soul  that  sees  through  it. 
Art  is  not  like  mathematics,  something  to  be  cast 
into  identical  formulas  in  every  time  and  place.  .  . 
It  is  not  so  simple  as  observing  a  sunset;  it  is  not 
merely  to  open  your  eyes  and  see;  you  must  first 
create  the  eye  to  see  with." 

And  when  we  remember  further  that  not  only 
is  art  "  a  Protean  play  of  personality  in  many 
places  and  ages"  but  also  that  no  one  of  us 
sees  the  same  thing  in  the  same  way,  historical 
criticism  may  seem  at  best  "only  a  doubtful 
resurrection  of  the  soul  that  has  passed  away, 
—  a  portrait,  perhaps,  but  one  in  whose  eyes 
and  expression  there  is  an  unshared  secret." 
Mr.  Woodberry,  however,  warns  us  against 
growing  lax  in  the  great  quest  of  the  historical 
method,  for  it  is  the  critic's  only  hope  of 
qualifying  himself  "  to  undertake  that  purely 
aesthetic  criticism  "  by  which  he 
"  may  at  last  become  one  with  the  soul  of  the  artist 
and  see  his  vision  with  the  meaning  and  atmosphere 
it  had  to  himself.  So  much  of  art  is  antique  and 
foreign,  so  much  of  what  is  racially  our  own  has 
become  alien  to  my  feelings  and  ideas  by  the  grad- 
ual detachment  of  time,  that  I  need  an  interpreter 
between  me  and  this  dead  and  dying  world  of  the 
past, —  I  need  precisely  the  interpretation  of  knowl- 
edge that  historical  criticism  gives.  True,  it  is  not 
aesthetic  criticism;  but  aesthetic  criticism,  in  the 
sense  of  a  re-creation  of  art  as  it  was  in  the  past, 
for  me  is  impossible  without  it." 
Nor  should  we  excuse  criticism  from  the  func- 
tion of  judgment  as  well  as  interpretation.  It 
must  do  more  than  content  itself  with  asking : 
What  was  in  the  mind  of  the  artist  ?  Has  he 
expressed  it?  Was  his  method  well  or  ill 
adapted  ?  Is  his  result  worth  the  pains  ?  The 
artist  may  hold  himself  free  from  rules :  but 
not  so,  with  impunity,  the  critic.  Mr.  Wood- 
berry  comes  close  to  Mr.  Brownell  when  he 
declares  that  "  we  who  find  in  the  merely  hu- 
man world  no  guide  so  safe  as  reason,  look  to 
criticism  to  declare  the  judgment  of  reason  on 
the  intellectual  and  moral  values  of  art."  Nor 
is  art  itself,  as  is  so  often  averred,  mere  "  sense- 
perceiving;  but  it  gathers  into  its  energy  the 
whole  play  of  personality,  and  is  a  power  of 
the  total  soul."  Reason  aids  in  its  fashioning. 
"  It  is  a  rationalized  and  spiritualized  world,  the 
world  that  ought  to  be,  an  ideal  world,  though 
found  only  fragmentarily  in  any  individual  or 
period  or  country.  Art  is  not  a  spontaneous  gen- 
eration and  geyser,  as  it  were,  of  the  senses  at  play 
in  their  world  of  mere  phenomena;  but  it  is  a 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


99 


world-creator,  the  maker  of  a  new  and  complete 
world,  one  not  superficial  and  momentary  merely, 
but  a  world  with  meaning,  loaded  with  all  the  sig- 
nificance that  man  has  found  in  his  spiritual  life." 
Hence  the  permanence  of  great  art,  even 
though  it  may  happen  that  the  artist  himself 
be  no  thinker  but  rather  one  who  expresses 
half  unrealizingly  the  vision  of  a  community. 
He  may  not  speak  as  some  others  do,  in 
abstractions ;  but  he  utters  what  is  neverthe- 
less "intellectual  and  moral  truth,  spiritual 
truth." 

"  The  prime  contrast  between  art  and  nature  [is] 
...  an  opposition  of  freedom  to  necessity,  of  the 
soul  to  the  body,  of  spirituality  to  materialism. 
Art  is  the  soul's  confession.  I  should  be  ill-content 
if  works  of  art,  taken  individually,  yielded  to  the 
critic  only  a  momentary  experience  of  the  senses 
and  feelings,  as  if  they  were  merely  disparate 
objects  of  nature.  I  desire  to  know  their  meanings 
to  the  soul;  and  that  intellectual  and  moral  ele- 
ments enter  into  their  meaning,  and  that  without 
the  cooperation  of  the  reason  they  are  incompletely 
known,  seems  to  me  plain.  .  .  Each  school,  each 
age,  each  race  has  its  own  art,  often  highly  indi- 
vidualized and  peculiar  to  itself.  .  .  The  diversity 
of  art  not  only  makes  interpretation  necessary  to 
its  understanding,  but  also  renders  judgment  of  its 
value,  intellectual,  moral,  technical,  very  useful, 
both  in  guiding  the  mind  in  its  choice  and  in  estab- 
lishing the  relative  place  that  any  particular  artist 
or  art  period  has  in  the  whole  field.  .  .  Contempla- 
tion without  judgment  is  a  barren  attitude,  though 
judgment  need  not  confine  itself  to  comparing 
greater  and  lesser." 

The  revolt  against  such  criticism  springs  prob- 
ably from  "  a  discontent  with  that  immersion 
in  the  dead  past  of  knowledge  which  is  often 
the  scholar's  lot,  and  from  a  desire  to  confine 
our  interest  in  art  within  those  limits  where 
art  is  alive."  With  this  we  may  sympathize. 
But  many  of  these  hardships  are  inevitable. 
Let  us  not,  like  the  futurists,  consider  the  past 
as  merely  in  the  way.  Even  "  in  realizing  the 
dead  selves  of  mankind,  the  soul  accumulates 
power,  breadth  of  outlook,  tolerance  and  espe- 
cially, I  think,  faith  and  hope."  But  for  all 
this  solace,  "  one  is  often  fain  to  ask, — '  Is 
there  no  rescue  from  this  reign  of  death,  which 
is  history,  and  how  shall  it  be  accomplished  ?'  " 

The  answer,  thinks  Mr.  Woodberry,  should 
lie  in  aesthetic  criticism. 

"  Is  it  an  error  to  relegate  art  to  the  dead  past 
and  translate  it  into  history?  Works  of  art  are 
not  like  political  events  and  persons;  they  do  not 
pass  at  once  away.  The  Hermes  of  Praxiteles  is 
still  with  us.  Is  it  really  the  same  Hermes  that  it 
was  when  it  was  made?  Is  its  personal  identity  a 
fixed  state,  or  does  its  personality,  like  our  own, 
change  in  the  passage  of  time?  May  it  not  be  the 
nature  of  art  to  cast  off  what  is  mortal,  and  emanci- 
pate itself  from  the  mind  of  its  creator?  " 

Is  there  something  beyond  "  that  mortal  and 


temporary  part  which  historical  criticism  pre- 
serves "  ?  Yes.  ^Esthetic  criticism  may  try  to 
re-create  "  the  image  before  us  apart  from  any 
attempt  to  realize  what  was  in  the  artist's 
mind,  or  with  only  a  passing  reference  to 
that."  Expression,  "  the  nucleus  of  the  artist's 
power,"  is  "  the  process  of  externalizing  what 
was  in  the  artist's  mind,  in  some  object  of 
sense  which  shall  convey  it  to  others."  "  The 
natural  object  .  .  is  enveloped  in  his  feeling," 
his  personality,  which  is  immaterial.  Sugges- 
tion, half-lights,  the  inexpressible,  play  about 
a  work  of  art.  "  In  so  far  as  a  work  of  art  is  a 
thing  of  nature,  it  can  be  expressed  materially 
with  the  more  adequacy;  in  so  far  as  it  is  a 
thing  of  spirit,  of  personality,  it  is  less  subject 
to  complete  and  certain  expression ;  and  in  all 
art  there  are  these  two  elements."  No  two 
people  can  realize  this  play  of  spirit  in  exactly 
the  same  way.  "Rifts  of  temperament  and 
varieties  of  expression  between  artist  and  spec- 
tator make  chasms  of  misunderstanding  and 
misappreciation."  "  Every  reader  thinks  that 
he  is  Hamlet."  To  make  every  reader  think 
so  is  to  be  a  genius,  a  universal  writer. 
"Whence  arises  this  paradox,  so  common  in 
art,  of  infinite  diversity  in  identity?  It 
comes  from  the  fact  that,  so  far  from  realiz- 
ing the  image  as  it  was  in  the  artist's  mmd 
and  receiving  it  charged  with  his  personality 
merely,  it  is  we  ourselves  who  create  the  image 
by  charging  it  with  our  own  personality." 

"  It  is  one  of  the  charms  of  art  that  it  is  not 
to  be  completely  understood.  In  an  age  in 
which  so  high  a  value  is  put  upon  facts,  in- 
formation, positive  knowledge,  it  is  a  relief  to 
have  still  reserved  to  us  a  place  apart  where 
it  is  not  necessary  to  know  all."  The  truth  of 
art  grows  ever  with  time  "  more  rich  in  signifi- 
cance, more  profound  in  substance,  disclosing 
heaven  over  heaven  and  depth  under  depth." 
The  greatest  books  grow  old  with  us.  So  it  is 
that  great  artists  become  lifelong  studies.  Our 
powers  of  appreciation  vary,  and  our  way  is. 
"commonly  blocked  by  certain  inhibitions 
which  are  so  lodged  in  the  mind  by  education 
and  opinion  that  they  effectively  paralyze  any 
effort  at  re-creation."  The  Puritans  feared 
the  drama.  The  respectable  American  turns 
hastily  and  pruriently  away  from  the  nude 
figure  —  and  the  shame  is  his,  not  the  artist's. 
With  such  limitations  we  fall  short  of  the 
artist's  vision.  Yet,  on  the  other  hand,  we  may 
give  his  work  of  art  beautiful  meanings  of 
which  he  did  not  dream. 

"  The  essence  of  the  work,  its  living  power  for 
us,  is  not  what  the  artist  put  in  it,  but  what  we 
draw  from  it ;  its  world-value  is  not  what  it  was  to 
the  artist,  but  what  it  is  to  the  world.  .  .  Thus 
arises  the  paradox  .  .  that  it  is  not  the  poet,  but 


100 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


the  reader,  who  writes  the  poem.  .  .  New  ages 
appropriate  the  works  of  the  past  by  accomplish- 
ing a  partial  transformation  in  them,  and  unless 
art  is  capable  of  such  a  remaking  it  cannot  last." 
So  it  was  that  Pater  in  his  "  creative  criticism  " 
re-created  art, —  "a  marvellous  blend  of  the 
modern  spirit  with  ancient  material."  All  his 
figures,  "Dionysus,  or  French  gallants,  or 
Roman  gentlemen,  .  .  are  developed  in  the 
dark  chamber  of  his  own  singularly  sensitive 
and  refined  artistic  temperament."  Thus  the 
Puritans  re-created  the  Old  Testament.  We 
need  not  abolish  war  and  the  wine-cup  as 
beautiful  poetic  imagery  even  in  chaster  days ; 
they  may  adorn  and  vivify  the  poetry  of  an 
age  of  new  ideals,  and  do  these  rich  service. 

Works  of  art  are  not,  then,  to  Mr.  Wood- 
berry  "  historical  monuments  valuable  for  the 
information  they  give  of  the  past,"  but 
"  new  material,  for  us  to  work  our  own  statues  and 
pictures  and  poems  out  of ;  or,  in  a  word,  to  create 
the  forms  of  our  own  souls  out  of;  for  the  soul 
must  be  given  forms  in  order  to  be  aware  of  its 
being,  to  know  itself,  truly  to  be.  The  soul  moves 
toward  self-expression  in  many  ways,  but  in  finding 
forms  for  itself  the  soul  discovers  its  most  plastic 
material  in  the  world  of  art.  It  is  in  forms  of 
ideality  that  the  soul  hastens  to  clothe  itself;  and 
while  it  is  possible  for  us  to  elaborate  such  forms 
from  the  crude  mass  of  nature,  as  the  first  artists 
did,  yet  later  generations  are  the  more  fortunate  in 
that  they  possess  in  art  and  literature  a  vast  treas- 
ure of  ideality  already  elaborated  and  present. 
Works  of  art  thus  constitute  a  select  material 
wherein  the  artist-soul  that  is  in  each  of  us  can 
work,  not  only  with  our  own  native  force  of  pene- 
tration and  aspiration,  but,  as  it  were,  with  higher 
aid, —  the  aid  of  genius,  the  aid  of  the  select  souls 
of  the  race." 

Thus  art  casts  off  "what  is  mortal,"  and 
emancipates  "itself  from  the  mind  of  its 
creator  "  "  to  enter  upon  a  life  of  its  own,  con- 
tinually renewed  in  the  minds  of  those  who 
appropriate  it."  The  reader  who  appropriates 
may  be  a  Pater;  he  may  be  far  humbler,  he 
may  be  far  greater.  Such  fame  outlasts  biog- 
raphy. The  poet's  memory  becomes  ideal. 

"And  then  this  miracle  arises  that  into  the  soul 
of  Virgil,  for  example,  enters  a  Christian  soul, 
new-born,  and  deepening  its  pathos.  .  .  That  is 
earthly  immortality, —  the  survival  and  increment 
of  the  spirit  through  time.  Thus  arises  another 
paradox,  that  as  art  begins  by  being  charged  with 
personality,  it  ends  by  becoming  impersonal,  solv- 
ing the  apparent  contradiction  in  the  soul  universal, 
the  common  soul  of  mankind.  Each  of  us  creates 
art  in  his  own  image, —  it  seems  an  infinite  varia- 
ble ;  and  yet  it  is  the  variable  of  something  identical 
in  all  —  the  soul.  .  .  It  is  thus  in  the  artistic  life 
that  one  shares  in  the  soul  universal,  the  common 
soul  of  mankind,  which  yet  is  manifest  only  in  indi- 
viduals and  their  concrete  work.  Art  like  life  has 
its  own  material  being  in  the  concrete,  but  the  spir- 
itual being  of  both  is  in  the  universal." 


Now  observe  that  when,  "  from  time  to 
time  in  history  our  ancestors  encountered  suc- 
cessively alien  literatures,  and  as  each  was  in 
turn  appropriated,  a  Renaissance  resulted," 
and  thus  "  civilization  has  grown  in  body  and 
quality,  ever  enriching  itself  by  what  it  ab- 
sorbs from  this  and  that  particular  race  and 
age."  It  is  tragic  folly  to  isolate  nations  and 
races,  to  learn  race  self-sufficiency  and,  after 
that,  race  suspicion  and  race  hate.  Beware  of 
the  reactionary  tendency  growing  in  America. 
Remember,  too,  that  the  individual,  like  the 
nation,  like  civilization,  must  have  his  periodi- 
cal renaissance.  Goethe  needed  his  Italian 
journey.  Shelley  was  reborn  when  he  read 
Plato. 

The  artist-life  is  "  a  life  of  discovery,"  not 
of  truth  but  of  faculty ;  not  so  much  "  an  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge  "  as  "  an  acquisition  of 
inward  power." 

"  The  most  wonderful  thing  in  the  soul  is  the 
extraordinary  latency  of  power  in  it;  and  it  is  in 
the  artist-life,  in  the  world  of  art,  that  this  latent 
power  is  most  variously  and  brilliantly  released. 
What  happens  to  you  when  you  begin  to  see,  really 
to  see,  pictures,  for  example  ?  It  is  not  that  a  new 
object  has  come  within  the  range  of  your  vision; 
but  that  a  new  power  of  seeing  has  arisen  in  your 
eye,  and  through  this  power  a  new  world  has  opened 
before  you, —  a  world  of  such  marvels  of  space, 
color,  and  beauty,  luminosity,  shadow,  and  line, 
atmosphere  and  disposition,  that  you  begin  to  live 
in  it  as  a  child  begins  to  learn  to  live  in  the  natural 
world.  It  is  not  the  old  world  seen  piecemeal;  it 
is  a  new  world  on  another  level  of  being  than 
natural  existence.  So,  when  you  begin  to  take  in  a 
poem,  it  is  not  a  mere  fanciful  arrangement  of 
idea  and  event  added  to  your  ordinary  memory  of 
things ;  new  powers  of  feeling  have  opened  in  your 
heart  that  constitute  a  fresh  passion  of  life  there, 
and  as  you  feed  it  with  lyric  and  drama,  a  signifi- 
cance, a  mystery,  a  light  enter  into  the  universe  as 
you  know  it,  with  transforming  and  exalting  power. 
To  the  lover  of  pictures  the  visible  world  has  be- 
come something  other  than  it  was, — even  nature 
herself  flowers  with  Corots  and  Manets,  coruscates 
with  Turners  and  Claudes,  darkens  with  Rem- 
brandts;  to  the  lover  of  poetry  also  the  visible 
world  has  suffered  change  and  lies  in  the  light  of 
Wordsworth  or  of  Shelley,  but  much  more  the 
invisible  world  of  inward  life  is  transformed  into 
visions  of  human  fate  in  ^Eschylus  and  Shakspere, 
into  throbs  of  passion  in  Dante  and  Petrarch,  into 
cries  of  ecstasy  and  pain  in  how  many  generations 
of  the  poets  world-wide.  It  is  not  that  you  have 
acquired  knowledge ;  you  have  acquired  heart.  To 
lead  the  artist-life  is  not  to  look  at  pictures  and 
read  books;  it  is  to  discover  the  faculties  of  the 
soul,  that  slept  unknown  and  unused,  and  to  apply 
them  in  realizing  the  depth  and  tenderness,  the  elo- 
quence, the  hope  and  joy  of  the  life  that  is  within. 
It  is  by  this  that  the  life  of  art  differs  from  the 
life  of  science:  its  end  is  not  to  know  but  to  be." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


101 


Therefore  we  revolt  against  the  historical 
treatment  of  art  because  we  feel  that  it  endan- 
gers art's  own  true  nature,  degrades  it  into 
mere  knowledge,  loses  sight  of  life.  "  The  first 
place  is  held  by  life.  It  is  against  the  substitu- 
tion of  knowledge  for  life  in  scholarship,  espe- 
cially in  the  literary  and  artistic  fields,  that 
the  protest  is  made." 

"A  second  main  trait  of  the  artist-life  of  the 
soul  .  .  is  that  it  is  a  life  of  growth  by  an  inward 
secret  and  mysterious  process.  There  is  nothing 
mechanical  in  it;  it  is  vital.  It  was  this  aspect  of 
the  soul's  life  which  Wordsworth  brought  so  promi- 
nently forward,  and  made  elemental  in  his  verse, 
advocating  a  ( wise  passiveness '  in  the  conduct  of 
the  mind.  .  .  '  Consider  the  lilies,  how  they  grow : 
they  toil  not,  neither  do  they  spin.'  That  is  the 
type  of  the  artist-soul;  in  the  artist-life  there  is 
neither  toiling  nor  spinning.  In  an  economical 
civilization  like  ours,  leisure  is  apt  to  be  confounded 
with  indolence,  and  it  is  hard  to  see  how  the  poet 
watching 

'  the  sun  illume 
The  yellow  bees  in  the  ivy  bloom  ' 

is  not  an  idler  in  the  land.  Especially  is  it  hard  to 
see  how  things  will  come  without  planning.  In  our 
own  day  planning  has  become  an  all-engrossing 
occupation.  A  belief  in  organization  has  spread 
through  the  country,  and  is  applied  in  all  quarters 
of  life,  as  if  success  were  always  a  matter  of 
machinery.  Even  in  the  churches,  which  have  been 
the  home  of  spiritual  force,  organization  plays  an 
ever-increasing  part,  as  if  failure  in  driving-force 
could  be  made  up  for  by  appliances  in  the  machine ; 
to  a  certain  extent  this  is  possible,  but  the  driving 
force  is  not  the  machine.  The  practical  reason  so 
occupies  all  the  field  of  our  life  that  the  result  is  to 
belittle  and  destroy  whatever  has  not  its  ground  of 
being  in  the  useful.  Art,  by  its  own  nature, 
excludes  the  useful." 

"A  third  main  trait  of  the  world  of  art  is 
that  it  is  a  place  of  freedom,"  not  merely 
"from  the  manacle  of  utility"  but,  on  the 
positive  side,  a  power  to  transcend  nature  and 
to  reconstitute  "the  world  in  the  image"  of 
the  souPs 

"  own  finer  vision  and  deeper  wisdom,  realizing 
ideality  in  its  own  consciousness  and  conveying  at 
least  the  shadow  of  its  dream  to  mankind.  .  .  Each 
of  us,  in  reading  the  play,  may  well  believe  he  is 
Hamlet,  but  each  is  well  aware  that  he  is  identify- 
ing himself  with  a  more  perfect  type  of  himself, 
such  as  is  known  only  to  the  mind's  eye.  .  .  The 
fruit  of  this  large  freedom  is  the  ideal  world,  in 
which  each  realizes  his  dream  of  the  best.  It  is 
here  that  experiments  are  made,  that  revolutions 
sometimes  begin ;  for  the  ideal,  .  .  once  expressed, 
passes  back  into  the  ordinary  world,  and  there  it 
may  be  made  a  pattern,  a  thing  to  be  actualized, 
and  it  falls  under  the  dominance  of  the  practical 
reason  and  has  this  or  that  fortune  according  to 
the  wisdom  or  folly  of  mankind  at  the  time.  .  . 
There  are  times  .  .  when  the  ideal  world  does  enter 
into  the  actual  world,  and  partly  permeate  it,  if  it 


does  not  wholly  master  it.  The  classic,  the  chivalric, 
the  Christian  world  attest  the  fact  broadly;  and  in 
individual  life  how  must  we  ourselves  bear  witness 
to  the  mingling  in  ourselves  of  the  poets'  blood, — 
which  is  the  blood  of  the  world.  In  the  intimacy  of 
this  communion  is  our  best  of  life,  and  it  is  accom- 
plished solely  by  the  re-creation  in  us,  in  our  minds 
and  hearts,  our  hopes,  admirations  and  loves,  of 
what  was  first  in  the  artists  of  every  sort,  according 
to  our  capacity  to  receive  and  reembody  in  our  own 
spiritual  substance  their  finer,  wiser,  deeper,  power. 
Their  capacity  to  enter  thus  into  the  life  of  human- 
ity is  the  measure  of  their  genius,  and  our  capacity 
to  receive  the  gift  is  the  measure  of  our  souls." 

"  The  poets  are  often  spoken  of  as  prophets,  and 
in  history  the  greatest  are  those  most  lonely  peaks 
that  seem  to  have  taken  the  light  of  an  unrisen 
dawn,  like  Virgil,  whose  humanity  in  the  Aeneid 
shines  with  a  foregleam  of  the  Christian  tempera- 
ment, or  like  Plato,  whose  philosophy  in  many  a 
passage  was  a  morning  star  that  went  before  the 
greater  light  of  Christian  faith  in  the  divine.  But 
it  is  not  such  poets  and  such  prophecy  that  I  have 
in  mind.  I  mean  that  in  our  own  experiences  in 
this  artist-life  with  the  poets,  sculptors,  and  musi- 
cians there  abides  the  feeling  that  we  shall  have, 
as  Tennyson  says,  *  the  wages  of  going  on,'  —  there 
is  our  clearest  intimation  of  immortality.  Words- 
worth found  such  intimations  in  fragments  of  his 
boyhood  and  youth.  I  find  them  rather  in  frag- 
ments of  manhood  and  maturer  life.  Life  im- 
presses me  less  as  a  birth  initially  out  of  the  divine 
into  mortal  being  than  as  birth  into  the  divine  at 
each  step  of  the  onward  way." 

Such  a  life  is  not  reserved  for  the  select  alone ; 
it  is  open  to  all.  "  The  child  with  his  picture- 
book  and  the  dying  Laureate  reading  the 
Shaksperian  'Dirge'  in  the  moonlight  lead 
the  same  life  and  follow  the  same  method.  The 
boy  with  Homer,  the  sage  with  Plato, —  it  is  all 
one :  each  is  finding  his  soul,  and  living  in  it." 
We  must  strive  for  a  more  just  economic 
order  "to  lessen  the  burden  of  common  life" 
and  give  each  individual  time  to  rejoice  in 
this  artist-life,  his  birthright,  no  matter  how 
humble  he  may  be. 

"  We  are  all  proud  of  America,  and  look  on  our 
farms  and  workshops,  the  abundance  of  work,  the 
harvest  of  universal  gain  dispersed  through  multi- 
tudes reclaimed  from  centuries  of  poverty, —  we 
see  and  proclaim  the  greatness  of  the  good ;  but  I 
am  ill-content  with  the  spiritual  harvest,  with  the 
absence  of  that  which  has  been  the  glory  of  great 
nations  in  art  and  letters,  with  the  indifference  to 
that  principle  of  human  brotherhood  in  devotion  to 
which  our  fathers  found  greatness  and  which  is 
most  luminous  in  art  and  letters;  our  enormous 
success  in  the  economical  and  mechanical  sphere 
leaves  me  unreconciled  to  our  failure  to  enter  the 
artistic  sphere  as  a  nation." 

Mr.  Woodberry  is  certainly  timely  in  his 
warnings  against  history  and  historical  criti- 
cism, which  tend  to-day  so  often  to  substitute 
knowledge  for  life.  But  I  should  be  inclined 


102 


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[August  15 


to  say  that  he  turns  away  from  historical  criti- 
cism, after  he  has  said  many  fine  things  in  its 
praise,  with  a  too  audible  sigh  of  relief.  The 
greatest  critics  in  the  generations  to  follow, 
now  that  the  new  genre  of  criticism  has  devel- 
oped so  rapidly  and  so  richly,  must  be  so 
robust  that  their  "  aesthetic  criticism  "  may  be 
superimposed  on  a  very  massive  foundation  of 
historical  research.  I  can  conceive  of  a  criti- 
cism which  could  wed  the  dryasdust  but  in- 
valuable method  of  the  most  plodding  and 
terrify ingly  erudite  contributions  to  "schol- 
arly journals"  (contributions  bristling  with 
citations)  with  the  most  alert  receptivity  and 
nimble  play  of  moods  and  soaring  imagination 
of  the  most  sensitive  impressionist.  This  may 
seem  to  Mr.  Woodberry,  and  to  the  readers  of 
his  book  or  even  of  my  synopsis,  but  an  exag- 
gerated underlining  of  certain  of  his  own 
statements.  Yet  if  I  am  but  underlining  his 
fundamental  precepts,  I  would  do  it  even  at 
the  risk  of  masquerading  with  the  plumage 
and  the  voice  of  a  parrot.  I  underline  because 
I  feel  a  certain  danger  in  many  of  Mr.  Wood- 
berry's  passages.  Time  and  again  he  seems  to 
conceive  of  idealism  and  fact  as  enemies  as 
implacable  as  the  Persian  deities  Ormuzd  and 
Ahriman,  with  their  endless  armies  of  radiant 
angels  and  swart  demons.  Surely  idealism 
which  is  not  fragile  in  the  face  of  the  first 
stroke  of  healthy  disillusionment  must  rise 
phoenix-like  out  of  fact,  which  it  does  not 
oppose  but  from  which  it  is  splendidly  born. 
Mr.  Woodberry  has  communed  with  Plato  and 
within  himself,  in  many  an  awed  and  happy 
vigil,  over  the  problem  of  the  One  and  the 
Many,  and  has  clearly  seen  with  Spenser  how 
change  does  but  again  and  again  dilate  with- 
out destroying  an  eternal  being.  But  some  of 
those  other  opposites  which  bewilder  us  in  all 
but  our  most  adventurous  moments,  for  all  his 
care  (though  he  often  manages  them  bravely, 
like  two  fiery  coursers  held  for  a  time  in  yoke) , 
fly  apart  and  almost  shatter  his  chariot  at 
times  in  the  highest  moments  of  his  Phaethon- 
ride. 

Not  only  is  Mr.  Woodberry's  reconciliation 
of  historical  and  aesthetic  criticism  a  little 
faltering,  but  at  .times  he  seems  to  think  of 
society  as  led  by  a  few  highly  endowed  critics 
as  well  as  poets,  at  times  a  benignant  Utopian 
anarchy  in  which  everybody  may  be  a  critic 
with  a  poet's  soul,  a  richly  trained  creative 
reader.  I  know  that  he  would  make  sorrowing 
concessions  that  many  are  debarred  within  the 
fell  clutch  of  circumstance.  He  protests  elo- 
quently against  our  unjust  economic  order. 
But  he  passes  by  a  fundamental  protest  with- 
out which  we  can  never  have  a  just  economic 
order  when  he  concedes  with  so  many  agstheti- 


cians  that  the  useful  and  the  artistic  cannot  be 
reconciled.  "  Our  bodies  and  our  mortal  inter- 
ests," he  says,  "  are  subject  to  the  world  of 
use;  but  our  spirituality,  our  immortal  part, 
is  above  use."  Here  I  for  one  am  prepared 
undauntedly  to  open  the  pages  of  a  book  often 
reviled  by  artist  and  economist,  Buskin's 
"  Crown  of  Wild  Olive,"  at  the  opening  pages 
of  the  chapter  called  "  Traffic,"  and  protest 
with  the  writer  against  the  false  opposition  of 
art  and  utility.  I  also  (though  I  am  one  of 
those  who  believe  that  after  death  we  go  on  as 
individuals,  in  being  dilated  but  fundamen- 
tally the  same)  am  here  on  earth  to  say  that 
I  will  brook  no  deep  distinction  between  my 
"physical"  and  my  "spiritual"  self.  The 
highest  love  is  uncompromisingly  physical  and 
uncompromisingly  spiritual,  though  few  are 
strenuous  enough  to  learn  its  deep  and  lasting 
rewards  because  few  are  strenuous  to  learn 
with  their  comrade  how  to  love  before  they 
love.  The  highest  art  should  be  useful ;  there 
is  no  distinction  there,  any  more  than  there  is 
here  on  earth  between  body  and  soul.  Mr. 
Woodberry  has  fallen  into  an  asceticism, — 
not  the  athletic  asceticism  of  temporary  re- 
straint for  purposes  of  purer  enjoyment,  but 
the  asceticism  of  fear:  an  asceticism,  with 
Mr.  Woodberry,  delicate,  more  tender,  warmer 
than  its  old  parent  of  the  grey  twilight  but 
born  out  of  it,  bred  of  its  bone,  marked  with 
its  lineaments.  Mr.  Woodberry  remains,  after 
all,  a  champion  of  the  old  feudalistic  art,  an 
art  which  now  would  be  communal  but  fails, 
an  art  which  now  loves  but  also  still  fears  the 
populace,  an  art  which  fears  the  useful.  The 
Greeks  created  something  like  a  communal 
art  —  at  the  expense  of  slaves  who  did  the 
drudgery.  To-day,  though  we  have  declared 
ourselves  against  slavery  and  have  freed  all 
nominal  slaves  (and  to  have  declared  our- 
selves, merely,  means  great  progress) ,  we  live 
in  an  age  of  actual  slavery  more  widespread 
than  that  of  any  previous  age.  And  this  is 
partly  because  we  refuse  to  face  squarely  the 
problem  of  drudgery.  Mr.  Woodberry  makes 
a  wise  distinction  between  soft  indolence  (that 
herald  of  all  the  other  deadly  sins)  and  beau- 
tiful leisure.  But  he  should  realize  that  so 
long  as  drudgery  remains  a  reality,  the  toiler 
in  the  realms  of  drudgery  (if  he  survives)  or 
his  son  or  daughter  (if  he  is  successful)  will 
never  distinguish  between  leisure  and  more 
obvious,  most  alluring  indolence.  We  must 
face  the  problem  that  the  Greeks  shirked. 
We  must  declare  that  nothing  is  impossible 
but  that  one  word  "impossible."  We  must 
declare  drudgery  to  be  a  phantasm  which  has 
been  tricked  out  in  borrowed  flesh  and  blood 
too  long.  And  we  may  make  at  least  one  fair 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


103 


beginning  at  this  gigantic  and  quixotic  but 
ultimately  most  practical  task  by  dreaming 
ceaselessly  and  doing  ceaselessly  that  these  two 
apparent  opposites,  art  and  utility,  may  be 


wedded. 


HERBERT  ELLSWORTH  CORY. 


CHILDREN  OF  THE  CITY.* 


"  Public  opinion  has  a  curious  trick  of  suddenly 
regarding  as  a  living  moral  issue,  vital  and  un- 
appeasable, some  old  situation  concerning  which 
society  has  been  indifferent  for  many  years.  The 
newly  moralized  issue,  almost  as  if  by  accident, 
suddenly  takes  fire  and  sets  whole  communities  in 
a  blaze,  lighting  up  human  relationships  and 
public  duty  with  a  new  meaning,  in  the  end  trans- 
forming an  abstract  social  ideal  into  a  political 
demand  for  new  legal  enactments.  When  that 
blaze  actually  starts,  when  the  theme  is  heated, 
molten  as  it  were  with  human  passion  and  desire, 
it  is  found  that  there  are  many  mature  men  and 
women  of  moral  purpose  and  specialized  knowl- 
edge who  have  become  efficient  unto  life.  Among 
them  are  those  who  have  long  felt  a  compunction 
in  regard  to  the  ill-adjustment  of  which  society 
has  become  conscious  and  are  eager  to  contribute 
to  the  pattern  of  juster  human  relations." 

Thus  writes  Miss  Addams  in  her  preface 
to  "  Safeguards  for  City  Youth,"  a  book  de- 
scribing the  work  and  experiences  of  the 
Juvenile  Protective  Association  of  Chicago. 
These  same  winged  words  might  well  have 
stood  011  the  title-page  of  each  of  the  five  books 
now  before  us,  for  all  are  symptoms  of  the 
same  awakening,  the  same  desire  of  "mature 
men  and  women  of  moral  purpose"  to  be 
doing  something  to  mend  the  evil  of  their  day, 
and  prevent  that  of  the  days  to  come.  This 
new  impulse,  developing  "  almost  as  if  by  acci- 
dent," is  nevertheless  the  fruit  of  the  toil  of 
years,  as  Miss  Addams  well  knows,  being  her- 
self chief  among  the  toilers.  It  is  fortunate 
that  it  is  so,  for  herein  is  a  certain  guarantee 
of  stability,  an  assurance  that  this  new  birth 
of  the  social  conscience  is  but  the  emerging 
into  the  light  of  a  growth  which  has  been 
patiently  maturing  for  many  a  day. 

The  Juvenile  Protective  Association  is  not 
a  mere  society  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty 
to  children,  but  an  organized  attempt  to  study 

*  SAFEGUARDS  FOB  CITY  YOUTH,  at  Work  and  at  Play.  By 
Louise  de  Koven  Bowen.  With  a  preface  by  Jane  Addams. 
New  York:  The  Macro illan  Co. 

THE  WAYWARD  CHILD.  A  Study  of  the  Causes  of  Crime. 
By  Hannah  Kent  Schoff.  Indianapolis :  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

STREET-LAND.  Its  Little  People  and  Big  Problems.  By 
Philip  Davis,  assisted  by  Grace  Kroll.  Boston :  Small,  May- 
nard  &  Co. 

THE  JUVENILE  COURT  AND  THE  COMMUNITY.  By  Thomas  D. 
Eliot.  New  York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

BOYHOOD  AND  LAWLESSNESS  ;  and  The  Neglected  Girl.  By 
Ruth  S.  True ;  with  a  chapter  on  The  Italian  Girl,  by  Josephine 
Roche.  West  Side  Studies  (Russell  Sage  Foundation)  ;  car- 
ried on  under  the  direction  of  Pauline  Goldmark.  New  York : 
Survey  Associates. 


the  conditions  surrounding  childhood  in  Chi- 
cago, and  remedy  some  of  the  evils  for  which 
Society  is  responsible.  Indeed,  the  word 
"juvenile"  is  interpreted  broadly,  as  includ- 
ing young  people  of  mature  growth,  who  need 
protection  as  they  enter  the  ranks  of  labor. 
This  protection  must  come  largely  through 
enlightened  public  opinion ;  so  we  are  begged 
to  note  that  "all  of  the  stores  make  large 
profits  at  the  holiday  season,  but  they  are 
made  at  the  expense  of  thousands  of  employ- 
ees, whose  weary  feet  and  aching  backs  are 
the  result  of  the  mad  rush  on  the  part  of  thou- 
sands of  Christian  people  who  are  thus  seek- 
ing to  express  the  kindliness  and  good  will 
which  our  Christmas  commemorates ! "  or 
again  that  "  the  same  kind-hearted  people  who, 
in  great  concern,  would  quickly  gather  around 
the  victim  of  a  street  accident,  carelessly  eat 
food  placed  before  them  by  a  frail  girl  almost 
fainting  with  fatigue  or  heedlessly  walk 
through  a  hotel  corridor  lately  scrubbed  by  a 
Polish  woman  who  has  spent  ten  hours  upon 
her  hands  and  knees."  The  object  of  Mrs. 
Bowen's  book  is  to  enable  us  to  see  the 
machinery  back  of  the  passing  show,  and  real- 
ize the  cruelty  and  stupidity  of  so  much  of 
it;  thereby  arousing  not  merely  the  wish  for 
reform,  but  the  hope  of  being  able  to  better 
things. 

A  minute  study  of  the  social  environment 
would  be  largely  futile  with  the  other  element 
of  the  problem,  the  nature  of  the  individual, 
left  out  of  account.  Consequently  "  the  Asso- 
ciation is  at  present  making  a  careful  study 
of  sub-normal  children,  of  whom  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  about  6000  in  Chicago. 
Approximately  only  one-tenth  of  this  number 
can  be  received  at  the  one  State  Institution 
for  the  Feeble-Minded  in  Illinois."  This  ap- 
palling problem  is  matched  by  another,  not 
wholly  unrelated,  and  we  read :  "  One  of  the 
most  pathetic  sights  in  Chicago  is  the  venereal 
disease  ward  for  children  in  the  County  Hos- 
pital. In  twenty-seven  months,  600  children 
under  twelve  years  of  age  passed  through  this 
ward  —  60  per  cent  of  them  had  contracted 
the  disease  accidentally;  20  per  cent  of  them 
had  inherited  it,  and  another  20  per  cent  had 
been  criminally  assaulted  by  diseased  per- 
sons." 

Mrs.  Schoff,  in  her  study  of  "  The  Wayward 
Child,"  approaches  the  subject  with  the  same 
zeal,  and  writes  with  the  knowledge  gained 
from  many  years  of  work.  Her  point  of  view 
is  not  scientific,  and  she  is  inclined  to  regard 
the  problem  in  an  old-fashioned  way.  Thus 
we  are  assured  that  "when  carried  back  to 
William  the  Conqueror  each  child  has,  accord- 
ing to  President  G.  Stanley  Hall,  eight  billion 


104 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


ancestors.  From  so  many  as  eight  billion 
ancestors,  each  child  must  certainly  have  a 
very  mixed  heredity,  and  we  may  be  encour- 
aged about  the  matter  even  more  by  remem- 
bering that  man  was  created  in  the  image  and 
likeness  of  God  and  that  consequently  there 
must  be  some  good  in  every  one."  The  propo- 
sition that  every  human  life  is  "  worth  while," 
and  should  be  given  the  best  possible  chance, 
is  one  to  which  we  may  cordially  assent;  but 
even  the  testimony  of  President  G.  Stanley 
Hall  will  not  make  us  believe  in  those  eight 
billion  ancestors.  By  the  same  arithmetical 
process  it  will  be  apparent  that  at  the  time  of 
Julius  Caesar  our  ancestors  covered  the  earth 
many  layers  deep.  These,  however,  are  minor 
matters;  and  when  it  comes  to  the  practical 
things  of  life,  Mrs.  Schoff  has  much  good 
advice  to  give.  Thus :  "  More  than  half  of  the 
children  in  the  juvenile  court  during  eight 
years  were  there  for  stealing.  No  one  could 
listen  to  the  stories  of  theft  of  every  sort  told 
by  these  children  without  reaching  the  conclu- 
sion that  honesty  does  not  come  without  con- 
structive parental  teaching."  Judging  from 
the  testimony  of  thousands  of  prison  inmates, 
it  is  concluded  that  reform  schools  have  ex- 
actly the  opposite  effect  from  that  suggested 
by  their  name.  Recognizing  the  unconscious 
prejudice  of  the  narrators,  who  in  telling  their 
experiences  tend  to  place  all  the  blame  on 
their  surroundings,  we  must  nevertheless  ad- 
mit that  the  testimony  is  weighty,  and  after 
all  not  different  from  what  we  might  reason- 
ably expect.  Even  high  class  boarding  schools 
for  "young  gentlemen"  are  sometimes  nests 
of  more  corruption  than  we  care  to  admit. 

"  Street-Land,"  by  Mr.  Philip  Davis  of  Bos- 
ton, is  a  volume  of  "  The  "Welfare  Series," 
edited  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Hale.  It  gives  a  clear 
account  of  the  life  of  city  children  in  the 
streets,  their  efforts  to  find  work  and  amuse- 
ment, their  troubles  and  temptations.  It  also 
describes  the  Newsboys'  Republic,  and  sets 
forth  a  programme  for  the  future.  Ulti- 
mately, the  solution  must  be  found  in  a  radical 
reorganization  of  city  life.  "  Since  it  is  the 
almost  savage  environment  which  makes  many 
city  children  little  savages,  we  must  learn  that 
our  chief  task  is  to  civilize  the  environment. 
Nor  can  this  be  accomplished  by  philanthropy 
or  law.  These  are  curative,  not  preventive, 
agencies.  Sound  economics,  made  popular  by 
safe  investments  in  homes  for  the  people  built 
by  the  municipality  or  State, —  as  in  Letch- 
worth,  England,  and  in  Belgium, —  alone  will 
ultimately  abolish  slums  and  slum  products 
and  prevent  their  reproduction  in  the  rising 
cities  of  America."  It  is  to  be  noted,  however, 
that  if  mere  legal  enactments  cannot  do  away 


with  the  evil,  they  can  and  do  perpetuate  it, 
preventing  municipalities  from  taking  the 
steps  necessary  to  create  decent  conditions. 

Dr.  Eliot's  book  on  "The  Juvenile  Court 
and  the  Community  "  is  an  attempt  to  define 
the  status  of  the  Juvenile  Court,  and  deter- 
mine its  proper  functions.  It  is  recognized 
that  the  Court  has  undergone  an  evolution, 
whereby  the  court  business  proper  has  dimin- 
ished in  proportion  to  the  ever  extending  pro- 
bation system.  Volunteer  probation  is  giving 
way  to  organized  municipal  work,  and  "in 
most  places  needs  simply  a  death  blow  to  '  put 
it  out  of  its  misery.' "  The  probation  officer  is 
called  upon  to  cooperate  with  all  existing 
agencies,  and  thus  finds  himself  no  longer 
exclusively  connected  with  the  Court.  The 
point  is  made  that  probation  is  a  part  of  the 
educational  system,  and  should  have  its  prin- 
cipal point  of  contact  with  the  schools  rather 
than  with  any  judicial  system.  The  Domestic 
Relations  Court  could  take  care  of  the  other 
functions  of  the  Juvenile  Court,  which  would 
thus  disappear,  its  activities  having  been 
absorbed  by  other  agencies.  *'  The  writer  be- 
lieves that  the  evidence  shows  that  the  juve- 
nile court  has  been  for  its  time  a  splendid 
institution,"  but  that  it  represents  a  stage  in 
evolution,  leading  to  better  things.  If  the 
Juvenile  Court  represents  a  transitory  stage, 
it  is  still  evident  that  in  most  places  this  stage 
has  not  yet  passed.  All  students  of  the  Court 
recognize  that  it  is  changing,  growing  in 
various  directions  to  meet  the  public  need, 
and,  as  it  were,  producing  new  departments 
by  a  process  of  budding.  The  time  is  ripe  for 
such  discussions  as  that  of  Dr.  Eliot's,  but 
they  are  perhaps  to  be  taken  with  a  grain  of 
salt,  on  Bergsonian  grounds.  It  is  probable 
that  different  cities,  attempting  to  solve  their 
problems  in  different  ways,  will  find  that  there 
is  no  single  road  to  municipal  efficiency. 
Escaping  from  one  difficulty  we  meet  some 
other.  The  Juvenile  Court  has  had  a  hard 
struggle  with  the  politicians ;  but  let  the  diffi- 
cult work  of  probation  fall  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  School  Board,  and  we  may  find 
that  timidity,  indecision,  and  fear  of  "injur- 
ing business"  are  harder  to  combat  than 
downright  crookedness.  In  any  case,  the  onus 
is  thrown  back  upon  the  community,  and  no 
mere  system  will  make  amends  for  a  stupid 
public. 

The  "  West  Side  Studies  "  carried  on  by  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation  constitute  a  most 
valuable  contribution  to  descriptive  sociology. 
They  have  the  merit  of  being  exceedingly  well 
written,  so  that  the  narrative  flows  and  has 
coherence,  instead  of  appearing  to  be  a  patch- 
work made  up  from  accumulated  memoranda. 


1915 


THE   DIAL 


105 


While  the  purpose  is  descriptive,  and  there  is 
little  direct  propaganda  for  reform,  the  vivid 
accounts  of  conditions  found  point  so  clearly 
to  the  weak  spots  in  civic  life  that  the  reader 
cannot  help  drawing  his  own  conclusions  con- 
cerning remedies.  The  writers  enter  into  their 
subject  with  such  a  warmth  of  human  sym- 
pathy that  we  no  longer  see  merely  things  to 
criticize,  but  come  to  feel  that  after  all  the 
very  troubles  of  the  city  carry  with  them  the 
germs  of  hope  for  better  times. 

T.  D.  A.   COCKEKELL. 


THE  BLUE-STOCKINGS  AND  THEIR 


When  Samuel  Johnson,  Fanny  Burney, 
Hannah  More,  and  other  celebrities  of  their 
time  meet  together  in  a  critical  volume,  that 
book  is  assured  of  readers ;  for  who  can  resist 
the  appeal  of  the  Age  of  Tea  and  Talk?  If 
the  book  succeeds,  it  may  be  due  to  no  special 
merit  of  its  author, —  his  audience  is  predis- 
posed to  enjoy  his  work.  However,  in  the  case 
of  Professor  Tinker's  study  of  "The  Salon 
and  English  Letters,"  the  author's  part  is  of 
an  unusually  important  and  distinctive  char- 
acter. Unostentatious,  sympathetic,  thor- 
oughly keen  in  his  analyses,  this  professor  of 
English  Literature  at  Yale  has  presented  a 
new  view  of  the  years  1760-1790  by  means  of 
centring  his  observations  on  the  salon  and 
its  influences.  Until  the  publication  of  this 
book  we  have  had  no  authority,  in  English, 
upon  the  salon,  and  have  been  forced  to  gain 
information  from  dozens  of  scattered  volumes. 
Now  we  possess,  in  Professor  Tinker's  work, 
a  scholarly  and  succinct  account  of  one  of  the 
most  interesting,  and  often  amusing,  phases 
of  human  history. 

Beginning  with  the  French  salon,  Profes- 
sor Tinker  outlines  rapidly  the  origin  and 
development  of  those  "literary  courts,"  and 
traces  their  relationship  to  the  courtly  groups 
of  the  Renaissance  which  were  presided  over 
by  such  women  as  Beatrice  d'Este,  Caterina 
Cornaro  of  Browning's  Asolo,  and  the  ladies 
mentioned  in  Castiglione's  "  Book  of  the  Cour- 
tier." The  Hotel  de  Rambouillet,  most  dis- 
tinguished of  all  the  French  salons,  was 
established,  in  direct  imitation  of  these  Ital- 
ian assemblies,  by  a  lady  half  Italian  herself ; 
and  in  the  chavnbre  blue  d'Arthenice  the 
select  few,  not  more  than  eighteen,  carried  on 
their  exalted  conversations.  Very  briefly, 
Professor  Tinker  characterizes  the  salons, 

*  THE  SALON  AND  ENGLISH  LETTERS.  Chapters  on  the  Inter- 
relations of  Literature  and  Society  in  the  Age  of  Johnson. 
By  Chauncey  Brewster  Tinker.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


showing  how  important  was  the  place  of  gath- 
ering, the  aesthetic  background,  in  establish- 
ing the  right  tone;  and  he  makes  clear  the 
earnest  effort  of  the  leaders  to  promote  a  real 
democracy  of  intellect,  by  giving  encourage- 
ment to  any  person  of  genuine  wit  and  origi- 
nality. Dominated  by  woman,  the  salon 
expressed  her  "instinct  for  society  and  for 
literature,"  arousing  discussion,  provoking 
conversation  on  topics  literary  or  philosophi- 
cal. Sermons  and  profane  literature  were 
themes  for  all  to  discourse  upon ;  and  in  those 
days  "club"  folk  read  the  works  they  dis- 
cussed. Out  of  the  talk  grew  some  species  of 
literature,  chiefly  those  forms  which  express 
more  intimately  the  ideas  and  sentiments  of 
every-day  life, —  letters,  memoirs,  and  similar 
friendly  productions  in  both  prose  and  verse. 
Perhaps  more  significant  than  the  attitude 
toward  letters  and  art  are  the  relationships, 
the  friendships,  fostered  by  the  salons.  On 
this  topic  Professor  Tinker  is  almost  too 
brief ;  he  does  not  bring  out  the  fullest  mean- 
ing of  the  development  of  personality,  the 
shaping  and  enriching  of  individual  talents, 
stimulated  by  the  familiar  intercourse  of 
these  coteries. 

From  France  to  England  the  sentiment  for 
similar  literary  groups  was  speedily  trans- 
ferred ;  and  England  did  justice  to  the  ideal, 
not  by  any  means  wholly  new.  Elizabethan 
England  had  had  literary  courts,  and  the 
Countess  of  Pembroke  will  be  remembered  as 
one  of  the  noblest  patronesses  of  all  time. 
With  the  Restoration  came  the  insidious 
amorousness  which  vitiated  the  salons,  turn- 
ing the  library  coterie  into  a  school  for  scan- 
dal. By  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century 
the  feminist  movement  was  well  under  way; 
and  of  the  manifestations  of  literary  mili- 
tancy Professor  Tinker  has  little  to  say,  since 
that  aspect  of  life  has  little  to  do  with  the 
salons,  which  are  devoted  to  conversation.  It 
is  with  the  rise  of  the  Bluestocking  Club  that 
the  salon  definitely  reappears  in  England. 
This  Club,  which  was  probably  in  existence 
by  1760,  was  composed  of  "Vesey,"  "Bos- 
cawen,"  "  Montagu,"  "  Carter,"  Hannah  More, 
Lord  Lyttelton,  Horace  Walpole,  and  others. 
"Bluestocking,"  that  genteel  by- word  of  con- 
tempt, is  discussed  by  Professor  Tinker  very 
fully,  although  he  says  plainly  that  no  defi- 
nitely satisfactory  conclusions  can  be  reached 
concerning  its  origin.  It  would  seem  that  it 
arose  from  the  practice  of  ridiculing  the 
severely  plain  dress  of  the  Puritans,  who,  in 
their  homely  woolen  hose,  made  up  that 
"  Blew-stocking  Parliament "  so  odious  to  the 
silk-clad  Cavaliers.  A  term  thus  used  to  cast 
reproach  upon  really  sincere  and  high- 


106 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


minded  folk  was  no  bad  title  for  a  group  who, 
feeling  the  popular  associations  with  that 
word,  rather  enjoyed  assuming  its  connota- 
tions. "  Blues  "  and  "  blue  "  came  to  mean 
cultured  ladies,  or  " shocking  females"  ac- 
cording to  the  intelligence  of  the  critic.  It  is 
in  these  chapters  dealing  with  the  Bluestock- 
ings that  the  volume  is  most  interesting,  for 
the  author  has  put  together  various  fragmen- 
tary bits,  making  a  comparatively  unified 
whole.  Of  course  any  work  which  considers 
so  miscellaneous  a  subject  as  the  lives  and  atti- 
tudes and  accomplishments  of  numerous 
minor  personages  cannot  possess  perfect 
smoothness  of  transition.  The  difficulties  of 
the  case,  however,  have  been  well  met;  and 
Professor  Tinker  has  furnished  us  with  a 
storehouse  of  information,  anecdote,  criticism, 
interpretation  of  character,  and  small  talk 
delightfully  arrayed.  Special  praise  is  due 
for  the  sane,  generous,  respectful  tone  in 
which  he  writes.  To  all  except  anti-suffra- 
gists his  studiously  judicial  manner  will  ap- 
peal strongly.  It  is  easy  to  be  flippant  and 
witty  at  the  expense  of  the  shallow  and  artifi- 
cial intellectual  life  of  the  Bluestockings.  For 
instance,  revered  Hannah  More  has  been  made 
the  subject  of  many  gibes;  but  just  as  Pro- 
fessor Tinker  publishes  a  charmingly  youth- 
ful portrait  of  her,  so  he  endeavors  to  present, 
not  the  apparent  pedant  and  literary  trifler, 
but  the  woman  who  sincerely  strove  for  high 
accomplishment.  With  the  best  of  opportuni- 
ties for  making  merry  over  "lovely  woman/' 
the  critic  has  not  indulged  in  caricature,  or 
satire,  or  condescension.  This  is  not  saying 
that  he  lacks  humor.  Some  of  the  charm  in 
these  chapters  lies  in  the  shrewd  brevity  of 
the  recitals  that  reveal  all  the  truth,  the  ludi- 
crous self-esteem,  as  well  as  the  inner  motives, 
the  highest  aspirations,  the  fine  ideals  of  the 
members  of  the  English  salons.  Engaging 
minor  details  are  given  generously,  and  in 
such  a  quotation  as  the  following  one  per- 
ceives the  Spartan  nature  of  the  day: 

"  I  never  knew  a  party  turn  out  so  pleasantly  as 
the  other  night  at  the  Pepys's.  There  was  all  the 
pride  of  London  —  every  wit  and  every  wit-ess  .  . 
but  the  spirit  of  the  evening  was  kept  up  on  the 
strength  of  a  little  lemonade  till  past  eleven,  with- 
out cards,  scandal,  or  politics." 

For  portraiture  there  is  the  sketch  of  Mrs. 
Vesey,  or  "the  sylph,"  who  was  most  supreme 
when  youth  and  beauty  had  long  left  her 
alone  with  her  unflagging  imagination  and 
her  friends. 

The  third  section  of  the  book  concerns  itself 
with  the  expression  of  the  social  instinct  in 
Conversation,  Familiar  Correspondence,  the 
Diary,  and  the  Intimate  Biography,  illus- 


trated of  course  by  the  famous  names  of  the 
day, —  Johnson,  Fanny  Burney,  Walpole,  and 
Boswell.  These  chapters,  dealing  with  mat- 
ter more  familiar  to  the  general  reader,  are 
written  in  a  lively  yet  non-partisan  fashion. 
They  show  the  results  of  long  study  of  these 
special  themes,  hence  they  will  prove  to  have 
critical  freshness.  Johnson  is  revealed  in  all 
his  irrevocable  humanness,  not  as  Ursa  Major, 
but  as  the  intensely  social  being  who  lived  on 
talk,  and  whose  talk  roused  and  galvanized 
others  into  effective  expression, —  the  supreme 
art  in  conversation.  Boswell's  efforts  are  ap- 
preciated in  the  spirit  of  understanding 
vouchsafed  him  by  later  criticism.  Instead  of 
listing  him,  as  Fanny  Burney  did,  as  "that 
biographical,  anecdotical,  memorandummer," 
Professor  Tinker  interprets  Boswell  very 
justly.  The  immortal  diarist  herself  is  al- 
most too  summarily  dealt  with;  and  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  chapter,  the  critic  mourns 
the  presence  in  the  Diary  of  so  much  self- 
praise,  so  much  quotation  of  the  agreeable 
things  said  to  the  blushing  but  quite  appre- 
ciative Miss  Burney.  Why  mourn  over  this 
trait  in  her  more  than  over  a  similar  trait  in 
the  great  lexicographer?  Is  vanity  a  man's 
right  ? 

Within  the  book  is  a  mass  of  information 
gleaned  from  very  extensive  reading,  but  so 
effectively  and  so  crisply  condensed,  so 
briskly  phrased,  that  each  re-reading  will 
yield  a  reward.  The  author's  individual  ap- 
preciation of  his  subject  gives  vivid  insight 
into  that  age  which  has  a  singular  charm  for 
our  mad  epoch,  in  which  such  things  as  polite 
conversation  and  long,  fastidiously  composed 
letters  are  genuine  antiques.  So  also,  are 
those  staunch  convictions  of  ponderous  size. 
It  is  a  pleasure,  in  these  days  when  "  open- 
mindedness'"  is  synonymous  with  vacuity,  to 
read  of  people  who  were  not  only  positive,  but 
actually  bigoted.  What  an  enviable  age  it 
was!  No  automobiles,  no  electricity,  no 
strikes,  no  Sunday  papers, —  time  for  dignity, 
deliberation,  reading,  and  thinking!  They 
had  a  happiness,  a  content,  we  shall  never 
know,  except  in  retrospect  through  the 
charmed  medium  of  the  printed  page. 

MARTHA  HALE  SHACKFORD. 


One  of  the  most  interesting  announcements  that 
has  come  to  us  for  several  months  is  that  of  the 
forthcoming  publication  of  a  selection  from  the 
letters  of  William  Morris.  It  is  expected  that  the 
work  will  comprise  two  or  three  volumes,  which 
will  probably  be  published  in  uniform  style  witli 
the  collected  edition  of  Morris's  works  recently  com- 
pleted under  the  editorship  of  his  daughter,  Miss 
Mav  Morris. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


107 


DIPLOMACY  AXD  THE  GREAT  WAR.* 

Whoever  desires  to  study  the  proximate 
causes  of  the  mighty  conflict  in  which  Europe 
is  now  plunged  will  find  a  wealth  of  material 
in  the  official  publications  issued  by  the  various 
belligerent  governments  since  the  outbreak  of 
the  war, —  the  British  and  German  AVhite 
Books,  the  Russian  Orange  Paper,  the  Bel- 
gian Gray  Paper,  the  French  Yellow  Book, 
the  Austrian  Red  Book,  and  the  Servian  Blue 
Book.  The  entry  of  other  powers  into  the 
conflict  will  doubtless  be  followed  by  other 
similar  publications.  The  promptness  with 
which  these  documents  were  issued,  and  the 
somewhat  lavish  manner  in  which  they  have 
been  circulated,  are  quite  without  precedent 
in  the  wars  of  the  past,  and  can  only  be 
explained  by  the  desire  of  the  governments 
concerned  to  put  their  qases  before  the  world 
in  the  hope  of  obtaining  a  favorable  verdict 
upon  their  conduct.  The  whole  procedure 
affords  a  striking  illustration  of  the  fact  that 
civilized  nations  are  not  only  not  indifferent 
to  the  opinions  of  mankind,  but  that,  on  the 
contrary,  they  eagerly  court  the  approbation 
of  international  public  opinion  for  their  acts, 
the  good  faith  and  rectitude  of  which  are 
suspected. 

It  is  one  of  the  happy  results  of  the  new 
diplomacy  and  of  government  by  public  opin- 
ion that  important  diplomatic  correspondence 
which  in  former  times  would  have  been  care- 
fully concealed  in  the  archives  of  foreign 
offices  for  generations,  is  to-day  made  public 
almost  as  soon  as  it  is  dispatched;  so  that  it 
is  possible  to  write  the  history  of  the  events 
with  which  it  deals  before  that  history  be- 
comes ancient.  With  the  aid  of  the  published 
diplomatic  documents  which  the  present  war 
has  produced,  it  is  possible  for  contemporary 
historians  to  determine  and  fix  the  responsi- 
bility for  the  war  which  is  now  ruining 
Europe,  while  those  upon  whom  the  responsi- 
bility rests  are  still  living. 

The  task  of  examining  this  large  mass  of 
diplomatic  material,  and  of  unravelling  the 
tangled  skein  of  a  multiplicity  of  notes,  has 
been  greatly  simplified  by  the  work  of  Pro- 
fessor Stowell  of  Columbia  University,  who 
has  made  a  systematic  digest  and  critical 
analysis  of  these  documents,  and  has  so  ar- 
ranged and  coordinated  the  results  that  it  is 
now  possible  for  one  to  get  the  gist  of  it  all 
without  the  necessity  of  reading  the  various 
documents  in  their  entirety.  If,  for  example, 
one  desires  to  study  the  question  of  the  viola- 

*  THE  DIPLOMACY  OF  THE  WAR  OF  1914.  By  Ellery  C.  Stowell, 
Assistant  Professor  of  International  Law,  Columbia  Uni- 
versity. Volume  I.,  The  Beginnings  of  the  War.  Boston: 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


tion  of  the  neutrality  of  Belgium,  he  will  find 
in  a  single  chapter  a  critical  analysis  of  all  the 
important  diplomatic  documents  bearing  on 
the  subject,  along  with  a  historical  introduc- 
tion by  the  author,  followed  by  his  own  con- 
clusions regarding  the  responsibility  for  the 
act.  In  a  similar  manner,  all  the  other  impor- 
tant controversies  are  examined  and  judged. 

Recognizing,  very  properly,  that  an  under- 
standing of  the  deep  and  underlying  causes  of 
the  war  is  impossible  without  a  knowledge 
of  the  history  of  the  international  relations  of 
Europe  during  the  years  antedating  the  out- 
break of  the  conflict,  the  author  starts  out 
with  a  review  of  such  important  events  as  the 
founding  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  the  Triple 
Entente,  the  Dual  Alliance,  the  Conference  of 
Algeciras,  the  Agadir  and  Casablanca  inci- 
cents,  and  the  Turco-Italian  and  Balkan 
wars.  With  this  survey  as  a  necessary  back- 
ground, he  proceeds  to  examine  in  succession 
the  diplomatic  correspondence  relating  to  the 
controversy  between  Austria  and  Servia,  be- 
tween Austria  and  Russia,  between  Germany 
and  Russia,  between  England  and  the  powers 
concerned,  that  relating  to  the  neutrality  of 
Belgium,  and  so  on. 

A  large  part  of  the  work  consists  of  impor- 
tant extracts  from  the  diplomatic  documents, 
so  arranged  and  analyzed  as  to  give  it  the 
character  of  a  narrative.  It  is  not,  therefore, 
a  mere  compilation  or  collection  of  documents. 
There  is  much  comment  by  the  author,  and, 
very  properly,  he  has  exercised  freely  his 
right  to  judge  the  facts  in  the  light  of  the 
evidence,  and  to  condemn  where,  in  his  opin- 
ion, condemnation  is  justifiable.  On  the 
whole,  however,  his  judgments  are  fair  and 
dispassionate;  and  being  based  upon  a  very 
thorough  and  detailed  examination  of  the 
official  documents,  they  must  carry  great 
weight.  It  is  not  difficult  for  an  impartial 
observer  who  studies  these  documents  with  the 
aid  of  Professor  Stowell's  analysis  and  com- 
ment to  make  up  his  mind  as  to  where  the 
responsibility  for  this  war  properly  belongs. 

We  may  now  summarize  some  of  the  au- 
thor's more  important  conclusions.  Regard- 
ing the  merits  of  the  controversy  between 
Austria  and  Servia  —  a  controversy  which 
was  the  occasion  if  not  the  cause  of  the  gen- 
eral conflict  —  Professor  Stowell  concludes 
from  his  study  of  the  diplomatic  documents 
that  Servia  "  evinced  a  most  conciliatory 
spirit,"  and  that  she  went  as  far  toward  meet- 
ing the  Austrian  demands  as  was  possible  for 
the  government  of  any  independent  state  to 
go.  "If  Austria,"  he  says,  "because  of  her 
peculiarly  perilous  situation,  considered  it 
impossible  to  discuss  the  question  [of  media- 


108 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


tion]  and  to  examine  whether  the  proposed 
guarantees  would  not  be  adequate,  we  must 
conclude  her  action  to  be  a  confession  that  she 
was  herself  unable  to  live  up  to  her  interna- 
tional obligations."  Russia's  conduct  as  the 
protector  of  Servia  was  not  reprehensible. 
She  employed  "all  her  efforts  to  obtain  a 
pacific  issue  which  would  be  acceptable  to 
Austria  and  satisfy  her  amour-propre."  Con- 
cerning the  question  as  to  whether  the  Ger- 
man government  knew  the  contents  of  the 
Austrian  ultimatum  before  it  was  dispatched 
to  the  Servian  government,  Professor  Stowell 
expresses  the  opinion  that  while  the  text  of 
the  note  may  not  have  been  communicated  to 
the  German  government,  it  seems  likely  that 
it  was  shown  to  the  German  ambassador  at 
Vienna,  who  doubtless  informed  the  German 
government  of  its  contents.  In  any  case,  the 
German  government  took  particular  pains  to 
be  in  a  position  where  it  could  proclaim  its 
ignorance  of  the  note,  in  order  to  be  able  to 
say  to  the  other  powers  that  it  had  kept  out 
of  the  affair  and  had  exercised  no  influence 
upon  Austria  in  formulating  her  demands 
upon  Servia. 

Professor  Stowell  reviews  at  length  the 
efforts  of  Sir  Edward  Grey  to  prevent  a  gen- 
eral war,  and  how  they  were  destined  to  fail. 
No  one  can  read  the  mass  of  correspondence  in 
all  these  official  publications  without  feeling 
that  Sir  Edward  stands  out  as  the  most  ad- 
mirable figure  among  all  the  diplomats  and 
foreign  ministers  concerned.  He  worked  tire- 
lessly and  almost  without  ceasing  to  preserve 
peace,  and  he  seems  never  to  have  despaired 
until  all  hope  was  gone. 

Coming  to  the  much  discussed  question  of 
the  violation  of  the  neutrality  of  Belgium, 
Professor  Stowell  examines,  first,  the  German 
contention  that  the  neutralization  treaty  of 
1839  was  not  binding  in  1914,  and  on  every 
point  he  refutes  the  German  argument  com- 
pletely. This  treaty,  he  says,  was  not  only 
binding  on  all  the  signatory  parties,  but  they 
were  under  an  obligation  to  cooperate  in 
guaranteeing  the  neutrality  proclaimed  by 
the  treaty.  More  than  this,  "it  was  a  duty 
which  all  the  states  of  the  world  owe  to  inter- 
national law  to  take  every  reasonable  and 
practical  means  to  prevent  Germany  from 
effecting  such  a  gross  violation  of  the  rights 
of  a  weak  state  as  has  resulted  from  her  inva- 
sion." This  obligation,  he  asserts,  rested  upon 
the  United  States  equally  with  the  other 
powers.  There  is,  of  course,  a  difference  of 
opinion  as  to  the  merits  of  this  view ;  but  un- 
questionably if  international  law  means  what 
it  has  heretofore  been  understood  to  mean, 


strong  argument  can  be  advanced  in  favor  of 
the  position  of  the  author. 

Considering  in  turn  the  various  German 
excuses  for  violating  the  neutrality  of  Bel- 
gium,—  that  England  intended  to  land  troops 
there  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  Germany, 
that  there  existed  a  convention  between  Bel- 
gium and  England  by  .which  they  were  to 
make  common  cause  against  Germany,  that 
there  was  a  similar  agreement  between  Bel- 
gium and  France,  that  documents  discovered 
in  Brussels  showed  that  Belgium  had  violated 
her  neutral  obligations,  etc., — Professor  Stow- 
ell finds  no  evidence  to  support  the  German 
contention  on  any  of  these  points.  His  thor- 
ough and  critical  analysis  of  the  documents, 
and  the  evidence  which  he  marshals  in  sup- 
port of  his  conclusions,  will  go  far  toward 
convincing  impartial  observers  of  the  correct- 
ness of  his  findings.  Germany's  conduct  is 
criticized  severely.  The  invasion  of  Belgium, 
he  remarks,  has  been  compared  to  the  case  of 
a  man  who  is  guilty  of  a  trespass  in  crossing 
his  neighbor's  premises  to  escape  from  a  fire ; 
but  it  would  be  fairer  to  compare  it  to  the 
case  of  a  man  who  does  not  wait  to  meet  his 
adversary  in  a  fair  fight,  but  tries  to  reach 
him  by  shooting  through  the  walls  of  an  inter- 
vening house  without  regard  to  the  lives  of  the 
helpless  inmates. 

In  a  final  chapter  the  author  sums  up  his 
conclusions,  and  attempts  to  fix  the  chief 
responsibility  for  the  war.  This  responsibil- 
ity falls  mainly  on  the  shoulders  of  Germany. 

"  Germany  has  clearly  violated  international 
law,  and,  if  she  does  not  succeed,  even  for  the 
moment,  in  escaping  punishment,  the  lesson  will  be 
as  salutary  as  the  example  of  Bismarck  was  delete- 
rious. Meanwhile,  the  manner  in  which  she  has 
held  the  rest  of  Europe  in  check  compels  the 
admiration  of  all  beholders.  .  .  Should  Germany 
be  successful  in  carrying  out  the  theories  of  her 
Government,  and  her  people,  after  the  war-enthusi- 
asm is  past,  continue  to  support  the  Government, 
which  has  put  through  its  projects  in  disregard  of 
its  treaty  obligations  and  of  the  peaceful  existence 
of  the  individuals  composing  another  nation,  the 
student  of  events,  seeking  with  impartial  view,  will 
have  to  admit  that  we  are  not  yet  ready  for  any 
great  step  forward ;  that  it  is  too  early  to  recognize 
the  practical  existence  of  the  society  of  humanity 
as  such,  including  all  peoples." 

JAMES  W.  GARNER. 


Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc's  "  Essays  on  War,"  which 
his  English  publishers  hope  to  have  ready  shortly, 
will  include  "  The  Military  Argument  for  and 
against  Military  Service  in  the  Particular  Case  of 
Great  Britain";  "Censorship  in  War";  "The 
Defence  of  Land  Fronts  of  Naval  Bases";  "The 
Military  Problems  of  an  Alliance  " ;  and  "  Valmy." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


109 


A  PRAGMATIC  ILLUMINATION  OF 
EDUCATION.* 


Divine  philosophy  has  not  always  been  hap- 
pily united  with  pedagogical  theory.  Not 
infrequently  "  educators  "  have  but  a  superfi- 
cial philosophy;  while  it  must  be  admitted 
that  there  are  philosophers  who  know  little  of 
the  art  of  teaching.  A  great  shout  of  wel- 
come should  therefore  go  up  when  a  profound 
thinker  sets  himself  the  task  of  a  practical 
exposition  of  the  most  practical,  as  it  is  the 
most  important,  art  in  life, —  the  art  of 
education.  Properly  enough, «  a  pragmatic 
philosopher,  Professor  John  Dewey,  now  of 
Columbia  University,  has  accomplished  this 
work ;  and  so  for  once  etymology  is  justified 
of  her  children. 

Professor  Dewey  and  his  daughter,  Miss 
Evelyn  Dewey  (who  collected  much  of  the 
material),  disclaim  intent  at  a  system  or  a 
text-book.  Quoting  the  preface : 

"  We  have  tried  to  show  what  actually  happens 
when  schools  start  out  to  put  into  practice,  each  in 
its  own  way,  some  of  the  theories  that  have  been 
pointed  to  as  the  soundest  and  best  ever  since 
Plato,  to  be  then  laid  politely  away  as  precious 
portions  of  our  '  intellectual  heritage '  .  .  .  We 
have  hoped  to  suggest  to  the  reader  the  practical 
meaning  of  some  of  the  more  widely  recognized 
and  accepted  views  of  educational  reformers  by 
showing  what  happens  when  a  teacher  applies 
these  views." 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  this  rather 
humble  statement  is  an  accurate  description 
of  the  plan  of  the  book,  the  ripe  scholarship, 
the  scrupulous  soundness  of  the  logic,  and  the 
art  shown  in  presenting  and  massing  the  con- 
crete in  a  bath  of  luminous  and  consistent 
theory  make  of  "  Schools  of  To-morrow "  a 
contribution  of  great  importance. 

Professor  Dewey 's  thesis  is  based  frankly 
upon  Rousseau's  "  Emile."  The  first  chapter, 
"Education  as  Development,"  is  but  a  tren- 
chant exposition  of  Rousseau's  epoch-making 
views.  "  We  know  nothing  of  childhood,  and 
with  our  mistaken  notions  of  it  the  further  we 
go  in  education  the  more  we  go  astray."  Edu- 
cation must  be  "  based  upon  the  native  capaci- 
ties of  those  to  be  taught  and  upon  the  need 
of  studying  children  in  order  to  discover  what 
these  native  powers  are."  "  Try  to  teach  a 
child  what  is  of  use  to  him  as  a  child,  and  you 
will  find  that  it  takes  all  his  time."  "The 
greatest,  the  most  important,  the  most  useful 
rule  of  education  is:  Do  not  save  time,  but 
lose  it."  "A  child  ill-taught  is  further  from 
excellence  than  a  child  who  has  learned  noth- 
ing at  all."  Teach  a  child  what  he  has  an 

*  SCHOOLS  OF  TO-MORROW.  By  John  and  Evelyn  Dewey.  New 
York  :  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 


interest  in,  when  he  is  interested  in  it.  Do  not 
anticipate  the  needs  of  adult  life.  Education 
is  the  development  of  power,  not  the  acquisi- 
tion of  information. 

All  this  has  become  the  commonplace,  even 
the  semi-dangerous  commonplace,  of  higher 
education  in  colleges  and  universities,  screen- 
ing oftentimes  hazy  and  slovenly  ideas.  But 
rightly  interpreted,  it  is  of  immense  impor- 
tance; and  the  welcome  news  derived  from 
"  Schools  of  To-morrow "  is  that  whereas 
there  is  in  the  schools  of  to-day  an  absolute 
line  of  cleavage  between  the  elementary  and 
higher  institutions  in  this  respect, —  the  ele- 
mentary schools  insisting  on  a  fund  of  adult 
information  while  the  higher  schools  bemoan 
the  lack  of  intellectual  power  displayed  by 
their  product, —  the  "schools  of  to-morrow" 
are  insisting  on  the  same  rational  basis  for 
elementary  instruction.  Education,  instead 
of  following  a  silly  calf  trail  for  sixteen  or 
eighteen  years  and  then  attempting  to  insti- 
tute radical  reform  when  mental  habits  are 
fixed,  is  on  the  threshold  of  a  simple  and  abso- 
lute reform, —  the  process  of  starting  right, 
and  by  natural  methods  developing  the  whole 
life  of  the  child. 

Place  of  honor  among  the  laboratory  cases 
cited  is  given  to  Mrs.  Johnson's  school  at  Fair- 
hope,  Alabama,  which  seems  to  follow  closely 
Rousseau's  ideal.  Professor  Dewey  thinks 
that  Fairhope  "has  demonstrated  that  it  is 
possible  for  children  to  lead  the  same  natural 
lives  in  school  that  they  lead  in  good  homes 
outside  of  school  hours;  to  progress  bodily, 
mentally,  and  morally  in  school  without  facti- 
tious pressure,  rewards,  examinations,  grades 
or  promotions,  while  they  acquire  sufficient 
control  of  the  conventional  tools  of  learning 
and  of  study  of  books  —  reading,  writing,  and 
figuring  —  to  be  able  to  use  them  indepen- 
dently." Professor  J.  L.  Meriam,  Director  of 
the  Elementary  School  in  the  University  of 
Missouri,  bases  his  plan  upon  the  four  factors 
in  the  child's  life:  play,  stories,  observation, 
and  handiwork.  As  the  children  grow  older 
their  interest  is  naturally  drawn,  as  they  dis- 
cover their  ignorance,  to  history,  geography, 
and  science.  Grammar  and  English  are  not 
taught  as  such,  but  incidentally  in  connection 
with  all  their  work.  Investigation  of  local 
topography,  industries,  and  general  condi- 
tions is  emphasized  here,  as  in  other 
"  reform  "  schools.  The  value  of  Acting  out 
the  stories  of  mythology  and  history  is  another 
generally  recognized  principle.  That  the 
school  can  fit  smoothly  into  local  needs  and 
exercise  great  influence  as  a  social  settlement 
is  shown  by  the  success  of  Mr.  Valentine's 
work  in  School  26  of  Indianapolis.  The  prac- 


110 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


tical  work  of  this  school  has  put  new  heart 
and  vigor  into  a  destitute  and  backward  com- 
munity, and  has  gone  far  to  solve  the  race 
problem.  Here,  and  in  many  other  schools 
cited,  the  object  is  immediate  ends, —  not  giv- 
ing the  pupils  the  notion  that  they  are  getting 
ready  to  live,  but  actually  living.  This  will 
seem  to  many,  no  doubt,  a  backward  step, —  a 
tacit  acceptance  of  Browning's  low  man  who, 
aiming  at  a  unit,  soon  hits  his  hundred,  but 
always  fails  of  the  thousand.  One  of  the 
facts  cited,  that  the  boys  show  more  interest 
in  the  cooking  lessons  than  girls,  is  a  rather 
bizarre  proof  of  the  appeal  of  immediate  ends. 
Yet  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  general 
movement  is  wise.  Education  should  begin  at 
the  feet, —  we  must  learn  to  hit  the  units. 
That  is  of  the  most  importance  to  the  most 
people.  Indeed,  it  is  of  prime  importance  to 
all,  and  will  later  enable  the  few  to  hit  the 
thousand  with  all  the  greater  accuracy. 

Here  and  there  throughout  the  book,  as  in 
the  final  chapter  on  "  Democracy  and  Educa- 
tion," the  author  exhibits  something  of  the 
special  pleader, —  or  possibly  it  is  only  a  too 
common  academic  blindness  to  the  reality  of 
grinding  poverty  in  the  world.  "  It  is  a  com- 
monplace among  teachers  and  workers  who 
come  in  contact  with  any  number  of  pupils 
who  leave  school  at  fourteen  to  go  to  work, 
that  the  reason  is  not  so  much  financial  pres- 
sure as  it  is  lack  of  conviction  that  school  is 
doing  them  any  good."  This  is  no  doubt  true 
in  many  communities,  where  the  well-to-do 
class  predominates.  It  must  be  of  these  that 
Professor  Dewey  is  thinking ;  for  in  all  proba- 
bility he  knows  of  the  investigations  of  a 
former  student  of  his  in  the  Stock  Yards  dis- 
trict of  Chicago,  which  revealed  an  altogether 
different  state  of  affairs.* 

Professor  Dewey's  analysis  of  the  much 
discussed  Montessori  method  should  be  of 
value  to  those  whose  knowledge  depends 
mainly  upon  periodical-skimming.  While  ap- 
proving of  the  freedom  of  action  which 
Madame  Montessori  in  common  with  most  re- 
formers allows  her  pupils,  he  points  out  that 
her  insistence  on  the  use  of  her  "  didactic 
material "  leaves  their  freedom  restricted  and 
of  questionable  importance. 

"  There  is  no  freedom  allowed  the  child  to  create. 
He  is  free  to  choose  which  apparatus  he  will  use, 
but  never  to  choose  his  own  ends,  never  to  bend  a 
material  to  his  own  plans.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
backward  children  derive  profit  from  the  '  didactic 
material,'  but  after  all  it  appears  that  various 
American  reformers  have  learned  how  systemati- 
cally to  educe  power,  creativeness,  in  the  normal 

*  Dr.  E.  L.  Talbcrt  put  the  question  to  331  boys  and  girls 
who  had  left  school  at  14,  when  the  pressure  of  the  law  was 
lifted,  and  171  answered  that  they  had  to  earn  money. 


child  by  permitting  him  to  range  freely  over  his 
material  and  adapt  it  to  his  own  ends." 

This  word  "freedom"  is  the  shibboleth  of 
the  schools  of  to-morrow.  A  year  or  so  ago, 
Mr.  Edmond  Holmes,  in  his  little  book  enti- 
tled "The  Tragedy  of  Education,"  wrote  much 
on  this  subject  to  very  good  purpose.  It  is 
wholly  right  for  a  child  "  to  find  the  necessity 
in  things,  not  in  the  caprices  of  man."  —  to 
feel  the  curb  of  conditions,  not  of  authority. 
And  Professor  Dewey  does  well  to  point  out 
that  "  no  discipline  could  be  more  severe,  more 
apt  to  develop  character  and  reasonableness, 
nor  less  apt  to  develop  disorder  and  laziness  " 
than  the  discipline  which  is  self-taught  and 
self-imposed.  The  only  weakness  in  practi- 
cal results, —  a  weakness  that  neither  he  nor 
Mr.  Holmes  nor  Mrs.  Johnson  nor  Mr.  Wirt 
nor  Mr.  Valentine  nor  Professor  Meriam  nor 
Rousseau  is  aware  of, —  is  the  difficulty  of  get- 
ting teachers  wise  enough  to  administer  free- 
dom of  this  sort.  Here  and  there  is  a  genius 
who  knows  how;  but  these  geniuses,  sadly 
enough,  do  not  impart  their  genius.  An  ordi- 
nary person  can  learn  how  to  get  results  by 
following  rules,  but  it  must  be  an  extraor- 
dinary person  who  gets  results  without  rules. 
In  its  philosophy,  its  literature,  its  religion, 
humanity  has  so  far  always  proceeded  by  rule 
and  line ;  only  the  geniuses  have  from  time  to 
time  made  new  rules  and  struck  off  new  lines. 
And  after  each  epochal  genius,  when  the  plod- 
ding student-teacher  follows  the  master,  the 
method  becomes  again  stereotyped. 

Professor  Dewey  sees  clearly  the  Scylla  of 
the  old  and  the  Charybdis  of  the  new : 

"  The  problem  of  educational  readjustment  thus 
has  to  steer  between  the  extremes  of  an  inherited 
bookish  education  and  a  narrow,  so-called  prac- 
tical, education.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  clamor 
for  a  retention  of  traditional  materials  and  meth- 
ods on  the  ground  that  they  alone  are  liberal  and 
cultural.  It  is  comparatively  easy  to  urge  the  addi- 
tion of  narrow,  vocational  training  for  those  who, 
it  is  assumed,  are  to  be  the  drawers  of  water  and 
the  hewers  of  wood  in  the  existing  economic 
regime,  leaving  intact  the  present  bookish  type  of 
education  for  those  fortunate  enough  not  to  have 
to  engage  in  manual  labor  in  the  home,  shop,  or 
farm.  But  since  the  real  question  is  one  of  or- 
ganization of  all  education  to  meet  the  changed 
conditions  of  life  —  scientific,  social,  political  —  ac- 
companying the  revolution  in  industry,  the  experi- 
ments which  have  been  made  with  this  wider  end  in 
view  are  especially  deserving  of  sympathetic  recog- 
nition and  intelligent  examination." 

Some  minor  faults  of  style  are  to  be  found 
in  the  volume,  such  as  frequently  occur  when 
a  writer  is  thinking  mainly  of  his  matter. 
"Apt"  is  regularly  used  in  the  sense  of 
"likely";  and  the  rather  naive  redundancy. 


1915  J 


THE    DIAL 


in 


"  to  try  an  experiment,"  occurs  so  often  as  to 
merit  rebuke.  There  is  also  considerable 
repetition,  owing  in  part  to  the  plan  of  the 
book.  And  there  is  the  inevitable  resume  of 
former  conditions  of  industry  as  compared 
with  the  present.  But  nevertheless,  the  vol- 
ume is  admirable  in  material  and  arrange- 
ment; and  the  very  repetition  only  serves  to 
add  to  its  unity  and  drive  home  its  central 
theme.  THOMAS  PERCIVAL  BEYER. 


RECENT  AMERICAN  ONE-ACT  PLAYS.* 


One  of  the  interesting  tendencies  in  recent 
drama  is  the  rise  in  popularity  of  the  one-act 
play.  The  Irish  school,  perhaps,  deserves 
chief  credit  for  showing  the  possibilities  of 
the  one-act  form,  especially  in  tragedy  and  in 
whimsical  comedy.  In  America,  Mr.  Percy 
Mackaye  was  a  pioneer  in  this  field,  and  he 
has  had  many  followers.  The  extent  to  which 
the  one-act  piece  is  now  being  cultivated  sug- 
gests that  it  may  come  to  rival  even  the  short 
story  in  popular  favor. 

Of  the  twenty-two  one-act  plays  by  Amer- 
ican writers  considered  in  the  present  review, 
three  have  to  do  with  the  European  war.  The 
nineteen  others  are  singularly  free  from  the 
propagandist  taint  which  infects  so  large  a 
proportion  of  recent  English  and  continental 
plays.  Probably  it  may  be  said  that  there  are 
three  aims  among  which,  or  among  combina- 
tions of  which,  a  dramatist  must  choose.  He 
may  aim  to  represent  characters  in  an  action 
with  impartial  truthfulness,  caring  to  give 
pleasure  only  or  chiefly  through  the  fidelity 
of  his  representation.  Or  he  may  aim  to  rep- 
resent characters  so  as  to  give  pleasure 
through,  appeals  to  humor,  sentiment,  or 
imagination,  caring  less  for  truth  and  reality. 
Or  he  may  aim  to  represent  characters  so  as  to 
enforce  a  doctrine  or  lesson,  subordinating 
both  truth  and  pleasure  to  this  end.  A  pure 
type  of  the  first  class  may  be  found  in  Ben 
Jonson's  "Bartholomew  Fair";  of  the  sec- 
ond, in  Shakespeare's  romantic  comedy;  of 

*  WAR  BRIDES.  By  Marion  Craig  Wentworth.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

ACROSS  THE  BORDER.  A  Play  of  the  Present.  By  Beulah 
Marie  Dix.  Illustrated.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

MAKERS  OF  MADNESS.  By  Hermann  Hagedorn.  New  York : 
The  Macmillan  Co. 

POSSESSION.  One-act  Plays  of  Contemporary  Life.  By 
George  Middleton.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

DAWN,  and  Other  One-act  Plays  of  Life  To-day.  By  Per- 
cival  Wilde.  New  York :  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 

STAGE  GUILD  PLAYS.  By  Kenneth  Sawyer  Goodman.  Com- 
prising: The  Game  of  Chess,  Barbara,  Back  of  the  Yards, 
and  Ephraim  and  the  Winged  Bear.  New  York :  Donald  C. 
Vaughan. 

WISCONSIN  PLAYS.  Edited  by  Thomas  H.  Dickinson.  Com- 
prising: The  Neighbors,  by  Zona  Gale;  In  Hospital,  by 
Thomas  H.  Dickinson ;  Glory  of  the  Morning,  by  William 
Ellery  Leonard.  New  York :  B.  W.  Huebsch. 


the  third,  in  the  mediaeval  moralities  and  in 
some  of  the  plays  of  Shaw  and  Brieux.  The 
first  two  objects  are  the  legitimate  ideals  of 
drama;  when  the  third  becomes  dominant, 
the  writer  must  expect  to  be  regarded  pri- 
marily as  a  preacher,  not  as  a  dramatist.  It  is 
encouraging  to  find  so  little  of  this  preaching 
tendency  in  the  recent  representative  Amer- 
ican plays. 

Two  of  the  three  war  plays,  "  War  Brides  " 
and  "Across  the  Border,"  on  the  whole  justify 
their  dramatic  form.  "  War  Brides "  is  an 
attack  on  war  from  the  woman's  point  of  view. 
It  is  a  vigorous  and  timely  protest  against  the 
insult  to  womanhood  implied  in  the  custom  to 
which  the  title  alludes.  The  heroine  has  been 
married  some  months  before  the  war,  and  her 
husband  is  at  the  front.  The  story  deals  with 
her  attempt  to  influence  the  girls  in  her  vil- 
lage against  war  marriages, —  an  attempt 
which  brings  her  into  conflict  with  the.  au- 
thorities. Her  indignation  and  horror  at  the 
cynical  treatment  of  what  she  holds  most 
sacred  are  raised  to  a  tragic  pitch  by  the  news 
of  her  husband's  death  in  battle.  She  is  preg- 
nant; but  rather  than  bear  a  child  who  may 
be  sacrificed  to  "  the  good  of  the  Empire,"  she 
commits  suicide.  She  is  not  a  character  who 
interests  us  greatly ;  she  is  primarily  a  mouth- 
piece for  individualist  and  pacifist  ideas ;  but 
these  ideas  are  vigorously  expressed,  and  are 
vitally  related  to  the  dramatic  situation.  The 
play  is  a  good  example  of  the  effective  use  of 
drama  for  propagandist  purposes. 

"Across  the  Border"  bases  its  protest 
against  war  on  more  broadly  human  grounds ; 
partly,  perhaps,  for  this  reason  it  is  a  much 
better  play.  It  is  better,  too,  because  the 
author  is  really  interested  in  her  hero  as  a 
person.  The  play  makes  skilful  use  of  the 
now  familiar  device  of  a  dream.  Desperately 
wounded  in  an  attempt  to  bring  rescue  to 
beleaguered  comrades,  the  Junior  Lieutenant 
in  his  delirious  dream  crosses-"  the  border  "  of 
death.  What  he  sees  there  convinces  him  of 
the  shameful  cruelty  and  wrong  of  the  whole 
system  and  ideal  of  war,  and  he  begs  for  leave 
to  return  and  try  to  make  some  of  his  com- 
rades understand.  In  the  final  scene  in  the 
improvised  hospital  he  struggles  to  his  gallant 
and  pitiful  failure.  Written  plainly,  without 
declamation  or  sentimentality,  the  play  makes 
a  powerful  and  genuinely  dramatic  appeal. 

In  Mr.  Hagedorn's  "  Makers  of v  Madness," 
on  the  other  hand,  the  doctrine  completely 
crowds  out  the  dramatic  element.  The  com- 
position is  not  a  play  at  all;  it  is  an  attempt 
to  show  through  dialogue  how  war  might  be 
forced  on  the  United  States  and  an  empire 
(clearly  Germany)  by  the  selfish  interests  of 


112 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


militarists,  politicians,  and  manufacturers  of 
arms.  There  is  a  scene  in  the  capital  of  each 
country,  and  then  an  impressionistic  glimpse 
of  a  battle-field.  A  pamphlet  may  be  more 
readable  if  cast  in  the  form  of  dialogue,  but 
the  title-page  should  not  call  it  a  play. 

In  his  latest  volume,  Mr.  George  Middleton 
gives  us  some  nearly  perfect  examples  of  our 
first-mentioned  class  of  plays, —  those  which 
aim  above  all  at  impartial  truthfulness.  The 
action  in  these  little  dramas  is  mostly  psycho- 
logical, or  —  shall  we  say?  —  spiritual.  The 
very  impartiality  of  Mr.  Middleton's  attitude 
toward  conventional  morality  has  brought 
upon  him  the  accusation  of  writing  his  plays 
to  prove  something;  but  the  charge  is  an 
unfair  one.  He  presents  no  theses;  he  tries 
merely  to  depict  his  people  and  their  problems 
with  delicate  and  intimate  accuracy.  Placed 
in  a  given  situation,  how  will  each  character 
in  a  small  group  conduct  himself?  A  young 
woman  who  has  married  to  escape  the  frigid- 
ity of  a  loveless  home  finds  that  she  cannot 
live  in  peace  with  her  worthless  and  unfaith- 
ful husband.  So,  taking  her  child,  she  returns 
one  evening  to  her  father  and  mother, —  peo- 
ple who,  without  love,  have  kept  up  a  respecta- 
ble appearance.  How  will  the  characters 
speak  and  act  in  this  first  interview  ?  This  is 
the  problem  of  "  Circles."  "  The  Groove  "  is 
simply  a  bedtime  talk  between  two  sisters,  of 
whom  the  elder  has  stayed  at  home  to  take 
care  of  an  invalid  mother,  and  the  younger 
has  just  returned  from  college.  Each  has  a 
plan  to  confide  to  the  other,  but  the  plans  are 
hopelessly  in  conflict.  How  will  the  situation 
develop  ?  It  is  obvious  that  plays  of  this  sort 
would  require  the  most  finished  and  intelli- 
gent acting  if  they  were  to  have  any  success 
on  the  stage;  and  even  with  this,  the  success 
of  some  of  them  would  be  doubtful.  Mr. 
Middleton's  characters  are  drawn  admirably, 
but  with  an  impartiality  critical  rather  than 
sympathetic.  His  attitude  toward  them  is  too 
much  that  of  an  entomologist  toward  his 
specimens;  his  curiosity  is  too  largely  intel- 
lectual. He  not  only  lacks  sympathy,  but,  as 
might  be  expected,  he  lacks  humor;  this  is 
especially  noticeable  in  "  The  Black  Tie,"  and 
also  in  "  The  Unborn,"  where  the  perspective 
is  at  times  curiously  distorted.  By  all  odds 
the  best  of  the  plays  is  "A  Good  Woman"; 
with  this  possible  exception,  Mr.  Middleton, 
conscientious  and  skilful  artist  as  he  is,  leaves 
us  a  little  cold. 

Much  less  mature  and  finished  are  the  plays 
in  Mr.  Percival  Wilde's  collection.  Mr.  Wilde 
seems  to  be  experimenting  in  various  direc- 
tions. As  yet  he  cares  too  little  for  truth  to 
life,  and  he  lacks  a  sure  sense  for  stage  effect. 


In  "A  House  of  Cards"  he  uses  somewhat 
clumsily  the  dangerous  device  of  misleading 
the  audience.  "  Playing  with  Fire "  is  a 
rather  sophomoric  study  of  "  calf  love."  "The 
Traitor  "  is  based  on  an  oddly  false  notion  of 
human  nature, —  the  notion  that  a  traitor  may 
infallibly  be  detected  by  his  zeal  in  urging 
mercy  for  another  supposed  traitor.  The 
other  pieces,  however,  show  decided  promise; 
and  the  best  of  them,  "Dawn,"  is  a  really 
strong  and  brilliant  little  study  in  heroism. 
Here  and  there  in  Mr.  Wilde's  work  one  feels 
the  influence  of  Mr.  Mackaye. 

The  four  paper-bound  plays  by  Mr.  Ken- 
neth Sawyer  Goodman  show  a  keen  sense  of 
stage  values  and  a  considerable  range.  They 
would  probably  act  better  than  the  plays  of 
either  Mr.  Middleton  or  Mr.  Wilde.  Some  of 
them,  indeed,  have  been  acted,  though  with 
what  success  I  do  not  know.  They  seem 
especially  well  adapted  to  amateur  produc- 
tion ;  the  settings  are  simple,  the  action  is 
rapid,  and  the  parts  make  no  heavy  demand 
upon  the  actors.  "Back  of  the  Yards"  is  a 
strong  and  realistic  little  drama  of  tenement- 
house  life  in  Chicago,  dealing  with  the  turn- 
ing point  in  a  street  boy's  career.  "  The  Game 
of  Chess"  is  a  cleverly  constructed  and  stir- 
ring melodrama  in  miniature,  presenting  a 
nihilist's  attempt  on  the  life  of  a  Czar. 
"Ephraim  and  the  Winged  Bear"  is  a  sort 
of  fantastic  morality,  amusing  but  a  trifle  too 
grotesque  for  complete  success.  "  Barbara  " 
is  apparently  an  attempt  to  burlesque  Mr. 
Bernard  Shaw, —  an  ambitious  and  tolerably 
rash  undertaking.  The  fact  is  that  Mr.  Shaw, 
having  reached  the  limit  of  extravagance  pos- 
sible to  sanity,  can  twiddle  his  fingers  at  the 
parodists.  Mr.  Goodman's  terrible  young  per- 
son seems  scarcely  more  than  a  faint  copy  of 
a  Shaw  heroine,  and  his  valet  deus  ex  machina 
a  rather  wooden  imitation  of  the  omniscient 
Shavian  waiter. 

In  contrast  with  Mr.  Goodman's  high  spir- 
its and  exuberant  cleverness  is  the  tone  of 
simple  and  quiet  sincerity  of  the  "Wisconsin 
Plays."  Miss  Gale's  "The  Neighbors"  is  a 
charming  little  study  of  life  in  a  small  village. 
It  is  reported  that  Mis'  Ellsworth,  who,  with 
her  husband's  scanty  pension,  has  a  hard  time 
making  ends  meet,  has  had  a  telegram  an- 
nouncing that  her  orphaned  nephew  of  seven 
is  coming  to  live  with  her.  All  the  neighbors 
join  forces  to  get  up  a  "shower"  surprise 
party  for  her.  When  preparations  are  nearly 
completed.  Mis'  Ellsworth  appears  at  Mis' 
Abel's  with  another  telegram  saying  that 
after  all  the  little  boy  is  to  be  adopted  by  an 
uncle.  In  this  simple  plot  are  introduced  a 
number  of  delightful  people,  admirably  char- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


113 


acterized.  Who  can  forget  "  Grandma,"  for 
instance,  with  her  experienced  wisdom  and 
her  rebellion  against  carpet  rags?  Mr.  Dick- 
inson's "In  Hospital"  is  a  severely  realistic 
sketch  of  the  human  aspects  of  a  serious 
operation.  Though  scarcely  dramatic  at  all 
in  the  narrower  sense  of  the  word,  in  the 
hands  of  a  great  actor  it  would  be  immensely 
effective.  Mr.  Leonard's  "  Glory  of  the 
Morning"  is  pitched  on  a  distinctly  lower 
level.  The  heroine,  for  whom  the  play  is 
named,  is  the  Winnebago  squaw  of  a  French 
fur-trader ;  the  latter  turns  out  to  be  a  noble- 
man in  exile,  who  wishes  to  take  their  chil- 
dren back  with  him  to  France.  For  some 
reason  the  American  Indian  makes  intracta- 
ble material  for  drama.  I  cannot  recall  a 
single  good  dramatic  presentation  of  him  in 
his  native  state.  In  the  present  case,  part  of 
the  difficulty  is  that  the  story  calls  for  a  more 
poetic  and  imaginative  treatment  than  the 
author  has  given  it. 

Altogether,  in  achievement  as  well  as  in 
promise,  this  is  a  notable  group  of  plays.  Ten 
years  ago  it  could  not  have  been  matched  by 
any  selection  of  one-act  pieces  written  in 
America.  It  looks  as  if  we  were  going  to  see 
in  this  generation  a  really  American  drama. 
HOMER  E.  WOODBRIDGE. 


BRIEFS  ox  NEW  BOOKS. 


A  life  of 

prodigious 

achievement. 


As  bluff  John  Hunter,  the 
famous  surgeon,  anatomist,  and 
physiologist,  once  said,  "  no  man 
that  wanted  to  be  a  great  man  ever  was  a 
great  man."  A  fine  example  of  true  greatness 
and  entire  freedom  from  any  desire  for  great- 
ness in  the  world's  eyes  may  be  found  in  the 
late  Director  of  the  New  York  Public  Library, 
who  came  to  that  office,  with  its  arduous  work 
of  construction  and  organization,  after  hav- 
ing virtually  created  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hos- 
pital in  Baltimore,  the  Surgeon-General's 
Library  and  its  justly  celebrated  catalogue  in 
Washington,  and  the  laboratory  of  hygiene 
for  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  Phila- 
delphia, not  to  mention  earlier  and  perhaps 
more  heroic  though  less  widely  known 
achievements  elsewhere.  These  various  ser- 
vices to  science  and  to  humanity  are  now  care- 
fully recorded,  with  much  else  of  a  more 
intimately  biographical  character,  by  his 
friend  and  co-worker  in  medicine,  Dr.  Fielding 
H.  Garrison,  in  a  substantial  octavo  volume 
entitled  "John  Shaw  Billings:  A  Memoir" 
(Putnam).  Of  good  New  England  stock,  but 
of  Hoosier  birth  and  early  training,  Billings 
was  forced  to  work  his  way  through  the  suc- 


cessive stages  of  his  academic  and  medical 
education,  and  the  fact  that  he  had  to  fight 
out  one  winter  of  this  Spartan  experience  on 
seventy-five  cents  a  week  may  help  to  explain, 
now  that  we  have  the  details  of  his  life  before 
us,  the  hitherto  unsuspected  battles  that  he 
was  compelled  to  wage  with  bodily  infirmities 
during  the  greater  part  of  his  maturity. 
Eight  times  he  underwent  surgical  operations, 
chiefly  of  a  critical  nature,  and  always  except 
the  last  time  he  kept  secret  from  his  family 
the  cause  of  these  "short  vacations,"  as  he 
lightly  styled  them.  Therefore  the  record 
of  his  eminent  and  varied  services  to  his 
fellow-men,  impressive  though  it  had  seemed 
before,  gains  immeasurably  in  significance 
when  one  learns,  from  Dr.  Garrison's  faithful 
presentation  of  Billings's  life-struggle,  the 
various  handicaps  and  disabilities  under 
which  those  brilliantly  distinguished  services 
were  rendered.  The  customary  equipment  of 
illustrations,  bibliography,  genealogy,  and 
index  is  not  wanting  to  this  carefully  prepared 
biography,  which,  let  it  be  added,  has  been 
made,  as  far  as  possible,  autobiographical  in 
character  by  the  frequent  insertion  of  pas- 
sages from  Dr.  Billings's  writings,  including 
a  fragment  of  veritable  autobiography. 

,        ,    .         In  "A  German- American's  Con- 

The  apologia  . 

of  a,  German-  feSSlOU     of     Faith          (Huebsch), 

Professor  Kuno  Francke  of 
Harvard  has  brought  together  five  articles 
and  three  poems  already  published  in  various 
newspapers  and  periodicals.  Among  the  arti- 
cles is  the  now  famous  open  letter  to  Con- 
gressman Bartholdt  on  "Neutrality,"  which 
brings  out  clearly  the  difference  between  the 
author's  undiluted  Americanism  and  the 
rabid  Teutonism  of  Messrs.  Ridder,  Viereck, 
and  their  congeners.  In  this  connection,  it 
is  interesting  to  note  the  writer's  statement 
that  the  letter  was  refused  publication  by  the 
New  York  "  Staats-Zeitung."  For  his  mod- 
eration and  tolerance,  and  his  observance  of 
the  amenities  during  controversy,  Professor 
Francke  deserves  commendation  above  other 
German -American  apologists,  and  one  is  glad 
to  think  that  he  is  the  spokesman  for  many 
silent  and  thoughtful  Americans  of  Teutonic 
descent  who  do  not  approve  of  the  vocifer- 
ous propaganda  undertaken  by  their  self- 
appointed  leaders.  Yet  Professor  Francke  is 
very  far  from  being  a  Carl  Schurz:  The  lat- 
ter was  the  product  of  Germany's  noblest 
political  idealism, —  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment of  1848;  Professor  Francke  has  been 
bred  under  the  star  of  Hohenzollern  imperial- 
ism, and  like  most  Germans  of  the  profes- 
sorial class  is  destitute  of  what  we  somewhat 


114 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


ambiguously  call  "  political  sense."  His  ideal 
of  government  is  a  benevolent  despotism  in 
which  the  ills  of  the  people  are  healed  with 
paternal  care.  Germany's  cause,  as  he  sees  it, 
is  just,  not  because  her  manner  of  starting  the 
war  or  her  conduct  in  Belgium  is  justifiable 
(these  are  matters  about  which  the  author  is 
significantly  silent),  but  because  "Germany 
to-day  is  the  best  governed  country  in  the 
world."  Here  "best"  plainly  means  "most 
efficiently."  That  the  gap  between  this  sort 
of  political  thinking  and  the  ideals  of  Amer- 
ican democracy  is  too  wide  to  be  bridged  over 
by  a  few  occasional  pamphlets  must  surely  be 
evident  to  Professor  Francke's  lucid  and  re- 
flective mind. 

Mr.  H.  Addington  Bruce  is  the 

%£*£&£*.  ^iGr  of  the  "Mind  and  Health 
Series"  (Little,  Brown,  &  Co.) 
of  which  three  numbers  have  appeared.  The 
first  is  by  Dr.  James  J.  Putnam,  and  deals 
with  "  Human  Motives."  It  is  a  well  chosen 
theme,  and  is  presented  with  a  quiet  dignity 
and  earnest  purpose  that  is  consoling  when  not 
convincing.  Dr.  Putnam  finds  two  sources  of 
motives, —  one  in  the  mental  and  genetic 
series  of  impulses  to  which  we  are  all  subject, 
and  the  other  in  the  philosophical  or  religious 
inculcation,  whence  comes  the  support  of 
ideals.  The  two,  in  his  opinion,  have  an  equal 
authenticity  and  an  equal  value.  The  theme, 
though  attractively  set  forth,  tends  to  merge 
into  vagueness  and  lose  the  substantial 
groundwork  that  one  looks  for  in  a  physi- 
cian's outlook.  The  residue  of  good  counsel 
justifies  the  essay.  In  the  second  volume  of 
the  series,  Dr.  Isador  H.  Coriat  writes  of 
"  The  Meaning  of  Dreams,"  finding  that  mean- 
ing in  the  Freudian  notion  of  repressed  wishes 
reconstructed  by  the  dream  motives  of  dis- 
guise and  indirect  expression.  He  sets  forth 
the  principle  of  interpretation,  and  adds  a 
number  of  instances  of  dreams  thus  inter- 
preted (largely  in  relation  to  sex  desires  and 
symbolisms)  from  his  own  records.  Thus 
summarized  and  stated  in  loose  order,  they 
seem  utterly  unconvincing,  and  verge  upon 
the  strained  logical  contortions  which  Baco- 
nian "  provers  "  of  their  Shakespearean  posi- 
tions have  made  familiar.  It  scarcely  seems 
probable  that  the  popularization  of  this  move- 
ment by  evidence  thus  inviting  misconception 
on  the  part  of  the  lay  reader,  serves  any  useful 
purpose.  The  third  volume  is  by  the  editor  of 
the  series,  and  bears  the  title,  "  Sleep  and 
Sleeplessness," --though  the  longest  chapter 
in  the  book  deals  with  the  somewhat  irrelevant 
theme  of  "Dreams  and  the  Supernatural." 
The  volume  is  distinctly  uncritical,  and  re- 


peats the  exploded  "  Caspar  Hauser  "  myth  as 
real  evidence,  while  the  view  of  premonitory 
dreams  is  hardly  standard.  The  practical 
counsel  offered  by  Mr.  Bruce  in  regard  to 
sleep  and  sleeplessness  is  sound  and  well  put. 

A  brief  account  The  twentieth  volume  in  the 
of  the  hero  of  series  of  "American  Crisis  Biog- 

Appomattox.  •,•       JJ/T         i.    \     •       T          L     -i    .L 

raphies  (Jacobs)  is  devoted  to 
the  soldier  who  saved  the  nation  in  the  crisis 
of  our  Civil-  War.  Mr.  Franklin  Spencer 
Edmonds  is  the  author,  and  his  book  appro- 
priately gives  considerably  more  than  half  of 
its  substance  to  Grant's  services  in  the  field 
from  1861  to  1865.  Almost  innumerable,  as 
the  writer  admits,  are  the  accounts  we  already 
have  of  the  memorable  deeds  of  this  great 
military  commander;  but  the  lesson  of  his 
life  will  bear  repeated  interpretation  with  the 
passage  of  the  years.  Also,  the  publication  in 
recent  times  of  memoirs  and  letters  by  various 
friends  and  contemporaries  of  General  Grant 
m&kes  possible  to-day  a  fuller  and  truer 
account  of  the  man  than  ever  before.  Com- 
paratively recent  are,  for  example,  the  au- 
tobiographic and  reminiscent  writings  of 
Generals  Howard  and  James  Harrison  Wilson 
and  Morris  Schaff  and  Carl  Schurz,  the  pub- 
lication of  Gideon  Welles's  diary,  and  the 
issue  of  General  Meade's  "Life  and  Letters." 
In  his  bibliography  of  important  aids  to  the 
study  of  Grant's  life,  Mr.  Edmonds  makes  no 
mention  of  the  Howard  autobiography,  one 
of  the  most  valuable  and  interesting  of  the 
military  memoirs  relating  to  our  great  con- 
flict and  its  principal  commanders;  but  he 
does  quote  some  words  of  Howard's  illustra- 
tive of  Grant's  methods  as  a  soldier.  Within 
the  modest  compass  allowed  him,  the  author 
has  produced  a  handy  and  readable  history  of 
his  hero,  and  one  that  bears  evidences  of  more 
than  perfunctory  preliminary  study.  The 
frontispiece  shows  Grant  as  he  looked  at 
Appomattox,  in  the  month  of  April,  1865. 
A  useful  chronological  table  precedes  the 
reading  matter,  and  certain  official  docu- 
ments of  relevant  import  follow  it. 


Problems  of 
unemployment. 


Although  Miss  Frances  A.  Kel- 
lor  makes  no  claim  that  her 
book  "  Out  of  Work  "  (Putnam) 
is  other  than  a  revision  of  her  earlier  work 
bearing  the  same  title,  the  scope  and  content 
of  the  present  book  show  little 'resemblance 
to  those  of  the  former  edition.  Unemploy- 
ment continues  to  be  our  most  difficult  and 
perplexing  social  problem.  No  one  can  claim 
to  have  found  a  solution  for  this  standing 
reproach  to  our  modern  industrial  system. 
Yet  it  is  some  satisfaction  to  know  that  in 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


115 


America  as  elsewhere  the  eleven  years  which 
have  elapsed  since  the  first  edition  of  Miss 
Kellor's  book  appeared  have  borne  some  fruit 
in  thoughtful  attention  to  and  hopeful  plans 
for  combatting  the  evil  of  enforced  idleness. 
Such  subjects  as  regular ization  of  employ- 
ment, dovetailing  of  industries,  unemploy- 
ment insurance,  and  vocational  guidance, 
methods  which  are  now  the  most  urged  by 
reformers  for  lessening  unemployment  or  re- 
lieving it  from  its  most  serious  consequences, 
were  not  discussed  a  decade  ago.  Miss  Kel- 
lor's earlier  work  was  devoted  entirely  to  a 
study  of  employment  agencies  and  intelli- 
gence offices.  Considerable  improvement  in 
the  work  of  the  public  agencies  and  better 
regulation  of  the  private  offices  have  taken 
place  since  then ;  but  much  remains  to  be 
done  before  these  agencies  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  labor  are  in  a  condition  to  render 
adequate  service.  Miss  Kellor  believes  that 
the  most  hopeful  development  of  this  side  of 
the  work  lies  in  the  establishment  of  munici- 
pal employment  bureaus  cooperating  with 
Federal  agencies  for  the  distribution  of  labor. 
She  also  urges  an  intensive  study  of  the 
extent  and  causes  of  unemployment  in  every 
locality,  and  of  the  possibilities  of  increasing 
employment.  The  better  organization  of  pri- 
vate industries  with  the  purpose  in  view  of 
reducing  the  long  periods  of  idleness  now 
found  in  the  seasonal  trades,  and  the  planning 
of  government  work  with  a  view  to  its  per- 
formance in  dull  times,  more  intelligent  direc- 
tion of  children  in  industry,  and  cautious 
experiments  in  the  way  of  insurance  against 
unemployment  are  the  other  more  important 
features  in  the  programme  for  America 
suggested  in  the  closing  chapter  of  the  book. 

If  proof  is  wanted  that  the  first 

autobiography.  6ssential  to  success  in  the  world 
is  self-confidence,  one  need  but 
turn  to  Sir  Hiram  S.  Maxim's  breezy  relation 
of  his  own  rise  from  obscurity  and  poverty  to 
fame  and  fortune.  From  his  first  invention, 
a  remarkably  efficient  mouse-trap,  to  his 
latest  triumphs  in  smokeless  powder  and  auto- 
matic guns,  he  has  shown  himself  a  man  of 
endless  resource,  in  shrewdness  and  capabil- 
ity and  ingenuity  entirely  worthy  of  his 
Yankee  birth  and  breeding.  There  is  some- 
thing splendid  in  his  well-grounded  faith  in 
his  own  powers.  Whether  it  was  a  wild  bull 
to  be  subdued  with  bare  hands,  or  a  village 
bully  to  be  laid  low,  or  some  inventive  "  stunt " 
to  perform  in  mechanics,  chemistry,  elec- 
tricity, or  the  fashioning  of  lethal  weapons, 
he  was  always  equal  to  the  occasion ;  and  his 
manner  of  recounting  these  triumphs  is  as 


characteristic  as  his  mode  of  achieving  them. 
A  certain  primitive  openness,  directness, 
forcefulness,  speaks  in  his  pages.  He  writes 
exactly  as  a  large  and  strong  man  who  has 
done  notable  things  in  the  world  of  matter 
and  force  ought  to  write;  and  he  shows  a 
memory  for  details,  an  ability  to  marshal  his 
facts  impressively  and  sometimes  pictur- 
esquely, that  one  finds  highly  enjoyable.  As 
an  illustration  of  the  versatility  of  his  genius, 
let  it  be  noted  that  Sir  Hiram  has  invented  an 
inhaler  for  the  cure  of  bronchitis,  of  which, 
he  says,  "  large  numbers  are  now  being  sold 
all  over  the  world."  What  wonder  that,  after 
fashioning  so  many  instruments  for  the 
slaughter  of  his  fellow-men,  he  takes  pride  in 
this  device  for  saving  their  lives?  The  book, 
certainly  one  of  the  best  of  its  kind,  and  bear- 
ing the  short  but  sufficient  title,  "My  Life" 
(McBride),  is  well  illustrated  and  in  other 
technical  details  worthy  of  its  theme, —  the 
history  of  a  man  who  has  always  hated  care- 
less craftsmanship, 


A  handbook 
on  commission 
government. 


As  an  argument  for  commission 
government,  Mr.  Oswrald  Ryan's 
"Municipal  Freedom,"  in  the 
series  called  "  The  American  Books  "  (Double- 
day),  leaves  little  to  be  desired.  As  an 
attempt  to  weigh  commission  government 
carefully  and  discriminate  between  its  advan- 
tages and  its  deficiencies,  it  is  very  far  from 
satisfactory.  All  the  benefits  to  be  secured 
by  this  wiping  out  of  the  entire  structure  of 
the  old  city  government  —  the  centralization 
of  power  and  responsibility,  the  weakening  of 
meaningless  party  lines,  the  emphasizing  of 
honesty  and  efficiency  —  are  enumerated,  with 
detailed  reference  to  the  experience  of  various 
cities.  But  the  author  does  not  tell  us  why, 
as  yet,  commission  government  has  seldom 
proved  a  notable  success  except  in  cities  of 
the  third  or  fourth  class  in  population.  He 
does  not  show  the  justice  of  the  theory  that 
city  government  is  almost  purely  a  business 
institution,  with  few  legislative  functions,  or 
demonstrate  how  the  decisions  of  a  small  body 
of  expert  executives  in  questions  of  policy  will 
satisfy  the  public  as  would  those  of  a  repre- 
sentative assembly.  One  extraordinary  fea- 
ture is  the  chapter  upon  "  The  Coming  of  the 
Burgomaster,"  in  which  the  author  gives  his 
hearty  approval  to  the  scheme  for  a  city 
manager,  apparently  without  fully  realizing 
that  in  its  essence  it  is  very  distinct  from  the 
commission  form, —  while  even  the  commis- 
sion-manager plan  is  a  long  step  toward  the 
view  that  municipal  administration  is  an 
exact  science  rather  than  an  opportunity  for 
business  knack.  Much  may  indeed  be  hoped 


116 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


from  the  innovations  in  city  government ;  but 
books  such  as  this  will  scarcely  convince  us 
that  it  is  not  the  infusing  spirit,  as  opposed 
to  the  machinery,  that  counts  for  most. 


A  romance  of 
love  and  war 
in  old  India. 


"  Tis  good  to  be  two-and-twenty, 
with  a  fine  troop  of  light  dra- 
goons at  your  back,  a-setting  out 
to  seek  your  fortune,  on  a  cool,  brisk  morning 
in  an  Indian  spring.  Eh,  sirs !  To  hack  your 
way  to  power  with  your  own  sword  arm  and 
your  own  resources  behind  you,  what  finer 
champagne  for  the  imagination?  Half  the 
troopers  were  lads,  too,  agog  to  have  their  day, 
full  of  confidence  in  the  lad  who  sat  at  their 
head,  with  old  Ganesha  Singh  at  the  helm  for 
wisdom  in  the  evil  ways  of  an  Eastern  world." 
Add  that  it  all  befell  in  "  the  days  of  the  Free- 
lance proper,  the  last  decade  of  the  eighteenth 
century,"  and  that  the  central  scene  is  laid  in 
the  beauteous  vale  of  Kashmir.  Then  picture 
a  glorious- visaged,  sweet-hearted  Afghan  prin- 
cess, in  whose  company  our  hero  learned  that 
"the  desire  for  female  beauty  is  at  best  the 
desire  for  a  compelling  deity  in  whose  service 
men  may  strike  their  best  notes."  After  that 
prepare  your  ear  for  strange  legends  of  Chris- 
tianity in  this  distant  valley,  and  an  echo  of 
the  "hundredth  name  of  God"  and  the 
"  omnific  word."  And  if  you  will  do  all  this, 
you  may  read  a  romance  that  will  quicken 
your  blood,  and  incidentally  convey  a  very 
living  conception  of  men's  life  and  farings  in 
a  most  picturesque  land  at  a  most  stirring 
time.  The  story  referred  to,  "A  Freelance  in 
Kashmir"  (Longmans),  is  from  the  pen  of 
Lieut.-Col.  G.  F.  MacMunn,  and  is  written  in 
a  style  that  is  vigorous  and  forward-moving 
rather  than  scrupulously  careful  or  highly 
polished.  A  few  slips  in  the  proofreading 
ought  not  to  have  been  made;  but  they  will 
probably  be  more  irritating  to  conscientious 
reviewers  than  to  anybody  else. 


The  unexplored  immensity  of 
Beckoning  ^jg  universe  in  which  we  live, 

its  perennial  freshness  and  won- 
derfulness,  its  endless  multiplicity  in  unity, 
the  fascination  of  its  abiding  mystery  —  these 
qualities  speak  in  Mr.  Richard  Le  Gallienne's 
"Vanishing  Roads,  and  Other  Essays"  (Put- 
nam), a  collection  of  short  prose  studies  and 
sketches  reprinted  from  various  magazines, 
whose  editors  the  author  thanks  for  their 
"discernment"  in  giving  the  pieces  "their 
first  opportunity  with  the  reader."  Discern- 
ing these  editors  unquestionably  were,  and  one 
hopes  that  many  additional  readers  will  profit 
by  the  discernment  of  the  publishing  house 
which  now  issues  the  essays  in  book-form.  Too 


well  known  to  require  notice  at  this  late  day 
are  Mr.  Le  Gallienne's  engaging  qualities  as  a 
writer  of  prose, —  his  sympathetic  interpreta- 
tion of  nature,  his  enthusiasm  for  the  best  in 
literature  and  art,  the  breadth  of  his  view  of 
things  human  and  divine,  the  occasional  stimu- 
lating audacities  of  his  thought  and  style. 
Generous  in  his  praise  and  unequivocal  in  his 
condemnation,  he  expresses  his  opinions  with 
no  cautious  restraint.  Of  a  certain  gifted 
actor's  rendering  of  the  final  scene  in  "  Ham- 
let "  he  says :  "  I  would  not  exchange  any- 
thing I  have  ever  read  or  seen  for  Forbes- 
Robertson  as  he  sits  there  so  still  and  starlit 
upon  the  throne  of  Denmark."  And  of  mod- 
ern magazine  editorship  he  writes  with  a 
plentitude  of  disapprobation  that  suggests  no 
little  experience  (as  a  contributor)  of  that 
whereof  he  speaks.  His  picture  of  the  nimble 
and  sprightly  old  lady  of  eighty  dancing  the 
tango  with  him  is  most  enjoyable.  From  the 
first  of  the  book's  twenty-nine  chapters,  the 
one  that  gives  its  name  to  the  collection,  let  us 
quote,  in  closing,  the  concluding  passage: 
"For  a  while  the  murmur  of  the  running 
stream  of  Time  shall  be  our  fellow-wayfarer — 
till,  at  last,  up  there  against  the  sky-line,  we 
too  turn  and  wave  our  hands,  and  know  for 
ourselves  where  the  road  wends  as  it  goes  to 
meet  the  stars.  And  others  will  stand  as  we 
to-day  and  watch  us  reach  the  top  of  the  ridge 
and  disappear,  and  wonder  how  it  seemed  to 
us  to  turn  the  radiant  corner  and  vanish  with 
the  rest  along  the  vanishing  road." 


A  manual  of 
•wild  bird 
culture. 


The  ever-increasing  need  of 
constructive  efforts  to  conserve 
the  remnant  of  the  wild  fowl 
and  other  native  birds  grows  rapidly  apace  as 
agriculture  progresses  and  the  forests  disap- 
pear, and  especially  as  drainage,  reclamation, 
and  flood-control  destroy  the  feeding  and 
breeding  grounds  of  the  water  birds.  The 
difficulties  of  taming  the  wild  fowl,  though 
great,  are  not  insuperable;  and  losses  from 
disease  among  domesticated  wild  fowl,  espe- 
cially quail  and  grouse,  though  depleting  at 
times,  may  be  avoided  by  proper  preventive 
measures.  These  and  many  other  practical 
matters  of  interest  to  the  would-be  cultivator 
of  quail,  grouse,  pheasants,  wild  turkeys, 
partridges,  pigeons,  doves,  and  waterfowl 
generally  are  discussed  in  Mr.  Herbert  K. 
Job's  "Propagation  of  Wild  Birds"  (Double- 
day),  a  manual  of  applied  ornithology  de- 
signed to  assist  the  experimenter  and  the 
culturist.  It  is  a  constructive  work,  based  on 
wide  observation  of  and  experience  with  the 
birds  whose  culture  is  advocated.  Illustrations 
show  details  of  equipment  and  procedure,  and 


1915 


THE    DIAL 


117 


delineate  the  success  of  well-directed  effort. 
Attention  is  also  given  to  the  method  and 
equipment  useful  in  encouraging  native  song 
birds  to  make  their  homes  in  garden,  field, 
and  forest.  "Winter  feeding,  nesting  sites, 
nesting  boxes,  and  water  and  food  supply, 
are  discussed,  and  methods  of  protection 
against  and  warfare  on  predatory  enemies, 
not  omitting  the  roaming  house  cat,  are  advo- 
cated. The  book  should  do  much  to  encourage 
the  preservation  of  our  native  birds. 


secession  an*       Mr.  Daniel  Wait  Howe's  "  Politi- 

slavery:  an  old       Cal   History  of   ScCCSSlOn        (Put- 

nam)  is  chiefly  valuable,  perhaps, 
as  a  document  revealing  the  mellowing  effect 
of  the  passage  of  time  upon  partisan  feeling. 
That  a  citizen  of  Indiana,  born  of  a  line  of 
Massachusetts  Puritans,  and  himself  a  soldier 
in  the  Union  army,  has  been  able  to  write,  in 
his  later  years,  a  book  so  evidently  disposed  to 
fairness  constitutes  a  basis  for  optimism  as  to 
the  progress  of  historical  scholarship  in  Amer- 
ica. One  topic  —  African  Slavery  —  is  funda- 
mental to  the  work.  Mr.  Howe  shows  that  he 
has  control  of  the  original  materials,  and  of 
the  monographic  literature  of  late  years.  His 
estimate  of  John  Brown  is  far  different  from 
the  traditional  Northern  view ;  and  in  connec- 
tion with  his  narrative  of  the  Dred  Scott  deci- 
sion he  has  made  use  of  the  recently-published 
"Writings  of  James  Buchanan."  But  while 
the  topic  of  slavery  is  thus  well  documented 
and  well  developed,  the  emphasis  upon  this  one 
subject  is  not  in  accord  with  the  historical 
vision  of  to-day,  which  in  the  effort  to  account 
for  the  Civil  War  now  insists  upon  an  exam- 
ination of  other  elements, —  the  influence  of 
immigration  and  the  diffusion  of  European 
race  stocks,  the  development  of  the  transcon- 
tinental railroads,  and  the  like.  Even  as  to 
negro  slavery,  the  author  has  apparently  left 
unexamined  the  writings  of  Mr.  A.  H.  Stone 
and  Mr.  U.  B.  Phillips.  Minor  errors  occur, 
such  as  the  statement  that  Virginia  ceded  to 
the  general  government  the  territory  now  in- 
cluded in  Kentucky  (p.  10) ,  and  the  statement 
that  Arkansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union  in 
1820  (p.  59).  But  notwithstanding  such  defi- 
ciencies as  these,  the  work  is  a  contribution  to 
American  history  that  was  worth  the  doing. 


origins  and  Th<?  ballade  &  known  almost 
development  of  entirely  from  two  or  three  ex- 
amples, the  most  perfect  being 
the  exquisite  "Mais  ou  sont  les  neiges  d'an- 
tan  "  of  Villon,  and  the  next,  not  far  removed, 
the  beautiful  "Truth,  Balade  de  Bon  Con- 
ceyl "  of  Chaucer.  In  its  revival  in  the  nine- 
teenth century,  both  in  English  and  in 


French,  it  is  "a  poetic  trifle,  rarely  concerned 
with  the  solemnities  of  life."  It  is  of  this 
form,  largely  an  artificial  product  in  France 
and  an  exotic  in  England,  that  Miss  Helen 
Louise  Cohen  has  written  an  exhaustive 
monograph  for  the  "Studies  in  English  and 
Comparative  Literature  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity." The  type  took  some  four  centuries 
to  attain  the  rigidity  of  three  stanzas  and  an 
envoy,  and  it  lasted  in  France  as  form  rather 
than  as  spirit  for  two  centuries  and  a  half 
more.  Miss  Cohen's  treatise  is  from  the  na- 
ture of  its  subject  not  especially  inspiring. 
It  deals  in  some  detail  with  the  origins  of  the 
type  from  the  Provengal  balada  and  the  bal- 
lette,  and  considers  it  during  the  years  after 
the  fourteenth  century  when  it  was  a  conven- 
tional form  for  expression  of  more  or  less 
barren  thoughts  on  religion,  death,  the  transi- 
toriness  of  existence  (the  "Ubi  sunt"  poems), 
courtly  love,  satire,  and  history.  Consider- 
ably more  attention  is  given  to  the  ballade  in 
Middle  English  in  proportion  to  the  fre- 
quency of  its  occurrence;  in  fact,  Miss 
Cohen's  work  was  begun  as  a  study  of  the 
ballade  in  English.  And  yet  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Chaucer  there  is  hardly  anything  in 
this  period  worthy  of  preservation.  A  final 
chapter  takes  up  the  ballade  in  the  nineteenth 
century  in  France  and  England.  The  book 
contains  a  goodly  number  of  ballades  not 
hitherto  printed,  and  full  bibliographies. 


A  little-known      Dr-  Hendrik  Willem  Van  Loon's 
period  in  "  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Kingdom" 

'ory-  (Doubleday)  covers  the  unfor- 
tunate and  little-known  period  between  the 
flight  of  the  Stadholder  William  V.  before  the 
soldiers  of  the  French  Republic  in  1795  and 
the  establishment  of  the  constitutional  mon- 
archy under  his  son  as  William  I.  in  1814. 
Numerous  Americans  who  have  heard  Dr.  Van 
Loon  lecture  will  recognize  in  his  written  work 
the  same  qualities  that  make  his  spoken  dis- 
course so  entertaining, —  a  crisp  and  per- 
spicuous style,  light  and  easy  movement,  the 
presentation  of  essentials  in  clear  relief,  and  a 
spicy  humor.  A  month  after  he  had  finished  a 
series  of  summer  session  lectures  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  Dr.  Van  Loon  was  on 
Belgian  soil,  where,  on  Christmas  night,  1914, 
he  dedicates  his  work  "  to  the  five  soldiers  of 
the  Belgian  army  who  saved  my  life  near 
Waerloos,"  hoping  "that  their  grandchildren 
may  read  a  story  of  national  revival  which  will 
be  as  complete  and  happy  as  that  of  our  own 
land."  Let  us  trust  the  story  they  read  will 
be  as  lively  an  interpretation  of  the  Belgian 
eclipse  by  Germany  as  Dr.  Van  Loon's  is  of  the 
temporary  obscuration  of  Holland  by  France. 


118 


THE    DIAL 


[August  15 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

A  new  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  of  George 
Palmer  Putnam's  "  The  World's  Progress "  has 
been  continued  to  date  under  the  editorial  super- 
vision of  the  compiler's  son,  Mr.  George  Haven 
Putnam,  and  is  published  under  the  title,  "  Tabular 
Views  of  Universal  History"  (Putnam).  The 
original  scheme  has  been  preserved  of  presenting, 
in  parallel  columns,  a  record  of  the  most  note- 
worthy events  in  the  world's  history, —  a  scheme 
which  adapts  itself  admirably  to  the  needs  of  the 
student  who  wishes  to  memorize  dates  and  events 
through  the  assistance  of  visual  association.  To 
this  new  edition  is  added  an  index  —  an  indis- 
pensable aid  for  quick  reference  to  a  volume  of 
this  kind. 

Two  useful  handbooks  for  those  who  conduct 
meetings  under  the  rules  of  parliamentary  law 
have  recently  been  issued.  The  latest  revision  of 
"Robert's  Rules  of  Order  Revised"  (Scott,  Fores- 
man  &  Co.)  contains  nearly  twice  as  much  mate- 
rial as  the  last  previous  edition  of  this  little  vol- 
ume, which  has  practically  been  accepted  as  the 
standard  manual  on  parliamentary  points  since  its 
first  publication  in  1876.  "  Shattuck's  Parliamen- 
tary Answers"  (Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.)  is 
"  alphabetically  arranged  for  all  questions  likely 
to  arise  in  women's  organizations."  It  is  more 
informal  than  "  Robert's  Rules,"  and  perhaps  on 
that  account  may  seem  better  adapted  to  the  needs 
of  the  novice. 

In  "American  Women  in  Civic  Work"  (Dodd), 
Miss  Helen  Christine  Bennett  has  described  the 
careers  of  eleven  living  American  women  who 
have  attained  distinction  in  some  branch  of  social 
work  or  civic  service.  Portions  of  the  sketches 
were  printed  originally  in  some  of  the  popular 
magazines,  and  the  readable  quality  which  ap- 
peared in  them  has  been  preserved.  Of  the 
women  whose  public  service  is  described,  the  best 
known,  perhaps,  are  Jane  Addams,  Anna  Howard 
Shaw,  Ella  Flagg  Young,  Lucretia  L.  Blankenburg, 
Frances  A.  Kellor,  and  Annie  Fellows  Bacon. 
The  sketches  are  highly  appreciative,  even  lauda- 
tory; yet  in  no  instances  do  they  become  extrava- 
gant. There  should  be  inspiration  in  them  for 
women  everywhere. 

Teaching  literature  through  emphasis  on  its 
human  and  personal  aspects,  through  a  study  of 
the  picturesque  features  of  its  background,  and 
through  an  appeal  to  the  dramatic  instinct  of  the 
boy  or  girl  of  high-school  age,  has  been  the  aim  of 
Miss  Maude  Morrison  Frank  in  the  preparation  of 
her  little  volume  of  five  "  Short  Plays  about 
Famous  Authors"  (Holt).  The  idea  is  novel  and 
practical,  and  much  helpful  fun  is  in  store  for  the 
pupils  who  decide  under  Miss  Frank's  guidance 
to  impersonate  Goldsmith  entertaining  Squire 
Featherston  with  school-boy  swagger,  Heine  at 
twenty-one,  Fanny  Burney  at  Court,  the  family  of 
the  eleven-year-old  Charles  Dickens  released  from 
debt  on  Christmas  Eve,  or  Shakespeare,  in  the 
fairies'  realm  defying  Time  himself  with  the  aid  of 
Titania  and  Puck. 


The  views  of  Sir  Oliver  Lodge  on  "  The  War 
and  After"  will  be  published  in  book  form  at  an 
early  date. 

"  Towards  International  Government "  is  the 
title  of  a  new  work  by  Mr.  John  A.  Hobson,  which 
will  be  published  shortly. 

A  new  novel  by  Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie,  author 
of  "  Carnival,"  etc.,  will  be  published  in  September 
under  the  title  of  "  Guy  and  Pauline." 

Maxim  Gorky's  vivid  autobiographic  memoirs  of 
his  childhood  and  youth,  now  appearing  in  "  The 
English  Review,"  will  be  brought  out  in  book  form 
by  the  Century  Co. 

"  The  Mask  of  Death,"  an  autobiographical  frag- 
ment by  Gabriele  D'Annunzio,  has  been  translated 
with  an  introduction  by  Arundel  del  Re,  and  will 
be  published  before  long  in  London. 

"  The  Admirable  Painter :  A  Study  of  Leon- 
ardo da  Vinci,"  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Anderson,  based  on 
the  painter's  notebooks,  and  illustrated  with  repro- 
ductions of  his  works,  is  soon  to  appear. 

Mrs.  John  Lane  has  in  the  press  a  companion 
volume  to  her  sprightly  book,  "According  to 
Maria,"  entitled  "  Maria  Again."  It  will  shortly 
be  published  in  this  country  by  the  John  Lane  Co. 

"An  American  Garland,"  being  a  collection  of 
ballads  relating  to  America,  1563-1759,  has  been 
compiled  and  edited  by  Professor  C.  H.  Firth,  and 
will  be  published  early  in  September  by  Mr.  B.  H. 
Blackwell  of  Oxford. 

"  Sunset  Balconies  "  is  the  title  of  a  new  volume 
of  poems  by  Mr.  Thomas  Walsh  —  his  first  since 
the  appearance  five  years  ago  of  "  Prison  Ships 
and  Other  Poems"  —which  the  Macmillan  Co. 
plan  to  issue  next  month. 

The  new  novel  of  Irish  life  by  George  A.  Bir- 
mingham, which  will  appear  next  month  under  the 
title  of  "  Gossamer,"  is  brought  down  to  the  world 
crisis  in  August  last,  and  culminates  in  the  effect 
on  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  its  characters  of  the 
declaration  of  war. 

A  coming  addition  to  the  books  about  the  Kaiser 
will  be  Mr.  Edward  Legge's  "  The  Public  and 
Private  Life  of  Wilhelm  II.,"  to  be  published 
shortly.  Mr.  Legge  is  the  author  of  biographies  of 
King  Edward  VII.  and  the  Empress  Eugenie,  both 
of  which  have  won  considerable  attention. 

A  book  of  personal  reminiscences  and  impres- 
sions of  Bronson  Alcott  and  his  family,  by  a  friend 
of  the  famous  transcendentalist,  is  announced  in 
the  volume  of  "Alcott  Memoirs,"  compiled  from 
the  papers,  journals,  and  memoranda  of  the  late 
Dr.  Frederick  L.  H.  Willis.  In  a  literary  way,  the 
book  is  likely  to  prove  one  of  the  most  interesting 
of  the  autumn  season. 

A  new  romance  by  Mr.  Anthony  Hope,  entitled, 
"A  Young  Man's  Year"  —  the  first  novel  to  come 
from  the  author  since  the  publication  four  years 
ago  of  "  Mrs.  Maxon  Protests "  •  —  is  announced 
for  autumn  publication.  The  hero  of  "A  Young 
Man's  Year "  is  "Arthur  Lisle,  of  the  Middle 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


119 


Temple,  Esquire,"  and  the  story  recounts  his  for- 
tunes and  his  doings,  professional,  speculative,  and 
venturesome. 

Under  the  title  of  "  The  Superman  in  Modern 
Literature "  there  will  shortly  be  published  the 
translation  of  a  work  by  Leo  Berg,  tracing  the 
genesis  of  the  superman  idea  far  beyond  the  days 
of  Nietzsche,  through  a  great  number  of  writers, 
many  of  them  outside  Germany,  including  Carlyle, 
Emerson,  Kierkegaard,  Flaubert,  and  Renan, 
showing  how  the  superman  idea  has  permeated  the 
work  of  modern  poets  and  novelists,  especially  in 
Germany. 

Undeterred  by  the  storm  of  contumely  brought 
down  upon  him  by  the  publication  of  his  "  Common 
Sense  about  the  War,"  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  is 
planning  the  early  publication  of  a  detailed  discus- 
sion of  the  settlement  that  must  follow  the  war. 
"  I  am  the  gravest  public  danger  that  confronts 
England,"  announced  Mr.  Shaw  recently,  "  because 
I  have  the  strange  power  of  turning  the  nation  pas- 
sionately away  from  the  truth  by  the  simple  act  of 
uttering  it." 

Thomas  Young  Crowell,  founder  and  for  many 
years  head  of  the  publishing  business  now  known  as 
the  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.,  died  in  Montclair,  New 
Jersey,  on  July  29.  Mr.  Crowell  was  a  prominent 
figure  among  the  older  school  of  American  publish- 
ers. In  the  work  of  making  the  classics  of  literature 
available  at  a  low  price  in  well-produced  form  he 
was  almost  a  pioneer  in  this  country ;  and  on  other 
accounts,  also,  his  name  deserves  to  be  held  in 
honored  remembrance  in  the  annals  of  American 
publishing. 

Some  sidelights  on  the  Franco-Prussian  war  and 
the  establishment  of  the  Third  Republic  are  prom- 
ised in  the  "  Memoirs  of  M.  Thiers,"  to  be  pub- 
lished shortly.  The  book  is  compiled  from  personal 
papers,  notes,  memoranda,  and  other  documents 
left  by  Thiers.  A  selection  of  these,  dealing  with 
the  years  1870-1872,  was  edited  by  Thiers's  sister- 
in-law  and  his  former  secretary,  and  printed  in 
France  for  private  circulation.  The  book  has 
now  been  translated  into  English  by  Mr.  F.  M. 
Atkinson. 

Mr.  Richard  Whiteing's  volume  of  reminiscences, 
to  be  called  "  My  Harvest,"  will  be  published  in  the 
early  autumn.  It  gives  an  account  of  Mr.  White- 
ing's  early  life  in  London  and  of  his  first  journal- 
istic efforts  on  the  "  Evening  Star,"  with  Justin 
McCarthy  as  editor,  and  William  Black  and  Sir 
Edward  Russell  as  his  colleagues.  Mr.  Whiteing 
was  a  special  correspondent  in  Paris  during  the 
closing  years  of  the  Second  Empire,  and  his  book 
has  something  to  say  about  Taine,  Flaubert,  the 
younger  Dumas,  Octave  Feuillet,  and  other  French 
men  of  letters. 

Our  readers  will  welcome  the  announcement  that 
Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  has  at  last  finished  his  "Life 
of  Swinburne,"  though  the  book  will  not  be  pub- 
lished until  after  the  war.  Another  book  now 
ready  for  the  press  is  a  collection  of  Swinburne's 
posthumous  poems,  edited  by  Mr.  Gosse  and 
Mr.  Thomas  J.  Wise;  while  Mr.  Gosse  has  also  in 
preparation  a  selection  from  Swinburne's  corre- 


spondence. Mr.  Gosse  has  had  at  his  disposal  all 
the  Houghton  manuscripts,  and  he  has  received 
help  from  Lord  Morley,  Lord  Bryce,  and  other  sur- 
viving friends  of  Swinburne. 

An  original  edition  is  to  be  published  of  a  thir- 
teenth-century French  religious  poem  in  praise  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  "  Li  Romans  dou  Lis,"  contained 
in  a  unique  manuscript  in  the  library  of  Mr.  J. 
Pierpont  Morgan.  The  manuscript  formerly  be- 
longed to  Lord  Ashburnham.  A  critical  introduc- 
tion was  written  by  the  late  Dr.  Frederick  C. 
Ostrander,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Romance  Lan- 
guages in  the  University  of  Texas,  as  a  memorial 
to  whom  the  present  edition  is  being  issued  by 
Mr.  Morgan  through  the  Columbia  University 
Press.  The  poem  itself,  which  is  in  strophie  form, 
and  composed  in  various  metres,  numbers  over 
4200  verses. 

Under  the  title  of  "  Makers  of  the  Nineteenth 
Century,"  Messrs.  Holt,  in  conjunction  with  an 
English  publishing  house,  have  in  preparation  a 
new  series  of  biographies,  of  which  Mr.  Basil 
Williams,  the  biographer  of  Chatham,  is  to  be  the 
general  editor.  Most  of  the  books  will  deal  with 
Englishmen  and  Americans,  but  it  is  also  intended 
to  include  biographies  of  men  of  all  countries  who 
have  had  a  definite  influence  on  thought  or  action 
in  the  nineteenth  century.  The  first  four  volumes 
to  appear  will  be  "John  Delane "  by  Sir  E.  T. 
Cook,  "Abraham  Lincoln"  by  Lord  Charnwood, 
"  Herbert  Spencer "  by  Mr.  Hugh  S.  Elliot,  and 
"Abdul  Hamid  "  by  Sir  Edwin  Pears.  Biographies 
of  Cecil  Rhodes,  Victor  Hugo,  General  Lee,  and 
Lord  Shaftesbury  are  also  in  preparation. 

The  announcement  of  a  newly  collected  edition  of 
Mrs.  Aphra  Behn's  works  is  followed  by  news  of  a 
study  of  "  The  Life  and  Romances  of  Mrs.  Eliza 
Haywood,"  who  was  described  by  Horace  Walpole 
as  the  counterpart  of  Mrs.  Behn,  and  by  Swift  as 
a  "  stupid,  infamous,  scribbling  woman."  It  was 
Pope,  however,  who  gave  Mrs.  Haywood  her  most 
unenviable  immortality  —  in  some  of  his  coarsest 
lines  in  the  "  Dunciad  "  —  for  following  the  exam- 
ple of  Mrs.  Manley,  and  "  such  shameless  scrib- 
blers," in  repeating  in  her  tales  the  scandalous 
gossip  of  her  day.  The  forthcoming  book  on  the 
life  and  romances  of  her  contemporary,  Mrs.  Hay- 
wood,  has  been  written  by  Dr.  George  F.  Whicher, 
of  the  University  of  Illinois,  for  the  "  Columbia 
University  Studies  in  English  and  Comparative 
Literature." 

We  learn  by  way  of  London  of  a  forthcoming 
study  of  "  William  Wordsworth :  His  Life,  Works, 
and  Influence,"  by  Professor  George  McLean  Har- 
per, of  Princeton  University,  to  whom  we  already 
owe  a  critical  biography  of  Sainte-Beuve.  It  is 
based  to  a  large  extent  on  fresh  material,  and,  in 
particular,  will  add  to  our  knowledge  of  Words- 
worth's connection  with  the  French  Revolution,  and 
of  his  visit  to  France  in  1791,  when  he  became  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  the  republican  General 
Beaupuis.  Professor  Harper  has  also  been  able  to 
throw  fresh  light  upon  other  periods  of  Words- 
worth's career,  about  which  scarcely  any  informa- 
tion has  been  available  hitherto.  The  book,  which 


120 


THE   DIAL 


promises  to  be  one  of  considerable  importance  as  a 
contribution  to  the  study  of  Wordsworth's  life  and 
thought,  will  be  published  in  the  autumn. 

Taking  advantage  of  the  opportunity  presented 
by  the  elimination  of  the  Tauchnitz  Series  in 
Prance,  Russia,  and  Italy,  Monsieur  Louis  Conard, 
the  Paris  publisher,  announces  for  publication  in 
the  English  language  throughout  the  Continent  of 
Europe  a  series  of  the  latest  (and  forthcoming) 
copyrighted  novels  of  the  leading  British  and 
American  authors.  It  was  at  first  intended  to 
await  the  conclusion  of  the  present  war  before 
launching  this  enterprise,  but  it  has  been  decided 
to  begin  publication  at  once  with  "  Bealby,"  the 
new  story  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  and  "  Delia  Blanch- 
flower,"  the  latest  novel  by  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward. 
During  the  war  new  books  will  be  issued  at  the 
rate  of  at  least  one  a  month.  Later  in  the  year,  it 
is  hoped  to  put  forth  books  at  the  rate  of  one  a 
week.  The  series  is  to  be  published  at  two  francs 
a  volume. 

A  publication  that  has  enjoyed  wide  popularity 
in  England  recently  is  "  The  Book  of  France," 
edited  by  Miss  Winifred  Stephens,  and  published 
in  aid  of  the  fund  organized  by  the  French  Parlia- 
mentary Committee  for  the  relief  of  the  invaded 
Departments.  Except  that  it  begins  with  an  ad- 
dress by  Mr.  Henry  James,  and  closes  with  a  poem 
by  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling,  all  the  articles  are  the 
work  of  French  men  of  letters.  But  the  feature  of 
the  book  is  that,  following  each  article,  there 
appears  a  translation  by  some  of  our  most  distin- 
guished English  writers.  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy  is 
responsible  for  two  extracts  —  a  tribute  to  Great 
Britain  by  M.  J.  H.  Rosny,  nine,  and  some  reflec- 
tions on  the  invasion  of  France  by  M.  Remy  de 
Gourmont ;  as  a  rule,  he  keeps  close  to  his  original, 
though  he  sometimes  employs  a  more  expressive 
word,  in  one  place  rendering  "  notre  sentiment "  by 
"  our  heart's  wound."  Mr.  Henry  James's  version 
of  "  The  Saints  of  France  "  by  M.  Maurice  Barres 
is  quite  in  the  style  of  Mr.  Henry  James;  while 
Mr.  H.  G.  Wells's  translation  of  his  own  name 
deserves  to  be  noticed.  M.  Anatole  France  wrote, 
in  his  opening  sentence :  "  Ils  se  realisent  les 
reves  prophetiques  de  H.  G.  Wells."  Mr.  Wells 
translates  this  as  follows :  "  The  prophetic  night- 
mares of  our  scientific  f  antastics  are  being  lamenta- 
bly realized." 

The  author  of  "  God's  Fool,"  who  in  the  quarter- 
century  of  his  literary  activity  wrote  almost  a  score 
of  successful  novels  —  all  under  the  pseudonym, 
"  Maarten  Maartens  "  —  died  on  the  fourth  of  this 
month  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven  years  lacking  eleven 
days.  Joost  Marius  Willem  Van  der  Poorten- 
Schwartz,  as  the  novelist  was  known  to  his  relatives 
and  friends,  was  born  at  Amsterdam,  spent  much 
of  his  boyhood  in  England,  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Gymnasium  in  Bonn  and  the  University  of 
Utrecht,  studied  law  and  afterward  lectured  on  law 
at  the  same  university,  but  ultimately  chose  litera- 
ture for  a  profession,  achieving  his  first  decided 
success  therein  with  his  novel,  "  The  Son  of  Joost 
Avelingh."  Then  in  rapid  sequence  came  "An  Old 
Maid's  Love,"  "A  Question  of  Taste,"  "God's 


Fool,"  "  The  Greater  Glory,"  and  the  rest  of  the 
now  familiar  stories  that  have  made  the  writer's 
name  famous  in  many  lands ;  for  he  has  been  trans- 
lated extensively,  even,  against  his  will  (as  it  is 
said),  into  Dutch.  Perhaps  the  unflattering  quality 
of  his  pen-pictures  of  the  middle-class  society  of 
Holland  may  help  to  explain  his  choice  of  a  foreign 
language  as  his  vehicle  of  expression,  and  his  reluc- 
tance to  have  his  books  translated  into  his  native 
tongue.  Though  not  to  be  ranked  with  the  immor- 
tals, Maarten  Maartens  won  well-deserved  fame  as 
an  unsparingly  truthful  delineator  of  Dutch  char- 
acter, and  his  achievement  is  the  more  remarkable 
from  his  self-imposed  handicap  of  an  alien  idiom 
in  which  to  command  the  attention  of  the  public. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

August,  1915. 

"  A.  E." :  Irish  Mystic  and  Economist.  E.  A.  Boyd  No.  Amer. 

Actress,  Autobiography  of  an Everybody's 

America  and  World  Peace.  Arthur  Bullard  .  .  .  Century 

America  First !  George  Harvey No.  Amer. 

Architectural  Modeling.  Percy  Collins  ....  Am.  Homes 
Armies,  Phantom.  Mrs.  St.  John  Mildmay  .  .  No.  Amer. 

Art,  Modern.  Marius  De  Zayas Forum 

Art  in  the  Trenches.  Armand  Dayot Century 

Artist,  Education  of  the.  C.  G.  La  Farge  .  .  .  Scribner 
Bacon,  Friar  Roger.  Frederic  Harrison  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 

Book-plates.  Gardner  Teall Am.  Homes 

Bryan,  W.  J.,  Position  of.  G.  F.  Milton  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Cape  Cod  Farmhouse,  A  Remodeled.  Jeannette  L. 

Hulbert , Am.  Homes 

Choiseul,  Madame  de.  Gamaliel  Bradford  .  .  .  Sewanee 

Christ  and  War.  J.  M.  Wilson Hibbert 

Churchill,  Winston,  Country  of.  Brooks  Henderson  Bookman 

Clematis.  Gardner  Teall Am.  Homes 

Colonial  Seats  in  Philadelphia.  H.  D.  Eberlein  .  Am.  Homes 
Congestion,  Cost  of.  Agnes  Laut  ....  World's  Work 
Consciousness,  Distant.  Waldo  E.  Forbes  ....  Atlantic 
Cooperation  and  Foreign  Trade.  W.  F.  Wyman  World's  Work 
Cotton  and  Other  Crops.  Edward  Ingle  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Dabney,  Richard.  Earl  L.  Bradsher Sewanee 

Democracy,  Duplicity  of.  Alfred  H.  Lloyd  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Dostoievsky,  Art  of.  W.  B.  Trites No.  Amer. 

Dostoievsky  and  Tolstoy.  James  Huneker  ....  Forum 
Dover  House,  A  Remodeled.  Mary  H.  Northend  Am.  Homes 
Drink  in  France,  Fighting.  Arno  Dosch  .  .  World's  Work 
East,  Wild,  of  Europe.  Burton  J.  Hendrick  .  World's  Work 
Educational  Fantasy,  An.  Winifred  Kirkland  .  .  Atlantic 
Embroidery,  Leaf  Borders  for.  Monica  Bastin  .  Am.  Homes 
Force,  Moral  Sanction  of.  Norman  Smith  .  .  .  Hibbert 

Forestry  Situation,  The.  A.  E.  Hawes Pop.  Sc. 

Frost,  Robert.  Edward  Garnett Atlantic 

German  Spirit,  America  and  the.  J.  H.  Crooker  .  Hibbert 
Germany,  Behind  the  Scenes  in.  Eva  Madden  .  .  Hibbert 

Golden  Rule,  The.  E.  A.  Sonnenschein Hibbert 

Green  Mountains,  In  the.  Louise  C.  Hale  ....  Century 
Harvard  Library,  The  New.  W.  J.  Price  ....  Sewanee 
Henry  Street,  The  House  on  —  VI.  Lillian  D.  Wald  Atlantic 
Industrial  Art,  Exhibition  of.  Howard  James  .  Am.  Homes 
Inscriptions,  Old  English.  Bernard  Holland  .  .  .  Hibbert 
Lazarovich,  Princes_s,  Reminiscences  of  —  I.  .  .  .  Century 
Legislation,  Initiation  of.  Edgar  Dawson  .  .  .  Sewanee 
Life,  The  Waste  of.  Elaine  G.  Eastman  ....  Pop.  Sc. 

Life  and  Chance.  John  Burroughs No.  Amer. 

Lisbon  and  Cintra.  Ernest  Peixotto Scribner 

Lloyd-George's  Fight  against  Liquor.  Harry 

Jones  World's  Work 

Magazine  in  America,  The  —  VI.  Algernon  Tassin  Bookman 
Matter,  Constitution  of.  Ernest  Rutherford  .  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Mexico,  Religious  Question  in.  Luis  Cabrera  .  .  .  Forum 
Mississippi,  Sovereignty  of  the.  George  Marvin  World's  Work 
Monson,  Sir  William.  Wilbur  C.  Abbott  ....  Sewanee 
Mosquito  Sanitation  —  II.  L.  O.  Howard  ....  Pop.  Sc. 
Negro  Exposition  at  Richmond.  P.  F.  Jones  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Negro  Vote,  The.  James  C.  Hemphill  ....  No.  Amer. 
New  York's  Constitution.  W.  B.  Shaw  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Norman  Angellism  under  Fire.  Roland  Hugins  .  .  Forum 

Northcliffe,  Lord.  Sydney  Brooks No.  Amer. 

Pacifists,  Questions  for.  H.  M.  Chittenden  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Pan-American  Financial  Conference.  W.  G. 

McAdoo World's  Work 

Pasha,  Enver.  Lewis  R.  Freeman Rev.  of  Revs. 

Powder-horns.  Elizabeth  Lounsbery  ....  Am.  Homes 
Professionalism.  Hubert  Langerock  .  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Progress,  Human.  Victor  S.  Yarros  .  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Prohibition  in  Russia.  Stephen  Graham  .  .  World's  Work 
Race  Segregation  in  the  United  States.  P.  A.  Bruce  Hibbert 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


121 


Religion,  Evolution  of.  Edward  C.  Hayes  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Richland  Centre.  Walter  A.  Dyer  ....  World's  Work 
Ritualistic  Ceremonies,  Primitive.  Clark  Wissler  .  Pop.  Sc. 

.Sargent,  John  S.    John  Cournos Forum 

Short-ballot  Principle,  The.     F.  A.  Cleveland     .     Rev.  of  Revs. 
Simplicity  and  "  Social  "  Literature.    E.  A.  Thurber    Seivanee 
South  American  Novels  and  Novelists.    Isaac  Gold- 
berg   Bookman 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.  Gamaliel  Bradford  ....  Atlantic 
State  against  Commonwealth.  A.  D.  Lindsay  .  .  Atlantic 
State  vs.  the  Man  in  America.  Truxtun  Beale  .  .  Forum 
Stratton-Porter,  Gene,  Popularity  of.  F.  T.  Cooper  Bookman 
.Submarine,  The,  as  Peacemaker.  Herbert  Quick  .  American 

Tennis,  Rise  of.    Louis  Graves Century 

Thackeray  Portfolio,  A  —  II.  Brander  Matthews  Bookman 
Trade,  American,  in  War.  James  Middleton  .  World's  Work 

Unity  in  Discord.    Eugene  Troubetzkoy Hibbert 

Value  and  Social  Interpretation.  J.  E.  Boodin  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Venizelos  and  Greater  Greece.  T.  L.  Stoddard  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Virtuous,  The  Dull,  and  the  Brilliant  Wicked.  H.  M. 

Allen Sewanee 

Von  Hindenburg :  General  and  Man.  W.  C.  Dreher  Atlantic 
War,  Advantages  of.  John  L.  McMaster  ....  Sewanee 
War :  An  Inventory.  Winifred  Kirkland  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 
War,  Chemists'  Side  of  the.  Hugo  Schweitzer  Rev.  of  Revs. 
War,  Cost  of  a  Year  of.  C.  F.  Speare  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
War,  English  Attitude  toward  the.  F.  W.  Whitridge  Scribner 

War:  How  to  Meet  It.    A.  Keene Hibbert 

War,  One  Year  of.     Frank  H.  Simonds     .     .     .     Rev.  of  Revs. 

War,  Psychology  of.    G.  T.  W.  Patrick Pop.  Sc. 

War,  The  Money  Side  of  the American 

War,  United  States  and.     Charles  Vale Forum 

War  and  Non-resistance.  Bertrand  Russell  .  .  .  Atlantic 
War  and  Progress  of  Society.  I.  W.  Howerth  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
War  and  the  Theory  of  the  State.  J.  A.  R.  Marriott  Hibbert 
War  Philosophy :  Hindu  and  Christian.  S.  M.  Mitra  Hibbert 
War  Selection  in  Europe.  David  S.  Jordan  .  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Whiteing,  Richard,  Reminiscences  of  —  II.  .  .  .  Bookman 

Whitman  in  Camden.     Horace  Traubel Forum 

Wilde,  Oscar,  New  Hellenism  of.  William  Chislett,  Jr.  Sewanee 
Women,  New  Profession  for.  Earl  Barnes  .  .  .  Atlantic 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[  The  following  list,  containing  190  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HISTORY. 

Napoleon  in  Exile:  St.  Helena  (1815-1821).  By 
Norwood  Young.  In  2  volumes,  illustrated  in 
color,  etc.,  large  Svo.  John  C.  Winston  Co. 
$7.  net. 

JVapoleon  in  Exile:  Elba.  By  Norwood  Young.  Il- 
lustrated in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  Svo,  349 
pages.  John  C.  Winston  Co.  $5.  net. 

Holland:  An  Historical  Essay.  By  H.  A.  van 
Coenen  Torchiana.  With  frontispiece,  Svo,  89 
pages.  Paul  Elder  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Recognition  Policy  of  the  United  States.  By 
Julius  Goebel,  Jr.,  Ph.D.  Svo,  228  pages.  Colum- 
bia University  Press.  Paper,  $2.  net. 

The  Creed  of  the  Old  South,  1865-1915.  By  Basil  L. 
Gildersleeve.  12mo,  126  pages.  Johns  Hopkins 
Press.  $1.  net. 

A  Short  History  of  Belgium  and  Holland.  By  Alex- 
ander Young.  Illustrated,  Svo,  586  pages.  T. 
Fisher  Unwin,  Ltd. 

Collections  of  the  Minnesota  Historical  Society. 
Volume  XV.  Illustrated,  large  Svo,  872  pages. 
St.  Paul,  Minn.:  Published  by  the  Society. 

The  Jefferson-Lemen  Compact.  By  Willard  C.  Mac- 
Naul.  12mo,  58  pages.  University  of  Chicago 
Press.  Paper. 

GENERAL    LITERATURE. 

"Contemporary  Portraits.  By  Frank  Harris.  With 
portraits,  large  Svo,  346  pages.  Mitchell  Ken- 
nerley.  $2.50  net. 

Boon,  The  Mind  of  the  Race,  The  Wild  Asses  of  the 
Devil,  and  The  Last  Trump:  Being  a  Selection 
from  the  Literary  Remains  of  George  Boon, 
Appropriate  to  the  Times.  Prepared  for  publica- 
tion by  Reginald  Bliss,  with  an  Ambiguous  In- 
troduction by  H.  G.  Wells.  12mo,  345  pages. 
George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  British  and  American  Drama  of  To-day:  Out- 
lines for  Their  Study.  By  Barrett  H.  Clark. 
12mo,  315  pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.60  net. 

Madame  de  Stael  and  the  Spread  of  German  Liter- 
ature. By  Emma  Gertrude  Jaeck,  Ph.D.  With 
portrait,  12mo,  358  pages.  Oxford  University 
Press. 

From  the  Shelf.  By  Paxton  Holgar.  12mo,  257 
pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 


The  Wayf arer's  Library.  First  volumes:  The  Open 
Air,  by  Richard  Jefferies;  Under  the  Greenwood 
Tree,  by  Thomas  Hardy;  An  Unsocial  Socialist, 
by  Bernard  Shaw;  Love  among  the  Artists,  by 
Bernard  Shaw;  Cashel  Byron's  Profession,  by 
Bernard  Shaw;  The  Historic  Thames,  by  Hilaire 
Belloc;  Eighteenth  Century  Studies,  by  Austin 
Dobson;  Round  the  Galley  Fire,  by  W.  Clark 
Russell;  The  House  of  Cobwebs,  by  George  Gis- 
sing;  The  Private  Papers  of  Henry  Ryecroft, 
by  George  Gissing;  Selected  Essays  on  Literary 
Subjects,  by  George  W.  E.  Russell;  Queen  Anne, 
by  Herbert  Paul;  Essays  of  Elia,  by  Charles 
Lamb;  A  Christmas  Carol,  by  Charles  Dickens; 
The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  by  Charles  Dickens; 
The  Epistles  of  Atkins,  by  James  Milne;  Kings 
in  Exile,  by  Alphonse  Daudet;  Prophets,  Priests, 
and  Kings,  by  A.  G.  Gardiner;  The  Chaplain  of 
the  Fleet,  by  Walter  Besant  and  James  Rice; 
Under  the  German  Ban  in  Alsace  and  Lorraine, 
by  M.  Betham-Edwards;  The  Lore  of  the  Wan- 
derer, an  open-air  anthology,  by  George  Good- 
child;  The  Lost  Mameluke,  by  David  M.  Beddoe; 
Southward  Ho!  and  other  essays,  by  Holbrook 
Jackson;  De  Omnibus,  by  the  Conductor,  by 
Barry  Pain;  Quo  Vadis?  by  Henryk  Sienkie- 
wicz,  translated  by  C.  J.  Hogarth;  Love-letters 
of  a  Worldly  Woman,  by  Mrs.  W.  K.  Clifford; 
A  Lost  Endeavour,  by  Guy  Boothby;  Rosalind 
in  Arden,  by  H.  B.  Marriott  Watson;  The  Heart 
of  Penelope,  by  Mrs.  Belloc  Lowndes;  The  Mas- 
ter Beggars  of  Belgium,  by  L.  Cope  Cornford; 
Bachelor  Betty,  by  Winifred  James;  Letters 
from  Dorothy  Osborne  to  Sir  William  Temple 
(1652-54),  edited  by  Edward  Abbott  Parry;  Ba- 
boo Jabber jee,  B.A.,  by  F.  Anstey;  Bubble  For- 
tune, a  story  of  1720,  by  Gilbert  Sheldon;  The 
Plough  of  Shame,  by  Mary  Bradford  Whiting; 
The  Wickhamses,  by  W.  Pett  Ridge;  The  Widow 
Woman,  by  Charles  Lee;  Pilgrimage,  by  C.  E. 
Lawrence;  The  Ghosts  of  Piccadilly,  by  G.  S. 
Street;  The  Wooden  Horse,  by  Hugh  Walpole. 
Each  illustrated,  16mo.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  Per 
volume,  40  cts.  net. 

A  History  of  Italian  Literature.  By  Florence  Trail. 
Svo,  386  pages.  Richard  G.  Badger.  $2.  net. 

Herder  and  Klopstock:  A  Comparative  Study.  By 
Frederick  Henry  Adler,  Ph.D.  12mo,  232  pages. 
New  York:  G.  E.  Stechert  &  Co.  Paper. 

VERSE  AND   DRAMA. 

Selections  from  the  Symbolical  Poems  of  William 
Blake.  By  Frederick  E.  Pierce,  Ph.D.  Large 
Svo,  79  pages.  Yale  University  Press.  $2.  net. 

Sonnets  to  Sidney  Lanier,  and  Other  Lyrics.  By 
Clifford  Anderson  Lanier;  edited,  with  Introduc- 
tion, by  Edward  Howard  Griggs.  12mo,  50 
pages.  B.  W.  Huebsch.  75  cts.  net. 

Some  Love  Songs  of  Petrarch.  Translated  and  an- 
notated, with  a  biographical  introduction,  by 
William  Dudley  Foulke,  LL.D.  12mo,  244  pages. 
Oxford  University  Press.  $1.15  net. 

The  Faith  of  Princes,  with  a  Sheaf  of  Sonnets.  By 
Harvey  M.  Watts.  12mo,  53  pages.  John  C. 
Winston  Co.  $1.  net. 

Prayer  for  Peace,  and  Other  Poems.  By  William 
Samuel  Johnson.  12mo,  113  pages.  Mitchell 
Kennerley.  $1.25  net. 

Casus  Belli:  A  Satire,  with  Other  Poems.  By 
Charles  Richard  Cammell.  Svo,  31  pages.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Close  of  Life  and  the  Approach  of  Death.  By 
Bertram  Dobell.  12mo,  30  pages.  Privately 
printed.  Paper. 

Barbarians:  A  Play  in  One  Act,  Being  an  Episode 
of  the  War  of  1914.  By  Robert  De  Camp  Leland. 
16mo,  23  pages.  Boston:  Poetry-Drama  Co. 
Paper. 

Songs  of  Hope.  By  Rebecca  N.  Taylor.  12mo,  28 
pages.  Sherman,  French  &  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

The  Little  Mother  of  the  Slums,  and  Other  Plays. 
By  Emily  Herey  Denison.  12mo,  133  pages.  The 
Gorham  Press.  $1.  net. 

The  Little  Books  of  Georgian  Verse.  First  volumes: 
Poems,  by  C.  A.  Macartney:  Manx  Spng  and 
Maiden  Song,  by  Mona  Douglas,  with  Introduc- 
tion by  Gertrude  Ford.  Each  12mo.  London: 
Erskine  Macdonald.  Paper. 

Dreams  and  Realities:  Verses  and  Sonnets.  By 
William  K.  Fleming.  12mo,  133  pages.  London: 
Erskine  Macdonald. 

Sandman  Time.  By  Ilsien  Nathalie  Gaylord.  12mo, 
31  pages.  Richard  G.  Badger.  $1.  net. 

The  Answer,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Hiram  Powers 
Dilworth.  18mo.  Chicago:  Published  by  the 
author.  Paper. 


122 


THE   DIAL 


[August  15 


Peace  Sonnet*.  By  Jessie  Wiseman  Gibbs.  12mo, 
63  pages.  Villisca,  Iowa:  Published  by  the 
author.  75  cts.  net. 

Rhymes  and  Vowlymes.  By  Fuller  Miller.  12mo, 
70  pages.  Published  by  the  author.  60  cts.  net. 

The  Voice,  Courage,  and  Sanctuary:  Three  Plays. 
By  Joseph  Lawren.  Each  12mo.  Boston:  Pub- 
lished by  the  author.  Paper. 

Pan's  Reeds,  and  Other  Verse.  By  William  Mac- 
kay  Caldwell.  18mo,  56  pages.  Published  by 
the  author. 

Oxford  Pamphlets,  1914-15.  New  titles:  Poetry 
and  War,  by  Herbert  Warren,  D.C.L.;  Bom- 
bastes  in  the  Shades,  a  play  in  one  act,  by  Lau- 
rence Binyon.  Each  16mo.  Oxford  University 
Press.  Paper. 

FICTION. 

Michael  O'Halloran.  By  Gene  Stratton-Porter.  Il- 
lustrated, 12mo.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

"  K."  By  Mary  Roberts  Rinehart.  Illustrated, 
12mo.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Landloper:  The  Romance  of  a  Man  on  Foot. 
By  Holman  Day.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  334 
pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.35  net. 

Of  Human  Bondage.  By  W.  Somerset  Maugham. 
12mo,  648  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Sea-hawk.  By  Rafael  Sabatini.  12mo,  362 
pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Pirates  of  the  Sky:  A  Tale  of  Modern  Adven- 
ture. By  Stephen  Gaillard.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
351  pages.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Two  Sinners.  By  Mrs.  David  G.  Ritchie.  12mo,  338 
pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Jimmy's  Gentility.  By  Henry  Francis  Dryden. 
12mo,  379  pages.  Sherman,  French  &  Co. 
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1915] 


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123 


RELIGION  AND   THEOLOGY. 

History  of  Christian  Missions.  By  Charles  Henry 
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Healing-  Currents  from  the  Battery  of  Life.  By 
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Cardinal  Truths  of  the  Gospel.  By  Samuel  F.  Half- 
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Sin:  Original  and  Actual.  By  T.  K.  B.  12mo,  121 
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Denmark  in  English  and  American  Literature:  A 
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Introduction  by  C.  H.  W.  Hasselriis.  12mo,  96 
pages.  Chicago:  Danish  American  Association. 

Bibliographical  Society  of  America.  Edited  by  the 
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Dictionary  of  Naval  and  Military  Terms.  By  C.  F. 
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Good  English:  A  Practical  Manual  of  Correct 
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South  America:  Topical  Outlines  for  Twenty  Club 
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The  Anti-prohibition  Manual:  A  Summary  of  Facts 
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Cincinnati:  National  Wholesale  Liquor  Dealers* 
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How  to  Play  Tennis.  By  James  Burns.  Illustrated, 
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PHI  LA.  EVE.  LEDGER 

CHEMISTRY  OF 
FAMILIAR  THINGS 

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Member  of  the  American  Institute 

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THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  2,  1915 


Forthcoming  Macmillan  Novels 

Important  New  Books  by  Leading  Authors 

The  Research  Magnificent 

By  the  Author  of  "The  Wife  of  Sir  Isaac  Barman,"  etc. 

Pronounced  by  those  critics  who  have  read  it 
to  be  the  best  work  that  Mr.  Wells  has  done. 
A  novel  of  real  distinction  handled  with  skill, 
feeling  and  vision,  realizing  fully  the  promise 
of  greatness  which  some  have  seen  in  his  pre- 
vious works.                                     Ready  Sept.  14. 

The  Star  Rover 

By  the  Author  of  "The  Sea  Wolf,"  etc. 

Daring  in  its  theme  and  vivid  in  execution, 
this  is  one  of  the  most  original  and  gripping 
stories  Mr.  London  has  ever  written.     It  is  a 
work  that  will  make  as  lasting  an  impression 
as  did  "The  Sea  Wolf"  and  "The  Call  of  the 
Wild.  "                         Frontispiece.     Ready  Oct.  6. 

7-  J               T>7    -77t                »                                                                                                                                                              n       I    •        J                     ,7       T*                      ,          XT               Tl 

Old  Delabole 

By  the  Author  of  "Brunei's  Tower,"  etc. 

Because  of  its  cheerful  and  wise  philosophy 
and  its  splendid  feeling  for  nature  and  man's  - 
relation   to   it,    "Old    Delabole"    will   take   its 
place  as  the  author's  most  important  book. 
Ready  Oct.  20. 

Short  Stories 

By  the  Author  of  "Gitanjali,"  etc. 

Some  of  the  more  notable  of  Mr.  Tagore's 
short  stories  are  here  presented  in  translations 
by  the  author  and  with  illustrations  by  native 
Indian  artists.     They  reveal  a  new  side  of  Mr. 
Tagore's  genius.                           Ready  in  the  Fall. 

Hearts  Kindred 

By  the  Author  of  "The  Loves  of  Pelleas  and  Etarre,"  etc. 

In    the    rough,    unpolished,    but    thoroughly 
sincere    Westerner   and    the    attractive   young 
woman  who  brings  out  the  good  in  the  man's 
nature,  Miss  Gale  has  two  as  absorbing  people 
as  she  has  ever  created. 
Illustrated.     Ready  Oct.  27. 

God's  Puppets 

By  the  Author  of  "A  Certain  Rich  Man,"  etc. 

Mr.  White  has  already  distinguished  himself 
in  "The  Court  of  Boyville"  and  "In  Our  Town" 
by  his  intimate  studies  of  life  at  first  hand. 
In  this  new  volume  a  different  group  of  his 
best  stories  more  fully  reveal  his  mastery  of  the 
art.                           Frontispiece.     Ready  Sept.  29. 

New  Books  for  Boys  and  Girls 

These  are  fine,  wholesome  stories  that  mark  a  distinct  advance  in  juvenile  publications 

Deal  Woods 

By  LATTA  GRISWOLD 

This  is  the  fourth  of  Mr.  Griswold's  famous 
"Deal"   stories   and   one   which   will   certainly 
meet  the  approbation  of  many  boy  readers,  for 
it  is  full  of  vigor  and  the  wholesome  excitement 
of  school  life.              Illustrated.     Ready  Sept.  7. 

The  Kingdom  of  the  Winding  Road 

By  CORNELIA  MEIGS 

A  fanciful  story  relating  the  experiences  of 
a  beggar  as  he  travels  the  country  over  in  his 
tattered  red  cloak  and  playing  his  penny  flute  — 
in  reality  a  wonderful  magical  pipe. 
Colored  Illustrations.     Ready  Sept.  29. 

Chained  Lightning 

By  RALPH  GRAHAM  TABER 

An  absorbing  tale  of  what  happened  to  two 
young  American  telegraphers  who  sought  their 
fortunes  in  Mexico. 
Ready  in  September. 

A  Maid  of  76 

By  ALDEN  A.  KNIPE  and  EMILE  B.  KNIPE 

A  most  entertaining  story  of  a  girl  of  Revolu- 
tionary times,  a  patriot  through  and  through, 
but  whose  family  is  loyal  to  the  King. 
Illustrated.     Ready  in  September. 

Publishers           THE    MACMILLAN   COMPANY          New  York 

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Vol.  LIX.       SEPTEMBER  2,  1915        No.  700 
CONTENTS.  PAGB 

THE  BEST  SHORT  STORIES.   Charles  Leonard 

Moore     , 133 

CASUAL  COMMENT 136 

Editorial  initiative. —  Commission  govern- 
ment and  the  public  library. —  The  mission 
of  mirth. —  Russia's  dearth  of  books  and 
libraries. —  The  restoration  of  Fruitlands. — 
The  last  member  of  an  old  publishing  firm. 
—  Purging  a  language  by  fire. —  Franklin's 
epitaph. —  A  Byronic  discovery. —  Art  in  the 
library. —  The  geographical  distribution  of 
simplified  spellers.— An  incentive  to  Italian 
patriotism. —  In  somnolent  Nippon. 

COMMUNICATIONS 141 

A  Plea  for  Allegory.    Morris  ScTiaff. 
William  Vaughn  Moody  and  William  Blake. 

Wm.  CMslett,  Jr. 
Ancient  Precedents  for'  Present-Day  Policies. 

David  T.  Thomas. 
Publications  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical 

Society.     J.  Seymour  Currey. 

CHRISTIANITY'S  FIERCEST  ANTAGONIST. 

James  Taft  Hatfield 144 

A  NEW  PHILOSOPHY  OF  HISTORY.     Carl 

Becker 146 

ESSAYS    IN    MINIATURE.      William    Morton 

Payne 148 

OUR  SOUTH  AMERICAN  NEIGHBORS.     Wal- 
ter L.  Fleming 150 

BELGIUM'S     POET-LAUREATE.       Benj.     M. 

Woodbridge 152 

THE  INNER  LIFE  OF  MUSIC.     Louis  James 

Block 155 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 156 

BRIEFS   ON  NEW  BOOKS 158 

Some  portraits  and  assertions. —  Two  travel- 
lers in  Central  Africa. —  Books  for  the  way- 
farer's pocket. —  Fact  and  fiction  in  the  form  - 
of  autobiography. —  The  German  soldier's 
vade-mecum. —  Aspects  of  contemporary  jour- 
nalism.—  A  Florentine  sculptor  of  the  15th 
century. —  Mediterranean  memories. 

NOTES 162 

TOPICS  IN  SEPTEMBER  PERIODICALS  .  164 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  ,  .  164 


THE  BEST  SHORT  STORIES. 

It  would  probably  be  too  much  to  say  that 
the  short  story  is  the  peculiar  literary  form 
of  the  present  day.  It  has  displaced  the  poem 
and  to  .some  extent  the  play,  but  still  the  Jug- 
gernaut of  the  novel  rolls  on  even  over  it. 
And  in  many  a  past  epoch  it  has  been  as  exten- 
sively cultivated,  and  as  highly  wrought,  as 
now.  The  Rhapsodists  were  Greek  story- 
tellers who  published  their  works  orally.  The 
Arabian  story-teller  has  been  a  feature  of 
Eastern  life  in  all  ages.  The  Mabinogion 
were  Welsh  stories  told  to  the  children  of  the 
chiefs  by  the  winter  fireside.  The  Icelandic 
Sagas  answered  the  same  purpose.  In  Italy 
when  the  Novelli  were  in  bloom  they  threat- 
ened for  a  time  to  displace  all  other  literature. 
And  the  golden  age  of  even  the  modern  short 
story  must  perhaps  be  placed  some  time 
back,  when  the  German  Romantic  writers  and 
Irving,  Hawthorne,  and  Poe  made  new  rec- 
ords in  the  art. 

The  rank  of  the  larger  works  of  literature 
of  the  past  is  pretty  well  fixed.  Until  re- 
cently, however,  short  stories  have  hardly  been 
given  any  rank  at  all;  and  though  the  world 
knows  very  well  which  of  them  it  likes  best, 
there  is  considerable  difference  of  critical 
opinion  in  the  matter.  It  may  be  worth  while, 
therefore,  to  offer  a  judgment  and  argument 
as  to  what  are  the  best  dozen  or  so  in  existence. 

Before  we  bring  our  candidates  on  for  judg- 
ment, we  must  have  some  rules  for  guidance 
in  crowning  them.  In  the  first  place,  then, 
we  think  the  short  story  should  be  unitary. 
Character,  its  development  and  its  opposi- 
tions, the  form  hardly  has  room  for.  It  is  not 
so  much  who  acts,  as  what  happened,  that  is 
important.  Theme,  incident,  and  setting  are 
therefore  the  prime  requisites.  In  the  second 
place,  the  great  short  story  should  have  a  cer- 
tain universality.  It  should  be  capable  of 
general  acceptation, —  it  should  not  be  stopped 
at  the  frontier  of  any  country  as  alien  or 
hostile.  In  the  third  place,  it  ought  to  have 
as  much  originality  as  anything  human  can 
possess.  It  ought  to  do  something  for  the  first 
time,  or  it  ought  to  do  something  better  than 
it  ever  has  been  done  before.  It  ought  to  be 


134 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


a  sort  of  key,  opening  a  door  to  new  vistas  of 
the  mind. 

Antiquity  has  transmitted  to  us  few,  if  any, 
good  short  stories.  The  materials  for  them 
existed  in  abundance,  and  doubtless  many 
were  written;  but  if  so,  they  have  perished. 
The  Lost  Tales  of  Miletus  are  a  tradition,  and 
only  the  gist  of  the  Seven  Sleepers  of  Ephesus 
has  come  down  to  us.  Lucian  comes  nearest 
of  any  of  the  ancients  to  being  a  short  story 
writer ;  but  most  of  his  works  are  in  dialogue, 
so  they  do  not  count  for  our  purpose.  And 
when  we  reach  ^Esop  we  get  into  another 
form, —  as  we  do  in  the  Indian  fables  of  Pil- 
pay.  The  Scandinavian,  Irish,  and  Welsh 
legends  are  magnificent  literature;  but  from 
none  of  them  does  the  short  story,  as  we  con- 
ceive it  to-day,  emerge. 

It  is  not  until  we  reach  "  The  Arabian 
Nights"  that  we  find  the  type  fixed  for  all 
time,  and  stories  produced  which  have  never 
been  surpassed.  The  book  indeed  contains 
the  germs,  at  least,  of  all  possible  kinds  of 
short  stories,  and  its  influence  has  been  pro- 
digious. Without  stretching  conscience  much, 
we  could  almost  fill  our  list  of  the  world's 
twelve  most  famous  short  stories  from  this 
book  alone.  But  we  must  save  some  honors 
for  the  moderns,  and  besides  there  are  rea- 
sons which  rule  many  of  the  Arabian  tales 
out.  We  think,  then,  that  "Aladdin,"  "The 
Sleeper  Awakened,"  and  "Ali  Baba"  fulfil 
the  three  requisites  we  have  named.  They 
are  closely  wrought  in  incident  and  scene; 
they  have  been  accepted  all  over  the  world, 
and  have  furnished  proverbial  words  or 
phrases;  and  they  have  been  imitated  and 
reproduced  in  many  forms.  "  Sindbad  the 
Sailor  "  and  "  The  Barber  and  his  Six  Broth- 
ers" are  equally  great,  but  they  are  groups 
of  tales  rather  than  single  pieces.  "Prince 
Camaralzaman  and  Princess  Badoura  "  opens 
magnificently,  but  it  dies  away  into  Eastern 
extravagance.  The  same  is  true  of  "  Cam- 
buscan  and  his  Horse  of  Brass."  There  are 
many  other  pieces  in  the  collection  that  are 
immortal.  One  in  particular  probably  gave 
Poe  the  basis  on  which  he  founded  the  throne 
of  that  detective  dynasty  which  seems  to  rule 
modern  literature.  It  is  difficult  to  over- 
estimate the  importance  of  "  The  Arabian 
Nights  "  in  the  history  of  the  short  story. 

The  next  great  collection  is  that  of  Boccac- 
cio. As  a  monument  and  the  mould  of  Italian 


prose  it  is  of  course  most  important.  And  as 
the  work  of  a  single  man,  it  displays  great 
variety  and  originality.  Yet  many  of  the 
pieces  are  not  stories  at  all,  but  merely  briefly 
told  incidents.  A  good  many  more  are  after- 
dinner  yarns, —  only  in  this  case,  told  before 
the  ladies  have  withdrawn.  "  Theodore  and 
Honoria,"  "Cymon  and  Iphigenia,"  and  "Isa- 
bella" are  magnificent  narratives,  but  they 
have  rather  been  wrested  from  Boccaccio  by 
Dryden  and  Keats.  All  in  all,  we  can  select 
only  one  story — "Federigo  and  his  Falcon";, 
but  in  revenge  it  strikes  the  highest  and 
purest  note  of  any  piece  on  our  list. 

Germany  is  a  perfect  jungle  of  Marchenr 
or  short  stories.  But  we  are  hunting  for  what 
may  be  called  world  tales,  and  we  confess  we 
can  think  of  but  few  in  German  literature. 
Chamisso's  "Peter  Schlemihl"  is  one.  And 
we  must  have  "Undine,"  also,  though  it  is 
rather  too  long  to  come  under  the  genre  we 
are  considering ;  but  it  fulfils  all  our  require- 
ments, and  its  vogue  makes  it  indispensable. 
The  popular  legend  of  "  The  Flying  Dutch- 
man "  ought  to  be  on  our  list  too ;  but  we  are 
acquainted  with  no  prose  recension  of  it 
except  that  of  Heine's,  which  hardly  comes, 
up  to  the  mark.  Baron  Munchausen  is  a  type, 
but  the  stories  he  tells  are  either  too  brief  or 
are  imitations  of  older  work.  Altogether,  the 
German  contingent  brings  our  accepted  mas- 
terpieces to  six. 

The  French  short  story  writers  have  every- 
thing the  Germans  lack  —  perfect  form,  wit, 
point,  charm.  Yet  ranging  among  them,  from 
Cyrano  de  Bergerac  down  through  Chateau- 
briand, Lamartine,  Musset,  Balzac,  Gautier, 
Merimee,  Maupassant,  it  is  rather  difficult  to- 
find  a  story  which  is  at  once  perfect,  pro- 
foundly original,  and  winged  for  world-wide 
circulation.  Musset's  "White  Blackbird"  is 
charming  and  significant;  and  Merimee's- 
"  Carmen,"  in  one  shape  or  another,  has  made 
the  voyage  of  the  world.  But  we  hardly  think 
that  either  of  them  is  universal  enough. 
Though  "  Paul  and  Virginia,"  like  "  Undine," 
transcends  the  short  story  form,  it  is  the  only 
tale  we  can  conscientiously  include  in  our  list. 
A  few  years  ago  Maupassant  was  considered 
the  last  cry  in  short  story  genre.  He  ha& 
great  merits,  it  is  true,  but  his  pieces  are  more 
like  epigrams  than  stories.  And  we  doubt  very 
much  whether  they  have  yet  sunk,  or  will 
ever  sink,  deeply  into  the  world's  mind. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


135 


The  prose  short  story  was  a  long  time  get- 
ting itself  domiciled  and  growing  to  greatness 
in  England.  The  essayists,  Addison,  Steele, 
Goldsmith,  have  hints  and  adumbrations  of 
it;  but  what  they  produced  were  sketches  of 
character.,  vignettes  of  adventure.  Dr.  John- 
son, in  "  Rasselas,"  was  perhaps  the  first  who 
did  what  comes  near  to  being  the  real  thing. 
That  piece,  however,  is  too  long,  too  heavy, 
and  too  full  of  moralizing  to  answer  our  pur- 
pose. Sir  Walter  Scott's  "Wandering  Wil- 
lie's Tale"  fulfils  all  our  requisites;  though 
perhaps  because  it  is  embedded  in  a  novel,  it 
has  not  had  all  the  fame  it  deserves.  Mrs. 
Shelley's  "  Frankenstein "  would  satisfy  us, 
too, —  only  she  did  not  know  how  to  construct 
or  when  to  stop.  She  furnished  a  proverbial 
figure  for  the  world,  but  the  story  itself  is 
hardly  readable.  De  Quincey  had  all  the  art 
and  accomplishment  of  a  first  rate  short 
story  writer,  and  he  taught  the  business  to 
others.  Nearly  all  his  great  successors  have 
felt  his  influence.  But  for  one  reason  or 
another,  nothing  of  his  own  is  in  the  running. 
"The  Spanish  Nun"  and  "The  Flight  of  a 
Tartar  Tribe  "  have  immense  verve  and  inter- 
est, but  they  are  historical  pieces.  The  two 
papers  on  "  Murder  Considered  as  One  of  the 
Fine  Arts "  almost  form  a  short  story ;  but, 
after  all,  they  are  essays.  Bulwer's  "  The 
Haunted  and  the  Haunters"  is  perhaps  the 
best  ghost  story  ever  written,  but  it  is  too  lack- 
ing in  humanity  ever  to  be  seriously  consid- 
ered for  our  laurelled  company.  Dickens, 
Thackeray,  George  Eliot,  Meredith, —  has  any 
one  of  these  been  more  successful  in  this 
regard  ?  We  doubt  it.  It  is  not  until  we  come 
to  Stevenson  that  we  get  any  real  competi- 
tor for  place.  There  are  half  a  score  of 
Stevenson's  stories  so  equally  good  that  it  is 
difficult  to  choose  between  them.  None  of 
them,  however,  has  quite  the  universality  we 
should  desire;  but  we  will  take  "A  Lodging 
for  the  Night "  as  the  nearest  to  our  standard. 

For  some  reason  or  other,  America  has  been 
the  modern  home  of  the  short  story.  That 
form  has  seemed  to  suit  both  the  talents  of  our 
writers  and  the  tether  of  our  public's  patience. 
Irving's  "  Rip  Van  Winkle  "  is  as  famous  as  a 
story  can  be ;  it  is  known  everywhere.  There 
are  many  other  of  Irving's  pieces  which  are 
only  a  little  less  excellent;  and  we  wonder 
that  some  publisher  does  not  issue  a  single- 
volume  collection  of  a  score  or  so  of  them. 


Such  a  collection  would  be  a  revelation  to 
modern  readers.  Poe  took  the  crown  of  the 
short  story  from  his  own  head  and  placed  it 
on  Hawthorne's;  and  the  latter  has  an  im- 
mense, though  we  believe  a  rather  fading  and 
ineffectual,  fame  in  this  art.  With  the  best 
will  in  the  world,  we  cannot  yet  accept  any 
one  of  Hawthorne's  short  stories  for  our  final 
few.  Perfection  of  execution  they  have,  and 
a  kind  of  originality.  But  they  have  been 
stopped  at  the  frontiers  of  other  countries, 
and  they  have  not  much  influenced  succeed- 
ing writers.  Poe  is  in  himself  a  rival  for  all 
the  host  of  authors  of  "  The  Arabian  Nights." 
His  influence  on  the  short  story  has  been  para- 
mount and  overwhelming.  We  should  select 
from  him  "  The  Gold  Bug,"  "  The  Murders  in 
the  Rue  Morgue,"  and  "  The  Fall  of  the  House 
of  Usher,"  —  not  because  these  are  the  best 
things  in  his  prose,  but  because  they  are  his 
best  short  stories,  and  because  they  have  led 
the  whole  world  to  follow  and  imitate  them. 
Instead  of  the  twelve  stories  we  set  out  to  find, 
we  now  have  a  baker's  dozen.  Yet  we  must 
add  one  more,  for  Bret  Harte  was  really  the 
precursor  of  the  best  English  short  story  writ- 
ers of  recent  times.  If  Stevenson  is  to  have  a 
place,  then  the  American  cannot  be  neglected. 
Any  one  of  a  half  dozen  of  Bret  Harte's  sto- 
ries will  do,  but  perhaps  in  "  The  Luck  of 
Roaring  Camp  "  the  new  view  he  opened  and 
his  universality  are  most  apparent. 

As  we  have  intimated  above,  we  think  that 
there  have  been  more  great  American  short 
story  writers,  and  more  of  a  calibre  only  less 
than  the  greatest,  than  in  any  other  country. 
Away  back  in  the  dawn  of  our  literature  there 
is  "The  Story  of  Peter  Rugg,"  — a  good 
variant  on  the  "Flying  Dutchman"  theme. 
Fitz- James  O'Brien  wrote  two  or  three  sto- 
ries of  great  merit.  Colonel  Higginson's 
"Monarch  of  Dreams"  is  a  superb  piece  of 
writing,  and  Edward  Everett  Hale's  "Man 
without  a  Country  "  makes  plain  sober  fact  of 
impossible  fiction.  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich 
invented  a  plot  of  surprise,  and  his  stories  are 
full  of  grace  and  charm.  No  one  has  ever 
been  more  oddly  original  than  Frank  Stock- 
ton. Recently  "  0.  Henry  "  wrought  out  the 
unexpected  with  a  terseness  which  the  French 
might  envy.  There  are  others  who  have  done 
lasting  work ;  and  we  believe,  as  we  have  said 
before,  that  our  achievement  in  this  field  sur- 
passes anything  that  other  nations  can  show. 


136 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


Of  course  it  must  be  understood  that  all  the 
hypercriticism  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs  is 
merely  an  attempt  to  get  at  the  essential  types 
of  the  short  story.  Innumerable  pieces  that 
we  have  passed  by  are  good  and  more  than 
good.  And  of  course  we  do  not  attempt  to  sit 
in  judgment  on  living  masters  of  the  art. 

Going  over  our  selections,  we  find  that  four 
among  them,  "Aladdin,"  "Peter  Schlemihl," 
"Undine,"  and  "Wandering  Willie's  Tale," 
deal  with  the  supernatural.  Two  others,  "Ali 
Baba"  and  "Rip  Van  Winkle,"  have  to  do 
with  the  marvellous  which  hardly  amounts  to 
the  supernatural.  "  The  Sleeper  Awakened  " 
is  a  tale  of  pure  humor  and  human  nature. 
"Federigo  and  his  Falcon,"  and  "Paul  and 
Virginia  "  are  stories  of  young  love  and  devo- 
tion. "  The  Gold  Bug  "  is  the  exemplar  of  all 
possible  treasure  stories;  as  "A  Lodging  for 
the  Night"  is  of  the  nomad  and  vagabond 
species.  "  The  Fall  of  the  House  of  Usher  " 
gives  us  intellect  dominant  and  in  ruin,  with 
nature  sympathizing  with  it.  "  The  Luck  of 
Roaring  Camp  "  is  a  good  specimen  of  primi- 
tive and  adventurous  life.  And  lastly,  "  The 
Murders  in  the  Rue  Morgue"  launched  the 
detective  into  literature,  with  all  the  interest- 
ing or  horrible  consequence  of  that  debut.  We 
think  this  fairly  covers,  and  in  good  propor- 
tion, the  main  strands  suitable  for  short  story 
weaving.  That  there  will  be  in  the  future  any 
wide  departure  from  these  themes  seems  to  us 
unlikely,  though  of  course  minor  threads  of 
the  web  of  life  may  be  taken  up  and  devel- 
oped. One  thing  is  noticeable  about  our 
elect, —  none  of  them  is  extremely  short.  The 
great  masters  have  refused  to  turn  their  sto- 
ries into  Dodonian  oracles. 

What  is  the  place  of  the  short  story  in  lit- 
erature ?  The  very  qualities  we  claimed  for  it 
in  starting  preclude  it  from  the  first  rank. 
In  a  form  where  there  is  not  room  enough  to 
swing  a  cat,  there  cannot  be  equality  with  the 
great  dramas,  epics,  or  novels.  In  a  form 
where  character  is  secondary,  great  action, 
passion,  thought  can  hardly  be  developed. 
Design  and  plot,  too,  must  be  curtailed,  though 
perhaps  these  gain  as  much  as  they  lose  by 
condensation.  What  is  left  to  the  short  story 
is  uniqueness.  It  is  really  a  prose  poem,  and 
must  take  its  place  with  the  short  verse  nar- 
ratives and  ballads.  It  can  hardly  have  the 
literary  value  of  these ;  but  it  can  be,  and  is 
more  popular.  CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

EDITORIAL  INITIATIVE,  as  opposed  to  edito- 
rial subserviency  to  a  real  or  supposed  popu- 
lar demand  for  unwholesome  reading  matter, 
is  conspicuous  in  comparatively  few  of  our 
daily  and  other  periodical  publications.  All 
the  more  cheering,  therefore,  is  it  to  find  cer- 
tain strong  and  wise  utterances  on  the  subject 
by  journalists  and  writers  of  principle  and 
purpose,  in  a  "  Symposium  "  constituting  one 
of  the  chapters  of  "  The  Coming  Newspaper," 
a  book  noticed  more  in  detail  on  another 
page.  Dr.  Charles  M.  Sheldon  feels  con- 
vinced that  "the  daily  paper,  the  magazine, 
and  every  other  periodical,  have  just  as  much 
of  a  duty  to  give  the  people  the  thing  they 
need  instead  of  what  they  want,  as  the  minis- 
ter has  to  give  his  people  what  they  need 
instead  of  what  they  want."  Of  course,  as  it 
may  be  worth  while  to  say  in  passing,  what 
the  people  "  want "  is  really,  in  the  etymologi- 
cal sense  of  the  word,  nothing  else  than  what 
fhey  "need,"  though  they  do  not  know  it. 
What  they  sometimes  foolishly  wish  and 
clamor  for,  is  another  thing.  But  even  this 
unwise  longing  may  be  less  spontaneous,  less 
unfostered  from  without,  than  is  commonly 
assumed.  Mr.  Oswald  Garrison  Villard,  recog- 
nizing that  "  the  newspaper  —  certain  news- 
papers at  least  —  is  largely  responsible  for 
the  public's  low  taste,"  continues,  signifi- 
cantly :  "  It  would  be  well  worth  your  while, 
if  you  are  not  familiar  with  the  journals  of 
1850  to  1865,  to  hunt  up  some  bound  volumes 
of  the  New  York  '  Tribune '  and  '  Herald  '  and 
the  Springfield  'Republican,'  and  other  news- 
papers of  the  time,  and  study  them ;  and  you 
will  be  surprised  what  fine  newspapers  they 
were,  what  fine  standards  they  had,  how  intel- 
ligent was  the  comment.  Editorially,  they 
were,  of  course,  superior  to  the  bulk  of  the 
newspapers  today.  They  were  clean;  there 
were  no  large  headlines.  They  were  as  effi- 
cient as  we  are  in  the  way  of  giving  the  news 
and  giving  it  accurately.  I  don't  think  that 
we  can  plume  ourselves  over  that  generation 
of  editors,  for  all  our  modern  facilities." 
Assuredly  there  were  editorial  giants  in  those 
days,  but  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
the  secret  of  good  editorship  was  buried  with 
them.  m  m  m 

COMMISSION  GOVERNMENT  AND  THE  PUBLIC 
LIBRARY  have  not  yet  become  minutely  famil- 
iar with  each  other's  ways.  Fears  are  still 
felt  in  some  quarters  lest  existing  library 
laws  and  usage  and  precedent  may  fail  to 
chime  harmoniously  with  the  new  order  of 
procedure  introduced  into  municipal  affairs 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


137 


by  the  recent  form  of  city  government  known 
as  government  by  commission.  Thus  far  no 
disastrous  conflict  of  interests  has  come  to 
general  notice,  but  all  the  possibilities  of  the 
situation  have  doubtless  not  yet  been  ex- 
hausted. Meanwhile  it  is  cheering  to  note  in 
at  least  one  commission-governed  city  —  Bir- 
mingham, Alabama  —  a  cordial  cooperation 
between  commissioners  and  library  officials. 
A  late  number  of  "  The  Birmingham  Maga- 
zine," a  creditable  publication  such  as  one 
may  look  for  in  vain  in  hundreds  of  larger 
cities,  contains  an  article  of  some  length  on 
"  Social  Service  Work  of  the  City  Com- 
mission," written  by  President  George  B. 
Ward,  of  the  Birmingham  Board  of  Commis- 
sioners, and  replete  with  evidence  that  the 
schools,  the  library,  the  parks,  playgrounds, 
welfare  and  health  departments  of  various 
sorts  under  the  city's  control  are  objects  of 
more  than  perfunctory  attention  from  the 
administrative  authorities.  Especially  notice- 
able is  the  interest  taken  in  the  development 
of  the  public  library,  which  has  a  history  of 
only  five  years  to  look  back  upon,  but  already 
makes  a  showing  that  compares  favorably 
with  the  well-known  useful  activity  of  Atlan- 
ta's similar  institution,  though  the  latter  is 
more  than  three  times  as  old ;  and  this  record 
of  Birmingham's  progress  in  the  populariza- 
tion of  good  literature  synchronizes  with  the 
history  of  commission  government  in  that 
city,  as  is  pointed  out  with  justifiable  pride 
in  the  following  words:  "When  the  Com- 
mission came  into  office  the  Birmingham  Pub- 
lic Library  was  an  organization  kept  up  by 
paid  subscriptions  and  reaching  but  a  limited 
number.  To-day,  as  a  free  public  library,  it 
is  the  epitome  of  service  and  efficiency  under 
the  splendid  management  of  Mr.  Carl  H. 
Milan."  Difficult  would  it  be  to  find  any 
municipal  chief  magistrate  under  the  old 
order  of  things  expressing  himself  with  such 
intelligence,  zeal,  and  public  spirit  of  the  best 
sort,  on  the  social  welfare  work  of  his  city,  as 
one  notes  in  Mr.  Ward's  utterance. 
•  •  • 

THE  MISSION  OF  MIRTH  in  literature  is  no 
unimportant,  no  undignified  one;  and  the 
role  of  the  proverbial  jester  who  purveys  fun 
and  cheerfulness  to  all  the  world  while  his 
own  heart  may  be  breaking  is  of  a  heroism 
and  a  pathos  not  always  recognized.  The 
late  Charles  Battell  Loomis,  writing  books  of 
amusement  and  touring  the  country  as  a  pro- 
fessional humorist,  was  all  the  time  slowly 
dying  of  an  incurable  malady  and  fully  con- 
scious of  the  hopelessness  of  his  condition. 
A  younger  contemporary  of  his,  George  Fitch, 


widely  known  for  his  syndicated  "Vest- 
Pocket  Essays"  that  have  long  enlivened  a 
host  of  newspaper  readers,  went  to  California 
in  quest  of  health,  and  his  death  was  an- 
nounced on  the  very  day  his  readers  were 
enjoying  his  jest  at  the  identical  disease  that 
prematurely  cut  him  off.  George  Heleghon 
Fitch,  not  to  be  confused  with  Mr.  George 
Hamlin  Fitch  of  the  San  Francisco  "  Chron- 
icle," was  born  at  Galva,  Illinois,  June  5, 
1877;  was  graduated  from  Knox  College  in 
1897 ;  entered  upon  journalism,  and  began  to 
win  more  than  local  fame  about  ten  years  ago 
with  his  witty  "  Transcripts "  in  the  Peoria 
"  Transcript,"  of  which  he  had  become  man- 
aging editor.  Four  years  ago  he  severed  this 
connection  and  devoted  himself  to  less  ephem- 
eral literary  work.  In  addition  to  his  "  Vest- 
Pocket  Essays,"  of  which  a  collection  was 
published  last  year  under  the  title,  "  Sizing 
up  Uncle  Sam,"  he  wrote  "  The  Big  Strike  at 
Siwash,"  "At  Good  Old  Siwash,"  "  My  Demon 
Motor  Boat,"  and  "  Homeburg  Memories." 
He  died  on  the  ninth  of  August.  On  the  very 
same  day,  or  the  next  (there  are  conflicting 
reports),  there  died  another  contributor  to 
the  sum  of  human  cheerfulness,  Charles 
Heber  Clark,  or  "  Max  Adeler,"  as  he  chose  to 
call  himself  when  writing  in  lighter  vein. 
Known  in  Philadelphia  and  beyond  as  a 
manufacturer  and  a  writer  of  repute  on 
economics,  the  tariff,  and  kindred  themes,  he 
also  produced  books  whose  purpose  was  to 
entertain  and  amuse.  "  Out  of  the  Hurly- 
Burly  "  is  a  collection  of  stories  widely  popu- 
lar and  so  heartily  enjoyed,  it  is  said,  by  the 
Emperor  of  Austria  that  he  sent  the  author  a 
gold  medal.  "  Elbow  Room  "  is  another  vol- 
ume of  the  same  nature.  "  Captain  Bluitt," 
"  In  Happy  Hollow,"  "  The  Quakeress,"  and 
"By  the  Bend  of  the  River"  represent  his 
more  sustained  efforts  in  fictitious  narrative, 
but  are  touched  with  the  same  geniality  that 
had  early  marked  him  as  a  very  enjoyable 
humorist.  He  was  born  at  Berlin,  Maryland, 
July  11,  1841,  and  died  at  Eaglesmere,  Penn- 
sylvania, at  the  age  of  seventy-four. 
•  •  • 

RUSSIA'S    DEARTH    OF    BOOKS    AND    LIBRARIES 

appears  so  great,  to  one  viewing  the  vast 
empire  as  a  whole,  that  it  might  not  be  far 
from  the  truth  to  call  Russia  a  bookless  na- 
tion. Until  the  late  prohibition  of  the  sale  of 
vodka  (except  in  the  Caucasus  and  central 
Asia,  where  the  government  does  not  control 
this  sale)  the  sole  distraction  from  the  tedium 
of  a  hard  existence  had  been  found  in  drink, 
with  the  great  mass  of  the  common  people. 
But  with  the  discontinuance  of  that  sale, 


138 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


which  dates  from  the  outbreak  of  the  present 
war,  though  the  causal  connection  between  the 
two  is  much  less  close  than  is  commonly  as- 
sumed, there  has  been  a  natural  longing  for 
spare-hour  amusement  or  occupation,  a  long- 
ing that  will  eventually,  it  is  hoped,  find  a 
worthier  gratification  than  was  formerly  fur- 
nished by  the  ubiquitous  dramshop.  Money, 
too,  as  well  as  time,  is  now  increasingly  at  the 
peasant's  disposal,  thanks  to  the  new  order  of 
things.  Mr.  Stephen  Graham,  who  knows  the 
country  as  few  but  the  Russians  themselves 
know  it,  writes  on  "  Prohibition  in  Russia  "  in 
"  The  World's  Work,"  and  predicts  a  remark- 
able growth  of  culture  among  the  people  as 
soon  as  peace  is  restored.  He  says:  "After 
the  war  there  must  flow  from  the  great  cities 
of  the  West  of  Russia  books,  papers,  dress 
materials,  musical  instruments,  pictures,  guns 
[the  last-named  might  be  dispensed  with]. 
And  more  schools  must  be  established,  more 
concert  halls,  lecture  halls.  There  will  be 
more  schooling,  reading,  music,  hunting.  If 
the  policy  of  the  Russian  Government  with 
regard  to  drink  remains  unchanged  for  the 
next  ten  years,  it  is  safe  to  predict  a  most 
extraordinary  contrast  between  the  condition 
of  the  country  now  and  the  condition  as  it 
must  be  then."  The  probability  of  this  con- 
tinuance is  asserted,  and  to  the  Czar  is 
ascribed  the  credit  thereof.  Surely  here  is 
virgin  soil  for  the  labors  of  library  extension- 
ists  and  other  promoters  of  popular  culture. 


THE  EESTORATION  OP  FRuiTLANos  by  Miss 
Clara  Endicott  Sears,  of  Boston,  whose  ac- 
count of  the  eccentric  Fruitlanders  and 
their  "  Consociate  Family  "  is  one  of  the  nota- 
ble books  of  the  season,  is  cause  for  congratu- 
lation. Miss  Sears  bought  the  property  two 
years  ago.  It  adjoins  her  summer  place  at 
Harvard  (the  town,  not  the  university),  and 
her  intelligent  zeal  and  generous  expenditure 
of  money  have  put  the  old  house  back  into  its 
condition  of  sixty-two  years  ago,  when  Alcott 
and  his  little  band  of  visionary  reformers 
took  up  their  residence  there.  As  far  as  pos- 
sible, the  original  furniture  has  been  rein- 
stated, and  to-day  Miss  Sears  feels  justified 
in  saying :  "  The  house  is  now  exactly  as  it 
was  in  1843.  The  foundations  of  the  chim- 
neys were  intact  so  that  I  was  able  to  rebuild 
them  as  they  were.  The  paint  had  entirely 
disappeared  with  time,  but  under  the  eaves 
there  remained  patches  of  red,  and  I  was 
able  to  give  it  again  the  old  ochre-red  color 
which  it  had  worn  in  the  early  days.  The 
old  granary  has  been  turned  into  a  home  for 
the  care-taker,  but  the  structure  was  not 


changed."  She  adds  that  the  building  was  a 
pathetic  object  indeed  when  she  took  it  in 
hand,  dilapidated  and  empty  except  for  a 
few  old  odds  and  ends  in  the  garret;  but  its 
present  refurnishing  she  asserts  to  be  "  au- 
thentic in  every  way,"  with  the  community 
bean-pot  recovered,  and  Joseph  Palmer's 
oxskin  money-bag,  Charles  Lane's  cowhide 
trunk,  Mrs.  Alcott's  Paisley  shawl,  letters  of 
Louisa  Alcott,  and  Mr.  Alcott's  spectacles,  in 
addition  to  the  furniture  of  the  several  rooms. 
Fruitlands  is  now  open  to  visitors  three  days 
in  the  week  —  Tuesday,  Thursday,  and  Sat- 
urday—  during  the  summer.  Miss  Sears  de- 
serves the  gratitude  of  her  own  generation 
and  of  posterity  for  her  rescue  of  this  object 
of  historic  and  literary  interest. 
•  •  • 

THE    LAST    MEMBER    OF    AN    OLD    PUBLISHING 

FIRM,  John  Wesley  Harper,  died  at  Bidde- 
ford  Pool  on  the  fourteenth  of  August,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-four.  Had  he  lived  a  year  and 
seven  months  longer  he  could  have  joined  in 
celebrating  the  centennial  of  the  House  of 
Harper,  to  the  second  generation  of  which  he 
belonged,  being  the  son  of  John  Harper  of  the 
original  J.  &  J.  Harper,  established  in  March, 
1817.  Graduated  from  Columbia  College  in 
1852,  at  the  head  of  his  class,  he  chose  medi- 
cine as  his  profession,  and  went  abroad  to 
study  and  to  discover  that  he  had  no  vocation 
for  the  healing  art;  so  he  returned,  entered 
the  paternal  business  house,  and  became  a 
member  of  the  firm  in  1869,  with  Philip  J.  A. 
Harper,  Joseph  W.  Harper,  Jr.,  Fletcher 
Harper,  Jr.,  and  Joseph  Abner  Harper.  The 
style,  "  Harper  &  Brothers,"  had  been  adopted 
in  1833,  and  the  business  increased  so  rapidly 
that  when  the  subject  of  this  sketch  assumed 
the  presidency  of  the  firm  in  1897  there  was 
said  to  be  no  publishing  house  equal  to  it  in 
the  extent  of  its  dealings.  With  the  reorgani- 
zation that  was  made  necessary  by  financial 
embarrassments  fifteen  years  ago,  Mr.  Harper 
retired  from  business;  and  though  there  still 
continue  to  be  Harpers  in  sufficient  number 
at  the  famous  Franklin  Square  establish- 
ment, the  older  stock  has  lost  its  last  repre- 
sentative. For  a  full  and  entertaining  his- 
tory of  those  earlier  publishers  the  reader  is 
referred  to  "  The  House  of  Harper,"  by  Mr. 
J.  Henry  Harper,  published  a  few  years  ago. 
•  •  • 

PURGING  A  LANGUAGE  BY  FIRE  is  the  process 
that  may  be  said  to  have  been  begun  with  the 
German  tongue  when  the  fatherland  drew  its 
sword  against  the  non-Teutonic  world.  En- 
glish, French,  Russian,  and  Italian  words  or 
derivatives  are  now  an  abomination  in  Ber- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


139 


lin,  and  the  resources  of  the  native  speech  are 
being  strained  to  supply  home-made  equiva- 
lents for  these  foreign  terms.  A  former  En- 
glish Lecturer  at  the  Karlsruhe  Hochschule 
writes  of  "  The  Wor  and  the  Werld  Langwij  " 
in  "  The  Pioneer  ov  Simplified  Speling,"  pre- 
dicting an  increase  in  the  cosmopolitan  use  of 
English  when  peace  is  restored,  and  a  stricter 
confinement  of  German  to  the  land  of  its 
origin.  Transposing  the  spelling  of  the  arti- 
cle in  question,  let  us  quote  a  few  sentences. 
The  writer  believes  that  "one  result  of  the 
victory  of  the  Allies  is  that  Germany  will  con- 
tinue the  process  of  elimination  of  foreign 
words  which  they  began  on  the  outbreak  of 
the  War.  During  the  six  weeks  I  was  in 
Karlsruhe  after  the  War  began,  this  move- 
ment to  replace  French  and  English  words  by 
native  German  equivalents  had  begun.  The 
4  Cafe  Piccadilly '  had  become  '  Gasthaus  zum 
Vaterland.'  A  'beefsteak'  had  been  chris- 
tened a  'Rindstiick'.  .  .  The  French  'sauce' 
has  become  a  '  Tunke.' "  And  so  on.  With 
English  already  spoken  by  130,000,000  per- 
sons (the  writer's  figures,  and  they  are  not 
excessive),  and  German  hopelessly  out  of  the 
running,  while  not  even  French  ("the  patois 
of  Europe,"  as  Walter  Bagehot  called  it)  can 
vie  with  English  in  extent  of  its  use,  there  is 
surely  some  reason  to  expect  an  increasing 
employment  of  our  tongue  as  a  world-speech 
—  unless  the  Esperantists  carry  the  day, 
which  is  not  at  present  likely,  or  unless,  after 
all,  we  non-Teutons  should  have  the  speech  of 
General  von  Bernhardi  rammed  down  our 
throats  with  German  sabres,  which  is  also 
not  among  the  probabilities. 

•    •    • 

FRANKLIN'S  EPITAPH,  written  by  himself  at 
the  age  of  twenty-two,  an  age  when  this  sort 
of  literary  exercise  has  a  purely  academic 
interest  which  it  loses  in  later  life,  has  for  a 
dozen  years  been  accessible  to  the  curious  in 
such  things,  in  the  valuable  autograph  collec- 
tion of  the  Library  of  Congress,  for  which  it 
was  acquired  from  the  government  archives, 
which  at  an  earlier  date  had  secured  it  from 
the  papers  of  William  Temple  Franklin.  But 
it  now  appears  that  this  cherished  autograph 
is  a  revision  (by  the  author  and  in  his  hand- 
writing, it  is  true)  of  the  original  inspiration, 
which  has  lately  been  brought  to  light  in  the  As- 
pinwall  papers  and  secured,  through  a  Boston 
dealer,  by  Dr.  A.  S.  W.  Rosenbach  of  the  city 
in  which  it  was  written.  These  papers,  once 
the  property  of  Colonel  Thomas  L.  Aspinwall, 
in  his  time  a  noted  collector  of  Americana, 
must  contain  a  multitude  of  almost  priceless 
items;  but  probably  few  would  so  excite  the 


desires  of  the  covetous  as  this  bit  of  scribbling 
from  Franklin's  pen.  In  its  unrevised  form  it 
runs  as  follows :  "  The  body  of  B.  Franklin, 
printer,  like  the  cover  of  an  old  book,  its  con- 
tents torn  out  and  stript  of  its  lettering  and 
gilding,  lies  here,  food  for  worms.  But  the 
work  shall  not  be  wholly  lost,  for  it  will,  as  he 
believed,  appear  once  more,  in  a  new  and  more 
perfect  edition,  corrected  and  amended  by  the 
Author."  Then  is  added  the  date  of  birth, 

with  so  much  of  the  date  of  death  ("  17 ") 

as  could  at  that  time  be  conjectured  with  rea- 
sonable certainty.  Division  into  lines,  with 
capitalization,  has  here  been  disregarded.  In 
the  revised  copy  the  logical  Franklin,  reason- 
ing that  "perfect"  admits  of  no  degrees  of 
comparison,  substituted  "elegant,"  and  he 
also  enclosed  in  parentheses  his  likening  of  the 
lifeless  body  to  the  outside  of  an  old  book. 
Other  minor  changes  also  appear. 

•  •    • 

A  BYRONIC  DISCOVERY,  or  what  the  discov- 
erer believed  to  be  such,  forms  the  subject  of 
the  opening  article  in  "  The  English  Review  " 
for  August.  The  late  Bertram  Dobell,  some 
years  ago,  came  into  possession  of  a  small 
pamphlet  entitled  "A  Farrago  Libelli:  A\ 
Poem,  Chiefly  Imitated  from  the  First  Satire 
of  Juvenal."  It  was  "  printed  for  Mr.  Hatch- 
ard,  1806,"  and,  according  to  a  note  at  the 
foot  of  the  first  page,  "written  at  Twicken- 
ham, 1805."  Mr.  Dobell  held  his  copy  to  be 
unique,  and  believed  the  piece  to  have  been 
suppressed  by  its  author  immediately  upon 
its  appearance.  The  poem  itself,  running  to 
three  hundred  and  forty  lines,  and  Mr. 
Dobell's  critical  commentary,  fill  twenty-four 
pages  of  the  above-named  magazine.  A  gen- 
eral resemblance  in  style  to  "English  Bards 
and  Scotch  Reviewers"  is  manifest  in  the 
satire,  and  many  special  points  of  resem- 
blance the  commentator  thought  he  had 
detected  and  took  pains  to  place  before  his 
readers.  Not  entirely  convincing  is  the  able 
argument,  either  in  general  or  in  detail, 
though  there  appears  no  good  reason  why 
Byron,  even  though  but  nineteen  years  old 
at  the  time,  might  not  have  written  the  fluent 
verses  (in  the  familiar  decasyllabic  metre  of 
"  English  Bards  ")  composing  the  "  Farrago." 
Yet  it  is  not  a  production  of  sufficient  merit 
and  distinction  to  bring  any  access  to  Byron's 
fame,  should  he  finally  be  accounted  the 

author. 

•  •    • 

ART  IN  THE  LIBRARY,  in  the  form  of  paint- 
ings, engravings,  statuary,  rare  bindings,  fur- 
niture of  tasteful  design,  and  in  the  entire 
architecture,  external  and  internal,  of  the 


140 


THE    DIAL 


[  Sept.  2 


library  building,  takes  a  place  that  need  be 
second  only  to  that  of  literature.  The  ways 
of  popularizing  art  through  the  public  library 
are  many,  and  those  who  would  learn  some- 
thing about  their  number  and  variety  should 
read  Miss  Mary  McEaehin  Powell's  "  Making 
Art  Popular  through  the  Library,"  an  ac- 
count of  this  kind  of  work  in  the  St.  Louis 
Public  Library,  by  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment. In  ten  chapters  or  sections,  filling  a 
pamphlet  of  fifty  pages,  Miss  McEaehin  de- 
scribes the  development  and  success  of  her 
branch  of  the  library.  Among  other  interest- 
ing details,  we  read  that  every  month  two 
paintings  from  the  City  Art  Museum,  selected 
by  the  Director  of  the  St.  Louis  School  of 
Fine  Arts,  are  displayed  in  the  Children's 
Room ;  and  once  a  week  the  Director  himself 
comes  and  gives  a  talk  on  these  paintings  to 
children  of  the  fifth  and  sixth  grades,  and  to 
those  of  the  higher  grades,  alternately.  Forty 
or  fifty  young  listeners,  with  several  teachers, 
comprise  each  of  these  groups,  and  an  effort 
is  made  to  secure  constant  attendance  and  thus 
render  the  course  progressive.  Informality 
on  the  lecturer's  part  encourages  participa- 
tion on  that  of  the  children  in  the  discussions, 
and  it  is  reported  that  the  audience  shows 
intense  interest  and  carries  away  vivid  and 
lasting  impressions.  Pupils  of  the  above- 
named  art  school  have  contributed  many 
pleasing  and  some  striking  illustrations  to 
Miss  McEachin's  pamphlet,  which  contains  a 
greater  variety  of  readable  and  instructive 
matter  than  can  here  be  indicated. 


THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  SIM- 
PLIFIED SPELLERS  offers  food  for  reflection, 
whether  or  not  the  reflector  is  able  to  arrive 
at  any  general  law  governing  the  outbreak 
and  spread  of  the  peculiar  mania  to  which 
these  persons  are  victims.  In  the  current 
number  of  the  "  Simplified  Speling  Bulletin  " 
is  a  list  of  universities  and  colleges  and  nor- 
mal schools,  grouped  by  states,  that  have 
given  their  sanction  to  simplified  spelling; 
and  the  briefest  glance  at  the  table  shows  the 
middle  West  to  be  the  stronghold  of  the  cult, 
with  surprisingly  few  adherents  in  the  East 
and  in  the  far  West.  The  South,  too,  seems 
either  prudently  conservative  in  the  matter  or 
apathetic.  In  New  England  only  three  insti- 
tutions, including  a  normal  school  in  Ver- 
mont, appear  on  the  list ;  and  outside  of  New 
England  there  are  but  two  other  Atlantic 
states  (New  York  and  Pennsylvania)  in 
which  opposition  to  the  accepted  orthography 
has  developed  any  strength.  West  of  the 
Mississippi  basin  only  Colorado  and  Oregon 


are  named,  each  represented  by  a  single  col- 
lege. "  Simplified  Speling  in  the  Pres,"  an 
article  in  the  same  journal,  presents  a  similar 
tabulation  in  respect  to  newspaper  and  peri- 
odical adoption  of  the  new  forms;  and  here, 
too,  the  zeal  of  the  interior  contrasts  with  the 
paucity  of  interest  on  both  coasts,  except  that 
California  (unrepresented  in  the  former  list) 
reports  one  perverted  newspaper,  and  Wyo- 
ming nine,  including  two  student  publica- 
tions. Here,  then,  we  have  a  sort  of  meeting 
of  extremes — East  and  West  agreeing  to  re- 
tain the  old  spelling,  and  the  central  region 
showing  more  desire  for  a  change.  Does  this 
geographical  arrangement,  after  an  analogy 
that  will  occur  to  the  reader,  imply  that  the 
subverters  of  the  present  order  have  the 
strategic  advantage? 

•  •    • 

AN  INCENTIVE  TO  ITALIAN  PATRIOTISM  takes 

the  form  of  a  popular  paper-covered  edition, 
in  the  language  of  Dante  and  Petrarch,  of 
that  famous  American  masterpiece  of  more 
than  half  a  century  ago,  "  The  Man  without 
a  Country."  The  compatriots  of  Garibaldi 
are  of  just  the  sort  to  be  fired  by  such  a  tale 
from  the  pen  of  one  whom  the  translator  in 
his  preface  calls  the  greatest  American  of  his 
time.  A  writer  in  "  The  Christian  Register  " 
relates  that  he  once  asked  Dr.  Hale  whether 
he  himself  really  felt  his  wonderful  story  as 
deeply  as  he  made  the  reader  feel  it.  So 
prompt  and  emphatic  was  the  affirmative  an- 
swer as  to  leave  no  further  doubt  in  the 
questioner's  mind.  This  kind  of  feeling,  with 
all  that  it  too  often  implies  of  international 
antagonism,  is  perhaps  not  in  great  need  of 
strengthening  just  at  present  in  any  Euro- 
pean country,  however  glad  we  may  be  to  see 
the  fame  of  Dr.  Hale  and  his  best-known 
work  of  literature  widen  its  bounds. 

•  •    • 

IN  SOMNOLENT  NIPPON,  according  to  Mrs. 
Yosano,  one  of  the  "  new  women  "  of  Japan, 
there  is  still  a  sad  need  of  the  awakening  call 
of  literature  to  dispel  the  slumberous  vacuity 
into  which  the  natives,  unless  actively  em- 
ployed, are  ever  prone  to  fall.  She  writes  in 
a  late  issue  of  "  Taiyo,"  as  quoted  (in  English 
not  always  quite  orthodox)  :  "  The  Japanese, 
men  and  women,  are  often  seen  dozing  off 
their  ride  on  public  vehicles,  to  wit  the  train, 
the  tram,  the  stage  coach,  etc.  There  may  be 
some  excuse  for  this  in  the  afternoons  of  the 
long-day  season.  But  they  do  it  when  days 
are  short,  and  in  the  morning  at  that.  The 
Europeans  in  transit  are  always  reading 
something  and  never  look  tired.  The  dif- 
ference is  striking."  And  further :  "  The 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


141 


Japanese  in  general  are  given  to  sleeping  in 
daytime.  The  students  fall  asleep  in  the 
class  room,  the  Ministers  of  State  and  Repre- 
sentatives of  people  go  off  dozing  in  the  Diet, 
preachings  and  public  speeches  send  the  audi- 
ence to  dreamland.  A  majority  of  Japanese 
people  are  always  tired  —  they  seem  to  be  suf- 
fering from  nervous  debility."  Few  writers, 
whether  native  or  foreign,  have  more  severely 
censured  the  Japanese  for  superficiality,  imi- 
tation, easy  content  with  the  present  and  what 
it  offers,  than  does  this  representative  of  that 
far-eastern  nation.  Her  advice,  which  may 
not  be  the  easiest  possible  to  follow,  is  that 
the  Japanese  should  adopt  a  more  invigorat- 
ing diet,  eat  more  meat,  and  thus  brace  them- 
selves for  a  more  energetic  assault  upon  life's 
problems,  both  material  and  spiritual. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

A  PLEA  FOR  ALLEGORY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  may  be  said  without  exaggeration  that  what 
is  known  as  cultivated  taste, —  that  is,  the  taste  of 
readers  who  in  the  main  enjoy  the  educational 
advantages  of  wealth  or  good  breeding, —  turns 
from  Allegory  with  a  feeling  akin  to  nausea.  So 
keenly  do  the  editors  of  our  magazines  realize  the 
intensity  of  this  aversion  that  a  manuscript  carry- 
ing about  it  the  slightest  scent  of  allegory  is 
rejected  immediately.  With  the  spirit  of  a  ram- 
bler who  finds  a  pensive  pleasure  in  the  deserted 
fields  of  literature,  let  us  look  into  this  matter  a 
little.  There  may  be  some  profit  in  the  task,  too; 
for  no  one  can  visit  a  prehistoric  mound,  or  even 
a  grassy  depression  in  a  pasture  once  the  cellar  of 
a  long  since  vanished  cabin  (and  is  not  mind  and 
vacant  cellar  allegory's  metaphorical  kindred  by  a 
common  fate?)  without  some  creative  stir  in  the 
mind. 

That  pure  allegory  was  a  natural  growth  in  the 
field  of  literature  is  as  well  established  as  that  the 
wild  plum  and  the  wild  rose  blossomed  everywhere 
in  the  primeval  forests  of  our  country.  What 
then?  Well,  we  know  why  the  wild  plum  has  dis- 
appeared; and  it  is  for  a  like  reason  that  the  alle- 
gory has  gone.  The  plum's  life  was  possible  only 
in  the  shadows  of  those  mighty  woods,  with  their 
deep  and  rarely  broken  silence.  But  now  the  pio- 
neer's axe  rings,  the  big  trees  fall,  sunlight  floods 
in,  and  the  wild  plum  dies.  So  with  allegory: 
when  the  primaeval  forests  of  the  mind,  so  to  speak, 
were  cleared  off,  pure  allegory  could  not  stand  the 
sunlight  of  obviousness  and  gave  up  the  ghost. 
White,  sweet,  and  modest  was  the  wild  plum's 
bloom, —  and  it  has  its  analogue  in  style,  for  style 
is  the  flowering  of  literature;  sweet  and  modest 
was  allegory's  bloom,  too,  and  rich  and  impor- 
tant was  its  fruit.  For  who  can  measure  the  value 
of  newly  awakened  and  spontaneous  ideas  in  virgin 


mental  soil,  or  the  refining  and  strengthening  and 
exalting  influence  of  imagination  taking  flight? 

But  above  all  and  more  than  all,  how  many  who 
are  now  dust,  heirs  to  adversity  and  sorrow,  had 
their  toiling  and  obscure  lives  cheered  by  the  sight 
of  the  Delectable  Mountains,  and  by  hearing  the 
harps  and  trumpets  which  greeted  poor  Pilgrim  — 
the  nearest  brother  to  the  average  man  that  pen  has 
ever  produced  —  at  the  end  of  his  long  journey ! 
May  we  not,  then,  visit  this  ancient  mound  in  the 
deserted  field  of  literature  with  profit,  loiter  around 
it  for  a  while,  and  from  time  to  time  hear  voices  out 
of  the  past  proclaiming  what  a  part  allegory  played 
in  the  lives  of  thousands  whose  clay  is  now  blended 
with  the  common  earth?  Surely  it  does  the  soul 
good  to  be  a  listener  when  the  past  speaks. 

And  finally,  to  pursue  the  figure  another  step,  let 
us  mount  to  the  top.  Lo !  off  to  the  east  where 
literature's  dawn  first  flushed,  what  star  is  that  we 
see  amid  a  glowing  constellation  of  Prophets  and 
Seers?  It  is  David  with  his  harp,  singing  pure 
allegory  in  the  eightieth  psalm.  Nearer  in  Poetry's 
garden  and  in  our  own  tongue,  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene  is  singing  pure  allegory  to  the  rapt  enjoy- 
ment of  the  lords  and  ladies  of  England;  and 
along  green  hedgerows  and  among  the  poor  and 
lowly,  John  Bunyan  is  singing  the  Pilgrim's  Prog- 
ress toward  the  Celestial  City.  Was  there  nausea 
then?  No;  for  then  the  primaeval  forests  of  the 
mind  were  still  shadowing  the  elementary  and 
natural  feelings  of  man's  nature;  and  warmed  by 
the  poet's  high-beating  heart,  they  gathered  and 
bloomed  into  allegory,  just  as  the  wild  plum  and 
the  wild  rose's  elements,  feeling  the  warmth  of 
nature's  heart,  burst  into  bloom. 

And  are  those  elements  out  of  which  they  spring 
still  in  the  soil  of  the  mind?  Yes,  I  think  there  is 
abundant  evidence  that  they  are  still  there.  Take 
Shelley's  ode  "  To  a  Skylark,"  which  is  certainly 
not  nauseous,  at  least  up  to  this  date  in  our  march 
toward  utter  fastidiousness, —  does  it  not  open  with 
allegory?  Or  take  that  first  stanza  of  "  In  State  " 
by  Forcythe  Wilson,  oversoaring  in  my  judgment 
all  other  poems  of  the  Civil  War  period,  not  except- 
ing Lowell's  banner-waving  and  patriotic  rhetoric, 
with  its  well-burnished  and  glistening  common- 
place. Here  we  certainly  have  allegory, — 

"  O  Keeper  of  the  sacred  Key, 
And  the  Great  Seal  of  Destiny, 
Whose  eye  is  the  blue  canopy, 
Look  down  upon  the  warring  world,  and  tell 
us  what  the  end  will  be." 

To  sum  it  all  up,  go  where  you  will  in  the  fields 
of  living  prose  and  poetry,  and  you  will  find  it; 
not  blooming  exactly  in  the  old  obvious  way,  but  in 
profound  unself consciousness.  Allegory,  then,  like 
every  creation  of  the  mind,  must  bring  writer  and 
reader  into  a  state  of  perfect  unselfconsciousness, — 
that  state  of  mind  which  Spenser's  and  Bunyan's 
readers  were  in. 

Dreary,  machine-made,  and  wooden  in  its  gait  is 
the  most  of  our  current  prose.  If  the  editors  of 
our  magazines  would  encourage  natural  expression 
and  natural  gait,  sooner  or  later  cultivated  taste 
would  find  itself  unself  conscious ;  and  lost  in  the 


142 


[  Sept.  2 


presence    of   sincerity    and    beautified    truth,   the 
pages  of  their  magazines  might  be  what  Spenser's 
and  Bunyan's  pages  were  to  their  readers, —  glow- 
ing inspiration.  MORRIS  SCHAFF. 
Boston,  Mass.,  August  24,  1915. 


WILLIAM  VAUGHN  MOODY  AND  WILLIAM 

BLAKE. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Of  William  Vaughn  Moody's  Idea  of  God, 
Professor  Manly  says  (Introduction  to  "  Poems 
and  Poetic  Dramas  of  William  Vaughn  Moody," 
p.  XLII. ) :  "It  was  not  a  formal  philosophical  con- 
ception, but  a  poetical  vision  incorporating  the 
most  diverse  elements  of  culture."  We  believe  that 
no  one  has  yet  pointed  out  that  the  writings  of 
William  Blake  were  one  element  of  that  culture. 
"  God  figures  ambiguously  in  Moody's  poetry," 
continues  Mr.  Manly ;  "  sometimes  as  the  Puritan 
God,  whom  he  does  not  love  and  in  whom  he  does 
not  believe ;  sometimes  as  the  no  less  anthropomor- 
phic God  from  whom  he  cannot  keep  his  fellowship 
and  love." 

Now  Blake  had  two  Gods  also, —  the  "  God  of 
this  World,"  corresponding  to  Moody's  Puritan 
God,  and  the  Supreme  God,  whose  anthropomor- 
phic nature  he  set  forth  in  his  painting,  his  lyrics, 
and  his  Prophetical  Books. 

Moody  was  no  such  heretic  as  Blake,  yet  in  his 
"  Masque  of  Judgment "  he  "  spoke  out  in  meet- 
ing,"—  to  quote  his  own  words  in  a  letter  to 
Professor  Schevill,  June  8,  1897.  To  Mrs.  Toy 
again  (Dec.  12,  1900)  he  writes  that  the  poem  is 
"  a  plea  for  passion  as  a  means  of  salvation  every- 
where latent."  The  mythological  machinery,  he 
says,  "  symbolizes  the  opposed  doctrine  —  that  of 
the  denial  of  life.  As  Christianity  (contrary  to  the 
wish  and  meaning  of  its  founder)  has  historically 
linked  itself  with  this  doctrine,  I  included  certain 
aspects  of  it  in  this  mythological  apparatus  — 
always  with  a  semi-satirical  intention."  Moody's 
satire  and  passion  here  correspond  to  Blake's  war 
on  historical  Christianity,  and  his  exaltation  of 
Imagination.  Of  course  they  do  not  include  Blake's 
Everlasting  Gospel  of  Jesus,  with  its  theory  of 
constant  and  willing  forgiveness  of  all  Sin  and  its 
identification  of  Christ  and  Man  with  God. 

Moody,  on  the  contrary,  accepted  good  and  evil 
in  the  world,  as  Blake  did;  but  he  did  not  recom- 
mend evil-doing  as  the  first  law  of  Salvation.  He 
wished  good  and  evil  to  contend  with  one  another, 
that  good  might  be  exercised,  and  triumph.  In 
Act  V.  of  the  "  Masque  of  Judgment "  Uriel  tells 
Raphael  that  God  "  loved  not  life  entirely,  good 
and  ill " ;  adding,  "  when  evil  dies,  as  soon  good 
languishes";  whereupon  Raphael,  the  friend  of 
Man,  exclaims: 

"  Would  he  had  spared 
That  dark  Antagonist  whose  enmity 
Gave  Him  rejoicing  sinews,  for  of  Him, 
His  foe  was  flesh  of  flesh  and  bone  of  bone, 
With  suicidal  hand  He  smote  him  down, 
And  now,  indeed,  His  lethal  pangs  begin." 

In  "  The  Brute,"  again,  the  evil  that  lurks  in 
modern  machinery  and  Efficiency  is  overpowered  in 
the  end  by  good  and  serves  it.  There  is  no  senti- 


mental denial  of  evil  here;  nor  is  there  in  Blake. 
But  Moody  calls  on  the  good  to  contend  with  evil;. 
Blake  bids  the  good  embrace  evil,  that  Christ  may 
forgive. 

Reminiscent  of  Blake's  childhood,  when  "  God 
put  his  face  to  the  window"  (Moody  and  Lovett's 
"  History  of  English  Literature,"  p.  265)  are 
Moody's  lines  in  "  Jetsam  " : 

"  Once  at  a  simple  turning  of  the  way 
I  met  God  walking." 

A  passage  in  Act  II.  of  the  mystical  drama,  "  The 
Faith  Healer,"  moreover,  recalls  Blake's  pre- 
creation  visions.  Michaelis  says  to  Rhoda :  "  Be- 
fore creation,  beyond  time,  God  not  yet  risen  from 
his  sleep,  you  stand  and  call  to  me,  and  I  listen  in 
a  dream  that  I  dreamed  before  Eden."  Finally, 
Moody's  "  Death  of  Eve :  A  Fragment "  probably 
owes  a  suggestion  to  Blake's  "  Ghost  of  Abel." 

Moody  writes  with  enthusiasm  of  Blake  in  his 
"  History  of  English  Literature "  (pp.  265-6) ; 
mentions  him  in  his  "  Letters "  (autumn,  1895) ; 
and  refers  to  him  in  his  edition  of  Milton  (pp.  100- 
101).  "Outwardly  Blake  led  a  regular,  quiet, 
laborious  life,"  he  says  in  the  first,  "  all  the  while 
pouring  out  poems,  drawings,  and  vast  '  propheti- 
cal '  books,  full  of  shadowy  mythologies  and  mysti- 
cal thought-systems,  which  show  that  his  inward 
life  was  one  of  perhaps  unparalleled  excitement 
and  adventure.  .  .  In  him  the  whole  transcendental 
side  of  the  Romantic  movement  was  expressed  by 
hint  and  implication,  though  not  by  accomplish- 
ment." "  Four-fifths  of  William  Blake  would  not 
be  accepted  for  publication  by  the  Harvard  Advo- 
cate," he  observes  in  a  humorous  letter  to  Josephine 
Preston  Peabody;  with  a  note  of  fellow  feeling, 
perhaps,  for  a  romanticist  more  "  floridly  extrava- 
gant "  than  his  early  self.  Finally,  by  way  of  con- 
trast and  correction,  he  writes  as  follows  in  his 
edition  of  Milton :  "  William  Blake,  in  one  of 
his  prophetical  books,  says  that  Milton's  house  in 
the  spiritual  kingdom  is  Palladian,  not  Gothic. 
Palladian  it  is,  and  in  this  century  we  have  dwelt 
by  preference  in  the  Gothic  house  of  mind,  loving 
the  wayward  humor  of  its  adornment,  the  mys- 
ticism and  confusion  of  its  design.  But  from  time 
to  time  we  must  purify  our  vision  with  the  more 
ample  and  august  lines  of  the  house  which  Milton 
has  builded."  Wn.  CHISLETT,  JR. 

Stanford  University,  Cal.,  August  21,  1915. 


ANCIENT  PEECEDENTS  FOE  PEESENT-DAY 

POLICIES. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  the  course  of  the  disputes  which  led  up  to  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  a  conference  was  called  at 
Sparta.  After  the  injured  parties  had  aired  their 
grievances  against  Athens,  certain  Athenian  envoys 
who  chanced  to  be  in  Sparta  on  other  business 
addressed  the  assembly.  According  to  Thucydides, 
they  made  no  attempt  to  answer  the  charges 
brought  against  them  by  the  Megarians  and  the 
Corinthians.  Instead,  they  recited  the  leading  part 
played  by  Athens  in  driving  back  the  barbarian 
(Persian)  invaders,  and  told  how  an  empire  had 
come  to  her  as  a  natural  result.  "  So  we  have  not 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


143 


done  anything  marvellous  or  contrary  to  the  dis- 
position of  man,  in  having1  accepted  an  empire  that 
was  offered  to  us,  and  not  giving  it  up,  influenced 
as  we  are  by  the  strongest  motives, —  honor,  fear, 
and  interest ;  and  when,  again,  we  had  not  been  the 
first  to  set  such  a  precedent,  but  it  has  always 
been  a  settled  rule  that  the  weaker  should  be  con- 
strained by  the  stronger;  and  when,  at  the  same 
time,  we  thought  ourselves  worthy  of  it,  and  were 
thought  so  by  you,  until,  from  calculations  of 
expediency,  you  now  avail  yourselves  of  the  appeal 
to  justice,  which  no  one  ever  yet  brought  forward 
when  he  had  a  chance  of  gaining  anything  by 
might,  and  abstained  from  taking  advantage." 
(Book  I.,  Sec.  76.) 

War  resulted.  After  it  had  been  in  progress  for 
several  years,  the  Athenians  decided  to  annex  the 
little  island  of  Melos, —  the  only  one  in  the  .ZEgean 
Sea,  except  Thera,  not  already  theirs.  Possibly 
this  action  was  due  in  part  to  fear  that  this  Dorian 
colony  might  become  the  base  of  Spartan  opera- 
tions, and  also  to  the  desire  for  a  "  scientific 
frontier " ;  possibly  they  desired  more  lands  for 
distribution  among  Athenian  citizens.  But  more 
weighty  than  the  last-named  reason,  if  we  may 
believe  Thucydides,  was  the  fear  that  the  indepen- 
dence of  Melos  might  incite  the  Athenian  subjects 
to  revolt.  Having  landed  on  the  island  with  a 
strong  force,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  demand  sub- 
mission. When  the  Melians  demurred,  the  ambas- 
sadors warned  them  to  "  think  of  getting  what  you 
can;  since  you  know,  and  are  speaking  to  those 
who  know,  that,  in  the  language  of  men,  what  is 
right  is  estimated  by  equality  of  power  to  compel; 
but  what  is  possible  is  that  which  the  stronger 
practice,  and  to  which  the  weak  submit."  The 
Melians  trusted  that  the  gods  would  favor  them, 
since  they  were  "  standing  up  in  a  righteous  cause 
against  unjust  opponents."  "As  to  the  gods,"  re- 
plied the  Athenians,  "  we  hold  as  a  matter  of  opin- 
ion, and  as  to  men  we  know  as  a  certainty,  that  in 
obedience  to  an  irresistible  instinct  they  always 
maintain  dominion,  wherever  they  are  the  stronger. 
And  we  neither  enacted  this  law,  nor  were  the  first 
to  carry  it  out  when  enacted;  but  having  received 
it  when  already  in  force,  and  being  about  to  leave 
it  after  us  to  be  in  force  forever,  we  only  avail 
ourselves  of  it,  knowing  that  both  you  and  others, 
if  raised  to  the  same  power,  would  do  the  same." 
(Book  V.,  Sees.  89,  105.) 

The  modern  man  can  only  ask,  Is  this  law  that 
might  makes  right  realty  to  be  perpetual? 

DAVID  Y.  THOMAS. 

University  of  Arkansas,  August  25,  1915. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  ILLINOIS   STATE 

HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  thin  volume  of  a  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
pages,  entitled  "  Transactions  of  the  Illinois  State 
Historical  Society,  for  the  year  1913,"  has  recently 
reached  me,  in  which  is  printed  the  secretary's 
report,  list  of  officers,  and  the  papers  read  at  the 
annual  meeting  of  the  Society.  The  meeting  thus 
reported  was  held  in  Springfield,  May  15  and  16, 


1913, —  that  is,  more  than  two  years  ago.  It  would 
seem  reasonable  to  expect  that  instead  of  a  delay 
of  over  two  years,  the  transactions  should  have 
been  published  within  a  few  months  of  the  meeting, 
or  at  least  some  time  within  the  year  in  which  it 
occurred. 

If  this  example  is  followed,  the  annual  meeting 
of  May,  1914,  will  not  be  reported  for  another 
year ;  and  meantime  the  meeting  of  May,  1915,  has 
taken  place,  and  must  wait  in  its  turn  until  two 
years  from  the  present  time  before  its  transactions 
will  appear  in  print.  It  is  difficult  to  understand 
why  these  long  delays  are  necessary.  What  oc- 
curred of  importance  at  the  meeting  of  May,  1914, 
we  shall  not  know  for  another  year,  so  far  as  the 
"  Transactions "  can  inform  us,  and  we  must 
depend  upon  other  sources  of  information  if  we 
should  become  impatient.  Fortunately,  the  Society 
began  in  1908  the  publication  of  a  quarterly  which 
brings  to  its  friends  more  recent  information,  and 
obviates  to  a  certain  degree  the  necessity  of  rely- 
ing upon  the  "  Transactions."  The  quarterly,  too, 
publishes  many  contributions  not  read  as  papers 
at  the  annual  meetings,  and  carries  out  the  pur- 
poses of  the  Society  in  placing  before  its  readers 
a  large  amount  of  historical  information.  In  addi- 
tion, the  Society  issues  from  time  to  time  special 
volumes  covering  subjects  the  treatment  of  which 
is  too  lengthy  to  be  presented  as  papers  in  the 
"  Transactions "  or  as  contributions  to  the  quar- 
terly. There  have  been  nine  such  special  volumes 
printed  since  1903.  Before  the  quarterly  began 
publication,  the  "  Transactions "  became  bulky, 
and  the  volume  for  1904  attained  a  thickness  of 
seven  hundred  pages,  so  that  the  series  presents  a 
great  variety  of  thick  and  thin  volumes,  very  dif- 
ferent in  appearance  from  the  publications  issued 
by  the  other  great  historical  societies,  which  gen- 
erally are  published  in  volumes  of  nearly  uniform 
size. 

The  value  of  these  publications,  in  whatever 
form  they  are  printed,  is  very  great;  and  care  in 
their  preparation  is  evident  both  in  the  fulness  of 
the  references  and  the  necessary  editing.  Indexing 
is  carried  out  thoroughly,  and  research  work  by 
students  is  greatly  aided  in  the  consultation  of  the 
various  works.  The  work  of  the  Illinois  Historical 
Society  is  a  monument  of  painstaking  endeavor, 
which  should  meet  the  approval  of  its  friends  and 
justify  the  interest  shown  by  the  legislators  in 
providing  for  its  needs  as  they  have  done. 

Returning  to  the  volume  of  "  Transactions  "  for 
1913,  of  which  mention  was  made  at  the  beginning 
of  this  communication,  there  is  something  to  be 
criticized  aside  from  the  long  delay  in  its  publica- 
tion. Like  all  the  previous  volumes  of  the  series, 
the  printing  and  binding  are  lacking  in  the  artistic 
finish  we  might  well  look  for  in  publications  of 
this  character.  Comparing  the  publications  of  the 
Illinois  society  with  those  issued,  for  example,  by 
the  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association, 
where  every  attention  is  given  to  printing,  quality 
of  paper,  etc.,  it  is  seen  that  there  is  much  room 
for  improvement  in  the  Illinois  publications. 

J.  SEYMOUR  CURREY. 

Evanston,  III.,  August  19, 1915. 


144 


[  Sept.  2 


CHRISTIANITY'S  FIERCEST  ANTAGONIST.* 

The  second  and  concluding  volume  of  the 
life  of  Nietzsche  by  his  sister,  Frau  Forster 
Nietzsche,  fully  sustains  the  agreeable  impres- 
sion made  by  the  earlier  book.  It  is  clearly 
and  objectively  written  (we  notice  only  some 
muddle  on  pp.  147  and  153  as  to  the  date  of 
Nietzsche's  return  to  Genoa  from  Leipzig, 
which  actually  took  place  in  November,  1882 ) ; 
if  a  sisterly  estimate  should  sometimes  tend 
toward  favorable  exaggeration,  this  is  indeed 
a  venial  failing.  In  fact,  the  "  Life  "  refrains 
from  any  critical  estimate  of  the  final  place  of 
Nietzsche's  work  —  which,  perhaps,  is  just  as 
well:  given  these  plainly-shown  facts,  they 
can  be  utilized  at  some  later  time. 

The  English  version  is  more  free  and  lively 
than  that  of  the  first  volume.  To  the  eternal 
recurrence  of  the  translation  "  false  pathos  " 
for  falsches  Pathos,  which  is  quite  a  different 
thing,  one  has  long  since  become  resigned. 

Making  all  discount  for  Nietzsche's  merely 
pathologic  vein,  the  charm  of  this  artist,  phi- 
losopher, and  scientist,  whose  life  was  devoted 
to  brooding  on  the  deepest  problems  of  life,  is 
irresistible  and  perennial:  some  very  sweet 
bells  are  here  jangled.  It  is  comforting  to  be 
able  to  moderate  the  popular  impression  that 
Nietzsche  was  a  tortured  invalid:  even  in 
1886  he  was  "completely  satisfied  with  his 
health  " ;  and  although  constrained  to  live  in 
rather  shabby  lodgings  or  boarding-houses, 
and  at  times  subject  to  distressing  headaches 
and  eye-strain,  he  was  at  least  unusually  for- 
tunate in  being  always  free  to  choose  the  most 
favorable  place  for  living  and  working. 

Even  Nietzsche's  utter  loneliness  exercises 
the  fascination  which  one  feels  in  the  man 
who  tenders  •  himself  dearly,  who  painfully 
rends  oldtime  friendships  rather  than  return 
to  the  beaten  path.  The  tragic  side  lay  in  his 
super-keen  sense  of  the  immense  cost  of  it 
all  —  nowhere  more  than  in  his  feeling  for  the 
desolation  which  Would  be  wrought  in  human 
relations  by  blotting  out  Christianity.  "It 
seems  so  foolish  to  want  to  be  right  at  the 
expense  of  human  love " ;  "I  have  no  friend, 
no  not  one,  who  has  the  faintest  inkling  of  my 
task  " :  "  in  the  deeper  sense,  I  have  no  com- 
rades." This  aggressive  thinker  dropped  out 
of  the  sight  of  Europe  until  discovered  by 
Brandes,  who  gave  a  long  series  of  lectures  on 
Nietzsche's  philosophy  at  the  University  of 
Copenhagen  in  1887  and  1888. 

*  THE  LIFE  OF  NIETZSCHE.  By  Frau  Forster  Nietzsche. 
Translated  by  Paul  V.  Cohn.  Volume  II.,  The  Lonely 
Nietzsche.  New  York:  Sturgis  &  Walton  Co. 


His  wonderful  creative  power  is  measured 
by  the  fact  that  although  he  was  compelled  to 
give  over  almost  all  reading,  his  equipment  of 
knowledge  is  lavishly  shown  on  every  page, 
often  visioning  a  whole  career  or  epoch  in 
one  pregnant  allusion  —  as  in  his  compact 
characterizations  of  the  seventeenth,  eight- 
eenth, and  nineteenth  centuries  in  "  The  "Will 
to  Power."  "  Zarathustra  "  ("  Gelobt  sei,  was 
hart  macht!")  was  written  in  a  freezing-cold 
room.  He  was,  above  all,  to  be  envied  for  his 
mastering  sense  of  a  mission  to  humanity.  As 
early  as  1876  he  feels  called  "to  restore  to 
mankind  that  repose  without  which  no  culture 
can  arise  or  endure " ;  "I  have  more  weighty 
matters  to  think  of  than  my  health  .  .  I  have 
no  more  time  to  lose."  This  vision  of  his 
whole  future  developed  rapidly  into  a  relig- 
ious fervor  for  the  improvement  of  the  type 
"Man." 

The  life-story  is  taken  up  from  the  time  of 
Nietzsche's  spiritual  breach  with  Richard 
Wagner  in  1876.  Bayreuth,  which  he  had 
hoped  to  find  "  a  universal  bath  for  souls," 
proved  merely  "one  more  form  of  sport  for 
the  leisured  rabble."  He  considered  "  the  per- 
vading atmosphere  of  hothouse  sensuality" 
the  root  of  evil  in  Wagner's  productions.  He 
even  attributed  the  ruin  of  his  own  health  to 
"that  nerve-shattering  music."  Parsifal,  a 
transcription  of  Wagner's  actual  Christian 
experience,  showed  him  as  "  a  reviler  of  life, 
an  asserter  of  Nay."  Continued  illness  led 
Nietzsche,  in  1879,  to  resign  the  professorship 
at  Basel,  and  with  this  he  turns  his  back  on 
the  Greeks  as  philosophical  guides.  Thereupon 
began  his  alien  existence  in  Italy  or  among  the 
high  Alps.  In  1882  he  began  the  free  use  of 
chloral  as  an  antidote  to  depressing  sleepless- 
ness, a  staff  which  proved  anything  but  a  help 
during  the  remainder  of  this  unsettled  life. 

On  the  heights  of  Rapallo,  near  Genoa,  in 
1883  came  "my  beneficent  Yea-assertion," 
"Zarathustra,"  in  such  phenomenal  bursts  of 
creative  power  that  its  author  spoke  of  it  as  a 
direct  revelation  which  transcended  free-will. 
In  finishing  the  third  part  a  year  later, 
Nietzsche  exclaimed :  "  Who  knows  how  many 
generations  must  pass  before  the  coming  of 
men  who  can  fully  realize  what  I  have  done ! ' 
Its  dark  sayings  are  indeed  uttered  in  parable, 
sometimes  in  rather  revolting  imagery,  and 
in  a  style  partly  borrowed  from  the  minor 
Hebrew  prophets)  intense  as  galloping  heart- 
beats, with  a  tonal  art  described  by  its  creator 
as  "the  power  which  enabled  him  to  fly  a 
thousand  miles  beyond  all  that  has  hitherto 
been  called  poetry."  This  "  Bible  "  of  young- 
est Germany  makes  the  sharp  division  of  all 
men  into  two  classes,  Commanders  and  Obey- 


1915] 


145 


ers.  Men,  inexorable  as  fate,  become  Fates 
themselves,  and  hardness  is  the  supreme  nobil- 
ity. Zarathustra,  the  superman,  utters  "the 
triumphant  paean  of  the  fighter  and  con- 
queror": to  carry  out  one's  own  will  is  the 
only  "virtue";  that  which  " penitential- 
shirted  body-haters"  decry  as  "lust"  shall 
prove  for  free  hearts  the  Paradise  of  earth, 
for  lion-willed  ones  the  greatest  heart- 
strengthener,  the  wine  of  wines ;  "  domineer- 
ing "  shall  prove  the  earthquake  shattering  all 
that  is  rotten  and  hollow ;  "  selfishness  "  shall 
prove  holy*  and  wholesome  when  directed 
against  slaves  who  will  not  protest  for  them- 
selves. As  a  corollary,  so-called  "  virtuous " 
folk  are  those  who  have  never  learned  to  use 
their,  fists,  "soft  rabbits,  ink-fish,  pen-driv- 
ers " ;  temperance  is  the  mark  of  mediocrity, 
abstinence  is  preached  by  impotence.  War 
must  be  declared  on  all  "  small  modesties  and 
Podunk  virtues."  "  0  my  soul,  I  have  taken 
from  thee  all  servility,  all  knee-bending,  all 
crying  '  Lord,  Lord ! ' '  The  "  meek  "  are  the 
priests,  the  exhausted  ones,  the  woman-souled 
and  slave-souled :  for  these  shall  come  the 
Day,  the  transformation,  the  sword  of  judg- 
ment. 

Much  more  might  be  .quoted  from  this  mor- 
bid worship  of  brute-force  on  the  part  of  an 
essentially  gentle  and  suffering  nature.  "Ver- 
ily my  maw  is  the  maw  of  an  eagle,  for  it 
loveth,  above  all  else,  the  flesh  of  lambs ! "  — 
this  from  a  sweet-spirited,  finely-grained,  pas- 
torate-begotten scholar,  whose  consideration 
for  others  was  often  so  exaggerated  as  to 
amount  to  an  impediment,  and  who  literally 
scorned  delights  and  lived  laborious  days. 
The  doctrine  of  the  "  Eternal  Recurrence," 
which  Nietzsche  considered  the  chief  concep- 
tion of  "  Zarathustra,"  is  so  little  developed  as 
to  be  negligible. 

"  Beyond  Good  and  Evil "  (1886)  "  a  school 
for  gentlemen  and  aristocrats,"  a  variation  of 
the  main  theme  of  "  Zarathustra,"  was  contem- 
porary with  a  small  group  of  corrosive  and 
cynical  poems.  The  chief  statement  of  his 
philosophy  was  held  by  Nietzsche  to  be  con- 
tained in  his  "Will  to  Power"  (1888),  a  long 
collection  of  fragments  in  snapped-off  Prus- 
sian-Major sentences,  differing  from  the  ear- 
lier works  mainly  in  making  a  direct  frontal 
attack  upon  Christianity  (perhaps  the  fiercest 
assault  ever  directed  against  Christian  ideals) , 
as  the  most  fatally  misleading  of  all  systems 
of  falsehood,  the  chief  token  of  human  deca- 
dence, in  that  it  opens  the  door  of  happiness 
to  the  poor  in  spirit,  and  has  branded  natural 
impulses  as  vices.  "  I  will  create  a  new  order 
of  higher  men,  from  whom  laboring  spirits 
and  consciences  may  gain  counsel;  who  live 


beyond  political  and  religious  tenets,  and 
have  even  overcome  morality."  The  message 
consists  of  variations  on  the  theme,  "Be  an 
egotist."  It  would  bring  again  to  honor  the 
words  of  Plato :  "  Everyone  of  us  would  wish, 
if  possible,  to  be  lord  over  all  men."  The 
masses  suffocate  exceptional  men,  natural 
lords  and  masters.  Let  the  weaker  perish. 
There  are  no  realities  back  of  the  old  catch- 
words, Christianity,  Revolution,  Emancipa- 
tion, Equal  Rights,  Philanthropy,  Peace  Ad- 
vocacy, Justice,  Truth.  The  work  glories  in 
militarism,  in  Bismarck  and  Bonaparte,  as 
loftiest  ideals.  A  great  new  personality  af- 
fects the  masses  with  suspense,  fear,  and  sus- 
picion. In  the  organic  world  deceit  is  highly 
developed  in  the  highest  types,  and  lying  is 
one  of  the  chief  weapons  of  superior  men. 
The  highest  joy  in  life  consists  in  subjugating 
whatever  stands  in  one's  way:  "all  realms 
bordering  on  our  own  must  be  thought  of  as 
enemies  "  —  an  ancient  sentiment  which  the 
United  States  and  their  Canadian  neighbors 
have  overlooked  for  a  century. 

The  weak  now  prevail  because  of  "  sym- 
pathy"; in  two  or  three  generations  a  race 
easily  runs  into  such  riffraff  that  it  develops 
an  instinctive  opposition  to  all  Privilege — the 
very  note  of  true  nobility.  No  ordinary  man 
should  ever  presume  to  pass  judgment  on 
what  a  great  man  may  allow  himself  —  and 
vastly  more  in  this  vein,  leading  up  to  the 
ominous  prophecy  that  "from  now  on,  there 
will  be  favorable  conditions  for  the  develop- 
ment of  the  great  predatory  virtues." 

The  spring  of  1888  found  Nietzsche  in 
Turin  in  fairly  good  health,  and  delighting 
in  the  joy  of  living  in  that  very  attractive 
city.  Toward  the  end  of  the  same  year  ap- 
peared "Ecce  Homo"  (Nietzsche  being  the 
"  Man  "  held  up  to  view) ,  a  jumble  of  saucy 
deliverances  upon  all  sorts  of  things.  He 
knows  neither  sin  nor  remorse;  too  petty  for 
his  notice  are  the  concepts  God,  Immortality, 
Salvation.  In  his  reading  he  returns  con- 
tinually to  a  small  number  of  older  French 
writers;  he  believes  only  in  French  civiliza- 
tion, and  considers  everything  else  Avhich 
passes  under  the  name  of  culture  in  Europe 
as  a  counterfeit.  He  decides  the  Shakespeare- 
Bacon  controversy  by  sheer  intellectual  grasp 
of  the  matter  ("What  care  I  for  the  sorry 
chatter  of  American  muddle-heads  and  low- 
brows?"), in  favor  of  Bacon.  He  has  never 
cared  for  honors,  women,  or  money.  Love  in 
its  methods  is  essentially  war;  in  its  funda- 
mental nature  a  deadly  hatred  between  the 
sexes.  The  last  utterance  of  the  book  is  a 
bitter  gust  of  hostility  against  the  Crucified 
One. 


146 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


At  the  end  of  1888  came  a  paralytic  stroke, 
and  from  this  time  Nietzsche's  writings  were 
but  the  disconnected  utterances  of  a  feverish 
patient,  though  perhaps  not  so  noticeably  dif- 
ferent, in  form  or  content,  from  those  which 
preceded  this  attack.  There  followed  long 
years  of  helplessness,  at  first  with  intermit- 
tent periods  of  sanity.  In  1897  the  Weimar 
home  (now  converted  into  the  beautiful 
Nietzsche-Archiv)  was  purchased,  where 
every  kindly  ministration  was  loyally  given 
by  the  devoted  sister.  After  1899  the  invalid 
became  gradually  weaker,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  the  wearied  body  was  laid  to  rest 
under  the  shadow  of  the  little  church  of  his 
fathers  in  Rocken. 

The  sheer  fascination  which  Nietzsche  exer- 
cises upon  his  readers  derives  in  no  small  part 
from  his  captivating  style  of  writing  —  or, 
rather,  his  styles.  Often  a  mere  trick  of 
rhyme  (Hohlkopfe:  Kohlkropfe),  an  inciden- 
tal simile,  a  mint-new  epithet  ("moraline- 
free  virtue"),  a  smart  paradox  showing  the 
full  perversity  of  epigram :  "  Is  mankind 
made  better  by  civilization  ?  A  comic  ques- 
tion, since  the  opposite  is  self-evident,  and  is 
precisely  that  which  is  in  civilization's  favor" ; 
"Virtue  remains  the  most  expensive  vice." 
He  has  no  dread  of  repetition,  but  plays  end- 
lessly upon  a  very  few  ideas.  In  his  method 
of  approach  to  vital  problems,  he  shows  a 
more  than  Rousseauian  ignoring  of  mere 
facts.  He  never  investigates  or  collects  statis- 
tics, but  draws  all  his  sayings  from  the  glow- 
ing depths  of  his  inner  soul  alone. 

The  pathological  conditions  of  an  insuffi- 
cient organism  account  for  the  rambling 
structure  of  his  works,  doubtless  as  well  for 
his  sovereign  contempt  for  the  world's  ac- 
cepted thinkers  and  scientists,  and  explain  his 
estimate  of  himself.  "  Everyone  who  has  had 
intimate  relations  with  me  has  regarded  it  as 
an  honor  and  a  distinction;  I  hold  the  same 
view  myself  " ;  "  with  this  Zarathustra  I  have 
brought  the  German  language  to  perfection. 
After  Luther  and  Goethe  a  third  step  had  to 
be  taken " ;  "  up  to  now  there  has  been  no 
deutsche  Kultur";  "before  me  there  never 
was  any  psychology " ;  "I  am  no  man :  I  am 
dynamite " ;  "I  have  the  most  varied  range 
of  styles  that  a  man  has  ever  employed " ;  "I 
am  now  the  leading  moral  thinker  and  worker 
in  Europe." 

It  is  in  direct  line  with  such  utterances  that 
we  constantly  meet  with  a  proud  sensitiveness 
about  "being  treated  as  a  person  of  no  ac- 
count." a  voracious  demand  for  appreciation. 
There  is  a  constant  apprehension  of  intrigues 
and  "influences,"  of  treachery,  deceit,  mean- 
ness, and  spite  —  in  short,  a  whole  range  of 


concepts  such  as  one  never  encounters  except 
by  overhearing  in  public  conveyances  on 
Thursday  afternoons.  A  is  secretly  setting  B 
against  N;  Frau  Baumgartner  has  always  to 
warn  against  the  treacherous  counsels  of  Frau 
Overbeck.  Old  confidences  and  friendships 
are  continually  undermined,  and  give  way  to 
suspicion  and  deadliest  hatred.  The  real 
blemish  in  the  biography  is  that  it  serves  as 
the  grosse  Wdsche  for  a  mountainous  German 
accumulation  of  household  linen,  accompanied 
by  a  lack  of  reticence  which  is  siinply  incredi- 
ble to  the  Anglo-Saxon. 

Let  us,  finally,  be  thankful  to  Nietzsche  for 
his  brave  formulations :  he  has  given  a  gallant 
banner  to  be  displayed,  and  the  battle  now 
joined  between  his  ideals  and  those  of  love 
and  tenderness  is  the  real  Armageddon,  beside 
which  all  noisy  racial,  dynastic,  and  economic 
warfares  are  merely  episodes.  We  must 
reckon  squarely  with  the  conception  of  "a 
race  that  will  conquer  and  dominate  or  die  in 
the  attempt " ;  of  the  impossibility  of  culture 
except  on  a  foundation  of  slavery.  We  must 
weigh  fairly  the  doctrine,  "any  society  that 
instinctively  rejects  war  and  conquest  is  on 
the  decline,  and  ready  for  democracy  and  a 
government  by  shopkeepers."  No  confidence 
is  betrayed  by  the  present  reviewer  when  he 
remarks  that  the  American  consciousness 
stands  hopelessly  dazed  before  this  philosophy. 
We  regard  these  pinchbeck  heroics  as  of  a 
piece  with  the  cubbish  exuberance  of  half- 
grown  boys;  we  wish  for  this  New  Gospel  a 
swift  and  decisive  collapse :  "  For  the  bed  is 
shorter  than  that  a  man  can  stretch  himself 
on  it:  and  the  covering  narrower  than  that 
he  can  wrap  himself  in  it." 

JAMES  TAFT  HATFIELD. 


A  NEW  PHILOSOPHY  OF  HISTORY.* 

"If  history  has  any  value,"  says  Mr.  L. 
Cecil  Jane,  in  his  book  on  "  The  Interpreta- 
tion of  History,"  "  it  lies  in  this,  that  it  sup- 
plies some  clue  as  to  what  the  future  will 
bring  forth."  The  business  of  the  historian  is 
therefore  to  "make  known  the  lessons  of  the 
past,  and  in  doing  so  to  reveal  as  much  as  he 
can  of  the  future."  But  in  order  to  do  this  in 
a  really  satisfactory  manner  one  must  find, 
first  of  all,  "some  underlying  factor,  in 
accordance  with  which  history  may  be  inter- 
preted and  the  occurrence  of  all  events  ex- 
plained." This  underlying  factor  Mr.  Jane 
has  discovered  in  the  interplay  of  the  "  desire 
to  rule  and  the  desire  to  be  ruled."  In  some 


*  THE  INTERPRETATION  OF  HISTORY.     By  L.  Cecil  Jane.    New 
York :  E.  P.  Button  &  Co. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


147 


men  the  desire  to  rule,  in  others  the  desire  to 
be  ruled,  is  predominant ;  in  others  still  these 
desires  alternately  obtain  the  mastery.  Na- 
tions, since  they  are  but  groups  of  individuals, 
are  likewise  actuated  by  these  two  desires. 
In  respect  to  internal  affairs  the  desire  to  rule 
tends  to  produce  self-government,  whereas  the 
desire  to  be  ruled  makes  for  despotism.  In 
respect  to  external  affairs,  the  desire  to  rule 
results  in  a  policy  of  "  splendid  isolation,"  of 
national  independence,  of  aggression ;  the  de- 
sire to  be  ruled,  on  the  contrary,  makes  for 
cosmopolitanism,  universalism,  a  common- 
wealth of  nations.  Curiously  enough,  or  per- 
haps naturally,  since  nations  are  as  inconsis- 
tent as  individuals,  "  it  is  frequently,  almost 
always,  the  case  that  a  state  which  is  univer- 
salist  in  one  aspect  is  individualist  in  the 
other.  An  extension  of  governmental  author- 
ity at  home  is  normally  coupled  with  the  adop- 
tion of  an  independent  foreign  policy;  the 
admission  of  obligations  towards  foreign 
states  is  normally  accompanied  by  an  asser- 
tion of  the  rights  of  the  individual  citizen  as 
against  the  community."  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  the  term  universalism  is  here  employed 
in  place  of  the  phrase  "  desire  to  be  ruled," 
•while  the  term  individualism  replaces  the 
phrase  "  desire  to  rule."  And  this  practice 
has  been  followed  throughout  the  book,  which 
thus  turns  out  to  be  a  sketch  of  European 
history,  mainly  in  its  political  aspects,  in 
terms  of  concepts  that  are  familiar  enough  but 
which  have  never  before  been  denned  pre- 
cisely as  Mr.  Jane  defines  them. 

Those  who  know  something  of  European 
history, —  particularly,  perhaps,  those  who  do 
not  know  too  much  of  it, —  will  readily  under- 
stand how  it  is  possible,  by  dint  of  great 
ingenuity  and  the  resolute  ignoring  of  multi- 
plied difficulties,  to  sketch  the  history  of  the 
western  world  in  accord  with  these  very  gen- 
eral ideas.  Yet  even  the  friendly  critic,  one 
who  contemplates  a  new  philosophy  of  history 
with  entire  equanimity  and  some  little  inter- 
est, is  disposed  to  ask  how,  after  all,  "the 
occurrence  of  all  events "  is  "  explained "  in 
any  satisfactory  way  by  such  a  philosophy  as 
Mr.  Jane  offers.  The  marriage  of  Henry 
VIII.  with  Anne  Boleyn  was  an  event,  and 
one  of  some  importance.  Let  us  assume  —  I 
confess  it  seems  to  me  a  tremendous  assump- 
tion, and  one  which  Mr.  Jane  does  little  to 
establish  —  that  the  dominant  motive  in  hu- 
man action  is  the  desire  to  rule  or  to  be  ruled. 
With  this  assumption  in  hand,  you  can  of 
course  "  explain  "  Henry's  marriage  by  say- 
ing that  in  Ensrland,  in  the  year  1533,  the 
adjustment  of  the  desire  to  rule  and  the  desire 
to  be  ruled  was  such  that  this  particular  event 


was  the  inevitable  result;  just  as  you  may 
"  explain  "  it  by  saying  that  it  was  the  result 
of  a  "definite  combination  of  heterogeneous 
changes,  both  simultaneous  and  successive,  in 
correspondence  with  external  co-existences 
and  sequences,"  or,  more  simply,  "the  con- 
tinuous adjustment  of  internal  relations  to 
external  relations."  It  must  be  admitted, 
however,  that  these  "  explanations  "  are  some- 
what remote,  and  I  do  not  see  that  Spencer's 
formula  is  more  remote  than  Mr.  Jane's.  On 
the  whole,  it  seems  simpler  to  say  that  Henry 
was  in  love  with  Anne  Boleyn. 

Mr.  Jane  would  doubtless  reply  that  a  gen- 
eral formula  is  not  intended  to  explain  par- 
ticular events,  such  as  the  marriage  of  Henry 
VIII.,  in  terms  of  conscious  purpose;  the 
value  of  such  a  formula,  he  would  insist,  is  in 
explaining  the  broader  historical  movements, 
in  relating  them  to  each  other,  and  in  furnish- 
ing, through  such  explanation  and  relation,  a 
"  clue  to  what  the  future  wrill  bring  forth." 
Well,  one  of  these  broader  movements  is  the 
growth  and  consolidation  of  monarchial  abso- 
lutism in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  cen- 
turies. In  what  sense  is  it  an  explanation  of 
this  movement  to  say  that  it  was  the  result  of 
the  desire  to  be  ruled  ?  Why,  one  asks  at  once, 
did  the  desire  to  be  ruled  become  so  strong  at 
this  particular  time?  The  answer  to  this 
question  reduces  even  Mr.  Jane  to  the  level 
of  the  ordinary  historian.  "  The  gradual 
progress  of  the  universalist  movement  may  be 
attributed  in  a  measure  to  the  belief  that 
despotism  had  already  been  established  by  the 
end  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury; .  .  the  absence  of  resistance  created  the 
idea  that  resistance,  or  at  least  successful 
resistance,  was  impossible."  In  other  words, 
despotism,  universally  caused  by  the  desire  to 
be  ruled,  was  in  this  particular  case  caused 
"in  a  measure"  by  the  belief  that  resistance 
was  useless.  Surely,  the  desire  to  be  ruled  is 
not  the  same  as  the  fear  of  being  punished! 
The  truth  is  that  Mr.  Jane's  formula  does  not 
explain  past  events ;  what  it  does  is  to  classify 
events,  arbitrarily  enough  for  the  most  part, 
in  certain  very  general  categories.  It  is 
highly  necessary  for  the  historian  to  classify 
his  facts ;  but  a  classification  does  not  explain 
the  origin  of  events,  and  is  only  the  pre- 
liminary step  in  their  interpretation. 

If  Mr.  Jane's  formula  does  not  enable  him 
to  explain  the  past,  neither  does  it  enable  him 
to  predict  the  future;  it  enables  him  to  say 
only  that  the  future  will  be  like  the  past, —  a 
succession  of  periods  of  which  universalism 
and  individualism  will  alternately  be  the  pre- 
dominant characteristic.  At  present,  that  is  to 
say  in  the  spring  of  1914,  when  the  book  was 


148 


THE    DIAL 


[  Sept.  2 


written,  it  is  "  clear  that  .  .  the  desire  to  be 
ruled  prevails  rather  the  desire  to  rule."  It 
follows,  therefore,  that  "  if  human  nature  re- 
mains constant  in  its  fundamental  character- 
istic, an  individualist  reaction,  both  internally 
and  externally,  may  be  anticipated  with  confi- 
dence." At  the  risk  of  being  set  down  as  a 
carping  critic,  one  must  say  that  this,  as  a 
prediction  of  the  future,  is  extremely  vague; 
it  reminds  one  of  the  phrase  about  the  pendu- 
lum, which  is  alleged  to  swing  first  in  one 
direction  and  then  in  another  and  opposite 
direction.  M.  Jules  Cambon,  writing  from 
Berlin  in  1913,  unaided,  I  suppose,  by  any 
philosophy  of  history,  was  a  much  better 
prophet  than  Mr.  Jane  himself,  writing  a  year 
later  from  Oxford.  No,  Mr.  Jane  does  not 
predict  the  future  any  more  than  he  explains 
the  past;  he  merely  projects  into  the  future 
the  categories  which  have  been  used  to  classify 
the  facts  of  the  past,  in  the  confident  expecta- 
tion that  future  events,  when  they  occur,  may 
be  pressed,  without  too  much  difficulty,  into 
these  categories. 

One  may  ask  in  conclusion  whether  the 
value  of  history  is  what  Mr.  Jane  supposes 
it  to  be, —  whether  it  consists  in  furnishing 
"  some  clue  as  to  what  the  future  will  bring 
forth."  This  is,  I  think,  a  fundamental  error, 
and  one  which  springs  from  a  vicious  confu- 
sion of  the  physical  and  the  moral  world. 
Why,  it  is  asked,  since  the  scientist,  by 
means  of  classification  and  experiment,  can 
predict  the  action  of  the  physical  world,  shall 
not  the  historian  do  as  much  for  the  moral 
world  ?  The  analogy  is  false  at  many  points ; 
but  the  confusion  arises  chiefly  from  the  as- 
sumption that  the  scientist  can  predict  the 
action  of  the  physical  world.  Certain  con- 
ditions precisely  given,  the  scientist  can  pre- 
dict the  result ;  he  cannot  say  when  or  where 
in  the  future  those  conditions  will  obtain. 
Desiring  to  gain  control  over  nature,  the  scien- 
tist is  little  concerned  with  any  actual  con- 
crete situation,  whereas  the  historian,  aiming 
to  appropriate  the  experience  of  the  past  for 
himself  and  his  fellows,  is  concerned  precisely 
with  the  concrete  human  world,  not  as  it 
might  be  under  certain  conditions  but  as  it 
has  actually  been.  The  difference  is  radical. 
It  is  for  this  reason  that  although  scientific 
knowledge,  through  its  formulae,  can  be  prac- 
tically applied,  to  the  great  benefit  of  all 
men,  knowledge  of  history  cannot  be  thus 
practically  applied,  and  is  therefore  worth- 
less except  to  those  who  have  made  it,  in 
greater  or  less  degree,  a  personal  possession. 
The  value  of  history  is,  indeed,  not  scientific 
but  moral :  by  liberalizing  the  mind,  by  deep- 
ening the  sympathies,  by  fortifying  the  will, 


it  enables  us  to  control,  not  society,  but  our- 
selves,—  a  much  more  important  thing;  it 
prepares  us  to  live  more  humanely  in  the  pres- 
ent and  to  meet  rather  than  to  foretell  the 
future.  CARL  BECKER. 


ESSAYS  ix  MINIATURE.* 


Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore  is  a  writer  who 
needs  no  introduction  to  the  readers  of  this 
journal.  For  a  score  of  years,  his  nicely 
weighed  and  admirably  judicious  essays  in 
miniature  upon  literary  topics  have  been  one 
of  our  outstanding  features ;  and  even  before 
Mr.  Moore  had  become  one  of  our  regular  con- 
tributors, we  directed  attention  to  him  as  a 
poet.  The  two  sonnets  from  his  "  Book  of  Day 
Dreams"  which  we  then  reprinted  (March  1, 
1893)  still  seem  to  us,  as  they  did  at  that 
time,  to  reach  the  hi  gh- water  mark  of  Amer- 
ican poetical  achievement.  Of  Mr.  Moore's 
DIAL  essays,  thirty-nine  have  now  been  col- 
.lected  into  a  volume  entitled  "Incense  and 
Iconoclasm,"  and  offer  as  many  examples  of 
the  art  of  saying  a  great  deal  within  the  limits 
of  a  narrow  space.  The  "  thirty-nine  articles  " 
of  this  literary  confession  of  faith  touch  upon 
most  of  the  major  themes  of  literary  criti- 
cism, and  are  notable  for  their  broad  views, 
their  penetrative  sympathy,  and  their  method 
of  direct  approach  to  the  very  hearts  of  their 
respective  subjects. 

The  qualifications  of  a  good  critic  of  litera- 
ture are  so  many  that  we  would  not  venture  to 
say  that  Mr.  Moore  has  them  all ;  but  he  un- 
doubtedly has  the  one  that  is  fundamental,  the 
one  without  which  good  taste  and  sound  judg- 
ment and  an  agile  intellect  will  not  be  found 
to  constitute  salvation.  The  trouble  with  the 
greater  part  of  what  passes  for  literary  criti- 
cism in  this  age  of  superficial  ad  captandum 
writing  is  that  its  authors  do  not  know  enough 
about  literature.  This  defect  in  their  equip- 
ment may  become  fatal  at  any  moment;  and 
even  when  the  pitfalls  in  the  path  are  skil- 
fully avoided,  maundering  is  likely  to  take  the 
place  of  precision  of  aim,  the  clear  stream  of 
thought  is  likely  to  grow  muddied  with  sub- 
jective intrusions,  and  the  rational  objective 
pronouncement  gives  way  to  the  exhibition  of 
the  writer's  own  mental  processes.  Like  the 
Oxus,  which,  for  lack  of  sufficient  initial  vol- 
ume and  impetus,  loses  itself  in  "  beds  of  sand 
and  matted  rushy  isles,"  this  kind  of  writing 
misses  the  final  point  of  criticism,  and  pro- 
vides bewilderment  instead  of  guidance.  Ac- 
quaintance with,  say,  the  "  Kalevala "  and 

*  INCENSE   AND   ICONOCLASM.      Studies    in    Literature.      By 
Charles  Leonard  Moore.    New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


149 


"  The  Canterbury  Tales "  does  not  seem  to 
have  anything  to  do  with  the  function  of  the 
reviewer  of  a  modern  novel;  but  it  really 
exercises  a  pervasive  influence  upon  the  per- 
formance of  his  task.  Those  who  will  not 
recognize  this  fact  have  precisely  the  type  of 
mind  which  denies  the  "practicality"  of  the 
time-honored  intellectual  disciplines  which 
have  to  struggle  for  their  lives  in  our  educa- 
tional systems. 

Mr.  Moore's  volume  borrows  its  title  from 
the  first  of  the  essays  included ;  but  the  author 
takes  the  side  of  the  angels  throughout,  the 
only  iconoclasm  in  which  he  indulges  being  the 
smashing  of  those  idols  of  the  literary  market- 
place which  draw  to  their  worship  the  short- 
sighted and  the  uninformed.  He  stands  for 
the  eternal  values  in  literature  rather  than 
for  the  temporal  trivialities,  and  has  a  proper 
scorn  for  the  catchwords  of  the  hour.  "  In 
the  end  the  classics  emerge,"  he  reminds  us; 
and,  "  taking  the  whole  roll  of  time,  it  is  not 
difficult  to  see  what  are  the  prime  and  what 
are  the  secondary  qualities  of  art."  In  fact, 
he  might  have  taken  for  the  text  of  his  entire 
volume  Professor  Shorey's  address  on  "  The 
Unity  of  the  Human  Spirit."  in  the  volume  of 
"  Representative  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Orations," 
from  which  we  quoted  in  our  last  issue. 

Profusely  scattered  through  Mr.  Moore's 
pages  are  passages  of  excellent  pith,  of  which 
a  few  examples  may  be  given.  Emerson  "  is  a 
veritable  quicksand  of  an  author,"  and  his 
felicitous  phrasings  "  are  the  tiniest  and  most 
fragmentary  crystals  ever  produced  by  a  con- 
siderable poet,  but  they  flash  with  the  white 
light  of  the  diamond."  Whitman  "has  tried 
to  get  the  whole  universe  into  his  brain,  and 
in  a  manner  has  succeeded,  only  it  has  turned 
back  into  chaos."  "Moliere  was  the  com- 
posite smile  of  mankind."  "  In  a  nation  of 
graceful  writers,  [Balzac]  is  the  dancing  bear 
of  prose."  "Man's  Eden  without  Eve  would 
be  a  dirty  place,  full  of  tobacco  smoke."  Mil- 
ton "  is  going  to  justify  the  works  of  God  to 
man  —  but  in  the  end  he  comes  near  justify- 
ing the  devil."  "  Music  is  a  language  that  has 
only  two  words  —  joy  and  grief."  These 
aphorisms,  and  many  others  of  like  quality, 
show  us  that  it  is  possible  to  be  epigrammatic 
without  being  inane. 

But  Mr.  Moore  is  not  without  his  examples 
of  sustained  thought.  Probably  the  best  illus- 
tration of  his  application  of  analytical  powers 
to  the  development  of  a  considerable  argu- 
ment is  to  be  found  in  the  group  of  four  essays 
which  examine  "  The  Root  Ideas  of  Fiction," 
which  are  Identity,  Hunger,  Love,  and  Death. 
From  the  last  of  these  essays  we  must  make  an 
extract. 


"  I  have  no  desire  to  add  a  page  to  Drelincourt 
on  Death.  But  impatience  consumes  one  at  our 
modern  attitude  to  the  great,  serious,  and  tragic 
themes  of  thought  and  art.  Especially  does  our 
American  hedonism,  our  love  of  pleasure,  our  fear 
of  pain  or  shock,  rebel  at  the  best  and  highest  in 
literature.  We  grasp  at  the  shallow  criticism  which 
speaks  of  the  pessimistic,  the  melancholy,  the 
gloomy,  as  the  minor  note.  Even  in  music,  from 
which  this  term  is  borrowed,  it  is  not  true  that 
melancholy  themes  or  notes  which  excite  sad  im- 
pressions are  secondary.  Most  of  the  great  sym- 
phonies, oratorios,  requiems,  are  sad  and  stormy 
and  terrible.  And  the  same  conditions  are  so  plain 
in  literature  that  a  critic  must  apologize  for  point- 
ing it  out.  But,  our  childish  readers  say,  there  is 
enough  that  is  painful  and  shocking  and  terrible  in 
life, —  why  reiterate  it  in  literature?  Wordsworth 
prayed  for  frequent  sights  of  what  is  to  be  borne. 
We  do  not  acquire  fortitude  by  running  away  from 
danger,  and  a  literature  of  lollipops  is  not  likely  to 
make  a  strong  race.  The  tragic  part  of  literature 
is  the  most  tonic  and  most  inspiring." 

Mr.  Moore  has  no  patience  with  the  cult  of 
modernity  which  calls  upon  literature  to  break 
away  from  the  moorings  of  the  past,  and  con- 
demns writers  who  turn  for  inspiration  to  the 
old  forms  and  models.  He  knows  the  funda- 
mental truth  that  modernity  is  to  be  tested  by 
the  spirit  or  the  temper,  and  not  by  the  frame- 
work, and  that  the  oldest  of  old-world  themes 
may  serve  as  its  vehicle, —  as,  for  example,  in 
the  cases  of  Shelley's  "  Prometheus  Unbound  " 
and  Moody's  "  The  Fire-Bringer,"  which  are 
intensely  modern  poems,  despite  their  mytho- 
logical investiture. 

"  Practically,  the  great  artists  of  literature  who 
have  brooded  deepest  over  life  have  affected  the 
distant  or  the  past  for  their  creations.  They  were 
not  foolish  enough  to  doubt  that  human  life  is 
always  essentially  the  same;  they  did  not  really 
believe  in  any  Age  of  Gold,  or  Day  of  the  Gods. 
But  they  knew  that  to  evolve  tragedy,  romance, 
poetry,  they  must  get  away  from  the  garish  light  of 
their  own  hour.'1 

And  this  lesson  is  thus  homiletically  enforced : 
"  Let  us  deal  kindly  with  tradition,  and  tradition 
will  be  good  to  us.  Let  us  not  try  to  push  our 
grandsires  from  their  thrones.  Rather,  if  it  is 
necessary  to  save  them,  let  us  bear  them  tenderly 
out  as  the  pious  ./Eneas  carried  old  Anchises  from 
the  wreck  of  burning  Troy." 

The  modernist  is  merely  the  victim  of  a 
huge  delusion,  and  it  may  be  shrewdly  sus- 
pected that  his  bankruptcy  goes  back  to  the 
old  difficulty  of  not  knowing  enough  about 
literature.  Youths  of  both  sexes  just  out  of 
college  write  glibly  and  blithely  about  prod- 
ucts of  the  contemporary  imagination,  and 
every  paragraph  of  what  they  say  betrays  a 
naive  ignorance  of  the  natural  history  of  the 
ideas  and  the  literary  forms  which  they  are 


150 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


with  such  innocent  confidence  discussing. 
The  thing  they  never  see  is  the  thing  which 
Mr.  Moore  states  with  apposite  force  in  the 
following  words : 

"  Yet  the  fact  remains  that  nothing  in  our  recent 
output  is  new.  In  spite  of  the  contortions  and 
struggles  of  our  novelists  and  playwrights  and 
poets  to  be  strong,  to  be  daring,  to  be  extreme,  there 
is  nothing  that  they  utter  which  will  compare  in 
these  qualities  with  much  of  the  literature  of  the 
past.  Take  the  exploitation  of  sexual  passion  and 
vice  by  which  our  contemporaries  try  to  shock  us. 
*  Mrs.  Warren's  Profession '  is  milk  and  water 
beside  the  strong  meat  of  '  Measure  for  Measure ' 
or  '  Pericles.'  '  Three  Weeks '  has  no  standing  at 
all  as  an  aphrodisiac  compared  with  Aphra  Behn 
or  Casanova.  The  soiled  heroes  and  heroines  of 
Mr.  Wells's  later  novels  are  mere  doves  compared 
with  the  people  in  Fielding  and  Smollett  and  the 
Restoration  comedy." 

And  so  it  goes,  as  Mr.  Moore  continues  to 
illustrate  in  much  detail,  with  the  other 
themes  and  inventions  hailed  as  novelties  in 
most  of  the  uninformed  chatter  that  passes 
for  literary  criticism  in  this  impatient  age. 

We  have  marked  many  other  passages  for 
quotation,  but  the  limitations  of  space  forbid 
their  reproduction.  Let  us  close  with  the 
author's  generalized  comment  on  the  "turn 
downward  "  of  our  recent  literature,  and  with 
his  plea  for  the  utmost  freedom  for  the  artist. 
The  plaint  is  thus  stated:  Literature  "has 
largely  exchanged  verse  for  prose ;  it  has  min- 
gled with  the  crowd  on  the  levels,  instead  of 
staying  with  the  shining  ones  on  the  hill;  it 
has  dealt  very  exclusively  with  the  passive 
peculiarities  of  women,  rather  than  with  the 
active  energies  of  men."  And  the  plea  is  thus 
voiced : 

"  Readers  of  sense  know  very  well  how  to 
discriminate.  They  are  furnished  with  feelers, 
antennae,  by  which  they  can  separate  what  is  prac- 
tical from  the  divine  make-believe  of  literature. 
They  are  not  going  to  commit  murder  because  they 
can  thrill  with  the  spectacle  of  Macbeth's  guilt. 
They  are  not  going  to  filch  purses  because  they  can 
enjoy  the  humour  of  FalstafP s  exploit  at  Gadshill. 
They  are  not  going  to  bolt  with  the  first  pleasing 
person  of  the  other  sex,  because  Cleopatra  or 
Camille  is  dear  to  them.  They  accept  imaginative 
literature  as  a  vicarious  experience,  which  enlarges 
their  minds,  deepens  their  emotions,  makes  them 
contemporaries  of  all  times,  citizens  of  all  places. 
They  are  willing  to  allow  to  the  artist  the  utmost 
li1  erty  of  his  materials  if  he  can  only  make  some- 
thing of  them  " 

If  the  "  turn  downward  "  of  which  Mr.  Moore 
speaks,  is  to  be  checked,  we  must  assume  a  less 
tolerant  attitude  toward  the  vagaries  of  our 
younsr  radicals,  and  insist  more  sternly  upon 
the  standards  which  they  affect  to  despise. 
WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


OUR  SOUTH  AMERICAN  NEIGHBORS.* 


In  recent  years,  Latin  America  has  been  re- 
discovered by  interested  Anglo-Americans. 
But  not  all  the  travellers  find  the  same  things. 
As  a  rule,  American  accounts  of  our  Latin 
neighbors  to  the  south  are  complimentary; 
and  we  have  about  decided  that  Spain  as  a 
colonizer  was  not  so  bad,  and  that  her  off- 
spring states  in  the  western  wrorld  are  rapidly 
and  hopefully  moving  along  the  highway  of 
modern  civilization.  But  Dr.  Edward  A. 
Ross's  new  book,  "  South  of  Panama,"  is,  with 
regard  to  much  of  South  America,  quite  pessi- 
mistic. The  author's  object  is,  in  part,  to 
show  how  unlike  ourselves  the  Latin  Ameri- 
cans are,  and  how  difficult  it  is,  in  several 
states,  for  them  to  make  any  real  progress. 
He  describes  much  that  is  good  and  sound  in 
Argentina  and  Chile;  but  in  these  and  other 
states  he  finds  that  modern  civilization  is  hin- 
dered because  of  complexities  of  race,  social 
and  economic  conditions,  climatic  influences, 
and  lack  of  sound  political  capacity. 

The  author  began  his  travels  at  Panama, 
and  went  down  through  the  West  Coast  coun- 
tries, coming  back  through  Argentina.  There 
are  good  descriptive  chapters  on  the  regions 
through  which  he  passed,  and  more  valuable 
studies  of  the  Native  Races,  Labor  Conditions, 
Caste  and  Class,  Morals,  Character,  Religion 
and  the  Church,  Education,  Politics  and  Gov- 
ernment. 

The  descriptions  are  always  vivid  and  inter- 
esting. For  example,  in  his  account  of  Cali, 
in  Colombia,  Dr.  Ross  says : 

"  The  life  of  the  town  revolves  about  the  river 
that  comes  tumbling  down  from  among  the  hills. 
Every  bright  day  nearly  the  whole  adult  popula- 
tion bathe  in  it.  From  a  single  point  one  may  see 
hundreds  in  the  various  operations.  Gentlemen 
with  white  linen  and  black  coats  strip  beside  the 
negro  muleteer  and  the  swarthy  peon.  The  pretty 
girl  disrobes  beside  the  coal-black  negress  with  a 
cigar  between  her  lips.  Every  tree  and  bush  yields 
fancied  protection.  Behind  their  large  sheet-towels 
men  and  women  undress  not  fifteen  yards  from 
one  another,  while  lads  and  lasses  splash  about  in 
the  same  pool.  The  men  wear  a  napkin  about  the 
loins,  the  women  a  red  calico  Mother  Hubbard, 
which  when  wet,  discloses  the  form  with  startling 
fidelity.  More  leveling  even  than  the  bathing 
beach,  the  river  reveals  to  his  fellow  citizens,  al- 
most in  puribus,  the  portly  judge,  the  grizzled 
municipal  councilor  or  the  skinny  banker.  But  no 
one  stares  or  is  self-conscious,  and  the  proprieties 
are  strictly  observed.  Still,  some  deplore  this  Arca- 
dian daily  dip  and  point  out  that  only  two  children 
out  of  five  in  Cali  have  been  born  in  wedlock." 

And  of  Valparaiso  at  night,  he  writes: 

*  SOUTH  OF  PANAMA.  By  Edward  Alsworth  Ross,  Ph.D., 
LL.D.  New  York :  The  Century  Co. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


151 


"  The  night  view  of  Valparaiso  from  the  bal- 
conies of  the  cliff  dwellers  is  one  of  the  great 
sights  of  the  world.  The  vast  sickle  of  the  shore 
lit  for  nearly  two  hundred  thousand  people,  the 
scores  of  ocean  vessels  lying  at  anchor,  the  harbor 
lights,  the  glowing  avenues  below  from  which  rises 
mellow  the  roar  of  nocturnal  traffic,  the  rippling 
water  under  the  moonlight  and  the  far  horizon  of 
the  illimitable  Pacific  produce  an  effect  of  enchant- 
ment." 

It  is  the  author's  belief  that  much  of  the 
backwardness  of  South  America  is  due  to  the 
inheritance  of  evil  conditions  from  the  Span- 
ish colonial  regime, —  "it  is  the  victim  of  a 
l3ad  start."  But  other  conditions  weigh  down 
upon  these  societies.  There  are  too  few  whites 
except  in  Argentina ;  there  is  too  little  educa- 
tion; in  politics  and  government  the  people 
are  "  poor  losers  " ;  there  is  a  general  lack  of 
persistence  and  an  inability  to  cooperate; 
work  is  too  frequently  despised ;  truthfulness 
is  too  rare  a  virtue ;  morals  are  loose ;  distrust 
is  general  in  business  and  politics;  the  lower 
classes  seem  hopelessly  without  ambition; 
sanitation  is  unheard  of;  little  value  is  at- 
tached to  time ;  there  is  in  most  states  no  flow 
of  immigration  which  might  stimulate  and 
elevate  the  present  populations;  women  have 
little  influence,  and  society  is  "  androcentric." 
These  hindrances  to  progress  are  less  in  evi- 
dence in  the  south  than  in  the  north ;  in  par- 
ticular, Argentina  appears  to  be  much  freer 
of  them  than  any  other  state. 

Life  is  monotonous  nearly  everywhere,  and 
is  filled  with  trivialities.  Gossip,  visiting, 
drinking,  revolutions  help  to  pass  the  time. 
The  author  suggests  that  "  the  passion  of  these 
people  for  politics  is  due  in  part  to  the  un- 
«ventfulness  of  their  lives."  For  young 
Americans  and  other  foreigners  the  environ- 
ment is  deadening, —  nothing  to  do,  no  whole- 
some amusements,  no  one  suitable  to  marry. 
And  the  same  is  true  of  the  South  American 
who  goes  abroad  for  education. 

"  It  is  pathetic  to  see  how  girls  educated  in  a 
Quebec  or  New  York  convent  return  to  Cali  with  a 
resolve  not  to  sink  into  this  listless,  indolent  way, 
but  to  '  start  something,'  give  a  garden  party  or 
lawn  fete,  make  a  real  social  life.  But  the  system 
is  too  strong  for  the  poor  things.  They  are  steam- 
rolled  by  the  church  and  by  the  established  social 
customs.  After  a  while,  broken  in  spirit,  they  cease 
to  struggle,  sink  into  acquiescence,  and  become  just 
as  narrow  in  interests  and  pursuits  as  the  women 
who  have  never  been  out  of  the  valley." 

Argentina  excepted,  the  state  organization 
is  of,  by,  and  for  the  small  upper  class.  For 
them  are  the  governmental  positions,  and  for 
them  only  is  the  education  necessary  to  fit  one 
for  a  position.  Manual  labor  is  despised,  and 
a  long  nail  on  the  little  finger  is  evidence  of 


higher  respectability  than  calloused  palms. 
With  inherited  Spanish  fondness  for  town 
life,  those  who  can  do  so  stay  in  the  larger 
centres,  leaving  the  country  to  the  lower  class 
laborers  and  the  overseers.  As  a  result,  "  from 
the  Rio  Grande  down  the  West  Coast  to  Cape 
Horn,  free  agricultural  labor  as  we  know  it 
does  not  exist."  Government  expenditures 
are  made  mainly  upon  the  towns  and  cities. 
Of  public  life  in  general,  Dr.  Ross  says : 

"  One  who  looks  for  good  popular  government 
in  tropical  South  America  would  expect  to  gather 
grapes  from  thorns  and  figs  from  thistles.  Take, 
for  example,  Bolivia.  .  .  There  are  a  few  men  of 
character,  ability  and  education,  who  are  working 
together  for  definite  public  ends.  .  .  But  this  bit 
of  leaven  is  too  small  in  relation  to  the  lump  to  be 
leavened.  Men  of  broad  outlook  and  high  firm 
character  are  too  few.  They  lack  following  and 
support.  With  us  the  moral  and  intellectual  peaks 
rise  from  a  plateau;  in  the  Bolivian  people  they 
rise  from  the  plain.  The  Indians  are  exploited, 
helpless  and  inert,  and  practically  nothing  is  being 
done  to  elevate  them.  The  cholos  are  bigoted  and 
egotistic,  of  very  little  worth  either  intellectual  or 
moral,  and  they  show  few  signs  of  improvement." 

The  best  society  suffers  from  being  too 
"  androcentric."  Here  the  male  dominates 
all;  girls  and  women  stay  at  home  in  seclu- 
sion, although  as  a  rule  they  are  brighter  and 
more  intellectual  than  the  males  of  their  own 
class,  who  are  exposed  to  various  dissipations. 
The  upper  class  family  is  clanlike  in  its  close- 
ness and  in  its  size,  but  family  discipline  is 
lax.  Generally  speaking,  manners  are  very 
good,  but  "altruism  scarcely  exists."  The 
mistress  of  the  house  takes  little  interest  in 
the  housekeeping,  which  is  left  to  incompe- 
tent servants.  The  Church  is  supported  and 
to  an  extent  controlled  by  the  State,  a  fact 
that  probably  prevents  wholesome  outside 
forces  from  working  for  the  elevation  of 
standards  among  clergy  and  people.  The 
women  and  lower  classes  are  generally  relig- 
ious after  a  fashion,  but  "  few  men  who  wear 
coats  go  to  confession." 

But  Dr.  Ross  does  not  paint  always  with  a 
sooty  brush.  He  has  much  to  say  of  healthy 
forces  here  and  there,  and  signs  of  progress. 
The  churches  and  the  schools  are  improving 
slowly.  A  middle  class  is  developing  in 
Chile.  White  immigration  to  the  highlands 
of  the  northern  states  may  result  in  develop- 
ment and  stability.  While  there  is  not  an 
intellectual  democracy,  the  enlightened  elite 
is  increasing  in  numbers.  The  best  country, 
the  author  thinks,  is  Argentina, —  "a  white 
man's  country,"  with  a  more  favorable  geog- 
raphy, many  immigrants,  a  better  population, 
and  open-minded  leaders. 

WALTER  L.  FLEMING. 


152 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


BELGIUM'S  POET-LAUREATE.* 

Those  who  hope  for  the  ultimate  triumph 
of  the  Allies  will  find  encouragement  in 
Stefan  Zweig's  study  of  Emile  Verhaeren. 
The  book  is  in  no  sense  a  biography,  but  an 
exposition  of  the  intellectual  and  moral  evolu- 
tion of  the  poet.  He  appears  as  one  who,  in 
Maeterlinck's  words,  "  represents  worthily 
that  which  is  great  and  heroic  in  a  people." 
The  epigraph  of  the  essay  might  be  the  lines 
quoted  at  the  head  of  the  third  chapter : 

"  Je  suis  le  fils  de  cette  race 

Tenace, 

Qui  veut,  apres  avoir  voulu 
Encore,  encore  et  encore  plus." 

Verhaeren 's  attitude  toward  life  is  constantly 
compared  to  that  of  "Walt  Whitman;  but  he 
worked  out  his  philosophy  independently,  and 
has  apparently  succeeded  better  than  the 
American  poet  in  voicing  the  ideals  of  his 
own  people.  The  peasants  among  whom  he 
spent  his  early  years  regard  him  as  one  of 
themselves,  and  he  is  as  much  at  home  among, 
them  as  in  the  great  world  where  his  fame  has 
led  him. 

Stefan  Zweig,  an  Austrian  poet,  the  dis- 
ciple and  translator  of  Verhaeren,  has  given 
a  sympathetic  and  perhaps  at  times  over- 
laudatory  history  of  his  master's  thought, 
from  "Les  Flamandes"  (1883)  to  "Les  Bles 
Mouvants"  (1913).  His  book,  admirably 
translated  by  Mr.  Bithell,  would  have  made 
its  mark  at  any  time,  and  has  now  gained  a 
poignant  interest  from  the  European  cata- 
clysm. For  Verhaeren  is  par  excellence  the 
singer  of  our  time  in  all  its  complexity.  He 
has  wrung  poetry  from  the  most  unpromising 
subjects,  and  created  by  sheer  force  of  will  a 
Utopia  out  of  the  most  prosaic  reality.  His 
present  disillusion  can  only  be  the  more  bitter. 
In  the  face  of  the  disaster  that  confronts 
humanity  to-day,  Zweig's  opening  hymn  to  the 
new  age  assumes  a  ghastly  irony.  If  "now 
in  the  very  air  man  is  building  a  new  road 
from  country  to  country  "  it  is  with  the  intent 
to  destroy  alike  the  priceless  monuments  of 
the  past  and  the  latest  achievements  of  human 
industry.  "Who  will  still  dare  to  say  "only 
eternal  earth  has  changed  not  nor  grown 
older"?  For  what  of  the  bestial  substratum 
of  human  nature  which  Kultur  has  only 
aggravated,  and  which  is  to-day  befouling  the 
centre  of  the  world's  civilization  by  outrages 
that  only  primeval  savages  were  deemed  capa- 
ble of  imaging?  And  must  not  the  muse 

*  EMILE  VERHAEREN.  By  Stefan  Zweig.  Translated  by 
J.  Bithell.  With  portrait.  Boston :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

POEMS  OF  EMILE  VERHAEREN.  Selected  and  rendered  into 
English  by  Alma  Strettell.  New  and  enlarged  edition.  With 
portrait.  New  York :  John  Lane  Co. 


become  a  mere  henchman  of  the  Kaiser  if  we 
accept  Zweig's  dictum  that  "  only  that  poet 
can  be  necessary  to  our  time  who  feels  that 
everything  in  this  time  is  necessary,  and  there- 
fore beautiful"?  We  shall  not  have  long  to 
wait  for  Vertiaeren's  poetic  judgment  of  the 
beauty  of  the  necessity  of  the  rape  of  his 
country  by  Germany.  Beauty  there  is,  even 
in  the  terrible  events  of  to-day,  but  it  is  the 
world-old  beauty  of  the  heroism  and  self- 
sacrifice  of  individuals  and  nations  for  an 
idea ;  in  the  diabolic  modern  ingenuity  in  the 
creation  of  strange  images  of  death,  there  is 
only  hideousness. 

Yet  the  age  on  which  the  iron  fist  of  mili- 
tarism has  set  its  ghastly  seal  had  its  poetry 
in  the  overflow  of  energy,  even  though  for  the 
moment  that  energy  is  at  the  service  of  the 
iron  fist.  Verhaeren's  greatness  lies  in  having 
seized  and  crystallized  that  poetry.  His  joy- 
ous acceptance  of  life  in  all  its  manifestations, 
which  was  to  lead  him  at  last  to  a  lyric  panthe- 
ism, is  shown  to  be  an  inheritance  from  his 
race ;  for  the  Belgians  are  pictured  as  possess- 
ing to  a  higher  degree  than  any  other  people 
a  delight  in  every  exercise  of  intoxicating 
activity.  The  most  heroic  exploit  in  their  his- 
tory, previous  to  1914, —  their  revolt  from 
Spain, —  is  explained  as  a  struggle  against  the 
ascetic  Puritanism  of  Philip  II.,  who  would 
have  curtailed  their  free  dionysiac  enjoyment. 

Thus  the  reader  is  prepared  for  the  brief 
but  charming  sketch  of  Verhaeren's  youth  in 
Flanders.  We  see  him  first  in  the  Jesuit  col- 
lege of  Sainte-Barbe  at  Ghent,  where  he  met 
Maeterlinck.  The  fathers  wrould  have  saved 
their  young  pupils  from  the  world  by  making 
them  priests,  and  endeavored  to  inspire  in 
them  a  profound  respect  for  the  past,  with  a 
hatred  of  all  innovation.  Verhaeren  carried 
away  a  lasting  sentiment  of  the  heroism  of 
the  monastic  life  and  its  poetry ;  but  his  wild 
nature  could  not  be  cramped  within  cloistral 
walls.  Zweig  suggests  that  the  chief  result 
of  this  early  training  was  to  turn  the  poet's 
lust  of  life  away  from  material  things  toward 
science  and  art.  "  The  priest  they  sought  to 
make  of  him  he  has  really  become,  only  he  has 
preached  everything  that  they  proscribed,  and 
fought  against  everything  that  they  praised." 
After  the  school  at  Sainte-Barbe,  Verhaeren 
studied  law  at  Lou  vain,  where,  urged  by  his 
fiery  blood,  he  threw  himself  into  carousals  of 
which  he  still  tells  with  glee.  Admitted  to  the 
bar  at  Brussels,  he  joined  a  coterie  of  young 
artists,  and,  like  Gautier,  he  won  a  name  for 
shocking  the  bourgeois  by  fantastic  freaks 
of  dress  and  conduct.  His  unpublished  juve- 
nilia, written  at  this  time  in  imitation  of 
Lamartine  and  Victor  Hugo,  are  nevertheless 


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153 


in  "immaculate  Alexandrines."  Finally  he 
threw  aside  the  barrister's  gown  forever,  and 
turned  to  poetry  as  his  vocation. 

His  first  published  work,  destined  to.  con- 
found his  friends  and  the  critics,  was  "Les 
Flamandes."  Written  under  the  influence  of 
Le  Monnier,  the  interpreter  in  Belgium  of 
Zola's  naturalism,  the  book  aims  at  trans- 
planting naked  reality  into  verse.  With  de- 
liberate purpose  the  author  discards  in  these 
sketches  of  old  Flanders  all  that  is  sentimental 
or  romantic,  all  that  is  conventionally  known 
as  poetry,  and  gives  pictures  of  primitive  bru- 
tality. "  Barbarian,"  shouted  the  critics ;  and 
Zweig  finds  something  "  genuinely  barbarous, 
ravage  with  Teuton  strength,"  in  Verhaeren's 
nature.  His  inspiration  is  Rabelaisian :  he 
possesses  the  fiery  blood  of  Rubens  and  Jor- 
daens.  And  yet  he  still  keeps  the  traditional 
Alexandrine  mould. 

Another  side  of  Belgian  life  is  portrayed  in 
the  poet's  next  work,  "Les  Moines,"  an  echo 
of  his  early  education.  As  in  "Les  Flam- 
andes" he  had  sung  of  the  lusty  youths  and 
maidens  of  the  kermesses  of  yesteryear,  he 
now  celebrates  the  peaceful  life  of  the  monks 
in  the  manner  of  the  older  Flemish  painters. 
Before  writing  this  book  he  had  spent  three 
weeks  at  Forges  with  the  fathers,  who  in  their 
simple  piety  initiated  him  into  their  holy  of 
holies  with  the  hope  of  winning  him  for  the 
priesthood.  But  his  attitude  was  rather  that 
of  aesthetic  admiration  than  of  devout  wor- 
ship. He  hails  the  monks  as  undaunted  cham- 
pions of  a  lost  cause,  and  the  beauty  of  their 
sacrifice  is  intensified  for  him  as  being  a  relic 
of  the  past.  In  studied  Parnassian  sonnets 
he  portrays  the  various  aspects  of  this  calm 
life,  and  the  contrasting  characters  more  or 
less  subdued  by  a  common  discipline.  Here 
is  the  first  effort  at  psychological  analysis. 
Verhaeren's  development  is  always  toward  the 
discovery  of  the  inner  meaning  —  of  the  alle- 
gorical sense — of  external  phenomena.  Hence 
his  welcome  of  scientific  and  mechanical  prog- 
ress as  matter  for  poetry. 

Zweig  notes  the  pictorial  character  of  both 
the  early  collections.  "  Monks,"  says  he,  "  are 
for  Verhaeren  heroic  symbols  of  mighty 
periods  in  the  past,"  and  he  adds  that  the 
poet  "  seemed  obliged  to  exhaust  both  the  his- 
torical styles  before  he  could  reach  his  own, 
the  modern  style." 

Yet  though  both  volumes  show  a  distinct 
harking  back  to  the  past  in  quest  of  beauty, 
for  which  reason  Verhaeren  has  repudiated 
them,  we  must  still  note  the  essential  realism. 
Before  writing  "Les  Flamandes"  the  poet 
liad  caroused  at  kermesses  which  imitated  as 
best  they  could  the  ancient  festivals;  early 


education  and  the  visit  to  Forges  inspired 
"  Les  Moines."  It  is  always  a  real  world  that 
he  invokes,  even  in  his  effort  to  escape  from 
actuality. 

After  "Les  Moines"  comes  a  period  of 
storm  and  stress  —  a  nervous  breakdown 
brought  on  by  the  supersensitiveness  of  the 
poetic  temperament.  Of  this  experience  Ver- 
haeren has  left  a  record  in  the  trilogy,  "Les 
Soirs,"  "  Les  Debacles,"  and  "  Les  Flambeaux 
Noirs."  Here  we  have  the  poet  playing  the 
role  of  the  naturalistic  novelist,  with  himself 
as  the  subject.  He  dissects  his  diseased  mind 
and  emotions  as  a  surgeon  a  specimen  in  the 
operating  room.  Zweig's  phrase  is  here  vigor- 
ous, if  not  altogether  happy:  Verhaeren  has 
"  immortalized  in  poems  the  process  of  the 
inflammation  of  his  nerves."  Zweig  follows 
him  through  all  the  stages  of  this  crisis,  first 
physical,  then  psychic  illness  nearly  ending 
in  madness.  A  couple  of  citations  may  suffice 
to  show  the  tenor  of  the  whole.  The  poet  is  in 
London  and  sees  the  corpse  of  his  reason  float- 
ing down  the  Thames.  A  similar  phenome- 
non is  noted  by  George  Brandes  among  the 
early  German  romanticists.  He  calls  it  "  dis- 
integration of  the  ego."  Verhaeren  writes : 

"  Elle  [ma  raison]  est  morte  de  trop  savoir, 
De  trop  vouloir  sculpter  la  cause." 

Or  again :  "  Je  veux  marcher  vers  la  folie  et 
ses  soleils."  Here  is  the  Ultima  Thule  of 
decadent  romanticists.  It  is  the  instinct 
among  them  which  inspired  Joubert's  defini- 
tion, "chercheurs  de  delire."  Although  the 
volumes  contain  spirited  verse,  many  readers 
will  not  accept  Zweig's  enthusiastic  judgment 
that  the  poet's  analysis  of  his  crisis  possesses 
monumental  value. 

But  Verhaeren  was  too  sturdy  to  remain 
long  in  these  mazes  of  subjectivity.  Like 
Goethe,  he  frees  himself  from  excess  of  pas- 
sion by  giving  it  artistic  expression  in  symbols. 

"  The  poet  has  torn  his  fear,  his  burning,  moan- 
ing, horrible  fear,  out  of  himself,  and  poured  it 
into  his  bell-ringer,  who  is  consumed  in  his  blazing 
belfry.  He  has  turned  the  monotony  of  his  days  to 
music  in  his  poem  of  the  rain;  his  mad  fight 
against  the  elements,  which  in  the  end  break  his 
strength,  he  has  shaped  into  the  image  of  the 
ferryman  struggling  against  the  current  that  shat- 
ters his  oars  one  after  the  other." 

The  pendulum  has  swung  again,  and  the  man 
who  would  hold  himself  apart  and  see  all  in 
the  terms  of  his  own  personality  throws  him- 
self with  open  arms  into  the  cosmic  life  to 
refind  himself.  "Nothing  human  is  alien  to 
me,"  becomes  his  motto,  and  he  hails  with  a 
renewed  joy  every  manifestation  of  the  energy 
and  aspiration  that  characterize  his  genera- 
tion. For  him  this  alone  is  poetry,  this  the 


154 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  2 


music  of  the  spheres  to-day.  Immense  cities, 
which  had  formerly  been  anathema  to  him, 
furnish  the  most  striking  example  of  this 
united  energy,  and  he  finds  poetry  in  the 
very  force  by  which  they  suck  the  blood  of 
the  country.  So  we  have  another  trilogy, — 
"  Les  Campagnes  Hallucinees,"  "  Les  Villages 
Illusoires,  and  "Les  Villes  Tentaculaires." 
In  the  assembly  of  vast  multitudes  of  men  all 
moved  by  a  common  instinct, —  the  race  for 
power,  whether  by  the  acquisition  of  money  or 
science, — Verhaeren  would  see  the  breakdown 
of  national  barriers  and  the  formation  of  a 
cosmic  consciousness  bent  on  the  concentra- 
tion of  human  energy.  This  Utopian  ideal  he 
has  expressed  in  his  symbolistic  drama,  "Les 
Aubes." 

His  verse  form,  too,  has  changed.  During 
his  storm  and  stress  he  had  found  the  vers 
libre,  stanzas  of  irregular  lines ;  and  into  the 
later  poems  the  rhythm  of  all  the  gigantic 
industry  of  modern  life  has  entered.  Herein 
lies  his  appeal  to  all  manner  of  men.  His  work 
is  filled  with  what  Zweig  calls  "the  new" 
pathos,"  which  at  once  mirrors  and  inspires 
the  passion  of  his  hearers. 

In  Verhaeren's  latest  work  another  change 
is  to  be  marked.  This  singer  of  force,  of  uni- 
versal energy  working  with  common  interest 
toward  cosmic  progress,  finds  a  higher  ideal 
still, —  the  union  of  humanity  by  universal 
love  and  admiration  which  joins  men  in  their 
common  purpose  and  musters  individuals  and 
nations  into  a  common  cause, —  the  striving 
for  the  onward  march  of  life.  "  II  faut  aimer 
pour  decouvrir  avec  genie  "  is  the  note  of  his 
mature  work.  We  need  not  wonder  if  his  bit- 
terness knows  no  bounds  to-day.  He  has 
chanted  the  triumph  of  life,  and  now  the  can- 
*  non,  mouthpieces  of  the  modern  quest  of 
power,  are  pealing  back  the  triumph  of  death. 

Aside  from  his  lyric  work  and  yet  a  part  of 
it  —  a  synthesis  of  it  —  are  his  dramas,  in 
which  prose  and  verse  stand  side  by  side, — 
prose  for  the  groundwork,  lyric  for  ecstasy. 
Of  course  they  are  closet  dramas,  perhaps  too 
crowded  with  symbolically  expressed  ideas  for 
complete  success  on  the  stage.  "Le  Cloitre" 
recalls  the  early  collection  of  sonnets,  "Les 
Moines."  The  monks  are  presented  as  all 
striving  for  the  prior's  chair  —  a  symbol  of 
the  greatest  fitness  to  serve  God.  The  one 
chosen  believes  himself  unworthy  because  of 
an  early  crime  which  he  confesses  to  his  breth- 
ren, to  the  people,  and  to  the  judicial  authori- 
ties. The  Catholic  doctrine  of  expiation  by 
confession  furnishes  here  strikingly  dramatic 
crises  at  least.  "Les  Aubes"  shows  Oppido- 
magnum  besieged  by  paupers  and  outcasts. 


The  tribune  Herenien  secretly  admits  the 
enemy  into  the  city,  not  as  the  act  of  a  traitor 
but  with  the  conviction  that  goodness  over- 
comes strife.  He  falls  the  first  martyr  to  his 
ideal,  but  the  cause  is  won.  In  "  Philip  II.," 
Verhaeren  pictures  the.  Spanish  monarch  as. 
Antichrist,  for  he  has  blasphemed  against  the 
spirit  of  life.  "  Helene  de  Sparte,"  which 
more  nearly  conforms  to  dramatic  require- 
ments, is  the  tragedy  of  a  woman  afflicted  by 
excessive  beauty.  She  is  tormented  by  the 
desires  of  men,  which  she  kindles  against  her 
will.  Snatched  from  one  lover  to  another,  the 
cause  of  innumerable  crimes,  a  bane  to  ships 
and  men  and  cities  and  most  of  all  to  herself^ 
she  finds  refuge  only  in  death.  "  I  have  seen 
the  flaring  of  so  many  flames  that  now  I  love 
only  the  hearth's  glow  and  the  lamp,"  is  her 
plaintive  cry. 

It  is  characteristic  of  Verhaeren  that  the 
spirit  of  a  play  even  about  Helen  should  be 
anti-erotic.  Zweig  suggests  that  one  cause  of 
the  inadequate  appreciation  among  the  great 
public  of  his  dramas  is  the  absence  of  insis- 
tence on  amorous  passion.  There  is  not  a  sin- 
gle woman  in  the  caste  of  "Le  Cloitre."  Ver- 
haeren is  one  of  the  most  masculine  of  lyrie 
poets:  his  appeal  is  rather  to  action  and  the 
exercise  of  the  intelligence  and  will  than  to 
pity.  Sex-instinct  he  has  never  taken  as  a 
serious  problem.  Its  gratification  is  a  matter 
of  course  in  the  life  of  vigorous  manhood  ab- 
sorbed in  intellectual  pursuits.  All  his  love 
poems  are  addressed  to  a  single  woman,  his 
wife.  "Les  Heures  Claires,"  "Les  Heures 
d'Apres-midi,"  "  Les  Heures  du  Soir  "  form  a 
striking  contrast  both  in  diction  and  sentiment 
with  the  frequently  rough  and  almost  brutal 
tone  of  the  rest  of  his  work.  Written  in 
maturity,  they  speak  with  gentle  simplicity  of 
a  great  and  lasting  passion.  "  Je  te  regarde 
et  tous  les  jours  je  te  decouvre"  is  the  key- 
note. "  Oh  la  tendresse  des  forts !  "  exclaims 
one  critic  in  wondering  admiration. 

We  have  already  said  that  the  translation 
of  Zweig's  book  is  admirably  done.  One  never 
realizes  that  it  is  a  translation  at  all.  It 
might  have  been  written  as  it  stands  by  an 
English  poet, —  with  a  mind  more  given  to 
metaphysics  than  most  of  them  are.  That  the 
author  is  himself  a  poet  no  one  can  doubt. 
Even  in  its  English  dress  the  style  is  that  of 
poetry;  figures  abound  on  every  page,  and  a 
poet's  conception  of  the  greatness  of  his  role 
permeates  the  book  from  cover  to  cover. 
Zweig  has  cited  generously :  the  passages  are 
well  chosen  both  as  illustration  and  to  inspire 
a  desire  in  the  reader  for  further  acquain- 
tance with  Verhaeren's  work.  The  translator 
has  wisely  left  these  quotations  in  the  original. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


155 


The  book  ends  with  a  bibliography  citing  edi- 
tions, criticisms,  and  English  translations  of 
Verhaeren. 

Those  who  wish  for  a  brief  but  excellent 
selection  of  Verhaeren 's  work  in  metrical 
translation  will  welcome  the  new  edition  of 
Miss  Alma  Strettell's  "  Poems  of  Emile  Ver- 
haeren." The  book  contains  a  reproduction 
of  Sargent's  portrait  of  the  author,  a  brief  bio- 
graphical notice,  and  English  renderings  of 
a  score  of  poems  chosen  from  "  Les  Villages 
Illusoires,"  "Les  Heures  Claires,"  "Les  Ap- 
parus  dans  mes  Chemins,"  and  "La  Multiple 
Splendeur."  Thus,  striking  examples  of  the 
poet's  middle  period  (1891-1906),  with  three 
representative  poems  of  his  mature  work,  are 
included. 

The  translations  are  executed  with  no  little 
technical  skill ;  one  can  hear,  for  instance,  the 
dull  monotony  of  the  rain  almost  as  well  in 
the  English  as  in  the  French  of  "  La  Pluie  " : 

"  Long  as  unending  threads,  the  long-drawn  rain 
Interminably,  with  its  nails  of  grey, 
Athwart  the  dull  grey  day, 
Rakes  the  green  window-pane  — 
So  infinitely,  endlessly,  the  rain, 
The  long,  long  rain, 

The  rain." 

The  variety  of  the  selections  is  also  note- 
worthy. One  finds  descriptions  of  nature  such 
as  "  The  Snow,"  landscapes  such  as  "  The 
Silence,"  symbolic  pieces  dramatic  in  move- 
ment such  as  "The  Bell-Ringer"  or  "The 
Ferryman,"  love  poems  impassioned  in  their 
simplicity,  and  finally  the  inspiring  vision  of 
Saint  George,  of  which  the  courageous  note 
rings  out  again  in  one  of  the  last  poems  in  the 
collection,  "  Life  " : 

"  To  march,  thus  intrepid  in  confidence,  straight 
On  the  obstacle,  holding  the  stubborn  hope  stiU 
Of  conquering,  thanks  to  firm  blows  of  the  will, 
Of  intelligence  prompt,  or  of  patience  to  wait; 
And  to  feel  growing  stronger  within  us  the  sense, 
Day  by  day,  of  a  power  superb  and  intense." 

BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 


THE  I:srxER  LIFE  OF  MTJSIC.* 


Although  the  author  of  "  The  Mysticism  of 
Music "  had  given  the  manuscript  his  final 
revision,  he  did  not  live  to  see  its  issue  from 
the  press.  The  subject  was  one  that  appealed 
to  him  strongly,  and  he  has  put  into  the  work 
some  of  his  best  thought  and  inspiration. 
Music  has  always  been  a  handmaiden  of  the 

*  THE  MYSTICISM  OF  Music.  By  R.  Heber  Newton,  D.D. 
New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Music  AND  THE  HIGHER  EDUCATION.  By  Edward  Dickinson. 
New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


Church  —  ancilla  domini;  and  the  leaders  in 
ecclesiastical  advance  and  development  have 
known  how  to  appreciate  what  this  alluring 
coadjutor  in  the  sacred  service  has  done  for 
them.  Dr.  Newton's  volume  is  an  enlarge- 
ment of  two  discourses  delivered  some  years 
ago;  but  the  thought  of  the  author  has 
deepened  and  clarified  with  the  lapse  of  time, 
and  we  have  here  his  mature  and  thoroughly 
considered  utterance. 

"  Music,  as  we  know  it,  was  born  into  the  world 
in  the  age  of  science.  It  is  the  art  of  the  age  of 
knowledge.  We  need  not,  then,  be  surprised  to 
find  that  music  is  not  an  art  merely,  that  it  is  a 
science  as  well.  This  which  is  true  of  all  arts,  is 
pre-eminently  true  of  music.  It  is  intellectual  as 
well  as  emotional.  It  deals  with  thoughts  as  much 
as  with  feelings.  Its  contents  are  ideas.  Mu- 
sicians are  measured  in  the  scale  of  music  by  their 
intellectuality.  Note  the  intellectual  majesty  which 
crowns  the  heads  of  the  great  masters  of  music. 
Handel  and  Mozart  and  Beethoven  lift  above  us 
heads  as  of  the  immortals.  Intellectuality  is 
stamped  in  every  line  of  their  faces." 

"  Music  is  not  an  imitation  of  nature.  Nature 
provides  no  ready-made  models  of  melody  or  har- 
mony, as  she  provides  perfect  types  of  form  and 
color.  Hints  she  gives  of  music  but  only  hints. 
Man  evolves  music  from  within  his  own  nature. 
It  is  distinctively  the  human  art.  It  comes  forth 
in  the  awakening  self -consciousness  of  man.  Music 
expresses  the  awakening  self -consciousness  of  man, 
as  he  confronts  the  mystery  of  the  universe,  only 
to  find  a  deeper  mystery  within  himself.  The 
marvellous  creations  of  modern  music  are  studies 
in  self -consciousness ;  attempts  to  run  the  gamut 
of  man's  moods,  to  fathom  the  problems  of  his 
being,  to  find  a  voice  for 

'An  infant  crying  in  the  night, 
An  infant  crying  for  the  light.' " 

The  thesis  outlined  in  the  above  quotations 
receives  extended  treatment  in  the  two  papers 
included  in  this  book.  The  first  is  on  the  sub- 
ject of  "Mysticism  in  Music,"  the  second 
deals  with  "Christian  Mysticism  in  Music." 
The  entire  scope  of  the  mystical  consciousness 
is  found  in  the  great  works  of  the  great  musi- 
cians :  the  symphonies  of  Beethoven  present- 
ing a  complete  and  positive  exposition,  the 
other  musicians  an  exposition  individualistic 
in  every  case  but  sometimes  more  burdened 
with  a  negative  element  of  struggle  and  im- 
perfect realization. 

The  book  is  written  with  eloquence  and  au- 
thority; the  writer  knows  music  thoroughly 
and  deeply,  and  the  subject  is  one  upon  which 
he  had  unquestionable  right  to  speak,  being 
at  once  a  great  teacher  and  an  adequate  musi- 
cian. The  reader  is  led  on  from  height  to 
height  of  exposition,  until  the  final  outlook 
gives  him  a  new  realization  and  a  new  under- 
standing of  the  illuminating  art  of  music. 


156 


THE    DIAL 


[  Sept.  2 


In  "Music  and  the  Higher  Education,"  Mr. 
Edward  Dickinson  of  Oberlin  College  makes 
a  strong  plea  for  the  admission  of  musical 
study  to  a  regular  place  in  the  college  cur- 
riculum. Indeed,  his  argument  for  his  own 
special  art  involves  the  consideration  of  the 
larger  project  for  the  admission  of  the  study 
and  practice  of  every  art  into  the  courses  now 
offered  at  our  universities.  At  present,  with 
such  exception  as  is  furnished  by  polytechnic 
courses,  art  occupies  only  a  place  of  modified 
sufferance.  Thus  music  in  some  institutions 
may  be  studied  under  such  teachers  as  Profes- 
sor Converse  at  Harvard  and  Professor 
Parker  at  Yale;  but  even  in  these  favored 
places  music  is  not  given  the  position  and 
rank  which  belong  to  it.  The  question  of  the 
educational  value  of  the  fine  arts  remains 
practically  to  be  settled,  and  one  may  well  ask 
why  a  fully  equipped  school  of  music  should 
not  be  granted  a  coordinate  position  with  a 
similarly  endowred  school  of  botany  or  mathe- 
matics or  chemistry. 

Sitting  in  his  lecture  room  at  the  close  of  a 
scholastic  year,  the  writer  falls  into  a  revery, 
and  there  floats  before  him  the  succession  of 
thoughts  which  have  crystallized  in  this 
volume : 

"  Brooding  over  the  problem  in  the  stillness  of 
his  deserted  lecture  room,  this  devotee  of  music, 
grateful  for  what  his  art  had  done  for  him,  and 
also  cordially  recognizing  the  deference  due  to 
other  minds  of  different  experience  from  his  own, 
began  to  formulate  his  convictions  of  the  true 
relationship  between  his  own  department  and  the 
whole  mechanism  of  college  life.  For  he  felt  that 
his  duty  required  not  only  that  he  cultivate  the 
love  of  music  in  his  pupils,  but  that  he  also  adjust 
the  results  of  his  teaching  to  other  disciplines,  so 
that  out  of  his  effort,  in  correspondence  with  the 
effort  of  other  guides,  a  unity  of  intellectual  life 
should  proceed.  He  believed  that  this  unity  could 
be  achieved,  but  under  what  conditions,  and  by 
what  methods'?  Like  the  French  philosopher,  he 
must  be  allowed  to  say,  '  I  cultivate  my  garden,' 
but  at  the  same  time  he  must  look  beyond  the 
bounds  of  the  little  estate  that  is  given  him  to 
till,  and  find  inspiration  and  direction  for  his 
labors  in  the  adaptation  of  his  husbandry  to  the 
issues  of  the  greater  harvest." 

In  the  development  of  the  purpose  which 
Mr.  Dickinson  has  placed  before  him,  it  be- 
comes indispensable  that  he  should  take  a 
survey  of  the  history  of  music,  give  an  account 
of  its  significance  and  value  to  general  culture, 
and  show  how  far  its  high  and  unquestionable 
claims  have  reached  their  fruition.  It  must 
be  said  at  once  that  all  this  has  been  very  well 
done;  and  as  the  main  body  of  the  work  is 
given  over  to  this  achievement,  the  volume 
takes  its  place  side  by  side  with  Dr.  Newton's 


book,  and  justifies  the  title  given  to  the  pres- 
ent review.  The  author's  point  of  view  is 
made  plain  in  the  following  quotation : 

"  When  our  spirits  are  so  moved  by  a  stream 
of  noble  harmonies  that  all  that  is  beautiful  and 
holy  in  life  seems  for  the  moment  concentrated 
for  our  joyful  contemplation,  are  these  celestial 
visitants  only  a  mockery,  deceiving  us,  like  the 
desert  mirage,  with  a  semblance  of  truth,  which, 
when  it  fades,  leaves  nothing  behind  but  the 
memory  of  a  glittering  delusion?  This  can  hardly 
be.  Music  is  definite  enough  when  it  takes  pos- 
session of  language  and  event,  and  adds  some- 
thing to  them  which  they  required  to  attain  full 
supremacy  over  us.  We  see  clearly  enough  what 
this  added  element  is  and  the  eminent  service  that 
music  performs.  And  do  we  not  often  feel  that 
music  gains  an  even  firmer  basis  of  expression 
when  it  renounces  the  aid  of  a  confederate  art, 
and  takes  its  stand  in  a  domain  of  feeling  where 
it  can  afford  to  be  exclusive  because  sufficient 
unto  itself  and  supreme?  The  chief  support  of 
this  conviction  lies  in  the  consciousness  that,  when 
we  hear  great  music,  it  is  not  one  part  of  our 
nature  that  is  taken  captive  —  as  when  we  come 
in  contact  with  a  picture,  a  tale,  a  play,  which 
shuts  off  a  part  of  life  and  holds  us  to  that  — 
but  the  music  is  not  circumscribed,  it  is  the  circuit 
of  our  spiritual  nature  that  is  traversed,  we  are 
no  longer  in  the  presence  of  the  phenomenal  but 
the  essential;  it  is  the  whole  in  us  that  is  em- 
braced, it  is  the  whole  in  us  that  rejoices." 

The  contention  that  the  arts  should  have 
a  prominent  place  in  college  courses  is  un- 
doubtedly an  important  one;  and  the  claims 
of  music  for  inclusion  in  the  curriculum  are 
persuasively  and  logically  unfolded  in  Mr. 
Dickinson's  presentation.  The  experiences  of 
a  lifetime  have  gone  to  the  making  of  his 
argument.  We  know  of  no  book  which  more 
thoroughly  covers  its  ground;  and  the  elo- 
quent exposition  will  carry  conviction  to  the 
reader.  It  should  render  admirable  service 
in  the  needed  reformations  and  justifications 
which  it  propounds. 

Louis  JAMES  BLOCK. 


NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS. 

The  seemingly  interminable  procession  of  Mr. 
Arnold  Bennett's  earlier  stories  reprinted  in  Amer- 
ican editions  is  continued  with  "  The  City  of 
Pleasure"  (Doran).  The  first  thirteen  chapters 
pile  up  a  mystery  reminiscent  in  certain  details  of 
Stevenson's  "  The  Wrong  Box,"  with  a  great  Lon- 
don amusement  park  as  the  scene.  There  is 
apparent  murder,  an  attempt  at  murder  both  by 
shooting  and  poison,  a  surreptitious  love  affair,  a 
hateful  old  woman,  a  popular  musical  director  and 
composer,  and  a  millionaire,  besides  various  exotic 
specimens  of  humanity  to  begin  with.  What  is 
more,  the  mystery  baffles  ordinary  solution  until 
a  chapter  or  two  before  the  close,  by  which  time 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


157 


two  other  love  affairs  have  been  introduced.  The 
book  is  absorbing  in  its  fantastic  mingling  of 
gayety  and  mystery. 

Indians,  Mormons,  outlaws,  and  the  spirit  of  the 
western  desert  and  mountains  combine  to  make 
Mr.  Zane  Grey's  "The  Rainbow  Trail"  (Harper) 
an  unusual  story.  A  preacher  disgraced  by  his 
lapsing  faith  comes  into  this  distant  region  to 
rescue,  if  possible,  three  persons  who  have  been 
imprisoned  in  a  canon  by  an  earthquake.  One  of 
these  he  conceives  of  as  a  beautiful  girl,  and  in 
imagination  he  falls  in  love  with  her.  When  at 
last  he  comes  upon  the  party,  the  girl  has  been 
sealed  to  a  fanatic  Mormon  as  his  plural  wife. 
By  that  time  his  rescue  of  a  noble  Navajo's  sister 
has  brought  him  the  able  assistance  he  so  needs 
for  her  salvation,  not  alone  from  the  Indian  but 
also  from  a  brave  Mormon  who  meets  them  in  the 
Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado.  Of  course  the 
book  is  melodramatic,  but  not  many  readers  are 
likely  to  object  to  it  on  that  score. 

The  impress  being  made  on  literature  by  jour- 
nalism as  the  practical  university  in  which  the  art 
of  writing  in  these  days  is  most  readily  acquired 
shows  in  the  number  of  journalists  who  are  en- 
listed as  heroes  of  novels.  Young  Andrew  Dick 
in  Mr.  Keble  Howard's  "  Merry  Andrew  "  (Lane) 
is  an  instance  in  point.  Very  much  in  love,  he 
fails  to  get  his  degree  at  Oxford  at  a  moment  when 
his  father's  death  leaves  him  penniless.  He  comes 
to  London  to  conquer,  and  is  nearly  overwhelmed 
in  his  first  attempts  to  earn  a  living  with  his  pen. 
Driven  to  teaching,  he  finally  makes  a  successful 
connection  by  a  combination  of  hard  work,  deter- 
mination, and  luck.  The  book  is  well  named,  for 
the  situations  in  which  the  hero  is  involved  bring 
smiles,  if  not  laughter. 

The  real  savor  of  New  England,  especially  of 
that  well  preserved  and  salted  portion  of  it  lying 
about  Cape  Cod,  pervades  Mr.  Joseph  C.  Lincoln's 
new  story,  "  Thankful's  Inheritance"  (Appleton). 
The  title  refers  to  a  plot  of  land  and  an  old  house 
which  a  woman  of  sound  common  sense  inherits 
and  utilizes  as  a  boarding-house.  In  and  around 
this  home  the  whole  action  of  the  story  takes  place 
and  the  courtship  of  both  the  owner  and  her  pretty 
niece  comes  to  fruition.  There  is  even  something 
more  than  a  suspicion  of  a  ghost  on  the  premises — 
ghost  enough,  at  least,  to  bring  the  villain  of  the 
tale  into  remorse  of  conscience  and  round  out  the 
material  side  of  the  happy  ending.  It  is  a  story 
witty  enough  to  make  its  reading  a  delight. 

With  "  Penelope's  Postscripts  "  (Hough ton)  we 
bid  good-bye  —  but  not  finally,  let  us  hope  —  to 
the  trio  of  heroines  who  have  smiled  through  two 
earlier  volumes,  shepherded  by  Mrs.  Kate  Douglas 
Wiggin.  Like  its  predecessors,  this  smaller  book 
maintains  the  idea  that  "  the  most  charming 
knowledge  is  the  sort  that  comes  by  unconscious 
absorption,  like  the  free  grace  of  God."  But  the 
three  delightful  women  are  now  all  married,  and 
it  is  "  ten  years  after,"  and  Penelope  herself 
writes  that  she  and  her  husband  are  "  growing 
old  with  the  country  that  gave  us  birth  (God  bless 
it!)  and  our  children  growing  up  with  it,  as  they 


always  should."    It  is  a  book  of  peace  in  a  sadly 
troubled  world. 

"Me"  (Century  Co.)  is  hardly  a  novel,  though 
it  has  many  of  the  aspects  of  fiction.  It  is  rather 
an  autobiography,  sincerely  written,  of  a  young 
girl  who  eventually  becomes  a  successful  author 
and  playwright,  and  of  her  struggles  from  the 
moment  of  leaving  her  Canadian  home  to  become 
the  assistant  editor  of  a  journal  in  Jamaica  until 
she  rids  herself  of  the  man  with  whom  she  believed 
herself  to  be  in  love, —  a  man  greatly  her  senior 
and  a  rather  dreadful  person  in  spite  of  his  kind- 
ness to  her.  Although  published  anonymously,  the 
author  of  "  Me  "  is  believed  to  be  Onoto  Watanna 
(Mrs.  Winnifred  Eaton  Babcock).  The  book  has 
an  introduction  by  Miss  Jean  Webster. 

Mr.  Arnold  Mulder  opens  a  new  field  for  Amer- 
ican fiction  in  "  Bram  of  the  Five  Corners " 
(McClurg),  a  story  of  the  Hollanders  in  Michigan. 
The  portrayal  of  the  struggle  of  conscience  in  a 
young  candidate  for  the  Christian  Reformed  min- 
istry is  strongly  and  plausibly  done.  The  disturbing 
question,  moreover,  is  a  highly  practical  prob- 
lem in  eugenics  which  confronts  him  at  the  moment 
when  his  faith  in  Calvinism  seemed  most  secure. 
Driven  from  his  church,  Bram  takes  up  newspaper 
work  as  a  sort  of  last  chance,  and  is  awakened  to 
its  powers  of  service  by  his  city  editor.  The  book 
is  ably  written,  and  excites  lively  hopes  for  fur- 
ther work  from  its  author. 

Mr.  Frank  R.  Adams  is  better  known  as  a  pur- 
veyor of  libretti  for  opera  bouffe  than  as  a  teller 
of  tales,  but  his  "Five  Fridays"  (Small,  May- 
nard  &  Co.)  is  an  entertaining  combination  of  the 
two  arts;  it  is  an  amusing  story  which  might 
easily  be  made  the  basis  for  an  amusing  farce. 
Several  widely  varying  characters  are  marooned 
on  an  island,  with  little  or  no  food.  Rumors  of 
crime  bring  from  the  mainland  other  characters. 
A  tenuous  love  story  is  introduced,  and  the  situa- 
tions multiply  until  the  farce  almost  becomes  bur- 
lesque. 

In  Mrs.  Eleanor  Hallowell  Abbott's  "The  In- 
discreet Letter"  (Century  Co.),  the  action,  until 
the  climax  is  reached,  takes  place  on  a  rushing 
train.  The  characters  are  casual,  mere  chance  ac- 
quaintances thrown  together  in  the  journey.  The 
two  men  are  externally  commonplace,  but  with  the 
inner  spring  of  human  kindliness  that  seldom  fails 
to  flow  in  proof  of  the  whole  world's  kinship.  The 
third  character  is  a  true  heroine  of  romance,  speed- 
ing on  her  way  to  the  journey's  end  that  Shake- 
speare sang.  And  there  is  a  delicious  touch  at  the 
end,  as  gratifying  as  it  is  unexpected. 

The  theme  of  Mrs.  Martha  Gilbert  Dickinson 
Bianchi's  latest  novel,  "  The  Kiss  of  Apollo " 
(Dufifield),  is  the  old  one  of  the  woman  who  seeks 
to  conquer  nature,  and  is  conquered  by  it.  The 
heroine  is  shocked  in  her  early  youth  by  the  laxity 
of  metropolitan  society.  She  closes  her  eyes  to 
realities  and  lives  in  her  own  world,  scarcely  moved 
when  her  husband  leaves  her  for  another.  At  the 
end,  the  love  she  had  earlier  spurned  she  eagerly 
grasps,  in  the  face  of  the  conventions,  her  boyhood 
lover  leaving  the  priesthood  to  join  her. 


158 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

In  "  Contemporary  Portraits " 
and  actions8  (Kenncrley),  Mr.  Frank  Harris 

has  written  two  books  where  he 
thinks  he  has  written  but  one.  The  first  of 
these  is  what  the  title  implies, —  an  effort  to 
portray  men  Mr.  Harris  has  known.  With  the 
exception  of  Fabre,  some  of  whose  observa- 
tions of  insects  and  animals  are  charmingly 
retold,  the  seventeen  men  Mr.  Harris  depicts 
are  of  the  literary  and  artistic  classes.  We 
are  made  to  see  them  as  Mr.  Harris  saw  them ; 
and  we  are  grateful  for  many  new  glimpses  of 
the  giants  of  a  former  generation, —  Carlyle, 
Renan,  Whistler,  and  Guy  de  Maupassant, — 
as  well  as  for  a  closer  acquaintance  with  liv- 
ing or  very  recent  celebrities.  The  portrayal, 
though  sympathetic,  is  honest.  Mr.  Harris  is 
willing,  for  example,  to  record  Browning's 
outburst  of  bitterness  because  Lowell  was 
lionized  socially  more  than  himself,  and  to 
express  the  conviction  that  Browning  "was 
certainly  bigger  in  his  writings  than  he  was 
in  intimacy."  In  short,  this  first  book,  though 
not  of  equal  value  throughout,  is  praiseworthy 
for  its  frankness  and  for  its  first-hand  evi- 
dence as  to  personalities  well  worth  the  know- 
ing. Unfortunately  it  is  mixed  in  inextrica- 
ble fashion  with  the  other  book,  which  sets 
forth  theories  and  speculations  of  Mr.  Har- 
ris's own.  These  are  usually  tiresome,  and 
sometimes  irritating  in  both  matter  and  man- 
ner. Mr.  Harris  takes  himself  very  seriously 
as  an  interpreter  of  literary  values  and  of 
modern  society  and  thought.  He  recurs  fre- 
quently to  his  flighty  assumptions  about  the 
life  and  personality  of  Shakespeare.  He  in- 
dulges in  amusing  literary  comparisons: 
"Matthew  Arnold  could  never  have  been  a 
great  critic,  but  he  might  surely  have  reached 
.  somewhat  the  same  level  as  Swinburne "  had 
it  not  been  for  his  "debasing  Puritanism." 
He  makes  bold  statements,  settles  offhand  the 
most  baffling  questions:  the  late  Sir  Richard 
Burton  was  greater  both  in  speech  and  action 
than  Raleigh,  Paul  Verlaine  "is  the  great- 
est Christian  singer  since  Dante,"  Carlyle 
(though  he  "rusted  unused,"  to  be  sure)  was 
the  greatest  statesman  of  the  past  two  centu- 
ries in  England,  French  unreserve  of  speech 
on  matters  sexual  is  in  every  way  superior  to 
the  prudish  reticence  of  Anglo-Saxon  peoples, 
the  middle  class  government  of  England  is  a 
thing  almost  utterly  bad,  and  religion  and 
immortality  are  done  for.  And  what  shall  we 
say  of  the  nonsensical  grandiloquence  of  such 
a  passage  as  this  :  "  Swinburne  was  the  poet 
of  youth,  and  his  heritage  is  as  wide  as  the 
world,  and  his  lovers  [are]  as  numerous  as  the 


sands  of  the  sea,  for  all  youths  will  love  him 
and  quote  him  with  hot  hearts  and  passionate 
tears  as  long  as  English  is  spoken"?  Or,  in 
reading  how  we  are  responsible  for  the  un- 
happy ends  of  Whistler,  Oscar  Wilde,  John 
Davidson,  and  Richard  Middleton,  what  shall 
we  make  of  the  sentence :  "  I  do  not  hope  to 
persuade  Englishmen  or  Americans  of  this 
truth  [the  limitless  value  of  such  men]  for 
many  a  year  to  come,  though  I  have  the  high- 
est warrant  for  it  and  am  absolutely  convinced 
of  the  fact"?  To  put  the  matter  in  a  nut- 
shell, the  second  book  constitutes  an  eighteenth 
portrait,  that  of  Mr.  Harris  himself,  and  it  is 
the  least  interesting  and  profitable  of  any  in 
the  volume.  

Mr.  James  Barnes,  a  newspaper 
TWO  travellers ,  correspondent  who  handles  a 

in  Central  Africa.  _•-.:«  ..      ,  -.  _., 

ready  pen,  and  Mr.  Cherry 
Kearton,  famous  as  an  animal  photographer 
and  familiar  with  parts  of  Africa,  have  col- 
laborated to  produce  a  most  readable  and 
attractive  volume  in  "  Through  Central 
Africa"  (Appleton).  The  purpose  of  their 
expedition,  which  left  London  in  April,  1913, 
was  to  secure  a  film  library  of  moving  pictures 
of  animals  in  their  natural  surroundings,  to 
be  presented  to  natural  history  museums  for 
free  exhibition.  The  travellers  planned  to 
secure  a  series  of  pictures  which  should  repre- 
sent the  fauna  of  Africa  from  coast  to  coast, 
from  Mombasa  on  the  Indian  Ocean  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Congo  River.  Fortunately,  they 
made  a  detour  from  this  simple  traverse  of  the 
continent,  and  spent  weeks  in  the  grass-lands 
back  of  Nairobi  and  up  toward  the  Abyssinian 
border.  This  was  familiar  ground  to  Mr. 
Kearton,  and  many  beautiful  and  interesting 
pictures  were  there  secured.  Later  on  they 
took  up  the  traverse,  and  crossing  the  great 
lake,  struck  through  the  forest,  travelling  on 
foot  and  by  canoe  to  Basoko,  where  they  took 
steamer  down  the  Congo.  The  travellers  were 
surprised  and  grievously  disappointed  to  find 
that  the  forest  was  not  suited  to  moving- 
picture  work ;  and  they  lost  their  time,  labor, 
and  money  so  far  as  their  main  purpose  was 
concerned,  in  this,  the  piece  de  resistance  of 
their  expedition.  For  the  pleasure  of  the 
picture-loving  reader,  it  is  lucky  that  so  much 
was  done  in  the  preliminary  journey,  because 
almost  no  animal  pictures  were  secured  in  the 
forest.  The  real  interest  of  the  book,  however, 
is  found  in  its  account  of  the  continental 
traverse;  though  thousands  have  passed  over 
these  trails  during  the  last  thirty  years,  few 
good  descriptions  of  the  experience  have  been 
written.  The  forest  itself,  though  gloomy  and 
depressing,  has  its  charm ;  though  animal  pic- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


159 


tures  cannot  be  caught  in  its  dim  recesses,  its 
human  inhabitants  can  be  posed  in  the  sun- 
light of  its  little  clearings  and  their  pictures 
taken ;  history  has  been  made  even  here,  and 
everywhere  one  is  oppressed  with  memories 
of  Stanley  and  "the  rear  guard"  and  Emin 
Pasha's  relief.  Here  in  the  forest  of  the 
Ituri-Aruwimi  River  live  the  purest  type  of 
pygmies  and  little-known  tribes  of  cannibals. 
Mr.  Barnes  came  into  contact  with  all  of  these 
peoples,  and  gives  us  some  fine  pictures  of  the 
little  folk.  From  his  book  we  do  not  get  much 
description  of  life  or  customs,  nor  of  geogra- 
phy or  country, —  we  get  nothing,  perhaps,  in 
the  way  of  new  scientific  facts.  It  is  a  narra- 
tive pure  and  simple,  interestingly  told,  of  a 
journey  unusual,  if  not  unique,  in  character 
and  purpose.  The  writer  tells  us  that  they 
"are  very  glad  they  went,  but  there  are  cer- 
tain portions  of  the  journey  that  they  would 
not  care  to  do  again."  These  "certain  por- 
tions," by  the  way,  seem  really  to  be  the  most 
important  part  of  their  enterprise. 


Books  for  °f    tne    numerous    series 

the  wayfarer's  launched  in  recent  years  have 
justified  themselves  so  immedi- 
ately and  decidedly  as  does  "  The  Wayfarer's 
Library"  (Button).  Bearing  the  imprint  of 
the  English  and  American  publishing  houses 
which  have  produced  "  Everyman's  Library " 
in  collaboration,  we  take  it  that  the  new  series 
is  designed  as  a  sort  of  adjunct  to  that  benefi- 
cent enterprise, —  giving  sanctuary,  as  it  were, 
to  those  numerous  books  in  recent  English 
literature  which,  while  standing  well  above 
the  ephemeral  mass  of  publications,  have  not 
yet  attained  the  rank  of  classics.  But  that 
this  idea  has  not  been  held  to  as  closely  as 
might  be  desired  is  evident  from  a  survey  of 
the  two  score  volumes  with  which  the  series  is 
inaugurated.  On  the  one  hand  we  have  such 
•commonplace  stock  in  trade  for  the  reprinter 
as  Lamb's  essays  and  Dickens's  Christmas  sto- 
ries ;  on  the  other  we  find  the  sort  of  current 
iiction  indicated  by  the  names  of  such  writers 
as  Guy  Boothby,  L.  Cope  Cornford,  and  Mrs. 
Belloc  Lowndes.  But  between  these  extremes 
are  many  titles  which  deserve  and  will  evoke 
the  heartiest  welcome.  First  place,  in  our 
judgment,  belongs  to  George  Gissing's  "Pri- 
vate Papers  of  Henry  Ryecroft,"  a  book  as 
surely  destined  to  become  a  classic  in  its  kind 
as  any  other  English  prose  work  of  the  past 
quarter  century.  Scarcely  less  welcome  is  the 
posthumous  collection  of  Gissing's  stories 
entitled  "The  House  of  Cobwebs,"  a  reprint 
which  would  be  well  worth  while  if  only  for 
the  biographical  sketch  of  the  author  which 
it  contains.  Three  of  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's 


early  adventures  in  fiction  —  "An  Unsocial 
Socialist,"  "Love  among  the  Artists,"  and 
"  Cashel  Byron's  Profession,"  are  given  a  new 
lease  of  life.  We  are  especially  glad,  also,  to 
have  in  such  convenient  form  those  two  gems 
of  inimitable  humor,  Mr.  Barry  Pain's  "De 
Omnibus"  and  Mr.  F.  Anstey's  "Baboo 
Jabberjee,  B.  A."  The  essay  form  is  worthily 
represented  by  such  books  as  Mr.  Dobson's 
"  Eighteenth  Century  Studies,"  Mr.  G.  W.  E. 
Russell's  "  Selected  Essays  on  Literary  Sub- 
jects," Mr.  G.  S.  Street's  "The  Ghosts  of 
Piccadilly,"  and  Mr.  Holbrook  Jackson's 
"  Southward  Ho !  "  Of  miscellaneous  works 
we  find  a  charming  open-air  anthology  enti- 
tled "  The  Lore  of  the  Wanderer  " ;  Mr.  A.  G. 
Gardiner's  vivid  pen  portraits  of  present-day 
English  celebrities,  "Prophets,  Priests,  and 
Kings  " ;  and  Mr.  James  Milnes's  "  Epistles 
of  Atkins."  While  we  have  been  able  to  give 
in  the  foregoing  at  least  an  indication  of  the 
range  and  interest  of  the  literary  field  covered 
by  "  The  Wayfarer's  Library,"  we  must  leave 
our  readers  to  discover  for  themselves  the 
physical  attractiveness  of  the  volumes.  That 
such  excellence  of  bookmaking  is  compatible 
with  the  modest  price  at  which  the  volumes 
are  sold  is  little  less  than  remarkable. 


Fact  and  fiction     Amusement  for  a  summer  after- 
in  the  form  of       noon  will  be  found  in  disentan- 

biography.        ^^  ^  ^  fr()m  ^  ^.^  in 

"  The  Record  of  Nicholas  Freydon :  An  Auto- 
biography" (Doran),  by  an  anonymous  au- 
thor of  evident  talent,  if  not  even  of  genius. 
The  problem  of  his  identity,  too,  challenges 
the  acuteness  of  the  reader,  and  there  is  room 
for  a  good  deal  of  shrewd  guessing  without 
hitting  the  mark  —  unless  the  casually  im- 
parted information  that  the  writer  was  ten 
years  and  one  day  old  on  the  second  of  May, 
1870,  be  strictly  true  and  so  a  check  to  any- 
thing like  random  conjecture  as  to  the  author- 
ship. The  story,  or  history,  is  of  a  literary 
life  of  painfully  earned  success,  chiefly  jour- 
nalistic, the  scene  being  alternately  in  London, 
Australia,  London  again,  and  finally  Aus- 
tralia. Orphanage  and  poverty  and  a  proud 
and  rather  defiant  disposition  constitute  the 
chief  part  of  the  hero's  somewhat  conven- 
tional equipment;  but  the  vicissitudes  of  his 
arduous  climb  to  a  fair  measure  of  success  in 
his  calling  are  not  altogether  of  the  usual  sort 
—  quite  the  contrary  in  some  instances.  The 
spiritual  struggles  and  agonies,  moreover,  are 
of  absorbing  interest,  and  serve  to  give  dis- 
tinction to  the  book.  In  its  general  scheme 
the  work  is  not  unlike  George  Gissing's  "  The 
Private  Papers  of  Henry  Ryecroft."  As  in 
that  remarkable  bit  of  autobiographic  remi- 


160 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


niscence  and  reflection,  so  here  we  have  an 
ostensible  "  editor,"  who  prepares  for  the 
press,  with  editorial  comment,  the  posthumous 
papers  of  his  friend  of  pathetic  memory ;  and 
in  both  instances  the  oneness  of  editor  and 
author  is  manifest.  In  the  later  book,  far 
more  than  in  the  earlier,  verisimilitude  is 
marred  by  the  dramatic  intensity  of  the  lights 
and  shades,  the  startling  nature  of  the  acci- 
dents and  coincidences,  the  completeness  and 
rhetorical  finish  of  the  recorded  conversations, 
even  those  recalled  from  childhood,  and  the 
prevailing  atmosphere  of  romance.  Without 
doubt  the  narrative  is  a  skilful  mingling  of 
fact  and  fiction,  a  groundwork  of  actual  expe- 
rience with  trimmings  of  a  lesser  degree  of 
actuality,  all  presented  with  much  literary  art 
and  calculated  to  charm  the  reader  who  once 
opens  the  volume.  One  at  least  of  the  writer's 
assertions  about  himself  is  evidently  true :  he 
mentions  the  scantiness  of  his  schooling  and 
his  ignorance  of  grammar,  and  this  confes- 
sion prepares  one  for  such  lapses  as  "this 
minutiae,"  "that  strata,"  a  glaring  misuse  of 
"complaisant"  and  "complaisance"  for  "com- 
placent" and  "complacence,"  and  the  misquo- 
tation, "Je  suis,  je  reste"  —a  misquotation 
that  the  "  editor "  reproduces,  curiously 
enough,  in  his  concluding  note.  Taken  all  in 
all,  "  The  Record  of  Nicholas  Freydon  "  is  a 
notable  contribution  to  pseudo-autobiography. 


rt,,r  r  There  are  two  reasons  why  an 

J.  ne  lierman  -,.    •          .       -r-i       i  •   i        an  m-i       -m- 

soldier's  edition  in  English  of     The  War 

Book  of  the  German  General 
Staff"  (McBride,  Nast  &  Co.)  is  welcome.  In 
the  first  place,  it  gives  us  documentary  evi- 
dence of  the  most  authoritative  sort  concern- 
ing the  methods  that  Germany  intends  to 
employ  in  any  war  with  which  she  may  be 
faced.  In  the  second  place,  it  yields  indirect 
testimony  to  support  those  accusations  of  ter- 
rorism and  atrocity  which  many  judicious 
people,  in  spite  of  the  Bryce  report,  are  still 
loath  to  believe.  The  translation  is  by  Dr. 
J.  H.  Morgan,  Professor  of  Constitutional 
Law  in  the  University  of  London,  whose  intro- 
duction is  a  sort  of  moralizing  commentary  on 
the  text  that  follows.  The  translation  is 
vouched  for  as  literal  and  integral ;  even  the 
foot-notes  are  rendered ;  where  the  editor  has 
added  a.  note  of  his  own  it  is  bracketted  and 
initialed.  What  strikes  one  most  in  reading 
the  book  is  the  contrast  between  the  moderate 
and  humane  general  principles  of  military 
conduct  and  the  truculent  exceptions  when 
need  compels.  In  this  way  the  excellent  theory 
of  "  civilized "  warfare  is  rendered  nugatory 
in  use.  International  law  and  Hague  conven- 
tions are  academically  desirable,  but  in  prac- 


tice they  must  yield  before  military  necessity. 
Here  is  an  example  in  nuce  of  this  logic  of 
militarism  :  "  No  inhabitant  of  the  occupied 
territory  is  to  be  disturbed  in  the  use  and  free 
disposition  of  his  property ;  on  the  other  hand 
the  necessity  of  war  justifies  the  most  far- 
reaching  disturbance,  restriction,  and  even 
imperiling  of  his  property."  Perhaps  the 
most  offensive  pronouncement  of  all  is  the 
assertion  that  "  indeed  international  law  is  in 
no  way  opposed  to  the  exploitation  of  the 
crimes  of  third  parties  (assassination,  incen- 
diarism, robbery,  and  the  like)  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  enemy."  When  one  reflects  further 
that  necessity  often  means  simply  expe- 
diency, the  German  doctrine  Not  kennt  kein 
Gebot  becomes,  in  the  language  of  the  street, 
"  anything  to  win."  And  that  is  the  final  les- 
son of  the  War  Book  of  the  German  General 
Staff. 


Aspects  of 

contemporary 

journalism. 


"  The  Coming  Newspaper " 
(Holt),  a  collection  of  addresses 
and  papers  on  journalism  by 
experienced  newspaper  men,  is  edited  by  Pro- 
fessor Merle  Thorpe,  of  the  department  of 
journalism  in  the  University  of  Kansas.  He 
names  the  volume,  not  in  an  accurately  de- 
scriptive manner,  from  his  own  initial  con- 
tribution to  its  contents.  Other  contributors 
are  Dr.  Washington  Gladden,  Mr.  Oswald 
Garrison  Villard,  Mr.  Melville  E.  Stone,  Mr. 
Norman  Hapgood,  Dr.  Lyman  Abbott,  Mr. 
Hamilton  Holt,  and  a  dozen  more  of  like 
standing;  and  they  discourse  on  such  themes 
as  "  Tainted  Journalism,"  "  Some  Weaknesses 
of  Modern  Journalism,"  "  The  Clubber  in 
Journalism,"  "A  Modern  Type  of  Country 
Journalism,"  "A  State  License  for  Newspaper 
Men,"  "The  English  Substitute  for  the 
License  Plan,"  "A  Code  of  Ethics  for  News- 
paper Men,"  "  Government  Regulation  for 
Press  Associations,"  "  Community  Service," 
and  "  Giving  the  Public  What  It  Wants."  As 
may  be  recognized  by  some  readers,  a  number 
of  these  chapters  were  first  made  public  by 
their  respective  authors  in  the  course  of  those 
memorable  exercises  that  distinguished  Kan- 
sas Newspaper  Week  (May  10—14)  from  the 
rest  of  the  weeks  of  the  year  1914;  and  the 
topics  treated  were  selected  from  a  list  ob- 
tained by  the  issue  of  a  questionnaire  to  "  one 
thousand  men  and  women  in  public  and  pri- 
vate life."  Thus  a  creditable  measure  of  suc- 
cess has  been  attained  in  giving  to  the  various 
disquisitions  a  more  than  academic  interest. 
Actual  experience  and  ripe  reflection  speak  in 
almost  every  paragraph.  On  the  first  page  of 
his  opening  chapter  ("The  Coming  News- 
paper'') Professor  Thorpe  scores  "the  man 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


161 


who  continually  harks  back  to  the  grand  old 
days  of  Greeley  "  and  "  fails  utterly  to  appre- 
ciate how  impossible  it  would  be  for  the  news- 
less,  violently  partisan  journal  of  the  fifties  to 
find  a  footing  in  our  present-day  life,  uncon- 
fronted,  as  it  is,  by  any  great  moral  crisis." 
It  is  true  we  have  no  slavery  question  to  vex 
us  now,  but  other  issues  involving  moral  con- 
siderations of  the  first  importance  are  not 
lacking.  Improvement  in  our  journalism  dur- 
ing the  last  ten  years  is  detected  by  the  same 
writer,  and  on  the  whole  the  tone  of  the  entire 
book  is  hopeful,  constructively  critical  rather 
than  sourly  censorious.  But  of  course  this 
was  to  be  expected,  as  well  as  desired,  from  a 
company  of  men  engaged  in  journalism  of  the 
better  sort. 


A  Florentine 
sculptor  of 

the  15th  century. 


Allan      Marquand's 
imposing  work  on  "Luca  della 

^^  „     (princeton    University 

Press),  is  a  most  valuable  contribution  to  art 
history.  It  furnishes  a  descriptive  catalogue 
of  all  the  works  of  one  of  the  great  artists  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  —  one  who,  it  has  been 
declared,  gave  impulse  to  the  Renaissance; 
one  who  was  the  founder  of  a  "  school  "  of 
sculpture,  chiefly  among  the  members  of  his 
own  family.  Luca  was  born  in  1399  or  1400, 
and  died  in  1481.  His  work  in  sculpture  dates 
from  1430.  Sixteen  years  later,  being  unable 
to  execute  by  himself  the  numerous  commis- 
sions he  was  receiving  from  every  part  of 
Italy,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  his 
nephew,  Andrea,  and  his  great-nephew,  Gio- 
vanni ;  and  also  employed  as  helpers  the  two 
Duccio  brothers,  Ottaviano  and  Agostino,  who 
are  often  erroneously  regarded  as  members 
of  the  Robbia  family.  The  four  were  collabo- 
rators with  Luca  in  most  of  his  later  work. 
To  Luca  is  accorded  the  distinction,  not  of 
inventing  the  process  of  enamel-glazing  terra 
cotta,  the  "  secret  "  of  which  he  is  said  to  have 
confided  to  Andrea,  his  nephew,  but  of  suc- 
cessfully applying  to  sculpture  what  Palissy 
a  century  later  applied  to  pottery.  It  was 
Luca's  purpose  to  democratize  sculpture  so 
that  even  village  churches  might  possess  works 
of  art  which  before  were  reserved  -for  the  pos- 
session of  the  great  cathedrals  and  the  wealthy 
metropolitan  churches.  Out  of  these  circum- 
stances have  arisen  the  problems  which  the 
present  volume  attempts  to  solve.  How  much 
of  all  the  exquisite  glazed  terra  cotta  in  the 
della  Robbia  style  now  extant  or  known  for- 
merly to  have  existed  was  really  the  work  of 
Luca?  How  much  was  the  work  of  Andrea, 
which  was  often  compared  and  contrasted 
with  that  of  his  uncle?  How  much  was  the 
work  of  other  members  of  the  family  or  of 


more  or  less  successful  imitators  ?  A  solution 
of  these  problems  has  engaged  the  attention  of 
Professor  Marquand  for  the  past  twenty  years 
or  more;  and  his  final  collation  of  all  the 
documentary  evidence  bearing  on  the  ques- 
tion, his  chronological  classification  of  all  the 
work  of  Luca  della  Robbia,  and  his  examina- 
tion of  the  works  which  have  sometimes  been 
attributed  to  him,  may  be  accepted  as  the  final 
word  on  a  fascinating  subject.  The  pictorial 
presentation  of  the  volume  is  sure  to  be  a 
delight  to  art  lovers.  From  the  scanty  details 
of  his  life  that  are  preserved  to  us,  Luca  della 
Robbia  appears  to  have  been  a  man  of  irre- 
proachable character,  whose  work  was  done 
from  the  most  unselfish  of  motives,  and  who 
left  thereon  the  impress  of  a  pure,  humble, 
and  affectionate  nature.  The  promise  that 
the  present  volume  will  be  followed  before 
long  by  others  on  Andrea  della  Robbia  and 
Giovanni  della  Robbia,  and  on  the  Robbia 
School,  will  be  a  source  of  satisfaction  in  many 
quarters.  

Laid  on  the  shelf  for  a  year  by 

me™£ieasnean  his  own  .choice,  from  a  prema- 
ture feeling  of  superannuation, 
the  author  of  "From  the  Shelf"  (Button), 
who  calls  himself  "Paxton  Holgar"  on  his 
title-page  and  "John"  in  the  body  of  his 
book,  narrates  his  recuperative  experiences  in 
a  deserted  monastery  on  what  we  assume  to 
be  one  of  the  Balearic  Islands.  At  any  rate, 
it  is  a  Spanish  island,  delightfully  somnolent 
and  unmodernized,  in  the  Mediterranean; 
and  the  author's  graphic  touches  of  local  color 
and  local  character,  with  morsels  of  romance 
and  adventure,  and  an  atmosphere  of  almost 
convincing  reality  —  not  prosaic  realism  — 
over  all,  make  one  envy  him  the  twelve 
months'  rest  and  communion  with  nature  and 
his  own  soul  that  ended  in  the  happy  manner 
he  so  well  describes  in  his  closing  chapters. 
But  the  reader's  natural  desire  to  believe  it  all 
a  true  story  cannot  blind  him,  even  with  the 
best  of  will  to  meet  the  author  half-way,  to 
occasional  inconsistencies  and  artificialities. 
On  one  page,  for  instance,  the  narrator  calls 
himself  "  naturally  unobservant,"  although  in 
a  later  passage  he  gives  evidence  of  acute 
observation  and  refers  to  his  "usually  keen, 
eyes."  Nevertheless,  the  book  is  a  little  mas- 
terpiece in  its  way,  in  its  combination  of  topo- 
graphic detail  that  escapes  weariness  and 
character-sketching  that  makes  its  subjects 
live  and  breathe  before  one's  eyes.  "Whatever 
and  wherever  may  be  the  geographic  equiva- 
lents of  the  author's  San  Telmo  and  Torelya, 
he  knows  them  well  and  pictures  them  charm- 
ingly. 


162 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


NOTES. 


A  thorough  critical  study  of  Mr.  Gilbert  K. 
Chesterton  has  been  made  by  Mr.  Julius  West,  and 
will  appear  during  the  autumn. 

L.  T.  Hobhouse's  "  Morals  in  Evolution,"  first 
published  in  1907,  will  shortly  appear  in  a  new 
and  revised  edition,  with  Messrs.  Holt's  imprint. 

Early  in  the  autumn  an  illustrated  book  by 
Colonel  Robert  McCormick,  dealing  with  his  expe- 
riences in  the  war  area,  will  be  published  by  the 
Macmillan  Co. 

A  new  and  cheaper  edition  of  the  late  Francis 
Fisher  Browne's  "  Everyday  Life  of  Abraham 
Lincoln "  will  be  issued  early  in  the  autumn  by 
Messrs.  Putnam. 

Mr.  James  Huneker's  forthcoming  volume  of 
essays  on  literary  and  art  topics  will  be  entitled 
"  Ivory  Apes  and  Peacocks "  and  will  be  issued 
by  Messrs.  Scribner. 

A  new  and  complete  edition  of  Browning's 
poetical  works,  embodying  the  new  poems  pub- 
lished in  a  separate  volume  some  months  ago,  will 
be  published  at  once  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

The  title  of  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells's  new  novel,  which 
the  Macmillan  Co.  will  publish  this  month,  is  "  The 
Research  Magnificent."  It  is  described  as  "  the 
story  of  one  man's  search  for  the  kingly  life." 

The  third  volume  of  M.  Artzibashef's  to  be  pub- 
lished in  English  translation  within  less  than  a 
year  is  "  Breaking-point,"  which  Mr.  B.  W. 
Huebsch  announces  for  immediate  publication. 

A  new  series  of  "  Essays  for  College  Men," 
compiled  by  Professors  Foerster,  Manchester,  and 
Young  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  is  an- 
nounced for  immediate  publication  by  Messrs. 
Holt. 

"  The  Story  of  a  Pioneer,"  by  Dr.  Anna  Howard 
Shaw,  in  which  the  famous  suffrage  advocate  tells 
the  tale  of  her  own  life  of  many  and  varied  activi- 
ties, will  appear  this  month  with  Messrs.  Harper's 
imprint. 

A  translation  of  M.  Antoine  Guilland's  "Mod- 
ern Germany  and  Its  Historians "  (Niebuhr, 
Ranke,  Mommsen,  Sybel,  and  Treitschke)  has  been 
prepared  and  will  soon  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
McBride,  Nast  &  Co. 

Mr.  Stanley  Washburn,  whose  "  Field  Notes 
from  the  Russian  Front "  was  recently  published, 
has  a  further  volume  in  the  press,  continuing  his 
narrative  under  the  title,  "  The  Russian  Cam- 
paign, January  to  July,  1915." 

A  new  historical  romance  of  love  and  adventure 
by  Miss  Mary  Johnston  is  among  the  autumn  pub- 
lications of  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  It  is  entitled 
"  The  Fortunes  of  Garin,"  and  has  for  its  scene 
Southern  France  in  the  time  of  the  Crusades. 

"  The  People's  Government,"  by  Dr.  David 
Jayne  Hill,  former  Ambassador  to  Germany,  will 
be  published  early  this  month  by  Messrs.  Apple- 
ton.  It  constitutes  a  discussion  of  the  relations 
between  the  citizen  and  the  State,  of  the  origin 
and  possibilities  of  the  State,  and  of  the  sources 
of  its  authority. 


A  volume  of  essays  by  Professor  William  Henry 
Hudson,  to  be  entitled  "  A  Quiet  Corner  in  a 
Library,"  is  promised  by  Messrs.  Rand,  McNally 
&  Co.  The  writers  discussed  are  Tom  Hood, 
George  Lillo,  Richardson,  and  the  author  of  "  Sally 
in  Our  Alley." 

The  first  of  several  posthumous  works  by  the 
late  John  Muir  is  announced  for  October  publi- 
cation by  Messrs.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  under  the 
title  of  "  Travels  in  Alaska."  It  is  planned  to 
issue  the  book  in  both  a  regular  and  a  limited 
large  paper  edition. 

A  volume  of  "Letters  of  Washington  Irving  to 
Henry  Brevoort,"  extending  from  1807  to  1843, 
and  mostly  unpublished,  edited  by  Mr.  George  S. 
Hellman,  is  one  of  the  more  interesting  literary 
announcements  of  the  autumn  season.  Messrs. 
Putnam  will  publish  the  book. 

"  Feminism  in  Germany  and  Scandinavia,"  by 
Miss  Katharine  Anthony,  will  be  published  this 
month  by  Messrs.  Holt.  It  will  give  a  full  ac- 
count of  what  the  leaders  of  the  woman  movement 
in  Germany  and  the  three  northern  kingdoms  are 
attempting  and  have  achieved. 

Mr.  Thomas  H.  Dickinson,  the  editor  of  the 
recently-published  volume,  "  The  Chief  Contem- 
porary Dramatists,"  discusses  present  tendencies 
in  the  dramatic  affairs  of  this  country  in  his 
book,  "  The  Case  of  American  Drama,"  which  the 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  will  publish  this  month. 

Arrangements  have  already  been  made  by 
Messrs.  Holt  for  the  publication  next  March  of  a 
volume  by  Dr.  Richard  Burton,  the  tentative  title 
of  which  is  "  Bernard  Shaw :  The  Man  and  the 
Mask."  A  book  of  "Poems  of  Earth's  Mean- 
ing "  by  Dr.  Burton  will  also  appear  under  the 
same  imprint  at  a  later  date. 

We  understand  that  there  will  soon  appear  a 
fuller  account  than  has  yet  been  published  in  En- 
glish of  the  life  and  personality  of  Frau  Krupp 
von  Bohlen,  who  inherited  from  her  father,  the 
late  Friedrich  Krupp,  the  huge  arsenal  at  Essen. 
There  is  no  little  romantic  interest  in  this  young 
girl  in  whose  control  lies  the  greatest  of  modern 
factories  for  the  output  of  engines  of  death. 

Professor  Fred  Lewis  Pattee,  of  Pennsylvania 
State  College,  has  prepared  "A  History  of  Ameri- 
can Literature  since  1870,"  which  the  Century  Co. 
will  bring  out  before  long.  The  author  is  said  to 
have  chosen  1870  as  the  starting  point  of  his 
record  because  he  thinks  that  only  then,  with  the 
consolidation  of  national  sentiment  following  the 
Civil  War,  did  a  national  literature  really  begin. 

To  their  fine  series  of  Riverside  Press  limited 
editions,  Messrs.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  will  shortly 
add  the  following :  Montaigne's  "  Essay  on 
Friendship,"  together  with  twenty-nine  sonnets  by 
Estienne  de  la  Boetie,  translated  by  Mr.  Louis 
How ;  "A  Handbook  of  Gastronomy "  by  Jean 
Anthelme  Brillat-Savarin ;  and  "  Dr.  Holmes's 
Boston,"  a  compilation  edited  by  Miss  Caroline 
Ticknor. 

"  The  Covent-Garden  Journal  by  Henry  Field- 
ing," edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  Dr. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


163 


Gerard  E.  Jensen,  will  be  issued  during  the  autumn 
by  the  Yale  University  Press.  From  the  same 
house  will  come  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Tenny- 
son," by  the  late  Thomas  R.  Lounsbury,  and  a 
translation  of  M.  Paul  Claudel's  play,  "  L'Otage," 
made  by  Miss  Clara  Bell,  with  an  Introduction  by 
M.  Pierre  Chavannes. 

A  "  History  of  the  Norwegian  People,"  by  Mr. 
Knut  Gjerset,  is  announced  for  immediate  publi- 
cation by  the  Macmillan  Co.  The  work  is  in  two 
volumes,  covering  the  history  of  Norway  and  its 
people  from  the  earliest  times,  and  dealing  not 
only  with  the  life  of  the  people  in  Norway  itself, 
but  also  with  the  influence  exerted  upon  other 
nations  by  the  Norwegians  who  have  emigrated  to 
other  countries,  including  the  United  States. 

In  "  Memories  of  a  Publisher,"  a  forthcoming 
volume  by  Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam,  the  author 
continues  his  personal  reminiscences  from  1865, 
the  date  to  which  the  narrative  in  his  earlier  book, 
"  Memories  of  My  Youth,"  had  been  brought.  The 
new  volume  will  contain  records  of  well-known 
people  whom  the  author  has  met  during  the  last 
fifty  years,  together  with  his  views  on  questions  of 
the  day  in  which  he  has,  as  a  citizen,  taken  his 
part. 

Mr.  Harry  A.  Gushing,  of  the  New  York  bar, 
has  written  a  concise  volume  on  "  Voting  Trusts : 
Chapters  in  Recent  Corporate  History,"  said  to  be 
the  first  book  upon  this  subject,  which  the  Mac- 
millans  announce  for  issue  this  month.  The  same 
house  has  nearly  ready  "  The  Criminal  Imbecile," 
by  Mr.  Henry  H.  Goddard,  which  gives  an  analy- 
sis of  certain  murder  cases  in  which  the  Binet 
tests  were  used,  and  discusses  the  question  of  re- 
sponsibility. 

Some  interesting  publications  in  the  field  of 
poetry  announced  by  Messrs.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  for  October  issue  include  "  The  Little  Book  of 
American  Poets,"  edited  by  Miss  Jessie  Kitten- 
house;  "  The  Quiet  Hour,"  edited  by  Mr.  FitzRoy 
Carrington ;  "Af  ternoons  of  April "  by  Miss  Grace 
Hazard  Conkling ;  "  Interflow  "  by  Mr.  Geoffrey 
C.  Faber;  and  two  verse  dramas  —  "The  Clois- 
ter "  by  Emile  Verhaeren,  and  "  Red  Wine  of 
Roussillon  "  by  Mr.  William  Lindsey. 

"The  Chronicle  of  Twelve  Days,  July  23- 
August  4,  1914,  with  an  Interpretation,"  by  Mr. 
William  Archer,  is  announced  by  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press.  The  author's  object  has  been  to 
weave  the  official  dispatches  and  other  authentic 
documents  into  a  connected  narrative  —  in  his  own 
words,  "  to  reduce  this  confusion  of  voices  to 
something  like  a  logical  sequence,  and  in  so  doing 
to  determine  who  was  responsible  for  the  fact 
that  a  '  happy  ending '  was  obstinately  staved  off, 
in  favour  of  the  sanguinary  catastrophe  now 
working  itself  out." 

One  of  the  chief  art  books  of  the  coming  season 
will  be  devoted  to  "Belgium,"  with  illustrations 
by  Mr.  Frank  Brangwyn.  There  will  be  twenty- 
five  plates  from  Mr.  Brangwyn's  original  draw- 
ings, reproduced  by  wood  engraving.  The  text  is 
by  Mr.  Hugh  Stokes.  The  work  has  been  dedi- 
cated by  permission  to  the  King  of  the  Belgians, 


and  will  include  an  introduction  by  M.  Paul  Lam- 
botte,  Belgian  Minister  of  Fine  Arts.  Besides  the 
ordinary  editions  there  will  be  an  edition  de  luxe. 
A  liberal  royalty  on  the  work  will  go  to  the  Bel- 
gian Relief  Fund. 

The  present  condition  of  the  Polish  Jews, 
"  driven  hither  and  yon,  from  one  gang  of  tor- 
turers to  the  other,"  has  been  represented  by  eye- 
witnesses as  incomparably  more  pitiful  than  that 
of  the  unhappy  Belgians.  This  lamentable  state 
and  many  other  woes  of  the  Hebrew  people  are 
to  be  remedied,  it  is  hoped  by  many  of  their 
number,  when  the  Zionist  movement  shall  have 
achieved  its  end.  A  timely  utterance  on  the  sub- 
ject is  Professor  Horace  Meyer  Kallen's  "  Na- 
tionality and  the  Jewish  Stake  in  the  Great  War," 
reprinted  from  "  The  Menorah  Journal,"  and 
obtainable  from  the  Zionist  Bureau  of  New  En- 
gland, 161  Devonshire  Street,  Boston. 

The  first  number  of  a  new  monthly  magazine  in 
French  whose  interests  and  scope  are  defined  by 
its  title,  "  La  Revue  de  Hollande,"  has  reached 
us.  Among  the  contributions  to  this  (July)  issue 
we  note  Emile  Verhaeren's  "  Le  passe  des  Flan- 
dres,"  Ph.  Zilcken's  "  Quelques  souvenirs  sur  Ed- 
mond  de  Goncourt,"  Dirk  Coster's  "  Introduction 
a  1'etude  de  la  litterature  neerlandaise,"  and  Henri 
Malo's  "  Les  defenses  de  1'Yser  dans  1'Histoire," 
together  with  verses  by  Max  Elskamp,  Fernand 
Severin,  and  Fernand  de  Solpray.  "  In  Memo- 
riam,"  by  the  editor,  M.  G.  S.  de  Solpray,  is  an 
appreciation  of  the  French  writers  who  have  died 
in  the  present  war,  numbering  nearly  thirty  at 
the  time  of  compiling  this  list. 

A  new  publisher  with  an  interesting  and  dis- 
tinctive programme  is  Mr.  Alfred  A.  Knopf,  whose 
imprint  will  appear  upon  a  title-page  in  the 
autumn  for  the  first  time.  Mr.  Knopf's  special 
aim  at  first  will  be  the  publishing  of  English  ver- 
sions of  Russian  classics  and  modern  works,  many 
of  which  have  never  been  put  before  the  English- 
reading  jmblic.  The  following  works  by  the  older 
Russian  authors  will  be  among  the  first  to  be 
issued :  "  The  Cathedral  Staff  of  Priests,"  Les- 
kov's  classic  of  the  clergy;  Lermontov's  "A  Hero 
of  Our  Times  " ;  Shchedrin's  novel,  "  The  Family 
Golovlev  " ;  Goncharov's  masterpiece,  "  Oblomov," 
and  Gogol's  tale  of  the  Cossacks,  "  Taras  Bulba." 
Of  the. younger  men  in  Russian  literature  a  dozen 
or  more  authors  are  represented  in  the  list  of 
books  Mr.  Knopf  plans  to  publish  in  the  near 
future.  Among  these  are  Kuprin's  military  novel, 
"  The  Duel,"  and  a  volume  of  his  short  stories ; 
Ropschin's  "As  If  It  Had  Never  Happened,"  a 
story  of  the  last  attempted  revolution  in  Russia; 
Sologub's  first  important  novel,  "  The  Little  De- 
mon," and  a  volume  of  his  stories  called  "  The 
Old  House  " ;  Veressayev's  "  Memoirs  of  a  Phy- 
sician"; and  a  volume  of  stories  by  Garshin. 
Works  by  Ivan  Bunin,  Kamensky,  Briussov,  and 
Erastov  will  appear  later  on.  The  field  of  drama 
will  be  represented  with  plays  by  Turgenev, 
Ostrovsky,  and  Gogol.  Mr.  Knopf  expects  to  pub- 
lish also  a  new  and  cheaper  edition  of  Prince  Kro- 
potkin's  "  Russian  Literature,"  a  standard  survey 
of  the  subject. 


164 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  2 


TOPICS  IX  HiEADING  PERIODICALS. 

September,  1915. 

Advertising,  Profession  of.  Harry  Tipper  ....  McBride 

Alexander,  John  W. :  An  Appreciation Scribner 

American  Painting,  Evolution  of.  J.  N.  Laurvik  .  Century 

Ant-hill  Fossils.  Kichard  S.  Lull Pop.  Sc. 

Asia,  The  Art  of.  Laurence  Binyon Atlantic 

Austria's  Mountain  Strongholds.  C.  L.  Freeston  .  Scribner 
Bar,  Education  for  the.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin  .  Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Bashfulness.  H.  Addington  Bruce Century 

Bicameral  System  in  State  Legislation.  J.  D. 

Barnett Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Brooke,  Rupert.  Milton  Bonner Bookman 

Bush,  Irving  T.  Donald  Wilhelm Century 

Business  Ethics.  Herbert  S.  Houston  .  .  .  World's  Work 

Chautauqua  Stars Everybody's 

China,  Japan's  Hand  in.  Carl  Crow  ....  World's  Work 
Chino-Japanese  Treaties.  T.  lyenega  ....  Rev.  of  Revs. 
City  Manager  Plan  in  Ohio.  L.  D.  Upson  .  .  Am.  Pol.  Sc. 
City  Manager  Plan  of  Government.  H.  G.  James  .  Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Civic  Investment,  A.  P.  R.  Kolbe Pop.  Sc. 

County  Hospitals  and  Libraries.  W.  A.  Dyer  .  World's  Work 
Court  Organization.  Herbert  Harley  ....  Am.  Pol.  Sc. 
Crisis,  Promotion  and.  Minnie  T.  England  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Crisis  of  1914  in  the  United  States.  O.  M.  W. 

Sprague Am.  Econ. 

Democracy,  Duplicity  of.  Alfred  H.  Lloyd  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Diplomatic  Point  of  View.  Maurice  F.  Egan  .  .  .  Century 
Disraeli  and  Conservatism.  Paul  E.  More  ....  Atlantic 
Divorce  Laws,  Varying.  H.  G.  Chapin  .  .  .  Everybody's 
Dixie,  Steamboating  through.  W.  J.  Aylward .  .  .  Harper 
Dramatic  Criticism,  Need  for.  Brander  Matthews  .  Bookman 
Farming,  Youth's  Interest  in.  Stanley  Johnson  .  American 

Fifty,  At  the  Age  of.  E.  S.  Martin Harper 

Fiji,  History  of.  Alfred  Goldsborough  Mayer  .  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
France  in  Wartime.  Herbert  A.  Gibbons  ....  Century 
French  Army,  With  the.  E.  Alexander  Powell  .  .  Scribner 
French  Literature  and  the  War.  Jules  Bois  .  .  .  Bookman 
Germany's  Financial  Mobilization.  Ludwig 

Bendix Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Germany's  Sweep  Eastward.  Frank  H.  Simonds  Rev.of  Revs. 
Grazing  Lands,  Public.  Dwight  B.  Heard  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Guianan  Forests,  Red  Men  of  the.  C.  W.  Furlong  .  Harper 

Haiti,  Helping.  George  Marvin World's  Work 

Hay's  Years  with  Roosevelt.  W.  R.  Thayer  .  .  .  Harper 
Immigrant,  The  Modest.  Agnes  Repplier  ....  Atlantic 
India,  New  Heart  of  Old.  Basanta  K.  Roy  ....  Century 

India,  Night  in.  Esther  Harlan Forum 

Insect  Migrations.  Howard  J.  Shannon Harper 

Inventors'  Board  and  the  Navy.  Waldemar 

Kaempffert Rev.  of  Revs. 

Investments  and  Trade  Balances.  T.  H. 

Boggs Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Italian  Imperialism.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  ....  Forum 
Italy's  Demands  for  Territory.  E.  F.  Baldwin  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Judiciary  Act  of  1801,  Repeal  of.  W.  S.  Carpenter  Am.Pol.  Sc. 
Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich,  Reminiscences  of  —  II  .  Century 

McNamaras,  The.  Theodore  Schroeder Forum 

Magazines  in  America  —  Y!!-  Algernon  Tassin  .  Bookman 
Mexico,  Inevitable  Trend  in.  David  Lawrence  .  .  Century 
Mississippi,  Navigating  the.  George  Marvin  .  World's  Work 
Monroe  Doctrine  and  Germany.  Herbert  Kraus  .  .  Atlantic 

Music  after  the  War.  Carl  Van  Vechten Forum 

Musical  Play,  The.  Harry  B.  Smith American 

New  York  of  the  Novelists  —  I.  A.  B.  Maurice  .  Bookman 
Older  Generation,  This.  Randolph  S.  Bourne  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Pageants,  Poetic  Theme  in.  Anne  T.  Craig  ....  Forum 
Panama,  First  Year  at.  W.  L.  Marvin  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Paris  in  Wartime.  Philip  Gibbs McBride 

Peace,  League  to  Enforce.  A.  Lawrence  Lowell  .  Atlantic 
Plattsburg  Response,  The.  William  Menkel  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Preparedness,  America  and.  E.  J.  Ridgway  .  .  Everybody's 
Preparedness,  America  and.  William  Hard  .  .  Everybody's 
Preparedness,  National.  Virgil  Jordan  .  .  .  Everybody's 
Primary,  Presidential  Preference.  F.  W. 

Dickey Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Professionalism.  Hubert  Langerock  .  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Progress,  Human.  Victor  S.  Yarros.  .  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Race  Movements.  David  Starr  Jordan Pop.  Sc. 

Religion,  Evolution  of.  Edward  C.  Hayes.  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Russia,  A  Mission  to.  Richard  Whiteing  ....  Bookman 
"  Salesmen,  Combination."  Walter  F.  Wyman  .  World's  Work 
Science,  Natural,  in  Middle  Ages.  Lyman  Thorndike  Pop.  Sc. 
Science  and  Democracy.  M.  E.  Haggarty  ....  Pop.  Sc. 
Scientific  Management  and  Business.  M.  L.  Cooke  Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Seward,  William  H.  Gamaliel  Bradford Atlantic 

Smith,  Francis  Hopkinson.  Thomas  Nelson  Page  .  Scribner 
Smoke  Nuisance,  The.  John  O'Connor,  Jr.  .  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Social  Conscience,  Progress  of  the.  W.  J.  Tucker  .  Atlantic 
Stars,  Evolution  of  the.  William  W.  Campbell  .  .  Pop.  Sc. 
Streets,  The  World's  Longest  Straight.  Simeon 

Strunsky Harper 

Tariff  and  the  Ultimate  Consumer.  H.  C.  Emery  .  Am.  Econ. 
Taxes,  British  Land.  R.  S.  Tucker  .  .  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Trouting,  Psychology  of.  John  Matter Forum 

Unions,  Related  Trades  in.  T.  W.  Glocker  .  .  .  Am.  Econ. 
Unpreparedness,  Crime  of.  E.  L.  Fox McBride 


Value,  Concept  of.  B.  M.  Anderson,  Jr.  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Value,  Concept  of.  J.  M.  Clark  ....  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Value  and  Social  Interpretation.  J.  E.  Boodin  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
War,  Financing  the.  James  R.  Merriam  .  .  World's  Work 

War,  Honorable.  J.  William  Lloyd Forum 

War,  Side-issues  of  the.  Sydney  Brooks Atlantic 

War,  United  States  and  the.  T.  H.  Price  .  .  World's  Work 
War  and  the  Wealth  of  Nations.  L.  P.  Jacks  .  .  .  Atlantic 
War  Notes  from  a  Newspaper  Desk.  Simeon 

Strunsky •. Atlantic 

White  Mountains,  Motoring  through  the.  Louise  Closser 

Hale Century 

Whitman,  Walt,  in  Camden.  Horace  Traubel  .  .  .  Forum 

Witte.  Josef  Melnik Century 

Working  People,  Sociability  among.  Ida  M. 

Tarbell American 

Yucatan,  Government  of.  Carlo  de  Fornaro  ....  Forum 
"  Zonetherapy."  Edwin  F.  Bowers Everybody's 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[  The  following  list,  containing  50  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HISTORY  AND   BIOGRAPHY. 

Emma  Darwin:  A  Century  of  Family  Letters 
(1792-1896).  Edited  by  her  daughter,  Henrietta 
Litchfield.  In  2  volumes,  illustrated  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  large  8vo.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$5.  net. 

The  Founding:  of  a  Nation.  By  Prank  M.  Gregg. 
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SCANDINAVIAN  CLASSICS 


Two  New  Volumes:   Publication  Day,  September  IS 


III.    Poems  and  Songs  by  Bjorn- 
stjerne  Bjornson 

Translated  from  the  Norwegian  in  the  Original 
Meters,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  Arthur 
Hubbell  Palmer,  1915.  xxii+264  pages.  Price  $1.50. 
Bjornson  the  man  is  better  known  to  the  American 
public  than  Bjornson  the  writer.  His  rugged  personality 
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uncrowned  King."  Here  he  is  presented  through  the 
medium  of  the  lyrics  that  won  him  the  title  of  "  Norway's 
beating  heart."  This  volume  contains  the  first  transla- 
tion of  Bjornson's  Digte  og  Sange  following  his  final  edition 
of  1903. 


by    August 


IV.    Master   Olof 
Strindberg 

Translated  from  the  Swedish  with  an  Introduction 
by  Edwin  Bjorkman.  1915.  xxiii-\-i25  pages. 
Price  $1.50. 

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when  he  was  but  twenty-two  years  old,  this  drama  became 
the  cornerstone  of  a  remarkable  cycle  of  historical  plays, 
the  product  of  his  mature  genius.  Out  of  materials  of 
historic  fact,  his  imagination  has  created  a  profoundly 
stirring  drama  showing  the  various  forces  that  were  strug- 
gling for  mastery. 


Earlier  Volumes: 


I.    Comedies  by  Holberg 

JEPPE  OF  THE  HILL,  THE  POLITICAL 
TINKER,  ERASMUS  MONTANUS 

Translated  from  the  Danish  by  Oscar  James  Camp- 
bell, Jr.,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  of  English  in 
the  University  of  Wisconsin,  and  Frederic  Schenck, 
B.Litt.,  Instructor  in  English  at  Harvard  Univer- 
sity; with  an  Introduction  by  Oscar  James  Campbell, 
Jr.  1914.  xv +178  pages.  Price  $1.50. 

"Holberg's  comedies  are  excellent  dramatic  material 
now.  Not  the  academic  and  the  erudite,  but  the  crowd 
of  theatre-goers  who  love  to  laugh  would  flock  to  Holberg 
today." — New  York  Times. 


II.    Poems  by  Tegne'r 

THE  CHILDREN  OF  THE  LORD'S 
SUPPER,  FRITHIOF'S  SAGA 

Translated  from  the  Swedish  by  Henry  Wadsworth 
Longfellow  and  the  Rev.  W.  Lewery  Blackley,  with 
an  Introduction  by  Paul  Robert  Lieder,  A.M.,  of 
Harvard  University.  1914.  xxvii  +  207  pages. 
Price  $1.50. 

"Apart  from  the  fact  that  Tegner  was  the  head  of  the 
Gothic  school  in  Sweden — those  who  looked  to  the  annals 
of  their  own  land  rather  than  to  France  for  inspiration — 
the  most  notable  characteristic  of  his  verse  is  its  lyric  quality." 
— Boston  Herald. 


SCANDINAVIAN  MONOGRAPHS 

New  Volumes  Ready  About  November  1 

II.    Ballad  Criticism  in  Scandinavia  and  Great  Britain  during  the 
Eighteenth  Century. 

By  Sigurd  Bernhard  Hustvedt,  Instructor  in  English  in  the  University  of  Illinois,  1915.     Price  $3.00. 

The  work  aims  to  give  a  survey  of  the  development  of  interest  in  popular  ballads,  as  reflected  in  Scandinavian  and 
British  criticism,  particularly  during  the  eighteenth  century,  special  attention  being  paid  to  the  mutual  influence  of  Scandi- 
navian, English,  and  Scottish  critics. 

Earlier  Volume: 
I.    The  Voyages  of  the  Norsemen  to  America 

By  William  Hovgaard,  Professor  of  Naval  Construction  in  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  Late 
Commander  in  the  Royal  Danish  Navy.  1914.  xxi  +  304  pages.  83  Illustrations  and  7  Maps.  Price  $4.00. 
"There  has  always  been  a  peculiar  fascination  for  the  student  of  American  history  in  that  chapter  of  it  which  deals  with 
the  pre-Columbian  discovery  of  this  continent.  ...  To  sweep  away  the  cobwebs  of  error  is  no  small  task,  but  Professor 
Hovgaard's  book,  with  its  painstaking  following  of  the  scientific  method,  should  go  a  long  way  towards  its  completion.  .  .  . 
Professor  Hovgaard  has  made  the  best  complete  exposition  up  to  date  of  the  voyages  of  the  Norsemen  to  America." — Boston 
Transcript. 

THE  AMERICAN-SCANDINAVIAN  FOUNDATION 

25  WEST  45TH  STREET,  NEW  YORK 


PRESS  OF  THE  HENRY  O.  SHEPARD  COMPANY 


FALL  ANNOUNCEMENT  NUMBER 


THE   DIAL 


A  FORTNIGHTLY  JOURNAL  OF 

Criticism,  gisrussioit,  atttr 


FOUNDED  BY 


Volume  LJX. 


EDITED  BY 


FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE    f       No.  ~oi.  CHICAGO,  SEPTEMBER   16,  1915          t2.  ayear.      I   WALDO  R.  BROWNE 


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ular interest  at  the  moment. 


174 


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in  the  University  of  Illinois. 

)lems  of  to-day  and  shows  clearly  how  the  individual  personality 
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By  Al 

Formerly  Editor 

In  this  volume  Miss  Henry,  who  has  lectured  before 
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ndividual  and  collective.                                               Read: 

Introduction  to  th< 

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Places  Young  Ame 

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such  as  Free  Trade,  Honest  Money,  Civil  Service  Reform,  Copyright  International  and  Domestic, 
and  matters  connected  with  municipal,  state,  and  national  politics. 

The  book  contains  also  some  record  of  the  undertakings  of  the  Putnam  Publishing  House 
from  1872,  the  year  of  the  death  of  its  founder.  The  "Memoir  of  G.  P.  Putnam,"  published  in 
1912,  had  presented  an  account  of  the  publishing  firm  from  the  year  of  its  organization. 


The  Promise 


Two  First  Rate  Stories 

What  a  Man  Wills 


A  Tale  of  the  Northwest  and  of  a  Man 

Who  Kept  His  Word 
By  JAMES  B.  HENDRYX 

12°    Frontispiece  in  color    $1.35 

A  tale  of  a  strong  man's  regeneration  —  of  the  transformation 
of  "Broadway  Bill"  Carmody,  millionaire's  son,  rounder  and 
sport,  whose  drunken  sprees  have  finally  overtaxed  the  patience 
of  his  father  and  the  girl,  into  a  Man,  clear-eyed  and  clean-lived, 
a  true  descendant  of  the  fighting  McKims. 

After  the  opening  scenes  in  New  York,  we  have  a  vivid 
narrative  of  the  lumber-camps  of  the  Northwest  —  of  the  work 
of  strong  men  —  of  hardships  undergone  and  of  dangers  met 
bravely  and  passed  —  of  the  struggle  against  heavy  odds,  and 
of  the  making  good  of  the  "Man  Who  Could  Not  Die." 


By  the  Author  of  "An  Unknown  Lover" 

"Lady  Cassandra,"  Etc. 
By  MRS.  G.  DE  HORNE  VAIZEY 

12°  350  pages  Frontispiece  in  color  $1.35 
The  New  Year's  party  was  over.  The  house  guests,  gathered 
around  the  great  fireplace,  were  drawn  on  by  their  hostess  to  tell 
of  their  ambitions  and  desires.  The  fulfillment  of  these  declara- 
tions is  told  in  the  ensuing  chapters,  and  the  final  results  are 
shown  when  the  same  people  gather  once  more  around  the  same 
fireplace,  but  after  a  lapse  of  fifteen  years. 

"  Mrs.  Vaizey  has  done  something  very  big  here." 


Oscar  Wilde's  Work 

Ravenna  Edition 

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of  the  English  tongue.     As  he  himself  truthfully  and  unblushingly  said,  "I  am  a  lord  of  language." 


The  Political  Science  of  John  Adams 

By  CORREA  MOYLAN  WALSH 

A  Study  in  the  Theory  of  Mixed  Government  and  the 
Bicameral  System 

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framing  of  the  American  State  and  Federal  constitutions  and 
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the  time  when  a  thorough  overhauling  of  our  constitutions  will 
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The  Political  History  of  Secession 

To  the  Beginning  of  the  Civil  War 
By  DANIEL  WAIT  HOWE 

President  of  the  Indiana  Historical  Society 
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contribution  to  a  momentous  period,  and  enables  the  reader 
to  grasp  the  issues  and  attempted  compromises  that  antedated 
the  final  outbreak. 


Romanism  in  the  Light 
of  History 

By  R.  H.  McKIM,  D.C.L. 

12°      $1.23 

Four  essays  by  the  Rector  of  the  Church  of  the  Epiphany, 
Washington,  D.  C.  The  first  takes  up  the  Present  Outlook  of 
Romanism;  the  sec9nd,  Pope  Leo's  Encyclical  on  the  Reunion  of 
Christendom  (subdivided  into  19  Chapters);  third,  Fundamental 
Principles  of  Protestantism,  and  last,  Religious  Liberty  and  the 
Maryland  Toleration  Act. 

Lichens  from  the  Temple 

By  ROBERT  RESTALRIG  LOGAN 

12°      $1.00 

"Life  with  its  surging  regret  for  the  unfulfilled  longings  and 
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Incense  and  Iconoclasm 

By  CHARLES  LEONARD   MOORE 

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The  Sweet  Scented  Name 

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War  and  Christianity 

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By  VLADIMIR  SOLOVYOF 

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Mikado's  Empire  to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  had 
a  large  measure  of  responsibility  for  the  shaping  of 
the  Anglo- Japanese  alliance.  His  verbatim  account 
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of  state. 

Isabel  of  Castile 

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By  IERNE  PLUNKET 

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stood  discredited,  the  prey  or  mockery  of  stronger 
neighbors;  and,  when  she  closed  them  in  death,  it 
represented,  in  union  with  Aragon,  the  predomi- 
nant voice  in  the  councils  of  Europe. 


City  Planning 


By  CHARLES  MULFORD  ROBINSON 

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Of  "The  Century  Co."  Stamp  and  Standard 


By  Bertha  Runkle 

A  story  of  love,  loyalty,  and  mystery.  It  has  all  the 
story -telling  charm  of  "The  Helmet  of  Navarre";  but  it 
deals  with  people  and  places  of  today,  and  is  enriched  by 
the  author's  fuller  years  of  artistic  endeavor. 

Jacket  and  frontispiece  in  colors,     izmo,  about  500  pages. 
$1.35  net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Sept.  24.) 


MARIE  TARNOWSKA 

By  A.  Vivanti  Chartres 

The  true,  authentic  story,  told  in  the  first  person,  of 
the  beautiful  Countess  Tarnowska,  called  in  Europe  "the 
Fatal  Countess."  As  the  book  progresses  the  reader  sees, 
more  and  more  clearly,  the  influences  that  made  her  use 
for  crime  the  strange  and  mysterious  powers  which  she 
had  over  men. 

Illustrations  from  photographs.     $1.30  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Just  issued.) 


ME:  A  Book  of  Remembrance 

Anonymous 

The  confessions  of  a  well-known  woman  novelist 
describing  the  critical  year  of  her  girlhood.  Before  he 
covers  many  pages  of  this  book,  the  reader  will  have 
sensed  the  captivating,  arresting  personality  of  the  author; 
after  that  he  will  understand  how  she  came  to  meet  the 
experiences  she  did  in  the  way  she  did. 
Jacket  in  color.  $1.30  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Just  issued.) 


HABITS  THAT  HANDICAP 

The  Menace  of  Opium,  Alcohol,  and 
Tobacco,  and  the  Remedy 
By  Charles  B.  Towns 

The  initiator  of  the  recent  legislation  in  New  York 
State,  directed  against  the  drug-traffic,  here  classifies  and 
describes  the  various  habit-forming  drugs;  tells  how 
habits  are  formed;  and  outlines  an  effective  treatment. 
He  discusses  also  the  alcohol  evil,  the  tobacco  evil,  etc. 

I2mo,  300  pages.     $1.20  net,  postage  10  cents.     (Just  issued.) 


PEGEEN 

By  Eleanor  Hoyt  Brainerd 

A  love  story  with  trimmings  of  Irish  humor,  tenderness 
and  fancy.  He  was  an  artist  who  couldn't  keep  house. 
As  for  Pegeen  she  couldn't  help  managing  everything 
within  her  radius  of  acquaintance.  So  she  manages  him, 
and  the  Smiling  Lady  as  well,  not  to  mention  Wiggles, 
Spunky,  and  Boots. 

Jacket  and  frontispiece  in  colors.     $1.25  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Just  issued.) 


ESCAPE  AND  OTHER  ESSAYS 

By  Arthur  Christopher  Benson 

Impressions  and  meditations  by  the  celebrated  English 
essayist  and  poet.  Written  in  time  of  peace,  they  are 
sent  forth  by  the  author  as  emblems  of  the  real  life  to 
which,  in  the  midst  of  war,  he  believes  we  should  try  to 
return.  Several  of  the  essays  are  autobiographical. 

izmo,  about  300  pages.     $1.50  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Sept.  24.) 


A  HISTORY  OF  AMERICAN 
LITERATURE  SINCE  1870 

By  Fred  Lewis  Pattee 

The    first    full-length    account    of    our    contemporary 
literature;  by  the  Professor  of  English  at  the  Pennsylvania 
State  College. 
8vo,  about  500  pages.     $2.00  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Oct.  8.) 


THE  FUN  OF  COOKING 

By  Caroline  French  Benton 

A  new  kind  of  children's  cook  book;  written  in  the  form 
of  a  story,  with  an  excellent  receipt  on  almost  every  page. 

Illustrations.     Oilcloth  art  cover,     izmo,  241  pages.  $1.00 
net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Sept.  24.) 


PEG  O'  THE  RING 

By  Emilie  Benson  Knipe  and  Alden  Arthur  Knipe 

The  third  and  last  story  in  the  charming  Denewood 
series;  a  book  for  boys  and  girls,  set  in  the  days  of  Wash- 
ington. 

Illustrations.     I2tno,  375  pages.     $1.25  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Sept.  24.) 


TOMMY  AND  THE 
WISHING-STONE 

By  Thornton  W.  Burgess 

About  a  small  boy  who  discovers  that  whenever  he 
sits  on  a  certain  old  gray  stone  his  wishes  come  true. 
Illustrations  by  Harrison  Cady.     i6mo,  300  pages.     $1.00 
net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Sept.  24.) 


THE  STRANGE  STORY  OF 
MR.  DOG  AND  MR.  BEAR 

By  Mabel  Fuller  Blodgett 

A  book  of  animal  adventures  for  very  young  readers, 
printed  in  large  type,  with  wide  margins.  Many  pictures. 
Square  I2mo,  125  pages.  $1.00  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Sept.  24.) 


THE  BOARDED-UP  HOUSE 

By  Augusta  Huiell  Seaman 

How  two  girls  invaded  an  empty  house,  what  mysteries 
they  found  there,  and  how  they  unravelled  them. 

Illustrations,     izmo,  225  pages.     $1.25  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Sept.  24.) 


THE  CENTURY  CO. 

353  FOURTH  AVENUE  Publisher.  NEW  YORK  CITY 


19151 


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Of  "The  Century  Co."  Stamp  and  Standard 


By  Maxim  Gorky,  author  of 

"  Twenty-Six  and  One" 

The  life-story  of  the  famous  Russian  novelist  from  his 
earliest  memory  to  his  seventeenth  year.  Upon  the  pages 
of  the  book,  out  of  the  memory  of  his  childhood,  Gorky 
has  written  some  of  the  fairest  passages  of  all  Russian 
literature.  A  presentation  of  the  basic  character  of  the 
Russian  people. 

Frontispiece.     Svo,  308  pages.     $2.00  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Oct.  8.) 


THE  LOST  PRINCE 

By  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett 

Mrs.  Burnett  has  never  written  a  more  charming  story. 
The  hero  is  a  prince  who  does  not  know  he  is  one;  and  he 
makes  his  way  through  Europe  in  the  guise  of  a  stalwart 
little  tramp,  ignorant  of  all  but  that  he  must  obey  and 
pass  on  in  silence. 

Jacket  embossed  in  gold  and  black. 

Illustrations  by  Maurice  L.  Bower,    izmo,  about  500  pages. 
$1.35  net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Oct.  8.) 


EARLY  AMERICAN 
CRAFTSMEN 

By  Walter  A.  Dyer,  author  of 

"  The  Lure  of  the  Antique" 

Much  has  been  written  about  the  work  of  the  early 
American  craftsmen,  but  little  attention  has  been  paid  to 
their  personal  lives  and  characters.  Mr  Dyer's  book  not 
only  surveys  their  work  —  in  architecture,  glassware,  pot- 
tery, etc. —  but  also  the  men  themselves. 
More  than  100  illustrations.  Svo,  350  pages.  $2.40  net, 
postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Oct.  8.) 


PARIS  REBORN 

By  Herbert  Adams  Gibbons 

An  extended  diary,  written  day  by  day  in  Paris  during 
the  first  five  months  of  the  war,  and  reflecting  freshly  and 
spontaneously  all  the  events  and  fluctuations  of  those 
exciting  days.  Gradually  one  gains  a  sense  of  the  tragic 
significance  of  these  events,  in  the  midst  of  which  the 
spirit  of  Paris  has  been  born  again. 

Illustrations  in  tint  by  Lester  G.  Hornby.     Svo,  305  pages. 
$2.00  net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Oct.  8.) 


DEAR  ENEMY 


By  Jean  Webster,  author  of  "  Daddy-Long-Legs" 

The  story  of  one  hundred  and  thirteen  orphans,  a  crusty 
Scotch  surgeon,  and  Sally  McBride.  Sally  enters  no  heart 
except  to  make  life  sing  in  it  more  clearly,  strongly,  and 
sweetly.  The  author's  illustrations  have  in  them  the  kind 
of  humor  that  is  in  the  story. 
I2mo,  about  300  pages.  $1.30  net,  postage  10  cents. 

(Ready  Oct.  22.) 


PLEASURES  AND  PALACES 

By  Princess  Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich 
The  romantic  history  of  an  American  girl  who  went  to 
London  to  win  fame  and  fortune,  who  was  made  much  of  by 
royalty  and  the  notable  people  of  her  time,  and  married 
a  prince  from  a  faraway  land.  An  entertaining  book  of 
social  and  artistic  gossip. 

Illustrations  by  John  Wolcott  Adams.     Royal  Svo,  about  400 
pages.     $3.00  net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Oct.  22.) 


PRESENT-DAY  CHINA 

By  Gardner  L.  Harding 

A  book  about  awakened  China,  and  from  a  new  point 
of  view,  the  work  of  a  trained  traveler,  student,  and  writer. 

The  author  won  the  friendship  of  a  great  many  leaders 
of  the  New  China.    His  book  is  the  best  on  this  most  tragic 
republic  as  it  is  today  and  will  probably  be  tomorrow. 
Illustrated.     i6mo,  about  200  pages.     $1.00  net,  postage  5 
cents.  (Ready  Oct.  8.) 


ASHES  AND  SPARKS 

By  Richard  Wightman 

Poems  by  the  author  of  "Soul-Spur"  and  "The  Things 
He  Wrote  to  Her,"  written  in  measures  full  of  swing  and 
variety.  They  bring  refreshment,  good  cheer,  and  a  new 
heart  to  those  who  crave  a  simple  and  workable  philosophy 
of  life. 
J2mo,  175  pages.  $1.25  net,  postage  to  cents. 

(Ready  Oct.  8.) 


HIGH  LIGHTS  OF  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION 

By  Hilaire  Belloc,  author  of  "  Robespierre,"  etc. 

A  brilliant  series  of  essays  in  which  the  outstanding  moments  of  the  most  dramatic  hour  in  modern  history  are  described 
by  the  ablest  living  writer  on  these  themes.  The  Revolt  of  the  Commons,  the  Flight  to  Varennes,  the  Storming  of  the 
Tuileries,  the  execution  of  Louis  XVI  are  among  the  subjects  he  has  chosen,  and  they  are  connected  by  prefatory  notes  briefly 
sketching  the  intermediate  course  of  events.  Picturesque,  vivid,  minutely  circumstantial,  rushing  in  interest.  In  literary 
qualities  the  episodes  are  comparable  with  those  of  Carlyle. 

Illustrated  with  50  full-page  reproductions  of  famous  paintings  and  engravings  in  the  spirit  of  the  times.     Frontispiece  in  full 
color.     Royal  octavo,  about  300  pages.     Price  $3.00  net,  postage  10  cents.  (Ready  Oct.  22.) 


THE  CENTURY  CO. 

353  FOURTH  AVENUE  Publishers  NEW  YORK  CITY 


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THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


THE  CENTURY 

For  October 
Meddling  with  our  Neighbors 

Have  we  Belgianized  Nicaragua?  The  Stars  and 
Stripes  were  floating  over  the  White  House  in  the 
Capital  of  Nicaragua  when  Lincoln  G.  Valentine  wrote 
this  astounding  article.  For  five  years  Nicaragua  has 
been  virtually  in  charge  of  American  Marines.  The 
five  Central  American  Republics,  formerly  a  single 
union,  are  clamoring  for  re-union  and  armed  resistance 
to  the  "Eagle  of  the  North." 

The  Friends 

One  of  the  best  short  stories  of  the  year,  a  thing  of 
almost  uncanny  fascination.  It  is  made  of  men  and 
things  as  commonplace  as  cabbages;  yet  through  some 
legerdemain  in  the  telling  it  achieves  a  continuously 
cumulative  interest  that  is  fairly  astounding. 

The  Average  Voter 

Is  the  average  voter  a  failure?  Is  there  an  average 
voter?  Walter  Weyl,  in  this  searching  article,  takes 
stock  of  America's  voting  quality. 

My  Debut  in  Paris 

Francis  Grierson,  the  strange  musical  genius  who 
was  raised  in  America  and  then  amazed  Europe  with  a 
new  kind  of  music,  tells  of  his  introduction  to  the 
brilliant  Parisian  society  of  the  end  of  the  Second 
Empire. 

Female  Delicacy  in  the  Sixties 

What  is  so  rare  as  a  swooning  lady  now?  But  they 
weren't  rare  sixty  years  ago.  They  were  the  ideals 
then.  Amy  Louise  Reed  discusses  the  almost  in- 
credible foolishnesses  of  and  about  women,  especially 
young  women,  before  the  Civil  War. 

"Here  Comes  Grover" 


The  Fat  Boy  is  peculiar  to  himself,  typically  unique. 
His  heart  and  mind  know  different  reactions  from 
those  of  an  ordinary  mortal.  His  bashfulness  betrays 
strange  complexes.  Grover,  in  Frank  Leon  Smith's 
story,  lives,  breathes, —  and  pants. 

Rome  Rampant 

Did  Italy  go  to  war  to  avoid  revolution  at  home? 
T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  analyzes  the  Italian  situation  in 
his  usual  clear,  vigorous,  entertaining  way. 

Old  Masters  of  Photography 

Alvan  Langdon  Coburn,  himself  a  master  of  the  art 
of  which  he  writes,  tells  about  four  great  pioneers  in 
the  field  of  photography. 

And 

"Pleasures  and  Palaces" — the  third  instalment 
of  Princess  Lazarovich's  sprightly  reminiscences  of 
social  and  artistic  life  in  Europe;  the  third  instalment 
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England,"  in  which  Louise  Closser  Hale  and  Walter 
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187 


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MINNIE'S  BiSHOP 

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A  CANDIDATE  FOR  TRUTH 

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THE   RAT-PIT         Patrick, MacGill 

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188 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


Important  Fall  Books 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY 


PUBLISHERS 


PHILADELPHIA 


The  Art  of  Ballet 

By  MARE  E.  PERUGINI 
About  60  illustrations.  Net,  $2.50 

The  History  of  the 
Harlequinade 

By  MAURICE  SAND 
16  hand-colored  illustrations. 
2  volumes.  Net,  $6.00 

A  Vagabond  Voyage 
Through  Brittany 

By  MRS.  LEWIS   CHASE 
64  illustrations  and  a  map.     8vo. 

Net,  $2.00 


A  Survey  of  Hellenic  Culture  and 

Civilization. 

By  J.  C.  STOBART,  M.A. 
Profusely  illustrated.     8vo.    New  Edi- 
tion. Net,  $2.00 

The  Artistic  Anatomy  of 
Trees 

By  REX  VICAT   COLE 
With  several  hundred  illustrations  and 
diagrams.  Net,  $1.75 

Great  Schools  of  Painting 

A  First  Book  of  European  Art 

By  WINIFRED  TURNER,  B.A. 

32  illustrations.  Net,  $1.50 

Sailing  Ships  and  Their 
Story 

By  E.  EEBLE  CHATTERTON 
130  illustrations.     New  edition  reduced 
from  $3.75  to  Net,  $1.50 

The  Antiquity  of  Man 

By    ARTHUR    KEITH,    M.A.,    LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  Hunter ian  Professor,  R.C.S. 
About  150  illustrations.         Net,  $2.50 

The  Gypsy's  Parson 

His  Experiences  and  Adventures 

By  G.  HALL 
64  illustrations  Net,  $2.50 

Peeps  into  Picardy 

By  W.  D.  CRAUFURD  and 

E.    A.    MANTON 
illustrations  and  a  map.    Net,  $1.00 

Scientific  Inventions  of 
Today 

By  T.  W.  CORBIN 

Illustrated.  Net,  $1.50 

My  Adventures  as  a  Spy 

By  LIEUT. -GEN.  SIR  ROBERT 

BADEN-POWELL,  K.C.B. 
Illustrated  with  the   author's   own 
sketches.  .  Net,  $1.00 


Historic  Virginia  Homes  and  Churches 

By  ROBERT  A.  LANCASTER,  Jr. 

325  illustrations.     Cloth        Net,  $7.50  Half  morocco  Net,  $12.50 

A  Limited  Edition  Printed  from  Type.    Uniform  with  the  Pennells'  "Our 

Philadelphia." 

The  most  important  work  on  any  State  yet  published  in  this  country.  It  describes 
practically  all  the  houses  of  historic  interest  in  Virginia,  gives  illustrations  of  most  of  them, 
as  well  as  the  churches  most  likely  to  engage  attention. 


The  Magic  of  Jewels  and 
Charms 

By  GEORGE  FREDERICK  KUNZ, 

A.M.,  Ph.D.,  D.Sc. 

With  numerous  plates  in  color,  double- 
tone  and  line.  Cloth  Net,  $5.00 
Half  morocco  Net,  10.00 

Uniform  in  style  and  size  with  "The 
Curious  Lore  of  Precious   Stones." 
The  two  volumes  in-a  box,  Net ,$10.00 
The  new  volume    gives    much    unique 
and     interesting     information     especially 
relating   to  the  magical   power  which  pre- 
cious stones  have  been  supposed  to  exert 
over  individuals  and  events  during  past 
ages. 

The  Civilization  of 
Babylonia  and  Assyria 

By  MORRIS  JASTROW,  Jr. 
170  illustrations.  Octavo.     Cloth,  gilt 
top,  in  a  box  Net,  $6.00 

The  only  book  on  the  subject  treating 
of  the  entire  civilization  of  these  ancient 
nations, — languages,  laws,  religions,  cus* 
toms,  buildings,  etc., — other  books  have 
treated  only  partial  phases  of  the  subject. 


Heroes  and  Heroines  of 

Fiction 

Classical,  Mediaeval,  and  Legendary. 

By    WILLIAM    S.    WALSH. 
Half  morocco,  Reference  Library  style. 
Net,  $3.00 

Uniform  with  "Heroes  and  Heroines 
of  Fiction. ' '  —  Modern  Prose  and 
Poetry. 

The  two  volumes  in  a  box.  Net,  $6.00 
These  books  comprise  a  complete 
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curious  facts  regarding  all  the  characters 
of  any  note  whatever  in  literature. 

Quaint  and  Historic  Forts 
of  North  America 

By  JOHN  MARTIN  HAMMOND. 
Author     of     "Colonial     Mansions     of 

Maryland  and  Delaware." 
With  photogravure  frontispiece  and  65 
illustrations.         Ornamental   cloth, 
gilt  top,  in  a  box.  Net,  $5.00 

Timely  and  interesting  to  the  last 
degree  in  these  days  of  war,  is  this  volume, 
not  on  "  fortifications'"  as  such,  but  on  the 
old  and  existing  forts,  with  their  great 
romantic  and  historical  interest. 


In  the  Land  of  Temples 

With  40  plates  in  photogravure  from  JOSEPH  PENNELL'S  LITHOGRAPHS 

Introduction  by  W.  H.  D.  Rouse,  Litt.  D.      Crown  quarto. 

Lithograph  on  cover.     Net  $1.25 

Mr.  Pennell's  wonderful  drawings  present  to  us  the  immortal  witnesses  of  the  "Glory 
That  Was  Greece"  just  as  they  stand  today,  in  their  environment  and  the  golden 
atmosphere  of  Hellas. 


Under  the  Red  Cross  Flag 

At  Home  and  Abroad. 
By  MABEL  T.  BOARDMAN 

Chairman.     National     Relief     Board, 

American    Red    Cross. 
Fully     illustrated.     Decorated     cloth, 
gilt  top.  Net,  $1.50 

The  story  and  the  adventures  of  the 
Red  Cross  from  the  beginning  of  the 
organization  up  to  and  including  the 
present  war. 

Productive  Advertising 

By  HERBERT  W.  HESS. 

Professor  of  Advertising,  Wharton 
School,  University  of  Pennsylvania. 

Profusely  illustrated  with  specimens, 

charts,  diagrams,  etc.,  etc.     Octavo. 

Cloth.  Net,  $2.00 

This  work  covers  the  entire  field,  giving 

the  principles  of  advertising  in  all  its  forms. 


English  Ancestral  Homes  of 
Noted  Americans 

By  ANNE  HOLLINGSWORTH 
WHARTON 

With  about  28  illustrations.  Orna- 
mental cloth,  gilt  top.  Net,  $2.00 
Half  morocco,  Net,  4.50 

George  Washington,  Benjamin  Franklin, 
the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  William  Penn,  Virginia 
Cavaliers  and  other  noted  Americans  are 
traced  to  their  English  ancestral  homes, 
with  much  entertaining  and  interesting 
information  gathered  on  the  way. 

Lippincott's  Universal 
Pronouncing  Dictionary  of 
Biography  and  Mythology 

New  Edition. 

One  volume,  sheep.  Net,  $10.00 

Half  morocco,  Net,    12.50 


_  Peg  Along 

By  GEORGE  L.  WALTON,  M.  D. 
Author  of  "Why  Worry,"  etc.    Net.  $1.00 

Hundreds  of  -thousands  of  fussers,  fretters,  semi-  and  would-be  invalids,  and  all  other 
halterers  by  the  wayside  should  be  reached  by  Dr.  Walton's  stirring  encouragement  to 
"Peg  Along. " 


1915] 


Neiy  Fiction,  Juveniles,  Miscellaneous 

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The  Man  from  the  Bitter  Roots 

By  CAROLINE  LOCKHART 
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"Better  than  'Me-Smith,'"  is  the  word  from  those  who  have  read  this 
great  account  of  Bruce  Burt  and  his  struggles. 

A  Man's  Hearth 

By  ELEANOR  INGRAM 
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'  'From  the  Car  Behind"  (five  printings)  was  aptly  termed  "one  contin- 
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The  Obsession  of  Victoria  Gracen 

By  Grace  Livingston  Hill  Lutz 
Illustrated  in  color.    $1.25  net. 

Another  fine  big,  optimistic  story  by  the  author  of  "Lo  Michael," 
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Heart's  Content 

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Romance  and  plenty  of  it;  fun  and  plenty  ot  it;  a  happy  man  who 
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cheerful,  and  snappy"  will  be  the  opinion  of  all  readers. 

The  Complete  Sea  Cook  The  Salvage  of  a  Sailor 

By  FRANK  T.  SULLEN  By  FRANK  T.  BULLEN 

Eight  illustrations.  Net,  $1.00       Eight  illustrations.  Net,  $1.00 

The  Sea  Hawk 

By  RAFAEL  SABATINI 

Net,  $1.25 

JUVENILES 


Heidi 

By  JOHANNA  SPYRI 
Translated   by   Elisabeth   P.    Stork. 
Introduction   by    Charles    Wharton 

Stork. 
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This  is  the  New  Volume  in  the 
STORIES  ALL  CHILDREN  LOVE  Series 

The  Boy  Scouts  of  Snow-Shoe  Lodge 

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Illustrated    in    color    and    black    and 

white  by  Will  Thomson. 
Cloth.  Net,  $1.25 

Scenes  laid  in  the  Adirondacks.  Plenty 
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Gold  Seekers  of  *49 

By  EDWIN  L.  SABIN 
illustrated  in  color  and  doubletone  by 
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This  is  the  New  Volume  in  the 

TRAIL  BLAZERS  SERIES, 

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The  Romance  of  the  Spanish  Main 

By  NORMAN  J.  DAVIDSON,  B.A. 

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Science  for  Children  Series 
The  Stars  and  Their  Mysteries 

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The  Violet  Book  of  Romance 

A  Tapestry  of  Old  Tales 

Rewoven  by  ALETHEA  CHAPLIN 

8  colored  illustrations.    8vo.    Net,  $1.00 


American  Boys'  Book  of  Bugs, 
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A  practical  book  about  bugs,  butterflies 
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Winona  of  the  Camp  Fire 

By  MARGARET  WIDDEMER 
Illustrated  in  color.  Net,  $1.25 

The  author  of  "The  Rose-Garden 
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The  Master  of  the  World 

A  Tale  of  Mystery  and  Marvel 

By  JULES  VERNE 
30  illustrations.  Net,  $1.00 

Ian  Hardy,  Senior  Midshipman 

By  COMMODORE  E.  HAMILTON 

CURRET,  R.N. 
Colored  illustrations.  Net,  $1.50 

Boy  Scouts  in  Russia 
By   JOHN   FINNEMORE 

Illustrated.  Net,  $1.25 

The  Darling  of  the  School 

By   LAURA  T.    MEADE 
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Illustrated. 


A  Ripping  Girl 

By   MAY   BALDWIN 


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A  Great  Novelist  at 


MAURICE 


HEWLE1 


Wonderful 

New  Romance 


Frontispiece  by  Edward  Burne- 
Jones.      $1.35  net. 

A  "Hewlett"  that  you  and 
everyone  else  will  enjoy!  It  com- 
bines the  rich  romance  of  his 
earliest  work  with  the  humor, 
freshness  and  gentle  satire  of  his 
more  recent. 

CHARLES  DICKENS'S 

Christmas  Carol 

13  illustrations  in  color  and  many 
in  black  and  white 

By  ARTHUR  RACKHAM 
Octavo,  Decorated  Cloth.  Net  $1.50 

The  great  circle  of  admirers  of 
the  distinguished  illustrator  have 
long  been  hoping  to  see  his  concep- 
tion of  Old  Scrooge,  Tiny  Tim,  and 
the  other  interesting  characters 
and  scenes  of  Dickens 's  master- 
piece. 


190 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


Some  of  Little,  Brown  &  Co.'s  Fall  Books 


FICTION 


BELTANE,  THE  SMITH 

By  JEFFERY  FARNOL.  A  romance  of  the 
greenwood,  by  the  author  of  "The  Broad 
Highway."  Illustrated.  $1.50  net. 

THE  WAY  OF  THESE  WOMEN 

By  E.  PHILLIPS  OPPENHEIM.  A  tensely  written 
mystery  novel  containing  the  author's  best 
portraiture  of  the  fair  sex.  $1-35  net. 

THE  LITTLE  RED  DOE 

By  CHAUNCEY  J.  HAWKINS.  A  sympathetic 
story  of  a  creature  of  the  wilds. 

Illustrated.    $1.00  net. 


THE  STIRRUP  LATCH 

By  SIDNEY  McCALL.     A  Southern  story  of  love 
and  temptation, by  the  author  of  "Truth  Dexter." 

$1.33  net. 

JEAN  OF  THE  LAZY  A 

By  B.  M.  BOWER.     The  moving-picture  field  in 
the  West,  with  a  real  cowgirl  for  its  heroine. 

$1.30  net. 

TAD  AND  HIS  FATHER 

By  F.  LAURISTON  BULLARD.    A  study  of  the 
home  life  of  the  great  liberator,  Lincoln. 

$1.00  net  in  leather;  50  cents  in  cloth. 


ILLUSTRATED  GIFT  BOOKS 


REMODELED  FARMHOUSES 

By  MARY  H.  NORTHEND.  Shows  the  changes 
that  converted  twenty  farmhouses  into  charm- 
ing homes.  Superbly  illustrated.  8vo.  $5.00  net. 

OLD  BOSTON  MUSEUM  DAYS 

By  KATE  RYAN.  Brings  close  to  the  reader  the 
lure  and  glamour  of  early  stage  life  at  the 
Museum.  Illustrated.  8vo.  $1.50  net. 

WALKS  ABOUT  WASHINGTON 

By  FRANCIS  LEUPP.     Breathes  the  very  spirit 

and  atmosphere  of  the  Capital  city. 

Over  25  illustrations  by  Hornby.    8vo.    $3.00  net. 


the 


OLD  CONCORD 

By   ALLEN    FRENCH.     Effectively    depicts 

town's  literary  and  historic  associations. 

With  2Q  illustrations  by  Hornby.    8vo.    $3.00  net. 

THE  STORY  OF  WELLESLEY 

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Israel's  Account  of  the  Beginnings   WALTER  M.  PATTON 
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The  Church  and  the  People's  Play    HENRY  A.  ATKINSON 

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The  Brotherhood  of  the  Burning  Heart    OSCAR  E.  MAURER 
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novel  by  the  author  of  "The  Loves  of   Pelleas  and 

NEW  BOOKS  ON  FINANCE,  BUSINESS 

Etarre,"  etc.                 Illustrated.     Ready  in  October 

AND  PUBLIC  AFFAIRS 

GOD'S  PUPPETS.    By  WILLIAM  ALLEN  WHITE. 

Intimate  stories  of  life  at  first  hand. 

THE    EXECUTIVE   AND    HIS    CONTROL 

Ready  in  September 

OF   MEN.      By  ENOCH  B.  GOWIN.     Tells  in  a 

practical  way  how  personal  efficiency  can  be  developed 
in  man.                                                   Ready  in  October 

NEW  BOOKS  ON  THE  WAR 

WITH  THE   RUSSIAN  ARMY.     By  Col. 

A  HISTORY  OF  CURRENCY  IN  THE 

ROBERT  McCORMICK.    A  book  of  adventures  as  well 

UNITED    STATES.       By   A.  BARTON   HEP- 

as the  most  authoritative  account  of  military  Russia. 

BURN.    The  essential  facts  of  currency  to  the  present 

Illustrated.     $2.  00 

day.                                                       Ready  in  September 

A    JOURNAL    OF    IMPRESSIONS    IN 

INVENTORS  AND  MONEYMAKERS.     ByF. 

W.  TAUSSIG.     Discusses  the  relation  of  human  in- 

BELGIUM.      By    MAY   SINCLAIR.      A   famous 
English  novelist  records  her  experiences  at  hospital  work. 

stincts  to  men's  economic  activities. 

$1  .50 

Ready  in  September 

THE   MILITARY   UNPREPAREDNESS   OF 

THE  WAYS  OF  WOMAN.      By  IDA  M.  TAR- 
BELL.    Delineates  the  responsibilities  of  the  average 
woman.                                                     Ready  in  October 

THE    UNITED    STATES.     By  FREDERIC  L. 
HUIDEKOPER.     A  frank  presentation  by  one  of  the 
foremost  military  experts  in  the  United  States. 
Ready  in  October 

NEW  POETRY,  DRAMA  AND  ART 

THE  PENTECOST  OF  CALAMITY.  By  OWEN 

WISTER.     "We  wish  this  could  be  read  in  full  by  every 

THE    FAITHFUL.      By  JOHN    MASEFIELD.     A 

American."  —  Outlook.                                         Fifty  cents 

Japanese  play  that  shows  Mr.  Masefield  at  his  best. 

Ready  September  29 

NEW  BOOKS  OF  TRAVEL  AND 

ADVENTURE 

THE    PORCUPINE.      By   EDWIN   ARLINGTON 

ROBINSON.    A  three  act  drama  of  great  power. 

THE  LOG  OF  THE  SNARK.    By  CHARMIAN 

$7.25 

K.  LONDON.    A  woman's  account  of  one  of  the  most 

remarkable  voyages  ever  made  in  a  small  boat. 

THE    PILGRIM    KINGS  AND    OTHER 

Illustrated.     Ready  in  October 

POEMS.      By  THOMAS  WALSH.    Colorful  poetry 
by  a  widely  known  poet.                 Ready  in  September 

HIGHWAYS    AND    BYWAYS    OF     NEW 

ENGLAND.      By  CLIFTON  JOHNSON.     A  travel 

VISION  OF  WAR.     By  LINCOLN  COLCORD.    A 

war  poem  describing  vividly  the  life  of  the  trenches. 

book  of  picturesque  regions. 
Illustrated.     Ready  in  October 

$1.25 

NEW  FARM  AND  GARDEN  BOOKS 

RIVERS  TO  THE  SEA.    By  SARA  TEASDALE. 

A  collection  of  the  author's  best  new  poems. 

MY   GARDEN   GROWING.     By  J.  HORACE 

Ready  in  October 

McFARLAND.    A  book  of  enthusiasm  for  nature  and 

LITHOGRAPHY  AND   LITHOGRAPHERS. 

growing  things.             Illustrated.     Ready  in  October 

By  JOSEPH  and  ELIZABETH  PENNELL.   A  history 

BEEKEEPING.     By  E.  FRANKLIN  PHILLIPS.    The 

of  lithography  and  a  critical  study  of  the  best  examples. 
Illustrated.     Cloth,  $4.  SO.     Fine  Edition,  $12.  SO 

whole  subject  is  treated  in  an  interesting  yet  thoroughly 
scientific  fashion.                               Illustrated.     $1.75 

THE   ART   OF  THE   MOVING   PICTURE. 

THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    FLORICULTURE. 

By  VACHEL  LINDSAY.     One  of  the  first  books  in 

By  EDWARD  A.  WHITE.    The  first  complete  guide 

appreciation  of  the  moving  picture.       Ready  in  October 

for  the  practical  flower  grower.        Illustrated.     $1.  7S 

• 

64-66  sth18  AeVe.r  N.  Y.   1  he  Macmillan  Company    bnooLea^ee8oeider 

THE  DIAL 

Jfortmgftflp  journal  of  Utterarp  Criticism,  Btecustfion,  ano  information. 


Vol.  LIX.     SEPTEMBER  16,  1915       No.  701 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

.  199 


BOOKS  OF  THE  COMING  SEASON     .     . 

JOHN  GALSWORTHY.     Edward  E.  Hale    .     .  201 

CASUAL  COMMENT 203 

A  surprising  abundance  of  "  best  novels  in  the 
English  language." —  Endowments  that  aid 
the  cause  of  good  literature. — A  statesman's 
literary  recreations. —  Revived  interest  in 
Russian  literature. —  Literary  hints  to  the 
vacant-minded. — War's  devastation  in  the 
field  of  letters  and  learning. — The  sifting  of 
literature. — The  birth-pangs  of  a  universal 
language. —  Book-buying  in  times  of  stress. 
— A  continuation  of  the  Tauchnitz  series. 

COMMUNICATIONS 207 

The  Imperishable  Elements  of  Poetry.   Louis 
C.  Marolf. 

The     College     Commercialized.       Clark     S. 

Northup. 

A  Friend  of  Petrarch's.  Theodore  Stanton. 
The  Michigan  Dutch  in  Fiction.  H.  Houston 

Peclcham. 

SENSE  AND  NONSENSE  ABOUT  BEENAED 

SHAW.    Archibald  Henderson      ....  210 

INCOME  AND  ITS  DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES.     David  Y.  Thomas     .  212 

EMEESON  STUDIED  FEOM  HIS  JOUENALS. 

Charles  Milton  Street 214 

SLAVE-HOLDING  INDIANS  IN  THE  CIVIL 

WAR.     Walter  L.  Fleming 216 

EIGHTEENTH     CENTUEY     CRITICAL     ES- 
SAYS.   J.  Paul  Kaufman 218 

RECENT  FICTION.     William  Morton  Payne    .  219 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 221 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS      .......  222 

Germany's  point  of  view  in  the  European 
war. —  Memories  of  an  artist,  author,  and 
diplomat. — A  recently  discovered  "  Mona 
Lisa." — Fundamentals  of  English  language 
and  literature. — Triumphs  of  tropical  sanita- 
tion.— A  storehouse  of  horticultural  informa- 
tion.— A  study  of  the  soliloquy  in  German 
drama. — A  Revolutionary  hero  and  martyr. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 226 

NOTES 226 

ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS  .     .     .228 

(A  classified  list  of  the  new  books  planned 
for  publication  during  the  coming  Fall  and 
Winter  season.) 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS 


243 


BOOKS  OF  THE  COMING  SEASON. 

In  the  preface  to  his  latest  but  we  hope  not 
his  last  book  Mr.  Ford  Madox  Hueffer  takes 
occasion  to  defend  his  reminiscent  and  anec- 
dotal style  by  saying:  "But  readability,  as 
far  as  I  have  observed  its  effects  upon  myself, 
has  seemed  always  to  resolve  itself  into  relat- 
ing anecdotes  and  drawing  morals  from  those 
anecdotes."  The  prominence  given  to  biog- 
raphy and  reminiscences  in  the  book-lists  ap- 
pended to  this  as  to  previous  "announcement" 
numbers  of  THE  DIAL  finds  ample  justification 
in  the  natural  and  praiseworthy  interest  so 
generally  felt  by  readers  in  this  important 
branch  of  literature.  And  though  the  forth- 
coming books  of  this  sort  are  somewhat  fewer 
in  number  this  autumn  than  a  year  ago,  they 
include  rather  more  works  of  unusual  attrac- 
tiveness. For  instance,  what  lover  of  inti- 
mate biography  can  read  with  unquickened 
pulse  the  announcement  of  the  "  Life,  Letters, 
and  Journals  of  John  Muir,"  or  of  Maxim 
Gorky's  "  My  Childhood,"  or  of  Mr.  Richard 
Whiteing's  "My  Harvest"?  Rather  more 
formal  in  structure,  one  expects,  but  little  less 
appealing,  or  even  more  so  to  certain  readers, 
will  be  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Hay  " 
as  edited  in  two  volumes  by  Mr.  William  Ros- 
coe  Thayer ;  and  the  "  Reminiscences  "  of  Dr. 
Lyman  Abbott,  already  known  to  "  Outlook  " 
readers;  and,  again,  Mr.  Putnam's  "Memo- 
ries of  a  Publisher,"  being  the  third  instal- 
ment of  his  notable  autobiography.  "  The 
Life  of  Clara  Barton,"  by  Mr.  Percy  H.  Epler, 
will  not  fail  of  a  cordial  reception  at  this 
time ;  nor  will  the  biography  of  Bishop  Potter, 
by  Dr.  Hodges,  fall  still-born  from  the  press; 
and  those  who  of  late  have  read  with  eager 
curiosity  "What  I  Found  Out"  and  "Memories 
of  the  Kaiser's  Court "  will  turn  with  anticipa- 
tory relish  to  "My  Years  at  the  Austrian 
Court,"  by  Miss  Nellie  Ryan,  while  the  col- 
lected chapters  of  the  Infanta  'Eulalia's 
"Court  Life  from  Within  "  will  give  hours  of 
entertainment  to  unnumbered  readers.  Among 
other  promising  titles  in  this  general  class  are 
"  Emma  Darwin :  A  Century  of  Family  Let- 
ters, 1792  to  1896,"  "  The  Life  and  Times  of 
Tennyson,"  by  the  late  Professor  Lounsbury, 


200 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


"  On  the  Trail  of  Stevenson,"  by  Mr.  Clayton 
Hamilton,  "  The  Story  of  Yone  Noguchi,"  told 
by  himself  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  Yoshio 
Markino,  "  The  Story  of  a  Pioneer,"  by  Dr. 
Anna  Howard  Shaw,  "Vagrant  Memories," 
by  Mr.  Winter,  and,  in  short,  to  any  reader  of 
broad  sympathies,  too  many  others  to  be  in- 
cluded in  so  restricted  a  notice  as  this. 

Allied  to  biography,  though  lacking  the  pre- 
dominant personal  interest,  stands  history; 
and  here  the  eye  is  arrested  by  such  richly 
promising  works  as  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc's  "High 
Lights  of  the  French  Revolution,"  Mr.  Nor- 
wood Young's  "Napoleon  in  Exile  at  St. 
Helena,"  Dr.  Knut  Gjerset's  "  History  of  the 
Norwegian  People,"  Mr.  Edward  Button's 
"Attila  and  His  Huns,"  and  the  results  of  Mr. 
George  Bird  Grinnell's  researches  concerning 
"The  Fighting  Cheyennes:  A  History  of  a 
Great  and  Typical  Indian  Tribe."  Also  note- 
worthy is  the  announcement  of  an  English 
version  of  Treitschke's  famous  historical  frag- 
ment (voluminous  enough  to  be  a  complete 
work) ,  "  The  History  of  Germany  in  the  19th 
Century,"  and  of  a  less  celebrated  writer's 
account  of  "The  Fall  of  Tsingtau."  Dr.  Mor- 
ris Jastrow's  '^Civilization  of  Babylonia  and 
Assyria  "  offers  the  certainty  of  solid  satisfac- 
tion to  scholarly  readers.  Among  books  of 
a  less  strictly  historical  nature,  and  offering 
promise  of  autobiographic  touches,  is  a  collec- 
tion of"  The  Letters  of  Washington  Irving  to 
Henry  Brevoort,  1807  to  1843,"  edited  by  Mr. 
George  S.  Hellman.  Another  enticing  volume 
of  like  character  presents  itself  in  "Some  of 
the  Correspondence  of  Sir  Arthur  Helps," 
and  we  are  told  that  autobiographic  revela- 
tion abounds  in  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson's  "  Escape, 
and  Other  Essays."  But  this  brings  us  to  the 
gateway  of  another  large  domain  in  the  realm 
of  letters,  conveniently  and  comprehensively 
styled,  "  General  Literature." 

Here  one  notes  "  New  Essays,"  by  M.  Mau- 
rice Maeterlinck,  "  Incense  and  Iconoclasm," 
by  Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore  (no  new  name 
in  these  pages),  "Visions  and  Beliefs,"  by 
Lady  Gregory,  "  Ideals  and  Realities  in  Rus- 
sian Literature,"  by  Prince  Kropotkin,  "  Six 
French  Poets,"  by  Miss  Amy  Lowell,  "The 
Modern  Study  of  Literature,"  by  Professor 
Moulton,  "A  Quiet  Corner  in  a  Library,"  by 
Mr.  William  Henry  Hudson,  and  (dare  one 
hope  it  contains  something  new  to  print?) 
"Interpretations  of  English  Literature,"  by 


Laf  cadio  Hearn.  "  The  Cambridge  History  of 
English  Literature"  reaches  its  twelfth  vol- 
ume in  "  The  Romantic  Revival,"  the  recent 
achievements  in  letters  of  a  brave  little  people 
are  related  in  Mr.  Jethro  Bithell's  "  Contem- 
porary Belgian  Literature,"  Dr.  John  Ers- 
kine's  treatise  on  "  The  Moral  Obligation  to 
be  Intelligent"  ought  to  be  worth  reading, 
Mr.  James  Huneker's  "Ivory  Apes  and  Pea- 
cocks" arouses  curiosity,  and  Mr.  Forrest  S. 
Lunt  will  have  proved  himself  a  master  of 
pithy  brevity  if  his  "Shakespeare  Explained  " 
(for  only  sixty  cents)  fulfils  the  promise  of 
its  title. 

In  poetry,  new  and  old,  there  is  not  exactly 
an  embarrassment  of  riches.  A  collection  of 
the  verses  of  the  Bronte  sisters  and  their 
scapegrace  brother  is  put  forth  with  an  in- 
troduction by  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson.  George 
Borrow's  "Welsh  Ballads  and  Poems  "  is  pub- 
Ushed*-in  a  limited  -edition  with  preface  by 
Mr.  Ernest  Rhys.  In  the  "New  Poetry 
Series  "  one  notes  especially  a  fresh  volume  by 
Mrs.  Marks  (Josephine  Preston  Peabody), 
entitled  simply,  "New  Poems."  Mr.  Chester- 
ton has  a  book  of  "  Poems,"  Lord  Curzon  a 
number  of  "  War  Poems,  and  Other  Transla- 
tions," and  a  book  of  "Belgian  Patriotic 
Poems,"  by  M.  Emile  Cammaerts,  makes  its 
timely  appearance  in  translation.  Mr.  Mo- 
sher's  "  Lyra  Americana  "  includes  as  its  first 
volumes :  "  The  Rose-Jar,"  by  Mr.  Thomas  S. 
Jones,  Jr.,  "A  Handful  of  Lavender,"  by  Miss 
Lizette  Woodworth  Reese,  and  "  The  Rose 
from  the.  Ashes/'  by  Miss  Edith  M.  Thomas. 

Printed  plays  are  far  more  abundant  now 
than  formerly,  and  there  are  some  good  things 
of  this  sort  for  the  armchair  theatre-goer ;  for 
example :  "  The  Faithful,"  by  Mr.  Masefield, 
"  The  Immigrants,"  by  Mr.  Mackaye,  Mr.  Ar- 
thur Symons's  "  Tragedies,"  and  Mr.  Stephen 
Phillips's  war  epic  in  dramatic  form,  "Arma- 
geddon." Translations  from  M.  Brieux  and 
M.  Claudel,  with  other  by  no  means  negligible 
pieces,  enrich  the  list.  Moreover,  Professor 
George  P.  Baker  writes  expertly  on  "The 
Technique  of  the  Drama,"  and  Mr.  Thomas 
H.  Dickinson  on  "  The  Case  of  American 
Drama,"  while  Mr.  Vachel  Lindsay's  book  on 
"  The  Art  of  the  Moving  Picture "  should 
prove  instructive  and  timely.  "  The  History 
of  the  Harlequinade,"  by  Mr.  Maurice  Sand, 
in  two  volumes  with  colored  illustrations,  can 
hardly  fail  to  be  diverting,  at  least;  and  there 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


201 


is  no  lack  of  other  books  about  things  theatri- 
cal, including  guides  to  the  attainment  of 
fame  and  fortune  by  the  writing  of  plays. 

John  Muir's  "  Travels  in  Alaska  "  will  be  a 
favorite  among  the  books  of  travel  and  de- 
scription, and  "  Kipling's  India,"  by  Mr. 
Arley  Munson,  will  attract  by  its  very  title. 
"  The  Lure  of  San  Francisco  "  will  find  many 
readers  among  Panama  Exposition  visitors 
and  would-be  visitors.  Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser's 
"  Storied  Italy  "  offers  evident  attractions,  as 
does  Mr.  Norman  Douglas's  "Old  Calabria." 
Works  of  hardly  less  interest,  though  of  an 
entirely  different  sort,  meet  the  eye  in  glanc- 
ing down  the  list  of  books  on  public  affairs; 
they  include  such  products  of  observation  and 
reflection  and  personal  experience  as  Mr. 
Paul  Elmer  More's  "Aristocracy  and  Jus- 
tice," Mr.  Taft's  "Ethics  in  Service,"  and 
Mr.  John  Spargo's  "Marxian  Socialism  and 
Religion."  In  the  departments  of  religion 
and  theology,  of  art  and  architecture  and 
music,  of  science,  pure  and  applied,  there  is 
more  offered  to-day  than  was  dreamed  of  in 
generations  by  our  ancestors.  Among  other 
serious  works,  notable  is  the  new  group  having 
to  do  with  "  The  Great  War,"  also  the  quite 
dissimilar  section  devoted  to  "Woman  and 
the  Home."  .  If  the  year's  book-product  should 
be  found  to  fall,  for  obvious  reasons,  a  little 
short  of  the  recent  average,  its  variety  is 
likely  to  exceed  that  average. 

Finally,  and  in  the  place  of  honor  on  this 
programme  of  the  coming  literary  entertain- 
ment, a  word  about  the  new  novels.  Selec- 
tion is  too  much  a  matter  of  personal  bias 
to  be  indulged  in  without  caution  by  a  hasty 
reviewer  of  titles;  but  confidence  willnot  be 
misplaced  if  reposed  in  such  virtual  certain- 
ties of  worth  as  Judge  Grant's  "  The  High 
Priestess,"  Mr.  Galsworthy's  "The  Freelands," 
Sir  Gilbert  Parker's  "The  Money  Master," 
and  Mrs.  Ward's  "  Eltham  House."  "  The 
Research  Magnificent,"  by  Mr.  Wells,  "The 
Fortunes  of  Garin,"  by  Miss  Johnston,  "  The 
'  Genius,'  "  by  Mr.  Dreiser,  "  The  Little  Iliad," 
by  Mr.  Hewlett,  and  "A  Young  Man's  Year," 
by  Mr.  Anthony  Hope  Hawkins,  are  also  safe 
ventures ;  nor  does  this  exhaust  the  list.  An 
"Ivanhoe"maynot  lurk  between  the  covers  of 
every  proffered  romance,  nor  a  "  Tom  Jones  " 
in  every  work  of  realistic  fiction ;  but  the 
fashioning  of  pleasing  imaginative  narrative 
is  not  yet  to  be  numbered  among  the  lost  arts. 


JOHN  GALSWORTHY. 

When  he  just  sits  (to  parody  his  own 
words)  seeing  Life  and  getting  the  full  of 
it, —  those  are  the  moments  that  I  think  are 
precious  to  John  Galsworthy.  There  have 
been  things  said  about  him  which  implied 
that  he  offered  no  distilled  moral  (how  clear 
and  beautiful  such  distillations  sometimes 
are!), —  no  message,  no  regular  conclusions 
concerning  life;  and  such  things  are  doubt- 
less true.  To  Mr.  Galsworthy  life  is  an  ad- 
venture; he  goes  about  —  or  rather  he  used 
to  go  about  —  "wondering  with  a  sort  of 
warm  half-fearful  eagerness  what  sort  of  new 
thread  Life  was  going  to  twine  into  his  skein." 
There  might  be  message,  moral,  conclusions 
in  his  work,  but  he  did  not  himself  deliver  the 
message,  draw  the  conclusions,  enforce  the 
moral ;  he  left  it  to  the  public  to  do  whatever 
of  that  sort  of  thing  they  might  wish  and  be 
able  to  do. 

Yet  at  first  his  own  feelings  and  thoughts 
were  not  much  hidden.  In  earlier  years  he 
seemed  very  "modern,"  for  he  seemed  always 
to  press  upon  the  reader  the  thought  that  is 
significant  of  our  time  (as  perhaps  of  every 
time)  :  the  'difference  between  the  new  ideas 
and  the  old,  between  the  radical  and  the  con- 
servative, the  lover  of  liberty  and  the  believer 
in  authority,  the  free-thinker  and  the  tradi- 
tionalist, the  bohemian  and  the  citizen,  the 
adventurer  and  the  home-lover, —  between 
those,  in  fine,  who  believe  in  holding  to  the 
good  and  beautiful  things  that  have  come  to 
us  from  the  past  and  those  who  want  always 
to  stretch  out  to  the  new. 

How  clear  that  was  in  the  earlier  books! 
The  absolute  content  with  received  conven- 
tions and  ideas  portrayed  in  "  The  Island 
Pharisees,"  the  stupefied  self-satisfaction  of 
the  upper  middle  class  in  "  The  Man  of  Prop- 
erty," the  entire  enclosure  in  their  own  coun- 
try life  of  the  landed  gentry  in  "  The  Country 
House,"  the  high-minded  consciousness  of 
the  aristocracy  that  they  Were  the  life  of  the 
nation  in  "  The  Patrician,"  —  it  covered  all 
the  upper  ranges  of  the  social  world,  show- 
ing it  everywhere  self-absorbed  and  self-com- 
placent; its  eyes  blinded  with  fat,  its  head 
stuck  in  the  sand  (to  mix  figures  ridicu- 
lously) ,  its  power  of  action  atrophied  through 
the  specialization  of  its  powers  of  self-appre- 
ciation. We  read  such  things  painfully.  It 
must  be  so,  we  think,  in  England ;  and  if  it  is 
so  there  (as  this  keen  eye  sees  and  records 
it),  most  probably  it  is  so  here.  Just  this 
much,  however,  does  not  make  Mr.  Galsworthy 
a  man  specifically  of  our  own  time,  for  to 
notice  and  record  just  these  things  has  been 


202 


[Sept.  16 


the  function  of  the  satirist  of  all  times.  Mr. 
Galsworthy  did  something  more.  He  pre- 
sented not  only  the  immense  inertia  of  the 
current  life  of  our  day,  but  he  presented 
those  who  had  the  newer  spirit.  He  showed 
both  sides.  Into  this  world  of  conservatives, 
home-lovers,  patricians,  are  somehow  born 
radicals,  adventurers,  wanderers  of  the  spirit, 
bohemians.  They  strive  against  their  sur- 
roundings, perhaps,  and  either  are  broken 
and  subdued  or  somehow  make  their  escape. 
At  any  rate  they  show  us  the  rift. 

But  if  Mr.  Galsworthy  differs  from  the 
many  iconoclasts  of  the  day  —  and  of  course 
he  does  —  it  is  chiefly  that  however  much  he 
may  see  of  what  is  wrong  in  the  present  state 
of  things  he  also  feels  keenly  how  much  it  has 
that  is  beautiful.  And  because  he  does  feel  so 
strongly  that  there  is  so  much  that  is  beauti- 
ful in  this  world  which  is  yet  not  right,  his 
thinking  had  a  peculiar  character:  it  was 
deeply  marked  with  irony.  He  was  not  like 
Mr.  Wells,  who  would  cheerfully  undertake 
the  contract  of  remaking  the  universe  nearer 
to  the  heart's  desire.  He  would  not,  perhaps, 
even  shatter  it  to  bits.  What  would  be  the 
good?  Hence  his  radicals,  wanderers,  bohe- 
mians were  never  effective  people.  Ferrand, 
Courtenay,  Miltoun,  Bosinney  do  themselves 
live,  but  they  accomplish  little  for  anybody 
else.  Almost  the  only  person  whose  acts  and 
utterances  we  instinctively  feel  are  right, 
though  generally  unintelligible,  is  felt  by  all 
around  him  to  be  crazy. 

Such  was  the  earlier  Galsworthy.  Nor 
shall  we  think  that  later  years  will  have 
changed  anything  so  fundamental;  only  he 
need  not  say  over  again  what  he  has  said 
before.  There  may  also  be  development;  we 
may  easily  imagine  that  a  man  who  first  saw 
certain  antagonisms  in  the  social  life  of  his 
time,  will  easily  come  to  feel  that  such  antag- 
onisms are  fundamental  in  life  itself.  It  is  a 
necessity  that  there  should  be  some  such 
antagonism.  And  hence  it  is  that  the  later 
books  deal  more  broadly  with  the  matter,  and 
also  more  narrowly. 

His  later  books  and  his  plays  have  not  so 
much  to  say  of  the  radical  individual  and  the 
conservatism  of  classes.  They  do  not  even 
deal  with  the  conservatism  of  society  in  gen- 
eral. They  show,  for  example,  how  people  in 
love  come  up  against  the  institution  of  mar- 
riage. But  perhaps  it  is  not  even  this  that 
they  show;  they  may  show  merely  some  deep 
antinomy  in  life  whereby  people  in  love  come 
up  against,  not  the  institution  of  marriage 
only,  but  the  limits  and  possibilities  of  human 
nature  and  human  thought  as  well.  In  "  The 
Dark  Flower,"  for  instance,  what  can  we 


think  of  the  passionate  love  between  the  girl 
of  eighteen  and  the  man  of  fifty  ?  One  might 
easily  think  that  the  man  had  loved  several 
times  before,  and  that  the  girl  would  prob- 
ably love  several  times  afterward.  And  if 
such  be  the  case,  it  will  hardly  be  worth  while 
to  give  up  much  for  the  present  passion, — 
or  even,  one  might  think,  to  feel  it  very 
deeply.  It  cannot  be  helped :  life  is  often  like 
that;  we  must,  of  course,  be  interested,  even 
absorbed,  but  we  need  not  be  outraged. 

So  much  (yet  how  very  little!)  may  be 
said  of  the  novelist;  nor  in  general,  we  may 
believe,  would  there  be  a  very  different  im- 
pression from  the  works  of  the  dramatist, 
save  that,  as  he  comes  later,  we  shall  not  find 
our  ironic  spectator  of  the  divisions  and  mal- 
adjustments of  society  engaged  in  viewing 
exactly  the  same  things.  Then  the  drama  is 
more  impersonal,  more  condensed;  we  have 
less  or  even  no  comment,  or  of  that  descrip- 
tion that  goes  for  comment.  Still  the  impres- 
sion is  not  very  different:  complacency  and 
incongruity  and  rebellion  in  many  different 
forms,  but  never  an  adjustment. 

And  how  about  the  poet  and  the  essayist? 
Here,  perhaps,  will  he  be  a  bit  more  personal 
and  tell  us  what  he  really  thinks?  Shall  we 
not  find  in  the  poetry  and  essay  something 
which  will  resolve  the  problems  of  the  fiction 
and  the  drama  ?  I  hardly  think  so.  We  shall 
certainly  find  the  personal  position  definitely 
put,  indeed  so  obviously  that  it  is  no  longer 
any  fun  looking  for  it  in  the  novels  and  the 
plays.  It  is  like  an  arithmetic  with  a  key, 
a  text  with  a  trot,  a  book  of  conundrums  with 
all  the  answers.  It  is  proper  to  advise  the 
reader  to  be  careful  about  beginning  on 
the  essays  and  the  poems :  one  should  read  the 
novels  and  plays  first  to  really  get  the  fun 
out  of  them. 

Unless,  of  course,  one  really  wants  to  know 
what  is  actually  the  case  with  life.  It  may  be 
that  one  really  wants  to  know  the  answer  to 
this  question  of  the  day,  this  problem  of  mod- 
ern life, —  the  difficulties  of  our  social  adjust- 
ment. It  is  often  not  so:  one  reads  and 
reads  with  pleasure  at  seeing  difficulties  that 
one  realizes  in  life,  but  without  any  real 
intention  of  striving  after  a  solution  of  them. 
Solutions,  answers,  reconstructions,  are  diffi- 
cult things  in  practice. 

Nor,  indeed,  has  Mr.  Galsworthy,  as  we 
have  seen,  any  intention  of  looking  for  solu- 
tions or  suggesting  reconstructions.  More  and 
more,  as  he  has  gone  on  and  on,  has  he  been 
content  to  see  life  and  get  the  full  of  it.  He 
writes  about  current  life  indeed,  but  he  offers 
no  "  distilled  moral,"  no  "  true  conclusions  of 
premises  regularly  laid  down."  He  holds  up 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


203 


his  lantern  in  the  night  of  convention,  or  igno- 
rance, or  indifference,  or  whatever  else  pre- 
vents us  from  seeing  life  as  it  is;  and  if  we 
see  thereby  disagreeable  things,  that  is  not 
his  fault,  for  it  is  not  with  us  that  he  is 
concerned. 

Or  at  least  so  he  says.  "  To  set  before  the 
public  the  phenomena  of  life  and  character, 
selected  and  combined,  but  not  distorted,"  — 
that  is  one  course  for  the  dramatist  to  pur- 
sue; and  it  is  so  nearly  like  what  he  does 
himself  that  we  may  believe  he  speaks  of  it 
with  approval.  This  method,  he  goes  on, 
"  requires  a  certain  detachment ;  it  requires  a 
sympathy  with,  a  love  of,  and  a  curiosity  as 
to,  things  for  their  own  sake,"  and  such  de- 
tachment, sympathy,  love,  curiosity,  it  is 
pretty  clear  that  Mr.  Galsworthy  has. 

It  is  not  so  clear,  however,  that  he  views 
human  life  and  human  suffering  dispassion- 
ately, without  prepossession,  with  equanim- 
ity, "simply  as  manifestations  of  life."  One 
should  select  and  combine  but  not  distort, 
doubtless;  yet  some  selection  and  combina- 
tion is  virtual  distortion.  Take  Mr.  Gals- 
worthy's presentations  of  love  and  marriage: 
according  to  what  principle  of  selection  and 
combination  is  it  that,  in  his  work,  love  is 
usually  outside  of  marriage  and  marriage 
without  love?  There  may  not  be  any  dis- 
tilled moral  there,  or  a  true  conclusion;  but 
if  it  be  not  a  distortion  of  the  facts  of  life,  it 
is  clearly  such  an  arrangement  of  them  as  is 
formed  by  a  preconceived  ideal.  That  is 
natural  enough, —  nothing  more  so;  only  the 
man  who  views  life  in  that  way  ceases  to  be 
a  mere  observer,  and  becomes  something  of  a 
special  pleader.  Or  take  the  question  of  the 
old  order  and  the  new:  how  is  it  that  most 
of  the  characters  with  whom  we  sympathize, 
those  who  seem  mostly  to  the  author's  mind, 
are  the  adventurers,  the  lovers  of  freedom, 
the  unrestrainable,  while  the  representatives 
of  the  older  order  are  commonly  rigid,  nar- 
row, stupid,  and  generally  rather  ridiculous? 
Certainly  we  shall  hardly  imagine  it  any 
other  way;  but  do  not  let  us  be  cajoled  by 
Mr.  Galsworthy's  suppositions  that  he  merely 
loves  and  observes  life.  He  does  observe  it 
and  love  it,  but  he  has  very  strong  feelings 
about  it;  and  if  he  does  not  urge  opinions 
about  it,  it  must  be  because  his  mind  is  such 
as  not  to  form  any,  or  such  that  be  believes 
them  of  no  use.  For  a  philosophy  he  seems 
to  have,  namely  (if  one  can  put  such  a  thing 
into  a  sentence),  that  it  is  by  an  immense 
amount  of  pushing  and  striving,  in  all  direc- 
tions and  at  all  kinds  of  cross-purposes  and 
by  all  sorts  of  people  mixed  up  together,  that 
the  purpose  of  God  is  carried  out, —  God,  in 


fact,  being  himself  the  striving  and  the  push- 
ing, the  directions  and  the  cross-purposes,  and 
also  the  people.  With  such  a  philosophy  it 
would  be  very  natural  to  offer  no  solutions  to 
any  problem,  because  one  solution  is  quite  as 
good  as  another  in  the  long  run. 

And  after  all,  life  is  a  spendid  thing.  Mr. 
Galsworthy  seems  to  have  mellowed  a  bit  with 
the  passing  years.  He  was  never  acrid  or 
bitter,  but  in  the  older  days  he  was  generally 
ironic.  Now  he  is  broader  in  his  sympathy 
or  in  his  love.  He  has  no  villains;  he  has 
many  who  seem  inordinately  stupid,  tedious, 
dull,  narrow,  selfish,  but  they  generally  have 
something  nice  about  them  for  all  that.  They 
do  all  kinds  of  things ;  they  are  hot-tempered, 
weak,  silly,  hasty,  irrational,  brave,  loving, 
but  never  simply  malignant  or  malevolent.  It 
is  a  long  time  since  we  have  had  one  who 
came  so  near  the  great  satirist  of  an  earlier 
day  who  gave  us  his  view  of  partial  evil  and 
universal  good.  We  may  gather  that  in  this 
case,  as  in  that,  we  have  more  of  a  literary 
than  a  philosophic  view;  but  that  is  a  very 
good  thing,  for  it  is  literature  with  which  we 
are  dealing.  It  is  certainly  no  philosophic 
view  that  Mr.  Galsworthy  means  to  offer  us; 
he  will  be  satisfied  if  he  can  make  us  see  with 
him 

"  The  glory,  jest,  and  riddle  of  the  world." 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


CA8UAL_COMMENT. 

A  SURPRISING  ABUNDANCE  OF  "BEST  NOVELS 

IN  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE"  is  revealed  by 
answers  of  noted  living  novelists  to  a  question 
sent  out  by  the  New  York  "  Times,"  which 
has  invited  these  novelists  to  name  the  six 
best  novels  in  our  tongue.  The  indecisive 
results  of  any  such  investigation  might  have 
been  foreseen,  and  probably  were  foreseen; 
but  as  a  midsummer  amusement  the  under- 
taking was  commendable  enough,  especially 
when  any  wholesome  distraction  from  the 
dominant  horror  of  the  hour  is  welcome.  In 
the  expressed  preferences  of  a  goodly  com- 
pany of  English  and  American  writers  of  fic- 
tion, the  only  approach  to  unanimity  is  found 
in  a  considerable  appreciation  of  the  merits 
of  "Tom  Jones,"  and  in  a  general , denial  of 
surpassing  excellence  to  American  novels, 
except  "  The  Scarlet  Letter."  One  writer 
shows  admiration  for  Mr.  Henry  James  (no 
longer  an  American,  it  is  true) ,  but  laments 
that  after  "  Daisy  Miller  "  he  "  declined  into 
logomachy"  and  so  incapacitated  himself  for 
producing  a  great  novel.  "  The  Rise  of  Silas 
Lapham  "  gets  an  occasional  American  vote ; 


204 


THE    DIAL 


[  Sept.  16 


but  it  is  plain  that,  except  Hawthorne,  we 
have  no  novelist  comparable,  in  the  estima- 
tion of  living  novelists,  with  Scott  and  Dick- 
ens and  Thackeray.  Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppen- 
heim  wanders  strangely  from  the  question 
by  including  in  his  list  Tolstoy's  "Anna 
Karenina,"  and  Canon  Hannay  ("George 
Birmingham")  impairs  confidence  in  his 
judgment  by  placing  "  The  Moonstone "  in 
the  same  company  with  "Rob  Roy"  and 
"  Vanity  Fair."  He  also  casts  a  vote  for  the 
innocuous  and  entertaining  "  Barchester 
Towers,"  while  next  above  it  stands  "  The 
Wreckers."  Both  the  thrill  of  romance  and 
the  moderate  titillation  of  an  everyday  story 
seem  to  be  dear  to  the  Canon  of  St.  Patrick's. 
From  the  lists  as  a  whole  it  is  sufficiently  evi- 
dent that  there  are  in  our  language  many 
more  than  six  novels  acceptable  to  refined 
taste  and  critical  judgment. 

•    •    • 

ENDOWMENTS  THAT  AID  THE  CAUSE  OF  GOOD 
LITERATURE  by  making  it  more  generally 
accessible  cannot  be  too  generous  or  too  many. 
One  form  that  they  might  oftener  take  than 
they  do  is  found  in  those  special  bequests  or 
gifts  to  public  libraries  for  the  purchase  of 
such  works  as  might  otherwise  be  unprocura- 
ble. The  Boston  Public  Library,  for  instance, 
has  trust  funds  amounting  to  $154,533,  the 
income  from  which  may  be  used  only  for 
books  in  special  classes  of  literature  to  be 
placed  in  certain  designated  departments; 
also  a  fund  of  $121,750  is  in  its  keeping  for 
the  purchase  of  books  of  "permanent  value" 
only.  Other  endowment  funds,  more  than  a 
quarter-million  in  amount,  are  unrestricted. 
New  York's  great  free  library  enjoys  similar 
advantages,  on  an  even  larger  scale.  While 
the  city  provides  the  main  building  and  its 
site,  with  suitable  sites  for  the  Carnegie 
branches,  and  pays  running  expenses  and 
bills  for  the  books  in  general  circulation,  the 
valuable  special  collections  and  the  great  ref- 
erence library  in  the  main  building  are  sup- 
plied from  the  Astor,  Lenox,  and  Tilden 
foundations  and  other  endowments ;  and  large 
additional  gifts  of  this  nature  are  received 
from  time  to  time.  Librarian  Brett  of  the 
Cleveland  Public  Library,  in  his  current  re- 
port, deplores  the  lack  of  any  such  permanent 
funds  for  the  prosecution  of  his  work  as  are 
enjoyed  by  Boston  and  New  York,  and  also 
by  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  St.  Paul,  New 
Haven,  and  other  favored  cities.  Cleveland 
furnishes  sites  for  Carnegie  branches,  also  a 
main  building  and  the  ground  on  which  it 
stands ;  but  there  the  parallel  with  New  York 
ends,  since  there  are  no  trust  funds  for  those 
other  than  popular  needs  which  it  is  the 


crowning  glory  of  a  public  library  to  be  able 
to  meet.  Wealthy  philanthropists  might  find 
here  a  hint  as  to  one  method  of  escaping  the 
disgrace  of  dying  rich. 

•  •    • 

A  STATESMAN'S  LITERARY  RECREATIONS  were 
more  wont  in  former  times  than  now  to  in- 
clude rambles  in  the  classics,  with  perhaps 
an  occasional  excursion  into  authorship  on 
some  subject  of  Greek  or  Latin  literature  or 
archaeology,  or  a  trial  of  one's  hand  at  turn- 
ing into  English  an  ode  of  Horace  or  an  idyl 
of  Theocritus.  Gladstone's  Homeric  studies 
were  the  refreshment  of  his  spare  hours 
through  years  of  intense  Application  to  the 
graver  concerns  of  public  policy  and  admin- 
istration. The  Earl  of  Derby's  verse  transla- 
tion of  the  "  Iliad,"  published  after  he  had 
been  twice  prime  minister  and  when  he  was 
soon  to  hold  that  high  office  a  third  time, 
marked  him  as  a  statesman  of  distinguished 
attainments  in  letters.  In  our  own  country 
an  instance  of  able  statesmanship  united  with 
classical  and  literary  acquirements  readily 
presents  itself  in  the  person  of  John  D.  Long, 
who  died  on  the  28th  of  August.  His  metri- 
cal version  of  the  "  ^Eneid "  came  out  while 
he  was  lieutenant-governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  just  before  he  entered  upon  his  three 
years'  governorship  of  that  State.  But  he 
had  written  and  published  verse  long  before 
that  date.  A  booklet,  entitled  "At  the  Fire- 
side," was  made  up  of  a  selection  from  these 
poems.  He  was  also  author  of  "  The  New 
American  Navy,"  "After-dinner  and  Other 
Speeches,"  and  a  history  of  the  Republican 
party.  A  few  years  ago  "  The  Outlook  "  was 
enlivened  by  Mr.  Long's  reminiscences,  in 
serial  form,  and  he  could  have  produced  a 
voluminous  work  of  that  nature,  full  of  inter- 
est, for  he  had  a  remarkable  memory  and  the 
gift  of  vivid  and  telling  narrative.  To  his 
native  town,  Buckfield,  Maine,  he  gave  in 
1901  a  free  library  in  memory  of  his  father, 
Zadoc  Long,  who,  like  his  son  after  him,  was 
of  a  literary  turn,  wrote  verses,  taught  school, 
and  engaged  in  politics.  The  late  ex-Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  was  within  two  months  of 
his  seventy-seventh  birthday  when  he  died. 

•  •    • 

REVIVED  INTEREST  IN  RUSSIAN  LITERATURE  is 
noted  of  late  in  England,  where  no  interna- 
tional copyright  law  checks  the  free  intro- 
duction of  Gorky  and  Garshin,  of  Kuprin  and 
Korolenko,  and  of  dozens  more,  to  the  English 
reader  in  the  form  of  unauthorized  transla- 
tions. Just  as  the  Crimean  War  aroused  out- 
side interest  in  the  empire  of  the  Romanoffs 
and  its  affairs,  with  a  consequent  English 
version  of  ''  Dead  Souls "  and  "Annals  of  a 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


205 


Sportsman  "  and  other  Russian  books,  so  the 
present  war  is  turning  men's  eyes  anew  upon 
the  country  so  conspicuous  in  the  struggle 
and  so  much  less  familiar  to  us  than  its  west- 
ern neighbors.  Hence  the  timeliness  of  sun- 
dry translations  from  the  Russian  that  are 
now  appearing.  But  a  deeper  reason  for 
Anglo-Saxon  welcome  of  Slavic  literature  is 
found  by  a  writer  in  "  The  New  Statesman." 
Mr.  Julius  West  detects  "  a  distinct  affinity 
between  English  and  Russian  literature, 
closer  than  that  between  English  and  French, 
and  perhaps  as  close  as  that  between  English 
and  American."  Certain  it  is,  if  booksellers' 
reports  are  to  be  trusted,  that  an  unusual 
demand  for  English  novels  in  the  original  is 
now  making  itself  heard  in  Russia.  Other 
striking  illustrations  of  Russian  liking  for  and 
understanding  of  English  and  also  American 
authors  are  offered  by  Mr.  West.  England's 
present  relations  with  Russia,  it  might  be 
added,  are  so  much  more  cordial  than  the 
relations  existing  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean 
War,  that  a  far  warmer  reception  for  Russian 
books  may  be  predicted  than  that  accorded  to. 
Gogol  and  a  few  of  his  compatriots  sixty  years 
ago.  In  this  connection  let  it  be  said  that 
now  would  be  an  excellent  time  to  arrive  at 
some  uniformity  of  practice  in  the  trans- 
literating of  Russian  authors'  names.  Great 
Britain  has  at  least  three  "authorized"  sys- 
tems :  that  approved  by  the  Liverpool  School 
of  Russian  Studies,  that  endorsed  by  the 
Royal  Geographical  Society,  and  that  used  in 
the  British  Museum  Catalogue.  Until  west- 
ern Europe  can  limit  itself  to  somewhat  fewer 
than  eight  different  ways  of  spelling  the  name 
of  the  author  of  "  Virgin  Soil,"  there  will  con- 
tinue to  be  trouble  and  vexation  of  spirit. 
•  •  • 

LITERARY  HINTS  TO  THE  VACANT-MINDED, 
stimulating  prods  to  the  vacuous  visitors  of 
public  libraries  who  have  but  the  vaguest  and 
most  nebulous  desires  in  the  direction  of  read- 
ing matter  for  (let  us  say)  the  approaching 
Sunday  or  holiday,  are  unobtrusively  and 
effectively  administered  by  means  of  sundry 
devices  known  to  library  workers.  An  open 
case  of  well-selected  and  externally  attractive 
books  sometimes  confronts,  with  its  eloquent 
appeal,  the  entering  visitor.  Illustrated  ad- 
vertising matter  from  the  publishing  houses, 
with  a  selection  of  the  most  artistic  or  strik- 
ing paper  jackets  that  protect  and  adorn  our 
current  publications,  may  occasionally  be 
seen  serving  the  purpose  of  lure  and  sugges- 
tion to  the  undecided  book-seeker.  In  a  cer- 
tain city  library  a  thousand  miles  from 
Chicago  the  librarian  has  put  on  permanent 
exhibition  in  the  delivery  room  a  case  con- 


taining, not  "the  hundred  best  books,"  but 
"one  hundred  books  worth  reading,"  dupli- 
cates of  which  are  available,  for  circulation. 
Here,  in  bright  array,  the  masterpieces  of 
George  Eliot  and  Dickens  and  Hawthorne 
and  other  novelists,  with  Motley's  "Dutch 
Republic "  and  Emerson's  "  Essays "  and 
Francis  Fisher  Browne's  "Abraham  Lincoln," 
and  scores  of  other  excellent  works,  silently 
extend  their  cordial  invitation  to  each  and 
all;  and  it  is  an  invitation  that  is  doubtless 
gladly  accepted  more  times  in  a  year  than  can 
well  be  counted.  The  psychology  of  adver- 
tising has  taught  the  value  of  this  persistent 
and  reiterated  appeal  exerted  by  a  skilfully 
arranged  and  permanent  display  of  some  of 
"the  best  that  has  been  known  and  said  in 
the  world."  ... 

WAR'S  DEVASTATION  IN  THE  FIELD  OF  LET- 
TERS AND  LEARNING  has  never  been  so  great 
as  in  this  present  conflict,  partly  because 
there  never  before  has  been  so  great  a  war, 
and  still  more  because  no  previous  war  has 
involved  to  such  an  extent  the  foremost  na- 
tions of  the  civilized  world.  A  single  news 
item  from  the  Frankfurter  Zeitung  is  illus- 
trative :  "  Oriental  scholarship  in  Germany 
has  suffered  a  severe  loss  in  the  death,  on  the 
battlefield,  of  three  of  its  most  prominent 
exponents,  Dr.  Erich  Graefe,  Hermann  Thor- 
ning,  and  Ewald  Liiders.  Dr.  Graefe,  whose 
brilliant  work  in  Semitic  languages,  and 
especially  in  the  dialects  current  in  Egypt, 
had  already  marked  him  out  for  a  high  posi- 
tion in  the  Hamburg  Seminary,  fell  in  the 
battle  on  the  Marne;  Thorning,  whose  in- 
vestigations into  the  Islamitic  brotherhood  of 
the  Dervishes  cast  new  light  upon  the  rela- 
tionship of  that  order  to  Western  European 
religious  institutions,  was  killed  at  Esternay; 
and  Liiders,  a  specialist  in  Oriental  jurispru- 
dence, was  slain  at  Vitry-le-FranQois."  When 
the  end  is  reached  and  the  death-lists  are  all 
in,  there  will  be  a  staggering  array  of  talent 
and  genius  lost  to  the  world.  And  yet  we 
still  hear  an  occasional  voice  raised  in  behalf 
of  the  insane  delusion  that  all  this  slaughter 
will  somehow  result  in  cultural  progress ! 
•  •  ••— 

THE  SIFTING  OF  LITERATURE  presents  diffi- 
culties and  dangers  comparable  in  magnitude 
with  those  encountered  of  old  by  that  famous 
personage  with  the  tongue-trying  name, 
Theophilus  the  Thistle-sifter.  Though  the 
thick  of  the  thumb  be  not  imperilled  by  any 
such  book-winnowing  process  as  is  attempted 
on  another  page,  there  is  great  likelihood  of 
error  of  judgment,  or  of  prophecy  in  this 
instance,  since  it  is  the  books  of  the  future, 


206 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


not  of  the  past,  that  are  here  run  through  the 
sieve.  On  far  surer  ground  stands  such  a 
practitioner  of  the  sifting  art  as  the  compiler 
of  "  Best  Books  of  1914,"  a  list  issued  by  the 
New  York  State  Library  as  "Bibliography 
Bulletin  56,"  and  containing  two  hundred 
and  fifty  titles  in  all  branches  of  literature, 
with  brief  descriptive  annotations.  Narrow- 
ing the  more  comprehensive  suggestions 
offered  by  the  "A.  L.  A.  Booklist,"  which 
annually  presents  one  thousand  selected  titles, 
this  shorter  catalogue  compiled  by  Mr.  Wyer 
and  his  associates  is  the  ripened  fruit  of  a 
somewhat  elaborate  and  wisely  cautious  proc- 
ess of  tentative  selection  and  well-considered 
elimination,  as  explained  by  Mr.  Wyer  in  a 
prefatory  note.  Experts  in  all  fields  of  learn- 
ing represented  by  the  books  of  the  year, 
including  experienced  heads  of  juvenile  de- 
partments in  our  public  libraries,  are  called 
upon  for  advice,  and  the  result  is  a  book- 
purchasing  guide  especially  suited  to  the 
needs  of  libraries  unable  to  buy  with  the 
lavish  indiscrimination  possible  only  to  the 
wealthiest  foundations.  The  Albany  list  is 
classified,  and  is  followed  by  an  alphabetic 
index  to  authors  and  titles. 
•  •  • 

THE  BIRTHvPANGS  OF  A  UNIVERSAL  LANGUAGE 

are  excruciating  in  the  extreme  if  such  agon- 
ies as  the  world  is  now  witnessing  are  neces- 
sary for  the  ultimate  evolution  of  a  common 
medium  of  verbal  expression.  Dr.  Frank  H. 
Vizetelly,  whose  book  on  "  Essentials  of  En- 
glish Speech  and  Literature"  is  reviewed  on 
another  page,  and  whose  editorship  of  one  of 
our  leading  dictionaries  gives  to  his  utter- 
ances on  language  a  certain  authority,  has 
been  interviewed  by  a  New  York  "Times" 
writer  on  certain  aspects  of  the  war  in  its 
relation  to  speech.  Noting  a  number  of  inter- 
linguistic  influences  now  at  work,  Dr.  Vize- 
telly took  occasion  to  say:  "You  cannot 
arbitrarily  alter  the  language  of  nations. 
You  cannot  establish  a  universal  language  by 
force  any  more  than  you  can  establish  simpli- 
fied spelling  by  force.  The  extraordinary 
circumstances  of  the  war,  causing  people  to 
take  a  wholly  unprecedented  interest  in  the 
actions  and  speech  of  the  people  of  other 
nations,  have  of  necessity  led  them  to  use 
terms  from  each  other's  languages.  And  so 
we  are  brought  nearer  to  a  universal  lan- 
guage, a  sort  of  interlinguistie  conglomerate, 
than  we  could  ever  get  as  a  result  of  the 
activities  of  the  advocates  of  Esperanto, 
Volapuk,  or  Ito."  But  there  is  far  less  likeli- 
hood that  the  civilized  world  will  ever  adopt, 
for  international  use,  any  such  Lingua 
Franca  as  seems  to  be  meant  by  this  "inter- 


linguistic  conglomerate"  than  that  it  will 
unite  upon  some  one  existing  language,  as 
English.  Mediaeval  use  of  Latin  and  later 
employment  of  French  as  a  European  medium 
may  be  regarded  as  indicative  of  the  nature 
of  future  practice  in  this  respect. 
•  •  •  • 

BOOK-BUYING  IN  TIMES  OF  STRESS,  when 
money  is  scarce  and  prices  are  high,  might  be 
expected  to  fall  off.  A  year  of  war  has  passed 
over  Europe,  but  in  one  at  least  of  the  coun- 
tries involved  the  book  trade  is  said  to  be  far 
from  languishing.  A  survey  of  this  trade  in 
England  for  the  last  twelve  months  is  printed 
in  the  London  "Times,"  and  the  reading  of 
it  is  by  no  means  so  depressing  as  one  would 
have  feared.  Certain  London  firms  have  suf- 
fered, it  is  true,  and  many  works  of  substan- 
tial value  (and  price)  have  met  with  a  cooler 
reception  than  would  have  been  accorded  them 
in  times  of  peace.  On  the  other  hand,  cheap 
reprints  and  current  novels,  as  also  books  on 
the  war  and  kindred  topics,  have  gone  like 
hot  cakes.  And  if  the  American  market  for 
works  ordinarily  published  simultaneously  on 
both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  has  been  rather 
weak,  the  Russian  demand  for  English  books, 
especially  inexpensive  novels,  has  been  un- 
usually strong,  so  strong  as  to  direct  attention 
anew  to  the  desirability  of  a  copyright  treaty 
between  the  two  countries.  Our  own  popular 
novelists,  those  already  in  favor  with  English 
readers,  do  not  seem  to  have  suffered  diminu- 
tion of  that  favor  because  of  war  conditions. 
•  •  • 

A  CONTINUATION  OF  THE   TAUCHNITZ  SERIES 

of  standard  works  in  the  English  language  is 
now  announced,  after  a  year's  suspension  of 
activity.  But  the  general  character  of  the 
books  lately  added  to  the  Tauchnitz  list  is 
not  exactly  of  the  old  order.  In  July  of  last 
year  the  series  stopped  with  number  4506. 
About  twelve  months  later  it  was  resumed 
with  number  4507,  "  The  War  and  America," 
by  Professor  Hugo  Miinsterberg,  whose  work 
is  described  by  the  publisher  as  "  a  lucid  and 
convincing  description  of  the  present  war 
by  the  famous  American  psychologist  and 
Austausch-Professor  [Exchange  Professor]." 
Number  4508  is  "The  Austrian  Officer  at 
Work  and  at  Play,  by  Dorothea  Gerard.  A 
series  of  lively  and  clever  sketches  of  the  Aus- 
trian army,  by  an  Englishwoman  married  to 
an  Austrian  officer."  Number  4509  is  another 
book  from  the  ready  pen  of  the  "Austausch- 
Professor,"  — "  The  Peace  and  America." 
New  impressions  of  earlier  issues  are  now 
coming  out,  it  is  reported.  Will  their  authors 
receive  the  customary  honorarium  from 
Leipzig  ? 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


207 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

THE  IMPERISHABLE  ELEMENTS  OF  POETRY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
As  the  quest  eternal  in  the  discussion  of  poetry 
has  once  more  been  touched  upon,  by  Mr.  John  L. 
Hervey  in  your  issue  of  August  15  last,  I  feel 
prompted  to  suggest  a  few  ideas  which  have  helped 
me  in  solving  the  question  for  myself.  My  refer- 
ence is  to  the  communication  entitled  "  Bryant  and 
'  The  New  Poetry,' "  and  to  the  writer's  query  as 
to  what  are  "  the  perishable  and  the  imperishable 
elements  of  poetry." 

Recently  I  was  browsing  through  the  chapter  on 
poetry  in  Ernst  Grosse's  "  The  Beginnings  of  Art  " 
(presumably  a  translation  of  a  German  work),  and 
therein  I  found  this  definition  of  the  art  of  song, 
which    seems    helpful    at    the    present    juncture: 
"Poetry  is  the  verbal  representation  of  external 
or  internal  phenomena  in  an  aesthetically  effective 
form  for  an  aesthetic  purpose."     The  latitude  and 
the  interpretation  of  this  definition  are  indicated 
by  the  author  himself  in  the  following  sentences: 
"  Verbal  expression  of  feeling  need  only  take  on 
an  aesthetically  effective  form  —  it  requires  only 
rhythmical  repetition  for  example  —  to  be  lyrical." 
"  No  feeling  is  in  and  of  itself  poetic,  and  there  is 
no  feeling  which  cannot  be  made  poetic  if  it  is 
expressed  in  an  aesthetic  form  for  an  aesthetic  pur- 
pose."    Here  we  have  the  true  critical  catholicity 
or  democracy,  the  tolerance  of  all  forms  of  poetry, 
as  I  look  at  it.     Objective  ("external")  and  sub- 
jective  ("internal")   poetry,  its  form   ("aestheti- 
cally effective"),  and  its  aim   ("aesthetic"),  are 
all  included.     Here  is  reference  to   the   essence, 
"  the  imperishable  element,"  of  lyrical  poetry,  for 
instance, —  "  rhythmical   repetition,"   in   one  word 
rhythm.     It  matters  little  whether  we  add  other 
embellishments  to  that  one  fundamental  or  not, — 
whether  or  not  we  adorn  it  with  metre,  rhyme,  fig- 
ures  of  speech,  alliteration,  blank  verse  or  vers 
libre,  because  "  no  feeling  is  in  and  of  itself  poetic, 
and  there   is   no   feeling  which   cannot  be  made 
poetic  if  it  is  expressed  in  an  [any]  aesthetic  form 
for  an  [any]  aesthetic  purpose"  (decadence,  sym- 
bolism, the  grotesque,  the  arabesque,  romanticism, 
classicism,   or   imagism).     It  is  the  fine  balance 
between  undue  restraint  and  lawless  freedom,  per- 
ceived  only  by   the   intuitively   noblest   minds   to 
whom  the  gift  of  song  or  true  criticism  hath  been 
granted,  that  we  should  doubly  underscore  here, 
and  not  any  one  "  movement."    I  should  therefore 
put  the  same  thought  in  some  such  words  as  these j 
"  Poetry  is  the  free-restrained  substance  and  pre- 
sentation of  life  in  written  language,  capable  of 
vivification  by  oral  delivery."     But  the  substance 
of  life  is  quite  generally  conceded  to  be  rhythm, 
either  within  the  mind  or  without;    and  the  pre- 
sentation of  life  is  the  necessary  artistic  illusion  of 
greater  or  lesser  degree,  commonly  styled  form. 
When  these  two  coincide  in  a  unity  as  near  as  pos- 
sible to  perfection,  we  have  what  might  be  called 
restrained   freedom,   the   exquisite   perception   of 
which  is  what  in  the  last  analysis  betrays  the  true 
poem  to  the  mind  inclined  and  gifted  to  realize  it. 
This  restrained  freedom  is  a  relative  and  variable 


essence  which  baffles  definition,  and  which  borders 
on  the  unknowable.  It  is,  and  must  be,  felt  to  be 
really  known. 

In  this  large  and  broad  field  of  pleasures,  how 
puny  and  dwarf -like  appear  our  "  new  poetry  " 
pipers  of  one  note !    And  the  little  private  gardens 
they  have  staked  out,  in  all  the  wide  expanse,  where 
but  so  many  flowers  of  joy  are  permitted  to  vege- 
tate,—  are  they  in   accord  with  the   all-inclusive 
spirit  of  poetic  art?     They  and  their  magazines 
help  us  poor  poetic  democrats  but  little,  in  spite  of 
all  the  tempting  lure  they  dangle  before  us.    Main 
emphasis  upon  a  limited  and  narrow  definition  of 
the  essential  elements  of  poetry  is   incompatible 
with  true  culture  or  poetic  criticism.     The  ideal 
lover  and  critic  of  Poetry  should  be  susceptible  to 
her  charms  no  matter  in  what  garb  she  appears 
among  the  sons  of  men.    The  breath  of  true  poetry 
that  passes  over  the  JEolian  harp  of  our  hearts  is 
not  always  of  the  same  volume  or  intensity.    I  dare 
say  there  are  many  lovers  of  poetry  to  whom  a  con- 
siderable part  of  Bryant,  and  not  merely  "  Thana- 
topsis,"  and  "  The  Water  Fowl "  minus  the  ending, 
is  of  the  divine  essence,  whatever  it  may  be  to  a 
taste  that  can  relish  nothing  except  the  green  olives 
of  poesy.    And  what  poet  is  there  who  would  not 
have  ministered  to  the  pleasures  of  the  many  as 
well  as  the  few  —  or  to  the  many  rather  than  the 
few?     There  are  many  poets  who  have  just  such 
immortality,  but  whose  work  has  nevertheless  an 
aroma  from  the  Happy  Isles,  faint  and  evanescent 
though  it  be.    Or  are  we  grown  so  callous  that  our 
jaded  hearts  can  no  longer  respond  to  this  lighter 
touch?     Such  poets  need  never  worry  about  the 
"  living "  qualities  of  their  work,  nor  need   any 
one  else  do  this  service  for  them.     As  for  me,  I 
hope  ever  to  be  broad  enough  in  my  appreciation 
of  true  poetry  to  recognize  the  Muse  whether  she 
comes  in  the  form  of  a  dandelion  or  of  an  orchid. 
It  has  always  seemed  to  me  something  of  a  mys- 
tery why  this  poetry  which  some  of  our  contempo- 
raries make  so  much  over  should  be  called  "  new." 
It  ca.n  surely  be  so  only  in  the  sense  of  new  again. 
I  have  a  faint  inkling  this  moment  that  somewhere 
in  the  student-day  past  I  was  wont  to  grind  out 
specimens  of  something  very  like  the  "  new  poetry," 
in   my   efforts   to    translate   the   choruses   in   the 
"  Prometheus  "  of  JEschylus,  the  "  Philoctetes  "  of 
Sophocles,  and  the  "  Iphigenia  "  of  Euripides,  not 
to  mention  the  "Acharnians  "  of  Aristophanes.     I 
refer  here  only  to  the  form,  not  to  the  quality  of 
these  venerable  ancestral  prototypes;    for  there  is 
nothing   of   the   ancient   grandeur   in   the   "  free 
verse  "  of  to-day,  as  far  as  I  have  become  familiar 
with  it.    Then  there  are  the  odes  of  Horace,  which 
have  some  suspicious  cadences  in  them  that  might 
have  served  as  links  in  the  chain  of  development. 
Following  this,  we  come  upon  the  "Antike"  of 
Goethe,  and  the  "freien  Rhythmen"  so  successfully 
employed  by  Schiller.    In  English  literature  itself 
we  find  the  same  principle  cropping  out  in  the 
so-called  "  irregular  lines,"  "  short  lines,"  "  imper- 
fect rhymes,"  and  the  like,  up  to  the  "Lycidas" 
type   and   the   "  Samson "   choruses   of   our   own 
Milton.    I  do  not  know  how  others  view  these  phe- 
nomena in  poetic  development,  but  to  me  they  have 
appeared  from  the  first  as  milestones  along  the 


208 


[Sept.  16 


road  leading  from  the  rude  chants  of  the  primitive 
poet  to  the  product  of  the  modern  singer  of  vers 
libre.  Of  course  there  is  not  much  to  say  as  yet 
either  for  or  against  the  latter,  because  it  is  still  a 
ferment,  and  we  have  no  definite  means  of  knowing 
what  wine  of  joy  it  may  eventually  bring  to  clarity. 
Some  of  it  I  enjoy  to  the  full,  but  there  is  much  of 
it  which  with  the  most  conscientious  effort  I  can- 
not fathom.  Still  I  shall  be  patient  with  it,  in  the 
hope  of  some  day  being  able  to  see  the  tiny  germ  of 
true  poetry  it  harbors.  The  form,  and  most  of  the 
substance,  is  ancient,  even  primitive;  but  the  sub- 
stance gives,  by  reason  of  its  insistent  mentioning 
of  things  of  to-day,  a  promise  of  a  universality 
somewhat  akin  to  the  contemporary  allusions  of 
the  ancients,  which  have  since  become  classic  to  our 
generation.  Only  some  such  view  as  this  is  com- 
patible with  the  democratic  spirit  of  true  poetry. 
We  ought  to  be  charitable  to  the  "  new,"  —  or  the 
old-new,  if  you  please, —  but  we  ought  also  to  give 
and  ask  no  quarter  in  our  dealings  with  those  who 
assail  the  old.  The  devotee  of  "  the  new  poetry  " 
may  require  a  certain  eccentric  over-emphasis  to 
make  his  message  felt,  but  we  cannot  passively  per- 
mit him  to  disparage  and  condemn  that  poetry 
which  even  feeds  the  tender  rootlets  of  imagism 
and  its  ilk,  which  is  still  a  part  of  our  present-day 
culture,  and  which  is  the  only  kind  of  poetry  that 
can  be  appreciated  to  the  full  by  the  least  of  the 
lovers  of  true  poetry.  Louis  C.  MAROLF. 

Wilton  Junction,  Iowa,  Sept.  6,  1915. 

THE  COLLEGE  COMMEKCIALIZED. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  his  recent  essay  on  "  The  Colleges  and 
Mediocrity "  in  "  Harper's  Magazine,"  Professor 
Canby  of  Yale  very  ably  discusses  one  of  the  great 
problems  which  have  risen  in  consequence  of  the 
rapid  influx  of  wealth  into  this  country,  namely, 
the  enormous  increase  in  numbers  of  those  who  go 
to  college  without  knowing  why,  and  the  difficulty 
of  handling  the  crowds  and  at  the  same  time  cloing 
justice  to  the  exceptional  man.  I  wish  to  set  down 
here  some  thoughts  that  have  occurred  to  me  as  I 
read  the  essay. 

With  regard  to  the  mere  fact  that  the  colleges 
are  now  besieged  by  the  unelect,  I  am  disposed  to 
be,  on  the  whole,  optimistic.  It  is  a  phase,  we  may 
trust,  and  in  some  respects  a  passing  phase,  of  the 
upward  progress  of  mankind,  and  is  distinctly 
more  encouraging  than  would  be  the  case  if  the 
masses,  though  increasing  in  wealth,  remained  in- 
different to  all  forms  of  education.  The  poet  who 
said  that  "  a  little  learning  is  a  dangerous  thing  " 
himself  uttered  a  dangerous  half-truth;  for  how 
much  more  dangerous  is  that  ignorance  with  which 
in  the  past  men  have  been  too  easily  satisfied,  and 
which  the  demagogue  has  found  so  much  more 
manageable  than  even  half -knowledge !  Better, 
then,  because  safer,  the  mediocrity  to  which  gen- 
eral education  is  bringing  us  than  the  ignorance 
which  preceded  it. 

I  wish,  therefore,  to  protest  with  all  earnestness 
against  that  view  of  some  college  teachers  accord- 
ing to  which  a  few  elect  are  to  be  singled  out  for 
attention  and  the  rest  unsympathetically  ignored 


or  frozen  out  of  the  class-room.  The  teacher  who 
thinks  thus,  who  does  not  give  his  best  to  all  who 
have  a  right  to  expect  it,  had  better  quit  teaching 
or  else  go  in  for  "graduate  work."  To  be  sure, 
teaching  the  sixty-  and  fifty-per-centers  is  not  fun, 
any  more  than  teaching  the  feeble-minded;  yet 
somebody  must  be  found  to  do  the  work. 

But  the  exceptionally  bright  man  needs,  as  Mr. 
Canby  rightly  insists,  to  be  in  a  class  by  himself, 
where  the  dullards  will  not  hamper  him  and  where 
he  can  have  the  highest  possible  development.  In 
this  connection  we  find  one  of  the  baneful  effects 
of  "  mediocrity "  which  Mr.  Canby  does  not  dis- 
cuss. Many  of  the  colleges  have  fallen  under  the 
control  of  trustees  who  are  not  themselves  college 
men  or  have  lost  the  college  point  of  view,  and 
who,  though  doubtless  acting  with  the  best  of 
motives,  have  not  sufficiently  large  and  enlightened 
views  as  to  what  the  college  and  the  university 
should  stand  for.  Large  classes  are  obviously 
more  economical  from  a  pecuniary  point  of  view; 
hence  a  tendency  to  sniff  at  graduate  work,  which 
entails  small  classes  and  a  large  expense  per  capita. 
The  graduate  school,  in  consequence,  is  allowed  to 
shift  for  itself;  sometimes  the  professor  is  allowed 
to  give  graduate  courses  only  after  he  has  done  a 
full  day's  work  with  the  undergraduates;  some- 
times a  professor  whose  ability  lies  chiefly  in 
graduate  work  is  released  in  favor  of  one  who  is 
popular  with  undergraduates,  and  who  is  therefore 
less  expensive. 

The  diminishing  of  the  number  of  good  teachers 
is  perhaps  another  direct  result  of  the  conditions 
which  make  for  "  mediocrity."  The  growth  of 
endowment  funds  has  not  kept  pace  with  the 
growth  of  student  bodies;  hence  the  necessity  for 
boards  of  trustees  to  cut  down  expenses  where 
possible,  and  to  increase  salaries  only  when  it  be- 
comes absolutely  necessary  to  do  so  in  order  to 
keep  professors  from  going  elsewhere.  What  the 
result  has  been,  every  college  teacher  knows.  With 
the  relative  decline  of  the  professor's  salary  has 
come  at  least  a  corresponding  decline  of  prestige, 
for  the  "  mediocre  "  mind  judges  by  materialistic 
standards;  and  now  the  bright  graduate  goes  in 
for  law  or  medicine  or  business,  with  only  a  con- 
temptuous smile  for  the  plodder  or  the  visionary 
who  still  thinks  of  teaching  as  a  life  work. 

What  is  the  remedy?  Panacea  there  is  none. 
More  generous  endowments  will  help  to  increase 
respect  for  educational  foundations  and  to  make 
it  possible  for  professors  to  live  a  little  more 
comfortably.  A  long  step  forward  will  have  been 
taken  when  college  faculties  participate  in  the 
work  of  boards  of  trustees,  according  to  the  plan 
suggested  by  President  Schurman;  provided,  of 
course,  that  men  of  tact  and  real  influence  are 
chosen  to  represent  the  faculties.  The  formation 
of  small  classes,  honor  sections,  and  honors  courses 
will  do  much.  But  none  of  these  will  wholly  cure 
the  trouble.  Only  the  quiet,  faithful,  persistent 
work  of  all  who  believe  that  everyone  should  have 
the  best  education  for  which  he  is  fitted  can  ulti- 
mately avail  much;  and  those  who  believe  thus 
must  be  active  constantly  in  their  efforts  to  leaven 
the  great  masses  of  the  ignorant  and  the  "  medi- 
ocre." Religion  communicates  itself  like  the  elec- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


209 


trie  spark;   and  the  zeal  of  the  faithful  trustee  or 
teacher  must  be  not  less  than  that  of  the  mission- 
ary- CLARK  S.  NORTHUP. 
Pine  Point,  Maine,  Sept.  5,  1915. 

A  FRIEND  OF  PETRARCH'S. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Some  time  ago  my  learned  friend,  M.  Henry 
Cochin,  an  authority  in  France  on  Italian  history 
and  literature,  read  before  the  Paris  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres  a  very  interesting 
paper  about  a  friend  of  Petrarch,  which  should, 
perhaps,  be  made  more  widely  known  in  America 
where  the  celebrated  Tuscan  has  so  many  admirers. 
So  J  suggested  to  M.  Cocliin  that  he  prepare  for 
THE  DIAL  a  resume  of  his  paper,  which  he  has 
done  with  great  complacency.  He  was  all  the 
more  disposed  to  do  so  because  of  his  own  and  his 
distinguished  father's  pleasant  relations  with  the 
United  States;  for,  it  will  be  remembered,  M. 
Augustin  Cochin  was  a  prominent  French  aboli- 
tionist and  a  friend  of  Garrison,  knew  and  admired 
Longfellow,  and  led  in  the  movement  which  sent 
to  us  a  national  tribute  from  France  when  Lincoln 
was  stricken  down.  The  son  —  perhaps  I  should 
say  the  two  sons,  for  M.  Denys  Cochin,  of  the 
French  Academy,  is  the  brother  of  M.  Henry 
Cochin  —  has  continued  the  paternal  tradition; 
and  some  of  his  best  friends  have  been  and  are  still 
to  be  found  among  the  best  Americans.  Before 
closing  this  biographical  paragraph,  I  should  add 
that  M.  Henry  Cochin,  with  his  brother,  who  rep- 
resents a  Paris  district,  has  sat  for  the  past  twenty 
years  in  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  where,  just 
before  the  war  broke  out,  he  was  succeeded  by  his 
son,  who  is  now  at  the  front.  But  here  is  the 
resume : 

The  dearest  and  most  intimate  of  Petrarch's 
friends,  the  one  who  enjoyed  his  complete  confi- 
dence in  the  matter  of  his  love  for  Laura,  and  to 
whom  he  dedicated  the  collection  of  his  "  Familiar 
Letters,"  is  designated  by  him  under  the  enigmatic 
name  of  "  Socrates."  An  eminent  Belgian  scholar, 
Dom  U.  Berliere,  who  was  director  of  the  Belgian 
Archaeological  School  at  Eome,  a  few  years  ago 
discovered  at  the  Vatican  certain  documents  which 
enabled  him  to  identify  "  Socrates  "  with  one  Ludo- 
vicus  Sanctus,  born  in  Beeringhen,  near  Liege,  a 
musician  esteemed  in  his  time,  Canon  and  Cantor 
of  S.  Donation  de  Bruges,  and  musical  conductor 
for  Cardinal  Giovanni  Colonna  at  Avignon. 

The  discovery  of  the  name  of  Ludovicus  Sanctus 
makes  it  possible  to  identify  various  works  of 
which  he  was  the  author.  One  of  these  is  a  letter, 
addressed  to  the  Chapter  of  Bruges,  dated  April  18, 
1348,  and  giving  an  account  of  the  ravages  of  the 
Black  Death  at  Avignon  and  the  pontifical  court. 

A  quite  recent  investigation  has  enabled  M. 
Henry  Cochin  to  discover  a  work  on  musical  theory 
by  Ludovicus  Sanctus  in  a  manuscript  of  the  latter 
half  of  the  fourteenth  century.  This  manuscript, 
which  he  sought  in  vain  in  the  Vallicellane  Library, 
as  entered  in  its  catalogue,  he  finally  traced  to  the 
Laurentian  Library  at  Florence,  under  a  bizarre 
disguise,  among  the  manuscripts  which  Libri  had 
sold  in  England,  and  which  came  back  to  Italy  in 
the  Ashburnham  succession. 

The  treatise  by  Sanctus  which  this  manuscript 
contains  is  entitled:  "  Du  Sujet  de  la  Musique 


Sonore."  It  is  an  ingenious  scholastic  dissertation 
upon  a  controversial  point  of  aesthetics  —  What  is 
the  part  played  by  arithmetical  relations  in  the 
art  of  tone?  The  discussion  by  Petrarch's  friend 
is  not  without  interest.  It  shows  that  the  Car- 
dinal's conductor  was  not  only  a  practical  com- 
poser but  also  a  musical  theorist.  The  discovery 
of  one  of  his  works  raises  the  hope  that  still  others 
may  be  found.  How  interesting  would  be  the  dis- 
covery of  one  of  his  musical  compositions! 

M.  Cochin  shows  furthermore  the  part  played  by 
music  in  mediaeval  poetry,  and  particularly  in  the 
poetry  of  Petrarch,  who  always  conceived  of  his 
poems  as  clothed  with  melody.  Now  no  musician 
can  have  had  more  influence  over  him  than 
"  Socrates,"  whom  he  knew  in  youth  at  the  time 
of  his  most  important  poetical  productivity. 

In  a  subsequent  conversation  with  M.  Cochin, 
he  dwelt  upon  the  importance  which  a  knowledge 
of  the  musical  works  of  Petrarch's  Socrates  might 
have  on  the  history  of  music  in  general.  "  One 
cannot  exaggerate,"  he  remarked,  "  the  part  which 
Flemish  musicians  have  played  in  the  musical 
formation  of  the  whole  of  Europe  from  the  ninth 
and  tenth  centuries  down,  but  especially  begin- 
ning with  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries; 
from  the  time  of  the  Flemish  Guillaume  Du  Fay 
down  to  the  Flemish  Louis  van  Beethoven.  Fur- 
thermore, in  the  fourteenth  century,  there  were 
constant  relations  between  Flanders  and  Italy, 
which  are  especially  revealed  by  the  enormous 
number  of  ecclesiastical  benefices  held  in  the  Low 
Countries  by  members  of  the  great  Roman  fam- 
ilies. This  explains  why  it  was  that  Giacomo 
Colonna,  Canon  of  Liege,  could  draw  to  him  and 
attach  to  the  choir  of  his  brother  this  Fleming, 
Ludovicus  Sanctus, —  Lodewyek  Heiliger,  by  the 
way,  in  Flemish." 

Two  other  points  touched  upon  by  M.  Cochin 
in  his  paper  may  be  mentioned  here  in  closing. 
He  gives  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  Campigne  region 
and  of  the  village  of  Beeringhen,  where  Sanctus 
was  born,  "  prosperous  and  smiling  before  the 
recent  ravages  of  the  barbarians,"  and  reminds  his 
French  hearers  that  it  was  at  Beeringhen  that 
Voltaire  sought  a  refuge  in  1739,  with  Mme.  du 
Chatelet,  who  pretended  to  exercise  manorial 
rights  over  the  hamlet.  THEODORE  STANTON. 

Paris,  Aug.  17,  1915. 

THE    MICHIGAN  DUTCH  IN   FICTION. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

On  page  157  of  your  issue  for  September  2 
appears  the  following  statement :  "  Mr.  Arnold 
Mulder  opens  a  new  field  for  American  fiction  in 
'Bram  of  the  Five  Corners/  a  story  of  the  Hol- 
landers in  Michigan."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  Mr. 
Mulder  dealt  with  this  same  milieu  some  two  or 
three  years  ago  in  a  novel  entitled  "  The  Dominie 
of  Harlem."  Of  course,  to  anyone  who  compares 
the  two  novels  carefully,  there  can  scarcely  be  any 
doubt  that  "  Bram  of  the  Five  Corners  "  'is  decid- 
edly the  better,  both  in  structure  and  in  bigness  of 
conception;  but  perhaps  it  is  worth  noting,  never- 
theless, that  Mr.  Mulder  is  not  a  novice  in  portray- 
ing the  Michigan  Dutch  and  their  environment. 
H.  HOUSTON  PECKHAM. 

Purdue  University,  Sept.  7,  1915. 


210 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


SENSE  AND  NONSENSE  ABOUT 
BERNARD  SHAW.* 


There  still  prevails,  in  certain  circles, '  con- 
siderable scepticism  in  regard  to  the  value 
of  the  influence  exerted  upon  this  generation 
by  the  personality  and  writings  of  George 
Bernard  Shaw.    But  in  the  opinion  of  those 
who  are  accurately  informed  in  regard  to  the 
trend  of  modern  ideas  in  Europe,  Great  Brit- 
ain, and  the  United  States,  there  is  no  longer 
any  doubt,  since  the  full  details  of  his  career 
and  development  were  made  public  several 
years  ago,  that  he  is  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able personalities  and  thinkers  of  our  era. 
Thinking  men  and  women  have  ceased  to  re- 
gard Mr.  Shaw  as  a  red  spectre,  an  irrepres- 
sible  mountebank,    a   privileged  lunatic,   an 
irresponsible   jester.     The  most  conspicuous 
feature  of  his  career  is  now  patent  to  the  gen- 
eral public, —  that  his  voice  carries  around  the 
world.    While  we  may  not  now  be  able  to  com- 
pute the  influence  which  he  exerts,  whether 
for  good  or  ill,  certain  it  is  that  he  is  to-day 
the  most  widely  read  international  publicist. 
His  pronouncements  on  matters  of  universal 
concern  —  civic,    political,    literary,    artistic, 
social,  sociological,  philosophical,  religious  — 
appeal  to  the  masses  from  leading  journals 
and  magazines  in  all  the  principal  countries 
of  the  globe.     Through  the  medium  of  his 
books  and  plays,  he  reaches  and  influences  a 
considerably  smaller,  yet  more  cultivated  and 
distinctly  literary,  element  of  the  population 
in  these  same  countries. 

The  interest  in  Mr.  Shaw's  life,  personality, 
and  philosophy,  which  remained  little  better 
than  amused  curiosity  until  the  last  four  or 
five  years,  has  lately  expressed  itself  in  sev- 
eral books  of  merit  and  power,  from  clever 
extravaganzas  such  as  the  "  Paradise  Found  " 
by  Mr.  Allen  Upward  and  effective  brochures 
such  as  Mr.  John  Palmer's  "Harlequin  or 
Patriot?"  to  more  penetrating  and  serious 
critical  studies  such  as  those  by  M.  Cestre, 
M.  Hamon,  Herr  Bab,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Mc- 
Cabe.  That  "  discovery  "  —  the  dreaded  dis- 
covery for  which  Mr.  Shaw  dourly  holds  me 
responsible  —  is  well  on  the  road  to  realiza- 
tion. G.  B.  S.  is  at  last  being  "  found  out." 
Mr.  Holbrook  Jackson  pointed  the  way  to 
study  of  the  Socialist;  and  Mr.  Chesterton 

followed  with  a  mildly  amusing  tilt  at  the 

*  GEORGE  BERNARD  SHAW.  A  Critical  Study.  By  Joseph 
McCabe.  With  portrait.  New  York:  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

GEORGE  BERNARD  SHAW  :  HARLEQUIN  OR  PATRIOT  ?  By  John 
Palmer.  New  York  :  The  Century  Co. 

PARADISE  FOUND.  Or,  The  Superman  Found  Out.  By  Allen 
Upward.  Boston  :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


Man,  which  may  best  be  described,  perhaps, 
as  a  commentary  on  Shaw  apropos  of  Chester- 
ton. A  climax,  of  a  sort,  is  attained  in  the 
well-knit,  closely  reasoned  "interpretation" 
by  Mr.  Joseph  McCabe.  In  works  of  this 
type,  the  biographical  paraphernalia  are  usu- 
ally employed  as  hereditary  and  environ- 
mental explanations  of  the  development  of 
the  subject's  leading  ideas  and  theories.  In 
this  respect,  Mr.  McCabe's  work  is  no  excep- 
tion to  the  rule.  The  biographical  details, 
virtually  without  exception  and  without  spe- 
cific acknowledgment,  are  conscientiously 
culled  from  the  authorized  biography.  The 
result  is  satisfactory,  the  needed  facts  being 
presented  with  Mr.  McCabe's  customary 
smoothness  and  dexterity.  The  remainder  of 
the  book  —  which  constitutes  much  the 
greater  portion  —  is  an  original,  first-hand, 
searching  study  of  Mr.  Shaw,  both  in  his 
writings  and  in  his  public  utterances. 

A  few  minor  matters  are  provocative  of 
interest.    For  example,  Mr.  McCabe  remarks 
(p.    23)  :     "  Fifteen    years    ago    he    [Shaw] 
recommended  to  me  as  the  first  rule  of  writ- 
ing:    'Take  the  utmost  care  that  what  you 
have  to  say  is  correct,  and  then  dash  it  down 
as   frivolously   as  you   can.'"     Is  this  only 
another  way  of  putting  Mr.   Shaw's  dictum 
(p.  201  of  the  authorized  biography)  :     "My 
method,  you  will  have  noticed,  is  to  take  the 
utmost  trouble  to  find  the  right  thing  to  say, 
and  then   say   it  with  the  utmost  levity"?^ 
Again,  in  commenting  on  "  The  Philanderer," 
Mr.  McCabe  makes  the  startlingly  inaccurate 
statement  (in  view  of  the  very  successful  and 
widely  heralded  production,  at  Mr.  Winthrop 
Ames's  Little  Theatre  in  New  York  City)  : 
"It  was  merely  produced   [by  Mr.  Grein  in 
the  Independent  Theatre,  London,  series  of 
productions]  in  order  to  secure  the_  theatrical 
rights,  and  it  remains  to  this  day,  in  spite  of 
an  attempt  to  revive  it,  almost  unknown  on 
the  stage."    This  is  a  conspicuous  illustration 
of  the  mistake  of  omitting  from  consideration 
or  examination  the  United  States,  which  is 
originally  and  fundamentally  responsible  for 
Mr.  Shaw's  world-wide  repute  as  a  dramatist. 
At  times  the  freely  flowing  journalistic  style 
of  Mr.  McCabe  is  'marred  with  infelicities  of 
which   the  following  is  an   example:    "The 
play  exists,  in  fact,  for  the  sake  of  the  dia- 
logue, and  characters  of  a  higher  intellectual 
type  are  introduced  than  in  the  preceding 
play."     With   reference  to   "Candida,"  Mr. 
McCabe  remarks :  "  Yet  the  play  was  rejected 
in   London,    and   not   presented  there   until 
1904,  when  American  enthusiasm  had  induced 
London  to  reconsider  the  matter"  (p.  181)  ; 
!  while  only  a  little  farther  on    (p.  183)   he 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


211 


observes :  "  It  was  only  in  1904,  long  after 
it  had  been  published  that  New  York  discov- 
ered its  greatness,  and  London  grudgingly 
patronised  it."  In  this  connection,  it  is  worthy 
of  remark  that  New  York  might  have  "  discov- 
ered the  greatness "  of  "  Candida "  prior  to 
1904  had  not  Richard  Mansfield,  nine  years 
before  (1895),  abandoned  its  production — 
even  after  putting  it  in  rehearsal !  An  illustra- 
tion of  Mr.  McCabe's  inaccuracy  —  whether 
the  result  of  carelessness  or  insularity — is 
found  in  the  statement  concerning  "  Caesar 
and  Cleopatra  " :  "  The  play  has  not  been  well 
received,  and  it  had  to  wait  a  number  of  years 
for  even  a  moderate  appreciation."  As  pro- 
duced by  Mr.  Forbes  Robertson  and  Miss  Ger- 
trude Elliot  in  this  country,  the  play  was  a 
success;  and  this  episode  accentuates  the 
fact,  of  which  Mr.  McCabe  seems  innocently 
unaware,  that  a  play's  success  in  the  United 
States,  in  the  large  sense,  both  artistic  and 
financial,  is  often  a  much  more  important  event 
than  that  play's  success  in  England.  Proba- 
bly the  most  ludicrous  remark  in  the  book  — 
though  apparently  Mr.  McCabe  does  not  sus- 
pect it  —  is  the  following  comment  on  "Man 
and  Superman  " :  "  It  is  fairly  safe  to  say 
that  not  one  in  a  thousand  of  the  audiences 
who  have  enjoyed  the  play,  especially  in  the 
United  States,  has  the  dimmest  perception  of 
its  moral."  My  observation  of  audiences  at 
performances  of  Mr.  Shaw's  plays  in  both 
countries  has  convinced  me  that  whereas  the 
English  attend  productions  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
plays  to  be  amused,  remaining  constitution- 
ally oblivious  to  the  ".philosophy,"  American 
audiences,  while  welcoming  the  amusement 
furnished,  are  constitutionally  curious  in  re- 
gard to  the  underlying  purport  of  the  drama- 
tist. Nowhere,  not  even  in  Germany,  has 
Mr.  Shaw  the  playwright  been  so  widely  stud- 
ied and  so  generally  analyzed  as  in  the  United 
States.  An  amusing  illustration  of  Mr.  Mc- 
Cabe's inaccuracy  —  in  this  case  doubtless  due 
to  un  familiarity  with  the  original  text  —  is 
found  in  the  title  which  he  assigns  to  Mr. 
Shaw's  burlesque  on  popular  melodrama,  pro- 
duced at  Regent's  Park,  London,  July  14, 
1905:  "Passion,  Poison,  and  Putrefaction" 
—  which  inevitably  leaves  the  reader  in  a 
state  of  petrifaction.  I  confess,  too,  that  in 
this,  "  die  grosse  Zeit,"  the  era  of  ravaged  Bel- 
gium, torpedoed  "Lusitania,"  and  mined 
North  Sea,  I  read  with  almost  a  start  Mr. 
McCabe's  complacent  assertion  (p.  121)  : 
"  There  is  no  possibility  now  of  barbarism 
overthrowing  civilization  as  it  formerly  did." 
In  the  chapter  entitled  "  Socialism,"  Mr. 
McCabe  points  out  an  important  departure 
made  by  Mr.  Shaw  in  a  series  of  articles  in 


"The  Labour  Leader"  (March  31,  1911,  and 
following)  by  the  editor,  Mr.  A.  Fenner 
Brockway.  Clearly  Mr.  McCabe  is  unaware 
of  Mr.  Shaw's  much  more  effective  enuncia- 
tion of  the  same  position,  published  in  this 
country  in  "  The  Metropolitan  Magazine " 
(Dec.,  1913) .  The  position  taken  by  Mr.  Shaw 
is  a  model  for  simplicity  of  expression,  if  not 
of  practical  execution :  Socialism  is  "  a  system 
of  society  where  all  the  income  of  the  country 
is  to  be  divided  up  in  exactly  equal  propor- 
tions." This  is  not  a  mere  freak  of  opinion  on 
Mr.  Shaw's  part:  it  is  his  final  creed.  And 
Mr.  McCabe  points  out  that  identically  this 
same  doctrine  was  expounded  by  Mr.  Shaw  in 
an  address  at  the  City  Temple,  London,  on 
October  30,  1913.  Ideas  such  as  these,  fantas- 
tic, impractical,  explain  Mr.  Shaw's  ineffec- 
tiveness as  a  practical  politician,  and  his 
almost  total  failure  to  wield  any  real  influ- 
ence over  the  hard-headed,  sordidly  practical, 
workingman  of  Great  Britain. 

Mr.  McCabe,  who  is  free  from  the  ideas  and 
illusions  of  the  Shavian,  has  mercilessly  ex- 
posed throughout  his  book  Mr.  Shaw's  funda- 
mental error  in  confusing  "illusions"  and 
"ideals,"  —  the  error  underlying  his  "Quin- 
tessence of  Ibsenism."  Again  and  again  he 
exposes  the  fallacies  inherent  in  Mr.  Shaw's 
"appeal  to  will"  as  opposed  to  an  "appeal 
to  reason";  and  makes  it  abundantly  clear 
that  Mr.  Shaw's  theories  vanish  in  a  cloud  of 
ineffective  mysticism  whenever  the  guidance 
(not  the  control)  of  "reason"  is  abandoned. 
Facile  and  astute  in  convicting  Mr.  Shaw  of 
inconsistency,  Mr.  McCabe  is  guilty  of  funda- 
mental inconsistency  throughout  his  entire 
book,  in  denying  that  Mr.  Shaw  is  a  philoso- 
pher yet  seriously  analyzing  that  philosophy 
as  the  key  to,  the  keystone  of,  his  entire  lit- 
erary and  social  contribution!  This  is  the 
crowning,  if  unconscious,  jest  of  a  very  clever 
bit  of  interpretation.  Not  the  least  of  Mc- 
Cabe's merits  is  his  ability  to  expose  Shaw's 
fundamental  positions  in  pithy  quotations — • 
which  he  does  not  blink  on  the  score  of  their 
blasphemy,  outspokenness,  or  mad  impracti- 
cality.  Typical  of  these  are  the  following : 

"  Popular  Christianity  has  for  its  emblem  a 
gibbet,  for  its  chief  sensation  a  sanguinary  execu- 
tion after  torture,  and  for  its  central  mystery  an 
insane  vengeance  bought  off  by  a  trumpery  expia- 
tion." 

"  There  is  no  way  at  all  out  of  the  present  sys- 
tem of  condemning  the  superfluous  women  to 
barrenness  except  by  legitimizing  the  children  of 
women  who  are  not  married  to  the  father." 

"  Childless  marriage  [through  artificial  steriliza- 
tion] became  available  to  male  voluptuaries  as  the 
cheapest  way  of  keeping  a  mistress  and  to  female 


212 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


ones  as  the  most  convenient  and  respectable  way 
of  being  kept  in  idle  luxury  by  a  man." 

"  The  ne,t  result  [of  our  penal  codes]  suggested 
by  the  police  statistics  is  that  we  inflict  atrocious 
injuries  on  the  burglars  we  catch  in  order  to  make 
the  rest  take  effectual  precautions  against  detec- 
tion; so  that,  instead  of  saving  our  wives'  dia- 
monds from  burglary,  we  only  greatly  decrease  our 
chances  of  ever  getting  them  back,  and  increase 
our  chances  of  being  shot  by  the  robber  if  we  are 
unlucky  enough  to  disturb  him  at  his  work." 

The  brochure  by  Mr.  John  Palmer,  heralded 
as  presenting  "  an  astonishingly  new  Shaw," 
is  the  best  brief  interpretation  of  Mr.  Shaw 
ever  penned.  But  the  ideas,  with  only  a  single 
exception,  which  it  presents  as  descriptive  and 
indicative  of  Mr.  Shaw,  are  in  no  sense  origi- 
nal—  being  fully  set  forth  in  the  authorized 
biography  in  1911.  Displaying  considerable 
ingenuity  in  his  attempt  to  impart  novelty 
and  originality  to  fully  established  views  of 
Mr.  Shaw,  Mr.  Palmer  is  entirely  successful 
in  presenting  "  an  astonishingly  old  Shaw." 
These  ideas  about  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  are, 
roughly,  as  follows: 

( 1 )  He  is  a  deep,  not  a  shallow,  personality. 

(2)  He  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  interpret. 

(3)  He  is  not  an  original  thinker. 

(4)  He  is,  fundamentally,  modest  about  the 
greater    contributions    of    his    own    art    and 
work. 

( 5 )  He  is,  at  bottom,  profoundly  in  earnest. 

(6)  He  is  a  man  of  large  heart  and  deep 
feeling. 

(7)  He  is  not  an  anarchist. 

(8)  He  is  an   expert  critic,   with  a  phe- 
nomenally effective  style. 

The  exception  to  be  noted  is  number  three, 
above.  I  have  always  taken  the  position  that 
Mr.  Shaw  is  an  original  thinker,  a  man  who 
has  constructed  and  erected  a  definite  system 
of  philosophy.  I  challenge  Mr.  Palmer  to 
make  a  respectable  analysis  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
plays  without  appealing  to,  and  exhibiting, 
either  explicitly  or  implicitly,  Mr.  Shaw's 
characteristic  and  invariable  "philosophy," 
or  view  of  the  relations  of  men  and  women, 
toward  each  other,  and  toward  the  universe. 
Mr.  Palmer  has  been  wise  enough  to  shirk  an 
impossible  task.  Critics  who  have  really  stud- 
ied Mr.  Shaw  and  his  works  at  first  hand  have 
already  succeeded  in  setting  forth  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  his  philosophy  and  justly 
credit  him  with  anticipating  or  paralleling,  in 
fundamental  particulars,  professional  philoso- 
phers, conspicuously  Nietzsche  and  Bergson. 

The  real  object  of  Mr.  Palmer's  brochure 
is  to  assert  that  Mr.  Shaw  committed  a  funda- 
mental blunder  in  printing  his  celebrated 


pamphlet,  "  Common  Sense  about  the  War." 
As  to  this,  each  one  must  judge  for  himself. 
The  reasons  which  he  gave  me  for  publishing 
the  pamphlet  I  regard  as  thoroughly  sound. 
It  suffices  to  make  clear  that  it  was  perhaps 
the  most  courageous  and  sacrificial  act  of  Mr. 
Shaw's  career  to  play  the .  part  of  spectator 
ab  extra  in  regard  to  a  stupendous  issue  over 
which  the  dictates  of  "  patriotism "  were  in- 
flexible and  vindictive.  Mr.  Shaw  once  more 
demonstrated,  and  in  a  great  crisis,  his  cour- 
age to  voice  common  sense  and  to  speak  the 
truth  —  though  it  would  be  absurd  to  deny 
that  no  little  of  his  "  common  sense  "  was  non- 
sense, and  no  little  of  his  "  truth  "  was  error. 
Mr.  Palmer  has  not  made  good  his  "  case " ; 
as  put  by  him,  it  is  too  futile  and  feeble  to  be 
dignified  with  the  term  "  case."  The  whole 
"  case "  of  England  against  Shaw  is  clearly 
put  in  the  statement  (p.  75):  "Bernard 
Shaw,  in  writing  this  pamphlet,  has  done  a 
clearly  unpopular  thing.  Undoubtedly  he  has 
angered  and  estranged  many  of  his  admirers." 

The  little  extravaganza  embodying  Mr. 
Upward's  dramatized  version  of  Bellamy's 
"  Looking  Backward,"  with  Mr.  Shaw  as  the 
Rip  Van  Winkle  in  a  realized  Social  Democ- 
racyvof  his  own  invention,  is  described  on  the 
cover  as  "  The  Adventures  of  Bernard  Shaw 
in  a  Shavian  World."  Shaw  awakes,  after  a 
sleep  of  two  hundred  years,  to  find  all  his 
own  ideas  realized  in  actual  practice.  After 
a  few  typical  experiences  in  this  Shavian 
world,  he  characteristically  becomes  disgusted 
with  the  state  of  affairs,  and  impetuously 
heads  a  revolt  of  the  anti-Shavians.  It  is  ad- 
mirable fooling, —  but  Mr.  Shaw  has  already 
spent  a  lifetime  in  this  present  world  heading 
a  revolt  against  the  Shavians. 

AECHIBALD  HENDERSON. 


INCOME  AND  ITS  DISTRIBUTION  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES.* 

When  a  teacher  has  been  summarily  dis- 
missed from  a  university  it  must  be  that  he  is 
either  incompetent  or  his  teachings  are  dis- 
pleasing to  the  powers  that  be.  Judging  from 
the  attendance  upon  his  classes  and  the  prod- 
uct of  his  pen,  Dr.  Scott  Nearing  cannot  be 
classed  as  incompetent;  yet  he  has  been 
dropped  from  the  payroll  of  the  Wharton 
School  of  Finance  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania for  no  assigned  reason.  However,  it 
was  generally  understood  that  his  teachings 
displeased  the  old  guard  in  Pennsylvania. 

*  INCOME.  An  Examination  of  the  Returns  for  Services 
Rendered  and  from  Property  Owned  in  the  United  States.  By 
Scott  Nearing,  Ph.D.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


1915] 


213 


The  action  was  taken  soon  after  the  publica- 
tion of  his  book  on  Income.  No  mention  of 
this  book  as  the  cause  of  Dr.  Nearing's  dis- 
missal has  come  to  the  notice  of  the  present 
reviewer,  and  it  undoubtedly  was  not  the  sole 
cause.  But  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
tees has  given  out  an  interview  condemning 
certain  of  Dr.  Nearing's  teachings, —  among 
them  one,  the  injustice  of  interest,  which  may 
be  deduced  from  his  latest  book. 

Putting  aside  the  distinctions  made  by  the 
older  economists  between  landlords,  capital- 
ists, and  laborers,  and  the  forms  of  incomes 
derived  from  rent,  interest,  dividends,  and 
labor,  Dr.  Nearing  divides  income  into  two 
kinds, —  property  income  and  service  income. 
Naturally,  there  can  be  only  two  classes  of 
income  receivers, —  owners  of  property  and 
those  who  render  service.  The  former  are 
classed  as  economic  parasites,  living  upon  the 
proceeds  of  other  men's  efforts.  Modern  so- 
ciety asks  no  questions  about  how  they  became 
possessed  of  their  property.  Ownership  as- 
sures the  income. 

The  various  industries  have  been  examined 
carefully  by  Dr.  Nearing  to  determine  how 
much  of  their  profits  go  to  labor,  how  much  to 
the  property  owners.  The  ratio  of  service 
income  to  property  income  in  the  American 
railroad  industry  is  found  to  be  about  four  to 
three;  in  the  telephone  industry,  two  to  one; 
the  telegraph,  five  to  one;  railway  terminals 
(in  Iowa  only),  one  to  ten;  municipal  utili- 
ties, ten  to  nine;  the  United  States  Steel 
Corporation,  three  to  two;  the  Pullman  Car 
Company,  five  to  one.  (But  this  latter  com- 
pany has  increased  its  capital  from  $18,000,- 
000  to  $120,000,000  by  the  simple  process  of 
stock  dividends.)  Taking  the  manufacturing 
industries  as  a  whole,  it  seems  that  about  one- 
half  the  values  added  to  raw  materials  by 
manufacture  is  paid  back  as  service  income. 

On  the  face  of  things,  an  equal  share  in 
the  profits  may  not  appear  altogether  bad  for 
labor.  Yet  conditions  are  far  from  ideal. 
Taking  $750  as  the  sum  necessary  for  a  living 
wage  for  a  family  of  five,  and  comparing  the 
wages  received,  it  will  be  found  that  many 
fall  below  the  poverty  line.  In  the  street 
railways  of  New  York,  twenty-five  per  cent 
of  the  geueral  office  clerks  are  below  the  line ; 
in  the. iron  and  steel  industry,  out  of  172,706 
employees,  sixty  per  cent.  In  the  cotton  in- 
dustry only  six  per  cent  in  the  North  and 
three  per  cent  in  the  South  earn  more  than 
$750,  while  half  the  Northern  and  four-fifths 
of  the  Southern  men  fall  below  $500.  In  the 
woolen,  worsted,  and  cotton  mills  of  Law- 
rence, Massachusetts,  half  of  the  men  receive 
less  than  $500,  seven-eighths  less  than  $600. 


In  all  the  textile  industries  of  the  United 
States  ninety  per  cent  of  the  men  received  in 
1910-12  less  than  $750,  while  sixty  per  cent 
received  less  than  $500.  Substantially  the 
same  conditions  prevail  in  the  paper  and  lum- 
ber industries,  and  the  situation  is  not  much 
better  in  the  mines  and  quarries. 

The  total  wages  paid  by  the  American 
manufacturing  industries,  the  mines  and 
quarries,  and  the  railroads  amount  to  about 
$6,500,000,000.  The  easily  traced  property 
income  is  about  as  large,  taking  no  account  of 
property  occupied  by  the  owners.  The 
greater  part  of  this  belongs  to  a  few  indi- 
viduals. The  property  holders  have  priority 
of  claim  on  the  products  of  industry, —  the 
bondholders  first,  the  stockholders  next.  Our 
courts  have  repeatedly  held  that  the  owners 
of  property  are  entitled  to  "a  fair  return," 
usually  about  six  per  cent.  If  the  Pullman 
Company  were  brought  into  court  the  deci- 
sion probably  would  award  "  a  fair  return  " 
on  $120,000,000,  all  but  $18,000,000  of  which 
was  paid  into  the  coffers  of  the  company  by 
its  patrons,  while  they  were  paying  "a  fair 
return  "  on  the  $18,000,000.  What  American 
court  has  ever  rendered  the  decision  that  a 
laborer  was  entitled  to  a  fair  wage?  Even 
the  right  to  work  is  only  an  abstraction,  abso- 
lutely empty  until  made  real  by  the  owners 
of  property.  Both  men  and  property  become 
old  and  useless.  The  owners  of  property  are 
often  safeguarded  by  charges  upon  society  for 
an  amortization  fund,  which  makes  capital 
immortal.  When  the  receiver  of  service  in- 
come grows  old  and  becomes  incapable  of 
rendering  service,  his  income  stops.  His  only 
chance  for  immortality  is  in  the  world  to 
come. 

Such,  in  outline,  are  the  facts  set  forth  by 
Dr.  Nearing,  and  the  conclusions  drawn  from 
these  facts.  They  are  unpleasant  to  the  up- 
holders of  the  old  individualistic  laissez  faire 
philosophy,  such  as  the  men  who  now  domi- 
nate Pennsylvania,  and  it  is  no  wonder  that 
it  was  thought  best  to  dispose  of  the  author 
of  such  a  work. 

Dr.  Nearing's  book  gives  evidence  of  care- 
ful study  in  preparation,  and  is  fairly  well 
put  together.  But  there  are  some  sentences 
in  which  the  meaning  of  the  author  is  not 
perfectly  clear.  A  few  facts  connected  with 
property  income,  perhaps  of  negligible  impor- 
tance, are  overlooked.  The  income  derived 
from  millions  of  stocks  and  bonds,  which  is 
classified  as  property  income,  really  belongs 
in  the  category  of  service  income.  Such  is 
the  revenue  derived  from  the  $12,000,000  set 
aside  by  the  Steel  Corporation  for  pensions, 
which  is  nothing  but  a  deferred  payment  of 


214 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


wages,  or  service  income.  A  few  other  com- 
panies follow  a  like  practice.  However,  if  all 
items  of  this  kind  were  transferred  from 
property  income  to  service  income,  the  change 
would  not  be  very  great. 

A  much  larger  and  more  troublesome  item 
is  the  sum  realized  from  stocks,  bonds,  and 
rented  property  devoted  to  educational  and 
eleemosynary  institutions.  In  one  sense  all 
this  is  property  income;  yet  practically,  all 
of  it  is  used  in  payment  for  services.  Looked 
at  from  this  point  of  view,  it  is  simply  an 
item  appearing  on  both  sides  of  the  ledger, 
and  may  be  retained  or  stricken  out  without 
any  material  difference.  Yet  there  is  another 
point  of  view.  The  funds  used  to  support  the 
Rockefeller  Foundation  may  be  regarded  as 
having  been  collected  from  the  makers  and 
users  of  "  Standard  oil."  So  much  of  it  as  is 
collected  from  the  makers  is  simply  that  much 
service  income  taken  from  one  set  of  men  and 
given  to  another  set  performing  an  entirely 
different  kind  of  service.  Certainly  this 
much,  whatever  it  is,  should  be  stricken  from 
the  total  of  property  income,  and  left  on  the 
side  of  service  income. 

In  discussing  the  monopoly  principle  ap- 
plied to  labor  and  capital,  the  author  reaches 
the  conclusion  that  the  monopoly  power  of 
ownership,  and  not  productivity,  determines 
the  share  of  the  values  created  in  industry 
that  shall  be  allotted  to  each.  If  this  be  true, 
one  cannot  help  wondering  why  it  is  that  in 
the  great  industries  about  one-half  the  value 
added  by  manufacture  is  paid  out  as  wages, 
or  service  income,  while  less  than  half  —  in 
many  cases  considerably  less  —  goes  to  the 
stockholders  and  bondholders  as  interest  and 
dividends,  or  property  income.  Certainly  the 
laborers  of  this  country  will  not  admit  that 
their  monopoly  is  more  nearly  complete  than 
that  of  the  capitalists. 

But  however  much  we  may  differ  from 
Dr.  Nearing  on  his  views  about  the  position 
of  capital,  we  must  agree  with  his  conclusion 
that  "service  is  of  preeminent  importance," 
and  that  "  above  the  rights  of  property  there 
must  be  placed  the  rights  of  humanity."  It 
was  a  great  misfortune  to  a  great  university 
to  lose  so  forceful  a  teacher  of  such  ideas. 

DAVID  Y.  THOMAS. 


EMERSON  STUDIED  FROM  His  JOURNALS.* 

"A  new  venture  into  a  field  from  which 
biography  and  criticism  have  drawn  repeated 
and  ample  harvests  may  avert  the  charge  of 

*  RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON.     By  O.  W.  Firkins.     With  por- 
trait.   Boston :   Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


impertinence  by  pointing  to  the  fresh  mate- 
rials in  the  ten-volume  edition  of  the  Jour- 
nals, 1909-14,  brought  out  under  the  careful 
and  tasteful  editorship  of  Edward  Waldo 
Emerson  and  Waldo  Emerson  Forbes."  Such 
is  the  excuse  Professor  Firkins  offers  for  his 
interesting  study  of  Emerson.  The  excuse  is 
valid,  but  the  performance  invites  criticism. 
A  generous  use  of  the  Journals  has  been 
made,  but  in  some  important  particulars  the 
"fresh  materials"  have  been  inadequately 
treated.  This  is  noticeable  in  the  case  of 
Emerson's  eight-page  journal  record  concern- 
ing his  choice  of  a  profession,  and  in  the 
copious  records  of  Emerson's  interpretation 
of  Webster's  "Seventh  of  March  Speech" 
and  the  misconstruction  of  his  motives,  and 
in  the  several  records  showing  Emerson's  lack 
of  appreciation  of  Lincoln  prior  to  the  shock 
of  the  assassination.  On  the  subject  of  the 
Shakespeare-Bacon  controversy,  our  critic  is 
silent;  the  Journals  cry  out  against  this 
silence,  as  we  shall  show  later. 

The  book  is  issued  in  uniform  style  with 
the  Journals  and  the  "  Centenary  Edition " 
of  the  complete  works,  and  is  intended  appar- 
ently as  a  companion  volume  or  interpretative 
study  of  each.  With  respect  to  the  well- 
known  writings,  the  new  study  is  the  most 
thorough  and  analytical  that  has  yet  come  to 
our  notice.  The  first  half  of  the  volume  is 
devoted  to  a  sketch  of  Emerson's  life;  the 
last  half,  to  a  review  and  an  analysis  of  his 
prose  and  poetry  and  his  philosophy.  The 
latter  portion  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting 
to  the  general  reader;  and  the  review  of  the 
essays,  on  account  of  their  general  interest 
throughout  the  world,  contains  the  most  valu- 
able criticism  in  the  book.  From  this  stimu- 
lating study,  the  reader  will  naturally  turn 
to  the  other  writings,  and  then  to  the  chap- 
ters on  Emerson's  technique.  This  will  be 
true  especially  of  those  readers  who  have 
heretofore  known  Emerson  only  through  his 
essays, —  and  their  number  is  legion. 

In  a  review  of  the  works,  the  address  on 
"War,"  delivered  in  Boston  in  1838,  is  not 
mentioned.  In  view  of  the  timeliness  of  the 
subject  and  also  of  Emerson's  later  appetite 
for  war,  so  vividly  emphasized  by  our  critic, 
we  must  regret  the  omission.  It  was  in  this 
address  that  Emerson  prophesied:  "War  is 
on  its  last  legs."  "  Trade,"  he  said,  "  as  all 
men  know,  is  the  antagonist  of  War."  Cer- 
tainly trade  and  war  have  together  prospered 
in  Europe  and  America,  Asia  and  Africa, 
since  the  time  of  Emerson's  prophecy,  as  they 
never  prospered  before ;  and  Emerson  himself 
underwent  in  the  next  two  decades  an  entirely 
different  attitude  from  that  of  turning  "the 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


215 


other  cheek,  as  -one  engaged,  throughout  his 
being,  no  longer  to  the  service  of  an  indi- 
vidual, but  to  the  common  soul  of  all  men." 
Professor  Firkins  fails  to  note  this  change. 

Emerson  as  a  prose-writer  is  considered 
under  the  following  headings :  Culture,  Criti- 
cism, Clearness,  Coherence,  English,  Diction, 
Unbendings,  Hyperbole,  Word-Play,  Meta- 
phor, Epigram,  Condensation,  Floridity, 
Rhythm,  Polarity,  Style,  and  Inhibitions.  In 
the  matter  of  coherence,  for  the  lack  of  which 
Emerson  has  been  criticized,  Professor  Firkins 
presents  an  ingenious  analysis  in  vindication 
of  the  writer,  but  fails  to  note  this  significant 
passage  in  the  Journals  (vol.  VIII.,  page 
463)  :  "  If  Minerva  offered  me  a  gift  and  an 
option,  I  would  say  give  me  continuity.  I  am 
tired  of  scraps.  I  do  not  wish  to  be  a  literary 
or  intellectual  chiffonier.  Away  with  this 
Jew's  ragbag  of  ends  and  tufts  of  brocade, 
velvet,  and  cloth-of-gold ;  let  me  spin  some 
yards  or  miles  of  helpful  twine,  a  clue  to  lead 
to  one  kingly  truth,  a  cord  to  bind  wholesome 
and  belonging  facts." 

Emerson's  poetry  is  considered  under  five 
headings,  the  last  of  which,  "  Star  Dust,"  is 
dealt  with  under  twelve  sub-headings.  In  the 
section  on  Emerson's  philosophy  there  are 
thirty-one  headings,  among  them  the  fol- 
lowing: Experience,  Logic,  Sensibility,  Uni- 
versality, Iconoclasm,  Illusion,  Possibility, 
Rhetoric,  Idealism,  Government,  Evil,  Moral- 
ists, Duty,  Love,  and  Insecurities.  Under  the 
heading  of  Experience,  we  are  introduced  into 
the  secret  of  Emerson's  philosophy :  "  The 
secret  of  Emerson  may  be  conveyed  in  one 
word,  the  superlative,  even  the  superhuman, 
value  which  he  found  in  the  unit  of  expe- 
rience, the  direct,  momentary,  individual  act 
of  consciousness.  This  is  the  centre  from 
which  the  man  radiates;  it  begets  all  and  ex- 
plains all." 

In  the  concluding  chapter,  Professor  Fir- 
kins attempts  to  show  that  the  intellectual 
and  moral  development  of  the  world  up  to 
Emerson's  time  was  crystallized  in  him.  "We 
wish  to  suggest  that  a  larger  arc  of  the  great 
hoop  which  we  call  the  universe  found  accom- 
modation in  the  soul  of  Emerson  than  in  that 
of  almost  any  other  known  denizen  of  the 
planet."  But  our  critic  says  that  Emerson 
"is  hardly  in  the  strong  sense  a  teacher, 
hardly  in  the  strong  sense  an  example :  he  is  a 
revelation  of  capacity,  an  adjourned  hope,  an 
unassured  but  momentous  foreshadowing." 

While  the  book  is  a  stimulating  contribu- 
tion to  Emersonian  criticism,  it  fails  to  pre- 
sent the  human  side  that  the  Journals  reveal. 
While  Emerson  has  suggested  that  it  is  all 
over  with  a  hero  when  we  have  come  up  with 


his  limitations,  it  is  in  Emerson  as  a  hero- 
worshipper  that  we  see  his  fundamental 
weakness.  We  can  appreciate  why  it  was  that 
Webster  in  1850  and  Lincoln  in  1861-2  lacked 
the  potentialities  of  heroes  for  Emerson  when 
we  see  such  men  as  Owen  Lovejoy  and  John 
Brown  evoking  his  praise.  Professor  Firkins 
tells  us  that  the  growth  of  Emerson's  respect 
for  Lincoln  was  slow  but  sure.  The  fact  is 
that  in  Lincoln,  as  in  Webster,  Emerson  took 
slight  interest,  and  he  was  disappointed  in 
both  men  as  public  servants.  Even  after  the 
Emancipation  Proclamation,  Emerson  records 
in  his  Journal  (vol.  IX.,  page  557)  :  "You 
cannot  refine  Mr.  Lincoln's  taste,  extend  his 
horizon,  or  clear  his  judgment;  he  will  not 
walk  diguifiedly  through  the  traditional  part 
of  the  President  of  America,  but  will  pop  out 
his  head  at  each  railroad  station  and  make  a 
little  speech,  and  get  into  an  argument  with 
Squire  A  and  Judge  B."  Not  until  after  the 
assassination  does  Lincoln  appear  to  Emerson 
as  a  hero. 

But  in  the  case  of  Delia  Bacon  (and  here 
the  material  in  the  Journals  is  so  prominent 
that  we  cannot  believe  the  omission  in  the  vol- 
ume before  us  was  unintentional)  the  hero 
worshipped  is  not  the  poor  misguided  girl 
that  came  to  Emerson  for  encouragement,  but 
the  mysterious  courtly  author  alleged  to  have 
written  the  plays  ascribed  to  the  "jovial  ac- 
tor." Shakespeare  repelled  Emerson ;  Bacon 
attracted.  And  it  was  from  his  own  essay  on 
Shakespeare,  in  his  "Representative  Men," 
published  two  years  before,  that  Delia  Bacon 
received  the  inspiration  for  her  quixotic 
theory,  with  her  subsequent  pitiful  pilgri- 
mage and  investigation.  Let  us  mention  some 
citations  to  the  material  that  do  not  receive 
mention  in  Professor  Firkins's  volume.  On 
May  19,  1852,  Emerson  records  his  first 
meeting  with  Delia  Bacon.  An  interesting 
editorial  note  is  appended  to  this  record. 
Emerson  gave  her  a  letter  of  introduction,  to 
Carlyle,  and  also  one  to  Hawthorne,  then  a 
consul  in  England.  In  his  Journals  (vol. 
VIII.,  page  314)  Emerson  copies  extracts 
from  a  letter  from  her,  which  shows  that  his 
interest  is  in  her  investigation  rather  than  in 
her.  Later  (page  367)  he  records  that  he 
has  been  reading  "  Troilus  and  Cressida,"  and 
hints  a  discovery  of  Francis  Bacon's  author- 
ship of  the  play  as  the  result  of  this*  reading. 
In  1857,  Delia  Bacon's  book  appeared,  and 
Emerson  records  extracts  from  it  in  his  Jour- 
nal. Delia  Bacon,  as  the  editors  inform  us, 
"literally  gave  her  reason  and  life  to  her 
work,  which  she  pursued  in  great  poverty 
and  absolute  isolation  in  England  for  three 
or  four  years."  But  Emerson  does  not  make 


216 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


any  comment  on  her  sacrifice.  His  interest  is 
in  the  subject  of  her  investigation.  Two 
years  later,  we  read  of  his  disappointment 
caused  by  the  cold  reception  of  the  book  in 
the  literary  world.  But  again  his  interest  is 
in  the  hero  of  the  problem  rather  than  in  the 
girl  whom  the  problem  overwhelmed.  He 
writes :  "  In  literary  circles  they  still  discuss 
the  question  who  wrote  Junius,  a  matter  of 
supreme  unimportance.  But  in  the  whole 
world  no  one  discusses  the  question  who  wrote 
Hamlet  and  Lear  and  the  Sonnets,  which  con- 
cerns mankind."  Thereafter,  we  hear  no 
more  of  the  problem  —  or  of  Delia  Bacon. 

But  it  is  in  the  eight-page  record  in  the 
Journals  concerning  the  choice  of  a  profes- 
sion (vol.  I.,  pages  360-67)  that  we  come  most 
directly  in  contact  with  Emerson's  limita- 
tions. He  decides  against  the  law  because 
it  "  demands  a  good  deal  of  personal  address, 
an  impregnable  confidence  in  one's  own 
powers,  upon  all  occasions  expected  and  un- 
expected, and  a  logical  mode  of  thinking  and 
speaking  —  which  I  do  not  possess,  and  may 
not  reasonably  hope  to  obtain."  Medicine  is 
rejected  for  equally  valid  reasons.  He  de- 
cides at  last  in  favor  of  the  ministry.  But  he 
has  his  doubts,  on  account  of  "  want  of  suffi- 
cient bottom"  in  his  nature.  However,  he 
concludes :  "  I  judge  that  if  I  devote  my 
nights  and  days  in  form,  to  the  service  of  God 
and  the  War  against  Sin,  I  shall  soon  be  pre- 
pared to  do  the  same  in  substance."  The 
"  bottom  "  he  seeks  is  the  settled  mind  from 
which  flows  the  perfect  will.  And  so  he 
regards  the  ministry  as  a  starting-point,  a 
refuge  for  self-examination,  experiment,  and 
decision.  Or,  to  use  his  own  words:  "My 
trust  is  that  my  profession  shall  be  my  regen- 
eration of  mind,  manners,  inward  and  out- 
ward estate ;  or  rather  my  starting-point,  for 
I  have  hoped  to  put  on  eloquence  as  a  robe, 
and  by  goodness  and  zeal  and  the  awfulness 
of  Virtue  to  press  and  prevail  over  the  false 
judgments,  the  rebel  passions  and  corrupt 
habits  of  men." 

In  his  quotations  from  the  record  of  this 
period,  Professor  Firkins  does  not  use  any  of 
the  above  material,  adopting  Mr.  Cabot's 
abridgment;  and  of  the  remainder  of  the 
record  he  says :  "  The  pages  that  follow  con- 
tain much  of  interest,  in  particular  the  char- 
acteristic lament  for  the  want  of  what  he  calls 
bottom,  that  is,  of  constitution  or  native  self- 
command."  He  adds  that  Emerson's  friends 
were  concerned  because  of  his  "defect  of 
physical  rather  than  moral  bottom."  We  sub- 
mit that  the  physical  defect  was  due  to  the 
intellectual  and  spiritual  hunger  which  he 
could  not  satisfy.  This  hunger  created  a  state 


of  doubt,  of  unsettled  mind,  that  undermined 
his  health.  And  from  the  quotations  we  have 
given,  it  may  be  seen  that  while  Emerson  had 
a  clear  idea  of  his  limitations  and  a  high  sense 
of  honor,  no  profession  appealed  to  him  unre- 
lieved of  doubts.  We  are  inclined  to  believe 
that  the  ministry  was  sub-consciously  ac- 
cepted more  as  a  temporary  refuge  for  the 
future  essayist  than  as  the  starting-point  of 
a  new  religion  or  philosophy,  neither  of  which 
he  can  be  said  to  have  established.  He  never 
did  strike  bottom  in  his  intellectual  and  spir- 
itual life. 

Emerson  was  a  great  thinker,  but  only  an 
experimental  one.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
find  another  who  believed  in  the  intuitions 
to  the  extent  that  he  did.  In  stating  his  atti- 
tude towards  Government,  Professor  Firkins 
aptly  styles  him  "  a  peaceful  and  moral  anar- 
chist." The  anarchist  is  peaceful  because  he 
deals  with  social  life  as  an  abstract  phenome- 
non. The  human  Emerson  is  difficult  to  find. 
But  the  human  quality  crops  out  in  the  crises. 
We  have  cited  material  which  suggests  this 
quality,  and  which  Professor  Firkins  has 
either  treated  inadequately  or  ignored  alto- 
gether. The  Journals  are  also  rich  in  other 
material  that  our  critic  has  not  used.  Ingen- 
ious and  stimulating  as  is  his  study  of  the 
well-known  works,  there  is  still  room  for  a 
new  estimate  of  the  man  based  upon  Emer- 
son's self-revelations  in  the  Journals. 

CHARLES  MILTON  STREET. 


SLAVE-HOLDING  IXDIANS  ix  THE 
CIVIL  WAR.* 


That  the  Indian  had  a  part  in  the  Civil 
War  most  of  us  know,  because  we  remember 
that  General  Grant  had  an  Indian  on  his  staff 
and  that  Albert  Pike's  Indians  fought  in  the 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge.  This,  however,  is  very 
nearly  the  sum  of  our  information.  But  now 
Miss  Abel,  in  her  work  on  the  slave-holding 
Indians,  promises  to  open  up  an  altogether 
neglected  field  of  Civil  War  history,  and  to 
prove  the  importance  of  the  civilized  Indian 
natives  as  a  factor  in  diplomacy  and  war. 
The  projected  series  of  three  volumes  will 
deal,  we  are  told,  with  the  "slave-holding 
Indians  as  secessionists,  as  participants  in  the 
Civil  War,  and  as  victims  under  Reconstruc- 
tion." The  first  volume,  now  published,  shows 
the  position  of  the  Indians  in  1860-61  as 
slave-holders  and  Southern  sympathizers,  as 
neglected  by  the  North  but  valued  by  the 

*  THE  AMERICAN  INDIAN  AS  SLAVE  HOLDER  AND  SECESSION- 
IST. An  Omitted  Chapter  in  the  Diplomatic  History  of  the 
Southern  Confederacy.  By  Annie  Heloise  Abel,  Ph.D.  Vol- 
ume I.  With  portraits.  Cleveland :  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


217 


South,  as  secessionists  and  allies  by  treaty  of 
the  Confederacy.  Throughout  this  volume 
Dr.  Abel  emphasizes  the  economic  and  mili- 
tary importance  of  the  Indian  country  to  the 
Confederacy,  and  shows  that  much  of  the 
Southern  diplomatic  and  military  activity 
centred  about  the  great  Indian  tribes. 

The  political  and  social  conditions  existing 
in  the  Indian  Territory  for  some  years  pre- 
ceding the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  are  here 
for  the  first  time  adequately  portrayed.  Of 
special  interest  is  the  account  of  the  division 
of  the  great  Indian  tribes  (Cherokees,  Choc- 
taws,  Seminoles,  and  others)  into  a  ruling 
class  of  half  breeds, —  wealthy,  educated, 
slave-holders,  and  Southern  sympathizers,— r 
and  a  larger,  poorer,  and  less  influential  class 
of  pure  bloods  who  were  non-slave-holders  and 
inclined  to  be  abolitionists.  Other  internal 
dissensions  dated  in  origin  back  to  the  evil 
days  of  the  removal  from  the  eastern  South. 
There  was  intense  rivalry  between  Northern 
and  Southern  church  organizations  and 
church-conducted  schools,  and  there  were  dif- 
ferences between  the  "  Old  Settlers "  who 
came  before  the  forced  removal  and  those  who 
came  later.  Slavery  everywhere  existed,  and 
the  fugitive  slave  law  was  in  operation. 
Nearly  all  of  the  Indian  agents  were  natives 
of  Arkansas  and  Texas,  and  used  their  influ- 
ence to  keep  the  Indian  Territory  in  sympathy 
with  Southern  life  and  thought. 

The  influences  which  finally  caused  the 
Indian  leaders  to  cast  their  lot  with  the  South 
were  varied  and  sometimes  contradictory. 
The  Indians  charged  the  Washington  govern- 
ment with  responsibility  for  the  removal  pol- 
icy of  the  30's ;  they  feared  the  Douglas  policy 
of  opening  the  western  lands  to  white  settle- 
ment, and  the  proposed  removal  of  North- 
western Indians  to  Indian  Territory;  the 
Indian  slave-holders  were  alarmed  by  the 
abolition  movement,  and  resented  the  refusal 
of  the  Washington  government  to  establish 
Federal  courts  and  a  postal  system  in  the 
Indian  country.  When  the  crisis  came  in 
1861,  the  Lincoln  administration  neglected  the 
Indians,  offered  them  no  protection,  and  even 
stopped  payment  on  their  funds;  while  the 
South,  alive  to  the  importance  of  the  Indian 
Territory  as  a  part  of  the  military  frontier, 
set  all  its  influence  to  work,  and  convinced  the 
leaders  that  their  interests  lay  with  the  Con- 
federacy. Texas  and  Arkansas  were  espe- 
cially interested  in  the  attitude  of  the  Indians, 
and  Miss  Abel  thinks  that  the  secession  of 
Arkansas  was  conditioned  upon  the  secession 
of  Indian  Territory.  The  Confederate  gov- 
ernment, fully  appreciating  the  value  of  the 
Indian  country  with  its  75.000  people,  very 


early  organized  an  Indian  Bureau,  with  David 
Hubbard  of  Alabama  as  Commissioner  and 
Albert  Pike  of  Arkansas  (formerly  of  Massa- 
chusetts) as  a  sort  of  diplomatic  agent.  The 
Indians  were  also  assured  of  the  safety  of  the 
interest-bearing  trust  funds  which  were  held 
by  the  Union  government,  but  which  were  in- 
vested mainly  in  Southern  state  bonds. 

During  1861  the  activities  of  Indian  Com- 
missioner Hubbard  were  of  little  importance ; 
but  Albert  Pike  negotiated  a  series  of  remark- 
able treaties  by  which  the  Indians  came  under 
the  protection  of  the  Confederate  States  and 
received  a  definite  recognition  of  their  rights. 
The  "civilized  nations"  —  the  Cherokees, 
Creeks,  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws,  and  Semi- 
noles—  were  treated  as  protected  states  with 
political,  civil,  and  territorial  rights,  and  were 
offered  the  prospect  of  ultimate  statehood. 
The  less  advanced  Osages,  Senecas,  Shawnees, 
and  Quapaws  secured  somewhat  less  favorable 
treatment,  and  the  "wild"  Indians  —  the 
Wichitas  and  the  Comanches  —  merely  agreed 
to  transfer  their  allegiance  from  the  United 
States  to  the  Confederate  States.  All  of 
the  treaties  secured  the  land  rights  of  the 
Indians  and  their  trust  funds,  gave  to  them 
courts  of  their  own  and  a  status  in  Confed- 
erate and  state  courts,  and  to  a  great  extent 
granted  freedom  of  trade  and  travel.  By 
these  treaties  the  Indians  gained,  Miss  Abel 
says,  all  that  they  had  been  contending  for 
during  the  nineteenth  century. 

When  the  treaties  were  made,  the  Confed- 
eracy was  in  the  ascendant,  especially  in  the 
Southwest,  and  the  Indian  opposition  to  the 
Confederate  alliance  was  slight.  For  a  time, 
the  Cherokees,  under  the  leadership  of  the 
venerable  John  Ross,  wished,  like  Kentucky, 
to  remain  neutral,  but  driven  by  circum- 
stances soon  came  into  the  Confederacy.  The 
rivalries  of  John  Ross  and  Stand  Watie  (later 
a  Confederate  general)  and  of  other  factional 
leaders  played  into  the  hands  of  the  Confed- 
erates. The  author  is  in  sympathy  with  John 
Ross's  views,  but  gives  credit  to  the  liberal 
policy  of  the  Confederacy  and  the  "  fair  mind- 
edness  "  of  Pike. 

The  results  of  the  treaties  were  seen  at 
once.  Indian  troops  were  enrolled,  and  the 
Indian  Territory  organized  into  a  Military 
Department  under  Albert  Pike,  now  a  general. 
But  causes  of  dissension  existed  from  the  be- 
ginning :  Pike  and  most  of  the  Indian  leaders 
wanted  the  Indian  troops  kept  in  the  Terri- 
tory for  home  defense,  while  Van  Dorn  and 
other  Confederate  generals  wanted  them 
merged  into  the  Confederate  army;  further, 
it  was  soon  found  that  some  of  the  Confed- 
erate Indian  troops  objected  to  fighting 


218 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


against  the  Union  Indians.  But  during  1861 
and  1862  the  Confederacy  reaped  valuable 
benefits  from  its  well  considered  Indian  pol- 
icy. It  is  announced  that  the  second  volume 
of  the  series  will  be  given  to  a  discussion  of 
the  part  played  by  the  Indians  in  the  war, 
and  to  an  explanation  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  the  loss  of  the  Indian  support  to  the 
Confederacy. 

The  materials  which  Miss  Abel  has  drawn 
upon  for  this  work  are  mainly  the  manuscript 
sources,  hitherto  unused,  in  the  United  States 
Indian  Office.  The  work  is  carefully  anno- 
tated, but  is  too  heavily  documented — the 
work  being  at  the  same  time  a  narrative  and 
a  source  book.  This  fault,  however,  the  stu- 
dent of  history  will  regard  with  lenience.  At 
times  the  narrative  is  unnecessarily  discursive, 
the  chapters  are  too  long,  and  the  plan  of  the 
work  involves  too  much  repetition.  But  these 
faults  are  insignificant  when  one  considers 
the  essential  value  and  originality  of  the  un- 
dertaking. WALTER  L.  FLEMING. 


EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY  CRITICAL,  ESSAYS.* 


In  the  present  imbroglio  of  impressionism, 
which  is  threatening  the  very  existence  of 
criticism  as  a  genre,  some  of  us  believe  that 
we  can  find  anchorage  only  by  a  recovery  and 
reinterpretation  of  a  more  humanistic  view  of 
life.  Having  recognized  with  a  more  clear- 
eyed  tolerance  the  standards  of  seventeenth 
century  classicism,  against  which  Diderot  and 
Rousseau  so  frantically  and  successfully  pro- 
tested, we  need  to  scrutinize  with  particular 
thoroughness  the  development  of  eighteenth 
century  criticism,  using  the  word  criticism  in 
its  broadest  sense.  We  are  just  beginning  to 
realize  that  beneath  the  surface  of  all  the  ordi- 
nary generalizations  about  the  eighteenth 
century  in  England  there  lies  an  important 
body  of  forgotten  material,  the  significance  of 
which  we  have  missed.  This  we  can  no  longer 
ignore  if  we  are  to  understand  the  movement 
which  began  more  than  a  century  and  a  half 
ago  and  which  colors  our  whole  thought  to- 
day. To  such  study,  Dr.  Durham's  "  Critical 
Essays  of  the  Eighteenth  Century"  comes  as 
a  timely  and  valuable  aid.  Unfortunately, 
the  editor  has  been  able  to  give  us  only  the 
promise  of  the  material  from  1725  on.  We 
wish  that  he  might  have  followed  the  admira- 
ble example  of  Dr.  Spingarn  in  the  three  vol- 
umes of  "  Critical  Essays  of  the  Seventeenth 
Century"  and  of  Mr.  Gregory  Smith  in  the 
two  volumes  of  "  Elizabethan  Critical  Essays," 

*  CRITICAL  ESSAYS  OF  THE  EIGHTEENTH  CENTURY,  1700-1725. 
Edited,  with  Introduction  and  Notes,  by  Willard  Higley  Dur- 
ham, Ph.D.  New  Haven :  Yale  University  Press. 


and  given  us  the  century  complete.  As  it  is, 
the  promised  volumes  will  doubtless  include 
representative  essays  of  the  "  original  genius  " 
group,  which  we  believe  are  of  great  signifi- 
cance and  which  up  to  the  present  time  are 
almost  entirely  unknown. 

Students  will  be  disappointed  still  further 
in  Dr.  Durham's  scanty  Introduction.  They 
will  wonder  that  he  has  failed  in  this  respect, 
also,  to  emulate  his  distinguished  predeces- 
sors. It  is  true  that  he  forestalls  objection  on 
this  score  by  modestly  disclaiming  any  attempt 
to  interpret  the  period  with  any  completeness. 
Instead  he  contents  himself  with  a  few  gen- 
eral remarks  about  each  writer  represented, 
dismissing  the  need  for  further  enlightenment 
with  the  declaration  that  "  the  one  thing  need- 
ful is  that  the  student  shall  actually  read  what 
was  written."  Apparently,  however,  Dr. 
Spingarn  and  Mr.  Gregory  Smith  believe  that 
the  student  should  be  given  at  the  same  time 
as  complete  orientation  as  possible.  In  a  field 
in  which  many  scholars  have  gone  astray,  may 
we  not  plead  for  as  much  light  as  may  be 
vouchsafed  us  ?  And  is  it  necessary,—  we 
almost  hesitate  to  ask, —  in  these  days  of  Com- 
parative Literature,  that  we.  demand  some 
recognition  of  international  influences?  For 
all  we  can  gather  from  the  Introduction,  we 
might  suppose  English  criticism  a  completely 
isolated  phenomenon;  whereas  we  need  only 
to  glance  at  Dr.  Spingarn's  Introduction  to 
realize  anew  that  it  has  been  singularly  deriva- 
tive. 

In  spite  of  these  shortcomings,  however,  we 
may  credit  Dr.  Durham  with  correct  analyses 
so  far  as  he  goes.  In  a  general  way  his  dis- 
tinctions between  the  criticism  of  his  period 
and  that  of  the  Restoration  are  Valuable. 
Nevertheless,  he  says :  "  If  we  are  to  escape 
from  this  position  into  one  from  which  we 
may  estimate  the  period  more  justly,  compre- 
hend it  more  accurately,  we  shall  not  do  so  by 
means  of  new  generalizations.  Some  very 
accurate  generalizations  about  this  period 
have  already  been  made  without  much  ap- 
parent effect."  Yet  Dr.  Durham  implies 
throughout  the  Introduction  that  we  are  in 
great  need  of  a  revaluation  of  the  period.  His 
first  two  pages  show  quite  correctly  that  in 
our  view  of  the  "Augustan  Age  "  we  have  been 
blind,  hasty,  and  subservient  to  the  judgment 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  It  would  seem, 
therefore,  that  we  do  need  "new  generaliza- 
tions "  based,  of  course,  on  such  documents  as 
the  author  places  before  us.  We  should, 
moreover,  like  to  have  at  least  a  foot-note  to 
tell  where  these  "very  accurate  generaliza- 
tions "  may  be  found.  "  From  even  so  cursory 
and  superficial  an  examination,"  he  concludes 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


219 


that  "none  [of  these  critics]  can  be  neatly 
pigeonholed  as  a  classicist  or  a  romanticist  or 
a  rationalist  or  an  'ist'  of  any  sort.  .  .  To 
group  them  is  a  help  to  memory,  but  a  hin- 
drance to  accuracy."  We  do  need  to  be  cau- 
tious ;  but  we  need  not  evade  the  problem,  as 
Dr.  Durham  seems  to  do  here,  by  refusing, 
except  in  the  most  meagre  way,  to  character- 
ize at  all.  May  we  not  charge  him  with  a  too 
"  cursory  and  superficial  examination  "  ? 

As  for  the  actual  selection  of  essays,  we 
must  grant  Dr.  Durham  the  successful  per- 
formance of  a  very  perplexing  task.  Some 
will  object  to  devoting  one-third  of  the  entire 
space  to  Dennis,  but  probably  we  must  submit 
to  this  as  a  part  of  the  recent  rehabilitation  of 
that  irate  and  unfortunate  critic.  Some,  too, 
will  maintain  quite  logically  that  if  Pope's 
Essay  on  Shakespeare  is  omitted  because  of  its 
accessibility  in  Nichol  Smith's  collection,  there 
is  no  need  to  include  Addison  and  Steele,  two 
men  who  are  always  with  us.  Only  one  omis- 
sion seems  noteworthy,  and  that  is  Bysshe's 
"Art  of  Poetry,"  along  with  some  indication, 
at  least,  of  Bysshe's  most  interesting  collec- 
tion of  the  best  extracts  from  English  poetry. 
Surely  if  Welstead  finds  a  place,  Bysshe 
should  not  be  ignored.  At  the  end  of  his  vol- 
ume Dr.  Durham  has  brought  together  a 
decidedly  valuable  bibliography.  Here  again 
only  one  omission  is  inexplicable:  we  look  in 
vain  for  the  highly  significant  works  of  St. 
Evremond  published  in  English  in  1700  and 
1705. 

The  text  is  reproduced  from  original  edi- 
tions with  scholarly  care,  and  is  supplemented 
by  accurate  and  serviceable  notes.  Thor- 
oughly attractive  in  binding  and  typography, 
the  volume  is  all  in  all  invaluable  to  students 
of  eighteenth  century  literature  and  of  criti- 
cism in  general.  j.  pAUL  KAUFMAN. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


"  The  Freelands,"  by  Mr.  John  Galsworthy, 
is,  as  the  name  of  the  author  almost  inevitably 
implies,  more  of  a  humanitarian  plea  than  a 
novel,  or,  at  least,  it  is  a  novel  so  charged  with 
a  humanitarian  message  as  to  obscure  its  char- 
acter as  mere  fiction.  A  few  words  will  suf- 
fice to  set  forth  the  complication  in  the  barest 
terms.  Bob  Tryst  is  a  laborer  who  occupies 
one  of  Sir  Gerald  Malloring's  cottages.  Being 

*  THE  FREELANDS.  By  John  Galsworthy.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

OF  HUMAN  BONDAGE.  By  W.  Somerset  Maugham.  New 
York :  George  H.  Doran  Co. 

A  CHILD  AT  THE  WINDOW.  By  William  Hewlett.  New  York : 
Duffield  &  Co. 

THE  HOUSE  OF  MERRILEES.  By  Archibald  Marshall.  New 
York  :  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 


a  widower  with  three  children,  he  wishes  to 
provide  them  with  a  mother,  and  has  what 
Matthew  Arnold  called  a  hankering  after  his 
deceased  wife's  sister.  Now  the  Mallorings 
are  good  churchmen,  and  have  decided  views 
upon  this  subject.  They  notify  Tryst  that 
should  he  persist  in  his  matrimonial  inten- 
tion, he  cannot  continue  to  be  housed  upon 
their  estate.  When  he  remains  stubborn,  he 
is  evicted,  in  consequence  whereof  he  revenges 
himself  by  burning  his  landlord's  hayricks. 
He  is  then  arrested,  held  three  months  for 
trial,  and  sentenced  to  three  years  of  penal 
servitude.  When  being  taken  away  from  the 
court-room,  he  makes  a  mad  rush  from  his 
captors,  throws  himself  in  front  of  a  passing 
automobile,  and  is  killed.  Around  this  situa- 
tion Mr.  Galsworthy  has  moulded  his  plot, 
and  it  will  readily  be  seen  what  opportunities 
it  offers  for  the  sort  of  special  pleading  at 
which  Mr.  Galsworthy  is  an  adept.  The 
pathos  of  it  all,  the  appeal  to  pity  so  clearly 
made  by  the  plight  of  the  children,  by  the 
sufferings  of  the  father  when  his  home  is 
broken  up,  and  by  the  despair  which  fills  his 
soul  at  the  prospect  of  the  years  of  imprison- 
ment—  these  things  are  worked  to  their  ut- 
most in  arousing  our  deepest  sympathies  for 
the  victim.  But  what  would  Mr.  Galsworthy 
have?  Is  crime  to  be  justified  under  such 
circumstances,  and  go  unpunished?  The  au- 
thor would  not  say  so  outright,  but  what  he 
does  urge  is  that  the  conditions  are  intolerable 
which  make  such  a  crime  possible.  In  other 
words,  it  is  the  land  system  which  is  to  blame, 
the  system  which  gives  the  landlord  this 
power  over  the  private  lives  of  his  tenants. 
We  admit  that  such  interference  is  injudi- 
cious, and  even  to  be  condemned  in  principle ; 
but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is  clearly  a  case  of 
conscience  with  the  landlord,  to  say  nothing 
of  legal  rights.  If  such  a  thing  as  private 
ownership  in  land  is  admitted,  the  right  of 
the  owner  to  use  it  as  he  pleases  is  logically 
implied.  So  that  Mr.  Galsworthy  is  in  reality 
attacking  the  right  of  landed  property,  and 
if  one  believes  in  that  right  at  all,  one  cannot 
be  much  stirred  by  this  indirect  assault  upon 
it,  which  seems  to  us  to  be  lacking  in  candor. 
We  are  in  the  heartiest  sympathy  with  Mr. 
Galsworthy  in  his  detestation  of  people  who 
seek  to  regulate  the  private  affairs  of  other 
people,  but  the  mischief  that  is  dorie  by  such 
efforts  is  much  more  chargeable  to  irresponsi- 
ble legislatures  and  municipal  councils  and 
commissions  and  boards  than  to  the  owners 
of  landed  or  other  property.  While  the  lat- 
ter have  at  least  a  sound  legal  justification 
for  their  intolerance,  the  former  have  only 
their  whims  and  petty  prejudices;  and  the 


220 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


curtailments  of  liberty  which  their  actions 
impose  excite  our  indignation  far  more  deeply 
than  do  any  restrictions  imposed  by  the  own- 
ers of  property  upon  those  with  whom  they 
contract  to  make  productive  use  of  it.  So  it 
seems  to  us  that  Mr.  Galsworthy's  lesson 
might  have  been  made  much  more  effective 
By-  the  choice  of  a  less  dubious  basis.  But  it 
is,  of  course,  effective,  even  with  this  handi- 
cap. The  author  has  never  made  better  use 
of  his  extraordinary  gift  of  feeling,  of  his 
keen  rapier  of  social  satire,  and  of  his  beauti- 
ful style.  His  real  power  is  in  his  style 
rather  than  in  his  logical  process,  and,  for  our 
part,  we  attach  less  importance  to  all  his  spe- 
cial pleading  and  all  the  calculated  ingenuity 
of  his  plot  than  we  do  to  the  single  page  (261) 
in  which,  forgetting  his  thesis,  he  unfolds  for 
us  the  pageant  of  the  seasons  in  words  which 
almost  persuade  us  to  admit  that  prose  may 
sometimes  be  poetry. 

Mr.  "W.  Somerset  Maugham,  a  successful 
playwright,  has  turned  his  activities  in  the 
direction  of  fiction-writing,  the  result  being 
"  Of  Human  Bondage,"  an  immensely  lengthy 
work  of  the  biographical  type,  setting  forth 
the  story  of  a  young  man's  life  from  child- 
hood to  the  age  of  thirty  or  thereabouts.  The 
following  extract  will  show  why  it  takes  six 
hundred  and  fifty  compact  pages  to  accom- 
plish this  setting  forth : 

"  When  Phillip  arrived  there  was  some  diffi- 
culty in  deciding  on  which  evening  he  should  have 
his  bath.  It  was  never  easy  to  get  plenty  of  hot 
water,  since  the  kitchen  boiler  did  not  work,  and 
it  was  impossible  for  two  persons  to  have  a  bath 
on  the  same  day.  The  only  man  who  had  a  bath- 
room in  Blackstable  was  Mr.  Wilson,  and  it  was 
thought  ostentatious  of  him.  Mary  Ann  had  her 
bath  in  the  kitchen  on  Monday  night,  because  she 
liked  to  begin  the  week  clean.  Uncle  William 
could  not  have  his  on  Saturday,  because  he  had  a 
heavy  day  before  him,  and  he  was  always  a  little 
tired  after  a  bath,  so  he  had  it  on  Friday.  Mrs. 
Carey  had  hers  on  Thursday  for  the  same  reason. 
It  looked  as  though  Saturday  were  naturally  indi- 
cated for  Phillip,  but  Mary  Ann  said  she  couldn't 
keep  the  fire  up  on  Saturday  night,  and  with  all 
the  cooking  on  Sunday,  having  to  make  pastry  and 
she  didn't  know  what  all,  she  didn't  feel  up  to 
giving  the  boy  his  bath  on  Saturday  night :  and 
it  was  quite  clear  that  he  could  not  bath  himself." 

The  upshot  of  all  this  complication  was  that 
Mary  Ann  relented,  and  grudgingly  agreed 
to  Saturday  night.  Even  this  description 
leaves  Tuesday  and  Wednesday  unaccounted 
for,  which  we  rather  resent,  since  we  would 
like  to  be  told  all  about  it.  It  is  obvious  that 
a  writer  who  works  with  this  method  of  de- 
tailed photographic  realism  can  "  go  far,"  and 
the  story  runs  to  nearly  three  hundred  thou- 
sand words.  We  began  it  in  Chicago,  took  it 


upon  an  ocean  voyage,  and  it  was  still  with 
us  upon  our  return.  Nor  did  it  prove  lacking 
in  sustained  interest.  When  a  novelist  thus 
sets  out  to  chronicle  everything  about  his 
hero's  life,  he  can  hardly  fail  to  leave  us  with 
the  feeling  of  intimate  acquaintance.  But  he 
can  easily  miss,  as  Mr.  Maugham  does,  the 
broad  effects  and  the  large  issues  of  a  human 
characterization.  The  only  thing  of  this  sort 
that  we  get  from  "  Of  Human  Bondage  "  is  a 
most  depressing  impression  of  the  futility  of 
life,  an  impression  similar  to  that  produced 
by  "The  Old  Wives'  Tale"  of  Mr.  Arnold 
Bennett.  Our  hero's  life  is  not  romantic. 
When  he  gets  out  of  school,  he  tries  accoun- 
tancy and  fails.  Then  he  tries  art  in  the 
Paris  schools,  and  fails  again.  Then  he  tries 
medicine,  barely  scrapes  through  to  a  diploma, 
and  is  in  sight  of  marriage  and  a  country 
practice  when  the  book  of  his  life  is  closed  for 
us.  Before  this  consummation,  he  has  en- 
tanglements with  various  women,  including  a 
long  and  enslaving  infatuation  for  a  girl  of 
repellent  vulgarity  —  a  waitress  in  a  cheap 
restaurant  who  graduates  into  the  life  of  the 
streets.  She,  too,  is  an  amazingly  real  per- 
son, as  are  many  others  whom  we  encounter 
in  this  narrative,  which  may  perhaps  best  be 
described  as  an  album  of  unretouched  photo- 
graphs. The  book  is  far  from  being,  in  the 
publishers'  phrase,  "  compellingly  great,"  but, 
allowing  once  for  all  its  inartistic  method, 
it  is  at  least  a  noteworthy  piece  of  creative 
composition. 

Publishers'  advertisements  of  their  works 
are  usually  to  be  taken  with  several  grains  of 
salt,  but  in  the  case  of  Mr.  William  Hew- 
lett's "A  Child  at  the  Window,"  we  may  allow 
their  statement  that  it  is  "a  story  vivid  and 
startling  in  its  realism,  and  absorbing  in  its 
human  and  emotional  quality."  These  are 
banal  phrases,  and  often  absurdly  misapplied, 
but  in  the  present  instance  they  do  the  book 
exact  justice.  It  is  all  of  this,  holding  the 
attention  close,  and  being  presented  in  a  fin- 
ished style  that  is  grateful  in  these  days  of 
slipshod  fiction-writing.  It  is  concerned  with 
the  emotional  career  of  Una  Field,  the  daugh- 
ter of  an  English  country  clergyman,  a  vain 
and  self-willed  girl  with  a  talent  for  music, 
who  appeals  to  us  by  her  sheer  femininity, 
and  does  not  lose  her  hold  upon  our  sympa- 
thies either  through  her  obvious  faults,  or 
through  the  misstep  that  wrecks  her  life  al- 
most beyond  recovery.  Taken  in  charge  by 
her  wealthy  godmother,  she  is  sent  to  a 
girls'  private  school,  and  then  brought  to  Lon- 
don for  music  lessons  and  society.  She  gets 
mixed  up  with  a  set  of  men  and  women  who 
chatter  about  art  and  the  rights  of  the  soul 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


221 


in  accordance  with  the  most  "  advanced " 
ideas,  and  is  so  captivated  by  one  of  the  male 
rhetoricians  of  this  circle,  that  she  runs  away 
with  him,  and  lives  for  a  time  in  Italy  and 
Egypt  in  defiance  of  all  the  conventions. 
When  the  rupture  comes,  it  is  not  accom- 
panied by  any  conviction  of  sin  on  her  part, 
but  merely  results  from  the  discovery  that 
her  lover  is  an  egotistic  sensualist,  whose 
nature  demands  a  greater  variety  of  emo- 
tional life  than  one  woman  can  offer  him. 
Since  Una  is  an  idealist  even  in  her  errancy, 
she  leaves  him,  returns  to  England,  and  has 
a  very  hard  time  trying  to  support  herself. 
Under  the  guidance  of  an  old  school  friehd, 
she  experiments  with  la  vie  des  coulisses,  but 
is  repelled  by  its  sordid  vulgarity.  After 
skating  over  much  very  thin  ice,  she  takes 
refuge  in  the  arms  of  a  curate  who  has  been 
her  dog-like  follower  since  childhood.  But 
even  in  this  haven  she  becomes  obsessed  by 
an  infatuation  for  one  of  her  husband's 
fellow-clergymen,  who  cultivates  asceticism 
upon  a  basis  of  sensuality,  and  she  all  but 
succumbs  to  the  temptation.  On  the  whole, 
we  cannot  approve  of  Una,  although  we  are 
charmed  by  her,  and  cannot  deny  the  fact  that 
there  is  an  element  of  specious  immorality  in 
the  author's  portrayal  of  her  character. 

The  old-fashioned  flavor  characteristic  of 
"  The  House  of  Merrilees,"  by  Mr.  Archibald 
Marshall,  will  not  be  the  least  of  its  com- 
mendations to  the  judicious.  That  the  story 
will  prove  popular  by  virtue  of  this  quality 
we  are  far  from  sure,  for  the  sophisticated 
modern  taste  demands  "  smartness,"  and  a 
staccato-like  emphasis  of  "points,"  and  a 
large  field  for  inference  or  guesswork,  and 
a  realism  which  knows  not  reticence.  These 
and  other  popularly  desiderated  qualities  are 
conspicuously  missing  from  the  present  ex- 
ample of  the  old  plodding  school  of  fiction. 
There  is  a  mystery,  but  it  is  really  cleared  up, 
without  leaving  any  loose  ends  to  puzzle  us  at 
the  close.  There  are  no  dallyings  with  vice, 
and  no  attempts  to  undermine  the  ethical 
bases  of  society.  And  there  is  a  homely  sim- 
plicity about  the  narrative  which  offers  a 
welcome  relief  from  the  "  cleverness "  and 
the  super-subtle  psychologizing  of  so  many 
of  our  young  writers.  The  material  of  the 
story  is  as  old-fashioned  as  its  manner.  There 
is  an  aristocratic  recluse,  there  is  the  mystery 
of  the  disappearance  of  his  body  and  of  the 
immense  treasure  he  is  known  to  have  left  at 
his  death,  and  there  is  the  romance  of  his 
reputed  heir,  and  the  final  identification  of 
the  son  who  at  last  comes  into  the  inheritance. 
The  story  is  nowhere  very  exciting,  but  it  is 
everywhere  steadily  and  increasingly  inter- 


esting, whieh  should  be  enough  for  any  reader 
who  is  not  hopelessly  hypnotized  by  the  spe- 
cious devices  of  the  modernist. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


NOTES  ONJHEW  NOVELS. 

Two  new  historical  novels  from  the  pen  of  Miss 
Marjorie  Bowen  deal  with  peoples  and  epochs  in 
abrupt  contrast,  yet  with  equal  success.  "  The 
Carnival  of  Florence"  concerns  itself  with  Savo- 
narola and  the  sons  of  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent,  and 
is  shot  through  with  a  vivid  love  story  or  two.  It 
is  notable  in  that  it  gives  no  unrestrained  praise 
to  the  fanatic  preacher  who  sought  to  dominate 
Florence,  and  even  more  so  in  the  fine  common 
sense  with  which  it  depicts  the  two  chief  romantic 
characters.  The  other  story,  "  Prince  and  Heretic," 
has  for  its  protagonist  the  William  of  Orange  who 
founded  the  gallant  little  kingdom  of  the  Nether- 
lands, and  it  occupies  itself  with  the  religious  wars 
which  our  own  age  has  lived  to  see  completely 
superseded  by  wars  of  nationality.  The  subordi- 
nated love  story  is  here  again  presented  in  quiet 
relief  to  the  troublous  times,  though  it  remains 
unrequited  at  the  close.  Miss  Bowen's  methods 
are  thorough,  and  her  assimilation  of  her  material 
leaves  little  to  be  desired.  (Button.) 

Cape  Cod,  that  ancient  home  of  persons  whose 
angles  have  not  been  worn  smooth  by  too  much 
contact  with  their  fellows,  is  the  scene  of  Mrs. 
Sarah  Ware  Bassett's  "  The  Taming  of  Zenas 
Henry  "  (Doran).  The  protagonist  is  a  queer  fish, 
an  old  bachelor  who  succumbs  to  some  comfortable 
lure  in  his  neighbor,  Abbie  Howlands,  but  not  in 
the  least  to  her  physical  attractiveness.  They 
marry,  and  three  old  salts  descend  upon  their  sim- 
ple menage.  After  much  tribulation,  these  other 
queer  fish  succeed  in  justifying  their  existence, 
and  in  the  process  the  reader  surmises  that  Zenas 
and  his  wife  learn  to  love  one  another.  The  book 
is  amusing,  and  at  times  touching;  but  it  hardly 
makes  an  almost  impossible  situation  plausible. 

A  more  than  ordinarily  shrewd  study  of  femi- 
nine character  has  been  made  by  Mrs.  David  G. 
Ritchie  in  "Two  Sinners"  (Button),  a  novel  of  a 
circumscribed  section  of  English  life.  The  hero- 
ine engages  herself  to  a  man  who  in  character 
mingles  a  certain  coarseness  with  a  rather  full 
comprehension  of  music  and  art.  Her  pretty  sis- 
ter's betrothal  shortly  after  to  a  man  more  nearly 
to  her  liking  confuses  her  ideas,  and  her  own 
engagement  is  broken.  It  takes  tragedy  to  open 
her  eyes  to  the  worth  of  the  man  she  has  rejected. 
Incidentally,  the  book  contains  a  pen  portrait  of  a 
disagreeable  pet  dog,  which  will  commend  itself  to 
all  who  have  suffered  from  that  variety  of  beast. 
The  sociological  interest  of  Mr.  Howard  Vin- 
cent O'Brien's  first  novel  persists  in  his  second,  in 
the  title  of  which  newspaper  men,  telegraph  opera- 
tors, and  printers  will  recognize  a  familiar  word  — 
"Thirty"  (Bodd,  Mead  &  Co.)  The  subject  it 
deals  with  is  the  old  one  of  a  daily  journal  which 
seeks  to  tell  the  truth  in  its  news  columns,  and  fails 


222 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  16 


owing  to  the  imperfections  of  human  nature.  That 
tragedy  should  come  in  the  wake  of  the  experiment 
is  made  reasonable,  though  it  wrecks  the  romance 
of  the  leading  characters.  The  book  is  sincere, 
though  rather  hard  on  the  rich  and  kind  to  the 
poor,  and  it  represents  a  distinct  advance  upon  its 
predecessor. 

"  Mickey  has  the  best  of  three  or  four  boys  con- 
cealed in  his  lean  person  "  says  Mrs.  Gene  Strat- 
ton-Porter  of  the  titular  character  in  her  "  Michael 
O'Halloran"  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.).  Mickey 
is,  in  other  words,  a  super-boy.  The  young  lady 
of  the  tale  is  likewise  a  super-young-lady.  The 
multimillionairess  is  a  perfectly  dreadful  person 
until  reformed  by  the  young  lady  —  and  so  on. 
The  dialogue  of  the  book  is  largely  in  a  new  lan- 
guage —  super-persons  must  speak  super-language, 
of  course.  Dealing  entirely  in  hyperbole,  with  the 
ill-behaved  persons  rich  and  the  well-behaved  poor, 
the  book  seems  destined  to  a  wide  popularity. 

As  accurate  as  a  daguerreotype,  which  it  re- 
sembles in  period  as  in  other  respects,  Mrs.  Amelia 
E.  Barr's  "  The  Measure  of  a  Man  "  (Appleton)  is 
an  interesting  survival  of  Victorian  manners  and 
habits  of  thought  and  writing,  with  a  dash  of 
preaching  against  the  limitation  of  the  size  of 
families  which  would  make  the  good  people  of  that 
era  gasp.  Not  half  enough  is  made  of  the  self- 
sacrifice  of  the  operatives  in  the  British  cotton 
mills  during  the  war  between  the  States, —  which 
ought  to  have  been  made  a  lesson  to  many  Amer- 
icans in  the  present  war  for  the  freedom  of  nations, 
as  that  was  for  freedom  from  chattel  slavery. 

Dividing  his  attention  between  drama  and  fic- 
tion, Mr.  St.  John  G.  Ervine  seems  to  acquire  skill 
from  his  dual  activities.  "Alice  and  a  Family" 
(Macmillan)  is  written  with  a  secure  sense  of 
dramatic  values,  and  with  a  great  deal  of  dialogue 
rather  dramatic  than  literary  in  its  character.  It 
tells  of  a  boy  and  girl  in  the  humblest  walks  of 
English  life,  and  the  diplomatic  manner  in  which 
Alice  takes  up  the  bereaved  family  of  the  young 
fellow  and  knits  its  tangled  ends  with  those  of  her 
mother  and  herself,  until  the  unhappy  fates  are 
completely  propitiated.  The  book  abounds  with 
the  truest  humor,  often  near  to  tears. 

Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim  is  an  expert  in 
melodrama,  and  his  latest  story,  "  The  Way  of 
These  Women"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  is  fully 
melodramatic.  It  opens  with  the  scene  set  for  the 
murder  of  a  British  marquis,  and  the  heroine  is  so 
strongly  suspected  of  the  crime  that  she  loses  her 
chance  to  wed  an  English  gentleman  who  writes 
plays  in  which  she  acts.  A  well  bred  woman  with 
the  heart  of  an  adventuress  manages  to  marry  him 
instead.  Well  contrived,  without  pretension,  inter- 
estingly written  according  to  an  ascertained 
formula,  and  filled  with  suspense  until  the  end,  the 
book  is  bound  to  amuse  its  readers. 

The  redoubtable  Fu-Manchu  does  not  appear  in 
Mr.  Sax  Rohmer's  latest  collection  of  weird  ad- 
ventures, "The  Yellow  Claw"  (McBride,  Nast  & 
Co.),  but  his  racial  and  spiritual  twin,  one  Dr. 
King,  seems  to  be  the  moving  force  throughout 
the  book,  though  he  does  not  once  disclose  him- 
self or  his  identity.  Opium  smoking  is  the  propa- 


ganda of  this  mysterious  wretch,  who  bends  a  curi- 
ous variety  of  Orientals  and  Europeans  to  his 
purpose.  The  story  abounds  in  thrills  and  bizarre 
complications,  but  does  not  attain  subtlety  either 
in  plot  or  character. 

So  important  a  part  do  physicians  and  trained 
nurses  play  in  modern  life  that  they  deserve  the 
best  that  can  be  done  for  them  in  the  realm  of 
fiction.  Mrs.  Mary  Roberts  Rinehart's  "  K " 
(Houghton)  has  physicians  for  hero  and  rejected 
lover,  and  trained  nurses  for  heroine  and  adven- 
turess. All  these  characters  are  drawn  with  a 
patient  and  scrupulous  fidelity  to  the  admirable 
qualities  of  two  fine  and  ennobling  professions, 
coupled  with  demonstration  that  a  common  human- 
ity^ is  still  alive  in  them.  The  narrative  is  some- 
what jerky  in  movement,  but  it  keeps  its  interest 
in  spite  of  a  foregone  conclusion. 

In  the  Baroness  Orczy's  latest  story  of  Hungary, 
"A  Bride  of  the  Plains"  (Doran),  a  careful  and 
painstaking  picture  is  painted  of  rural  life  as  a 
background  to  a  complicated  and  tragic  plot.  The 
maiden  heroine  is  affianced  to  a  man  not  of  her 
own  choice,  after  the  supposed  death  of  her  lover 
jiuring  military  service.  He  returns  on  the  eve 
of  her  marriage,  and  finds  the  prospective  bride- 
groom much  too  attentive  to  a  young  Jewish  girl, 
who  in  turn  is  affianced  to  one  of  her  own  race. 
The  story  contrives  to  end  happily,  though  the 
reader  feels  that  such  an  ending  is  not  fully 
justified. 

The  lure  of  the  sea  takes  a  young,  lad  with 
sailors'  blood  in  his  veins  out  of  an  office  and 
sets  him  before  the  mast,  in  "  The  Lady  Aft " 
(Small,  Maynard  &  Co.),  by  Mr.  Richard 
Matthews  Hallet.  There  is  a  beautiful  girl  aboard, 
the  captain's  daughter.  What  ensues  is  the  con- 
ventional thing:  the  young  fellow  finds  himself 
among  rough  men,  wins  his  fight,  and  finds  due 
favor  in  the  young  lady's  eyes  at  the  end.  But 
the  manner  of  telling  all  this  is  decidedly  uncon- 
ventional.  

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 

.  .    A  collection  of  articles  contrib- 

Germany  s  point  __-  .,  •»  *-      i. 

of  view  in  the       utcd  by  Dr.  Eidmund  von  Macn 

European  war.        t()      ^       Boston       «  Transcript " 

during  the  first  nine  months  of  the  war  are 
now  reprinted  in  a  volume  entitled  "  Ger- 
many's Point  of  View"  (McClurg).  The  au- 
thor notes  that  the  unrestricted  publication 
of  these  articles  in  such  a  distinctly  pro- 
Allies  paper  is  the  best  refutation  of  the 
charge  that  the  American  press  is  delib- 
erately unfair  to  the  German  cause.  This 
generous  acknowledgment  is  characteristic  of 
Dr.  von  Mach's  effort  to  avoid  rancor  and 
to  practise  the  gentler  arts  of  persuasion. 
His  somewhat  detailed  and  occasionally  repe- 
titious defence  of  Germany  is  mildness  itself 
compared  with  the  diatribes  which  one  may 
read  (or  skip)  weekly  in  the  columns  of  "  The 
Fatherland."  He  evidently  writes  from  a 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


223 


full  heart,  and  the  reader  must  respect  the 
sincerity  of  his  feelings.  Unfortunately  the 
logic  of  his  arguments  is  by  no  means  so  con- 
vincing. His  specialty  seems  to  be  the  avoid- 
ance of  the  main  points  of  controversy,  and 
a  meticulous  hairsplitting  of  non-essentials. 
Typical  of  his  method  is  his  treatment  of  Sir 
Edward  Grey,  whom  he  pursues  industriously 
through  various  chapters  of  the  book,  en- 
deavoring to  magnify  petty  discrepancies  be- 
tween the  English  Blue  Book  and  the  French 
Yellow  Book  into  something  portentous,  all 
the  while  ignoring  the  great  outstanding  fact 
that  Sir  Edward's  plan  for  a  conference, 
which  would  have  virtually  assured  peace, 
was  thwarted  by  the  brusque  refusal  of  Ger- 
many and  Austria.  Professor  Ellery  Stowell 
has  recently  affirmed  that  Sir  Edward  Grey 
deserves  the  Nobel  prize  for  his  unremitting 
efforts  toward  peace  during  that  last'  crucial 
week  of  July,  1914;  yet  the  Germans  con- 
tinue to  pour  the  vials  of  their  wrath  upon 
his  head,  presumably  because  he  is  the  one 
who  put  them  in  the  wrong  before  the  eyes 
of  the  world.  Equally  unsuccessful  is  the 
author's  handling  of  the  Belgian  matter, — 
about  which,  indeed,  a  well-advised  German 
apologist  will  say  as  little  as  possible.  It 
should  be  added  that  the  letter  of  Dr.  Cony- 
beare  reprinted  on  pages  392-400  has  been 
totally  repudiated  by  its  writer,  who  tried  in 
vain  to  prevent  its  being  published.  In  fair- 
ness, therefore,  it  ought  not  to  be  printed 
here  or  elsewhere. 


M    ~~-     f  first    minister    to    Persia, 

Memories  of 

an  artist,  author,  Samuel  G.  W.  Benjamin,  who 
iat-  died  last  summer  in  his  seventy- 
eighth  year,  left  behind  him  a  rich  sheaf  of 
autobiographic  memories  which  have  since 
been  published  under  the  title,  "  The  Life  and 
Adventures  of  a  Free  Lance,"  with  a  preface 
by  Mrs.  Benjamin,  who  says  of  her  variously 
gifted  husband :  "To  paint,  to  write,  or  to  work 
solely  for  fortune  or  fame,  ever  stirred  him 
to  indignant  protest.  He  loved  things  noble, 
free  and  untrammeled."  A  fine  freedom,  a 
refreshing  independence  of  convention,  with 
an  earnest  seeking  of  truth  for  authority 
rather  than  authority  for  truth,  are  apparent 
on  almost  every  page  of  these  varied  recol- 
lections of  life  in  many  lands  and  in  sundry 
callings.  Born  at  Argos,  son  of  an  American 
foreign  missionary  who  saw  service  at  Athens, 
Smyrna,  Trebizond,  and  Constantinople,  be- 
fore death  cut  short  his  activities,  the  author 
was  sent  to  this  country  for  the  completion  of 
his  schooling,  and  naturally  enough  it  was  to 
Williams  College,  the  cradle  of  American  for- 
eign missions,  that  the  father  sent  him.  That 


was  in  the  good  old  days  of  President  Mark 
Hopkins  and  "Prof.  Al,"  as  his  brother  was 
nicknamed  by  the  students,  and  the  author's 
glowing  memories  of  Dr.  Hopkins  form  a 
noteworthy  feature  of  the  book.  All  that  he 
says  of  him  as  an  educator  and  as  a  moral  and 
spiritual  force  is  indisputable;  but,  with  a 
vivid  recollection  of  him  both  at  the  teacher's 
desk  and  in  the  pulpit  and  on  the  platform,  it 
seems  to  us  excessive  praise,  or  misapplied 
praise,  to  call  him  "  one  of  the  greatest  orators 
of  this  or  any  other  age."  Mr.  Benjamin 
began  to  write  for  publication  early  in  his 
college  course,  and  many  poems  as  well  as 
numerous  prose  articles  and  books  came  from 
his  pen  as  the  years  passed.  School-teaching, 
an  assistant  librarianship  at  the  New  York 
State  Library,  art  studies,  and  the  successful 
pursuit  of  painting  as  a  profession,  with 
diplomatic  activities  in  the  East  in  later  life — 
such  were  his  interests  and  his  labors  after 
leaving  college  in  1859,  in  addition  to  his 
writing  and  lecturing  and  extensive  trav- 
elling. Forty-five  times  he  crossed  the  ocean 
which  he  learned  to  paint  so  well,  and  he  was 
always  a  lover  of  the  sea  and  all  that  apper- 
tains thereto.  His  style  as  a  writer  is  in 
harmony  with  the  free  and  adventurous  spirit 
of  a  born  sailor.  Characteristic,  too,  one  may 
venture  to  add,  are  the  very  lapses  and  errors 
which  a  critical  reader  might  feel  tempted  to 
point  out  in  the  book.  For  example,  a  careful 
revision  of  his  work  would  doubtless  have  re- 
sulted in  the  correction  of  such  palpable  mis- 
takes as  "  an  unusual  phenomena,"  "  delib- 
erate assemblies,"  "Burrows"  (as  the  name 
of  our  famous  naturalist),  "sharp  sarcasm 
and  infective,"  and  other  blemishes  that  mar 
the  page  and  distract  attention.  Two  por- 
traits of  the  author,  a  list  of  his  books  and  of 
his  principal  paintings,  and  a  few  illustra- 
tions of  his  style  as  a  poet,  are  given.  In 
later  years  Mr.  Benjamin  made  his  home  at 
Burlington,  Vermont,  and  it  is  there  that  his 
last  book  is  published,  by  the  Free  Press 
Company.  

The  discovery  of  a  new  "Mona 
Lisa"  fails  any  longer  to  be 
surprising,  since  it  has  hap- 
pened so  often.  This  time  it  occurs  at  Isle- 
worth-on-Thames,  London,  and  the  picture  is 
introduced  as  "  the  Isleworth  Mona 'Lisa."  Its 
owner,  Mr.  John  R.  Eyre,  writes  an  inter- 
esting monograph  on  the  subject,  to  prove 
that  Leonardo  da  Vinci  painted  two  portraits 
of  the  wife  of  Francisco  del  Giocondo,  that 
neither  is  a  copy  of  the  other,  and  that  both 
are  still  in  existence,  the  newly  discovered 
portrait  being  on  the  whole  a  better  picture 


A  recently 
discovered 
"  Mona  Lisa." 


224 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


than  the  familiar  one  in  the  Louvre.  To  ex- 
plain its  long  obscurity,  a  history  of  the  can- 
vas is  given.  The  evidence  of  its  genuineness 
is  based  on  quotations  from  contemporaneous 
documents,  as  follows:  Two  letters  written 
in  1501 ;  a  memory  sketch  made  by  Raphael 
before  1505,  which  resembles  the  Isleworth 
portrait  much  more  closely  than  the  portrait 
in  the  Louvre ;  the  drafts  of  two  letters  writ- 
ten by  Leonardo  himself  in  1511 ;  and  a  con- 
versation between  Leonardo  and  the  Cardinal 
of  Aragon  in  1517,  as  reported  by  the  Car- 
dinal's Secretary.  By  means  of  full-page  pho- 
tographs, placed  side  by  side  in  the  book, 
one  may  notice  differences  in  the  pose  of  the 
head  and  in  several  minor  details;  also  one 
sees  that  the  background  of  the  new  picture 
remains  unfinished,  but  is  enclosed  by  two 
columns,  and  the  size  is  somewhat  larger.  In 
the  way  of  connoisseurship,  only  a  little 
testimony  is  offered,  but  that  little  is  quite 
emphatic.  Mr.  P.  G.  Konody  is  quoted  as  say- 
ing :  "  It  [the  newly  discovered  portrait]  is 
of  such  superb  quality  that  it  more  than  holds 
its  own  when  compared  with  the  much- 
restored  and  repainted  Louvre  masterpiece 
.  .  .  the  features  are  more  delicate,  and  let 
it  be  boldly  stated,  far  more  pleasing  and 
beautiful  than  the  Louvre  version."  It  is 
interesting  to  learn  that  the  Isleworth  picture 
is  at  present  in  this  country,  at  the  Boston 
Museum  of  Fine  Arts,  where,  in  the  words  of 
the  owner,  it  is  "  in  safe  keeping,  beyond  the 
reach  of  either  cannon-belching  culture,  the 
false  philosophy  of  force,  or  the  cardinal  vir- 
tue of  aggression."  (Scribner.) 


Fundamental,  of  Much  instruction  in  little  space 
English  language  is  to  be  found  in  Dr.  Frank  H. 

and  literature.         yizeteily»s    «  Essentials    of    En- 

glish  Speech  and  Literature."  The  author  is 
managing  editor  of  the  "  Funk  and  Wagnalls 
New  Standard  Dictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage," and  it  is  not  surprising  to  discover 
that  his  book  incidentally  impresses  upon  the 
reader  the  merits  of  that  dictionary,  and  that 
it  bears  •  the  Funk  and  Wagnalls  imprint. 
After  a  short  chapter  on  the  origin  of  our 
language,  its  growth  is  traced  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  period  to  the  time  of  Milton ;  then  fol- 
low chapters  on  some  of  the  "  mutations  of 
form  and  sense"  it  has  undergone,  the  alien 
elements  it  contains,  the  divisions  into  which 
literature  falls,  the  function  of  the  dictionary, 
the  dictionary  as  a  textbook,  the  function  of 
grammar,  the  principles  of  phonetics  and  pro- 
nunciation, with  remarks  on  reading,  rules  to 
be  observed  in  writing  for  publication,  indi- 
viduality in  writing,  and  the  corruption  of 
speech.  An  alphabetical  list  of  English  and 


American  writers  is  appended,  and  a  twenty- 
page  index  closes  the  book.  The  outline 
sketch  of  English  literature  that  fills  about  a 
third  of  the  volume  is  compact  and  useful, 
though  not  exactly  a  marvel  of  scholarship. 
Of  Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  the  author 
says  that  he  "wrote  the.  first  sonnets  ever 
written  in  English,"  and  he  makes  no  men- 
tion of  Wyatt,  Surrey's  senior  by  fourteen  or 
fifteen  years  and  acknowledged  by  him  to  be 
his  master  in  poetry,  and  commonly  credited 
with  having  taken  the  lead  in  importing  the 
sonnet  into  our  literature.  It  was  a  matter 
of  course  that  Dr.  Vizetelly  should  insist  on 
the  desirability  of  spelling-reform,  but  his 
pages  do  not  shock  a  conservative  reader  by 
any  radical  departures  from  the  accepted  or- 
thography. His  scholarly  defence  of  the  split 
infinitive  is  to  be  commended.  In  a  treatise 
so  largely  devoted  to  inculcating  and  illus- 
trating correct  usage  in  English,  it  is  a  little 
startling  to  find  the  author  allowing  himself 
such  questionable  constructions  as  "  no  less 
than  thirty,"  "  equally  as  appropriate,"  and 
"  applied  into."  One  who  essays  to  teach 
clearness  and  conciseness  as  well  as  gram- 
matical correctness  should  not  permit  himself 
to-  write  such  a  sentence  as  this,  descrip- 
tive of  Sir  Thomas  More's  best-known  work: 
"  The  book  is  a  keen  satire  of  social  and  eco- 
nomic conditions  that,  judged  by  his  other 
writings  and  his  practise,  show  More's  politi- 
cal philosophy  was  not  that  of  Utopia."  Of 
the  same  book  we  read  on  the  same  page  that 
"the  sanitation  of  cities  is  carefully  pre- 
served." By  precept,  if  not  always  by  exam- 
ple, Dr.  Vizetelly's  manual  will,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  promote  the  cause  of  good  English, 
both  in  speech  and  in  writing. 


The  completion  of  the  Panama 

Triumphs  of  ?.  .          ,  .  , ,  , 

tropical  Canal  within  the  time  allotted 

by  the  engineering  experts  is  a 
triumph  not  only  of  industrial  organization 
and  engineering  enterprise,  but  also  of  ap- 
plied biology  in  the  field  of  sanitation.  The 
extermination  of  yellow  fever  at  Havana 
resulted  from  the  discovery  by  Dr.  Reed  that 
a  particular  kind  of  female  mosquito  which 
had  bitten  a  person  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
yellow  fever  becomes  after  a  lapse  of  twelve 
to  eighteen  days  thereafter  a  source  of  yellow 
fever  to  non-immune  persons  who  are  bitten 
by  this  carrier  of  the  incubated  germs  of  this 
dread  disease.  Protection  of  yellow  fever 
patients  from  mosquitoes,  and  mosquito  ex- 
termination campaigns,  have  rid  Havana, 
New  Orleans,  and  Rio  Janeiro  of  this  great- 
est of  tropical  diseases,  and  have  made  pos- 
sible the  completion  of  the  Panama  Canal 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


225 


ahead  of  time,  and  with  a  death  rate  among 
employees  less  than  that  in  industrial  cities 
of  temperate  lands.  The  story  of  Dr.  Reed's 
discovery  and  of  its  application  to  health  con- 
trol in  Cuba  and  Panama  is  told  by  the  ex- 
pert who  accomplished  these  remarkable  feats 
in  the  face  of  doubt  and  opposition,  and  by 
the  agency  of  slowly  moving  governmental 
agencies,  in  Dr.  W.  C.  Gorgas's  "  Sanitation 
in  Panama"  (Appleton).  The  story  is  not 
without  incidents  both  humorous  and  in- 
tensely dramatic.  It  forms  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  documents  in  the  history  of  scien- 
tific achievements,  and  is  an  incontrovertible 
argument  for,  and  demonstration  of,  the  true 
nature  of  at  least  two  great  diseases,  yellow 
fever  and  malaria.  It  gives  a  logical  basis 
for  the  only  rational  attitude  of  sensible  men 
towards  the  ever-increasing  social  aspects  of 
the  prevention  of  disease  by  cooperative  so- 
cial and  governmental  agencies.  The  book  is 
interesting  reading  by  reason  of  its  simplicity, 
directness,  humor,  and  the  inclusion  of  a  bit 
of  the  romantic  history  of  Panama  in  days 
long  before  Gorgas  and  Goethals  opened  this 
highway  to  the  world.  The  triumph  at  Pan- 
ama reveals  new  vistas  of  the  possibilities  of 
the  conquest  of  the  topics  by  civilization. 


A  storehouse  The    fil*St    Vt>lume    °f    the 

of  horticultural  ten  and  enlarged  edition  of 
Professor  Liberty  H.  Bailey's 
great  horticultural  reference  work,  "  The 
Standard  Cyclopedia  of  Horticulture"  (Mac- 
millan),  was  reviewed  at  length  in  the  issue 
of  this  journal  for  August  16,  1914.  Of  Vol- 
umes II.  and  III.,  lately  published,  the  gen- 
eral purpose  and  scope  may  be  recorded  with- 
out extended  comment.  The  three  volumes 
now  completed,  representing  one-half  of  the 
whole  work,  comprise  1760  pages,  with  2047 
illustrations.  The  second  volume  begins  with 
Cabbage,  and  ends  with  Experiment  Stations 
and  Extension  Teaching  in  Horticulture. 
The  third  volume  begins  with  Faba  (a  genus 
of  beans) ,  and  ends  with  Kyllinga  (a  genus  of 
sedges).  Each  important  title  is  presented 
and  signed  by  a  recognized  authority  upon 
the  subject.  To  select  from  the  hundreds  of 
titles  a  few  for  special  mention  is  impossible, 
for  the  important  ones  are  numerous.  In  the 
two  volumes  before  us,  such  plant  titles  as 
Carnation,  Chrysanthemum,  Citrus,  Corn, 
Dahlia,  Ferns,  Grape,  occupy  the  most  space. 
But  even  more  important  to  many  are  such 
general  titles  as  Color  in  Flowers,  Diseases, 
Drainage,  Exhibitions,  Experiment  Stations, 
Fertilizers,  Floriculture,  Flower,  Forcing, 
Frost,  Fruit-growing,  Horticulture  (includ- 
ing the  literature  of  the  subject),  Irrigation, 


and  Kitchen-garden.  Under  Island  Depen- 
dencies, a  full  account  is  given  of  the  plants 
under  cultivation  in  Porto  Rico,  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  Guam,  Tutuila,  and  the  Phil- 
ippine Islands.  The  completed  work  will 
constitute  a  splendid  storehouse  of  trust- 
worthy information  for  all  who  are  interested 
in  plants  from  any  point  of  view. 

A  study  of  *n  "The  Soliloquy  in   German 

the  soliloquy  in  Drama"  ( Columbia  University 
"•"•  Press) ,  Mr.  Erwin  Roessler  has 
painstakingly  traced  the  history  of  the  solilo- 
quy from  the  mediaeval  church  plays  to  its 
abandonment  in  the  realistic  dramas  of 
Hauptmann  and  his  followers.  Although  the 
work  shows  much  careful  reading  on  the  part 
of  the  author,  it  is  unfortunately  written  after 
the  conventional  pattern  of  many  disserta- 
tions. The  striking  number  of  ideas  frankly 
taken  over  from  other  writers  is  often  but  a 
confession  of  the  author's  paucity  of  thought. 
Besides  outlining  the  history  of  the  soliloquy, 
Mr.  Roessler  states  in  his  Introduction  that 
"  the  investigation  will  attempt  to  throw  light 
on  the  question  whether  the  recent  drama  has, 
or  has  not,  gained  in  artistic  effectiveness  by 
its  gradual  disuse  of  the  soliloquy."  In  pre- 
senting his  body  of  evidence,  however,  the  au- 
thor seems  to  have  lost  sight  of  this  purpose, 
which  does  not  reappear  until  the  conclusion. 
As  a  result,  his  contention  that  "  the  elimina- 
tion of  the  soliloquy  of  thought  and  feeling  is 
a  loss  to  the  drama  and  that  their  restoration 
will  increase  its  artistic  effectiveness,"  comes 
as  a  surprise.  On  the  basis  of  the  examples 
adduced,  the  reader  still  feels  at  liberty  to 
believe  that  the  disuse  of  the  soliloquy  is  not 
only  an  important  step  in  the  advancement 
of  the  drama,  but  also  a  boon  to  the  more 
sophisticated  audience  of  the  present  day.  It 
is  unfortunate  that  the  author  has  not  com- 
mand of  an  English  style  that  would  tend  to 
make  his  discussion  more  readable.  The  an- 
cient use  of  the  soliloquy  does  not  exceed  in 
frequency  Mr.  Roessler's  use  of  the  rhetorical 
question.  In  spite  of  these  deficiencies,  how- 
ever, the  book  may  well  be  recommended  to 
those  in  search  of  a  summary  of  the  subject. 

Since  the  first  issue  of  his 
keroe:°ndmX.  "Nathan  Hale,  1776,"  fourteen 

years  ago,  Professor  Henry 
Phelps  Johnston  has  had  access  to  consid- 
erable new  material  in  the  shape  of  original 
manuscripts  dating  back  to  Hale's  time  and 
throwing  fresh  light  on  his  heroic  character 
and  the  fatal  act  of  courage  that  has  made 
him  an  object  of  increasing  interest  and  ad- 
miration to  posterity.  The  Hale  correspon- 
dence and  other  papers  now  number  nearly 


226 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


seventy  separate  pieces,  of  which  sixty-four 
are  printed,  wholly  or  in  part,  in  the  new 
edition  of  Professor  Johnston's  book,  which  is 
published  in  handsome  form  by  the  Yale  Uni- 
versity Press.  These  sixty-four  pieces  are,  as 
he  explains,  mainly  letters ;  ten  of  them,  with 
other  papers,  being  from  Hale's  pen,  the  others 
from  college  classmates  and  later  associates. 
Relegation  of  most  of  these  documents  to  the 
appendix  has  made  possible  a  more  connected 
and  smoothly  flowing  narrative  in  the  body 
of  the  book.  Accompanying  the  volume  is  a 
supplementary  leaflet  giving  the  lately  dis- 
covered description  of  Hale  by  his  fellow 
officer,  Lieutenant  Elisha  Bostwick.  Illustra- 
tions show  the  Hale  homestead  and  monument 
at  South  Coventry,  Connecticut,  the  hero- 
martyr's  powder-horn  and  other  personal  be- 
longings, examples  of  his  autograph  and  his 
father's,  and  the  site  of  his  execution.  Bibli- 
ography and  index  round  out  this  notable 
memorial  to  one  whose  last  words  will  not 
soon  cease  to  stir  the  soul, —  "I  only  regret 
that  I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my 
country."  - 

BRIEFER  MENTION. 

As  the  editors  hint  in  their  Preface  to  the  1915 
edition  of  "The  Statesman's  Year-Book"  (Mac- 
millan),  the  difficulties  confronted  in  the  revision 
of  the  work  for  this  present  year  of  upheaval 
must  have  been  rather  staggering.  Yet  they  have 
been  bravely  met,  and  the  work  seems  to  have 
suffered  little  in  consequence.  During  the  fifty- 
two  years  in  which  it  has  annually  appeared, 
"  The  Statesman's  Year-Book  "  has  made  a  place 
for  itself  which  no  other  reference  book  has  been 
able  to  encroach  upon,  and  to  praise  either  its 
plan  or  its  execution  would  now  be  almost  an 
impertinence. 

Of  the  always  valuable  special  numbers  issued 
from  time  to  time  by  "  The  International  Studio  " 
(John  Lane  Co.),  the  latest  two  are  "The  Year- 
Book  of  Decorative  Art "  for  1915,  and  a  mono- 
graph on  "  Old  English  Mansions."  The  first 
named  is  devoted  in  largest  part  to  a  review  of 
recent  developments  in  English  domestic  architec- 
ture, particularly  small  country  houses  and  cot- 
tages. But  there  are  also  chapters  on  "Architec- 
ture and  Decoration  in  the  United  States," 
"  Wall-paper  Designers  and  their  Work,"  and 
"  British  Decoration."  As  usual  with  the  "Studio" 
publications,  the  illustrations  (including  several 
plates  in  colors)  are  profuse  in  number  and  irre- 
proachable in  execution.  The  purpose  of  "  Old 
English  Mansions "  is  to  present  a  collection  of 
sixty  excellent  full-page  reproductions  of  the 
architectural  drawings  of  Joseph  Nash,  C.  J. 
Richardson,  J.  D.  Harding,  Henry  Shaw,  and 
other  early  nineteenth  century  draughtsmen  who 
have  preserved  for  posterity  a  graphic  record  of 
many  of  England's  storied  homes.  To  the  archi- 
tect, no  less  than  to  the  lay  reader  of  antiquarian 
bent,  the  volume  should  make  a  strong  appeal. 


NOTES. 


A  picture  of  England  as  presented  in  English 
literature  has  been  completed  by  Mr.  Edward 
Thomas,  and  is  soon  to  be  published  under  the 
title,  "A  Literary  Pilgrim  in  England." 

Seven  of  Strindberg's  shorter  prose  tales  have 
been  collected  into  a  volume  soon  to  be  published 
by  Messrs.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  under  the  title, 
"  The  German  Lieutenant,  and  Other  Stories." 

Professor  Joseph  Jastrow's  work  on  "  Character 
and  Temperament,"  which  was  first  announced  for 
publication  several  months  ago,  is  soon  to  appear 
in  Messrs.  Appleton's  "  Conduct  of  the  Mind 
Series." 

A  forthcoming  addition,  the  first  that  has  been 
made  for  a  long  time,  to  Messrs.  Appleton's 
"  Literatures  of  the  World  "  series,  is  "A  History 
of  Latin  Literature,"  by  Professor  Marcus  Dims- 
dale,  of  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

The  late  Mr.  F.  Hopkinson  Smith's  last  novel, 
"  Felix  O'Day,"  of  which  he  had  completed  the 
final  revision  of  proofs  just  before  his  death,  will 
Jbe  published  by  Messrs.  Scribners  on  the  18th 
inst.  The  scenes  are  laid  in  New  York  City. 

The  "Memories  and  Anecdotes"  of  Miss  Kate 
Sanborn,  which  Messrs.  Putnam  will  publish  dur- 
ing the  autumn,  will  contain  personal  reminiscences 
of  a  host  of  American  celebrities,  from  Emerson  to 
Mark  Twain,  and  is  likely  to  prove  delightful 
reading. 

The  fourth  volume  of  "  Glimpses  of  the  Cos- 
mos: A  Mental  Autobiography,"  by  Lester  F. 
Ward,  is  announced  by  Messrs.  Putnam.  It  deals 
with  the  period  1885-1893,  between  the  forty- 
fourth  and  fifty-second  years  of  the  distinguished 
author's  life. 

Two  interesting  interpretations  of  great  writers, 
evidently  the  first  volumes  in  a  projected  series, 
are  announced  by  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  in  Pro- 
fessor William  Lyon  Phelps's  "  Browning :  How 
to  Know  Him,"  and  Professor  Bliss  Perry's 
"  Carlyle :  How  to  Know  Him." 

In  her  volume  on  "  Six  French  Poets,"  which 
the  Macmillan  Co.  is  soon  to  publish,  Miss  Amy 
Lowell  will  present  a  series  of  biographical  and 
critical  essays  dealing  with  Emile  Verhaeren,  Al- 
bert Samain,  Remy  de  Gourmont,  Henri  de  Reg- 
nier,  Francis  Jammes,  and  Paul  Fort. 

Two  interesting  contributions  to  the  literature  of 
the  stage  are  announced  by  Messrs.  Lippincott  in 
Mr.  Maurice  Sand's  "  The  History  of  the  Harle- 
quinade "  and  Mr.  Mark  E.  Perugini's  "  The  Art 
of  the  Ballet."  The  first-named  work  will  contain 
a  number  of  hand-colored  illustrations. 

A  single-volume  edition  of  Mr.  Graham  Bal- 
four's  "  Life  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson,"  in 
condensed  form  but  containing  some  new  and  inter- 
esting matter,  is  in  press  with  Messrs.  Scribner. 
A  series  of  topographical  illustrations  by  Mr. 
Kerr  Eby  will  be  a  special  feature  of  the  volume. 

We  are  glad  to  note  the  forthcoming  publication 
by  Mr.  Thomas  B.  Mosher  of  three  volumes  inaugu- 
rating a  series  of  "  Lyra  Americana."  The  initial 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


227 


titles  comprise  "  The  Rose-Jar,"  by  Mr.  Thomas  S. 
Jones,  Jr.;  "A  Handful  of  Lavender,"  by  Lizette 
Woodworth  Reese ;  and  "  The  Rose  from  the 
Ashes,"  by  Miss  Edith  M.  Thomas.  The  quality  of 
these  three  writers  is  a  hopeful  augury  of  the 
standards  evidently  to  be  maintained  by  the  series. 

Mr.  Burton  E.  Stevenson  has  compiled  and  Mr. 
Willy  Pogany  has  illustrated  "  The  Home  Book  of 
Verse  for  Young  People,"  which  endeavors  to  do 
for  children  the  same  service  that  Mr.  Stevenson 
did  for  adult  readers  in  "  The  Home  Book  of 
Verse."  It  will  be  published  this  month  by  Messrs. 
Holt. 

An  addition  to  Napoleonic  literature  in  the  shape 
of  a  volume  of  "  Letters  of  Captain  Engelbert 
Lutyens,  Orderly  Officer  at  Longwood,  St.  Helena, 
February,  1820  —  November,  1823,"  edited  from 
the  originals  in  the  British  Museum  by  Sir  Lees 
Knowles,  is  one  of  the  forthcoming  publications  of 
the  John  Lane  Co. 

A  collected  edition  of  the  poems  of  Rupert 
Brooke,  the  gifted  young  Englishman  who  recently 
died  from  sunstroke  while  serving  in  the  Dar- 
danelles campaign,  will  be  brought  out  this  month 
by  the  John  Lane  Co.  The  volume  will  contain  a 
biographical  introduction  by  Miss  Margaret  Hav- 
ington,  and  a  photogravure  portrait. 

"  The  Popular  Science  Monthly "  has  been 
bought  by  the  Modern  Publishing  Company  of 
New  York  City,  and  consolidated  with  "  The 
World's  Advance,"  formerly  "  Popular  Elec- 
tricity." The  two  magazines  will  be  merged  under 
the  title  of  "The  Popular  Science  Monthly," 
beginning  with  the  November  issue.  Mr.  Walde- 
mar  Kaempffert,  for  a  long  time  editor  of  the 
monthly,  will  continue  in  that  position. 

Three  critical  studies  of  the  work  of  famous 
authors  will  be  published  at  once  by  Messrs.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  Mr.  P.  P.  Howe  discusses  Mr.  Ber- 
nard Shaw's  personality  as  well  as  the  various 
phases  of  his  work;  Miss  Una  Taylor  offers  a 
criticism  of  M.  Maeterlinck  as  poet,  playwright, 
and  philosopher;  Mr.  Forrest  Reid,  in  his  volume 
on  Mr.  W.  B.  Yeats,  includes  a  biography,  al- 
though he  is  more  concerned  with  Mr.  Yeats  as  a 
writer  than  as  a  man. 

The  first  edition  in  English  of  the  great  Russian 
epic,  "  The  Armament  of  Igor,"  is  about  to  be 
published  by  the  Oxford  University  Press.  The 
editor  is  Mr.  L.  A.  Magnus,  LL.D.,  who  has  writ- 
ten a  general  introduction  and  gives  a  revised  text, 
with  translation,  full  notes,  genealogical  tables,  etc. 
The  poem,  which  describes  a  disastrous  foray  by 
Igor  Svyatoslavic  in  1185,  forms  part  of  the  ordi- 
nary school  course  in  Russia,  and  outside  Russia  is 
set  for  university  courses  in  Slavonic;  and  the 
English  edition  is  intended  for  both  the  student 
and  the  general  reader. 

The  current  quarterly  "News  Notes  of  Califor- 
nia Libraries,"  a  pamphlet  of  three  hundred 
double-column  pages,  devotes  thirty-nine  of  those 
pages  to  an  annotated  list  of  material  in  the  State 
Library  on  the  subject  of  California  Indians.  It 
also  contains  a  review  of  recent  California  legisla- 


tion, notably  library  and  school  legislation,  and  the 
usual  brief  reports  from  all  public  libraries  in  the 
State,  a  "Directory  for  Library  Supplies  and 
Other  Items  of  General  Interest,"  and  reports  from 
the  California  Library  Association,  the  Board  of 
Library  Examiners,  and  the  State  Library,  with 
classified  list  of  recent  accessions  to  the  latter. 

For  some  years  past,  the  late  Professor  Thomas 
R.  Lounsbury  had  been  engaged  upon  a  literary 
biography  of  Tennyson.  It  was  not  his  purpose 
to  cover  the  entire  life  of  the  poet,  but  only  the 
most  interesting  part  of  it,  ending  with  the  pub- 
lication of  the  "  Idylls  of  the  King."  At  the  time 
of  his  death,  Professor  Lounsbury  had  reached  the 
annus  mirabilis,  when  "  In  Memoriam  "  appeared 
and  Tennyson  was  appointed  Poet  Laureate. 
These  chapters,  some  of  which  were  left  incom- 
plete, have  been  prepared  for  the  press  by  Pro- 
fessor Cross,  and  will  be  published  in  the  autumn. 

A  collected  edition  in  two  volumes  of  "  The 
Political  Writings  of  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,"  ed- 
ited from  the  original  manuscript  and  authentic 
editions,  with  introduction  and  notes,  by  Profes- 
sor C.  E.  Vaughan,  is  in  preparation  at  the  Cam- 
bridge University  Press.  The  editor's  aim  has 
been  to  collect  all  the  political  writings  of  Rous- 
seau in  one  body  and  present  them  for  the  first 
time  in  the  text  which  Rousseau  actually  wrote, 
as  well  as  to  define  his  place  in  the  history  of 
political  thought.  At  present  the  printed  material 
is  scattered  over  numerous  volumes,  various  pieces 
which  have  come  to  light  during  the  last  sixty 
years  having  not  yet  been  included  in  the  collected 
"  Works."  Some  further  "  Fragments  "  are  now 
added  which  have  hitherto  remained  buried  in  the 
library  of  Neuchatel.  These  include  several  slight 
autobiographical  pieces  which  throw  a  certain 
amount  of  light  on  the  frame  of  mind  in  which 
the  "  Confessions  "  were  written.  The  treatise  on 
Corsica  has  hitherto  been  known  only  in  a  faulty 
text. 

The  committee  in  charge  of  the  Dramatic  Mu- 
seum of  Columbia  University  is  issuing  in  limited 
editions  several  series  of  documents  dealing  with 
the  theory  and  the  practice  of  the  art  of  the 
theatre, —  reprints  of  inaccessible  essays  and  ad- 
dresses, translations  from  foreign  tongues,  and 
original  papers.  These  documents  are  furnished 
with  introductions,  and  they  are  annotated  ade- 
quately, but  succinctly.  The  second  series  (to  be 
ready  for  distribution  in  October),  will  consist  of 
the  following  four  papers  on  acting :  "  The 
Illusion  of  the  First  Time  in  Acting,"  by  Mr. 
William  Gillette,  with  an  introduction  by  Mr. 
George  Arliss;  "Art  and  the  Actor,"  by  Constant 
Coquelin;  translated  by  Abby  Langdon  Alger, 
with  an  introduction  by  Mr.  Henry  James ;  "  Mrs. 
Siddons  as  Lady  Macbeth  and  Queen  Katherine," 
by  Mr.  H.  C.  Fleeming  Jenkin,  with  an  introduc- 
tion by  Professor  Brander  Matthews ;  "  Reflex- 
ions on  Acting,"  by  Talma,  with  an  introduction 
by  Sir  Henry  Irving  and  a  review  by  Mr.  H.  C. 
Fleeming  Jenkin.  Like  the  previous  set  of  four 
volumes  on  play-making,  this  new  series  will  be 
issued  in  an  edition  limited  to  300  copies  available 
to  the  public. 


228 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS. 


The  classified  list  of  books  announced  for 
autumn  and  winter  publication,  herewith  pre- 
sented in  accordance  with  a  long-time  annual 
custom  of  this  journal,  is  as  nearly  complete 
as  the  exigencies  of  the  publishing  business 
and  the  necessary  cooperation  of  the  pub- 
lishers in  supplying  the  needed  data  have 
permitted  us  to  make  it.  As  usual,  consid- 
erations of  space  have  made  necessary  the 
carrying  over  to  our  next  issue  of  the  two 
departments,  "  School  and  College  Text- 
Books  "  and  "  Books  for  the  Young."  Inclu- 
sive of  these  categories,  the  list  comprises  this 
year  approximately  sixteen  hundred  titles, 
representing  the  output  of  some  sixty  pub- 
lishers,—  surely  a  surprisingly  good  showing 
in  view  of  the  abnormal  conditions  brought 
about  by  the  war.  In  the  leading  editorial 
in  this  issue  of  THE  DIAL,  some  of  the  more 
notable  and  interesting  features  of  the  present 
announcement  list  are  commented  upon. 

BIOGRAPHY    AND    REMINISCENCES. 

Life,  Letters,  and  Journals  of  John  Muir. —  Julia 
Ward  Howe,  1819  to  1910,  by  Laura  E.  Eichards 
and  Maud  Howe  Elliott,  limited  edition,  2  vols., 
illus.,  $7.50  net. —  Reminiscences,  by  Lyman  Abbott, 
illus.,  $3.50  net. —  The  Life  of  Lord  Strathcona 
and  Mount  Royal,  by  Beckles  Willson,  2  vols.,  illus., 
$6.50  net. —  The  Life  and  Letters  of  John  Hay, 
based  on  his  diaries  and  correspondence,  by  William 
Roscoe  Thayer,  2  vols.,  illus.,  $5.  net. —  The  Fall 
of  Mary  Stuart,  by  Frank  A.  Mumby,  illus.,  $3. 
net. —  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  edited  by 
Robert  8.  Rait,  M.A.,  and  William  Page,  F.S.A., 
new  vols. :  The  Life  of  Henry  V.,  by  R.  B.  Mowat ; 
The  Life  of  Henry  VI.,  by  Mrs.  Christie;  each 
illus.,  per  vol.,  $2.50  net. —  Brissot  de  Warville,  by 
Eloise  Ellery,  $1.75  net.  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

The  Life  of  Clara  Barton,  by  Percy  H.  Epler,  illus., 
$2.50  net. —  In  the  Footsteps  of  Napoleon,  his  life 
and  its  famous  scenes,  illus.,  $2.50  net. —  The  Life 
of  Benjamin  Disraeli,  Earl  of  Beaeonsfield,  by 
W.  F.  Monypenny  and  George  Earl  Buckle,  Vol. 
IV.,  illus.,  $3.  net. —  Henry  Codman  Potter,  Sev- 
enth Bishop  of  New  York,  by  George  Hodges,  illus., 
$3.50  net.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

Memories  of  a  Publisher,  by  George  Haven  Putnam, 
with  portrait,  $2.  net. —  Sixty  Years  in  the  Wil- 
derness, reminiscences  of  Sir  Henry  W.  Lucy,  Vol. 
III.,  Nearing  Jordan,  illus.,  $3.  net. —  The  Every- 
day Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  by  Francis  F. 
Browne,  new  and  cheaper  edition,  with  portraits, 
$1.75  net. —  Memories  and  Anecdotes,  by  Kate 
Sanborn,  illus.,  $2.  net.—  Isabel  of  Castile,  and  the 
making  of  the  Spanish  Nation,  by  lerne  Plunkett, 
illus.,  $2.50  net. —  (G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.) 

Emma  Darwin,  a  century  of  family  letters,  1792  to 
1896,  edited  by  Henrietta  Litchfield,  2  vols.,  illus. 
in  photogravure,  etc.,  $5.  net. —  Forty  Years  in 
Constantinople,  recollections  of  Sir  Edwin  Pears, 
1873-1915,  illus.,  $5.  net.  (D.  Appleton  &  Co.) 

My  Childhood,  by  Maxim  Gorky,  $2.  net. —  Pleasures 
and  Palaces,  by  Princess  Lazarovich-Hrebeliano- 
vich,  illus.,  $3.  net. —  Marie  Tarnowska,  by  A.  Vi- 
vanti  Chartres,  illus.,  $1.50  net.  (Century  Co.) 


The  Life  and  Times  of  Tennyson,  by  Thomas  R. 
Lounsbury,  LL.D.  (Yale  University  Press.) 

My  Harvest,  by  Richard  Whiteing,  illus.,  $2.50  net. 
—  Recollections  of  an  Irish  Judge,  Press,  Bar,  and 
Parliament,  by  M.  McD.  Bodkin,  illus.,  $3.  net. — 
S.  N.  Castle,  Hawaiian  missionary  and  pioneer,  by 
W.  R.  Castle,  illus.,  $2.50  net.— The  Rival  Sul- 
tanas, Nell  Gwyn,  Louise  de  Keroualle,  and  Hor- 
tense  Mancini,  by  H.  Noel  Williams,  illus.,  $3.50 
net. —  Court  Life  from  Within,  by  H.'  R,  H.  the 
Infanta  Eulalia  of  Spain,  illus.,  $2.50  net. —  The 
Life  of  Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo,  by  R,  B.  Cun- 
ninghame  Graham,  illus.,  $2.  net. —  My  Life,  the 
autobiography  of  Richard  Wagner,  popular  edition, 
2  vols.,  $3.50  net. —  The  Voyages  of  Captain  Scott, 
retold  from  "  The  Voyage  of  the  '  Discovery  '  "  and 
"  Scott's  Last  Expedition,"  by  Charles  Turley,  with 
Introduction  by  James  M.  Barrie,  illus.  in  photo- 
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232 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


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1915] 


THE   DIAL 


233 


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234 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept.  16 


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1915] 


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235 


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237 


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239 


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240 


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[  Sept.  16 


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242 


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The   Dentli   of  Ivan  Ilyltch,  and  Other   Stories.     By 

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pages.     John  Lane  Co.     $1.35  net. 
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Handbook  of  Medical  Entomology.  By  Wm.  A. 
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A  Trip  to  South  America:  Report  to  the  President 
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Evanston:  Northwestern  University  Press. 
Paper. 

Notes  on  South  American  Birds,  with  Descriptions 
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Chicago:  Field  Museum  of  National  History. 
Paper. 

BOOKS   OF   REFERENCE. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  1914.  Illustrated,  large 
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jLowland  Scotch:  As  Spoken  in  the  Lower  Strat- 
hearn  District  of  Perthshire.  By  Sir  James 
Wilson,  K.C.S.I.  With  frontispiece,  Svo,  276 
pages.  Oxford  University  Press. 

Walton's  Vermont  Register:  Business  Directory, 
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pages.  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Making  of  an  American's  Library.  By  Arthur 
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THE   DIAL 


247 


A  Protest  Against  the  New  Tyranny 

WHICH  IS  NOT  THE  NEARLY  OBSOLETE  DESPOTISM  OF 
ONE  MAN  OVER  THE  PEOPLE  BUT  THE  NEWER  DESPOTISM 

of  Overzealous  and  Indiscriminate  Popular  Legislation 

OVER  THE  RIGHTS  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL  CITIZEN 

The  dangers  to  America  from  this  new  tyranny  have  been  ably  pointed  out  in  the  August 
FORUM  by  Mr.  Truxtun  Beale,  the  eminent  publicist  and  donor  to  education.  In  his  con- 
tribution he  shows  how  applicable  to  our  present-day  conditions  are  the  remarkable  essays  by 
Herbert  Spencer  published  in  England  fifty  years  ago  under  the  title  THE  MAN  vs.  THE 
STATE.  Through  Mr.  Beale's  co-operation  THE  FORUM  will  republish  all  of  these  essays 
serially,  each  chapter  to  be  accompanied  by  expository  articles  on  its  present-day  significance, 
these  articles  being  specially  written  by  the  most  eminent  American  authorities.  Beginning  in 
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tributors are  as  follows: 


The  New  Toryism 

By  EHHU  ROOT 
The  Great  Political  Superstition 

By  NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER 
The  Duty  of  the  State 

By  WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT 
Over  Legislation 

By  JUDGE  E.  H.  GARY 


The  Coming  Slavery 

By  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE 
Specialized  Legislation 

By  CHARLES  W.  ELIOT 
From  Freedom  to  Bondage 

By  AUGUSTUS  P.  GARDNER 
The  Postscript 

By  DAVID  JAYNE  HILL 


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248  THE     DIAL  [Sept.  16, 1915 

"The  acclaimed  historian  and  interpreter  of  contemporary  drama     ...     a  fulness  of  understanding  not  only 
of  the  drama  of  the  stage,  but  of  the  great  drama  of  life  itself." — Review  of  Reviews. 

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250  THE    DIAL  [Sept.  30 


A  Protest  Against  the  New  Tyranny 

WHICH  IS  NOT  THE  NEARLY  OBSOLETE  DESPOTISM  OF 
ONE  MAN  OVER  THE  PEOPLE  BUT  THE  NEWER  DESPOTISM 

of  Overzealous  and  Indiscriminate  Popular  Legislation 

OVER  THE  RIGHTS  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL  CITIZEN 

The  dangers  to  America  from  this  new  tyranny  have  been  ably  pointed  out  in  the  August 
FORUM  by  Mr.  Truxtun  Beale,  the  eminent  publicist  and  donor  to  education.  In  this  con- 
tribution he  shows  how  applicable  to  our  present-day  conditions  are  the  remarkable  essays  by 
Herbert  Spencer  published  in  England  fifty  years  ago  under  the  title  THE  MAN  vs.  THE 
STATE.  THE  FORUM  will  republish  eight  of  these  essays  serially,  each  chapter  to  be 
accompanied  by  expository  articles  on  its  present-day  significance,  these  articles  being  specially 
written  by  the  most  eminent  American  authorities.  Beginning  in  the  September  FORUM 
with  Senator  Root's  article,  the  chapters  with  their  expository  contributors  are  as  follows: 

The  New  Toryism  The  Coming  Slavery 

By  ELIHU  ROOT  By  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE 

The  Great  Political  Superstition  Specialised  Legislation 

By  NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER  By  CHARLES  W.  ELIOT 

The  Duty  of  the  State  From  Freedom  to  Bondage 

By  WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT  By  AUGUSTUS  P.  GARDNER 

Over  Legislation  The  Postscript 

By  JUDGE  E.  H.  GARY  By  DAVID  JAYNE  HILL 

A  Real  Public  Service  is  Being  Rendered  in  this  Symposium 

READ  THEM  ALL  IN  THE  FORUM 

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THE   DIAL 


251 


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3  Jfortmsftflp  journal  of  mterarp  Criticism,  Bisfcusteton,  anb  Strtormatton. 


VoL  LAY.      SEPTEMBER  30,  1915       No.  702 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


THE  GREAT   VOCATION.     Grant   Showerman  253 

CASUAL,  COMMENT 256 

The  simultaneous  nutrition  of  mind  and  body. 

—  French   literary   genius  as  food   for  can- 
non.—  Unpopular     periodicals. —  South     Af- 
rica's favorite  author. — A  new  use  for  the 
card  catalogue. —  Reading  in  bed. —  The  psy- 
chological wherefore  of  the  woman  librarian. 

—  Herr  Lissauer's  literary  lapse. — The  ago- 
nies of  "  moving  day  "  in  a  large  library. — 
The  real  things  of  life. — Warsaw's  literary 
treasure. — The  favorite  reading  of  clergymen. 

—  Literary     artists     in     the    trenches. —  In- 
struction in  library  economy  in  Holland. 

COMMUNICATIONS 261 

A    French    Translation    of    "  The    Egoist." 

Benj.  M.  Woodbridge. 
The  German  War  Book.     Saml.  A.  Tannen- 

baum. 
Elements  of  the  Short  Story.     I.  M.  Eubi- 

now. 
A  CENTURY'S  RECORDS  OF  TWO  FAMOUS 

FAMILIES.     T.  D.  A.  CocJcerell  ....  263 
THE  NEW  RUSSIA.    Frederic  Austin  Ogg     .     .  264 
Wiener's   An   Interpretation   of   the   Russian 
People. — Vinogradoff' s  The  Russian  Problem. 

—  Mackail's  Russia's  Gift  to  the   World. — 
Graham's  Russia  and  the  World. —  Garstin's 
Friendly   Russia. —  Hubback's  Russian  Real- 
ities.— Young's  Abused  Russia. 

A  VIENNESE  PLAYWRIGHT  IN  ENGLISH. 

Winifred  Smith 267 

THE   BUILDING   OF   WASHINGTON.     FisJce 

Kimball 269 

AN    AUTHORITATIVE    HISTORY    OF    THE 

JAPANESE  PEOPLE.     Payson  J.  Treat  270 
RECENT  POETRY.    Raymond  M.  Alden   .     .     .271 
Phillips's  Panama,   and  Other  Poems. —  Ste- 
phens's  Songs  from  the  Clay. —  Binyon's  The 
Winnowing    Fan. —  Miss    Cornf ord's    Spring 
Morning. —  Miss  Mackellar's  The  Witch-Maid, 
and    Other    Verses. —  Miss    Davis's   Crack   o' 
Dawn. —  Hooker's  Poems. —  Frost's  North  of 
Boston. —  Mackaye's     The     Present    Hour. — 
Bynner's  The  New  World. 

NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS 276 

BRIEFS   ON   NEW   BOOKS 277 

Welfare  work  in  modern  industry. —  French 
faith  and  works  in  the  great  war. —  Memories 
of  a  blind  poet  and  naturalist. —  Mr.  Wells's 
"  holiday  in  book-making." —  Decorating  and 
furnishing  the  city  apartment. —  Our  national 
government  and  its  work. — A  resume  of  the 
Chinese  Revolution. —  The  home  library's 
larger  possibilities. — An  enemy's  estimate  of 
the  Germans. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 281 

NOTES 282 

TOPICS  IN  OCTOBER  PERIODICALS  .  .  .283 
ADDITIONAL  FALL  ANNOUNCEMENTS  .  .  284 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  288 


THE  GREAT  VOCATION. 


Insistence  on  the  practical  in  education  is 
one  of  the  no  new  things  under  the  sun. 
"When  went  there  by  an  age,  since  the  great  flood," 
without  its  wiseacres  of  the  cross-roads  and  the 
market  unable  to  see  the  good  in  this  or  that 
study,  without  its  self-made  men  to.point  with 
pride  to  their  own  manufacture  as  a  satisfac- 
tory proof  that  book-learning  was  futile,  with- 
out its  half-educated  prophets  to  encourage  the 
unenlightened  discontent  of  pupil  and  parent  ? 

Fortunately  for  both  the  intellectual  and 
practical  affairs  of  the  world,  however,  educa- 
tional matters  have  never  been  for  any  length 
of  time  wholly  in  the  control  of  either  the 
wiseacres  or  the  self-made  man  or  the  educa- 
tional demagogue.  At  really  crucial  moments, 
these  personages  have  usually  been  inspired 
with  the  good  sense,  if  not  to  leave  educational 
policy  to  intellectual  experts,  at  least  them- 
selves to  act  under  expert  guidance.  Society 
on  the  whole  has  submitted  itself,  in  intellec- 
tual matters,  to  intellectual  leadership. 

With  the  advance  of  democracy,  there  has 
been  in  this  respect  a  tendency  to  change.  The 
emphasis  upon  the  people's  right  to  be  edu- 
cated, and  upon  government's  duty  and  privi- 
lege to  educate  them,  has  had  effects  both  bad 
and  good.  Among  the  good,  especially  in  the 
United  States,  have  been  the  dissemination  of 
educational  opportunity  and  the  elevation  of 
the  popular  level  of  intelligence.  Among  the 
bad  has  been  the  tendency  toward  popular 
control  of  educational  ideals  and  educational 
policy.  Government  has  been  of  the  people, 
by  the  people,  and  for  the  people ;  and  educa- 
tion, too,  the  gift  and  the  instrument  of  gov- 
ernment, has  tended  to  be  of  the  people,  by  the 
people,  and  for  the  people.  The  dissemina- 
tion of  popular  educational  opportunity  and 
the  elevation  of  the  level  of  popular  intelli- 
gence have  been  accompanied  by  a  restriction 
of  expert  opportunity  and  a  lowering  of  the 
level  of  expert  intelligence.  Great  numbers  of 
the  people  are  ambitious  to  acquire  the  knowl- 
edge so  easily  accessible,  but  only  because 
knowledge  is  a  useful  instrument  in  practical 
affairs.  Comparatively  .few  conceive  of  it  as  a 
source  of  growth  into  full  stature  rather  than 


254 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


an  instrument.  Fewer  still  are  born  again, 
into  the  Kingdom  of  the  Intellectual,  to  realize 
the  significance  of  the  higher  life  of  the  mind 
both  to  the  individual  and  to  society.  The 
majority  principle  is  prevailing  in  educational 
sentiment  as  well  as  at  the  polls,  and  the  great 
numbers  are  having  their  way. 

Among  the  manifestations  of  this  popular 
control  of  ideals  and  policy,  none  is  more 
noticeable  than  the  recent  and  growing  de- 
mand for  vocational  training.  This,  too,  is  no 
new  thing  under  the  sun.  There  has  always 
been  a  demand  for  vocational  training — a  just 
and  necessary  demand;  and  the  demand  has 
usually  met  with  some  manner  of  response. 
Expert  professional  men  and  craftsmen  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare,  and  it  is  the  interest 
as  well  as  the  duty  of  society  to  encourage 
expertness  in  some  substantial  way.  In  major 
degree,  the  response  is  to  be  seen  in  the  elabo- 
rate European  systems  of  technical  schools. 
In  minor  degree,  it  is  to  be  seen  in  the 
much  less  extensive  and  effective  provision  of 
America. 

There  is,  nevertheless,  something  new  in 
regard  to  vocational  training.  It  is  to  be 
observed  especially  in  the  United  States.  This 
new  thing  is,  not  the  establishment  of  voca- 
tional courses  or  schools,  but  the  establishment 
of  them  at  the  expense  of  the  general  intellec- 
tual ideal.  If  the  European  countries  are 
allowing  the  "  vocationalizing  "  of  gymnasium, 
lycee,  or  college,  it  is  at  most  in  very  slight 
degree.  Europe  has  met  the  demand  for  tech- 
nical instruction  by  reaching  down  into  its 
pocket  and  equipping  real  technical  schools, 
separate  and  efficient,  preserving  intact  the 
institutions  that  have  so  long  stood  for  the 
higher  intellectual  life.  The  United  States, 
realizing  the  need,  but  lacking  the  Old  "World's 
courage  and  enlightenment,  is  robbing  her 
high  schools  and  colleges  to  satisfy  the  popular 
demand  for  the  vocational,  with  the  result  that 
not  only  is  vocational  training  provided  only 
in  form,  but  that  higher  education  is  preserved 
only  in  form.  The  college  of  liberal  arts  in  the 
university  is  already  in  great  part  profession- 
alized, and  the  high  school  is  fast  becoming 
vocationalized,  in  spirit  if  not  in  actual  fact. 
Liberal  education  in  the  college,  except  as  it  is 
accidental  to  professional  preparation,  is 
threatened  with  extinction ;  and  liberal  educa- 
tion in  the  State  institutions  in  general,  both 
secondary  and  higher,  is  in  so  serious  a  condi- 
tion of  discouragement  that  its  friends  are 


already  looking  for  salvation  to  the  rise  of 
institutions  unprejudiced  by  popular  control. 

To  be  more  concrete :  we  have  heard  a  great 
deal  of  late  about  the  high  school  as  the 
"  people's  college,"  and  of  its  duty  to  prepare 
the  people's  sons  and  daughters  for  "life." 
Those  who  are  of  this  mind  are  thinking  of 
"  life  "  in  vocational  terms,  as  the  earning  of  a 
livelihood  in  some  trade,  business,  or  profes- 
sion. If  a  girl  wishes  to  be  a  stenographer  or 
bookkeeper,  if  a  boy  intends  to  follow  a  clerical 
or  mechanical  calling,  the  public  school,  ac- 
cording to  the  vocational  enthusiast,  should 
prepare  them  to  make  an  easy  and  more  or  less 
direct  transition  from  the  school  room  to  their 
chosen  occupations.  Literature,  music,  lan- 
guage, algebra,  history,  and  all  studies  and 
parts  of  studies  which  do  not  contribute  di- 
rectly and  immediately  to  this  purpose,  are  not 
"  vital,"  and  are  to  be  regarded  as  mere  accom- 
plishments, if  not  as  a  pure  waste  of  the  pupil's 
time  and  the  people's  money. 

This  is  easy  logic,  as  is  all  logic  based  on 
imperfect  understanding.  The  friends  of  lib- 
eral education,  or  general  culture,  or  pure 
learning,  or  whatever  we  choose  to  call  the 
education  that  is  accused  of  not  preparing  for 
"  life,"  are  able  to  see  the  vocational  argument, 
but  their  vision  does  not  find  there  the  limit  of 
its  range. 

In  the  first  place,  vocational  training  worthy 
of  the  name  in  the  high  school  is  practically 
impossible.  Actual  count  would  demonstrate 
that  the  number  of  vocational  subjects  in 
which  courses  could  be  devised  is  so  great  that 
provision  for  school  instruction  in  even  a  frac- 
tion of  them  would  require  an  outlay  in  build- 
ings, apparatus,  and  teachers  far  greater  than 
that  more  or  less  grudgingly  furnished  for 
the  present  comparatively  simple  programme. 

Further,  with  the  most  generous  provision, 
some  vocations  considered  important  by  many 
a  pupil  and  parent  would  still  remain  unrepre- 
sented. Why  the  privilege  of  free  instruction 
in  carpentering  and  accounting,  and  not  in 
barbering  and  shoemaking,  plumbing  and 
manicuring?  Logically  and  practically,  com- 
plete satisfaction  would  be  impossible. 

Until,  therefore,  the  State  shall  have  secured 
the  moral  and  financial  support  necessary  to 
the  institution  of  large  numbers  of  technical 
courses  and  schools,  it  will  have  to  limit  its 
instruction  to  such  vocations  as  come  the  near- 
est to  being  common  to  all  the  pupils  and  to 
the  State  itself. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


255 


Of  the  absolutely  universal  vocation,  there 
is  one  example,  and  only  one.  This  is  the 

GREAT    VOCATION  —  the    Vocation    Of    ENLIGHT- 
ENED CITIZENSHIP. 

The  phrase  may  not  be  in  common  use,  and 
the  idea  may  not  be  clearly  formulated  in  the 
citizen  mind,  but  the  educational  policy  of 
the  State  has  nevertheless  always  been  based 
on  the  principle.  Nine-tenths  of  what  is 
taught  in  both  grades  and  high  school  is  not 
really  necessary  to  the  earning  of  a  livelihood. 
The  great  mass  of  instruction  in  the  college  of 
liberal  arts  has  always  been  of  the  same  sort. 
When  the  State  has  felt  itself  able,  it  has  estab- 
lished technical  and  professional  schools  for 
training  in  such  vocations  as  it  regarded  most 
important  to  itself  —  the  highly  specialized 
instruments  of  the  general  welfare :  law,  medi- 
cine, teaching,  agriculture,  engineering.  Yet 
it  has  never  until  recently  substituted  the 
narrowly  vocational  for  the  broad  and  funda- 
mental. It  has  only  added  it.  It  has  recog- 
nized that  the  non-vocational  is  the  great 
foundation  —  that  the  best  lawyers,  the  best 
physicians,  the  best  teachers,  the  best  agricul- 
turists, the  best  engineers,  are  those  whose  first 
vocation  is  enlightened  citizenship.  It  would 
have  done  the  same  by  religion,  but  for  the 
conviction  that  other  means  were  better. 

The  training  that  leads  to  enlightened  citi- 
zenship is  not  vocational  in  the  narrow  sense. 
What  the  vocational  enthusiast  is  mainly  and 
frankly  thinking  of,  the  preparation  of  the 
pupil  for  the  earning  of  a  living,  is  more  or 
less  narrow,  selfish,  and  uncivic.  It  is  in  spirit 
an  insistence  upon  the  rights  of  the  individual 
at  the  expense  of  the  State.  The  training  for 
the  vocation  of  enlightened  citizenship,  on  the 
contrary,  is  in  spirit  an  insistence  on  the 
rights  of  the  State.  Under  ideal  conditions, 
too,  the  pleasure  of  the  individual,  despite  the 
time  cost  of  liberal  education,  coincides  with 
the  pleasure  of  the  State ;  though  under  actual 
conditions  no  small  number  of  pupils,  anxious 
for  quick  and  showy  returns  and  a  speedy 
entrance  upon  "life,"  regard  themselves  as 
victims  to  a  perverse  educational  requirement 
if  they  are  compelled  to  study  anything  which 
in  their  judgment  is  not  "vital." 

The  immediate  design  of  liberal  education  is 
not  skill  of  hand  or  knowledge  of  technical 
detail,  but  the  cultivation  of  mental  power,  the 
broadening  of  vision,  the  deepening  of  per- 
ception, the  refinement  of  intellectual  and 
spiritual  temper.  Its  ultimate  end  is  the  pro- 


duction of  the  ideal  citizen  and  of  the  ideal 
State. 

Compared  with  the  vocation  of  enlightened 
citizenship,  all  other  vocations  are  special. 
They  are  not  separate  from  it,  however.  Un- 
less founded  upon  it,  they  are  comparatively 
unprofitable,  whether  to  the  individual  or  the 
community,  and  may  indeed  easily  become  a 
source  of  harm.  Enlightened  citizenship  is 
the  broad  and  firm  foundation,  the  special 
vocation  is  the  superstructure.  Narrow  and 
infirm  foundations  will  not  support  strong 
and  useful  buildings.  We  have  too  many  type- 
writers and  printers  and  proof-readers  who 
cannot  be  trusted  with  spelling,  punctuation, 
and  composition,  to  say  nothing  of  other  mat- 
ters involving  ordinary  intellectual  expert- 
ness.  We  have  too  many  reporters,  editors, 
magazine  contributors,  and  authors  of  books, 
who  write  ignorant  and  slipshod  English,  and 
think  as  loosely  and  unprofitably  as  they  write. 
The  press  goes  a  long  way  toward  undoing  the 
work  of  the  school.  We  have  too  many  teach- 
ers of  thin  and  narrow  quality;  too  many 
preachers  whose  intellectual  deficiencies  are 
such  as  to  neutralize  the  effect  of  earnest  and 
self-sacrificing  character;  too  many  lawyers 
who  took  the  short  cut  to  a  professional  career, 
and  are  uncultivated  and  slovenly  in  thought, 
speech,  and  intellectual  habit ;  too  many  phy- 
sicians whose  growth  is  stunted  because  their 
intellectual  roots  were  not  set  deep  enough. 
In  all  these  and  other  professions,  the  fulness 
of  power  that  marks  the  master-personality 
has  not  been  attainable  because  of  deficiency 
in  general  cultivation.  The  immediate  object 
of  the  individual  has  been  realized,  but  at  the 
expense  of  the  potential  total ;  the  good  enough 
has  been  the  enemy  of  the  best. 

The  same  is  true  of  less  professional  walks 
of  life.  There  are  too  many  culture  club  peo- 
ple and  platform  lecturers  with  superficial  and 
catchy  accomplishments  instead  of  real  depth ; 
too  many  playwrights,  actors,  managers,  and 
theatre-goers  who  are  not  only  untouched  by 
the  great  dramatic  ideals  of  past  and  present, 
but  are  barbarians,  and  worse  than  barbarians, 
in  taste.  There  are  too  many  of  the  rich  who 
neither  possess  nor  know  the  value  'of  intel- 
lectual and  spiritual  wealth,  and  are  unable 
even  to  recognize  it  when  it  is  placed  before 
them.  There  are  too  many  of  the  leisured  who 
are  unacquainted  with  the  most  gratifying  and 
profitable  means  of  pleasure,  as  well  as  the 
most  inoffensive  and  noble.  We  have  too  many 


256 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


voters  who  know  only  how  to  mark  a  ballot, 
who  cannot  estimate  the  worth  of  men  and 
measures,  who  cannot  think  without  the  giant 
head-line  and  the  screaming  editorial.  We 
have  too  many  social  and  political  reformers 
whose  chief  qualification  is  a  "heart  in  the 
right  place,"  who  read  loosely,  think  loosely, 
write  loosely,  and  legislate  as  if  the  making 
of  law  were  an  invention  of  the  day  before 
yesterday. 

In  every  one  of  these  cases,  and  in  all  other 
cases  where,  through  ignorance,  haste,  or  false 
ideas  of  economy,  the  vocation  of  enlightened 
citizenship  has  been  left  out  of  account,  the 
individual  suffers  much,  but  the  State  suffers 
more.  Whether  the  citizen  does  the  best  of 
which  he  is  capable,  or  the  second  best,  is  a 
matter  of  concern  not  only  to  himself,  but  to 
the  community  and  the  nation.  Whether  from 
the  individual  point  of  view  or  the  social, 
enlightened  citizenship  is  the  first  and  the 
greatest  vocation. 

The  vocation  of  enlightened  citizenship  does 
not  look  to  the  holding  of  a  position  as  the 
prime  object;  it  looks  rather  to  excellence  in 
the  holding  of  it.  The  ideal  of  the  great  voca- 
tion is  not  immediate  success  in  the  earning  of 
a  living,  but  the  capacity  to  earn  it  with  the 
greatest  intelligence  and  the  greatest  measure 
of  success.  It  looks  forward  to  the  profes- 
sional man  or  the  mechanic  developed  to  the 
full  capacity  of  his  powers.  Its  aim  is  not  the 
exploitation  .of  talent,  but  the  development  of 
personal  excellence  and  total  usefulness.  It 
looks  ahead,  not  four  years,  but  forty  years. 
It  looks  to  a  substantial  and  enduring  edifice, 
not  a  temporary  and  make-shift  shelter.  It 
does  not  ask,  "  How  much  are  you  going  to 
earn  ?  "  or  even  "  How  much  are  you  going  to 
know  ?  "  but  "Are  you  going  to  make  of  your- 
self all  that  is  possible  ? "  and  "Are  you  go- 
ing to  be  a  leader?"  Its  ambition  is  not  the 
production  of  the  average,  but  of  leadership. 

Progress  is  only  secondarily  a  matter  of  the 
crowd.  The  religious  or  civic  ideals  of  an  age 
or  a  community  are  not  determined  by  the 
common  man.  It  is  the  exceptional  man,  the 
reformer,  the  enthusiast,  the  personality  in 
which  the  age  or  the  community,  so  to  speak, 
flowers  out,  that  determines  the  ideal.  The 
supreme  concern  of  the  army  is  its  general,  of 
the  church  its  prophet,  of  the  world  of  knowl- 
edge the  scholar,  of  mechanics  the  inventor. 
Progress  is  a  matter  of  dynamics.  Without 
leadership  —  without  men  who  think  enough 


more,  feel  enough  more,  see  enough  farther 
than  the  ordinary  to  give  them  authority  — 
there  are  no  dynamics,  and  there  will  be  no 
progress. 

Vocational  training  in  the  ordinary  sense  is, 
within  limits,  desirable  and  necessary ;  but  its 
place  is  in  the  technical  school,  not  in  the 
school  of  liberal  arts.  The  high  school  is  the 
people's  college,  but  not  the  people's  business 
college.  If  it  is  a  business  college  at  all,  it  is 
the  business  college  of  the  State  at  large,  not 
that  of  the  comparatively  few  sons  and  daugh- 
ters of  the  people  whose  first  ambition  is  a 
livelihood.  The  prime  business  of  State  educa- 
tion is  a  universal  business,  and  Big  Business 
is  the  business  of  enlightened  citizenship. 
Every  displacement  of  a  liberal  study  by  a 
vocational  study  is  prejudicial  to  the  ideal 
interests  of  the  commonwealth.  Livelihoods 
can  be  trusted  to  take  care  of  themselves,  if 
we  must  choose;  but  enlightened  citizenship 
cannot.  •  GRANT  SHOWERMAN. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

THE  SIMULTANEOUS  NUTRITION  OF  MIND  AND 

BODY  is  something  that  is  both  possible  and  in 
no  wise  undesirable.  Solitary  feasting  for 
feasting's  sake  has  ever  been  held  in  abhor- 
rence except  by  gluttons ;  and  even  the  silent 
and  solemn  intake  of  nutriment  at  the  family 
table,  three  times  a  day,  is  not  exactly  an 
inspiring  spectacle.  Hence  the  cultivation  of 
table-talk  and  the  less  usual  but  almost 
equally  pleasant  practice  of  having  someone 
read  aloud  while  the  rest  eat  and  listen  —  an 
agreeable  monastic  custom,  except  that  in 
monasteries  the  reading  usually  lacks  liveli- 
ness and  variety.  Table-rea'ding,  as  an  aid 
and  incentive  to  table-talk,  is  surely  an  excel- 
lent thing.  Dr.  Bostwick,  in  his  admirable 
book  on  "The  Making  of  an  American's 
Library,"  noticed  in  detail  on  another  page, 
reprehends  the  union  of  eating  and  reading. 
He  says :  "  I  have  seen  men  reading  books  at 
lunch — when  they  were  actually  masticating 
their  food.  I  am  sure  they  both  read  and  ate 
badly."  Not  necessarily.  If  only  for  hygienic 
reasons,  it  is  well  for  the  eater  not  to  occupy 
his  mind  with  the  act  of  eating,  an  act  that 
needs  scarcely  more  conscious  attention  than 
does  breathing  or  walking.  Why  all  this  sol- 
emn formality  of  successive  courses  with  their 
corresponding  array  of  table  implements? 
A  novel  and  an  apple  in  a  hammock,  or  a 
book  of  verses  underneath  the  bough,  with 
loaf  of  bread  ancl  jug  of  wine  (or  water) — 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


257 


some  such  combination  approaches  the  ideal. 
Shelley  used  to  read  voraciously  while  he 
munched  his  daily  bread  in  his  study  at  Ox- 
ford, leaving  a  circle  of  crumbs  around  his 
chair.  He  was  also  famous  for  his  simulta- 
neous walking  and  reading  (a  practice  sanc- 
tioned by  Dr.  Bostwick) ,  and  for  his  walking 
and  eating,  often  darting  into  a  bakeshop  to 
renew  his  supply  of  bread  in  the  course  of 
his  walk ;  and  if,  as  is  likely  enough,  he  some- 
times combined  the  three  exercises,  he  thereby 
got  thrice  as  much  out  of  a  given  portion  of 
time  as  most  of  his  fellows.  Why  should  the 
renewal  of  the  bodily  tissues  be  made  the 
occasion  of  a  periodic  solemnity  of  which  one 
must  stand  in  some  awe?  Nature  knows  no 
such  stupid  artificialities.  Shelley  munching 
his  bread  while  he  talks  with  Hogg  or  reads 
to  himself,  and  FitzGerald  nibbling  his  apple 
while  he  paces  the  room  and  entertains  with 
high  discourse  his  guests  at  the  table,  please 
us  more  than  does  the  scrupulous  observer  of 
the  tiresome  formalities  of  the  banquet-board. 
If  reading  is  not  to  be  allowed  with  eating, 
why  should  not  talking  also  be  forbidden? 
Articulation  and  mastication  go  not  well 
together,  but  silent  reading  is  no  hindrance  to 
deglutition.  And  so  we  cannot  side  with  this 
condemnation  of  simultaneous  eating  and 
reading,  except  where  such  a  practice  would 
be  impolite. 

FRENCH  LITERARY  GENIUS  AS  FOOD  FOR  CAN- 
NON forms  the  subject  of  more  than  one 
lament  from  the  land  of  Racine  and  Moliere. 
M.  Paul  Chavannes  in  a  letter  to  "  The  New 
Statesman  "  runs  over  the  names  and  achieve- 
ments of  a  goodly  company  of  romancers  and 
poets  who  within  the  last  twelvemonth  have 
given  their  lives  for  their  country.  He  enu- 
merates, for  example,  Charles  Peguy,  Louis 
Pergaud,  Ernest  Psichari,  Alain-Fournier, 
Pierre  Gilbert,  Leon  Bonneff,  Francois  Lau- 
rentie.  Robert  d'Humieres,  Art  Roe,  Emile 
Despax,  du  Fresnois,  "and  many  others" 
names  less  familiar  to  us  than  to  the  French 
reading  public,  but  each  standing  for  good 
and  promising  work  cut  short  in  the  morning 
of  the  worker's  life.  Of  the  heroic  fate  of 
Psichari,  for  instance,  author  of  the  stirring 
"Appel  des  Armes,"  we  read :  "  He  died 
nobly  the  death  he  asked  for,  at  Virton,  in 
Belgium,  at  the  beginning  of  the  great  re- 
treat. His  battery  had  been  ordered  to  keep 
the  enemy  in  check  whilst  the  army  was  fall- 
ing back.  They  were  expected  to  hold  their 
ground  for  a  few  hours,  and  they  did  so  for  a 
whole  day ;  and  when  the  last  shell  had  been 
spent  officer  and  gunners  were  killed  on  the 
guns  they  had  rendered  unusable."  Another 


passage  tells  us  that  "  the  '  Revue  Critique  des 
Livres  et  des  Idees,'  which  has  of  late  years 
been  one  of  the  strongest  of  the  influences 
which  have  shaped  the  intellectual  youth,  had 
on  the  outbreak  of  war  thirty  members  of 
its  editorial  staff  called  to  the  colors;  of 
these,  according  to  the  '  Humanite,'  eleven 
have  been  killed  and  eight  wounded,  whilst 
two  are  missing  —  in  all,  twenty-one  out  of 
thirty  —  and  this  was  before  the  last  fights  in 
Artois  and  the  Argonne !  "  Rather  expensive 
Kanonen futter,  in  very  truth ! 

•    •    • 

UNPOPULAR  PERIODICALS,  those  that  make 
necessarily  a  restricted  appeal  and  are  forced 
to  content  themselves  writh  the  consciousness 
of  good  work  done  in  a  worthy  cause,  are 
more  numerous  than  is  commonly  suspected. 
There  must  be  in  this  country  alone  several 
hundreds  of  struggling  periodical  publica- 
tions, including  the  proceedings  and  trans- 
actions of  learned  societies  and  the  journals 
issued  in  behalf  of  various  worthy  causes  of 
a  philanthropic  or  charitable  nature,  that 
never  really  make  both  ends  meet,  in  a  busi- 
ness sense,  and  can  never  hope  to  do  so.  Even 
such  a  widely  and  favorably  known  magazine 
as  "The  Popular  Science  Monthly,"  founded 
in  1872  by  the  Appleton  publishing  house  and 
the  Youmans  brothers  (Edward  L.  and  "Will- 
iam J.),  was  losing  ten  thousand  dollars  a 
year  when,  in  1900,  it  was  finally  abandoned 
in  despair  by  the  Appletons  and  reorganized 
on  a  different  basis  by  other  managers.  And 
now,  after  fifteen  years  of  highly  creditable 
activity  under  this  management,  but  appar- 
ently with  no  corresponding  pecuniary  re- 
turns, there  is  to  be  a  new  shuffling  of  the 
cards.  A  bid  for  greater  popularity  is  to  be 
made  in  the  form  of  an  illustrated  magazine 
less  adapted  to  the  tastes  of  readers  of  educa- 
tion and  a  love  for  science  than  to  the  de- 
mands of  a  larger  and  necessarily  a  less 
highly  educated  public.  In  the  words  of  Dr. 
Cattell,  present  editor  of  the  publication  that 
has  helped  so  notably  to  keep  American  read- 
ers informed  with  regard  to  the  latest  achieve- 
ments of  science :  "A  group  of  men  desiring 
a  journal  to  which  the  name  '  The  Popular 
Science  Monthly'  will  exactly  apply,  this 
publication  has  been  transferred  to  them, 
while,  beginning  in  October,  a  journal  on  the 
present  lines  of  'The  Popular  Science  Monthly' 
will  be  conducted  under  the  more  fitting  name 
of  '  The  Scientific  Monthly.'  This  differentia- 
tion of  'The  Popular  Science  Monthly'  into 
two  journals  is  in  the  natural  course  of  evolu- 
tion, each  journal  being  able  to  adapt  itself  to 
its  environment  more  advantageously  than  is 


258 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


possible  for  a  single  journal.  Each  can  per- 
form an  important  service  for  the  diffusion 
and  advancement  of  science."  Notable  is  Dr. 
CattelPs  inclination  to  regard  with  disfavor 
any  permanent  endowment  of  the  class  of 
publications  here  considered ;  rather  would  he 
look  for  their  support  to  increased  subscrip- 
tions from  public  libraries  and  from  indi- 
viduals in  sympathy  with  the  purposes  of 

these  publications. 

•  •    • 

SOUTH  AFRICA'S  FAVORITE  AUTHOR,  though 
geographically  separated  from  us  by  a  third 
of  the  earth's  circumference,  is  very  near  us 
in  the  things  that  know  naught  of  space  or 
time.  According  to  a  writer  in  the  London 
"  Outlook,"  Mr.  Horace  Rose  is  enjoying  a 
popularity  that,  measured  by  the  sales  of  his 
latest  book  ("On  the  Edge  of  the  East")  in 
his  native  land,  must  be  highly  gratifying  to 
him.  Though  a  successful  novelist,  he  has 
won  fame  chiefly  by  his  humorously  satirical 
works,  such  as  "A  Caper  on  the  Continent" 
and  the  book  named  above.  A  passage  of  his 
describing  his  visit  to  the  Coliseum  (which 
he  chooses  to  spell  "Colosseum")  is  notable 
for  a  manifest  resemblance  in  its  style  to  that 
of  an  earlier  humorist  of  the  western  world. 
After  inspecting  the  Roman  ruin  aforemen- 
tioned the  author  returns  to  his  hotel  in  a 
self-congratulatory  frame  of  mind  for  living 
in  the  Christian  era  rather  than  in  pagan 
times.  But  picking  up  a  newspaper,  he 
chances  upon  an  account  of  a  certain  lynch- 
ing episode  in  one  of  our  southern  states, 
which  moves  him  in  a  manner  thus  described : 
"  When  I  had  finished  reading  I  went  back  to 
the  Colosseum  and  apologized  to  Nero.  I  felt 
that  I  owed  it  to  him.  He  had  never  had  the 
benefits  of  a  Christian  teaching,  of  a  class  at 
Sunday-school,  of  an  enlightened  Press,  of  a 
world-wide  civilization  with  its  broad  views 
and  high  traditions.  But  every  man  and 
woman  in  that  twentieth-century  crowd  had 
had  these  blessings,  and  thus  abused  them. 
I  would  have  been  less  ashamed  to  be  seen 
walking  down  Broadway,  New  York,  arm-in- 
arm with  Nero,  at  the  head  of  a  procession 
of  Christian  corpses,  than  shaking  hands  with 
any  of  these  people."  Mr.  Rose's  fame  seems 
in  a  fair  way  to  spread  beyond  the  bounds  of 
his  native  South  Africa. 

•  •    • 

A  NEW  USE  FOR  THE  CARD  CATALOGUE,  but  a 

use  to  which  it  is  unfortunate  that  it  should 
have  to  be  applied,  is  described  by  an  Asso- 
ciated Press  correspondent  at  Berlin.  "  The 
exact  registration  of  the  huge  horde  of  over 
a  million  prisoners  of  war  in  Germany,  so 
that  rank,  service  division,  and  place  of  con- 


finement of  each  man  can  be  instantly  deter- 
mined, has  been  perfected  to  an  astonishing 
degree  by  Count  Schwerin,  a  sixty-year-old 
captain  of  cavalry.  To-day  the  relatives  of 
any  French,  Russian,  English,  Canadian, 
Italian,  Servian,  Montenegrin,  Belgian,  or 
Japanese  prisoner  in  Germany  can  ascertain 
within  twenty-four  hours  where  that  soldier 
is  and  what  his  condition  is."  The  plan 
adopted  is  the  one  so  familiar  to  library  work- 
ers, and  doubtless  the  only  scheme  at  once 
practicable  and  economical.  Eighty  assis- 
tants are  engaged  in  the  maintenance  of  this 
immense  card  catalogue,  and  the  superinten- 
dent of  the  system,  Count  Schwerin  himself, 
who  is  referred  to  not  quite  accurately  as  its 
"inventor,"  gives  twelve  hours  a  day  to  his 
task.  About  eight  hundred  letters  of  inquiry 
come  to  his  "Kartothek,"  or  card-repository, 
every  day,  and  it  is  his  boast  and  pride  to  have 
them  all  answered  within  twenty-four  or,  at 
the  utmost,  forty-eight  hours.  As  the  letters 
are  in  many  languages  and  of  varying  de- 
grees of  illegibility,  this  promptitude  is  highly 
creditable.  A  smaller  catalogue  contains  a 
list  of  the  dead,  so  far  as  names  and  facts  are 
ascertainable,  which  is  not  very  far.  And  all 
this  indexing  activity,  set  in  operation  by  a 
lamentable  necessity,  might  in  happier  times 
have  served  to  provide  with  card  catalogues 
a  score  or  more  of  public  libraries  in  as  many 
smiling  villages  of  the  fatherland. 

•    •    • 

READING  IN  BED  has  charms  that  have  been 
painted  by  many  an  able  hand.  Few  have 
more  keenly  appreciated  those  charms  than 
the  writer  of  a  recent  letter  to  "  The  Southern 
Notes,"  the  monthly  publication  of  the  Utica 
Normal  and  Industrial  Institute,  at  Utica, 
Mississippi.  The  letter  is  addressed  to  the 
Principal,  Mr.  William  H.  Holtzclaw,  by  one 
of  his  pupils,  Miss  Ethel  Sanders.  "It  is 
certainly  a  great  pleasure  to  write  to  you," 
she  says.  "  I  am  very  glad  to  tell  you  that  I 
am  almost  in  good  health.  I  must  tell  you 
how  my  aunt  and  the  doctor  treated  me  while 
I  was  sick.  They  did  all  they  could  to  keep 
me  from  my  books,  but  they  did  not  succeed, 
and  I  kept  them  hid  in  the  bed.  They  had 
friends  to  watch  me,  but  I  read  them  under 
cover.  There  was  a  hole  in  the  quilt  that  gave 
me  some  light.  So,  although  they  watched  me 
every  day  and  night,  I  succeeded  in  reading 
a  few  lines  in  my  books  anyway,  and  I  fretted 
for  them  all  the  time."  Then  she  describes 
how  she  used  violence  on  the  children  that 
came  into  her  room  and  interrupted  her  read- 
ing. Was  ever  anyone  so  fired  with  the  furor 
legendi  in  lecto,  the  reading-in-bed  mania,  as 
this  colored  girl  of  Mississippi  ?  Not  inferior 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


259 


to  her  in  determination  of  a  like  sort  was  a 
certain  pupil  (now  a  writer  of  distinction)  at 
the  Perkins  Institute  for  the  Blind,  nearly 
thirty  years  ago.  Mr.  Clarence  Hawkes  re- 
lates in  his  autobiography,  which  is  more 
fully  noticed  on  another  page,  that  in  the 
editorship  and  publication  of  the  school 
paper,  "  The  Echo,"  he  found  himself  obliged 
to  do  much  of  the  work  at  night  in  bed,  where 
he  deftly  manipulated  a  small  typewriter 
under  the  bedclothes.  "  Several  times,"  he 
says,  "  Captain  Wright,  the  vigilance  man, 
came  into  my  room  and  walked  over  to  my 
bed,  to  discover  where  that  strange  clicking 
came  from,  but  I  was  always  sleeping  soundly 
when  he  appeared  and  the  typewriter  was 
hidden  beneath  the  bedclothes,  so  my  secret 
was  never  discovered."  Evidently  there  are 
possibilities  in  the  way  of  literary  activity 
even  for  the  hours  spent  in  bed. 
•  •  • 

THE     PSYCHOLOGICAL     WHEREFORE     OF     THE 

WOMAN  LIBRARIAN  has  apparently  but  just 
dawned  upon  the  French  mind.  A  distin- 
guished savant  of  France  has  set  forth  in  the 
"Revue  Internationale  de  1'Enseignement " 
some  of  the  qualifications,  already  well  known 
to  us  in  America,  which  the  woman  librarian 
possesses  in  a  larger  measure  than  the  man. 
From  extracts  quoted  by  "  The  Library  Jour- 
nal "  a  few  passages  may  here  be  of  interest. 
"  Let  us  be  frank,"  says  the  writer.  "  It  is 
work  which  suits  a  woman  much  better  than 
a  man.  In  reality,  men  are  not  at  home  in 
the  duties  of  the  librarian.  .  .  This  subordi- 
nate role  does  not  suit  the  natural  pride  of 
men.  And  one  need  not  be  much  of  a  psy- 
chologist to  divine  the  inevitable  frictions  that 
would  culminate  in  grotesque  disputes  if  the 
fear  of  ridicule  did  not  forbid  carrying  things 
to  the  extreme.  .  .  It  is  probable  that  with  a 
feminine  staff  all  this  friction  would  disap- 
pear, because  the  psychological  reasons  al- 
ready indicated  would  not  exist.  Women 
would  not  feel  humiliated  by  serving,  by 
playing  in  the  library  the  part  they  play  in 
the  home.  Naturally  more  flexible,  more 
teachable,  more  affable  than  men,  they  would 
accomplish  with  pleasure  and  smilingly,  with- 
out tiring,  the  modest  duties  which  do  not 
belong  to  the  other  sex."  All  indisputably 
true  so  far  as  the  daily  service  of  the  library- 
using  public  and  the  daily  personal  contact 
with  that  public  are  concerned.  Hence  the 
great  preponderance  of  young  women  as 
library  assistants  over  young  men.  But  the 
burdens  of  large  administrative  responsibility 
are  still  thought  to  be  better  borne  by  men, 
and  so  our  great  public  and  university  libra- 


ries are,  as  a  rule,  under  male  control.  Can 
we  imagine  any  woman  as  accomplishing  what 
Dr.  Billings  accomplished  in  building  up  and 
directing  the  New  York  Public  Library,  or  as 
carrying  on  the  work  of  Librarian  Putnam  at 
Washington  or  Librarian  Lane  at  Harvard? 
•  •  • 

HERR  LISSAUER'S  LITERARY  LAPSE,  to  style  it 
by  no  harsher  name,  in  giving  to  the  world 
his  hysterical  "Hymn  of  Hate,"  has  been 
apologized  for  by  him  in1  fine  and  manly 
fashion.  It  was  in  reply  to  some  adverse  com- 
ment on  the  poem  in  the  "  Berliner  Tage- 
blatt"  that  its  author  explained  how  the  lines 
were  "written  as  the  result  of  a  passionate 
impulse  in  the  first  weeks  of  the  war,  when 
the  impression  created  by  England's  declara- 
tion of  war  was  fresh."  Moreover,  he  assures 
us,  the  hymn  was  not  intended  for  the  young, 
and  he  has  always  been  opposed  to  its  inclu- 
sion in  schoolbooks.  He  continues:  "The 
'  Song  of  Hate '  is  a  political  poem  directed 
not  against  individual  Englishmen,  but 
against  England  as  a  political  force,  and 
collectively  against  the  English  will  to  destruc- 
tion which  threatens  Germany.  In  the  excite- 
ment of  those  days  my  feelings  were  deeply 
stirred  by  this.  Whether  these  feelings  can 
continue  with  the  cool  consideration  of  prac- 
tical politics  is  another  question."  Excellent, 
every  reader  outside  of  Germany,  if  not  also 
within  that  empire,  must  say.  Whether  now 
the  august  hand  that  decorated  the  poet's 
breast  for  those  choleric  verses  will  proceed 
to  add  another  decoration  for  this  handsome 
acknowledgment  of  a  possible  excess  of  acer- 
bity, remains  to  be  seen ;  but  the  probabilities 
are  considerably  more  than  a  billion  to  one 
against  any  such  imperial  admission  of  error. 


THE  AGONIES  OF  "  MOVING  DAY  "  IN  A  LARGE 

LIBRARY  are  seldom  limited  to  twenty-four 
hours  in  time.  The  Harvard  library  began 
three  months  ago  to  take  possession  of  the 
new  and  palatial  Widener  building,  and  the 
battalions  of  books  have  been  on  the  march, 
in  rather  leisurely  fashion,  ever  since.  But  a 
college  or  university  library  has  the  advan- 
tage of  a  long  vacation  for  its  change  of  quar- 
ters, when  such  change  is  necessary.  More  in 
the  nature  of  a  forced  march  is  that  which 
the  books  of  a  constantly  busy  public  library 
must  make  in  a  similar  case.  Comparison  has 
been  made  between  the  moving  of  Harvard's 
900,000  volumes  and  stacks  of  pamphlets  and 
the  transfer  of  the  Boston  Public  Library's 
collection  from  Boylston  Street  to  Copley 
Square  twenty  years  ago  —  the  only  library- 
moving  in  that  part  of  the  country  compara- 


260 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


ble  in  magnitude  with  the  present  operation 
at  Cambridge.  But  the  Boston  task  was  prac- 
tically completed  between  Dec.  14,  1894,  and 
Jan.  28,  1895 ;  and  there  have  been  other  big 
movings  of  this  nature,  notably  the  recent 
one  at  Springfield,  Mass.,  that  have  made  a 
far  better  record  for  celerity.  Moving  is,  at 
best,  a  trying  if  not  agonizing  experience; 
but  it  is  a  part  of  the  price  that  libraries  and 
the  rest  of  us  have  to  pay  for  larger  quarters 
and  more  stately  .mansions. 

•  •    • 

THE  REAL  THINGS  OF  LIFE  are  not  exactly 
the  same  for  any  two  persons.  One  may  kin- 
dle with  enthusiasm  at  the  mention  of  Indian 
arrow-heads,  or  totem-poles,  or  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions, or  postage  stamps;  another  may 
go  into  ecstasies  over  Turkish  rugs,  or  Japan- 
ese fans;  and  a  third  will  perhaps  be  stirred 
by  martial  exploits  and  tales  of  heroism. 
There  recently  died  at  Great  Barrington  a 
man  whose  grandfather  was  keeper  of  the 
White  Horse  Inn  made  famous  by  Blackmore 
in  "Lorna  Doone."  and  who  himself  was  so 
fortunate  as  to  be  born  in  that  celebrated 
hostelry,  but  who  seems  to  have  been  fired 
with  no  zeal  for  first  editions  of  the  famous 
novelist's  works,  nor  to  have  felt  any  especial 
love  for  those  works  or  for  the  scenes  they 
depicted.  Richard  H.  Maunder  (for  that  was 
his  name)  gave  his  affections  to  the  products, 
not  of  the  romancer's  brain,  but  of  the  pot- 
ter's \vheel  and  the  potter's  shaping  thumb,  t 
In  other  words,  it  was  the  old  china  of  Staf-  ' 
fordshire  that  presented  itself  to  him  as  the  ! 
one  object  preeminently  worth  while,  and  of  ' 
that  china  the  dark  and  the  blue  varieties  | 
were  to  him  supremely  desirable,  so  that  he 
became  one  of  the  greatest  living  authorities 
in  and  collectors  of  that  branch  of  antique 
pottery.  It  was  an  inherited  taste,  his  grand- 
father, of  the  White  Horse  Inn,  having  been 
possessed  with  the  same  frenzy.  The  recent 
famous  novels  of  the  "Five  Towns"  series 
ought  to  have  been  the  younger  Mr.  Maun- 
ders favorite  reading ;  but  perhaps  there  was 
not  enough  of  Staffordshire  pottery  even  in 
them  to  satisfy  the  enthusiast. 

•  »    • 

WARSAW'S  LITERARY  TREASURE,  now  in  the 
conqueror's  hands,  will  not,  like  the  Louvain 
library,  go  up  in  smoke,  though  it  may  not 
remain  intact  in  its  present  home.  Warsaw- 
University  has  a  library  of  six  hundred  thou- 
sand volumes,  and  a  considerable  collection  of 
manuscripts  and  maps,  the  Krasinski  Library 
numbers  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
volumes,  the  public  library  of  the  city  one 
hundred  and  sixty  thousand,  and  the  Warsaw 


Polytechnic  Institute  has  about  thirty-five 
thousand  volumes.  Of  these  collections,  that 
belonging  to  the  university  is  by  far  the  most 
valuable.  It  acquired  from  some  of  the  mon- 
asteries suppressed  in  1819  many  rare  works 
from  the  Aldine,  Elzevir,  Plantin,  Stephanus, 
and  other  early  presses  of  Europe.  The  Elze- 
virs alone,  several  hundred  in  number,  form 
a  collection  that  is  considered  one  of  the 
finest  of  its  kind.  It  wrill  be  a  century  ago 
next  year  that  the  University  of  Warsaw  was 
founded.  The  loss  of  its  library,  if  it  is  to 
lose  it,  or  the  best  part  of  it,  will  be  a  sad 
centennial  event  for  Warsaw,  though  for  the 
rest  of  the  world  far  less  sad  than  a  wanton 
destruction  of  so  much  irreplaceable  literary 

treasure. 

•    •    • 

THE  FAVORITE  READING  OF  CLERGYMEN  is  by 

no  means  always  and  invariably  theology.  It 
is  an  old  story  that  when  "  Jane  Eyre  "  came 
out,  sixty-eight  years  ago.  Dr.  Mark  Hopkins, 
President  of  Williams  College  and  one  of  the 
most  noted  pulpit  orators  of  his  day,  was 
repeatedly  discovered  by  members  of  his  fam- 
ily immersed  in  the  enthralling  novel  when 
he  was  supposed  to  be  writing  sermons  or 
reading  the  early  Christian  Fathers  in  his 
study.  A  half -embarrassed,  half -petulant 
"  Pshaw ! "  and  a  hasty  thrusting  of  the  book 
aside  would  follow  as  soon  as  he  found  him- 
self caught  in  his  unclerical  occupation ;  but 
repeated  relapses  ensued  until  the  story  was 
finished.  It  is  reported  by  the  General  Theo- 
logical Library  of  Boston,  which  circulates  no 
fiction  but  does  provide  reading  matter  of 
other  kinds  for  the  clergy  of  New  England, 
that  theological  works  are  less  in  demand 
than  biographies  and  books  on  sociology  and, 
in  general,  "  inspirational  "  literature.  The 
stimulus  of  the  story-book  has  to  be  sought 
elsewhere.  The  good  work  of  this  library, 
which  has  already  been  commended  in  these 
columns,  is  limited  to  no  sect  or  creed.  Any 
minister  of  the  gospel  in  New  England  may 
draw  upon  its  resources  to  the  extent  of  two 
books  a  month,  postage  both  ways  being  paid 
by  the  library;  and  this  generous  privilege 
is  now  enjoyed  by  more  than  eighteen  hun- 
dred book-borrowers. 

•    •    • 

LITERARY  ARTISTS  IN  THE  TRENCHES  are 
placing  the  outside  world  in  their  debt  for 
occasional  vivid  descriptions  of  soldier-life 
that  get  past  the  censor  and  inform  those  at 
home  how  things  are  going  in  some  undesig- 
nated  spot  on  the  long  battle-line.  Many  of 
these  writers  are  amateurs,  and  their  per- 
formance has  a  singular  freshness  and  charm, 
while  others  are  reporters  by  profession  and 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


261 


show  themselves  a  little  more  conscious  of 
their  art.  "  The  Institute  Journal,"  of  Lon- 
don, official  periodical  publication  of  the  In- 
stitute of  Journalists,  has  lately  printed  a  list 
of  nearly  twelve  hundred  journalist  soldiers 
who  either  now  are  serving  their  country  at 
the  front  or  have  been  doing  so.  Among  the 
most  distinguished  of  these  war  writers  are 
Mr.  Ashmead  Bartlett,  Mr.  Stanley  Wash- 
burn,  Mr.  Bernhard  Paris,  Mr.  Philip  Gibbs, 
and  Mr.  G.  H.  Perris.  The  raw  material  for 
campaign  books  and  articles  that  is  now  being 
accumulated  must  exceed  anything  of  the  sort 
ever  known  in  the  history  of  this  wTar-scarred 
planet. 

INSTRUCTION  IN  LIBRARY  ECONOMY  IN  HOL- 
LAND appears  to  be  now  recognized  as  a  legiti- 
mate part  of  the  university's  teaching  activi- 
ties. In  "  The  Library  Journal "  for  this 
month  it  is  announced  that  both  Amsterdam 
and  Utrecht  universities  "  have  added  to  their 
faculties  of  literature  a  chair  for  library 
economy  and  bibliography.  Dr.  H.  E.  Greve 
of  the  Royal  Library  at  The  Hague  has  begun  a 
series  of  lectures  at  the  first-named  university 
on  the  subject  of  national  and  international 
catalog  rules.  Dr.  A.  Hulsof  has  taken  up 
the  subject  of  general  and  historical  bibli- 
ography for  his  lectures  at  the  University  of 
Utrecht."  Many  there  are  still  living  who 
can  recall  the  derisive  smile  with  which,  as  a 
rule,  the  university  or  college  man  under  the 
old  dispensation  would  refer  to  "library 
science  "  and  those  who  professed  to  teach  its 
mysteries.  

COMMUNICATIONS. 

A  FRENCH  TRANSLATION  OF  "  THE  EGOIST." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

While  in  Paris  last  summer  I  picked  up  a  French 
translation  of  Meredith's  masterpiece.  The  book 
interested  me  because  it  was  the  first  work  of  one 
of  my  favorite  English  authors  that  I  had  seen  in 
French.  Also,  to  tell  the  truth,  I  disbursed  more 
cheerfully  the  few  francs  necessary  for  its  pur- 
chase (money  was  scarce  in  Paris  just  then)  as  I 
hoped  that  the  proverbial  clarity  of  French  might 
help  me  over  some  knotty  passages  in  the  original. 
"  What  is  not  clear  is  not  French,"  as  we  all  know. 
Well  then,  "  L'Egoiste,  traduit  de  1' Anglais  par 
Maurice  Strauss,  Paris :  Charles  Carrington,  1904," 
is  not  French.  Perhaps  Meredith  cannot  be  made 
French.  It  is,  however,  noteworthy  that  neither 
the  name  of  the  translator  nor  of  the  publisher  is 
quite  Gallic.  We  have,  then,  a  difficult  English 
author  translated  by  a  semi-Teuton  and  published 
by  an  Anglo-Saxon.  We  may  admire  their  cour- 
age, if  not  the  result. 

I  may  state  at  once  that  in  reading  the  transla- 
tion I  was  constantly  obliged  to  consult  the  original 


to  get,  at  least  approximately,  the  meaning.  The 
Prelude  is  only  a  rough  paraphrase  of  Meredith; 
parts  of  it,  as  indeed  of  the  whole  novel,  are  omit- 
ted,—  one  might  wish  that  more  were;  parts  are 
more  easily  intelligible  in  the  French;  but  all  the 
sparkle  has  vanished.  Assuming  that  the  English 
is  familiar  to  your  readers,  I  will  cite  merely  the 
opening  paragraph  of  the  translation : 

"  Quand  on  joue  la  comedie,  e'est  dans  un  salon. 
Tout  se  passe  entre  civilises;  a  1'abri  des  poussieres 
du  dehors,  des  variations  de  1' atmosphere ;  en  toute 
correction.  Pour  faire  apparaitre  le  relief  de  1'evi- 
dence,  notre  logique  n'use  point  de  ees  loupes  neces- 
saires  au  travail  de  1'horloger.  Le  sens  comique 
conc.oit  une  situation  determinee  pour  quantite  de 
types,  et  rejette  tous  lea  accessoires  qui  pourraient 
faire  longueur.  La  vision  et  1'enthousiasme,  c'est  tout 
ce  qu'il  faut.  Eegardez  et  ne  vous  occupez  que  de 
voir.  Le  reste  viendra  tout  seul." 

In  all  this  I  am  painfully  reminded  of  a  previous 
impression  upon  opening  a  French  version  of 
"  Macbeth,"  in  which  the  witches'  greeting  appeared 
as  "  Bon  jour,  Macbeth!  " 

But  the  loss  of  sparkle  is  not  all.  That  was 
to  be  expected,  for  it  would  probably  require  a 
life-time  adequately  to  render  Meredith  into  any 
foreign  language.  But  there  are  curious  neo- 
logisms, representing  sporadic  efforts  at  word-for- 
word  translation.  Thus  in  the  first  three  pages, 
"  digestibly  "  appears  as  digestivement ;  "  lumi- 
nous rings  eruptive  of  the  infinitesimal "  becomes 
anneaux  lumineux  eruptes  de  I' Infinitesimal.  Nei- 
ther digestivement  nor  erupter  is  cited  by  standard 
dictionaries;  and  besides,  the  second  phrase  misses 
the  point. 

Perhaps  worse,  from  an  English  point  of  view, 
are  the  gross  mistranslations,  which  can  only  come 
from  a  failure  to  consult  the  dictionary.  Thus, 
still  in  the  first  three  pages,  we  find  "  branfulness  " 
=  sonorite;  "  malady  of  sameness  "  =  maladie  de 
I'ego'isme;  "  headlong  trains  "  —  des  longs  trains. 
Other  translations  give  the  idea,  perhaps,  but  the 
reason  for  not  following  the  original  faithfully  is 
not  apparent.  For  instance :  "  the  land  of  fog- 
horns "  from  which  we  seek  some  escape,  is  ren- 
dered, pays  brumeux  des  coquecigrues.  Of  "  our 
o'er  hoary  ancestry  —  them  in  the  oriental  pos- 
ture, to  which  our  visit  to  science  introduced  us,"  it 
is  written:  "La  science  nous  presenta  a  nos 
primitifs  ancetres  chenus  —  ils  nous  rec.urent  en 
posture  orientale,"  when  of  course  the  meaning  is : 
"  ceux  qui  affectionnent  la  posture  orientale." 

It  would  be  as  unprofitable  as  tiresome  to  push 
too  far  such  an  examination.  But  lest  I  be  accused 
of  taking  examples  only  from  the  most  difficult 
chapter  of  the  book,  I  may  cite  at  haphazard  some 
curious  misrenderings.  Every  page  which  I  have 
compared  with  the  original  is  bristling  with  blun- 
ders. On  the  first  page  of  Chapter  Iv,  Meredith 
says  of  Simon  Patterne  that  he  was  marvellously 
endowed  with  the  power  of  saying  no.  "  He  said 
it  with  the  resonant  emphasis  of  death  to  younger 
sons."  This  significant  phrase  is  translated :  "  Et 
1'emphase  de  sa  volonte  glagait  de  terreur  jusqu' 
a  ses  fils."  In  the  next  paragraph,  speaking  of 
Lieutenant  Crossjay's  act  of  valor  which  brought 
him  to  the  notice  of  Patterne  Hall,  Meredith  says: 


262 


THE    DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


"  The  officer's  youth  was  assumed  on  the  strength 
of  his  rank,  perhaps  likewise  from  the  tale  of  his 
modesty."  This  subtle  touch  is  thus  smothered: 
"  L'age  tendre  du  heros  fut  mis  en  relief  par  sa 
bravoure,  et  sa  modestie  brocha  sur  le  tout." 

At  times  the  translator  seems  to  have  copied  the 
first  meaning  found  in  his  dictionary,  leaving  the 
sense  to  look  out  for  itself.  Sir  Willoughby  is 
relating  to  Clara  the  early  career  of  Vernon  Whit- 
ford  (page  83  of  Scribner's  "Pocket  Edition"). 
"  '  Leaves  the  Hall ! '  exclaimed  Willoughby.  '  I 
have  not  heard  a  word  of  it.  He  made  a  bad  start 
at  the  beginning  .  .  .  had  to  throw  over  his  Fel- 
lowship." On  page  133  of  the  translation,  we  find : 
"  Quitter  le  chateau !  s'exclama  Willoughby.  C'est 
le  premier  mot  que  j'en  entends.  II  fit  un  faux 
depart  au  debut  .  .  .  il  eut  d  jeter  par  dessus  sa 
camaraderie." 

One  more  example  I  cannot  resist.  Sir  Wil- 
loughby, trying  to  persuade  Vernon  to  remain  at 
Patterne,  says :  "  Take  a  run  abroad,  if  you  are 
restless."  This  becomes :  "  Si  vous  etes  fatigue  du 
repos,  tirez  une  bordee."  Possibly  "  a  run  abroad  " 
signifies  tirer  une  bordee  to  a  certain  class  of 
wealthy  young  hot-bloods;  but  from  Sir  Wil- 
loughby Patterne  of  Patterne  Hall  to  the  dignified 
scholar,  Vernon  Whitf  ord,  this  bit  of  sailor's  slang 
is  grotesque  in  the  extreme. 

The  effort  to  bring  Meredith  within  the  reach  of 
French  readers  is  certainly  a  creditable  one;  but 
it  is  a  task  to  which  angels,  or  those  who  speak 
with  the  tongue  of  angels,  alone  may  aspire.  Such 
a  version  as  that  perpetrated  by  the  present  trans- 
lator should  not  be  allowed  to  pass  unchallenged. 

BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 
University  of  Texas,  Sept.  24,  1915. 


THE  GERMAN  WAR  BOOK. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Owing  to  the  hypnotic  influence  exerted  upon 
Americans  by  the  prospect  of  earning  English 
gold,  I  have  tried  to  reconcile  myself  to  all  the 
American  misrepresentation  and  vilification  of  Ger- 
many and  Germany's  cause.  But  the  review  of 
Professor  Morgan's  translation  of  "  The  War  Book 
of  the  German  General  Staff,"  in  your  issue  of 
Sept.  2,  is  so  vilely  and  so  outrageously  unfair, — 
so  thoroughly  British  in  its  viewpoint, —  that  my 
gorge  rises  at  it  and  I  must  protest. 

The  writer  of  that  review  seeks  to  bring  the 
German  method  of  warfare  into  contempt  by  point- 
ing out  that,  according  to  the  Germans,  military 
necessity  takes  precedence  over  international  law, 
and  he  quotes  the  following  as  an  example  of  this 
logic  of  militarism: 

"  No  inhabitant  of  the  occupied  territory  is  to  be 
disturbed  in  the  use  and  free  disposition  of  his  prop- 
erty; on  the  other  hand  the  necessity  of  war  justifies 
the  most  far-reaching  disturbance,  restriction,  and 
imperiling  of  his  property." 

For  the  benefit  of  your  reviewer  and  of  your  read- 
ers, permit  me  to  quote  Article  3  of  the  American 
Naval  War  Code: 

"  Military  necessity  permits  measures  that  are  in- 
dispensable for  securing  the  end  of  the  war,  and  that 
are  in  accordance  with  modern  law  and  usage  of  war. 


.  .  .  Non-combatants  are  to  be  spared  in  person 
and  property  during  hostilities  as  much  as  the  neces- 
sities of  war  and  the  conduct  of  such  non-combatants 
will  permit." 

And  may  I  reall  to  the  memory  of  Americans  the 
conduct  of  our  own  troops  in  the  Civil  War  and  of 
England's  troops  in  the  Revolution,  in  South 
Africa,  and  in  India? 

Your  reviewer  also  speaks  of  "  the  German  doc- 
trine '  Not  kennt  kein  Gebot '  "  (which,  of  course, 
»he  does  not  translate).  But,  pray,  since  when  is 
the  doctrine  that  necessity  knows  no  law  a  German 
doctrine?  Is  it  not  rather  a  universal  law  founded 
in  the  instinct  of  self-preservation? 

Is  it  not  time  that  all  this  lying  about  Germany 
stopped?  Are  Americans  really  so  stupid,  so 
bigoted,  so  narrow-minded,  that  they  can  not  bear 
the  truth?  Or  is  all  this  vilification  merely  petty 
and  picayune  revenge  for  the  Britons'  incompe- 
tence in  the  present  crisis  in  their  history? 

Your  reviewer  states  it  as  the  final  lesson  of  the 
War  Book  that  Germany's  conduct  is  guided  by 
the  principle,  "  anything  to  win."  Let  anyone 
read  our  own  War  Book  or  that  of  any  other 
nation  before  whom  England  is  now  crooking  the 
pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee,  and  he  will  find  that 
all  warring  mankind  makes  this  its  guiding  prin- 
ciple. We  Americans,  worshipping  the  ideal  "  suc- 
cess, success  at  any  cost"  (short  of  being  found 
out) ,  whether  it  be  in  business  or  in  politics,  should 
be  the  last  ones  to  throw  stones  at  Germany  for 
that. 

Finally  permit  me  to  express  my  astonishment 
that  THE  DIAL,  a  literary  journal  for  people  above 
the  average  intelligence,  should  have  given  room 
for  a  "  review  "  so  calculated  to  stir  up  prejudice 
and  hatred  in  the  hearts  of  its  readers. 

SAML.  A.  TANNENBAUM. 

New  York  City,  Sept.  16,  1915. 


ELEMENTS  OF  THE  SHORT  STORY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  wonder  if  a  layman  may  voice  his  disagreement 
with  the  very  interesting  opinion  of  an  expert  con- 
cerning short  stories  and  their  place  in  literature 
(see  Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore's  article  in  your 
issue  of  September  2)  ?  Is  not  the  importance  of 
quantity  largely  over-emphasized  in  Mr.  Moore's 
appraisal?  The  qualitative  character  of  the  story 
may  depend  more  upon  the  writer  than  the  limita- 
tions in  length.  Whoever  has  read  the  short  stories 
of  Tourguenieff,  Chekhoff,  and  Gorki  (all  available 
in  English  translations)  will  scarcely  agree  with 
the  statements  that  "  character,  its  development 
and  its  oppositions,  the  form  hardly  has  room  for  " 
and  "  great  action,  passion,  thought  can  hardly  be 
developed."  Chekhoff's  short  stories,  except  for 
his  earliest  period,  are  all  character  and  very  little 
action.  The  same  is  true  of  Gorki ;  while  in  Tour- 
guenieff's  tales  there  is  no  dearth  of  passion.  The 
American  short  story,  especially  the  popular  type, 
is  largely  anecdote;  but  that  seems  to  be  a  fault 
rather  of  our  national  psychology  than  of  the 
inevitable  limitations  of  the  literary  form. 

I.  M.  RUBINOW. 

New  York  City,  Sept.  21,  1915. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


263 


§00hs. 


A  CENTURY'S  RECORDS  OF  Two  FAMOUS 
FAMILIES.* 


It  was  a  happy  thought  to  put  together  for 
publication  the  Wedgwood-Darwin-Allen  let- 
ters of  a  century.  Centring  around  the  per- 
sonality of  Emma  Wedgwood,  wife  of  Charles 
Darwin,  the  story  reveals  not  only  that  noble 
character,  but  also  the  intimate  life  of  all 
those  nearest  to  her.  We  see  the  non-scientific 
side  of  Charles  Darwin,  his  happiness  and 
troubles,  his  hopes  and  fears,  and  how  com- 
pletely these  were  shared  by  her  of  whom  he 
characteristically  said :  "  I  marvel  at  my  good 
fortune,  that  she,  so  infinitely  my  superior  in 
every  single  moral  quality,  consented  to  be  my 
wife."  More  than  this,  we  make  the  acquain- 
tance of  a  group  of  persons  belonging  to  three 
closely  connected  families,  almost  all  of  them 
with  a  certain  flavor  of  genius,  a  distinction 
of  character  which  commands  our  admiration 
and  respect,  as  it  did  that  of  their  contempo- 
raries. Those  who  achieved  eminence  seem 
less  exceptional  when  seen  on  the  background 
of  their  family  life,  which  was  itself  main- 
tained at  so  high  a  level. 

In  1792  Josiah  Wedgwood  of  Maer  Hall 
married  Elizabeth  Allen  of  Cresselly;  and 
Emma,  born  in  1808,  was  their  ninth  and  last 
child.  The  letters  of  this  early  period  intro- 
duce us  to  the  older  generation,  the  parents, 
aunts,  and  uncles  of  Emma,  who  not  only 
made  the  environment  of  her  early  life,  but 
some  of  them  lived  to  see  its  fruition  in  rela- 
tively modern  times.  Nearly  all  through  the 
book,  always  very  much  alive  and  with  a  great 
deal  to  say  for  herself,  appears  the  figure  of 
Fanny  Allen,  who  died  in  1875  at  the  age  of 
94.  No  less  interesting  is  Jessie  Allen,  who 
married  the  historian  J.  C.  de  Sismondi,  and 
died  in  1853.  Another  aunt,  Catherine,  or 
Kitty,  was  the  wife  of  Sir  James  Mackintosh, 
who  was  prominent  in  the  politics  and  society 
of  the  early  part  of  the  century.  The  Aliens 
and  Wedgwoods  were  in  the  midst  of  what- 
ever was  going  on,  and  there  are  many  anec- 
dotes of  famous  men  and  women.  Madame 
de  Stael  appears  a  number  of  times,  and  it  is 
interesting  to-day  to  read  that  at  a  party  in 
1813  she  "  harangued  for  half-an-hour  against 
peace,"  but  "this  was  so  entirely  against  the 
sentiments  of  every  one  present  that  Lord 
Holland  .  .  gravely  declared  his  opinions  were 
entirely  contrary  to  hers  on  that  subject." 


*  EMMA  DARWIN.  A  Century  of  Family  Letters,  1792-1896. 
Edited  by  her  daughter  Henrietta  Litchfield.  In  two  volumes. 
Illustrated  in  photogravure,  etc.  New  York :  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 


The  diary  of  Emma  Caldwell,  written  in 
1819,  gives  a  vivid  account  of  the  manner  in 
which  the  Wedgwoods  of  Maer  brought  up 
their  children : 

"  The  part  of  the  intellectual  character  most  im- 
proved by  the  Wedgwood  education  is  good  sense, 
which,  is  indeed  their  preeminent  quality.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  important,  and  in  the  end  will  pro- 
mote more  of  their  own  and  others  happiness  than 
any  other  quality.  The  moral  quality  most  pro- 
moted by  their  education  is  benevolence,  which 
combined  with  good  sense,  gives  all  that  education 
can  give.  The  two  little  girls  [one  of  those  re- 
ferred to  being  Emma]  are  happy,  gay,  amiable, 
sensible,  and  though  not  particularly  energetic  in 
learning,  yet  will  acquire  all  that  is  necessary  by 
their  steady  perseverance.  They  have  freedom  in 
their  actions  in  this  house  as  well  as  in  their  princi- 
ples. Doors  and  windows  stand  open,  you  are  no- 
where in  confinement;  you  may  do  as  you  like; 
you  are  surrounded  by  books  that  all  look  most 
tempting  to  read ;  you  will  always  find  some  pleas- 
ant topic  of  conversation,  or  may  start  one,  as  all 
things  are  talked  of  in  the  general  family.  All  this 
sounds  and  is  delightful." 

A  few  years  later,  the  question  of  slavery 
was  to  the  front,  and  we  find  the  Maer  family 
ardent  abolitionists.  In  1824,  Fanny  Allen 
gives  a  remarkable  account  of  an  anti-slavery 
speech  by  Lord  Brougham  which  she  heard  in 
the  House  of  Commons : 

"  Brougham's  speech  was  delightful.  He  spoke 
for  an  hour  and  10  or  20  minutes,  and  it  was  the 
most  incomparable  thing  I  ever  heard.  I  could 
have  screamed  or  jumped  with  delight.  He  han- 
dled Scarlett  and  Canning  to  my  soul's  con- 
tent—  tossed  them  about  like  a  cat  a  couple  of 
mice  from  one  paw  to  another,  teased  them  and 
threw  them  into  the  air,  with  equal  grace  and 
strength." 

In  1831  we  find  Elizabeth  Wedgwood,  Emma's 
oldest  sister,  writing  thus :  "  The  thing  I  am 
most  anxious  to  hear  is  the  debate  on  Tuesday 
on  slavery.  Macaulay's  speech  on  the  reform 
bill  almost  made  me  cry  with  admiration,  and 
I  expect  his  speech  on  so  much  more  interest- 
ing a  subject  to  be  the  finest  thing  that  ever 
was  heard." 

Charles  Darwin  scarcely  enters  the  narra- 
tive until  his  return  from  his  voyage  around 
the  world,  when  we  find  him  the  centre  of 
interest,  much  wondered  at  and  admired. 
Emma  writes  to  her  sister-in-law:  "We  en- 
joyed Charles's  visit  uncommonly.  .  .  Charles 
talked  away  most  pleasantly  all  the  time ;  we 
plied  him  with  questions  without  any  mercy." 
The  second  volume  opens  with  the  engage- 
ment of  Charles  Darwin  and  Emma  Wedg- 
wood, an  event  which  gave  unqualified  delight, 
not  only  to  the  principals,  but  to  all  the  rela- 
tives. Nothing  could  be  more  charming  than 
the  letters  of  this  period;  we  will  only  quote 


264 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


Emma's  opinion  of  Charles,  as  expressed  in  a 
letter  to  her  Aunt  Jessie  Sismondi : 

"  I  must  now  tell  you  what  I  think  of  him,  first 
premising  that  Eliz.  thinks  pretty  nearly  the  same, 
as  my  opinion  may  not  go  for  much  with  you.  He 
is  the  most  open,  transparent  man  I  ever  saw,  and 
every  word  expresses  his  real  thoughts.  He  is  par- 
ticularly affectionate  and  very  nice  to  his  father 
and  sisters,  and  perfectly  sweet  tempered,  and  pos- 
sesses some  minor  qualities  that  add  particularly 
to  one's  happiness,  such  as  not  being  fastidious, 
and  being  humane  to  animals." 

A  friend  writes  to  Emma :  "  You  two  will  be 
quite  too  happy  together,  and  I  hope  you  will 
have  a  chimney  that  smokes,  or  something  of 
that  sort  to  prevent  your  being  quite  intoxi- 
cated." They  were  married  on  January  29, 
1839 ;  the  rest  of  the  story  has  to  do  with 
their  life  together,  and  the  lives  of  their 
children. 

"We  have  long  known  the  main  facts  of  Dar- 
win's life,  how  he  struggled  against  ever- 
recurring  illness,  and  in  spite  of  all  managed 
to  do  a  prodigious  amount  of  work.  We  have 
understood  that  his  wife  was  an  essential  fac- 
tor in  all  this ;  but  now  for  the  first  time  we 
are  enabled  to  appreciate  the  beauty  and 
strength  of  her  character,  and  to  see  that  she 
was  very  much  more  than  a  mere  background 
for  her  illustrious  husband.  He  also  appears 
in  a  somewhat  new  light;  and  if  anyone  still 
has  the  illusion  that  the  patron  saint  of 
naturalists  lacked  normal  human  qualities, 
this  should  be  dispelled.  Nothing  could  be 
more  erroneous  than  the  idea  that  Darwin's 
emotions  and  sympathies  were  dried  up  by  his 
scientific  pursuits.  After  Charles  Darwin's 
death,  his  son  Francis  undertook  to  write  his 
Life.  Mrs.  Darwin  felt  a  shrinking  dread  of 
the  publicity,  but  when  she  saw  the  book  she 
was  completely  satisfied. 

"I  have  been_  reading  Frank's  notes.  .  .  I  am 
quite  delighted  with  them.  The  picture  is  so  mi- 
nute and  exact  that  it  is  like  a  written  photograph, 
and  so  full  of  tender  observation  on  Frank's  part. 
The  whole  picture  makes  me  feel  astonished  at 
myself  that  I  can  make  out  a  cheerful  life  after 
losing  him.  He  filled  so  much  space  with  his  inter- 
est, sympathy  and  graciousness,  besides  his  love 
underlying  and  pervading  all.  I  think  Frank  has 
done  so  wisely  in  writing  down  every  thing.  I 
wrote  a  little  note  to  him,  as  I  knew  I  should  break 
down  in  telling  him  what  I  felt." 

At  the  end  of  the  book,  as  a  postscript,  is  a 
brief  account  of  the  life  of  Erasmus  Darwin, 
grandson  of  Charles  and  Emma  Darwin,  who 
was  killed  in  action  in  the  vicinity  of  Ypres, 
April  17,  1915.  "There  never  was,  that  I 
ever  met,  a  man  so  strong  and  yet  so  gentle," 
writes  a  dear  friend,  who  was  killed  in  action 
only  a  fortnight  later. 


We  rise  from  the  book  with  a  strong  feeling 
that  the  story  is  not  yet  all  told;  that  the 
Wedgwood-Darwin  blood  has  yet  much  to  do 
in  the  world,  and  it  may  well  be  that  the 
record  of  the  twentieth  century  will  be  read 
by  posterity  with  as  much  interest  and  pleas- 
ure as  we  have  found  in  following  the  history 
of  the  century  past.  T>  D_  A>  CocKERELL. 


THE 


RUSSIA.* 


An  interesting  development  of  the  past 
quarter-century  has  been  the  change  of  atti- 
tude on  the  part  of  western  Europe  toward 
Russia  and  things  Russian.  A  generation  ago 
Russia,  save  within  very  restricted  circles,  was 
regarded  as  a  vast,  undeveloped,  conglomerate 
empire,  whose  government  was  hopelessly  au- 
tocratic and  corrupt,  and  whose  people  were 
ignorant,  intolerant,  unproductive,  barbarous, 
non-European,  and  largely  incapable  of  prog- 
ress. To-day  the  Empire  is  considered  one 
of  the  great  and  promising  states  of  Europe, 
its  government  virile  and  in  some  degree 
enlightened,  its  people  industrious,  ambitious, 
serious,  and  possessed  of  large  actual  and 
latent  culture. 

The  change  of  view  has  come  in  part  be- 
cause the  realities  of  Russian  life  and  char- 
acter have  been  made  known  as  never  before 
by  travellers  and  writers,  and  by  the  transla- 
tion and  diffusion  of  Russian  literature.  It  is 
attributable  in  no  small  measure,  also,  to  the 
fact  that  Russian  government  and  economic 
and  social  organization  have  undergone  a  con- 
siderable transformation  under  the  eyes  of 
the  present-day  world.  Heroic,  if  not  always 
successful,  attempts  at  reform  have  caught 
the  attention,  and  have  commanded  the  sym- 
pathy, of  western  peoples. 

Just  now  the  currents  of  opinion  regarding 
Russia  are  flowing  strong  and  they  are  unusu- 
ally interesting,  even  though  not  very  convinc- 
ing. Amid  the  stress  of  the  war,  sentiment 
upon  this  as  upon  every  other  political  and 
social  matter  tends  to  be  deepened  and 
warped  to  accord  with  the  exigencies  of  the 

*  AN  INTERPRETATION  OF  THE  RUSSIAN  PEOPLE.  By  Leo 
Wiener.  New  York :  McBride,  Nast  &  Co. 

THE  RUSSIAN  PROBLEM.  By  Paul  Vinogradoff.  New  York : 
George  H.  Doran  Co. 

RUSSIA'S  GIFT  TO  THE  WORLD.  By  J.  W.  Mackail.  New- 
York  :  George  H.  Doran  Co. 

RUSSIA  AND  THE  WORLD.  A  Study  of  the  War  and  a  State- 
ment of  the  World-Problems  that  Now  Confront  Russia  and 
Great  Britain.  By  Stephen  Graham.  Illustrated.  New  York  : 
The  Macmillan  Co. 

FRIENDLY  RUSSIA.  By  Denis  Garstin.  New  York  :  McBride,. 
Nast  &  Co. 

RUSSIAN  REALITIES.  Being  Impressions  Gathered  during 
some  Recent  Journeys  in  Russia.  By  John  Hubback.  Illus- 
trated. New  York :  John  Lane  Co. 

ABUSBD  RUSSIA.  By  C.  C.  Young.  Illustrated.  New  York : 
The  Devin-Adair  Co. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


265 


situation.  From  German  sources  we  are  hear- 
ing again  that  the  Russian  is  an  unregenerate 
barbarian,  whose  influence,  were  it  to  be 
further  extended,  would  be  the  bane  of  Euro- 
pean civilization.  From  English  and  French 
sources  we  are  being  assured  that  the  Russian 
is  an  altogether  good  sort  of  fellow,  that  he  is 
on  the  high-road  of  political  and  social  better- 
ment, and  that  from  his  larger  participation 
in  European  and  world  affairs  civilization  has 
nothing  to  fear.  Unsuspected  frailties  are 
matched  by  unsuspected  virtues,  until  the 
impression  is  inevitably  forced  that  there  has 
been  a  deal  of  exaggeration  on  both  sides. 

From  the  mass  of  books  relating  to  Russia 
which  have  poured  from  the  presses  since  the 
war  began,  one  easily  selects  as  most  worth 
while  "An  Interpretation  of  the  Russian  Peo- 
ple," written  by  Professor  Leo  Wiener  of 
Harvard  University.  Professor  Wiener  is 
Russian  born  and  reared,  and  the  subject  of 
his  prolonged  researches  and  teaching  has 
been  the  Slavic  languages  and  literatures, 
especially  the  Russian.  His  attachment  to  his 
native  country  is  close,  yet  at  times  he  has 
been  its  unsparing  critic.  No  man  in  Amer- 
ica, perhaps  no  man  anywhere,  is  better  fitted 
to  interpret  Russia,  more  particularly  Russian 
culture,  to  the  western  world. 

The  volume  in  hand  undertakes  such  an 
interpretation.  The  object  is  stated  to  be 
"the  ascertainment  of  those  spiritual  princi- 
ples which  alone  can  help  the  reader  to  com- 
prehend and  properly  weigh  the  curious  and 
frequently  unique  phenomena  in  the  social 
and  artistic  life  of  Russia."  There  is  no  at- 
tempt at  a  formal  or  continuous  history  of 
Russian  thought,  literature,  or  art;  so  that 
to  be  read  most  effectively  by  one  not  reason- 
ably acquainted  with  that  history,  the  book 
should  be  preceded  by  such  treatises  as  Mr. 
Maurice  Baring's  "  The  Russian  People  "  and 
his  recent  "  Outline  of  Russian  Literature  "  in 
the  "Home  University  Library."  After  two 
introductory  chapters  in  which  are  depicted 
clearly  some  of  the  fundamentals  of  the  Rus- 
sian character  and  of  the  historical  develop- 
ment of  Russian  life,  Professor  Wiener  writes 
principally  of  the  national  ideals  as  expressed 
in  Russian  literature,  of  "art  for  art's  sake" 
in  Russia,  of  Russian  music  as  an  expression 
of  the  popular  mind,  of  the  Russian  religion, 
of  the  "  intellectuals  "  and  the  masses,  of  the 
peasants,  and  of  the  position  and  influence  of 
Russian  women. 

Perhaps  the  most  original  and  illuminating 
of  Professor  Wiener's  observations  is  that  re- 
lating to  the  Russian's  propensity  to  show  to 
the  world  the  worst  that  is  in  him,  combined 
with  his  habit  of  self-abnegation.  There  is 


little  or  no  effort  in  Russia,  we  are  told,  to 
keep  the  seamy  side  of  life,  whether  individ- 
ual or  social,  from  view.  In  matters  of  morals 
the  Russian  is  not  notably  worse  than  other 
men;  he  is  merely  less  cautious,  less  hypo- 
critical. "  The  criminal  instincts  are  more 
obvious,  not  more  serious,  in  Russia  than  else- 
where." Furthermore,  the  Russian  delights 
in  self-castigation.  The  brilliant  Irish  writer, 
Mr.  E.  J.  Dillon,  whose  "Russian  Character- 
istics" (published  in  1892)  contains  one  of 
the  most  scathing  denunciations  of  all  things 
Russian  ever  written,  lives  in  Petrograd,  a 
highly  honored  man,  and  his  book  is  actually 
popular.  The  Russians  take  a  curious  sort  of 
satisfaction  in  recitals  of  their  shortcomings. 
They  make  their  foibles  and  sins  "visible," 
while  other  peoples  seek  to  conceal  their  weak- 
nesses under  a  cloak  of  sanctimonious  proprie- 
ties. The  point  may  be  over-emphasized,  but 
it  carries  enough  weight  to  justify  the  author 
in  warning  his  readers  against  books  upon 
Russia  written  by  hasty  observers  who,  misled 
by  the  unreserved  frankness  of  the  Slav, 
assume  that  where  there  is  so  much  open  cor- 
ruption there  must  be  at  least  as  much  as  in 
other  countries  that  is  hidden  from  view. 

Another  interpretation  of  Russia  by  a 
Russian  dwelling  in  a  foreign  land  is  Vino- 
gradoff  s  "  The  Russian  Problem."  This  little 
book  contains  only  a  popular  lecture  entitled 
"  Russia  after  the  War,"  and  a  reprinted  let- 
ter to  the  London  "  Times  "  on  the  psychology 
of  the  Russian  nation.  The  standing  of  the 
author,  however,  gives  it  importance.  After 
serving  as  professor  of  history  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Moscow,  and  after  suffering  banish- 
ment for  his  liberal  views,  Vinogradoff  was 
appointed  some  years  ago  to  a  professorship 
of  jurisprudence  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
and  he  has  taken  first  rank  as  a  scholar  in  the 
field  of  mediaeval  English  agrarian  history. 
The  volume  in  hand  is  too  brief  to  go  far  in 
the  way  of  interpretation.  It  is  rather  a 
defence,  its  contents  being  prompted  largely 
by  recent  German  slurs  upon  Russian  civiliza- 
tion, and  it  is  intended  to  reassure  the  English 
that  they  are  not  fighting  hand  in  glove  with 
sheer  barbarians.  The  author  concurs  with 
Dr.  Wiener  in  a  dislike  for  autocracy,  in  re- 
gret for  the  slipping  back  of  Russia  in  consti- 
tutional matters  since  1906,  and  in  the  belief 
that  the  salvation  of  the  country  lies  in  the 
extension  of  public  education  and  in  the  solu- 
tion of  the  land  question.  He  believes,  how- 
ever, that  Russia  has  need  of  strong  monarchy, 
just  as  France  had  need  of  strong  monarchy 
in  the  thirteenth  century  and  England  in  the 
fifteenth;  and  he  contends  that  it  would  be  a 
fatal  mistake  to  indulge  in  anti-monarchical, 


266 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


anti-dynastic  agitation.  It  is  his  hope  that  the 
Imperial  Government  "shall  be  able  to  per- 
ceive that  the  uncontested  leadership  of  the 
nation  through  this  war  imposes  the  moral 
obligation  of  generous  and  far-sighted  ac- 
tion." He  is  more  sanguine,  if  not  concerning 
the  final  outcome,  at  least  concerning  the  more 
immediate  effects  of  the  war  upon  Russian 
government  and  social  conditions,  than  is 
Professor  Wiener. 

A  volume  of  similar  purport  by  an  English- 
man is  Mr.  J.  W.  Mackail's  "  Russia's  Gift  to 
the  World."  The  author  starts  with  the  pre- 
mise that  the  cultural  achievements  of  Russia 
are  largely  unknown  to  the  English,  as  to 
other  western  peoples.  These  achievements, 
he  maintains,  are  many  and  varied,  even 
though  Russia  is  the  last  of  the  great  states 
of  Europe  to  undergo  a  modernizing  regenera- 
tion. The  subjects  considered,  in  all  cases 
very  briefly,  are  literature,  music,  art,  the 
drama,  natural  science,  and  the  social  sciences. 
The  brochure  has  value  as  a  popular  hand- 
book. More  than  that  it  does  not  pretend  to 
be.  It  is  commendable  for  its  moderation  of 
statement  and  for  its  general  accuracy. 

The  principal  value  of  Mr.  Stephen  Gra- 
ham's earlier  writings  on  Russia  arises  from 
the  splendid  portrayal  of  the  Russian  peasant 
character  contained  in  them.  Mr.  Graham, 
who  is  himself  something  of  a  mystic,  has 
been  strongly  attracted  by  the  simple,  honest, 
uncommercial,  mystical  peasant  temperament, 
and  by  Russia  as  the  "  sanctuary  from  West- 
ernism."  He  has  travelled  extensively  among 
the  peasants,  lived  with  them,  journeyed  with 
them  as  a  pilgrim  to  Jerusalem,  and  written 
about  them  charmingly  in  "Undiscovered 
Russia  "  and  other  books.  In  his  most  recent 
volume,  "  Russia  and  the  World,"  which  con- 
sists chiefly  of  articles  published  originally  in 
English  and  American  magazines,  he  records 
some  of  the  impressions  gathered  on  a  long 
and  arduous  tramp  across  Russian  Central 
Asia  to  the  frontier  of  China,  mainly  through 
the  great  region  of  southern  Siberia  where 
Russian  emigration  and  colonization  can  best 
be  studied  at  close  range.  But  in  the  main 
he  writes  of  Russia  in  relation  to  the  presenj; 
war  and  as  a  factor  in  world  politics.  Upon 
this  subject  he  is  interesting,  yet  he  has  no 
great  contribution  to  make.  Russia,  he  says, 
is  fighting  fundamentally  to  preserve  her 
national  life  and  religion,  "that  she  may  go 
on  being  herself."  To  Mr.  Graham's  mind, 
the  worst  thing  that  can  happen  to  the  Em- 
pire is  to  be  Westernized  and  made  like  other 
countries.  The  nation's  present  cause  is  just 
and  sacred,  for,  as  he  views  the  matter,  it 
involves  the  right  of  a  great,  albeit  primitive, 


civilization  to  exist  and  grow.  Of  the  future 
of  Russia  as  the  dominant  land-empire  of  the 
Eastern  world  the  author  entertains  never  a 
doubt. 

Mr.  Denis  Garstin's  "Friendly  Russia," 
made  up  of  journalistic  matter  supplied  by 
the  author  to  various  London  periodicals,  is 
yet  another  volume  written  with  the  manifest 
purpose  of  commending  Russia  to  her  English 
allies.  In  his  opening  chapter  the  author  con- 
fesses that  the  word  "  Russia  "  has  always  sent 
a  little  tremor  of  excitement  down  his  back, 
"pregnant  with  wolves,  passion,  and  savag- 
ery," and  he  admits  that  although  he  should 
live  in  the  country  for  the  rest  of  his  life  it 
always  would  continue  to  do  so.  The  burden 
of  his  book,  however,  is  the  distinction  be- 
tween the  two  Russias  —  the  ogre-land  of 
wolves,  knouts,  serfdom,  and  cruelty,  and  the 
Russia  actually  to  be  seen  by  the  twentieth 
century  traveller  and  observer.  And  we  have 
the  word  of  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells,  in  an  Introduc- 
tion from  his  pen  which  the  volume  carries, 
that  the  distinction  is  "very  neatly"  drawn. 
Twenty  sketchy  chapters  of  impressions,  anec- 
dotes, and  reminiscences  are  devoted  to  Rus- 
sia in  peace ;  five  more  to  Russia  in  war.  The 
book's  only  merit  lies  in  its  somewhat  inti- 
mate, even  if  wholly  unsystematic,  view  of 
everyday  Russian  life. 

An  unpretentious  body  of  reminiscences  of 
Russian  travel  is  contained  in  Mr.  John  Hub- 
back's  "Russian  Realities."  Here  again  one 
finds  only  lightly  recorded  impressions,  yet 
the  average  reader  coming  to  the  subject  with- 
out previous  knowledge  could  very  likely 
learn  more  about  Russia  from  this  book  than 
from  any  other  one  mentioned  in  the  subjoined 
list.  The  physical  aspect  of  the  country  is 
well  described.  But  of  history,  psychology, 
and  economics  there  is  little,  and  that  of  no 
distinguished  quality. 

"Abused  Russia,"  by  Dr.  C.  C.  Young,  is  a 
volume  written  specifically  to  demonstrate 
that  in  times  past  grave  injustice  has  been 
done  Russia  by  those  western  peoples  who  have 
presumed  to  judge  her  policies  and  measures. 
The  author  makes  no  attempt  to  gloss  over 
those  aspects  of  Russian  politics  and  morals 
which  give  ground  for  honest  criticism.  But 
he  urges  that  the  existence  of  certain  grave 
defects  be  not  permitted  to  give  color  to  the 
whole  of  western  opinion  concerning  the  coun- 
try. The  passport  system  and  the  treatment 
of  the  Jews  he  condemns.  But  he  contends 
that  a  candid  study  of  the  history  of  these 
matters  will  reveal  extenuating  circumstances. 
If  not  at  all  points  convincing,  the  argument 
is  of  some  weight.  The  book  is  copiously  sup- 
plied with  excellent  illustrations. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


267 


On  the  whole,  one  comes  off  from  an  inspec- 
tion of  a  group  of  volumes  like  the  foregoing 
with  two  queries  —  firstL  where  the  publishers 
can  hope  to  find  profitable  markets  for  wares 
of  this  description,  and,  second,  what  will  be 
the  effect  of  the  outpouring  of  this  ephemeral 
"war"  literature  upon  the  public's  taste  for 
the  older  and  solider  books  upon  European 
politics  and  world  affairs. 

FREDERIC  AUSTIN  OGG. 


A  VIENNESE  PLAYWRIGHT  IN  ENGLISH.* 


The  deep-seated  American  —  or  is  it  an 
Anglo-Saxon  ?  —  habit  of  judging  all  art,  and 
especially  literary  art,  by  its  conformity  to 
conventional  morality  is  almost  certain  to 
prevent  for  a  long  time  the  complete  recog- 
nition here  of  one  of  the  subtlest  of  modern 
European  dramatists  and  poets,  Arthur 
Schnitzler.  Over  all  his  work,  or  at  least  over 
all  of  it  that  has  been  translated  into  English, 
there  hangs  what  our  popular  critics  are  sure 
to  interpret  as  the  poisonous  miasma  from  a 
very  morbid  kind  of  life, —  it  is  so  difficult  for 
most  of  us  to  see  in  an  artist's  preoccupation 
with  erotic  psychology,  and  with  other  forms 
of  nevrosity,  anything  but  an  unhealthy 
dwelling  upon  unpleasant  subjects.  In  fact, 
this  general  impatience  with  attempts  to  ex- 
press fine  shades  of  temperament,  this  blind- 
ness in  respect  to  artistic  experiment  and 
exploration  in  hazy  borderlands  of  expe- 
rience, may  easily  cause  Schnitzler's  books  to 
be  anathematized,  unless  they  are  cast  aside 
as  merely  dull  and  unnatural,  by  those  who 
fail  to  penetrate  their  allusive  delicacy  and 
their  witty  indirectness. 

And  yet  Schnitzler  is  becoming  fairly  well 
known  this  side  the  water.  "Anatol,"  his 
early  series  of  dialogues, —  airiest  of.  com- 
edies,—  had  long  runs  in  New  York  and  Chi- 
cago, and  introduced  to  large  audiences  its 
author's  most  typical  character.  Anatol,  the 
young  aesthete  of  wealth  and  family,  drifting 
from  one  exquisite  moment  to  another,  de- 
lighting in  the  analysis  of  fleeting  sensations, 

*  PLAYING  WITH  LOVE  (Liebelei).  By  Arthur  Schnitzler. 
Translated  from  the  German  by  P.  Morton  Shand.  With 
"  The  Prologue  to  Anatol  "  by  Hugo  von  Hofmannsthal,  ren- 
dered into  English  verse  by  Trevor  Blakemore.  Chicago: 
A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 

THE  GREEN  COCKATOO,  and  Other  Plays.  By  Arthur  Schnitz- 
ler. Translated  from  the  German  by  Horace  B.  Samuel.  With 
portrait.  Chicago :  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 

PROFESSOR  BERNARDI.  By  Arthur  Schnitzler.  Adapted  from 
the  German  by  Mrs.  Pohli.  San  Francisco:  Paul  Elder  &  Co. 

THE  LONELY  WAY,  Intermezzo,  Countess  Mizzie:  Three 
Plays.  By  Arthur  Schnitzler.  Translated  from  the  German, 
with  Introduction,  By  Edwin  Bjorkman.  "  Modern  Drama 
Series."  New  York :  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

VIENNESE  IDYLLS.  By  Arthur  Schnitzler.  Translated  from 
the  German  by  Frederick  Eisemann.  With  portrait.  Boston: 
John  W.  Luce  &  Co. 


demanding  no  purpose,  no  responsibility,  no 
continuity,  and  no  finality  in  love  and  life,  is 
a  figure  that  reappears  again  and  again  in 
Schnitzler's  work.  Under  the  name  of  Fritz, 
in  "  Playing  at  Love,"  he  loses  his  superficial 
resemblance  to  an  Oscar  Wilde  hero,  and 
becomes  at  once  more  recognizable  and  more 
hateful,  for  this  tragedy  shows  with  the  ut- 
most poignancy  the  horror  that  may  result 
from  light  loving  when  on  one  side  there  is 
serious  passion  and  on  the  other  merely  a 
wish  for  diversion.  Prince  Egon,  another 
version  of  the  same  type,  who  saunters  not 
very  gracefully  through  the  play  entitled 
"  Countess  Mizzie,"  has  better  luck  than  his 
fellows;  but  this  is  entirely  because  he  is 
thrown  into  relations  with  a  wpman  of  strong 
nature,  and  not  because  he  is  self-controlled. 

The  background  of  all  these  plays,  as  of 
most  of  Schnitzler's  novels  and  dramas,  is  the 
complex  and  highly  sophisticated  Viennese 
society  in  which  he  has  lived.  It  is  a  world 
less  fixed  than  ours, —  a  world  of  loose  ends, 
of  shifting,  dizzily  shifting,  values,  where 
people  are  to  each  other  like  chameleons  col- 
ored by  passing  situations,  and  where  ideas 
have  no  reality  and  no  meaning  except  as 
they  rise  mist-like  from  sensations  delicious 
or  painful  but  always  teasing.  Our  own 
familiars, — business,  politics,  social  reform, — 
appear  only  as  flickering  shadows  on  a  wall, 
cast  up  from  a  window  giving  on  a  crowded 
street  or  court  without.  Of  these  shadows 
the  most  recurrent  seems  to  bear  a  vague  rela- 
tion to  political  events ;  and  in  these  times  of 
Austrian  struggle,  it  looms  up  in  large  and 
sinister  outline.  National  disunion,  class 
hatred  and  distrust  are  evident  enough;  a 
corrupt  and  hypocritical  bureaucracy,  self- 
interested  reformers  and  a  stupid  public,  may 
help  to  explain  the  present  crookedness  of 
events.  Not  that  any  of  them  are  stressed  at 
all;  indeed,  only  in  "Professor  Bernardi" 
does  a  political  intrigue  really  condition  a 
plot,  and  even  here  it  is  held  well  in  sub- 
ordination to  the  play's  chief  interest, —  the 
character  of  the  doctor-professor. 

In  the  five  brief  acts  of  "Professor  Ber- 
nardi," Schnitzler  comes  as  close  as  so  de- 
tached an  observer  could  ever  come  to  working 
out  a  distinct  thesis, —  possibly  because  some 
of  his  own  or  his  father's  experiences  as  a 
physician  have  entered  directly  into  the  situ- 
ation dramatized.  The  protagonist,  a  Jewish 
surgeon  of  distinction,  is  driven  from  his  posi- 
tion at  the  head  of  a  large  charity  hospital, 
hounded  out  of  professional  life,  and  finally 
sent  to  prison  because  he  refuses  to  allow  a 
Christian  priest  to  make  miserable  with  ques- 
tions and  threats  a  dying  "sinner's"  last 


268 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept,  30 


hours.  Dr.  Bernard!  accepts  all  the  tragic 
consequences  of  his  act  as  inevitable  in  such 
a  society,  and  insists  that  they  are  absolutely 
without  effect  upon  his  real  self.  So  inde- 
pendent and  so  profoundly  clear-sighted  is 
he,  so  sure  of  the  Tightness  of  his  judgments 
and  the  value  of  his  work,  and  equally  of  the 
impossibility  of  its  being  understood,  that  he 
passes  untouched  through  what  to  a  weaker 
man  would  have  been  the  depths  of  humilia- 
tion. He  says  at  the  end  of  the  play,  in 
explanation  of  his  attitude  and  in  answer  to 
the  plea  of  his  friends  that  he  demand  a 
revision  of  his  case : 

"  'All  my  plans  have  vanished.  .  .  .  When  I 
started  to  write  that  [a  book  presenting  his  views] 
my  wrath  melted.  From  the  accusations  against 
Flint  and  his  consorts,  I  drifted  into  Austrian 
politics;  then  into  philosophy  and  ethical  respon- 
sibility, revelation  and  freedom  of  the  will.' 

" '  That  is  always  the  case/  says  Winkler,  '  if 
you  go  to  the  root  of  the  thing.  It  is  better  to  put 
on  the  brakes  sooner,  for  some  fine  day  you  begin 
to  understand  —  to  pardon  everything  —  and  then 
where  is  the  charm  of  life,  if  you  cannot  love  or 
hate  any  more  ?  ' 

"  *  Oh,  one  goes  on  loving  and  bating.  .  .  I  did 
not  want  to  solve  a  problem.  I  only  did  what  I 
considered  right  in  a  special  case.'  " 
This  conclusion,  which  to  the  practical  person 
might  seem  the  ultimate  destruction  of  all 
values,  is  actually  the  most  positive  kind  of 
assertion  of  the  modern  individualist's  creed. 
The  self-sufficiency  which  results  from  wide 
comprehension,  the  independence  born  of  a 
realization  both  of  the  individual's  creative 
power  and  of  the  limits  to  that  power, —  these 
are  the  central  themes  focussing  Schnitzler's 
as  well  as  many  another  modern's  work. 

It  is  lack  of  strength,  and  so  of  self-suffi- 
ciency, that  brings  about  Christine's  tragedy 
in  "Playing  with  Love"  ("Liebelei "),  and 
Robert's  tragedy  in  "  The  Mate  " ;  both  go  on 
living  lies  more  .or  less  consciously  for  want 
of  independence  and  the  force  to  make  their 
lives  sincere.  "Be  something,  have  so  much 
in  yourself  that  when  you  are  deprived  of 
position,  of  love,  of  every  tie,  yet  there  will 
always  remain  sufficient  within  yourself, "- 
Hermann  Bahr's  comment  on  "  Liebelei " 
might  be  extended  in  its  application  to  sev- 
eral of  Schnitzler's  pieces.  The  positive  and 
triumphant  aspect  of  the  creed  is  illustrated 
in  "  Dr.  Bernardi,"  its  tragedy  in  "  The 
Lonely  Way,"  most  powerful  of  the  later 
plays. 

Ibsen  never  painted  a  tenser  succession  of 
scenes  than  the  sequence  of  quiet  conversa- 
tions which  in  "  The  Lonely  Way "  reveal 
through  skilful  characterization  the  story  of 
a  long-dead  passion  and  its  fruits,  and  which 


lead  finally  to  a  double  suicide  and  to  the 
still  more  terrible  destruction  of  cherished 
hopes  and  illusions.  Anatol,  aged  and  dis- 
satisfied, reappears  here  as  Julian,  a  bitterly 
satiric  portrait  of  the  artistic  dilettante  who 
was  drawn  so  much  more  tolerantly  in  the 
earlier  dialogues.  His  actual  unhappy  loneli- 
ness is,  however,  no  greater  than  that  of  any 
other  person  in  the  group ;  mutual  incompre- 
hension and  consequent  isolation  are  the  rule 
of  life,  and  the  working-out  to  this  realization 
by  all  the  characters  makes  the  tragedy  of 
their  situation.  Again  strength  is  lacking, 
not  simply  strength  to  stand  upright  with 
stiff  muscles  under  the  blows  of  fate, —  that 
is  too  grim  and  humorless  an  attitude  to  suit 
any  artist  with  so  much  of  non-Teutonic  blood 
in  his  veins  as  this  Viennese, —  but  sufficient 
creative  force  to  analyze  and  to  enrich  with 
interpretation  every  moment  of  life,  no  mat- 
ter how  painful.  Want  of  this  superabun- 
dant vitality  makes  defeat  a  certainty  to  some 
unfortunates,  as  its  mere  possession  enables 
others  to  triumph. 

Some  minor  studies  of  differing  tempera- 
ments are  exquisitely  set  in  lower  keys  in  the 
"Viennese  Idylls,"  —  a  very  inappropriately 
titled  collection  of  six  unusually  moving  and 
various  short  stories.  The  influence  of  Freud 
and  his  school  of  psycho-analists  is  apparent 
in  more  than  one  passage  of  subtly  presented 
mood,  with  its  complex  of  emotion  and  of  com- 
paratively unmarked  external  action.  In 
each  of  these  stories,  as  in  the  plays,  the 
drama  is  primarily  internal;  the  tension  is 
of  the  terrifying  kind  that  holds  during  a 
nightmare ;  the  characters  are,  many  of  them, 
endowed  with  the  almost  magical  intuition 
which  gives  certain  quiet  and  unimpressive 
persons  the  power  to  draw  from  commonplace 
events  a  very  real  aesthetic  satisfaction, 
through  their  power  to  lose  themselves  in  the 
effort  of  analysis  and  appreciation.  For  this 
satisfaction  there  can  be  no  rule  and  no  pre- 
cise preparation,  though  incidentally  there 
must  be  no  prejudices, —  there  can  only  be 
power  of  the  sort  Schnitzler  himself  seems  to 
possess  to  an  unusual  degree.  Extraordinary 
receptiveness  and  sensitiveness,  sympathies 
of  the  widest  range,  unusual  intellect  and  cul- 
tivation, and  a  will  determined  to  follow7  the 
intricate  windings  of  the  human  spirit  into 
shadowy  corners  of  hitherto  stubborn  reti- 
cences, with  a  patience  (not  always  emulated 
by  his  translators)  in  expressing  his  themes 
through  a  transparently  suitable  style,  a  style 
vigorously  direct  and  natural,  picturesque, 
suggestive  or  allusive  as  the  case  demands, — 
these  are  the  marked  characteristics  of 
Schnitzler's  work.  Its  whole  effect  is  of  a 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


269 


richness,  a  disinterested  sincerity,  and  a  sub- 
tlety which  many  of  our  thinner  and  cruder 
and  more  clamorous  young  writers  could  do 
no  better  than  to  study. 

WINIFRED  SMITH. 


THE  BUILDING  OF  WASHINGTON.* 

A  history  of  the  city  of  Washington  tran- 
scends the  ordinary  local  history  in  scope,  and 
acquires  a  national  interest.     The  subject  is 
one  to  which  the  Columbia  Historical  Society 
has   for  many  years   devoted   its   attention; 
the   "History  of  the  National   Capital"   by 
Mr.  W.  B.  Bryan,  one  of  its  prominent  mem- 
bers, may  be  looked  011  as  a  resultant  or  con- 
clusion of  its  researches  to  the  time  of  writing. 
This  must  not  be  said  without  a  corresponding- 
emphasis    on    the    personal    factor,    for '  Mr. 
Bryan's  work  is  not  a  second-hand  summary 
of  the  monographs  of  others,  but  the  product 
of  extended  individual  researches  in  the  ar- 
chives of  the  government  and  in  contemporary 
documents   generally.      The   first   volume   to 
appear  covers  the  decisive  period  from  the 
beginnings  of  the  city  to  the  British  destruc- 
tions of  1814.    The  planning  of  the  city  itself, 
the  design  and  building  of  the  Capitol  and  the 
President's  house,  the  share  in  these  matters  of 
Washington  and  Jefferson,  and  of  the  archi- 
tects and  engineers,  are  subjects  which  have 
more  than  a  local  importance. 

The  struggle  over  the  location  of  the  seat 
of  government,  antecedent  to  the  Residence 
Act  of  1790,  is  one  which  has  been  often  de- 
scribed ;  so  that  it  is  properly  treated,  in  the 
work  in  hand,  by  a  relatively  brief  but  intel- 
ligible resume.     The  subsequent  proceedings 
under  the  act  are  much  less  known ;  and  they 
form  the  object  of  a  large  and  original  section 
of  the  book.    The  part  of  President  Washing- 
ton in  the  establishment  of  the  city,  always 
predominant  in  the  popular  mind,  has  already 
been  brought  out  in  detail  by  Mr.  Bryan's 
earlier   publication    of    Washington's    letters 
bearing  on  the  matter.    Washington's  was  the 
wise  judgment  and  conciliatory  spirit  which 
secured  the  cooperation  of  the  land  owners, 
allayed  sectional  jealousy,  and  insisted  on  a 
stable  policy  in  the  execution  of  plans.     Mr. 
Bryan  now  has  opportunity  to  do  justice  to 
other  actors  in  the  enterprise,  and  he  does  not 
fail  to  give  them  their  due  share.    The  part  of 
Jefferson,  especially,  which  has  been  obscured 
by  that  of  his  superior  in  office,  Mr.  Bryan 
clearly   recognizes.     He   emphasizes   a   point 
which  any  student  of  Jefferson's  artistic  inter- 

*  A  HISTORY  OF  THE  NATIONAL  CAPITAL.  By  Wilhehnus 
Bogart  Bryan.  Volume  I,  1790-1814.  New  York:  The  Mac- 
millan  Co. 


ests  and  architectural  abilities  would  suspect, 
that  in  all  which  concerned  the  form  of  the 
city  and  the  character  of  its  buildings  Jeffer- 
son was  the'  prime  mover.  The  relative  posi- 
tion of  the  public  buildings,  the  rectangular 
groundwork  of  streets,  the  competition  for 
architectural  designs,  were  all  his  ideas. 

The  estimate  of  L'Enfant,  the  French  engi- 
neer who  delineated  the  city  plan,  and  was 
responsible  for  the  radial  avenues  and  for  the 
detail  of  the  design,  has  been  the  subject  of 
more  controversy  than  any  other  personal 
matter  concerned  in  the  founding  of  the  city. 
The  recent  idealizers  of  L'Enfant  have  repre- 
sented him  as  a  much  injured  man,  whose  ser- 
vices were  neither  appreciated  nor  rewarded. 
Mr.  Bryan,  who  brings  to  bear  fresh  material 
concerning  other  phases  of  L'Enfant's  career, 
takes  a  more  judicial  view.  L'Enfant,  who 
everywhere  enacted  the  same  role  of  brilliant 
}  accomplishment,  headstrong  indiscretion,  and 
disdainful  rejection  of  compensations  in- 
tended to  be  liberal,  was  temperamentally 
unfitted  for  the  execution  of  the  schemes  he  so 
finely  conceived. 

In  the  discussion  of  the  genesis  of  the  de- 
signs of  the  Capitol  and  the  President's  House, 
Mr.  Bryan  is  less  successful,  because  he  here 
;  draws  largely  on  previous  monographic  works 
which  really  do  not  conform  to  his  own  stand- 
ards of  historical  criticism.    Mr.  Glenn  Brown's 
"  History  of  the  United  States  Capitol,"  and 
other  writings,  have  adduced  a  mass  of  impor- 
tant drawings  and  a  selection  of  interesting 
documents,  but  careful  study  in  the  same  field 
should  have  shown  that  many  of  his  conclu- 
sions are  in  need  of  drastic  revision.     Mr. 
Bryan  does  correct  them  in  a  few  points,  but 
repeats    uncritically    some    of    Mr.    Brown's 
assertions, —  such  as  that  the  original  draw- 
ings of  Hoban  for  the  President's  House  are 
not  in  existence,  and  that  they  contemplated 
a  building  with  wings.     He  also  makes  bold 
to  say  that,  as  far  as  known,  no  other  designs 
than    those    of   Hoban,    Hallet,    and    Collins 
were   submitted  in  the   competition   for  the 
President's  House.     As  a  matter  of  fact  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society,  the  collections 
of  which  should  be  familiar  to  a  student  of 
the   subject,    preserves   the    designs   of  four 
other     competitors,     together    with     one     of 
Hoban 's  original  drawings;  and  the  Coolidge 
collection  in  Boston  has  another  of  JJoban's 
plans.    By  a  very  serious  misquotation  of  one 
of  Washington's  letters  (p.  203),  Mr.  Bryan 
is  led  to  give  the  name  of  Hallet  as  the  one 
essentially  responsible  for  the  revised  plan  of 
the  Capitol  adopted  in  1793,  whereas  Wash- 
ington's meaning  was  that  the  plan  might  on 
the  whole  be  considered  as  Thornton's. 


270 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


These  errors,  although  unfortunately  im- 
portant, are  not  characteristic  of  the  book, 
which  in  many  cases  says  a  final  word  on 
matters  within  its  scope.  Economic,  social, 
educational,  and  legal  problems  are  all  com- 
petently handled.  If  the  arrangement  is  a 
good  deal  that  of  a  chronicle,  lacking  in  relief 
and  emphasis,  this  will  not  detract  from  its 
great  usefulness  as  a  book  of  reference. 

FlSKE    KlMBALL. 


AN  AUTHORITATIVE  HISTORY  OF  THE 
JAPANESE  PEOPLE.* 


Notwithstanding  the  prominent  place  as- 
sumed and  held  by  Japan  in  the  developments 
of  the  past  generation,  it  has  not  been  easy 
for  the  western  reader  to  find  a  scholarly  and 
convenient  history  of  that  interesting  land. 
Travel  books  and  descriptive  accounts  with- 
out end  were  available,  and  few  of  them  were 
worth  the  time  spent  in  their  perusal.  His- 
tories there  were,  but  so  little  had  been  done 
in  exploring  the  great  wealth  of  Japanese 
records  that  western  students  were  ill  pre- 
pared to  present  well  reasoned  narratives. 
The  two  massive  volumes  of  Murdoch,  and 
the  papers  of  the  Asiatic  Society  of  Japan, 
were  the  best  sources  of  information  available 
in  English.  It  is  therefore  with  a  keen  sense 
of  appreciation  that  everyone  interested  in 
Japan  and  the  Japanese  must  welcome  a  work 
which  assuredly  "fills  a  long-felt  want." 

"A  History  of  the  Japanese  People,  from 
the  Earliest  Times  to  the  End  of  the  Meiji 
Era"  is  the  final  work  of  the  late  Captain 
F.  Brinkley,  R.A.,  formerly  editor  of  the 
"Japan  Mail."  Although  written  in  col- 
laboration with  Baron  Kikuchi,  former  Presi- 
dent of  the  Imperial  University  at  Kyoto, 
Baron  Kikuchi  gives  practically  all  the  credit 
to  his  senior  colleague,  asserting  that  his  own 
"share  is  slight,  consisting  merely  in  general 
advice  and  in  a  few  suggestions  on  some  spe- 
cial points."  Captain  Brinkley  has  long  been 
known  as  one  of  the  most  sympathetic  inter- 
preters of  modern  Japan.  A  British  officer, 
he  early  went  to  Japan,  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice, and  became  editor  of  the  "  Japan  Mail," 
for  many  years  the  ablest  conducted  foreign 
newspaper  in  Tokyo.  As  the  author  of  the 
histories  of  Japan  and  China  in  the  "  Orien- 
tal Series,"  and  of  the  article  on  Japan  in 
the  "Encyclopaedia  Britannica,"  he  was  well 
known  abroad  as  a  keen  student,  an  open- 

*  A  HISTORY  OF  THE  JAPANESE  PEOPLE,  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  End  of  the  Meiji  Era.  By  Capt.  F.  Brinkley, 
R.A.,  with  the  collaboration  of  Baron  Kikuchi.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  Co. 


minded  observer,  and  the  master  of  a  clear 
and  graceful  style. 

The  time  was  ripe  for  this  exceptionally 
well  informed  foreigner,  who  was  "almost 
Japanese  in  his  understanding  of,  and  sym- 
pathy with,  the  Japanese  people,"  to  prepare 
this  much  needed  brief  history.  In  his  own 
words : 

"  During  the  past  three  decades  Japanese  stu- 
dents have  devoted  much  intelligent  labour  to 
collecting  and  collating  the  somewhat  disjointed 
fragments  of  their  country's  history.  The  task 
would  have  been  impossible  for  foreign  historiog- 
raphers alone,  but  now  that  the  materials  have 
been  brought  to  light  there  is  no  insuperable  diffi- 
culty in  making  them  available  for  purposes  of 
joint  interpretation." 

One  hundred  and  forty-three  of  these  Japa- 
nese accounts  are  cited  in  the  bibliography, 
and  it  is  in  the  use  of  them  that  the  supreme 
value  of  the  present  volume  consists. 

In  Captain  Brinkley's  book  there  is  now 
available,  for  the  general  reader  as  well  as 
for  the  student,  a  volume  of  731  pages, 
printed  on  India  paper  and  therefore  of  con- 
venient size,  which  gives  a  well  balanced  his- 
tory of  the  Japanese  people  in  the  light  of  the 
investigations  of  both  Japanese  and  foreign 
scholars.  It  is  not  too  much  to  assert  that  in 
spite  of  minor  shortcomings  it  is  distinctly 
the  most  useful  work  of  its  kind  in  existence. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  dwell  upon  the 
many  valuable  features  of  this  comprehen- 
sive work.  In  every  period  considerable 
attention  is  paid  to  the  culture,  the  social 
order,  the  economic  conditions.  The  illustra- 
tions, 150  in  number,  are  well  chosen,  but  in 
some  cases  have  been  carelessly  placed  so  as 
to  represent  a  chronological  period  different 
from  the  text.  Readers  unfamiliar  with 
Japanese  will  find  the  frequent  use  of  proper 
names  tedious,  and  yet  Captain  Brinkley  has 
avoided  inconsequential  details  as  much  as 
possible.  A  single  sentence,  such  as  "the 
political  complications  that  followed  the  death 
of  the  Taiko  are  extremely  difficult  to  un- 
ravel, and  the  result  is  not  commensurate 
with  the  trouble,"  covers  a  period  on  which 
a  considerable  controversial  literature  exists 
in  Japanese.  The  frequent  realignment  of 
parties  during  the  years  of  feudal  anarchy  is 
most  difficult  to  follow,  notwithstanding  the 
author's  effort  to  hold  fast  to  the  main  lines 
of  historical  development. 

An  endeavor  to  condense  1450  years  of  his- 
tory, and  an  uncertain  epoch  of  mythology, 
into  a  single  volume  calls  for  rare  talent  in 
the  art  of  omission.  Frequently  involved 
events  must  be  described  in  summary  phrases, 
and  too  often  the  dry  bones  of  history  lie 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


271 


exposed  without  the  covering  of  descriptive 
matter.  And  yet  Captain  Brinkley  has  been 
able  to  enliven  his  text  with  many  incidents, 
extremely  well  chosen,  which  portray  the 
genius  of  the  people  and  their  leaders.  An 
illustration,  which  has  several  points  of  inter- 
est, is  the  following: 

"  During  the  lifetime  of  leyasu,  one  of  the  most 
noted  scholars  was  Fujiwara  Seigwa.  By  the  invi- 
tation of  the  Tokugawa  chief  he  lectured  on  the 
classics  in  Kyoto,  and  it  is  recorded  that  leyasu, 
who  had  just  (1600)  arrived  in  that  city,  attended 
one  of  these  lectures,  wearing  his  ordinary  gar- 
ments. Seigwa  is  related  to  have  fixed  his  eyes  on 
leyasu  and  addressed  him  as  follows :  '  The  great- 
est work  of  Confucius  teaches  that  to  order  one- 
self is  the  most  essential  of  achievements.  How 
shall  a  man  who  does  not  order  himself  be  able  to 
order  his  country?  I  am  lecturing  on  ethics  to 
one  who  behaves  in  a  disorderly  and  discourteous 
manner.  I  believe  that  I  preach  in  vain.'  leyasu 
immediately  changed  his  costume,  and  the  event 
contributed  materially  to  the  reputation  alike  of 
the  intrepid  teacher  and  of  the  magnanimous  stu- 
dent, as  well  as  to  the  popularity  of  Seigwa's 
doctrines." 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  Captain 
Brinkley  was  evidently  writing  for  the  gen- 
eral public  rather  than  for  the  special  stu- 
dent, and  therefore  the  absence  of  citations 
of  the  Japanese  sources  and  the  lack  of  in- 
cisive criticism  in  controversial  matters  are 
doubtless  intentional.  Notwithstanding  the 
great  number  of  unusual  names,  the  text  is 
remarkably  clear  of  typographical  errors, 
and  misstatements  of  fact  are  rare.  But  that 
some  should  occur  is  scarcely  surprising.  In 
regard  to  the  Shimonoseki  complication 
(p.  674),  the  date  should  be  June  24  or  25; 
and  the  firing  on  the  American  ship  did  not 
take  place  until  June  26,  instead  of  prior  to 
May  11.  And  exception  must  be  taken  to  the 
statement  on  p.  675  which  credits  Sir  Harry 
Parkes  with  conceiving  the  idea  of  securing 
the  Mikado's  ratification  of  the  foreign  trea- 
ties by  means  of  a  naval  demonstration  at 
Hyogo;  this  proposal  was  first  made  by  Mr. 
Pruyn,  the  American  Minister,  almost  two 
years  before  Sir  Harry  arrived  in  Japan. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  history  of  the 
Japanese  people  may  have  the  wide  circula- 
tion which  it  merits,  and  that  it  may  con- 
tribute to  a  better  understanding  of  a  most 
interesting  people  with  whom  we  are  bound 
to  come  into  increasingly  closer  relations. 

PAYSON  J.  TREAT. 

Although  Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  has  completed  his 
"  Life  of  Swinburne,"  we  understand  that  the  book 
will  not  be  published  until  after  the  war;  when, 
presumably,  we  shall  also  be  given  Swinburne's 
correspondence  and  his  posthumous  poems. 


RECENT  POETRY.* 

The  decay  of  the  hopes  which  were  excited 
by  the  early  work  of  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips  is 
one  of  the  tragedies  of  contemporary  poetry. 
And  his  latest  volume  does  nothing  to  miti- 
gate this  tragedy.  It  consists  largely  of  mat- 
ter such  as  one  would  expect  to  find  published 
after  the  author's  death  by  those  persons  who 
ransack  the  effects  of  deceased  poets  for  new 
material  wherewith  to  make  "complete  edi- 
tions,"—  manuscripts,  that  is  to  say,  which 
the  writer  himself  knew  better  than  to  make 
public.  Yet  Mr.  Phillips  has  not  died.  The 
banality  and  immelodiousness  of  many  of 
these  poems  are  almost  incredible.  Once  their 
author  was  supposed  to  be  the  herald  of  a 
new  narrative  blank  verse  of  no  little  power 
and  beauty;  he  can  now  make  such  lines  as 
the  following  the  climax  of  the  love-story  of 
an  English  soldier  and  a  wandering  Moslem 
maiden : 

" '  Hath  ever,'  said  he,  '  such  a  feat  of  love 

Been  known  in  this  dull  world  as  this  of  thine? 
Was  ever  so  much  risked  or  so  much  dared? 
Now  to  my  mother  will  I  make  you  known.' " 

The  title  poem,  addressed  to  this  country,  is 
in  heroic  couplets  of  a  second-rate  eighteenth- 
century  quality.  In  particular,  there  is  a 
distinct  echo  of  the  gentlemanly  Augustan 
who  once  described  the  grasshopper  as  "the 
crawling  scourge  that  smites  the  leafy  plain  " 
in  Mr.  Phillips's  account  of  the  yellow-fever 
mosquito  as 

"  the  fatal  fly  with  baleful  breath 
That  bears  on  gaudy  wings  the  buzzing  death." 

As  illustration  for  this  poem,  the  frontispiece 
reproduces  one  of  Mr.  Joseph  Pennell's  etch- 
ings of  the  Gatun  locks.  It  is  well  worth 
having,  and  furnishes  the  only  reason  I  can 
think  of  why  any  one  should  possess  the  book. 
Or,  if  this  be  ungenerous,  another  reason  may 
be  found  in  the  single  poem  called  "Jesus 
and  Joan,"  based  on  a  fine  bit  of  religious 
imagination : 

"  When  Jesus  greeted  Joan  in  the  After-twilight, 
When  the  Crucified  kissed  the  Burned, 

*  PANAMA,  and  Other  Poems.     By  Stephen  Phillips.     New 
York  :   John  Lane  Co. 

SONGS  FROM  THE  CLAY.     By  James  Stephens.     New  York: 
The  Macmillan  Co. 

THE  WINNOWING  FAN.  By  Laurence  Binyon.  "  New 
Poetry  Series."  Boston  :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

SPRING   MORNING.     By   Frances   Cornford.     London:     The 
Poetry  Bookshop. 

THE  WITCH-MAID,  and  Other  Verses.    By  Dorothea  Mackel- 
lar.    New  York :    E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 

CRACK  o'  DAWN.     By  Fannie  Stearns  Davis.     New  York: 
The  Macmillan  Co. 

POEMS.     By  Brian  Hooker.     New  Haven :    Yale  University 
Press. 

NORTH  OF  BOSTON.     By  Robert  Frost.     New  York:    Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

THE  PRESENT  HOUR.    By  Percy  Mackaye.    New  York:    The 
Macmillan  Co. 

THE  NEW  WORLD.    By  Witter  Bynner.    New  York :   Mitchell 
Kennerley. 


272 


THE    DIAL 


[Sept,  30 


Then  softly  they  spoke  together,  solemnly,  sweetly, 

They  two  so  branded  with  life. 

But  they  spoke  not  at  all  of  cross,  or  of  up-piled 

flaming, 

Or  the  going  from  them  of  God; 
But  he  was  tender  over  the  soul  of  the  Roman 
Who  yielded  him  up  to  the  priest; 
And  she  was  whist  with  pity  for  him  that  lighted 
The  faggot  in  Rouen  town." 

Of  whatever  is  written  by  Mr.  James  Ste- 
phens, whether  in  prose  or  in  verse,  one  may 
be  sure  that  it  will  reveal  a  whimsical,  Iris-like 
personality,  darting  unexpectedly  from  boy- 
like  farce  to  the  most  matured  sentiment,  and 
always  a  distinguished  sense  of  style.  His 
"  Songs  from  the  Clay  "  are  the  utterance  of 
this  familiar  personality,  conscious  now  of  its 
imprisonment  in  sordid  clay,  and  again  only 
of  the  stars  that  shine  down  upon  the  bog. 
I  have  drawn  this  figure  from  one  of  the 
poems  themselves,  which  is  addressed  to  "  The 
Nodding  Stars": 

"  Brothers !  '  what  is  it  ye  mean  ? 

What  is  it  ye  try  to  say? 
That  so  earnestly  ye  lean 
From  the  spirit  to  the  clay. 

"  There  are  weary  gulfs  between 

Here  and  sunny  Paradise; 
Brothers!    what  is  it  ye  mean 
That  ye  search  with  burning  eyes 

"Down  for  me  whose  fire  is  clogged, 
Clamped  in  sullen  earthly  mould, 
Battened  down  and  fogged  and  bogged 
Where  the  clay  is  seven-fold?  " 

Close  by  it  is  this  other,  dealing  with  the 
same  theme  in  the  other  mood : 

"  While  walking  through  the  trams  and  cars 
I  chanced  to  look  up  at  the  sky 
And  saw  that  it  was  full  of  stars, 

"  So  starry-sown  that  you  could  not, 
With  any  care,  have  stuck  a  pin 
Through  any  single  vacant  spot. 

"  And  some  were  shining  furiously, 
And  some  were  big  and  some  were  small, 
But  all  were  beautiful  to  see. 

"  Blue  stars  and  gold,  a  sky  of  grey, 

The  air  between  a  velvet  pall; 

I  could  not  take  my  eyes  away. 

I 
"  And  there  I  sang  this  little  psalm 

Most  awkwardly,  because  I  was 

Standing  between  a  car  and  tram." 

The  "New  Poetry  Series"  devotes  one  of 
its  issues,  of  less  than  forty  pages,  to  poems 
on  the  present  war,  by  Mr.  Laurence  Binyon. 
They  are  sturdy,  dignified  utterances,  full  of 
feeling,  but  of  such  restrained  feeling  as  an 
Englishman  will  show;  sometimes  rising  to 
really  noble  levels,  sometimes  tending  to  be 
merely  oratorical,  as  is  almost  inevitable  in 
the  extended  treatment  of  such  a  subject.  At 


its  best,  no  doubt  because  most  truly  lyrical, 
the  verse  takes  up  a  dirge  "  For  the  Fallen," 
whose  partly  irregular  rhythm  moves  with  a 
kind  of  sobbing  pathos  which  is  yet  kept  under 
stern  control: 

"  They  went  with  songs  to  the  battle,  they  were  young, 
Straight  of  limb,  true  of  eye,  steady  and  aglow. 
They  were  staunch  to  the  end  against  odds 

uncounted, 
They  fell  with  their  faces  to  the  foe. 

"  They  shall  grow  not  old,  as  we  that  are  left  grow 

old: 

Age  shall  not  weary  them,  nor  the  years  condemn. 
At  the  going  down  of  the  sun  and  in  the  morning 
We  will  remember  them. 

"  They  mingle  not  with  their  laughing  comrades 

again; 

They  sit  no  more  at  familiar  tables  of  home; 
They  have  no  lot  in  our  labour  of  the  day-time; 
They  sleep  beyond  England's  foam. 

"  But  where  our  desires  are  and  our  hopes  profound, 
Felt  as  a  well-spring  that  is  hidden  from  sight, 
To  the  innermost  heart  of  their  own  land  they  are 

known. 
As  the  stars  are  known  to  the  Night." 

The  Poetry  Bookshop  of  London  has  issued 
a  new  group  of  poetical  "chapbooks,"  whose 
rather  garish  paper  covers,  adorned  with 
woodcuts  of  somewhat  affected  crudity,  en- 
close widely  varying  contents.  The  only  one 
of  them  which  has  appealed  to  me  as  of  dis- 
tinctive interest  is  Miss  Cornford's  "  Spring 
Morning."  This  little  collection,  unpreten- 
tious and  naive  in  tone,  represents  a  real  indi- 
viduality and  a  gift  for  rapid,  concentrated 
effectiveness  of  expression^  Take,  for  exam- 
ple, this  sketch  of  a  child's  point  of  view : 

"  My  father's  friend  came  once  to  tea. 
He  laughed  and  talked.    He  spoke  to  me. 
But  in  another  week  they  said 
That  friendly  pink-faced  man  was  dead. 


"'How  sad,'  they  said;    'the  best  of  men ' 

So  I  said  too,  '  How  sad  ';    but  then 
Deep  in  my  heart  I  thought  with  pride: 
'  I  know  a  person  who  has  died.'  " 

Or  this,  of  "Autumn  Morning  at  Cambridge" : 

"  Down  in  the  town,  off  the  bridges  and  the  grass 
They  are  sweeping  up  the  leaves  to  let  the  people 

pass; 

Sweeping  up  the  old  leaves,  golden-reds  and  browns, 
While  the  men  go  to  lecture  with  the  wind  in  their 

gowns." 

Greater  England  is  represented  by  a  vol- 
ume from  an  Australian  poet,  Miss  Dorothea 
Mackellar,  whose  verse,  it  appears,  has  be- 
come known  before  this  in  her  own  continent. 
The  larger  world  should  make  her  acquain- 
tance, for  not  only  does  she  present  some 
vivid  glimpses  of  her  own  unfamiliar  land, 
but  her  art  shows  a  fluent  sense  of  both  color 
and  melody,  that  catches  the  attention  apart 
from  the  incidental  interest  of  the  back- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


273 


ground.  Color  most  of  all;  one  poem  cele- 
brates the  joy  of  it  in  a  veritable  hymn  of 
praise  for  "saffron  sunset  clouds,  and  lark- 
spur mountains,"  for  "  nights  of  blue  and 
pearl,"  for  "  beaches  yellow  as  sunburnt 
wheat,"  and  the  "wide  purple  sea."  In 
others  the  pageant  of  Australian  landscapes 
is  made  to  pass  by: 

"  The  tragic  ring-barked  forests 

Stark  white  beneath  the  moon, 
The  sapphire-misted  mountains, 

The  hot  gold  hush  of  noon. 
Green  tangle  of  the  brushes 

Where  lithe  lianas  coil, 
And  orchids  deck  the  tree-tops 

And  ferns  the  crimson  soil." 

Or  thanks  are  given 

"  For   the   pine-tree   like   a   church-spire,    that    grows 

upon  the  ridge, 
For  the  lizard  at  its  foot,  .  .  . 

"  And  the  luminous  red  leaves  of  the  sapling  gums  in 

spring, 
And  the  fen-lake's  reed-grown  marge." 

Space  must  also  be  found  for  some  lines  from 
a  charmingly  facile  and  intimate  lyric  called 
"  The  Explorer": 

•'  Had  I  been  Adam  in  Eden-glade 
I  should  have  climbed  the  wall 
Or  ever  the  Woman  found  the  fruit, 
Crimson  and  ripe  to  fall.  .  .  . 

"  I'd  think  of  naught  save  the  wall,  but  gain 

Over  the  other  side 
A  fair  mixed  world  of  evil  and  good, 
Chancy  and  wild  and  wide.  .  .  . 

"  Had  I  been  Adam  in  Par-adise 

I  should  ha'  climbed  the  wall; 
T  want  not  only  the  sweet  of  life 
But  all  —  all  —  all !  " 

Turn  we  now  to  our  own  country.  A  sec- 
ond book  of  verse  by  Fannie  Stearns  Davis 
(Mrs.  Gifford)  will  find  readers  to  welcome  it 
who  have  known  a  number  of  the  poems  in 
familiar  periodicals,  as  well  as  those  who 
enjoyed  the  writer's  earlier  volume.  The 
title-poem  of  "  Crack  o'  Dawn "  is  wrought 
about  the  same  theme  as  William  Vaughn 
Moody's  "  Gloucester  Moors,"  and  all  through 
the  book  runs  the  like  interweaving  of  joy  in 
nature  with  a  sense  of  world-sorrow  because 
of  the  sins  and  inadequacies  of  society. 

"  How  dare  I  drink  heaven-dew 
While  those  I  love  drink  death?" 

This  is  the  poignant  query  of  so  many  voices 
of  our  generation.  Mrs.  Gifford  seems  just 
a  little  too  insistent  on  the  sorrow  that  under- 
lies all  human  experience.  I  have  always 
resented  the  type  of  cradle-song  which  con- 
cludes by  intimating  to  the  infant  that  "  sor- 
row is  coming  by-and-by,"  or  that  "soon 
comes  the  sleep  that  has  no  waking,"  or  other 


such  undeniably  true  generalization.  For, 
since  the  lyric  deals  with  momentary  feeling, 
not  with  the  exposition  of  the  whole  subject, 
it  is  right  that  at  times  it  should  confine  itself 
to  the  absolutely  simple  joy, —  if  we  are  still 
capable  of  having  simple  joys.  In  one  of  the 
most  pleasant  of  her  poems  Mrs.  Gifford  takes 
precisely  this  point  of  view: 

"  The  hills  are  green  and  simple  folk ; 

The  wind  is  quick  with  comrade-calls; 
White  wayside  apple-trees,  and  smoke 
Of  woodfires,  and  bright  waterfalls, — 

"  They  never  bid  me  understand. 

They  never  say,  '  You  too  must  die.' 
I  will  go  take  the  wind's  cold  hand. 
God  knows,  I  cannot  always  cry!  " 

And  we  are  grateful  for  this.  The  only  trou- 
ble is,  the  thing  is  evidently  done  with  an 
effort, —  the  poet  doth  protest  too  much;  if 
she  were  really  convinced  that  she  need  not 
always  cry,  she  would  have  said  nothing  about 
it.  But  it  would  be  unjust  to  imply  that  this 
mood  of  half-tones  or  mixed  tones  dominates 
the  whole  collection.  Sometimes,  as  in  "  Wild 
Weather,"  there  is  real  freedom  from  the 
doubts  of  both  philosopher  and  sociologist: 

"  My  lips  with  salt  were  wild  to  taste. 
I  leapt:    I  shouted  and  made  haste: 
Along  the  cliffs,  above  the  sea, 
With  mad  red  mantle  waving  free, 
And  hair  that  whipped  the  eyes  of  me. 

"  And  there  was  no  one  else  but  he, 
That  great  grim  wind  who  called  to  me. 
Oh,  we  ran  far!     Oh,  we  ran  free!  " 

Nor  could  anything  be  more  simply  and  vera- 
ciously  happy  than  the  "Fire  Fantasy"  of 
the  child  who  lies  dreaming 

"  on  the  fox-skin,  white 
As  silver  under  the  leaping  light, — 
White  and  furry  and  kind  and  warm, 
[While]  out  by  the  window  scurries  the  storm." 

Mrs.  Gifford's  technique  is  noticeably  sure 
and  sound.  Though  touched  by  the  Welt- 
schmerz,  she  has  not  been  convicted  of  the  sin- 
fulness  of  true  rhythm  or  melodious  rhyme, 
and  one  may  follow  her  through  many  lyrical 
movements  with  security  and  pleasure.  The 
limitations  of  her  lyrical  art  are  summed  up 
in  saying  that  it  is  wholly  feminine ;  perhaps 
not  one  of  her  poems  fails  to  show  the  lam- 
bent, flame-like  feeling  that  we  know  to  be 
characteristic  of  the  poetic  in  woman.  A 
more  symmetrical  or  completer  art  demands,, 
of  course,  the  sense  that  the  masculine'is  pres- 
ent in  it  too. 

Mr.  Brian  Hooker  has  collected  his  poems 
for  the  first  time,  and  one  may  assume  that 
he  includes  work  going  back  to  comparatively 
youthful  years.  There  is,  at  any  rate,  an  air 
of  youthfulness  about  the  volume, —  not  in 


274 


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[Sept.  30 


the  way  of  immaturity,  much  less  of  sauei- 
ness,  but  from  the  sense  that  here  is  abundant 
experimentation  interesting  as  promise  rather 
than  as  accomplishment.  There  are  ballades 
and  sonnets,  melodious  and  well  wrought; 
there  are  couplets  and  blank  verse ;  there  are 
songs  which  show  the  none  too  common  sense 
of  that  which  in  words  is  really  akin  to  music ; 
and  there  are  pleasing  experiments  in  a  new 
form,  akin  to  the  triolet,  which  the  inventor 
names  the  "  Turn."  Of  this  last  an  example 
may  be  given  at  once : 

"  Love  came  back  to  look  once  more 
On  the  home  he  long  had  known: 

Found  a  vine  across  the  door, 
Found  the  fountain  foul  and  dry, 

Found  the  garden  overgrown; 
Heard  at  last  a  tired  sigh. — 

Love  came  back  to  look  once  more." 

But  in  all  this  one  is  not  sure  that  one  knows 
where  the  poet  himself  is  to  be  found  —  what 
it  is,  after  preparation  and  prelude,  that  he 
wishes  to  say.  The  most  extensive  composi- 
tion in  the  volume  is  "  The  "White  Cat,"  a 
symbolic  fairy-poem  on  the  theme  "That 
every  quest  is  but  a  coming  home  " ;  the  nar- 
rative is  lucid  and  facile,  but  memorable  less 
for  itself  than  for  some  fine  passages  of  ornate 
Tennysonian  blank  verse.  Since  for  the  pres- 
ent reviewer  this  term  "  Tennysonian  "  is  not 
the  malignant  reproach  which  it  becomes  on 
the  lips  of  many  of  our  contemporaries,  let  me 
quote  from  one  or  two  of  these  passages,  in 
evidence  of  the  good  hope  we  may  have  for 
Mr.  Hooker's  further  work  in  the  field  of  epic 
or  romance : 

"  Clambering  a  rocky  slope  interminable, 
He  reached  the  height,  and  paused,  and  standing 

there 

Fronted  a  firm  wind,  and  the  mist  fell,  blown 
Asunder,  and  the  stars  shone.    All  around, 
Vast  mountains  bulked  against  an  ebony  sky 
League  beyond  league,  crested  with  snow,  and 

floored 

With  sea-green  pines;    as  though  the  almighty  deep, 
Heaving  his  foamy  legions  to  the  war 
Of  the  four  winds,  hung  suddenly  motionless  — 
A  storm  in  stone." 

"  Slowly  as  one  that  from  the  house  of  death 
Bitterly  escaping,  swims  through  fires  of  pain 
And  storms  of  fever,  and  black  floods  of  sleep, 
Till  at  the  last  his  soul,  returning,  clears 
Faint  eyes,  and  with  a  dim  wonder  he  sees 
The  strange  walls  of  his  own  remembered  room, 
Where  the  gray  day,  through  curtains  closely  drawn, 
Sickens  the  lamplight,  and  the  house  is  still." 

If  that  sort  of  thing  seems  old-fashioned,  it 
does  not  follow  that  its  charm  should  ever  be 
obsolete. 

Leaving  behind,  however,  as  our  generation 
is  tending  to  do,  the  more  conventional  and 
ornate  poetic  modes,  we  find  ourselves  realiz- 


ing a  problem  of  great  concern  in  current 
poetry  —  the  new  development  of  a  verse 
style  which  shall  seem  to  be  very  nearly  that 
of  common  speech.  The  problem  is  not  new, 
of  course;  Wordsworth  set  it  forth  clearly, 
but  his  methods  and  results  in  seeking  to  solve 
it  were  not  quite  so  clear.  Coventry  Patmore 
made  interesting  experiments  in  the  same 
direction,  anticipating  (in  "  The  Angel  in  the 
House"  and  in  other  poems)  a  number  of 
effects,  both  metrical  and  stylistic,  which  we 
are  likely  to  think  of  as  peculiar  to  the  twen- 
tieth century.  Browning,  again,  showed  what 
could  be  done  with  every-day  diction  by  his 
method,  and  Walt  Whitman  by  his.  But  the 
present  generation  has  gone  to  work  with  new 
seriousness  to  see  how  it  can  get  both  the 
full  effect  of  poetry  in  prose,  and  the  full 
effect  of  common  speech  in  verse.  So  far  as 
I  know,  the  late  John  Synge  is  the  only  writer 
of  English  who  has  accomplished  the  first  of 
these  things,  and  that  because  of  his  discov- 
ery (or  invention)  of  an  extraordinary  dia- 
lect; but  that  is  not  the  question  here.  Mr. 
Masefield,  in  the  second  matter,  was  perhaps 
the  first  to  do  to  perfection  what  Wordsworth 
saw  from  afar ;  and  he  is  having  a  number  of 
followers,  showing  varying  degrees  of  inde- 
pendent power.  A  fresh  line  of  experimenta- 
tion in  the  new  diction  appears  in  Mr.  Robert 
Frost's  "  North  of  Boston,"  which  has  already 
been  noticed  in  these  columns,  but  which  I 
am  glad  to  have  occasion  to  mention  again 
because,  having  first  appeared  and  won  atten- 
tion in  England,  the  book  is  now  reissued 
with  an  American  imprint.  There  are  few 
better  examples  of  success  in  this  direction 
than  two  or  three  of  the  poems  in  Mr.  Mack- 
aye's  new  volume,  "  The  Present  Hour,"  — 
especially  the  one  called  "  Fight,"  which  opens 
the  collection,  and  that  called  "  School,"  writ- 
ten as  a  tribute  to  an  old  New  England  acad- 
emy. Note  passages  like  these : 

"  Jock  rammed  his  cap 
And  rubbed  a  numb  ear  with  the  furry  flap, 

Then  bolted  like  a  faun, 
Bounding  through  shin-deep  sleigh-ruts  in  his  shaggy 

brawn, 

Blowing  white  frost-wreaths  from  red  mouth  agap 
Till,  in  a  gabled  porch  beyond  the  store, 
He  burst  the  door." 

"  He  dropped  his  hoe,  but  sudden  stooped  again 
And  raised  it  where  it  fell.     Nothing  he  spoke, 
But  bent  his  knee  and  crack!  the  handle  broke 

Splintering.     With  glare  of  pain, 
He  flung  the  pieces  down,  and  stamped  upon  them; 

then  — 

Like  one  who  leaps  out  naked  from  his  cloak  — 
Ran.     '  Here,  come  back !     Where  are  ye  bound  — 
you  fool? ' 

He  cried  — '  To  school !  '  " 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


275 


The  whole  of  both  poems  should  be  consid- 
ered by  any  who  have  been  led  to  believe  that, 
in  order  to  secure  the  effect  of  freedom, 
veracity,  and  directness,  it  is  necessary  to 
abandon  the  limitations  of  a  fixed  rhythmical 
form  or  the  reasonable  restraints  and  digni- 
ties of  a  sound  style.  I  do  not  here  undertake 
to  speak  of  Mr.  Mackaye's  volume  as  a  whole, 
for  it  is  already  not  of  "the  present  hour," 
but  of  that  year  1914  which  occurred  so  very 
long  ago ;  and  its  chief  contents  have  become 
more  or  less  familiar  in  periodicals.  Like 
most  of  the  author's  work,  it  is  notable  for  a 
wholesome  combination  of  sincerity  and  dig- 
nity. It  is  consoling  to  contrast  the  simple 
but  high  feeling  and  expression  of  the  two 
poems  that  deal  with  the  Panama  Canal,  with 
the  meretricious  tawdriness  of  Mr.  Phillips's 
composition  on  the  same  subject.  From  that 
made  in  honor  of  Colonel  Goethals  I  quote  the 
opening  stanzas : 

"  A  man  went  down  to  Panama 

Where  many  a  man  had  died 
To  slit  the  sliding  mountains 

And  lift  the  eternal  tide: 
A  man  stood  up  in  Panama, 

And  the  mountains  stood  aside. 

"  The  Power  that  wrought  the  tide  and  peak 

Wrought  mightier  the  seer; 
And  the  One  who  made  the  isthmus 

He  made  the  engineer, 
And  the  good  God  he  made  Goethals 

To  cleave  the  hemisphere." 

Perhaps  the  only  thing  one  is  tempted  to 
wish  for,  in  these  poems  of  Mr.  Mackaye's,  is 
something  more  of  the  elan  vital,  the  flaming 
lyrical  glow  and  warmth,  which  characterize 
the  last  volume  of  our  present  list;  and,  by 
the  same  token,  one  might  covet  for  Mr.  Wit- 
ter Bynner  a  bit  of  Mr.  Mackaye's  restraint 
and  sense  of  form.  Even  without  it,  "  The 
New  World"  is  a  notable,  a  really  golden 
book.  This  I  say  in  the  face  of  prejudices  of 
which  the  reader  of  this  journal  has  already 
become  aware,  and  which  force  me  to  add  that 
a  modicum  of  metrical  firmness  and  soberness, 
just  by  way  of  alternation  —  let  us  say — 
with  the  unhemmed,  flood-like  flowing  and 
splashing  of  his  fine  eloquences,  would  cer- 
tainly better  the  work.  Better  it,  that  is,  for 
those  who  do  not  find  essential  satisfaction  in 
the  form  of  lines  like  these: 

"  Celia,  hold  out  your  hand, 
Or  anyone  in  any  field  or  street,  hold  out  your 

hand  — 

And  I  can  see  it  pulse  the  massive  climb 
And  dip 

Of  this  America, 
My  ship!  " 

Whitman,  by  the  explicit  announcement  of 
the  poet,  is  in  part  his  inspiration;  but  I  do 


not  find  either  in  the  occasional  sprawling 
Whitmanesque  versification,  or  in  the  unrea- 
soned Whitman-like  outpourings  of  a  kind  of 
chaotic,  mystical  patriotism,  the  new  values 
of  "The  New  World."  There  is  a  warm, 
lovable  sociology  here;  and  there  is  a  relig- 
ious philosophy,  seemingly  somewhat  Hindu 
in  character,  though  the  writer  distinguishes 
it  from  Hinduism;  but  as  I  know  only  just 
enough  of  either  sociology  or  philosophy  to 
be  suspicious  of  the  soundness  of  Mr.  Byn- 
ner's  doctrines,  as  such,  I  cannot  value  the 
book  by  them.  But  that  does  not  matter. 
Wordsworth  said  of  his  "Intimations"  ode 
that  he  had  made  use  of  certain  notions,  "  as 
a  poet,"  without  bothering  as  to  whether  or 
not  they  were  demonstrably  true;  and  that 
is  certainly  what  most  of  us  do  in  reading 
his  great  poem.  So  here;  those  of  us  who 
cannot  follow  Mr.  Bynner's  transcendental 
socialism  and  pantheism  (I  use  neither  word 
with  technical  accuracy)  may  rejoice  in  the 
clouds  of  glory  which  they  trail  as  they  come, 
—  and  I  do  not  mean  mere  beauty  of  figure 
and  word,  but  nobility  and  loveliness  of 
thought  and  feeling.  There  is  a  great  woman 
portrayed  in  this  poem;  and  the  reader  is 
led,  with  a  passionate  skill  which  he  is  likely 
not  to  realize  or  understand,  to  follow  the 
revelation  of  her  spirit,  and  at  the  end  to  feel, 
as  the  poet  represents  himself  as  feeling,  that 
he  has  made,  and  lost,  and  yet  not  lost,  a 
friend.  At  times  Mr.  Bynner's  style  gives  us 
new  examples  of  that  search  for  directness 
and  veracity  which  we  have  been  remarking 
in  others: 

"  Be  my  reply 

Challenge  to  poets  who,  with  tinkling  tricks, 
Meet  life  and  pass  it  by. 
'  Beauty/  they  ask,  '  in  politics?  ' 
'  If  you  put  it  there,'  say  I." 

At  other  times  it  rises  and  soars  —  yet  with- 
out altogether  losing  its  directness  —  on 
flights  which  to  seek  to  follow  is  a  rich  new 
experience.  I  know  of  nothing  in  recent  verse 
finer  than  this  strophe,  in  a  meditation  on  the 
nature  of  everlastingness : 

"  Therefore,  O  spirit,  as  a  runner  strips 
Upon  a  windy  afternoon, 
Be  unencumbered  of  what  troubles  you  — 
Arise  with  grace 

And  greatly  go!  — the  wind  upon  your  face! 
Grieve  not  for  the  invisible  transported  brow 
On  which  like  leaves  the  dark  hair  grew, 
Nor  for  those  lips  of  laughter  that  are » now 
Laughing  in  sun  and  dew, 
Nor  for  those  limbs  that,  fallen  low 
And  seeming  faint  and  slow, 
Shall  alter  and  renew 
Their  shape  and  hue 
Like  birches  white  before  the  moon 
Or  the  wild  cherry-bough 
In  spring,  or  the  round  sea, 


276 


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[Sept.  30 


And  shall  pursue 

More  ways  of  swiftness  than  the  swallow  dips 

Among,  and  find  more  winds  than  ever  blew 

The  straining  sails  of  unimpeded  ships! 

Mourn  not!     Yield  only  happy  tears 

To  deeper  beauty  than  appears!  " 

That  two  such  volumes  as  Mr.  Mackaye's 
and  Mr.  Bynner's  should  appear  within  a 
six  months'  period  is  of  itself  an  augury  of 
confidence  for  American  poetry. 

RAYMOND  M.  ALDEN. 


NOTES  ON  NEW  NOVELS. 

Is  there  to  be  a  revival  of  the  sword-and-cloak 
romance?  And  is  S.  R.  Crockett's  "Hal  o'  the 
Ironsides"  (Revell)  one  of  its  symptoms?  Here 
is  a  tale  more  readable  than  stories  of  its  kind 
seem  to  have  been  for  several  years  past;  and  the 
point  of  view  of  the  world,  which  has  seen  such 
abrupt  transitions  since  Europe  went  mad  last 
year,  may  now  be  favorable  toward  any  attempt 
to  interpret  history,  if  only  that  we  may  gain  from 
the  past  some  clue  to  the  tragedy  that  has  just 
befallen  mankind.  "A  Story  of  the  Days  of 
Cromwell "  is  the  sub-title  of  the  work.  Read  with 
modern  eyes,  one  learns  that  the  Ironsides  were,  in 
contemporary  language,  the  product  of  an  effi- 
ciency expert.  Except  for  an  oriental  lapse  into 
the  improbable,  which  all  the  author's  skill  does 
not  quite  carry  over,  the  book  shows  that  judicious 
blending  of  love  and  war  which  gives  to  tales  of 
this  kind  their  popularity. 

Following  his  "  Children  of  the  Dead  End,"  Mr. 
Patrick  MacGill  shows  the  seriousness  with  which 
he  takes  his  calling  by  a  more  ambitious  work  in 
the  same  genre,  "The  Rat-Pit"  (Doran).  Like 
its  predecessor,  it  is  a  sombre  tale  of  humble  life, 
taking  its  name  from  a  Glasgow  lodging-house  for 
women,  where  no  questions  are  asked  and  where 
life  is  to  be  seen  in  its  most  sordid  aspects.  An 
Irish  peasant  girl,  Norah  Ryan,  gifted  with  un- 
usual beauties  of  soul  and  body,  is  made  to  yield 
herself  to  a  middle-class  scoundrel,  after  what  most 
would  adjudge  an  insufficient  temptation,  remem- 
bering the  high  moral  standard  of  the  Irish  peas- 
ant. An  outcast  thereafter,  she  finds  a  single 
friend  in  an  older  woman  whose  experience  had 
been  the  same  as  her  own.  It  is  a  tragically  realis- 
tic novel,  evidencing  marked  literary  skill. 

One  acquits  Mrs.  Bell  Elliott  Palmer  of  intend- 
ing to  write  a  suggestive  book  in  "  The  Single  Code 
Girl"  (Lothrop),  just  as  one  exonerates  her  from 
intending  to  use  slang  when  she  puts  it  in  the 
mouths  of  her  most  cultured  and  dignified  char- 
acters at  critical  moments  in  their  careers.  But 
the  fact  remains  that  the  element  of  suspense  in 
her  book  is  built  upon  the  expected  confession  of 
a  man's  immorality,  and  it  is  in  the  hope  that  he 
will  disclose  some  Cazanova-like  escapade  that 
most  readers  will  follow  the  story.  Surely 
enough,  the  expected  disclosure  comes  near  the  end 
of  the  book  —  and  it  is  n't  half  as  bad  as  it  might 
have  been,  after  all.  And,  the  man  not  being  so 


very  bad,  the  girl  marries  him  just  the  same. 
What  the  moral  is,  one  cannot  tell;  yet  there  is  no 
doubt  about  the  author's  intention  to  have  one. 

California  clutches  the  hearts  of  those  who  give 
themselves  up  to  her  charm,  and  Mrs.  Mary  Hal- 
lock  Foote  proves  herself  a  thoroughgoing  Cali- 
fornian  in  "  The  Valley  Road  "  (Houghton).  She 
even  goes  to  the  lengths  of  contrasting  the  best  New 
England  has  to  offer  with  the  best  of  the  Western 
Coast  —  to  the  disparagement  of  neither,  be  it 
quickly  said.  The  life  of  an  engineer  and  of  his 
son,  an  engineer  after  him,  constitute  the  back- 
bone of  the  narrative,  into  which  is  woven  more 
than  one  wholesome  love  story.  The  leading  char- 
acters are  Americans,  but  there  is  a  background  of 
immigrant  life,  of  which  we  are  dimly  conscious, — 
just  as  we  are  of  this  element  in  our  national  life. 
As  one  expects  from  a  writer  of  Mrs.  Foote's 
ability,  this  is  a  novel  well  worth  the  reading. 

Primitive  conditions  as  tests  whereby  to  try  the 
souls  of  men  make  up  the  framework  for  the  theme 
of  Mr.  Edwin  Banner's  story  of  "  The  Wild  Goose 
Chase"  (Duffield).  It  is  in  the  Arctic  that  the 
problem  works  itself  out,  the  girl  and  her  two 
suitors  there  finding  themselves  confronted  with 
starvation.  The  girl's  favorite  of  the  two  men  had 
been  opposed  by  her  family ;  the  family's  favorite 
proves  lacking  in  that  elemental  thing  known  in 
civilization  as  honor.  The  point  of  the  story  — 
the  old  difference  between  man's  intelligence  and 
woman's  intuition  —  is  only  reached  on  the  last 
page.  The  story  is  a  good  one,  vividly  told. 

In  "  Maria  Again,"  Mrs.  John  Lane  continues 
that  acute  criticism  of  English  life  among  the 
upper  middle  class  which  she  began  in  "According 
to  Maria."  It  is  the  lightest  of  froth, —  on  the 
surface, —  where  froth  is  usually  found ;  and  what 
Maria  has  to  say  is  largely  drivel.  But  the  froth 
indicates  the  vapidity  beneath,  and  the  drivel  is  a 
sincere  expression  of  what  that  sort  of  woman 
thinks  and  says.  The  book  is  really  a  poignant 
satire,  and  those  who  believe  that  something  is  the 
matter  with  England  at  the  present  crisis  can 
make  good  use  of  Mrs.  Lane's  material  in  diag- 
nosing the  evils.  (John  Lane  Co.) 

Mr.  J.  E.  Le  Rossignol  has  written  an  unusual 
book  in  "Jean  Baptiste "  (Dutton).  With  large 
powers  of  imagination,  he  is  never  satisfied  with 
allowing  the  conventional  to  control  the  actions  of 
his  characters,  and  the  jaded  reader  may  find  many 
a  surprise  awaiting  him  in  consequence.  Again 
and  again,  where  a  less  skilful  writer  would  have 
been  satisfied  to  allow  the  narrative  to  pursue  its 
customary  course,  temperament  overrules  and  the 
story  takes  another  and  unexpected  slant.  Dealing 
with  the  Canadian  habitant,  the  result  justifies  the 
method;  one  feels  that  one  has  met  real  persons, 
and  not  the  mere  types  of  more  ordinary  novels. 

A  young  and  popular  novelist  hears  it  said  that 
all  his  success  was  due  to  his  first  book,  of  which 
his  others  are  merely  variants.  He  forgoes  his 
great  prosperity,  meets  and  marries  a  humble 
French  girl,  whom  he  takes  to  Paris.  There,  liv- 
ing in  abject  poverty,  he  writes  another  novel 
pseudonymously,  and  achieves  another  success. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


277 


This  is  the  frame  about  which  Mr.  Robert  W. 
Service  writes  "The  Pretender"  (Dodd,  Mead  & 
Co.),  which  is  nothing  if  not  amusing.  There  is 
more  than  a  spice  of  Boheme  about  it,  and  much 
of  the  joy  of  youth  and  irresponsibility. 

A  book  most  happily  entitled  is  Miss  Helen 
Mackay's  "Accidentals"  (Duffield).  It  is  not  a 
novel, —  it  is  hardly  fiction  at  all.  Episode  after 
episode  of  life  in  Paris,  seen  with  keenly  sympa- 
thetic vision,  make  up  its  contents,  the  longest  of 
these  episodes  filling  only  a  few  pages.  Fully  fin- 
ished as  each  of  them  is  and  quite  complete  in 
itself,  they  collectively  constitute  the  raw  material 
of  literature  rather  than  literature  itself,  many  of 
them  being  suggestions  from  which  novelist  and 
dramatist  might  profit. 


BRIEFS  ON  ]STB\v  BOOKS. 


"  Manifestations     of     Economic 
welfare  work  in    Liberalism"  would  have  been  a 

modern  industry.  -in 

better  title  for  the  last  book  of 
the  much  regretted  Charles  R.  Henderson 
than  the  rather  cryptic  one  that  it  bears- — 
"  Citizens  in  Industry"  (Appleton).  The 
central  purpose  of  the  volume  is  to  present  a 
picture  of  the  welfare  work  done  by  capital- 
istic establishments  for  their  employees  the 
world  over.  It  touches  descriptively  also 
upon  those  general  social  movements  for  the 
betterment  of  the  laboring  masses  which  such 
establishments  are  assisting,  but  which  they 
do  not  control.  The  justification  of  the  title 
lies  in  Professor  Henderson's  doctrine  that 
all  economic  movements  for  the  betterment  of 
the  worker,  mentally,  physically,  and  morally, 
must  be  founded  on  a  conception  of  the 
democratic  solidarity  of  modern  society.  In 
their  programmes  for  the  socialization  of  in- 
dustry, organizers  and  reformers  must  realize 
that  a  feudal,  patriarchal,  patronizing  atti- 
tude on  the  part  of  capital  is  unacceptable ; 
that  our  workmen  demand  of  their  employers 
and  the  State  recognition  of  their  legal  and 
political  equality,  and  of  their  rights  to  the 
cultural  fruits  of  social  organization.  Em- 
ployers and  employed  are  common  "citizens 
in  industry."  The  book  is  a  compilation 
which  draws  on  all  the  principal  American 
and  European  sources  of  information,  and 
which  combines  wide  knowledge  with  an  excel- 
lent organization.  There  are  chapters  on 
hygiene  and  safety  in  the  factory  and  shop;  j 
on  the  improvement  of  the  home  life  of  em- 
ployees, from  special  homes  for  working  boys 
and  girls  to  wide  civic  housing  schemes;  on 
the  moral  and  religious  influence  of  churches, 
Christian  Associations,  and  libraries;  and  on 
the  training  and  work  of  welfare  secretaries 
in  large  establishments.  Happily,  no  fear  of 
unduly  advertising  large  American  and 


European  business  houses  has  prevented  the 
author  from  filling  these  chapters  with  con- 
crete illustrations.  Two  larger  subjects, 
"  Education  and  Culture  "  and  "  Experiments 
in  Industrial  Democracy,"  are  naturally 
treated  with  less  thoroughness.  In  connection 
with  the  first,  Professor  Henderson  says  an  elo- 
quent and  much-needed  word  against  the  plan 
for  vocational  education  which  would  place 
industry  alone  in  control  of  this  part  of  the 
public  school  system,  and  thus  give  us  a  dual 
school  organization,  creating  fixed  classes  of 
the  liberally  and  the  technically  trained.  But 
he  makes  only  slight  allusion  to  certain  move- 
ments in  modern  education  that  promise  a 
far-reaching  effect  on  industry.  In  connection 
with  the  second  subject,  Professor  Henderson 
has  to  say  something  upon  the  representation 
of  the  worker  in  shop  management,  upon  his 
voluntary  participation  in  welfare  plans, 
upon  profit-sharing,  upon  recent  theories  of 
economic  wages,  and  upon  plans  for  arbitra- 
tion and  conciliation.  It  is  little  disparage- 
ment to  state  that  his  attempt  to  cover  salient 
recent  developments  in  these  fields  is  unsatis- 
factory. He  should  have  neutralized  his 
limitations  of  space  by  a  more  frank  recourse 
to  generalization,  especially  as  his  illustra- 
tions omit  much  that  will  disappoint  the 
careful  reader, —  any  mention  under  con- 
ciliation, for  example,  of  the  protocol  in  the 
garment  trades  of  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
and  Boston.  But  the  book  as  a  whole  is  such 
a  conspectus  of  a  complex  field  as  we  have 
long  needed.  It  is  filled,  moreover,  with  an 
optimism,  a  faith  in  meliorism  under  the 
present  trend  of  the  economic  system,  that 
must  impress  those  who  were  acquainted  with 
Professor  Henderson's  farsightedness. 


French  faith 


Two  little  books  recently  trans- 
lated  bring  confirmation  of 
he  great  war.  French  earnestness  and  devo- 
tion in  the  present  struggle.  The  first  is  a 
letter  by  M.  Paul  Sabatier,  a  distinguished 
writer  on  religious  themes.  It  is  entitled 
"The  Ideals  of  France"  (London:  T.  Fisher 
Unwin),  and  was  written  in  response  to  a 
peace  resolution  passed  by  the  International 
Society  for  Franciscan  Studies  at  Assisi.  The 
Allies,  he  says,  are  fighting  for  an  ideal.  To 
think  of  peace  before  the  goal  is  reached 
would  be  an  abdication, —  Dante's,  gran 
rifiuto.  Hence,  though  grateful  to  wrould-be 
peace-makers  for  the  excellence  of  their  in- 
tentions, "  we  are  somewhat  embarrassed  by 
the  thought  that  they  are  more  careful  of 
our  physical  than  of  our  moral  life."  Not 
"  peace  at  any  price  "  but  that  "  righteous- 
ness and  peace "  preached  by  Saint  Francis 


278 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


is  the  goal,  and  France  is  determined  to  strug- 
gle to  the  end  against  a  " Kultur  which  is 
naught  save  worship  of  the  sword  and  of  the 
golden  calf."  The  second  book,  Mme.  M. 
Eydoux-Demians's  "In  a  French  Hospital" 
(Duffield),  gives  ample  evidence  that  this 
ideal  is  backed  by  the  heroism  necessary  for 
its  accomplishment.  These  notes  of  a  nurse 
in  the  hospital  of  Saint  Dominic  illustrate  the 
willing  offer  by  the  soldiers  of  suffering  and 
of  life  in  the  great  cause,  as  well  as  the  devo- 
tion of  their  families  and  nurses.  The  book 
is  filled  with  anecdotes  revealing  the  entire 
forgetfulness  of  self  for  the  path  of  duty. 
Touching  is  the  affection  of  the  soldiers  for 
each  other  and  for  their  officers,  and  the  offi- 
cers' praise  of  their  men.  All  are  conscious 
that  they  are  doing  their  part  for  France,  and 
that  is  the  only  thing  that  matters.  This 
testament  of  a  single  line,  found  by  a  father 
on  his  son's  body,  is  characteristic  of  them 
all :  "  If  we  are  victorious,  I  beg  my  parents 
not  to  put  on  mourning  for  me."  Nor  is 
humor  lacking, —  it  never  is  in  France, —  even 
in  the  midst  of  so  much  ghastliness.  "  The 
joy  of  the  spirit  gives  the  measure  of  its 
strength,"  wrote  Ninon  with  a  profound  in- 
sight into  French  character.  Written  by  a 
devout  Catholic  in  a  hospital  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Sisters  of  Saint  Vincent  de 
Paul,  it  is  natural  that  the  author  should  give 
full  expression  to  her  religious  feeling.  One 
hesitates  to  criticize, —  surely  any  ideal  con- 
solation that  the  troubled  hearts  of  France 
can  find  to-day  is  worthy;  and  yet  one  feels 
that  this  insistent  sentimental  reaction  is  a 
bit  intrusive.  The  translator's  work  is  not  all 
that  could  be  desired.  The  reader  is  fre- 
quently and  unpleasantly  reminded  that  the 
work  is  a  translation,  too  hastily  done. 


„       .     ,         Mr.  Clarence  Hawkes  tells  with 

memories  of  a 

blind  poet  f  rankness  and  modesty  the  story 

and  naturalist.        Qf  hig  her()ic  jjfe  jn  ft  gmall  VQ[_ 

ume  entitled  "  Hitting  the  Dark  Trail " 
(Holt).  "Starshine  through  Thirty  Years 
of  Night"  is  the  poetic  sub-title.  Blanco 
White's  famous  sonnet  may  have  suggested 
this  secondary  title  and  also  prompted  the 
utterance :  "  The  sun  at  noontide  showed  me 
the  world  and  all  its  wonders,  but  the  night 
has  shown  me  the  universe,  the  countless  stars 
and  illimitable  space,  the  vastness  and  the 
wonder  of  all  life.  The  perfect  day  showed 
me  man's  world,  but  the  night  showed  me 
God's  universe."  In  telling  the  pathetic  story 
of  his  blindness  the  author  does  not  note  the 
striking  similarity  of  his  case  to  that  of  Henry 
Fawcett.  A  hunting  excursion  with  a  sport- 
loving  father,  a  shotgun  in  the  careless  hands 


of  that  father,  and  the  damage  was  done, 
leaving  in  each  instance  a  flickering  remnant 
of  eyesight  and  a  faint  hope  of  ultimate  re- 
covery, a  hope  destined  in  both  cases  to  final 
disappointment  after  surgical  skill  had  done 
its  utmost.  But  while  we  know  that  Faw- 
cett's  father  made  agonized  endeavors  to 
atone  for  his  carelessness,  we  learn  nothing 
of  the  elder  Hawkes's  conduct  or  frame  of 
mind  after  that  fatal  day.  The  mother,  how- 
ever, did  all  that  a  mother  could  do  for  a 
stricken  child.  Tragic  also,  though  in  a  less 
degree,  is  the  account  of  the  writer's  earlier 
loss  of  a  leg.  If  ever  a  high-spirited  youth 
entered  on  the  struggle  of  life  under  serious 
handicaps,  that  youth  was  Clarence  Hawkes, 
and  the  story  of  the  struggle  is  to  be  reckoned 
a  memorable  piece  of  autobiography.  Ex- 
pressing his  disability  in  mathematical  terms, 
Mr.  Hawkes  says :  "  I  am  confident  that 
blindness  is  a  twenty-five  per  cent  handicap 
in  the  work  of  life,  no  matter  what  profession 
you  adopt.  The  blind  person,  in  order  to  suc- 
ceed equally  with  the  seeing,  must  put  in  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  per  cent  of  energy 
before  he  can  stand  abreast  of  his  seeing  com- 
petitor." More  than  that;  for  if  he  begins 
with  only  three-quarters  of  the  normal  equip- 
ment, the  extra  expenditure  of  energy  to 
bring  the  total  up  to  that  normal  will  ob- 
viously be  one  third,  not  one  quarter.  The 
author's  style  is  so  good  that  one  cannot  but 
wish  he  had  more  carefully  observed  the  nice- 
ties of  "shall"  and  "should,"  which,  it  is 
true,  hardly  anyone  does  now  observe,  the 
more's  the  pity.  Excellent  illustrations  by 
Mr.  Charles  Copeland  and  from  photographs 
accompany  the  reading  matter. 


Mr.  Wells'*  Mr-    H"    G'   ^ells   ls   ^   ftl1    O(Ws 

"holiday in  the  most  original  and  untram- 
book-making."  melled  book-maker  in  the  world 

to-day.  "  Boon :  The  Mind  of  the  Eace,  The 
Wild  Asses  of  the  Devil  and  The  Last  Trump, 
by  Reginald  Bliss,  author  of  '  Whales  in  Cap- 
tivity/ with  an  ambiguous  introduction  by 
H.  G.  Wells,"  all  sounds  engaging  enough; 
but  the  book  itself  repays  even  more  than  the 
title  promises.  Although  copyrighted  in  the 
name  of  Reginald  Bliss,  it  is  altogether  im- 
probable that  the  author  wished  or  hoped  to 
evade  publicity, —  even  though  he  might  be 
willing  to  escape  some  of  the  responsibility. 
The  style,  the  ideas,  even  the  description  of 
the  dumpy  figure  of  Boon  so  like  Mr.  Wells's 
description  elsewhere  of  himself, —  all  hint 
plainly  that  he  had  really  no  intention  of 
concealing  himself.  But  being  what  it  is,  the 
book  is  more  engaging  than  if  it  were  what  it 
pretends  to  be.  The  publishers  (George  H. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


279 


Doran  Co.)  speak  of  it  as  "a  joyous  holiday 
in  book-making."  As  far  as  plan  is  concerned, 
this  description  is  accurate;  for  it  seems  at 
first  that  the  author  is  deliberately  turning 
away  from  the  gloom  and  strain  of  war  to  let 
his  fancy  cavort  at  will  for  the  pleasure  of  an 
anxious  and  over-taxed  reading  public,  to 
"gyre  and  gimble  in  the  wabe."  If  so,  he 
soon  forgets  his  purpose;  or,  what  is  more 
probable,  he  was  not  really  throwing  out  a 
tale  of  a  tub  any  more  than  Swift  was  when 
by  pretending  to  turn  away  from  politics  and 
the  Church  he  focussed  attention  on  them. 
Mr.  Wells  has  things  to  say  about  the  present 
times, —  vague,  inchoate,  ambiguous  things  in 
part;  and  being  the  literary  craftsman  that 
he  is,  he  invents  a  delightful,  indirect,  effec- 
tive way  of  saying  them.  Of  course  he  pokes 
fun  at  America  (under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Aunt  Dove  ") ,  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan- 
nica,"  Aristotle,  "The  Nation,"  Mr.  Henry 
James,  and  all  manner  of  lesser  things  and 
men.  But  this  is  only  rhetorical  padding. 
Boon;  the  putative  author  Bliss;  Dodd  the 
Rationalist  who  was  obsessed  with  the  fear 
that  some  one  might  smuggle  God  back  into 
the  universe  under  some  other  name;  Hal- 
lery,  the  hero  of  Boon's  projected  book;  and 
Wilkins,  the  literary  opponent  of  Boon,  and 
the  little  author  of  Folkstone, —  all  these  are 
merely  so  many  phases  of  the  mind  of  Mr. 
Wells.  He  is  using  Carlyle's  classical  fiction 
of  employing  straw  men  to  foist  his  doubtful, 
unsettled,  or  inconclusive  theories  upon. 
What  he  wants  to  say,  and  does  say  with 
much  poetic  power  and  engaging  naivete,  is 
this:  The  race  of  men  is  inevitably  though 
slowly  developing  a  unit  consciousness,  a  col- 
lective wisdom;  but  meanwhile  the  Wild 
Asses  of  the  Devil,  who  get  into  all  manner 
of  high  places  and  cannot  be  detected  and 
distinguished  from  real  men,  are  paying  their 
Master  by  cutting  up  the  most  asinine  tricks, 
getting  the  world  into  the  present  war  for 
instance,  and  creating  the  effect  of  utter  riot 
and  decay;  and  last  most  pathetic  thing, 
even  when  the  Last  Trump  inadvertently 
sounds  a  truncated  note  of  warning  and  God 
becomes  actual  and  visible,  men  will  not  per- 
mit themselves  to  believe  that  it  is  really  God, 
though  they  may  wish  and  pray  half-heart- 
edly for  the  very  sign  they  are  at  the  moment 
receiving. 

Decorating  and  EveiT  intelligent  devotee  of 
furnishing  the  home-making  is  glad  to  avail 
ment-  himself  of  helpful  books  or  pic- 
tures on  this  subject.  And  as  a  very  large 
proportion  of  homes  are  now  made  in  apart- 
ments, instead  of  in  separate  houses,  such  a 


book  as  Mr.  B.  Russell  Herts's  "  The  Decora- 
tion and  Furnishing  of  Apartments"  (Put- 
nam) is  especially  welcome.  In  it,  the  author 
calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  all  the  vast 
changes  in  methods  of  living, —  the  bringing 
together  of  continents  by  means  of  fast  steam- 
ers, cables,  airships,  and  the  telegraph;  the 
advancement  of  the  sciences;  the  growing 
ease  of  manufacture, —  all  these  have  not  re- 
sulted in  a  new  style  of  architecture  or  decora- 
tion. American  art,  like  American  thought, 
being  conservative,  the  antique  has  been  cop- 
ied with  avidity;  but  that  "period"  rooms, 
however  good,  or  an  eternal  copying  of  former 
styles,  are  the  best  of  which  we  to-day  are 
capable,  cannot  be  granted.  The  outlook  is 
distinctly  encouraging,  as  we  may  see  by  look- 
ing back  some  forty  years,  when  taste  in 
America  was  at  its  lowest.  The  vagaries  of 
the  1875  designers  had  nothing  to  do  with  any 
new  art;  whereas  in  the  art  movements  of 
to-day,  whether  we  approve  of  them  or  not, 
we  recognize  the  mature  and  concerted  action 
of  talented  artists.  Their  messages  converge 
to  one  essential  point, —  the  necessity  of  free- 
dom and  simplicity.  To  establish  certain 
canons  of  this  nature,  to  urge  that  apartments 
shall  be  furnished  in  a  manner  at  once  effec- 
tive, satisfying,  and  sincere,  is  the  purpose 
of  Part  I.  of  Mr.  Herts's  book,  occupying 
about  one-fourth  of  the  total  space.  Part  II. 
is  devoted  to  the  practical  details,  which  are 
discussed  in  an  intimate  and  informal  fash- 
ion. Separate  chapters  are  given  to  each  type 
of  apartment, —  from  the  smallest,  consisting 
of  only  two  rooms,  with  "kitchenette"  and 
bath,  to  the  sumptuous  spaces  of  the  "  duplex." 
In  dealing  with  large  apartments,  the  author 
faces  the  danger  of  over-sumptuousness,  and 
the  difficulties  too  often  experienced  by  Amer- 
icans of  "becoming  extravagant  gracefully." 
The  very  important  considerations  of  "Win- 
dows and  their  Curtaining,"  "  Control  of  Arti- 
ficial Light,"  "  Bric-a-Brac  and  Pictures  "  are 
not  only  described  in  detail,  but  illustrated 
by  beautiful  colored  plates  accompanied  by 
descriptive  notes.  These  plates  alone  form  a 
liberal  education  for  the  amateur.  Although 
in  a  field  where  personal  taste  counts  for  so 
much  the  reader  may  discover  many  points 
for  his  own  dissent,  he  can  hardly  fail  to  find 
the  book  suggestive  as  well  as  entertaining. 


Our  national  F°r  th?S6  wh°  wish  tO  knOW  ^^ 

government  and  the  United  States  government  is 
doing,  as  well  as  what  it  is,  Mr. 
James  T.  Young's  "  The  New  American  Gov- 
ernment and  its  Work"  (Macmillan)  will  be 
found  of  decided  value.  The  work  of  the 
government,  the  regulation  of  business,  the 


280 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


development  of  social  legislation,  the  impor- 
tant activities  of  the  judiciary,  all  receive 
fresh  and  illuminating  treatment.  It  is 
mainly,  however,  because  of  the  point  of  view 
of  the  author  with  respect  to  the  executive 
organs  of  national  and  state  government  that 
the  work  merits  special  notice.  Mr.  Young 
believes  in  executive  leadership,  its  fitness  in 
a  scheme  of  democracy,  its  capacity  for  ser- 
vice, and  its  responsiveness  to  sound  public 
opinion.  He  accepts  executive  leadership  in 
American  government  as  a  distinct  advance 
rather  than  as  a  dangerous  usurpation.  In 
doing  so,  and  in  effectively  presenting  this 
view,  the  author  has  made  a  real  contribution 
to  the  cause  of  good  government  in  the  United 
States.  The  chief  regret  of  the  student  after 
a  perusal  of  the  book  is  that  some  adequate 
attention  could  not  have  been  given  to  local 
government,  especially  city  government,  as  a 
part  of  the  American  system.  Local  govern- 
ment in  the  United  States  has  suffered  not  a 
little  from  the  fact  that  its  relative  impor- 
tance in  the  American  system  has  not  been 
sufficiently  noticed  in  the  existing  books  deal- 
ing with  American  government.  In  no  other 
department  of  this  subject  has  the  devel- 
opment of  executive  leadership  been  more 
conspicuous  than  in  municipal  government. 
This  omission,  however,  will  not  prevent  Mr. 
Young's  volume  from  serving  a  useful  pur- 
pose. Its  merits  will  be  generally  recognized 
and  appreciated.  Its  frankly  modern  view- 
point will  attract  and  interest  the  student. 
There  will  be  a  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
whether  the  amount  of  constitutional  mate- 
rial introduced  in  the  form  of  judicial  opin- 
ions and  interpretations  does  not  exceed  the 
assimilative  capacity  of  the  average  college 
and  university  student  of  first  and  second 
year  standing.  Power  of  clear  and  forceful 
statement  are  present,  however,  to  aid  in  the 
presentation  of  this  material.  Besides,  the 
average  student  needs  a  little  strong  meat  in 
his  intellectual  diet. 


A  resume  of 
the  Chinese 
Revolution. 


Now  that  the  days  of  the  Re- 
public of  China  seem  limited, 
and  the  monarchy  is  about  to  be 
re-established,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a 
more  satisfactory  review  of  the  Revolution 
which  gave  rise  to  the  Republic  and  of  the 
significant  events  of  the  Revolution  that  ren- 
der the  impending  reversion  apparently  fore- 
ordained and  inevitable,  than  one  finds  in 
"The  Remaking  of  China"  (Button).  Mr. 
Adolf  F.  Waley,  the  author,  modestly  dis- 
claims competition  with  recent  major  works 
dealing  with  the  same  subject,  but  he  gives 
evidence  of  "very  close  study  .  .  bestowed  upon 


the  problems  .  .  which  the  recent  changes  in 
that  country  have  brought  into  prominence." 
So  close  has  been  this  study  and  so  true  the 
author's  discernment  that  the  daily  press  is 
now  bringing  us  news  of  the  fulfilment  of 
prognostications  contained  in  this  brief  treat- 
ise. Beginning  with  the  period  of  the  minor- 
ity of  the  Emperor  Kwang-hsu  in  the  middle 
of  the  last  century,  a  time  of  stagnation  and 
decay  in  China,  the  author  narrates  concisely 
but  in  considerable  detail  events  leading  to 
the  establishment  of  the  Republic, —  the  plant- 
ing of  seeds  of  new  thought  in  the  mind 
of  the  young  Emperor  by  Kang  Yu  Wei,  the 
sudden  and  extreme  reform  edicts  of  the  con- 
verted monarch,  the  resumption  of  authority 
by  the  Empress  Dowager  and  the  crushing  of 
the  reform  party,  the  brief  terror  of  the 
Boxer  uprising  and  the  ensuing  conversion 
of  the  Empress  Dowager  to  a  programme  of 
reform,  the  death  of  the  Emperor  and  the 
Empress  Dowager,  the  futile  reactionary  pol- 
icy of  the  Regent,  and  the  outbreaking  and 
swift  success  of  the  Revolution.  Events  of 
the  Revolution  which  were  significant  of 
future  tendencies  are  carefully  narrated  and 
discussed.  The  character  of  Yuan  Shi  Kai  is 
criticized  with  impartial  appreciation  and 
condemnation  of  its  good  and  its  bad  traits. 
Suggestions  are  offered  as  to  the  probable 
developments  of  the  near  future.  These  sug- 
gestions are  in  part  being  realized  at  the 
present  time.  The  little  volume  is  therefore 
not  only  an  excellent  handbook  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, but  also  a  guide  to  the  observer  of  pres- 
ent movements  in  China. 


The  home  Dr-      ^Jhiur      E"      B  O  S  t  W  i  C  k's 

library's  larger  thoughtful  essays  on  library 
matters,  originally  contributed 
to  "  The  Bookman,"  are  now  gathered  into  a 
book  under  the  title,  "  The  Making  of  an 
American's  Library"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.). 
As  indicated  by  their  headings,  the  five  chap- 
ters treat  successively  of  books  as  room-mates, 
the  art  of  browsing,  the  library  as  a  literary 
laboratory,  the  boy  and  the  book,  and  re- 
cuperative bibliophily.  Primarily  it  is  from 
the  book-buyer's  standpoint  that  the  public 
library  is  considered  in  these  chapters.  He 
who  would  form  a  collection  of  his  own  is 
counselled  not  to  buy  on  the  recommendation 
of  others,  but  to  ascertain  and  develop  his 
tastes  by  a  copious  yet  discriminating  use  of 
the  public  library.  Far  from  superfluous  is 
th"e  caution  against  buying  sets  and  complete 
works.  Not  even  the  greatest  authors  should 
be  exempt  from  the  weeding-out  process :  and 
still  more  are  many  of  the  arbitrarily  formed 
series  or  "  libraries."  sold  often  through  glib- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


281 


tongued  agents,  to  be  viewed  with  suspicion. 
Amazing  is  it  to  observe,  even  now,  how 
largely  the  libraries  of  the  uninformed,  the 
careless  buyers,  are  made  up  of  this  sort  of 
lumber,  which  hardly  anyone  ever  pretends 
to  read.  Wooden  dummies  would  be  far 
cheaper  and  could  be  painted  to  look  just  as 
showy.  In  one  passage  the  author  laments 
the  failure  of  public  libraries  to  secure  from 
book-dealers  "  special  consideration  in  the 
way  of  discount."  But  surely  the  consideration 
they  do  receive  is  not  ungenerous ;  it  is  much 
more,  as  a  rule,  than  the  dealer  is  justified  in 
granting.  With  all  the  risks  and  uncertain- 
ties it  has  to  face,  the  book-trade  is  not  likely 
to  make  many  millionaires.  Excellent  and 
rather  novel  in  its  form  is  Dr.  Bostwick's 
paragraph  on  the  individuality  and  charm  of 
the  printed  word,  a  charm  which,  as  he  notes 
with  regret,  the  spelling-reformer  is  trying 
to  impair.  His  concluding  chapter  considers 
the  unrealized  possibilities  of  usefulness  in 
the  cooperation  of  public  and  private  libra- 
ries. Though  called  "  The  Making  of  an 
American's  Library,"  the  book  should  have 
meaning  and  value  to  readers  and  library- 
formers  of  any  nationality. 


An  enemy's  When    thfi    citiz611    °f 

estimate  of  the  ent  country  attempts  to  set 
down  the  national  psychology 
of  an  enemy  the  result  is  almost  sure  to  be 
unjustifiable  disparagement.  Mr.  Thomas 
F.  A.  Smith,  an  Englishman  who  lived  for 
twelve  years  in  Germany  and  claims  to  know 
the  country  and  its  people  thoroughly,  vents 
himself  in  the  following  vein  in  his  book 
called  "The  Soul  of  Germany"  (Doran)  : 
"  In  summing  up,  Germans  are  characterized 
by  unbounded  vanity,  love  of  secrecy,  morbid 
sensitiveness,  envy,  absence  of  consideration 
for  others,  a  strong  tendency  to  revert  to  '  the 
ape  and  tiger';  Germans  lack  true  sentiment 
and  affection,  but  have  a  remarkable  inclina- 
tion to  reckless,  brutal  self-assertion."  The 
only  virtues  which  the  author  thinks  may  be 
unreservedly  ascribed  to  them  are  obedience 
and  thrift.  One  wonders  if,  for  example,  the 
honesty  of  the  German  lower  and  middle 
classes  counts  for  nothing,  or  if  the  wide- 
spread love  of  music  and  poetry  does  not  indi- 
cate certain  finer  susceptibilities.  Mr.  Smith 
seems  to  place  the  blame  for  the  deterioration 
of  the  German  character  on  militarism  and 
Social  Democracy,  although  it  must  be  evi- 
dent that  these  two  forces  counteract  each 
other  in  certain  important  respects.  One 
point  in  his  invective  may  be  granted:  envy 
seems  to  be  the  most  characteristic  vice  of  the 
Germans, —  we  have  the  authority  of  two 


chancellors  of  the  German  Empire,  Bismarck 
and  Biilow,  for  this  generalization.  The  re- 
viewer, who  has  spent  several  years  in  Ger- 
many, can  also  endorse  the  author's  statement 
that  inveterate  hatred  of  England  was  to  be 
encountered  among  all  classes  long  before  the 
war,  mixed  with  the  hope  that  the  day  would 
come  when  England  should  be  broken  and 
humiliated.  Perhaps  envy  and  hatred  stand 
here  in  the  relation  of  cause  and  effect.  An 
appendix  gives  some  interesting  statistics  to 
show  that  crimes  of  violence  and  lust  are 
much  more  frequent  in  "law-abiding"  Ger- 
many than  in  England. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

"  The  Alligator  and  Its  Allies"  (Putnam)  is  the 
title  of  a  somewhat  elaborate  scientific  work  by 
Professor  A.  M.  Reese,  who  has  hunted  this  giant 
reptile  in  the  swamps  of  Florida  and  Georgia  for 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  at  Washington.  The 
work  gives  an  account  of  distribution,  habits,  and 
commercial  uses  of  the  American  alligator  and 
crocodile,  and  a  brief  statement  of  the  characteris- 
tics and  distribution  of  the  old-world  relatives  of 
these  giant  reptiles.  Much  of  the  book  is  devoted 
to  a  technical  account  of  the  anatomy  and  develop- 
ment of  the  alligator,  which  will  be  useful  in  the 
anatomical  and  embryological  laboratories  in  which 
advanced  instruction  is  given.  There  are  abun- 
dant illustrations,  an  extensive  bibliography,  and 
a  good  index. 

Mr.  Axel  Moth,  of  the  New  York  Public 
Library,  turns  to  account  his  long  experience  as 
cataloguer  in  a  useful  handbook  on  "  Technical 
Terms  Used  in  Bibliographies  and  by  the  Book 
and  Printing  Trades,"  which  he  further  designates 
as  a  supplement  to  Mr.  Frank  K.  Walter's  earlier 
similar  work.  Terms  found  in  Mr.  Walter's  book 
are,  with  a  few  exceptions,  omitted  by  Mr.  Moth. 
The  arrangement  is  alphabetical,  in  nine  lists  rep- 
resenting as  many  languages, —  English,  Danish, 
Dutch,  French,  German,  Italian,  Latin  (compiled 
by  Mr.  Walter),  Spanish,  and  Swedish.  A  few 
puzzling  omissions  and  irregularities,  not  attribu- 
table to  the  supplementary  nature  of  the  book, 
invite  remark.  While  the  English  list  gives 
equivalent  terms  in  the  other  modern  languages 
named,  these  equivalents  are  sometimes  lacking, 
without  apparent  reason,  in  one  or  more  of  the 
foreign  lists.  Rather  conspicuous,  too,  is  the  acci- 
dental omission  of  "  German  "  in  the  second  entry 
of  the  table  of  contents.  Among  the  few  defini- 
tions in  the  English  list  occurs  an  explanation  of 
"  signature "  which  fails  to  note  the  derived  and 
more  customary  meaning  of  the  term  as  a  folded 
sheet,  not  merely  the  mark  at  the  foot  of  its  first 
page.  A  larger  measure  of  comprehensiveness  in 
its  not  very  extensive  field,  with  no  attempt  to 
make  the  book  supplementary  to  an  earlier  one, 
would  have  rendered  Mr.  Moth's  scholarly  manual 
more  thoroughly  useful  and  satisfactory.  It  is 
published  by  the  Boston  Book  Co. 


282 


THE   DIAL 


[  Sept.  30 


NOTES. 


We  learn  that  a  volume  of  collected  prose  by 
the  Irish  writer  "A.  E."  (Mr.  George  Russell)  is 
ready  for  immediate  publication. 

A  volume  of  verses  for  children  by  Mr.  James 
Stephens  is  soon  to  appear  under  the  title,  "  The 
Adventures  of  Seumas  Beg:  The  Rocky  Road  to 
Dublin." 

Mr.  Temple  Thurston  has  recently  completed  a 
new  romance  entitled  "  The  Passionate  Crime :  A 
Tale  of  Faerie,"  which  will  appear  during  the 
autumn. 

The  book  rights  for  Miss  Geraldine  Farrar's 
autobiography  have  been  secured  by  the  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.,  and  the  volume  will  be  published  dur- 
ing the  winter. 

Mr.  John  G.  Neihardt  writes  of  the  adventurous 
life  of  Canadian  pioneers  in  a  volume  of  verse, 
"  The  Song  of  Hugh  Glass,"  which  Messrs.  Mac- 
millan  will  soon  issue. 

In  "War,  Progress,  and  the  End  of  History," 
by  Vladimir  Soloviev,  the  author  attempts  a  de- 
fence of  war  as  a  means  of  progress.  Messrs. 
Doran  will  publish  the  book. 

A  new  and  greatly  enlarged  edition  of  Sir  Sid- 
ney Lee's  "  Life  of  Shakespeare  "  will  appear  dur- 
ing the  autumn.  The  same  writer's  authorized 
"  Life  of  King  Edward  VII."  is  also  nearly  ready 
for  publication. 

"  Six  Portraits  of  Rabindranath  Tagore  "  made 
by  the  English  artist  Mr.  Will  Rotbenstein  are 
shortly  to  be  published  by  Messrs.  Macmillan.  A 
prefatory  note  to  the  book  is  contributed  by  Mr. 
Max  Beerbohm. 

Sir  Martin  Conway  will  shortly  publish  through 
Messrs.  Longmans  a  book  on  "  The  Crowd  in  Peace 
and  War."  It  is  an  attempt  to  deal  in  popular 
language  with  the  relations  of  the  individual  to 
the  crowd  and  of  crowds  to  one  another. 

"  Indian  Memories "  is  the  title  of  Sir  Robert 
Baden-Powell's  new  book,  which  will  be  issued 
during  the  autumn.  The  author  has  illustrated  his 
impressions  with  sketches  in  color  and  in  black 
and  white. 

Three  new  "  Bohn  "  volumes  soon  to  appear  are 
"  The  Letters  of  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,"  edited  in 
two  volumes  by  Mr.  Roger  Ingpen,  and  Ranke's 
"  History  of  the  Latin  and  Teutonic  Nations, 
1494-1514." 

A  satire  on  war,  probing  the  militarist  philoso- 
phy, has  been  written  by  Vernon  Lee  under  the 
title  of  "  The  Ballet  of  the  Nations,"  and  will  be 
published  with  decorations  by  Maxwell  Armfield. 
The  volume  will  be  issued  immediately  by  Messrs. 
Putnam. 

Mr.  Stephen  Graham,  who  is  rapidly  making  a 
reputation  for  himself  with  his  books  on  Russia 
and  the  Russians,  has  still  another  volume  in  press 
for  early  issue,  to  be  entitled  "  The  Way  of  Martha 
and  the  Way  of  Mary."  It  is  a  study  of  life  and 
religion  in  Russia. 

"  National  Floodmarks  "  is  the  title  of  a  forth- 
coming volume  composed  of  the  most  striking  edi- 


torials that  have  appeared  in  "  Collier's  Weekly  " 
which  its  editor,  Mr.  Mark  Sullivan,  has  prepared 
in  celebration  of  the  twentieth  birthday  of  the 
magazine.  The  book  will  be  published  by  Messrs. 
Doran. 

A  new  volume  of  poems,  "  Rivers  to  the  Sea," 
by  Miss  Sara  Teasdale,  is  immediately  forthcom- 
ing from  the  press  of  the. Macmillan  Co.  Most  of 
the  poems  have  had  earlier  magazine  publication; 
they  have  also  been  translated  into  German  by 
Mr.  Rudolf  Rieder  to  be  published  in  Munich  at 
the  close  of  the  war. 

"A  Reverie  of  Childhood  and  Youth,"  by  Mr. 
William  Butler  Yeats,  is  one  of  the  recent  an- 
nouncements of  Messrs.  Macmillan.  The  volume  is 
described  as  a  spiritual  and  emotional  biography 
of  Yeats's  early  years,  written  in  charming  prose 
with  the  interest  inevitably  attached  to  the  account 
of  a  sensitive  childhood. 

The  first  volumes  of  a  "  Vassar  College  Seini- 
Centennial  Series  "  will  comprise  "  Brissot  de  War- 
ville "  by  Miss  Eloise  Ellery ;  "  Elizabethan 
Translations  from  the  Italian"  by  Dr.  Mary 
Augusta  Scott;  "  Social  Studies  in  English  Lit- 
erature''  by  Miss  Laura  J.  Wylie;  and  "An  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  Variable  Stars"  by 
Miss  Caroline  E.  Furness. 

In  addition  to  the  new  translations  of  Bjornson's 
"  Poems  and  Songs "  and  Strindberg's  "  Master 
Olof  "  just  issued  in  the  series  of  "  Scandinavian 
Classics,"  the  American-Scandinavian  Foundation 
has  in  press  for  November  publication  an  exhaus- 
tive monograph  on  "  Ballad  Criticism  in  Scandi- 
navia and  Great  Britain  during  the  18th  Century," 
prepared  by  Mr.  Sigurd  Bernhard  Hustvedt,  of  the 
University  of  Illinois. 

Mr.  Hall  Caine's  series  of  newspaper  articles  on 
the  war  will  shortly  be  issued  in  book  form  by 
Messrs.  Lippincott  under  the  title  of  "  The  Drama 
of  365  Days."  In  it  are  gathered  many  recollec- 
tions of  famous  actors  in  recent  European  history, 
studies  in  national  psychology,  based  upon  per- 
sonal observation  and  travel  before  the  war  and 
since,  with  anecdotes  that  throw  light  upon  men 
and  motives  in  recent  times. 

The  three  volumes  of  "  The  Literary  Diary  of 
Ezra  Stiles,  D.D.,  LL.D.,"  edited  by  Mr.  Franklin 
Bowditch  Dexter,  M.A.,  have  been  taken  over  for 
publication  under  the  imprint  of  the  Yale  Uni- 
versity Press.  In  bequeathing  his  manuscripts  to 
his  successor  in  the  presidency  of  Yale  College, 
Ezra  Stiles  probably  did  not  realize  that  his  diary 
would  be  recognized  as  an  historical  record  and 
be  the  one  among  his  writings  to  live  long  years 
after  the  other  pages  had  been  forgotten. 

A  new  volume  of  essays  by  Mr.  Arthur  Symons, 
entitled  "  Figures  of  Several  Centuries,"  will  be 
an  important  feature  of  the  autumn  publishing 
season.  The  studies  include  "  George  Meredith  as 
a  Poet,"  "A  Note  on  the  Genius  of  Thomas 
Hardy,"  "  St.  Augustine,"  "  Charles  Lamb,"  "  Gus- 
tave  Flaubert,"  "Algernon  Charles  Swinburne," 
"  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti,"  "  Henrik  Ibsen,"  "  Wal- 
ter Pater,"  "  Coventry  Patmore,"  "Aubrey  Beards- 
ley,"  "  Sarojini  Naidu,"  and  "  Welsh  Poetry." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


283 


"A  Book  of  Victorian  Poetry  and  Prose,"  com- 
piled by  Mrs.  Hugh  Walker,  is  announced  by 
Messrs.  Putnam,  in  conjunction  with  the  Cambridge 
University  Press.  The  contents  are  classified  un- 
der such  headings  as  "  Systematic  Thinkers," 
"  Biography  and  Criticism,"  "  Poetry,"  "  Novel- 
ists," and  "  History."  The  volume  also  serves  to 
illustrate  the  criticisms  offered  upon  this  period  in 
the  "  Outlines  of  Victorian  Literature,"  in  which 
the  compiler  collaborated  with  her  husband,  Pro- 
fessor Hugh  Walker. 

The  autumn  announcement  list  of  Mr.  Blackwell 
of  Oxford  includes  the  following  titles :  "  Life  of 
Viscount  Bolingbroke,"  by  Arthur  Hassall;  "Tales 
by  Polish  Authors,"  translated  by  Else  C.  M. 
Benecke;  "  Still  More  Russian  Picture  Tales,"  by 
Valery  Carrick,  translated  by  Nevill  Forbes;  "An 
American  Garland:  Being  a  Collection  of  Ballads 
Relating  to  America,  1563-1759,"  edited  with 
introduction  and  notes  by  C.  H.  Firth ;  "  Oxford 
Poetry,  1915,"  edited  by  G.  D.  H.  C.  and  T.  W.  E.; 
"  The  War  and  Religion,"  by  Alfred  Loisy,  trans- 
lated by  Arthur  Galton ;  "  Syria  as  a  Roman 
Province,"  by  E.  S.  Bouchier;  "Analysis  of  Mill's 
Principles  of  Political  Economy,"  by  L.  Older- 
shaw ;  "  Historical  Geography  of  England,"  by 
Maud  Holliday ;  and  "  Symphonies :  Poems  on  the 
Four  Movement  Plan,"  by  E.  H.  W.  M. 

Martin  Luther  d'Ooge,  one  of  the  best-known  of 
American  classical  scholars,  died  suddenly  at  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan,  on  the  12th  inst.  Born  in  Zon- 
nemaire,  Netherlands,  in  1839,  he  came  to  this 
country  at  an  early  age,  and  was  educated  at  the 
University  of  Michigan.  Later  he  went  abroad, 
and  studied  at  the  University  of  Leipzig.  He 
joined  the  teaching  staff  of  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  1867,  and  from  1870  to  1912  was  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  in  that  institution.  Professor 
d'Ooge  took  an  active  part  in  the  work  of  the 
American  School  of  Classical  Studies  in  Athens, 
the  American  Philological  Association,  and  the 
American  Archaeological  Institute.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  volume  on  "  The  Acropolis  of  Athens," 
and  the  editor  of  several  standard  classical  texts. 
His  periodical  contributions  include  a  number  of 
reviews  prepared  for  THE  DIAL. 

A  translation,  in  seven  volumes,  of  "  L'Hisfoire 
de  France  Racontee  a  Tous,"  of  which  M.  Franz 
Funck-Brentano  is  the  general  editor,  is  announced 
by  an  English  publisher,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
National  History  of  France."  Its  aim  is  to  pre- 
sent the  history  of  each  epoch,  its  men,  its  events, 
the  movement  of  ideas  and  social  life,  of  art  and 
letters,  in  a  volume  of  moderate  compass  and  in 
an  easy  style,  with  no  parade  of  learning,  but 
solidly  based  on  research.  Up  to  the  present,  four 
volumes  have  been  published  in  the  original 
French — "The  Renaissance,"  by  M.  Louis  Batiffol, 
"  The  Great  Century,"  by  M.  Jacques  Boulenger, 
"The  Eighteenth  Century,"  by  M.  Casimir  Stryien- 
ski,  and  "  The  Revolution,"  by  M.  Louis  Madelin  — 
and  of  these,  three  have  been  "  crowned  "  by  the 
Academy.  M.  Batiffol's  "  The  Renaissance,"  the 
first  volume  of  the  series  which  has  been  trans- 
lated into  English,  will  be  published  during  the 
present  season. 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

October,  1915. 


African  Mission,  Letters  from  an  —  I.     Jean  K. 

Mackenzie Atlantic 

American  Country  Life  in  Old  French  Memoirs.  C.  H. 

Sherrill Yale 

American  Goods,  Selling.  W.  F.  Wyman  .  .  World's  Work 

Arbitration.  Walter  E.  Weyl Harper 

Arctic,  A_dventures  in  the.  D.  B.  Macmillan  .  .  .  Harper 
Automobiles  by  the  Million.  J.  G.  Frederick  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Belgians,  Last  Stand  of  the.  Philip  Gibbs  .  .  .  McBride 

Bowles,  Samuel.  Gamaliel  Bradford Atlantic 

British  Admiralty,  The.  A.  G.  Gardiner  ....  Atlantic 

British  Battle  Line,  The.  E.  A.  Powell Scribner 

Business,  American,  and  the  War.  C.  F.  Speare.  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Charleston.  W.  D.  Howells Harper 

Chickadee,  The  Friendly.  Walter  P.  Eaton  ....  Harper 
China's  Fighting  Blood.  Willard  Price  .  .  .  World's  Work 
Citizen,  Mind  of  the.  A.  D.  Weeks  ....  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
College  Life  and  Education.  Henry  S.  Canby  .  .  .  Yale 
Culture,  Extirpation  of.  Katharine  F.  Gerould  .  .  Atlantic 
Defence,  National,  Our.  J.  B.  Walker  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Democracy  and  Literature.  Charles  H.  A.  Wager  .  Atlantic 
Domestic  Science,  National  School  for.  Stanley 

Johnson American 

Economic  Aftermath,  The.  A.  D.  Noyes Yale 

Education,  Rural.  H.  G.  Lull Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Electrification  of  Everything.  Frederick  Todd  .  World's  Work 
Female  Delicacy  in  the  Sixties.  Amy  L.  Reed  .  .  Century 

Field,  Eugene.  Elsie  F.  Weil McBride 

Fiji,  History  of.  Alfred  G.  Mayer Scientific 

French  Character  under  Test.  D.  D.  L.  McGrew.  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Friendship,  a  Social  Category.  Elsie  C.  Parsons.  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Genius  and  the  Average  Man.  Woods  Hutchinson.  Everybody's 
German  Women,  Nobility  of.  Frieda  B.  Zeeb  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 

Germany,  The  True.  Kuno  Francke Atlantic 

Germany's  Downfall  as  a  Colonial  Power.  Charles 

Johnston Rev.  of  Revs. 

Germany's  Exit  from  Africa.  L.  R.  Freeman  .  World's  Work 
"  Hamlet  "  with  Hamlet  Left  Out.  Brander  Matthews  .  Yale 
Hatred  —  and  a  Possible  Sequel.  L.  P.  Jacks  ....  Yale 
History,  American,  Myths  of.  Albert  B.  Hart  .  .  .  Harper 

Industrial  Research.  W.  A.  Hamor Scientific 

Italy  and  the  War.  Henry  D.  Sedgwick Yale 

Italy  and  the  War.  T.  Lothrop  Stoddard  ....  Century 
Jenner  and  Vaccination.  D.  Fraser  Harris  .  .  .  Scientific 
Joffre:  Victor  of  the  Marne.  "  Captain  X  "  .  .  .  Scribner 
Lacquer,  Oriental.  Henry  Coleman  May  ....  Scribner 
Lansing :  Secretary  of  State.  James  B.  Scott  .  .  .  Atlantic 
London  Life,  Phases  of.  Princess  Lazarovich  .  .  Century 
Lorraine  and  the  Vosges.  Edith  Wharton  ....  Scribner 
Mathematical  Unknowns.  G.  A.  Miller  ....  Scientific 
Medical  Education,  English.  Abraham  Flexner  .  .  Atlantic 
Mexico,  Our  Attitude  towards.  L.  G.  Valentine  .  .  Century 
Mexico,  Who's  Who  in.  French  Strother  .  .  World's  Work 
Military  Service,  Compulsory.  G.  N.  Tricoche  ....  Yale 
Motion-Picture  Land.  William  Allen  Johnston  .  Everybody's 
New  England  Coast,  Motoring  along  the.  Louise 

C.  Hale Century 

Newfoundland's  Recruits.  P.  T.  McGrath  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Nietzsche:  A  Modern  Stoic.  C.  M.  Bakewell  ....  Yale 

Novel-Reader,  Reflections  of  a Atlantic 

Novelists,  American,  Open  Season  for.  Meredith 

Nicholson Atlantic 

Osborne,  Thomas  Mott.  Howard  Florence  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Paris,  My  Debut  in.  Francis  Grierson Century 

Peace,  A  League  to  Enforce.  A.  Lawrence 

Lowell World's  Work 

Peace,  American,  Menaces  to.  E.  L.  Fox  ....  McBride 
Peace,  World,  Leaders  toward.  William  Hard  .  Everybody's 
Philosophy,  Adventures  in.  Ellwood  Hendrick  .  .  Atlantic 
Photography,  Old  Masters  of.  A.  L.  Coburn  .  .  .  Century 
Physical  Training  as  Mental  Training.  J.  H. 

McBride Scientific 

Picture  Play,  Making  the  First.  Alexander  Black  .  McBride 
Pont-Croix,  An  Afternoon  in.  H.  A.  Gibbons  .  .  .  Harper 
Portugal's  Battle  Abbeys  and  Coimbra.  Ernest 

Peixotto  Scribner 

Psychology  and  Sociology.  R.  H.  Lowe  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Rock-Stencillings  in  Wales.  C.  B.  Davenport  .  .  Scientific 
Roman  Crowd,  Faces  in  the.  Anne  C.  E.  Allinson  .  .  Yale 
Russia,  Impressions  in.  Robert  R.  MeCormick. . .  World's  Work 
Sing  Sing,  New  Methods  at.  T.  M.  Osborne  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Slavophilism,  Interpretation  of.  A.  D.  Rees  .  .  Scientific 
Socialism,  International.  Morris  Hillquit  .  .  .  .  N  .  Yale 
Stars,  Evolution  of  the.  W.  W.  Campbell  .  .  .  Scientific 
Stevenson's  Toy  Theatre.  Brander  Matthews  .  .  Scribner 

Voter,  The  Average.  Walter  Weyl Century 

War,  Anti-Suffragists  and.  Elsie  C.  Parsons  .  .  Scientific 
War,  Intellectual  Stimulus  of  the.  T.  H.  Price  .  World's  Work 

War  Selection.  David  Starr  Jordan Scientific 

War  Situations,  Crucial.  Frank  H.  Simonds  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
War's  Emotions,  A  Year  of.  Simeon  Strunsky  .  .  Atlantic 
Wealth  and  Its  Ways.  L.  M.  Keasbey  .  .  .  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Whitman  in  New  Orleans.  R.  E.  Holloway  ....  Yal« 


284 


[  Sept.  30 


ANNOUNCEMENTS  OF  FALL  BOOKS. 


The  length  of  THE  DIAL'S  annual  list  of 
books  announced  for  autumn  publication,  con- 
tained in  our  issue  of  September  16,  made  it 
necessary  as  usual  to  carry  over  to  the  present 
number  the  following  entries,  comprising  the 
full  list  of  Text-Books  and  Juvenile  publica- 
tions of  the  season. 

BOOKS  FOR  SCHOOL  AND  COLLEGE. 

A  Book  of  English  Literature,  selected  and  edited  by 
Franklyn  Bliss  Snyder,  Ph.D.,  and  Robert  Grant 
Martin,  Ph.D. —  The  Family  as  a  Social  and  Edu- 
cational Institution,  by  Wellystine  Goodsell,  Ph.D., 
edited  by  Paul  Monroe. —  Modes  of  Research  in 
Genetics,  by  Raymond  Pearl,  Ph.D. —  State  and 
County  School  Administration,  Vol.  II.,  Source 
Book,  by  Ellwood  P.  Cubberley  and  Edward  C. 
Elliott. —  Historical  Introduction  to  Mathematical 
Literature,  by  G.  A.  Miller. —  Principles  and  Meth- 
ods of  Municipal  Administration,  by  William  Ben- 
nett Munro.^  Comparative  Free  Government,  by 
,  Jesse  Macy  and  John  W.  Gannaway,  edited  by 
Richard  T.  Ely. —  A  Syllabus  of  Roman  History 
by  George  Willis  Botsf ord. —  Questions  on  the  Prin- 
ciples of  Economics,  by  Edmund  E.  Day,  Ph.D., 
and  Joseph  S.  Davis,  Ph.D. —  The  Marketing  of 
Farm  Products,  by  L.  D.  H.  Weld. — A  Manual  on 
Muscular  Movement  Writing,  by  C.  C.  Lister. — A 
Manual  to  Accompany  the  New  Sloan  Readers,  by 
Katherine  E.  Sloan. —  Elementary  Lessons  in  Elec- 
tricity and  Magnetism,  by  Silvanus  P.  Thompson, 
revised  edition. —  Lessons  in  Elementary  Physi- 
ology,  by  Thomas  H.  Huxley,  revised  by  Joseph 
Bancroft,  illus. —  The  Rural  Text-Book  Series, 
edited  by  L.  H.  Bailey,  new  vols. :  Small  Grains, 
by  M.  A.  Carleton;  Soils,  their  properties  and 
management,  revised  and  Rewritten  by  Thomas 
Lyttleton  Lyon,  Elmer  O.  Fippin,  and  Harry  Oliver 
Buckman. —  The  Breeds  of  Live-Stock,  by  live-stock 
breeders,  revised  and  arranged  by  Carl  W.  Gay. — 
Mediaeval  Civilization,  by  Roscoe  Lewis  Ashley. — 
Outlines  of  Economic  History,  by  Cheesman  A. 
Herrick. —  The  Principles  of  Agronomy,  by  Frank- 
lin S.  Harris  and  George  W.  Stewart. —  Soils  and 
Plant  Life,  by  J.  C.  Cunningham  and  W.  H. 
Lancelot. —  Geometrical  Notebook,  by  Earl  Ray- 
mond Hedrick. —  Elementary  French  Reader,  by 
L.  A.  Roux. —  Dairy  Farming,  by  C.  H.  Eckles  and 
G.  F.  Warren. —  Athletic  Games  for  Players,  by 
Jessie  H.  Bancroft  and  William  Dean  Pulver- 
macher. —  The  Plain  Story  of  American  History, 
by  John  Spencer  Bassett,  Ph.D. —  The  Wheat  In- 
dustry, by  N.  A.  Bengston,  A.M.,  and  Donee 
Griffith,  A.M.  (Macmillan  Co.) 

History  of  Economic  Doctrines,  by  Charles  Gide  and 
R.  A.  Rist. —  Principles  of  Health  Control,  by  Fran- 
cis M.  Walters. —  English  Derivatives,  by  B.  K. 
Benson. —  Essays  for  College  English,  selected  and 
edited  by  J.  C.  Bowman,  L.  I.  Bredvold,  L.  B. 
Greenfield,  and  Bruce  Weirick. —  The  Belles  Let- 
tres  Series,  new  vols. :  Heywood's  The  Woman 
Killed  with  Kindness  and  The  Fair  Maid  of  the 
West,  edited  by  Katherine  Lee  Bates;  Wycherley's 
The  Plain  Dealer  and  The  Country  Wife,  edited 
by  George  B.  Churchill. —  The  Merchant  of  Venice, 
edited  by  Morris  W.  Croll. —  Selections  from  Car- 
lyle's  Sartor  Resartus,  French  Revolution,  and  Past 
and  Present,  edited  by  S.  B.  Hemingway  and 
Charles  Seymour. —  Solid  Geometry,  by  Webster 
Wells  and  Walter  W.  Hart. —  Analytic  Geometry, 


by  WT.  A.  Wilson  and  J.  I.  Tracey. —  Gerstacker's 
Der  Wilddieb,  edited  by  W.  R.  Meyers. —  Ernst's 
Asmus  Lempers  Jugendland,  edited  by  Carl  Ostand. 

—  Lectures  Historiques,  1610  to  1813. —  En  France, 
by  C.   Fontaine. —  Merimees  Columba,  reedited  by 
J.  A.  Fontaine. —  Lotis  Roman  d'un  Enfant,  edited 
by    A.     F.     Whittem. —  French    Verb    Forms,    by 
Enince   M.    Schenck. —  French   Plays   for   Children, 
arranged  by  Josette  E.  Spink.     (D.  C.  Heath  &  Co.) 

American  Literature  through  Illustrative  Readings, 
by  Sarah  E.  Simons. —  Short  Stories  for  High 
Schools,  edited  by  Rosa  M.  R.  Mikels. —  Selections 
from  Sidney  Lanier,  edited  by  Henry  W.  Lanier. — 
Stories  of  Later  American  History,  by  Wilbur  F. 
Gordy. —  Ethical  Readings  from  the  Bible,  by  Har- 
riet L.  Keeler  and  Laura  H.  Wild. — A  Dramatic 
Reader,  by  Catherine  T.  Bryce. —  First  French 
Reader,  by  Max  Walter,  Ph.D.,  and  Anna  Woods 
Ballard,  M.A.,  $1.  net. —  La  Mare  au  Diable,  by 
George  Sand,  edited  by  Marie  Karcher  Brooks, 
50  cts.  net. —  Practical  Dressmaking,  by  Jane 
Fales,  illus. —  Manual  Training  for  Little  People, 
by  F.  H.  Pierce,  illus. —  A  Practical  Algebra  for 
Beginners,  by  Thirmuthis  Brookman. — A  Practical 
Elementary  Chemistry,  by  B.  W.  McFarland,  Ph.D. 

—  Leberecht  Hiihnchen,  by  Heinrich  Seidel,  edited 
by  William  F.  Luebke,  Ph.D.— The  Natural  Meth- 
od   Readers,    by    Hannah    T.    McManus,    3    titles. 
(Charles  Scribner's  Sons.) 

Leading  English  Poets  from  Chaucer  to  Browning, 
edited  by  Lucius  H.  Holt. —  Civics  for  New  Amer- 
icans, by  Mabel  Hill  and  Philip  Davis. —  The  Mak- 
ing of  Modern  England,  by  Gilbert  Slater,  revised 
edition,  with  introduction  by  J.  T.  Shotwell. 
(Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

Readings  on  the  Relation  of  Government  to  Property 
and  Industry,  edited  by  Samuel  P.  Orth. —  Typical 
Newspaper  Stories,  by  H.  F.  Harrington. — A  Liter- 
ary Middle  English  Reader,  edited  by  Albert  S. 
Cook. —  Laboratory  Manual  of  Horticulture,  by 
George  W.  Hood.— The  Apple,  by  Albert  E.  Wil- 
kinson. (Ginn  &  Co.) 

High  School  Text-Book  of  Animal  Husbandry,  by 
Carl  W.  Gay,  $1.25  net.— Text-Book  of  Clothing 
and  Textiles  for  High  Schools,  by  Laura  I.  Baldt, 
$1.25  net. —  Daily  English  Lessons  for  High 
Schools,  by  Willis  H.  Wilcox,  80  cts.  net.  (J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.) 

Current  Economic  Problems,  by  Walter  Hale  Hamil- 
ton, $2.75  net. —  First-Year  Mathematics  for 
Secondary  Schools,  by  Ernst  R.  Breelich,  $1.  net. 
(University  of  Chicago  Press.) 

Source  Problems  in  English  History,  by  Albert  Beebe 
White  and  Wallace  Notestein,  $1.20  net.  (Harper 
&  Brothers.) 

The  Study  of  Plants,  an  introduction  to  botany  and 
plant  ecology,  by  T.  W.  Woodhead.  (Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press.) 

The  School  Kitchen  Textbook,  by  Mary  J.  Lincoln, 
60  cts.  net. — A  Handbook  of  Elementary  Sewing, 
by  Etta  Proctor  Flagg,  illus.,  50  cts.  net.  (Little, 
Brown  &  Co.) 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

Water  Babies,  by  Charles  Kingsley,  illus.,  in  color, 
etc.,  by  W.  Heath  Robinson,  $2.  net.— The  Jolly 
Book  for  Boys  and  Girls,  by  Frances  Jenkins  Oleott 
and  Amena  Pendleton,  illus.,  $2.  net. — The  Chil- 
dren's Book  of  Birds,  by  Olive  Thome  Miller,  illus. 
in  color,  etc.,  $2.  net. —  Prisoners  of  War,  by 
Everett  T.  Tomlinson,  illus.,  $1.35  net. —  Kisington 
Town,  by  Abbie  Farwell  Brown,  illus.,  $1.25  net. — 
Smuggler's  Island,  by  Clarissa  A.  Kneeland,  illus., 


THE   DIAL 


285 


$1.25  net. —  Lotta  Embury's  Career,  by  Elia  W. 
Peattie,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Mexican  Twins,  by 
Lucy  Fitch  Perkins,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  Who's  Who 
in  the  Land  of  Nod,  by  Sarah  Sanderson  Vander- 
bilt,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Dot  Circus,  by  Clifford  L. 
Sherman,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Puppet  Princess,  by 
Augusta  Stevenson,  illus. —  Two  American  Boys  in 
the  War  Zone,  by  L.  Worthington  Green,  illus., 
$1.  n/et. —  Nannette  Goes  to  Visit  iH/er  Grand- 
mother, by  Josephine  Scribner  Gates,  illus.  in  color, 
50  ets.  net. —  The  Bunnikius-Bunnies'  Christmas 
Tree,  by  Edith  B.  Davidson,  illus.,  50  cts.  net. 
(Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

Deal  Woods,  by  Latta  Griswold,  illus.,  $1.35  net. — A 
Maid  of  '76,  by  Alden  A.  Knipe  and  Emilie  B. 
Knipe,  illus. —  The  Kingdom  of  the  Winding  Road, 
by  Cornelia  Meigs,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  $1.25  net. — • 
Chained  Lightning,  by  Ralph  Graham  Taber,  illus. 
—  Keeping  in  Condition,  a  handbook  on  training 
for  older  boys,  by  Harry  H.  Moore,  illus. —  True 
Stories  of  Great  Americans,  new  vols. :  William 
Penn,  by  Rupert  S.  Holland;  Benjamin  Franklin, 
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286 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


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Indian  Why  Stories,  sparks  from  War  Eagle's  lodge- 
fire,  by  Frank  B.  Linderman,  illus.  in  color  by 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


287 


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by  D.  Lang,  illus.,  $1.  net. — Jean  Cabot  at  the 
House  with  the  Blue  Shutters,  by  Gertrude  Fisher 
Scott,  illus.,  $1,  net. —  Polly  Comes  to  Woodbine, 
by  George  Ethelbert  Walsh,  illus.,  $1.  net. — A  Real 
Cinderella,  by  Nina  Rhoades,  illus.,  $1.  net. — 
Dorothy  Dainty  at  Crestville,  by  Amy  Brooks,  illus., 
$1.  net.  (Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.) 

Ver  Beck's  Bears  in  Mother  Goose  Land,  rhymes  from 
Mother  Goose,  with  new  rhymes  by  Hanna  Rion  and 
illustrations  in  color,  etc.,  by  Frank  Ver  Beck, 
$2.  net. —  The  Story  of  the  Bible,  by  William  Can- 
ton, illus.  in  color,  $2.  net. —  Jolly  Jaunts  with  Jim, 
through  the  fireplace,  by  Charles  Hanson  Towne, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.25  net. —  Really  Truly  Fairy 
Stories,  by  Helen  S.  Woodruff,  with  frontispiece, 
$1.  net. — The  Tuck-Me-TJp  Book,  by  Lettice  Bell, 
with  frontispiece,  $1.  net. —  The  Knight  and  the 
Dragon,  talks  to  boys  and  girls,  by  Will  Reason, 
M.A.,  50  cts.  net.  (George  H.  Doran  Co.) 

Alice's  Adventures  in  Wonderland,  by  Lewis  Carroll, 
illus.  in  color  by  Harry  Rountree,  $2.50  net. —  The 
Fairy  Book,  by  Mrs.  Craik,  new  edition,  illus.  in 
color,  $2.50  net. —  Bob  Spencer  the  Life  Saver,  by 
Taylor  Armitage,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  Hiram  the  Young 
Farmer,  by  Burbank  L.  Todd,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The 
Large  Type  and  Picture  Series,  4  titles,  illus.  in 
color,  etc. —  My  Book  of  Bible  Stories,  illus.,  $1.  net. 
—  Lucile  the  Torch  Bearer,  by  Elizabeth  M.  Duf- 
field,  $1.  net. —  Andy  at  Yale,  by  Roy  Eliot  Stokes, 
illus.,  $1.  net. —  Jingles  and  Rhymes,  by  Beryl  Reid, 
illus.  in  color,  75  cts.  net. —  The  Illustrated  Stand- 
ard Library,  10  titles,  each  75  cts.  net. —  I  Want  to 
Read,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  75  cts.  net.  (Sully  & 
Kleinteich.) 

The  Sleepy  Song  Book,  music  by  H.  A.  Campbell, 
words  by  Eugene  Field  and  others,  illus.,  $2.  net. — 
The  Boy  Collector's  Handbook,  by  A.  Hyatt  Verrill, 
illus.,  $1.50  net. —  Partners  of  the  Forest  Trail,  by 


C.  H.  Claudy,  illus.,  $1.25  net.— Tell  Me  Why 
Series,  new  vols. :  Tell  Me  Why  Stories  about 
Color  and  Sound;  Tell  Me  Why  Stories  about 
Mother  Nature;  Tell  Me  Why  Stories  about  Ani- 
mals; each  by  C.  H.  Claudy,  illus.,  per  vol., 
$1.25  net. —  Jack  Straw,  Lighthouse  Builder,  by 
Irving  Crump,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Pogany  Nur« 
sery  Books,  4  titles,  illus  in  color,  etc.,  each  50  cts. 
net.  (McBride,  Nast  &  Co.) 

The  Playtime  Book,  by  Raymond  Perkins  and  Paul 
Woodroffe,  illus.  in  color,  $1.25  net. —  The  Kiddie 
Series,  by  Grace  G.  Drayton,  comprising:  Bettina's 
Bonnet;  Bunny's  Birthday;  G.  G.  Drayton's 
Jumble  Book;  each  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  per  vol., 
50  cts.  net. —  Jack  Race  Series,  by  Harry  Hale, 
comprising:  Jack  Race  at  Boarding-School ;  Jack 
Race's  Baseball  Nine;  Jack  Race,  Speed  King; 
Jack  Race,  Air  Scout;  Jack  Race  on  the  Ranch; 
each  illus.,  per  vol.,  40  cts.  net.  (Hearst's  Inter- 
national Library  Co.) 

Europa's  Fairy  Tales,  by  Joseph  Jacobs,  illus.  by 
John  D.  Batten,  $1.25  net. — A.  Book  of  Myths,  by 
Jean  Lang,  illus.  in  color  by  Helen  Stratton, 
$2.50  net. —  The  Golden  Staircase,  poems  and 
verses,  chosen  by  Louey  Chisholm,  cheaper  edition, 
illus.  in  color,  $1.50  net. —  The  Scissors  Book,  by 
William  Ludlum,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  Reading  Circle 
Classics  for  Young  People,  20  titles,  illus.  (G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.) 

Beth's  Old  Home,  by  Marion  Ames  Taggart,  illus., 
$1.25  net. —  The  Young  Scout  Masters,  by  Walter 
P.  Eaton,  with  frontispiece  in  color,  $1.  net. — The 
Young  Wheat  Scout,  by  Hugh  C.  Weir,  with  frontis- 
piece in  color,  $1.  net. —  Young  Heroes  of  the 
American  Navy,  by  Thos.  D.  Parker,  with  frontis- 
piece in  color,  $1.  net. —  His  Big  Brother,  by  Lewis 
and  Mary  Theiss,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Camp  Fire 
Girls  of  Brightwood,  by  Amy  E.  Blanchard,  with 
frontispiece  in  color,  $1.  net.  (W.  A.  Wilde  Co.) 

Fairy  Tales  Every  Child  Should  Know,  edited  by 
Hamilton  Wright  Mabie,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by 
Mary  Hamilton  Frye,  $2.  net. —  The  Children's 
Book  of  Thanksgiving  Stories,  edited  by  Asa  Don 
Dickinson,  with  frontispiece,  $1.25  net.  (Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.) 

Christmas  Comes  Around,  by  Priscilla  Underwood, 
illus.  in  color  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith,  $1.35  net. — 
Fanchon  the  Cricket,  by  George  Sand,  new  edition, 
illus.  with  views  of  Mary  Pickford,  $1.  net. — A 
Tale  of  Tibby  and  Tabby,  by  Ada  M.  Skinner, 
illus.  in  color,  50  cts.  net. —  Chicky  Cheep,  by  Grace 
G.  Drayton,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  50  cts.  net. — A 
Child's  Stamp  Book  of  Old  Verses,  illus.  in  color  by 
Jessie  Willcox  Smith,  50  cts.  net.  (Duffield  &  Co.) 

Peg  o'  the  Ring,  or  A  Maid  of  Denwood,  by  Emilie 
Benson  Knipe  and  Alden  Arthur  Knipe,  illus., 
$1.25  net. —  The  Boarded-Up  House,  by  Augusta 
Huiell  Seaman,  dllus.,  $1.25  net. —  The  Fun  of 
Cooking,  by  Caroline  French  Benton,  illus.,  $1.20 
net. —  Tommy  and  the  Wishing-Stone,  by  Thornton 
W.  Burgess,  illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Strange  Story  of 
Mr.  Dog  and  Mr.  Bear,  illus.,  $1.  net.  (Century 
Co.) 

Grimm's  Tales,  illus.  in  color,  etc.,  by  George  Soper, 
$1.50  "net. —  Stories  from  German  History,  by 
Florence  Aston,  illus.,  $1.50  net. —  The  Boys'  Life 
of  Lord  Roberts,  by  Harold  B.  F.  Wheeler,  illus., 
$1.50  net. —  Fermentations  of  Eliza,  by  Maude  M. 
Hankins,  illus.,  $1.  net.  (Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.) 

Children's  Missionary-Story-Sermons,  by  Hugh  T. 
Kerr,  D.D.,  $1.  net. —  Judson,  the  Hero  of  Burma, 
the  story  of  the  first  missionary  to  the  Burmese 


288 


THE   DIAL 


[Sept.  30 


told  for  boys  and  girls,  by  Jesse  Page,  illus.,  $1.  net. 
—  Just  Girls,  by  I.  T.  Thurston,  illus.,  $1.  net. — 
Children  of  Wild  Australia,  by  Herbert  Pitts,  illus., 
60  cts.  net.  (Fleming  H.  Bevell  Co.) 

Mark  Tidd  in  Business,  by  Clarence  B.  Kelland,  illus., 
$1.  net. — Trench-Mates  in  France,  by  J.  S.  Zerbe, 
illus.,  $1.  net. —  The  Eed  Arrow,  by  Elmer  Bussell 
Gregor,  illus.,  $1.  net.  (Harper  &  Brothers.) 

The  Fur  Trail  Adventures,  a  tale  of  northern  Can- 
ada, by  Dillon  Wallace,  illus.,  $1.25  net. —  The 
Apple  Tree  Sprite,  by  Margaret  W.  Morley,  illus., 
$1.10  net. —  The  Pixie  in  the  House,  by  Laura 
Rountree  Smith,  illus.,  $1.  net.  (A.  C.  McClurg  & 
Co.) 

Joyful  Star,  Indian  stories  for  camp  fire  girls,  by 
Emelyn  Newcomb  Partridge,  illus.,  $1.25  net. — An 
Agricultural  Eeader,  a  boy's  book  in  or  out  of 
school,  by  E.  E.  Miller,  illus.,  60  cts.  net.  (Sturgis 
&  Walton  Co.) 

Tourbillon,  King  of  the  Whirlwinds,  by  Estelle  E. 
TJpdike,  illus.,  35  cts.  net. —  Little  Folks  Series, 
compiled  by  Dorothy  Donnell  Calhoun,  comprising: 
Little  Folks  of  the  Bible,  4  titles;  Little  Folks 
from  Literature,  4  titles,  Little  Folks  in  Art,  4 
titles;  each  25  cts.  net.  (Abingdon  Press.) 

Shoe  and  Stocking  Stories,  by  Elinor  Mordaunt,  illus. 
in  color,  $1.50  net. —  The  Little  Boy  Out  of  the 
Wood,  and  other  dream  plays,  by  Kathleen  Con- 
yngham  Greene,  $1.  net.  (John  Lane  Co.) 

The  Forest  Full  of  Friends,  and  The  Hunt  for  the 
Beautiful,  each  by  Eaymond  MacDonald  Aldenj 
gift  editions,  each  illus.,  per  vol.,  $1.  net.  (Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.) 

A  Child's  Guide  to  London,  by  A.  A.  Methley,  F.B.G.S., 
illus.,  $1.25  net.  (Brentano's.) 

Little  Miss  Muffet  Abroad,  by  Alice  E.  Ball,  illus., 
$1.  net.  (Pilgrim  Press.) 

Under  Fire,  by  H.  Bedford  Jones. — Sweet  Meats,  by 
William  Donahey.  (The  Howell  Co.) 

The  White  Caravan,  by  W.  E.  Cule,  illus.  in  color. 
(E,  P.  Dutton  &  Co.) 

Sunbeam  and  Zephyr,  by  J.  Eandolph  Brown.  (Four 
Seas  Co.) 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[  The  following  list,  containing  186  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

The  Story  of  Yone  Nognchi.  Told  by  Himself;  il- 
lustrated by  Yoshio  Markino.  12mo,  255  pages. 
George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Story  of  a  Pioneer.  By  Anna  Howard  Shaw, 
M.D. ;  with  the  collaboration  of  Elizabeth  Jor- 
dan. With  portraits,  8vo,  338  pages.  Harper  & 
Brothers.  $2.  net. 

A  King's  Favourite:  Madame  Du  Barry  and  Her 
Times.  By  Claud  Saint-Andre;  with  introduc- 
tion by  Pierre  De  Nolhac.  Illustrated,  large  8vo, 
338  pages.  McBride,  Nast  &  Co.  $3.50  net. 

The  Secret  Memoirs  of  Count  Tadasu  Hayashi. 
Edited  by  A.  M.  Pooley.  Illustrated  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  8vo,  331  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.50  net. 

Marie  Tarnowska.  By  A.  Vivanti  Chartres;  with 
introductory  letter  by  L.  M.  Bossi.  With  por- 
traits, 12mo,  305  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Isabel  of  Castille  and  the  Making  of  the  Spanish 
Nation  (1451-1504).  By  lerne  L.  Plunket.  Illus- 
trated, large  8vo,  432  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.50  net. 

My  Life.  By  Richard  Wagner.  New  and  cheaper 
edition;  in  2  volumes,  with  photogravure  por- 
traits, large  8vo.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $3.50  net. 

Major  John  F.  Lacy:  Memorial  Volume.  Illustrated, 
large  8vo,  454  pages.  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa:  The 
Torch  Press.  $2.50  net. 


HISTORY. 
History  of  Germany  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.     By 

Heinrich  von  Treitschke;  translated  by  Eden 
and  Cedar  Paul,  with  introduction  by  William 
Harbutt  Dawson.  Volume  I.;  large  8vo,  708 
pages.  McBride,  Nast  &  Co.  $3.25  net. 

New  York's  Part  in  History.  By  Sherman  Williams. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  391  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

The  Passing  of  the  Armies.  By  Joshua  Lawrence 
Chamberlain.  Illustrated,  8vo,  392  pages.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $2.50  net. 

"Wales:  Her  Origins,  Struggles,  and  Later  History, 
Institutions,  and  Manners.  By  Gilbert  Stone; 
with  Introduction  by  Ellis  J.  Griffith.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.,  large  8vo,  455 
pages.  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $2.50  net. 

Dover  History.  Collected  and  edited  by  Charles  D. 
Platt.  Illustrated,  large  8vo,  518  pages.  Dover, 
N.  J.:  M.  C.  Havens.  $2.  net. 

The  Two  Virginias:  Genesis  of  Old  and  New.  By 
Granville  Davisson  Hall.  12mo,  54  pages.  Glen- 
coe,  111.:  Published  by  the  author.  Paper. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

Maurice  Maeterlinck:  A  Critical  Study.  By  Una 
Taylor.  With  photogravure  portrait,  large  8vo, 
200  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

Escape,  and  Other  Essays.  By  Arthur  Christopher 
Benson.  12mo,  302  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Tales  from  Old  Japanese  Dramas.  By  Asataro 
Miyamori;  revised  by  Stanley  Hughes.  Illus- 
trated, 8vo,  403  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$2.  net. 

Letters  on  an  Elk  Hunt:  By  a  Woman  Home- 
steader. By  Elinore  Pruitt  Stewart.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  162  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$1.  net. 

The  Sweet-Scented  Name,  and  Other  Fairy  Tales, 
Fables,  and  Stories.  By  Fedor  Sologub;  edited 
by  Stephen  Graham.  12mo,  240  pages.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50  net. 

Browning  Studies.  By  Vernon  C.  Harrington. 
12mo,  391  pages.  Richard  G.  Badger.  $1.50  net. 

DRAMA  AND   VERSE. 

Vision  of  War.  By  Lincoln  Colcord.  12mo,  149 
pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Red  "Wine  of  Rousillon:  A  Play  in  Four  Acts.  By 
William  Lindsey.  12mo,  174  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Laughing  Muse.  By  Arthur  Guiterman.  With 
frontispiece,  12mo,  246  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.  net. 

The  Treasure:  A  Drama  in  Four  Acts.  By  David 
Pinski;  translated  by  Ludwig  Lewisohn.  12mo, 
194  pages.  B.  W.  Huebsch.  $1.  net. 

Garside's  Career:  A  Comedy  in  Four  Acts.  By 
Harold  Brighouse.  12mo,  94  pages.  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg &  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Thief:  A  Play  in  Three  Acts.  By  Henry  Bern- 
stein; translated  by  John  Alan  Haughton,  with 
introduction  by  Richard  Burton.  With  portrait, 
12mo,  149  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
75  cts.  net. 

Puck  in  Petticoats,  and  Other  Fairy  Plays.  By 
Grace  Richardson.  12mo,  127  pages.  Saalfleld 
Publishing  Co.  $1.  net. 

By  Yser  Banks:  An  Elegy  on  a  Young  Officer.  By 
R.  Fanshawe.  12mo,  15  pages.  Oxford:  B.  H. 
Blackwell.  Paper. 

A  Handy  Book  of  Plays  for  Girls.  By  Dorothy 
Cleather.  22mo,  96  pages.  Saalfleld  Publishing 
Co.  50  cts.  net. 

FICTION. 
The  Research  Magnificent.     By  H.  G.  Wells.      12mo, 

460  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50  net. 
The  Little  Iliad.      By   Maurice  Hewlett.      12mo,   327 

pages.     J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     $1.35  net. 
Eltham    House.      By    Mrs.    Humphry    Ward.      With 

frontispiece,  12mo,  372  pages.     Hearst's  Interna- 
tional Library  Co.     $1.35  net. 
The   Golden   Scarecrow.      By   Hugh   Walpole.      12mo, 

298   pages.     George  H.   Doran  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Felix  O'Day.     By  F.  Hopkinson  Smith.     Illustrated, 

12mo,      370      pages.        Charles      Scribner's      Sons. 

$1.35  net. 
The  Money  Master.    By  Gilbert  Parker.     Illustrated, 

12mo,  360  pages.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.35  net. 
Straight     down     the     Crooked     Lane.       By     Bertha 

Runkle.      With    frontispiece    in    color,    12mo,    440 

pages.     Century  Co.     $1.35  net. 
Jerusalem.      By    Selma    Lagerlof;     translated    from 

the   Swedish   by   Velma   Swanston    Howard,   with 

introduction    by    Henry    Goddard    Leach.      12mo, 

342  pages.     Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


289 


The  Story  of  Julia  Page.  By  Kathleen  Norris. 
With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  421  pages. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Making;  Money.  By  Owen  Johnson.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  327  pages.  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Inner  Law.  By  Will  N.  Harben.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  399  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.35  net. 

.Peter  Paragon:  A  Tale  of  Youth.  By  John  Palmer. 
12mo,  341  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Breaking-Point.  By  Michael  Artzibashef.  12mo, 
416  pages.  B.  W.  Huebsch.  $1.40  net. 

"When  My  Ship  Conies  In.  By  Gouverneur  Morris. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  316  pages.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  $1.35  net. 

jtfr.  Bingle.  By  George  Barr  McCutcheon.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  357  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

The  Twisted  Skein.  By  Ralph  D.  Paine.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  311  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.35  net. 

Why  Not?  By  Margaret  Widdemer.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.,  12mo,  338  pages.  Hearst's  Interna- 
tional Library  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Heart  of  Philura.  By  Florence  Morse  Kings- 
ley.  With  frontispiece,  12mo,  362  pages.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co. 

The  Trail  of  the  Hawk:  A  Comedy  of  the  Serious- 
ness of  Life.  By  Sinclair  Lewis.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  409  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.35  net. 

Aunt  Jane.  By  Jennette  Lee.  12mo,  329  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $1.25  net. 

The  Official  Chaperon.  By  Natalie  S.  Lincoln.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  331  pages.  D.  Appleton 
&  Co.  $1.30  net. 

Lawrence  Claverlng.  By  A.  E.  W.  Mason.  12mo, 
372  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Hal  o'  the  Ironsides:  A  Story  of  the  Days  of  Crom- 
well. By  S.  R.  Crockett.  Illustrated,  12mo,  330 
pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell  Co.  $1.25  net. 

God's  Man.  By  George  Bronson-Howard.  12mo, 
475  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.40  net. 

Harding  of  4  lien  wood.  By  Harold  Bindloss.  With 
frontispiece  in  color.  12mo,  339  pages.  F.  A. 
Stokes  Co.  $1.30  net. 

Maria  Again.  By  Mrs.  John  Lane.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color,  12mo,  237  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$1.  net. 

Peggy-Mary.  By  Kay  Cleaver  Strahan.  With 
frontispiece,  16mo,  153  pages.  Duffield  &  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

The  Single-code  Girl.  By  Bell  Elliott  Palmer. 
With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  382  pages. 
Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.25  net. 

A  Baby  of  the  Frontier.  By  Cyrus  Townsend 
Brady.  Illustrated,  12mo,  286  pages.  Fleming 
H.  Revell  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Pegeen.  By  Eleanor  Hoyt  Brainerd.  With  frontis- 
piece, 12mo,  295  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.25  net. 

In  Mr.  Knox's  Country.  By  E.  CE.  Somerville  and 
Martin  Ross.  Illustrated,  12mo,  312  pages. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Testing  of  Janice  Day.  By  Helen  Beecher 
Long.  Illustrated,  12mo,  310  pages.  Sully  & 
Kleinteich.  $1.25  net. 

Something  New.  By  Pelham  Grenville  Wodehouse. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  345  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

Alloy  of  Gold.  By  Francis  William  Sullivan.  12mo, 
336  pages.  Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Some  "Women  and  Timothy.  By  H.  B.  Somerville. 
12mo,  364  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

A  Maid  of  Old  Virginia:  A  Romance  of  Bacon's 
Rebellion.  By  William  Sage.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
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290 


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[Sept.  30 


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291 


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L,e»  Miserable^.  By  Victor  Hugo;  abridged  and 
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Fleisher's  Knitting  and  Crocheting  Manual.  Thir- 
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International  Law:  Topics  and  Discussions,  1914. 
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It  Ha*  Been  Asked 

Where  is  the  novelist  who 
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and  Peace,"  the  Zola's  "Le 
Debacle"  of  the  titanic  struggle 
we  are  now  witnessing  ? 

HALL  CAINE 

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reached  prophetic  heights  in 

The  Drama  of 
365  Days 

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King  Edward,  the  Kaiser,  the 
Crown  Prince — the  prime  causes , 
the  force  of  evil  against  good, 
tyranny  against  freedom  —  the 
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[  Oct.  14 


A  Protest  Against  the  New  Tyranny 

WHICH  IS  NOT  THE  NEARLY  OBSOLETE  DESPOTISM  OF 
ONE  MAN  OVER  THE  PEOPLE  BUT  THE  NEWER  DESPOTISM 

of  Overzealous  and  Indiscriminate  Popular  Legislation 

OVER  THE  RIGHTS  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL  CITIZEN 

The  dangers  to  America  from  this  new  tyranny  have  been  ably  pointed  out  in  the  August 
FORUM  by  Mr.  Truxtun  Beale,  the  eminent  publicist  and  donor  to  education.  In  this  con- 
tribution he  shows  how  applicable  to  our  present-day  conditions  are  the  remarkable  essays  by 
Herbert  Spencer  published  in  England  fifty  years  ago  under  the  title  THE  MAN  vs.  THE 
STATE.  THE  FORUM  will  republish  eight  of  these  essays  serially,  each  chapter  to  be 
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written  by  the  most  eminent  American  authorities.  Beginning  in  the  September  FORUM 
with  Senator  Root's  article,  the  chapters  with  their  expository  contributors  are  as  follows: 


The  New  Toryism 

By  ELIHU  ROOT 
The  Great  Political  Superstition 

By  NICHOLAS  MURRAY  BUTLER 
The  Duty  of  the  State 

By  WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT 
Over  Legislation 

By  JUDGE  E.  H.  GARY 


The  Coming  Slavery 

By  HENRY  CABOT  LODGE 
Specialized  Legislation 

By  CHARLES  W.  ELIOT 
From  Freedom  to  Bondage 

By  AUGUSTUS  P.  GARDNER 
The  Postscript 

By  DAVID  JAYNE  HILL 


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The  New  Russia 

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Aladore 

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By  HENRY  NEWBOLT. 

the  vast  untouched  forests  and  mines  and  unused  water-power  of 

A  charming  romance  with  a  spiritual 
meaning,   which  makes  it   almost   an 

Russia  the  great  storehouse  for  civilization's  needs  in  the  XXth 

allegory.     The  story  tells  of  Ywain's 

century  which  the  Western  United  States  were  in  the  XlXth.     In 

struggles   and   successes,   his   meeting 
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the  capital  of  France,  seen  by  an  original 

A  terrible  and  yet  splendid  story  of  savage  devastation  finally 

American  Girl  (now  a  well-known  Mary- 
land woman)  who  grew  up  there,  and 

stemmed  and  conquered  by  the  courage  and  patience  of  civilization. 

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traditional  theory  and  practice,  are  in  quest  of  an  adequate  adaptation 

The  plot  is  one  of  essential  simplicity; 
its  distinctive  interest  and  appeal  is 

to  existing  social  conditions,  the  appearance  of  this  illuminating 

derived   from   the   deft   and    graceful 
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volume  is  to  be  heartily  welcomed.  —  The  Outlook. 

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from  Belgian  refugees  in  England  and  is  sold  under  the  patronage 

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structed  on  large  and  enduring  lines 
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Relief  Fund. 

to  keep  it  sweet  for  a  century."  —  North 

American.         .,      „. 

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•"•"••       •  i 

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1  imothy 

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By  H.  B.  SOMERVILLE. 
Timothy,    a   wealthy   young   man    of 

its  effect  on  trade  and  exchanges,  the  methods  of  taxation  and  bor- 

important social  position,  comes  home 

after  a  big-game  expedition  of  many 

rowing. 

months,  and  discovers  that  his  brother 

has  got  tangled  up  with  a  pretty  widow 

The  Spirit  of  England 

of  doubtful  antecedents.     To  set  the 
youngster   free    from    the    fascinating 
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By  GEORGE  W.  RUSSELL.                                         Net,  $1.75 

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"Just  now  England  is  passing  through  the  hardest  struggle  which 

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Wild  Bird  Guests 

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/***             *          "I         f 

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"A   Carnival   of   Fate,   a   pageant   of 
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302  THE    DIAL  [Oct.  14,  1915 

"A  WONDERFUL  BOOK" 

Mr.  H.  G.  Wells9  New  Novel  ^  1 

THE  RESEARCH  MAGNIFICENT 

By  H.  G.  WELLS 

Author  of  "Marriage,"     "The  Wife  of  Sir  Isaac  Harman," 

"Bealby,"  etc. 

•p  "An  extraordinary  ...  a  wonderful  Book.    It  has        .. 

U        maturity,  gravity,  ardor.    It  has  diversity  of  action  and        -^ 

dazzling  variety  of  scene.   It  has  richness  and  sustain- 
*••        ment  of  intention.  .  .  .  Bestrides  the  movement  and 

_        imagery  of  the  world." — The  New  Republic.  **• 

R 

E  "Displays  the  best  in  Wells  as  a  thinker,  as  a  critic       G. 

S        of  man,  as  a  student  of  social  and  political  crises.,  and 

E        — most  of  all  —  as  a  novelist." — Boston  Transcript.  \y 

j^  "A  notable  novel,  perhaps  its  author's  greatest.  . . 

£•        Might  almost  be  called  an  epitome  of  human  exis-  *- 

U        tence,  it  is  so  full,  so  varied,  so  depictive.",  L 

— Chicago  Herald.  g» 

M  "A  novel  of  distinct  interest  with  a  powerful  appeal 

A        to  the  intellect."— AT.  Y.  Herald.  N 

G  E 

N  "Challenges  discussion  at  a  hundred   points.    It       ,,, 

f         abounds  in  clever  phrases  and  stimulating  ideas." 
p  -N.  Y.  Times. 

N 

"A  noble,  even  a  consecrated  work.  .  .  .The  crown  ^ 
C        of  his  career.    Should  make  a  deep  impression  on  all 

E        who  read  it."— N.  Y.  Globe.  V 

N  E 

•p  "A  remarkable  novel,  a  great  book.  .  .  .  Mr.  Wells        i 

has  chosen  a  magnificent  theme." — Phila.  Ledger. 

2nd  Edition  Now  Ready 

THE  RESEARCH  MAGNIFICENT 

By  H.  G.  WELLS 
"The  crown  of  his  career." — N.  Y.  Globe. 

Price  $1.50 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  Publishers,  New  York 


THE  DIAL 

Jfortmgfjtlp  journal  ot  Utterarp  Crtttctem,  Btecusston,  anb  information. 


Vol.  LIX.       OCTOBER  14,  1915 


No.  705 


CONTENTS. 


A    WORD    ON    "THE    GENTEEL    CRITIC." 

H.  W.  Boynton 303 

THE  LITERARY  STAGNATION  IN  EN- 
GLAND. (Special  London  Correspon- 
dence.) /.  C.  Squire 306 

CASUAL  COMMENT 308 

Reading  by  the  clock. — The  author's  thirst  for 
applause. — A  notable  chapter  in  American 
library  history. — The  unwritten  American 
novel. — A  windmill  converted  into  a  library. 
— Abortive  educational  efforts. — A  Hamlet- 
less  "  Hamlet." —  Book-borrowers'  responsi- 
bilities.—  Not  the  least  of  Lincoln's  many 
biographers. —  Embroidered  history. —  Poetic 
vision  and  grim  reality. — A  curious  specimen 
of  learned  humor. 

COMMUNICATIONS 312 

The     Coming    World-Language,     and     Some 

Other  Matters.     Frank  H.  Vizetelly. 
"  Bryant    and    the    New    Poetry."     Harriet 

Monroe. 
"  The  Freelands  "  and  "  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin." 

Allen  McSimpson. 

Indians  in  the  Civil  War.    John  C.  Wright. 
THE  ROMANTICISM  OF  FLAUBERT.     Lewis 

Piaget  Shanks 316 

ELBA,  WATERLOO,  ST.  HELENA.     Henry  E. 

Bourne 318 

FRAGMENTA   SHAKESPEAREANA.      Samuel 

A.  Tanneribaum 320 

BUDDHIST  PSYCHOLOGY.  L.  W.  Cole  .  .  .322 
A  DIVINE  VISIONARY.  Arthur  Davison  FicJce  323 
RECENT  PLAYS  OF  WAR  AND  LOVE. 

Homer  E.  Woodbridge 325 

Barrie's  "  Der  Tag." —  Noyes's  A  Belgian 
Christmas  Eve. — Andreyev's  The  Sorrows  of 
Belgium. —  Sardou's  Patrie! — Miss  Cowan's 
The  State  Forbids. — Miss  Crothers's  A  Man's 
World. — Gorki's  Submerged. — Donnay's  Lov- 
ers ;  The  Free  Woman ;  They. —  Mrs. 
Ellis's  Love  in  Danger. —  Zangwill's  Plaster 
Saints. —  Galsworthy's  A  Bit  o'  Love. — 
France's  The  Man  Who  Married  a  Dumb 
Wife. 
RECENT  FICTION.  William  Morton  Payne  .  328 

BRIEFS   ON   NEW  BOOKS 329 

Peaceful  musings  in  time  of  war. — A  mine 
of  entomological  wonder-lore. —  Piquant  pas- 
sages from  the  life  of  a  Japanese  poet. — • 
Germany's  economic  development. —  Recent 
progress  in  the  study  of  heredity. — The  ardu- 
ous life  of  a  reformer. — A  Scandinavian  his- 
torical drama. —  Bodies  politic  and  their 
government. — A  scientist  in  British  East 
Africa. 

BRIEFER  MENTION 334 

NOTES 334 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  336 


A  WORD  ON  "THE  GENTEEL  CRITIC." 

If  of  late  years  the  critic  has  ever  been  weak 
enough  to  fancy  that  his  homely  slighted  trade 
might  be  looking  up  a  bit,  that  its  processes 
might  be  a  little  less  an  object  of  suspicion 
and  its  product  a  little  less  an  object  of  con- 
tempt, he  has  always  been  brought  to  his 
senses  quickly  enough.  The  ancient  assump- 
tion that  all  critics  are  knaves  or  fools  or 
both  is,  to  be  sure,  no  longer  universally  held. 
Some  readers,  some  writers  even,  are  now  pre- 
pared to  admit  that  Aristotle,  however  mis- 
taken, had  his  excuse  for  being ;  that  Matthew 
Arnold  occasionally  talked  a  kind  of  fussy 
sense;  that  Sainte-Beuve  and  Jules  Lemaitre 
(ah,  let  us  never  forget  that  tag  about  souls 
and  masterpieces ! )  were  probably  honest  and 
possibly  useful  men.  So,  among  persons  of 
liberal  mind,  a  place  in  the  sun  is  granted  to 
the  plumber,  the  dentist,  the  undertaker.  The 
critic  is  a  rarer  bird :  and,  for  one  thing,  more 
easily  dispensed  with.  One  or  two  in  a  gen- 
eration quite  satisfy  the  public  demand.  As 
for  the  rank  and  file,  the  Toms,  Dicks,  and 
Harrys  of  criticism, —  to  name  them  in  the 
same  breath  with  the  Toms,  Dicks,  and  Harrys 
of  authorship  is  merely  absurd !  On  the  con- 
trary (says tradition), these  fellows  are, in  the 
very  act  of  criticism,  self-confessed  failures 
and  parasites,  doing  their  paltry  lines  for 
their  miserable  pennies,  shooting  their  idle 
squibs,  stuffing  their  men  of  straw,  wielding 
their  ugly  and  thugly  bludgeons  for  gross  (if 
minute)  rewards  —  and  to  no  other  purpose. 
Reviewers  ?  Bless  us !  There  is  no  such  thing 
as  criticism  of  the  contemporary,  anyhow. 
A  fellow  just  talks ! 

These  painful  considerations  have  been 
brought  home  to  me  afresh  by  certain  lively 
utterances  of  that  genuine,  story-teller  and 
honest  hater  of  shams,  Mr.  Owen  Wister.  In  his 
recent  "Atlantic  Monthly  "  paper  on  "  Quack 
Novels  and  Democracy,"  he  hangs,  draws,  and 
quarters  the  fiction  of  the  populace,,  of  "  our 
American  hordes,  who  have  learned  to  read 
without  profit  to  themselves  but  with  such 
huge  profit  to  quack-novelists  and  publishers." 
You  observe  he  assumes  a  firmly  critical  stance 
at  the  outset.  A  plain  blunt  man  with  no 


304 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


aesthetic  theory  might  perhaps  maintain  that 
the  profit  our  American  hordes  derive  from 
their  quack  novels,  and  plays,  and  "  movies," 
and  boluses,  and  religions,  is  certainly  exis- 
tent, though  not  the  kind  of  profit  scored  up 
by  "highbrows."  But  of  course  no  responsible 
critic  could  listen  to  him:  he  would  be  mak- 
ing nothing,  or  next  to  nothing,  of  the  differ- 
ence between  true  art  and  sham  art ;  and  this 
is  exactly  the  point  about  which  critics,  Mr. 
Wister  among  them,  have  to  be  touchy.  What 
Mr.  Wister  deplores  is  a  muddled  popular 
taste  for  which  pretty  much  everybody  'but 
the  populace  itself  is  responsible.  There  is 
democracy,  to  begin  with,  which  forces  a  little 
learning  upon  its  hordes,  and  turns  them  loose 
with  that  dangerous  instrument  in  their 
hands.  And  there  are  the  novelists  and  pub- 
lishers who  deliberately  play  upon  the  weak- 
ness of  these  hordes. 

Mr.  Wister's  awful  example  of  quack  fiction 
is  the  work  of  Mr.  Harold  Bell  Wright.  Not 
being  among  the  five  million  readers  of  that 
author,  I  cannot  judge  the  fairness  of  Mr. 
Wister's  strictures,  but  am  perfectly  willing 
to  take  his  word  for  it.  I  have  read  a  dozen 
well-selling  novels  within  a  year  as  bad  as,  on 
the  basis  of  Mr.  Wister's  amusing  exhibits, 
Mr.  Wright's  appear  to  be.  What  particularly 
interests  me  is  Mr.  Wister's  resentment  of  Mr. 
Wright,  and  the  odd  turn  that  resentment 
takes'.  It  is  a  critical,  an  aesthetic  resentment 
—  turned,  boomerang-fashion,  against  those 
who  profess  criticism.  What  he  cannot  bear  is 
that  so  great  a  number  of  his  fellow-citizens 
should  be  permitted  to  read  the  works  of  nov- 
elists like  Mr.  Harold  Bell  Wright  as  litera- 
ture. The  plain  blunt  man  "knows  what  he 
likes."  That  is  all  very  well;  but  he  ought 
not  to  be  encouraged  to  think  that  what  he 
likes  is  really,  on  that  account,  worth  liking. 
Mr.  Wister's  complaint  is  that  somebody  is 
responsible  for  Mr.  Wright  and  his  millions 
and  their  muddled  condition  of  mind  and 
taste.  There  is  Mr.  Wright  himself  to  begin 
with:  he  probably  knows  the  commodity 
offered  is  a  sham ;  there  is  the  publisher,  who 
certainly  knows  it,  but  means  to  have  the  pub- 
lic think  quite  otherwise ;  there  are  the  news- 
papers which  act  as  his  tools ;  finally,  there  is 
the  "  genteel  critic." 

It  is  upon  this  last-named  culprit  that  Mr. 
Wister  unexpectedly  and,  as  it  were,  inad- 
vertently centres  his  fire.  The  truth  is,  as 


readers  of  his  prefaces  may  recall,  he  has  a 
chronic  scunner  against  reviewers ;  put  one  in 
his  way,  and  he  drops  everything  for  the  fun 
of  having  a  crack  at  the  rascal.  What  he 
honestly  intends  to  be  interested  in  here  is 
the  Wright-reading  public.  "It  is  the  read- 
ers, not  the  novels,  I  .am  looking  at,"  he 
declares.  "My  quotations  are  purely  to  help 
us  get  at  the  readers ;  and  I  leave  criticism  to 
our  native  critics  who  find  Mr.  Wright  like 
Dickens  and  Shakespeare."  So  far  this  is 
comfortable  enough  reading  for  critics  who 
are  incapable  of  "finding"  anything  of  the 
sort.  Alas,  they  are  the  last  persons  whose 
comfort  Mr.  Wister  has  in  mind ;  he  is  almost 
laughably  in  a  hurry  to  make  that  clear. 
"Lest  certain  genteel  critics  who  think  they 
practice  more  discrimination  than  this,  feel 
slighted,  it  may  be  well  to  explain  here  why 
they  have  so  little  influence.  .  .  They  do, 
tepidly,  discriminate ;  they  do,  after  the  fact, 
perceive  and  praise  merit.  They  all  —  the 
New  York  Times,  the  New  York  Sun,  the 
Boston  Evening  Transcript,  the  New  York 
Evening  Post  (very  typical,  this  last  one), 
with  others  of  less  note,  stand  ready  ever  to 
be  the  first  to  hail  a  perfectly  well  established 
artist." 

Now  this  is  specific;  this  puts  us  where  we 
belong,  and  pins  us  quivering  there.  The 
italics  are  Mr.  Wister's;  and  here  is,  as  it 
were,  the  lethal  shaft :  "  Until  the  subsidized 
press  is  broken  to  pieces,  and  the  genteel  critic 
gathers  heart,  not  only  to  brand  the  bad  but 
to  report  and  celebrate  the  good,  I  doubt  if 
there  will  exist  any  word  too  contemptuous 
for  American  criticism." 

As  for  Mr.  Wister's  first  clause,  there  is  no 
room  for  disagreement :  down  with  the  venal 
puffery  of  a  subsidized  press!  And  down 
with  the  American  publishers  who  strive  to 
stultify  the  public  taste  by  manipulation  of 
"  reading  notices "  and  the  like,  as  well  as 
(this  is  the  red  rag  to  me  personally)  by  their 
working  assumption  that  one  critic  is  as  good 
as  another  —  or  rather  that  the  best  critic  is 
the  one  who  shuts  his  eyes  and  slavers  the 
proffered  bone.  Whatever  the  publisher  may 
think  of  genteel  critics,  one  cannot  doubt  his 
private  opinion  of  the  press  driveller.  Yet  it 
is  the  publisher  who,  poring  over  his  press 
notices  with  jealous  eye,  chooses  for  adver- 
tising purposes  the  lurid  and  fulsome  phrase 
—  the  comparison  of  Messrs.  Wright  and 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


305 


Shakespeare,  for  example, —  without  a  mo- 
ment's consideration  of  its  source.  Here,  gen- 
teel critics  must  admit,  is  evidence  that  their 
influence  upon  the  general  public  may  be 
sadly  small.  Mr.  Wister  at  least  takes  them 
seriously  enough  to  demand  that  they  shall 
mean  something  or  other.  He  plainly  sug- 
gests that  the  bathos  of  our  criticism  is  largely 
responsible  for  the  bathos  of  our  popular  lit- 
erature; and  that  if  the  critics  were  really 
worth  their  salt,  they  might  be  able  to  do 
something  for  our  American  hordes.  Alas, 
the  publishers  are  too  clearly  in  the  right  of 
it :  Mr.  Wright's  public  has  never  heard  of 
Mr.  Howells,  though  it  has  heard  of  Mr. 
Hearst.  Moreover,  it  thinks  one  fellow's  opin- 
ion as  good  as  another's:  hence  the  efficacy 
for  quotation  of  the  soft-soapy  lather  stirred 
by  some  care-free  underling  on  "  The  Spoon 
River  Phenix."  For  the  audience  Mr.  Wister 
is  conning  through  his  little  window,  the  gen- 
teel critic  does  not  exist. 

The  genteel  critic  is  probably  just  as  sorry 
for  that  as  Mr.  Wister  can  be,  and  yet  may 
not  quite  see  that  he  ought  on  that  ground  to 
be  counted  out  as  a  hypocrite  or  a  poltroon. 
He  may  well  wonder  where  Mr.  Wister  gets 
the  impression  that  the  best  of  our  criticism 
of  new  fiction  —  the  best  of  our  newspaper 
reviewing,  let  us  say  —  is  either  cowardly  or 
backward  in  praise.  I  should  think  the  best 
of  our  reviewers  almost  painfully  ready  to 
welcome  signs  of  promise  in  a  new  writer  — 
to  take  chances,  if  need  be,  on  the  side  of 
optimism.  Not  that  it  is  part  of  the  critic's 
business  to  "  encourage  "  authors ;  nothing  is 
more  irritating  to  an  honest  reviewer  than  to 
be  thanked  for  praise.  But  it  is  certainly  the 
highest  and  pleasantest  part  of  his  business 
to  find  good  work  and  to  advertise  its  good- 
ness. Why  should  he  be  timid  or  reluctant 
about  it?  As  for  the  condition  of  things  at 
present,  it  is  hard  to  make  out  what  Mr. 
Wister  asks  of  us.  He  himself  sadly  pro- 
nounces that  there  are  no  new  writers  of  high 
merit :  "  When  an  English  novelist,  who  was 
lately  in  this  country,  asked  four  of  us  sitting 
at  lunch,  '  Who  were  the  young  ones  ? '  we  had 
to  be  silent."  Doesn't  the  honest  critic  also 
have  to  be  silent  on  that  question?  Or  is  he 
expected  to  produce  writers  of  genius,  as  part 
of  his  job,  like  rabbits  out  of  a  hat  ? 

Hardly  less  just,  surely,  is  the  obverse  of 
this  complaint;  namely,  that  the  best  of  our 


reviewers  are  content  to  lie  down  in  the  shade 
of  known  merit.  I  find  them  often,  in  default 
of  other  opportunity,  taking  up  the  work  of 
"  perfectly  established  artists,"  not  to  the  end 
of  solemnly  ratifying  a  popular  verdict,  but 
to  the  end  of  verifying  it  if  possible  and,  if 
not,  of  showing  why  it  is  false ;  or  of  tracing 
the  development  or  decadence  of  such  an 
artist's  work  and  registering  its  condition 
"to  date";  or,  it  may  be,  of  suggesting  a 
right  direction  for  future  effort.  The  last- 
named  possibility  is,  some  one  murmurs, 
fantastic, —  rather  like  teaching  one's  grand- 
mother to  suck  eggs.  But  there  have  been 
instances,  even  in  America.  Only  the  other 
day  it  happened  that  the  fiction-critic  of  one 
of  the  publications  on  Mr.  Wister's  black-list 
of  gentility  was  writing  a  little  appreciation 
of  a  very  popular  story-teller,  who  happens 
to  be  on  Mr.  Wister's  brief  honor-roll  of  living 
American  novelists  who  may  be  thought  of 
without  shame.  The  critic  meant  to  make  it 
a  pretty  careful  study  in  small  compass.  He 
had  a  fairly  clear  impression  of  the  kind  of 
thing  the  novelist  did  and  was  capable  of 
doing,  and  had  read  perhaps  half  his  novels; 
but  he  wanted  to  confirm  that  impression,  and 
therefore,  as  part  of  the  day's  work,  read  or 
reread  a  dozen  volumes  and  found  himself,  in 
the  process,  surprisingly  and  enthrallingly 
converted  to  an  altogether  different  view.  It 
appeared,  on  the  evidence  of  his  work  as  a 
whole,  that  the  novelist  had  all  along  been  of 
two  minds.  His  taste  admired  and  pursued, 
let  us  say,  realism,  but  his  genius  could  not 
be  diverted  from  romance :  it  was  clear  that  he 
was  in  danger  of  choosing  the  wrong  road  in 
the  end.  Well,  the  critic  had  that  little  jump 
of  pleasure  which  comes  even  to  the  galled 
jade  when  he  finds  a  bit  of  succulence  by 
the  wayside.  He  put  down  his  conclusions 
about  the  famous  novelist  without  misgiving, 
being  tolerably  sure  of  his  grounds.  "  It  was 
his  duty,  and  he  did,"  but  with  the  expecta- 
tion, if  he  thought  of  it,  that  his  office  would 
be  taken  as  an  ungracious  if  not  impertinent 
one.  Fancy  a  mere  critic  telling  a  successful 
Artist  that  he  is  wasting  his  time  —  squinting 
the  wrong  way!  Yet  this  artist  promptly 
wrote  a  long  letter  thanking  his  critic,  not  for 
having  been  agreeable,  but  for  having  hit 
upon  the  truth,.  "As  to  your  conclusions,"  he 
said,  "  I  believe  you  are  just ;  and  your  arti- 
cle reached  me  at  an  important  moment." 


306 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


Sweet  and  consoling  hour  for  the  homely 
slighted  one!  —  hour  in  which  he  once  more 
assures  himself,  greatly  daring  (as  the  lady 
novelists  say)  that  he  may  be  not  that  figure 
of  fun,  the  "  genteel  critic,"  but  a  man  doing 
a  man's  work, —  not  altogether  in  vain. 

As  for  the  state  of  American  fiction,  of 
American  art  as  a  whole,  doesn't  it  need  to 
be  looked  upon  with  faith  and  with  cheerful- 
ness? Must  we  (as  Mr.  Wister  really  appears 
to  do)  encourage  ourselves  to  share  that 
"  certain  condescension  "  with  which  the  Mr. 
Edward  Garnetts  excusably  (in  view  of 
their  insularity)  view  us?  Few  questions 
have  ever  been  determined  by  a  monocular 
stare,  or  a  contemptuous  wave  of  the  hand. 
We  have  our  limitations,  Heaven  knows; 
but  we  are  not  altogether  a  peculiar  paille 
in  that  respect.  Certainly  we  shall  not 
escape  them  by  flying  into  a  rage,  or  even 
by  nagging  each  other.  In  the  current 
number  of  the  "Atlantic,"  another  novelist- 
critic  goes,  smilingly,  far  deeper  into  the  mat- 
ter than  Mr.  Wister  (to  whose  outburst  Mr. 
Nicholson  alludes  with  good-humored  depre- 
cation) has  done.  For  the  weaknesses  of  our 
fiction  he  blames  not  the  public  or  publisher 
or  reviewer,  or  outsider  of  any  sort,  but  the 
novelists  themselves.  "When  our  writers 
cease  their  futile  experimenting,"  he  says, 
"and  wake  up  to  the  possibilities  of  Amer- 
ican material,  we  shall  have  fewer  complaints 
of  the  impotence  of  the  American  novel." 
Mr.  Nicholson  does  not  feel  that  we  are  alto- 
gether contemptible,  in  the  meantime,  and  is 
sure  that  we  are  not  to  be  helped  by  ill-humor 
or  contempt.  "  The  bright  angels  of  letters," 
he  concludes,  "never  appear  in  answer  to 
prayer;  they  come  out  of  nowhere  and  knock 
at  unwatched  gates.  But  the  wailing  of 
jeremiads  before  the  high  altar  is  not  calcu- 
lated to  soften  the  hearts  of  the  gods  who 
hand  down  genius  from  the  skies." 


It  is  said. 


H.  W.  BOYNTON. 


THE  LITERARY  STAGNATION  IN 
ENGLAND. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 
If  there  be  any  truth  —  and,  personally,  I 
doubt  it  —  in  the  theory  that  great  wars  pro- 
duce great  literature,  I  incline  to  think  that 
the  explanation  must  be  that  wars  are  so 
supremely  boring  that  the  spirit  of  man,  on 
emerging  from  them,  leaps  and  dances  in  the 


sheer  joy  of  escape.  The  tedium  of  the 
trenches  has  been  recorded  in  the  Marseillaise 
de  nos  jours: 

"  Nobody  knows  how  bored  we  are, 
Bored  we  are,  bored  we  are, 
Nobody  knows  how  bored  we  are, 
And  nobody  seems  to  care." 
But  the  tedium  at  home  still  awaits  its  song- 
ster. In  a  physical  way,  of  course,  England 
is  active  enough.  She  is  pouring  out  men  and 
munitions ;  she  means  to  win  the  war.  But  in 
the  intellectual  way  she  is  completely  stag- 
nant. It  is  impossible  to  think  consecutively 
about  Life,  Art,  Beauty,  Truth,  or  any  other 
such  capital-lettered  affair,  with  this  vast  pall 
hanging  over  one.  Even  when  the  war  is  not 
actually  in  one's  mind,  it  is  in  the  background. 
And  if,  with  an  effort,  an  artist  throws  off 
his  torpor  and  tries  to  write  about  the  war 
itself,  he  finds  that  he  has  nothing  to  say. 
If  —  I  speak,  for  the  moment,  purely  from  a 
literary  point  of  view  —  we  could  believe 
England's  war  to  be  an  unjust  one,  things 
would  be  more  cheerful !  The  satirical  genius 
at  least  would  be  busy:  some  of  our  writers 
during  the  South  African  War  had  the  time 
of  their  lives.  But  fouling  one's  own  nest  — 
the  normal  occupation  of  the  satirist  —  can- 
not be  thought  of  when  we  are  all  agreed 
about  presenting  a  "  united  front "  to  the  foe. 
The  "  romance  of  war "  is  badly  blown  upon, 
and  there  is  nothing  more  dull  than  abusing 
distant  foreigners.  About  a  just  war  there 
is  —  in  an  age  which  has  outgrown  war  al- 
though it  has  not  discovered  a  substitute  for 
it  —  nothing  to  be  said  at  all  that  cannot  be 
said  perfectly  in  a  leading  article. 

From  the  artistically  creative  point  of 
view,  therefore,  the  first  twelve  months  of  the 
war  have  been  almost  completely  barren.  All 
the  better  kind  of  writers  who  were  in  a  posi- 
tion to  join  the  forces  have  done  so.  Of  the 
others,  some  have  lapsed  into  complete  silence; 
some  have  attempted  to  write  fine  literature 
about  the  war  and  failed  abysmally;  and 
others  have,  so  to  speak,  gone  into  political 
journalism.  Of  these  last,  Mr.  Arnold  Ben- 
nett and  Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc  have  made  the 
greatest  successes.  Mr.  Bennett  has  been 
writing  articles  weekly  in  the  London  "  Daily 
News"  on  all  sorts  of  topical  subjects,  from 
Conscription  to  the  Position  of  Trade  Unions 
and  from  War  Pensions  to  the  Selection  of 
Staff  Officers;  and  he  has  been  doing  it  with 
invariable  and  characteristic  efficiency.  As 
for  Mr.  Belloc,  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
about  the  only  intelligent  man  in  England 
who  had  taken  an  interest  in  warfare  during 
times  of  peace.  The  result  was  that  the  war 
found  him  ready  equipped  with  the  tactical, 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


307 


mechanical,  and  geographical  jargon  which 
his  colleagues  had  to  acquire  in  feverish  haste 
after  hostilities  had  begun.  His  pen  was 
engaged  early  by  an  ancient  but,  at  that 
time,  not  very  flourishing  weekly,  "  Land  and 
Water";  he  contributes  an  enormous  bale  of 
comment,  freely  sprinkled  with  engaging  dia- 
grams, to  every  issue;  and  his  success  has 
been  such  that  wherever  one  goes  one  finds  the 
name  "  Bellow  "  or  "  Beeloc  "  on  the  lips  of  fat 
old  gentlemen  who,  a  year  ago,  had  never  so 
much  as  heard  of  the  author  of  "Emmanuel 
Burden,"  "The  Path  to  Rome,"  and  "Cau- 
tionary Tales."  Mr.  Shaw,  besides  his  "  Com- 
mon Sense,"  has  written  a  certain  number  of 
war  articles:  but  no  new  play  from  him 
appears  likely.  Mr.  Chesterton,  who,  after 
his  illness,  is  "fitter"  than  he  has  been  for 
years,  appears  to  be  confining  himself  to  the 
war;  Mr.  Wells  is  writing  about  the  war 
everywhere ;  and  such  of  the  novelists  as  have 
recently  published  new  books  wrote  them,  in 
most  cases,  before  M.  Princip  let  off  his  re- 
volver at  Serajevo.  The  poets  —  Mr.  Yeats, 
Mr.  Bridges,  Mr.  Hardy,  Mr.  Sturge  Moore, 
Mr.  de  la  Mare,  Mr.  W.  H.  Davies,  and  others 
—  have  almost  all  been  completely  or  nearly 
silent.  Several  of  them  have  had  one  "go" 
at  a  war  poem,  but  the  "  go  "  was  usually  "  no 
go."  Mr.  Bridges's 

"  England  stands  for  Honour, 
God  defend  the  Right," 

struck  the  typical  note;  and  Mr.  William 
Watson  and  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips,  each  of 
whom  has  been  flooding  the  press  with  pom- 
pous metrical  banalities,  can  do  this  sort  of 
thing  better  than  their  superiors.  The  frag- 
ments of  real  literature  produced  by  the  war 
may  be  counted  on  the  fingers  of  one  hand. 
Mr.  Hardy  wrote  a  moving  little  poem  about 
soldiers  marching  off  and  a  critical  doubter 
watching  them;  "A.  E."  has  written  several 
good  poems  about  the  criminality  of  war, 
which,  one  imagines,  the  "  Times "  only 
printed  because  it  did  not  understand  them; 
and  Rupert  Brooke,  before  he  went  to  his 
death  in  the  Dardanelles,  produced  a  group  of 
sonnets  which,  if  they  did  not  equal  the  best 
of  his  previous  work,  were  nevertheless  full 
of  fine  feeling,  and  admirable  in  their  crafts- 
manship. But  good  poetry  or  prose  not 
about  the  war  has  been  still  rarer  since  the 
war  began.  Scarcely  any  has  been  published; 
and,  as  far  as  one  can  gather  from  one's  re- 
searches amongst  one's  own  friends,  none  is 
being  written.  How,  as  I  say,  can  one  expect 
it,  in  an  intellectual  atmosphere  blended  of 
ennui,  anxiety,  and  disgust?  A  few  nights 
ago  I  was  standing  in  a  London  street.  High 


over  my  head  —  not  immediately  over  it,  I 
am  happy  to  say  —  was  what  the  newspapers, 
with  perfect  accuracy  but  rather  tiresome 
iteration,  describe  as  a  cigar-shaped  object. 
Faintly  luminous,  and  with  a  row  of  small 
lights  underneath  it,  the  Zeppelin  moved 
slowly  across  the  moonless  sky.  Guns  were 
roaring;  the  little  white  stars  of  shell-bursts 
sprinkled  the  air;  and  from  time  to  time 
there  was  the  crash  of  a  bomb  which  meant 
the  end  of  somebody's  home.  It  was  not  a 
very  terrible  or  exciting  spectacle.  The  curios- 
ity of  the  population  was  a  little  heightened 
by  the  slight  nip  of  danger,  and  it  flocked  to 
its  doors  in  nightdresses  and  pyjamas,  staring 
up  quietly  and,  in  the  end,  with  a  certain  dis- 
appointment at  this  strange  intruder  which 
was  providing  so  very  inadequate  a  display  of 
fireworks.  On  the  practical  mind,  the  event 
no  doubt  impressed  more  firmly  than  ever  the 
need  for  "  seeing  the  thing  through."  To  the 
contemplative  mind,  the  sight  of  this  gas-bag, 
with  its  thirty  men, —  shivering,  possibly, 
with  fear, —  dropping  explosives  upon  a  few 
harmless  civilians  in  this  immense  city,  was 
pitiful  and  a  little  comic.  But  whichever 
aspect  of  it  struck  the  onlooker  most,  he  cer- 
tainly did  not  feel  inclined  to  go  home  and 
compose  a  song  about  Roses,  or  an  essay  on 
the  March  of  the  Seasons  or  the  Heart  of  a 
Child.  We  are  not  visited  by  Zeppelins  daily, 
but  the  distraction  is  only  a  matter  of  degree. 
A  few  miles  away  across  the  Channel  that 
long-drawn-out  tragedy  is  going  on.  We  can 
think  of  nothing  else;  and,  if  we  could,  we 
should  feel  sheepish  about  admitting  it. 

How  long  this  paralysis  of  the  imagination 
will  continue  one  cannot  say.  It  might  be 
argued  that  if  the  war  goes  on  much  longer 
those  who  have  to  stay  at  home  will  begin  to 
get,  in  a  manner,  acclimatized  to  it,  and  one 
by  one  pick  up  the  thread  of  their  old  inter- 
ests. But,  under  modern  conditions,  that 
scarcely  seems  possible.  During  the  Napo- 
leonic Wars,  when  communications  were  few 
and  slow,  and  our  comparatively  small  armies 
consisted  of  regular  troops  and  foreign  mer- 
cenaries, it  was  not  difficult  for  an  English- 
man to  retire,  say,  to  the  Lake  District,  study 
nature,  and  not  hear  about  the  war  from  one 
month's  end  to  another.  To-day  every  family 
has  men  in  the  trenches,  every  morning's 
paper  may  tell  us  that  they  were  going 
through  hell  a  few  hours  ago:  we  are  con- 
tinually seeing  men  off  and  continually 
shocked  by  the  loss  of  friends.  The  lapse  of 
time  may  possibly  mean  a  little  more  free- 
dom for  the  controversialist  and  the  satirist. 
The  self-imposed  gags  which  almost  all  writers 
of  those  kinds  have  put  into  their  own  mouths 


308 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


may  become  wearisome  and  be  removed.  But 
the  man  whose  business  it  is  to  produce  imagi- 
native literature,  and  who,  for  that  purpose, 
has  to  live,  in  a  manner,  detached  from  the 
every-day  existence  of  his  fellows,  is  going  to 
be  hobbled  as  long  as  the  war  lasts.  At  a  time 
like  this,  the  Human  Being  and  the  English- 
man come  first  and  the  Man  of  Letters  is  no- 
where. It  may  be  that  a  few  artists  with  an 
unusual  strength  of  mind  or  an  unusual 
frigidity  of  temperament  will  be  able  to  pro- 
duce something.  But,  generally  speaking,  one 
will  be  well  advised  in  expecting  very  little 
really  important  or  impressive  or  beautiful 
work  until  the  guns  have  ceased  to  thunder 

and  the  Congress  of has  begun  its 

labors,  j.  c.  SQUIRE. 

London,  Sept.  25,  1915. 


CASUAL_CO_MMENT. 

READING  BY  THE  CLOCK  is  a  practice  that 
commends  itself  to  a  certain  order  of  minds. 
Those  who  regard  method  as  all-important 
like  to  map  out  their  day's  doings  on  the 
clock-dial.  A  teacher  of  our  acquaintance 
was  fond  of  extolling  the  advantages  of  this 
mode  of  procedure,  letting  the  stroke  of  the 
clock  rather  than  one's  unprompted  inclina- 
tion determine  what  to  read  or  study,  when 
to  do  it,  and  when  to  leave  off.  But  to  most 
hearty  and  healthy  natures  this  is  a  quench- 
ing of  the  spirit,  a  fostering  of  pedantry,  and 
a  sure  road  to  the  dry-as-dust  desolation  of 
utter  barrenness  and  disgust.  Nevertheless 
worthy  things  have  been  achieved  by  men 
notoriously  addicted  to  these  methodical  hab- 
its in  their  reading  and,  indeed,  in  all  their 
occupations.  Franklin  and  Jefferson  come 
readily  to  mind  as  famous  for  their  self- 
scrutiny  and  their  love  of  self-imposed  order 
and  method,  with  little  or  no  margin  left  for 
that  glad  spontaneity  which  is  the  very 
breath  of  existence  to  those  who  regard  life 
rather  as  an  art  than  as  a  science.  A  writer 
in  "The  Canadian  Magazine"  throws  some 
interesting  light  on  a  somewhat  celebrated 
Nova  Scotian  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
Joseph  Howe,  "  a  leader  in  the  fight  for 
responsible  government  and  an  active  partici- 
pant in  public  affairs  till  after  Confedera- 
tion." He  was  founder  of  "  The  Nova  Sco- 
tian" (newspaper)  and  published,  at  a  heavy 
loss,  "  Haliburton's  History  of  Nova  Scotia." 
A  man  of  no  little  achievement  in  the  face  of 
obstacles,  he  seems  to  have  made  that  achieve- 
ment possible,  in  part  at  least,  by  his  strict 
economy  of  time  and  his  adherence  to  a  pre- 
established  schedule.  Rising  at  five  o'clock  in 


the  summer  and  at  seven  in  the  winter,  Joseph 
Howe  ordered  his  day  by  certain  rules,  of 
which  the  following  is  a  specimen :  "  Studies 
—  Read  books  from  5  to  8,  or  7  to  9,  science 
and  history  chiefly,  then  breakfast  and  walk, 
business  and  newspapers  till  3,  exercise  and 
rumination  till  six,  tea  and  chat  till  seven, 
write  two  hours,  read  till  twelve."  Another 
note  for  self-guidance  was  this :  "  Intellec- 
tual occupation  —  Review  arithmetic,  French, 
and  grammar,  read  poetry  more,  speeches 
more.  Scripture  2  hours  on  Sunday."  Another 
passage,  equally  characteristic,  runs  as  fol- 
lows: "Company  —  avoid  none  that  is  not 
bad,  be  polite  and  cheerful  to  all.  Try  to 
learn  something  from  and  communicate  some- 
thing to  everyone  you  meet,  but  make  con- 
stant companions  only  of  those  from  whom 
information  can  be  gathered  and  the  intellect 
strengthened."  By  publishing,  with  a  com- 
mentary, these  and  other  extracts  from  "  The 
Howe  Papers  "  in  the  above-mentioned  maga- 
zine, Mr.  Francis  A.  Carman  has  made  his 
readers  acquainted  with  a  strong  and  attrac- 
tive, albeit  somewhat  precise  and  pedantic, 
personality. 

THE  AUTHOR'S  THIRST  FOR  APPLAUSE,  the 
insatiate  craving  for  recognition,  is  probably 
the  chief  motive  that  prompts  to  literary  ex- 
pression, as  indeed  to  all  artistic  utterance.  To 
get  the  full  enjoyment  of  a  beautiful  thought 
or  noble  conception,  or  even  of  a  comical  con- 
ceit or  whimsical  fancy,  one  must  feel  that 
the  enjoyment  is  shared  by  at  least  one  other 
person ;  and  so  the  thirst  for  applause  is  not 
wholly  an  ignoble  passion  for  self-aggrandize- 
ment. But  those  successful  and  widely-known 
writers  who  pay  the  penalty  for  their  success 
and  fame  by  being  made  the  recipients  of 
innumerable  unsolicited  confidences  and  man- 
uscripts from  would-be  authors  are  often  led 
to  believe  that  the  hope  and  expectation  be- 
hind all  these  artless  demonstrations  can  be 
little  else  than  that  they  will  elicit  prompt 
and  unqualified  sympathy  and  approval.  An 
interesting  word  in  this  connection  occurs  in 
Mr.  A.  C.  Benson's  chapter  on  authorship  in 
his  latest  volume  of  essays  (reviewed  on 
another  page).  He  says:  "The  social  and 
gregarious  instinct  is  really  very  dominant  in 
all  art;  and  all  writers  who  have  a  public  at 
all  must  become  aware  of  this  fact,  by  the 
number  of  manuscripts  which  are  submitted 
to  them  by  would-be  authors,  who  .ask  for 
advice  and  criticism  and  introductions  to  pub- 
lishers. It  would  be  quite  easy  for  me,  if  I 
complied  fully  with  all  such  requests,  to 
spend  the  greater  part  of  my  time  in  the 
labor  of  commenting  on  these  manuscripts.  .  . 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


309 


I  suppose  that  painters  and  sculptors  do  not 
suffer  so  much  in  this  way,  because  it  is  not 
easy  to  send  about  canvasses  or  statues  by 
parcels  post.  But  nothing  is  easier  than  to 
slip  a  manuscript  into  an  envelope  and  to 
require  an  opinion  from  an  author.  I  will 
confess  that  I  very  seldom  refuse  these  re- 
quests. At  the  moment  at  which  I  write  I 
have  three  printed  novels  and  a  printed  book 
of  travel,  a  poem,  and  two  volumes  of  essays 
in  manuscript  upon  my  table,  and  I  shall 
make  shift  to  say  something  in  reply,  though, 
except  for  the  satisfaction  of  the  authors  in 
question,  I  believe'  that  my  pains  will  be 
thrown  away,  for  the  simple  reason  that  it  is 
a  very  lengthy  business  to  teach  anyone  how 
to  write,  and  also  partly  because  what  these 
authors  desire  is  not  criticism  but  sympathy 
and  admiration."  Astonishing  and,  to  a  con- 
siderate person,  fairly  inconceivable  is  the 
unrestraint  with  which  these  demands  are 
made  upon  a  busy  author's  time  and  strength. 
•  •  • 

A   NOTABLE  CHAPTER  IN   AMERICAN  LIBRARY 

HISTORY  has  to  do  with  the  founding  and  sub- 
sequent history  of  what  finally  became  the 
free  public  library  of  Trenton,  N.  J.  Dr. 
Thomas  Cadwalader,  one  of  Franklin's  asso- 
ciates in  establishing  the  Library  Company  of 
Philadelphia  in  1731,  was  for  seven  years  a 
resident  and  a  part  of  that  time  mayor  of 
Trenton.  Before  returning  to  Philadelphia 
to  live,  in  1750,  he  gave  £500  for  a  public 
library  for  Trenton,  of  similar  character  to 
that  in  Philadelphia.  In  1776  this  library 
was  almost  destroyed  by  the  British,  but 
some  of  the  books  were  saved  and  did  service 
in  subsequent  collections  for  general  use. 
The  great-grandson  of  this  early  benefactor 
of  Trenton,  John  Lambert  Cadwalader,  hand- 
somely supplemented  his  ancestor's  gift  by 
supplying  a  much-needed  addition  to  the 
present  library  building  of  the  city.  A  re- 
port of  the  dedicatory  exercises  has  been  pub- 
lished by  the  library,  and  it  contains  a  sketch 
of  Mr.  Cadwalader  by  Mr.  Henry  W.  Taft, 
one  of  the  speakers.  Active  as  a  trustee  of 
the  great  New  York  library  which  he  helped 
Dr.  Billings  to  build  up  and  put  into  running 
order,  Mr.  Cadwalader  was  naturally  also 
interested  in  the  library  of  his  native  Tren- 
ton—  an  interest  that  culminated  recently  in 
the  manner  indicated  above.  Eeaders  of  the 
Billings  biography  do  not  need  to  be  told  of 
his  close  and  friendly  relations  with  Dr.  Bill- 
ings, Dr.  Weir  Mitchell,  who  was  his  (Cad- 
walader's)  brother-in-law,  Colonel  Higginson, 
Frank  Millet,  and  innumerable  other  promi- 
nent men  of  his  time.  He  had  a  genius  for 
friendship,  as  well  as  a  genius  for  unobtru- 


sive generosity  and  service.  "  He  had  great 
vivacity  in  conversation,"  says  Mr.  Taft,  his 
law  partner  and  intimate  friend,  "  and  his 
pointed  comment  and  witty  repartee  con- 
stantly enlivened  the  circle  of  his  friends." 
He  was  also  devoted  to  the  rod  and  gun,  and 
"had  difficulty  in  seeing  how  there  was  any 
salvation  for  a  man  whose  soul  was  dead  to 
the  fascination  of  such  sports."  The  promi- 
nence of  the  Cadwalader  family  in  the  Revo- 
lution, in  the  establishment  of  our  national 
government,  and  in  the  public  affairs  of 
Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  adds  interest 
to  the  history  of  this  wrorthy  scion  of  the 
stock,  whose  useful  life  ended  last  year. 

THE  UNWRITTEN  AMERICAN  NOVEL,  the  na- 
tive masterpiece  for  which  we  and  the  rest 
of  the  world  have  long  been  waiting,  need  not 
remain  unwritten  for  lack  of  subject  matter. 
Our  supply  of  the  raw  material  for  fiction  is 
abundant  and  varied  and  of  the  best  quality, 
as  Mr.  Meredith  Nicholson  reminds  us  in  his 
current  "Atlantic "  article  on  "  The  Open 
Season  for  American  Novelists."  "  The  songs 
have  not  all  been  written,  nor  the  tales  told," 
he  reassures  his  comrades  of  the  pen,  calling 
their  attention  to  the  neglected  opportunities 
before  them  and  urging  upon  them  above  all 
the  courage  to  be  natural,  to  refrain  from 
Anglicizing  or  Gallicizing  or  Russianizing 
their  work.  He  bemoans  "  the  ill  luck  that 
has  carried  so  many  American  fiction-writers 
to  foreign  shores,"  and  adds:  "If  Haw- 
thorne had  never  seen  Italy,  but  had  clung  to 
Salem,  I  am  disposed  to  think  American  lit- 
erature would  be  the  richer.  If  fate  had  not 
carried  Mr.  Howells  to  Venice,  but  had  posted 
him  on  the  Ohio  during  the  mighty  struggle 
of  the  '60's;  and  if  Mr.  James  had  been  sta- 
tioned at  Chicago,  close  to  the  deep  currents 
of  national  feeling,  what  a  monumental  li- 
brary of  vital  fiction  they  might  have  given 
us!  If  Mrs.  Wharton's  splendid  gifts  had 
been  consecrated  to  the  service  of  Pittsburg 
rather  than  New  York  and  Paris,  how  much 
greater  might  be  our  debt  to  her !  "  Without 
confining  our  hopes  for  the  future  of  Amer- 
ican fiction  to  the  possibilities  represented  by 
the  turmoil  and  smoke  of  Pittsburg  and  Cin- 
cinnati and  Chicago  —  possibilities  perhaps 
unduly  emphasized  by  Mr.  Nicholson  —  we 
may  reasonably  look  forward  to  interesting  if 
not  remarkable  developments  in  our  ximagina- 
tive  literature  as  the  swift  seasons  roll.  In 
these  days  when  our  country  is  becoming  the 
world's  creditor  in  commerce  and  finance,  it 
would  be  gratifying  if  we  could  at  the  same 
time  open  a  credit  account  of  a  less  math- 
ematically calculable  kind,  and  if  spiritual 


310 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


and  intellectual  values  could  more  often  find 
their  best  expression  in  a  currency  minted 

within  our  borders. 

•  •    • 

A  WINDMILL  CONVERTED  INTO  A  LIBRARY  will 

not  be  discovered  even  by  the  most  observant 
traveller  more  than  once  in  a  lifetime,  if  as 
often  as  that.  A  church  thus  transformed  is 
no  unheard-of  thing,  barns  have  been  pressed 
into  service  for  the  shelter  of  books,  and 
somewhere  there  is  said  to  be  a  gas-tank  re- 
modelled and  fitted  up  for  library  purposes; 
but  where  shall  we  find  a  public  library  in  the 
form  that  aroused  Don  Quixote  to  one  of  his 
first  exploits  in  knight-errantry?  Mr.  Ed- 
mund L.  Pearson  tells  his  readers,  in  the 
Boston  "  Transcript,"  that  this  strange  sight 
greets  the  visitor  to  Wainscott,  Long  Island, 
He  says  further :  "  The  mill  was  first  erected 
in  another  town.  A  date  carved  on  the  floor 
indicates  that  it  is  at  least  a  century  old. 
There  are  a  few  similar  mills  in  some  other 
Long  Island  towns  not  far  away.  This  one 
was  moved  to  "Wainscott  a  number  of  years 
ago,  and  used  for  its  original  purpose  of 
grinding  corn  until  recent  days.  The  machin- 
ery, millstones,  and  some  of  the  grain  are  still 
there.  Some  of  the  latter  occasionally  sifts 
down  on  the  books  from  the  floor  above  —  a 
fact  which  amuses  but  does  not  bother  the 
energetic  librarian.  She  opens  the  library  on 
several  afternoons  each  week,  and  dispenses 
books  to  all  who  come."  The  collection,  of 
books,  he  adds,  is  smaller  than  that  of  the 
Boston  Public  Library,  for  instance,  but  the 
ventilation  is  better  than  in  the  nobly  vaulted 
Bates  Hall  of  that  great  library,  and  there  is 
no  superfluity  of  red  tape  in  the  rules  and 
regulations.  It  is  a  wonderful  story  that  he 
tells  us;  but  seeing  is  believing,  and  so  he 
publishes  a  photograph  of  this  truly  unique 
public  library,  with  its  four  windmill  sails 
still  spread  to  the  winds. 

•  •    • 

ABORTIVE  EDUCATIONAL  EFFORTS  are  wit- 
nessed at  this  time  of  year  in  all  our  colleges 
and  universities.  Young  men  and  women  by 
the  thousand  start,  voluntarily  or  under  pres- 
sure, and  more  or  less  hopefully,  on  an  acad- 
emic course  leading  to  innumerable  delightful 
possibilities  in  the  way  of  honors  and  distinc- 
tions and  ultimate  fame  and  fortune  in  the 
great  world  beyond ;  but  how  many  there  are 
that  drop  out  of  the  race  even  before  it  is  well 
begun !  Any  college  graduate  will  easily  re- 
call dim  memories  of  perhaps  a  dozen  or  more 
classmates  of  that  intensely  vivid  period  of 
his  adolescence,  the  first  term  of  freshman 
year,  who  speedily  and  rather  unaccountably 
faded  from  his  view  with  the  falling  of  the 


autumn  leaves  or  the  coming  of  the  Christ- 
mas holidays.  This  lamentable  lack  of  stay- 
ing power  must  have  been  in  the  minds  of 
those  \vho  shape  the  curriculum  at  Brown 
University  when  they  announced  this  year  a 
new  freshman  course  in  "  orientation."  In- 
struction in  the  purpose  and  meaning  of  col- 
lege study  and  college  life  will  be  given  to 
all  members  of  the  entering  class,  and  it  may 
be  that  an  earnest  and  sympathetic  word  at 
the  outset  will  help  to  kindle  the  young 
collegian's  zeal  and  stiffen  his  backbone  so 
that  he  will  be  in  less  danger  of  educational 
shipwreck.  President  Faunce  ventures  the  as- 
sertion that  "  nearly  fifty  per  cent  of  the  stu- 
dents who  enter  some  American  colleges  drop 
out  before  graduation.  About  twenty-five  per 
cent  drop  out  from  our  best  colleges  (except 
in  a  few  small,  compact  institutions,  where 
the  per  cent  is  smaller)."  He  asks:  "How 
shall  we  grapple  with  this  waste  and  wreck- 
age of  hope  and  intention  ?  Harvard  says  by 
freshmen  dormitories,  Princeton  says  by  pre- 
ceptors, Brown  relies  on  small  numbers  in 
classes  permitting  much  more  personal  con- 
tact than  in  the  large  universities ;  the  fresh- 
man advisers;  the  new  course  in  aims  and 
values  of  the  college  course."  But,  after  all, 
does  not  at  least  a  partial  explanation  of  the 
difficulty  lie  in  the  fact  that  so  many  sons  of 
rich  men  are  to-day  sent  to  college,  whereas 
in  the  past  it  was  the  poor  boys  who  went? 
•  •  • 

A  HAMLETLESS  "  HAMLET  "  is  so  difficult  to 
conceive  that  it  has  furnished  the  world  with 
a  universally  familiar  phrase  applicable  to 
all  attempts  to  achieve  a  desired  result  with- 
out recourse  to  the  chief  factor  contributory 
thereto.  And  yet  there  is  a  vague  tradition 
that  this  "  Hamlet "  with  the  part  of  Hamlet 
left  out  was  once  actually  presented  on  the. 
stage  by  a  company  of  strolling  players  who, 
at  a  certain  one-night  stand  somewhere, 
found  themselves  suddenly  bereft,  by  illness, 
of  the  services  of  their  leading  performer. 
But  the  piece  had  been  advertised  for  that 
night,  and  there  seemed  no  way  to  save  the 
situation  except  by  acting  the  play  with  its 
title  role  omitted.  The  success  of  this  ardu- 
ous undertaking  is  left  to  the  imagination. 
In  a  very  readable  contribution  to  the  Octo- 
ber "Yale  Review"  Professor  Brander  Mat- 
thews begins  with  a  brief  rehearsal  of  the 
foregoing  legend,  but  is  constrained  to  add: 
"Despite  diligent  endeavor,  I  have  not  been 
able  to  discover  where  or  when  this  fabled 
performance  was  believed  to  have  taken  place. 
Still  less  successful  have  I  been  in  my  search 
for  one  of  the  spectators  at  this  unique  rep- 
resentation of  Shakespeare's  masterpiece." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


311 


Then  he  proceeds  to  name  a  number  of  suc- 
cessful plays  that  actually  omit,  by  design, 
each  its  leading  or  at  any  rate  a  prominent 
character.  That  is,  the  character  is  presented 
in  the  third  person  only,  never  appearing  on 
the  stage.  In  this  peculiar  species  of  drama 
Professor  Matthews  places  Mr.  George  Mid- 
dleton's  play,  "Their  Wife,"  Sardou's  "La 
Famille  Benoiton,"  and,  in  a  modified  sense, 
"  The  Second  Mrs.  Tanqueray,"  "  Rosmers- 
holm,"  and  one  or  two  other  modern  plays. 
The  entire  article  ("'Hamlet'  with  Hamlet 
Left  Out")  is  a  curious  study  of  a  difficult 
device  employed  with  subtlety  and  success  by 
a  few  playwrights  and  wisely  avoided  by  the 
great  majority. 

BOOK-BORROWERS'  RESPONSIBILITIES  are  often 
taken  very  lightly.  Hence  the  thousands  of 
books  borrowed  and  never  returned.  An 
individual  lender  cannot  well  proclaim  and 
enforce  a  system  of  fines  and  other  coercive 
measures  to  ensure  the  return  of  his  precious 
volumes;  but  a  library  can  and  commonly 
does  employ  such  a  system.  Its  necessity  is 
demonstrated  in  the  statistical  section  of 
almost  any  library  report.  Let  us  take  a  few 
typical  public  libraries,  large  and  small,  and 
see  to  what  extent  delinquent  borrowers  have 
to  be  punished  in  the  course  of  a  year.  The 
New  York  Public  Library  collected,  in  1914, 
in  fines  on  overdue  books  and  in  payments 
for  lost  books,  $36,129.79.  The  Boston  library, 
in  the  same  year,  received  $6,502.44  in  fines, 
and  $426.36  for  lost  books.  Cleveland  reports 
receipts  of  $9,283.70  in  fines.  St.  Louis  shows 
$2,682.64  as  the  annual  amount  of  fines  col- 
lected, and  $249.15  received  for  "books  sold, 
lost  and  paid  for."  Brooklyn  denies  us  any 
clear  light  on  this  question  by  lumping  to- 
gether "  fines  and  sale  of  publications "  at 
$24,034.32.  Grand  Rapids  collected  $1,139.70 
in  "  book  fines,"  and  reports  a  total  collection, 
in  the  forty-four  years  of  its  existence,  of 
"nearly  $20,000."  Galesburg's  yearly  fine 
receipts  were  $358.93.  At  Lincoln  (Nebraska) 
the  "  fines  and  penalties "  amounted  to 
$1,052.45,  and  "books  lost"  (and  paid  for), 
$55.57.  Wilmington  (Delaware)  reports 
"library  desk  receipts"  as  $836.53.  Many 
libraries  refuse  to  aid  us  in  this  research, 
either  making  no  mention  of  the  yearly  fines 
or  including  them  in  "other  receipts."  But 
enough  evidence  has  been  adduced  in  the  fore- 
going figures  to  prove  the  necessity,  lamenta- 
ble though  it  be,  of  imposing  legal  penalties 
on  those  who  abuse  their  public-library  privi- 
leges. 


NOT  THE  LEAST  OF  LINCOLN'S  MANY  BIOG- 
RAPHERS, and  certainly  not  the  last,  was 
drowned  near  Foxboro,  Mass.,  Sept.  29,  while 
bathing  in  Beaumont  Pond.  Alonzo  Roth- 
schild will  be  best  remembered  as  the  author 
of  "  Lincoln,  Master  of  Men,"  a  study  of  that 
quality  of  authority  over  his  associates  and 
contemporaries  which,  however  lost  sight  of 
amid  his  other  conspicuous  attributes,  was 
undoubtedly  possessed  by  this  one  of  our 
national  heroes  in  common  with  all  who 
before  or  since  have  taken  the  lead  in  great 
causes  or  arduous  enterprises.  But  it  was 
Lincoln's  way  to  gain  his  ends  with  no  need- 
less display  of  imperiousness,  and  that  was  a 
part  of  the  secret  of  his  success,  however  much 
he  was  misunderstood  and  under-estimated  by 
many  of  his  contemporaries.  The  essential 
with  him  was  to  get  the  thing  done.  Mr. 
Rothschild  felt  the  appeal  of  this  side  of  Lin- 
coln's character,  and  was  moved  to  enter  upon 
the  study  that  resulted  in  the  above-named 
book.  He  was  born  in  New  York,  in  1862, 
the  son  of  poor  parents,  or  parents  so  situated 
that  he  felt  it  his  duty  to  cut  short  his  school- 
ing and  become  an  office  boy  at  four  dollars  a 
week  in  order  to  contribute  his  share  toward 
the  family  purse.  But  he  rapidly  rose  to 
higher  things.  Besides  journalism  and  au- 
thorship he  took  an  active  part  in  the  work 
of  the  Society  for  Ethical  Culture.  His 
attributes  of  mind  and  heart,  as  they  show 
themselves  in  the  retrospect,  were  of  a  sort  to 
beget  deep  regret  at  his  loss. 
•  •  • 

EMBROIDERED  HISTORY  presents  to  most  eyes 
an  appearance  so  much  more  attractive  than 
plain  history  that  the  historian's  temptation 
to  supply  the  embroidery  is  all  but  irresisti- 
ble. To  spoil  a  good  story  in  the  telling,  by 
sticking  to  literal  fact,  is  something  that  most 
of  us  look  upon  with  some  contempt;  to  re- 
fuse to  soar  in  the  upper  realms  of  romance 
is  the  mark  of  a  grovelling  spirit.  Hence  the 
popular  acclaim  given  to  such  fascinating 
creations  as  Abbott's  "  History  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte"  and  Froude's  not  too  painfully 
accurate  pictures  of  the  past.  This  inex- 
haustible theme  of  historical  inaccuracy  has 
given  us  a  library  of  more  or  less  lively  read- 
ing, a  fresh  addition  to  which  will  be  found 
in  Professor  Hart's  "American  Historical 
Liars  "  in  the  current  "  Harper's  Magazine." 
Captain  John  Smith  and  Parson  Weems  and 
the  late  Augustus  C.  Buell,  with  a  number  of 
others,  are  pitilessly  pilloried  by  the  Harvard 
historian  for  their  refusal  to  remain  content 
with  the  unadorned  truth;  and  they  and  all 
their  tribe  are  at  the  end  dismissed  in  this 


312 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


biting  fashion :  "  Throughout  this  catalogue 
of  gifted  writers  who  transferred  to  history 
and  biography  talents  that  belong  in  the  field 
of  the  serial  novels,  only  one  general  com- 
ment may  be  applied :  Whether  they  are  forg- 
ing documents,  capturing  the  choice  pages  of 
previous  writers,  or  simply  letting  their  fancy 
play  upon  a  historical  problem,  they  are  all 
subject  to  Joe  Gargery's  remark:  'Lies  is 
lies.  Howsoever  they  come,  they  didn't  ought 
to  come,  and  they  come  from  the  father  of 
lies,  and  work  round  to  the  same.' " 

•    •    • 

POETIC  VISION  AND  GRIM  REALITY  are  brought 
into  startling  contrast  by  certain  recent  occur- 
rences not  far  from  St.  Paul's.  To  more  than 
one  student  of  current  history  there  has 
doubtless  come/  to  mind  in  these  days  Mr. 
Alfred  Noyes's  beautiful  piece  of  verse  pic- 
turing a  walk  down  Fleet  Street  when  Lon- 
don glowed  under  a  foggy  sunset  "like  one 
huge  cobwebbed  flagon  of  old  wine,"  and  the 
soft  sky 
"  Flowed  through  the  roaring  thoroughfares, 

transfused 
Their  hard,  sharp  outlines,  blurred  the  throngs 

of  black 

On  either  pavement,  blurred  the  rolling  stream 
Of  red  and  yellow  buses,  till  the  town 
Turned  to  a  golden  suburb  of  the  clouds, 
And,  round  that  mighty  bubble  of  St.  Paul's, 
Over  the  upturned  faces  of  the  street, 
An  air-ship  slowly  sailed,  with  whirring  fans, 
A  voyager  in  the  new-found  realms  of  gold, 
A  shadowy  silken  chrysalis  whence  should  break 
What  radiant  wings  in  centuries  to  be." 
From    the    "  shadowy    silken    chrysalis "    of 
actual  fact,  a  few  weeks  ago,  there  certainly 
broke   things    radiant    and    astonishing,    but 
also  terrifying  and  death-dealing.     The  poet's 
vision   was   at   fault   only  in   stopping   con- 
siderably short  of  the  vivid  reality,  and  in 
postponing  its  fulfilment  to  "  centuries  to  be." 

•        •        • 

A   CURIOUS  SPECIMEN  OF  LEARNED  HUMOR  is 

brought  to  public  notice  by  bibliographers 
interested  in  the  matchless  collection  of  Elze- 
virs and  other  rare  books  in  the  Warsaw 
University  Library,  to  which  recent  events 
have  directed  the  attention  of  book-lovers. 
The  example  of  rather  ponderous  playfulness 
here  referred  to  is  in  mediaeval  Latin,  and  is 
thus  entitled :  "  Dissertationum  Ludicrarum  et 
Amoenitatum  Scriptores  Varii."  As  this  title 
indicates,  the  volume  is  made  up  of  sundry 
facetious  essays  from  various  pens.  Among 
these  amusing  trifles,  the  recreations  of  their 
erudite  authors'  leisure  hours,  are  to  be  noted 
a  disquisition  in  praise  of  the  gout,  by  Bir- 
baldus  Pirkheimer ;  one  by  Girolamo  Cardano 
on  the  same  sprightly  theme ;  one  in  praise  of 


mud,  by  Majorragio;  one  in  praise  of  the 
goose,  by  the  elder  Scaliger;  and  other  pan- 
egyrics in  like  vein  on  the  ant,  the  flea,  the 
louse,  the  elephant,  and  the  swan;  also  an 
anonymous  piece  on  the  death  of  a  magpie, 
a  "nuptial  allocution,"  an  essay  on  the  art 
of  swimming,  one  on  "the  reign  of  the  fly," 
etc.,  —  all,  including  titles,  in  the  language 
used  universally  by  medieval  scholars.  The 
compilation,  which  may  perhaps  have  served 
as  a  sort  of  "Joe  Miller's  Jest  Book"  among 
the  learned  of  its  day,  was  originally  pub- 
lished at  Leyden  about  1625;  but  the  War- 
saw copy  is  of  the  1644  edition,  which  is 
considered  the  best. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

THE  COMING-  WOBLD-LANGUAGE,  AND  SOME 
OTHER  MATTERS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
In  view  of  your  comment  upon  my  remarks,  in 
your  issue  of  Sept.  16  (page  206),  may  I  be  per- 
mitted to  explain  what  I  meant  when  I  said  to 
the  interviewer  from  "  The  New  York  Times " 
that  we  were  being  "  brought  nearer  to  a  univer- 
sal language,  a  sort  of  interlingnistic  conglom- 
erate" by  the  war?  This  was  no  more  than  that 
English  was  becoming  the  lingua  franca  for  uni- 
versal use.  I  based  this  belief  that  English  is 
becoming  more  of  a  world-language  than  any 
other  language  upon  statistics  of  usage  —  nothing 
else.  The  English  language  is  now  spoken  by 
more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions  of  peo- 
ple; German  by  more  than  one  hundred  and 
twenty  millions;  Russian  by  ninety  millions; 
French  by  sixty  millions;  Spanish  by  fifty-five 
millions;  Italian  by  forty  millions;  and  Portu- 
guese by  forty  millions. 

Just  how  many  persons  have  been  using  Esper- 
anto during  the  twenty-eight  years  that  have 
passed  since  its  invention  by  Dr.  Zamenhof  in 
1887,  I  do  not  know.  But  this  I  do  know,  that 
from  an  examination  of  approximately  20,000 
words  from  the  "  New  Standard  Dictionary,"  En- 
glish may  be  correctly  described  as  an  interlin- 
guistic  conglomerate,  for  the  following  are  the 
sources  from  which  the  words  examined  were 
derived : 

Anglo-Saxon  and  English 3,681 

Low  German 126 

Dutch   207 

Scandinavian    693 

German    333 

Low  German  through  French 54 

Dutch  or  Middle  Dutch  through  French. ...        45 

Scandinavian  through  French 63 

German  (1)  through  French 85 

Middle  High  German   (2)  through  French.         27 

Old  High  German  (3)   through  French 154 

Teutonic  (4)  through  French 225 

French   (Romance  languages) 297 

Latin  through  French 4,842 

Late  Latin  through  French 829 

Italian  through  French 162 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


313 


Celtic    

Latin    (direct)    

Latin  through  Provencal 

Italian    

Spanish    

Portuguese    

Greek  direct  or  through  Latin,  Late  Latin, 
French  or  other  sources 

Slavonic  

Lithuanian    

Asiatic:  Aryan  languages,  including  Per- 
sian and  Sanskrit 

European  non- Aryan  languages 

Semitic :  Hebrew 

Arabic  • 

Asiatic:  Non-Aryan,  not  Semitic,  includ- 
ing Malay,  Chinese,  Japanese,  Tartar, 
Australian  

African  languages    

American  

Hybrid   

Unknown   


170 

2,880 

25 

99 

108 

21 

2,493 
31 

1 

163 

20 
99 

272 


135 

32 

102 

675 

12 


Total    19,161 

No  other  language  approaches  to  English  in  its 
aggressive  appropriation  of  whatever  terminology 
it  needs  to  make  it  the  most  incisive  means  for 
expressing  thought. 

A 

In  the  same  issue  of  THE  DIAL  referred  to 
above,  your  generous  reviewer  of  my  "  Essentials 
of  English  Speech"  takes  me  to  task  for  saying 
that  Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  "  wrote  the 
first  sonnets  ever  written  in  English,"  and  chides 
me  for  making  "  no  mention  of  Wyatt,  Surrey's 
senior  by  fourteen  or  fifteen  years,  and  acknowl- 
edged by  him  to  be  his  master  in  poetry,  and 
commonly  credited  with  having  taken  the  lead  in 
importing  the  sonnet  into  our  literature."  Will 
you  permit  me  to  say  in  reply  that  some  things 
that  have  been  "  commonly  credited  "  investigation 
and  time  have  proved  to  have  been  incorrectly 
credited?  As  examples,  I  need  only  to  cite  the 
well-known  Chatterton  and  Macpherson  imposi- 
tions. Samuel  Johnson's  exposure  of  the  latter 
brought  the  famous  lexicographer  a  challenge 
from  Macpherson.  Dr.  Johnson  is  commonly 
credited  with  having  purchased  a  stout  oak 
cudgel  and  with  having  answered  in  a  well-known 
letter  that  he  would  repel  violence,  and  was  not 
to  be  deterred  from  detecting  what  he  thought  to 
be  a  cheat  from  any  fear  of  the  menaces  of  a 
ruffian. 

But  to  return  to  the  English  sonnet.  On  page 
304  of  his  "Amenities  of  English  Literature,"  pub- 
lished in  1841,  Isaac  D'Israeli  says,  "  The  Earl  of 
Surrey  composed  the  first  sonnets  in  the  English 
language."  In  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britannica," 
volume  xxvi,  eleventh  edition,  p.  139,  I  find 
"  Surrey,  indeed,  expressly  acknowledges  Wyatt 
as  his  master  in  poetry.  As  their  poems  appeared 
in  one  volume,  long  after  the  death  of  both,  their 
names  will  always  be  closely  associated,"  but  in 
the  original  form  of  this  article,  which  appears  in 
the  ninth  edition  of  the  "  Britannica  "  (vol.  xxii, 
p.  731),  the  statement  is  "Seeing,  however,  that 
their  poems  were  first  published  in  the  same  vol- 
ume, many  years  after  the  death  of  both,  their 
names  can  never  be  dissociated  and  it  must  always 


be  hard  to  say  which  was  the  leader  in  the  various 
new  and  beautiful  forms  of  verse  .  .  introduced 
into  English  poetry."  The  copyright  date  of  this 
edition  of  the  "  Britannica  "  is  1875.  Dr.  William 
F.  Collier,  in  his  "  History  of  English  Literature," 
new  edition,  dated  1894,  wrote  (p.  92)  :  "  Surrey 
is  said  to  have  written  also  the  first  English  son- 
nets." In  the  "  Dictionary  of  National  Biog- 
raphy," edited  by  Leslie  Stephen  and  Sidney  Lee, 
and  published  in  1891,  I  find  the  following,  under 
the  title  "  Howard,"  in  volume  xxviii,  p.  28 : 
"  Surrey,  who  although  the  disciple  of  Wyatt  was 
at  all  points  his  master's  superior,  was  the  earliest 
Englishman  to  imitate  with  any  success  Italian 
poetry  in  English  verse.  .  .  Surrey's  taste  in  the 
choice  of  his  masters  and  his  endeavours  to  adapt 
new  metres  to  English  poetry  are  his  most  inter- 
esting characteristics.  The  sonnet  and  the  '  ottava 
rima'  were  first  employed  by  him  and  Wyatt." 
This  was  written  by  Sir  Sidney  Lee. 

And  now  as  to  the  other  peccadilloes  charged 
against  me,  I  may  point  out  that,  in  English,  the 
correctness  of  a  form  or  of  a  construction  is  not 
impaired  because  nothing  analogous  to  it  exists 
in  the  language,  any  more  than  that  the  correct- 
ness of  a  word  is  to  be  challenged  because  there  is 
no  other  in  the  language  resembling  it  in  sound 
or  spelling.  Your  gentle  reviewer  does  not  like 
"equally  as."  Nor  did  Coleridge,  yet  Sir  James 
Murray  recognizes  it,  and  cites  Francis  William 
Newman  as  authority  for  its  use. 

The  expression  "  no  less  than  thirty  "  is  char- 
acterized as  a  "  questionable  construction,"  yet  is 
one  that  dates  from  the  Old  English  Chronicles 
(1121).  It  was  used  by  Shakespeare  ("Taming 
of  the  Shrew,"  act  ii,  sc.  1),  by  Steele  ("  Tatler," 
No.  46,  p.  12),  and  by  Macaulay  in  his  Essay  on 
Warren  Hastings  —  "No  less  than  twenty  Arti- 
cles of  impeachment."  Again,  the  reviewer  writes 
"  of  the  same  book  we  read  on  the  same  page  that 
'  the  sanitation  of  cities  is  carefully  preserved.' " 
Is  not  this  the  reductio  ad  absurdum  of  criticism? 
What  I  wrote  is  "  Utopia  .  .  is  an  ideal  common- 
wealth in  which  vice  does  not  flourish.  .  .  Agri- 
culture is  the  chief  industry  and  everybody  works. 
The  sanitation  of  cities  is  carefully  preserved." 
The  reference  here  is  clearly  to  Utopia,  the  com- 
monwealth, not  to  "  Utopia,"  the  book.  If  the  use 
of  the  word  "  preserved  "  is  what  "  jars,"  then  let 
us  consult  the  dictionary  and  learn  that  in  such  a 
connection  the  word  means  "maintained  intact  or 
unimpaired,"  and  is  correctly  used.  As  for 
"applied  into,"  this  I  cannot  find;  wherever  it 
occurs  the  text  perhaps  should  read  "  applied 
unto,"  and  I  shall  be  greatly  obliged  if  you  will 
favor  me  with  the  page  on  which  it  may  be  found. 
FRANK  H.  VIZETELLY. 

New  York  City,  Sept.  30,  1915. 

[Regarding  the  latter  part  of  Dr.  Vize- 
telly's  communication,  the  truth  sterns  to  be 
that  Surrey  remodelled  and  refined  the  son- 
net after  Wyatt  had  introduced  it;  but  to 
assert  without  qualification  that  he  "wrote 
the  first  sonnets  ever  written  in  English  "  is 
to  invite  contradiction.  Authorities  might  be 


314 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


cited  in  great  number,  but  it  must  here  suf- 
fice to  quote  from  Garnett  and  Gosse's 
"  English  Literature "  the  statement  in  re- 
gard to  Wyatt  that  "  the  feature  of  his  work 
which  gives  him  his  chief  importance  in  the 
history  of  English  poetical  literature  .  .  is 
his  introduction  of  the  sonnet  into  'English 
poetry."  "  Equally  as  appropriate  "  offends 
by  its  manifest  redundancy.  "  Less  than 
thirty  "  has  good  authority,  but  "  fewer  than 
thirty"  stands  unchallenged,  and  the  ques- 
tion remains  whether  it  is  wise,  in  trying  to 
promote  the  cause  of  good  English,  to  use  a 
construction  avoided  by  many  careful  writers. 
It  may  be,  if  it  is  felt  that  a  principle  is  in- 
volved. Of  course  the  reviewer's  comment  on 
"  sanitation  "  as  being  "  carefully  preserved  " 
referred  only  to  the  choice  of  verb,  which 
still  seems  not  the  happiest  possible.  It 
should  be  noted  that  the  italics  in  the  quota- 
tions from  the  review  are  not  the  reviewer's. 
"Applied  into,"  unless  the  reviewer's  notes 
are  at  fault,  will  be  found  on  page  308,  one- 
third  of  the  way  down. —  THE  KEVIEWER.] 


"  BRYANT  AND  THE  NEW  POETRY." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

As  I  have  been  making  a  pilgrimage  to  the  two 
Panama  expositions,  my  attention  has  been  called 
only  recently  to  the  communication  from  Mr. 
John  L.  Hervey  in  your  issue  of  August  15,  enti- 
tled "  Bryant  and  the  New  Poetry."  You  and  he 
will  pardon  me,  therefore,  if  my  answer  seems 
somewhat  tardy. 

What  did  I  say  at  that  Whitman  dinner,  now 
four  months  in  the  past?  Mr.  Hervey  admits  that 
he  "  cannot  recall  more  than  the  drift,  the  pur- 
port," of  a  part  of  it,  and  I  cannot  pretend  to 
remember  with  complete  exactness.  I  can  state, 
however,  that  my  subject  was  not  "  The  New 
Poetry,"  but  "  The  New  Movement  in  Poetry,"  and 
that  I  did  not  ascribe  this  movement  to  America 
alone,  since  English  poets  have  done  their  full 
share  in  it,  or  say  that  it  "  had  originated  in  the 
sanctum  of  her  [my]  magazinelet,  '  Poetry.'  "  I 
may  have  said  that  "  Poetry  "  was  the  first  maga- 
zine to  give  a  large  group  of  young  poets  a  chance 
to  be  heard,  or  that,  as  the  New  York  "  Sun  "  said 
editorially  in  its  issue  of  Sept.  12, "'Poetry'  right- 
fully stands  at  the  head  of  the  new  movement." 
If  I  was  so  foolish  as  to  make  any  "  statement  of 
doctrine,"  or  put  forth  any  "  promulgation  of 
law  "  on  a  subject  so  delicate,  so  fluid,  so  irreduci- 
ble to  any  definition  or  theory,  as  the  art  of 
poetry,  I  shall  be  obliged  to  Mr.  Hervey  if  he  will 
add  chapter  and  book  to  his  offhand  accusation. 

Also  he  will  perhaps  show  how  I  "  asserted,  at 
least  by  inference,"  that  Whitman  is  "  the  patron 
saint  of  the  movement."  Whitman  was  a  great 
revolutionist,  and  no  doubt  he  is  one  of  many  cos- 
mopolitan influences  which  have  tended  of  late  to 
broaden  the  boundaries  of  poetic  art  in  the  En- 
glish language. 


But  Mr.  Hervey  resents  most  seriously  "  the 
drift,  the  purport "  of  certain  ill-remembered 
remarks  of  mine  about  Bryant. 

As  I  have  made  a  definite  charge  against  Bry- 
ant, and  as  neither  Mr.  Hervey  nor  I  can  pretend 
to  remember  exactly  in  what  form  I  stated  it  at 
the  Whitman  dinner,  perhaps  you  will  permit  me 
to  refer  to  an  editorial  in  "  Poetry "  for  July, 
which  does  not  lack  precision.  In  that  editorial 
I  told  of  a  publisher's  statement  that  Bryant, 
toward  the  end  of  his  long  life,  used  to  sell  his 
name,  along  with  his  venerable  portrait,  as  the 
author  of  books  which  he  neither  wrote  nor  edited, 
such  as  "  Bryant's  History  of  the  United  States  " 
and  "  Bryant's  Collection  of  Poetry  and  Song,"  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  was  known  among  New 
York  publishers  as  "  the  great  national  tone- 
imparter."  The  article  then  continues: 

"  This  story  always  comes  back  to  me  when  I  make 
a  detour  from  Fifth  Avenue  to  see  the  beautiful  rear 
facade  of  the  New  York  Public  Library.  Here  a 
throned  figure  of  the  venerable  poet  faces  the  park 
named  in  his  honor,  and  offers  us  his  life  as  a  high 
inspiration  to  American  youth.  To  whose  memory 
was  the  statue  erected  —  the  poet  of  the  Thanatopsis 
or  the  '  great  national  tone-imparter '  ?  If  the  former, 
are  we  not  honoring  too  much  the  man  who  did  his 
best  work  at  nineteen?  —  and  if  the  latter,  are  we  not 
honoring  too  much  the  man  who  sold  out! 

"  To  have  done  one's  best  work  in  youth  is  proof  that 
one  has  lived  downward  rather  than  upward.  Long 
is  the  roll  of  artists  who,  beginning  with  more  genius 
than  character,  shuffle  off  their  glory  like  a  rich  gar- 
ment and  sink  down  in  rags  —  or  broadcloth  —  to  a 
sordid  feast.  Indeed,  so  often  does  the  world  watch 
this  spectacle  that  the  early  death  of  the  inspired  one 
seems  the  only  sure  consecration. 

"  There  is  only  one  code  of  honor  for  an  artist  —  to 
be  true  to  his  vision.  Bryant  preferred  to  lead  a  com- 
fortable life,  and  be  a  good  journalist  rather  than  a 
poet,  and  so  he  descended  from  the  serene  nobility  of 
the  Thanatopsis,  to  the  puerile  pieties  of  the  Hymn 
to  tlie  Sea,  The  Future  Life,  The  Crowded  Street  and 
many  other  truly  orthodox  utterances.  Even  The 
Forest  Hymn,  perhaps  the  best  of  these,  says  merely 
the  proper  and  expected  thing,  offering  bland  counsels 
of  moderation: 

But  let  me  often  to  these  solitudes 

Retire,  and  in  Thy  presence  reassure 

My  feeble  virtue.     Here  its  enemies. 

The  passions,  at  Thy  plainer  footsteps  shrink 

And  tremble,  and  are  still. 

"  If  the  passions  were  indeed  the  enemies  of  this 
poet's  '  feeble  virtue,'  they  never  got  the  upper  hand. 
At  least  they  do  not  appear  in  his  poetry.  It  is  said 
that  Mr.  Bryan  pronounces  To  a  Waterfowl  the  finest 
American  poem  —  a  preference  which  marks  the 
limitation  of  his  reading  or  taste;  but  this,  which  is 
no  doubt  Bryant's  best  lyric,  is  also  marred  by  the 
ever-present  and  expedient  moral.  The  famous  '  Truth 
crushed  to  earth '  quatrain  from  The  Battlefield  is  the 
only  bit  of  his  poetry,  after  the  Thanatopsis,  in  which 
his  religiosity  rises  for  a  moment  to  higher  ground 
and  assumes  something  of  prophetic  dignity. 

"  Bryant  was,  in  short,  a  man  born  to  be  a  poet  who 
sacrificed  the  muse,  not  to  those  violent  enemies,  the 
flesh  and  the  devil,  but  to  that  more  insidious  one. 
the  world  —  or,  in  other  words,  comfort  and  respecta- 
bility. Now  and  then  a  brief  flash  of  inspiration  dis- 
turbed his  placidity,  but  gradually  the  light  went  out, 
until,  in  his  tone-imparting  old  age,  he  could  not  even 
see  that  he  was  sitting  in  darkness." 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


315 


Probably  even  Mr.  Hervey  would  admit  that  the 
greater  part  of  Bryant's  poetry  was  over-rated 
during  and  after  his  life,  and  that  modern  criti- 
cism can  hardly  be  expected  to  take  him  and  most 
of  his  contemporaries  at  their  nineteenth-century 
face  value.  If  Whitman  admired  him,  it  was  part 
of  the  generosity  of  his  nature  that  he  admired 
almost  everybody.  If  he  lived  to-day,  no  doubt  he 
would  praise  Mr.  Sandburg,  and  even  say  a  good 
word  for  the  magazine  which  had  the  honor  of 
introducing  him  —  and  many  others  as  well,  both 
radical  and  conservative! 

Whether  any  of  our  contemporaries,  so  intro- 
duced, "  will  live,"  it  is  quite  beyond  my  power, 
or  even  Mr.  Hervey's,  to  predict ;  for  I  have  never 
presumed  to  "  speak  in  behalf  of  Time,"  but  have 
always  proclaimed,  early  and  late,  over  and  over 
again,  that  contemporary  criticism  cannot  be 
final.  "  Poetry  "  is  an  exhibition  place  for  current 
poetry,  corresponding  to  our  Art  Institute  exhibi- 
tions of  current  painting  and  sculpture.  It  would 
be  rank  injustice  to  deny  to  our  artists  and  poets 
such  places  to  be  seen  and  heard,  and  no  doubt  it 
is  right  that  critics  and  the  public  should  praise 
or  damn  this  or  that  in  any  exhibition,  and  that 
professional  juries  should  even  award  prizes.  But 
Time,  which  really  means  the  accumulated  opin- 
ions of  experts,  selects  the  masterpieces. 

In  conclusion,  permit  me  to  take  exception  to 
Mr.  Hervey's  statement  that  "  the  verse  printed  in 
'  Poetry ' "  does  not  "  convey  a  sense  of  the  open 
air."  If  there  is  no  open-air  feeling  in  poems  we 
have  printed  by  Edith  Wyatt,  Ernest  Rhys, 
Padraic  Colum,  James  Stephens,  Fannie  Stearns 
Davis,  Joyce  Kilmer,  Constance  Skinner,  John 
Gould  Fletcher,  and  many  others,  I  do  not  know 
where  to  find  it  in  modern  poetry. 

HARRIET  MONROE, 

Chicago,  Oct.  2,  1915.       Editor  of  "  Poetry." 


"THE  FEEELANDS"  AND  "UNCLE   TOM'S 

CABIN." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

With  your  permission,  I  should  like  to  present 
the  following  paraphrase  of  a  portion  of  your 
review  of  Mr.  Galsworthy's  "  The  Freelands " 
(see  THE  DIAL  for  Sept.  16,  page  219)  as  repre- 
senting what  would  undoubtedly  have  been  your 
reviewer's  method  of  dealing  with  "  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"  had  he  been  exercising  his  critical  function 
when  that  book  was  published.  Except  for  the 
substitution  of  Mrs.  Stowe's  name  for  Mr.  Gals- 
worthy's, and  the  feminine  for  the  masculine  pro- 
noun, the  only  changes  in  phraseology  which  I 
have  made  in  your  review  are  indicated  by  the 
italicization  of  new  words  substituted  for  those 
used  by  your  reviewer. 

"  The  pathos  of  it  all,  the  appeal  to  pity,  the  suffer- 
ings of  Uncle  Tom,  the  despair  which  fills  his  soul  — 
these  things  are  worked  to  their  utmost  in  arousing 
our  deepest  sympathies  for  the  victim.  But  what 
would  Mrs.  Stowe  have?  She  urges  that  the  condi- 
tions are  intolerable  which  make  such  situations  possi- 
ble. In  other  words,  it  is  the  slave  system  which  is  to 
blame,  the  system  which  gives  the  slave-holder  this 
power  over  the  private  lives  of  his  slaves.  We  admit 


that  such  interference  is  injudicious,  and  even  to  be 
condemned  in  principle;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  it  is 
clearly  a  case  of  conscience  with  the  slave-holder,  to 
say  nothing  of  legal  rights.  If  such  a  thing  as  private 
ownership  in  slaves  is  admitted,  the  right  of  the 
owner  to  use  them  as  he  pleases  is  logically  implied. 
So  that  Mrs.  Stowe  is  in  reality  attacking  the  right  of 
slave-holding,  and  if  one  believes  in  that  right  at  all, 
one  cannot  be  much  stirred  by  this  indirect  assault 
upon  it,  which  seems  to  us  to  be  lacking  in  candor. 
We  are  in  the  heartiest  sympathy  with  Mrs.  Stowe  in 
her  detestation  of  people  who  seek  to  regulate  the  pri- 
vate affairs  of  other  people,  but  the  mischief  that  is 
done  by  such  efforts  is  much  more  chargeable  to 
Northern  newspapers,  abolition  societies,  etc.,  than  to 
the  owners  of  slaves  or  other  property.  While  the  lat- 
ter have  at  least  a  sound  legal  justification  for  their 
intolerance,  the  former  have  only  their  whims  and 
petty  prejudices;  and  the  curtailments  of  liberty 
which  they  would  impose  excite  our  indignation  far 
more  deeply  than  do  any  restrictions  imposed  by  the 
owners  of  slaves  upon  those  whom  they  purchase  to 
make  productive  use  of  their  land.  So  it  seems  to  us 
that  Mrs.  Stowe's  lesson  might  have  l>een  made  much 
more  effective  by  the  choice  of  a  less  dubious  basis. 
Her  real  power  is  in  her  style  rather  than  in  her  logi- 
cal process,  and,  for  our  part,  we  attach  less  impor- 
tance to  all  her  special  pleading  and  all  the  calculated 
ingenuity  of  her  plot  than  we  do  to  the  single  page  in 
which,  forgetting  her  thesis,  she  unfolds  for  us," 
etc.,  etc. 

Of  course  it  is  not  my  purpose  to  indicate  or 
imply  any  analogy  between  "  The  Freelands  "  and 
"  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,"  —  although  it  might  not  be 
very  difficult  to  trace  such  an  analogy  in  certain 
important  respects.  But  I  wish  merely  to  empha- 
size the  fixed  and  frozen  nature  of  the  "stand  pat" 
psychology,  and  to  illustrate  how  applicable  is 
its  stereotyped  verbiage  to  any  questionings, 
wherever  and  whenever  advanced,  of  the  doctrine 
that  Property  is  more  sacred  than  Human  Life. 

ALLEN  MCSIMPSON. 

Boston,  Mass.,  October  5,  1915. 


INDIANS  IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  September  16,  I  note  that  your 
reviewer  of  Miss  Abel's  "  Slave-Holding  Indians 
in  the  Civil  War  "  states  that  our  remembrance  of 
Albert  Pike's  Indians  having  fought  at  Pea  Ridge 
and  of  General  Grant  having  had  an  Indian  on 
his  staff  is  very  nearly  the  sum  of  our  information 
regarding  the  Indian  in  the  Civil  War. 

Pardon  me,  therefore,  if  I  call  your  attention  to 
the  fact  that  a  company  of  full-blooded  Ottawa 
and  Chippewa  Indians  from  this  section  of  North- 
ern Michigan,  known  as  "  Company  K,  First 
Michigan  Sharpshooters,"  were  in  the  service  from 
January  12,  1863,  until  the  close  of  the  Civil  War, 
and  fought  gallantly  in  many  engagements  in  that 
bloody  conflict.  In  view  of  their  heroic  sendee  to 
the  government,  even  after  losing  their  lands,  I 
regret  exceedingly  that  history  has  not  x  been  more 
liberal  toward  them. 

I  have  just  published  a  little  book  regarding  the 
manners  and  legends  of  these  people.  On  page  88 
is  a  mention  of  the  Indian  company,  and  I  possess 
its  complete  roster.  JOHN  c.  WRIGHT. 

Harbor  Springs,  Mich.,  Oct.  5,  1915. 


316 


THE   DIAL 


Oct.  14 


THE  ROMANTICISM  OF  FLAUBERT.* 

No  historical  period  is  so  interesting  as  an 
age  of  transition.  Renaissance  or  Revolu- 
tion—  there,  in  the  conflict  of  opposing  ten- 
dencies, the  student  finds  his  task  and  his 
reward.  So,  too,  with  literary  types :  no  pure 
species,  definite  and  definable,  attracts  like  the 
transitional  author,  compelled  by  the  accident 
of  birth  to  serve  a  double  ideal.  Some  writers 
reflect  for  us  the  spiritual  struggles  of  an  age. 
Such  a  type  is  Gustave  Flaubert.  Born  in 
1821,  at  the  very  dawn  of  French  Roman- 
ticism, he  too  is  composing  tragedies  in  the 
year  that  saw  the  thrice-memorable  premiere 
of  "  Hernani/'  At  nine,  he  is  already  both 
author  and  actor, —  with  his  father's  billiard- 
table  for  a  stage!  Five  years  later  we  find 
him  sleeping  with  a  poniard  under  his  pil- 
low, a  schoolboy  Faust,  talking  of  suicide  in 
his  letters  and  reconciled  to  life  only  by  a 
historical  romance  which  he  is  writing.  Pure 
boyish  bravado  this,  of  course,  but  one  does 
not  smile  at  the  Romantic  despair  which  fills 
his  correspondence  and  his  first  subjective 
novel:  they  tell  too  plainly  the  story  of  a 
malady  grown  real.  Yet  this  youthful  Byron 
lived  to  found  the  school  of  Realism,  to  create 
at  one  stroke  its  model  and  its  chef  d'muvre, 
"  Madame  Bovary." 

The  case  is  unique  in  literature.  At  first 
sight,  one  might  wonder  at  the  Romanticism 
of  an  author  who  only  made  his  debut  in  1857, 
long  after  "Pere  Goriot"  and  Musset's  deri- 
sive "  Lettres  de  Dupuis  et  Cotonet."  But  we 
forget  the  twenty-year  apprenticeship  that 
went  to  the  making  of  "Madame  Bovary." 
By  1842,  when  he  attained  his  majority,  Flau- 
bert had  already  written  enough  to  fill  two 
fat  octavos :  he  had  been  writing  for  eight 
years,  since  his  first  school  days  at  Rouen. 
Outside  of  Paris,  the  tide  of  literary  theory 
has  a  slower  ebb ;  so  we  may  see  why  his 
Juvenilia  reflect  nearly  every  phase  of  French 
Romanticism. 

Five  years  ago  these  "  Oeuvres  de  Jeu- 
nesse  "  were  at  last  published  in  toto  by  Co- 
nard.  With  them,  too,  appeared  the  collected 
correspondence,  and  it  became  possible  to 
study  the  development  of  Flaubert  from  origi- 
nal sources.  Here  were  letters  dating  from 
his  ninth  year, —  intimate  letters  filled  with 
the  enthusiasm  of  one  who  opened  his  heart 

*  ELLIOTT  MONOGRAPHS.  Edited  by  Edward  O.  Armstrong. 
Comprising:  La  Composition  de  Salammbo,  par  F.  A.  Blos- 
som ;  Sources  and  Structure  of  Flaubert's  Salammbo,  by 
P.  B.  Fay  and  A.  Coleman  ;  Flaubert's  Literary  Development, 
by  A.  Coleman.  Baltimore:  The  Johns  Hopkins  Press. 


only  to  lovers  of  literature  like  himself. 
Hence  the  three  scholarly  monographs,  from 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  which  invite  us  to 
consider  the  evolution  and  the  literary  meth- 
ods of  this  "  Beethoven  of  French  prose." 

The  first  of  these  studies  takes  up  Flau- 
bert's 'prentice  novels  from  his  seventeenth  to 
his  twenty-fourth  years.  Up  to  seventeen  his 
Juvenilia  are  almost  entirely  Romantic:  the 
first  volume  of  the  "  Oeuvres  de  Jeunesse  "  is 
ample  evidence  of  his  admiration  for  the  his- 
torical novel,  the  historical  drama,  the  sym- 
bolism of  "  Faust "  and  the  violently  macabre 
note  of  Gautier's  early  verse.  But  with  all 
this,  it  contains  a  personal  novel,  "Les 
Memoires  d'un  Fou,"  inspired  by  Rousseau's 
"  Confessions  "  and  eloquent  of  the  vital  influ- 
ence of  Rene's  pessimism  even  in  the  late  thir- 
ties. And  Mr.  Coleman's  monograph  gives  us 
the  parallels,  notes  the  echoes  of  Byron, 
"Werther,"  Montaigne,  Gautier,  and  others. 
None  the  less,  the  novel  did  spring  from  a 
real  experience:  here,  in  ten  pages,  we  have 
the  story  of  Flaubert's  first  passion,  a  hope- 
less boy-love  for  the  lady  who  inspired  his 
only  sympathetic  heroine,  Madame  Arnoux. 

"  Les  Memoires  d'un  Fou "  date  probably 
from  1838.  Some  four  years  later,  Flaubert 
wrote  another  story  in  the  "  Confession " 
form.  Like  its  predecessor,  "  Novembre  "  be- 
gins with  a  fugue  of  lyrical  self-analysis ;  but 
the  Rene-note  soon  merges  into  a  floridly  re- 
alistic episode  of  carnal  love  chez  une  file. 
Externally  the  work  would  resemble  Musset's 
"Rolla,"  did  not  the  courtesan  wax  remi- 
niscent in  turn,  and  prove  herself  like  her 
lover  a  disappointed  seeker  after  an  ideal. 
All  this,  of  course,  is  familiar  to  the  Romantic 
formula,  which  may  also  be  traced  in  the 
death  of  the  hero  after  his  disillusionment. 

Space  forbids  dwelling  on  the  literary  influ- 
ences, so  carefully  noted  by  Mr.  Coleman. 
After  Chateaubriand,  it  is  "Mademoiselle  de 
Maupin  "  which  furnishes  most  of  the  parallel 
passages.  The  resemblance  to  "Rolla,"  re- 
marked by  M.  Descharmes  in  his  earlier  study, 
is  proved  inconclusive :  Marie  is  seen  to  be  a 
composite  portrait  of  Gautier's  ambiguous 
heroine  and  Rosette,  while  Flaubert's  hero 
finds  an  elder  brother  in  d' Albert. 

Both  of  these  works  are  therefore  typically 
Romantic.  But  in  1845  Flaubert  completed 
another  personal  novel,  begun  two  years  be- 
fore, the  first  version  of  the  "  Education  Sen- 
timentale."  Now  for  the  first  time  he  studies 
the  influence  of  love  upon  character :  two 
friends,  Romanticists  both,  pass  through  a 
"  sentimental  education  "  which  shatters  their 
illusions  and  turns  them  to  objectivity.  The 
history  of  Jules  is  not  unlike  that  of  Wilhelm 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


317 


Meister ;  but  as  Jules  is  Flaubert  himself,  one 
need  only  note  the  general  inspiration. 
Traces  of  specific  influence,  moreover,  become 
rarer ;  at  twenty-two  Flaubert  has  found  with 
experience  larger  powers  of  creation.  Proof 
of  this  may  be  seen  in  the  story  of  Jules's 
friend :  for  if  we  do  find  traces  of  Balzac  and 
Musset,  they  are  too  slight  to  count.  Flaubert 
is  certainly  working  towards  objectivity;  his 
letters  at.  the  time  show  him  turning  back  to 
the  great  classics ;  and  his  hero  Jules,  re-read- 
ing "Rene"  and  "Werther"  and  analyzing 
his  admiration,  finds  in  it  "personal  sym- 
pathy "  and  not  "  the  disinterested  contempla- 
tion of  the  true  artist."  Here,  then,  is  the 
first  statement  of  Flaubert's  later  creed. 

The  evolution  of  the  Realist  is  begun.  At 
twenty-three  Flaubert  is  already  reacting 
from  Romanticism.  Does  he  owe  this  to 
Honore  de  Balzac?  Mr.  Coleman  gives  us 
many  interesting  parallels,  but  in  the  end 
ascribes  the  formulation  of  this  new  stand- 
point "  to  Flaubert  himself,  to  his  meditations, 
and  perhaps  to  the  lessons  he  drew  from  read- 
ing Shakespeare  and  La  Bruyere."  Thus  he 
differs  from  M.  Descharmes,  who  not  having 
access  to  the  unpublished  "  Education  Senti- 
mentale,"  sets  the  reaction  later  and  makes  it 
largely  the  result  of  Flaubert's  first  attack  of 
epilepsy. 

One  would  like  to  speak  of  the  chapters 
which  sum  up  the  two  sides  of  our  author. 
But  the  monographs  on  "  Salammbo "  claim 
our  attention,  and  we  must  sketch  briefly  the 
labors  of  the  twelve  years  which  intervene. 
For  if  Flaubert  early  foresaw  and  stated  the 
Realistic  theory,  he  could  not  subdue  the  lyrist 
that  was  in  him.  "  Ce  qui  m'est  naturel  a  moi, 
c'est  le  non-naturel  pour  les  autres,  1'extraor- 
dinaire,  le  fantastique,  la  hurlade  metaphy- 
sique,  mythologique."  And  it  is  this  lyrism 
which,  through  the  next  four  years,  flames  up 
in  the  first  version  of  his  great  philosophic 
allegory,  "  La  Tentation  de  Saint  Antoine." 

Things  marvellous  and  mystical  had  always 
attracted  him.  When  he  first  read  "Faust," 
he  told  his  niece,  he  "  ceased  to  feel  the  earth 
beneath  him."  So  at  sixteen  he  wrote  a  long 
prose  poem,  "Reve  d'Enfer,"  and  two  years 
later  a  still  longer  mystery-play,  "  Smarh," 
with  Satan  recast  in  a  prominent  role.  In 
these  precursors,  rather  than  in  Breughel's 
painting  seen  at  Genoa,  we  find  the  begin- 
nings of  the  "  Tentation."  After  two  years 
of  labor  on  a  contemporary  theme,  Flaubert 
longed  to  escape  from  the  Occident  to  the 
Orient,  from  the  present  to  the  exotic  past. 

Might  he  not,  perhaps,  write  a  French 
"Faust"?  "Ahasverus,"  to  be  sure,  had 
proved  a  magnificent  failure,  Quinet's  alle- 


gory being  coldly  received  even  in  the  cor- 
rected version  of  1843.  Yet  the  example  was 
sufficient;  and  Flaubert,  who  loved  to  repeat 
Michelet's  motto,  "Nothing  tempting  but  the 
Impossible,"  began  the  masterpiece  of  dream- 
literature  on  which  he  was  to  labor  through 
twenty  years.  In  his  hands,  the  well-known 
legend  becomes  a  monstrous  vision,  all  modes 
of  life  and  thought  pass  before  him,  a  satur- 
nalia of  philosophic  systems,  a  mad  proces- 
sional whose  only  lesson  is  the  vanity  of  all 
things  beneath  the  sun.  How  he  read  this 
stupendous  phantasy  to  his  friends  Bouilhet 
and  Ducamp,  and  how  they  told  the  indignant 
author  to  throw  it  into  the  fire  and  take  a 
theme  like  "  Cousine  Bette,"  is  told  by  Du- 
camp in  his  "  Souvenirs  litteraires  " ;  and  by 
his  testimony  it  was  Bouilhet  who,  the  next 
day,  recalled  to  Flaubert  the  local  incident 
which  eight  years  later  became  "Madame 
Bovary." 

So  Gustave  Flaubert  turned  Realist.  Out 
of  the  obscure  physician's  wife  he  created  a 
world-type.  Emma  Bovary  is  not  merely  re- 
alistic ;  she  is  more  real  than  reality.  She  is 
not  a  woman,  she  is  "Woman ;  and  her  tragedy 
is  the  eternal  tragedy  of  incapacity.  All  our 
modern  life,  with  its  blind  democratic  Titan- 
ism,  is  symbolized  by  that  pathetic  figure ;  she 
reflects  her  century,  typifies  an  age  which  lit- 
erature had  spoiled  for  living.  Like  "Don 
Quixote  "  in  the  seventeenth  century,  she  is  a 
martyr  to  the  Ideal,  a  victim  of  The  Book,  a 
martyr  to  all  the  poets  who  have  added  to  the 
world's  panoply  of  dreams.  Too  weak  to 
fight  Reality  in  that  golden  armor,  she  faints 
beneath  the  weight  and  fails,  crushed  down 
into  the  mire  because  the  armor  of  her  defence 
is  not  her  own. 

"Madame  Bovary"  is  the  indictment  of 
life  against  universal  education.  It  is  the 
indictment  of  Art  against  the  theory  of 
democracy.  That  characteristic  of  Roman- 
ticism, seen  in  its  hatred  of  the  bourgeois, 
was  so  essentially  a  reaction  of  Flaubert's  cult 
of  "Art  for  Art "  that  it  is  the  obverse  of  his 
life-philosophy.  But  this  aspect  of  "  Madame 
Bovary"  is  lost  in  the  larger  significance  of 
the  novel,  the  miracle  of  its  creation.  What 
giant's  will  forged  for  us  this  cold  analysis 
of  human  illusion,  so  typical  that  it  has  given 
the  name  to  a  philosophy?*  A  lyrist  in  a 
lyrical  generation,  foredoomed  apparently  to 
all  the  consequences  of  his  Romantic,  heritage, 
Flaubert  rose  through  pure  will  above  him- 
self, and  carved  his  past  sufferings  into  the 
masterpiece  of  modern  realism.  Like  Cer- 
vantes, he  "struck  the  death-blow  to  a  false 


*  Jules    de    Gaultier :    Le    Bovarysme. 
France. 


Paris :    Mercure    de 


318 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


ideal.  But  that  ideal  burned  on  like  a  banked 
fire  in  Gustave  Flaubert,  bursting  out  in 
the  exoticism  of  "  Salammbo,"  still  smoulder- 
ing beneath  the  self-satire  of  "I/Education 
Sentimentale "  and  the  bitter  parody  of 
"Bouvard  et  Pecuchet."  Thus  Romanticism 
is  directly  or  indirectly  the  basis  of  all  his 
work;  like  Zola  later,  Flaubert  had  "drunk 
too  deeply  of  the  Romantic  brew." 

So  after  "Madame  Bovary"  came  "Sa- 
lammbo." "  I  am  going  to  write  a  novel  whose 
action  takes  place  three  centuries  before 
Christ,"  he  writes  in  a  letter  of  1856.  "  I  feel 
the  need  of  getting  out  of  this  modern  world, 
in  which  my  pen  has  dipped  too  long,  and 
which,  moreover,  tires  me  as  much  to  repro- 
duce as  it  disgusts  me  to  behold."  So  he 
turned  back  to  the  dreams  of  the  past  which 
had  urged  him  on  to  the  first  prize  in  history 
at  school.  Then  it  was  Hugo's  Middle  Ages 
or  Stendhal's  Renaissance  that  fired  his  ambi- 
tion; now,  with  that  vein  worked  dry  by  a 
myriad  of  imitators,  Gautier,  and  after  him 
Flaubert,  reverted  to  more  distant  and  more 
exotic  times.  Not  history,  but  archaeology 
now  pointed  the  way,  and  Gautier  had  been 
quick  to  follow  with  his  splendidly  plastic 
classical  and  Egyptian  tales.  Why  not,  then, 
a  Carthaginian  romance? 

The  task  was  certainly  hard  enough  to  be 
tempting  —  even  to  Flaubert.  He  had,  to  be 
sure,  the  story  of  the  mercenary  war  con- 
tained in  the  last  few  chapters  of  the  First 
Book  of  Polybius.  This  he  could  follow,  as 
indeed  he  did,  for  the  characters  and  inci- 
dents of  his  military  drama;  he  had  only  to 
add  the  love-interest  by  creating  the  figure  of 
Salammbo.  So  he  follows  Polybius  rather 
closely,  as  one  may  see  in  Mr.  Fay's  mono- 
graph; a  bit  careless  of  chronology  because 
he  is  writing  his  novel  scene  by  scene;  but 
using  everything  and  only  occasionally  sharp- 
ening the  outlines  of  his  model  by  greater 
precision  of  numerical  detail.  Still  Polybius 
gave  him  scarcely  more  than  an  outline :  to 
make  his  story  real,  to  clothe  his  skeleton  with 
flesh  and  muscle,  he  literally  digested  a  classi- 
cal library.  In  two  weeks,  for  instance,  he 
"swallowed"  —  to  use  his  own  expression  — 
the  eighteen  volumes  of  Cahen's  translation 
of  the  Bible,  with  the  notes,  finding  in  them 
not  a  few  precious  details  for  costumes, 
musical  instruments,  architecture,  and  habits 
of  life,  which  are  brought  together  in  Mr. 
Coleman's  briefer  study.  But  the  mass  of  the 
material  used  is  classical.  Xenophon,  JElian, 
Pausanias,  Pliny,  Silius  Italicus,  Strabo, 
Theophrastus,  Herodotus,  Appian,  Plutarch, 
and  the  dusty  ant-hill  of  modern  archaeology 
must  be  ransacked ;  one  must  be  "  stuffed  with 


his  subject  up  to  the  ears  "  to  paint  the  "  local 
color  "  which  comes  without  effort  and  makes 
a  book  "exude  reality."  And  Mr.  Blossom 
sets  forth,  from  Flaubert's  correspondence, 
the  Herculean  labors  which  preceded  and  ac- 
companied the  still  more  Herculean  task  of 
composition.  The  whole  work  was  to  take 
more  than  five  years  of  constant  toil,  broken 
only  by  a  trip  to  Africa  required  for  further 
"  documentation." 

This  indefatigable  patience,  this  pursuit  of 
a  truth  no  less  scientific  than  artistic,  reveal 
the  realist  in  Flaubert.  How  a  poet's  dream, 
romantique  s'il  en  fut  jamais,  was  built  into 
a  plastic  evocation  of  antiquity  —  all  the 
giant  effort  of  materialization  is  shown  in  Mr. 
Blossom's  pages.  And  if  the  finished  "  Sa- 
lammbo "  leaves  us  cold,  the  story  of  its  com- 
position reads  like  the  work-filled  letters  of 
Balzac.  Indeed,  quite  as  strong  a  case  might 
be  made  for  Flaubert's  Realism  as  for  his 
innate  Romanticism.  Most  critics  have  devel- 
oped one  side  or  the  other.  After  all,  in  these 
days  of  subjective  criticism,  the  danger  of  the 
transitional  type  is  the  danger  of  the  crystal 

maze'  LEWIS  PIAGET  SHANKS. 


ELBA,  WATERLOO,  ST.  HELEXA.* 

One  consequence  of  "  the  Great  War  "  seems 
certain,  and  that  is  a  lessened  interest  in  the 
figure  of  Napoleon  and  in  his  military  achieve- 
ments. The  epoch  of  modern  warfare  in 
which  he  was  the  unapproached  master  is  now 
closed.  The  scale  of  action,  the  masses  of 
men,  the  material  resources,  the  means  of 
destruction,  the  methods  of  transportation, — 
everything  sharply  differentiates  the  present 
art  of  fighting  from  that  of  even  the  Napo- 
leonic past.  Henceforward  we  shall  study 
Napoleon  as  we  study  Hannibal,  Caesar,  or 
Gustavus.  The  books  by  Captain  Becke  and 
Mr.  Norwood  Young,  fresh  as  they  are  from 
the  presses,  represent  our  attitude  fifteen 
months  ago,  when  they  were  brought  to  com- 
pletion, rather  than  that  of  to-day.  This  is 
not  a  disparagement ;  it  merely  records  a  fact, 
or  perhaps  an  impression. 

Books  with  such  subjects  —  Elba,  Waterloo, 
St.  Helena  —  form  a  natural  series.  These 
volumes  add  solid  contributions  to  the  litera- 

*  NAPOLEON  IN  EXILE  AT  ELBA.  By  Norwood  Young.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.  Philadelphia:  John  C.  Win- 
ston Co. 

NAPOLEON  IN  EXILE  AT  ST.  HELENA  (1815-1821).  By 
Norwood  Young.  In  two  volumes,  illustrated  in  color,  etc. 
Philadelphia:  John  C.  Winston  Co. 

NAPOLEON  AND  WATERLOO.  The  Emperor's  Campaign  with 
the  Armee  du  Nord,  1815.  By  A.  F.  Becke,  R.F.A.  In  two 
volumes,  with  photogravure  portraits.  New  York:  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


ture  of  these  phases  of  Napoleon's  career. 
Mr.  Young's  three  volumes  seem  to  be  the 
most  satisfactory  and  complete  account  of  the 
two  exiles.  Captain  Becke's  volumes  on  the 
Waterloo  campaign  will  appeal  especially  to 
readers  interested  in  the  problems  of  strategy 
and  the  management  of  armies  in  battle.  The 
first  volume,  which  carries  the  campaign  up  to 
June  18,  contains  more  conclusions  open  to 
controversy  than  the  second,  which  deals  with 
the  battle  of  Waterloo  and  the  operations  of 
Grouchy  on  June  18  and  the  days  following. 

Captain  Becke  thinks  that  Napoleon  "was 
no  longer  the  Napoleon  of  Austerlitz;  the  sun 
still  shone,  but  his  power  was  waning  visibly." 
One  illustration  of  this  loss  of  grasp  was  the 
manner  of  meeting  the  Prussian  flank  move- 
ment early  on  the  afternoon  of  Waterloo. 
Captain  Becke  holds  that  it  was  a  mistake  to 
detach  Count  Lobau  at  that  time  to  check 
Count  Billow's  advance.  He  argues  that  had 
Napoleon  succeeded  in  breaking  Wellington's 
line,  the  Prussians  would  have  remained  spec- 
tators. As  it  was,  the  Billow  attack  was  not 
pressed  for  several  hours  after  his  corps  was 
first  sighted.  Meanwhile  Lobau  was  needed 
to  support  and  complete  D'Erlon's  assault 
on  Wellington's  left.  The  gravest  fault  of 
Napoleon  was,  however,  the  day  before,  in  the 
morning  hours,  when  Wellington's  army  at 
Quatre  Bras  seemed  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  the 
French  had  they  brought  into  action  troops 
not  used  the  day  before  either  at  Quatre  Bras 
or  at  Ligny. 

On  the  whole,  Captain  Becke  is  inclined  to 
lay  the  principal  blame  for  final  failure  upon 
Ney  and  Grouchy.  This  is  especially  true  of 
the  operations  about  Quatre  Bras.  His  argu- 
ment that  Ney  should  have  been  able  to  occupy 
Quatre  Bras  before  noon  on  July  16  is  not 
convincing.  In  the  first  place,  Ney  had  no 
business  to  seize  those  cross-roads  before  he 
received  specific  orders,  since  a  premature 
occupation  of  the  British-Prussian  line  of 
inter-communication  would  probably,  as  Cap- 
tain Becke  argues,  have  led  Bliicher  to  fall 
back  instead  of  fighting.  The  order  to  occupy 
Quatre  Bras  arrived  at  eleven.  Secondly,  it 
was  materially  impossible  for  Ney  to  get  his 
wing  of  the  army  together  before  noon.  Ac- 
cording to  the  careful  calculations  of  the 
late  Mr.  Ropes,  D'Erlon  could  reach  the 
neighborhood  of  Quatre  Bras  only  about 
three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  Moreover, 
Keille,  who  was  in  command  of  the  second 
corps,  did  not  set  out  from  Gosselies  until  a 
quarter  before  twelve,  contrary  to  his  under- 
standing with  Ney.  Captain  Becke  also  fails 
to  give  Ney  the  benefit  of  the  excuse  that  his 
orderlies  had  been  collected  hastily  since  his 


arrival  at  headquarters  the  day  before  and 
were  not  competent  to  put  him  in  touch  with 
various  sections  of  his  army.  A  fair  reading 
of  Napoleon's  orders  to  Ney  and  to  Grouchy 
shows  that  the  unlucky  marshals  were  not 
alone  in  failing  to  apprehend  the  true  state 
of  affairs. 

Captain  Becke's  discussion  of  Wellington's 
conduct  is  more  judicial.  He  brings  out  the 
fact,  hitherto  not  sufficiently  emphasized,  that 
Wellington  would  have  been  warned  earlier 
of  Napoleon's  first  moves  had  not  the  informa- 
tion sent  to  him  on  June  15  by  Colonel  Col- 
quhoun  Grant,  his  trusted  intelligence  officer, 
stationed  far  in  advance  of  the  British  out- 
posts, failed  to  reach  him  until  the  very  morn- 
ing of  Waterloo.  But  Captain  Becke  points 
out  that  Wellington  more  than  made  up  for 
his  faults  of  strategy  by  splendid  defensive 
fighting  both  at  Quatre  Bras  and  at  Waterloo. 

Mr.  Norwood  Young's  books  distinguish 
themselves  from  those  of  some  of  his  predeces- 
sors on  the  same  theme  by  an  entire  absence 
of  false  sentiment,  polemics,  and  rhetoric. 
The  unadorned  tale,  carefully  documented, 
requires  no  adventitious  aids  to  stimulate  in- 
terest. The  author  is  not  unappreciative  of 
the  painful  situation  of  Napoleon,  which  may 
excuse  much  of  the  ill-temper  which  the  ex- 
Emperor  displayed,  but  this  does  not  lead  him 
into  unjust  criticisms  of  the  men  whose  dis- 
agreeable task  it  was  to  see  that  Napoleon 
remained  secure  on  the  island  of  St.  Helena. 

Mr.  Young  believes  that  as  Napoleon  had 
succeeded  in  hoodwinking  Neil  Campbell,  the 
British  commissioner  at  Elba,  he  was  espe- 
cially chagrined  to  find  that  neither  Cockburn 
nor  Lowe  could  be  duped.  Napoleon  seems 
actually  to  have  become  obsessed  by  the  idea 
that  Lowe  had  been  sent  to  St.  Helena  to  make 
way  with  him.  The  fundamental  difficulty, 
however,  was  that  the  British  pursued  a  mid- 
dle course  with  Napoleon,  treating  him  as  a 
guest  under  restraint  and  expecting  him  to 
accept  the  part  with  equanimity.  It  seems 
silly  to  have  refused  him  the  title  of  Emperor, 
although,  as  Mr.  Young  remarks,  the  English 
had  never  formally  recognized  his  sovereignty. 
They  had,  nevertheless,  attempted  to  negotiate 
peace  with  him  in  1807,  which  was  a  virtual 
recognition  of  his  rule.  In  1814  they  had 
also,  as  allies  of  the  signatories  of  the  Treaty 
of  Fontainebleau,  agreed  that  he  should  re- 
tain the  imperial  title.  Their  main , concern 
was  not  his  assumption  of  an  imperial  status, 
but  the  security  of  his  person.  The  conditions 
which  they  imposed  went  far  toward  render- 
ing Lowe's  task  impossible. 

There  are  lighter  sides  to  the  Elba  sojourn, 
and  even  the  exile  at  St.  Helena  was  not  all 


320 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


sombre.  Napoleon's  companions  were  a 
strange  lot.  Mr.  Young  carefully  delineates 
each  of  them.  Occasionally  a  single  sentence 
gives  an  amusing  glimpse  of  a  personage. 
For  example,  of  Piontkowski  the  author  re- 
marks :  "  To  be  associated  with  the  Emperor, 
and  to  be  free  from  pecuniary  anxieties,  was 
for  him  a  wonderful  fortune."  In  other 
cases  an  anecdote  accomplishes  the  same  pur- 
pose. It  appears  that  Montchenu,  the  French 
commissioner,  was  in  the  habit  of  accepting 
invitations  and  offering  no  return,  which 
earned  him  the  name  of  the  "Marquis  de 
Montez-chez-nous. " 

In  the  chapter  on  "  Finance  "  at  Elba,  Mr. 
Young  gives  figures  to  demonstrate  that, 
although  the  French  government  did  not  pay 
the  two  million  francs  stipulated,  Napoleon 
had  money  enough  to  maintain  his  establish- 
ment not  only  through  1815  but  also  through 
1816  and  1817.  If  this  was  the  case,  the  rapid 
shrinkage  of  his  financial  resources  was  not, 
as  has  been  supposed,  one  cause  of  his  return 
to  France. 

The  descriptions  of  both  Elba  and  St. 
Helena  are  based  upon  the  author's  careful 
examination  of  every  feature  of  the  islands. 
The  interest  of  the  narrative  is  much  en- 
hanced by  the  many  illustrations  drawn  from 
the  rich  collections  of  Mr.  A.  M.  Broadley. 
HENRY  E.  BOURNE. 


FRAGMENTA  SHAKESPEAREANA.* 

Of  the  thirty  periodical  essays  on  Shake- 
spearean subjects  by  Mrs.  C.  C.  Stopes,  now 
reprinted  in  book  form,  a  few  are  well  worth 
preservation  between  the  covers  of  an  easily 
accessible  volume ;  the  others  might  as  well  — 
or  better — have  been  left  buried  in  the  period- 
icals where  they  first  saw  the  light.  Mrs. 
Stopes's  book,  which  would  much  more  appro- 
priately have  been  entitled  "  Elizabethan  and 
Shakespearean  Fragments,"  adds  very  little 
—  if  anything — of  value  to  our  stock  of  dry 
facts  concerning  Shakespeare  and  his  family. 
The  chapter  dealing  with  Asbies,  Mary  Ar- 
den's  inheritance,  does  not  clear  up  the  mys- 
tery surrounding  that  estate;  but  it  enables 
Mrs.  Stopes  to  bring  out  a  new  detail  in  John 
Shakespeare's  life,  namely,  that  about  1580  he 
was  fined  forty  pounds  because  of  two  law- 
suits in  which  he  was  involved.  Mrs.  Stopes 
fails  to  see  the  relevance  of  this  "  fact "  to  the 
question  of  John's  fortunes.  Like  all  the 
biographers  of  the  greatest  of  Elizabethan 
poets,  she  too  accepts  the  theory  that  John 

*  SHAKESPEARE'S  ENVIRONMENT.   By  Mrs.  C.  C.  Stopes.   New 
York  :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


had  become  poor  and  indigent  about  the  time 
of  the  Asbies  mortgage;  although  a  careful 
examination  of  all  the  facts  now  known  to  us 
leaves  no  doubt  that  John's  misfortunes  have 
been  enormously  and  grotesquely  exaggerated. 
A  broken  bankrupt  would  not  have  been  ac- 
cepted, as  John  was,  as  surety  in  the  Queen's 
Court  at  Westminster  and  elsewhere.  That 
the  Shakespeares  ever  suffered  from  poverty 
is  a  fable. 

Mrs.  Stopes  has  to  her  credit  the  discovery 
of  the  facts  that  in  1595  a  "Mr.  Shaxpere" 
of  Stratford,  perhaps  it  was  John,  was  in- 
debted to  one  "  Jone  Perat "  for  "  one  book  " ; 
and  that  at  some  time  or  other  a  "Maria 
Shaxpere,"  who  may  have  been  the  poet's 
mother,  was  in  some  way  connected  with  a  law- 
suit. The  statement  that  John  lost  his  money 
"  through  some  folly "  is  no  more  absurd  or 
better  founded  than  the  conjecture  that  Will- 
iam "learnt  some  of  his  knowledge  of  law 
terms  from  the  experience  of  his  mother"  in 
the  suit  referred  to.  Equally  questionable  is 
the  value  of  the  discovery  that  the  much- 
tortured  word  "  honorificabilitudinitatibus," 
which  occurs  in  "  Love's  Labour's  Lost "  and 
in  the  mysterious  Northumberland  MS.,  is  also 
to  be  found  scribbled  in  a  mid-sixteenth  cen- 
tury hand  in  the  registers  of  Pillerton  Hersy, 
a  town  in  Warwickshire,  "a  locality  where 
the  book  and  the  writer  were  quite  accessible 
to  Shakspeare."  Mrs.  Stopes  also  claims  credit 
for  the  discovery  that,  contrary  to  the  general 
opinion,  Queen  Bess  had  in  her  service  pro- 
fessional Fools  and  even  women  Fools. 

Much  more  value  attaches  to  her  discovery 
that  in  Ingleby's  photographic  facsimile  of 
the  Diary  of  Thomas  Greene,  one  page  had 
been  placed  out  of  its  order,  and  that  conse- 
quently Ingleby  drew  a  wrong  inference  in 
the  matter  of  the  Welcombe  Enclosures.  Many 
Shakespeareans  will  appreciate  the  reproduc- 
tion of  some  of  the  correspondence  of  those 
concerned  in  the  restoration  of  the  Shake- 
speare Bust  in  1748.  The  chapter  on  Bur- 
bage's  "  Theatre  "  is  of  interest  only  because 
it  was  expanded  into  a  volume  called  "Bur- 
bage  and  Shakespeare's  Stage,"  and  because 
of  a  postscript  in  which  Mrs.  Stopes  attempts, 
more  malevolently  than  successfully,  to  claim 
for  herself  the  discovery  of  many  of  the  docu- 
ments pertaining  to  the  "  Theatre,"  —  thus 
denying  Professor  Wallace's  claim  to  priority 
in  this  matter.  Her  chapter  on  "  The  Friends 
in  Shakespeare's  Sonnets  "  is  one  of  the  worst 
essays  on  those  unfortunate  poems  we  have 
ever  read.  Any  critic  who  interprets,  as  Mrs. 
Stopes  does,  the  word  "  passion  "  in  the  locu- 
tion, "  The  master-mistress  of  my  passion,"  as 
meaning  "sonnet,"  or  who  is  satisfied  to  accept 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


321 


Mrs.  Jacquinetta  Field,  the  wife  of  Shake- 
speare's friend,  as  the  Dark  Lady  for  no  bet- 
ter reason  than  that  "  she  was  a  Frenchwoman 
and  therefore  likely  to  have  dark  eyes,  a  sallow 
complexion,  and  that  indefinable  charm  so 
much  alluded  to,"  is  fit  for  —  treasons,  strata- 
gems, and  spoils,  and  is  not  to  be  trusted  as 
a  guide  to  Shakespeare.  This  is  the  kind  of 
stuff  on  which  Baconians  feed  fat.  When  it 
comes  to  making  all  sorts  of  rambling,  im- 
probable., and  improvable  assertions  concern- 
ing Shakespeare,  Mrs.  Stopes  knows  no  limit. 
If  there  is  any  one  thing  that  mars  all  her 
work,  that  takes  all  worth  from  her  right 
copious  industry,  it  is  her  want  of  the  scien- 
tific temper,  the  desire  for  the  truth  for  the 
truth's  sake.  She  makes  up  her  mind  to  what 
she  wants  to  prove,  and  then  twists  all  the 
facts  around  to  her  theory-,  and  when  facts 
fail  her  she  resorts  to  conjecture  and  guess- 
work. When  Shakespeare  commentators  reach 
this  stage  of  mental  astigmatism,  there  is  no 
arguing  with  them.  They  use  such  phrases 
as  "  it  is  clear,"  "  it  is  probable,"  "  there  is 
no  doubt,"  etc.,  without  the  slightest  warrant, 
and  with  apparently  not  the  slightest  idea  of 
the  meaning  of  the  words  they  employ. 

Our  readers  may  recall  a  discovery  made 
recently  by  Mr.  Stevenson  showing  that  in 
1613  "Mr.  Shakspeare"  was  paid  forty-four 
shillings  in  gold  for  having  devised  an  im- 
prese  or  heraldic  device  for  the  Earl  of  Rut- 
land. For  various  good  and  sufficient  reasons, 
which  need  not  be  repeated  here,  Shakespeare 
students  are  agreed  that  this  "  Mr.  Shak- 
speare "  was  our  poet.  But  Mrs.  Stopes  does 
not  think  it  consonant  with  the  dignity  of  a 
great  poet  to  earn  money  in  this  fashion, 
and  she  proceeds  to  throw  doubt  on  the  iden- 
tification. She  finds  that  there  dwelt  in  Lon- 
don a  bit-maker  named  John  Shakspeare  who 
might  ( !)  have  been  called  "Mr."  by  the  Stew- 
ard of  Belvoir  Castle  and  who  was  "probably" 
(possibly?)  master  of  the  Lariners  Company. 
After  regaling  us  with  extracts  from  the  ac- 
counts of  various  noblemen,  in  all  of  which 
the  bit-maker  is  spoken  of  as  "John  Shak- 
speare," Mrs.  Stopes  concludes  that  she  has 
proved  that  there  was  another  contemporary 
and  well-to-do  "Mr.  Shakspeare"  in  court 
service  who  might  have  been  the  person  re- 
ferred to  in  the  Belvoir  accounts.  As  a  mat- 
ter of  fact,  the  extracts  quoted  by  her  prove 
nothing  of  the  sort.  Shakspeare  the  bit- 
maker  is  never  given  the  appellation  "Mr." 
in  the  accounts  she  quotes,  and  we  have  there- 
fore no  reason  for  assuming  that  it  was  he 
who  was  associated  with  Richard  Burbage  in 
devising  an  emblem  for  the  Earl  of  Rutland. 
A  phycho-analyst  would  find  it  difficult  not  to 


conclude  that  Mrs.  Stopes's  defective  logic  is 
due  to  an  overwhelming  desire  to  belittle  the 
discoveries  of  others  and  to  magnify  the  im- 
portance of  her  own. 

The  latter  tendency  is  strikingly,  if  uncon- 
sciously, manifested  in  Mrs.  Stopes's  chapter 
on  the  "True  Story  of  the  Stratford  Bust." 
As  luck  would  have  it,  our  author  (re-)  discov- 
ered that  Dugdale's  "  History  of  the  Antiqui- 
ties of  Warwickshire"  contains  an  engraving 
of  the  Stratford  Bust  which  differs  in  certain 
details  from  the  bust  as  we  know  it,  and 
which  had  "been  entirely  ignored  by  all" 
Shakespeare  students  (except  Halliwell-Phil- 
lipps,  she  might  have  added),  although  it  is 
the  earliest  known  engraving  of  the  bust.  In 
her  enthusiasm  over  her  discovery,  Mrs. 
Stopes  goes  into  raptures  over  the  fact  that 
in  Dugdale's  drawing  the  poet  has  "  large  and 
full  dark  eyes,"  hollow  and  emaciated  cheeks, 
a  softly-drooping  (instead  of  a  "perky") 
moustache,  lacks  the  conventional  sign-post 
pen,  wants  the  familiar  mantle,  and  is  free 
from  the  "plump  earthliness"  of  the  bust. 
She  finds  in  this  engraving  "  the  tired  creator 
of  poems,  exhausted  from  lack  of  sleep,"  and 
boldly  —  and  falsely  —  asserts  that  "it  dif- 
fers in  all  important  details  from  the  bust  as 
it  appears  now."  The  differences  between  the 
bust  and  the  drawing  can  be  explained  only 
in  one  of  two  ways:  either  Dugdale  and  his 
engraver  were  careless  in  the  representation 
of  the  tomb,  or  the  tomb  was  altered  and 
remodelled  after  the  publication  of  Dugdale's 
work.  Mrs.  Stopes,  as  might  be  guessed, 
adopts  the  latter  view  because  it  heightens  the 
importance  of  her  discovery.  Quite  in  keep- 
ing with  this  tendency,  she  exaggerates  the 
imperfections  of  the  bust,  and  the  differences 
between  the  bust  and  the  engraving,  credits 
Dugdale  with  painstaking  care  in  his  work 
(although  she  is  forced  to  admit  —  after  read- 
ing Andrew  Lang's  criticism  of  her  essay — he 
"  was  no  artist "  and  "  was  careless  as  to  insig- 
nificant details,"  and  "made  no  attempt  at 
accurate  reproduction  of  the  expression  of  the 
human  countenance"),  magnifies  and  misrep- 
resents the  repairs  of  the  bust  made  under 
Ward's  direction  in  1748  (there  is  no  war- 
rant for  the  assertion  that  the  bust  was  "  sub- 
mitted to  the  moulder's  mercenary  hands  "  or 
that  it  was  reconstructed),  and  strips  the 
Droeshout  and  Chandos  portraits  of  their 
value  as  fairly  authentic  presentments  of  the 
poet.  To  further  bolster  up  the  significance 
of  her  find,  she  asserts  as  "quite  possible" 
that  Dugdale  saw  Shakespeare  in  the  flesh, 
but  she  omits  to  say  that  Dugdale  was  only 
ten  and  one-half  years  old  when  the  poet  died, 
and  was  not  a  resident  of  Stratford.  If  all 


322 


THE    DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


that  Mrs.  Stopes  says  were  true,  Dugdale's 
engraving  would  be  a  portrait  of  Shakespeare 
of  the  first  importance.  But  Dugdale  is  not 
a  reliable  guide  to  the  antiquities  of  Warwick- 
shire, as  a  comparison  of  his  illustrations  with 
modern  photographs  of  these  antiquities  will 
show.  Sir  George  Trevelyan  has  pointed  out 
that  Dugdale's  Carew  Clopton  Monument  is 
even  more  inaccurate  than  his  Shakespeare 
Monument,  which  seems  to  have  been  roughly 
and  inexactly  sketched  for  him  or  by  him  and 
subsequently  elaborated  by  his  draughtsman 
or  engraver  in  accordance  with  the  dictates 
of  his  fancy.  Mrs.  Stopes  admits  that  Dug- 
dale's rough  sketch,  in  his  diary,  shows  the 
mantle,  though  the  engraving  in  his  book  does 
not.  The  failure  to  reproduce  Dugdale's 
sketch  for  comparison  with  the  engraving  is 
a  suspicious  circumstance,  as  is  also  the  omis- 
sion of  photographs  of  the  monument  and  of 
the  engraving.  These  illustrations  would  not 
have  added  greatly  to  the  cost  of  the  book, 
and  the  readers  would  then  be  in  a  position  to 
judge  for  themselves.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
the  differences  between  the  bust  and  monu- 
ment and  the  engraving  are  such  as  result 
from  the  indifferent  workmanship  of  an  un- 
skilled and  careless  draughtsman,  and  sucn  as 
to  leave  no  doubt  that  there  was  no  attempt  at 
exactness  in  the  reproduction. 

As  for  the  rest  of  the  book,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  really  commendable  chapter  on  the 
poet's  maternal  ancestry,  it  is  too  full  of 
romancing  to  have  any  value  as  biography. 
Those  who  are  not  too  particular  about  scien- 
tific exactness  will  find  this  a  rather  readable 
and  fairly  well  written  volume  of  odds  and 
ends  about  Shakespeare  and  his  times.  It 
may  not  be  an  unfitting  close  to  this  review 
to  mention  that  the  very  first  page  of  Mrs. 
Stopes's  introductory  chapter  contains  a 
wholly  inexcusable  misquotation  from  "  Ham- 
let" ("  There's  a  divinity  doth  shape  our  ends 
Rough  hew  them  as  we  will ")  which  is  sym- 
bolic of  the  unscientific  method  characteristic 
of  this  author's  work. 

SAMUEL  A.  TANNENBAUM. 


BUDDHIST  PSYCHOLOGY.* 

Like  the  psychology  of  Europe,  Buddhist 
psychology  is  a  growth,  the  result  of  a  slow 
development  through  the  centuries.  Euro- 
pean psychology,  however,  presents  some 
cataclysmic  changes,  such  as  those  from 
paganism  to  Christianity  and  from  supersti- 
tion to  the  scientific  analysis  of  mind.  This 
is  not  the  case  with  Buddhist  thought, — 

*  BUDDHIST  PSYCHOLOGY.     By  Mrs.   C.  A.  F.  Rhys-Davids. 
"  The  Quest  Series."    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


there  is  quiet  and  continuous  growth  from  the 
earliest  to  the  latest  writings. 

Again,  just  as  early  European  psychology 
is  embedded  in  a  larger  body  of  philosophic 
doctrine,  so  this  Buddhist  psychology  must 
be  selected  piecemeal  from  the  philosophy 
through  which  psychological  observations  are 
scattered.  These  observations  appear,  how- 
ever, to  be  fundamental  to  the  philosophy  of 
the  Orient,  and  incidental  (or  almost  inci- 
dental) to  that  of  Europe.  In  both  cases, 
moreover,  ethics  seems  to  be  the  chief  aim  of 
the  philosophic  thought. 

To  the  above  three  rough  similarities 
(grounded,  perhaps,  in  the  very  nature  of 
the  human  mind  and  its  development)  we 
may  add  a  prime  difference.  The  Buddhist 
thinkers  did  not  begin  with  universals,  but 
with  more  specific  and  concrete  concepts  of 
psychology.  The  chief  categories  are:  (1) 
chitta,  or  consciousness;  (2)  chetasika,  lit- 
erally mental  things,  or  "mentals";  (3) 
rupa,  visible  form,  material  quality;  and  (4) 
nibbana  (nirvana),  the  ultimate  good,  or 
summum  bonum. 

The  Buddhist  concept  of  consciousness  is 
far  more  extensive  and  pantheistic  than  our 
notion  of  personal  consciousness.  It  includes 
the  universe  of  being,  from  the  infra-human 
through  both  inferior  and  superior  celestial 
worlds.  As  is  well  known,  Buddhist  philoso- 
phy teaches  that  by  sedulous  exercise  in  con- 
templation "  mundane  consciousness  might  be 
temporarily  transformed  into  consciousness 
experienced  in  either  the  less  material  or  the 
quite  immaterial  worlds."  Chitta  is  the  name 
for  this  all-pervading  consciousness,  cheta- 
sika for  its  phases  or  factors ;  though  the  logic 
of  whole  and  part  is  not  emphatic  in  Budd- 
hist thought,  for  it  is  a  philosophy  of  the 
continuum.  This  pantheistic  consciousness 
either  "happens"  in  living  individuals  or 
is  envisaged  in  them,  and  one  of  the  most 
important  attributes  of  consciousness  is  its 
badness  or  goodness.  Hence  ethics  becomes 
an  essential  part  of  Buddhist  psychology. 

The  fleeting  "impermanent"  character  of 
the  stream  of  thought  and  experience  is  con- 
trasted with  the  more  permanent  human  body 
in  the  earlier  Buddhist  writings.  In  later 
exegesis  of  this  concept  the  mind  is  an  "  inter- 
mittent manifestation  happening  only  in  re- 
action to  a  suitable  stimulus."  Consequently 
there  is  visual,  auditory,  and  other  sensational 
consciousness  —  "just  as  fire  is  different  ac- 
cording to  the  kind  of  fuel." 

Besides  the  word  chitta  for  mind  or  intelli- 
gence, the  word  vinnana,  almost  the  equiva- 
lent of  our  word  "  soul,"  was  also  used.  The 
Buddhist  notion  of  the  genesis  of  individual 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


323 


consciousness  may  then  be  inferred  from  the 
following  quotation:  "Were  vinnana,  An- 
anda,  not  to  descend  into  the  mother's  womb, 
would  body  and  mind  become  constituted 
therein  ? "  There  are  also  terms  for  the  self, 
and  for  mental  and  bodily  life  as  combined  in 
one  individual.  The  self  is  also  doubled  in 
ethical  passages,  as  in  our  term  "  self-accusa- 
tion," etc.  Finally,  self-analysis  is  valued  as 
a  means  of  self-mastery. 

Man  is  an  "  impermanent  compound,"  with 
no  unity  save  that  conferred  by  the  name, 
and  he  is  capable  of  looking  either  into  sense 
impressions  or  into  spiritual  impressions,  in- 
cluding what  may  be  called  supernormal 
experience. 

The  account  of  consciousness  in  Mrs.  Rhys- 
Davids's  little  book,  from  which  we  derive 
the  foregoing  summary,  includes  discussions 
of  the  following:  (1)  stimuli,  or  "those  mate- 
rial qualities"  from  which  the  individual 
receives  sense  impressions;  (2)  feeling  (in- 
cluding the  "feeling-tone"  of  sensations),  it 
being  of  interest  to  note  that  the  existence  of 
neutral  or  indifferent  feelings  is  claimed;  (3) 
perception,  which  includes  both  sense-percep- 
tion and  the  perception  of  meaning  and  rela- 
tions; (4)  thought  or  mental  elaboration, 
later  on  volition  seeming  to  have  been  in- 
cluded in  this  "compound";  (5)  conscious- 
ness in  general  (vinnana),  including  the 
already-mentioned  genetic  consciousness. 

The  reader  will  doubtless  be  surprised  to 
find  the  fifth  general  notion,  of  which  the 
preceding  four  are  for  us  subdivisions,  made 
coordinate  with  those  four.  This  is  accounted 
for  by  "  the  absence  in  the  Buddhist  tradition 
of  any  cogent  logic  of  division  by  way  of 
genus  and  species,"  and  "an  emphatic  nega- 
tion of  any  substantial  unity  in  vinnana." 
"  To  see  further  separateness  would  be,  wrote 
Buddhgahosa,  'as  if  one  drew  water  at  the 
delta  where  the  five  rivers  enter  the  sea  say- 
ing :  "  This  is  Ganges  water ;  this  is  Jumna 
water." '  "All  these  mental  states  are  one 
with  respect  to  their  object."  Vinnana  in 
this  phase  of  its  meaning  is  almost  the  equiva- 
lent of  our  word  "  awareness." 

No  psychophysical  theory  of  sensation,  in 
the  modern  meaning,  appears  in  Buddhist 
psychology ;  yet  the  senses  are  discussed  with 
the  dominant  place  always  given  to  sight  and 
colors.  The  division  of  labor  between  the 
senses  is  also  noted.  In  the  heart,  or  seat  of 
the  mind,  the  senses  become  one,  according  to 
the  early  disciples  of  Buddha,  though  this 
idea  is  not  to  be  found  in  the  teachings  of  the 
Founder  himself. 

Human  emotions  may  be  said  to  have  begun 
only  yesterday  to  yield  to  scientific  analysis. 


Little  wonder,  then,  that  Buddhist  psychology 
describes  only  sense-feeling,  and  includes  in 
this  term  "  not  well,"  "  ills  and  pains  of  body, 
ills  and  misery  of  mind,  in  a  word,  dis-ease." 

The  analysis  of  intellectual  processes  is  not 
carried  far  in  the  older  books.  Our  every-day 
terms, —  perception,  opinion,  volition,  wish, 
aspiration,  remembering,  comparing,  discern- 
ing, etc.,  —  are  used,  and  give  a  hint  as  to  the 
stage  which  analysis  had  reached. 

The  chief  aim  of  the  Buddhist  disciples  was 
to  teach  how  to  practise  the  exercises  which 
helped  toward  the  "  emancipation  of  heart 
and  mind  from  all  hindrances  and  fetters  ad- 
verse to  spiritual  perfection."  The  directions 
for  auto-suggestion  and  the  attainment  of  the 
trance-consciousness  are  excellent.  Perhaps 
those  in  search  of  a  rest  cure  for  overwrought 
minds  will  find  this  portion  of  Mrs.  Ehys- 
Davids's  book  the  most  valuable. 

Such  in  briefest  outline  is  the  psychology 
of  the  Buddhist  books  regarded  as  the  earliest 
ones.  Later  writings  made  further  advances 
in  the  study  of  the  mind.  Yet  viewed  from 
the  standpoint  of  the  sharp  discrimination 
and  keen  analysis  of  modern  psychology,  this 
very  ancient  discussion  reminds  us  of  one  who 
"sees  through  a  glass  darkly."  This  re- 
minder, however,  comes  when  one  reads  any 
chapter  of  ancient  psychology.  Perhaps  that 
is  the  best  "exercise"  to  teach  us  how  much 
labor  our  modern  psychology  has  cost. 

L.  W.  COLE. 


A  DIVIXE  VISIONARY.* 


"Your  affectionate,  enthusiastic,  hope- 
fostered  visionary, —  William  Blake."  Thus, 
in  the  conclusion  of  a  letter  to  Hayley,  Blake 
describes  himself;  and  it  would  be  hard  to 
find  more  apt  words  of  denomination.  Add 
to  them  that  Blake  was  one  of  the  greatest 
artists  in  lyric  verse  that  the  world  has  ever 
known,  and  that  he  was  nevertheless  sepa- 
rated from  communication  with  men  by  an 
impenetrable  wall  of  curious  mysticism  that 
almost  ruined  his  art,  and  you  do  very  fair 
justice  to  Blake  as  a  poet. 

Just  because  the  larger  part  of  Blake's  work 
is  so  nearly  an  unintelligible  ruin.  Dr.  Fred- 
erick E.  Pierce  has  performed  an  especially 
valuable  service  in  issuing  his  "  Selections 
from  the  Symbolical  Poems  of  William  'Blake." 
Blake's  exquisite  lyrics  are  known  to  every- 
one; but  his  "Prophetic  Books"  are  so  in- 

*  SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  SYMBOLICAL  POEMS  OP  WILLIAM 
BLAKE.  By  Frederick  E.  Pierce,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor 
of  English  in  Sheffield  Scientific  School,  Yale  University.  New 
Haven :  Yale  University  Press. 


324 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


humanly  repellent  that  not  a  hundred  persons 
in  a  decade  ever  read  them.  It  is  as  easy  to 
penetrate  into  a  virgin  jungle  as  to  venture 
into  them;  the  labor  is  enormous  and  the 
reward  doubtful.  Professor  Pierce,  by  sepa- 
rating from  the  great  mass  of  Blake's  chaotic 
writings  certain  of  the  more  coherent  portions, 
has  produced  an  attractive  volume  that  will 
allure  many  a  reader  who  would  flee  from  the 
complete  "  Prophetic  Books  "  in  dismay.  Per- 
haps such  a  reader  may,  even  after  making 
the  attempt  which  this  book  facilitates,  turn 
back  hopeless  and  revert  to  those  simple  and 
subtle  lyrics  in  which  Blake  shows  himself  an 
unquestionable  master  of  beauty;  but  he  will 
at  least  have  had  the  satisfaction  of  partially 
soothing  a  conscience  that  may  well  hesitate 
to  regard  as  negligible  even  the  maddest  work 
of  a  mind  that  could  sometimes  sing  thus : 

"  Thou  the  golden  fruit  dost  bear, 
I  am  clad  in  flowers  fair; 
Thy  sweet  boughs  perfume  the  air, 
And  'the  turtle  buildeth  there. 

"  There  she  sits  and  feeds  her  young, 
Sweet  I  hear  her  mournful  song ; 
And  thy  lovely  leaves  among, 
There  is  love,  I  hear  his  tongue." 

Swinburne,  great  metrist  that  he  was,  chose 
this  passage  out  for  special  admiration ;  and, 
indeed,  there  stirs  everywhere  through  the 
lines  a  high  aerial  vibrancy,  an  auroral  flush 
of  music,  that  rises  into  regions  never  touched 
by  Swinburne's  own  superb  but  earthly  tides 
of  sound. 

No  one  has  ever  really  understood  the  whole 
of  Blake's  "Prophetic  Books."  Swinburne's 
generous  enthusiasm,  called  into  being  by  the 
indisputable  greatness  of  the  lyrics,  led  him 
somehow  to  believe  that  he  was  able  to  fathom 
the  longer  poems  also ;  and  Mr.  Yeats,  influ- 
enced by  his  preoccupation  with  mysticism, 
has  tried  to  make  himself  think  that  he  can 
thread  his  way  through  these  labyrinths.  But 
neither  one  of  them  is  very  clear  in  his  report 
of  what  he  has  seen  in  this  cloudy  nether- 
world; and  it  is  not  necessary  for  us  to 
imagine  that  either  one  saw  very  much  more 
than  we  see.  For  though  Blake  rose  some- 
times to  lyrical  heights  from  which  he  could 
have  looked  Milton  and  Shelley  straight  and 
level  in  the  eyes,  he  sometimes  sank  to  depths 
of  intellectual  confusion  where  he  was  below 
the  eye-level  of  the  maddest  street-corner 
prophet.  No  great  genius  was  ever  more 
unequal  than  he.  He  wrote,  on  occasion,  in 
terms  so  simple  as  to  be  universal,  and  at 
other  moments  in  wild  mythological  images  so 
complex  and  private  as  to  be  literally  incom- 
prehensible. 


To  get  anything  from  the  "Prophetic 
Books,"  one  must  first  of  all  put  them  aside 
and  attempt  to  understand  Blake  himself. 
Visionary  and  mystic  though  he  was,  he  did 
not  differ  from  ordinary  men  so  much  in  the 
quality  of  his  mental  state  as  in  the  con- 
sistency with  which  he  preserved  a  mental 
state  that  is  for  most  men  a  very  fleeting  one. 
To  the  dullest  of  us  come  rare  keen  moments 
when  in  the  glow  of  some  sunrise  the  material 
phenomena  of  earth  and  sun  are  obliterated 
by  the  overwhelming  spirit  of  flaming  joy  and 
new  creation  that  cries  out  of  that  dawn ;  and 
for  every  man  who  has  ever  lived,  the  phy- 
sical vesture  of  some  woman  has  in  a  magic 
hour  dissolved  to  nothing  and  left  him  staring 
into  the  spiritual  Eden  of  a  world  beyond. 
But  for  most  minds,  these  are  passing  moods ; 
for  most  minds,  the  external  signals  by  which 
the  world  makes  itself  known  to  our  con- 
sciousnesses are  the  final  verities.  To  Blake 
they  were  never  verities.  He  forgot  them  as 
we  habitually  forget  the  alphabet  through 
whose  agency  we  read ;  he  passed  immediately 
beyond  them  to  touch  lovingly  the  significant 
soul  of  beauty  which  was  adumbrated  to  him 
by  the  phenomena  of  life's  episodes.  In  the 
clearest  piece  of  self-analysis  he  ever  uttered, 
he  writes : 

"  I  assert  for  myself  that  I  do  not  behold  the 
outward  creation,  and  that  to  me  it  is  a  hinder- 
ance  and  not  action.  '  What ! '  it  will  be  ques- 
tioned, '  when  the  sun  rises,  do  you  not  see  a  round 
disc  of  fire  somewhat  like  a  guinea?  '  Oh !  no,  no ! 
I  see  an  innumerable  company  of  the  heavenly 
host,  crying  '  Holy,  holy,  holy  is  the  Lord  God 
Almighty ! '  I  question  not  with  my  corporeal  eye 
any  more  than  I  would  question  a  window  concern- 
ing sight.  I  look  through  it  and  not  with  it." 

Some  such  power  as  that,  penetrating 
through  commonplace  phenomena  to  the  more 
significant  essences  that  lie  behind  them,  is 
the  very  life-blood  of  poetical  imagination; 
and  though  Blake  was  far  from  being  the 
greatest  of  the  poets,  it  may  be  doubted 
whether  any  human  being  has  ever  had  a 
more  intense  light  of  poetry  in  his  soul.  What 
Blake  lacked  was  a  cold  calculating  architec- 
tural intellect;  and  he  left  no  single  edifice 
that  can  be  spoken  of  in  the  same  breath  with 
those  of  Milton  and  Shelley,  who  are  in  other 
ways  his  spiritual  peers.  Rather,  his  work 
is  like  a  series  of  half-ruined  Gothic  windows, 
sometimes  mere  fragments  of  glowing  mosaic ; 
but  through  them  pours  a  light  tinged  with 
such  unearthly  splendor  that,  in  certain 
moods,  one  asks  for  nothing  more.  He  was  a 
great  craftsman,  often,  in  these  fragments; 
and  it  is  a  well  selected  group  of  the  frag- 
ments that  Professor  Pierce  has  brought 
together. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


325 


These  selections  will  give  to  a  reader  un- 
familiar with  the  whole  of  Blake's  work  an 
impression  of  greater  lucidity  than  is  wholly 
accurate  or  wrholly  fortunate.  Professor  Pierce 
would  doubtless  be  the  first  to  acknowledge 
that  his  attempt,  while  it  will  win  Blake 
many  new  readers,  does  on  the  other  hand 
diminish  the  chaotic  and  cloudy  grandeur  of 
Blake's  wild  universe  without  greatly  abating 
its  fundamental  preposterousness.  The  selec- 
tions try  to  show  in  decent  sequence  the  chief 
elements  of  Blake's  mythological  system;  but 
this  system  is  the  one  thing  in  the  "  Prophetic 
Books  "  that  is  quite  negligible  for  sane  men. 
Blake  was  by  no  means  the  profound  and 
Platonean  mind  that  some  of  his  admirers 
think  him.  He  was  simply  the  wreck  of  a 
great  artist.  Those  purgatorial  visions,  those 
volcanic  fragments  of  thought,  which  in  him 
too  often  take  the  place  of  really  intelligent 
cerebration,  he  clothed  in  music  and  light- 
ning; and  they  issued  forth  with  a  splendor 
that  is  dazzling  and  misleading.  Unable  to 
subdue  these  sub-rational  fever-hallucinations 
to  the  discipline  of  any  intelligible  order  or 
even  to  the  requirements  of  communicable 
expression,  he  created  out  of  them  a  fictitious 
world  of  phantasmagoria,  filled  with  names 
and  symbols  of  arbitrary  and  indecipherable 
meaning. 

Mr.  Yeats  would  doubtless  damn  to  the  pit 
a  critic  who  chose  to  admit  that  he  found  the 
"  Prophetic  Books  "  chaotically  unintelligible ; 
but  Gilchrist,  the  devoted  and  sympathetic 
biographer  of  Blake,  was  forced  to  confess  in 
his  day  that  he  believed  them  to  be  "inco- 
herent rhapsodies,  .  .  a  perplexed  region  of 
morbid  analogy."  These  symbolic  poems,  in 
spite  of  all  their  interest,  are  failures;  for 
art  is  expression,  and  these  do  not  achieve 
expressiveness.  One  cannot  properly  quarrel 
with  Blake  for  the  mystical  unreality  of  his 
conceptions;  but  we  may  justly  blame  him 
for  his  neglect  to  embody  these  conceptiops  in 
a  form  capable  of  conveying  the  vision  to  us. 
It  is  a  pure  case  of  insufficient  artistic  con- 
science; the  visionary  who  wrote  "Vala," 
"  Milton,"  and  "  Jerusalem  "  has  overwhelmed 
the  artist  who  wrote  "The  Tiger,"  and  left 
him  stammering  in  solitary  darkness. 

ARTHUR  DAVISON  FICKE. 


The  first  complete  edition  of  the  "  Poetical 
Works  of  Lionel  Johnson  "  will  be  published  this 
autumn  by  Mr.  Elkin  Mathews  of  London.  The 
edition  will  include  some  hitherto  unprinted  pieces, 
and  numerous  verses  now  collected  for  the  first 
time,  in  addition  to  the  contents  of  the  two  vol- 
umes issued  by  the  publisher  some  twenty  years 
ago. 


RECEXT  PLAYS  OF  WAR  AND  TJOVE.* 


Like  the  rest  of  us,  the  dramatists  cannot 
get  away  from  the  war ;  and  like  us,  they  can- 
not find  much  that  is  new  to  say  about  it. 
Alas,  that  "bromides"  taste  no  fresher  for 
being  prescribed  by  a  celebrated  doctor! 
Timeliness  and  a  great  name  did  not  avail  to 
give  Sir  James  Barrie's  "Der  Tag"  success 
on  the  stage;  and  for  reading,  too,  it  is  a 
futile  and  unimpressive  piece  of  work.  The 
fact  is  that  Barrie's  genius  is  no  better 
adapted  to  heroics  than  is  that  of  his  best 
known  American  interpreter.  Mr.  Alfred 
Noyes's  "A  Belgian  Christmas  Eve"  reads  a 
good  deal  better.  It  is  a  new  version  of 
"  Rada,"  Mr.  Noyes's  one-act  play  of  the 
Balkan  War,  with  the  scene  changed  from 
Servia  to  Belgium.  Dramatically  and  as  a 
protest  against  war,  "A  Belgian  Christmas 
Eve"  is  much  less  effective  than  the  Amer- 
ican war  play,  "Across  the  Border  "  (reviewed 
in  THE  DIAL  of  August  15).  As  a  play- 
wright, Mr.  Noyes  has  not  fully  mastered  his 
technique;  and  the  flavor  of  partisanship, 
from  which  the  American  play  is  kept  scrupu- 
lously free,  weakens  the  moral  effect  of  the 
piece.  Nevertheless,  Mr.  Noyes  tells  an  ap- 
pealing story ;  and  his  verse,  one  need  hardly 
add,  is  vigorous  and  at  times  imaginative.  Its 
fault,  as  usual,  is  a  fatal  fluency.  Mr.  Noyes 
seldom  knows  when  to  stop.  Thus  his  epi- 
logue, beginning  with  the  fine  stanza  quoted 
below,  trails  off  into  prolixity  and  weakness. 
"  Now  the  muttering  gun-fire  dies, 

Now  the  night  has  cloaked  the  slain, 

the  stars  patrol  the  skies, 
Hear  our  sleepless  prayer  again ! 

They  who  work  their  country's  will, 

Fight  and  die  for  Britain  still, 

Soldiers  but  not  haters,  know 

*  "  DER  TAG."  Or,  The  Tragic. Man.  By  J.  M.  Barrie.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

A  BELGIAN  CHRISTMAS  EVE.  By  Alfred  Noyes.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  SORROWS  OF  BELGIUM.  By  Leonid  Andreyev.  Author- 
ized translation  by  Herman  Bernstein.  New  York:  The  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

PATRIE!  By  Victorien  Sardou.  Translated  by  Barrett  H. 
Clark.  "The  Drama  League  Series."  New  York:  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co. 

THE  STATE  FORBIDS.  By  Sada  Cowan.  New  York :  Mitchell 
Kennerley. 

A  MAN'S  WORLD.  By  Rachel  Crothers.  "American  Drama- 
tists Series."  Boston :  Richard  G.  Badger. 

SUBMERGED.  By  Maxim  Gorki.  Translated  by  Edwin  Hop- 
kins. ."  Contemporary  Dramatists  Series."  Boston  :  Richard 
G.  Badger. 

LOVERS  ;  THE  FREE  WOMAN  ;  THEY.  By  Maurice  Donnay. 
Translated  by  Barrett  H.  Clark.  New  York:  Mitchell  Ken- 
nerley. 

LOVE  IN  DANGER.  By  Mrs.  Havelock  Ellis.  Boston :  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co. 

PLASTER  SAINTS.  A  High  Comedy  in  Three  Movements. 
By  Israel  Zangwill.  New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 

A  BIT  o'  LOVE.  By  John  Galsworthy.  New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  MAN  WHO  MARRIED  A  DUMB  WIFE.  By  Anatole  France. 
Translated  by  Curtis  Hidden  Page.  Illustrated.  New  York : 
John  Lane  Co. 


326 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


Thou  must  pity  friend  and  foe. 

Therefore  hear 
Both  for  foe  and  friend,  our  prayer." 

A  Russian  tribute  of  pity  to  Belgium  is 
paid  by  Leonid  Andreyev.  Emil  Grelieu,  the 
hero  of  "  The  Sorrows  of  Belgium,"  is  Maeter- 
linck scarcely  disguised;  and  in  style  the 
play  seems  an  attempt  to  imitate  the  Belgian 
master.  As  might  be  expected,  it  succeeds 
best  in  imitating  his  weaknesses,  especially  the 
vagueness  and  repetition  of  his  earlier  man- 
ner. A  speech  or  two  will  serve  as  a  sample : 

"Jeanne.  But  I  cannot,  Emil.  What  is  it?  I 
cannot  understand.  What  is  it?  Where  are  we? 
My  God,  I  don't  understand  anything.  I  used  to 
understand,  I  used  to  understand,  but  now  — 
Where  is  Pierre?  [Firmly]  Where  is  Pierre? 

"  Maurice.  Oh,  will  he  be  here  soon  ?  Mother 
dear,  we'll  start  in  a  moment. 

"  Jeanne.  Yes,  yes,  we'll  start  in  a  moment.  But 
I  don't  understand  anything.  Where  are  we? 
Why  such  a  dream?  Why  such  a  dream?  I  can't 
understand.  Who  has  come?  My  head  is  aching. 
Who  has  come  ?  Why  has  it  happened  ?  " 
By  this  recipe,  dramatic  dialogue  is  indeed 
easy  to  write.  Of  Maeterlinck's  imaginative 
uplift  and  spiritual  insight  the  play  has  not 
a  trace. 

Far  more  effective  than  these  new  pieces, 
even  as  a  plea  for  the  Belgium  of  to-day,  is 
Sardou's  powerful  melodrama  of  the  days  of 
William  the  Silent, —  "Patrie."  First  per- 
formed in  1869,  this  play  now  appears  for  the 
first  time  in  English,  admirably  translated  for 
"  The  Drama  League  Series  "  by  Mr.  Barrett 
H.  Clark.  In  his  Introduction,  Mr.  Clark 
sensibly  protests  against  the  modern  ten- 
dency to  ridicule  Sardou  and  the  "  well  made 
play,"  for  which  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  set  the 
fashion  with  his  jests  at  "  Sardoodledom."  So 
far  as  this  tendency  represents  a  reaction 
against  a  standardized  and  machine-made 
form  of  play,  it  is  wholesome ;  yet  a  machine- 
made  form  is  infinitely  better  than  no  form  at 
all,  as  anyone  who  reads  "  The  Sorrows  of 
Belgium"  or  Gorki's  "Submerged"  (noticed 
below)  will  heartily  testify.  "Patrie"  tells 
the  story  of  the  Count  de  Rysoor,  a  heroic 
Flemish  patriot  who  with  the  help  of  William 
of  Orange  nearly  succeeds  in  delivering  Brus- 
sels from  the  cruel  militaristic  control  of  the 
Duke  of  Alva.  The  play  is  crowded  with  action, 
like  a  Shakespearean  tragi-comedy ;  its  mate- 
rial is  intensely  dramatic,  and  is  presented 
with  the  brilliance  and  skill  of  a  great  master 
of  his  craft.  Beside  the  broad  sweep  of  its 
action,  its  vivid  and  masculine  force,  most  of 
the  little  modern  "  dramas  of  ideas  "  seem  the 
peevish  whinings  of  an  invalid.  „ 

For  example,  consider  "  The  State  For- 
bids," a  little  tract  in  dialogue  which  scatters 


its  fire  of  complaints  among  various  supposed 
abuses,  including  war.  The  State  forbids  the 
doctor  to  inform  the  drunkard's  wife  how  to 
avoid  having  children;  when  the  idiot  child 
is  born,  the  State  forbids  its  mother  or  the 
doctor  to  kill  it ;  and  finally  the  State  through 
conscription  takes  away  from  the  mother  her 
only  strong  and  intelligent  son.  Her  conclu- 
sion, requiring  no  comment,  is  "Damn  the 
State !  "  In  the  reviewer's  opinion,  the  only 
one  of  these  complaints  which  has  any  justifi- 
cation is  the  first,  and  it  is  obvious  that  this 
cannot  be  satisfactorily  treated  in  drama. 

A  much  stronger  example  of  the  play  with 
a  thesis  is  Miss  Crothers's  "A  Man's  World." 
The  central  idea  is  that  a  woman  who  believes 
in  a  single  standard  of  sex  morality  should 
not  marry  a  man  who  has  lived  in  accordance 
with  the  "  double  standard."  The  plot  is 
carefully  constructed  to  fit  this  doctrine.  The 
heroine,  "Frank"  "Ware,  a  successful  writer, 
has  adopted  the  illegitimate  son  of  an  Amer- 
ican girl  who  died  when  the  child  was  born, 
in  Paris.  As  her  love  for  the  adopted 
"  Kiddie  "  has  grown,  her  hate  of  his  unknown 
father  has  kept  pace  with  it.  When  through 
an  ancient  but  skilfully  handled  dramatic 
device,  she  learns  that  the  man  with  whom  she 
is  in  love  is  "  Kiddie's  "  father,  her  problem  is 
before  her.  Here  is  the  weak  spot  in  the 
play.  The  author  is  determined  that  the  hero- 
ine shall  act  consistently  with  her  theory  and 
reject  her  lover;  but  in  order  to  make  this 
plausible  on  the  stage,  it  was  necessary  to 
violate  all  plausibility  in  another  matter,  and 
to  sacrifice  the  consistency  of  the  lover's  char- 
acter. He  is  represented  as  a  masterful  and 
rather  unscrupulous  man  of  the  world,  much 
in  love  with  Frank.  Yet  when  she  makes  it 
perfectly  plain  that  she  would  instantly  ac- 
cept him  if  he  showed  the  slightest  sign  of 
repentance,  he  suddenly  develops  a  strain  of 
scrupulous  and  unseasonable  truthfulness 
which  enables  her  to  reject  him.  In  spite  of 
this  weakness,  the  play  is  in  general  well 
planned,  and  in  so  far  deserves  its  success  on 
the  stage.  In  style  and  characterization,  how- 
ever, it  is  decidedly  crude. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  Gorki's  "  Sub- 
merged," it  cannot  be  accused  of  having  a 
thesis.  "  These  plays,"  the  writer  of  the 
Introduction  tells  us,  "pass  the  test  of  all 
supreme  art;  they  are  slices  of  life."  With- 
out commenting  on  the  things  which  the  "  test 
of  supreme  art"  would  exclude,  one  may  re- 
mark that  this  particular  "  slice  of  life  "  is  cut 
from  the  toughest  part  of  the  rump.  The 
scene  is  a  Russian  lodging  house  of  the  lowest 
type,  an  eddy  into  which  the  scum  of  human- 
ity has  drifted.  In  this  filthy  hole  appears 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


327 


Luka,  an  aged  pilgrim,  and  for  a  short  time 
he  brings  a  little  kindness  into  the  lives  of 
the  wretches  who  live  there.  Then  for  no 
apparent  reason  he  disappears,  and  the  in- 
habitants sink  back  to  an  even  lower  level 
than  that  on  which  they  lived  before  his  com- 
ing. The  play  is  confusing  to  read  on  account 
of  the  large  number  of  characters  and  the 
multiplicity  of  Russian  nicknames.  In  this 
respect,  at  least,  the  translator  would  appear 
to  have  done  his  work  rather  badly. 

Of  the  three  plays  of  Maurice  Donnay 
translated  by  Mr.  Barrett  H.  Clark  for  "  The 
Modern  Drama  Series"  two,  as  is  usual  with 
Donnay,  are  concerned  entirely  with  illicit 
sex  relations.  In  "  Lovers  "  and  "  The  Free 
Woman  "  we  are  in  a  world  where  informal 
and  temporary  relations  are  the  regular  thing. 
"  Lovers  "  opens,  as  one  of  Clyde  Fitch's  plays 
does,  with  a  children's  party;  but  the  moth- 
ers of  these  hopeful  families  are  all  unmar- 
ried. Claudine  R-ozay,  who  gives  the  party 
for  her  little  daughter,  has  been  for  years  the 
mistress  of  the  Count  de  Ruyseux.  Vetheuil, 
the  other  man  who  gains  her  affections,  be- 
comes dissatisfied  because  she  will  not  break 
with  the  count  and  live  with  him  openly.  She 
is  perfectly  willing  to  be  unfaithful  to  the 
count  in  secret,  but  for  the  sake  of  their 
daughter  she  refuses  to  leave  him  altogether. 
After  a  time  Vetheuil  can  endure  this  no 
longer;  in  spite  of  tears  and  storms  he  goes 
off  on  an  exploring  expedition  to  Indo-China, 
and  on  his  return  marries.  Meanwhile,  Ruy- 
seux' wife  having  died,  Claudine  reconciles 
herself  to  marriage  with  her  old  lover.  The 
title  of  "  The  Free  Woman "  is  ironical. 
Antonia,  like  Claudine,  enters  on  another 
intrigue  while  still  the  mistress  of  Roger 
Lembrun ;  but  he,  a  man  of  considerable  char- 
acter, discovers  her  infidelity  and  discards 
her.  A  sub-plot  emphasizes  the  point  of 
the  play:  that  people  in  irregular  unions 
("free")  are  really  in  a  double  bondage  to 
their  lovers  and  to  their  own  passions.  Both 
plays,  it  need  hardly  be  said,  are  well  con- 
structed, and  the  characters  are  analyzed  and 
discriminated  with  skill.  The  translation  ap- 
pears to  be  excellent;  but  it  is  hard  to  see 
what  good  purpose  is  served  by  putting 
French  plays  of  this  type  into  English  at  all. 
If  they  are  widely  read,  it  will  be  not  because 
of  their  literary  merit,  but  because  of  their 
interest  of  scandal;  and  surely  they  give  a 
misleading  impression  of  French  life  and 
character.  The  third  play  in  the  volume, 
"  They,"  is  a  clever  and  cynical  one-act  farce, 
in  which  a  bridegroom  and  a  bride,  meeting 
by  chance  for  the  first  time  in  a  hotel,  decide 
to  leave  their  newly  married  spouses  and 


elope.  This  trifle  is  written  with  much  gaiety 
and  spirit. 

At  once  more  serious  and  more  humorous 
are  the  three  one-act  pieces  in  Mrs.  Havelock 
Ellis's  "  Love  in  Danger."  The  scenes  are  all 
laid  in  the  kitchens  of  Cornish  cottages,  and 
the  dialogue  has  a  strong  and  delightful  flavor 
of  the  soil.  As  the  title  of  the  volume  sug- 
gests, each  of  the  plays  deals  with  a  crisis  in 
married  love.  In  "  The  Subjection  of  Kezia," 
Joe  Pengilly,  rather  stupid,  much  in  love,  and 
married  two  years,  is  perplexed  and  worried 
by  the  "  teasiness  "  and  crossness  of  his  wife. 
He  confides  in  his  older  friend,  Matthew 
Trevaskis,  a  travelled  philosopher  who  has 
had  domestic  troubles  of  his  own.  Matthew 
confidently  diagnoses  the  case,  and  prescribes 
the  cane  as  a  remedy;  with  much  difficulty 
he  induces  the  reluctant  Joe  to  go  with  him 
and  purchase  the  hateful  implement.  The 
solution,  unexpected  by  all  three,  is  thor- 
oughly satisfactory.  In  "The  Pixy"  the 
endangered  love  is  that  of  a  husband  for  his 
dead  wife.  The  situation  is  an  uncommon 
one,  and  is  not  made  entirely  clear ;  the  piece 
succeeds  as  a  study  in  character,  but  not  as 
a  play.  In  "Mothers"  the  threatened  ruin 
of  a  family  is  averted  by  the  triumph  of  the 
maternal  instinct  over  the  sexual,  not  in  the 
wife,  but  in  her  rival.  Mrs.  Ellis's  characters 
are  always  firmly  and  delicately  drawn,  and 
her  situations  are  presented  sympathetically 
and  with  the  restraint  that  gives  added  force. 
The  first  and  third  plays  should  act  well. 

Love  is  in  danger  in  Mr.  Zangwill's  "  Plas- 
ter Saints"  also;  but  the  main  issue  is  of  a 
different  sort.  The  Reverend  Dr.  Rodney 
Vaughn  is  a  leading  light  in  one  of  the  dis- 
senting churches.  He  is  a  robust,  powerful, 
and  thoroughly  human  minister,  and  exercises 
great  influence  throughout  his  neighborhood. 
His  wife,  a  saintly  Puritan,  discovers  and 
forces  him  to  admit  that  a  year  or  so  pre- 
viously he  has  had  a  love  affair  with  his  secre- 
tary and  is  the  father  of  her  child.  Mrs. 
Vaughn  tries  to  force  him  to  public  confes- 
sion, and  threatens  to  divorce  him  so  that  he 
may  marry  the  girl.  He  defends  his  course 
of  deception  on  grounds  of  the  harm  his  expo- 
sure would  do  to  the  church  and  to  individu- 
als, and  of  the  uselessness  of  destroying  his 
future  influence.  It  is  through  his  sin,  he 
declares,  that  he  has  become  able  really  to 
help  sinners.  The  problem  thus  presented  is 
the  theme  of  the  play.  Vaughn  comes' over  to 
his  wife's  position, —  let  the  plaster  saint  be 
smashed,  and  the  real  man  step  forth  to  do 
what  work  he,  can  in  the  world.  But  when  it 
appears  that  his  public  confession  would  ruin 
her  daughter's  prospects,  Mrs.  Vaughn  too 


328 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


reverses  her  attitude;  and  the  play  ends 
rather  weakly  with  a  quasi-vindication  of 
Vaughn's  original  course.  No  real  solution 
of  the  problem  is  presented;  but  both  sides 
of  the  case  are  vigorously  argued,  with  some 
wit  and  much  rhetoric.  Why  Mr.  Zangwill 
should  choose  to  call  the  piece  in  his  sub-title 
"  a  high  comedy  in  three  movements "  is  a 
double  mystery.  The  authors  of  our  genuine 
"  high  comedy,"  we  may  be  pretty  sure,  would 
have  shunned  the  term  like  poison  if  it  had 
been  invented  in  their  days.  "Plaster  Saints," 
in  point  of  fact,  is  primarily  not  comedy,  but 
melodrama.  And  why  on  earth  should  any 
dramatist  think  proper  to  call  his  acts 
"  movements  "  1 

"Plaster  Saints"  is  the  work  of  a  clever 
man  of  talent;  Mr.  Galsworthy's  "A  Bit  o' 
Love  "  bears  the  mark  of  genius.  Its  charac- 
ters are  never,  like  Mr.  Zangwill's,  "  stagey " 
or  rhetorical ;  they  are  absolutely  unconscious 
of  an  audience,  and  real.  Mr.  Galsworthy  is 
not  here  dealing  with  a  sociological  problem, 
as  he  does  in  some  of  his  earlier  plays.  The 
wrong-headed  criticism  which  must  find  a 
thesis  in  every  serious  play  can  doubtless  dis- 
cover one  here,  but  the  interest  does  not  lie 
in  any  thesis ;  it  lies  in  the  vivid  and  charm- 
ing characterization,  and  in  the  development 
of  the  central  character  through  the  action. 
For  background  there  is  a  village  in  the  "West 
of  England,  and  a  group  of  worthies  whose 
talk  is  comparable  in  raciness  and  humor 
with  that  of  Hardy's  rustics.  Michael  Strang- 
way,  the  curate,  is  a  very  human  saint  with 
the  passionate  heart  of  a  poet  or  musician. 
His  wife,  with  whom  he  is  hopelessly  in  love, 
has  deserted  him  for  a  former  lover.  She 
comes  back  to  entreat  him  not  to  divorce  her, 
since  divorce  proceedings  would  ruin  her 
lover.  Rather  than  be  the  cause  of  this,  she 
will  even  return  to  the  husband  for  whom  she 
has  never  cared.  After  a  cruel  struggle  with 
himself,  Michael  consents  to  let  her  go.  The 
interview  is  overheard  by  one  of  his  parish- 
ioners, and  the  news,  spreading  rapidly,  brings 
upon  the  curate  the  contempt  of  the  neighbor- 
hood. He  is  hissed  as  he  comes  out  of  the 
church.  Even  the  rector's  wife  —  an  admira- 
bly drawn  character,  by  the  way, —  urges 
upon  him  the  duty  of  divorce.  "  This  great 
church  of  ours,"  she  tells  him,  "is  based  on 
the  rightful  condemnation  of  wrong-doing. 
There  are  times  when  forgiveness  is  a  sin." 
Strangway  will  not  yield;  but  his  desolation 
brings  him  to  the  verge  of  suicide.  The  ap- 
pearance of  a  child  whom  he  frightens  and 
then  comforts,  and  of  a  farmer  .who  is  pluck- 
ily  struggling  with  a  great  grief,  restore  him 
to  his  real  self.  Mr.  Galsworthy's  insight 


appears  in  nothing  more  strikingly  than  in 
this  fine  and  strong  conclusion.  A  lesser  play- 
wright would  not  have  resisted  the  tempta- 
tion of  the  obviously  effective  tragic  end.  The 
workmanship  of  the  play,  indeed,  is  every- 
where fine  and  strong;  from  the  literary  as 
well  as  from  the  dramatic  point  of  view,  it  is 
a  continuous  delight. 

An  equally  finished  bit  of  work,  which  must 
be  considered  by  itself,  is  Anatole  France's 
charming  mediaeval  farce,  "  The  Man  Who 
Married  a  Dumb  Wife."  This  has  been  well 
translated  by  Professor  Curtis  Hidden  Page, 
who  supplies  also  an  interesting  Introduction. 
The  play  is  based  on  a  story  told  by  Rabelais, 
of  a  man  who,  sad  because  his  wife  is  dumb, 
becomes  sadder  when  her  speech  is  restored 
by  a  famous  surgeon,  and  who  finds  relief 
only  in  an  operation  which  makes  him  stone 
deaf.  M.  France  has  adhered  closely  to  this 
simple  outline;  but  his  play  is  a  marvel  of 
literary  dexterity.  Without  any  affectation 
of  archaism,  he  has,  as  Professor  Page  re- 
marks, somehow  infused  the  little  farce  with 
the  very  spirit  of  the  old  comedy, —  its  lively 
action,  its  broad  and  simple  humor.  The  thing 
is  a  trifle,  a  mere  recreation  for  M.  France, 
but  it  is  executed  with  the  cunning  hand  of 
the  master.  Our  own  writers  lack  this  fine 
historical  sense ;  not  one  of  them  could  so  per- 
fectly assume  the  tone  and  manner  of  that 
earlier  time.  HOMER  E.  WOODBRIDGE. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 

With  the  exception  of  two  or  three  "sports," 
Mr.  Harold  Bindloss  has  written  upwards  of 
a  score  of  novels  having  substantially  the 
same  thematic  material,  and  it  is  surprising 
to  note  how  successfully  he  contrives  to  in- 
vest this  material  with  fresh  interest  upon 
each  new  venture.  The  scene  is  always  West- 
ern Canada;  the  hero  is  always  a  man  of 
simple  integrity  and  self-reliant  character; 
the  heroine  is  always  something  of  a  patri- 
cian, slow  to  reach  an  appreciation  of  the 
hero's  genuine  human  worth.  Inimical  social 
influences  alwrays  work  to  delay  the  romantic 
consummation;  there  is  always  a  villain  or 
two  occupied  in  thwarting  the  hero's  activi- 
ties; and  there  is  always  a  fierce  battle  with 
nature,  in  which  the  fury  of  the  elements  is 
met  and  overcome  by  sheer  pluck  and  dogged 
perseverance.  This  is  the  story  of  "  Harding 

*  HARDING  OF  ALLENWOOD.  By  Harold  Bindloss.  New  York : 
F.  A.  Stokes  Co. 

THE  LANDLOPER.  A  Romance  of  the  Woods.  By  Holman 
Day.  New  York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  SEA-HAWK.  By  Rafael  Sabatini.  Philadelphia:  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


329 


of  Allenwood,"  as  it  is  of  most  of  its  prede- 
cessors. We  note  that  Mr.  Bindloss's  heroes 
are  more  convincing  than  his  heroines.  The 
charms  of  the  latter  are  made  known  to  us 
inferentially  rather  than  by  clear  portraiture. 
The  author  is  singularly  chary  in  the  matter 
of  their  personal  description,  and  gives  us  no 
more  than  hints  on  the  physical  side.  His 
heroes  are  much  better  done,  and  all  in  all 
he  is  a  man's  writer  rather  than  a  caterer  to 
the  tastes  of  his  feminine  readers.  But  in  his 
plodding  prosaic  way  he  does  it  all  remarka- 
bly well,  and  it  is  a  marvel  that  he  can  thus 
continue  doing  the  same  thing  over  and  over 
again  without  making  the  monotony  of  the 
proceeding  too  wrearisome.  One  thing  we 
know  for  certain  —  that  whatever  the  tragic 
complications  of  the  romance,  the  difficulties 
will  all  be  cleared  away,  and  the  ending  made 
happy. 

"  The  Landloper,"  Mr.  Holman  Day's  new 
novel,  hardly  justifies  its  sub-title,  "A  Ro- 
mance of  the  Woods."  It  is  true  that  it  opens 
in  the  woods,  with  its  vagabond  hero  on  the 
tramp.  But  it  soon  takes  us  to  the  city,  and 
keeps  us  there.  Walker  Farr  (which  is  not 
his  real  name)  has  taken  to  the  road  as  a 
fugitive  from  the  law,  owing  to  a  situation 
created  by  his  quixotic  self-sacrifice  to  save 
his  father's  reputation.  He  has  also  sought 
to  divest  himself  of  human  sympathies  that 
he  may  escape  active  participation  in  the 
affairs  of  men.  But  the  social  claim  proves 
too  strong  for  him  when  he  comes  face  to  face 
with  the  conditions  created  by  the  unholy 
alliance  of  business  and  politics  in  the  New 
England  State  which  is  the  scene  of  his  ad- 
ventures. An  unscrupulous  syndicate  has 
got  control  of  the  municipal  water-supply 
systems  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  is  sup- 
plying typhoid-infected  drinking  water  to  its 
customers.  Farr  feels  constrained  to  make 
himself  "  an  enemy  of  the  people "  by  an 
attack  upon  this  criminal  conspiracy,  and 
sets  himself  to  work  with  such  effect  that  he 
destroys  the  power  of  the  syndicate,  and 
causes  the  election  of  a  new  governor  hon- 
est and  courageous  enough  to  overthrow  the 
whole  corrupt  system.  Along  with  this  civic 
crusade  goes  Farr's  own  personal  romance,  in 
which  the  villain  is  duly  thwarted,  and  the 
girl  securely  won.  Farr  makes  a  very  en- 
gaging hero  for  this  complication  of  senti- 
ment and  pathos  and  political  intrigue,  and 
his  procedure  has  a  quality  of  originality 
which  does  credit  to  the  author's  invention, 
and  does  not  permit  the  reader's  interest  to 
lapse  for  a  moment. 

From  the  imagined  memoirs  of  one  Lord 
Henry  Goade,  in  eighteen  manuscript  folio 


volumes,  Mr.  Rafael  Sabatini  has  pretended 
to  gather  the  material  for  a  romance  entitled 
"The  Sea-Hawk."  Without  the  aid  of  this 
ponderous  autobiography,  he  tells  us,  "it 
were  impossible  to  reconstruct  the  life  of  that 
Cornish  gentleman  who  became  a  renegade 
and  a  Barbary  Corsair  and  might  have  be- 
come Basha  of  Algiers  but  for  certain  mat- 
ters which  are  to  be  set  forth."  Adopting 
the  fiction,  then,  wye  express  our  heartfelt 
gratitude  to  the  mythical  Sir  Henry  for  pre- 
serving his  record  of  the  deeds  of  Sir  Oliver 
Tressilian,  the  mighty-thewed  and  fiery- 
tempered  hero  of  this  stirring  tale  of  the 
spacious  times  of  Queen  Bess.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  exciting  yarns  of  its  good  old-fashioned 
sort  that  we  have  encountered  for  many  years. 
Sir  Oliver  became  a  corsair  because  the 
treachery  of  his  half-brother  caused  him  to  be 
trepanned  and  sold  into  slavery,  and  because 
the  fair  Rosamund  believed  him  to  have  been 
the  murderer  of  her  own  brother.  When  the 
whirligig  of  time  eventually  brought  into  his 
power  both  the  treacherous  half-brother  and 
the  faithless  maiden,  he  was  enabled  to  have 
his  revenge  upon  the  one,  and  so  to  enlighten 
the  other  as  to  regain  her  love.  How  he  res- 
cued her  from  Moorish  captivity,  and  how  he 
cleared  his  own  name  in  the  eyes  of  the 
English  judges  who  would  have  hanged  him 
incontinently,  is  recounted  for  us  in  a  thrill- 
ing tale  which  rises  steadily  to  a  dramatic 
climax,  and  comes  out  in  a  way  to  satisfy  all 
our  romantic  instincts.  Mr.  Sabatini  is  a 
wonder-worker  in  the  narrative  of  adventure, 
and  we  are  especially  grateful  to  him  for 
sparing  us  the  fustian  of  the  artificial  ar- 
chaism in  language  with  which  practitioners 
in  this  kind  are  wont  to  clothe  the  products 
of  their  invention. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


Peaceful  There    is    an    old    saying    that 

musings  in  before  forty  we  seek  pleasure, 
after  forty  we  shun  pain.  Some 
such  truth  as  that,  if  it  be  a  truth,  may  help 
to  explain  why  Mr.  Arthur  Christopher  Ben- 
son, in  the  maturity  of  his  somewhat  more 
than  forty  years,  is  inclined  to  look  upon 
human  life  and  all  human  activity  as  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  an  avoidance  of  ill. 
This,  at  any  rate,  is  the  view  illustrated  and 
defended  in  the  opening  paper  of  "Escape, 
and  Other  Essays"  (Century  Co.),  a  collec- 
tion of  meditative  disquisitions  refreshingly 
remote  from  the  theme  now  occupying  the 
minds  of  so  many  writers  and  of  the  great 


330 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


majority  of  readers.  It  is  a  remoteness  for 
which  the  author  feels  constrained  to  offer  an 
apology,  or  a  justification.  "Is  it  right,  is  it 
decent,"  he  asks,  "  to  unfold  an  old  picture  of 
peace  before  the  eyes  of  those  who  have  had 
to  look  into  chaos  and  destruction  ? "  and  he 
answers :  "  Yes,  I  believe  that  it  is  right  and 
wholesome  to  do  this,  because  the  most  treach- 
erous and  cowardly  thing  we  can  do  is  to  dis- 
believe in  life.  Those  old  dreams  and  visions 
were  true  enough,  and  they  will  be  true 
again.  They  represent  the  real  life  to  which 
we  must  try  to  return."  Therefore  he  directs 
his  thoughts  and  ours  to  such  perennial 
themes  of  interest  as  literature  and  life,  sun- 
set, charm,  dreams,  schooldays,  authorship, 
"Walt  Whitman,  villages,  and  some  of  the 
deeper  mysteries  of  our  existence.  Much  of 
the  writer's  intimate  personal  history  creeps, 
here  and  there,  into  his  pages.  In  his  chap- 
ter on  authorship  it  is  curious  to  note  his 
confession  that  without  the  prospect  of  pub- 
lication he  could  hardly  retain  his  interest  in 
writing.  This  contrasts  with  a  much  earlier 
assertion,  in  one  of  his  first  books,  that  the 
mere  act  of  literary  composition  was  enough 
in  itself  to  keep  his  pen  going.  Art  for  its 
own  sake  then  seemed  to  suffice  him.  He  does 
not  note  this  significant  change  of  tone.  We 
acquire  a  sadder  wisdom  with  the  passing 
years.  In  discussing  dreams  Mr.  Benson  de- 
clares his  belief  that  his  own  dreams,  contrary 
to  the  usual  rule,  occur  in  the  midst  of  pro- 
found sleep,  not  on  its  either  edge;  for,  says 
he,  "I  have  occasionally  been  awakened  sud- 
denly by  some  loud  sound,  and  on  these  occa- 
sions I  have  come  out  of  dreams  of  an  inten- 
sity and  vividness  that  I  have  never  known 
equaled."  But,  obviously,  that  proves  noth- 
ing; or  it  may  argue  the  very  contrary  of 
the  author's  contention.  The  book  is  a  worthy 
addition  to  a  notable  series. 


A  mine  of 

entomological 

wonder-lore. 


The  insect  world  remains  a  terra 
incognita  to  most  people  because 
of  the  small  size  of  the  individ- 
uals which  compose  its  myriad  hordes.  The 
microscope  makes  possible,  on  the  one  hand, 
the  minute  examination  of  these  diminutive 
hosts;  and  microphotography,  on  the  other 
1  hand,  has  made  such  progress  in  recent  years, 
due  largely  to  applications  of  the  electrio 
light,  that  permanent  photographs  of  the 
scales  of  a  butterfly's  wing  revealing  the 
minutest  detail  of  form  and  ornament  can  be 
made  with  great  success.  The  unobserved 
and  hidden  beauties  of^the  insect  world  which 
have  hitherto  been  reserved  for  the  profes- 
sional entomologist  or  amateur  microscopist 
have  thus  become  available  for  publication 


without  the  great  expense  entailed  by  expert 
technical  drawings  and  lithographic  reproduc- 
tion. The  explorations  of  tropical  lands  since 
the  days  of  Bates  and  Wallace  have  accumu- 
lated great  stores  of  unique  and  interesting  in- 
formation about  beautiful  and  curious  insects 
largely  unutilized  since  the  compilations  of 
Figuier  and  J.  G.  Wood.  Mr.  Edward  Step, 
in  his  "Marvels  of  Insect  Life"  (McBride, 
Nast  &  Co.),  has  availed  himself  of  a  re- 
markably large  mass  of  fresh  and  out-of-the- 
way  material  in  this  field,  and  has  portrayed 
it  with  the  aid  of  camera  and  microscope, — 
and  also  with  the  frequent  help,  especially  in 
his  full-page  plates,  of  the  constructive  artist, 
who  usually  adds  a  few  unnatural  touches  to 
intensify  the  entomological  drama.  We  can 
hardly  agree  with  Mr.  Raymond  Ditmar's 
statement  in  his  preface  that  Fabre  is  here 
"brought  up  to  date."  The  great  French 
popularizer  of  insect  lore  captivates  his  reader 
by  the  logical  sequence  as  well  as  the  dramatic 
interest  of  his  story;  while  there  is  about  as 
much  sequence  in  Mr.  Step's  treatise  as  there 
is  in  a  vaudeville  programme.  The  author  has 
studiously  eliminated  in  his  treatment  all 
semblance  of  logical  continuity  of  subjects  or 
recognition  of  relationships  of  his  material, 
with  the  false  idea  that  chaos  is  simplicity. 
His  sub-title,  "An  Account  of  Structure  and 
Habit,"  is  for  this  reason  rather  misleading. 
Fortunately,  his  index  makes  it  possible  for 
an  inquiring  reader  to  ascertain  what  the  book 
really  contains.  Mr.  Step  uncritically  calls 
the  black  gnat  the  "  pellagra  fly,"  apparently 
unaware  that  Sambon's  theory  of  the  relation 
of  this  insect  to  that  dread  disease  has  been 
discredited.  The  illustrations  are  very  abun- 
dant, there  being  one  or  more  on  each  page; 
and  many,  the  microphotographs  especially, 
are  fairly  well  executed.  The  technique  of 
illumination  has  not  been  well  achieved  in 
some  of  the  photographs  under  low  magnifica- 
tions. The  text  is  clearly  written,  and  the 
book  is  a  mine  of  interesting  but  somewhat 
disjointed  entomological  lore. 


Artless  charm  marks  the  candid 

Piquant  passages  .IT 

from  the  life  of     autobiography  or  the  Japanese 

a  Japanese  poet.  Nogachi>     who, 


like  his  friend,  Mr.  Yoshio  Markino,  came  in 
tender  youth  across  the  Pacific  to  California, 
supported  himself  by  various  kinds  of  drudg- 
ery until  he  found  his  true  vocation,  pro- 
ceeded to  our  eastern  coast  and  thence  to 
London,  and  noted  with  observant  eye  the 
thousand  and  one  things  so  strange  and  often 
amusing  —  also  often  shocking  —  to  his  orien- 
tal scrutiny.  "  The  Story  of  Yone  Noguchi  " 
(Jacobs)  is  illustrated,  chiefly  in  color,  by 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


331 


Mr.  Markino,  and  thus  unites  the  grace  and 
idealism  and  ingenuousness  of  the  reminiscent 
poet  with  the  delicacy  and  dreamy  beauty  of 
this  eminent  artist's  brush.  Both  poet  and 
painter  are  too  favorably  known  to  need  a 
reviewer's  commendatory  word.  San  Fran- 
cisco in  its  radiance  and  gaiety,  Joaquin 
Miller  on  his  "  Heights,"  Chicago  in  its  smoke 
and  busy  turmoil,  London  with  its  fog  and 
beautiful  women,  and  Japan  after  eleven 
years  of  absence  —  these  are  the  writer's  main 
themes,  treated  with  much  of  the  same  boyish 
frankness  and  pleasing  intermixture  of  native 
idioms  that  made  Mr.  Markino's  story  of  his 
similar  wanderings  so  oddly  engaging.  The 
piquancy  of  these  pages  from  the  life  of  a 
Japanese  poet-traveller  finds  no  small  part  of 
its  explanation  in  the  author's  epigrammatic 
statement  that  "  the  Japanese  mind,  like  any 
other  Japanese  thing,  only  works  upside  down 
to  that  of  Englishmen."  Admirable  is  his 
enthusiasm  for  the  Poet  of  the  Sierras,  next 
door  to  whom  on  the  mountain-side  he  made 
his  home  in  reverent  discipleship  for  four 
happy  though  impecunious  years.  In  fact,  all 
that  is  poetic  in  suggestion  stirs  Mr.  Noguchi 
and  gives  eloquence  to  his  pen,  whereas  the 
prosaic  materialism  of  the  Chicago  viewed  by 
him  in  a  brief  visit  elicits  expressions  of  not 
unnatural  loathing.  "  I  think  the  god  of  the 
Chicagoans  is  a  devil,"  he  frankly  declares. 
Like  his  friend  and  compatriot  already  named, 
he  attains  some  of  his  highest  flights  in  praise 
of  occidental  female  beauty.  Throughout  his 
narrative  he  shows  himself  fair-minded,  as 
scrupulous  to  censure  Japanese  defects  as  to 
praise  foreign  excellences.  It  is  a  book  of  no 
narrow  outlook,  and  it  is  entertainingly  writ- 
ten. Interspersed  bits  of  the  writer's  verse  go 
well  with  his  not  unpoetic  prose. 


Germany's 

economic 


In  hls  ^°°ks  On  "  The  Theory  of 

the  Leisure  Class  "  and  "  The 
Instinct  of  Workmanship,"  pub- 
lished in  recent  years,  Mr.  Thorstein  Yeblen 
offered  an  acute  and  illuminating  analysis  of 
certain  highly  important  modern  sociological 
and  economic  conditions  throughout  the  world 
at  large.  In  his  latest  book,  "  Imperial  Ger- 
many and  the  Industrial  Revolution"  (Mac- 
millan),  he  has  achieved  equal  success  in  the 
interpretation  of  the  economic  development 
of  a  single  country.  This  volume,  it  should  be 
observed,  was  written  more  than  a  year  ago. 
Its  publication  was  delayed  by  the  war,  but 
it  is  in  no  sense  a  "  war  book."  Furthermore, 
it  has  not  been  Mr.  Veblen's  purpose  in  the 
volume  to  write  an  economic  history  of  Ger- 
many; that  has  been  done  by  various  other 
scholars.  The  object  has  been  to  establish  a 


comparison  and  correlation  between  the  eco- 
nomic phenomena  of  Germany  and  of  the 
English-speaking  peoples,  "  considered  as  two 
distinct  and  somewhat  divergent  lines  of  cul- 
tural development  in  modern  times."  The 
ground  upon  which  the  inquiry  runs  is  chiefly 
the  "industrial  circumstances  that  have 
shaped  the  outcome  in  either  case."  And  the 
intention  has  been  to  account  for  Germany's 
industrial  advance  and  high  efficiency  by 
natural  causes,  "  without  drawing  on  the  logic 
of  manifest  destiny,  Providential  nepotism, 
national  genius,  and  the  like."  The  author 
begins  his  inquiry  in  the  stone  age  of  the 
Baltic  peoples.  But  he  adds  little  to  the  value 
of  his  work  by  so  doing,  except  in  so  far  as  he 
is  enabled  to  impress  the  facts  of  the  hybrid 
character  of  the  German  people  and  the  lack 
of  essential  difference  in  race  between  the 
Germans,  English,  Dutch,  and  the  Slavs  of 
Great  Russia.  His  appraisal  of  the  physical 
resources  and  adaptiveness  of  the  German 
lands  is  valuable.  It  is,  however,  the  economic 
development  which  has  taken  place  under  the 
regulating  hand  of  the  Hohenzollern  dynasty, 
and  especially  since  the  second  quarter  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  that,  deservedly,  absorbs 
the  author's  attention  chiefly.  It  is  demon- 
strated that  Germany  did  not  develop  the 
technical  arts  as  a  native  growth,  but  bor- 
rowed them,  largely  from  England,  and  that 
she  thereby  escaped  many  of  the  unfortunate 
conditions  which  in  the  latter  country  at- 
tended the  earlier  stages  of  the  Industrial 
Revolution.  Her  people,  too,  did  not  develop 
that  individual  initiative  and  habit  of  self- 
help  which  in  England  promoted  the  growth 
of  political  democracy  and  the  decline  of 
"authority,"  —  a  fact  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance because  it  meant  that  there  were  pre- 
served those  earlier  habits  of  mind  which  were 
suited  to  the  maintenance  of  centralized,  coer- 
cive, irresponsible,  dynastic  control.  The  eco- 
nomic policy  of  the  Imperial  State  since  1871 
is  described  fully  and  cleverly.  That,  in  de- 
fault of  the  close  and  continuous  regulation 
which  the  State  has  imposed,  the  course  of 
German  industry  and  trade  would  have  been 
as  different  from  the  historical  one  as  Mr. 
Veblen  imagines,  the  reader  may  not  agree. 
But  the  fact  of  regulation  remains,  and  the 
inner  character  and  significance  of  it  has 
never  been  described  more  effectively  than  in 
the  present  volume.  In  a  pregnant  v  chapter 
entitled  "  The  Net  Gain "  the  author  makes 
an  interesting  appraisal  of  German  "Kultur." 
The  conclusion  at  which  he  arrives  is  that  the 
principal  characteristic  of  this  culture  is  its 
retarded  adherence  to  certain  mediaeval  or 
sub-mediaeval  habits  of  thought,  the  equiva- 


332 


THE    DIAL 


Oct.  14 


lents  of  which  belong  farther  back  than  the 
historic  present  in  the  experience  of  other 
western  peoples,  notably  the  English  and 
French.  The  cultural  scheme,  in  short,  is  out 
of  date,  and  out  of  touch  with  itself  in  that  it 
is  in  part  archaic  and  in  part  quite  new.  On 
this  account  the  main  body  of  it  cannot  be 
transfused  abroad;  indeed,  it  cannot  per- 
manently be  held  fast  in  statu  quo  within  the 
confines  of  the  Fatherland. 


Recent  Pro0res*      The    N'    W'    Harris    lectures    for 

in  the  study  1914  at  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity were  delivered  by  Dr.  Ed- 
win Grant  Conklin,  professor  of  biology  in 
Princeton  University,  and  dealt  with  the  gen- 
eral topic  of  human  heredity.  They  are  now 
published  under  the  title,  "  Heredity  and 
Environment  in  the  Development  of  Men " 
(Princeton  University  Press).  Though  many 
books  have  been  issued  in  this  field  in  the  past 
five  years,  none  has  attained  so  successfully 
the  vitally  important  features  of  simplicity, 
clarity,  and  progressive  development  of  the 
subject,  and  a  sympathetic  correlation  of  the 
teachings  of  biology  with  ideals  of  human 
freedom  and  with  the  basis  of  personal  and 
social  ethics.  The  lectures  were  prepared  for 
a  general  audience,  and  the  subject  has  been 
made  both  plain  and  interesting  without  sacri- 
fice of  scientific  soundness  or  logical  complete- 
ness. The  subject  is  consistently  developed  to 
its  final  applications  to  human  problems  of 
gravest  import.  The  book  deals  with  the  de- 
velopment of  the  animal  body  from  the  germ 
cells  to  the  functioning  body,  and  of  the  mind 
from  the  lowest  tropisms  to  will  and  con- 
sciousness. It  discusses  the  germ  cells  and 
the  mechanism  of  heredity  and  of  develop- 
ment, the  significance  of  the  individual,  the 
laws  of  inheritance,  especially  of  human  traits, 
the  influence  of  environment  and  of  func- 
tional activity  upon  development  and  evolu- 
tion. The  control  of  human  evolution  by  the 
application  of  our  growing  knowledge  of  hu- 
man strength  and  weakness  and  its  behavior  in 
inheritance  is  sanely  discussed,  with  a  frank 
and  forceful  statement  of  the  possibilities  and 
limitations  of  eugenic  measures.  Most  sug- 
gestive and  stimulating  is  the  lucid  discus- 
sion of  genetics  and  ethics,  determinism  and 
responsibility,  and  the  relations  between  the 
individual  and  the  race.  Simple  diagrams 
elucidate  the  objective  phases  of  the  subject, 
and  there  are  an  adequate  glossary,  a  bibliog- 
raphy, and  an  index.  The  book  is  an  authori- 
tative, scholarly,  complete,  and  very  up-to-date 
presentation  of  current  biological  fact  and 
conclusions,  applied  with  breadth  of  view  to 
the  fundamental  problems  of  human  life. 


The  arduous 
life  of  a 
reformer. 


Descended  from  the  Shaws  of 
Rothiemurchus  on  her  father's 
side,  and  inheriting,  apparently, 
many  of  the  qualities  of  her  maternal  grand- 
mother, also  a  Scotch  woman  and  a  person  of 
dauntless  courage  and  of  ideas  in  advance  of 
her  time,  Dr.  Anna  Howard  Shaw  has  but 
obeyed  the  promptings  of  her  nature  in  de- 
voting her  life  to  the  service  of  one  worthy 
cause  after  another,  until  now  she  is  classed 
by  general  consent  with  such  noted  reform- 
ers of  her  own  sex  as  Susan  B.  Anthony,  Mrs. 
Livermore,  Mrs.  Stanton,  and  Miss  Willard. 
A  vivid  and  stirring  account  of  her  reform 
labors,  and  of  her  earlier  life  before  the  pas- 
sion for  reform  had  seized  her,  comes  from 
her  own  pen  in  "  The  Story  of  a  Pioneer " 
(Harper),  wherein  her  English  birth  and  in- 
fant memories,  her  nearly  fatal  voyage  to  this 
country  in  1851,  the  well-nigh  incredible 
hardships  endured  by  her  family  on  the 
Michigan  frontier,  and  all  the  obstacles  she 
herself  had  to  surmount  in  attaining  her 
present  position,  are  set  forth  with  the  magic 
touch  found  only  in  a  true  narration  of  things 
well  worth  narrating.  Let  a  single  passage 
from  the  Michigan  epoch  indicate  the  char- 
acter of  the  long  struggle  that  furnishes  the 
substance  of  the  book.  "During  our  first 
winter  we  lived  largely  on  corn-meal,  making 
a  little  journey  of  twenty  miles  to  buy  it; 
but  even  at  that  we  were  better  off  than  our 
neighbors,  for  I  remember  one  family  in  our 
region  who  for  an  entire  winter  lived  solely 
on  coarse-grained  yellow  turnips,  gratefully 
changing  their  diet  to  leeks  when  these  came 
in  the  spring."  Dr.  Shaw's  public  life  is  so 
well  known  that  it  need  not  be  outlined  here ; 
her  earlier  experiences  in  the  forbidding 
enterprise  of  educating  herself  for  that  life 
in  the  face  of  family  opposition  and  an  utter 
lack  of  material  resources  are  less  familiar, 
and  will  be  read  with  keen  interest.  School- 
teaching,  the  ministry,  medical  study  and 
some  occasional  practice,  and  various  reforms 
have  successively  or  all  together  engaged  her 
attention  and  her  energies.  In  her  character 
of  President  of  the  National  American 
Woman  Suffrage  Association  she  has  the 
following  to  say  on  a  subject  of  some  present 
importance :  "  There  has  never  been  any 
sympathy  among  American  suffragists  for 
the  militant  suffrage  movement  in  England, 
and  personally  I  am  wholly  opposed  to  it. 
I  do  not  believe  in  war  in  any  form;  and  if 
violence  on  the  part  of  men  is  undesirable  in 
achieving  their  ends,  it  is  much  more  so  on 
the  part  of  women ;  for  women  never  appear 
to  less  advantage  than  in  physical  combats 
with  men."  Of  interest  is  her  assertion  that 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


333 


"Mr.  Emerson,  at  first  opposed  to  woman 
suffrage,  became  a  convert  to  it  during  the 
last  years  of  his  life  —  a  fact  his  son  and 
daughter  omit  to  mention  in  his  biography." 
The  book's  numerous  illustrations  have  an 
attractive  quality  comparable  with  that  of 
the  reading  matter. 


A  Scandinavian    Tt  was  exceptionally  appropriate 
historical  that  the  American-Scandinavian 

Foundation  should  include  in 
its  interesting  series  of  "  Scandinavian  Clas- 
sics" a  translation  of  that  powerfully  vivid 
dramatization  of  the  career  of  one  of  Swe- 
den's great  historical  characters, —  Strind- 
berg's  "Master  Olof."  The  hero  of  this 
drama  was  the  Luther  of  his  people,  the  relig- 
ious innovator  who  overturned  the  rule  of 
Rome  in  the  realm  and  reign  of  Gustavus 
Vasa,  and  who  was  himself  destroyed  by  his 
sometime  protector,  the  King,  when  he  be- 
came involved  with  a  group  of  Anabaptists 
holding  social  democracy  as  a  prominent  arti- 
cle of  their  creed.  In  Strindberg's  presenta- 
tion of  his  hero,  Olof  becomes  the  prototype 
of  all  idealistic  reformers,  uncompromising  at 
moments  as  Ibsen's  Brand,  but  more  living 
than  he  because  more  subtly  studied  in  his 
moods  of  weakness  as  well  as  in  his  exalta- 
tions of  strength.  He  was,  the  poet  admits,  a 
kind  of  shadow  of  his  own  rebellious  self  at 
twenty-three,  "  ambitious  and  weak-willed ; 
unscrupulous  when  something  was  at  stake, 
and  yielding  at  other  times;  possessed  of 
great  self-confidence,  mixed  with  a  deep  mel- 
ancholy; balanced  and  irrational;  hard  and 
gentle."  The  pessimism  that  colors  most  of 
Strindberg's  later  work  is  here  already 
strongly  marked,  but  it  is  a  pessimism  by  no 
means  entire,  since  it  is  rooted  in  a  thor- 
oughly scientific  and  impersonal  idealism. 
There  is  no  end  to  the  struggle  for  human 
progress,  Olof's  creator  makes  him  say, 
although  in  the  fight  individuals  who  for- 
ward the  victory  must  seem  to  fail  and  per- 
ish before  they  have  done  more  than  hold  up 
the  torch  an  instant  to  light  their  stumbling 
fellows  on  the  way. 


Bodies  politic 
and  their 
government. 


A  book  reminiscent  of  Sir  John 
Seeley's  "  Introduction  to  Polit- 
ical Science,"  but  with  vastly 
more  of  fact  and  less  of  philosophy,  is  Mr. 
B.  S.  Hammond's  "Bodies  Politic  and  Their 
Governments"  (Putnam),  which  supple- 
ments an  earlier  volume  on  the  outlines  of 
comparative  politics.  The  note  struck  is 
classification:  the  classification  of  communi- 
ties or  welded  groups  of  communities  as  dif- 
ferentiated from  states,  the  author  contending 


that  the  State  is  a  legal  and  almost  abstract 
conception,  while  the  body  politic  —  whether 
we  conceive  of  it  as  all  the  living  members  of 
a  German  tribe,  or  all  the  living  inhabitants 
of  the  British  Empire  —  lends  itself  to  con- 
crete presentation  in  its  capacity  for  acting 
as  if  it  were  a  single  person.  Having  chosen 
this  basis,  the  writer  cannot  deal  directly 
with  the  evolution  of  forms  of  government, 
but  gives  a  succession  of  historical  and  politi- 
cal sketches  of  the  various  nations  at  different 
periods.  The  necessary  result  is  a  sacrifice  of 
smoothness  of  progression  for  vividness.  His 
classification  includes  tribes,  simple  communi- 
ties, simple  urban  bodies  politic  ("city 
states"),  composite  urban  bodies  politic,  uni- 
tary nations,  and  heterogeneous  empires,  and 
is  conveniently  set  forth  in  diagram  at  the 
close  of  his  discussion  of  each  epoch  of  his- 
tory. The  historical  sketches  are  accurate, 
and  founded  largely  on  original  sources ;  but 
much  detail  could  have  been  omitted  without 
damaging  the  pictures  of  the  structure  of  the 
bodies  politic.  The  author's  analyses  of  gov- 
ernments will  not  always  pass  without  ques- 
tion, and  there  are  especially  to  be  noted  some 
rather  fantastic  parallels, —  as  in  the  compari- 
son of  Tammany  to  the  Parte  Guelf  a  of  Flor- 
ence. But  this  was  inevitable  in  a  field  where 
speculation  had  to  seek  general  analogies,  and 
simply  demonstrates  what  Mr.  Hammond 
would  certainly  admit  —  that  the  laws  of 
political  phenomena  are  not  sufficiently  well 
established  to  serve  as  the  basis  for  a  genu- 
inely scientific  classification  of  bodies  politic. 
The  work  shows  vigorous  original  thought, 
and  is  a  useful  coup  d'oeil  of  the  field  of 
government.  


A  scientist  in 
British  East 
Africa. 


With  the  best  of  good-will,  we 
can  see  little  of  importance  in 
Dr.  Felix  Oswald's  "Alone  in 
the  Sleeping-Sickness  Country"  (Button). 
It  is  the  narrative  of  a  trip  into  British  East 
Africa  for  the  purpose  of  collecting  fossil 
bones  from  Miocene  deposits  near  Karungu, 
on  the  east  side  of  Lake  Victoria  Nyanza. 
The  collector  was  but  two  months  in  his  field. 
The  results  of  his  expedition  may  have  had 
importance  for  palaeontology,  but  are  pre- 
sented elsewhere.  While  he  was  industrious 
and  devoted  to  his  task,  there  was  nothing  of 
adventure  or  of  special  interest  in  his  expe- 
rience. He  came  into  contact  with  two  tribes 
of  natives  —  the  Kavirondo,  of  whom  *  he  saw 
considerable;  and  the  Kisii,  of  whom  he  saw 
little.  He  gives  scant  information  regarding 
them,  and  some  of  what  he  gives  is  of  doubt- 
ful quality.  From  the  title  of  his  book,  we 
might  expect  him  to  present  some  information 


334 


THE    DIAL 


[  Oct.  14 


about  sleeping-sickness;  but  we  have  merely 
incidental  references  to  the  subject.  There  is 
some  geological  matter  in  the  book,  but  even 
this  is  uninteresting  and  scrappy.  In  other 
words,  the  book  is  a  mere  narrative,  and  as 
narrative  it  lacks  the  elements  desirable  —  in- 
cident, adventure,  novelty.  There  are  some 
good  illustrations,  chiefly  of  landscape  and 
physical  features,  and  an  apparently  good 
map.  

BRIEFER  MENTION. 

A  recent  addition  to  the  "  Home  University 
Library"  (Holt)  is  "The  Negro"  by  Dr.  W.  E. 
B.  Du  Bois.  The  greater  part  of  the  volume  is 
devoted  to  the  history  and  culture  of  the  negro  in 
Africa;  the  final  chapters  deal  with  the  negro  in 
America  and  the  problems  of  the  negro.  As  con- 
trasted with  Mr.  Booker  T.  Washington,  Dr.  Du 
Bois  demands  a  radical  programme ;  but  his  learn- 
ing, his  scrutiny  of  the  past,  the  present,  and  the 
future  from  the  colored  man's  standpoint,  and  his 
exposure  of  the  exploitation  of  negroes  by  the 
white  races  throughout  the  world  in  our  day,  make 
the  volume  informing  and  timely. 

Mr.  John  Cotton  Dana's  "  Modern  American 
Library  Economy  as  Illustrated  by  the  Newark, 
N.  J.,  Free  Public  Library  "  has  advanced  to  Part 
XVII.  of  Vol.  II.,  which  treats  of  "  Maps,  Atlases 
and  Geographical  Publications,"  and  is  a  "  revi- 
sion and  enlargement  of  the  second  part  of  the 
Business  Branch  pamphlet  published  in  1910." 
Miss  Sarah  B.  Ball,  who  has  charge  of  the  Busi- 
ness Branch,  is  the  compiler.  Directions  are 
given  for  the  care  of  the  class  of  material  indi- 
cated in  the  title,  and  lists  of  the  more  important 
maps  and  atlases  suitable  for  library  use  are 
added.  Drawings  and  facsimiles  help  to  make  the 
whole  subject  plain  to  the  reader.  No  other 
treatise,  so  far  as  we  know,  handles  -the  matter  so 
fully  and  with  such  care  and  expert  knowledge. 

Mr.  Porter  E.  Sargent  has  projected  a  new 
series  of  handbooks  relating  to  education  and 
travel,  to  be  known  as  the  "  Sargent  Handbook 
Series,"  for  which  he  is  responsible  both  as  editor 
and  publisher.  The  first  volume,  "A  Handbook  of 
the  Best  Private  Schools  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada,"  has  been  prepared  chiefly  for  the 
guidance  of  the  parent  who  wishes  a  discrimi- 
nating manual  on  the  best  schools  of  the  country, 
the  principle  of  selection  being  merit  alone.  There 
are  chapters  giving  a  general  survey  of  the  private 
school  situation;  while  histories  and  criticisms  of 
the  schools  are  included.  In  the  Introduction  to 
the  volume  the  editor  tells  how  the  work  of  com- 
pilation suffered,  while  in  progress,  due  to  delays 
and  the  reluctance  of  principals  to  give  the  infor- 
mation required,  and  he  promises  improvements 
in  the  next  annual  issue,  which  will  appear  in  the 
spring.  So  practicable  and  serviceable  is  this 
initial  venture  that  it  is  probable  no  one  will  feel 
the  dissatisfaction  in  question  so  keenly  as  does 
the  editor  himself. 


NOTES. 


"  The  Elements  of  Style,"  an  introduction  to 
literary  criticism,  by  Mr.  David  W.  Rannie,  is 
announced  for  autumn  publication. 

The  second  volume  of  the  collected  works  of 
Martin  Luther  is  announced  for  immediate  publi- 
cation by  Messrs.  A.  J.  Holman  Co. 

Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's  long-awaited  completion 
of  the  "  Clayhanger  "  trilogy  will  be  published  by 
the  Doran  Co.  on  November  6.  "  These  Twain  "  is 
its  title.  ' 

"  The  Porcupine,"  a  three-act  drama  of  domes- 
tic entanglement,  by  Mr.  Edwin  Arlington  Rob- 
inson, is  announced  for  immediate  issue  by  the 
Macmillan  Co. 

Mr.  Frederic  L.  Huidekoper  has  prepared  an 
extended  work  on  "  The  Military  Unpreparedness 
of  the  United  States,"  which  the  Macmillan  Co. 
will  soon  publish. 

The  fifth  volume  in  Constance  Garnett's  new 
series  of  translations  from  Dostoievsky's  works 
will  bear  the  title  "  The  Insulted  and  Injured." 
Messrs.  Macmillan  announce  the  book  for  early 
publication. 

Mr.  Arthur  Rackham's  gift-book  this  year  will 
be  an  edition  of  Dickens's  "  Christmas  Carol,"  uni- 
form with  the  same  artist's  "^Esop's  Fables." 
There  will  be  a  large  paper  edition  limited  to  five 
hundred  copies. 

In  Mr.  Compton  Mackenzie's  forthcoming  novel, 
"  Guy  and  Pauline,"  we  shall  have  a  glimpse  of 
Michael  Fane,  the  character  whose  boyhood  and 
youth  we  followed  in  "  Youth's  Encounter "  and 
"  Sinister  Street." 

"The  Origin  of  the  War,"  by  Karl  Fedem, 
written  from  the  German  point  of  view,  and 
"  Warlike  England  as  Seen  by  Herself,"  by  Ferdi- 
nand Tonnies,  will  be  published  this  month  by  the 
G.  W.  Dillingham  Co. 

"  The  Lusitania's  Last  Voyage,"  by  Mr.  Charles 
E.  Lauriat,  Jr.,  describing  from  the  vantage-point 
of  an  eye-witness  one  of  the  most  dramatic  epi- 
sodes of  the  present  war,  will  soon  be  published  by 
Messrs.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

Two  volumes  of  serious  interest  to  be  published 
shortly  by  Messrs.  Harper  are  Mr.  John  Barrett's 
"Pan- America  and  Pan- Americanism,"  and  "Prin- 
ciples of  Labor  Legislation  "  by  Dr.  John  R.  Com- 
mons and  Mr.  John  B.  Andrews. 

With  the  news  of  the  death  of  Henri  Gaudier- 
Brzeska  in  the  French  trenches  comes  the 
announcement  of  a  book  on  this  famous  Franco- 
Polish  sculptor  by  Mr.  Ezra  Pound,  to  be  pub- 
lished by  the  John  Lane  Co.  early  next  year. 

Almost  immediately  Messrs.  Putnam  will  pub- 
lish a  volume  entitled  "  Belgium,  Neutral  and 
Loyal:  The  War  of  1914,"  by  Emile  Waxweiler, 
Director  of  the  Solway  Institute  of  Sociology  at 
Brussels,  Member  of  the  Academie  Royale  of 
Belgium. 

"  Modern  Austria  and  Her  Racial  Problems,"  by 
Virginio  Gayda,  to  be  published  at  once  by  Messrs. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


335 


Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  is  a  study  of  Austria  just 
before  the  war,  its  main  theme  being  the  struggle 
between  the  feudal  aristocracy  and  the  popular 
movements. 

"  Methods  and  Aims  in  the  Study  of  Litera- 
ture," by  Professor  Lane  Cooper  of  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, will  be  issued  before  the  end  of  the  month 
by  Messrs.  Ginn  &  Co.  It  forms  a  companion 
volume  to  the  author's  earlier  book,  "Aristotle  on 
the  Art  of  Poetry." 

Mr.  Frederick  Palmer,  the  accredited  corre- 
spondent of  the  American  Press  at  the  British 
Headquarters  in  France,  who  recently  published 
an  account  of  his  visit  to  the  Grand  Fleet  at  sea, 
has  a  volume  in  the  press  entitled  "  Personal 
Phases  of  the  War." 

Mrs.  Edith  Wharton  is  soon  to  publish  through 
Messrs.  Scribner  a  book  dealing  with  her  expe- 
riences and  impressions  of  France  in  the  war, 
including  her  own  visits  to  different  parts  of  the 
French  battle  line.  Some  of  the  chapters  have 
already  appeared  in  "  Scribner's  Magazine." 

A  book  from  the  trenches  entitled  "  The  Red 
Horizon,"  by  Mr.  Patrick  Macgill,  author  of 
"  Children  of  the  Dead  End,"  is  nearly  ready  for 
publication.  Having  related  in  "  The  Amateur 
Army  "  his  experiences  as  a  soldier  in  the  making, 
Mr.  Macgill  now  describes  some  of  his  impressions 
at  the  front. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  books  of  the  season 
will  doubtless  be  Mr.  William  Dean  Howells's 
autobiographical  volume,  "  Years  of  My  Youth," 
which  tells  the  story  of  his  childhood  and  early 
manhood  up  to  the  time  of  his  welcome  into  the 
circle  of  "  The  Atlantic  Magazine  "  and  his  going 
abroad  as  United  States  Consul.  Messrs.  Harper 
plan  to  publish  the  volume  this  month. 

Mr.  Walter  Lippman,  author  of  "  Drift  and 
Mastery"  and  "A  Prelude  to  Politics,"  has  ar- 
ranged with  Messrs.  Holt  for  the  publication  of 
his  next  book,  "  The  Stakes  of  Diplomacy."  The 
volume  attempts  to  picture  the  conditions  under 
which  diplomacy  is  carried  on,  the  central  prob- 
lem with  which  it  deals,  and  the  general  policy 
which  a  firm  and  peaceful  organization  of  the 
world  requires. 

Under  the  title,  "  The  Nearing  Case,"  Dr.  Light- 
ner  Witmer,  head  of  the  Department  of  Psy- 
chology of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  has 
prepared  a  complete  statement  of  the  events  that 
led  up  to  Doctor  Nearing's  dismissal  and  the  facts 
in  all  their  ramifications.  The  book  will  be  pub- 
lished at  once  by  Mr.  B.  W.  Huebsch.  It  contains 
practically  the  indictment,  the  evidence,  the  argu- 
ments, and  many  interesting  documents  relating  to 
the  case. 

The  new  life  of  Wordsworth  by  Professor  G. 
McLean  Harper,  of  Princeton  University,  which 
will  be  ready  next  month,  deals  with  aspects  of 
the  poet's  life  little  touched  upon  by  his  biog- 
raphers, especially  in  regard  to  his  earlier  years. 
Much  unprinted  material  was  placed  at  the 
author's  disposal  for  the  purpose  by  Mr.  Gordon 
Wordsworth,  the  poet's  grandson,  who  also  al- 
lowed him  to  examine  the  manuscripts  of  Dorothy 


Wordsworth's  Journals.  Some  unpublished  letters 
of  Wordsworth,  now  in  the  British  Museum  and 
Dr.  Williams's  Library,  are  also  included. 

Professor  George  Edward  Woodberry  has  about 
completed  his  critical  Introduction  to  the  "  Col- 
lected Poems  of  Rupert  Brooke,"  and  the  publish- 
ers (John  Lane  Co.)  expect  to  have  the  volume 
ready  for  publication  late  this  month.  In  addition 
to  Professor  Woodberry's  Introduction,  the  book 
will  contain  a  biographical  note  by  Miss  Margaret 
Lavington,  of  England,  which  was  prepared  under 
the  personal  direction  of  Mr.  Edward  Marsh, 
Brooke's  literary  executor. 

Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam's  "  Memories  of  a 
Publisher,"  to  be  issued  immediately,  will  continue 
his  reminiscences,  the  first  volume  of  which, 
"  Memories  of  My  Youth,"  appeared  last  year. 
The  new  volume  will  also  be  a  continuation  of  the 
history  of  the  House  of  Putnam  from  the  year 
1872,  to  which  date  the  record  was  carried  by  the 
author  in  his  memoir  of  his  father  and  the  founder 
of  the  firm,  George  Palmer  Putnam.  Many  per- 
sonal recollections  will  be  included  of  well-known 
authors  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Other 
chapters  relate  to  Mr.  Putnam's  manifold  activ- 
ities outside  the  book  world. 

Especial  interest  attaches  to  the  collection  of 
"  Letters  of  Washington  Irving  to  Henry  Bre- 
voort,  1807-1843,"  edited  by  Mr.  George  S.  Hell- 
man,  which  Messrs.  Putnam  plan  to  issue  at  once 
in  an  edition  limited  to  255  copies,  printed  on 
Strathmore  paper,  and  distinctively  bound,  num- 
bered, and  signed.  In  the  "  Life  of  Irving,"  writ- 
ten by  his  nephew  Pierre  more  than  half  a  century 
ago,  there  were  included  various  excerpts  from 
the  letters  of  Irving  to  Brevoort,  but  this  series 
of  about  a  hundred  letters  has,  for  the  most 
part,  remained  unpublished.  Letters  printed  very 
fragmentarily,  and  omitting  personal  names,  are 
now  given  in  their  entirety;  while  the  greater 
number  of  those  now  included  were  not  drawn  on 
by  the  previous  editor. 

The  second  decennial  prize  of  six  thousand  dol- 
lars, offered  by  the  Trustees  of  Lake  Forest  Uni- 
versity under  the  terms  of  a  bequest  from  the 
late  William  Bross,  has  been  awarded  to  Rev. 
Thomas  James  Thorburn,  of  Hastings,  England, 
for  his  book  of  Christian  apologetics  entitled 
"  The  Mythical  Interpretation  of  the  Gospels : 
Critical  Studies  in  the  Historic  Narratives." 
Eight  months  were  required  for  the  judges  to  ex- 
amine the  forty-nine  manuscripts  submitted,  which 
represented  authors  scattered  all  the  way  from 
England  through  the  United  States  to  Japan  and 
Australia.  The  first  decennial  Bross  Prize  was 
awarded  ten  years  ago  to  the  late  Professor  James 
Orr,  D.D.,  of  Glasgow,  for  his  treatise  on  "  The 
Problem  of  the  Old  Testament."  This  book  has 
had  a  very  wide  circulation,  and  has  been  trans- 
lated into  several  foreign  languages.  The  new 
Bross  Prize  book  will  be  published  as  Volume  VII. 
of  "  The  Bross  Library,"  and  in  accordance  with 
the  provisions  of  the  deed  of  gift,  complimentary 
copies  will  be  sent  to  libraries  throughout  the 
United  States  and  to  certain  libraries  in  foreign 
lands. 


336 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  14 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[  The  following  list,  containing  105  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 


BIOGRAPHY  AND   REMINISCENCES. 

Recollections  of  an  Irish  Judge:  Press,  Bar,  and 
Parliament.  By  M.  M'D.  Bodkin,  K.  C.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  366  pages. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $3.  net. 

Memories  of  India:  Recollections  of  Soldiering  and 
Sport.  By  Sir  Robert  Baden-Powell,  K.C.B. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  363  pages.  Phila- 
delphia: David  McKay.  $3.50  net. 

Rival  Sultanas:  Nell  Gwyn,  Louise  de  KSroualle  and 
Hortense  Mancini.  By  H.  Noel  Williams.  Illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  376  pages. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $3.50  net. 

The  Life  of  Robert  Louis  Stevenson.  By  Graham 
Balfour.  Abridged  and  revised  edition;  illus- 
trated in  photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  364  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.  net. 

The  Heart  of  Lincoln:  The  Soul  of  the  Man  as  Re- 
vealed in  Story  and  Anecdote.  By  Wayne  Whip- 
pie.  With  photogravure  portrait,  16mo,  lOi 
pages.  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

HISTORY. 

History  of  the  Norwegian  People.  By  Knut  Gjerset, 
Ph.D.  In  2  volumes,  illustrated,  large  8vo.  Mac- 
millan  Co.  $8.  net. 

Hellenic  Civilization.  Edited  by  G.  W.  Botsford 
and  B.  G.  Sihler.  Large  8vo,  719  pages.  "Rec- 
ords of  Civilization."  Columbia  University  Press. 

The  Road  to  Glory.  By  E.  Alexander  Powell.  Illus- 
trated, 8vo,  323  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.50  net. 

The  Caliphate:  Its  Rise,  Decline,  and  Fall.  By 
William  Muir,  K.C.S.I.  New  edition,  revised  by 
T.  H.  Weir,  B.D.  8vo,  633  pages.  Edinburgh: 
John  Grant. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

A  Quiet  Corner  in  a  Library.  By  William  Henry 
Hudson.  12mo,  238  pages.  Rand,  McNally  & 
Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Case  of  American  Drama.  By  Thomas  H.  Dick- 
inson. 12mo,  223  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

Ivory  Apes  and  Peacocks.  By  James  Huneker. 
12mo,  328  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.50  net. 

Robert  Browning:  How  to  Know  Him.  By  William 
Lyon  Phelps,  Ph.D.  With  portrait,  12mo,  381 
pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Thomas  Carlyle:  How  to  Know  Him.  By  Bliss 
Perry.  With  portrait,  12mo,  267  pages.  Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Life  and  Romances  of  Mrs.  Eliza  Haywood.  By 
George  Prisbie  Whicher,  Ph.D.  8vo,  210  pages. 
Columbia  University  Press.  $1.50  net. 

A  History  of  Latin  Literature.  By  Marcus  South- 
well Dimsdale.  12mo,  549  pages.  D.  Appleton  & 
Co.  $2.  net. 

Affirmations.  By  Havelock  Ellis.  Second  edition, 
with  a  new  preface;  8vo,  252  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.75  net. 

The  Dramas  of  Lord  Byron:  A  Critical  Study.  By 
Samuel  C.  Chew,  Jr.,  Ph.D.  8vo,  181  pages. 
Johns  Hopkins  Press.  Paper. 

An  Icelandic  Satire  (Lof  Lyginnar).  By  Porleifur 
Halldorsson;  edited,  •with  introduction  and  ap- 
pendix, by  Halldor  Hermannsson.  8vo,  54  pages. 
Ithaca:  Cornell  University  Library.  Paper. 
$1.  net. 

The  Training  for  an  Effective  Life.  By  Charles  W. 
Eliot.  12mo,  87  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
35  cts.  net. 

VERSE   AND   DRAMA. 

Poems.  By  Gilbert  K.  Chesterton.  With  photo- 
gravure portrait,  12mo,  156  pages.  John  Lane 

Co.     $1.25  net. 
Afternoons  of  April:    A  Book   of  Verse.     By  Grace 

Hazard    Conkling.      12mo,    91    pages.      Houghton 

Mifflin  Co.     75   cts.   net. 
Poems.     By  Dana  Burnet.     12mo,  268  pages.     Harper 

&   Brothers.     $1.20  net. 
One  "Wish,  and  Other  Poems  of  Love  and  Life.     By 

Sara     Beaumont     Kennedy.        16mo,      90     pages. 

Bobbs-Merrill  Co.      75   cts.   net. 
Songs  of  the  Workaday  "World.     By  Berton  Braley. 

12mo,  160  pages.     George  H.  Doran  Co.     $1.  net. 
If  Love  Were  King,  and  Other  Poems.     By  Edward 

Willard  Watson.     12mo,  140  pages.    Philadelphia: 

H.  W.  Fisher  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 


Collected  Poems.  By  Conde  Benoist  Fallen.  12mo, 
261  pages.  New  York:  P.  J.  Kenedy  &  Sons. 
$1.25  net. 

Stray  Gold:  A  Rambler's  Clean-up.  By  R.  G.  T. , 
16mo,  192  pages.  St.  Paul  Book  &  Stationery 
Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Passing  of  Mars:  A  Modern  Morality  Play.  By 
Marguerite  Wilkinson.  4to,  10  pages.  Coronado, 
CaL:  Published  by  the  author.  Paper,  50cts.net. 

FICTION. 
The    "Genius."      By    Theodore    Dreiser.      12mo,    731 

pages.     John  Lane  Co.     $1.50  net. 
Heart  of  the  Sunset.     By  Rex  Beach.     Illustrated  in 

color,     12mo,    356    pages.       Harper    &    Brothers. 

$1.35   net. 
Duke  Jones.     By  Ethel  Sidgwick.     12mo,  450  pages. 

Small,  Maynard  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 
The  Crown  of  Life.   By  Gordon  Arthur  Smith.    12mo, 

416  pages.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $1.35  net. 
Spragge's  Canyon:    A  Character  Study.    By  Horace 

Annesley  Vachell.      12mo,   320  pages.     George   H. 

Doran  Co.     $1.25   net. 

The  Obsession  of  Victoria  Gracen.  By  Grace  Liv- 
ingston Hill  Lutz.  Illustrated,  12mo,  301  pages. 

J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     $1.25  net. 
The    Song    of    the    Lark.      By    Willa    Sibert    Cather. 

12mo,  490  pages.     Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     $1.40  net. 
Around  Old   Chester.     By  Margaret   Deland.      Illus- 
trated,   12mo,    378    pages.      Harper    &    Brothers. 

$1.35  net. 
Treasure.      By    W.    Dane    Bank.      12mo,    360    pages. 

George  H.   Doran   Co.     $1.25  net. 

Jean  of  the  Lazy  A.  By  B.  M.  Bower.  With  fron- 
tispiece, 12mo,  322  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 

$1.30  net. 
The  Brown  Mouse.     By  Herbert  Quick.     Illustrated, 

12mo,  310  pages.     Bobbs-Merrill  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Nobody.     By  Louis  Joseph  Vance.     Illustrated,  12mo, 

352  pages.     George  H.  Doran  Co.     $1.25  net. 
The  Island  of  Surprise.     By  Cyrus  Townsend  Brady. 

Illustrated,    12mo,    371    pages.      A.    C.   McClurg   & 

Co.     $1.35  net. 
The  Prairie  "Wife.     By  Arthur  Stringer.     Illustrated 

in    color,    12mo,    317    pages.      Bobbs-Merrill    Co. 

$1.25  net. 
The  Temple  of  Dawn.    By  I.  A.  R.  Wylie.     12mo,  341 

pages.     George  H.  Doran  Co.     $1.35  net. 

TRAVEL   AND   DESCRIPTION. 

Finland  and  the  Finns.  By  Arthur  Reade.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  large  8vo,  315  pages.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Voyages  of  Captain  Scott:  Retold  from  "  Tht, 
Voyage  of  the  '  Discovery '  "  and  "  Scott's  Last 
Expedition."  By  Charles  Turley;  with  introduc- 
tion by  J.  M.  Barrie,  Bart.  Illustrated  in  photo- 
gravure, etc.,  8vo,  440  pages.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
$2.  net. 

In  Vacation  America.  By  Harrison  Rhodes;  illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  by  Howard  Giles.  12mo,  131 
pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.50  net. 

The  Four  In  Crete.  By  Gertrude  H.  Beggs.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  182  pages.  Abingdon 
Press.  $1.  net. 

Adrift  In  the  Arctic  Ice  Pack.  By  Elisha  Kent 
Kane,  M.D. ;  edited  by  Horace  Kephart.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,-'402  pages.  Outing  Publishing  Co. 
$1.  net. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS. —  SOCIOLOGY,  POLITICS,  AND 
ECONOMICS. 

American  Diplomacy.  By  Carl  Russell  Fish.  With 
maps,  8vo,  541  pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co. 
$2.75  net. 

Economic  Origins  of  Jeffersonlan  Democracy.  By 
Charles  A.  Beard.  Large  8vo,  472  pages.  Mac- 
millan  Co.  $3.  net. 

Essays  and  Speeches.  By  Charles  G.  Dawes.  "With 
photogravure  portraits,  8vo,  427  pages.  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co.  $3.  net. 

Subjects  of  the  Day:  Being  a  Selection  of  Speeches 
and  Writings.  By  Earl  Curzon  of  Kedleston; 
with  introduction  by  the  Earl  of  Cromer.  Ed- 
ited by  Desmond  M.  Chapman-Huston.  8vo,  415 
pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $3.25  net. 

The  Evolution  of  the  English  Corn  Market:  From 
the  Twelfth  to  the  Eighteenth  Century.  By 
Norman  Scott  Brien  Gras,  Ph.D.  8vo,  498  pages. 
Harvard  University  Press.  $2.50  net. 

A  History  of  Economic  Doctrines:  From  the  Time 
of  the  Physiocrats  to  the  Present  Day.  By 
Charles  Gide  and  Charles  Rist;  translated  from 
the  French  by  R.  Richards,  B.A.  Large  8vo,  672 
pages.  D.  C.  Heath  &  Co. 

The  Liberty  of  Citizenship.  By  Samuel  W.  McCall. 
12mo,  134  pages.  Yale  University  Press. 
$1.15  net. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


337 


Shall  the  Government  Oivii  and  Operate  the  Rail- 
roads, the  Telegraph,  and  Telephone  Systems: 

The  Negative  Side.  By  Jeremiah  W.  Jenks  and 
others.  8yo,  119  pages.  New  York  City:  Na- 
tional Civic  Federation.  Paper. 

ART,  ARCHITECTURE,  AND  ARCHAEOLOGY. 

Lithography  and  Lithographers:  Some  Chapters  in 
the  History  of  the  Art  together  with  Descrip- 
tions and  Technical  Explanations  of  Modern 
Artistic  Methods.  By  Elizabeth  Robins  Pennell 
and  Joseph  Pennell.  Illustrated,  4to,  319  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $4.50  net. 

Joseph  Pennell's  Pictures  In  the  Land  of  Temples: 
Reproductions  of  a  Series  of  Lithographs,  to- 
gether with  Impressions  and  Notes  by  the  Artist. 
Illustrated,  large  8vo.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$1,25  net. 

Popular  Storied  of  Ancient  Egypt.  By  G.  Maspero, 
K.C.B.;  translated  by  C.  H.  W.  Johns.  Large  8vo, 
316  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $3.50  net. 

The  Galleries  of  the  Exposition.  By  Eugen  Neu- 
haus.  Illustrated,  12mo,  96  pages.  Paul  Elder 
&  Co.  $1.50  net. 

An  Art  Philosopher's  Cabinet.  By  George  Lansing 
Raymond,  L.H.D.;  selected  by  Marion  Mills 
Miller,  Litt.D.  Illustrated,  8vo,  403  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

Antique  Furniture.  By  Fred.  W.  Burgess.  Illus- 
trated, 8vo,  499  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$2.  net. 

Projectlve  Ornament.  By  Claude  Bragdon.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  8vo,  79  pages.  Rochester, 
N.  Y. :  The  Manas  Press.  $1.50  net. 

A  B  C  of  Architecture.  By  Frank  E.  Wallls.  16mo, 
108  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  50  cts.  net. 

PHILOSOPHY  AND  PSYCHOLOGY. 

A  Budget  of  Paradoxes.  By  Augustus  De  Morgan. 
Second  edition;  edited  by  David  Eugene  Smith. 
In  2  volumes,  with  portraits,  large  8vo.  Open 
Court  Publishing  Co.  Per  volume,  $3.50  net. 

The  Criminal  Imbecile:  An  Analysis  of  Three  Re- 
markable Murder  Cases.  By  Henry  Herbert 
Goddard.  Illustrated,  large  8vo,  157  pages.  Mac- 
millan Co.  $1.50  net. 

Personalism  and  the  Problems  of  Philosophy:  An 
Appreciation  of  the  Work  of  Borden  Parker 
Bowne.  By  Ralph  Tyler  Flewelling;  with  intro- 
ductory chapter  by  Rudolf  Eucken.  12mo,  207 
pages.  Methodist  Book  Concern.  $1.  net. 

The  Practical  Mystic;  or,  How  to  Make  Perfection 
Appear.  By  Katharine  Francis  Pedrick.  12mo, 
209  pages.  Sherman,  French  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

BOOKS   OF   REFERENCE. 

Forty  Thousand  Quotations:  Prose  and  Poetical. 
Compiled  by  Charles  Noel  Douglas.  8vo,  2000 
pages.  Sully  &  Kleinteich.  $2.50  net. 

Writings  on  American  History,  1913.  Compiled  by 
Grace  Gardner  Griffin.  Large  8vo,  193  pages. 
Yale  University  Press.  $2.  net. 

The  American  Jewish  Year  Book,  5676:  September 
9,  1915,  to  September  27,  1916.  Edited  by  Joseph 
Jacobs.  12mo,  559  pages.  Philadelphia:  Jewish 
Publication  Society  of  America. 

Effective  Business  Letters.  By  Edward  Hall  Gard- 
ner. 12mo,  376  pages.  Ronald  Press  Co. 

Elements  of  Record  Keeping  for  Child-Helping  Or- 
ganizations. By  Georgia  G.  Ralph.  8vo,  195 
pages.  Survey  Associates,  Inc. 

Catalogue  of  the  John  Boyd  Thacher  Collection  of 
Incunabula.  Compiled  by  Frederick  W.  Ashley. 
With  portrait,  large  8vo,  329  pages.  Washing- 
ton: Government  Printing  Office. 

The  Papers  of  the  Bibliographical  Society  of  Amer- 
ica. Volume  IX.,  Nos.  3  and  4.  With  portraits, 
8vo,  113  pages.  University  of  Chicago  Press. 
Paper. 

Technical  Book  Review  Index.  Prepared  by  the 
Carnegie  Library  of  Pittsburgh.  12mo,  16  pages. 
Chicago:  Index  Office,  Inc.  Paper. 

HOLIDAY    GIFT    BOOKS. 

The  Story  of  Our  Bible:  How  It  Grew  to  Be  What 
It  Is.  By  Harold  B.  Hunting.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.,  12mo,  290  pages.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  $1.50  net. 


A  Book  of  Bridges.  By  Frank  Brangwyn,  A.R.A., 
and  Walter  Shaw  Sparrow.  Illustrated  in  color, 
etc.,  large  8vo,  415  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $6.  net. 

Constantinople  Old  and  New.  By  H.  G.  Dwight. 
Illustrated,  large  8vo,  567  pages.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's Sons.  $5.  net. 

Walks  about  Washington.  By  Francis  E.  Leupp; 
illustrated  by  Lester  G.  Hornby.  Large  8vo, 
291  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $3.  net. 

"  Horse  Sense "  in  Verses  Tense.  By  Walt  Mason 
With  frontispiece,  12mo,  188  pages.  A.  C.  Mc- 
Clurg  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Little  Red  Doe.  By  Chauncey  J.  Hawkins. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  119  pages.  Little,  Brown  & 
Co.  $1.  net. 

When  Hannah  Var  Eight  Yar  Old.  By  Katherine 
Peabody  Girling.  Illustrated  in  color,  16mo. 

F.  A.  Stokes  Co. 

The  Corner  Stone.  By  Margaret  Hill  McCarter; 
illustrated  in  color  by  J.  Allen  St.  John.  12mo, 
100  pages.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

Robin  the  Bobbin.  By  Vale  Downie.  Illustrated, 
16mo,  97  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  50  cts.  net. 

The  Glad  Hand  and  Other  Grips  on  Life.  By  Hum- 
phrey J.  Desmond.  16mo,  118  pages.  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.  Paper.  50  cts.  net. 

BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

The  Children's  Book  of  Birds.  By  Olive  Thorne 
Miller.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  Svo,  212  pages. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $2.  net. 

Hans  Brinker;  or,  The  Silver  Skates.  By  Mary 
Mapes  Dodge;  illustrated  in  color  by  George 
Wharton  Edwards.  Svo,  380  pages.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $2.  net. 

The  Boys'  Life  of  Lord  Roberts.  By  Harold  F.  B. 
Wheeler.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  Svo,  272 
pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Indian  Why  Stories:  Sparks  from  War  Eagle's 
Lodge-Fire.  By  Frank  B.  Linderman.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  Svo,  236  pages.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $2.  net. 

The  Golden  Staircase:  Poems  and  Verses  for  Chil- 
dren. Chosen  by  Louey  Chisholm,  with  pictures 
in  color  by  M.  Dibdin  Spooner.  Svo,  361  pages. 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.     $1.50  net. 

Stories  from  German  History,  from  Ancient  Times 
to  the  Year  1648.  By  Florence  Aston.  Illustrated 
in  color,  etc.,  Svo,  276  pages.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell 
Co.  $1.50  net. 

When  Christmas  Comes  Around:  Sketches  of  Chil- 
dren. By  Priscilla  Underwood;  illustrated  in 
color  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  4to,  26  pages. 
Duffield  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Kisington  Town.  By  Abbie  Farwell  Brown.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  212  pages.  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Beth'*  Old  Home.  By  Marion  Ames  Taggart.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  345  pages.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

Young  Heroes  of  the  American  Navy.  By  Thos.  W. 
Parker.  Illustrated,  12mo,  286  pages.  W.  A. 
Wilde  Co.  $1.  net. 

"Who's  Who  In  the  Land  of  Nod.  By  Sarah  Sander- 
son Vanderbilt.  Illustrated,  Svo,  104  pages. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.  net. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Dog  Stars:  Three  Luminaries  in  the  Dog  World. 
By  Mrs.  T.  P.  O'Connor.  Illustrated  in  color,  Svo, 
278  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50  net. 

How  to  Make  and  How  to  Mend.  By  an  Amateur 
Mechanic.  Illustrated,  12mo,  294  pages.  Mac- 
millan Co.  $1.  net. 

Peg  Along.  By  George  L.  Walton,  M.D.  With  fron- 
tispiece, 12mo,  197  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$1.  net. 

Signs  Is  Signs.  By  Royal  Dixon.  Illustrated,  12mo, 
209  pages.  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

"  Dame  Curtsey's  "  Book  of  Salads,  Sandwiches,  and 
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352 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  28,  1915 


THE  GREATEST  AMERICAN  POETRY  SINCE  WHITMAN'S.' 


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THE  DIAL 

Jfortmsftflp  journal  of  Utterarp  Criticism,  Bi*cu$$io»,  anb  information. 


Vol.  LIX.       OCTOBER  28,  1915  No.  704 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


THE  PUGNACIOUS  STYLE.    Percy  F.  Bicknell  353 

FRENCH  LITERATUEE  AND  THE  WAR. 
(Special  Paris  Correspondence.)  Theodore 
Stanton 356 

CASUAL  COMMENT 358 

Higher  learning  as  affected  by  the  war. — 
"  The  insects'  Homer." —  How  to  be  happy 
though  rejected. — The  potency  of  style. — 
Philological  frenzy.  —  Statistics  concerning 
the  book-reading  habit. — A  lexicographer's 
lament. — A  questionable  economy. — The  poetic 
Serbians. — A  concession  to  delinquent  book- 
borrowers. 

COMMUNICATIONS 361 

A  Few  Facts  about  Bryant.    John  L.  Hervey. 

Vocational  Training  and  Citizenship.  Orvis 
C.  Irwin. 

The  German  War  Book  Again.    The  Reviewer. 

Dr.  Vizetelly  and  Diphthongs.     Wallace  Eice. 

The  Author  of  "  Sanine."     A  Reader. 

A  Proposed  Testimonial  to  Mr.  Stephen  Phil- 
lips. Erskine  MacDonald. 

RECOLLECTIONS  OF  A  PUBLISHER  AND 
MAN  OF  ACTION.  Charles  Leonard 
Moore 366 

THE    MAKING    OF    AMERICA.      William    V. 

Pooley 367 

DANTE  IN  A  NEW  TRANSLATION.     W.  H. 

Carruth 372 

THE  FASCINATION  OF  JAPANESE  PRINTS. 

Frederick  W.  Gookin 373 

DE  PROFUNDIS.    Alex.  Mackendrick   ....  376 

A  NEW  VERSION  OF  THE  PARSIVAL  LEG- 
END. M.  Goebel 377 

RECENT  FICTION.    William  Morton  Payne  .     .  378 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 379 

Undercurrents  in  American  politics. —  Remi- 
niscences of  a  genial  Irish  judge. —  Mr. 
Wister's  ideas  about  the  great  war. — Desul- 
tory studies  in  four  English  authors. — Wealth 
and  income  in  the  United  States. — A  primer 
of  animal  psychology. —  Bits  of  tragedy  and 
romance  from  the  West. —  Pragmatism  vs. 
Bergsonism. —  Bits  of  battle  fiction. 

NOTES 383 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  385 


THE  PUGNACIOUS  STYLE. 

It  is  the  nature  of  man  to  love  a  good  hater ; 
at  any  rate,  a  considerable  part  of  mankind 
pays  him  the  tribute  of  admiration  for  the 
vigor  and  constancy  of  his  animosity.  In  like 
manner  the  reading  world  enjoys  the  aggres- 
sive energy  and  the  keen  stabs,  or  sledge- 
hammer blows,  of  him  who  writes  with  the 
intent  of  annihilating  a  foe  or  exploding  a 
false  doctrine;  and  this  in  spite  of  the  fact 
that  little  of  worth  in  the  cause  of  truth  and 
justice  has  ever  been  effected  by  passionate 
vehemence  of  style,  no  wrong-headed  person 
has  ever  been  bullied  into  reasonableness,  and 
no  enemy  has  ever  been  crushed  by  mere  force 
of  vituperation.  As  is  illustrated  every  week 
and  every  day  in  the  heated  discussions  that 
in  these  fevered  times  claim  so  much  space  in 
our  newspapers  and  magazines,  and  even  in 
our  books,  the  controversialist  falls  easily  into 
the  error  of  hurting  his  cause  by  undue 
warmth  of  manner,  and  repels  by  intemper- 
ance of  speech  where  he  might  win  by  modera- 
tion and  restraint.  If  it  be  true,  as  experience 
inclines  one  to  believe,  that  nobody  was  ever 
convinced  by  argument  who  was  not  already 
more  than  half  persuaded,  it  is  doubly  true 
that  no  prejudiced  person  was  ever  induced  by 
vituperation  to  renounce  his  prejudice  and 
alter  his  opinions. 

Intellectual  independence  is  dear  to  every 
one  of  us,  and  the  faintest  suspicion  that  an 
author  is  assailing  that  independence  is  enough 
to  erect  a  barrier  against  the  cogency  of  his 
reasoning.  But  if  the  controversialist  can  so 
state  his  case  as  to  seem  to  leave  his  readers 
entire  freedom  of  choice  between  acceptance 
and  rejection  of  his  views,  he  stands  a  good 
chance  of  making  converts;  and  if,  employing 
a  somewhat  subtler  art,  he  can  cause  the  reader 
to  imagine  himself  a  little  more  acute  or  a  little 
more  logical  than  the  author,  and  can  tickle 
him  with  the  illusion  of  seeing  important 
points  that  had  escaped  the  other's  duller  per- 
ceptions (though  it  was  just  these  points  that 
the  writer  had  adopted  this  artful  means  of 
making  manifest),  then  the  case  is  won,  and 
the  pleader  is  willing  enough  to  renounce  the 
glory  of  victory  for  its  more  substantial  fruits. 


354 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


But  the  partisan  pamphleteer  of  these  fiery 
times  is  prone  to  begin  his  polemic  by  antago- 
nizing the  very  persons  he  wishes  to  conciliate, 
and  so  his  purpose  is  often  defeated  before  he 
has  fairly  begun  his  argument.  He  commonly 
writes  in  a  lively  and  spicy  and  highly  read- 
able style,  and  is  therefore  followed  with  im- 
mense satisfaction  by  those  who  are  already 
on  his  side,  or  who  are  not  positively  opposed 
to  him.  The  pugnacious  style  in  itself,  such 
is  erring  human  nature,  appeals  to  most  read- 
ers wrhen  it  does  not  chance  to  be  directed  too 
pointedly  and  personally  against  them;  it 
keeps  them  awake,  pleases  them  with  a  sense 
of  taking  part  in  laying  low  an  army  of  stupid 
or  malicious  adversaries  who  needed  only  this 
unanswerable  demonstration  of  the  matter  to 
induce  them  to  confess  the  futility  of  further 
opposition;  and  it  is  delightful  to  serve  the 
cause  of  truth  and  righteousness  in  this  easy 
fashion,  when  all  that  is  just  and  virtuous  and 
noble  is  so  manifestly  on  our  side,  and  all  that 
is  false  and  wicked  and  perverse  and  abomin- 
able so  evidently  on  the  other. 

The  immense  vogue  enjoyed  by  such  con- 
tributions to  so-called  popular  science  as  Pro- 
fessor Haeckel's  widely-read  solution  of  "  The 
Riddle  of  the  Universe"  is  no  doubt  largely 
due  to  the  confidently  aggressive  air  with 
which  he  exposes  the  folly  of  all  those  philoso- 
phers who  pretend  to  see  in  the  scheme  of 
created  things  some  element  other  than  mat- 
ter and  mechanism.  How  vastly  superior  one 
feels  to  Plato  and  Emerson  and  the  whole  tribe 
of  mystics  and  dreamers  when  one  has  taken 
a  hand  with  the  Jena  professor  in  their  demoli- 
tion and  has  arrived  at  the  point  where  one 
can  say  with  this  sturdy  foe  to  every  form  of 
transcendental  nonsense,  "  The  supreme  and 
all-pervading  law  of  nature,  the  true  and  only 
cosmological  law,  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  law  of 
substance,"  and  can  regard  with  him  the  be- 
lief in  the  soul's  immortality  as  the  "highest 
point  of  superstition."  But  what  if  one  hap- 
pens to  be  a  Platonist  and  a  dreamer  to  begin 
with?  Will  the  controversial  tone  of  "The 
Riddle  of  the  Universe"  work  a  change  of 
heart  and  win  a  new  convert  to  the  Haeckelian 
doctrine  ?  Hardly. 

A  long-recognized  master  of  the  pugna- 
ciously vituperative  style,  and  one  whom  it  is 
an  unending  delight  to  read,  even  though  the 
reader  be  wise  enough  not  to  yield  entire 
assent  to  what  affords  him  this  intellectual 
refreshment,  is  found  in  the  author  of  that 


history  of  England  which  in  the  middle  of  the 
last  century  rivalled  in  popularity  the  novels 
of  Dickens  and  Thackeray.  It  has  been  said 
of  Macaulay's  style  that  it  is  admirable  for 
almost  every  purpose  but  telling  the  truth. 
Certainly  it  is  an  admirable  style  to  adopt 
when  one  wishes  not  to  spoil  a  good  story  in 
the  telling.  With  what  an  array  of  rhetorical 
weapons  Macaulay  has  assailed  the  luckless 
monarch  who  was  the  last  of  the  Stuarts  to  sit 
on  the  throne  of  England,  all  the  world  knows. 
His  merciless  handling  of  that  king's  infamous 
tool,  the  bloodthirsty  chief  justice  whose  name 
has  become  synonymous  with  judicial  severity, 
is  almost  as  notorious.  Jeffreys,  as  we  are 
now  warranted  in  believing,  was  not  absolutely 
devoid  of  humanity,  though  a  reading  of 
Macaulay  or  of  Campbell  would  incline  a 
credulous  person  to  regard  him  as  a  veritable 
monster  of  malice  and  cruelty.  Mr.  H.  B. 
Irving,  not  many  years  ago,  showed  us  the 
man  as  a  human  being.  When  Macaulay, 
trusting  to  authorities  that  have  since  his  time 
become  more  or  less  discredited,  speaks  of 
Jeffreys  as  "constitutionally  prone  to  igno- 
rance and  to  the  angry  passions,"  he  is  but 
just  beginning  the  list  of  the  chief  justice's 
evil  qualities.  In  his  early  practice  at  the  bar 
of  the  Old  Bailey,  "  daily  conflicts  with  prosti- 
tutes and  thieves  called  out  and  exercised  his 
powers  so  effectually  that  he  became  the  most 
consummate  bully  ever  known  in  his  profes- 
sion. All  tenderness  for  the  feelings  of  others, 
all  self-respect,  all  sense  of  the  becoming  were 
obliterated  from  his  mind.  .  .  The  profusion 
of  maledictions  and  vituperative  epithets 
which  composed  his  vocabulary  could  hardly 
have  been  rivalled  in  the  fish-market  or  the 
bear-garden.  .  .  There  was  a  fiendish  exulta- 
tion in  the  way  in  which  he  pronounced 
sentence  on  offenders.  Their  weeping  and  im- 
ploring seemed  to  titillate  him  voluptuously; 
and  he  loved  to  scare  them  into  fits  by  dilating 
with  luxuriant  amplification  on  all  the  details 
of  what  they  were  to  suffer."  This  lavishing 
of  the  historian's  wealth  of  rhetoric  upon  one 
who  was  doubtless  equally  liberal  in  airing 
his  vocabulary  in  the  courts  of  law  does  not, 
to  say  the  least,  make  for  somnolence  in  the 
reader.  As  the  popular  opinion  of  "Bloody 
Jeffreys"  was  already  far  from  complimen- 
tary when  Macaulay's  work  appeared,  this 
valiant  thwacking  of  the  odious  wretch  gave 
untold  satisfaction  to  thousands  of  readers. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


;brar 
355 


For  vituperative  energy,  combined  with  all  | 
the  resources  of  erudition  and  reinforced  by  i 
the  weight  of  a  commanding  personality,  there 
is  little  in  our  literature  to  compare  with 
Milton's  famous  reply,  in  his  "  Defense  of  the  ! 
People  of  England,"  to  Salmasius,  the  noted  ! 
Leyden  professor  whose  espousal  of  the  cause 
of  Charles  I.  had  stirred  the  wrath  of  the  ; 
Latin  Secretary  to  the  Commonwealth.  When 
Milton  says  of  his  adversary's  work,  "  I  per- 
suaded myself,  the  extemporary  rhymes  of 
some  antic  jack-pudding  may  better  deserve 
printing,"  he  is  at  his  mildest ;  and  even  when 
he  calls  Salmasius  "  a  vain  and  flashy  man," 
and  addresses  him  as  "  thou  superlative  fool," 
he  does  not  attain  the  pitch  of  abuse  to  which 
he  subsequently  lashes  himself.  But  in  his  very 
first  paragraph  he  is  sufficiently  heated  to 
write  such  sentences  as  this :  "  I  would  advise 
you  not  to  have  so  good  an  opinion  of  your- 
self (for  nobody  else  has  of  you)  as  to  imagine 
that  you  are  able  to  speak  well  upon  any  sub- 
ject, who  can  neither  play  the  part  of  an 
orator,  nor  an  historian,  nor  express  yourself 
in  a  style  that  would  not  be  ridiculous  even  in 
a  lawyer;  but  like  a  mountebank's  juggler, 
with  big  swelling  words  in  your  preface,  you 
raised  our  expectations,  as  if  some  mighty  mat- 
ter were  to  ensue;  in  which  your  design  was 
not  so  much  to  introduce  a  true  narrative  of 
the  king's  story,  as  to  make  your  own  empty 
intended  flourishes  go  off  the  better."  And  a 
little  further  on  he  adds :  "  I  will  tell  you 
what  the  matter  is  with  you.  In  the  first 
place,  you  find  yourself  affrighted  and  aston- 
ished at  your  own  monstrous  lies;  and  then 
you  find  that  empty  head  of  yours  not  encom- 
passed, but  carried  round,  with  so  many  trifles 
and  fooleries,  that  you  not  only  now  do  not, 
but  never  did,  know  what  was  fit  to  be  spoken, 
and  in  what  method."  This  vigorous  polemic 
was  written,  it  is  true,  in  Latin,  in  which  it 
presents  an  appearance  of  perhaps  greater 
seemliness  and  dignity  than  in  the  vernacular 
rendering ;  but  it  illustrates  a  style  no  longer 
in  vogue  in  our  controversial  literature,  though 
whether  it  has  given  place  to  anything  more 
worthy  of  admiration  may  be  open  to  dispute. 

An  eminent  living  writer  has  declared  that 
no  one  should  expect  to  accomplish  anything 
in  literature  until  he  has  first  ruined  his  diges- 
tion. How  much  of  Carlyle's  fame  he  owes  to 
his  dyspepsia,  one  cannot  accurately  deter- 
mine; but  his  works  contain  an  excess  of 
invective  that  probably  would  have  had  no 


place  there  if  he  had  been  a  eupeptic  person. 
In  all  this  amazingly  fluent  and  varied  and 
picturesque  tirade,  however,  there,  is  a  quality 
of  artistic  detachment,  of  humorous  gusto 
even,  without  which  these  atrabilious  outpour- 
ings would  be  offensive,  or  merely  wearisome, 
instead  of  entertaining  and  stimulating.  In 
his  "Latter-Day  Pamphlets,"  with  what  wealth 
of  disparaging  language  the  doughty  pam- 
phleteer exposes  the  ineptitude  of  Downing 
Street!  If  he  had  been  born  on  the  west  in- 
stead of  the  east  side  of  St.  Patrick's  Channel 
he  could  scarcely  have  been  more  uncom- 
promisingly "  agin  the  government "  —  as  may 
appear  from  a  few  random  sentences.  Con- 
cerning the  solemn  mummeries  of  the  "  strange 
Entities"  in  Downing  Street  he  says,  with 
characteristic  opulence  of  imagery:  "How 
the  tailors  clip  and  sew,  in  that  sublime  sweat- 
ing establishment  of  theirs,  we  know  not :  that 
the  coat  they  bring  us  out  is  the  sorrowfulest 
fantastic  mockery  of  a  coat,  a  mere  intricate 
artistic  network  of  traditions  and  formalities, 
an  embroiled  reticulation  made  of  web-listings 
and  superannuated  thrums  and  tatters,  endur- 
able to  no  grown  Nation  as  a  coat,  is  mourn- 
fully clear !  "  The  one  invariable  attribute  of 
those  who  are  set  in  high  places  to  govern 
those  beneath  them,  is  stupidity.  "For  em- 
pires or  for  individuals  there  is  but  one  class 
of  men  to  be  trembled  at;  and  that  is  the 
Stupid  Class,  the  class  that  cannot  see,  who 
alas  are  they  mainly  that  will  not  see.  A  class 
of  mortals  under  which  as  administrators, 
kings,  priests,  diplomatists,  etc.,  the  interests 
of  mankind  in  every  European  country  have 
sunk  overloaded,  as  under  universal  night- 
mare, near  to  extinction;  and  are  indeed  at 
this  moment  convulsively  writhing,  decided 
either  to  throw  off  the  unblessed  super-incum- 
bent nightmare,  or  roll  themselves  and  it  to 
the  Abyss." 

Among  more  recent  masters  of  the  pugna- 
cious style,  one  of  the  most  enjoyable  to  read, 
and  one  in  whom  an  irresistible  drollery  of 
humor  never  fails  to  mask  any  possible  sub- 
stratum of  malevolence,  is  the  author  of  that 
spirited  defence  of  Harriet  Shelley,  which  was 
evoked  by  Dowden's  admired  biography  of  this 
unhappy  lady's  poet-husband.  Mark  Twain, 
when  moved  to  anger  by  any  exhibition  of 
arrogance  or  inhumanity,  was  capable  of  show- 
ing himself  an  antagonist  whose  pen  was  to  be 
feared. 


356 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


Our  brilliant  and  ever-entertaining  contem- 
poraries, Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  and  Mr.  G.  K. 
Chesterton,  naturally  come  to  mind  in  this 
connection  as  notable  exponents  of  the  literary 
style  here  under  consideration.  Perhaps  the 
dominant  note  of  these  two,  especially  of  Mr. 
Shaw,  might  be  indicated  by  the  misquotation 
from  Pope,  "Whatever  is,  is  wrong."  The 
world  is  all  at  fault  and  needs  to  be  scolded 
and  ridiculed  and  paradoxed  into  right  con- 
duct. Mr.  Chesterton's  recent  vigorous  on- 
slaught on  the  Prussians  leaves  no  doubt  as 
to  his  mastery  of  incisiveness.  Mr.  Shaw's 
infinity  of  resource  when  the  perversities  and 
asininities  of  his  fellow-men  require  castiga- 
tion  at  his  hands  is  too  well  known  to  call  for 
comment  or  illustration. 

Although  little  of  lasting  value  is  ever 
accomplished  by  unbridled  vehemence  of  in- 
vective, yet  it  may  be  assumed  as  certain  that 
not  until  human  nature  shall  cease  to  be  what 
it  now  is,  and  not  until  the  occurrence  of  a 
dog-fight  in  the  street  shall  fail  to  draw  an 
eager  crowd  of  spectators,  will  the  pugnacious 
style,  as  employed  by  a  master  of  sarcastic 
vituperation,  cease  to  be  accounted  an  agree- 
able stimulus  to  the  jaded  senses,  provided 
only  one  be  not  the  conscious  object  against 
which  this  battery  of  abuse  is  directed. 

PERCY  F.  BICKNELL,. 


FRENCH  LITERATURE  AND  THE  WAR. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 
One  of  the  curious  consequences  of  the  war 
has  been  the  suspension,  in  France  at  least, 
of  the  publication  of  many  books  which  were 
on  the  point  of  appearing  when  the  cloud 
burst.  Let  me  give  a  few  examples  of  this 
which  have  come  under  my  personal  observa- 
tion, as  they  throw  a  side  light,  which  has 
many  odd  reflections,  on  this  terrible  conflict. 
M.  Jean  G.  Prod'homme,  who  is  one  of  the 
best  authorities  in  France  on  everything  con- 
nected with  music  and  musicians,  has  been 
engaged  for  several  years  in  bringing  out  in 
French,  through  Delagrave  of  Paris,  the  com- 
plete prose  works  of  Richard  Wagner,  based 
on  the  German  edition  prepared  by  the  com- 
poser himself  between  1870  and  1883.  M. 
Prod'homme's  translation  was  to  consist  of 
twelve  volumes.  "I  had  corrected  the  final 
proofs  of  the  tenth  volume,  when  the  war 
broke  out,"  M.  Prod'homme  said  to  me  the 
other  day  when  I  met  him  in  uniform  —  at 
present  everybody  in  France  is  a  soldier. 


"My  publisher's  printer  is  established  at 
Lille,  which  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  Ger- 
mans from  the  earliest  days  of  the  hostilities, 
and  I  often  wonder  what  they  have  done  with 
our  plates.  It  would  be  a  strange  commen- 
tary on  German  culture  if  hatred  of  things 
French  should  cause  the  destruction  of  the 
only  French  translation  of  their  great 
master ! " 

The  same  publisher  was  engaged  on  a  work 
in  two  volumes  devoted  to  English  and  Amer- 
ican literature  ( " Anthologie  de  la  Litterature 
Anglaise"),  whose  author,  M.  Andre  Koszul, 
is  one  of  the  most  promising  of  the  younger 
professors  of  the  English  department  of  the 
Sorbonne,  but  who,  at  the  first  sound  of  the 
guns,  threw  aside  his  university  gown  and 
donned  the  uniform  of  a  second  lieutenant, 
only  to  become  a  few  days  later  a  prisoner  in 
Germany,  where  he  is  still  in  confinement. 
As  though  having  an  intuition  of  what  was  to 
happen,  the  dedication  of  the  first  volume  of 
his  work,  published  a  few  months  before  the 
war,  was  in  these  words,  in  English :  "  To 
one  by  my  side,  who,  with  her  two  little  chil- 
dren, has  now  deserted  the  cozy  Paris  home 
because  it  is  so  lonely  without  him." 

The  second  volume  of  M.  Koszul's  work, 
which  is  to  bring  the  review  from  the  eight- 
eenth century  down  to  the  present  day  and 
which  is  all  in  type,  contains  sixty  pages 
devoted  to  American  literature,  with  extracts 
from  the  works  of  our  principal  authors,  be- 
ginning with  Franklin,  then  skipping  to 
Irving  and  Cooper,  and  finally  coming  down 
to  Mark  Twain  and  Mr.  Henry  James.  One 
of  the  last  communications  I  had  from  this 
brilliant  young  scholar  (who,  if  he  wards  off 
the  diseases  of  the  prison  camp,  will  perhaps 
some  day  be  a  worthy  successor  of  Legouis) 
before  he  started  for  the  front,  was  a  copy 
of  his  brief  introduction  to  the  American  sec- 
tion of  this  second  volume.  A  few  extracts 
in  translation,  here  made  public  for  the  first 
time,  will  be  interesting  perhaps: 

"  When  one  thinks  of  the  formidable  growth  of 
the  United  States,  one  may  say  perhaps  that  soon 
the  English  written,  read,  and  most  widely  spoken 
will  be  the  English  not  of  England  but  of  Amer- 
ica. .  .  Thus  the  literature  of  the  English  language 
is  becoming  less  and  less  strictly  the  literature  of 
England.  More  and  more  numerous  are  the  writ- 
ers in  English  outside  of  England  and  who  some- 
times even  have  foreign  blood  in  their  veins.  .  . 
For  the  moment,  it  seems  that,  after  having  fol- 
lowed a  distinct  line  of  its  own,  American  litera- 
ture is  now  much  more  disposed  to  fraternize  with 
that  of  England,  and  vice  versa.  .  .  The  most 
notable  literary  movement  in  the  rather  confused 
ensemble  is  that  which  accompanied  the  grand 
philosophic  and  religious  enfranchisement  called 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


357 


rather  pompously  Transcendentalism,  to  which  is 
attached  the  noble  effort  of  Emerson.  [At  the 
beginning  of  his  career,  M.  Koszul  made  a  long 
and  thorough  study  of  the  Concord  School.]  .  .  . 
Thanks  to  money,  the  universities,  the  libraries, 
and  the  special  reviews  of  the  United  States  are 
becoming  the  first  in  the  world.  .  .  America  al- 
ready offers  some  creations  which  force  themselves 
on  the  attention  of  Europe.  In  very  different 
ways,  Emerson  in  England  and  Whitman  in  Ger- 
many exercise  perhaps  not  less  influence  than  does 
Edgar  Poe  in  France." 

What  this  Poe  influence  in  France  is  most 
of  us  know;  but  we  were  to  have  been  re- 
minded of  it  again,  and  in  a  most  magisterial 
fashion,  long  ere  this  if  the  war  had  not 
checked,  for  the  moment  at  least,  the  demon- 
stration. M.  Andre  Fontainas,  the  Franco- 
Belgian  writer  and  poet,  actually  had  in  type 
when  mobilization  began  his  "  La  Vie  d'Edgar 
Poe  "  (Paris:  Mercure  de  France),  which  will 
now  see  the  light  only  when  peace  comes  and 
which  promises  to  be  the  most  important  book 
yet  published  in  France  concerning  Poe.  M. 
Fontainas  can  speak  with  considerable  au- 
thority, being  an  author  of  established  repu- 
tation, associated  with  the  early  symbolists, 
whose  name  has  appeared  on  the  title-page  of 
seven  volumes  of  poetry,  three  novels,  and  a 
half-dozen  other  works  devoted  to  art,  biog- 
raphy, the  theatre,  etc.  He  is,  furthermore, 
well  acquainted  with  the  English  language 
and  literature,  and  has  translated  into  French 
parts  of  De  Quincey,  Keats,  and  Meredith. 
Referring  to  his  forthcoming  book,  "while 
stricken  to  the  heart's  core  by  the  ineffable 
woes  of  my  misused  native  land,"  he  writes 
to  me  as  follows : 

"  I  have  based  my  statements  on  more  reliable 
and  completer  documents  than  those  possessed  by 
Baudelaire  or  Stephane  Mallarme,  to  whose  memo- 
ries I  dedicate  my  volume.  I  have  tried  to  be  very 
impartial,  notwithstanding  my  profound  admira- 
tion for  the  grand  American  poet  whose  glory  is 
more  wide-spread  in  some  European  countries  than 
in  his  native  land.  I  am  quite  ready  to  recognize 
the  weaknesses  and  faults  of  Edgar  Poe  on  many 
unfortunate  occasions;  but  the  conclusions  which 
I  draw  therefrom  are  not  marked  by  the  severity, — 
bias,  I  am  almost  led  to  say, —  of  Mr.  Woodberry." 

M.  Fontainas  concludes  that  Poe  was  not 
an  habitual  drunkard,  or  an  alcoholist,  or  a 
dipsomaniac ;  and,  taking  into  consideration 
all  the  surrounding  circumstances,  he  con- 
siders him  to  have  revealed  a  "  really  heroic 
nobility  of  character."  Nor  does  M.  Fon- 
tainas accept  Mr.  Woodberry 's  version  of 
Poe's  ignominious  death;  and  to  the  accusa- 
tion that  the  poet's  compositions  were  con- 
ceived "  in  the  fumes  of  drunkenness  and  the 
hallucinations  of  opium,"  M.  Fontainas  op- 
poses the  statement  that  "we  have  here  a 


work  of  the  purest  kind  of  thought  to  be 
found  in  imaginative  writing,  where  severe 
logic  often  plays  a  more  important  part  than 
invention  or  caprice." 

Giving  free  rein  to  a  resentment  common 
in  many  literary  circles  in  Europe  against  a 
certain  puritanical  estimate  of  Poe  too  often 
prevalent  in  our  country,  M.  Fontainas  in- 
dulges in  this  criticism: 

"Americans  have  not  yet  the  intuition  of  what 
makes,  in  the  opinion  of  certain  English  and 
French  poets,  artists  and  critics,  the  grandeur  of 
their  poet.  They  are  too  much  wrapped  up  in 
positive  and  practical  things  not  to  be  discon- 
certed by  the  singularity  of  an  Edgar  Poe  or  a 
Walt  Whitman.  They  are  shocked  by  the  absence 
of  utility  in  his  work,  by  the  lack  of  that  didac- 
tism  which  he  so  vehemently  attacked.  They  are 
not  open  to  what  Stedman  already  praised  in 
him,  '  the  absolute  love  of  beauty/  and  are  inclined 
to  see  in  him  only,  as  Emerson  put  it,  '  the  jingle- 
man.'  They  are  all  the  more  ready  to  accept  the 
existence  of  his  vices  because  these  seem  to  be  the 
cause  of  what  disconcerts  them  in  his  work." 

The  progress  of  Mme.  Marcelle  Tinayre's 
next  novel,  "La  Route  Secrete"  (Paris: 
Calmann  Levy),  was  also  checked  by  the  war. 
She  was  in  Paris  at  the  moment  of  the 
mobilization,  and  of  course  was  carried  off 
her  feet,  as  were  even  many  of  us  foreigners, 
by  the  magnificent  manner  in  which  the 
superb  youth  of  France  swept  through  the 
capital  to  the  threatened  front.  What  she 
then  saw  and  felt,  she  has  described  in,  "Le 
Depart"  (Paris:  Calmann  Levy).  But  she 
is  now  at  Toulon,  in  her  retreat  by  the  sea, 
deep  in  her  story  again, —  which,  however,  is 
to  be  given  a  turn  not  contemplated  at  first, 
as  it  will  reflect  the  all-absorbing  crisis 
through  which  Europe  is  passing,  and  which 
has  struck  down  into  this  mother's  heart  in  a 
peculiar  way,  for  her  seventeen-year-old  boy, 
"a  sculptor  in  embryo,"  catching  the  univer- 
sal fever,  is  clamoring  "  to  go  too." 

And  it  is  this  same  calamity  which  contra- 
dicts the  rumor  that  has  appeared  in  several 
English  and  American  literary  journals  that 
M.  Edmond  Rostand  is  engaged  on  a  new 
volume  of  poems.  "  This  is  not  the  moment 
to  try  to  court  the  Muses, —  at  least  for  a 
Frenchman.  Even  war  songs  should  not  be 
inspired  now." 

Even  such  a  staid  writer  as  M.  Salomon 
Reinach  is  affected  in  the  same  way.  The 
editor  of  the  "Loeb  Classical  Library,"  Dr. 
T.  E.  Page,  asked  me,  if  I  chanced  to  see 
M.  Reinach  (who,  it  will  be  remembered,  gave 
Mr.  Loeb  the  idea  of  founding  this  noble  col- 
lection), to  inquire  when  they  might  expect 
to  have  the  manuscript  of  the  promised 
"Lucan."  M.  Reinach's  excuse  for  the  delay 


358 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


was  much  like  the  remark  of  M.  Rostand, — 
"the  war  has  prevented  my  getting1  started." 
Another  minor  preventive,  but  of  quite  an- 
other sort,  also  due  to  the  war,  will  interest 
American  readers,  as  it  is  a  fresh  and  rather 
striking  example  of  the  attention  which  Eu- 
rope pays  to  our  position  in  regard  to  this 
conflict.  M.  Reinach,  in  the  midst  of  his  many 
other  tasks,  finds  time  to  prepare  a  series  of 
little  unbound  volumes,  "  Voix  Americaines  " 
(Paris:  Berger-Levrault,  60  centimes  each), 
made  up  of  translations  and  analyses  of  the 
best  contributions  from  American  pens  about 
the  war  appearing  in  our  periodicals  and 
newspapers.  Two  of  these  excellent  brochures 
have  been  issued,  and  a  third  is  in  press. 

Nor  has  the  war  hampered  "  The  Loeb 
Library  "  only  in  the  matter  of  a  delay  in  the 
translation  of  "Pharsalia."  Dr.  Page  writes 
me :  "  When  I  retired  four  years  ago,  I  was 
looking  forward  to  rest  and  some  indepen- 
dent work,  but  Mr.  Loeb's  enterprise  seemed 
to  me  so  full  of  generosity  and  wisdom  that 
I  have  attended  to  nothing  else,  except  inci- 
dentally ;  and  though  at  the  present  time,  the 
work  can  only  be  conducted  imperfectly,  I 
hope  at  any  rate  to  see  it  through  these  trou- 
bled times";  and  then,  coming  down  to  the 
more  purely  clerical  side  of  the  labor,  he  tells 
how  "we  have  lost  two  secretaries  who  have 
enlisted,  and  have  only  partial  use  of  a  girl 
typist."  And  from  Munich,  where  the  war 
found  him  caring  for  his  health,  Mr.  James 
Loeb  writes :  "  My  own  experience  proves 
that  in  troubled  times  such  as  the  world  is 
now  experiencing,  there  is  no  better  or  more 
delightful  refuge  than  the  Greek  and  Latin 
classics  afford."  So  if  the  war  has  checked 
the  output  of  the  presses  for  the  moment,  it 
has  sent  some  of  us  back  to  the  old  books  that 
never  grow  stale ;  and  thus  we  are  enabled  to 
escape  the  censure  of  Guizot  when  he  says: 
"  Ceux  qui  n'ont  pas  parcouru  les  etudes 
grecques  et  latines  ne  seront  de  toute  leur  vie 
que  des  parvenus  en  fait  d'intelligence." 

THEODORE  STANTON. 

Paris,  September  30,  1915. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


HIGHER  LEARNING  AS  AFFECTED  BY  THE  WAR 
is  the  subject  of  a  thoughtful  article  by  Presi- 
dent Thwing  in  the  latest  number  of  "  The 
Hibbert  Journal."  Some  readjustments  and 
changes  are  inevitably  taking  place  in  the 
educational  field,  and  there  will  be  others  in 
the  near  future ;  but  any  serious  or  permanent 
arrest  of  the  advancement  of  learning  seems 
not  to  be  feared  bv  the  writer  or  by  those 


other  observers  whom  he  quotes,  though  there 
is  likely  to  be  a  loss  of  prestige  in  certain 
quarters  that  might  be  pointed  out  by  a  self- 
confident  prophet  surveying  the  university 
world.  Certain  studies,  such  as  history,  di- 
plomacy, and  international  law,  will  probably 
be  stimulated,  and  it  may  well  be  that  the 
study  of  certain  modern  languages,  with  their 
literature,  wnll  receive-  a  fresh  impetus,  per- 
haps at  the  expense  of  a  certain  other,  or 
others,  in  a  manner  not  unconnected  with  the 
final  issue  of  the  struggle.  The  compilation 
of  opinions  presented  by  Dr.  Thwing  is  found 
by  him  to  illustrate  "  several  great  truths," 
and  foremost  among  them  the  following :  "  It 
illustrates  the  intimacy  of  the  ties  binding 
nation  to  nation.  These  ties  are  not  simply 
diplomatic  understandings  and  political  alli- 
ances. They  are  also  great  relationships  cov- 
ering every  part  of  the  life  of  man.  No  nation 
can  say  to  another  nation,  '  I  have  no  need  of 
thee.'  The  relations  are  the  growth  of  gen- 
erations of  struggle  and  of  mingled  fellow- 
ship and  enmity.  Any  breaking  of  these  ties 
throws  each  of  these  relationships  out  of  its 
proper  place.  Education  among  them  is  thus 
made  to  suffer.  Its  place  in  the  sun  is  thus 
obscured,  its  laws  are  broken,  and  its  work- 
ings interrupted."  Woeful  is  the  damage  to 
the  things  of  the  higher  life,  as  any  writer  on 
thef  topic  chosen  by  Dr.  Thwing  must  have 
been  forced  to  admit:  but  in  the  very  fact 
that  this  damage  is  discerned  and  deprecated 
lies  hope  for  ultimate  reparation,  so  far  as 
reparation  is  possible. 

•    •    • 

"  THE  INSECTS'  HOMER,"  as  Henri  Fabre 
has  often  been  called,  with  ascription  of  the 
epithet  to  Victor  Hugo's  poetic  invention,  has 
died  at  the  age  of  nearly  ninety-two.  Provence, 
the  country  of  Mistral,  who  discovered  him 
in  the  obscurity  and  poverty  that  were  almost 
his  lifelong  portion,  and  who  procured  for 
him  a  modest  pension  from  the  government, 
was  the  scene  of  his  birth  and  death  and  the 
loving  study  that  he  devoted  to  the  bees  and 
spiders  and  other  insects.  Born  of  poor  and 
uneducated  parents,  Fabre  struggled  with 
poverty  from  the  beginning  and  was  forced 
to  acquire  as  best  he  could  the  excellent  edu- 
cation in  natural  science  that  his  writings 
show  him  to  have  possessed.  Teaching,  of  the 
least  attractive  and  poorest-paid  sort,  was  the 
industry  to  which  he  turned  for  support  as 
soon  as  he  could  meet  its  requirements.  The 
chair  of  physics  at  the  college  of  Ajaccio. 
with  a  salary  of  not  more  than  eighteen  hun- 
dred francs,  and.  later,  a  similar  position  at 
the  Lycee  of  Avignon,  were  held  by  him  for 
a  while ;  but  his  true  vocation  was  entomologi- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


359 


cal  study,  with  occasional  ventures  into  lit- 
erature as  the  poetic  interpreter  of  the 
insects'  habits.  His  "Souvenirs  Entomolo- 
giques"  embrace  the  greater  part  of  these 
reports  from  the  insect  world,  though  shorter 
studies  appeared  from  time  to  time  in  various 
periodicals.  In  our  own  language  have  been 
issued  a  number  of  works  under  his  name, 
but  compiled  with  some  freedom  by  others 
from  the  body  of  his  writings.  Thus  he  is 
known  to  English  readers  for  his  "  Social  Life 
in  the  Insect  "World,"  "Bramble-Bees  and 
Others,"  "  The  Life  and  Love  of  the  Insect," 
"The  Life  of  the  Fly,"  "The  Life  of  the 
Spider,"  and  "  The  Mason-Bees."  The  poetic 
and  imaginative  quality  of  his  writing  raises 
him  to  a  place  high  above  all  other  author- 
naturalists. 

•    •    • 

HOW  TO  BE  HAPPY  THOUGH  REJECTED  (not  as 

a  lover,  but  as  a  writer  for  the  magazines) 
may  be  learned  from  an  engagingly  frank  edi- 
torial confession  to  be  found  in  "  The  Unpop- 
ular Review  "  for  the  current  quarter.  After 
describing,  probably  with  some  exaggeration, 
his  nearly  uniform  unsuccess  for  twenty  years 
as  a  would-be  contributor  to  magazines,  and 
after  admitting  the  worldly  unwisdom  of  so 
lavish  an  expenditure  of  stationery  and  j 
stamps,  the  editor  continues :  "  But  the  charm  j 
of  literary  ambition  is  in  its  lack  of  wisdom. 
One  must  exercise  common-sense  in  earning 
the  livelihood ;  in  the  quiet  of  the  study,  with 
fair  paper  and  an  easy  pen,  one  may  lock 
common-sense  out  of  doors.  Delightful  is  it, 
after  a  day  of  compromises,  to  let  one's  own 
notions  have  play.  That  conceit,  laughed  at 
by  nobody,  will  appeal  to  the  editor,  once  it  is 
set  down  with  reserve  and  climax.  That  bit 
of  eloquence,  debarred  from  the  casualness  of 
society,  will  find  its  way  home  in  print.  Alas,  it 
too  comes  back  to  my  drawer  of  rejections,  no 
longer  inspiring."  But  "  Writing  as  a  Sport " 
is  the  topic  in  hand,  and  so  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  "  if  sports  had  not  their  pains  and 
hardship,  they  would  not  be  sports."  The 
writer  even  holds  that  "  there  is  a  richer  expe- 
rience in  getting  a  manuscript  back  than  in 
winning  any  other  game.  In  no  other  game 
may  one  lose  so  handsomely."  Writing  often 
serves  as  a  safety-valve,  and  the  failure  to 
appear  in  print  does  not  much  matter.  "A 
man  who  has  confided  his  dearest  theories  to 
an  editor  and  promptly  got  them  back  is  a 
better  neighbor.  He  is  never  quite  the  same 
man :  he  is.  somehow,  vastly  improved." 
Therefore  it  is  urged  upon  all  who  have  ideas 
pressing  for  utterance  to  "write  them  down 
and  send  them  off  for  print."  —  or,  more  likely, 
for  rejection.  No  malice  lurks  behind  this  ad- 


vice, for,  says  the  writer,  "  rejection  has  stead- 
ied us  and  made  us  more  thoughtful.  It  has 
lessened  conceit,  improved  the  temper,  made 
us  more  kindly  to  the  race,  and  turned  us  to 
the  vital  work  we  can  do  well.  And  that  is 
surely  the  test  of  sport."  After  this  the  editor 
of  "  The  Unpopular  Review "  ought  to  have 
no  idle  hours  for  lack  of  manuscripts  to  reject. 
•  •  • 

THE  POTENCY  OP  STYLE,  in  literature,  is 
such  that  it  can  often  so  dazzle  the  reader  as 
to  make  him  blind  to  the  lack  of  thought  and 
invention  behind  it.  Naturally  no  self- 
respecting  person  likes  to  find  himself  thus 
imposed  upon,  and  the  bare  suspicion  of 
fraud,  however  unfounded,  will  not  seldom 
excite  hostility  against  the  stylist.  One  of 
Mr.  Henry  James's  distinguished  contempo- 
raries, himself  a  writer  quite  different  in 
manner  from  the  author  of  "The  Golden. 
Bowl,"  has  rather  wittily  though  not  with 
the  keenest  discernment  remarked  that  Mr. 
James  reminds  him  of  an  intelligent  elephant 
vainly  trying  to  pick  up  a  pea  that  has  rolled 
into  the  corner  of  its  cage.  Is  it  perhaps 
some  lack  of  humor  in  Mr.  James  that  makes 
it  possible  to  say  such  a  thing  about  him? 
Another  stylist,  of  another  nation,  a  poet  and 
romancer  very  much  in  the  limelight  just 
now,  is  the  author  of  the  "  Canzone  dei  Dar- 
danelli,"  the  Italian  patriot  for  whose  cap- 
ture the  Austrian  government  is  said  to  have 
offered  a  reward  of  twenty  thousand  crowns, 
the  people's  idol  at  whose  feet  they  prostrate 
themselves  in  an  ecstasy  of  adoration  un- 
mixed with  any  suspicion  that  those  feet  may 
be  of  clay.  And  yet  Signer  d'Annunzio's 
critics  maintain  that  there  is  nothing  but 
style  to  anything  he  has  written.  Is  it  pos- 
sible that  the  mere  trick  of  words,  which  this 
brilliant  Italian  certainly  possesses,  can  raise 
one  to  such  heights  of  popular  favor  ?  To  the 
winnowing  hand  of  time  it  can  safely  be  left 
to  determine  what  else  there  is  in  the  product 
of  his  pen;  but  even  now  it  is  clear  enough 
that  one  who  takes  himself  with  such  tremen- 
dous seriousness,  and  in  so  dramatic  a  man- 
ner, is  not  exactly  rich  in  the  saving  grace  of 
humor. 

PHILOLOGICAL  FRENZY,  together  with  mania 
of  a  less  interesting  sort,  seems  to  have  pos- 
sessed that  asylum  inmate  who  astonished 
and  delighted  the  late  editor  of  the  Oxford 
Dictionary  by  sending  him,  first  and  last,  be- 
tween five  thousand  and  eight  thousand  quo- 
tations useful  in  his  great  work.  Dr.  W.  C. 
Minor,  the  eccentric  philologist  in  question, 
was  (or  perhaps  we  should  say  is)  an  Amer- 
ican surgeon  who  served  in  his  professional 


360 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


capacity  in  our  Civil  "War,  became  a  victim 
to  periodic  fits  of  insanity,  shot  a  man,  a 
stranger  to  him,  in  one  of  these  fits,  but  was 
acquitted  on  the  grounds  of  insanity,  and 
was  confined  in  the  Broadmoor  Criminal 
Lunatic  Asylum,  where  Dr.  Murray,  to  his 
intense  surprise,  found  him.  In  the  preface 
to  the  Dictionary  Dr.  Minor's  services  to  that 
work  receive  due  acknowledgment.  In  our 
own  experience,  si  parva  licet  componere  mag- 
nis,  a  certain  mad  philologist,  a  frequent 
sender  of  unsolicited  comments  and  criticisms 
upon  literary  usages  of  the  day,  has  demon- 
strated the  possibility  of  retaining  a  more  or 
less  sane  interest  in  scholarly  pursuits  after 
sanity  in  some  other  respects  has  departed 
and  confinement  in  an  asylum  has  been  found 
necessary.  In  fact,  this  philological  bent  has 
a  way  of  manifesting  itself  in  all  sorts  of 
unlikely  quarters.  No  less  a  celebrity  than 
the  present  editor  of  the  above-named  diction- 
ary, Dr.  Henry  Bradley  (if  he  will  pardon 
the  mention  of  his  name  in  this  connection), 
began  life  as  clerk  in  a  Sheffield  hardware 
house,  with  the  most  meagre  sort  of  school 
education  behind  him.  Yet  he  rose  rapidly 
to  eminence  in  his  chosen  specialty,  edited 
"  The  Academy  "  at  one  time,  contributed  to 
that  and  other  leading  periodicals,  thrice 
served  as  President  of  the  Philological  So- 
ciety, was  made  a  Fellow  of  the  British  Acad- 
emy, and  achieved  many  other  distinctions  in 
addition  to  that  of  being  chosen  joint  editor 
and  then  editor-in-chief  of  the  greatest  dic- 
tionary ever  attempted  (with  success)  of  any 
language.  If  the  son  of  a  miller  and  clerk 
to  a  hardware  dealer  can  accomplish  these 
things,  who  shall  say  that  philological  hon- 
ors are  not  open  to  all  competitors? 
•  •  • 

STATISTICS  CONCERNING  THE  BOOK-READING 
HABIT  among  our  own  people  are  communi- 
cated to  "  The  Library  Journal "  by  Mr.  E.  W. 
Mumford  of  the  Penn  Publishing  Company. 
Whereas  the  head  of  the  Macmillan  Company 
has  deplored,  in  the  pages  of  "  The  Atlantic 
Monthly,"  what  he  would  have  us  believe  to  be 
a  decline  in  the  reading  of  good  books  and  an 
increasing  resort  to  frivolous  amusements,  his 
Philadelphia  contemporary  sees  unmistakable 
signs  of  exactly  contrary  tendencies.  For 
example,  the  February  number  of  "  New  York 
Libraries"  reported  the  free  library  circula- 
tion of  books  in  New  York  City  for  the  decade 
ending  in  1914  as  nearly  twelve  millions  in 
excess  of  that  for  the  preceding  decade,  and 
the  Central  Building  alone  shows  a  gain  in 
circulation  for  one  year  of  more  than  a  mil- 
lion, with  a  gain  in  the  use  of  reference  books 
amounting  to  nearly  half  a  million.  In  Wis- 


consin one  hundred  and  thirteen  libraries  of  all 
sizes  show  collective  gains  of  about  seventy- 
five  per  cent  in  seven  years.  The  city  of  Wash- 
ington increased  its  book-circulation  by  one 
hundred  and  fifty-six  per  cent  in  the  last 
decade.  And  so  on.  Certainly  there  is  little 
ground  for  absolute  despair  in  the  present 
trend,  however  wide  the  gap  between  what  is 
and  what  ought  to  be  in  such  matters. 

•    •    • 

A  LEXICOGRAPHER'S  LAMENT  comes  to  our 
attention  in  the  reported  utterance  of  Mr. 
F.  Sturges  Allen,  General  Editor  of  the 
famous  dictionary  that  still  bears  the  name 
of  Noah  Webster,  who  has  been  dead  seventy- 
two  years.  "It's  a  strange  thing,"  says  Mr. 
Allen,  with  that  fondness  for  the  good  old 
things  of  our  youth  that  grows  upon  us  as  the 
years  pass,  "  how  the  late  generations  are  get- 
ting away  from  the  old  language,  from  the 
old  figures  of  speech.  The  old  simplicity, 
almost  poetry,  of  nature  images  is  going  from 
ordinary  conversation.  Slowly,  too,  it  is 
going  from  poetry.  I  don't  believe  the  world 
to-day  could  produce  a  Spenser."  Of  course 
not.  Each  generation  speaks  its  own  tongue, 
and  the  present  age  could  no  more  produce 
a  Spenser  than  his  century  could  have  given 
birth  to  a  Kipling.  One  may  regret,  and  with 
good  reason,  the  carelessness,  the  laxity,  one 
might  almost  say  the  irreverence,  that  are 
always  threatening  to  make  a  shapeless  wreck 
of  our  native  language;  but  the  designs  of 
the  wreckers  never  quite  succeed,  though  they 
always  attain  a  measure  of  success.  A  later 
remark  of  Mr.  Allen's  shows  that  even  he  is 
by  no  means  devoid  of  hope  for  the  future. 
Asked  if  he  did  not  detect  signs  of  danger 
"that  the  poetical  qualities  of  the  race  are 
being  rubbed  off  by  machinery,  that  the 
poetical  qualities  may  ultimately  be  lost,"  he 
replied  with  both  good  sense  and  a  sane  op- 
timism: "Oh,  bosh!  The  poetry  of  life  is 
life  itself." 

A  QUESTIONABLE  ECONOMY  has  begun  to 
show  itself  in  the  administration  of  public 
libraries  in  England.  It  is  true  that  with  an 
income  tax  of  a  crown  in  the  pound  sterling, 
and  likely  to  go  higher,  tax-payers  must  con- 
tribute with  diminished  zeal  toward  the  sup- 
port of  the  local  library,  but  on  the  other 
hand  the  public  library  provides  the  least 
expensive  and  most  wholesome  form  of  popu- 
lar entertainment  that  can  anywhere  be 
found,  and  entertainment  the  people  must 
have,  of  some  sort,  war  taxes  or  no  war  taxes. 
At  the  recent  meeting  of  the  Library  Associa- 
tion (of  England)  disclosures  were  made  that 
presaged  ill  for  the  immediate  future,  at 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


361 


least,  of  the  public  libraries  of  our  British 
cousins.  Current  fiction  is  naturally  the  first 
to  be  struck  off  from  the  book-purchasing  list, 
and  it  is  feared  that  the  more  expensive  of 
serious  publications  will  follow.  This  latter 
retrenchment  would  be  cause  for  regret,  how- 
ever willingly  one  might  consent  to  the  other 
reduction.  Some  more  or  less  disastrous 
effects  from  the  European  war  debauch  are 
sure  to  show  themselves  in  European  libra- 
ries generally,  if  not  also  in  our  own ;  for  no 
smallest  department  of  human  activity  seems 
wholly  exempt. 

THE  POETIC  SERBIANS  are  presented  in  very 
attractive  colors  to  their  English  allies  by  the 
ex-Minister  from  Serbia  to  the  Court  of  St. 
James,  Mr.  Chedo  Miyatovich.  He  asserts 
that  "of  all  Slavonic  nations  the  Serbians 
can  legitimately  claim  to  be  the  most  poetical 
one.  Their  language  is  the  richest  and  the 
most  musical  among  all  the  Slavonic  lan- 
guages. The  late  Professor  Morfill,  a  man 
who  was  something  of  a  Panslavist,  repeat- 
edly said  to  me :  '  I  wish  you  Serbians,  as 
well  as  all  other  Slavonic  nations,  to  join 
Russia  in  a  political  union,  but  I  do  not  wish 
you  to  surrender  your  beautiful  and  well- 
developed  language  to  be  exchanged  for  the 
Russian ! '  On  one  occasion  he  went  even  so 
far  as  to  suggest  that  the  future  United  States 
of  the  Slavs  should  adopt  as  their  literary 
and  official  language  the  Serbian,  as  by  far 
the  finest  and  most  musical  of  all  the  Slavonic 
tongues."  Of  somewhat  questionable  euphony 
might  seem  to  an  outsider  a  language  abound- 
ing in  such  harsh  geographical  names  as 
the  present  war  has  made  familiar  to  our  eyes, 
though  not  yet  to  our  tongues.  Those  inter- 
ested in  the  Serbs  and  their  capabilities  in  lit- 
erature are  referred  to  Mr.  W.  M.  Petrovitch's 
"  Hero  Tales  and  Legends  of  the  Serbians,"  one 
of  the  books  of  the  season,  from  the  preface  to 
which  the  passage  above  quoted  is  taken. 


A  CONCESSION  TO  DELINQUENT  BOOK-BORROW- 
ERS might,  as  a  rule,  encourage  further  delin- 
quency. On  the  other  hand,  a  too  rigorous 
enforcement  of  the  rules  relating  to  fines 
might  drive  an  impecunious  borrower  away 
from  the  library.  Let  us  call  attention  to 
what  seems  to  be  a  wise  exercise  of  discretion 
on  the  part  of  the  Springfield  (Mass.)  libra- 
rian, who  reports  as  follows :  "A  procedure  in 
the  case  of  children  who  have  had  overdue 
books  and  failed  to  pay  the  fees  has  been 
worked  out  satisfactorily.  It  seemed  undesir- 
able to  deprive  a  child  of  the  use  of  the  library 
because  of  his  neglect,  and  yet  to  remit  these 


fees  would  discourage  children,  from  paying 
them  and  lead  to  consequent  carelessness  in 
returning  books  on  time.  In  occasional  W 
stances  children  have  been  allowed  to  balance 
the  charge  by  giving  an  equivalent  of  work  in 
the  library,  but  in  more  cases  the  payment  of 
fines  by  installments  has  proved  beneficial.  At 
least  one  youngster  was  heard  to  announce 
that  he  had  given  up  the  '  movies '  so  that  he 
could  save  the  money  to  redeem  his  library 

card'" 

COMMUNICATIONS. 

A  FEW  FACTS  ABOUT  BRYANT. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  warfare  between  facts  and  poetry,  it  has 
been  said,  is  a  conflict  as  irreconcilable  as  that 
between  science  and  theology  —  of  which  condi- 
tion there  is  much  evidence  to  be  adduced.  New 
items  thereof  perpetually  and  uninterruptedly  ac- 
cumulate, and  the  mass  of  it  is  more  than  moun- 
tainous —  it  forms  a  world  of  itself.  A  very 
strange  world,  too — or  so  such  an  item  as  that 
contributed  to  THE  DIAL  of  October  14  by  Miss 
Harriet  Monroe  would  give  us  to  believe.  As  this 
contribution  is,  moreover,  in  the  nature  of  a  reply 
to  one  of  my  own,  entitled  "Bryant  and  the  New 
Poetry,"  which  previously  had  appeared  in  your 
pages,  I  will  perhaps  be  allowed  sufficient  of  your 
space,  not  to  "  answer  "  it  but  to  point  out  briefly, 
in  justice  to  the  illustrious  name  that  figures  so 
prominently  (and  to  me  so  very  strangely)  in  its 
context,  some  particulars  in  which  it  is  indeed 
surprising. 

Doubtless  it  is  a  much  better,  a  vastly  more  de- 
sirable thing,  to  be  a  live  "  new  "  poet  than  a  dead 
great  one.  For  the  living  bard  —  or  "  bardess,"  as 
the  case  may  be  —  can  not  only  write  "  new " 
poetry,  but  can  in  addition  indulge  in  the  pleasant 
and  poetical  pastime  of  belittling  if  not  actually 
vilifying,  of  misrepresenting  if  not  deliberately 
falsifying,  not  only  the  poetry  but  the  probity  of 
the  mighty  dead.  And  the  mighty  dead  cannot  — 
perhaps  rather  luckily  for  the  living  little  —  make 
reply,  save  as  their  works,  which  have  lived  after 
them,  and  the  records  of  their  lives  (such  as  are 
extant),  may  speak. 

Now  I  have  not  the  slightest  disposition  to 
believe  that  Miss  Monroe  wishes  to  be  other  than 
fair  in  her  critical  estimate  of  Bryant  —  which 
we  are  all  of  us  at  liberty  to  acclaim  or  to  repu- 
diate as  our  individual  tastes  and  preferences  may 
prompt.  She  has  chosen  to  belittle  him,  that 
being,  doubtless,  in  her  opinion  no  more  than 
his  poetical  pretensions  deserve.  Whether  her 
"  placing  "  of  his  poetry  is  correct  or  not  only  the 
reading  of  that  poetry  can  establish. '  It,  and  it 
alone,  can  validly  speak  in  its  own  behalf  to  those 
who  care  to  hear. 

But  it  is  quite  another  matter  when  we  come  to 
the  facts  of  Bryant's  life,  to  which  Miss  Monroe, 
in  her  communication  above  referred  to,  devotes 
considerable  space,  incidentally  quoting  from  an 
editorial  which  previously  she  had  contributed  to 


362 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


her  own  magazinelet,  "  Poetry."  I  will  reproduce 
a  portion  of  her  remarks,  as  follows: 

"  In  that  editorial  I  told  of  a  publisher's  statement 
that  Bryant,  toward  the  end  of  his  long  life,  used  to 
sell  his  name,  along  with  his  venerable  portrait,  as 
the  author  of  books  which  he  neither  wrote  nor  edited, 
such  as  'Bryant's  History  of  the  United  States'  and 
'  Bryant's  Collection  of  Poetry  and  Song,'  to  such  an 
extent  that  he  was  known  among  New  York  publish- 
ers as  '  the  great  national  tone-imparter.'  .  .  . 

"  This  story  always  comes  back  to  me  when  I  make 
the  detour  from  Fifth  Avenue  to  see  the  beautiful  rear 
facade  of  the  New  York  Public  Library.  Here  a 
throned  figure  of  the  venerable  poet  faces  the  park 
named  in  his  honor,  and  offers  us  his  life  as  a  high 
inspiration  to  American  youth.  To  whose  memory 
was  the  statue  erected  —  the  poet  of  the  Thanatopsis 
or  the  '  great  national  tone-imparter  '?  If  the  former, 
are  we  not  honoring  too  much  the  man  who  did  his 
best  work  at  nineteen?  —  and  if  the  latter,  are  we  not 
honoring  too  much  the  man  who  sold  out?  " 

Continuing  in  the  same  strain,  Miss  Monroe  holds 
Bryant  up  to  ignominy  as  an  artist  who  was  not 
"  true  to  his  vision  " ;  as  one  who  "  preferred  to 
lead  a  comfortable  life  and  be  a  good  journalist 
rather  than  a  poet,  and  so  he  descended  from  the 
serene  nobility  of  Thanatopsis  to  the  puerile  pieties 
of  the  Hymn  to  the  Sea,  The  Future  Life,  The 
Crowded  Street  and  many  other  truly  orthodox 
utterances.  .  .  Bryant  was,  in  short,  a  man  born 
to  be  a  poet  who  sacrificed  the  muse,  not  to  those 
violent  enemies,  the  flesh  and  the  devil,  but  to  that 
more  insidious  one,  the  world  —  or,  in  other 
words,  comfort  and  respectability."  With  much 
more  to  the  same  effect,  to  which  the  reader  can 
readily  refer  in  your  issue  of  October  14. 

Now  these  would  be  very  damaging  assertions  if 
true.  But,  as  it  happens,  they  simply  are  not 
true.  It  was  Bryant  himself  who  wrote  that 
"  Truth  crushed  to  earth  will  rise  again  " ;  and  in 
the  present  instance,  as  regards  him,  I  should  like 
to  hold  out  an  assisting  hand  to  Veracity  as  she 
arises  from  beneath  the  debris  where  Miss  Monroe 
has  inhumed  her. 

Who  was  the  very  vague  "  publisher  "  who  made 
the  preposterous  statement  upon  which  Miss  Mon- 
roe has  based  her  still  more  preposterous  ones? 
One  would  like  to  know, —  for  he  should  write  his 
own  romances  instead  of  publishing  those  written 
by  other  people.  The  allegation  that  Bryant 
"  sold  his  name,  along  with  his  venerable  portrait, 
as  the  author  of  books  which  he  neither  wrote  nor 
edited,  such  as  '  Bryant's  History  of  the  United 
States '  and  '  Bryant's  Collection  [sic]  of  Poetry 
and  Song ' "  is  so  gross  a  misstatement  as  to  be 
absurd.  By  "  Bryant's  Collection  of  Poetry  and 
Song "  I  take  it  that  Miss  Monroe  means  "  The 
Family  Library  of  Poetry  and  Song,  edited  by 
William  Cullen  Bryant";  and  it  also  occurs  to 
me  that  when  she  is  making  such  serious  charges 
concerning  a  work  she  should  at  least  know  enough 
regarding  the  book  itself  to  be  able  to  quote  its 
title  correctly.  As  for  the  facts  about  this  work 
—  a  work  so  well  known  that  it  has  run  through 
many  editions  —  they  are  as  follows:  It  was 
originally  issued  in  1870,  and  at  once  became 
widely  popular,  the  demand  for  it  being  so  insis- 
tent that  a  new  edition,  much  enlarged,  was  got 


out  in  1876,  and  in  1878  a  third  one,  still  again 
enlarged.  It  is  a  copy  of  this  edition  which  for 
over  twenty  jrears  has  held  an  honored  place  in 
my  library,  and  turning  to  it  I  quote  as  follows 
from  the  "  Publisher's  Preface  " : 

"  Shortly  before  his  death,  observing  with  gratifi- 
cation the  great  popularity  attained  by  his  book  and 
the  growing  demand  for  it,  Mr.  Bryant  desired  to 
thoroughly  revise  the  work  and  make  it  still  more 
worthy  of  the  public  esteem  and  his  own  fame.  .  . 
The  enlargement  and  reconstruction  of  this  work 
entailed  upon  Mr.  Bryant  much  labor,  in  conscientious 
and  thorough  revision  of  all  material, —  cancelling, 
inserting,  suggesting,  even  copying  out  with  his  own 
hand  many  poems  not  readily  attainable  except  from 
his  private  library  —  in  short,  giving  the  work  not 
only  the  sanction  of  his  widely  honored  name,  but  also 
the  genuine  influence  of  his  fine  poetic  sense,  his 
unquestioned  taste,  his  broad  and  scholarly  acquain- 
tance with  literature." 

This  in  itself  settles  the  question  regarding 
whether  Bryant  really  edited  his  "Library  of 
Poetry  and  Song "  or  merely  "  sold  out "  his 
name  and  portrait  to  the  publishers  as  an  adver- 
tising asset.  But  beyond  that  we  have  the  lengthy 
Introduction  with  the  sub-title,  "  Poets  and  Poetry 
of  the  English  Language,"  written  and  signed  by 
Bryant  for  the  original  edition;  as  well  as  the 
!  similar  preface  which  he  also  affixed  to  the  second 
edition. 

So  much  for  one  of  Miss  Monroe's  allegations. 
As  for  that  regarding  the  second  work,  "  Bryant's 
Popular  History  of  the  United  States,"  concerning 
which  she  makes,  on  the  authority  of  the  same 
i  unnamed  publisher,  similar  charges, —  it  dissolves 
!   into   thin  air  in  the   same  manner  when  investi- 
gated. 

This  history  (aside  from  the  lengthy  signed  his- 
torical preface)  was  never  claimed  to  have  been 
written  by  Bryant.  It  was  in  the  main  the  work 
of  Sidney  Howard  Gay,  but  there  were  numerous 
collaborators,  among  them  writers  as  well  known 
as  Edward  Everett  Hale,  E.  L.  Burlingame,  etc., 
etc.  And  the  connection  of  Bryant  with  the  under- 
taking was  very  clearly  and  explicitly  set  forth  in 
the  preface  to  the  second  volume  in  the  following 
terms: 

"  To  the  first  volume  of  this  History,  as  well  as  to 
this,  it  is  due  to  say  that  the  oldest  living  and  most 
distinguished  American  scholar,  whose  name  it  bears, 
has  given  to  every  line  —  read  in  proof,  before  print- 
ing—  the  benefit  of  his  careful  criticism,  his  ripe 
judgment  and  his  candid  discrimination." 

This  second  volume  appeared  almost  coincidently 
with  the  death  of  the  poet,  in  1878;  and  as  the 
two  concluding  volumes  did  not  come  from  the 
press  for  some  time,  the  final  one  not  until  1882, 
there  was  absolutely  no  chance  for  any  misappre- 
hension regarding  Bryant's  authorship. 

These  facts  —  and  they  are  the  unimpeachable 
ones  —  reveal  pretty  fully,  I  think,  the  grotesque 
nature  of  Miss  Monroe's  remarks,  and  the  totally 
;  unwarranted  character  of  her  allegations  regard- 
ing the  "  man  who  sold  out." 

Let  us  now  glance  briefly  at  her  further  accusa- 
tion that  Bryant  "  sacrificed  the  muse  to  the 
world,  or,  in  other  words,  to  comfort  and  respec- 
tabilitv." 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


363 


Bryant  was  born  in  1794.  His  father  was  a 
country  doctor  in  a  tiny  New  England  village,  a 
man  altogether  admirable  but  without  "  an  eye  to 
the  main  chance."  He  was  always  in  straitened 
circumstances  to  the  day  of  his  death,  and  his 
family  found  the  most  rigid  economy  a  necessity, 
while  his  sons  were  forced  to  enter  the  struggle 
with  the  world  with  no  resources  except  such  as 
those  which  the  force  of  heredity  and  the  best 
up-bringing  that  their  parents  found  it  possible 
to  provide  had  endowed  them  with.  William 
Cullen,  as  Miss  Monroe  truly  says,  "  was  born  a 
poet."  But  he  was  also  born  a  human  being,  with 
the  necessity  of  food,  clothes,  love,  and  a  fireside. 
He  first  tried  the  law,  and  drilled  away  at  it  for 
a  number  of  years.  In  his  own  words,  at  a  time 
when  his  poetic  genius  was  clamoring  for  utter- 
ance (the  era  of  "  Thanatopsis,"  "  To  a  Water- 
fowl," "  Fairest  of  the  Rural  Maids,"  "  Summer 
Wind,"  "A  Forest  Hymn"),  and 

"  Each  gaze  at  the  glories  of  earth,  sky  and  ocean 
To  my  kindled  emotions  was  wind  over  flame," 

he  was  being 

"  Forced  to  drudge  for  the  dregs  of  men 
And  scrawl  strange  words  with  the  barbarous  pen." 

The  struggle  was  a  severe  one  —  and  it  was 
complicated  by  his  early  marriage  and  growing 
family.  It  was  as  impossible  for  a  penniless  New 
Englander  to  live  by  poetry  alone,  to  say  nothing 
of  supporting  a  wife  and  family,  in  the  United 
States  of  1825  (or  for  many  years  afterward)  as 
it  is  for  a  bee  to  gather  honey  from  hornblende. 
"  Thanatopsis  "  was  written  in  1811,  the  "  Water- 
fowl "  in  1815.  The  one  waited  seven  years,  the 
other  four,  for  publication,  finally  appearing  in 
1818  in  the  "North  American  Review"  (then  an 
obscure  literary  bantling),  to  which  Bryant's 
father,  who  had  found  them  in  his  son's  desk,  had 
sent  them  without  the  latter's  knowledge.  Their 
author  received  no  payment  for  them;  and  when, 
three  years  later,  their  publication  having  caused 
him  to  be  hailed  as  the  first  great  American  poet, 
he  issued  his  first  volume  of  verses,  what  was  the 
result?  Why,  five  years  after  its  publication  he 
had  realized  net  profits,  from  the  sales,  of  pre- 
cisely $14.92! 

Finally,  in  1825,  Bryant  took  a  desperate  step. 
He  recognized  that  his  vocation  was  literature,  and 
that  the  only  place  in  which  its  practice  would 
yield  him  a  livelihood  was  New  York  City;  so 
there  he  removed,  as,  in  his  own  phrase,  "  a  lit- 
erary adventurer."  Previous  to  this  time,  as  a 
poet,  he  had  been  receiving  the  princely  stipend 
of  $200  a  year  for  contributing  to  the  "  U.  S. 
Literary  Gazette  "  not  less  than  one  hundred  lines 
of  poetry  each  month.  Miss  Monroe  can  "  figure 
it  out  for  her  herself,"  if  she  wishes  to,  as  a  prob- 
lem alike  in  poetical  stimuli  and  domestic  economy. 
At  the  same  time  Bryant  sold  his  poems,  wherever 
a  market  offered,  for  two  dollars  apiece ! 

In  New  York,  leaving  his  family  in  the  country, 
he  grubbed  along  as  best  he  might,  and  was  having 
a  bitter  time  of  it  financially,  until  at  last  chance 
threw  in  his  way  an  associate  editorship  of  the 
"  Evening  Post,"  which  he  accepted  as  one  ship- 
wrecked does  a  friendly  sail.  It  proved  the  turn- 


ing point  of  his  fortunes ;  but  he  had  yet  "  a  hard 
row  to  hoe."  The  paper  was  not  then  strongly 
established,  and  its  value  was  small  —  so  small 
that  four  years  later  he  was  able  to  buy  a  con- 
trolling interest  in  it  for  $2,000,  which  he  bor- 
rowed for  the  purpose.  This  was  in  1829.  Eight 
years  later  he  thought  it  safe  to  undertake  the 
European  tour  which  he  had  long  dreamed  of; 
but  returned  to  find  that  mismanagement  during 
his  absence  had  been  such  as  to  force  him  to  go 
deeply  into  debt  to  straighten  out  the  tangle,  and 
to  bind  himself  to  the  wheel  again  —  like  "  a 
draught  horse  harnessed  to  a  drag,"  as  he  ex- 
pressed it. 

This  is  an  outline  of  the  manner  in  which 
Bryant,  to  quote  the  language  of  Miss  Monroe, 
"  sacrificed  the  muse  to  the  world  "  —  and  "  sold 
out "  his  "  name  and  venerable  portrait "  to  pro- 
mote publications  sailing  under  false  colors  in  his 
old  age.  I  do  not  offer  this  outline  on  the  author- 
ity of  some  nameless  New  York  publisher,  but  as 
attested  historical  fact  of  which  the  proofs  are  all 
of  record.  Unless  all  credible  witnesses  are  at 
fault,  if  ever  there  was  a  poet  whose  personal 
probity  was  irreproachable  that  poet  was  William 
Cullen  Bryant.  If  ever  there  was  a  poet  who  had 
a  higher  or  more  dignified  conception  of  the  nobil- 
ity and  sacredness  of  poetry  and  the  practice 
thereof  or  held  more  steadfastly  to  that  concep- 
tion throughout  his  life,  I  have  never  heard  of 
him.  And,  habituated  as  I  have  become  to  the 
reckless  assaults  which  the  "  new  "  poetry  makes 
upon  the  poetry  of  the  past,  it  has  been  with  a 
feeling  not  so  much  of  surprise  as  of  pain  that  I 
have  found  it  necessary  to  thus  come  to  the 
I  defence  of  one  whose  name  and  whose  fame,  alike 
as  a  poet  and  as  a  man,  should  be  a  precious  heri- 
tage to  all  the  generations  of  Americans  who  shall 
come  after  him.  JOHN  L.  HERVEY. 

Chicago,  Oct.  22, 1915. 


VOCATIONAL  TRAINING  AND  CITIZENSHIP. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  wonder  if  the  "  vocation  of  enlightened  citi- 
zenship "  and  "  other  vocations "  are  really  such 
extremes  as  Dr.  Showerman  suggests  in  his  arti- 
cle published  in  your  issue  of  Sept.  30.  I  wonder 
if  the  ultimate  end  of  liberal  education  is  only  the 
production  of  the  ideal  citizen  and  the  ideal  State. 
It  is  not  conceded  by  all  intellectual  experts  and 
educators  that  the  State  is  the  final  end  of  life,  or 
that  citizenship  is  the  only  aim  of  education.  The 
fundamental  principle  of  democracy  repudiates 
the  assumption  that  the  State  is  the  end  of 
education. 

That  some  business  and  professional  men  are 
handicapped  by  an  incomplete  knowledge  of 
fundamentals  cannot  be  denied.  But  that  the 
handicap  is  due  to  an  incomplete  liberal  education 
is  an  assertion  not  substantiated  by  the  facts.  It 
is  true  we  have  too  many  stenographers  and 
printers  and  proofreaders  who  cannot  be  trusted 
with  spelling,  punctuation,  and  composition.  It 
may  be  noted,  however,  that  if  these  inefficient 
workers  had  enjoyed  the  benefits  of  vocational 
training  instead  of  being  bored  by  following  the 


364 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


dubiously  helpful  labyrinths  of  Latin  conjugations 
and  other  dead  high-school  inheritances,  they 
would  know  how  to  spell,  to  punctuate,  and  to 
write  compositions.  Had  they  been  taught  spell- 
ing, punctuation,  and  composition  in  a  vocational 
class,  organized  for  the  definite  purpose  of  pre- 
paring them  for  the  occupations  they  were  to 
pursue,  instead  of  learning  these  branches  in  the 
dry,  helpless,  uninteresting  method  of  the  ordi- 
nary English  class  organized  for  an  indefinite  use 
in  a  still  more  indefinite  future,  there  probably 
would  be  no  occasion  for  this  criticism.  It  is  true 
that  we  have  reporters,  editors,  and  writers  who 
use  slip-shod  English;  it  is  true  that  many  teach- 
ers are  inefficient;  and  that  numerous  lawyers, 
physicians,  and  other  professional  men  need  ful- 
ness and  rounding.  But  these  defects  can  be 
remedied  only  by  improving  vocational  training, 
not  by  inflating  an  already  hazy  education  that 
leaves  the  victim  of  it  hanging  helpless  in  the  air. 

Dr.  Showennan's  article  leaves  the  impression 
that  vocational  training  is  not  liberal  or  cultural. 
It  cannot  be  denied  that  some  vocational  training 
is  based  on  this  lamentable  principle.  Usually  the 
aim  of  cultural  education  is  the  cultivation  of 
mental  power  and  the  acquisition  of  knowledge. 
A  well-regulated  vocational  school  teaching  a  bal- 
anced curriculum  can  accomplish  this.  It  is  not 
proved  that  a  liberal  education  is  the  only  means 
to  secure  mental  power.  It  requires  as  much 
mental  effort,  as  much  hard  thought,  to  assemble 
a  gasoline  motor  as  to  assemble  the  dry  bones  of  a 
dead  language  into  a  useless  sentence  or  para- 
graph or  composition.  Moreover,  in  assembling  a 
gasoline  motor,  or  in  making  a  table,  or  in  baking 
a  loaf  of  bread,  we  are  learning  something  of  the 
real  everyday  body  of  useful  knowledge  which  is 
needed  to  turn  the  wheels  of  life.  Vocational 
training  supplemented  by  proper  liberalizing  stud- 
ies can  accomplish  more  than  a  liberal  education 
so  called.  The  refinement  of  intellectual  and  spir- 
itual temper  need  not  be  lost.  The  perceptions 
may  be  deepened,  and  the  vision  broadened,  by  a 
curriculum  that  judiciously  embodies  the  liberaliz- 
ing and  spiritualizing  elements  of  the  old  system 
with  the  usefulness  of  the  new. 

After  all,  the  day  of  poorly  trained  lawyers, 
preachers,  and  physicians,  together  with  the  atten- 
dant hosts  in  other  professions,  is  rapidly  passing. 
Yesterday,  the  day  of  liberal  education,  produced 
medical  men  whose  education  consisted  of  a  year's 
study  with  a  country  practitioner.  The  long- 
suffering  public  then  became  the  victims  of  his 
ignorance.  It  was  during  the  regime  of  liberal 
education  that  a  prospective  lawyer  could  read  a 
few  law-books  and  pass  the  bar-examination.  It 
was  also  during  this  regime  that  the  preacher  with 
an  unspeakable  theology  and  the  questionable 
diploma  of  an  indefinite  something  misnamed  a 
"call,"  undertook  the  elevation  of  morals  and 
religion.  The  tendency  and  influence  of  the  new 
education  resulted  in  legislation  that  eliminated 
the  first  two,  and  inspired  a  public  opinion  that  is 
fast  exterminating  the  third. 

Liberal  education  need  not  oppose  vocational 
training.  They  may  be  made  logical  coordinates. 


We  must  preserve  certain  elements  of  both  and 
discard  others.  Moreover,  we  must  remember  that 
the  individual  as  well  as  the  State  must  benefit 
by  our  system  of  education.  On  its  social  side, 
education  aims  at  the  preservation  of  the  State; 
on  its  individual  side,  it  aims  to  produce  rounded 
as  well  as  thoroughly  equipped  men  and  women. 
Let  us  not  forget,  however,  that  good  citizenship 
is  secured  only  when  the  individual  is  fitted  to  do 
his  particular  work.  When  we  have  cultivated 
mental  power,  broadened  our  vision,  deepened 
our  perceptions,  and  refined  the  intellectual  and 
spiritual  temper,  we  still  fall  short  of  fulfilling  the 
duties  of  citizenship.  We  have  hitched  the  horse 
only  partly  to  the  wagon.  Citizenship  implies 
efficiency  to  fill  our  place  in  the  scheme  of  civil 
and  social  affairs, —  in  other  words,  to  accomplish 
with  the  skill  that  comes  from  special  training, 
the  work  society  gives  us  to  do.  To  complete  the 
figure,  we  must  hitch  to  the  cross-piece  both  tugs 
that  draw  the  wagon.  The  great  vocation  needs 
both  types  of  learning.  QRVIS  c 

Londonville,  Ohio,  Oct.  15,  1915. 


THE  GEKMAN  WAE  BOOK  AGAIN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Mr.  Tannenbaum's  somewhat  acrimonious  letter 
(in  your  issue  of  Sept.  30)  on  my  review  of  "  The 
War  Book  of  the  German  General  Staff  "  (issue 
of  Sept.  2)  might  be  allowed  to  pass  harmlessly 
into  oblivion,  were  it  not  that  it  ignores  in  an 
astonishing  way  a  point  which  the  reviewer  had 
thought  would  be  manifest  to  all.  Mr.  Tannen- 
baum  asks,  "  Since  when  is  the  doctrine  that  neces- 
sity knows  no  law  a  German  doctrine  ? "  The 
answer  is  obvious :  since  August  4,  1914,  when  the 
German  Chancellor  proclaimed  it  unqualifiedly  in 
the  Reichstag.  Speaking  of  the  invasion  of  Bel- 
gium, von  Bethmann-Hollweg  said  on  that  occa- 
sion :  "  We  are  now  in  a  state  of  necessity,  and 
necessity  knows  no  law."  A  little  reflection  will 
show  that  the  doctrine  is  not  synonymous  with 
self-defence,  as  your  correspondent  seems  to  as- 
sume, but  is  a  negative  and  euphemistic  form  of 
"  might  makes  right."  Human  frailty,  which  is 
not  confined  to  Germany,  has  made  use  of  the  plea 
in  all  ages  and  climes  to  cloak  injustice,  but  the 
reviewer  is  not  aware  that  any  modern  state  save 
the  present  Imperial  German  Government  has 
ever  deliberately  emblazoned  that  device  on  its 
escutcheon. 

As  to  charges  of  unfairness  (and  even  of  false- 
hood!) the  reviewer  would  like  to  assure  the  read- 
ers of  THE  DIAL  that  the  text  of  the  War  Book 
was  reproduced  literally  in  the  two  quotations. 
A  score  or  more  of  other  passages  might  have 
been  cited  with  almost  equal  appositeness.  The 
German  General  Staff  speaks  for  itself  in  this 
book,  and  he  who  runs  may  read. 

For  the  rest  it  might  be  pointed  out  that  Mr. 
Tannenbaum's  comparison  of  the  German  War 
Book  with  the  American  Naval  War  Code  breaks 
down  in  various  ways.  The  regularly  sanctioned 
usages  of  naval  warfare  differ  from  those  of  land 
warfare  in  certain  important  respects,  as  the  na- 


THE   DIAL 


365 


ture  of  things  requires.  A  careful  scrutiny  of  the 
two  passages  discloses  also  such  differences  of 
expression  and  implication  in  the  American  state- 
ment as  will  render  probable  a  difference  in  the 
conduct  of  officers  and  men.  The  American  navy, 
we  are  fain  to  think,  would  not  be  guilty  of  a 
"  Lusitania  "  massacre.  But  the  real  heart  of  the 
matter  is  that  the  tu  quoque  or  "  you're  another  " 
argument,  so  liberally  employed  by  Mr.  Tannen- 
baum  and  other  German  apologists,  is  both  ethi- 
cally untenable  and  practically  futile.  American 
indignation  at  the  violation  of  Belgium,  for  exam- 
ple, not  only  should  not  but  also  will  not  be 
quenched  by  a  reminder  that  America  has  mal- 
treated the  Indians  in  the  past.  And  it  is  well 
that  this  is  so;  if  that  form  of  argument  were 
accepted  as  effectually  silencing  an  opponent,  all 
moral  reprobation  would  cease  and  consequently 
all  moral  progress  would  be  estopped. 

Oct.  16,  1915.  THE  REVIEWER. 


DE.  VIZETELLY  AND  DIPHTHONGS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

May  I  call  attention  to  a  confusion  of  terms  to 
be  found  on  pages  290-291  of  Dr.  Frank  H.  Vize- 
telly's  "  Essentials  of  English  Speech "  which 
escaped  the  comment  of  your  reviewer.  He  says: 

"  We  have  been  told  that  six  of  the  symbols  in  the 
National  Education  Association  alphabet  are  '  conso- 
nants replacing  our  present  symbols/  which  '  is  unde- 
sirable since  the  sounds  to  be  represented  are  clearly 
and  adequately  shown  by  our  present  letters.'  This 
is  not  so  —  our  present  letters  do  not  show  the  diph- 
thongal characters  of  ch,  sh,  ng,  th,  and  zh.  The 
Committee  of  the  National  Education  Association 
recommended  the  use  of  ties  in  certain  of  these  sym- 
bols purposely  to  bring  out  this  very  diphthongal 
character.  The  amateur  philologist,  who  declares 
these  undesirable,  even  though  he  may  have  sat  at 
the  feet  of  the  great  professors  of  languages  in  the 
universities  of  Europe,  simply  shows  colossal  igno- 
rance as  regards  these  digraphs.  Every  one  of  the 
great  dictionaries  has  decided  that  the  sound  of  these 
letters  is  diphthongal." 

Dr.  Vizetelly  then  goes  on  to  quote  from  the 
late  Dr.  William  T.  Harris  to  the  effect  that  ch  is 
diphthongal,  "  a  combination  of  t  and  sh."  This, 
of  course,  is  true,  and  it  is  a  fact  which  the 
N.  E.  A.  alphabet  does  not  in  the  least  bring  out 
by  tying  a  c  and  an  h  together  in  a  digraph.  But 
what  can  Dr.  Vizetelly  mean  when  he  calls  sh,  ng, 
th,  and  zh  diphthongal,  and  says  that  "  every  one 
of  the  great  dictionaries  "  has  so  decided  ? 

On  the  contrary,  there  is  no  dictionary  in  En- 
glish, no  authoritative  phonetic  statement  in  or 
out  of  a  dictionary,  which  has  not  decided  the 
direct  reverse, —  that  is,  that  the  four  sounds  men- 
tioned (really  five,  since  th  stands  for  two  differ- 
ent consonants)  are  monophthongs.  Selecting  the 
one  consonantal  diphthong  out  of  the  group  of 
five  (or  six),  and  quoting  Dr.  Harris  to  prove  that 
it  is  a  consonantal  diphthong,  does  not  prove 
anything  regarding  the  others,  which  are  single 
sounds,  sh  the  voiceless  and  zh  the  voiced  open 
point  teeth  consonants  of  Mr.  Sweet, —  th  as  in 
"  thin "  the  voiceless,  and  th  as  in  "  then "  the 
voiced  open  blade  point  consonants  of  the  same 


authority,  and  ng  his  voiced  back  nasal  consonant. 
The  New  English  Dictionary  gives  them  each  a 
single  character  to  that  end,  and  there  is  no  dis- 
senting voice  among  phoneticians  anywhere.  Will 
Dr.  Vizetelly  explain  why  he  uses  the  term  "  colos- 
sal ignorance"  of  others  in  this  connection? 

Chicago,  Oct.  18,  1915.  WALLACE  RICE. 

THE  AUTHOE  OF  "  SANINE." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  am  surprised  that  the  Russian  author  Michael 
Artzibashef  (he  is  really  an  admixture  of  five 
races)  should  be  regarded  as  a  so-called  "  prophet 
of  pessimism,"  when  he  distinctly  says  that  in  his 
view  the  outlook  of  any  student  of  humanity  is  lia- 
ble to  continual  change.  "  Each  day,  each  hour 
even,"  he  says,  "  has  its  message  for  us." 

It  appears  so  plain  to  me  that,  while  he  is 
acutely  sensible  of  the  unfortunate  environmtnt  of 
thousands  of  human  beings,  and  to  what  appears 
to  be  the  injustice  of  their  fate,  he  is  only  portray- 
ing a  few  individuals  of  the  millions — or  billions — 
of  humanity.  He  has  also  said  (in  "  Sanine  ")  that 
no  one  can  get  a  right  conception  of  life  from 
books.  I  observe  also  that  his  critics  are  prone  to 
mistake  the  sentiments  he  attributes  to  the  passing 
emotions  of  his  characters  for  his  own  opinions  and 
beliefs,  which  is  deplorable;  and  the  liability  to 
such  misconstruction  is  accentuated  in  the  transla- 
tion of  his  writings. 

It  is  gratifying,  however,  to  find  his  American 
critics  as  a  unit  in  recognizing  the  fact  that  he  is 
essentially  clean-minded.  The  character  of  Sanine, 
though  a  puzzle  to  some  of  the  critics,  is  intended 
to  show  that  no  man  can  be  sure  of  himself  in  the 
toils  of  temptation.  And  here  he  also  presents  one 
of  the  awful  facts  in  life, —  the  paralyzing  power  of 
a  dominant  will,  call  it  hypnotism,  mesmerism,  or 
what  you  please. 

Some  things  that  I  have  not  seen  commented 
upon  (or  only  very  lightly  touched)  are  his  admira- 
ble restraint  and  his  remarkable  gift  of  word  paint- 
ing. He  has  told  of  his  grief  at  not  being  able  to 
devote  his  life  to  painting  upon  canvas;  but  he 
possesses  the  great  gift  of  handling  words  as  col- 
ors, and  his  books  are  worth  reading  for  this  alone. 
We  also  observe  his  extreme  sensitiveness  to  sounds 
and  odors,  his  love  of  music,  and  his  response  to  the 
tones  of  the  speaking  voice.  Not  the  slightest  sigh 
of  the  breeze  or  tremor  of  the  leaves  escapes  him. 

Chicago,  Oct.  20, 1915.  A  READEB' 

A  PEOPOSED  TESTIMONIAL  TO  ME.  STEPHEN 

PHILLIPS. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
There  are  in  the  United  States  so  many  admir- 
ers of  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips  that  I  hope  you  will 
allow  me  through  your  columns  to  ask  them  to 
communicate  with  me,  the  publisher  of  "  The 
Poetry  Review"  (of  which  Mr.  Phillips  is  editor), 
with  a  view  to  joining  in  a  practical  expression  of 
recognition  and  appreciation  of  his  genius. 

ERSKINE  MACDONALD. 
16  Featherstone  Buildings,  Holborn, 
London,  W.  C.,  England. 


366 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


RECOLLECTIONS  OF  A  PUBLISHER  ANI) 
MAN  OF  ACTION.* 

The  activities  of  Mr.  George  Haven  Put- 
nam have  been  so  multifarious  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  pick  out  the  central  strand  of  his  life. 
As  a  publisher,  as  a  sort  of  unofficial  agent 
to  preserve  the  intellectual  comity  of  England 
and  the  United  States,  as  a  worker  for  Civic 
Reform,    as   Secretary   of   the   International  j 
Copyright  League,  he  has  done  a  full  stint  of  j 
work,  and  may  be  said  to  be  coming  home  i 
to-day,  "  bringing  his  sheaves  with  him." 

The  first  instalment  of  Mr.  Putnam's  auto- 
biography, published  early  last  year  under  j 
the  title  "Memories  of  My  Youth,"  brought  ; 
the  narrative  of  the  author's  life  to  the  com-  j 
pletion  of  his  twenty-first  year  and  the  close  I 
of  the  Civil  War.    The  volume  now  published,  j 
"Memories  of  a  Publisher,"  deals  with  the 
ensuing  half  century  of  time.    It  is  mainly  a 
bundle   of   little   essays  —  sketches   in   biog- 
raphy of  some  of  the  remarkable  personalities 
with  whom  the  author  has  come  into  contact. 

"Hands  across  the  sea"  has  been  one  of 
the  mottoes  of  Mr.  Putnam's  life,  and  some 
of  the  pleasantest  chapters  of  his  book  are 
what  might  be  termed  a  cross-section  of  the 
intellectual  life  of  England  as  represented  at 
the  great  universities.  Many  of  the  digni- 
taries and  scholars  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
are  the  subjects  of  illuminating  sketches. 
The  dons  seem  to  have  put  off  their  donnish- 
ness in  Mr.  Putnam's  company,  and  become 
really  human.  In  this  connection,  it  may  be 
noted  that  he  has  repaid  his  hosts  by  a  strong 
advocacy  of  their  cause  in  the  present  crisis. 
In  the  appendix  to  this  book  are  collected  the 
strong  letters  he  has  written  to  the  public 
prints  about  the  causes  and  conduct  of  the 
war.  In  particular  he  has  repudiated,  most 
earnestly,  any  possible  parallel  between  the 
acts  of  the  Union  army  and  the  German 
atrocities  in  Belgium. 

"We  fancy  that  Mr.  Putnam's  preference  is 
rather  for  action  and  men  of  affairs  than  for 
thought  and  purely  literary  people.  His  own 
first  choice  of  a  profession  was  forestry,  and 
he  gave  three  years  of  his  early  life  to  soldier- 
ing. It  is  natural,  therefore,  that  the  tree 
should  take  the  inclination  of  the  twig.  He 
has  always  been  associated  with  fighters  and 
reformers  in  public  affairs,  and  indeed  puts 
forth  a  claim  to  having  been  the  original 
"  mugwump."  There  is  much  intimate  report 

*  MEMORIES  OP  A  PUBLISHER.  By  George  Haven  Putnam, 
LittD.  With  portrait.  New  York :  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


in  these  pages  of  Carl  Schurz,  Grover  Cleve- 
land, William  H.  Baldwin,  Henry  Villard, 
Roger  A.  Pryor,  Joseph  H.  Choate,  and  many 
other  leaders  of  opinion. 

Mr.  Putnam's  prose  is  always  easy  and 
limpid,  and  sometimes  sparkling.  Here  is  a 
passage  describing  the  launching  of  a  cele- 
brated leviathan  of  fiction : 

"  One  afternoon,  some  time  in  the  winter  of 
1880,  just  as  I  was  preparing  to  close  my  desk,  a 
young  lady  and  her  father  came  in,  the  latter  bur- 
dened with  an  enormous  package  of  manuscript. 
The  daughter  was  about  twenty,  and  admitted  that 
this  was  her  first  attempt  at  literary  production. 
The  father  did  most  of  the  talking,  but  his  state- 
ment that  the  story  that  his  daughter  had  pro- 
duced was  certain  to  attract  widespread  attention 
was  a  word  that  is  listened  to  so  often  in  a  pub- 
lishing office  that  it  did  not  impress  me  very 
seriously.  I  could  only  dismiss  my  callers  with 
the  word  that  the  manuscript  would  receive  care- 
ful attention.  The  great  amount  of  the  material, 
the  admitted  inexperience  of  the  author,  even  the 
detail  that  the  script  had  been  written,  not  in  ink 
but  in  pencil  and  on  yellow  instead  of  white 
sheets,  gave  a  pretty  strong  impression  against  the 
probability  that  the  story  possessed  any  publish- 
ing importance.  I  put  a  few  of  the  first  chapters 
into  my  bag  and  began  the  reading  rather  late  in 
the  evening  when  I  had  gotten  through  with  other 
matters.  I  found  myself  annoyed,  notwithstand- 
ing the  troublesome  strain  on  my  eyes  from  the 
pencil  script,  that  I  had  not  brought  home  more 
chapters.  The  old  man  was  right  in  his  contention 
that  the  manuscript  would  attract  at  once  the 
attention  of  the  reader,  for  the  book  was  the 
famous  'Leavenworth  Case,'  and  the  murder, 
the  solution  of  which  constitutes  the  problem  of 
the  story,  occurs  in  the  second  chapter.  The  narra- 
tive was  absorbing,  but  its  exceptional  compass 
made  it  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  manage  on 
ordinary  publishing  lines.  As  first  written  '  The 
Leavenworth  Case '  contained  about  200,000  words. 
In  arranging  for  another  call  from  the  father  and 
daughter,  I  expressed  my  cordial  interest  and  at 
the  same  time  pointed  out  the  difficulty  from  a 
business  point  of  view  in  the  management  of  such 
an  elephant  of  a  romance.  With  a  good  deal  of 
protest  Miss  Green  accepted  the  task  of  elimi- 
nating certain  portions  of  the  narrative,  but  it 
was  as  if  she  had  undertaken  to  cut  up  a  baby. 
Twice  did  the  manuscript  go  back  for  curtailment, 
but  as  finally  printed  the  volume  still  contained 
160,000  words." 

There  is  less  in  Mr.  Putnam's  book  about 
the  publishing  enterprises  of  his  firm  than 
might  be  expected.  Considerable  space  is 
devoted  to  an  account  of  the  publication  of 
the  series  of  "  Writings  of  the  Fathers  of  the 
Republic,"  which  may  fairly  be  called  among 
the  major  undertakings  of  the  kind  in  this 
country.  It  covers  the  writings  of  Washing- 
ton, Franklin.  Hamilton,  Madison,  Monroe, 
Samuel  Adams,  George  Mason.  Thomas  Paine, 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


367 


and  Lincoln.  Later  the  firm  published  the 
"International  Series,"  the  "International 
Science  Series,"  the  "Story  of  the  Nations" 
series,  and  the  "  Heroes  of  the  Nations  "  series. 

Mr.  Putnam  has  issued  a  fair  shelf-full  of 
books  of  his  own.  In  1893  he  brought  out 
"Authors  and  Their  Public  in  Ancient 
Times,"  a  work  which,  though  based  on  Ger- 
man scholarship,  is  valuable  because  it  covers 
ground  hardly  touched  upon  in  English. 
Later,  he  added  a  study  of  "Books  and 
Their  Makers  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  which  is 
largely  an  investigation  as  to  how  far  the 
Church,  with  its  two  sets  of  Indexes,  Pro- 
hibitory and  Expurgatory,  interfered  with 
authorship  and  publication  in  Europe.  In 
1909  there  appeared  from  his  pen  a  biograph- 
ical study  of  Lincoln.  An  illustrated  frivol- 
ity entitled  "  The  Gingerbread  Man  "  has  had 
something  of  a  popular  success.  The  memoir 
of  his  father  and  the  two  volumes  of  his  own 
"Memories"  complete  the  tale  of  Mr.  Put- 
nam's contributions  to  literature. 

We  have  left  to  the  last  what  many  people 
will  consider  Mr.  Putnam's  most  important 
service.  He  inherited  from  his  father  the 
interest  in  and  the  lion's  share  of  the  work  of 
furthering  International  Copyright.  The 
two  of  them  seem  to  have  borne  the  brunt  of 
the  fight  for  this  important  reform.  As  he 
points  out,  the  wrongs  were  not  all  on  one 
side.  English  publishers  were  just  as  free  in 
"conveying"  anything  they  wanted  from 
American  writers  as  our  pirates  were  in  deal- 
ing with  English  publications, —  only  they 
did  not  want  so  much.  The  whole  question 
of  copyright  is  still  on  an  unsubstantial  and 
illogical  basis.  If  any  property  at  all  is 
sacred  it  would  seem  to  be  those  estates  that 
writers  conjure  up  out  of  their  own  minds. 
However,  for  the  considerable  protection  thus 
far  secured,  authors  both  in  this  country  and 
abroad  owe  much  to  the  self-sacrificing  labors 
of  Mr.  Putnam  and  his  associates. 

CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


THE  MAKTXG  OF  AMERICA.* 


Each  year  brings  forth  a  constantly  in- 
creasing number  of  special  studies  in  the 
field  of  American  history.  These  investiga- 
tions, some  of  which  are  exceedingly  careful 
monographs  confined  to  limited  periods,  add 
to  the  general  knowledge  of  the  subject  and 
consequently  modify  the  views  of  students. 

•  THE  RIVERSIDE  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  Com- 
prising: Beginnings  of  the  American  People,  by  Carl  L. 
Becker ;  Union  and  Democracy,  by  Allen  Johnson  ;  Expan- 
sion and  Conflict,  by  William  E.  Dodd ;  The  New  Nation,  by 
Frederic  L.  Paxson.  With  maps.  Boston :  Hough  ton  Mif- 
flin  Co. 


It  is  therefore  desirable  that  these  revised 
judgments  and  newly  discovered  facts  should, 
at  more  or  less  regular  intervals,  be  gath- 
ered, sifted,  weighed,  and  woven  into  a  re- 
statement of  what  may  be,  in  essence,  an  old 
story.  For  this  reason  the  authors  of  the 
"Riverside  History  of  the  United  States" 
have  undertaken  "to  describe  in  proper  pro- 
portions and  with  due  emphasis  .  .  the 
forces,  influences,  and  masterful  personali- 
ties which  have  made  the  country  what  it  is." 
This  is  no  small  task  which  they  have  at- 
tempted, for  the  growth  of  the  American 
people  cannot  be  treated  as  the  simple  and 
steady  development  of  a  nation,  the  various 
parts  of  which  have  been  in  harmonious 
accord  as  to  ideals  —  political,  social,  eco- 
nomic, or  intellectual  —  and  the  methods  of 
realizing  them.  On  the  contrary,  this  growth 
has  been  an  unsteady  one,  because  sectional 
prejudices  have  been  slow  in  giving  way  to 
national  sentiment. 

Professor  Becker,  who  contributes  the  vol- 
ume on  "  The  Beginnings  of  the  American 
People,"  writes  from  the  viewpoint  of  the 
student  of  European  history,  and  for  this 
reason  his  work  is  of  more  than  passing 
interest.  He  sees  the  colonies  as  parts  of  the 
European  system.  His  thorough  understand- 
ing of  European  political  affairs,  of  social 
conditions  and  ideals,  and  particularly  of  the 
economic  theory  of  the  age,  enables  him  to  set 
forth  in  a  remarkably  clear  and  compact,  but 
at  the  same  time  exceedingly  entertaining 
way,  the  narrative  of  the  three  hundred 
years  with  which  he  deals. 

Generally  the  works  on  American  colonial 
history  which  come  to  the  hand  of  the  average 
reader  lack  this  broader  interpretation  which 
is  so  essential  to  the  proper  understanding  of 
the  period.  It  is  true  that  the  facts  pertain- 
ing to  the  founding  of  the  colonies,  their 
growth,  and  the  development  of  their  insti- 
tutional life  are  known,  as  are  the  incidents 
connected  with  the  French  occupation  of  and 
expulsion  from  America.  So,  too,  are  the 
issues  which  developed  in  the  last  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  which  ended  in  the 
severing  of  our  connections  with  the  mother- 
country.  But  they  are  known  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  American  colonist.  It  is  by 
no  means  damaging  to  one's  Americanism  to 
examine  the  problems  of  this  period  from  the 
standpoint  of  the  British  imperialists  whom 
circumstances  forced  into  the  position  of 
empire-builders.  Viewing  questions  of  pol- 
icy, as  they  did,  in  this  light,  it  is  reasonable 
to  assume  that  their  views  surpassed  in 
breadth  those  of  many  of  the  colonial  leaders 
of  the  day,  who,  hampered  by  local  pre- 


368 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


judices,  drifted  toward  provincialism  and 
particularism. 

Professor  Becker  shows  clearly  that  eco- 
nomic theory  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  earlier 
colonial  policy  of  England,  as  well  as  the 
later  imperialistic  policy.  The  cardinal  doc- 
trine of  the  age  was  that  to  be  politically 
independent  a  nation  must  be  self-sufficing. 
In  the  nation  dependent  upon  rivals  for  the 
necessities,  not  only  the  prosperity  of  the 
trading  class  was  threatened,  but  the  very 
life  of  the  nation  itself.  When  the  English 
merchants,  in  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  began  to 
bewail  the  lack  of  markets,  the  chartered 
trading  and  colonizing  companies  came  into 
existence.  So  it  appears  that  the  dependence 
upon  foreign  countries  for  various  commodi- 
ties, coupled  with  the  decline  of  the  English 
export  trade,  gave  rise  to  the  colonizing  move- 
ment. Other  influences  contributed  to  the 
founding  of  the  English  plantations  in  Amer- 
ica, but  economic  causes  were  of  primary 
importance. 

As  the  colonies  grew  in  commercial  and  polit- 
ical importance,  the  English  statesmen  came 
to  feel  more  and  more  strongly  that  these  na- 
tional investments  should  be  made  paying 
ones.  They  determined  to  regulate  the  com- 
mercial and  political  activities  of  these  small 
states,  not  with  any  idea  of  limiting  their 
growth  or  prosperity,  but  because  they  be- 
lieved that  through  regulation  the  greatest 
good  would  result  to  the  greatest  number  of 
English  subjects.  Thus  the  numerous  regu- 
lating acts  passed  prior  to  1765  were  attempts 
to  foster  the  commerce  and  industries  of  the 
whole  nation  at  the  expense  of  foreign  coun- 
tries, and  to  develop  colonial  industry  along 
lines  which  would  not  come  into  competition 
with  English  industry. 

The  overthrow  of  France  in  the  New  "World 
brought  some  weighty  problems  to  England. 
The  latter  country  became  an  empire  in  terri- 
torial extent,  but  in  territorial  extent  only; 
for  it  lacked  all  the  administrative  machinery 
necessary  for  the  consolidation  and  control 
of  a  political  organism  so  vast.  The  attempts 
to  create  an  administrative  system  capable 
of  regulating  the  internal  and  external  rela- 
tions of  this  empire  were  of  necessity  experi- 
mental in  character,  and  were  certain  to  meet 
with  opposition  wherever  imperial  interests 
ran  counter  to  those  of  the  small  and  widely 
scattered  political  units  which  heretofore  had 
managed  their  own  affairs  according  to  their 
own  inclinations.  To  assure  a  more  perfect 
union,  the  political  system  must  be  over- 
hauled, and  any  such  reorganization  would 
of  necessity  tend  to  limit  the  chartered  rights 
of  the  American  plantations.  Any  reorgani- 


zation of  the  commercial  system  —  something 
which  was  demanded  by  the  powerful  mer- 
chant class  now  so  important  in  English 
affairs  —  was  certain  to  interfere  with  the 
profits  of  the  commercial  class  in  the  colonies. 
The  enlargement  of  territorial  holdings 
meant  a  decided  increase  in  the  size  of  the 
army;  the  reorganization  of  the  administra- 
tive machinery  meant  the  creation  of  numer- 
ous offices.  The  increased  operating  expenses 
could  be  met  only  by  heavier  taxation,  a  part 
of  which  the  colonies  would  be  expected  to 
bear. 

Upon  these  points  of  imperial  policy  was 
based  the  opposition  to  the  mother-country. 
One  can  scarcely  deny  that  from  a  legal  point- 
of  view  the  English  statesmen  had  right  upon 
their  side.  Lack  of  tact,  however,  and  a 
stubborn  disregard  for  the  prejudices  of  the 
provincials,  turned  passive  resistance  into  a 
revolt  which  rent  asunder  the  imperial  state 
the  English  lords  were  trying  so  earnestly  to 
mould  into  an  indestructible  unit. 

It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  the  mother- 
country  could  not  win  the  undivided  support 
of  the  American  colonies  for  her  imperialistic 
policy.  The  colonies  had  difficulties  in  agree- 
ing among  themselves  on  any  subject.  When 
it  was  scarcely  possible  for  Puritan,  Angli- 
can, Calvinist,  Quaker,  and  Catholic  to  live 
together  in  peace  in  this  age  of  rancorous 
religious  prejudice,  it  was  highly  improbable 
that  these  elements  would  gather  themselves 
together  into  a  single  state  without  a  decided 
struggle.  Moreover,  the  geographical  environ- 
ments of  these  groups  were  such  as  would 
intensify  rather  than  diminish  the  prejudices 
of  each,  since  economic  differences,  so  power- 
ful in  influencing  the  formation  of  political 
beliefs,  were  bound  to  develop.  So  it  was 
that  physiographic  conditions,  together  with 
certain  definite  religious  and  political  beliefs, 
developed  a  political,  social,  and  economic 
unit  in  colonial  New  England  which  differed 
radically  from  the  unit  developed  in  Vir- 
ginia. Communication,  except  by  sea,  was 
well-nigh  impossible;  and  each  colony,  devel- 
oping along  its  own  lines,  nursing  its  own 
prejudices,  and  exalting  its  own  ideals,  strove 
to  become  sufficient  unto  itself.  Commerce, 
the  great  agency  for  the  widening  of  men's 
minds,  had  little  opportunity  to  exert  its 
powerful  influence  upon  these  isolated  bodies 
politic  of  seventeenth  century  America. 

In  the  course  of  events,  a  common  danger 
from  without  compelled  the  colonies  to  bury 
their  differences  long  enough  to  win  inde- 
pendence and  a  place  among  the  nations  of 
the  earth.  The  treatment  which  Professor 
Becker  accords  to  the  Revolution  is  not  the 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


369 


one  generally  set  forth  for  American  readers. 
It  is  impossible  not  to  receive  the  impression 
that  even  the  few  successes  gained  by  the 
poorly  organized  colonial  armies  in  the  early 
years  of  the  war  were  due  not  so  much  to  the 
patriotism  of  the  American  people  as  to  the 
studied  inactivity  of  the  British  generals. 

"  The  ministers  [of  England]  had  doubtless 
thought  that  the  policy  of  conducting  the  war  with 
the  olive  branch  and  the  sword  in  either  hand 
would  prove  successful.  Certainly  Howe  had  so 
interpreted  his  instructions.  He  had  fought  only 
when  it  was  necessary  to  fight;  easily  accom- 
plished everything  he  seriously  attempted;  never 
pressed  an  advantage;  had  supposed  that  by  occu- 
pying the  principal  cities,  affording  protection  to 
the  loyal,  and  by  moderation  winning  the  luke- 
warm, the  flame  of  rebellion  would  burn  low  for 
want  of  fuel  and  in  good  time  quite  flicker  out." 
As  it  was,  the  colonial  army  looked  with  con- 
tempt upon  a  government  which  could 
neither  feed  nor  clothe  its  soldiers;  Congress 
criticized  the  army  for  weakness,  and  feared 
it  when  it  threatened  to  usurp  congressional 
powers.  The  states  wanted  to  control  their 
own  troops  and  direct  their  activities;  fur- 
thermore, they  tried  to  dodge  taxes  and  to 
leave  their  quotas  unfilled.  Here  and  there 
a  fortunate  victory  aided  the  cause  of  the 
colonies;  the  French  alliance  gave  new  life 
to  a  weakened  resistance ;  but  most  of  all  the 
steadfastness  of  purpose  displayed  by  "Wash- 
ington brought  success  to  the  American  cause. 
Professor  Becker's  narrative  thus  differs  in 
several  essentials  from  the  version  usually 
accepted. 

The  second  volume  of  the  set,  "Union  and 
Democracy,"  by  Professor  Johnson,  covers  the 
period  from  1783  to  1828.  The  writer  treats 
first  the  commercial,  financial,  and  political 
troubles  of  that  unfortunate  experiment  in 
government,  the  Confederation.  The  forma- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  the  organization  of 
the  new  national  government,  and  the  steps 
by  which  this  government  sought  to  establish 
its  authority  over  the  states,  are  portrayed  in 
the  orthodox  way.  The  period  is  interesting 
and  complex;  and  although  the  term  "criti- 
cal period"  is  pretty  generally  applied  to 
that  of  the  Confederation,  the  years  imme- 
diately following  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution may  also  lay  claim  to  an  importance 
scarcely  less  great.  Particularism  was  strong, 
respect  for  the  national  government  was  slow 
of  growth;  party  loyalty  and  factional  ani- 
mosity often  obscured  the  goal  toward  which 
the  nation  moved.  The  constant  and  strenu- 
ous effort  to  establish  itself  as  a  nation,  to 
protect  its  subjects,  to  maintain  its  rights, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  avoid  being  drawn 
into  the  general  European  war  which  was 


raging,  laid  heavy  burdens  upon  those  who 
guided  the  destinies  of  the  new  American 
State.  The  unrest  of  these  years  was  in- 
creased by  the  fact  that  the  parties,  divided 
as  they  were  over  the  interpretation  of  the 
Constitution  as  to  the  relative  powers  of  the 
states  and  the  national  government,  were  also 
clearly  in  opposition  as  to  the  attitude  which 
America  should  assume  toward  the  warring 
powers. 

Still  another  line  of  development  —  the 
occupation  of  the  West  —  served  to  compli- 
cate the  situation.  Professor  Johnson  points 
out  that  the  "  greatest  obstacle  in  the  path  of 
the  people  of  the  United  States  in  their  strug- 
gle towards  national  life  was  the  vastness  of 
the  territory  which  they  occupied."  The 
occupation  of  the  trans-Alleghany  country 
was  one  of  the  tremendous  movements  of 
the  period.  This  was  accomplished  in  the 
face  of  the  most  serious  opposition,  not  only 
upon  the  part  of  the  Indians,  but  of  the 
European  nations  as  well,  since  each  of  these 
hoped  by  diplomatic  intrigues  among  them- 
selves, with  the  Indians,  and  with  the  settlers 
in  the  West,  to  establish  themselves  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  and  thereby  rob  the 
American  people  of  the  fruits  of  the  late  war. 
This  diplomatic  contest  for  the  possession  of 
the  West  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating  and 
complex  studies  in  our  history. 

With  the  occupation  of  the  West,  which 
was  accomplished  with  astonishing  rapidity 
by  the  pioneers,  a  distinctly  sectional  feeling 
developed.  The  antagonism  of  the  back- 
country  farmer  of  colonial  Virginia  toward 
the  planter  of  the  tide- water  country  — 
which  in  itself  was  really  class  antagonism 
based  upon  differences  in  wealth,  social  posi- 
tion, and  political  importance  —  appeared 
again  in  the  opposition  of  the  young,  provin- 
cial, trans-Alleghany  West  to  the  older  and 
more  conservative  East. 

The  West  came  into  political  power  in 
1811.  Urged  on  by  the  hatred  borne  by  the 
western  men  for  the  English,  whom  they 
held  responsible  for  most  of  the  Indian  trou- 
bles along  the  frontier,  it  carried  the  nation 
into  the  second  war  with  England.  As  far 
as  land  operations  were  concerned,  this  war 
had  little  in  it  to  which  the  American  could 
"point  with  pride."  One  lesson  was  not  lost 
on  Madison,  who,  in  a  special  message  to  Con- 
gress in  1815,  wrote : 

"  Experience  has  taught  us  that  neither  the  paci- 
fic dispositions  of  the  American  people  nor  the 
pacific  character  of  their  political  institutions,  can 
altogether  exempt  them  from  that  strife  which 
appears,  beyond  the  ordinary  lot  of  nations,  to  be 
incident  to  the  actual  period  of  the  world;  and 
the  same  faithful  monitor  demonstrates  that  a  cer- 


370 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


tain  degree  of  preparation  for  war  is  not  only 
indispensable  to  avert  disaster  in  the  onset,  but 
affords  also  the  best  security  for  the  continuance 
of  peace." 

The  influence  of  the  war  was  beneficial, 
however.  The  nation  was  released  from  its 
close  dependence  upon  Europe,  and  a  favor- 
able peace  laid  the  foundations  for  the  settle- 
ment of  our  differences  with  Great  Britain. 
There  developed,  also,  a  national  conscious- 
ness which  drew  attention  to  such  internal 
problems  as  the  tariff,  the  bank,  internal 
improvements,  and  the  extension  of  slavery. 
During  these  years,  too,  came  several  of  the 
remarkable  decisions  of  Chief  Justice  Mar- 
shall, by  which  the  doctrine  of  Federal 
supremacy  over  the  states  was  first  given 
definite  legal  form. 

The  triumph  of  American  democracy  came 
with  the  election  of  Jackson.  The  period 
from  Jackson  to  Lincoln,  during  which  the 
nation  wrestled  with  the  most  important 
problems  it  had  been  called  upon  so  far  to 
solve,  has  always  been  one  of  deep  interest. 
The  volume  covering  this  period  of  "  Expan- 
sion and  Conflict"  has  the  additional  attrac- 
tion of  being  written  by  a  Southerner.  Pro- 
fessor Dodd  works  upon  the  assumption  that, 
except  in  extent  of  territory  which  they  occu- 
pied, the  American  people  did  not  form  a 
nation  until  after  the  close  of  the  Civil  War. 
The  assumption  seems  well  founded,  since  sec- 
tional interests  undoubtedly  were  uppermost 
in  the  thoughts  of  all  save  a  few  of  the  most 
broad-minded  leaders. 

In  this  unsettled  period  the  sectional  feel- 
ing which  had  existed  between  the  Atlantic 
states  and  those  beyond  the  Alleghanies  was 
submerged  in  a  sectionalism  much  more  vio- 
lent in  character,  which  was  determined  along 
lines  of  latitude  instead  of  longitude.  The 
North  was  a  land  of  towns  and  small  farms ; 
the  South  a  land  of  plantations,  where  the 
problem  from  the  very  beginning  of  the  plan- 
tation system  had  been  that  of  labor. 
Through  the  introduction  of  negro  slavery,  a 
solution  had  been  reached  at  an  early  date. 
As  long  as  the  slave  communities  had  been 
confined  to  the  Atlantic  Plain,  the  question 
of  the  extension  of  slavery  had  not  been 
one  of  great  political  significance.  With  the 
expansion  of  the  slave  power,  coming  after 
the  War  of  1812  as  the  result  of  the  rapid 
increase  in  the  production  of  cotton  and 
tobacco,  the  opponents  of  the  institution  be- 
came alarmed,  and  the  question  grew  rapidly 
in  importance  until  it  came  to  over-shadow 
and  finally  to  obscure  all  others.  Very  natu- 
rally the  Southern  leaders  felt  that  the  eco- 
nomic life  of  the  South  was  dependent 


largely  upon  slavery.  They  could  see,  too, 
that  sooner  or  later  the  rapidly  growing 
North  was  to  outstrip  the  South  in  the  race 
for  political  supremacy,  and  consequently  it 
was  but  a  question  of  time  until  the  several 
branches  of  the  national  government  would 
fall  into  the  hands  of  those  hostile  to  negro 
servitude.  This  could  mean  only  one  thing: 
slavery  would  be  declared  illegal,  and  the 
economic  structure  of  the  South  would  be 
ruined. 

Southern  leaders  saw  two  possible  ways 
through  which  the  situation  might  be  con- 
trolled. In  the  first  place,  the  doctrine  of 
strict  construction  of  the  Constitution  must 
be  rigidly  adhered  to,  and  developed  still 
further.  This  was  done  most  skilfully  by  the 
powerful  mind,  of  Calhoun ;  and  out  of  the 
older  doctrine  grew  the  States  Rights  doc- 
trine, under  which  slavery  in  the  common- 
wealths seemed  safe.  In  the  second  place,  the 
South  must  keep  her  representation  in  the 
Senate  equal  to  that  of  the  North,  which  was 
certain  to  gain  control  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. This  could  be  accomplished  by  the 
extension  of  slavery  into  the  territories,  in  the 
hope  that  when  new  commonwealths  came  to 
seek  admission  to  the  Union  they  would  come 
with  constitutions  legalizing  slavery.  The 
vigorous  opposition  of  the  North  to  this  pol- 
icy led  the  sections  into  a  series  of  violent 
controversies  which  could  not  be  disposed  of 
by  compromises.  The  fact  that  the  territory 
left  open  by  the  Missouri  Compromise  to  the 
peaceful  extension  of  slavery  was  decidedly 
limited  in  extent  undoubtedly  influenced  the 
nation's  policy  of  expansion  which  prevailed 
in  the  forties. 

This  storm  and  stress  period,  when  the 
South  fought  hard  for  the  extension  of  its 
power  and  the  protection  of  its  economic  and 
social  organization,  Professor  Dodd  treats 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  historian,  not  the 
partisan.  In  addition  to  a  clear  sketch  of 
the  political  events  of  the  time,  he  has  found 
space  to  give  us  a  glimpse  of  the  economic 
and  social  background  so  necessary  to  the 
proper  interpretation  of  these  years  of  un- 
rest. The  great  personalities  under  whose 
leadership  the  sentiment  of  either  section 
crystallized  are  briefly  characterized,  the 
greater  emphasis  being  laid,  very  properly, 
upon  the  influence  each  exerted  in  moulding 
the  political  thought  of  the  time.  The  chap- 
ters on  "The  Militant  South,"  "The  Aboli- 
tionists" and  "American  Culture"  will  attract 
attention,  as  will  those  on  the  war  itself. 

The  period  from  the  close  of  the  Civil  War 
to  the  present  time,  which  Professor  Paxson 
covers  in  "  The  New  Nation,"  is,  from  the 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


371 


standpoint  of  the  average  college  student  at 
least,  the  "  Dark  Ages  "  of  American  history. 
Still  it  is  a  period  of  very  decided  interest. 
During  the  years  of  Reconstruction,  states- 
men and  politicians  alike  wrestled  with  the 
problem  of  the  status  of  the  seceded  common- 
wealths. An  undignified  struggle  went  on  be- 
tween the  legislative  and  executive  branches 
of  the  government,  neither  party  being  cer- 
tain of  its  constitutional  ground  in  the  mat- 
ter. In  the  meantime  the  South  suffered 
under  the  rule  of  the  carpet-bagger,  which 
ruined  what  remained  of  its  civilization, 
wasted  its  scanty  resources,  fastened  upon  it 
the  rule  of  an  inferior  race,  and  delayed  for 
years  the  efforts  of  the  planter  to  rebuild  his 
wrecked  economic  system.  In  the  end,  it  was 
the  mysterious  Ku  Klux  Klan  and  the 
Knights  of  the  White  Camellia,  whose  ghostly 
riders  struck  terror  into  the  hearts  of  the 
dusky  politicians  and  rid  the  South  of  the 
hated  political  adventurers. 

During  the  quarter  century  after  the  war 
the  trans-Missouri  West  was  occupied.  These 
are  the  times  of  the  cattlemen  of  the  Great 
Plains ;  of  the  miners  of  the  Black  Hills  and 
Colorado ;  of  Red  Cloud,  Black  Kettle,  Crazy 
Horse,  and  Chief  Joseph;  of  Custer,  Fetter- 
man,  and  Crook.  Whoever  loves  the  romance 
of  the  frontier  will  find  something  here  to 
interest  him.  During  these  years  the  trans- 
continental railroads  bridged  the  American 
Desert,  brought  about  the  disappearance  of 
the  frontier,  and  relegated  the  picturesque 
cowboy  to  the  pages  of  fiction. 

Our  foreign  relations  during  the  period 
are  also  of  much  importance.  For  years  after 
the  close  of  the  war  there  was  a  decided  ten- 
dency toward  expansion,  as  is  evidenced  by 
the  purchase  of  Alaska  and  the  attempts  to 
obtain  the  Danish  West  Indies  and  San 
Domingo.  The  settlement  of  the  Alabama 
Claims,  the  Venezuelan  question,  and  our 
several  boundary  controversies  indicate  the 
beginning  of  an  era  of  cordial  relations  with 
the  other  great  English-speaking  people.  Our 
relations  with  Spain  grew  more  and  more 
strained  through  these  years,  until  at  last  we 
became  involved  in  a  war  with  that  nation 
and  emerged  from  it  a  world  power.  Pro- 
fessor Paxson's  treatment  of  this  event  is 
certain  to  attract  attention,  since  it  differs 
radically  from  the  popular  accounts  usually 
accepted.  To  him  it  appears  that  Spain  was 
not  entirely  to  blame  for  the  situation  which 
developed;  that  the  Spanish  nation  made 
nearly  every  concession  which  could  reason- 
ably be  expected  of  it;  and  finally  that  the 
"yellow"  newspapers  forced  America  into  a 
struggle  which  diplomacy  might  have  averted. 


Probably  the  most  interesting  part  of  the 
volume  is  that  dealing  with  the  economic, 
social,  and  political  reorganization  of  the  na- 
tion which  shows  itself  in  the  widespread 
unrest  of  recent  years.  New  parties  have 
been  formed  to  protest  against  the  reaction- 
ary tendencies  of  the  older  political  organiza- 
tions, and  are  demanding  radical  changes  in 
the  administrative  system.  A  conflict  is  in 
progress  to  compel  "big  business"  to  con- 
form to  the  laws  of  the  land.  The  restraining 
influence  which  the  judiciary  has  exercised 
over  state  legislatures  in  their  battles  with 
the  railroads  has  brought  this  branch  of  our 
government  under  closer  scrutiny  than  ever 
before.  There  is  an  undoubted  sentiment 
against  the  so-called  legislation  by  the  judi- 
ciary. Labor  has  organized  to  protect  itself, 
and  is  making  earnest  demands  for  social  and 
economic  justice;  the  Far  West  is  insisting 
that  its  interests  be  given  consideration;  the 
representatives  of  various  powerful  indus- 
tries are  urging  the  national  legislature  to 
frame  tariff  bills  consistent  with  the  desires 
of  each.  The  people  have  awakened  to  the 
value  of  the  nation's  natural  resources,  and 
earnestly  oppose  that  school  of  capitalists 
which  supports  the  doctrine  "  that  all  natural 
resources  of  the  country  should  be  trans- 
ferred to  private  hands  as  speedily  as  possi- 
ble, at  a  nominal  charge,  or  no  charge  at  all." 

Many  thousands  of  government  documents, 
monographs,  and  editorials  have  appeared 
treating  these  questions  from  every  conceiv- 
able point  of  view,  and  each  colored  by  the 
sympathies  of  the  writer.  By  gathering  the 
facts  which  are  important,  and  presenting 
them  in  an  orderly  way,  together  with  inter- 
pretations which  are  clear  cut  and  consistent 
with  the  principles  of  sound  scholarship. 
Professor  Paxson  has  made  a  contribution 
which  will  be  appreciated  by  those  who 
attempt  to  grasp  the  significant  things  in  the 
development  of  this  exceedingly  interesting 
period. 

The  "Riverside  History"  is  a  good  one, 
but  it  will  be  found  more  serviceable  to  the 
reader  who  has  some  groundwork  in  the  sub- 
ject than  to  him  who  has  none.  The  treat- 
ment of  the  social  and  intellectual  phases, 
although  brief,  is  worth  while.  In  some 
cases,  however,  it  may  call  forth  comments 
which  are  not  entirely  sympathetic.  An 
abundance  of  really  good  maps  will  be  an 
invaluable  aid  to  the  reader,  as  will  also  be 
the  short  bibliographies  found  at  the  close  of 
the  several  chapters.  As  a  piece  of  book- 
making  the  series  could  scarcely  be  improved 
upon. 

WILLIAM  V.  POOLEY. 


372 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


DANTE  IN  A  NEW  TRANSLATION.* 


A  new  translation  of  an  old  classic  must 
expect  the  keenest  criticism,  unless  it  be  put 
forth  under  private  imprint  and  confessedly 
as  solace  or  pastime  of  the  translator.  Such, 
however,  is  not  the  case  with  Professor  John- 
son's rendering  of  "  The  Divine  Comedy." 
Emanating  from  one  university  and  endorsed 
by  another,  it  challenges  comparison  with  the 
already  existing  translations,  and  should  show 
superiority  to  most  or  all  of  its  predecessors. 
This  new  translator  aims  especially  at  "mod- 
ern English,"  at  "  rhythmical  qualities  pleas- 
ing to  the  English  ear,"  while  holding  to  a 
line-for-line  version  and  giving  consideration 
to  Dante's  words  even  so  far  as  their  place  in 
the  sentence.  At  the  same  time,  he  stands  for 
the  claim  and  obligation  of  the  translation  to 
be  "  a  work  of  art."  Yet  he  alters  the  femi- 
nine endings  of  the  original  to  masculine, — 
thus,  in  the  absence  of  rhyme,  giving  blank 
verse. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  translator  begins 
with  certain  inconsistencies  in  his  programme. 
A  reverence  for  the  original  which  insists  on 
retaining  words  in  their  place  in  the  sentence 
is  hardly  reconciled  with  the  license  to  alter 
the  rhyme-plan  and  the  metre  of  the  master. 
Nor  has  the  former  adherence  to  the  original 
as  good  grounds  as  could  be  urged  for  a  close 
following  of  .the  verse  form.  In  fact,  it  has 
very  poor  grounds,  and  is  altogether  imprac- 
ticable as  a  working  rule.  Professor  Johnson 
must  have  forgotten  it  before  he  proceeded 
very  far,  for  the  lines  in  which  the  rule  is 
violated  are  more  numerous  than  those  in 
which  it  is  followed. 

The  best  that  may  be  said  of  this  new  ver- 
sion is  that  it  contains  not  infrequent  pas- 
sages combining  great  dignity  and  great 
simplicity.  The  following,  from  Paradise 
II.,  may  serve  as  an  example  of  the  best : 

"  0  ye,  who  in  a  very  little  bark, 

Eager  to  listen,  have  been  following 
Behind  my  ship  that  singing  makes  its  way, 

Turn  back  to  look  again  upon  your  shores; 
Put  you  not  out  to  sea,  lest  it  befall 
That,  losing  me,  ye  should  remain  astray. 

The  water  which  I  take  was  never  sailed ; 
Minerva  breathes,  Apollo  is  my  guide, 
And  Muses  nine  point  out  to  me  the  Bears." 

Or  this,  from  Canto  IX.  of  the  Purgatory : 
"  It  was  the  hour  before  the  dawn,  when  first 
The  swallow  sings  her  melancholy  lays, 
Perchance  in  memory  of  former  woes, 
And  when  our  mind  is  more  a  wanderer 

From  flesh,  and  less  held  captive  to  our  thought, 
And  in  its  visions  is  almost  divine." 

*  THE    DIVINE    COMEDY.      Translated    by    Henry    Johnson. 
New  Haven:  Yale  University  Press. 


One  could  find  many  passages  of  from  five  to 
ten  lines  each  in  which  the  style  is  as  straight- 
forward and  the  rhythm  as  good.  But  one 
should  not  have  to  seek  for  them;  they  are 
what  one  has  a  right  to  expect. 

Unfortunately,  the  challenges  of  the  under- 
taking seem  to  be  rather  recklessly  met,  and  the 
promises  of  the  preface  are  not  kept.  Clarity 
and  simplicity  are  often  far  from  our  path 
in  this  version.  Vocabulary  and  idiom  are  not 
always  modern.  Obscurity  and  awkwardness 
mar  many  passages.  Worst  of  all,  the  versi- 
fication is  painfully  imperfect,  —  a  constant 
stumbling-block  to  distract  attention  from 
form  and  thought.  Rhythm  and  clarity  suffer 
alike  in  such  a  rendering  as  this  (Inferno, 
I,  8-9)  : 

"  But  yet,  to  treat  of  the  good  that  I  found  there, 
I  speak  of  other  things  that  there  I  found." 

It  is  not  sufficient  to  urge  that  the  original 
is  sometimes  obscure.  The  translator  should 
see  clearly  and  make  clear,  especially  when 
he  abstains  from  any  and  all  notes.  So  in 
Paradise  I.,  76-77  : 

"  When  the  revolving,  which  Thou  longed-for 

makest 
Eternal,  drew  my  thought  into  itself." 

These  are  merely  examples  of  numerous  sim- 
ilar passages  which  might  be  cited. 

Not  obscurity  but  mere  awkwardness  of 
expression  is  the  fault  with  the  following 
(Inferno  IV.,  1)  : 

"  The  deep  sleep  in  my  head  was  broken  off 
By  heavy  thundering." 

We  understand  at  the  end  of  the  sentence 
that  thunder  roused  him  from  sleep.  But 
certainly  the  first  image  from  the  chief  ex- 
pression is  of  a  sharp  instrument  "broken 
off  "  in  the  man's  head. 

A  long  list  of  constructions  which  are 
neither  "modern  English"  nor  manifesta- 
tions of  "the  strength  and  beauty  of  our  own 
language"  could  be  cited;  but  the  following 
may  serve  as  typical  : 
"  Like  one  who  listens  to  some  great  deceit 

That  has  been  done  him,  and  resents  it  sore," 

Inferno  VIII.,  22-23. 
"  San  Leo  can  be  reached  .  .  . 

With  only  feet,  but  here  one  needs  to  fly," 

Purg.  IV.,  27. 
"  Moving  his  look  only  along  his  thigh," 

Purg.  IV,  113. 

"  But  the  deep  wounds  from  which 
Came  forth  the  blood,  in  which  I  had  my  seat," 

Purg.  V,  73-4. 
(No,  reader,  he  was  not  sitting  in  a  pool  of 


"S,u,s 
Who  for  the  valley  were  not  seen  without," 

Purg.  VII.,  84. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


373 


"  They  both  from  Mary's  bosom  have  come  down," 

Purg.  VIII.,  37, 
"  No  salutation  fair  from  each  to  each 

was  silent,"  Purg.  VIII.,  56, 

(Meaning,  "was  lacking.") 

"  So  much  of  wax 
As  to  the  enameled  summit  is  required  " 

Purg.  VIII.,  114. 
"  I  craved  the  mercy  of  his  opening," 

Purg.  IX.,  110, 
(Meaning,  "I  begged  him  to  open  it.") 

The  fact  that  Longfellow  used  several  of 
these  too  literal  and  awkward  translations  will 
scarcely  make  them  more  acceptable  in  a  later 
work. 

In  addition  to  the  stiffness  of  style,  there  is 
a  considerable  archaic  vocabulary,  puzzling 
to  the  modern  reader.     The  rendering  "St. 
Lawrence  "  for  "  San  Lorenzo  "  takes  us  quite 
unnecessarily   far    from    Italy.      Is   it    good 
English  to  speak  of  an  "  Empress  over  many 
languages"  when  "races"  is  meant?     Is  it 
permissible  to  locate  "mosques"  in  the  city 
of  Dis?     Consider  in  the  following  the  sense 
of  "thrust"  and  "gall"  (Parad.  IV.,  27-29)  : 
"  These  are  the  questions  that  upon  thy  will 
Thrust  equally,  and  therefore  I  will  first 
Treat  of  the  one  that  has  the  more  of  gall." 
Or  of  "seat"  in  this  (Parad.  III.,  82)  : 
"  So  that  as  we  exist  from  seat  to  seat 

Throughout  this  realm." 
Or  of  this  expression  (Parad.  II.,  77)  : 

"As  a  body 
Divides  the  fat  and  lean." 

A  curious  judgment  has  led  to  the  transla- 
tion, in  a  supplement,  of  all  the  Latin  phrases 
in  the*  text,  such  as  suo  loco,  in  exitu  Israel  de 
Egypto,  miserere,  Te  Deum  laudamus,  Agnus 
Dei,  etc.  Since  all  other  annotations  are  dis- 
pensed with,  it  would  seem  as  though  the 
reader  of  "The  Divine  Comedy"  could  be 
trusted  to  cope  with  such  small  Latin,  almost 
all  of  it  being  familiar  in  the  Bible  and  tlje 
church  service. 

If  it  was  hoped  that  this  translation  was  to 
be  read  for  pleasure,  alone  or  in  comparison 
with  any  of  the  older  versions,  the  necessary 
pains  should  not  have  been  spared  to  make  it 
scan  better,  to  attain  "the  rhythmical  quali- 
ties pleasing  to  the  English  ear."  It  is  not 
merely  an  occasional  line  which  gives  offence, 
where  the  excuse  might  be  that  fidelity  to  the 
text  and  the  line-for-line  rendering  seemed  in- 
compatible with  pleasing  rhythm.  There  are 
hundreds  of  lines  in  which  an  agreeable  move- 
ment is  attainable  by  the  simple  transposition 
of  a  word  or  a  phrase,  giving  in  most  cases  a 
better  poetic  construction.  A  few  of  these 
will  suffice  to  demonstrate  the  validity  of  the 


criticism.  "  I  pray,  bring  me  to  the  memory 
of  men,"  Inf.  VI.,  89,  (Bring  me,  I  pray  thee, 
to  men's  memory)  ;  "  Of  wishing  to  speak 
with  them  secretly,"  Inf.  VIII.,  87,  (Of  wish- 
ing secretly  to  speak  with  them)  ;  "  That  he 
would  tell  me  who  might  be  with  him,"  Inf. 
X.,  117,  (That  he  would  tell  me  who  with  him 
might  be) . 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  a  large  number  of 
the  bad  scansions  have  evidently  been  justi- 
fied by  an  unwarranted  stress  on  a  pronoun. 
But  the  most  irritating  cases  are  those  of 
which  the  following  is  an  example  (Purg. 
VII.,  7)  :  "I  am  Virgil ;  and  for  no  other  sin," 
—  where  the  simple  transposition,  "Virgil  am 
I,"  gives  good  scansion  and  a  stronger  line. 

The  line,  "My  ancestors  made  me  so  arro- 
gant" (Purg.  XI.,  62),  is  doubly  defective. 
It  can  be  scanned  only  by  stressing  "me"; 
and  the  sense  is  obscured  by  the  idiom.  "  My 
ancestry  begot  in  me  such  pride"  deviates 
from  the  phrasing  of  the  original,  but  it  obvi- 
ates both  defects.  Yet  since  the  translation 
deviates  from  the  original  anyway,  one  should 
at  least  save  rhythm  and  sense.  "  The  rays 
were  striking  us  full  in  the  face,"  which  gal- 
lops instead  of  stalks,  is  easily  made  into  a 
good  iambic  line  by  inversion, —  "  Full  in  the 
face  the  rays  were  striking  us."  So  also  with 
"  I  asked  that  I  might  give  strength  to  thy 
feet,"  "  I  went  along  through  air  bitter  and 
foul,"  "Me  to  Parnassus  to  drink  in  its  caves," 
"As  it  was  possible  when  it  lost  her,"  "  Thou 
shalt  see  me  come  to  thy  chosen  tree,"  and 
scores  of  other  lines,  which  limp  or  refuse 
utterly  to  go ;  with  the  aid  of  a  simple  inver- 
sion they  march  properly  enough.  The  very 
small  number  of  six-stressed  lines  would  be 
overlooked  much  more  readily  than  these 
rough  ones. 

It  is  a  disappointment  to  find  the  product 
of  so  much  labor  unsatisfactory,  and  it  is 
painful  to  give  an  unfavorable  judgment  on 
the  serious  work  of  an  earnest  man.  One 
function  Professor  Johnson's  translation  may 
fairly  serve,  that  of  pacing-mate  to  the  Ital- 
ian text,  for  one  who  needs  assistance. 

"W.  H.  CARRUTH. 


THE  FASCINATION  OF  JAPANESE  PRINTS.* 


The  sense  of  detachment  necessary  to  the 
formation  of  an  impartial  estimate  of  the 
worth  of  a  book  is  made  difficult  when  the 
book  is  dedicated  to  the  reviewer,  and  various 
complimentary  references  to  him  are  scat- 
tered through  its  pages.  It  is  with  a  keen 


*  CHATS  ON  JAPANESE  PRINTS.     By  Arthur  Davison  Ficke. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.     New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 


374 


THE    DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


realization  of  this  disability  that  the  present 
reviewer  ventures  to  tell  the  readers  of  THE 
DIAL,  what  he  thinks  of  Mr.  Ficke's  "  Chats 
on  Japanese  Prints,"  and  he  craves  their 
indulgence  should  what  he  have  to  say  seem 
lacking  in  critical  judgment.  There  is  the 
more  need  to  ask  this  because  the  book  is  of 
such  conspicuous  merit  as  to  call  for  generous 
praise. 

In  the  forty  years  or  thereabout  since  the 
color  prints  by  the  Ukiyoe  masters  first  came 
to  the  attention  of  art  lovers  in  Europe  and 
America,  the  circle  of  their  ardent  admirers 
has  steadily  widened,  and  without  doubt 
would  be  far  wider  still  were  there  more 
abundant  opportunities  for  seeing  prints  of 
the  better  class.  From  the  beginning  these 
prints  have  gone  into  the  portfolios  of  eager 
collectors,  who  were  quick  to  feel  their  charm 
and  to  appreciate  their  artistic  worth,  but 
who  have  been  loath  to  lend  them  for  exhibi- 
tion or  even  to  hang  them  upon  their  own 
walls,  for  they  soon  learned  that  extended 
exposure  to  light  was  at  the  risk  of  virtual 
destruction  through  the  fading  of  the  lovely 
reds  and  yellows  printed  in  fugitive  tints. 
As  for  the  most  precious  prints  of  all,  the 
supreme  impressions  in  perfect  preservation 
of  the  most  distinguished  designs  by  the 
greatest  artists  of  the  school,  they  are  so  rare 
that  the  number  of  their  possessors  at  any 
time  can  never  be  more  than  a  very  few. 

Although  the  collector's  prizes  are  so  scarce 
as  to  make  the  search  for  them  an  exciting 
pursuit,  with  the  hope  ever  present  to  give 
it  zest  that  some  wonderful  hidden  stores 
may  yet  be  discovered,  the  number  of  prints 
of  a  little  less  distinction,  but  still  of  great 
beauty,  is  very  large,  and  these  have  found 
their  way  into  many  hands.  And  while  op- 
portunities for  seeing  the  finer  prints  have 
been  restricted,  they  have  not  been  altogether 
lacking.  Some  very  good  prints  have  been 
acquired  by  museums  and  public  libraries  in 
Europe  and  America,  where  they  are  accessi- 
ble to  all  who  apply;  important  exhibitions 
have  been  held  in  Paris,  London,  New  York, 
and  Chicago,  and  smaller  ones  an  other  cities ; 
and  everywhere  collectors  have  been  gener- 
ous in  showing  their  treasures  privately. 

"With  increasing  interest  has  come  desire 
for  information.  This  the  books  hitherto 
available  very  imperfectly  supply.  The  need 
has  been  for  a  compact  and  readable  work, 
which,  while  giving  the  historical  facts  so  far 
as  they  are  known,  should  emphasize  the 
aesthetic  charm  of  the  prints  and  make  clear 
the  soundness  of  the  conception  upon  which 
it  rests.  Such  a  book  Mr.  Ficke  has  now 
given  us.  It  opens  with  a  "  Preliminary  Sur- 


vey "  in  which  the  claims  of  Far  Eastern  art 
are  admirably  presented.  Then  the  incep- 
tion, development,  and  decay  of  the  Ukiyoe 
School  are  passed  in  review,  all  of  the  more 
important  artists  being  taken  up  in  turn  and 
the  strong  and  weak  points  in  their  works  put 
before  the  reader  in  nicely  discriminating 
phrase.  Throughout,  the  aim  is  to  set  forth 
the  distinctive  qualities  that  to  the  discerning 
mind  make  the  prints  "  a  unique  source  of 
repose  and  exaltation."  A  few  sentences  from 
the  introductory  chapter  will  show  how  vividly 
the  right  point  of  view  is  put  forward : 

"  That  sublimated  pleasure  which  is  the  seal  of 
all  the  arts  reaches  its  purest  condition  when 
evoked  by  a  work  in  which  the  aesthetic  quality  is 
not  too  closely  mingled  with  the  everyday  human. 
.  .  All  Asian  art  has  recognized  for  centuries  the 
fact  that  vision  and  imagination  are  the  faculties 
by  which  the  painter  as  well  as  the  poet  must 
grapple  with  reality.  .  .  Its  function  is  the  func- 
tion which  the  European  public  grants  to  poets 
but  not  always  to  painters  —  the  seeking  out  of 
subtle  and  invisible  relations  in  things,  the  percep- 
tion of  harmonies  and  rhythms  not  heard  by  the 
common  ear,  the  interpretation  of  life  in  terms  of 
a  finer  and  more  beautiful  order  than  practical 
life  has  ever  known." 

These  considerations  are  reiterated  and 
specifically  applied  in  dealing  with  the  sev- 
eral artists  upon  whose  works  Mr.  Ficke 
pleasantly  discourses.  His  pages  are  packed 
with  information  for  the  student  and  the  col- 
lector, but  so  deftly  is  it  worked  in  that  the 
reader  may  easily  fail  at  first  to  realize  its 
extent.  There  are  a  few  mistakes,  but  all  of 
them  relate  to  matters  of  minor  importance. 
Still,  as  even  little  things  are  of  interest  to 
students,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  point  out 
those  that  seem  to  invite  comment. 

In  the  opening  chapter  the  assertion  is 
made  that  "the  linear  perspective  of  the 
Japanese  exactly  reverses  that  of  Western 
painting,"  and  that  "  in  their  system,  par- 
allel lines  converge  as  they  approach  the 
spectator."  Isometric  projection,  which  the 
Japanese  artists  employed  until  the  elements 
of  linear  perspective  were  learned  from  the 
Dutch  at  Nagasaki,  cannot  be  called  "  Japa- 
nese perspective,"  and  when  it  is  used  par- 
allel lines  do  not  actually  but  only  apparently 
converge  as  they  approach  the  spectator. 

The  Hanekawa  Chiucho  Motonobu  men- 
tioned on  page  105  is  identical  with  Hane- 
kawa Chincho  named  on  page  91,  and  it  is 
not  known  that  he  was  a  pupil  of  Okumura 
Masanobu,  nor  is  it  likely,  for  he  appears  to 
have  been  the  elder  man  by  some  ten  or 
eleven  years. 

Whether  the  artist  who,  unless  it  should  be 
determined  that  Torii  Kiyonobu  did  not  die 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


375 


in    1729,    must   be   regarded    as   the   second 
Kiyonobu,  produced  any  hand-colored  prints 
is  not  "uncertain,"  as  Mr.  Ficke  asserts  on  ; 
page  88.     Two  pages  farther  on  he  says  it  is  j 
"  fairly  established  "  that  he  did.    The  fact  is  ! 
that    there    are    in    existence    several    hand- 
colored  prints  signed  Torii  Kiyonobu  which  ! 
can  be  definitely  ascribed  to  the  year  1742. 

The    blue    of    Koryusai's  "  own  devising," 
mentioned  on  page  163,  was  used  before  his  ! 
day  by  Harunobu,  Kiyomitsu.  and  Toyonobu.  i 
And  Shuncho  was  so  far  from  having  "  only  ; 
one    manner    except    in    a    few    early    actor  j 
prints,"  that,  after  the  passing  of  Kiyonaga's 
style,   he   designed   prints  in   that  of   Eishi, 
Utamaro,  and  even  Sharaku ;  and  early  in  his 
career  he  made  a  few  that  closely  imitate  the 
style  of  Shigemasa. 

Such  errors  as  "  the  Kikunojo  clan " 
(p.  135)  in  place  of  the  Segawa  line;  or 
specifying  Nakamura  Matsuye  when  Naka- 
mura  Tomijuro  is  depicted  (plate  20)  ;  or  of 
naming  one  of  Kiyonaga's  masterpieces  rep- 
resenting a  party  of  merrymakers  in  a  room 
open  upon  one  side,  "  The  Terrace  by  the 
Sea,"  when  no  terrace  is  shown,  are  of  little 
consequence. 

More  serious  is  the  spelling  of  certain  j 
Japanese  names  in  a  way  that  will  not  stand 
critical  examination.  That  one  should  be 
confused  by  such  divergent  forms  as  Ukioye, 
Ukiyoye,  and  Ukiyoe  is  not  surprising.  For 
the  first  form,  however,  there  is  no  warrant 
save  that  it  has  obtained  currency  among 
English  writers.  The  word  is  made  up  of 
the  three  syllables  Uki  (floating)  yo  (world) 
e  (picture).  It  is  possible  to  use  the  syllable 
ye,  which  also  signifies  a  picture;  but  as  the 
y  is  silent,  the  other  syllable  is  preferable 
and  is  the  one  that  is  used  by  the  Japanese. 
In  transliterating  Japanese  words  there  is 
seldom  any  occasion  for  the  use  of  ye.  It 
represents  a  sound  heard  only  in  the  middle 
of  words  where,  as  in  "  Shunyei "  for  ex- 
ample, the  sound  of  the  preceding  syllable 
forces  it.  It  is  not  heard  in  such  names  as 
Eishi.  Eiri,  Edo,  and  the  like;  and  the  forms 
Yeishi,  Yeiri,  and  Yedo  therefore  invite  mis- 
pronunciation. So  also  does  the  spelling 
''Koriusai,"  though  in  lesser  degree.  In  the 
accepted  system  of  phonetic  transliteration  i 
has  the  sound  of  ee  in  "  meet."  To  represent 
correctly  the  name  of  the  artist  just  men- 
tioned we  must  spell  it  Koryusai.  The  r  is 
slightly  rolled,  the  y  sounded  full,  and  the  u 
prolonged.  The  word  is  made  up  of  the  syl- 
lables Ko  (lake)  ryu  (dragon)  sai  (studio). 

Mr.  Ficke's  estimates  of  the  work  of  the 
several  artists  are  singularly  just.  His  clear- 
sighted appreciation  of  the  qualities  in  these 


works  that  commend  them  so  strongly  to  peo- 
ple of  taste,  and  his  felicitous  portrayal  of 
their  fascination,  are  the  things  that  give  his 
book  its  value.  With  very  few  of  his  asser- 
tions respecting  the  leading  artists  is  it  pos- 
sible to  quarrel.  Of  Harunobu  he  truly  says 
that  "  his  real  theme  was  the  great  harmonies 
of  colour  and  line."  But  when  he  claims  that 
"every  print  signed  Harunobu  is  suspect," 
until  we  know  whether  Shiba  Kokan,  the  con- 
fessed forger  of  a  few  prints  signed  Haru- 
nobu, was  "the  greatest  liar  or  the  greatest 
forger  in  history,"  he  does  grievous  injury  to 
the  reputation  of  a  great  artist.  The  truth 
is  that  none  of  Harunobu's  important  works 
can  be  suspect.  Kokan  was  far  from  being 
his  equal.  He  had  some  ability,  and  a  few 
clever  forgeries  put  forth  immediately  after 
Harunobu's  death  were  not  inferior  to  some 
of  the  master's  pot-boilers.  But  the  number 
of  his  forgeries  that  are  easily  recognizable 
by  their  mannerisms  makes  it  fairly  certain 
that  all  or  nearly  all  of  them  must  similarly 
betray  their  origin.  That  Koryusai  also  may 
have  forged  Harunobu's  signature  is  a  state- 
ment with  which  the  reviewer  cannot  agree. 
He  has  never  seen  a  scintilla  of  evidence  to 
support  the  supposition. 

Aside  from  this  failure  to  realize  the  un- 
approachable charm  and  the  strength  of 
Harunobu's  designs,  Mr.  Ficke's  remarks 
about  the  several  artists  are  all  that  could  be 
desired.  Take,  for  example,  his  chat  about 
Sharaku.  How  could  the  significance  of  his 
work  be  better  expressed  than  in  the  words 
of  the  opening  paragraph? 

"  Few  people  approach  Sharaku's  work  for  the 
first  time  without  regarding  him  as  a  repulsive 
charlatan,  the  creator  of  perversely  and  sense- 
lessly ugly  portraits  whose  cross-eyes,  impossible 
mouths,  and  snaky  gestures  have  not  the  slightest 
claim  to  be  called  art.  At  first  these  strange  pic- 
tures may  even  seem  mirth-provoking  to  the  spec- 
tator —  a  view  of  them  which  he  will  remember 
in  later  years  with  almost  incredulous  wonder. 
To  overcome  one's  original  feeling  of  repulsion 
may  take  a  long  time;  but  to  every  serious  stu- 
dent of  Japanese  prints  there  comes  at  last  a  day 
when  he  sees  these  portraits  with  different  eyes; 
and  suddenly  the  consciousness  is  born  in  him  that 
Sharaku  stands  on  the  highest  level  of  genius,  in 
a  greatness  unique,  sublime,  and  appalling." 

The  final  chapter  of  the  book  is  addressed 
to  the  collector,  and  is  full  of  practical  wis- 
dom. The  author  was  perhaps  ill-advised  in 
giving  instructions  for  washing  prints,  since 
it  may  lead  people  to  attempt  it  with  disas- 
trous results.  And  when  mentioning  the 
possibility  of  certain  stains  being  removed 
mechanically  it  would  have  been  well  to  add 
that  the  knife  should  be  used  only  on  un- 


376 


THE   DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


printed  parts  of  the  paper.  The  other  sug- 
gestions as  to  the  care  of  prints,  and  the 
advice  about  what  to  look  for  and  what  to 
avoid  when  buying,  are  very  much  to  the 
point.  A  unique  and  delightful  feature  of 
the  book  is  found  in  the  poems  that  serve  to 
introduce  many  of  the  artists  to  the  reader. 
The  volume  is  well  printed,  and  is  illustrated 
with  half-tone  reproductions  of  a  considera- 
ble number  of  prints.  To  say  that  it  is  a 
distinct  contribution  to  the  literature  of  the 
subject  is  not  enough:  it  is  easily  the  best 
book  about  Japanese  prints  that  has  yet  been 
written.  FREDERICK  W.  GOOKIN. 


PROFtnsrms.* 


Remembering  the  tendency  to  sluggishness 
that  at  all  times  besets  the  human  imagina- 
tion, and  our  proneness 
"  In  the  hollow  Lotos-land  to  live  and  lie  reclined 

On  the  hills  like  Gods  together,  careless  of 
mankind," 

it  is  perhaps  well  for  us  that  by  a  blast  as 
from  some  subterranean  trumpet,  we  should 
be  reminded  of  the  under-world  of  tragedy 
and  suffering  from  which  we  are  separated 
by  the  thinnest  of  partitions.  The  time  seems 
peculiarly  appropriate  for  just  such  a  call  to 
serious  thinking  as  Mr.  Sinclair's  anthology, 
"  The  Cry  for  Justice."  The  collective  con- 
science of  the  world,  with  its  accompanying 
sense  of  responsibility  for  the  woes  of  human- 
ity, is  awakening  in  these  latter  days  to  an 
extent  that  constitutes  this  a  new  age.  But 
like  all  awakening  sleepers,  the  world  resents 
the  intrusion  of  troublesome  realities  and  the 
disturbance  of  pleasant  dreams,  and  is  fain 
to  turn  on  the  other  side  and  sink  once  more 
into  slumber.  It  is  this  proclivity  to  somno- 
lence that  must  justify  the  bringing  together 
of  these  vivid  pictures  of  human  misery 
selected  from  the  entire  range  of  the  world 
of  literature.  That  the  volume  will  serve  a 
useful  purpose  in  arousing  many  from  the 
ignoble  repose  which  life  offers  to  even  a 
moderate  degree  of  affluence,  when  combined 
with  a  sensitiveness  to  the  joys  of  the  intellect 
and  the  things  of  the  spirit,  we  cannot  doubt. 
"  The  Cry  for  Justice  "  must  be  considered 
as  being  specially  addressed  to  those  middle- 
class  people  who  are  the  chief  creators  of 
public  opinion,  who  owe  little  of  their  enjoy- 
ment of  life  to  the  leverage  of  special  privi- 
lege, and  who  are  not  too  removed  from 
the  menace  of  poverty  to  be  alive  to  the 

*  THE  CRY  FOB  JUSTICE.  An  Anthology  of  the  Literature 
of  Social  Protest.  Edited  by  Upton  Sinclair;  with  Introduc- 
tion by  Jack  London.  Illustrated.  Philadelphia:  John  C. 
Winston  Co. 


appeal  for  social  justice.  That  the  anthology 
is  as  forceful  and  convincing  as  it  might  have 
been  we  cannot  concede.  When  one  remem- 
bers the  immense  field  over  which  the  mate- 
rial for  such  a  compendium  is  scattered,  one 
hesitates  to  suggest  that  the  book  might  well 
have  been  condensed  or  boiled  down.  Every 
writer  and  editor  knows,  however,  as  every 
horticulturalist  knows,  the  wisdom  of  ruthless 
pruning,  and  we  fancy  the  readers  of  this 
book  will  agree  with  us  in  thinking  that  much 
which  is  included  might  with  advantage  have 
been  omitted.  Passages  from  Talleyrand, 
Lafcadio  Hearn,  Nietzsche,  the  German  Em- 
peror, and  others  that  could  be  named,  seem 
to  have  little  bearing  on  the  main  purpose  of 
the  book,  and  only  weaken  its  appeal.  We 
should  have  liked  to  see  greater  use  made  of 
the  writings  of  the  later  prophets  of  Israel. 
The  cry  for  justice  has  never  gone  up  to 
Heaven  in  more  impressive  language  than 
was  constantly  used  by  Habakkuk,  Hosea, 
Malachi,  and  Amos;  and  the  condemnation 
of  the  economic  structure  of  Society  which 
prevails  to  this  day  was  never  more  convinc- 
ingly expressed  than  in  the  words,  "Behold, 
it  is  not  of  the  Lord  of  Hosts  that  the  people 
should  labour  as  in  the  fire,  or  weary  them- 
selves for  very  vanity." 

While  admitting  that  the  production  of  this 
anthology  is  fully  justified  by  the  tragic  con- 
ditions under  which  human  life  is  being 
passed  upon  this  planet, —  by  the  seething 
restlessness  and  discontent  on  the  part  of 
those  who  have  to  bear  the  heavy  burdens  of 
life  while  debarred  from  participation  in  its 
higher  joys,  and  by  the  stupid  misunder- 
standing of  the  signs  of  the  times  on  the  part 
of  the  governing  classes,  a  critic's  function 
would  not  be  discharged  if  he  failed  to  point 
out  that,  as  inevitably  happens  in  such  cases, 
the  picture  presented  is  composed  entirely  of 
shadows,  and  the  lights  (not  to  speak  of  high 
lights)  are  completely  omitted.  The  conse- 
quence is  that  the  feeling  of  atmosphere  and 
perspective  is  lost,  and  the  impression  left 
upon  the  mind  of  the'  reader  is  not  entirely 
true  to  fact.  There  is,  for  instance,  little  in 
the  book  to  remind  us  that  misery  is  not  dis- 
tributed in  inverse  ratio  to  affluence,  nor 
happiness  directly  in  proportion  to  wealth. 
There  is  no  suggestion  of  "the  soothing 
thoughts  that  spring  out  of  human  suffering." 
There  is  little  hint  of  the  gleams  of  joy  that 
gild  the  horizon  of  the  most  wretched,  or  of 
the  abject  joylessness  that  attends  life  in 
many  a  luxurious  drawing-room.  The  editor 
quotes  an  impressive  passage  from  Carlyle, — 

"  It  is  not  because  of  his  toils  that  I  lament  for 
the  poor;  we  must  all  toil,  or  steal  (howsoever  we 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


377 


name  our  stealing),  which  is  worse.  The  poor  is 
hungry  and  athirst,  but  for  him  also  there  is  food 
and  drink;  he  is  heavy-laden  and  weary,  but  for 
him  also  Heaven  sends  sleep  and  of  the  deepest; 
in  his  smoky  cribs  a  clear  dewy  heaven  of  rest 
envelops  him,  and  fitful  glimmerings  of  cloud- 
skirted  dreams.  But  what  I  do  mourn  over  is  that 
the  lamp  of  his1  soul  should  go  out;  that  no  ray 
of  Heavenly  or  even  of  earthly  knowledge  should 
visit  him." 

But  none  knew  better  than  Carlyle  that  the 
lamp  of  the  soul  is  extinguished  by  wealth 
more  readily  than  by  poverty  and  oppression, 
and  that  the  spiritual  plight  of  the  slave- 
owner or  the  irresponsible  capitalist  is  fre- 
quently worse  than  that  of  the  slave.  Indeed, 
it  may  reasonably  be  maintained  that  the 
capacity  for  joy  in  the  human  soul  expires 
more  rapidly  in  the  asphyxiating  atmosphere 
of  riches  than  in  the  social  stratum  where  a 
struggle  for  the  bread  that  perishes  is  the 
rule  of  daily  life.  That  it  is  easier  for  a 
camel  to  go  through  the  eye  of  a  needle  than 
for  a  rich  man  to  enter  the  kingdom  of 
Heaven,  is  not  merely  a  poetic  metaphor  but 
a  statement  of  fact  which  many  millionaires 
are  bitterly  aware  of;  while  those  who  are 
best  acquainted  with  the  life  of  the  poor 
know  well  that  it  is  difficult  to  find  a  human 
being  so  destitute  as  to  have  entirely  lost  the 
capacity  for  joy,  or  the  power  of  reacting  to 
the  stimuli  of  starlit  nights  and  the  beauty 
of  the  sunrise. 

We  should  be  exceedingly  unwilling  to 
appear  as  though  acting  the  part  of  apologist 
for  things  as  they  are.  Our  only  concern  is 
that  we  should  see  life  as  it  is,  and  in  its  true 
proportions  and  perspective;  and  if  the 
reader  of  "The  Cry  for  Justice"  can  be 
trusted  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  picture  is 
inevitably  out  of  drawing  and  lacking  in  the 
elements  that  constitute  truth  in  art,  the  les- 
son that  the  book  teaches  of  the  dire  necessity 
to  save  civilization  by  a  study  of  the  eco- 
nomics of  industry,  will  be  well  learned.  But 
after  having  steeped  himself,  possibly  to  the 
point  of  despair,  in  the  atmosphere  of  misery 
which  the  book  presents,  we  recommend  the 
reader  to  seek  a  quiet  corner  in  which  to 
study  carefully  Burns's  "  Jolly  Beggars "  by 
way  of  a  spiritual  counterpoise.  There  he 
will  find  all  that  is  lacking  in  the  doleful  pic- 
tures of  life  presented  in  the  book  he  has  just 
read.  The  joy  in  human  companionship ;  the 
delight  in  that  irresponsibility  that  only  those 
know  who  have  nothing  to  lose;  the  trustful 
instinct  which  feels  no  anxiety  for  the  future 
and  tastes  with  gratitude  the  cup  of  joy  as  it 
passes,  without  a  misgiving  as  to  what  may 
come  next;  the  sane  and  rational  attitude 
toward  life  that  is  unknown  to  most  men  of 


wealth  and  which  expresses  itself  in  the  lines, 
"  The  present  moment  is  our  own,  the  next 
we  never  saw":  all  these  side-lights  on  the 
life  of  the  poor  he  will  find  in  that  great  mas- 
terpiece, and  will  be  compelled  to  admit  that 
it  bears  the  stamp  of  truth  which  only  a  great 
artist  can  give  to  a  picture. 

ALEX.  MACKENDRICK. 


A  NEW  VERSION  OF  THE  PAKSIVAL 
LEGEND.* 


The  idea  of  translating  Gerhard  Haupt- 
mann's "  Parsival "  was  indeed  a  good  one, 
but  in  Mr.  Oakley  "Williams's  rendering  the 
spirit  of  the  original  has  been  grossly  mis- 
interpreted. Hauptmann's  work  was  written 
as  a  child's  book,  for  his  twelve-year-old  son, 
and  published  with  spirited  pictures.  Disre- 
garding this  fact,  the  translator  has  sought 
to  make  it  into  a  sententious  "  allegory  of 
life."  The  book  jacket  advertises  the  transla- 
tion as  "  retaining  to  a  remarkable  degree  the 
beauty  and  simplicity  of  the  original."  One 
who  has  really  read  Hauptmann's  exquisite 
German  will  feel  that  the  kind  of  alliterative 
prose  in  which  the  translator  has  rendered  it 
is  little  more  than  a  mockery. 

The  legend  of  the  Grail  was  one  which 
entered  German  literature  early  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  with  "Wolfram  von  Eschen- 
bach's  "Parsival."  To  him  is  due  the  trans- 
formation of  the  fantastic  story  of  the  Grail 
into  a  legend  filled  with  deepest  human  signifi- 
cance, the  principal  characteristics  of  which 
have  endured  and  reappeared  in  modern  ver- 
sions. Wolfram  divested  the  legend  of  the 
churchly  character  which  his  French  prede- 
cessor had  endeavored  to  give  it,  and  made 
the  Grail  a  centre  of  extra-ecclesiastical  wor- 
ship, guarded  in  a  castle  accessible  only  to  the 
truthful  and  pure  of  heart.  The  Grail  that 
hovered  before  the  poet's  eyes  was  rather  an 
Aladdin's  lamp  than  a  body  relic.  In  the 
centuries  after  Wolfram,  the  meaning  of  the 
Grail  fell  rapidly  to  a  significance  purely  sen- 
sual; its  castle  became  an  earthly  paradise. 
Neither  the  printing  of  Wolfram's  poem  in 
1477  nor  Bodmer's  attempted  revival  in  1753- 
81  bore  fruit.  The  literary  renaissance  of  the 
legend,  stimulated  by  new  editions  of  the 
poem  and  by  histories  of  mediaeval  literature, 
began  with  Immermann's  "Merlin,"  1830-32, 
and  culminated  in  Wagner's  "Parsival." 
These  two  were  not  dramatizations  of  the 
mediaeval  epic,  but  rather  new  creations  de- 


*  PARSIVAL.     By  Gerhard  Hauptmann.     Authorized  transla- 
tion by  Oakley  Williams.    New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


378 


THE    DIAL 


[Oct.  28 


pendent  upon  the  ancient  sources  for  only  a 
few  motifs. 

In  his  work  Hauptmann  has  reverted  for 
the  main  outlines  of  the  story  to  the  version 
of  Wolfram,  but  has  restored  to  the  legend 
much  of  the  lofty  religious  atmosphere  and 
significance  which  it  had  lost.  Parsival,  who  | 
has  lived  alone  with  his  mother  Heartache, 
unconscious  of  the  existence  of  other  human  j 
beings,  forsakes  her  to  battle  against  the 
world.  After  slaying  the  Proud  Knight  of 
the  Heath  to  avenge  a  maiden,  he  turns  back 
only  to  find  that  Heartache  and  the  hut  where 
she  lived  have  disappeared.  Parsival  sets  out 
to  find  her  and  to  kill  the  man  from  whose 
wrong  she  suffered.  In  his  wanderings  he 
comes  upon  the  Grail,  but  forsakes  it  because 
he  does  not  know  its  meaning.  When  he 
guesses  what  it  may  be  he  is  never  again  able 
to  find  it.  Intent  on  the  search,  he  forsakes 
his  young  wife  Blanchefleur.  and  casts  away 
an  earthly.,  kingdom.  When  he  returns,  after 
years  of  fruitless  search,  it  is  only  to  find 
that  his  wife  has  just  died.  His  son  Lohen- 
grin does  not  recognize  him.  nor  does  anyone 
except  the  old  Arab  from  whom  he  had 
learned  that  the  Grail  was  a  miraculous  sym- 
bol of  Christ's  passion,  and  that  Amfortas,  its 
keeper,  was  his  own  father.  Parsival  then 
becomes  a  serving  man.  a  bearer  of  burdens 
in  the  cities  and  a  serf  in  the  country.  He 
comes  to  realize  that  Heartache  is  but  a  sym- 
bol for  the  sorrows  of  the  whole  world. 
Finally,  when  he  feels  that  his  search  is  near 
an  end,  the  aged  messenger  of  the  Grail,  fol- 
lowed by  a  knightly  train,  enters  his  hut.  He 
places  upon  Parsival's  own  head  the  "crown 
of  joy  and  sorrow  of  the  Grail." 

The  episode  of  the  Proud  Knight  of  the 
Heath  preserves  the  germ  of  the  ancient  inci- 
dent of  Schionatulander  and  Sigune.  Haupt- 
mann's  Arab  recalls  the  Priest  Johannes,  who 
in  Wolfram's  version  tempts  men's  fancy  to 
stray  in  distant  India.  In  both  versions 
Lohengrin  is  the  son  of  Parsival.  The  Grail 
castle,  however,  is  no  longer  a  gay  paradise 
where  the  comrades  live  in  luxurious  ease,  but 
"there  where  God-like  beings  of  their  own 
free  will  suffer  torment  to  the  end  that  they 
may  release  the  world  from  its  burden  and  yet 
are  immortal  in  the  light  of  their  near-by 
Paradise." 

Notwithstanding  its  modest  pretensions  as 
a  child's  book,  Hauptmann's  "  Parsival "  may 
be  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  noteworthy 
modern  versions  of  the  story, —  a  great  poet's 
contribution  to  a  great  legend.  It  is  unfor- 
tunate that  the  present  English  rendering 
should  be  so  inadequate.  jyj  QOEBEL 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


Since  Professor  Phelps  devoted  a  chapter 
to  Michael  Artzibashef  in  his  book  on  the 
Russian  novelists,  and  since  the  publication 
of  an  English  translation  of  "  Sanine "  a 
year  ago,  the  name  of  this  writer  has  become 
fairly  familiar  to  American  readers.  More 
recently,  we  have  had  "The  Millionaire"  (a 
group  of  three  novelettes) ,  and  now  we  have 
a  very  long  novel  entitled  "  Breaking-Point." 
The  meaning  of  the  title  gradually  dawns 
upon  us  as  the  characters  commit  suicide  one 
after  another,  and  it  becomes  evident  that  the 
author  intends  to  sweep  the  board.  Other- 
wise, the  novel  might  have  grown  to  an  in- 
definitely greater  length,  since  it  has  nothing 
in  the  nature  of  a  rounded  plot  to  force  a 
conclusion.  All  these  tragic  people  live  in  a 
little  village  of  the  steppes;  all  but  one  or 
two  lead  strictly  sensual  lives,  without  a 
gleam  of  the  higher  motives  for  existence; 
and  when  their  appetites  fail  to  provide  them 
with  enduring  satisfaction,  they  naturally 
force  their  exits  from  an  intolerable  world. 
There  is  'in  the  book  hardly  a  suggestion  that 
there  is  such  a  thing  as  morality  for  men  and 
women,  and  none  of  these  characters  could 
read  "  Comus "  with  the  faintest  idea  of  its 
meaning.  Their  watchword  seems  to  be: 
"Let  us  eat  and  drink  (especially  drink)  and 
indulge  the  sexual  passion,  for  to-morrow  we 
die  (by  our  own  hands)."  We  have  had 
occasion  to  characterize  certain  conspicuous 
English  novels  of  recent  years  as  devoted  to 
a  portrayal  of  the  futility  of  life,  but  the 
gloomiest  of  them  are  optimistic  tracts  in 
comparison  with  this  exhibition  of  the  soul 
of  Young  Russia.  The  author  bares  this  soul 
remorselessly;  and  if  we  believed  his  revela- 
tion to  be  typical,  we  should  indeed  despair 
of  the  great  people  from  which  he  has  sprung. 
But  we  must  not  forget  that  the  people  that 
claims  a  Gogol  and  a  Tolstoy  and  a  Tourgue- 
nieff  has  a  great  deal  more  to  say  for  life 
than  this,  even  when  we  admit  a  strain  of 
temperamental  melancholy  running  through 
their  work:  and  we  must  not  allow  ourselves 
to  be  persuaded  that  M.  Artzibashef  speaks 
for  anything  more  than  a  disillusionized  sec- 
tion of  the  younger  generation.  That  he 
speaks  powerfully  there  is  no  question,  but 
even  the  magic  of  his  passages  descriptive  of 
nature  does  not  go  far  to  rescue  us  from  de- 
pression as  we  contemplate  his  studies  of  the 
human  animal  wallowing  in  the  trough. 

*  BREAKING-POINT.  By  Michael  Artzibashef.  New  York : 
B.  W.  Hnebsch. 

GOD'S  MAN.  By  George  Bronson  Howard.  Indianapolis : 
The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

THE  PASSPORT.  By  Emile  Voute.  New  York :  Mitchell  Ken- 
nerley. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


'379 


The  hero  of  "  God's  Man/'  a  lengthy  novel 
by  Mr.  George  Bronson  Howard,  is  one  Arnold 
L'Hommedieu,  descended  from  a  long  line  of 
distinguished  ancestors,  domiciled  since  colo- 
nial times  on  Long  Island.  The  title  of  the 
novel  is  thus  accounted  for  in  a  literal  way; 
but  the  author  intends  it  also  to  be  taken 
symbolically,  as  indicating  a  man's  struggle 
against  temptation,  and  his  underlying  pur- 
pose to  do  God's  will  in  a  very  demoralized 
world.  About  midway  in  the  narrative,  Ar- 
nold makes  a  confession  which  epitomizes  the 
success  which  he  has  at  that  time  attained. 
"  May  be  you  can  tell  me  why  two  of  my 
friends  and  myself  who  had  intended  to  live 
decent  lives  and  be  some  help  to  our  fellows  — 
why  we  have  been  forced  into  shoddy  prac- 
tices and  shady  lives?  For  exposing  a  rascal, 
I  was  expelled  from  college.  For  shielding  a 
friend,  I  was  reduced  to  the  worst  kind  of 
poverty.  For  trying  to  get  justice  for  a  help- 
less woman,  I  got  into  jail.  By  using  influ- 
ence with  the  most  corrupt  kind  of  politicians 
I  got  out.  To  get  back  to  my  former  kind  of 
life  I  had  to  accept  a  position  with  a  man  who 
is  a  wholesale  poisoner.  To  get  the  little 
money  I've  saved,  I  had  to  blackmail  my 
employer."  This  confession  shows  that 
"  Ein  guter  Mensch  in  seinem  dunkeln  Drange 

1st  sich  des  rechten  Weges  wohl  bewusst." 
But  we  are  a  little  dubious  about  accepting 
Arnold  as  God's  man  when  he  thereafter 
engages,  from  strictly  sordid  motives,  in  a 
scheme  for  smuggling  a  cargo  of  opium  into 
the  United  States.  The  story  of  this  enter- 
prise, and  of  the  way  in  which  it  was  finally 
thwarted,  forms  the  core  of  the  narrative, 
which  is  by  no  means  devoid  of  exciting  inter- 
est. Arnold's  relations  with  the  underworld 
of  New  York  give  the  author  an  opportunity 
to  display  his  minute  knowledge  of  the  activi- 
ties of  that  sphere  of  life,  and  his  extraor- 
dinary acquaintance  with  the  thieves'  jargon 
\diieh  in  these  circles  serves  as  a  medium  of 
communication.  The  linguistic  feats  of  Mr. 
George  Ade  and  Mr.  George  M.  Cohan  are 
outdone  in  these  pages.  And  yet,  despite  the 
sickening  atmosphere  of  the  novel,  it  displays 
a  considerable  degree  of  power,  a  remarkable 
gift  for  characterization,  and  a  kind  of  philos- 
ophy of  life.  In  its  exuberance  and  its  ar- 
resting commentary  upon  life  it  even  suggests 
the  later  work  of  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells.  But  it 
does  not  convince  us  that  its  hero  is  cast  for 
the  role  implied  by  the  title  of  the  novel. 

Some  weeks  ago,  we  reviewed  a  novel  in 
which  American  inventiveness  came  to  the 
rescue  of  a  world  in  agony,  and  ended  the 
war  by  means  of  a  device  for  neutralizing  the 
force  of  gravity,  whereby  an  aerial  warship 


was  constructed  that  should  hover,  massive 
and  impregnable,  at  a  convenient  altitude 
over  the  enemy's  fortress  or  host,  and  bring 
it  quickly  to  terms.  To-day,  in  "  The  Pass- 
port," by  Mr.  Emile  Voute,  we  have  another 
ingenious  phantasy  of  the  same  type,  the 
invention  in  this  case  being  an  asphyxiating 
gas,  discharged  from  shells  or  toy  balloons 
over  the  heads  of  its  victims,  and  in  a  trice 
reducing  them  to  an  unconsciousness  that 
lasts  for  several  hours,  but  has  no  injurious 
after-effects.  This  is  the  most  humane 
method  of  enforcing  peace  that  has  thus  far 
been  suggested.  Armed  with  his  invention, 
our  hero  proceeds  to  the  theatre  of  war, 
has  an  interview  with  the  German  Emperor, 
and  dictates  the  terms  upon  which  the  new 
weapon  will  be  withheld  from  his  enemies. 
When  these  conditions  are  rejected,  the 
formula  is  turned  over  to  the  allies,  and  the 
German  forces  are  speedily  routed  and  dis- 
armed. The  author  writes  as  an  American, 
although  his  name  appears  to  be  French,  and 
he  contrives  to  tell  a  singularly  interesting 
story.  He  is  beset  by  German  spies  from  the 
moment  when  he  is  suspected  of  having  some- 
thing "up  his  sleeve";  but  his  resourceful- 
ness, aided  by  good  luck,  is  quite  adequate  to 
all  the  difficult  situations  in  which  he  is 
placed,  and  whenever  he  gets  into  a  fix  we 
are  confident  that  he  will  get  out  of  it  in  the 
next  chapter.  The  author  is  clearly  no  parti- 
san of  the  method  that  piles  up  agonies  until 
the  denouement,  and  then  sweeps  them  all 
away  at  once,  leaving  us  to  recall  our  scat- 
tered senses  from  their  bewilderment.  One 
crisis  at  a  time  is  his  motto,  and  that  is  to  be 
surmounted  before  the  next  one  arises.  The 
;  story  derives  its  title  from  a  rather  foolish 
wager  made  by  the  hero,  to  the  effect  that  he 
will  make  his  way  through  the  warring  camps 
without  a  passport.  He  is  provided  with  one, 
of  course,  but  he  destroys  it  as  an  evidence 
of  good  faith  at  the  time  the  terms  of  the 
wager  are  agreed  upon. 

WILLIAM  MORTON  PAYNE. 


B REEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS. 


Undercurrents        In  *he  8V™8  °f  1914  President 

in  American        Hadley   delivered   at   the   Uni- 

polltics.  •,  n     -rr'          •       '  '  £ 

versity  of  Virginia  a  series  of 
i  three  lectures  on  Political  Methods,  <and  at 
Oxford  University  a  similar  series  on  Prop- 
erty and  Democracy.  The  six  lectures  have 
now  been  gathered  into  a  single  volume  enti- 
tled "  Undercurrents  in  American  Politics " 
(Yale  University  Press), —  although  in  his 
preface  the  author  suggests  that  an  equally 


380 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


appropriate  title  would  be  "  Extra-Constitu- 
tional Government  in  the  United  States."  The 
Virginia  lectures  undertake  to  show  how  those 
matters  which  were  placed  by  the  framers  of 
the  Constitution  in  the  hands  of  the  federal 
government  have  frequently  been  managed  by 
agencies  which  are  extra-constitutional  and 
very  different  from  those  which  were  intended 
to  manage  them.  The  agencies  principally 
considered  in  this  connection  are  political  par- 
ties and  the  press,  the  most  original  and  illu- 
minating of  the  lectures  being  that  one 
devoted  to  the  press  as  the  present  seat  of 
actual  political  power.  It  is  demonstrated 
that  in  a  democracy  public  opinion  must  some- 
how be  organized  in  order  to  be  effective. 
This  organization  was  once  the  work  almost 
entirely  of  party  managers;  but  it  is  main- 
tained that  nowadays  it  is  through  the  press 
that  the  American  people  forms  its  opinion  as 
to  men  and  measures,  and  that  the  man  who 
accomplishes  most  in  modern  politics  is  he 
who  recognizes  this  fact  most  fully.  The 
organization  of  public  opinion  by  the  news- 
papers instead  of  by  the  party  managers  has 
the  advantages,  we  are  told,  of  involving  a 
more  direct  appeal  to  reason  and  of  causing 
public  opinion  to  be  formed  in  the  open;  but 
it  affords  no  necessary  guarantee  against 
appeals  to  prejudice,  emotion,  and  impatience. 
The  Oxford  Lectures,  on  Property  and  Dem- 
ocracy, show  how  in  this  country  a  great  many 
organized  activities  of  the  community  have 
been  kept  out  of  government  control  alto- 
gether. Here  are  traced  the  gradual  growth 
of  political  democracy  in  the  United  States, 
the  essentials  of  the  constitutional  position  of 
the  property  owner,  and  the  more  important 
recent  tendencies  in  economics  and  in.  legisla- 
tion. It  is  shown  that  in  spite  of  frequent 
acts  of  adverse  legislation  the  constitutional 
position  of  the  property  owner  in  the  United 
States  has  been  stronger  than  in  any  country 
in  Europe,  and  that  there  is  no  nation  which 
is  so  far  removed  from  Socialism  as  ours  by 
its  organic  law  and  its  habits  of  political 
action.  The  rights  of  private  property  are 
substantially  buttressed  by  numerous  provi- 
sions of  the  Constitution,  and  they  have  re- 
mained unshaken  amidst  the  most  sweeping 
democratizing  changes  in  the  domain  of  poli- 
tics. Only  since  the  opening  of  the  present 
century  has  there  been  any  serious  movement 
toward  State  Socialism  in  America,  the  main- 
spring of  this  movement  being  popular  dis- 
satisfaction aroused  by  the  manifest  failure 
of  competition  as  a  regulator  of  business  and 
of  industrial  operations.  Experiments  in  State 
control,  however,  are  proving  more  costly  than 
the  general  public  knows,  and  Mr.  Hadley 


properly  concludes  that  the  solution  of  the 
problem  will  not  be  reached  until  the  public 
demand  for  State  control  of  industry  and  for 
trained  civil  service  go  hand  in  hand.  "  Until 
the  public  appreciates  expert  work  in  the 
offices  of  state,  industrial  control  in  the  United 
States  is  likely  to  remain  in  the  hands  of  the 
property  owner";  after  that,  the  inference 
is,  there  may  be  a  very  considerable  extension 
of  public  ownership  and  control. 


If    a   much    broken    page   well 

Reminiscences  .       ,     .        ...  Y    !  , 

of  a  genial  sprinkled  with  quotation  marks 

is  indicative  of  lively  reading, 
the  "  Recollections  of  an  Irish  Judge :  Press, 
Bar,  and  Parliament"  (Dodd)  ought  to  be 
one  of  the  sprightliest  volumes  of  the  season. 
It  is  not  and  does  not  profess  to  be  an  auto- 
biography ;  it  is  a  collection  of  anecdotes  con- 
cerning illustrious  and  other  persons  known 
or  at  least  met  with  by  the  writer,  the  Hon. 
M.  McD.  Bodkin,  K.  C.,  in  his  varied  activities 
as  journalist,  at  the  bar,  on  the  bench,  and  in 
Parliament.  Descended  from  the  Bodkins  of 
Galway,  he  has  evidently  inherited  the  quick- 
ness of  wit  that  one  expects  to  find  in  every 
true  son  of  Erin;  for  have  we  not  his  own 
testimony  to  that  effect  in  his  book?  Here  is 
a  parliamentary  incident  of  which  the  narra- 
tor was  the  hero:  "On  one  occasion  Mr. 
Johnston,  of  Ballykilbeg,  whose  comic  bigotry 
was  a  source  of  perennial  amusement,  ob- 
jected .  .  to  the  use  in  primary  schools  of 
the  book  containing  Moore's  song,  'Row, 
brothers,  row,'  on  the  ground  that  its  allusion 
to  'saints  of  our  own  green  isle'  inculcated 
the  worship  of  saints.  Before  the  Minister 
could  reply  I  popped  up  with  a  supplemen- 
tary question.  '  Is  the  right  honourable  gen- 
tleman aware,'  I  asked,  with  a  face  as  grave 
as  a  mustard-pot,  'that  in  the  intermediate 
schools  and  universities  they  require  the 
study  of  an  alleged  poet  named  Homer,  who 
encourages  the  worship  of  Jupiter,  .Juno, 
Venus  and  other  objectionable  personages  ?  ' ' 
and  "the  uproarious  laughter  of  the  House" 
told  him  he  had  scored.  Parnell,  Gladstone, 
Justin  McCarthy,  and  other  notables  figure  in 
these  anecdotal  pages.  Portraits,  including 
the  author's  in  the  frontispiece,  abound. 


Mr.  Wister's 

ideas  about          literary  art  rather  than  a  work 

the  great  war.         Qf      jnformation      or      disCUSSion, 

Mr.  Owen  Wister's  "  The  Pentecost  of  Calam- 
ity" (Macmillan)  differs  from  most  of  the 
books  dealing  with  the  present  war.  The 
style  throughout  is  keyed  up  to  the  pitch  of 
the  somewhat  apocalyptic  title.  Much  skill  is 
shown  in  the  disposition  of  the  material.  Mr. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


381 


Wister,  who  was  in  Germany  shortly  before 
the  war  began,  tells  first  of  the  delightful 
impressions  made  on  him  by  the  smiling  order- 
liness and  smooth  efficiency  of  life  there.  But 
months  and  years  before  this,  as  he  now  be- 
lieves, Germany  had  been  crouching  for  her 
spring.  In  his  opinion,  she  had  been  mad- 
dened by  self-esteem, —  the  mania  of  grandeur 
complemented  by  the  mania  of  persecution. 
The  Superman,  the  Superrace,  and  the  Super- 
state were  the  new  Trinity  of  her  worship, 
and  war  became  for  her  a  sort  of  holy  crusade. 
Then  in  a  short  chapter  he  gives  a  composite 
statement  of  Prussianism,  compiled  sentence 
by  sentence  from  the  utterances  of  the  Kaiser 
and  some  of  his  most  illustrious  subjects, 
which,  it  must  be  granted,  goes  far  to  confirm 
his  thesis.  There  is  very  little  discussion  in 
the  book,  and  perhaps  no  new  fact  is  brought 
out  —  unless  it  be  the  amazing  confession, 
which  the  author  ascribes  to  Prince  Lich- 
nowsky,  that  the  Kaiser  had  sent  him  as 
ambassador  to  England  to  find  out  when  the 
English  were  so  embroiled  in  their  own  domes- 
tic troubles  as  to  enable  Germany  to  strike 
her  blow  on  the  Continent  with  impunity. 
Mr.  Wister  ends  by  pointing  out  the  special 
significance  of  the  struggle  for  America,  who, 
he  thinks,  cannot  stand  aside  with  mute  lips 
and  folded  arms  while  what  he  regards  as  the 
deadliest  assault  ever  made  on  democracy  is 
being  perpetrated  in  Europe. 


Desultory  studies    ''A   Qulet  p°m»  ™   *  Library," 

in  four  by  Mr.  William  Henry  Hudson, 

wooes  the  reader  by  its  title  and 
wins  him  by  its  agreeable  contents.  Four 
authors  are  discussed  in  as  many  chapters. 
They  are  Thomas  Hood,  Henry  Carey,  George 
Lillo,  and  Samuel  Richardson.  The  Lillo 
paper  gives  a  foretaste  of  a  more  elaborate 
work,  now  nearing  completion,  on  "  George 
Lillo  and  the  Middle  Class  Drama  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century '' ;  the  article  on  Hood  is 
expanded  from  a  lecture  prepared  many  years 
ago  for  California  hearers;  but  nothing  in 
the  book  has  before  been  printed.  Good  read- 
ing will  be  found  between  the  covers  of  this 
compact  little  volume,  even  though  there  is 
nothing  in  the  subjects  chosen  or  the  treat- 
ment of  them  to  give  promise  of  novelty.  But 
a  certain  freshness  of  interest  felt  by  the 
writer  is  likely  to  communicate  itself  to  the 
reader.  In  his  thirty-three  pages  on  Henry 
Carey,  Mr.  Hudson  rather  unaccountably 
omits  all  mention  of  the  one  production  that 
in  some  if  not  in  many  minds  is  most  nearly 
associated  with  that  oddly  gifted  genius. 
Though  the  authorship  of  "  God  Save  the 
King"  is  ascribed  to  Carey  without  conclu- 


sive proof,  yet  it  is  thus  generally  ascribed, 
and  to  tell  his  story  without  the  slightest  ref- 
erence to  that  famous  anthem  is  somewhat 
like  narrating  the  life  of  Newton  with  no 
allusion  to  the  law  of  gravitation.  It  is  even 
asserted  by  Mr.  Hudson  that  of  all  Carey's 
works,  "  the  one  which,  leaving  '  Sally  in  Our 
Alley '  out  of  the  question,  has  done  most  to 
preserve  his  name  from  oblivion  .  .  is  '  Chro-, 
nonhotonthologos.' "  It  is  a  good  and  schol- 
arly book,  however,  and  its  closing  chapter, 
on  Richardson,  is  perhaps  the  best  of  the 
four.  (Rand,  McNally  &  Co.) 


Wealth  and  That      .the      W0rld      is      becoming 

income  in  the       wealthier  no  one  denies.    But  it 

United  States.  f,  ,     j    ,  i  •.  •••       ,  •, 

is  often  asserted  that  while  the 
rich  are  growing  richer,  the  poor  are  growing 
poorer.  In  his  volume  entitled  "  The  Wealth 
and  Income  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States"  (Macmillan),  Dr.  Willford  Isbell 
King  defines  wealth  and  income,  and  dis- 
cusses the  distribution  of  wealth  and  of  in- 
come in  this  country  among  the  factors  of 
production,  corporations,  and  families.  The 
book  is  based  upon  a  careful  study  of  various 
sources,  both  public  and  private.  The  author 
does  not  claim  mathematical  exactness  for  his 
conclusions,  but  believes  that  they  are  approx- 
imately correct.  Good  evidence  is  produced 
to  show  that  "  since  1876  there  has  occurred 
a  marked  concentration  of  income  in  the 
hands  of  the  very  rich;  that  the  poor  have 
lost,  relatively,  but  little;  but  that  the  mid- 
dle class  has  been  the  principal  sufferer."  In 
some  cases  the  poorest  four-fifths  of  the  popu- 
lation own  scarcely  ten  per  cent  of  the  total 
wealth,  while  the  richest  two  per  cent  own 
almost  three-fifths.  Whether  the  individual 
is  to  be  regarded  as  a  gainer  by  this  condition 
of  affairs  will  depend  upon  the  answers 
offered  to  a  number  of  questions  of  economic 
and  social  import.-  The  facts  gathered  are 
interesting  in  themselves,  and  are  presented 
in  an  orderly  way,  subject  to  some  criticism 
of  details. 


A  primer 
of  animal 
psychology. 


Interest  at  large  in  the  seem- 
ingly intelligent  behavior  of 
animals  has  received  fresh  im- 
petus from  the  remarkable  performances  of 
the  clever  "  thinking  horses  "  of  Elberfeld  in 
Germany  and  of  "  Captain  "  in  this  country. 
These  performances  range  from  the  doing  of 
simple  sums  in  arithmetic  to  the  reputed  ex- 
traction of  the  roots  of  large  numbers.  Some 
horses,  on  the  other  hand,  exhibit  an  apti- 
tude for  spelling.  Mr.  E.  M.  Smith,  in  his 
"Investigation  of  Mind  in  Animals"  (Put- 
nam), dismisses  at  once  the  suggestions  of 


382 


THE    DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


telepathy,  an  unknown  sense,  and  of  fraud  as 
adequate  explanations.  He  analyzes  the  evi- 
dence, put  forward  by  Pfungst  and  others,  of 
unconscious  involuntary  signs  on  the  part  of 
the  interrogator  (who  is  generally  the  trainer 
of  the  horse),  such  as  infinitesimal  move- 
ments of  the  head  or  eyes  which  give  the 
horse  his  cue.  He  cites  as  militating  against 
this  explanation  the  success  of  blinded  horses, 
the  marked  individual  preferences  of  the 
horses,  the  nature  of  the  errors  made,  and  the 
evidences  of  indecision  in  the  replies.  On  the 
whole,  he  believes  that  the  evidence  tends  to 
discountenance  the  sign  theory;  but  that, 
with  a  few  notable  and  as  yet  unexplained 
exceptions,  all  of  the  feats  so  far  achieved 
might  be  accounted  for  by  association,  involv- 
ing an  excellent  memory  but  not  certainly 
any  rational  process.  The  booklet  is  a  brief 
and  inadequate  summary  of  the  main  facts 
and  theories  regarding  the  evolution  of  intel- 
ligence among  animals,  from  the  lowest  to  the 
highest,  as  evidenced  by  behavior.  The  au- 
thor avoids  extensive  considerations  of  the 
much  debated  tropism  theory,  and  fails  to 
utilize  a  wide  range  of  available  and  valuable 
material  from  the  insect  world. 


Bitsoftraaedv  The  ""Woman  Homesteader" 
and  romance  known  to  the  many  lortunate 
West'  readers  of  her  published  "Let- 
ters" continues  her  vivid  sketches  of  Wyo- 
ming life  in  further  communications  to  her 
''  dear  Mrs.  Coney,"  and  this  time  the  packet 
of  letters  is  entitled  "Letters  on'  an  Elk 
Hunt "  (Houghton).  It  was  on  or  during  the 
hunting  excursion  of  two  months  in  the  au- 
tumn of  1914  that  the  letters  were  written,  not 
about  the  hunt,  except  a  few  pages ;  and  thus 
it  is  that  so  much  of  the  writer's  well-known 
skill  in  depicting  character  and  incident  finds 
room  for  exercise.  Humor  and  pathos,  trag- 
edy and  comedy,  romance  and  realism,  suc- 
cessively enrich  these  unstudied  accounts  of 
every-day  persons  and  events  amid  the  hard 
conditions  of  the  western  frontier.  Mrs. 
Stewart  has  a  genius  for  discovering  heroic 
characters  in  humble  life,  and  for  making  her 
readers  feel  that  heroism.  She  can  also  pre- 
sent the  amusing  or  otherwise  interesting  side 
of  any  man,  woman,  or  child  not  hopelessly 
devoid  of  interest.  Her  great-hearted  Mrs. 
O'Shaughnessy  and  sturdily  unromantic  Mrs. 
Louderer  reappear  in  this  book,  and  new 
friends  are  introduced,  including  two  prom- 
ising youngsters  that  Mrs.  O'Shaughnessy 
feels  irresistibly  moved  to  adopt  on  the  jour- 
ney. To  what  extent  (if  any)  Mrs.  Stewart 
had  designs  on  a  book-reading  and  book- 
buying  public  in  writing  this  second  series  of 


letters,  is  a  matter  of  conjecture;  but  her 
pages  have  the  freshness  and  naturalness  that 
one  looks  for  in  the  friendly  correspondence  of 
a  bright  and  observant  woman. 


If  you  can't  see  the  difference, 
m.  asks  the  pragmatist,  what  is  the 

difference  ?  And,  conversely, 
wherever  there  is  a  difference,  this  same  prag- 
matist emphatically  proclaims,  distinguo.  'To 
such  a  series  of  distinguo's  Dr.  H.  M.  Kallen 
is  led  after  a  searching  analysis  and  com- 
parison of  the  Jamesian  and  the  Bergsonian 
philosophies.  For  this  task  the  author,  who 
was  for  several  years  in  intimate  contact  with 
James,  and  who  edited  James's  unfinished 
"  Some  Problems  in  Philosophy,"  is  eminently 
fitted.  In  his  "William  James  and  Henri 
Bergson :  A  Study  in  Contrasting  Theories  of 
Life"  (University  of  Chicago  Press),  Dr.  Kal- 
len argues  that  James's,  and  not  Bergson's,  is 
the  theory  of  life  that  "  faces  forward  " ;  that 
in  their  Weltanschauung,  in  the  intuitional 
and  the  pragmatic  methods,  and  in  the  result- 
ing implications  about  God,  the  universe,  and 
man,  the  two  philosophies,  despite  current 
near-identification,  are  fundamentally  and 
diametrically  opposed.  These  challenging 
conclusions  Dr.  Kallen  expounds,  for  the 
Packman,  with  painstaking  detail;  for  the 
layman,  with  a  captivating  style;  for  both, 
with  the  zeal  of  the  disciple. 


Mr.  Arthur  Machen  more  than 

half  sllsPects  that  the  recent 
crop  of  legends  concerning  sun- 
dry miraculous  occurrences  in  the  critical 
retreat  from  Mons  may  all  have  sprung  from 
seed  of  his  own  sowing,  in  the  shape  of  a  little 
story  that  he  wrote  and  sent  to  a  London 
newspaper  in  the  early  days  of  the  war.  This 
fanciful  tale  now  reappears  as  the  first  in  a 
little  book  of  stories,  "  The  Bowmen,  and 
Other  Legends  of  the  War"  (Putnam),  all 
by  Mr.  Machen,  and  all  in  similar  vein,  par- 
taking of  the  supernatural  and  appealing  to 
the  credulous  reader's  love  of  the  miraculous. 
The  Bowmen  in  question  are  ghostly  archers 
led  to  the  rescue  of  the  hard-pressed  English 
by  England's  patron  saint.  Such  tales  of 
celestial  succor  seem  to  have  spread  from  one 
end  of  the  Anglo-French  battle-line  to  the 
other,  and  it  appears  more  likely  that  they  are 
all  traceable  to  the  peculiar  horror,  the  stupen- 
dous magnitude  and  unspeakable  awfulness. 
of  the  titanic  struggle,  than  to  any  single 
invention.  But  the  curious  in  such  matters  will 
enjoy  Mr.  Machen 's  argumentative  introduc- 
tion and  postscript.  The  book  is  a  slight  pro- 
duction, but  of  considerable  present  interest. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


383 


NOTES. 


A  series  of  papers  on  "  Practical  Socialism  "  by 
the  late  Canon  and  Mrs.  S.  A.  Barnett  will  soon  be 
published  by  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 

A  volume  of  "  Letters  from  America "  by  the 
late  Rupert  Brooke  is  soon  to  be  published.  Mr. 
Henry  James  has  written  a  preface  for  the  book. 

The  first  collected  volume  of  verse  by  Mr.  Gil- 
bert Cannan  will  appear  early  next  month  under 
the  title  of  "Adventurous  Love,  and  Other  Poems." 

Another  account  of  personal  experiences  in  the 
war  zone  is  announced  by  the  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  in  Mr.  Horace  Green's  "  The  Log  of  a  Non- 
combatant." 

Two  new  war  books  soon  to  be  issued  by  Messrs. 
Doran  are  Mr.  Norman  Angell's  "  The  World's 
Highway "  and  Mrs.  Mary  Roberts  Rinehart's 
"  Kings,  Queens,  and  Pawns." 

A  volume  on  "  Play  Production  in  America,"  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Edwin  Krows,  will  be  published  next 
winter  by  Messrs.  Holt.  It  is  said  to  be  the  first 
book  of  its  kind  to  be  written. 

A  volume  of  literary  memoirs  by  Theodore 
Watts-Dunton,  collected  from  "  The  Athenaeum," 
under  the  title  of  "  Old  Familiar  Faces,"  will 
probably  be  ready  next  month. 

A  volume  of  "  Prussian  Memories,"  by  Mr. 
Poultney  Bigelow,  which  recounts  the  experiences 
of  his  boyhood  and  later  years  in  Germany,  is  in 
press  for  early  issue  by  Messrs.  Putnam. 

A  fairy  tale  by  the  Queen  of  Rumania,  entitled 
"  The  Dreamer  of  Dreams,"  is  included  in  Messrs. 
Hodder  &  Stoughton's  list  of  forthcoming  gift- 
books.  It  has  been  illustrated  in  color  by  Mr. 
Edmund  Dulac. 

A  new  poetic  drama  by  Mr.  Stephen  Phillips, 
entitled  "  Harold,"  will  appear  in  the  January 
issue  of  "  The  Poetry  Review."  The  drama  will 
shortly  be  produced  at  Hastings,  England,  where 
its  scene  is  laid. 

"  From  Moscow  to  the  Persian  Gulf,"  by  Mr. 
Benjamin  B.  Moore,  is  announced  by  Messrs. 
Putnam.  It  is  a  narrative  of  travel  by  train,  car- 
riage, and  caravan  across  the  steppes  of  Russia 
and  through  Persia. 

A  record  of  the  achievements  of  "  The  Irish 
Abroad,"  written  by  Mr.  Elliot  O'Donnell,  is  an- 
nounced for  early  issue  by  Messrs.  E.  P.  Dutton 
&  Co.  It  begins  with  the  first  authentic  migra- 
tions, and  comes  down  to  the  present  day. 

We  have  received  word  from  Mr.  Alfred  A. 
Knopf  that  he  has  taken  over  from  Messrs.  George 
H.  Doran  Co.  the  publishing  rights  to  Dr.  J.  W. 
Mackail's  "Russia's  Gift  to  the  World"  and  Dr. 
Paul  Vinogradoff's  "  The  Russian  Problem,"  both 
of  which  were  reviewed  in  our  issue  of  Sept.  30. 

A  new  series  of  Russian  fiction  in  English  trans- 
lation is  projected  by  Messrs.  John  W.  Luce  &  Co. 
by  arrangement  with  Messrs.  Maunsel  &  Co.  of 
Dublin  and  London.  The  following  volumes  are 
in  preparation :  Tchekov's  "  The  Bet,  and  Other 
Tales " ;  Danchenko's  two  novels,  "  With  a 


Diploma"  and  "The  Whirlwind";  Korolenko's 
"The  Blind  Musician";  and  Kuprin's  "The 
Shulamite." 

An  important  item,  hitherto  unannounced,  on 
Messrs.  Scribner's  autumn  list  is  Mr.  Ralph 
Adams  Cram's  "  Heart  of  Europe,"  embodying 
descriptions  of  the  architectural  treasures  of  those 
towns  of  northeastern  France  and  of  Belgium 
which  have  been  damaged  or  endangered  in  the 
present  war. 

To  the  "  Wayfarer's  Library "  will  be  immedi- 
ately added  four  new  volumes  (all  novels).  Their 
titles  are :  "  Seaf orth  Highlanders,"  by  Mr. 
F.  W.  Walker;  "  Blackwatch,"  by  Messrs.  L.  Cope 
Cornford  and  F.  W.  Walker;  "In  the  Wake  of 
King  James,"  by  Mr.  Standish  O'Grady;  and 
"  Rosemary's  Letter  Book,"  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Court- 
ney. 

"  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton  "  by  Mr.  Percy  H. 
Epler,  long  Miss  Barton's  intimate  friend,  is  an- 
nounced for  immediate  publication.  This,  the  first 
authorized  biography,  has  been  produced  with  the 
cooperation  of  the  friends  and  relatives  of  Miss 
Barton.  Mr.  Epler  has  had  access  to  many  unpub- 
lished letters  and  diaries,  and  also  to  official  re- 
ports and  documents. 

Lockhart's  "  History  of  Napoleon  Buonaparte  " 
has  been  edited  by  Dr.  Holland  Rose  for  the 
"Oxford  Editions  of  Standard  Authors."  Two 
other  forthcoming  additions  to  the  same  series  are 
Creasy's  "  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World," 
with  an  Introduction  by  Mr.  H.  W.  C.  Davis;  and 
"  Stories  and  Poems "  by  Bret  Harte,  edited  by 
Mr.  William  Macdonald. 

The  death  of  Henri  Fabre  lends  unusual  inter- 
est to  the  latest  volume  of  translated  matter  from 
the  great  naturalist's  "Souvenirs  Entomologiques." 
This  volume,  devoted  to  "  The  Hunting  Wasps," 
will  appear  immediately.  The  publishers,  Messrs. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.,  have  prepared  an  illustrated 
booklet  devoted  to  Fabre's  life  and  work,  which 
they  are  glad  to  send  without  charge  upon  request. 

The  first  number  of  the  "  Technical  Book  Re- 
view Index,"  a  selected  list  of  important  technical 
and  scientific  books  and  book  reviews  in  leading 
journals,  has  been  issued  by  the  Index  Office  of 
Chicago.  The  compilation  has  been  made  by  the 
Technology  Department  of  the  Carnegie  Library 
of  Pittsburgh.  The  Index  is  to  appear  quarterly, 
and  will  embrace  from  two  to  three  thousand  titles 
annually.  The  aim,  to  make  the  work  done  for  one 
library  of  service  to  the  many,  is  praiseworthy. 

Among  other  historical  works  announced  for 
autumn  publication  by  the  Oxford  University 
Press  are  the  following :  "  Lord  Selkirk's  Work 
in  Canada,"  by  Professor  Chester  Martin ;  "  The 
Evolution  of  Prussia,"  by  Messrs.  J.  A.  JR.  Mar- 
riott and  C.  Grant  Robertson ;  "  The  Foundation 
of  the  Ottoman  Empire,"  by  Professor  H.  A.  Gib- 
bons; "Keigwin's  Rebellion  (1682-4):  An  Epi- 
sode in  the  History  of  Bombay,"  by  Messrs.  Ray 
and  Oliver  Straehey ;  and  "  The  Balkans  and 
Turkey,"  by  Messrs.  Nevill  Forbes,  D.  Mitrany, 
Arnold  Toynbee,  and  others. 


384 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


"  Women  at  The  Hague,"  a  narrative  account  of 
the  International  Congress  of  Women  held  at  The 
Hague  last  spring,  will  soon  be  issued  by  the 
Macmillan  Co.  The  authors  are  Jane  Addams, 
Emily  Greene  Balch,  and  Alice  Hamilton.  The 
volume  will  contain  an  appendix  on  continuous 
mediation  by  a  delegate  to  the  Congress  from  the 
University  of  Wisconsin,  as  well  as  the  resolutions 
adopted  by  the  Congress.  Among  the  chapter- 
titles  are  the  following :  "  Journey  and  Impres- 
sions of  the  Congress,"  "  The  Women  at  the 
Congress,"  "  Civil  Government  in  Time  of  War," 
"  Journey  to  the  Northern  Capital,"  and  "  Factors 
in  Continuing  the  War." 

There  are  not  a  few  readers  to  whom  one  of  the 
most  welcome  announcements  of  the  season  is  that 
of  a  new  collection  of  Mr.  Austin  Dobson's  de- 
lightful eighteenth-century  vignettes.  "  Rosalba's 
Journal  and  Other  Papers "  is  the  title  of  the 
forthcoming  volume.  In  addition  to  Rosalba  Car- 
riera,  the  Venetian  miniature  painter  whose  jour- 
nal during  her  stay  in  Paris  in  1720-21  gives  the 
book  its  title,  there  are  papers  on  Matthew  Prior's 
"  noble,  lovely,  little  Peggy,"  the  Duchess  of  Port- 
land, Streatham  Place,  Lord  George  Gordon  and 
the  Gordon  Riots,  and  the  early  years  of  Madame 
Royale.  "A  New  Dialogue  of  the  Dead,"  in  which 
the  author  conceives  an  interview  between  Henry 
Fielding  and  his  first  biographer,  Arthur  Murphy, 
brings  the  volume  to  a  close. 

John  Bishop  Putnam,  son  of  the  founder  of  the 
Putnam  publishing  house,  and  brother  of  Mr. 
George  Haven  Putnam,  its  present  head,  and  of 
Mr.  Herbert  Putnam,  Librarian  of  the  Library  of 
Congress,  died  on  the  7th  of  this  month  in  his 
sixty-seventh  year.  He  was  born  on  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  July  17,  1849,  educated  at  Clark  and  Fan- 
ning's  Collegiate  Institute  in  New  York  City,  and 
at  the  Pennsylvania  Agricultural  College;  entered 
the  publishing  house  of  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons  in 
1868,  and  was  its  treasurer  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  The  Knickerbocker  Press,  which  prints  the 
Putnam  publications,  was  under  his  management 
as  president.  He  was  a  member  of  the  New  York 
Typothetae  and  of  the  Society  of  Mechanics  and 
Tradesmen,  New  York.  "Authors  and  Publishers  " 
came  from  his  pen  in  1890,  and  "A  Norwegian 
Ramble  "  in  1902. 

A  new  study  of  "  Maurice  Maeterlinck :  Poet 
and  Philosopher"  has  been  written  by  Miss  Mac- 
donald  Clark,  a  distinguished  student  of  Edin- 
burgh University,  who  has  specialized  in  the 
literature  of  the  Low  Countries.  M.  Maeterlinck 
has  written  in  highest  praise  of  the  work,  and 
bears  testimony  with  no  little  surprise  to  the 
ingenious  synthesis  which  it  develops.  His  char- 
acteristic modesty  in  this  respect  is  shown  in  the 
following  sentences  from  his  letter :  "  The  writer 
seems  to  believe,  with  only  too  much  indulgence, 
that  from  the  first  day,  from  the  first  book  of  my 
writing,  I  had  my  way  traced  out  before  me,  and 
that  I  knew  what  I  was  going  to  say,  what  I  meant 
to  do ;  when  —  like  every  sincere  man  who  is  only 
groping  his  way  —  I  do  not  know  even  to-day." 
The  book  is  to  be  published  this  month  by  Messrs. 
George  Allen  &  Unwin,  Ltd.,  of  London. 


John  Edmands,  the  dean  of  American  librarians 
and  the  originator  of  classification  and  numbering 
systems  now  in  general  use  in  libraries  through- 
out the  country,  died  at  his  home  in  Philadelphia 
on  the  17th  inst.  He  was  ninety-five  years  old. 
Mr.  Edmands  was  born  in  Framingham,  Mass., 
and  was  graduated  from  Yale  University  in  1847. 
In  1848-51  he  attended  the  Yale  Divinity  School, 
in  the  meanwhile  teaching  school.  He  entered  on 
library  work  in  1845,  when  he  took  charge  of  the 
library  of  the  College  Society  of  Brothers  in 
Unity.  Mr.  Edmands  continued  in  library  work 
until  1901,  when  he  became  Librarian  Emeritus 
of  the  Mercantile  Library  in  Philadelphia,  his  total 
service  covering  fifty-six  years.  From  1851  to 
1856  he  was  in  charge  of  the  Yale  College  Library, 
and  then  went  to  the  Mercantile  Library,  where 
he  stayed  for  forty-five  years.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  bibliographies. 

A  considerable  number  of  Belgium's  most  dis- 
tinguished writers  and  artists,  now  refugees  in 
England,  have  cooperated  in  the  production  of  a 
noteworthy  volume  which  the  John  Lane  Co.  an- 
nounces under  the  title,  "A  Book  of  Belgium's 
Gratitude."  The  work  is  being  issued  under  the 
highest  authority.  His  Majesty  King  Albert  is 
the  patron ;  His  Excellency  M.  Paul  Hymans,  Bel- 
gian Minister  in  London,  is  the  president,  and 
MM.  Emile  Cammaerts,  Emile  Glaus,  Henri  Da- 
vignon,  Jules  Destree,  Paul  Lambotte,  Caron  Mon- 
cheur,  and  Chevalier  E.  Carton  de  Wiart  are 
members  of  the  Committee  of  Publication.  The 
book  will  be  printed  in  French  and  English,  and 
the  list  of  translators  will  include  many  well- 
known  English  names.  Mr.  W.  J.  Locke  has  con- 
sented to  act  as  Translation  Editor.  The  profits 
from  the  publication  are  to  he  placed  at  the  dis- 
posal of  Queen  Mary  of  England. 

Charles  Frederick  Holder,  author  and  natural- 
ist, died  at  his  home  in  Pasadena,  Calif.,  on  the 
10th  inst.,  in  his  sixty-fifth  year.  He  was  born  in 
Lynn,  Mass.,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  and  at  the  Friends'  School 
in  Providence.  From  1871  to  1875  he  was  assis- 
tant curator  of  zoology  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  and  later  he  occupied  the 
chair  of  zoology  at  Throop  University  in  Pasa- 
dena. Always  an  enthusiastic  fisherman,  Dr. 
Holder  founded  the  Tuna  Club  of  Catalina  Island, 
and  was  a  member  of  leading  fishing  clubs 
throughout  the  world.  He  was  the  author  of 
many  books,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  the 
foremost  marine  authorities  in  the  world.  Among 
the  best  known  of  his  works  are  "  Elements  of 
Zoology,"  "  Marvels  of  Animal  Life,"  "  The  Ivory 
King,"  "  Living  Lights,"  "A  Strange  Company," 
"A  Frozen  Dragon,"  "Louis  Agassiz,  His  Life," 
"Life  of  Charles  Darwin,"  "Along  the  Florida 
Reef,"  "  The  Treasure  Divers,"  "  Stories  of  Ani- 
mal Life,"  "Big  Game  Fishes  of  the  United 
States,"  "  The  Lower  Animals,"  "  Fishes  and  Rep- 
tiles," "  Hand  Book  to  Submarine  Gardens,"  "  The 
Log  of  a  Sea  Angler,"  "  Big  Game  at  Sea," 
"Marine  Animals  of  the  Pacific  Coast,"  "The 
Ocean,"  and  "Angling  Adventures  around  the 
World." 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


385 


"LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 


[  The  following  list,  containing  156  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.} 


BIOGRAPHY  AND   REMINISCENCES. 

The  Life  and  Letters  of  Jolm  Hay.  By  William 
Roscoe  Thayer.  In  2  volumes,  illustrated  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  8vo.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$5.  net. 

Memories  of  a  Publisher,  1865-1915.  By  George 
Haven  Putnam,  Litt.D.  With  photogravure  por- 
trait, large  8vo,  492  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.  net. 

My  Childhood.  By  Maxim  Gorky.  Illustrated,  8vo, 
374  pages.  Century  Co.  $2.  net. 

In  the  Footsteps  of  Napoleon:  His  Life  and  Fa- 
mous Scenes.  By  James  Morgan.  Illustrated, 
8vo,  524  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50  net. 

George  Washington:  Farmer.  By  Paul  Leland 
Haworth.  Illustrated,  12mo,  336  pages.  Bobbs- 
Merrill  Co.  $1-50  net. 

HISTORY. 

High  Lights  of  the  French  Revolution.  By  Hilaire 
Belloc.  Illustrated  in  color,  8vo,  301  pages. 
Century  Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Normans  In  European  History.  By  Charles 
Homer  Haskins.  8vo,  258  pages.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $2.  net. 

Attlla  and  His  Huns.  By  Edward  Hutton.  Svo,  228 
pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

Lincoln  and  Episodes  of  the  Civil  War.  By  William 
E.  Doster.  Svo,  282  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $1.50  net. 

Frederick  the  Great  and  His  Seven  Years  War.  By 
Ronald  Acott  Hall,  C.C.S.  12mo,  240  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Collections  of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library. 
Volume  X.,  The  Critical  Period,  1763-5,  edited, 
with  introduction  and  notes,  by  Clarence  Wai- 
worth  Alvord  and  Clarence  Edwin  Carter;  Vol- 
ume XII.,  The  County  Archives  of  the  State  of 
Illinois,  by  Theodore  Calvin  Pease.  Each  Svo. 
Springfield:  Illinois  State  Historical  Library. 

Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So- 
ciety. Volume  XLVIIL,  October,  1914  —  June. 
1915.  With  photogravure  portraits,  large  Svo, 
553  pages.  Boston:  Published  by  the  Society. 

GENERAL   LITERATURE. 

The  Greatest  of  Literary  Problems:  The  Author- 
ship of  the  Shakespeare  Works.  By  James 
Phinney  Baxter.  Illustrated,  large  Svo,  686 
pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $5.  net. 

A  Book  of  Preferences  In  Literature.  By  Eugene 
Mason.  16mo,  213  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

Disguise  Plots  in  Elizabethan  Drama:  A  Study  in 
Stage  Tradition.  By  Victor  Oscar  Freeburg, 
Ph.D.  12mo,  241  pages.  Columbia  University 
Press. 

NEW    EDITIONS     OF     STANDARD     LITERATURE. 

Bronte  Poems:  Selections  from  the  Poetry  of  Char- 
lotte, Emily,  Anne,  and  Branwell  Bronte.  Ed- 
ited, with  introduction,  by  Arthur  C.  Benson. 
With  portraits,  16mo,  390  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.  net. 

Common  Conditions.  Edited  by  Tucker  Brooke. 
Large  Svo,  90  pages.  "  Elizabethan  Club  Re- 
prints." Yale  University  Press.  $2.50  net. 

The  Insulted  and  Injured.  By  Fyodor  Dostoevsky; 
translated  from  the  Russian  by  Constance  Gar- 
nett.  12mo,  345  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Crainquebille,  Putois,  Riquet,  and  Other  Profitable 
Tales.  By  Anatole  France;  translated  from 
the  French  by  Winifred  Stephens.  Svo,  238 
pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.75  net. 

Fanchon  the  Cricket  (Fadette).  By  George  Sand; 
translated  from  the  French  by  Jane  Minot  Sedg- 
wick.  Illustrated,  12mo,  295  pages.  "Mary 
Pickford  Edition."  Duffield  &  Co. 

The  Eclogues  and  Georglcs  of  Virgil.  Translated 
from  the  Latin  by  J.  W.  Mackail.  Pocket  edi- 
tion; 16mo,  119  pages.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
75  cts.  net. 

VERSE   AND   DRAMA. 

The  Faithful:    A  Tragedy  in  Three  Acts.     By  John 

Masefleld.       12mo,     170     pages.       Macmillan     Co. 

$1.25  net. 
Rivers   to   the    Sea.      By   Sara   Teasdale.      12mo,    148 

pages.      Macmillan    Co.      $1.25    net. 
Interflow:      Poems,     chiefly    Lyrical.       By    Geoffrey 

Faber.      12mo,   111    pages.      Houghton   Mifflin   Co.    | 


The  Porcupine:  A  Drama  in  Three  Acts.  By  Ed- 
win Arlington  Robinson.  12mo,  152  pages.  Mac- 
millan Co.  $1.25  net. 

Searchlights:  A  Play  in  Three  Acts.  By  Horace  An- 
nesley  Vachell.  12mo,  123  pages.  George  H. 
Doran  Co.  $1.  net. 

Dreams  and  Dust:  Poems.  By  Don  Marquis.  12mo, 
187  pages.  Harper  &  Brothers.  $1.20  net. 

The  Uniet  Courage,  and  Other  Songs  of  the  Una- 
fraid. By  Everard  Jack  Appleton.  12mo,  99 
pages.  Stewart  &  Kidd  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Factories,  with  Other  Lyrics.  By  Margaret 
Widdemer.  12mo,  160  pages.  John  C.  Winston 
Co.  $1.  net. 

Ashes  and  Sparks.  By  Richard  Wightman.  WTith 
frontispiece,  12mo,  131  pages.  Century  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

L'Offrande  Herolque:  Poems.  By  Nicolas  Beauduin. 
16mo,  104  pages.  Paris:  La  Vie  des  Lettres. 
Paper. 

FICTION. 

The  Fortunes  of  Garin.  By  Mary  Johnston.  With 
frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  376  pages.  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.40  net. 

Old  Delabole.  By  Eden  Phillpotts.  12mo,  428  pages. 
Macmillan  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Stirrup  Latch.  By  Sidney  McCall.  With  fron- 
tispiece, 12mo,  315  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

The  Lost  Prince.  By  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett.  Il- 
lustrated, 12mo,  414  pages.  Century  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Beyond  the  Frontier:  A  Romance  of  Early  Days  in 
the  Middle  West.  By  Randall  Parrish.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  406  pages.  A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

The  Passionate  Crime:  A  Tale  of  Faerie.  By  E. 
Temple  Thurston.  12mo,  305  pages.  D.  Apple- 
ton  &  Co.  $1.30  net. 

The  Glorious  Rascal  (Pretty  Maids  All  in  a  Row). 
By  Justin  Huntly  McCarthy.  12mo,  308  pages. 
John  Lane  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Extra  Day.  By  Algernon  Blackwood.  12mo, 
358  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Aladore.  By  Henry  Newbolt.  12mo,  363  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Ollivant  Orphans.  By  Inez  Haynes  Gillmore. 
With  frontispiece,  12mo,  313  pages.  Henry  Holt 
&  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Star  Rover.  By  Jack  London.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color,  12mo,  329  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

Midsummer  Magic.  By  Walter  Bamfylde.  With 
frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  389  pages.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $1.35  net. 

Heart's  Kindred.  By  Zona  Gale.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color,  12mo,  234  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

The  Law-Breakers.  By  Ridgwell  Cullum.  With 
frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  350  pages.  George 
W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Secret  History  Revealed  by  Lady  Peggy  O'Malley. 
By  C.  N.  and  A.  M.  Williamson.  With  frontis- 
piece in  color,  12mo,  319  pages.  Doubleday,  Page 
&  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Bachelors.  By  William  Dana  Orcutt.  With 
frontispiece,  12mo,  428  pages.  Harper  &  Broth- 
ers. $1.35  net. 

The  Rose  of  Youth.  By  Elinor  Mordaunt.  12mo, 
361  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Russian  Silhouettes:  More  Stories  of  Russian  Life. 
By  Anton  Tchekoff;  translated  from  the  Russian 
by  Marian  Fell.  12mo,  318  pages.  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons.  $1.35  net. 

Suxanna  Stirs  the  Fire.  By  Emily  Calvin  Blake. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  358  pages.  A.  C.  McClurg  & 
Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Wooing  of  Rosamond  Fayre.  By  Berta  Ruck 
(Mrs.  Oliver  Onions).  12mo,  378  pages.  Dodd, 
Mead  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

The  Riddle  of  the  Night.  By  Thomas  W.  Hanshew. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  319  pages.  Doubleday,  Page. 
&  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Promise:  A  Tale  of  the  Great  Northwest.  By 
James  B.  Hendryx.  12mo,  419  pages.  G.  P.  Put- 
nam's Sons.  $1.35  net. 

A  Soul  on  Fire.  By  Francis  Fenwick  Williams. 
12mo,  316  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.30  net. 

Happy  Hollow  Farm.  By  William  R.  Lighten.  Il- 
lustrated, 12mo,  318  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

The  Passport.  By  Emile  Voute.  12mo,  362  pages. 
Mitchell  Kennerley.  $1.35  net. 

If  Any  Man  Sin.  By  H.  A.  Cody.  12mo,  309  pages. 
George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Winner.  By  William  Winter.  With  frontis- 
piece. 12mo,  295  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 
$1.25  net. 


386 


THE   DIAL 


[  Oct.  28 


The  Great  Unrest.  By  F.  E.  Mills  Young.  12mo, 
311  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.30  net. 

The  Nurse's  Story.  By  Adele  Bleneau.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  260  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Prudence  of  the  Parsonage.  By  Ethel  Hueston. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  347  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

Wrings  of  Danger.  By  Arthur  A.  Nelson.  Illustrated 
in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  448  pages.  Robert  M.  Mc- 
Bride  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Looking  for  Grace.  By  Mrs.  Horace  Tremlett.  12mo, 
308  pages.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Red  Stain.  By  Achmed  Abdullah.  With  fron- 
tispiece, 12mo,  309  pages.  Hearst's  International 
Library  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Inside  the  Lines.  By  Earl  Derr  Bi^gers  and  Robert 
Welles  Ritchie.  Illustrated,  12mo,  331  pages. 
Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Heart  of  a  Man.  By  Richard  Aumerle  Maher. 
With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo,  414  pages. 
Benziger  Brothers.  $1.35  net. 

When  My  Ship  Conies  Home.  By  Clara  E.  Laughlin. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  143  pages.  Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Dual  Alliance.  By  Marjorie  Benton  Cooke.  Il- 
lustrated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  165  pages.  Double- 
day,  Page  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

That  Night,  and  Other  Satires.  By  Freeman  Tilden. 
With  frontispiece,  12mo,  324  pages.  Hearst's 
International  Library  Co.  $1.  net. 

PUBLIC   AFFAIRS POLITICS,    SOCIOLOGY,   AND 

ECONOMICS. 
The    Reconciliation    of    Government    with     Liberty. 

By  John  W.  Burgess,  Ph.D.  8vo,  394  pages. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.50  net. 

A  History  of  Currency  in  the  United  States:  With 
a  Brief  Description  of  the  Currency  Systems  of 
all  Commercial  Nations.  By  A.  Barton  Hepburn, 
LL.D.  8vo,  552  pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $2.50  net. 

The  Spirit  of  England.  By  George  W.  E.  Russell. 
12mo,  304  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.75  net. 

Regulation  of  Railroads  and  Public  Utilities  in  Wis- 
consin. By  Fred  L.  Holmes.  8vo,  375  pages.  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

An  Introduction  to  the  Economic  History  of  En- 
gland. By  E.  Lipson,  M.A.  Volume  I.,  The 
Middle  Ages.  8vo,  552  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 
$2.  net. 

The  Marriage  Revolt:  A  Study  of  Marriage  and 
Divorce.  By  William  E.  Carson.  Illustrated, 
8vo,  481  pages.  Hearst's  International  Library 
Co.  $2.  net. 

National  Floodmarks:  Week  by  Week  Observations 
on  American  Life  as  Seen  by  "  Collier's."  Ed- 
ited by  Mark  Sullivan.  12mo,  391  pages.  George 
H.  Doran  Co.  $1.50  net. 

BOOKS    ABOUT    THE    GREAT    WAR. 

Paris  Reborn:  A  Study  in  Civic  Psychology.  By 
Herbert  Adams  Gibbons.  Illustrated,  8vo,  395 
pages.  Century  Co.  $2.  net. 

Germany's  Violations  of  the  Laws  of  War,  1914-15. 
Translated,  with  introduction,  by  J.  O.  P.  Bland. 
With  facsimiles,  8vo,  346  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  $2.  net. 

The  Path  of  Peace.  Compiled  and  edited  by  Bev- 
erley  R.  Potter.  12mo,  352  pages.  John  C.  Win- 
ston Co.  $1.50  net. 

Geographical  Aspects  of  Balkan  Problems  in  Their 
Relation  to  the  Great  European  War.  By  Marion 
I.  Newbegin,  D.Sc.  With  maps,  8vo,  243  pages. 
G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.75  net. 

The  Drama  of  Three  Hundred  and  Sixty-Five  Days: 
Scenes  in  the  Great  War.  By  Hall  Caine.  12mo, 
176  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Bowmen,  and  Other  Legends  of  the  War.  By 
Arthur  Machen.  12mo,  77  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's 
Sons.  75  cts.  net. 

The  Inevitable  War.  By  Francis  Delaisi.  12mo, 
120  pages.  Small,  Maynard  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Meaning  of  the  War:  Life  and  Matter  in  Con- 
flict. By  Henri  Bergson;  with  introduction  by 
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392  THE     DIAL  [Oct.  28,  1915 


"An  Authentic  Original  Voice  in  Literature" — The  Atlantic  Monthly. 

ROBERT  FROST 

THE  NEW  AMERICAN  POET 

North  of  Boston 

ALICE  BROWN: 


THERE  IS  A  RARE 
NOTE  */•  SPONTA- 
NEOUS ENTHUSI- 
ASM  IN  THESE 
COMMENTS 


"Mr.  Frost  has  done  truer  work  about  New  England  than  anybody — except 
Miss  Wilkins." 
CHARLES  HANSON  TOWNE: 

"Nothing  has  come  out  of  America  since  Whitman  so  splendid,  so  real,  so  over- 
whelmingly great. ' ' 

AMY  LOWELL  in  The  New  Republic: 

"A  bock  of  unusual  power  and  sincerity.     A  remarkable  achievement." 

New  York  Evening  Sun: 

"The  poet  had  the  insight  to  trust  the  people  with  a  book  of  the  people  and 
the  people  replied  'Man,  what  is  your  name?'  .  .  .  He  forsakes  utterly 
the  claptrap  of  pastoral  song,  classical  or  modern.  .  .  His  is  soil  stuff,  not 
mock  bucolics." 

Boston  Transcript: 

"The  first  poet  for  half  a  century  to  express  New  England  life  completely  with 
a  fresh,  original  and  appealing  way  of  his  own." 

Brooklyn  Daily  Eagle: 

"The  more  you  read  the  more  you  are  held,  and  when  you  return  a  few  days 
later  to  look  up  some  passage  that  has  followed  you  about,  the  better  you  find 
the  meat  under  the  simple  unpretentious  form.  The  London  Times  caught  that 
quality  when  it  said :  '  Poetry  burns  up  out  of  it,  as  when  a  faint  wind  breathes 
upon  smouldering  embers.'  .  .  That  is  precisely  the  effect.  .  ." 

Reedy's  Mirror: 

"Genuine  poetry,  these  'North  of  Boston'  tales,  they  hold  one  with  the  grip 
of  a  vivid  novel.  .  .  I  can  only  refer  my  readers  to  'North  of  Boston'  for 
acquaintance  with  what  seems  to  me  a  fine  achievement;  such  achievement, 
indeed,  as  contributes  vitally  to  the  greatness  of  a  country's  most  national  and 
significant  literature." 

FORD  MADOX  HUEFFER  in  The  Lon-     EDWARD  THOMAS  in  The  New  Weekly: 

don  Outlook:  "Few  who  read  it  through  will  have 

"Mr.    Frost's   achievement   is   much  been    ag    much    astonished    b      an 

finer,  much  more  near  the  ground,  and  A        .  .          TTT1  . 

much  more  national,  in  the  true  sense,  American    since    Whitman.     .     .     It 

than  anything  that  Whitman  gave  to  1S  drama  with  a  lyncal  intensity  which 

the  world."  often  borders  on  the  magic." 

A    BOY'S    WILL    Mr.  Frost's  First  Volume  of  Poetry 

The  Academy  (London): 

' '  We  have  read  every  line  with  that  amazement  and  delight  which  are  too  seldom 
evoked  by  books  of  modern  verse." 

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THE  STORY  OF  CANADA  BLACKIE.    By  Anne  P.  Field 

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THE  LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  TENNYSON.  By  the  i*to  THOMAS  R  LOUNSBURV, 

LL.D.,  L.H.D.     Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  WILBUR  L.  CROSS,  Ph.D.,  Editor  of  The  Yale 
' 


This  new  biographical  material  concerning  Tennyson  is  drawn  from  the  memoirs,  correspondence  and 
critical  literature  of  the  period,  of  which  nothing  seems  to  have  escaped  Professor  Lounsbury.  In  this,  the 
author's  last  work,  his  wit,  humor  and  keen  observation  appear  in  all  the  freshness  that  characterized  the 
life  of  Cooper,  written  early  in  his  literary  career. 

8vo.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     300  pages.     Price,  $2.50  net,  postpaid.     (In  preparation.) 

JOURNEYS  TO   BAGDAD.   By  CHARLES  S.  BROOKS.  Illustrated  with  thirty  woodcuts  by 

ALLEN  LEWIS. 

These  essays  have  in  them  the  pleasure  of  spring  walks  and  of  hobbies  whimsically  practiced.     This  is  the 
first  volume  of  Mr.  Brooks'  essays  to  appear,  though  his  style  is  already  familiar  to  the  readers  of  The  Yale 
Review,  among  whom  his  active  and  —  if  one  may  call  it  so  —  his  companionable  imagination  has  won 
him  a  large  circle  of  admirers. 
i2tno.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     140  pages.     30  illustrations.     In  a  slip  case.     Price,  $1.50  net,  postpaid. 


By  HENRY  FIELDING.  Edited,  with  an  Intro- 


THE  COVENT-GARDEN  JOURNAL. 

duction  and  Notes,  by  GERARD  E.  JENSEN,  Ph.D. 

"  Mr.  Jensen's  book  is  the  most  important  contribution,  in  recent  years,  to  the  personal  and  literary  history 
of  Henry  Fielding." — Professor  Wilbur  L.  Cross,  Yale  University.  (In  preparation.) 


SAPPHO  IN  LEVKAS  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  By  WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  PERCY. 
Mr.  Percy  is  a  poet  of  promise.  He  writes  with  unusual  purity  and  restraint,  showing  at  once  a  mature 
insight  into  the  psychology  and  ethics  of  passion  and  the  high  purpose  of  a  young  poet. 

izmo.     Board  binding.     118  pages.     Price,  $1.00  net,  postpaid. 

THE  MIDDLE  MILES  AND  OTHER  POEMS.  By  LEE  WILSON  DODD 

Those  who  are  familiar  with  Lee  Dodd's  plays  and  those  who  recall  the  poems  which  he  has  written  for  The 
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I2tno.    105  pages.    Paper  binding,  50  cents  net;  board  binding,  75  cents  net,  postpaid. 

SELECTIONS  FROM  THE  SYMBOLIC  POEMS  OF  WILLIAM 

r5LAl\.Ci.  Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  FREDERICK  E.  PIERCE,  Ph.D. 

"Prof.  Pierce  has  selected  some  2,400  lines  of  Blake,  enough  to  fill  seventy-nine  generous  pages;  it  must 
have  been  a  heroic  labor.  .  .  .  Prof.  Pierce  has  done  a  work  of  genuine  usefulness  to  those  whose  liter- 
ary tastes  are  sane  and  sound  and  without  the  affectations  of  the  bookish. " — New  York  Sun. 

4to.     Board  binding.     79  pages.     Index.     Price,  $2.00  net,  postpaid. 

A  VOICE  FROM  THE  CROWD.  By  GEORGE  WHARTON  PEPPER. 
For  centuries  the  Pulpit  has  spoken  to  the  Pew. 

For  forty-three  years  ministers  have  spoken  to  other  ministers  in  the  Lyman  Beecher  Lectures. 
Here  for  the  first  time  the  Pew  has  spoken  to  the  Pulpit. 

(Second  printing.)    8vo.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     207  pages.     Price,  $1.50  net,  postpaid. 

SOME  CHRISTIAN  CONVICTIONS.   A  Practical  Restatement  in 

Terms  Of  Present-Day  Thinking.    By  REV.  HENRY  SLOANE  COFFIN,  D.D. 
Dr.  Coffin  has  restated  a  few  essential  Christian  convictions  in  terms  that  are  intelligible  and  persuasive  to 
persons  who  have  felt  the  force  of  the  various  intellectual  movements  of  recent  years. 

(Second  printing.)     I2mo.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     223  pages.     Price,  $1.00  net,  postpaid 

THE  NEW  INFINITE  AND  THE  OLD  THEOLOGY.  By  c^™  j  K™. 

Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  author  of  "Science  and  Religion." 
"This  is  not  only  a  thoughtful,  but  a  most  constructive  book." — The  Christian  Register. 

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CIVILIZATION    AND    CLIMATE.       By  ELLSWORTH  HUNTINGTON,  Ph.D..  author  of 

"The  Pulse  of  Asia." 

Among  the  things  to  be  mapped,  human  character  as  expressed  in  civilization  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  one  whose  distribution  most  needs  explanation. 

8vo.     Cloth   binding.     333   pages.     Diagrams.     Appendix.     Index.     Price,   $2.50   net,   postpaid. 


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ECONOMIC  ASPECTS  OF  THE  WAR.   Neutral  Rights,  Belligerent 
Claims  and  American  Commerce  in  the  Years  1914-1915. 


economics! 
anb 

^politics 


%t*tori> 


J.  CLAPP,  Ph.D. 


By  EDWIN 


"It  is  impossible  for  anyone,  even  pro-  Ally  at  heart,  to  follow  through  this  recital  of  British  encroachments 
upon  neutral  rights  without  a  feeling  of  grave  concern."  —  The  New  Republic, 

I2mo.     Cloth   binding.     340   pages.     Appendix.     Index.     Price,  $1,50   net,   postpaid. 

UNDERCURRENTS  IN  AMERICAN  POLITICS.  By  ARTHUR  TWINING 

HADLEY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  President  of  Yale  University. 

"The  treatment  is  characterized  by  broad,  well-balanced  judgment,  and  represents  an  order  of  political 
thinking  and  writing  of  which  in  the  United  States  to-day  there  are  too  few  examples."  —  Springfield  Repub- 
lican. (Second  printing.)  I2mo.  Cloth  binding.  Gilt  top.  185  pages.  Index.  Price,  $1.35  net,  postpaid. 

THE    LIBERTY  OF    CITIZENSHIP.     By  HON.  SAMUEL  W.  MCCALL,  LL.D.   (Dodge 

Lectures  on  the  Responsibilities  of  Citizenship.) 

"A  profound  philosophy  expressed  in  such  perfect  diction  that  English  literature  would  have  been  poorer 
for  their  loss.  Here  is  a  book  that  must  be  ranked,  for  class-room  purposes,  with  the  best  of  Fiske,  and 
Walter  Raleigh's  classic  on  the  early  English  voyages."  —  Boston  Transcript. 

J2mo.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     134  pages.     Price,  $1.15  net,  postpaid. 

ETHICS    IN    SERVICE.     By  WILLIAM  HOWARD  TAFT.  LL.D..  D.C.L.     (Page  Lectures.) 
Mr.  Taft  here  offers  welcome  assistance  to  that  movement  for  better  ethics  in  business,  professional  and 
government  service,  which  is  one  of  the  most  promising  omens  of  the  history  that  we  are  making  to-day. 
izmo.     Cloth  binding.    Gilt  top.     101  pages.     Price,  $1.00  net. 

ELECTORAL  REFORM  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES. 
The  Development  and  Operation  of  the  Parliamentary  Franchise, 

1832-1885.  By  CHARLES  SEYMOUR,  Ph.D.  (Yale  Historical  Publications,  Studies,  Vol.  III.) 
The  author  traces  in  a  single  field  the  extraordinary  transformation  which  took  place  in  English  political 
conditions  during  the  nineteenth  century. 

8vo.     Cloth  binding.     Gilt  top.     564  pages.     4  illustrations.    Index.     Price,  $2.50  net,  postpaid. 

LEONARDO  DA  VINCI:  The  Artist  and  the  Man.  By  OSVALD  SIREN,  Pro- 

fessor  of  the  History  of  Art  at  the  University  of  Stockholm. 

Professor  Siren  has  prepared  a  detailed  life  of  the  great  artist  from  a  first-hand  study  of  the  material,  and 
has  depicted  with  remarkable  clearness  the  artistic  milieu  out  of  which  grew  the  masterpieces  with  which 
we  are  familiar.  Imperial  8vo.  Cloth  binding.  Gilt  top.  250  pages.  Over  zoo  illustrations.  Index. 

In  a  slip  case.     Price,  $6.00  net,  postpaid.     (In  preparation.) 

MISCELLANEOUS  BABYLONIAN  INSCRIPTIONS.  By  ALBERT  T.  CLAY. 

Ph.D.  (Yale  Oriental  Series,  Babylonian  Texts,  Vol.  I.) 
This  initial  volume  will  contain  texts  9f  great  importance  for  the  reconstruction  of  the  history  and  life  of 
the  Babylonians,  representing  all  periods  from  the  archaic  to  the  Greek.  (In  preparation.) 

THE  DATED  ALEXANDER  COINAGE  OF  SIDON  AND  ARE. 

By  EDWARD  T.  NEWELL.     (Yale  Oriental  Series,  Researches,  Vol.  II.) 

The  stirring  events  of  history  made  by  Alexander  the  Great  and  his  immediate  successors  are  reflected  in 
the  coinage  of  two  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  time.  (In  preparation.) 

THE  SOCIAL  LEGISLATION  OF  THE  PRIMITIVE  SEMITES. 

By  HENRY  SCHAEFFER,  Ph.D. 

The  author  has  made  a  thorough  study  of  the  customs  and  laws  of  the  primitive  people  of  Arabia,  Baby- 
lonia, and  Israel.  I2tno.  Cloth  binding.  245  pages.  Index.  Price,  $2.35  net,  postpaid. 

Pbltograpftp  A  BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  MEDIEVAL  FRENCH  LITERATURE 

FOR  COLLEGE  LIBRARIES.  By  LUCIEN  FOULET.  Edited  by  ALBERT  SCHINZ, 
Ph.D.,  and  GEORGE  H.  UNDERWOOD.  Ph.D.,  Department  of  French  Literature  and  Language,  Smith 
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WRITINGS  ON  AMERICAN  HISTORY,  1913.  A  Bibliography  <*  Books 

and  Articles  on  United  States  and  Canadian  History  Published  During  the  Year  1913,  with  some 
Memoranda  on  Other  Portions  of  America.  Compiled  by  GRACE  GARDNER  GRIFFIN. 

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Jfortntgttlp  journal  of  Hiterarp  Criticism,  Btecusston,  ano  information. 


Vol.  LIX.          NOVEMBER  11,  1915 


No.  705 


CONTENTS.  PAGE 

THE  LYRIC  LOED.    Charles.  Leonard  Moore  .     .  401 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON.     (Special 

London  Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire  .     .  404 
The  Autumn  Publishing  Season. —  New  Work 
of  the  Younger  English  Poets. —  Bacon  versus 
Shakespeare  Once  More. 

CASUAL  COMMENT 405 

The  autonomous  university. —  Implacable  foes 
to  fiction. —  Enterprise  in  the  publishing  busi- 
ness.— Half  a  century  of  library  service. — The 
secret  of  success  in  martial  verse. —  India's 
first  library  exhibition. — A  pathetic  appeal  to 
book-buyers. — Aphoristic  wisdom. — A  prize 
competition  for  essayists. 

COMMUNICATIONS 408 

Madame    Tinayre's    War    Novel.      Benj.    M. 

Woodbridge. 
A   Southern   Tribute   to   a   Negro.      Garland 

Greever. 
Hawthorne's  Short  Stories  in  Japan.     Ernest 

W.  Clement. 

THE   DIPLOMAT   OF   THE   GOLDEN  RULE. 

W.  H.  Johnson 411 

THE    NEW    DRAMA    IN    ENGLISH.      Helen 

McAfee 415 

CASSANDRA- VOICES  OF  "PREPAREDNESS." 

Edward  Krehbiel 416 

Johnston's  Arms  and  the  Race. —  Maxim's 
Defenseless  America. —  Carter's  The  Amer- 
ican Army. —  Neeser's  Our  Navy  and  the  Next 
War. — Walker's  America  Fallen! — Stultitia. 

PETRARCH  AGAIN.    W.  P.  Beeves 418 

THE  AMATEUR  GARDENER.     T.  D.  A.  Cock- 


er ell 


419 


RECENT  FICTION.    Edward  E.  Sale   .     .     .     .  421 
Wells's  The  Research  Magnificent. —  Dreiser's 
The  "  Genius." —  Mrs.  Ward's  Eltham  House. 

—  Grant's  The  High  Priestess. 

BRIEFS  ON  NEW  BOOKS 423 

Religious  ideals  and  idealism. —  Problems  of 
readjustment  after  the  war. —  From  Waterloo 
to  Liege. —  Platitudes  for  the  college  student. 

—  Favorites  in  poetry  and  fiction. — The  Har- 
old Bell  Wright  of  art  criticism. — The  dis- 
ease of  lying. —  History  of  dubious  value. — 
As   seen   from   the  editor's   sanctum. —  True 
stories  of  the  deaf  and  the  blind. 

BRIEFER  MENTION        428 

NOTES 428 

TOPICS  IN  NOVEMBER  PERIODICALS     .     .  430 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS  .  .  430 


THE  LYEIC  LORD. 


Of  all  forms  of  verse,  the  lyric  alone  still 
remains  in  the  ascendant.  It  does  not  ex- 
actly keep  the  zenith,  nor  is  it  allowed  to 
burn  clear  and  unobscured.  But  it  is  at  least 
aloft  in  the  literary  sky,  whereas  the  epic,  the 
poetic  drama,  the  narrative  poem,  and  the 
ballad  are  muffled  in  clouds  on  the  horizon. 
Poetry  in  lyric  roles  is  still  allowed  to  flaunt 
itself  a  courtier  of  the  sun ;  though  of  course 
it  is  not  quite  equal  to  the  aldermanic  or 
beadle-like  figures  of  prose.  In  its  other 
forms,  however,  it  is  a  Belisarius  begging  for 
obols  in  the  shadow. 

How  shall  we  account  for  the  popularity, 
or  at  least  the  permitted  existence,  of  the 
lyric  ?  That  it  is  brief  may  have  something  to 
do  with  it.  "  'Tis  a  very  excellent  piece  of 
work ;  would  't  were  done !  "  says  the  ennuied 
Christopher  Sly ;  and  the  modern  intellectual 
helot  echoes  him  in  regard  to  long  poems. 
But  the  short  story  and  the  essay  have  not 
displaced  the  novel,  the  history,  the  book  of 
travels  or  biography.  Poe  thought  that  a  long 
poem  was  impossible  because  it  could  not  be 
read  at  a  sitting,  and  so  must  lose  its  totality 
of  effect.  But  what  we  can  read  at  a  sitting 
depends  on  the  character  of  our  minds  and 
the  interest  of  the  piece  of  work  itself.  Most 
of  us  have  often  sat  up  nights  to  get  through 
some  enthralling  novel  three  times  as  long  as 
the  "  Iliad  "  or  "  Paradise  Lost."  Mere  brev- 
ity will  hardly  explain  the  lyric's  hold  on  the 
public  mind. 

The  fact  is  that  lyrical  poetry  is  usually 
the  expression  of  emotion,  and  the  capacity 
for  emotion  is  universal.  Anyone  can  recog- 
nize a  natural  feeling  or  instinctive  mood  of 
the  soul  put  into  words ;  whereas  the  ordered 
designs  and  logical  sequences  of  the  drama  or 
narrative  poem  require  thought  and  labor  to 
understand.  Again,  the  movement  and  the 
music  of  lyrical  poetry  are  as  a  rule  more 
apparent,  more  obvious,  though  not  loftier  or 
nobler,  than  those  of  the  continuous  verse 
forms.  Even  the  great  mass  of  the  unmusical 
like  to  hum  or  whistle  some  short  recollected 
air :  we  do  not  expect  of  them  the  intelligence 
or  effort  to  appreciate  Beethoven  or  Brahms. 


402 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


Its  emotional  quality  and  its  lively  or  striking 
musical  accent  would  therefore  seem  to  be  the 
secrets  of  such  hold  as  the  lyric  retains. 

It  has  been  said  that  with  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  Bible  and  Shakespeare  and 
Gibbon's  "Rome"  a  man  would  be  educated. 
We  do  not  think  that  the  study  of  lyrical 
poetry  would  amount  to  a  liberal  education. 
Too  much  of  the  spectacle  of  life,  its  intellect 
and  action,  would  be  left  out.  But  for  the 
training  and  stimulation  of  the  emotions, 
lyrical  poetry  alone  would  very  nearly  suffice. 
What  feelings,  what  instincts,  are  there,  which 
have  not  been  perfectly  expressed  by  it? 
Religious  ecstasy,  patriotism,  martial  ardor, 
love  in  all  its  moods,  hope,  joy,  resignation, 
the  beckonings  of  nature,  the  brotherhood 
of  man,  all  the  agitations  and  intoxications 
which  lift  and  sweep  us  out  of  dulness  and 
routine,  ring  from  the  vibrant  chords  of  the 
lyric  lyre. 

If  we  should  say  that  a  lyric  is  primarily 
a  gush  of  emotion,  more  vivid  in  picture  and 
more  vital  in  movement  than  other  verse 
forms,  we  should  perhaps  define  its  central 
type.  This  would  exclude  narration  and 
character  creation,  and  also  overmuch  medita- 
tion. But  it  is  a  question  whether  the  ballad 
is  or  is  not  a  lyric.  The  odes  of  Pindar  are 
full  of  mythological  episodes.  Some  of  the 
so-called  Homeric  hymns  are  pure  narrative. 
Dry  den's  "Alexander's  Feast "  is  a  story.  And 
the  sonnets  of  Shakespeare  and  Wordsworth, 
Tennyson's  "  In  Memoriam,"  and  a  multitude 
of  other  pieces  usually  classed  as  lyrical,  are 
weighted  with  the  profoundest  meditation. 
Thus  do  art  forms  elude  limitations. 

Taking  the  world  over,  the  variety  of  lyric 
forms  is  very  great.  By  means  of  the  chorus 
it  interpenetrated  the  Greek  drama.  The 
Book  of  Job  and  the  Song  of  Solomon  are 
half  lyrical  and  half  dramatic.  Dante's 
great  trilogy  is  more  like  a  lyric  than  an  epic 
poem.  Every  race  has  its  own  lyrical  forms. 
In  the  time  of  the  Irish  Bards,  or  of  the  Trou- 
badours and  Minnesingers,  men  must  have  put 
in  as  much  time  in  metrical  invention  as  we 
give  to  the  making  of  machines.  In  English 
poetry  the  lyric  falls  into  four  or  five  great 
divisions, —  the  ode,  the  somewhat  related 
forms  of  the  elegy  and  the  epithalamium,  the 
song,  and  the  sonnet.  There  are,  of  course, 
minor  forms,  such  as  the  religious  hymn,  the 
epigram,  and  possibly  others. 


The  stanzaic  and  the  irregular  ode  are  the 
two  species  of  this  form  in  English.  The  first 
of  these  is  of  two  sorts, —  the  pure  Pindaric 
ode,  with  its  strophe,  antistrophe,  and  epode; 
and  the  ode  where  but  one  stanzaic  form  is 
repeated  throughout.  Gray's  "Bard"  and 
"Progress  of  Poetry"  are  the  only  famous 
Pindaric  odes  in  the  language.  Cowley  made 
an  awful  mess  of  the  business,  and  Shelley 
muddled  it  still  further.  The  latter  poet  puts 
his  epode  before  his  strophe,  and  makes  no 
attempt  to  repeat  the  metres  of  the  three 
divisions.  To  the  trained  mind,  there  is  some- 
thing inexplicably  pleasing  in  the  regulated 
motion  of  the  three  parts  of  the  poem,  re- 
peated, as  they  usually  are,  two  or  three  times. 
The  strophe  is  like  a  line  of  figures  in  a  dance, 
moving  toward  the  spectator;  in  the  anti- 
strophe  they  retrace  their  steps,  and  in  the 
epode  they  break  up  into  lively  groups. 

The  stanzaic  form  of  ode  is  very  much  more 
common  in  English,  and  it  boasts  by  far  the 
greatest  number  of  successes.  Such  include 
Milton's  "Ode  on  the  Nativity,"  Gray's  "Eton 
College"  and  the  "Hymn  to  Adversity," 
Wordsworth's  "Ode  to  Duty,"  Shelley's 
"  Skylark,"  Keats's  "  Grecian  Urn  "  and  "  Ode 
to  a  Nightingale,"  and  scores  of  others. 

The  irregular  ode  also  seems  natural  to 
English  poets,  though  the  triumphs  in  it  are 
much  fewer  than  in  the  stanzaic  form.  Words- 
worth's "Intimations"  is  the  greatest  of  these, 
and  Dryden's  "Alexander's  Feast,"  Collins's 
"Passions"  and  "Liberty,"  Tennyson's  "Death 
of  Wellington,"  and  Lowell's  "Commemora- 
tion Ode  "  the  other  pieces  of  high  rank.  The 
form  is  "free  verse"  with  a  vengeance:  the 
writer  changes  the  length  of  his  stanza  or 
lines,  and  their  rhythm  and  movement,  as  his 
mood  dictates.  Theoretically,  this  ought  to 
consort  with  "  poetic  frenzy  " ;  but  the  human 
mind  prefers  the  circumscribed  and  the  sym- 
metrical, and  discipline  usually  wins  out  over 
lawlessness. 

Of  the  great  English  elegies,  Milton's 
"Lycidas"  can  scarcely  be  called  irregular. 
It  is  a  mighty  gush  of  music,  breathed  forth 
almost  without  stop,  written  in  smooth-slip- 
ping couplets  and  quatrains  with  only  the 
occasional  break  of  a  short  line.  The  other 
best  known  pieces  of  this  kind, —  Shelley's 
"Adonais,"  Arnold's  "  Thyrsis,"  Tennyson's 
"In  Memoriam,"  Swinburne's  "Ave  atque 
Vale," — are  stanzaic  in  form.  The  rarity  of 


1915] 


403 


great  wedding  songs  in  the  language  would 
seem  to  imply  that  our  writers  of  the  English 
tongue  did  not  hold  the  marriage  state  in  high 
regard;  but  we  suspect  that  the  lack  is  due 
rather  to  their  reticence  about  that  relation. 
Spenser's  two  pieces  are  the  only  famous  epi- 
thalamia  that  come  to  mind;  though  perhaps 
Suckling's  sparkling  "Ballad  of  a  Wedding" 
could  properly  be  classed  with  this  genre. 

It  is  plain  that  what  we  have  been  describ- 
ing are  lofty  and  elaborate  performances  of 
the  Muse.  Lyrical  they  are,  but  they  are  not 
central  in  their  type.  The  song  is  really  the 
norm  of  lyrical  poetry.  It  is  not  only  capable 
of  being  sung,  as  the  longer  works  scarcely 
are,  but  it  answers  better  to  the  instinctive 
and  emotional  qualities  of  the  form.  If  this 
is  so,  then  Burns  is  certainly  the  central  lyrist 
of  our  language,  and  possibly  of  the  race. 
No  lyrical  poet  in  the  world  outranges  him. 
Passion,  pathos,  heroic  ardor,  pure  imagina- 
tion, fun,  satire,  and  world-upsetting  humor 
are  all  within  his  compass.  It  is  a  curious 
fact  that  more  of  his  songs  have  been  set  to 
music  and  widely  sung  than  of  any  other 
really  great  poet.  As  a  rule,  composers  seem 
to  fight  shy  of  words  which  would  compete  in 
effect  with  their  tones.  Shakespeare,  Shelley, 
and  Tennyson  come  next  in  their  count  of 
song  successes.  Perfect  and  lovely  and  varied 
as  their  pieces  are,  there  is  a  touch  of  art,  of 
brain-work,  in  them  which  makes  them  just  a 
trifle  set  and  artificial  as  compared  with  the 
purely  instinctive  and  natural  utterances  of 
Burns.  The  Elizabethan  dramatists  and 
lyrists,  the  Cavalier  poets,  the  Scottish  minor 
poets,  Campbell,  Sir  Walter  himself,  whose 
wealth  of  lyric  poetry  is  scarcely  realized  by 
the  world,  hidden  as  it  is  in  the  mass  of  his 
work, —  these  and  scattered  writers  through 
the  ages  have  added  vastly  to  the  English 
stock  of  lyrical  poetry.  One  good  song  has 
been  found  enough  for  an  immortality.  The 
Irish  poets,  Moore,  James  Clarence  Mangan, 
and  George  Darley,  are  melodists  and  pas- 
sionists  of  the  first  water.  Barley's  "Innis- 
f  alien  "  is  one  of  the  great  war  lyrics  of  the 
language.  Emily  Bronte's  half  a  dozen  fine 
lyrics  give  her  precedence  among  the  women 
poets;  they  are  as  intense  as  Sappho's  frag- 
ments, though  they  have  not  Sappho's  perfec- 
tion of  picture.  Poe  fused  the  Irish  gift  of 
melody  and  the  Welsh  gift  of  picture,  and  his 
dozen  or  so  lyrical  pieces  are  unsurpassed. 


He  does  not  possess  Burns's  immense  range, 
otherwise  he  might  stand  side  by  side  with 
the  latter. 

The  sonnet  draws  away  from  the  central 
lyric  type  on  the  side  of  meditation,  as  much 
as  the  ode  and  elegy  do  on  the  side  of  narra- 
tive and  description.  Yet  such  sonnets  as 
Milton's  "Avenge,  0  Lord,  thy  slaughtered 
hosts  "  and  Shakespeare's  "  Let  me  not  to  the 
marriage  of  true  minds  "  ring  out  like  trum- 
pet notes.  The  first  question  about  the  sonnet 
is  one  of  form.  Which  is  best,  the  Italian  or 
the  Shakespearean  model?  Two  such  high 
judges  of  verse  as  Tennyson  and  Palgrave 
gave  the  preference  to  the  latter.  And  Scho- 
penhauer, in  his  greatest  philosophical  work, 
devotes  a  page  to  proving  the  superiority  of 
the  Italian  form.  Roughly  speaking,  this 
form  tends  to  the  abstract ;  the  Shakespearean, 
to  the  concrete.  The  former  is  likely  to  go  off 
into  sound,  while  the  latter  turns  into  picture. 
The  sonnet  is  a  small  thing, —  it  has  not  even 
the  ordinary  length  of  a  song  in  which  to 
develop  itself,  and  it  must  therefore  be  con- 
centrated. Now  concentration  is  best  secured 
by  vividness  of  image.  To  our  mind,  at  least, 
there  are  about  fifty  of  Shakespeare's  son- 
nets which  have  more  of  this  concentration 
and  vividness  than  any  others.  Yet  Keats 
and  Wordsworth  occasionally  reach  an  equal 
objectivity.  In  Rossetti's,  which  are  the  best 
regular  sonnets  of  recent  times,  the  concen- 
tration is  overdone.  They  become  vague  and 
monotonous  by  too  much  particularity.  They 
are  so  rich  in  image  that  they  surfeit  us, 
like  a  cake  which  is  all  plums.  A  rich  sim- 
plicity,—  that  is  the  ideal  which  the  sonnet- 
writer  should  aim  at.  Perhaps  it  is  the  ideal 
of  all  art.  There  have  been  many  attempted 
innovations  in  the  number  and  order  of 
rhymes  of  the  sonnet;  but  no  one  has  yet 
improved  upon  the  two  great  forms.  The 
Italians  have  a  form  of  sonnet  con  coda,  with 
a  tail,  which  has  never  been  naturalized  in 
English. 

It  may  be  said  in  favor  of  the  lyric  that  it 
is  essential  poetry.  It  does  something  that 
cannot  be  done  in  prose.  The  creative  mind 
can  work  with  the  latter  material,  though  it 
loses  a  good  deal  by  putting  off  the  wings  and 
cloud-apparel  of  verse.  The  prose  epic,  the 
novel,  and  the  prose  drama  may  be  very 
great ;  but  the  prose  lyric  practically  does  not 
exist.  CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON, 

THE    AUTUMN    PUBLISHING    SEASON. —  NEW 

WORK  OF  THE  YOUNGER  ENGLISH  POETS. — 

BACON  versus  SHAKESPEARE  ONCE  MORE. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  autumn  publishing  season  has  opened 
here.  It  will  be  a  flat  affair.  One  or  two  of 
the  lesser  houses  have  increased  their  output, 
and  are  pouring  forth  floods  of  cheap  novels ; 
but  most  of  the  lists  are  much  shorter  than 
usual,  and  one  of  the  most  important  firms  in 
England  presents  a  list  only  a  quarter  of  the 
normal  length.  From  publishers  and  book- 
sellers alike  I  gather  that  the  reduction  is 
fully  justified  by  the  falling-off  in  sales.  The 
lighter  novels  are  selling  well,  and  the  minute 
sales  of  poetry  are  less  minute  than  usual. 
But  the  demand  for  war  books  —  except  for 
the  class  in  which  the  future  settlement  is 
seriously  discussed  —  has  dropped  almost  to 
nothing  (for  one  cannot  go  on  reading  for 
ever  the  same  remarks  about  Huns  and 
Kultur)  ;  and  all  kinds  of  "  heavy  "  books  are 
unsaleable.  The  purely  decorative  books  — 
the  bibliophile's  book  and  the  expensive  illus- 
trated edition  —  have  naturally  gone  the  way 
of  all  luxuries.  The  new  Budget  has  given 
them  the  coup  de  grace.  Little  of  interest,  in 
fact,  may  be  expected  to  issue  from  this  side 
during  the  present  season. 

About  the  most  interesting  of  the  announce- 
ments, to  my  mind,  is  that  of  a  second  volume 
of  "Georgian  Poetry."  The  first  volume  of 
this  anthology  of  the  work  of  certain  of  our 
younger  poets  appeared  three  years  ago ;  and 
its  success  has  been  so  great  that  its  editor 
(who  half-conceals  his  identity  under  the 
qualified  anonymity  of  the  initials  "E.  M.") 
has  compiled  another.  I  do  not  know  exactly 
what  material  he  has  got  together  this  time; 
but  if  the  new  collection  is  as  good  as  the  old 
it  should  be  very  useful.  For  the  majority 
even  of  intelligent  readers  have  as  yet  no  idea 
at  all  of  the  profusion  of  good  poetry  which 
was  produced  in  England  during  the  ten  or 
twelve  years  before  the  war.  You  may  put 
aside  the  most  distinguished  of  the  long- 
established  poets,  Mr.  Bridges,  Mr.  Yeats, 
"A.  E.,"  and  Mr.  A.  E.  Housman,  none  of 
whom  has  done  much  in  recent  years;  and 
you  may  also  put  aside  Mr.  Thomas  Hardy, 
who,  having  deserted  fiction,  is  writing  in  his 
green  old  age  lyrics  of  extreme  originality 
full  of  a  new  music.  There  still  remains  a  body 
of  writers  whose  work  would  entitle  this  age 
to  consider  itself  richly  productive.  Rupert 
Brooke  and  James  Elroy  Flecker  have,  un- 
happily, died  young  since  "  Georgian  Poetry  " 


appeared ;   but  Mr.  Sturge  Moore,  Mr.  W.  H. 
Davies,  and  Mr.  Walter  de  la  Mare  are  still 
writing,  and  none  of  them  has  passed  early 
middle  age.    Not  one  of  these  men,  perhaps, 
can  be  called  a  great  poet;    they  are  all  of 
them,  if  you  care  for  classifications,  in  the 
ranks  of  the  lesser  immortals.     But  each  of 
them  — unlike  those  poetic  aftermaths  of  the 
mid-nineteenth  century  who  are  so  well-known 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  —  is  original  and 
individual,    and   their   work  is  very   varied. 
Mr.  Sturge  Moore,  the  one  man  of  our  time 
who  can  write  on  classical  subjects  without 
writing  at  second-hand,  is  best  read  in  bulk: 
except  in  a  few  poems  like  "  The  Gazelles  "  an 
unfamiliar  reader  will  never  get  his  quality  out 
of  a  selection.    Mr.  Davies,  on  the  other  hand, 
has   written   about   three   hundred   "nature- 
poems";   of  which,  say,  forty  are  perfect,  as 
many  others  rather  taking,  and  the  rest  imita- 
tions of  his  better  self.    Mr.  de  la  Mare  has  not 
written  very  much  verse,  but  if  "  The  Listen- 
ers," "Arabia,"  and  a  dozen  other  of  his  lyrics 
do  not  last,  posterity  will  not  know  its  busi- 
ness;   and  Rupert  Brooke  and  Flecker,  had 
they  lived,  might  have  done  very  fine  things, 
for  they  both  had,  everything  else  apart,  un- 
usual intellects,  the  full  powers  of  which  they 
had  only  begun  to  apply.     All  these  poets 
were  represented  in  the  Georgian  Book ;   and 
others,  such  as  Mr.  Gordon  Bottomley  (who 
has  written  a  few  extraordinarily  fascinating 
things),    and    Mr.    Masefield,    whose    "Biog- 
raphy" (which  was  included)  is  a  much  bet- 
ter poem  than  those  celebrated  narratives  in 
which  he  held  the  mirror  up  to  the  flabber- 
gasted   populations    of    rural    England.      I 
would  not  be  misunderstood.     I  do  not  think 
that  everything  in  the   Georgian  Book  was 
good,    for   there   were   certainly    a   few   bad 
poems  and  a  few  unnecessary  names  in  the 
book.     And  I  am  far  from  contending  that 
there  is  as  yet  any  evidence  that  this  genera- 
tion has  been,  or  will  be,  as  fruitful  as  that 
which  was  illuminated  by  (though  it  did  not, 
in  most  cases,  purchase)   Wordsworth,  Cole- 
ridge, Shelley,  Keats,  and  Byron.    But  there 
was  before  the  war  an  unmistakable  stir  in 
the  air,  a  new  atmosphere  of  keenness,  a  new 
intellectual   fervor,   and   a   strongly   marked 
tendency  on  the  part  of  the  most  sensitive  and 
intelligent  of  the  young  men  to  dedicate  them- 
selves to  verse  rather  than  to  any  other  me- 
dium of  expression.     This  last  tendency  was 
and  is  so  obvious  that  it  is  the  commonest 
thing  to  hear  people  asking  whence  on  earth 
the  next  group  of  good  novelists  is  to  come. 

The  Shakespeare-Bacon  controversy  seems 
to    have    resolved    itself   into    a   struggle    of 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


405 


M.  P.'s.  Sir  Edwin  Burning-Lawrence  has 
died,  so  the  Conservative  benches  at  Westmin- 
ster are  no  longer  graced  by  the  intrepid 
scholar  Avho  found  irrefutable  proof  of 
Bacon's  authorship  in  the  fact  that  one  of 
"  Shakespeare's "  characters  said  something 
very  like  "hie,  haec,  hog,"  and  in  the  still 
more  staggering  fact  that  the  initial  letters 
of  three  consecutive  Shakespearean  lines  are 
P,  I,  G.  But  the  remaining  protagonists  in 
the  fight  (at  any  rate  as  far  as  the  English 
Front  is  concerned)  are  both  Members  of  Par- 
liament. One  is  Mr.  J.  M.  Robertson  and  the 
other  Mr.  George  Greenwood.  Mr.  Robertson 
is  one  of  the  most  energetic,  versatile,  and  per- 
tinacious men  in  the  United  Kingdom;  and, 
one  is  bound  to  add,  one  of  the  most  acrimo- 
nious of  our  controversialists.  He  began  pub- 
lic life  as  assistant  to  the  late  Charles  Brad- 
laugh,  the  Colonel  Ingersoll  of  Europe;  and 
for  many  years  he  spent  his  whole  time  in  the 
congenial  atmosphere  of  hopeless  minorities. 
He  was  a  Socialist  before  Socialism  became 
fashionable ;  a  Rationalist  before  Atheism  be- 
came fashionable.  He  venomously  attacked 
"Joe"  Chamberlain  at  the  height  of  that 
statesman's  popularity;  and  the  time  which 
he  could  spare  from  politics  and  the  fight  for 
religious  free-speech  he  employed  in  demon- 
strating to  his  own  satisfaction,  with  all  the 
apparatus  of  mythological  research,  that 
Jesus  Christ  was  not  merely  not  God  but  had 
never  even  existed.  The  most  heterodox  of 
us,  however,  has  a  wreak  spot  somewhere :  and 
the  "  soundness  "  of  Mr.  Robertson's  opinions 
on  literature  is  impeccable.  As  for  the  accu- 
racy of  the  ascription  of  Shakespeare's  plays 
to  the  gentleman  whom  Sir  Edwin  Burning- 
Lawrence  used  invariably  to  denounce  as  "the 
drunken,  illiterate  clown  of  Stratford,"  Mr. 
Robertson  is  shocked,  appalled,  when  anyone 
questions  it. 

Mr.  Robertson  is  grim.  He  devotes  to  lit- 
erature all  the  seriousness  and  industry  that 
he  used  to  devote  to  the  rites  of  Osiris  and 
Mithra  and  —  he  was  at  the  Board  of  Trade 
when  holding  office  in  the  late  Liberal  Gov- 
ernment—  to  the  exports  and  imports  of 
Tientsin  and  the  Bahamas.  Mr.  Greenwood, 
on  the  other  hand,  is  a  cheerful  soul.  His 
chief  political  hobby  has  been  a  long  cam- 
paign against  "blood-sports"  and  the  de- 
struction of  wild-life,  and  he  has  even  infused 
a  certain  vivaciousness  into  this.  His  line  in 
the  Shakespeare  controversy  is  a  wary  one. 
He  does  not  claim  Bacon  as  the  Swan  (or 
shall  we,  with  Sir  Edwin,  say  the  Hog?)  of 
Avon.  He  does  not  know  who  wrote  the  plays. 
All  he  knows  is  that  Shakespeare  did  not. 
Some  years  ago  he  formulated  his  views  in 


a  large  volume,  "  The  Shakespeare  Problem 
Restated."  To  this  Mr.  Robertson  replied  in 
another  large  tome  entitled  (the  expositor  of 
a  hundred  heresies  must  have  found  a  deli- 
cious savour  in  the  name)  "  The  Baconian 
Heresy."  Mr.  Greenwood  has  now  counter- 
attacked in  six  hundred  closely  printed  pages 
of  a  book  which  he  calls  "Is  There  a  Shake- 
speare Problem?"  "Let  us  hope  there  is," 
one  feels  inclined  to  say,  aghast  at  the  thought 
that  all  this  laboring  may  have  been  totally 
superfluous.  It  is  a  readable,  good-tempered, 
and  sensible  piece  of  argument.  The  author 
returns  once  more  to  the  questions  of  Shake- 
speare's learning  and  his  law,  with  the  conclu- 
sion that  he  was  a  learned  lawyer;  he 
discusses  his  will,  his  handwriting,  his  name, 
his  portraits,  and  his  knowledge  of  "  Nature," 
—  which  he  contends,  with  some  force,  to  have 
been  rather  that  of  the  gentleman  who  knows 
his  hounds,  hawks,  and  horses  well  and  other 
birds  and  beasts  not  so  well,  than  that  of  the 
person  who  stalks  the  blackbird  and  the  but- 
tercup in  their  native  haunts.  It  is  all  one  to 
me.  "  I  do  n't  care  where  the  water  goes  if  it 
does  n't  get  into  the  wine,"  sings  Mr.  Chester- 
ton in  one  of  his  most  earnest  lyrics ;  and  for 
myself  I  don't  care  what  the  critics  say  if 
they  leave  the  plays  intact.  But  Mr.  Green- 
wood's book,  if  you  enjoy  this  perennial  dis- 
pute at  all,  is  well  worth  reading. 

J.  C.  SQUIRE. 
London,  October  20,  1915. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

THE  AUTONOMOUS  UNIVERSITY  is  an  educa- 
tional ideal,  never  to  be  fully  realized  outside 
of  Utopia,  although  presenting  itself  as  an 
inviting  possibility  in  countries  far  less 
favored  than  that  pattern  republic.  In  the 
State  of  Illinois  there  has  for  four  years  been 
in  preparation  a  plan  for  a  greater  measure 
of  efficient  self-government  on  the  part  of  the 
State  University;  and  a  constitution  with 
that  end  in  view  has  finally  been  drafted  by  a 
committee  of  professors  and  other  officers  of 
that  institution,  and  now  awaits  formal  action 
from  the  proper  authorities.  In  107  clauses, 
filling  seventeen  octavo  pages,  this  scheme  of 
internal  administration  is  carefully  developed, 
with  three  additional  pages  of  tentative  sug- 
gestion, the  whole  prefaced  by  a,  detailed 
"  historical  statement "  from  Professor  Henry 
B.  Ward,  chairman  of  the  committee.  Among 
notable  items  in  this  Magna  Charta  from 
Urbana- Champaign,  a  document  too  long  to 
be  even  summarized  here,  attention  may  be 
called  to  the  following  as  of  considerable  sig- 


406 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


nificance :  "  In  the  election  or  re-election  of 
a  president,  the  University  Senate  [in  a  gen- 
eral way,  the  Faculty]  shall  be  represented 
by  members  of  its  own  selection  on  the  nomi- 
nating committee  of  the  Board  of  Trustees." 
No  nomination  of  a  college  dean  shall  be  effec- 
tive without  "  a  majority  vote  of  the  profes- 
sors and  associate  professors  in  the  college 
faculty,  voting  by  ballot."  Direct  access  to 
the  Board  of  Trustees  on  the  part  of  profes- 
sors and  other  university  officers,  in  matters 
concerning  their  work  or  their  relations  to  the 
university,  is  made  possible,  "upon  formal 
application  "  and  "  provided  that  such  mat- 
ters have  first  been  presented  to  the  President 
without  receiving  his  approval."  Nomina- 
tions to  teaching  positions  shall,  in  general 
terms,  originate  with  the  department  con- 
cerned. "Academic  freedom  in  the  pursuit 
and  teaching  of  knowledge  shall  be  main- 
tained." Activities  "incompatible  with  the 
proper  performance  of  his  duties  in  the  Uni- 
versity "  may  not  be  engaged  in  by  any  mem- 
ber of  the  academic  or  administrative  staff. 
But  who  is  to  determine  what  is  "  incompati- 
ble "  ?  Retirement  pensions  are  provided  for. 
Amendments  to  the  constitution  shall  be  pro- 
posed by  the  Senate  or  referred  to  that  body 
for  consideration  and  recommendation ;  and 
not  until  then  shall  they  be  passed  upon  by 
the  Board  of  Trustees.  President  James  in- 
vites outside  discussion  of  the  proposed  con- 
stitution, copies  of  which,  we  infer,  may  be 
obtained  on  request. 

•    •    • 

IMPLACABLE  FOES  TO  FICTION  have  risen  in 
their  might,  or  in  their  impotence,  in  the  city 
of  New  York,  and  are  demanding  that  the 
public  library  shall  cease  to  provide  novels 
for  the  amusement  of  the  people.  This,  at 
least,  is  the  recommendation  or  suggestion  of 
the  head  of  the  municipal  Bureau  of  Statistics 
and  Investigation,  which  of  course  is  not  actu- 
ated exclusively  by  a  tender  concern  for 
public  morals,  but  chiefly  by  a  desire  to  effect 
economy  in  the  city's  finances;  and  the  old 
cry  against  the  frivolity  if  not  the  actual 
wickedness  of  novel-reading  is  raised  in  sup- 
port of  the  proposed  measure.  No  disastrous, 
outcome  from  this  agitation  need  be  feared 
by  New  York  novel-readers,  since  the  enter- 
tainment-providing function  of  the  public 
library  is  too  generally  recognized  and  ap- 
proved to  be  discontinued.  But  the  incident 
arouses  discussion  and  a  rehearsal  of  the  old 
arguments  for  and  against  the  story-book  and 
its  right  of  admission  to  the  people's  library. 
More  than  sixty  years  ago  George  Ticknor, 
who  was  a  member  of  the  Boston  Public 
Library's  first  Board  of  Trustees  and  was 


appointed  one  of  a  committee  to  draw  up  a 
plan  for  the  proposed  library,  urged  the 
desirability  of  providing  a  generous  supply  of 
copies  of  "the  more  respectable  of  the  popu- 
lar books  of  the  time,"  so  that  "many  per- 
sons, if  they  desire  it,  can  be  reading  the  same 
work  at  the  same  moment."  Wholesome  fic- 
tion was  evidently  included  by  him  in  this 
class.  The  protest  against  "trashy  novels," 
so  often  raised  by  those  who  think  the  library 
too  liberal  in  its  provision  of  fiction,  is  one 
that  few  library  officials  can  listen  to  with 
patience ;  for  is  it  not  the  earnest  endeavor  of 
these  officials  to  bar  out  the  trashy  novel? 
And  are  they  not  in  general  succeeding  as 
well  as  the  obvious  difficulties  of  the  problem 
will  permit?  On  this  head  there  appears  a 
sane  and  well-informed  utterance  by  Mr. 
Edmund  Lester  Pearson  in  the  October  issue 
of  "  Branch  Library  News,"  which  he  edits 
for  the  New  York  Public  Library.  He  takes 
occasion  to  quote  from  a  letter  of  Ticknor's  to 
Edward  Everett,  in  the  same  vein  as  the  pas- 
sage cited  above.  Significant,  too,  are  the 
statistics  he  gives  of  the  circulation  of  stand- 
ard fiction,  the  recognized  classics  of  romance. 
Despite  the  people's  unwisdom  in  clamoring 
for  the  very  latest  fiction,  regardless  of  qual- 
ity, the  public  library  ought  not  to  be  and 
will  not  be  forbidden  to  furnish  what  Ticknor 
called  "the  pleasant  literature  of  the  day." 
•  •  • 

ENTERPRISE  IN  THE  PUBLISHING  BUSINESS 
has  recently  exhibited  a  new  and  thought- 
provoking  development.  The  publisher  of  a 
juvenile  series  of  books  which,  he  boldly 
asserts,  are  "  the  most  successful  of  their  kind 
ever  published,"  was  approached  last  summer 
by  a  costume-maker  in  New  York,  for  permis- 
sion to  name  a  dress  after  the  breezy  young 
heroine  of  his  best-sellers.  The  publisher,  who 
presumably  has  not  attained  to  his  present 
measure  of  success  without  a  sad  realization 
of  the  relatively  wide  appeal  that  clothes 
make  to  the  buying  public,  eagerly  assented  to 
the  proposal  of  the  costume-maker.  Between 
them  they  worked  out  a  plan  whereby  each 
purchaser  of  the  costumer's  dress  should,  in 
return  for  her  own  name  and  that  of  five 
friends,  be  entitled  to  receive  a  free  copy  of 
whatever  book  in  the  publisher's  series  she 
preferred.  The  names  thus  obtained  are  put 
upon  the  mailing  list  of  both  publisher  and 
dressmaker,  each  of  whom  is  carrying  on  an 
extensive  campaign  of  advertising  this  sea- 
son. The  manufacturer  has  a  reasonable  ex- 
pectation of  selling  ten  thousand  dresses,  and 
this  should  ensure  to  the  publisher  at  least 
twenty-five  thousand  new  names,  to  which  he 
is  mailing  special  circulars.  As  a  final  coup 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


407 


the  publisher  has  issued  a  circular  to  retail 
book-sellers,  offering-  a  dress  to  each  of  the 
fifteen  salespeople  who  dispose  of  the  greatest 
number  of  the  titles  in  his  series  during  the 
rest  of  the  year.  Salesmen  are  not  excluded 
from  the  contest;  the  suits  they  win  will  be 
fitted  to  their  "wives  or  daughters."  "We 
believe,"  concludes  the  circular,  "that  this  is 
something  entirely  new  in  the  book-selling 
business,  but  it  promises  to  prove  exceed- 
ingly popular."  Without  doubt,  it  will  be 
popular.  Our  astute  publisher  has  seen  the 
main  chance ;  he  has  put  books,  which  nobody 
buys  except  under  stress,  into  connection  with 
clothes,  which  are  bought  casually  and  lav- 
ishly by  the  average  American  woman.  And 
it  is  our  women  who  buy  books, —  when  they 

are  bought  at  all. 

•    •     • 

HALF  A  CENTURY  OF  LIBRARY  SERVICE,  and 
in  fact  rather  more  than  that,  is  credited  to 
the  account  of  the  lately  deceased  John  Ed- 
mands,  whose  activity  in  his  chosen  profession 
began  in  1846  at  Yale  College,  where  for  a 
year  he  had  charge  of  the  library  of  the 
Society  of  Brothers  in  Unity,  and  where  also 
from  1851  to  1856  he  was  assistant  librarian 
of  the  college  library.  From  1856  to  1901  he 
guided  the  fortunes  of  the  Mercantile  Library 
in  Philadelphia,  being  Librarian  Emeritus  at 
the  time  of  his  death.  Significant  of  his 
bibliographic  bent  is  the  fact  that  in  the  very 
earliest  months  of  his  library  service  he  pre- 
pared and  published  a  small  work  that  served 
as  the  germ  of  the  later  and  much  larger 
"  Poole's  Index."  This  was  his  list  of  "  Sub- 
jects for  Debate,  with  References  to  the 
Authorities."  He  also  compiled  bibliogra- 
phies of  the  "  Letters  of  Junius  "  and  of  the 
"Dies  Iras,"  drew  up  one  of  the  first  of  the 
now  somewhat  numerous  lists  of  historical 
prose  fiction,  devised  a  system  of  book-classifi- 
cation, and  was  a  valued  though  not  frequent 
contributor  to  periodical  library  literature. 
Memory  recalls  to  the  present  writer  the  ven- 
erable figure  of  Mr.  Edmands  presiding  over 
some  of  the  earlier  meetings  of  the  association 
of  Pennsylvania  librarians  formed  by  a  group 
of  Philadelphia  library  workers  in  the  early 
nineties  of  the  last  century.  He  was  the  first 
president  elected  by  that  body,  and  his  age 
and  experience  gave  dignity  and  impressive- 
ness  to  its  deliberations.  A  charter  member 
also  of  the  A.  L.  A.,  and  one  of  its  first  vice- 
presidents,  his  name  has  long  been  familiar  to 
the  American  library  world.  He  furnished  a 
conspicuous  example  of  the  sustaining  power, 
physical  and  mental,  of  rather  arduous  intel- 
lectual pursuits  continued  considerably  be- 
yond the  scriptural  threescore  years  and  ten. 


THE  SECRET  OF  SUCCESS  IN  MARTIAL  VERSE  IS 

not  to  be  revealed  in  a  dozen  wrords,  nor  yet 
in  a  hundred.  Some  glimmerings  of  the  ele- 
ments of  effectiveness  in  this  variety  of  metri- 
cal composition  may  nevertheless  be  caught 
from  an  examination  of  the  enduring  exam- 
ples familiar  to  all  the  world.  In  no  other 
form  of  poetry  is  the  personal  and  the  par- 
ticular, as  contrasted  with  the  general  and 
the  abstract,  so  sure  of  finding  favor.  "My 
Maryland "  and  the  lines  inspired  by  John 
Brown's  tragic  fate  are  no  vague  appeals  to 
patriotism.  Even  the  "Battle-Hymn  of  the 
Republic  "  begins  with  a  possessive  pronoun 
denoting  the  first  person  singular.  An 
English  writer  (Mr.  Arthur  Waugh)  on  the 
subject  of  war  poetry,  in  the  current  issue  of 
the  London  "Book  Monthly,"  lays  emphasis 
on  this  quality  of  personal  appeal,  and  goes 
so  far  as  to  say  that  "  probably  no  single  war- 
song  ever  exercised  more  influence  in  its  time 
than  Julia  Ward  Howe's  republican  .master- 
piece, and  the  appeal  of  that  hymn  will  be 
found  upon  examination  to  be  entirely  per- 
sonal, embellished  with  a  quantity  of  highly 
effective  decoration  which  inflames  the  fancy 
without  portraying  actualities."  Then  he 
quotes  the  opening  lines  and  calls  attention  to 
their  personal  touch  combined  with  "  pure 
though  noble  rhetoric."  He  continues: 
"  There  is  great  virtue  in  this ;  indeed%  it  may 
be  said  to  be  the  secret  of  the  whole  matter, 
so  far  as  the  achievement  of  war-poetry  is 
concerned.  The  best  war-songs  are  always 
those  that  speak  straight  to  the  individual. 
The  best  war-poetry  is  invariably  subjective." 
It  is  true  that  lofty  verse  may  be  inspired  by 
the  general  theme  of  armed  strife,  and  it  may 
be  immeasurably  finer  poetiy  than  the  favor- 
ite ballad  of  the  camps  and  trenches;  but  the 
martial  lays  that  live  in  the  hearts  and  on  the 
lips  of  men  are  of  the  less  abstract  quality 

indicated  above. 

•    •    • 

INDIA'S  FIRST  LIBRARY  EXHIBITION  was  held 
recently  at  Mehsana,  in  the  Kadi  District  of 
the  State  of  Baroda ;  and  "  The  Library  Mis- 
cellany" (product  of  the  enterprise  of  Mr. 
B.  M.  Dadachanji,  member  of  the  A.  L.  A., 
now  living  in  the  city  of  Baroda)  gives  con- 
siderable space  to  a  description  of  its  notable 
features,  with  a  view  of  the  fine  library  build- 
ing that  was  the  scene  of  the  interesting  event. 
Graphic  representations  of  library  progress 
in  the  Kadi  District,  with  pictures  bf  noted 
foreign  libraries,  including  many  in  America, 
greeted  the  eye  of  the  visitor,  who  was  further 
instructed  and  entertained  by  cinematograph 
and  stereopticon  views,  all  illustrative  of  li- 
brary activity.  "Another  specially  noteworthy 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


feature  of  the  exhibition,"  we  read,  "  was  the 
children's  room,  specially  organized.  There 
in  cases  were  attractively  arranged  typical 
children's  books,  such  as  ragbooks,  picture 
books,  artistically  bound  books,  including  the 
charming  series  of  the  Japanese  fairy  tales, 
as  also  various  kinds  of  children's  game-  and 
puzzle-boxes."  It  was,  too,  with  all  its  variety 
of  interest,  a  rather  impromptu  exhibition, 
hurriedly  prepared  in  honor  of  an  unexpected 
visit  from  the  Maharaja  of  Baroda,  who  seems 
to  be  an  exceedingly  popular  as  well  as 
actively  beneficent  potentate.  "  The  Library 
Miscellany"  gives  in  each  issue  detailed  and 
highly  encouraging  accounts  of  library  prog- 
ress in  its  own  and  other  districts  of  India, 
but  its  fortunes,  like  those  of  many  another 
periodical,-  seem  to  have  been  adversely 
affected  by  the  war.  At  any  rate  the  number 
now  at  hand  is  dated  "January  &  April, 
1915."  denoting  a  merging  of  two  quarterly 
issues  into  one  half-yearly  number.  Bein,g  a 
tri-lingual  magazine,  its  publication  is  neces- 
sarily a  rather  arduous  undertaking. 

•  •    • 

A    PATHETIC    APPEAL    TO   BOOK-BUYERS    takes 

the  form  of  a  volume,  lately  published  in 
London,  entitled  "  The  Blinded  Soldiers'  and 
Sailors'  Gift  Book,"  which  the  beneficiaries 
will  never  be  able  to  read.  All  the  profits 
from  the  sale  of  this  volume  are  to  be  devoted 
to  carrying  on  the  work,  inaugurated  at  "  St. 
Dunstans,"  Regent's  Park,  of  teaching  the 
sightless  unfortunates  of  the  war  such  trades 
as  will  make  them  self-supporting  in  the 
future.  Artists,  poets,  and  prose-writers  have 
liberally  responded  to  the  call  to  collaborate 
in  the  making  of  this  gift  book,  and  the  con- 
tributors are  said  to  include  "  most  of  the  best 
names  in  literature  and  art."  Many  of  the 
illustrations  are  products  of  the  four-color 
process,  and  are  of  great  beauty,  if  report  is 
to  be  trusted.  Queen  Mary  shows  a  most 
helpful  interest  in  the  work,  which  is  also 
cordially  received  by  less  exalted  purchasers. 
By  issuing  a  very  large  edition  the  publishers, 
Messrs.  Jarrold  &  Sons,  have  kept  the  price 
down  to  three  shillings.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the  book  will  be  on  sale  in  America  as 
well  as  in  England. 

•  •    • 

APHORISTIC  WISDOM  commends  itself  to  us 
in  inverse  proportion  to  our  need  of  it.  Impa- 
tient and  self-confident  youth  is  prone  to 
regard  all  maxims  as  the  feeble-foolish  maun- 
derings  of  doddering  old  age;  while  the 
hoary-headed  sage,  past  the  time  for  profiting 
by  apophthegmatic  counsels,  prize  these  nug- 
gets of  wisdom.  The  Chicago  Public  Library 
issues  to  all  members  of  its  staff  a  "Rule 


Book  "  for  their  guidance,  and  on  the  inside 
of  its  covers  are  printed  pithy  bits  of  advice 
like  the  following:  "Do  what  you  are  paid 
for  —  and  then  some ;  it's  the  '  then  some  ' 
that  gets  your  salary  raised."  "Folks  that 
never  do  any  more  than  they  get  paid  for, 
never  get  paid  for  any  more  than  they  do." 
"  Some  men  are  ground  down  on  the  grind- 
stone of  life,  while  others  get  polished  up.  It- 
depends  on  their  kind  of  stuff."  "  You  will 
never  push  yourself  forward  in  this  world  by 
patting  yourself  on  the  back."  "  The  man 
who  thinks  he  can  learn  nothing  thinks  a 
great  truth."  One  need  not  be  a  head  librarian 
or  even  a  library  assistant  in  order  to  have 
the  capacity  to  appreciate  and  perhaps  to 
derive  benefit  from  these  "  wise  saws." 
•  •  • 

A   PRIZE   COMPETITION   FOR   ESSAYISTS   IS  just 

announced,  with  the  tidy  sum  of  five  thousand 
dollars  as  bait  to  lure  the  writers.  The  sub- 
ject of  the  prospective  essays  and  the  circum- 
stances attending  the  offer  of  the  prizes  are 
interesting,  for  more  reasons  than  one.  In 
brief,  as  reported  in  the  daily  press,  Colonel 
Gustave  Pabst  of  Milwaukee,  newly  elected 
president  of  the  United  States  Brewers'  Asso- 
ciation, made  it  known  at  the  recent  conven- 
tion of  that  body  that  the  aforementioned 
sum  of  money  was  to  be  appropriated  to 
stimulate  literary  and  argumentative  zeal  in 
the  treatment  of  the  saloon  problem.  It  will 
readily  be  believed  that  the  presidential  ad- 
dress was  not  lacking  in  eloquent  tribute  to 
Gambrinus,  and  a  careful  reading  of  that 
address  might  advantageously  precede  the 
competitor's  effort  to  win  one  of  the  offered 
prizes;  just  as  a  cold  disregard  of  its  tenor 
might,  and  probably  would,  result  in  no 
pecuniary  addition  to  the  essayist's  resources. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

MADAME  TINAYEE'S  WAR  NOVEL. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Some  months  ago  I  contributed  to  this  depart- 
ment of  your  journal  a  brief  review  of  the  novels 
of  Madame  Tinayre,  in  which  I  indicated  the 
feminist  trend  in  her  work.  She  has  recently 
issued  a  new  book,  "  La  Veillee  des  Armes,"  which 
should  be  of  interest  to  your  readers.  On  the 
cover  we  read  "  roman,"  but  the  dedication  de- 
scribes the  work  more  accurately  as  "  a  mirror  in 
which  are  reflected  the  familiar  and  the  heroic 
aspects  of  a  Paris  which  will  never  be  seen  again." 
The  centring  of  the  action  about  a  few  characters 
merely  serves  to  heighten  the  human  interest  and 
pathos  of  the  narrative.  The  author  adds  that 
none  of  her  books  "  owes  less  to  imagination  and 
depends  less  on  literary  artifice."  We  have,  then, 
a  poignant  picture,  or  rather  a  photograph,  of  a 


1915 


THE   DIAL 


409 


tiny  corner  of  Paris, —  and  never  did  a  part  better 
represent  the  whole, —  on  July  31  and  August  1, 
1914.  Whoever  had  the  privilege  of  being  in  the 
city  at  that  time  has  witnessed  all  that  Madame 
Tinayre  relates,  and  the  dramatic  simplicity  of  her 
narrative  will  make  the  scenes  live  again  even  for 
those  who  did  not  witness  them.  As  "  a  moment's 
monument,"  the  book  deserves  a  place  with  Sar- 
cey's  "  Siege  de  Paris." 

The  scene  is  laid  in  a  quiet  little  street  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Seine,  inhabited  by  the  petite 
bourgeoisie.  Its  denizens  are  charming,  and  the 
reader  follows  with  keen  interest  the  varying  emo- 
tions of  each  one.  We  meet  first  the  keeper  of  a 
newspaper  stand,  who  flatly  refuses  to  give  change 
for  a  fifty  franc  note.  Every  new  comer  is 
promptly  suspected  of  wishing  to  procure  a  little 
precious  gold  or  silver  under  pretext  of  paying  for 
his  paper  with  a  bill.  Customers  devour  and  com- 
ment upon  the  latest  news  as  they  stand  before 
the  booth.  A  veteran  of  1870  mutters,  "  Bon 
Dieu,  must  we  go  through  that  again?  "  A  young 
man  exclaims,  as  he  spies  two  marauding  cats, 
'•  There's  some  fresh  meat  for  the  siege !  "  Work- 
men discuss  eagerly  the  loyalty  of  their  brothers 
across  the  Rhine  to  the  Socialist  cause;  women, 
eager  to  lay  by  provisions  for  emergencies,  com- 
plain of  the  crowds  at  the  grocers',  and  of  the 
greed  of  the  dealers  who  have  already  raised 
prices.  Marie  Pourat  arrives  to  get  the  papers 
for  her  patrons;  she  is  a  sturdy  woman,  slaving 
to  give  her  two  children  a  better  chance  in  life 
than  she  has  had.  Though  not  given  to  gossip,  for 
once  as  she  performs  her  duties  she  relates  the 
rumors  of  the  morning  to  her  late-rising  employ- 
ers. A  German  firm  was  hidden  behind  the 
"  Maggi "  milk  depots,  and  a  plot  to  poison 
Paris  had  been  discovered.  Already  crowds  were 
smashing  the  windows  of  these  unhappy  dairies. 
Germans  had  been  arrested  trying  to  cross  the 
frontier  with  enormous  sums  of  gold.  Marie  goes 
iirst  to  the  studio  of  M.  Frechette,  an  artist  who 
cohabits  scandalously  with  his  models  —  and  is  so 
sympathetic  for  all  that!  At  the  first  glance  over 
the  paper  he  cries :  "  Hurrah !  now  we'll  escort 
the  cubists  [e.  g.  the  Munich  artists]  to  the  fron- 
tier! "  Marie  carries  the  paper  to  Simone  Daves- 
nes, —  the  heroine  of  the  story,  in  so  far  as  there 
is  one.  Her  youth  had  been  pinched  and  sad ;  but 
two  years  before  the  scene  opens,  she  had  mar- 
ried a  lieutenant,  now  an  engineer  in  an  aviation 
factory.  Fleeting  glimpses  of  their  idyllic  happi- 
ness are  offered  the  reader.  From  the  first,  Fran- 
cois Davesnes  has  been  convinced  that  Germany 
wishes  war.  He  says  calmly  that  France  will 
know  how  to  accept  it  when  it  comes.  From  day 
to  day  his  wife  watches  him  become  again  what  he 
has  never  ceased  to  be  —  a  soldier;  and  she  cannot 
entirely  repress  her  sadness.  The  following  bit  of 
dialogue  may  be  cited,  as  it  rang  from  one  end  of 
France  to  another  in  those  terrible  days: 

" '  Then  you  must  love  me  as  one  should  love  a 
soldier  —  without  weakness.' 

"  '  I  will  try,  Francois.  .  .  ' 

"  '  You  must  be  calm,  wait,  hope,  accept  destiny.  .  . 
I  shall  only  be  truly  strong  if  I  feel  you  strong  behind 
me.  Until  evening,  dearest.'  " 


|  And  so  the  story  goes  on,  the  same  simplicity 
obtaining  throughout.  The  men  conceal  their  emo- 
tion under  a  stoic  mask  or  with  a  jest,  while  the 
women  try  to  love  them  as  soldiers  should  be 
loved,  that  they  may  be  truly  strong.  Here  is  no 
literary  artifice;  it  is  photographic  truth. 

Interesting  are  the  recurring  scenes  which  show 
the  French  people,  torn  asunder  on  the  very  eve 
of  the  conflict  by  the  scandal  of  the  Caillaux  case, 
rapidly  welding  together  under  the  foreign  menace. 
We  see  the  police  grow  paternal,  the  Socialist 
laborers  salute  their  superiors  as  they  leave  the 
work-shops,  while  one  phrase  rings  through  all 
classes :  "  On  ne  pent  pas  devenir  Prussiens!  " 

The  spirit  of  coolness  in  which  the  book  is 
written  is  striking.  Though  all  the  characters  are 
convinced  that  Germany  wished  the  war,  there  is 
no  expression  of  hatred  for  the  enemy.  The  same 
was  true  of  the  Paris  of  last  August.  Perhaps  the 
moment  was  too  solemn  for  violent  outbursts  of 
feeling;  but  no  small  credit  is  due  to  this  author 
for  having  observed  truth  to  the  reality.  The  spirit 
of  "  the  new  Germany  "  is  judged  as  follows : 

"  They  are  modern  Germans.  They  dream  only  of 
material  power,  wealth,  domination.  They  despise  all 
that  is  not  German,  I  have  felt  in  them  this  strange 
mysticism,  this  cult  of  force,  almost  lyrie  in  its  ex- 
pression, which  has  become  the  mental  malady,  the 
megalomania  with  which  all  their  race  is  afflicted." 

In  my  previous  review,  I  presented  Madame 
Tinayre  as  a  perhaps  over-ardent  champion  of 
feminism.  I  confess  that  on  first  seeing  her  new 
book,  I  feared  to  find  something  like  the  spirit  of 
the  recent  play,  "  War  Brides."  No  such  matter. 
The  fact  that  the  lot  of  the  women  who  stay 
behind  is  more  bitter  than  that  of  the  men  who 
fight  is  fully  appreciated.  The  women  feel  a  keen 
sense  of  wrong, —  all  that  the  heroine  of  "  War 
Brides  "  felt, —  as  is  shown  by  the  following  out- 
cry from  a  porter's  wife: 

" '  It's  heart-breaking.  We  aren't  cowards ;  but 
when  we  have  borne  a  child  and  suckled  and  reared 
him  to  manhood  by  our  toil,  and  then  they  say  to  us: 
"  Now  give  him  up,  to  be  killed  perhaps,  and  you  will 
remain  alone  in  your  old  age,  you  will  have  nothing 
.  .  .  ,"  that  breaks  the  heart  .  .  .  it's  worse  than 
death  ...  Ah!  ~bon  Dieu  Seignerur!  If  there  were 
women  in  the  government,  it  would  be  over,  all  this 
warring!  Soldiers  fight  the  battles,  but  women  bear 
the  soldiers.  .  .  Between  us,  we'd  always  come  to  an 
agreement  to  save  our  children.  I  can't  believe  that 
German  mothers'  hearts  are  different  from  mine  .  .  '" 

But  in  the  final  hour,  la  patrie  en  danger  in- 
spires an  idealism  of  sacrifice,  each  one  his  part; 
and,  as  the  author  says  in  her  dedication,  "  the 
weakest  among  us  felt  throbbing  in  his  mortal 
heart  the  eternal  heart  of  France." 

BENJ.  M.  WOODBBIDGE. 

University  of  Texas,  Nov.  2,  1915. 


A  SOUTHERN  TRIBUTE  TO  A  NEGRO. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
There  has  been  gross  mistreatment  of  the  negro 
in  the  South.  Of  this  fact  we  are  often  and 
vehemently  reminded.  There  has  also  been  recog- 
nition, friendship.  Of  this  fact,  though  more 
pleasant,  we  hear  less.  The  kindlier  relationship, 


410 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


to  be  sure,  has  not  gone  wholly  unproclaimed. 
White  men  in  the  South  cannot  cease  to  be  grate- 
ful to  Booker  T.  Washington  for  reminding  North- 
ern audiences  that  where  a  Southern  negro  has 
succeeded,  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten  it  is  through  the 
encouragement,  goodwill,  and  financial  assistance 
of  some  white  neighbor.  We  should  not  ignore, 
as  Mr.  Washington  does  not  ignore,  the  wrongs, 
the  grave  problems ;  but  surely  we  should  not  close 
our  eyes  either  to  the  understanding  and  cordial 
cooperation  which  so  often  exists  between  the  two 
races. 

I  subjoin  a  tribute  to  a  negro  which  appeared 
editorially  in  the  Lynchburg  "  News  "  on  October 
10.  It  is  the  more  appropriate  to  your  columns 
because  the  negro  whose  virtues  are  celebrated  has 
long  been  a  living  force  in  one  of  the  oldest  of 
Southern  educational  institutions.  To  my  knowl- 
edge the  editorial  has  been  read  by  housekeepers 
here  in  Lexington  to  their  colored  servants  as  an 
inspiration  and  a  reminder  that  negro  merits  are 
perceived  and  acknowledged. 

GARLAND  GREEVER. 

Lexington,  Va.,  Oct.  27,  1915. 


THE  PASSING  OF  HENRY  MARTIN. 

Henry  Martin,  for  more  than  half  a  century  the 
colored  janitor  of  the  University  of  Virginia,  has 
ceased  to  walk  the  rounds  of  his  daily  duty;  sur- 
rendered his  keys;  abandoned  all  temporal  responsi- 
bilities —  and  his  place  in  the  ranks  of  the  living  will 
know  him  no  more.  The  man  was  widely  known  — 
his  passing  will  be  widely  noted  with  regret.  You 
remember  him.  Mr.  Alumnus;  you  and  your  con- 
temporaries. President  Wilson  used  to  know  him; 
so  did  Attorney  General  Gregory;  and  Secretary 
MeAdoo,  and  Supreme  Court  Justice  McReynolds,  as 
did  Mr.  Underwood  and  Senator  Martin,  and  Thomas 
Nelson  Page  —  but  why  go  on?  The  roll  is  all  too 
long,  which  embraces  those  of  high  or  mediocre  sta- 
tion in  the  current  affairs  of  human  life  who  knew 
Henry  Martin,  and  in  knowing,  honored  him.  How 
easily  he  can  be  summoned  to  the  chamber  of  our 
memories,  and  there  be  visualized  as  we  used  to  see. 
him  —  a  striking  and  pleasing  figure  of  a  man.  Tall, 
erect,  kindly  visaged,  with  a  nameless  sort  of  ease 
and  courtliness  of  carriage,  which  served  an  admira- 
ble setting  for  a  noble  soul  —  that  was  Henry  Martin. 
We  need  no  photograph  to  aid  in  the  delineation. 

It  may  be  truthfully  said  of  "  Uncle  Henry,"  as  he 
used  to  be  affectionately  called,  that  in  high  degree 
he  exemplified  the  attributes  of  fidelity,  courtesy  and 
the  sort  of  dignity  which  is  as  easily,  instantly  recog- 
nized as  it  is  certain  to  command  the  tribute  of  high 
respect.  He  was  naturally,  unostentatiously  the  gen- 
tleman —  always.  He  was  very  true  to  his  trust  — 
faithful  in  the  performance  of  duty;  gentle  of  heart 
and  yet  equipped  with  an  unassuming  force  of  per- 
sonality that  made  distinct  impression  upon  all  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact.  Besides,  Henry  Martin 
was  a  man  of  upright  life;  clean  of  character; 
scrupulous  and  vigilant  in  observing  all  polite  ameni- 
ties. And  so  as  he  passed  from  one  period  of  service 
to  another,  he  grew  into  a  sort  of  influence  in  the 
University's  life,  which  was  of  good  import.  We  dare 
say  that  of  all  the  many  thousands  of  students  who 
knew  him,  there  was  not  one  who  did  not  see  in 
Henry  Martin  something  to  respect  —  something  in 
his  manner,  bearing,  or  in  the  outward  manifestation 
of  his  heart  to  merit  the  unaffected  esteem  of  others, 
regardless  of  their  color. 


It  is  good  to  know  that  Uncle  Henry  lived  to  a 
ripe  old  age;  that  he  discharged  well  and  conscien- 
tiously all  that  was  given  him  to  do,  and  that  in 
passing,  he  yet  dies  not  in  the  kindly  regard  of  Vir- 
ginia's alumni  who  are  now  scattered  throughout  the 
United  States.  Even,  Mr.  Alumnus,  as  he  used  to 
tip  his  hat  to  you  and  me  as  we  passed  him  on  the 
old  walks  or  under  the  old  arcades  of  the  University, 
so  may  we  both  now  salute  his  memory  with  uncov- 
ered head  —  this  and  besides  this  —  the  throb  of 
sadness  in  the  heart. 


HAWTHORNE'S  SHORT  STORIES  IN  JAPAN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

I  have  read  with  great  pleasure  and  profit  the 
article  by  Mr.  Charles  Leonard  Moore  on  "  The 
Best  Short  Stories "  in  your  issue  for  Sept.  2 
last.  Of  course,  the  selection  made  in  such  a  case 
will  depend,  to  some  extent,  upon  the  individual 
taste;  it  would  be  quite  difficult  to  eliminate 
entirely  the  subjective  element  in  such  a  critical 
choice  of  "  the  best."  And  yet  the  general  "  rules 
for  guidance"  in  such  a  choice,  as  suggested  by 
Mr.  Moore,  are  those  which  one  would  not  over- 
rule. But  I  wish  to  raise  a  query  concerning  the 
application  of  one  of  those  rules. 

I  refer  to  the  mention  of  Hawthorne,  whose 
short  stories  are  all  rejected  on  the  ground  that 
"  they  have  been  stopped  at  the  frontiers  of  other 
countries,"  and  thus  lack  "  a  certain  universality," 
which  is  the  requisite  of  the  second  rule. 

Now,  I  beg  to  submit  that  Hawthorne's  short 
stories  have  not  all  been  stopped  at  the  frontiers 
of  Japan.  If  "  The  Miraculous  Pitcher "  is  out 
of  this  court,  because  it  is  not  exactly  original  but 
rather  a  kind  of  translation,  "  The  Great  Stone 
Face  "  is  certainly  original,  and  it  has  crossed  the 
boundaries  of  Japan.  I  do  not  mean  merely  that 
it  has  been  translated  into  Japanese;  I  mean  that 
it  has  proved  "  capable  of  general  acceptation  "  in 
Japan  by  the  Japanese  and  that  it  is  somewhat 
popular  here.  This  may  be  partly  due  to  the  fact 
that  there  is  a  counterpart  in  an  old  Japanese 
fairy-tale  called  "  The  Matsuyama  Mirror."  And 
yet  the  latter  is  not  well  known  to  Japanese 
youth,  who  never  fail  to  appreciate  "  The  Great 
Stone  Face."  Anyhow,  Hawthorne's  great  short 
story  has  become  a  naturalized  citizen  in  the 
Japanese  school  world.  "  David  Swan  "  and  "  The 
Ambitious  Guest  "  are  also  popular  here. 

I  write  this  not  to  dispute  Mr.  Moore's  general 
rules  or  even  their  special  applications,  but  only 
to  point  out  that  one  application  (to  Hawthorne) 
does  not  apply  in  the  case  of  Japan.  And  I  write 
this  after  several  years  of  experience  in  using 
"  Twice-Told  Tales  "  as  a  text-book  in  English. 

Since  writing  the  above,  I  have  made  inquiries 
of  some  of  my  Japanese  colleagues,  who  are  teach- 
ers of  English,  and  find  that  I  am  supported,  not 
only  in  my  general  contention,  but  even  in  my 
specific  choice  of  stories.  And  one  of  them  added 
that  he  liked  "  David  Swan "  because  it  has  "  a 
Japanese  tone."  For  an  Occidental  story  to  have 
an  Oriental  tone  is  a  good  proof  of  its  univer- 
sality- ERNEST  W.  CLEMENT. 

Tokyo,  Japan,  Oct.  5,  1915. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


411 


goohs. 


THE  DIPLOMAT  OF  THE  GOLJXEX  RULE.* 

Few  men  of  note  in  American  life  have  | 
worked  their  way  more  deeply  into  the  hearts  j 
of  their  intimate  associates  than  John  Hay.  ! 
When  he  chose  to  give  of  his  personal  affec- 
tion at  all,  he  gave  unstintingly  and  received  i 
unstintingly  in  return.    This  innate  tendency  ; 
was  doubtless  powerfully  developed  by  the 
fact  that  when  hardly  more  than  a  boy  he 
came  under  the  influence  of  the  most  intimate 
daily  association  with  the  strong  and  tender 
nature  of  President  Lincoln.    And  it  was  one  j 
of  his  most  lovable  traits  that  the  boy  in  him 
never  died.     The  fresh,  breezy  jest,  full  of  | 
youthful  spirit,  -keeps  breaking  out  even  dur- 
ing the  closing  year,  after  he  had  written  the 
lines, 
"  At  eve.  when  the  dull  wintry  day  is  sped, 

I  muse  beside  my  fire's  faint-flickering  glare  — 
Conscious  of  wrinkling  face  and  whitening 

hair  — 

Of  those  who,  dying  young,  inherited 
The  immortal  youthfulness  of  the  early  dead." 

It  was  only  a  year  earlier  than  this  that  he 
had  given  to  the  Ohio  Society  in  New  York 
the  following  humorous  description  of  his 
origins : 

"  If  I  am  not  that  altogether  deplorable  crea- 
ture, a  man  without  a  country,  I  am,  when  it  comes 
to  pull  and  prestige,  almost  equally  bereft,  as  I  am 
a  man  without  a  State.  I  was  born  in  Indiana,  I 
grew  up  in  Illinois,  I  was  educated  in  Rhode 
Island,  and  it  is  no  blame  to  that  scholarly  com- 
munity that  I  know  so  little.  I  learned  my  law 
in  Springfield  and  my  politics  in  Washington,  my 
diplomacy  in  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  I  have  a 
farm  in  New  Hampshire  and  desk-room  in  the 
District  of  Columbia.  When  I  look  to  the  springs 
from  which  my  blood  descends,  the  first  ancestors 
I  ever  heard  of  were  a  Scotch  man,  who  was  half 
English,  and  a  German  woman,  who  was  half 
French.  Of  my  immediate  progenitors,  my  mother 
was  from  New  England  and  my  father  was  from 
the  South.  In  this  bewilderment  of  origin  and 
experience,  I  can  only  put  on  an  aspect  of  deep 
humility  in  any  gathering  of  favorite  sons,  and 
confess  that  I  am  nothing  but  an  American." 

With  his  college  course  at  Brown,  sur- 
rounded by  men  and  women  of  culture  and 
refinement,  Hay  imbibed  an  ardent  apprecia- 
tion of  the  things  of  the  mind,  and  developed 
an  ambition  for  a  literary  career.  But  hin- 
drances came,  which  he  chose,  perhaps  un- 
necessarily, to  regard  as  decisive,  and  his 
cultivation  of  the  muses  was  never  more  than 

*  THE  LIFE  AND  LETTERS  OF  JOHN  HAY.  By  William  Roscoe 
Thayer.  In  two  volumes.  Illustrated.  Boston :  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co. 


desultory.  Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  took 
him  to  task  for  desertion,  thirty  years  ago. 
"  Such  poetry  as  the  blank- verse  impromptu 
on  Liberty  shows  the  higher  worth  of  a  man 
who  should  rise  above  indifference,  and  the 
hindrance  of  his  mood,  and  in  these  spiritless 
times  take  up  the  lyre  again,  nor  fitfully 
touch  the  strings."  This  insinuation  that  it 
was  lack  of  will  power  which  kept  Hay  out  of 
a  great  literary  career  was  seconded,  after  his 
death,  by  Mr.  Howells,  who  expressed  the 
opinion  that  in  the  literary  work  which  he  did 
do  "  he  avouched  his  ability  to  have  done  what 
he  wished  in  literature  if  only  he  had  wished 
it  enough."  That  the  mood  and  not  the  want 
of  inborn  ability  was  at  fault  in  his  failure  to 
place  his  name  among  the  very  highest  on  the 
roll  of  American  poets  will  probably  be  the 
final  judgment  in  the  case.  But  whether  the 
country  could  well  have  spared  him  to  the 
muses  is  another  question,  which  will  be  more 
easily  answered  when  the  lapse  of  years  shall 
have  shown  whether  certain  high  ideals  which 
he  sought  to  engraft  upon  diplomacy  have 
effected  a  connection  vital  enough  to  stand 
the  douche  of  Prussic  acid  to  which  interna- 
tional relations  are  now  being  subjected. 

With  no  definite  prospects  which  seemed  to 
justify  the  devotion  of  his  talents  to  letters, 
Hay  turned  to  the  law  and  entered  the  office 
of  his  uncle,  Milton  Hay,  of  Springfield,  Illi- 
nois. Here  he  soon  met  Abraham  Lincoln, 
who  had  recently  gained  fame  throughout  the 
land  by  his  debate  with  Douglas.  Two  years 
later,  Lincoln  was  in  the  White  House  and 
Hay  had  begun  his  preparation  for  a  states- 
man's career  by  taking  service  as  assistant  to 
John  G.  Nicolay,  the  President's  private  secre- 
tary. During  the  four  momentous  years  that 
followed,  he  was  employed  on  many  a  delicate 
enterprise,  such  as  feeling  out  the  possibility 
of  setting  up  loyal  state  governments  in  the 
South,  or  slipping  across  the  river  from 
Niagara  and  meeting  informally  the  alleged 
agents  of  the  Confederacy  through  whom 
Greeley  was  making  his  famous  and  fatuous 
effort  of  the  summer  of  1864  to  put  an  end  to 
the  war.  The  contribution  of  Lincoln's  great 
spirit  to  the  impressionable  mind  and  heart 
of  Hay  was  of  course  immeasurable,  but  Mr. 
Thayer's  pages  give  ample  evidence  that  the 
young  Secretary,  humble  though  his  position 
was,  made  no  insignificant  contribution  to  the 
success  of  the  most  vitally  important  admin- 
istration ever  seated  in  Washington'. 

After  Lincoln's  death,  Hay  went  to  Paris  as 
Secretary  of  Legation,  carrying  from  Thur- 
low  Weed  a  letter  to  John  Bigelow,  American 
Minister,  recommending  him  as  "  a  bright, 
gifted  young  man,  with  agreeable  manners 


412 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


and  refined  tastes."  Weed  doubtless  saw  in 
the  appointment  only  the  taking  care  of  a 
young  man  who  had  been  Lincoln's  secretary. 
In  Paris,  Hay  drank  in  disgust  for  the  petty- 
spirited  despotism  of  Napoleon  III.,  found 
food  for  moral  reflection  in 

"  The  tremulous  shafts  of  dawning 
As  they  shoot  o'er  the  Tuileries  early," 

wormed  his  way  into  the  intricacies  of  Papal 
politics  through  conversation  with  the  Rever- 
end Professor  of  Dogmatic  Theology  in  the 
Propaganda  Fide  College  at  Rome,  learned 
the  running  gear  of  Imperial  diplomatic  func- 
tions, tasted  of  the  higher  artistic  and  intel- 
lectual life  of  the  incomparable  French  capital, 
and  then  came  home  in  1867.  all  the  better 
American  for  this  varied  and  broadening  ex- 
perience. John  A.  Dix  had  succeeded  Bige- 
low  as  Minister,  and  wished,  as  a  politician, 
to  have  a  secretary  of  his  own  choice  rather 
than  to  retain  one  already  trained  to  the  du- 
ties of  the  position.  Hay  went  to  Washington, 
willing  to  receive  another  position,  though 
instinctively  unwilling  to  press  his  claims  by 
the  wire-pulling  methods  of  which  he  had  seen 
so  much  during  his  service  with  Lincoln.  At 
Washington  he  was  invited  to  dine  with  Sum- 
ner,  who  discussed  the  Tenure  of  Office  bill, 
then  under  consideration  in  the  Senate.  Sum- 
ner  severely  criticized  Senator  Sherman  for 
opposing  the  inclusion  of  members  of  the 
Cabinet  under  the  provisions  of  the  bill,  but 
Hay  was  not  blinded  to  fundamental  truths 
by  the  passions  of  the  moment,  as  is  shown  by 
an  entry  made  in  his  diary  the  same  evening : 

"  In  all  this  ingenious  and  really  clever  and 
learned  talk  of  Sumner's,  I  could  but  remark  the 
blindness  of  an  honest,  earnest  man,  who  is  so 
intent  upon  what  he  thinks  right  and  necessary 
that  he  closes  his  eyes  to  the  fatal  consequences  of 
such  a  course  in  different  circumstances  and  dif- 
ferent times.  The  Senate  is  now  a  bulwark  against 
the  evil  schemes  of  the  President;  therefore  he 
would  give  the  Senate  a  power  which  might  make 
it  the  most  detestable  engine  of  anarchy  or  oppres- 
sion." 

Sumner  was  opposing  the  confirmation  of 
Dix  as  Minister  to  France;  and  if  he  had 
succeeded,  Hay  was  to  have  been  sent  to  Paris 
as  Charge  d'Affaires.  But  the  friends  of  Dix 
won  the  battle,  and  Hay  returned  to  his  Indi- 
ana home,  without  money  and  with  no  suita- 
ble occupation  yet  in  sight.  He  and  Nicolay 
were  already  planning  a  biography  of  Lincoln, 
but  with  no  encouragement  from  publishers. 
"Nobody  is  keen  for  our  book,"  he  reported 
to  Nicolay.  "We  will  have  to  write  it  and 
publish  on  our  own  hook  some  day,  when  we 
can  afford."  Within  a  few  weeks,  however, 
he  was  appointed  as  Secretary  of  Legation,  to 


act  as  Charge  d'Affaires,  at  Vienna,  the  post 
from  which  Motley  had  been  driven  through 
a  piece  of  that  brutal  political  bungling  all 
too  characteristic  of  our  diplomacy.  On  his 
way  to  his  new  position  he  met  Motley  in 
London,  still  chafing  bitterly  over  the  injus- 
tice and  rudeness  of  his  recall,  and  tried  to 
persuade  him  that  the  incident  indicated  no 
hostility  on  the  part  of  Secretary  Seward. 
though  he  admitted  that  Seward's  letter  of 
recall  was  "  a  frightful  one  for  a  gentleman 
to  write  or  to  receive."  Hay's  own  career  was 
never  to  reveal  such  dulness  of  perception  in 
matters  of  the  kind.  Public  life  could  not  kill 
in  him  the  essential  qualities  of  the  gentleman. 

Vienna  gave  him  still  more  of  the  training 
and  culture  which  he  had  absorbed  at  Paris. 
And  he  acquired  there,  too,  a  reasoned  hatred 
for  militarism.  "  The  great  calamity  and 
danger  of  Europe  today,"  he  wrote  to  Sew- 
ard, "are  these  enormous  armaments.  No 
honest  statesman  can  say  that  he  sees  in  the 
present  attitude  of  politics  the  necessity  of 
war.  No  great  power  is  threatened.  There 
is  no  menace  to  peace  that  could  not  be  imme- 
diately dispelled  by  a  firm  protest  of  the 
peacefully  disposed  majority  of  nations. 
There  would  be,  therefore,  no  danger  to  any 
people,  but  a  vast  and  immediate  gain  to  all 
from  a  general  disarmament.  .  .  Why  then  is 
this  awful  waste  of  youth  and  treasure  con- 
tinued? I  believe  from  no  other  motive  than 
to  sustain  the  waning  prestige  of  Kings."  In 
the  Europe  about  him  he  thought  that  he  saw 
many  germs  of  progress  toward  a  greater 
human  freedom.  England  had  come  abreast 
of  John  Bright,  while  Austria  was  governed 
by  Forty-Eighters.  The  spirit  of  freedom 
which  Bismarck  had  suckled  with  the  blood 
of  Sadowa  was  rising  up  to  appal  him :  while 
France,  still  in  a  comatose  slumber,  was  talk- 
ing in  her  sleep  and  murmuring  the  Marseil- 
laise. "And  God  has  made  her  ruler  blind 
drunk,  that  his  Helot  antics  may  disgust  the 
world  with  despotism.  If  ever  in  my  green 
and  salad  days  I  sometimes  vaguely  doubted. 
I  am  safe  now.  I  am  a  Republican  till  I  die. 
When  we  get  to  Heaven  we  can  try  a  monar- 
chy, perhaps." 

In  the  autumn  of  1868,  Hay  resigned  and 
returned  to  America,  but  the  following  sum- 
mer found  him  again  in  diplomatic  harness, 
as  Secretary  of  Legation  at  Madrid.  Here  he 
remained  for  a  year,  and  in  addition  to  his 
secretarial  duties  gained  that  intimate  knowl- 
edge of  Spain  and  her  people  which  he  was 
later  to  give  to  the  world  in  "  Castilian  Days.'' 
Castelar.  then  in  his  prime  as  the  eloquent 
advocate  of  Republicanism,  won  his  especial 
admiration.  A  chance  visit  to  the  office  of  the 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


413 


New  York  "  Tribune,"  as  he  passed  through 
the  city  on  his  way  home,  and  the  chance 
writing  of  an  able  editorial  comment  on  a 
cable  dispatch  which  happened  to  arrive  just 
at  the  time,  chanced  to  please  Greeley  so 
highly  that  Hay  was  at  once  invited  to  join 
the  staff  of  the  paper.  The  offer  was  accepted, 
and  Hay's  status  was  fixed  for  the  next  five 
years.  He  then  resigned  and  went  to  Cleve- 
land, partly  because  the  strain  of  newspaper 
work  was  undermining  his  health,  and  partly 
in  accordance  with  the  desire  of  Amasa  Stone, 
the  founder  of  Adelbert  College,  whose  daugh- 
ter lie  had  married  in  1874. 

In  1871  "  Castilian  Days "  and  the  "  Pike 
County  Ballads  and  Other  Pieces"  had  been 
published  by  Osgood.  Hay  himself  was  sin- 
cere in  placing  very  little  value  upon  that 
part  of  his  verse  which  won  immediate  popu- 
larity, and  one  may  trust  his  judgment  rather 
than  that  of  Mr.  Howells,  who  has  said  that 
the  "Pike  County  Ballads"  would  as  infal- 
libly carry  his  fame  as  the  "  Biglow  Papers  " 
carry  Lowell's.  Only  a  year  before  his  death, 
"  Castilian  Days  "  was  to  figure  as  the  basis 
of  an  impudent  demand  from  some  extremists 
that  he  be  expelled  from  the  Cabinet,  because 
of  certain  strictures  against  the  Spanish  Cath- 
olic Church.  During  the  World's  Fair  at 
Chicago  someone  with  intentions  superior  to 
his  information  introduced  him  to  the  Span- 
ish Princess  Eulalia  and  her  companions  as 
the  author  of  a  book  on  Spain  which  they 
really  ought  to  read,  "unconscious,"  Hay 
wrote  to  Henry  Adams,  "that  my  unhappy 
little  volume  treats  the  august  family  of 
Spain  as  a  set  of  pas  grandes  choses  from 
Wayback,  who  have  no  place  outside  of  penal 
and  reformatory  institutions."  This,  by  the 
way,  is  a  good  illustration  of  Hay's  character- 
istic freedom  of  expression  in  private  corre- 
spondence, which  he,  as  many  other  great  men, 
was  wont  to  employ  as  a  kind  of  offset  to  the 
dignity  imposed  by  a  keen  sense  of  fitness  in 
public  utterances. 

After  leaving  the  "  Tribune,"  Hay  began  in 
earnest  his  long  labor  on  the  Lincoln  biog- 
raphy, which  was  finally  published  in  1890. 
In  the  meanwhile,  he  had  written  "  The 
Bread- Winners,"  stimulated  by  reflection  on 
the  railroad  riots  of  1877,  but  published 
anonymously  and  never  formally  acknowl- 
edged. In  1879,  Secretary  Evarts  asked  him 
to  become  Assistant  Secretary  of  State,  and 
he  held  the  position  until  the  opening  of  the 
Garfield  administration.  It  is  a  poor  com- 
ment on  the  management  of  our  diplomacy 
that  from  Lincoln  to  McKinley  a  man  of 
Hay's  qualities  was  used  only  to  fill  occasional 
gaps  of  short  duration.  Thrown  out  with  the 


passing  of  Evarts,  he  served  for  six  months 
as  editor-in-chief  of  the  "  Tribune,"  while 
Whitelaw  Reid  was  touring  Europe  on  his 
honeymoon.  His  editorial  ability  and  judg- 
ment were  severely  but  successfully  tested  in 
dealing  with  the  crisis  in  New  York  politics 
caused  by  the  break  between  the  New  York 
Senators  and  the  administration,  and  the 
subsequent  assassination  of  the  President. 

In  the  early  eighties,  Hay  left  Cleveland 
and  built  a  fine  home  in  Washington,  by  the 
side  of  that  of  his  most  intimate  friend, 
Henry  Adams,  both  structures  being  designed 
by  Henry  H.  Richardson,  foremost  of  Amer- 
ican architects.  Mr.  Thayer  gives  a  charm- 
ing picture  of  the  social  and  intellectual  life 
that  centred  in  these  two  homes.  Hay's 
appointment  to  diplomatic  service  was  sug- 
gested to  President  Harrison,  who  only  made 
the  foolish  answer,  "  There  is  n't  any  politics 
in  it."  And  so  the  fated  diplomatic  career 
had  to  await  the  coming  of  McKinley,  who 
was  too  deeply  indebted  to  Hay's  kindness  to 
have  passed  him  by  on  any  mere  balancing  of 
political  values.  We  may  well  believe,  how- 
ever, that  Hay  would  have  received  the  Lon- 
don Embassy  on  the  score  of  his  conspicuous 
fitness,  even  if  McKinley's  rise  to  the  Presi- 
dency had  not  involved  certain  incidents 
which  many  would  gladly  forget,  but  which 
Mr.  Thayer  chooses  to  set  forth  with  no  dis- 
guise of  their  inherent  unpleasantness,  doubt- 
less that  the  unvarnished  truth  may  show 
Hay's  kindness  to  McKinley  to  have  had  no 
ulterior  motive.  Nor  does  Mr.  Thayer's  nar- 
rative conceal  the  fact  that  the  same  cannot 
be  said  of  the  aid  rendered  to  McKinley  by 
the  Ohio  Republican  boss  of  the  period. 

One  does  not  need  to  dwell  on  the  details 
of  Hay's  service  in  the  London  Embassy.  A 
sentence  from  a  letter  to  Senator  Lodge,  writ- 
ten after  the  outbreak  of  the  war  with  Spain, 
gives  the  keynote  of  his  policy :  "  It  is  hardly 
too  much  to  say  that  the  interests  of  civiliza- 
tion are  bound  up  in  the  direction  the  rela- 
tions of  England  and  America  are  to  take  in 
the  next  few  months."  In  Mr.  Thayer's 
words,  "He  realized  that  on  the  welding  to- 
gether of  England  and  the  United  States,  the 
future  welfare  of  two  hemispheres  depended." 
Meanwhile,  John  Sherman,  broken  under  the 
burden  of  the  State  Department,  into  which 
the  Ohio  Republican  boss  had  forced  him  in 
order  to  clear  his  own  path  to  the  Senate,  had 
surrendered  his  portfolio  to  Judge  Day. 
Three  months  later.  Day  resigned,  to  take 
service  on  the  Paris  Commission  which  was 
to  conclude  peace  with  Spain.  The  President 
immediately  tendered  to  Hay  by  cable  the 
office  of  Secretarv  of  State.  He  took  his  desk 


414 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


on  the  first  of  October,  1898,  and  remained 
there,  absorbed  head  and  heart  in  far-reaching 
labors  for  his  country's  good  and  the  good  of 
humanity,  until  he  sank  in  the  harness  from 
exhaustion,  in  the  spring  of  1905.  A  journey 
to  Bad  Nauheim  did  no  good,  and  he  came 
back  to  his  own  country,  to  die  in  his  New 
Hampshire  summer  home,  on  the  first  of  July. 

In  the  Department  of  State,  it  is  fair  to 
say  that  he  alone  turned  the  tide  which  for  a 
time  threatened  to  precipitate  a  mad  struggle 
for  the  partition  of  China  among  the  great 
powers.  Of  our  dealings  with  the  Boxer  trou- 
bles he  wrote  to  Henry  Adams :  "At  least  we 
are  spared  the  infamy  of  an  alliance  with 
Germany.  I  would  rather,  I  think,  be  the 
dupe  of  China  than  the  chum  of  the  Kaiser." 
He  saw  clearly  that  England  was  for  a  time 
deceived  by  Germany  in  the  Boxer  matter; 
and  if  later,  in  1905,  he  worked  in  apparent 
harmony  with  Germany  in  maintaining  the 
integrity  of  China,  it  was  only  because  Ger- 
many had  been  forced  by  circumstances  to  his 
position.  It  was  characteristic  of  Hohenzol- 
lern  diplomatic  methods  that  the  Kaiser  and 
von  Billow  tried  to  persuade  Hay  that  the 
other  European  powers  were  all  in  a  con- 
spiracy, headed  by  France,  to  break  down  his 
policy.  Hay  sent  out  his  famous  "  self-deny- 
ing circular,"  asking  the  other  powers  to  join 
in  a  policy  of  respect  for  the  integrity  of 
China;  and  the  prompt  and  satisfactory  re- 
plies, he  writes  in  his  diary,  "  show  clearly  the 
extent  of  the  Kaiser's  illusion."  But  the 
Kaiser,  as  was  soon  disclosed,  had  merely  been 
planting  his  mines  for  the  humiliation  of 
France;  and  the  forced  resignation  of  Del- 
casse,  the  French  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
was  signalled  on  the  same  day  by  making  a 
Prince  of  von  Billow,  whom  Hay  once  char- 
acterized as  having  made  German  diplomacy 
"  as  brutal  as  possible." 

In  the  matter  of  upholding  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  against  the  desire  of  European 
powers  to  collect  claims  from  Venezuela  by 
force,  as  well  as  in  the  establishment  and 
recognition  of  the  Republic  of  Panama,  Presi- 
dent Roosevelt  assumed  responsibility  and 
Secretary  Hay  was  not  directly  concerned  in 
the  negotiations.  In  the  Venezuela  matter 
the  real  antagonist  was  Germany,  though  she 
had  inveigled  England  into  temporary  and 
not  very  resolute  partnership.  Mr.  Roose- 
velt's threat  to  Dr.  Holleben,  German  Ambas- 
sador, to  send  Dewey  to  Venezuela  with  the 
American  squadron  unless  Germany  should 
agree  at  once  to  arbitrate  her  claims,  brought 
the  desired  answer.  In  the  Panama  matter, 
Mr.  Thayer  devotes  a  chapter  to  the  task  of 
proving  that  President  Roosevelt's  course  was 


justifiable  and  honorable ;  but  he  is  careful  to 
indicate  that  Hay  was  not  even  informed  as 
to  a  good  deal  that  was  going  on,  and  he 
leaves  ample  ground  to  those  who  prefer  to 
believe  that  if  Hay  himself  had  been  in  charge 
methods  would  have  been  very  different. 
That  Hay  never  criticized  that  or  any  other 
official  act  of  Mr.  Roosevelt's  was  only  in  har- 
mony with  his  unbroken  characteristic  of 
entire  devotion  to  any  administration  under 
which  he  served.  Hay  was  a  believer  in  peace 
and  the  things  that  make  for  peace,  and  if  he 
could  have  had  things  entirely  his  own  way 
the  chances  would  have  been  good  that  the 
whole  Panama  matter  would  have  been  so 
handled  as  to  make  the  canal  a  more  powerful 
factor  in  promoting  world  peace  than  it  may 
perhaps  become,  with  the  Panama  "revolu- 
tion "  attached  to  its  record  and  its  banks 
bristling  with  fortifications.  When  Hay  was 
negotiating  with  England  for  a  canal  treaty 
he  had  said:  "The  fact  is  that  no  govern- 
ment not  absolutely  imbecile  would  ever  think 
of  fortifying  the  canal";  but  he  was  over- 
borne in  the  end. 

But  we  must  trespass  no  farther  upon  the 
reasonable  limits  of  space.  Mr.  Thayer  has 
given  us  a  remarkable  book  on  a  man  to  whom 
all  will  concede  unusual  poAver,  even  those 
who  cannot  follow  Mr.  Howells  in  ranking 
him  as  the  ablest  statesman  of  his  time.  As 
if  to  prove  that  he  was  not  more  than  human, 
there  were  points  which  his  usual  breadth  of 
mind  and  sympathy  did  not  cover.  As  late  as 
1885  he  could  write  to  Nicolay :  "  Gilder  was 
evidently  horrified  at  your  saying  that  Lee 
ought  to  be  shot:  a  simple  truth  of  law  and 
equity.  I  find,  after  a  careful  reading  of  a 
dozen  biographies  and  all  his  own  reports, 
that  Stonewall  Jackson  was  a  howling  crank." 
Fortunately  he  realized,  and  added,  that  it 
would  be  folly  for  him  to  say  so,  in  the 
Lincoln  biography.  In  spite  of  his  personal 
affection  for  Henry  Adams,  he  never  got 
above  an  instinctive  prejudice  that  no  Demo- 
crat could  really  be  fit  for  a  responsible  gov- 
ernment position.  It  is  only  fair  to  add. 
however,  that  his  experience  with  the  Senate 
in  trying  to  secure  the  ratification  of  arbitra- 
tion treaties  convinced  him  that  many  promi- 
nent Republicans  were  in  the  same  boat.  "A 
treaty  going  into  the  Senate,"  he  wrote,  "is 
like  a  bull  going  into  the  arena :  no  one  can 
say  just  how  or  when  the  final  blow  will  fall, 
but  one  thing  is  certain  —  it  will  never  leave 
the  arena  alive."  His  deep  personal  affection 
for  McKinley  led  him  to  an  estimate  of 
McKinley's  abilities  and  services  far  higher 
than  many  who  were  not  his  enemies  or  oppo- 
nents would  now  be  disposed  to  allow.  And 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


415 


his  attitude  toward  Mr.  Roosevelt  was  much 
the  same.  Perhaps  the  nearest  he  ever  came 
to  a  really  damaging  criticism  of  Mr.  Roose- 
velt lies  in  the  suggestion  which  one  might 
find  in  a  diary  entry  concerning  a  luncheon 
at  the  White  House  at  which  Hay  himself, 
Yves  Guyot,  and  Mr.  Theodore  Stanton  were 
the  guests :  "  The  President  talked  with  great 
energy  and  perfect  ease  the  most  curious 
French  I  ever  listened  to.  It  was  absolutely 
lawless  as  to  Grammar  and  occasionally  bank- 
rupt in  substantives ;  but  he  had  not  the  least 
difficulty  in  making  himself  understood,  and 
one  subject  did  not  worry  him  more  than 
another."  Which  is  calculated  to  make  the 
gray-haired  reader  green  with  envy  of  the 
younger  generation,  which  may  live  until  time 
shall  unseal  even  the  most  intimate  of  the 
private  diary  entries  which  the  career  of  the 
Rough-Rider  has  doubtless  inspired. 

W.  H.  JOHNSON. 


THE  NEW  DKAMA  IN  ENGLISH.* 


It  would  seem  the  irony  of  fate  that  while 
literary  discussion  in  this  country  has  recently 
centred  around  the  drama,  it  is  our  poets  and 
not  our  playwrights  who  have  pleasantly  sur- 
prised us  by  finding  themselves.  Can  it  be 
that  the  movement  for  a  better  stage  has  suf- 
fered from  self-consciousness?  At  any  rate, 
to  neither  its  workers  nor  its  patrons  have 
most  of  the  prophetic  utterances  about  it 
proved  of  practical  value.  To  these  utter- 
ances. Professor  Dickinson's  "  The  Case  of 
American  Drama  "  presents  a  wholesome  con- 
trast. It  is  a  sober  and  thoughtful  analysis 
of  the  underlying  problems  of  our  contempo- 
rary theatre, —  such,  for  example,  as  the  ten- 
dency toward  centralization,  which,  while 
increasing  the  financial  returns  for  manager, 
author,  and  actor  alike,  has  resulted  in  disas- 
ter for  the  art  that  is  in  the  last  analysis  also 
the  life  of  the  stage.  Unlike  most  writers  on 
the  subject,  the  author  does  not  attack  the  syn- 
dicate system  of  theatre  management  in  itself, 
finding  it  on  the  whole  "  a  necessary  outgrowth 
of  the  spirit  and  methods  of  the  time."  It  is 
the  entrance  into  this  system  of  "  the  theory 
of  monopoly  and  absentee  managerial  con- 
trol" which  he  deplores,  and  the  consequent 
organization  of  "  the  entire  country  as  tribu- 
tary to  one  city."  Working  on  this  basis,  he 
points  out  that  the  system  has  not  only  alien- 
ated the  audience  for  good  plays,  caused  the 

*  THE  CASE  OF  AMERICAN  DRAMA.  By  Thomas  H.  Dickin- 
son. Boston :  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 

THE  BRITISH  AND  AMERICAN  DRAMA  OF  TO-DAY.  Outlines 
for  Their  Study.  By  Barrett  H.  Clark.  New  York:  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 


art  of  acting  to  decline,  and  "perverted  the 
springs  of  playmaking,"  but  it  has  in  so  doing 
proceeded  to  defeat  its  own  end  of  financial 
success.  Its  unfortunate  effect  on  the  pro- 
vincial theatres  is  well  known.  But  the  chief 
set-back,  as  Professor  Dickinson  shows,  has 
come  from  the  dramatists  who  have  registered 
the  artificiality  —  and  the  futility  —  of  the 
system  by  their  failure  to  provide  the  neces- 
sary plays. 

For  all  these  ills,  the  author  proposes  no 
panacea,  nor  does  he  admit  that  a  panacea  is 
needed.  Yet  his  criticism  is  not  entirely  de- 
structive. He  believes  that  forces  are  already 
at  work  that  can  be  depended  on  for  the  ulti- 
mate solution  of  the  main  problems.  On  the 
business  side,  the  more  efficient  and  less  cen- 
tralized management  of  the  "movies"  and 
vaudeville  is  teaching  its  lesson  to  the  heads  of 
the  theatre  "trusts."  Sporadic  repertory 
theatres  and  independent  producing  societies 
are  doing  much  to  encourage  both  actors  and 
authors ;  while  the  growing  tendency  to  read 
and  study  plays,  and  the  reviving  interest  in 
out-of-door  theatricals  and  pageants,  are  edu- 
cating popular  taste.  It  is  accordingly  on  the 
leavening  possibilities  of  these  forces  rather 
than  on  the  influence  of  any  individual  or 
group  of  individuals  that  Professor  Dickinson 
rests  his  case  for  the  American  drama.  Thus 
our  stage  is  to  work  out  its  own  salvation, 
and  eventually  we  are  to  arrive  at  the  form  of 
repertory  theatre  best  adapted  to  our  national 
temper  and  traditions.  Just  what  this  form 
will  be,  the  author  does  not  undertake  to  say. 
He  does,  however,  show  clearly  and  concisely 
what  we  have  to  build  on  in  the  experience  of 
the  short-lived  New  Theatre  of  New  York  and 
that  of  the  typical  repertory  theatres  of 
France  and  Germany.  For  the  completeness 
of  the  picture,  and  also  because  it  touches 
more  nearly  our  own  problems,  some  account 
of  the  recent  renaissance  of  the  repertory 
theatre  in  England  might  well  have  been  in- 
cluded here. 

It  is  proof  of  the  emphasis  that  the  author 
desires  to  lay  on  the  significance  of  the  open- 
air  play  and  pageant  that  he  treats  these 
from  the  practical  as  well  as  from  the  theo- 
retical side.  And  the  general  reader  will  per- 
haps find  his  chapters  on  the  construction  of 
the  theatre  in  the  open  and  on  the  production 
of  pageants  —  both  happily  free  from  techni- 
cal terms  —  among  the  freshest  and  most 
stimulating  of  the  book. 

The  lack  of  an  index,  or  at  least  a  detailed 
table  of  contents,  will  be  felt  by  those  who 
wish  to  use  the  volume  for  reference,  particu- 
larly as  the  reasons  for  the  arrangement  of 
the  material  are  not  always  apparent.  And 


416 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


here  and  there,  an  unqualified  statement  in- 
vites challenge.  Such  is  the  assertion  with 
regard  to  the  ancient  Greek  theatre  that  "it 
was  really  of  little  importance  that  the  audi- 
ence was  seated  in  the  open,"  and  "  in  every 
essential  respect  the  performance  might  as 
well  have  taken  place  behind  closed  doors." 
Yet,  in  the  main,  the  book  is  distinguished  for 
its  sound  sense,  its  thorough  understanding, 
and  its  vigorous  presentation  of  the  status  quo 
of  American  drama. 

For  the  practical  guidance  of  the  many  who 
by  reading  plays  are,  as  Professor  Dickinson 
suggests,  making  straight  the  way  for  our 
stage,  Mr.  Clark's  "British  and  American 
Drama  of  To-day"  is  designed.  Its  advan- 
tages as  a  play-reader's  or  a  play-goer's  hand- 
book must  be  obvious  at  a  glance.  Here  may 
be  found  brief  biographies  of  the  foremost 
modern  writers  of  drama  in  English,  with  a 
concise  statement  of  the  consensus  of  opinion 
regarding  their  chief  works,  chronological 
lists  of  stage  productions,  and  bibliographies 
that  include  even  articles  in  the  magazines. 
For  definitive  studies  of  the  dramatists  men- 
tioned, the  reader  must  still  go  elsewhere. 
Indeed,  the  benefit  he  derives  from  the  book 
will  depend  largely  upon  the  background  of 
knowledge  he  brings  to  it,  and  the  use  he 
makes  of  the  excellent  bibliographies.  In  cer- 
tain cases  these  should  have  been  made  still 
fuller  by  the  inclusion  of  works  in  other  lan- 
guages than  English.  To  the  list  of  criticisms 
of  Bernard  Shaw,  for  example,  might  well 
have  been  added  such  works  as  those  by  Cestre 
and  Hamon  in  French  and  by  Julius  Bab  in 
German.  Some  mention,  also,  of  the  Conti- 
nental productions  of  Shaw's  plays  was  to  be 
expected,  especially  in  view  of  their  remark- 
able popularity  on  the  German  stage. 

Mr.  Clark  shows  a  wide  acquaintance  with 
modern  plays  of  all  nations,  and  his  facility 
of  reference  is  well-nigh  bewildering.  Never- 
theless, in  several  instances  he  allows  himself 
to  be  betrayed  into  hasty  generalizations. 
Many  will  be  quite  unable  to  subscribe  to  such 
a  dictum  regarding  contemporary  American 
drama  as  this :  "  The  dialogue  is  usually  good, 
idiomatic,  and  clever  " ;  or  to  this  astonishing 
statement :  "  The  only  criticism  to  be  made 
against  such  plays  as  '  On  Trial '  is  that  their 
very  novelty  is  soon  outworn,  and  that  it  is 
above  all  useless."  Indeed,  throughout  his 
book  Mr.  Clark  puts  a  far  more  favorable  con- 
struction on  what  our  dramatists  have  already 
achieved  than  does  Professor  Dickinson  or 
than  the  facts  of  the  case  would  seem  to  war- 
rant. Of  this  the  American  reader  will  fortu- 
nately be  able  to  judge  for  himself.  It  should 
be  stated  that  even  though  such  a  reader  may 


not  agree  with  the  general  conclusions,  he  will 
find  Mr.  Clark's  exposition  of  the  stagecraft  of 
dramatists  like  Augustus  Thomas  and  Clyde 
Fitch  instructive.  Yet  it  is  chiefly  for  its  sug- 
gestive reading  lists,  and  its  body  of  informa- 
tion, conveniently  arranged  and  indexed  for 
purposes  of  reference,  that  the  volume  may  be 
recommended.  MoArBE> 


CASSANDRA-VOICES  OF  "  PREPAREDNESS.  "* 

Preparedness  is  the  topic  of  the  hour.  The 
press  is  filled  with  it,  organizations  are  pro- 
moting it,  military  training  camps  are  teach- 
ing it,  and  politicians  are  carefully  surveying 
it  as  a  possible  political  issue.  Naturally,  the 
publishers  are  not  behindhand,  but  have  pro- 
vided books  for  those  who  wish  to  read. 

The  volumes  to  be  considered  in  the  present 
review  vary  greatly  in  quality  and  purpose. 
Professor  Johnston's  "Arms  and  the  Race" 
exhibits  a  much  broader  and  more  philosophi- 
cal view  of  human  relations  than  any  of  the 
others.  It  alone  of  these  books  shows  that  its 
author  views  society  as  an  evolving  organism 
which  forever  goes  on  to  other  things ;  hence 
he  alone  has  some  idea  of  the  philosophy  which 
underlies  anti-militarism,  and  considers  the 
international  mind  worth  some  discussion. 
Like  most  of  those  persons  who  really  know 
the  past,  he  is  not  disposed  to  rest  his  case  on 
it ;  and  so,  unlike  the  other  authors  here  noted, 
he  does  not  consider  statements  of  Washing- 
ton as  final  proof  that  we  need  a  greater  army 
to-day.  He  also  recognizes  that  to  get  any- 
where one  should  rest  one's  case  on  facts 
instead  of  on  opinions.  Contending  that  the 
nationalizing  of  armies  with  the  adoption  of 
popular  sovereignty  has  removed  the  danger 
of  armies  being  agents  of  tyranny,  the  author 
continues  with  the  view  that  the  United  States 
alone  has  not  perceived  that  the  modern  army 
is  not  to  be  feared,  and  has  consequently  fallen 
behind  other  nations  in  its  armaments.  For 
this  reason  he  holds  that  we  need  a  greater 
military  establishment.  He  favors  strength- 
ening the  navy  primarily,  and  the  army  sec- 
ondarily, but  making  less  than  we  are  doing 
of  coast  defense. 

Better  known  is  Mr.  Hudson  Maxim's  "  De- 
fenseless America,"  which  has  been  drama- 


*  ARMS  AND  THE  RACE.  By  R.  M.  Johnston.  New  York  : 
The  Century  Co. 

DEFENSELESS  AMERICA.  By  Hudson  Maxim.  New  York : 
Hearst's  International  Library  Co. 

THE  AMERICAN  ARMY.  By  W.  H.  Carter.  Indianapolis : 
The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

OUR  NAVY  AND  THE  NEXT  WAR.  By  E.  W.  Neeser.  New 
York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

AMERICA  FALLEN  !  By  J.  Bernard  Walker.  New  York  : 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

STULTITIA.  (Anonymous.)  New  York:  Frederick  A. 
Stokes  Co. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


417 


tized  for  the  "  movies  "  under  the  title,  "  The 
Battle  Cry  of  Peace."  The  book  is  clever  and 
entertaining,  and  in  parts  gives  evidence  of 
having  been  written  in  collaboration  with  men 
in  our  army  and  navy.  It  is  prepared  dis- 
tinctly with  one  idea, —  to  arouse  the  Amer- 
ican people  to  provide  greater  defenses.  Its 
author  does  not,  probably  cannot,  grasp  the 
fundamentals  of  anti-militarism.  No  better 
illustration  than  this  book  could  be  found  of 
what  Mr.  Norman  Angell  has  called  "  one- 
sided aberration,"-  — the  process  of  trying  to 
solve  questions  involving  many  nations  by 
considering  only  one  of  them.  Mr.  Maxim 
thinks  that  all  will  be  well  if  we  but  get  "  ade- 
quate preparation,"  —  whatever  that  means. 
He  neglects  to  state  what  effect  our  getting 
that  preparation  will  have  on  other  nations, — 
which  is  a  strange  oversight ;  for  if  his  course 
for  us  is  the  highest  wisdom,  why  should  not 
rival  nations  continue  to  act  on  it  ?  It  is  need- 
less to  state  that  Mr.  Maxim  says  nothing  about 
the  final  issue  of  the  armament  race  between 
nations,  beyond  quoting  ex-Secretary  Meyer  to 
the  effect  that  "  we  are  rich  enough  to  match 
dollars  for  national  defense  with  any  other 
nation  in  the  world."  So  the  ultimate  triumph 
is  to  be  with  dollars !  It  does  sound  truer  to 
experience  to  say  that  "  dollars  make  right." 
It  also  contributes  to  make  clear  why  Mr. 
Maxim  should  call  the  area  wdthin  two  hun- 
dred miles  around  New  York  the  "heart  of 
America,"  though  the  reason  which  he  ad- 
vances is  that  in  this  district  lie  most  of  the 
factories  of  armaments  and  war  materials,  and 
the  coal  beds  for  their  use.  After  the  fore- 
going one  need  not  be  surprised  at  a  certain 
vein  of  prophecy  and  also  finality  in  these 
pages.  "  It  is  a  fact,  which  I  absolutely  know 
as  certainly  as  anything  can  be  known  in  hu- 
man affairs,  that  we  .  .  are  sitting  to-day  on 
a  powder  magazine  with  the  train  lighted," 
etc.  To  announce  as  a  fact  what  cannot  pos- 
sibly be  other  than  an  opinion  of  course  ends 
all  discussion. 

Major  Carter's  book  on  "  The  American 
Army"  is  the  straightforward  and  unpreten- 
tious work  of  a  professional  man.  The  writer 
sticks  to  his  specialty  and  to  fact,  and  there- 
fore his  book,  though  not  entertaining  read- 
ing, has  real  merit. 

Not  so  with  Mr.  Neeser's  "  Our  Navy  and  the 
Next  War,"  the  title  of  which  indicates  that  it 
has  to  do  with  things  yet  to  come,  rather  than 
those.that  wre  know  about.  The  book  is  free  and 
easy  with  opinions  and  generalizations  that 
are  announced  as  though  they  were  axioms. 
It  does  not  stick  to  its  topic  of  the  navy,  but 
rambles  considerably,  and  therefore  repeats 
itself.  Altogether,  it  is  a  compilation  of  the 


author's  opinions  and  wishes,  without  an  ade- 
quate presentation  of  his  reasons  for  those 
opinions,  and  therefore  cannot  expect  to  con- 
vince its  readers. 

"America  Fallen ! "  by  Mr.  J.  Bernard 
Walker,  editor  of  "  The  Scientific  American," 
is  the  account  of  an  imaginary  invasion  of  the 
United  States  by  Germany,  one  month  after 
the  end  of  the  European  War.  There  are  some 
difficulties  in  making  the  thing  reasonable,  but 
the  author  surmounts  these  with  the  same 
superhuman  skill  that  his  Germans  show  in 
their  attack  on  us.  Mr.  Walker  is  pro- Ally, 
hence  Germany  must  be  and  is  defeated  in  the 
present  war.  But  for  the  sake  of  alarming  us 
about  our  defenses,  we  must  have  an  invasion. 
Of  course  England  wouldn't  think  of  this; 
hence  it  must  be  the  Germans,  even  though  de- 
feated. However,  England,  vexed  at  our  con- 
duct during  the  Great  War,  does  agree  not  to 
hinder  Germany.  The  attack  is  planned  and 
executed  without  a  hitch  of  any  consequence. 
The  Germans  get  across  the  sea  without  any- 
body, even  the  British  seemingly,  getting  word 
of  it.  They  attack  Boston,  New  York,  Wash- 
ington (having  slipped  by  the  coast  forts  un- 
noticed) ,  and  the  Atlantic  end  of  the  Panama 
Canal  on  the  same  night,  and  with  practically 
no  difficulty  or  mistake.  Two  Germans  cap- 
ture a  ferry  boat  with  its  crew;  the  German 
submarines,  having  sneaked  in  at  night,  sink 
or  destroy  every  warship  in  Norfolk  yards  and 
in  the  yards  of  the  Newport  News  Shipbuild- 
ing Company.  Even  Nature  favors  the  Ger- 
mans, for  the  fatal  night  is  "  unusually  dark  " ; 
the  sea  at  Boston  is  "  calm  and  clear  " ;  and  at 
Coney  Island,  where  the  pleasure-seeking  Ger- 
mans land  a  force,  there  is  a  "scarcely  per- 
ceptible surf."  Need  it  be  added  that,  in  the 
face  of  these  supermen,  we  Americans  prove 
to  be  plain  fools,  showing  not  a  single  bit  of 
the  initiative  or  ability  about  which  we  ordi- 
narily boast?  Nobody  in  the  whole  "heart  of 
America  "  thinks  of  destroying  the  New  York 
Central  tracks  leading  to  Albany,  of  which  the 
Germans  take  possession  as  they  might  take 
another  glass  of  beer.  ( It  is  pertinent  to  note 
here  that  Professor  Johnston  believes  that 
Germany  does  not  constitute  a  great  danger  to 
us  at  the  present  time;  and  that  New  York 
could  probably  be  defended  with  complete 
success  against  a  sea  raid.)  The  effect  of  this 
book  is  questionable ;  it  may  be  pernicious,  as 
others  of  its  kind  have  been.  So  eager  is  it 
to  insure  its  effect  on  Americans  that  it  alto- 
gether forgets  the  effect  it  will  have  on  the 
nation  it  represents  as  our  foe.  "  The  Battle 
of  Dorking,"  which  told  of  a  similar  invasion 
of  England  by  Germany  in  1875,  increased 
instead  of  diminishing  apprehension  on  both 


418 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


sides.  Can  we  not  secure  adequate  prepared- 
ness without  goading  our  possible  rivals  into 
resentment  and  accelerated  action  ? 

The  anonymous  author  of  "  Stultitia,"  who 
is  "  a  former  government  official,"  employs 
the  dramatic  form  to  awaken  us  from  our 
defenselessness.  The  book  is  melodramatic, 
appeals  to  blind  emotion,  makes  the  average 
congressman  unpatriotic  and  shifty  and  the 
military  man  the  real  patriot.  It,  too,  imag- 
ines a  war  which  sets  everybody  right  about 
preparation.  It  has  not,  to  our  present  knowl- 
edge, been  staged. 

Taken  together  these  books  show  certain  in- 
teresting similarities  and  divergencies.  They 
all  contend  that  we  are  unprepared.  They 
offer  programmes  which  differ  in  detail  and 
exactness;  but  space  forbids  a  discussion  of 
these.  All  show  a  disposition  to  prophesy  that 
we  are  to  have  a  rude  awakening  unless  we 
change  our  policy.  They  are  unanimous  ,in 
condemning  the  pacifist;  but  the  prize  for 
picturesqueness  of  vituperation  must  go  to 
Mr.  Maxim.  Civilian  control  of  the  army  and 
navy  comes  in  for  a  good  deal  of  condemna- 
tion ;  Congress  is  freely  blamed  for  sacrificing 
defense  to  politics ;  and  the  people  are  charged 
with  incompetence.  Our  authors  agree  in  the 
main  that  national  defense  ought  not  to  be 
made  a  matter  of  politics. 

Certain  tendencies  of  other  recent  writers 
on  preparedness  reappear  in  these  books.  They 
rebuke  our  historians  for  making  our  past 
wars  glorious,  when  in  fact  they  were  badly 
managed  and  unnecessarily  drawn  out.  It  is 
contended  that  the  Monroe  Doctrine  has  hith- 
erto endured  chiefly  because  Great  Britain 
protected  it  for  us,  but  that  she  may  refuse  to 
do  this  any  longer. 

All  of  the  writers,  so  far  as  they  express 
themselves  on  militarism,  declare  they  are  op- 
posed to  it.  Yet  one  cannot  help  but  observe 
a  certain  admiration  for  the  success  of  the 
German  methods.  Mr.  Neeser  would  have  uni- 
versal military  service.  Mr.  Maxim  thinks 
conscription  in  Germany  produces  excellent 
results,  and  states  that  it  is  not  an  unreasona- 
ble conclusion  that  militarism  is  responsible 
for  the  German  culture  of  efficiency,  since 
German  militarism  is  the  greatest  school  of 
economics  that  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Else- 
where he  says :  "  "We  must  play  the  game  as 
a  World  Power,  and  as  other  nations  are  play- 
ing the  game.  To  get  fair  play  we  must  pro- 
vide ourselves  with  the  weapons  with  which 
they  are  providing  themselves."  Mr.  Maxim 
says  he  is  opposed  to  militarism,  and  is  urging 
"preparedness  against  war":  yet  his  words 
just  quoted  are  not  very  different  from  the 
utterances  of  Bernhardi.  who  is  now  every- 


where—  except    in    Germany  —  regarded    as 
the  arch-priest  of  militarism. 

That  the  coming  session  of  Congress  will 
deal  with  the  subject  of  preparedness  is  evi- 
dent, and  as  it  should  be.  We  want  reasonable 
preparedness,  but  we  ought  to  go  about  it 
rationally  and  not  hysterically.  Unhappily, 
some  of  the  books  here  reviewed  tend  to  cloud 
reason,  and  thus  to  benumb  the  very  faculty 
which  should  give  the  country  what  it  really 
neec*s.  EDWARD  KREHBIEL. 


PETRARCH  AGAIX.' 


In  the  Harvard  copy  of  Professor  Norton's 
catalogue  of  the  Fiske  Petrarch  Collection  in 
the  library  of  Cornell  University,  there  is 
preserved  a  letter  from  the  late  Professor 
Fiske.  Norton  had  offered  Fiske  his  copy  of 
the  Venetian  folio  of  Petrarch  —  Bevilaqua's 
—  of  1503.  Pardonable  satisfaction  may  be 
detected  in  his  reply :  "  I  already  possess  an 
excellent  copy."  The  possessor  of  folios  is 
not  unfamiliar  with  this  note  of  satisfaction; 
owner  or  not,  one  feels  a  stirring  of  pride  in 
the  knowledge  that  there  are  folios  in  the 
country,  should  one  care  to  study  them. 

The  letter  continues:  "The  Villa  Forini 
[he  was  about  to  sail  for  Italy  and  Florence 
in  July,  1883]  will  at  least  not  lose  its  Scan- 
dinavian attractions,  as  I  also  take  with  me 
my  Icelandic  collection,  the  gathering  of 
which,  instead  of  being,  as  is  my  Petrarch 
collection,  a  whimsey  of  my  old  age.  has  been 
the  work  of  many  years.  I  hope  to  do  some 
work  with  both  these  collections,  but  the 
danger  is  that  I  may  fall  between  two  very 
attractive  stools." 

The  letter  is  a  poignant  reminder  of  fruit- 
ful days  at  the  Villa  Forini.  Professor  Fiske 
gathered  about  him  students  and  professors, 
silent  scribes  and  talkative  counts.  He  ar- 
ranged comforts  for  his  American  guests  at 
which  Browning  might  have  cavilled  as  being 
un-Italian.  But  no  change  was  made  in  the 
smoking-room  at  the  top  of  the  house.  There 
old-fashioned  frescoes  in  the  slender  strips  of 
wall  were  left  undisturbed  and  undiscerned 
between  open  spaces  of  purple  haze  beyond 
Fiesole.  Ashes  of  American  cigars  might  fall 
unheeded  on  the  cement  floor,  where  painted 
lizards  flattened  on  painted  stones.  Char- 
treuse from  without  the  Porta  Romana  gave 
pungency  to  talk  about  folios  and  manu- 
script, or,  long  remembered,  mingled  in  flavor 
with  the  story  of  how  Professor  Rendell  Har- 

*  SOME  LOVE  SONGS  OF  PETRARCH.  Translated  and  anno- 
tated, with  a  Biographical  Introduction,  by  William  Dudley 
Foulke,  LL.D.  New  York :  Oxford  University  Press. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


419 


ris,  in  an  eastern  monastery,  secured  the  rare 
Codex  over  "  another  glass  of  Rosoglio." 

Fears  that  the  Icelandic  and  Italian  Col- 
lections would  be  left  in  Europe  were  finally 
dispelled;  and  now  the  catalogues  of  the 
Fiske-Cornell  libraries  may  be  had,  and  the 
books  are  available  within  twenty-four  hours, 
more  or  less.  If  we  have  appropriated  so 
much  of  Italy,  we  are  now  also  assimilating 
it.  Petrarch's  Latin  works  refuse  to  stay  in 
folios :  Columbia  and  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago have  revealed,  most  readably,  some  of 
the  treasures  first  used  in  English  by  Chau- 
cer. Yale  has  given  us  the  Concordance  to 
the  Italian  poems.  Sooner  or  later  we  may 
learn  all  that  Petrarch  himself  wished  us  to 
know,  without  changing  spectacles  over  the 
solid  printed  page,  or  halting  to  expand  the 
Latin  of  incunabula. 

No  labor  is  involved  in  reading  the  latest 
American  book  about  Petrarch.  In  "  Some 
Love  Songs  of  Petrarch,"  Dr.  William  Dud- 
ley Foulke  continues  the  long  tradition  of 
the  English  poets.  If  Chaucer  made  no  son- 
net of  his  "  Song  of  Troilus,"  he  showed  that 
Italian  verse  may  be  fitted  to  English.  Yet 
even  he,  with  his  wealth  of  rhyme,  most  of  it 
now  lost  to  us,  felt  that  it  was  impracticable 
to  attempt  complete  imitation  of  Italian 
rhymes,  every  one  of  which  had  a  feminine 
ending.  Five  masculine  rhymes  come  first  in 
the  "  Song  of  Troilus,"  then  seven  feminines, 
then  masculines  until  the  final  couplet.  In 
Dr.  Foulke's  version  feminine  rhymes  appear 
now  and  then,  oftener  in  other  forms  than 
the  sonnet.  Shakespearean  are  forty-six  of 
his  sonnets,  and  a  Petrarchan  sestette  ap- 
pears in  each  of  the  other  five.  The  object, 
then,  has  been  to  render  the  substance  faith- 
fully in  the  more  flexible  English  form;  and 
in  the  cases  selected  for  comparison  this  has 
been  effectively  done.  Petrarch's  enjambe- 
ments  are  at  times  preserved;  in  the  four- 
teenth ode  and  in  the  "  Hymn  to  the  Virgin  " 
one  is  reminded  of  the  melody  of  Dry  den. 
Monosyllables,  the  bane  of  the  translator, 
have  been  avoided  where  possible.  How 
could  one  escape  them  in  turning  such  a 
rugged  sestette  as  this? 

"  Poi  che  se'  sgombro  della  maggior  salma 
L'altre  puoi  giuso  agrevolmente  porre, 
Salendo  quasi  un  pellegrino  scarce. 
Ben  vedi  omai  siccome  a  morte  corre 
Ogni  cosa  creata,  e  quanto  all'  alma 
Bisogna  ir  leve  al  periglioso  varco." 

This  is  translated,  with  a  courageous  sub- 
junctive, as  follows : 

"  For,  when  delivered  of  thy  heaviest  load 
From  what  remains  thou  canst  be  quickly  free, 


And  like  a  pilgrim  to  thy  new  abode 

Rise  all  unburdened.    Thou  canst  clearly  see 

How  all  things  move  to  death.    Well  may  we 

pray 
The  soul  go  light  upon  its  perilous  way." 

Yet  the  technique  of  the  English  sonnet, 
so  challenging  since  Milton  and  Wordsworth, 
invites  no  tricks  of  the  translator.  The  verse 
is  never  careless,  nor  is  it  mechanical  or 
labored.  With  the  diction  Saxon  and  idioma- 
tic, and  the  style  simple  and  severe,  the 
reader  will  not  be  surprised  to  find  lines  of 
dignity  and  elevation,  less  Asiatic  than 
Petrarch,  less  Italianate  than  older  English 
translations.  The  introductory  sonnet  to 
Petrarch  betrays  restraint,  and  an  artistic 
sense  of  the  sonnet's  limitations.  It  is  grati- 
fying to  record  the  classical  spirit  of  this 
little  volume  when  romantic,  not  to  say  untu- 
tored, freedom  in  verse  invites  public  favor. 

A  judicious  Introduction  and  biographical 
sketch  informs  the  reader  without  obtruding 
the  quarrels  of  critics,  French  and  Italian. 
An  appendix,  reviewing  the  attempts  made 
to  identify  Laura,  will  stir  the  dullest  of  stu- 
dents or  the  most  unliterary  of  psychologists. 
The  "  Epistle  to  Posterity  "  is  printed,  and  a 
convenient  list  of  Petrarch's  works.  The 
book  must  be  welcome  to  all  whose  care  it  is 
to  make  a  revue  of  literature  stimulating,  and 
devote  a  few  precious  hours  to  Petrarch  and 
his  influence.  The  general  reader  will  be 
grateful  for  a  fresh  appraisement  of  the  poet 
and  the  man.  It  is  a  useful  complement  to 
Professor  Robinson's  version  of  the  "Letters" 
and  his  volume  on  Petrarch.  Dr.  Foulke,  it 
may  be  urged,  should  not  confine  his  verse 
to  translation. 

One  note  —  to  return  to  the  folios  —  may 
be  added.  The  "six  folio  editions  of  his 
Epistles  and  other  prose  works  —  printed  at 
Basle  and  Venice  between  1494  and  1500" 
(p.  121)  have  not  all  been  identified.  Fiske 
thought  that  the  Deventer  of  1494,  the  Basle 
of  1494  and  5,  and  the  Venetian  of  1496 


never  existed. 


W.  P.  REEVES. 


THE  AMATEUR  GARDENER.* 


Miss  Gertrude  Jekyll,  in  her  preface  to 
Mrs.  King's  "  The  Well- Considered  Garden," 
remarks  on  the  rapidly  increasing  interest  in 
gardening  throughout  the  land,  and  the  conse- 
quent opportunity  for  writers  of  good  garden 
books :  "  One  thinks  of  a  great  and  fertile 

*  THE  WELL-CONSIDERED  GARDEN.  By  Mrs.  Francis  King:. 
Illustrated.  New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

OUR  MOUNTAIN  GARDEN.  By  Mrs.  Theodore  Thomas  (Rose 
Fay).  Second  edition.  Illustrated.  New  York:  E.  P.  Dut- 
ton  &  Co. 


420 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


field  ready  ploughed  and  sown,  and  only 
waiting  for  genial  warmth  and  moisture  to 
make  it  burst  forth  into  life  and  eventual 
abundance."  Gardens  are  of  various  kinds, 
but  the  developing  interest  referred  to  is  that 
in  flower  gardens,  kept  by  amateurs  for  the 
love  of  natural  beauty.  We  have  heard  it 
said  by  those  who  ministered  to  the  broken 
down  and  criminal  classes  in  London,  that 
men  who  seemed  to  have  lost  almost  every 
good  feeling  would  still  respond  to  the  beauty 
of  flowers.  In  the  mining  camps  of  Colorado, 
where  there  has  long  been  such  bitter  discon- 
tent with  the  conditions  of  life,  the  little  rows 
of  box-like  houses  stand  in  barren  desolation, 
without  the  gardens  which  would  make  them 
at  least  resemble  normal  homes.  Miners  and 
owners  alike  would  doubtless  laugh  at  the 
suggestion  that  the  lack  of  flowers  was  one  of 
the  things  most  seriously  the  matter  with  the 
whole  situation ;  yet  the  idea  is  by  no  means 
wholly  grotesque,  nor  is  it  altogether  false  to 
say  that  the  development  of  flower,gardens  is 
a  fair  index  to  the  civilization  of  a  neighbor- 
hood. In  England,  when  the  "  Garden  Cit= 
ies  "  were  first  established,  the  factory  hands, 
moved  suddenly  into  rural  surroundings,  did 
not  altogether  like  the  change.  What  were 
gardens  compared  with  the  "  movies,"  and  all 
the  excitement  of  city  life  ?  In  a  year  or  two, 
however,  they  learned  to  appreciate  their  new 
opportunities,  and  settled  down  to  a  really 
normal  life,  which  we  hope  will  in  course  of 
time  everywhere  replace  the  distorting  en- 
vironment of  crowrded  towns.  Thus  in  all 
schemes  for  human  betterment,  the  garden 
necessarily  has  a  large  part,  and  floriculture 
becomes  an  intensely  vital  thing  for  the  whole 
community,  instead  of  a  mere  amusement  for 
the  rich. 

Mrs.  Theodore  Thomas  writes  of  her  "  home- 
made" garden  on  a  New  Hampshire  moun- 
tain as  a  thing  beloved;  growing  under  her 
hands  and  that  of  the  "  Meister,"  to  whom  we 
may  well  believe  that  flowers  and  music 
seemed  to  have  a  certain  kinship,  in  the  imme- 
diacy of  their-  appeal  to  the  higher  human 
emotions.  Very  charmingly  are  \ve  led 
through  the  history  of  the  garden's  develop- 
ment, seeing  almost  with  the  author's  eyes 
the  many  interesting  little  happenings,  some 
triumphant,  others  quite  the  reverse.  The 
combination  of  pure  delight  with  innumerable 
little  practical  suggestions  will  appeal  to  all 
those  who  are  growing  flowers,  although  the 
exact  circumstances  will  not  be  duplicated 
elsewhere.  Then  there  is  the  keen  interest  in 
all  that  lives,  in  the  birds  and  animals,  all  of 
which  belong  to  the  scheme  of  things  and  are 
part  of  the  purpose  for  which  the  garden 


exists.  There  is  a  story  of  a  French  author, 
who  was  visited  by  a  friend  who  was  about 
to  journey  around  the  world.  Said  the  au- 
thor :  "I  cannot  leave  my  home ;  but  while 
you  go  around  the  world,  I  will  go  round  my 
garden."  This  he  did,  and  wrote  a  charming 
book  about  the  things  he  saw.  but  he  who 
circumnavigated  the  globe  left  nothing  for 
posterity.  Mrs.  Thomas,  in  the  same  spirit, 
can  stay  at  home  and  enjoy  the  drama  of  life, 
Mrhich  never  becomes  stale. 

Mrs.  King  writes  a  more  ambitious  book,  in 
which  she  discusses,  with  the  judgment  born 
of  experience,  the  planning  of  a  somewhat 
elaborate  garden.  Much  is  said  about  color 
harmony  and  the  grouping  of  plants, —  mat- 
ters wrhich  the  beginner  is  too  likely  to  over- 
look, either  from  ignorance  or  indifference. 
Mrs.  King  writes : 

"  I  have  a  new  profession  to  propose,  a  profes- 
sion of  specialists :  it  should  be  called  that  of  the 
garden  colorist.  The  office  shall  be  distinct  from 
that  of  the  landscape  architect,  distinct  indeed 
from  those  whose  office  it  already  is  to  prescribe 
the  plants  for  the  garden.  The  garden  colorist 
shall  be  qualified  to  plant  beautifully,  according  to 
color,  the  best-planned  gardens  of  our  best  design- 
ers. It  shall  be  his  duty,  first,  to  possess  a  true 
color  instinct;  second,  to  have  had  much  expe- 
rience in  the  growing  of  flowers,  notably  in  the 
growing  of  varieties  in  form  and  color;  third,  so 
to  make  his  planting  plans  that  there  shall  be 
successive  pictures  of  loveliness  melting  into  each 
other  with  successive  months;  and  last,  he  must 
pay,  if  possible,  a  weekly  visit  to  his  gardens,  for 
no  eye  but  his  discerning  one  will  see  in  them  the 
evil  and  the  good." 

Finally,  it  is  suggested  that  "  he  "  will  usu- 
ally be  a  woman.  This  is  not  exactly  the 
"  home-made  "  idea  of  Mrs.  Thomas,  wrho  also 
appears  to  know  nothing  of  "  that  man  who 
must  be  constantly  in  sight  of  those  who 
garden,  the  gardener,  the  paid,  the  earnest, 
and  almost  always  the  friendly,  assistant  in 
our  labors  writh  flowers." 

Mrs.  King's  garden  is  not  the  back-yard  of 
a  cottage,  nor  are  her  plans  those  of  a  small 
clerk  in  a  grocery  store.  We  confess  to  a 
preference  for  the  genuinely  amateur  point 
of  view,  which  can  make  something  worth 
while  out  of  a  window-box,  and  will  under  no 
circumstances  abandon  the  control  of  things 
to  a  "  discerning  one  "  who  will  alone  see  this 
or  that.  Yet.  after  all,  Mrs.  King's  main  con- 
tention, set  forth  with  such  a  wealth  of  exam- 
ples and  illustrations,  is  entirely  wise  and 
sound.  It  is,  that  gardens,  like  houses,  large 
or  small,  should  be  regarded  in  their  entirety, 
and  so  planned  that  the  parts  harmonize. 
Furthermore,  as  in  music,  so  in  color  and 
form,  harmony  is  a  reality,  the  sense  of  which 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


421 


can  and  should  be  cultivated.  By  ignoring 
these  things,  we  not  only  fail  to  develop  some 
of  our  best  faculties,  but  shut  ourselves  out  of 
much  of  the  pleasure  of  life.  Thus  "  The 
Well-Considered  Garden "  has  its  mission 
even  for  those  who  have  only  a  few  yards  of 
earth  at  their  command;  while  its  larger 
ideas  may  be  carried  out  in  public  parks, 
under  the  stimulation  of  citizens  who  have 
been  converted  to  the  newer  point  of  view. 
To  those  of  us  who  are  old  enough  to  remem- 
ber the  ribbon-like  arrangement  of  flower- 
beds in  the  seventies  of  the  last  century,  the 
tremendous  advance  in  {esthetic  feeling  repre- 
sented by  modern  gardening  is  astonishing,  as 
is  the  increasing  variety  of  plants  cultivated. 
Among  the  minor  matters  which  we  are  led 
to  consider,  is  the  not  unimportant  one  of 
names.  We  greatly  need,  in  this  country, 
some  organization  with  power  to  standardize 
the  names  of  garden  varieties,  or  at  least  to 
prevent  each  dealer  from  giving  new  names  to 
old  things,  with  the  implication  that  what  he 
offers  is  different  from  that  sold  by  his  com- 
petitors. We  would  even  suggest  that  short 
latinized  names  would  sound  better  than 
some  of  the  designations  now  in  use.  One 
can  get  used  to  anything,  perhaps;  but  does 
it  not  sound  a  little  queer  to  read  in  an 
orchid  catalogue  of  "  The  Duke  of  Marlbor- 
ough,  parentage  unknown,"  or  to  be  informed 
that  Mrs.  W.  T.  Ware  is  badly  blighted? 
Professor  Francis  Darwin,  the  eminent  bota- 
nist, is  a  living  reality  to  us,  and  we  do  not 
altogether  like  to  be  told  that  his  "  tones  are 
Rouge  fraise  No.  2  within  the  petals,  Vin  de 
Bordeaux  No.  2  outside."  Were  the  tulip 
named  Danvini,  there  could  be  no  offence, 
and  the  name  would  be  less  cumbersome. 

T.    D.    A.    COCKERELL. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  is  the  chief  figure  in  En- 
glish letters  nowadays.     Mr.  Arnold  Bennett  i 
may  rival  him  when  the  story  of  Clayhanger 
and  Hilda  Lessways  is  finished.    Mr.  Bernard  j 
Shaw  seems  under  a  cloud,  and  Mr.  Chester-  j 
ton  spends  much  time  on  the  Lethe-wharf  of  j 
•journalism.    But  Mr.  Wells  continues  to  think 
indefatigably.  and  to  write  almost  as  by  in- 
stinct.    He  is,   of  course,   deeply  concerned 
with    the    day-to-day    anxieties   of   the   war, 

*  THE  RESEARCH  MAGNIFICENT.  By  H.  G.  Wells.  New 
York:  The  Macmillan  Co. 

THE  "GENIUS."  By  Theodore  Dreiser.  New  York:  John 
Lane  Co. 

ELTHAM  HOUSE.  By  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward.  New  York: 
Hearst's  International  Library  Co. 

THE  HIGH  PRIESTESS.  By  Robert  Grant.  New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


like  every  other  Englishman  worth  his  salt ; 
but  he  seems  to  be  able  to  disregard  that  hor- 
ror, at  least  in  his  thinking.  Mr.  Wells's 
thoughts  are  prone  to  run  ahead  of  the  actual 
event:  in  "The  World  Set  Free"  he  said 
what  he  had  to  say  of  the  war  before  people 
had  much  of  an  idea  that  there  was  to  be  one. 
Now  his  ideas  have  got  back  to  the  regular 
line, —  he  does  not  write  as  though  the  war 
were  over,  but  rather  as  though  there  had 
been  no  war;  he  is  going  ahead  on  the  road 
whereon  he  was  moving  before. 

Several  of  Mr.  Wells's  books  have  been  stud- 
ies of  society  from  the  general  standpoint; 
but  in  some  of  his  later  stories,  such  as  "  The 
New  Macchiavelli "  and  "  The  Passionate 
Friends,"  he  has  been  more  interested  in 
thinking  of  what  the  individual  life  could  do 
in  and  for  society.  His  latest  book,  "  The 
Research  Magnificent,"  is  the  story  of  a  man 
who,  being  unlimited  by  minor  matters,  set 
himself  to  find  some  "  theory  of  his  work  and 
duty  in  the  world,  a  plan  of  the  world's 
future  that  should  give  a  rule  to  his  life." 

"A  world-state  sustained  by  an  aristocracy 
of  noble  men,"  —  that  idea  or  theory  is  not 
new  to  a  reader  of  Wells;  but  here  will  be 
found  someone  who  tried  to  work  out  some 
practical  way  in  the  matter.  "Not  a  novel," 
one  may  readily  say, —  just  as  White,  the 
literary  man  who  was  called  to  look  over  Ben- 
ham's  papers,  said,  when  the  magnificent 
search  had  come  to  an  end.  It  is  not  unlike 
those  autobiographical  novels  that  (as  Mr. 
Wells  once  wrote)  "were  popular  throughout 
the  third  and  fourth  decades  of  the  twentieth 
century."  It  is  the  work  of  a  novelist,  of 
course, —  a  story  by  a  man  who  feels  things 
keenly,  a  man  who  is  sensitive,  appreciative, 
humorous,  whimsical.  But  it  is  chiefly  a  mat- 
ter of  record,  valuable  for  the  results  it  has 
in  it. 

The  main  thing  from  this  standpoint  is  that 
now  Mr.  Wells  has  his  eye  on  the  limitations 
of  the  finer  life.  What  is  it  that  prevents 
those  who  desire  from  being  the  aristocrats  of 
the  newer  world?  Benham,  with  the  keenest 
desire,  finds  himself  continually  hindered, 
limited,  "cribbed,  cabined,  and  confined,"  — 
stopped  from  something  here,  held  back  from 
something  there.  Mr.  Wells  has  settled  in  his 
own  mind  the  four  great  limitations  of  life : 
fear,  sex,  jealousy,  prejudice ;  and  he  presents 
the  experience  of  Benham  with  each.  r  These 
are  individual  limitations,  it  will  be  seen,  not 
caused  by  social  life. 

All  that  is  stimulating, —  especially  to 
those  who  have  other  limitations,  also,  which 
Benham  had  not :  income,  education  or  lack 
of  it.  "  circumstances.''  and  so  forth.  But  one 


422 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


must  confess  that  Benham,  whatever  he 
learned  or  found  out  or  decided  for  himself, 
seems  actually  "  not  to  live  but  know/'  or,  if 
not  to  know,  to  strive  for  knowledge.  The 
search  for  knowledge  is  a  fascinating  thing, — 
one  of  the  most  fascinating  things  in  the 
world,  if  it  be  not  the  finest.  But  in  this 
book  it  weighs  on  the  reader  somehow  that 
Benham  brings  nothing  to  pass,  and  does  not 
even  try.  And  that  rather  impoverishes  the 
novel  though  it  may  thereby  be  more  like  life. 
Benham  was  a  pioneer.  Perhaps  now  that  he 
has  lived  his  life  with  less  accomplishment 
than  knowledge,  others  may  put  his  inven- 
tions to  everyday  use.  However  that  may  be, 
this  is  one  of  Mr.  Wells's  interesting  books, 
full  of  things  wholly  in  his  especial  way,  like 
the  experiences  in  the  Balkans,  and  aimed  at 
a  high  ideal,  bringing  into  a  definite  form 
many  fine  ideas  that  one  has  met  with  else- 
where in  Mr.  Wells's  work. 

Mr.  Theodore  Dreiser  does  not  hold  the 
commanding  position  in  letters  that  Mr. 
Wells  does,  but  his  work  is  always  worth 
while,  for  he  has  certain  fine  possessions,  one 
of  which  is  a  vast  amount  of  knowledge  of 
the  thing  he  is  writing  about,  which  is  joined 
to  an  unrestricted  willingness  and  great  abil- 
ity to  impart  whatever  he  knows.  Eugene 
Witla,  the  chief  figure  of  his  new  novel, 
"  The  '  Genius,' "  is  not  in  the  least  like  Ben- 
ham,  but  his  very  unlikeness  suggests  much. 
Mr.  Wells's  man,  like  Mr.  Wells  himself,  was 
intent  on  knowledge, —  in  a  large  way  a  scien- 
tist, a  person  who  wanted  to  know.  Mr. 
Dreiser's  character  is  an  artist.  Whether  Mr. 
Dreiser  means  that  he  is  a  great  artist,  or 
only  that  people  think  he  is.  may  be  doubtful. 
The  quotation-marks  in  the  title  imply  a 
query  which  becomes  more  insistent  as  one 
reads  the  book.  Certainly  Mr.  Dreiser  con- 
veys no  notion  of  a  great  artist  that  is  ade- 
quate to  ordinary  conceptions;  he  presents  a 
man  of  "artistic  temperament"  who  has  no 
ideas  or  feelings  that  are  not  shared  by  many. 
His  ideas  of  art  seem  ordinary,  such  as  would 
come  from  a  reading  of  the  magazines.  Here 
Mr.  Dreiser  seems  deficient.  He  gives  chap- 
ter and  verse  for  most  of  Witla's  acts  and 
ideas;  but  for  his  artistic  aims  and  accom- 
plishments, even  so  far  as  they  go,  he  depends 
usually  on  what  seem  rather  bare  common- 
places. Perhaps  he  means  to  do  so.  What- 
ever he  means,  he  has  depicted  a  man  very 
unlike  Mr.  Wells's  creation.  Benham  was  a 
man  of  average  abilities  who  was  led  to  a  fine 
life  by  mere  determination ;  Witla  was  a  man 
of  great  abilities  who  passed  through  strug- 
gle, success,  failure,  without  any  definite  mo- 
tive or  idea,  except  that  of  doing  just  as  he 


liked  at  any  given  time.  "  He  loved  beauty, — 
not  a  plan  in  life," — that  is  what  Mr.  Dreiser 
says  of  him.  That  may  be  the  real  difference 
between  artist  and  scientist:  Benham  had  a 
plan.  But  Witla's  love  of  beauty  (as  of  course 
one  will  guess)  brought  about  a  great  deal 
that  would  make  any  plan  of  life  look  rather 
mean. 

Whatever  kind  of  man  he  was  —  and  let  us 
be  glad  of  a  chance  not  to  take  him  for  a 
typical  American,  great  artist  or  not  —  Mr. 
Dreiser  presents  him  with  his  usual  remarka- 
ble vitality.  He  seems  to  do  this  by  a  multi- 
tude of  details  that  flow  .from  his  pen  as 
readily  as  ideas  come  from  Mr.  Wells,  and 
much  more  voluminously.  This  is  a  good 
thing;  it  gives  confidence.  Compare  Mr. 
Dreiser  in  this  respect  with  another  American 
novelist:  Mr.  Winston  Churchill  at  a  critical 
point  of  his  hero's  career  tells  us  that  his 
religious  beliefs  underwent  a  change,  caused 
by  three  months  reading  in  books  furnished 
by  the  head  of  the  public  library.  What  were 
the  particular  ideas  and  what  were  the  par- 
ticular books  we  are,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
left  to  guess.  But  Mr.  Dreiser,  when  (rather 
by  the  way)  Witla  becomes  reconciled  to  some 
sort  of  religious  feeling,  tells  us  exactly  what 
ideas  he  had  and  exactly  what  books  he  read. 
In  half  a  dozen  pages  he  puts  a  great  mass  of 
detail ;  it  may  be  good  or  bad,  sound  thinking 
or  not,  but  there  it  is.  If  it  is  worth  while 
you  can  look  it  up  and  see  what  it  is  all  about. 
You  do  not  have  to  take  it  on  trust.  That  is 
the  way  with  Mr.  Dreiser,  as  a  rule.  He  is 
generally  "  there  with  the  goods,"  as  they  say. 
Many  do  not  care  for  what  he  offers,  but  at 
least  he  does  offer  it.  And  that  is  a  great 
thing.  It  means  an  original  imagination. 
We  do  not  have  a  big  figure  struck  out  in 
outline  from  a  set  of  ideas  actually  or  conven- 
tionally held.  We  have  a  figure  definitely 
conceived,  doing  this  and  that,  thinking  and 
feeling  this  and  that;  but  in  all  his  thinking, 
feeling,  and  doing,  quite  definite,  real,  and 
vital, —  except  in  the  one  point  mentioned, 
where  perhaps  Mr.  Dreiser  meant  that  his 
"  genius  "  was  not  definite,  real,  and  vital,  and 
therefore  necessitated  the  quotation-marks. 

In  "  Eltham  House  "  Mrs.  Humphry  Ward 
had  a  subject  which  was  certainly,  as  she  con- 
ceived it,  an  immensely  good  one.  She 
thought  of  the  case  of  Lord  Holland,  who  in 
1796  ran  away  with  the  wife  of  Sir  Godfrey 
Webster,  and  subsequently  became  a  great 
figure  in  English  social  and  political  life:  and 
in  meditating  on  the  questions  involved,  she 
thought  of  presenting  the  same  case  to-day. 
Would  the  twentieth  century  endure  a  man 
whom  the  nineteenth  century  had  honored? 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


423 


What  sort  of  change  in  manners  and  morals 
would  the  experiment  bring  forth?  It  will 
be  no  surprise  that  Lord  Wing,  when  he  tries 
to  enter  politics,  finds  that  his  alliance  with 
a  charming  and  able  woman  who  had  left  her 
husband  for  him,  constitutes  an  insuperable 
obstacle,  in.  spite  of  divorce  and  marriage. 
Most  people  would  agree  with  Mrs.  Ward  in 
her  estimate  of  current  feeling.  Her  book  is 
rather  disappointing,  however,  in  that  it  does 
not  really  deal  with  the  subject  presented. 
Mrs.  Ward  does  not  seem  to  try  to  give  an 
adequate  idea  of  how  people  at  large  feel 
about  such  matters.  Lord  Wing  fails,  almost 
by  an  accident,  on  the  arousing  of  a  senti- 
ment against  him.  which  Mrs.  Ward  presents 
in  the  main  as  narrow  and  prejudiced,  if  not 
mean.  That  may  have  been  just  what  she 
meant  to  do.  If  she  did,  one  would  think  that 
she  misread  public  feeling ;  if  she  did  not,  she 
hardly  carried  out  her  first  idea.  More  prob- 
ably, however,  Mrs.  Ward  really  gave  little 
attention  to  the  larger,  the  social,  aspects  of 
the  case ;  for  most  of  her  effort  is  given,  and 
that  successfully,  to  a  presentation  of  the 
position  of  Lady  Wing.  The  novel  is  really 
very  little  of  a  social  document,  but  rather 
the  picture  of  a  personal  experience. 

This  is  true.  also,  some  will  say,  of  Judge 
Grant's  new  book.  "  The  High  Priestess."  It 
is  the  story  of  a  woman  of  our  day,  a  woman 
of  ability  and  character,  who  is  presented  as 
having  misunderstood  the  true  direction  of 
woman's  progress  and  as  only  reaching  a  true 
valuation  of  her  own  great  powers  after  much 
trouble  and  difficulty.  Here  readers  will  dif- 
fer as  to  whether  we  have  a  particular  story 
or  a  general  case.  I  think  the  former,  but  the 
fact  is  one  of  sociology  or  current  history 
rather  than  of  literature. 

It  is  more  than  a  generation,  now,  that 
Mr.  Grant  has  been  an  observer  of  society  and 
a  maker  of  books,  and  in  that  time  his  eye  has 
not  grown  dim  or  his  hand  lost  its  cunning. 
He  began  as  something  of  a  satirist  in  a 
lighter  way,  and  he  has  never  quite  lost  the 
satirical  touch.  He  continued  in  life  in  a 
profession  that  is  almost  of  necessity  mindful 
of  general  laws  and  regular  precedents.  Such 
a  combination  of  influences,  one  might  think, 
would  render  impossible  either  the  exuberant 
ideality  of  Mr.  Wells  or  the  elaborate  imagi- 
nation of  Mr.  Dreiser  or  the  personal  sym- 
pathy of  Mrs.  Ward.  But  it  gives  other 
things  quite  as  interesting, —  all  sorts'  of  pic- 
tures of  manners  and  character ;  so  that  the 
book  is  good  reading  even  to  those  who  do  not 
care  for  its  thesis.  But  it  does  not  succeed  in 
giving  something  which  is  lacking  in  the  oth- 
ers as  well,  and  which  is  very  often  lacking 


in  the  fiction  of  our  day, —  namely,  power  of 
construction:  ability  so  to  order  one's  mate- 
rial as  to  make  the  most  telling  effect  on  those 
who  read.  That  is  one  of  the  great  things  of 
fiction, —  Mr.  James  has  it  preeminently,  and 
Mrs.  Wharton  and  some  others  of  our  day. 
Any  of  the  above  books  would  be  better  with 
it, —  if  they  lost  nothing  else  thereby. 

EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


BRIEFS  oxJSjsw  BOOKS. 

If  proof  were  required  of  the 
obvious  fact  that  the  intellec- 
tual and  spiritual  development 
of  the  human  mind  is  taking  place  at  present 
chiefly  along  the  feminine  side,  it  may  be 
found  in  the  number  of  first-rate  contribu- 
tions to  the  study  of  religious  psychology 
that  are  being  offered  by  women  writers. 
Following  upon  the  excellent  triad  of  books 
on  Mysticism  by  Miss  Evelyn  Underbill,  we 
welcome  Miss  Annie  Lyman  Sears's  "  The 
Drama  of  the  Spiritual  Life"  (Macmillan). 
The  Introduction  by  Professor  Josiah  Royce 
adds  much  to  the  interest  of  the  work;  and 
though  any  conscious  or  intentional  direction 
of  Miss  Sears's  arguments  and  conclusions  is 
generously  disavowed  by  Professor  Royce,  it 
is  not  difficult  for  anyone  who  is  acquainted 
with  "  The  Problem  of  Christianity "  and 
"  The  Philosophy  of  Loyalty "  to  trace  the 
influence  of  the  master  on  the  pupil.  Nor 
need  this  be  regarded  as  in  any  sense  a  dero- 
gation from  the  claim  to  originality  on  the 
part  of  the  writer.  We  are  all  in  large  part 
what  our  teachers  have  made  us,  and  the 
highest  service  any  writer  can  perform  is  to 
"interpret"  the  truth  and  focus  the  light 
generated  through  the  spiritual  experiences 
under  which  his  own  mind  has  been  formed. 
In  the  opening  chapter,  Miss  Sears  deals  with 
religious  idealism  in  a  particularly  satisfying 
manner,  and  reveals  the  distinguishing  char- 
acteristic of  Man  as  a  creature  who  "looks 
before  and  after,"  who  creates  ideals  and  is 
unhappy  because  of  his  inability  to  attain  to 
them.  How  the  ideal  which  is  "  not  his  actual 
self  but  beyond  his  present  self"  becomes 
sublimated  into  the  concept  of  God,  and  this 
in  turn  "  becomes  moralized  and  spiritualized 
into  the  Absolute  Self,"  is  discussed  in  a  way 
that  does  no  violence  to  the  thought  that  the 
law  of  continuous  evolution  has  ordered  the 
course  of  spiritual  as  well  as  physical  devel- 
opment. The  consciousness  of  sin  becoming 
ever  more  keen  as  ideals  of  perfection  rise 
higher,  is  seen  to  be  a  natural  corollary  to 
growth  in  grace;  and  its  ultimate  develop- 


424 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


ment  into  that  consciousness  of  moral  re- 
sponsibility for  the  sins  and  oppressions  of 
society  which  so  strikingly  characterizes  mod- 
ern times,  is  shown  to  be  what  it  is,  a  step 
toward  the  ultimate  end  of  all  religion, — 
union  with  the  beloved  community.  Very 
timely,  however,  is  the  warning  that  "  the 
emphasis  on  the  social  experience  easily  tends 
to  the  external  and  mechanical,  and  yet  the 
conscious  goal  of  the  modern  .social  movement 
is  not  an  external  and  mechanical  one.  It  is 
in  part  brotherhood,  but  not  merely  broth- 
erhood. It  is  in  part  an  emphasis  on  the 
enhancement  of  life,  that  is,  on  a  value  which 
is  aesthetic  and  individual  as  well  as  social." 
"  Shall  we  not,"  our  author  asks,  "  behold  a 
new  type  of  rebel?  The  rebellion  of  the  new 
day  will  come,  I  believe,  not  from  the  rebels 
against  established  religion,  but  from  the 
idealists,  the  artists  and  poets, —  for  it  •  is 
these  who  to-day  suffer  under  the  authority 
of  scientific-materialism  and  of  social  prac- 
tical life."  If  it  does  not  seem  ungracious  to 
say  so  of  a  book  that  is  good  in  every  page, 
we  could  have  wished  it  had  been  considera- 
bly shorter.  When  so  much  claims  our  atten- 
tion, it  makes  too  great  a  draft  upon  time  and 
thought  to  face  nearly  five  hundred  pages  of 
closely  printed  matter  of  a  kind  that  forbids 
"  judicious  skipping."  With  this  qualifica- 
tion, we  estimate  "  The  Drama  of  the  Spir- 
itual Life"  as  among  the  most  valuable  of 
recent  contributions  to  the  subject  dealt  with. 


Problem,  of  Although  the  end  of  the  great 
readjustment  European  war  is  not  yet  in 
sight,  discussion  of  the  probable 
results,  economic,  social,  and  political,  and  of 
the  problems  of  reconstruction  that  must  be 
faced  by  Europe  after  the  conclusion  of  peace, 
has  already  begun.  In  a  collection  of  essays 
entitled  "  The  Problems  of  Readjustment 
after  the  War"  (Appleton),  a  group  of  dis- 
tinguished American  professors  has  under- 
taken to  forecast  certain  of  these  results,  and 
to  point  out  the  problems  of  readjustment. 
Professor  Hart  of  Harvard,  who  is  the  editor 
of  the  volume,  discusses  some  of  the  political 
transformations  that  have  already  occurred, 
particularly  in  respect  to  democracy,  and 
some  that  are  likely  to  take  place  in  conse- 
quence of  the  war.  He  points  out  that  the 
measures  to  which  some  of  the  belligerent 
governments  have  been  compelled  to  resort 
have  given  a  marked  stimulus  to  Socialism, 
which  as  a  principle  has  never  before  in  the 
history  of  mankind  won  such  a  victory.  The 
method  of  the  war,  he  tells  us,  has  given  the 
Socialists  ammunition  for  half  a  century  to 
come  by  proving  that  the  community  can 


work  more  efficiently  through  collective  effort 
than  through  individual  effort.  Whether  the 
war  will  enhance  the  principle  of  representa- 
tive government  depends  in  a  large  degree, 
he  thinks,  upon  the  success  of  republican 
France  and  democratic  England.  Finally,  he 
asserts  that  there  are  certain  lessons  which 
we  in  America  can  learn  from  European  ex- 
perience during  the  war,  especially  in  regard 
to  organization  for  defence.  Professor  Selig- 
man  of  Columbia  undertakes  the  more  diffi- 
cult task  of  discovering  the  origins  of  the 
war  in  economic  rather  than  in  political 
causes.  His  economic  interpretation  of  the 
war  shows  originality  and  insight,  but  his 
theory  of  causes  is  not  entirely  convincing. 
Professor  Giddings,  also  of  Columbia,  deals 
with  the  social  aspects  and  results  of  the  war, 
with  particular  reference  to  their  bearing 
upon  the  future  birth  rate  and  the  character 
of  the  offspring  begotten  by  those  left  behind 
and  the  physically  enfeebled  who  return.  His 
conclusions  are  less  pessimistic  than  those 
popularly  held ;  indeed,  he  is  skeptical  enough 
to  doubt  whether  war  greatly  affects  the 
course  of  natural  selection.  Professor  Wil- 
loughby  of  Joljns  Hopkins  University,  in  an 
essay  on  "The  Individual  and  the  State/' 
contrasts  the  German  theory  of  state  control 
with  that  which  prevails  in  England  and  the 
United  States.  The  German  doctrine,  which 
largely  sacrifices  the  individual  to  the  State, 
possesses,  he  admits,  elements  of  lofty  ideal- 
ism, but  it  rests  on  a  false  assumption  and 
demands  sacrifices  for  which  no  real  return 
is  made.  He  agrees  with  Professor  Hart  that 
if  the  extraordinary  extension  of  state  func- 
tions produces  good  results  the  regime  will 
in  many  instances  be  continued  after  peace 
is  established.  Professor  Wilson  of  Harvard 
reviews  the  conduct  of  the  belligerents  in 
respect  to  their  observance  or  non-observance 
of  the  laws  of  war,  and  points  out  possi- 
ble modifications  in  the  existing  rules  that 
may  be  necessary  on  account  of  the  new 
agencies  and  methods  of  warfare.  One  of 
the  most  valuable  essays  in  the  volume  is 
that  by  Professor  Emory  R.  Johnson  of  the 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  who  considers 
the  financial  and  commercial  aspects  of  the 
war  and  the  probable  results  on  international 
trade,  the  rate  of  interest,  investments,  credit, 
etc.  Professor  Johnson  thinks  the  interest 
rate  will  undoubtedly  be  higher,  that  there 
will  be  'an  abnormal  inflation  of  credit,  that 
the  American  supply  of  gold  will  be  greatly 
reduced,  that  a  period  of  business  depression 
will  in  all  likelihood  follow  the  war.  and  that 
there  will  probably  be  a  marked  rise  in  the 
tide  of  immigration. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


425 


From  Waterloo 
to  Liege. 


The  fourth  and  concluding:  vol- 
ume of  Mr.  Arthur  D.  Innes's 
"History  of  England  and  the 
British  Empire"  (Macmillan)  covers  the  full 
and  intensely  interesting  period  from  1802  to 
1914,  and  has  been  finished  since  the  beginning 
of  the  "^schylean  drama  "  now  being  enacted 
upon  the  stage  of  Europe.  Thus  the  writing 
of  this  volume  has  laid  upon  the  author  the 
task  of  opening  and  closing  his  narrative  with 
the  circumstance  of  a  general  European  war. 
His  treatment,  at  the  outset,  of  the  Napoleonic 
struggle  has  the  advantage  of  a  century  of 
historical  perspective;  the  volume  ends  with 
a  nine-page  epilogue  which  outlines  the  well 
known  events  from  1911  to  the  outbreak  of 
hostilities  among  the  protagonists  of  the  pres- 
ent war.  The  account  of  the  military  and 
economic  conditions  leading  to  the  Peace  of 
Amiens,  which  opens  the  first  of  the  eleven 
chapters  of  the  book,  shows  very  clearly  that 
England's  re-entrance  into  the  continental 
upheaval  was  self-defensive.  Napoleon's  pur- 
pose to  absorb  the  small  states  of  Holland 
and  Switzerland,  as  well  as  the  little  princi- 
palities of  Germany,  involved  the  presump- 
tion that  the  affairs  of  the  continent  were  no 
concern  of  England's.  This  imperial  attitude 
led  to  the  conflict  that  ended  at  Waterloo. 
As  the  student  of  this  period  reads  again,  in 
Mr.  Innes's  well  written  account,  the  story  of 
Napoleon's  attempt  at  imperial  expansion  by 
conquest,  he  will  find  himself  reflecting  upon 
how  far  the  French  and  German  positions  of 
a  century  ago  have  changed  places,  and  to 
what  extent  the  political  principle  on  which 
insular  England  then  fought  France  is  re- 
asserting itself  in  the  present  "pentacost  of 
calamity."  Mr.  Innes  traces  the  story  of 
Britain's  succession  of  great  changes  during 
the  century  in  politics,  industry,  and  litera- 
ture. His  treatment  of  persons  and  events  is 
admirable  in  proportion,  and  his  style  is 
always  free  from  obscurity  and  iteration. 
His  judgments  on  the  greater  English  writers 
are  expressed  with  dignity  and  with  insight, 
and  he  speaks  clearly  and  sympathetically 
throughout  of  the  growth  of  democracy  among 
the  English  people.  As  he  reaches  the  latter 
half  of  his  story,  however,  his  comment  at 
points  becomes  less  satisfactory.  This  is  par- 
ticularly true  of  his  treatment  of  foreign 
affairs.  His  exposition,  for  example,  of  the 
"  Trent  affair  "  is  somewhat  misleading.  A 
mere  statement  of  facts  without  comment 
would  have  been  better.  There  seems  to  be 
no  real  ground  for  the  phrase  that  Lincoln's 
position  in  the  matter,  which  averted  war, 
was  "yielded,  though  with  an  ill  grace" 
(page  303).  This  statement,  as  well  as 


another  on  page  460  to  the  effect  that  Presi- 
dent Cleveland's  attitude  in  the  Canadian 
Fisheries  Treaty  and  the  Venezuelan  dispute 
"  was  an  electioneering  move,"  and  that  Lord 
Salisbury's  management  of  the  affair  was  un- 
influenced "  by  the  blatancy  of  the  presiden- 
tial appeal,"  is  too  journalistic  for  historical 
purposes.  Mr.  Innes's  volume  is  rendered 
still  more  useful  by  the  addition  of  an  ab- 
stract of  a  recently  issued  report  of  the 
British  Admiralty  stating  in  detail  the  tac- 
tics employed  by  Nelson  and  Collingwood  at 
Trafalgar.  The  abstract  is  accompanied  by 
a  good  diagram  exhibiting  the  relative  posi- 
tions of  the  French  and  English  at  the  point 
of  attack,  as  well  as  the  relative  parts  played 
by  the  two  English  commanders  in  the  battle. 


Platitude,  Dr-    Charles   W.    Eliot's    "The 

for  the  college  Training  for  an  Effective  Life  " 
(Houghton)  is  a  compact  little 
volume  containing  seven  lectures  or  addresses 
to  students.  When  one  recalls  some  of  the 
classic  utterances  to  students  by  Emerson, 
Carlyle,  and  others,  one  realizes  all  that  such 
exhortations  to  the  higher  life  by  a  veteran 
scholar  might  be,  and  one  regrets  the  more 
that  such  exhortations  should  contain  any- 
thing that  savors  of  the  merely  platitudinous. 
In  few  sentences  does  Dr.  Eliot's  book  rise 
above  the  level  of  Samuel  Smiles's  "  Self- 
Help."  The  Englishman's  heaven  of  "Getting 
on  "  is  too  persistently  held  before  the  mind 
of  the  reader.  One  is  forced  to  recall  Ruskin's 
scathing  satire  on  that  idea  of  "  advancement 
in  life"  which  means  having  a  visitor's  and 
servant's  bell  at  one's  door,  and  his  sugges- 
tion that  advancement  in  life  conceived  in 
such  terms  may  mean  literally  "  advancement 
in  death";  or  that  the  most  pathetic  life- 
failures  are  to  be  found  among  what  the 
world  calls  the  effective  successes.  We  are 
distressed,  also,  by  one  or  two  obvious  slips 
which  amount  almost  to  a  descent  into  the 
grotesque.  On  page  5  the  author  defines  an 
honorable  man  as  "one  who  never  oppresses 
or  cheats  a  person  that  is  weaker  or  poorer 
than  himself."  We  had  assumed  that  an 
honorable  man  is  equally  scrupulous  in  his 
dealings  with  the  powerful  and  rich.  Again, 
the  student  is  enjoined  to  "associate  with 
your  superiors  rather  than  with  your  infe- 
riors; this  is  an  excellent  rule  on  which  to 
select  your  friends."  The  obvious  rejoinder 
is  that  this  may  turn  out  to  be  rather  hard 
upon  our  superiors;  and  that  the  altruism 
which  Dr.  Eliot  assures  his  readers  "is  an 
important  element  in  the  enjoyment  of  most 
kinds  of  work,"  might  suggest  seeking  the 
companionship  of  our  inferiors  for  the  infe- 


426 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


riors'  sake  if  not  for  our  own.  Some  one  has 
said  of  Jesus  that  he  not  only  loved  the  poor 
and  outcast ;  he  did  more,  he  liked  them,  and 
preferred  their  company  to  that  of  the  rich 
and  powerful.  Perhaps  Dr.  Eliot  intends  his 
injunction  to  point  to  our  spiritual  superiors, 
regardless  of  wealth,  education,  or  social 
status;  but  we  fear  that  most  readers  of  his 
address  entitled  "  The  Character  of  a  Gentle- 
man "  will  hardly  interpret  his  words  in  this 
way.  On  the  whole,  this  little  book  does 
nothing  to  enhance  the  high  estimate  in  which 
Dr.  Eliot  is  held,  and  for  that  reason  we  could 
have  wished  it  had  not  been  published. 


Favorites 
in  poetry 
and  fiction. 


"A  Book  of  Preferences  in  Lit- 
erature "  (Dutton),  by  Mr. 
Eugene  Mason,  is  well  named. 
The  author  presents  a  few  of  his  favorites  in 
poetry  and  fiction,  and  tells  why  they  are  his 
favorites.  The  list  contains  ten  names:  M. 
Anatole  France,  Mr.  Kipling,  Guy  de  Mau- 
passant, Jose-Maria  de  Heredia,  Mr.  W.  B. 
Yeats,  Christina  Rossetti,  Paul  Verlaine, 
Francis  Thompson,  Walter  Pater,  and  the 
author  of  the  "  Roman  de  Brut/'  The  second 
and  third  names  figure  prominently  in  a  chap- 
ter on  "  The  Short  Story,"  in  which  is  traced 
the  development  of  that  form  of  literary  art 
and  it  is  asserted  that  England  shares  with 
France  the  glory  of  having  revived  the  conte 
in  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
with  no  slightest  reference  to  America's  nota- 
ble contribution  to  this  species  of  literature. 
The  author  .of  "  Sylvestre  Bonnard  "  is  made 
to  serve  as  an  example  of  "  the  complete  scep- 
tic," Heredia  is  "the  poet  as  artist,"  Mr. 
Yeats  is  "  the  poet  as  mystic,"  Christina  Ros- 
setti and  Paul  Verlaine  appear  as  "  two  Chris- 
tian poets,"  Francis  Thompson  as  "  a  Catholic 
poet,"  "Walter  Pater  is  exalted,  as  a  master  of 
English,  to  an  eminence  not  below  that  of 
Shakespeare,  Lamb,  and  Newman,  and  "Wace's 
name  heads  a  hitherto  unpublished  introduc- 
tion to  the  King  Arthur  portion  of  the 
"Roman  de  Brut."  The  atmosphere  of  the 
little  volume  is  that  of  refined  taste  and  care- 
ful scholarship,  and  in  its  style  the  book  is  a 
refreshing  oasis  in  the  desert  of  arid  medi- 
ocrity of  facile  English.  Admirably  expres- 
sive is  the  author's  characterization  of  the 
sonnet  as  viewed  by  the  average  reader.  "  I 
believe,"  he  says,  "the  public  considers  the 
sonnet  a  very  hard  boiled  egg  at  best." 


No  one  would  think  of  applying 
Mr.  Wister's  playful  metaphor 
of  quackery  to  the  kindly  and 
venerable  author  of  the  sayings  in  "An  Art 
Philosopher's  Cabinet"  (Putnam)  ;  yet  many 


The  Harold 
Bell  Wright  of 
art  criticism. 


of  these  sayings  show  a  parallelism  with  the 
quotations  from  best-selling  novels  that  Mr. 
Wister  has  adduced.  Mr.  George  Lansing 
Raymond's  books  on  aesthetic  subjects  have 
become  so  many,  it  seems,  that  a  chrestomathy 
is  necessary,  to  supplement  the  compendium 
already  issued.  The  congenial  task  of  prepar- 
ing it  has  fallen  to  his  disciple,  Mr.  Marion 
Mills  Miller,  who  shows  the  same  appreciation 
as  in  his  earlier  four-hundred-page  classified 
selection  from  Mr.  Raymond's  poetical  works. 
A  semester  under  Theodor  Vischer.  which 
convinced  him  that  the  basis  of  art  is  expres- 
sion, a  sympathetic  reading  of  Ruskin.  an 
astonishing  accumulation  of  curious  lore, 
together  with  a  sound  piety  of  character,  have 
been  Mr.  Raymond's  equipment  in  writing  his 
voluminous  system  of  comparative  aesthetics. 
The  Burlington  "  Hawkeye,"  "  The  Christian 
Register,"  and  "  The  Fireside,"  with  some 
more  sophisticated  periodicals,  have  united  in 
acclaiming  the  successive  volumes,  as  the  pub- 
lishers recite  with  pardonable  gratification. 
For  those  who  have  not  had  the  leisure  to  read 
them,  we  may  quote  the  following  statement 
by  Mr.  Miller  of  one  of  his  author's  most 
important  fundamental  propositions :  "  The 
primary  and  most  universal  endeavor  of  the 
imagination  when  influenced  by  the  artistic 
tendency  is  to  form  an  image  that  is  made  to 
seem  a  unity  by  comparing  and  grouping 
together  effects  that,  when  seen  or  heard,  are 
recognized  to  be  wholly  or  partially  alike." 
Those  who  wish  an  inspiring  and  reverent 
treatment  of  artistic  topics  incidental  to  the 
main  theme,  cannot  do  better  than  refer  to 
the  sections  under  such  rubrics  as  "  Fads  in 
Art,"  "  Nude  Art,"  and  so  on.  As  the  Buf- 
falo "  Courier "  says  of  the  companion  vol- 
ume. "  The  compiler  has  done  fine  work." 


The  disease 
of  lying. 


Dr.  and  Mrs.  William  Healy 
have  written  an  interesting  and 
significant  book  under  the  title, 
"Pathological  Lying,  Accusation,  and  Swin- 
dling," which  forms  the  initial  number  of 
the  "Criminal  Science  Monographs"  (Little. 
Brown  &  Co.).  Of  the  nineteen  cases  of 
"  normal "  mentality  here  dealt  with,  in  which 
at  least  the  lying  is  the  central  symptom  and 
in  some  cases  the  total  abnormality,  all  but 
one  are  young  women  (ages  mostly  sixteen  to 
nineteen.)  Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  mal- 
ady is  a  strikingly  feminine  failing;  which 
means  that  the  masculine  counterpart  of  the 
kindred  disorder  takes  a  different  form.  One 
girl  comes  with  a  pathetic  story  of  family 
tragedy;  another  is  a  mystery  to  herself  and 
friends:  a  third  simulates  illness  and  makes 
the  rounds  of  the  hospitals:  a  fourth  accuses 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


427 


her  father  of  immorality  and  also  indulges  in 
shoplifting;  a  fifth  confesses  to  her  professor 
that  she  has  killed  a  man ;  a  sixth  indulges  in 
wild  romancing  about  all  sorts  of  exploits;  a 
seventh  is  plainly  incorrigible  and  includes 
lying  among  her  bad  habits ;  the  eighth,  ninth, 
tenth,  and  the  rest  range  from  mild  falsifica- 
tion, petty  swindling,  accusing  self  and  others 
of  imaginary  crimes  with  elaboration  of  de- 
tails, to  most  serious  criminal  violations  and 
charges.  From  beginning  to  end  it  is  a  tissue 
of  lies,  and,  until  the  clue  is  found,  a  baffling 
one.  Many  of  these  cases  come  forward  in 
the  courts  or  in  preliminary  legal  investiga- 
tion, when  testimony  is  contradictory  or  scan- 
dal seems  unfounded.  Society  has  an  interest 
in  such  offenders ;  and  the  clear  connection  in 
many  cases  with  subnormal  mentality  estab- 
lishes the  close  relation  of  such  vagaries  with 
mental  deviation.  Dr.  Healy  seems  inclined 
to  limit  the  diagnosis  of  hysteria  to  cases 
with  marked  major  or  bodily  symptoms,  and 
thus  loses  the  chance  to  expand  the  hysterical 
concept  to  precisely  fit  his  cases.  The  self- 
centred  mentality,  the  alliance  with  the  sex- 
impulse,  the  desire  for  attention,  interest, 
sensation,  the  weak  hold  of  the  objective  world, 
the  indulgence  in  romancing,  make  a  classic 
picture  of  the  hysterical  culture-bed.  As  a 
fact,  his  cases  have  simply  carried  the  issue 
to  a  more  dramatic  conclusion.  They  ap- 
proach the  borderland,  and  some  belong  on 
the  yonder  side.  The  feminine  quality  of  the 
complex  is  equally  convincing,  as  is  also  the 
occasional  alliance  with  nervous  symptoms 
equally  characteristic  of  the  feminine  liabil- 
ity. The  collection  of  cases  is  valuable,  and 
the  interpretation  restrained  and  objective. 
The  facts  are  available  for  some  interesting 
psychological  and  sociological  conclusions. 


History  of 
dubious  value. 


It  is  reported  that  when  the 
Kaiser  sent  his  soldiers  to 
China  in  the  year  of  the  Boxer 
uprising,  he  counselled  them  to  terrorize  the 
Chinese  as  the  Huns  terrorized  the  people  of 
Europe  in  the  fifth  century.  The  story  may 
be  mythical,  but  Englishmen  find  it  very 
credible  just  now  and  frequently  refer  to  the 
German  soldiers  as  Huns.  In  order  to  prove 
that  the  appellation  is  not  without  its  justifi- 
cation, Mr.  Edward  Hutton  has  written  a  vol- 
ume on  "Attila  and  the  Huns"  (Button),  in 
which  Attila's  policy  of  "  f rightf ulness "  is 
illustrated  by  the  citing  of  recent  events  and 
parallels.  The  author  also  accepts  and  con- 
tends for  the  theory  that  the  Prussians  are  of 
Finnic  origin,  and  consequently  of  the  same 
race  as  the  Huns.  We  do  not  know  much 
about  Attila's  career,  so  his  story  is  soon  told ; 


to  lengthen  the  book  somewhat,  the  author 
has  published  his  sources,  which  comprise 
about  one-third  of  the  volume.  If  these  were 
translated,  their  introduction  might  be  of  real 
value ;  but  there  seems  to  be  but  little  justifi- 
cation for  printing  Latin  documents  in  a  book 
which  is  evidently  intended  for  popular  con- 
sumption. In  his  account  of  the  preliminaries 
of  the  battle  of  Chalons. —  which,  by  the  way, 
was  also  fought  on  the  Marne, —  Mr.  Hutton 
takes  occasion  to  rebuke  the  Americans  for 
their  failure  to  assist  the  allies:  "The  Visi- 
goths replied  as  America  is  doing  to-day :  '  It 
is  not  our  business ;  see  you  to  it.' "  Mr. 
Hutton's  history  can  have  no  value,  and  can 
serve  no  purpose  except  to  stir  up  hatred ;  but 
unfortunately  it  is  to  be  feared  that  in  this 
respect  it  will  not  differ  from  much  of  the 
history  to  be  written  during  the  next  decade. 


As  seen  from 
the  editor's 
sanctum. 


Rather  unusual  must  be  the  cir- 
cumstances justifying  the  pub- 
lication of  a  four-hundred-page 
volume  of  short  editorials  on  questions  of  the 
day  —  that  is,  of  the  day  on  which  they  sev- 
erally were  written.  But  the  publishers 
(George  H.  Doran  Co.)  of  "National  Flood- 
marks:  Week  by  Week  Observations  on 
American  Life  as  Seen  by  Collier's "  would 
doubtless  maintain  that  "  Collier's "  is  no 
ordinary  newspaper-,  and  in  fact  the  editor 
of  the  book,  Mr.  Mark  Sullivan,  takes  pains 
to  inform  the  reader  that  no  perfunctory 
utterances  have  ever  been  allowed  to  deaden 
the  vivacity  of  that  weekly's  editorial  col- 
umns. Each  article  is  "the  sincere  expres- 
sion of  either  a  conviction  or  a  mood,"  and 
not  "written  to  order,"  he  earnestly  assures 
us.  These  selected  expressions  of  convictions 
and  moods  run  back  over  four  years  and  are 
grouped  under  twenty-three  general  headings, 
making  a  total  of  about  three  hundred  more 
or  less  piquant  paragraphs  on  topics  not  yet 
of  purely  antiquarian  interest.  Admirers  of 
Mr.  Norman  Hapgood's  trenchant  style  might 
wish  the  volume  to  have  been  extended  so  as 
to  cover  an  even  longer  period.  There  is, 
however,  good  reading  in  plenty,  of  the  sort 
here  indicated,  in  the  present  collection. 


True  stories 
of  the  deaf 
and  the  blind. 


Miss  Margaret  Prescott  Mon- 
tague tells  a  number  of  pathetic 
and  moving  stories  about  some 
of  the  little  deaf  children  and  blind  children 
whom  she  has  learned  to  know  as  only  a  sym- 
pathetic teacher  (next  to  a  loving  mother) 
can  know  them.  "Closed  Doors"  (Hough- 
ton)  she  appropriately  names  this  collection 
of  first-hand  narratives  from  a  certain  State 
school  for  the  deaf  and  blind.  Touching  in- 


428 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


deed  is  the  story  she  tells  of  the  little  deaf 
and  dumb  boy  who  heroically  and  successfully 
struggled  to  articulate  the  one  word  that  gave 
ecstasies  of  rapture  to  his  blind  mother  when 
next  she  visited  him  at  the  school.  Equally 
moving  is  the  account  of  the  deaf  boy  threat- 
ened with  blindness  and  vainly  trying  to 
wipe  away  the  darkness  from  his  eyes.  The 
pompous  and  unfeeling  Mr.  Prouty,  head  of 
the  Board  of  Control  and  an  astute  politician, 
is  also  well  portrayed;  one  is  glad  to  see,  in 
the  end,  that  the  piteous  sights  before  him  do 
finally  move  him  to  some  show  of  feeling. 
Dr.  Richard  C.  Cabot  warmly  commends  the 
book  in  an  appreciative  preface. 


BRIEFER  MENTION. 

Publication  of  the  late  Francis  Fisher  Browne's 
"  Every-Day  Life  of  Lincoln  "  has  been  taken  over 
by  Messrs.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  and  the  book  is 
now  issued  in  a  new  and  cheaper  edition.  Since 
its  first  appearance,  nearly  thirty  years  ago,  this 
work  has  gradually  taken  precedence  in  popular- 
ity over  all  other  biographies  of  Lincoln ;  and  the 
excellent  form  of  this  new  edition,  combined  with 
the  low  price,  will  undoubtedly  ensure  for  it  a 
still  wider  circle  of  readers  than  it  has  hitherto 
had.  A  fine  photogravure  reproduction  of  Mar- 
shall's portrait  of  Lincoln  is  included  as  a  frontis- 
piece, and  there  are  two  other  portraits  in  the 
volume. 

One  of  the  latest  school  texts  in  English  history 
is  the  "  Short  History  of  England  and  the  British 
Empire"  (Holt),  by  Professor  Laurence  M.  Lar- 
son of  the  University  of  Illinois.  This  book  covers 
the  field  adequately  for  secondary  schools.  It  is 
written  in  a  clear  and  direct  style,  and  constitutes 
one  of  the  most  readable  texts  in  its  class,  at  the 
same  time  producing  the  impression  of  a  scholarly 
acquaintance  with  the  sources.  The  industrial  and 
social  facts,  as  well  as  the  political,  are  dealt  with. 
There  are  nearly  seven  hundred  pages  in  the  vol- 
ume, and  a  number  of  illustrations  are  included. 
As  a  text  for  high  schools,  it  will  doubtless  meet 
with  general  favor. 

The  momentous  events  now  transpiring  in  the 
Far  East  make  timely  the  new  edition  of  Sir 
William  Muir's  "The  Caliphate:  Its  Rise,  De- 
cline, and  Fall."  First  issued  in  1883,  the  book 
at  once  became  the  standard  treatment  in  English 
of  its  subject.  Subsequent  editions  appeared  in 
1891  and  1899,  and  now  Mr.  T.  H.  Weir  has 
given  the  work  a  thorough  revision.  Among  the 
changes  which  he  introduces  are  the  adoption  of 
the  system  of  Arabic  transliteration  followed  by 
the  Royal  Asiatic  Society,  the  incorporation  of 
many  observations  from  Wellhausen's  "Das  Ara- 
bische  Reich  und  Sein  Sturz,"  and  the  compilation 
of  an  up-to-date  bibliography.  The  publisher, 
Mr.  John  Grant  of  Edinburgh,  has  given  this  new 
edition  a  most  attractive  and  workmanlike  setting. 


NOTES. 


An  English  edition  of  Mr.  H.  C.  Chatfield- 
Taylor's  scholarly  biography  of  Goldoni  will  be 
published  at  once  by  Messrs.  Chatto  &  Windus  of 
London. 

A  critical  study  of  Mr.  Kipling  by  Mr.  John 
Palmer  will  be  added  at  once  to  the  "  Writers  of 
the  Day "  series,  issued  under  the  imprint  of 
Messrs.  Holt. 

"  The  Psychology  of  Relaxation  "  by  Mr.  G.  T. 
W.  Patrick,  announced  for  autumn  publication  by 
the  Houghton  Mifflin  Co.,  has  been  postponed 
until  next  spring. 

An  additional  title  soon  to  appear  in  the  "  New 
Poetry  Series  "  is  "Stillwater  Pastorals,  and  Other 
Poems "  by  Mr.  Paul  Shivell,  with  a  preface  by 
Professor  Bliss  Perry. 

Three  books  of  fiction,  hitherto  unannounced,  to 
be  published  this  month  by  Messrs.  Appleton  are 
"  The  Winged  Victory "  by  Mme.  Sarah  Grand, 
"  Birds'  Fountain  "  by  Baroness  von  Hutten,  and 
"Police!  "  by  Mr.  Robert  W.  Chambers. 

A  collection  of  stories  and  poems  by  Mr.  H. 
Fielding-Hall  is  announced  by  Messrs.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  The  volume  is  inspired  by  the  present 
situation  in  Europe,  and  more  specifically  by  inci- 
dents and  methods  of  recruiting  in  England. 

Many  of  the  monuments  and  other  treasures 
shattered  in  the  war  are  illustrated  and  described 
in  the  new  volume  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  W.  Champ- 
ney,  entitled  "  Romance  of  Old  Belgium,"  whicli 
Messrs.  Putnam  have  nearly  ready  for  publication. 

Mr.  Arnold  Bennett's  first-hand  impressions  of 
the  war  will  be  published  by  Messrs.  Doran  under 
the  title  of  "  Over  There."  From  the  same  house 
will  come  Mr.  David  Lloyd  George's  "  Through 
Terror  to  Triumph,"  being  a  collection  of  war 
speeches. 

"  Wood  and  Stone  "  is  the  title  of  a  forthcoming 
novel  by  Mr.  John  Cowper  Powys  whicli  will  be 
published  about  the  middle  of  this  month  by  Mr. 
G.  Arnold  Shaw  of  New  York.  The  book  is 
described  as  "  a  dramatic  answer  to  Nietzsche's 
philosophy." 

Mr.  Conway  Whittle  Sams  has  written,  and 
Messrs.  Putnam  will  publish,  a  series  of  books 
describing  "  The  Conquest  of  Virginia."  The  first 
volume,  to  appear  this  month,  is  entitled  "  The 
Forest  Primeval:  An  Account,  based  on  Original 
Documents,  of  the  Indians  in  that  Portion  of  the 
Continent  in  whicli  was  Established  the  First 
English  Colony  in  America." 

One  of  the  few  war  books  likely  to  serve  a 
definitely  constructive  purpose  is  the  forthcoming 
volume  entitled  "  Towards  a  Lasting  Settlement," 
in  which  various  fundamental  problems  relating 
to  the  war  and  the  future  are  discussed  by  Messrs. 
G.  Lowes  Dickinson,  H.  N.  Brailsford,  J.  A.  Hob- 
son,  Vernon  Lee,  Philip  Snowden,  M.P.,  and  oth- 
ers. The  book  is  edited  by  Mr.  C.  Roden  Buxton. 

Some  new  light  is  thrown  on  the  life  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney  in  the  forthcoming  memoir  by  Pro- 
fessor Malcolm  W.  Wallace,  of  University  College, 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


429 


Toronto,  who  points  out  that  Sidney's  life  pos- 
sesses a  new  interest  for  us  to-day,  "  for  he,  too, 
died  in  the  Netherlands  in  defence  of  ideals 
strangely  similar  to  those  for  which  the  British 
nation  is  to-day  engaged  in  a  life-and-death 
struggle." 

Dr.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  Professor  of  the 
Science  of  Government  in  Harvard  University,  is 
the  author  of  "  The  Monroe  Doctrine :  An  Inter- 
pretation," which  Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
will  publish  at  once.  The  writer's  aim  is  to  set 
forth  what  the  Monroe  Doctrine  has  meant  at 
different  times  in  our  history,  what  it  means  at  the 
present  time,  and  what  are  the  difficulties  in  the 
way  of  making  it  work  under  present  world  condi- 
tions. 

The  history,  aims,  and  achievements  of  Jewish 
nationalism  are  dealt  with  by  several  writers  in  a 
volume  entitled,  "  Zionism  and  the  Jewish  Future," 
which  is  to  be  published  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  Albert  H.  Hyamson.  The  possibilities  of  the 
movement  are  demonstrated  in  the  story  of  what 
has  already  been  accomplished  in  Palestine  in  the 
way  of  founding  colonies,  schools,  banks,  and  in 
general  re-creating  a  Jewish  national  life  in  the 
ancient  home  of  the  Jewish  people. 

The  critical  and  biographical  study  of  Words- 
worth by  Professor  George  McLean  Harper,  al- 
ready announced  for  publication  in  England,  will 
appear  in  this  country7  under  the  imprint  of 
Messrs.  Scribner.  Among  other  forthcoming  im- 
portations of  this  house  are :  "  The  Russian  Cam- 
paign, April  to  August,  1915,"  by  Mr.  Stanley 
Washburn ;  "  In  Russian  Turkestan,"  by  Miss 
Annette  M.  B.  Meakin ;  and  "  England's  Guar- 
antee to  Belgium  and  Luxemburg,"  by  Messrs. 
C.  P.  Danger  and  H.  T.  J.  Norton. 

An  extended  work  on  "  The  Iconography  of 
Manhattan  Island,"  in  the  preparation  of  which 
Mr.  I.  N.  Phelps  Stokes  has  long  been  engaged,  is 
announced  for  early  issue.  The  work  is  to  be  pro- 
fusely illustrated  by  reproductions  of  rare  and 
interesting  paintings,  drawings,  prints,  maps,  and 
documents  in  the  public  and  private  collections  of 
America  and  Europe  which  relate  to  the  history 
and  development  of  Manhattan  Island,  from  the 
earliest  times  down  to  the  Hudson-Fulton  cele^bra- 
tion.  The  work  will  be  published  by  Mr.  Robert 
H.  Dodd,  of  New  York,  who  expects  to  issue  the 
first  volume  early  in  December.  The  edition  will 
be  limited,  with  a  small  number  of  copies  on 
Japan  paper. 

In  announcing  the  publication  this  month  of 
his  Doves  Press  edition  of  Wordsworth's  "  The 
Prelude,"  Mr.  Cobden-Sanderson  makes  the  fol- 
lowing statement :  "  This  Book  is  the  last  which 
will  be  published  in  English  at  The  Doves  Press. 
It  will  be  followed  by  the  final  edition  of  The 
Catalogue  Raisonne  of  the  Books  published  at  the 
Press,  and,  if  a  sufficient  number  of  subscribers 
be  obtained,  by  the  long  promised  collection  of 
Goethe's  Gedichte,  which  I  have  already  selected 
and  arranged.  This  I  hope  to  publish  and  so  bring 
to  an  end  the  scheme  of  Books  which  I  had 
planned  on  issuing  to  my  subscribers  my  farewell 


to  them  and  to  the  Press  in  1913.  .  .  On  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Gedichte  the  Press  will  be  closed." 

Another  vacant  chair  in  the  French  Academy  is 
now  to  be  filled,  owing  to  the  death,  on  October  25, 
of  Paul  Hervieu,  novelist  and  playwright  with  a 
considerable  list  of  successful  works  to  his  credit, 
though  he  was  but  in  the  prime  of  life  when  he 
died.  Born  at  Neuilly,  Sept.  2,  1857,  he  was  edu- 
cated in  Paris,  chose  the  law  as  a  profession,  and 
practised  in  the  court  of  appeals  for  a  short  time; 
was  also  for  a  brief  space  a  secretary  of  embassy; 
but  by  the  time  he  was  twenty-five  found  his  true 
vocation,  and  had  ever  since  been  producing  nov- 
els and  plays  with  a  facility  that  might  have  meant 
inferior  work  in  one  less  gifted.  A  half-score  of 
works  of  prose  fiction,  with  a  dozen  stage  produc- 
tions, form  the  most  notable  product  of  his  pen. 
His  fame,  with  his  plays  and  novels,  has  gone 
abroad  to  other  lands,  including  our  own,  where 
he  is  known  to  theatre-goers  and  readers. 

Green's  "  Short  History  of  the  English  People  " 
is  to  be  included,  in  two  volumes,  in  the  next 
batch  of  twelve  additions  to  "  Everyman's  Li- 
brary." The  work  has  been  edited  for  this  pur- 
pose, with  an  Introduction,  by  Mr.  L.  Cecil  Jane, 
and  will  include  an  appendix  by  Mr.  R.  P.  Farley, 
bringing  the  narrative  to  the  beginning  of  the 
present  war,  and  there  will  be  maps  in  color  and 
black  and  white.  Among  the  remaining  volumes 
which  Messrs.  Dutton  are  adding  to  the  series  are : 
"  Edwin  Drood,"  with  an  Introduction  by  Mr. 
G.  K.  Chesterton,  completing  the  "  Everyman " 
edition  of  Dickens;  Gogol's  "Dead  Souls,"  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  C.  J.  Hogarth ;  Balzac's  "  Ursule 
Mirouet,"  with  an  Introduction  by  Dr.  George 
Saintsbury ;  Newman's  "  On  the  Scope  and  Nature 
of  University  Education  "  and  "  Christianity  and 
Scientific  Investigation,"  with  an  Introduction  by 
Dr.  Wilfrid  Ward ;  and  Ibsen's  "  Lady  Inger  of 
Ostraat,"  "  Love's  Comedy,"  and  "  The  League  of 
Youth,"  translated  by  Mr.  R.  Farquharson  Sharp. 

An  immediately  forthcoming  volume  (the 
twelfth)  of  "  The  Cambridge  History  of  English 
Literature  "  forms  the  first  of  three  volumes  deal- 
ing with  the  literature  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
which  will  bring  the  History  to  a  close.  The  open- 
ing chapter  is  devoted  to  Sir  Walter  Scott,  by 
Dr.  T.  F.  Henderson.  Professor  F.  W.  Moorman 
contributes  a  chapter  on  Byron;  Professor  C.  H. 
Herford  on  Shelley,  as  well  as  another  chapter  on 
Keats;  Dr.  George  Saintsbury  has  chapters  on 
"Lesser  Poets,  1790-1837,"  and  "The  Landors, 
Leigh  Hunt,  De  Quincey";  Mr.  Harold  Child  on 
"  Lesser  Novelists,"  and  Jane  Austen ;  Sir  A.  W, 
Ward  deals  with  "  Historians :  Writers  on  An- 
cient and  Early  Ecclesiastical  History";  Profes- 
sor W.  D.  Howe,  of  the  University  of  Indiana, 
has  a  chapter  on  Hazlitt;  Mr.  A.  Hamilton 
Thompson  on  Lamb;  the  Hon.  Arthur  R.  D. 
Elliot  on  "  Reviews  and  Magazines  in  the  Early 
Years  of  the  Nineteenth  Century";  the  Ven. 
W.  H.  Button  on  "  The  Oxford  Movement " ;  the 
Rev.  F.  E.  Hutchinson  on  "  The  Growth  of  Liberal 
Theology";  and  Sir  John  E.  Sandys  a  closing 
chapter  on  "  Scholars,  Antiquaries,  and  Bibliog- 
raphers." 


430 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


TOPICS  IN  LEADING  PERIODICALS. 

November,  1915. 

Advertising,   The   Psychology   of  —  II.     .     .     .    ,     Unpopular 

Esthetic    Integrity Unpopular 

Africa,  West,  Letters  from  —  II.  Jean  K.  Mackenzie  Atlantic 
Alsace,  Retaking  of.  E.  Alexander  Powell  .  .  .  Scribner 
Aphorisms,  American.  Brander  Matthews  ....  Harper 
Army,  The,  and  Congress.  J.  S.  Gregory  .  .  World's  Work 

Art,  Two  Schools  of.    William  Walton Scribner 

Art  in  a  Mechanical  Society.  C.  R.  Ashbee  .  .  .  Hibbert 
Athletics,  Intercollegiate.  W.  T.  Foster  ....  Atlantic 
Bagdad :  City  of  Kalif s.  William  Warfield  ....  Harper 
Business  on  the  Upgrade.  J.  H.  Fahey  .  .  .  Everybody's 
City  vs.  Country  Life.  Jesse  Lynch  Williams  .  .  Scribner 
Comedy,  High,  in  America.  Clayton  Hamilton  .  Bookman 
Crocker  Land  Expedition,  The  —  II.  D.  B.  Macmillan  Harper 
Davis,  Jefferson,  A  Theory  of.  N.  W.  Stephenson  Am.  Hist. 
Defence  and  Revenue.  Albert  B.  Cummins  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Drink  Reform  in  the  United  States.  John  Koren  .  Atlantic 
Earth,  The,  and  a  Butternut.  A.  C.  Lane  .  .  .  Scientific 
Education,  Liberal.  Samuel  M.  Crothers  ....  Atlantic 
Electrification,  Contact.  Fernando  Sanford  .  .  .  Scientific 
England  and  Belgium,  Earlier  Relations  of.  C.  W. 

Colby Am.  Hist. 

Export  Trade,  Possibilities  of.  C.  C.  Chopp  .  World's  Work 
Exporter,  The  Prospective.  W.  F.  Wyman  .  World's  Work 

France,  In  Northern.     Edith  Wharton Scribner 

French  Objective  in  the  American  Revolution.    E.  S. 

Corwin Am.  Hist. 

Geddes,  Garden  of  —  II.  Huntly  Carter  .....  Forum 
George,  David  Lloyd.  Lewis  R.  Freeman  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
German  War  Literature,  Recent.  M.  Epstein  .  .  Hibbert 
Germany's  Military  Plan.  Munroe  Smith  .  .  .  No.  Amer. 

Heteromatic  Writing Unpopular 

Ibsen's  Treatment  of  Guilt.     Principal  Forsyth     .     .     Hibbert 

Illiteracy.     Winthrop  Talbot Century 

Immigration,  Industry,  and  War.  F.  C.  Howe  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Immigration  after  the  War.  F.  C.  Howe  ....  Scribner 
International  Finance.  G.  E.  Roberts  ....  Everybody's 
Japan  and  the  Coronation.  Martha  L.  Root  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 

Jew,  War-Cries  of  the.     E.  R.  Lipsett Century 

Jones,  Henry  Arthur.    Thomas  H.  Dickinson     .     .     No.  Amer. 

Labor,    Law,    and   Order .     .     Unpopular 

Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich,  Princess,  Reminiscences  of 

jy Century 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.  Gamaliel  Bradford  .  .  .  Bookman 
Magazine  in  America,  The  —  IX.  Algernon  Tassin  Bookman 
Metropolitan  Museum,  Paintings  of  the.  W.  H.  Wright  Forum 
Mexican  Revolution,  The.  Carlo  de  Fornaro  .  .  .  Forum 
Mexico,  A  Needed  Government  for.  Alice  D.  McLaren  Scribner 
Michelangelo,  The  Physical.  James  F.  Rogers  .  .  Scientific 
Military  Training  for  German  Youth.  Alfred  Graden- 

witz Rev.  of  Revs. 

Military  Training  in  Public  Schools.  L.  M.  Green  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Ministry,  The  Professional.  Edward  Lewis  .  .  .  Atlantic 
Monroe  Doctrine,  The.  Albert  B.  Hart  ....  No.  Amer. 
Moral  Ideals,  Warfare  of.  E.  B.  M'Gilvary  .  .  .  Hibbert 
Mount  Olympus,  Climbing.  A.  E.  Phoutrides  and  F.  P. 

Farquhar Scribner 

Mysticism  and  Mahomedanism.  E.  C.  Thwaytes  .  Hibbert 
Napoleon's  Brother,  An  Interview  with.  J.  K.  Paulding  Harper 

Naval  Principles.     Bradley  A.  Fiske No.  Amer. 

Navy,  The,  and  Congress.  George  Marvin  .  World's  Work 
Navy  Department,  Wasted  Millions  in  the.  E.  M. 

Woolley Everybody's 

New  York  of  the  Novelists  —  III.  A.  B.  Maurice  Bookman 
Noguchi :  Strategist  of  Bacteriology.  Carl  Snyder  Everybody's 

Nordau,  The  Case  of.     James  Huneker Forum 

Ogden  Memorial,  An.  Albert  Shaw  ....  Rev.  of  Revs. 
One  Hundred  Years  Hence.  Alan  Sullivan  ....  Harper 
Open-Air  Schools  for  Normal  Children.  Hazel  H. 

Adler Century 

Pacifism  and  Preparedness.  Agnes  Repplier  .  .  Atlantic 
Papua :  Where  the  Stone-Age  Lingers.  A.  G.  Mayer  Scientific 
Pig  and  Baby  Beef  Clubs.  Stanley  Johnson  .  .  American 
Plattsburg,  What  I  Learned  at.  R.  W.  Page  .  World's  Work 

Play,  On  Reading  a Unpopular 

Portugal  and  Its  Romarias.     Ernest  Peixotto     .     .     Scribner 

Precocity  and  Genius.    Bailey  Millard Bookman 

Preparedness,  The  Truth  about.  E.  F.  Wood  .  .  Century 
Preparedness  and  Congressional  Leaders.  James  Mid- 

dleton World's  Work 

Prices  according  to  Law.     Arthur  A.  Ballantine    .     Atlantic 

Prohibition.      L.   Ames   Brown No.  Amer. 

Prohibition,  National,  and  Representative  Govern- 
ment     Unpopular 

Prohibition,  National,  and  the  Church  ....  Unpopular 
Resurrection,  The  Idea  of.  A.  G.  Widgery  .  .  .  Hibbert 
School  Plan,  New,  for  New  York.  W.  A.  Prender- 

gast Rev.  of  Revs. 

Scollard  and  the  American  Stage.     H.  J.  O'Higgins     Century 

Sentimentalism  —  Soft  and  Hard         Unpopular 

Serbian  Epic,  The.  Abraham  Yarmolinsky  .  .  .  Bookman 
Spencer's  "  Over-Legislation."  E.  H.  Gary  .  .  .  Forum 


Stars,  Evolution  of.  W.  W.  Campbell Scientific 

Suffrage,  Woman Unpopular 

Survival,  Fechner's  Theory  of.  J.  Arthur  Hill  .  .  Hibbert 

Swiss  Military  System,  The.  F.  Feyler Century 

Talent,  Conservation  of.  John  M.  Gilette  .  .  .  Scientific 
Taylor,  Bayard,  Romance  of.  Ralph  Armstrong  .  Bookman 

Theology,  The  War  and.  L.  P.  Jacks Hibbert 

Thrift,  Individual Unpopular 

United  States  as  a  World  Power.  Arthur  Bullard  .  Century 
Verlaine,  Unpublished  Letters  of.  Arthur  Symons  No.  Amer. 

Vocational  Guidance Unpopular 

Wage  Laws  for  Priests  after  the  Black  Death.  Bertha  H. 

Putnam Am.  Hist. 

Wage-Board,  The  Minimum  .  ; Unpopular 

War,  A  German's  View  of  the.  G.  Lowes  Dickinson  Hibbert 
War,  A  Month  of.  Frank  H.  Simonds  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
War,  A  Quaker  Apologia  for  the.  J.  W.  Graham  .  Hibbert 
War,  After  the.  Theodore  H.  Price  ....  World's  Work 
War,  American  Phariseeism  and  the.  J.  D.  Whelpley  Century 

War,  Art  and  the.  John  Galsworthy Atlantic 

War,  Business,  and  Insurance.  D.  S.  Jordan  .  .  Scientific 
War,  Facts  and  Questions  of  the.  James  Bryce  .  .  Hibbert 

War:  How  It  Looked  in  Advance Unpopular 

War,  Real  Cause  of  the Unpopular 

War,  The,  and  Higher  Learning  in  America.  C.  F. 

Thwing Hibbert 

War:  Triumph  and  Tragedy.  Hugh  Walker  .  .  .  Hibbert 
War,  Weapons  of.  French  Strother  ....  World's  Work 

War  Loans.  John  Bates  Clark Everybody's 

Wayland  the  Feminist Unpopular 

Woman,  Professionalizing  of  the  Married.  Elisabeth 

Woodbridge Atlantic 

Woodchuek,  Ways  of  the.  Walter  P.  Eaton  .  .  .  Harper 
"  Yann  Nibor  "  :  Bard  of  French  Sailors.  E.  L. 

Mattern Bookman 

Zeppelin  Raids.  Amos  S.  Hershey Rev.  of  Revs. 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  155  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

BIOGRAPHY  AND   REMINISCENCES. 

Vagrant  Memories:  Being  Further  Recollections  of 
Other  Days.  By  William  Winter.  Illustrated  in 
photogravure,  etc.,  8vo,  524  pages.  George  H. 
Doran  Co.  $3.  net. 

Memories  and  Anecdotes.  By  Kate  Sanborn.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  219  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.75  net. 

Camille  Desmoulins:  A  Biography.  By  Violet  Meth- 
ley.  Illustrated  in  photogravure,  8vo,  332  pages. 
E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $5.  net. 

The  Every-Day  Life  of  Abraham  Lincoln:  A  Narra- 
tive and  Descriptive  Biography,  with  Pen-Pic- 
tures and  Personal  Recollections  by  Those  Who 
Knew  Him.  By  Francis  Fisher  Browne.  New 
and  cheaper  edition;  illustrated  in  photogravure, 
etc.,  8vo,  650  pages.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.75  net. 

Pleasures  and  Palaces:  Memoirs.  By  Princess 
Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich.  Illustrated,  8vo,  360 
pages.  Century  Co.  $3.  net. 

Court  Life  from  Within.  By  H.  R.  H.  the  Infanta 
Eulalia  of  Spain.  Illustrated,  12mo,  265  pages. 
Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $2.50  net. 

Henry  Codman  Potter,  Seventh  Bishop  of  New 
York.  By  George  Hodges.  Illustrated,  8vo,  386 
pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $3.50  net. 

The  Kaiser:  His  Personality  and  Career.  By  Joseph 
McCabe.  12mo,  292  pages.  T.  Fisher  Unwin,  Ltd. 

HISTORY. 
The  Fighting  Cheyennes.     By  George  Bird  Grinnell. 

Large   8vo,   431   pages.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

$3.50  net. 
Brissot  de  Warville:    A  Study  in  the  History  of  the 

French    Revolution.      By    Eloise    Ellery,    Ph.D. 

8vo,  528  pages.    "Vassar  Semi-Centennial  Series." 

Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     $1.75  net. 
French    Memories    of    Eighteenth-Century   America. 

By    Charles    H.    Sherrill.      Illustrated,    8vo,    335 

pages.     Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $2.  net. 
Genoa:     Her  History  as  Written  in  Her  Buildings. 

By  E.  A.  Le  Mesurier.     12mo,  215  pages.    London: 

T.  Fisher  Unwin. 
A     Short    History    of    Japan.       By    Ernest    Wilson 

Clement.     Illustrated,  12mo,  190  pages.     Univer- 
sity of  Chicago  Press.     $1.  net. 
The  Jews  of  Russia  and  Poland:    A  Bird's-eye  View 

of  their  History  and  Culture.     By  Israel  Fried- 

laender,  Ph.D.   With  map,  12mo,  214  pages.     G.  P. 

Putnam's  Sons.     $1.25  net. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


431 


GENERAL.   LITERATURE. 

The  Letters  of  Washington  Irving;  to  Henry  Bre- 
voort.  Edited,  with  introduction,  by  George  S. 
Hellman.  In  2  volumes,  with  photogravure  por- 
traits, 8vo.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $10.  net. 

Interpretations  of  Literature.  By  Lafcadio  Hearn; 
selected  and  edited,  with  introduction,  by  John 
Erskine,  Ph.D.  In  2  volumes,  with  portrait, 
large  Svo.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $6.  net. 

I«  There  a  Shakespeare  Problem?  With  a  Reply  to 
Mr.  J.  M.  Robertson  and  Mr.  Andrew  Lang.  By 
G.  G.  Greenwood,  M.P.  Large  Svo,  611  pages. 
John  Lane  Co.  $4.50  net. 

Papers  on  Acting.  Comprising:  The  Illusion  of  the 
First  Time  in  Acting,  by  William  Gillette,  with 
introduction  by  George  Arliss;  Art  and  the 
Actor,  by  Constant  Coquelin,  translated  by  Abby 
Langdon  Alger,  with  introduction  by  Henry 
James;  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Lady  Macbeth  and  as 
Queen  Katharine,  by  H.  C.  Fleeming  Jenkin,  with 
introduction  by  Brander  Matthews;  Reflexions 
on  the  Actor's  Art,  by  Talma,  with  introduction 
by  Sir  Henry  Irving,  and  a  review  by  H.  C. 
Fleeming  Jenkin.  Each  Svo.  New  York  City: 
Dramatic  Museum  of  Columbia  University. 

Aristocracy  and  Justice.  By  Paul  Elmer  More. 
12mo,  243  pages.  "  Shelburne  Essays."  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Reticence  in  Literature,  and  Other  Papers.  By 
Arthur  \Vaugh.  12mo,  207  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton 
&  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Robert  Greene.  By  John  Clark  Jordan,  Ph.D.  12mo, 
231  pages.  "  Columbia  University  Studies  In 
English  and  Comparative  Literature."  New 
York:  Columbia  University  Press.  $1.50  net. 

A  History  of  American  Literature  since  1870.  By 
Fred  Lewis  Pattee.  Svo,  449  pages.  Century  Co 
$2.  net. 

Back  to  Shakespeare.  By  Herbert  Morse.  12mo, 
304  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

Moonbeams  from  the  Larger  Lunacy.  By  Stephen 
Leacock.  12mo,  282  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

VERSE   AND   DRAMA. 

The  Pilgrim  Kings:  Greco  and  Goya,  and  Other 
Poems  of  Spain.  By  Thomas  Walsh.  12mo,  130 
pages.  Macmillan  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Imperial  Japanese  Poems  of  the  Meiji  Era.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Japanese  by  Frank  Alanson  Lom- 
bard. 12mo.  Privately  printed. 

The  Reciter's  Treasury  of  Irish  Verse  and  Prose. 
Compiled  and  edited  by  Alfred  Percival  Graves 
and  Guy  Pertwee.  Svo,  512  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton 
&  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Four  Plays.  By  fimile  Augier:  translated,  with 
introduction,  by  Barrett  H.  Clark  and  with  pre- 
face by  E.  Brieux.  12mo,  234  pages.  Alfred  A. 
Knopf.  $1.50  net. 

The  House  That  Was,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Benja- 
min R.  C.  Low.  12mo,  144  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

Mount  Minsi  Fairies:  A  Fairy  Story  in  Verse.  By 
Charles  K.  Meschter.  Illustrated,  12mo,  38  pages. 
Richard  G.  Badger.  $1.  net. 

Babble  o'  Green  Fields,  and  Other  Poems.  By  Mark 
Wayne  Williams.  12mo,  85  pages.  Sherman, 
French  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

FICTION. 

Beltane  the  Smith.  By  Jeffery  Farnol.  Illustrated, 
12mo,  572  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Plashers  Mead.  By  Compton  Mackenzie.  With 
frontispiece,  12mo,  375  pages.  Harper  & 
Brothers.  $1.35  net. 

The  Bent  Twig.  By  Dorothy  Canfleld.  12mo,  480 
pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Moyle  Church-Town.  By  John  Trevena.  12mo,  379 
pages.  Alfred  A.  Knopf.  $1.40  net. 

The  Gray  Dawn.  By  Stewart  Edward  White.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  12mo,  395  pages.  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

Lot  &  Company.  By  Will  Levington  Comfort.  12mo, 
341  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.25  net. 

The  Man  from  the  Bitter  Roots.  By  Caroline  Lock- 
hart.  Illustrated  in  color,  12mo,  327  pages.  J.  B. 
Lippincott  Co.  $1.25  net. 

Homo  Sapiens.  By  Stanislaw  Przybyszewski;  trans- 
lated from  the  Polish  by  Thomas  Seltzer.  12mo, 
400  pages.  Alfred  A.  Knopf.  $1.50  net. 

Hempfield.  By  David  Grayson.  Illustrated  in  color, 
12mo,  335  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 
$1.35  net. 

Ten  Degrees  Backward.  By  Ellen  Thorneycroft 
Fowler.  12mo,  338  pages.  George  H.  Doran  Co. 
$1.25  net. 


The  Later  Life.     By  Louis  Couperus;    translated  by 

Alexander  Teixeira  de  Mattos.     12mo,  332  pages. 

Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 
The  Fatal  Garland.    By  Mrs.  Ghosal  (Srimati  Svarna 

Kumari  Devi).     With  frontispiece  in  color,  12mo, 

224  pages.     Macmillan  Co.     $1.50  net. 
The    Precipice.      Translated    from    the    Russian    of 

Ivan    Goncharov.      12mo,    319    pages.     Alfred   A. 

Knopf.     $1.35  net. 

A    Man's    Hearth.      By    Eleanor    M.    Ingram.      Illus- 
trated in  color,  12mo,  313  pages.     J.  B.  Lippincott 

Co.     $1.25  net. 
Taras  Bulba:     A  Tale  of  the  Cossacks.     Translated 

from  the  Russian  of  Nicolai  V.  Gogol  by  Isabel 

F.  Hapgood.     12mo,  284  pages.     Alfred  A.  Knopf. 

$1.25   net. 
Dear  Enemy.     By  Jean  Webster.     Illustrated,  12mo, 

350   pages.     Century  Co.     $1.30  net. 
Steve  Yeager.     By  William   MacLeod   Raine.     With 

frontispiece,  12mo,   290  pages.     Houghton  Mifflin 

Co.     $1.35  net. 
Yvette,  and  Other  Stories.     By  Guy  de  Maupassant; 

translated    by    A.    G.     (Mrs.    John    Galsworthy); 

with  preface  by  Joseph  Conrad.    12mo,  284  pages. 

Alfred  A.  Knopf.      $1.35   net. 
Molly   and   I;     or,    The    Silver    Ring.      By   Frank    R. 

Adams.       Illustrated,    12mo,    310    pages.       Small 

Maynard  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 
The    Little    Angel,    and    Other    Stories.      Translated 

from  the  Russian  of  L.  N.  Andreyev.     12mo,  255 

pages.     Alfred  A.  Knopf.     $1.25  net. 
H.  R.    By  Edwin  Lefevre.    With  frontispiece,  12mo, 

337  pages.     Harper  &  Brothers.     $1.25  net. 
Broken    Shackles.      By    John    Oxenham.      12mo,    312 

pages.     John  Lane  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Why,    Theodora!      By    Sarah    Warder    MacConnell. 

Illustrated,  12mo,  294   pages.     Small,  Maynard  & 

Co.     $1.25  net. 
A  Rogue  by   Compulsion:    An   Affair   of  the   Secret 

Service.     By  Victor  Bridges.     With  frontispiece 

in  color,  12mo,  354  pages.     G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 

$1.35  net. 
Barnavaux.     By  Pierre  Mille;    translated  from  the 

French    by    Berengere    Drillien.      Illustrated    in 

color,  12mo,  273  pages.    John  Lane  Co.     $1.25  net. 
Jan:  A  Dog  and  a  Romance.    By  A.  J.  Dawson.  With 

frontispiece,  12mo,  280  pages.     Harper  &  Broth- 
ers.    $1.25  net. 
The  Ashiel   Mystery:    A   Detective   Story.     By  Mrs. 

Charles  Bryce.     12mo,  304  pages.     John  Lane  Co. 

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The  Anvil  of  Chance.     By  Gerald  Chittenden.     With 

frontispiece   in    color,    12mo,    304    pages.      Long- 
mans, Green,  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 
The  Green   Half-Moon.     By  James   Francis    Dwyer. 

Illustrated,    12mo,   316   pages.     A.   C.  McClurg  & 

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Eve  Dorre:    The  Story  of  her  Precarious  Youth.    By 

Emily  Viele  Strother.   With  frontispiece  in  color, 

12mo.  256  pages.     E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $1.35  net. 
Blue  Gingham  Folks.    By  Dorothy  Donnell  Calhoun. 

Illustrated,    12mo,    222    pages.     New   York:     The 

Abingdon  Press.     75  cts.  net. 
Unrest:      A    Story    of   the    Struggle    for   Bread.      By 

W.  R.  Parr,  M.A.     12mo,  191   pages.     Richard  G. 

Badger.     $1.25  net. 
Young  Hilda  at  the  Wars.     By  Arthur  H.  Gleason. 

With  frontispiece,  12mo,  213  pages.    Frederick  A. 

Stokes  Co.     $1.  net. 
The  Tug  of  the  Millstone.     By  Clarence  E.  Hatfield. 

12mo,  378  pages.     Richard  G.  Badger.     $1.25  net. 
Matrimony.    By  John  Trevena.    Large  Svo,  53  pages. 

Mitchell  Kennerley.     $1.  net. 
Zerah:     A    Tale    of    Old    Bethlehem.      By    Montanye 

Perry.     With  frontispiece,  12mo,  106  pages.     The 

Abingdon  Press.     50  cts.  net. 
The    Goddess.      By   Gouverneur  Morris   and   Charles 

W.     Goddard.       Illustrated,     12mo,     402     pages. 

Hearst's   International  Library  Co.     50  cts.  net. 
The   Long   Fight.      By    George    Washington    Ogden. 

With    frontispiece,    12mo,    297    pages.      Hearst's 

International  Library  Co.     50  cts.  net. 
Hearts   a   la    Mode.      By   Dorothy   Dix.      Illustrated, 

12mo,  157  pages.     Hearst's  International  Library 

Co.     50  cts.  net. 
The  Ghost  Breaker.     By  Charles  Goddard  and  Paul 

Dickey.     Illustrated,  12mo,   280  pages.     Hearst's 

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pages.        Hearst's     International      Library     Co. 

50  cts.  net. 
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Paul     Dickey.       Illustrated,     12mo,     286     pages. 

Hearst's  International  Library  Co.     50  cts.  net. 


432 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  11 


TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

The  New  Russia:  From  the  White  Sea  to  the 
Siberian  Steppe.  By  Alan  Lethbridge.  Illus- 
trated, large  8vo,  314  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co. 
$5.  net. 

Sailor  and  Beachcomber:  Confessions  of  a  Life  at 
Sea,  in  Australia  and  amid  the  Islands  of  the 
Pacific.  By  A.  Safroni-Middleton.  Illustrated, 
8vo,  304  pages.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $3.  net. 

The  Irish  Abroad:  A  Record  of  the  Achievements 
of  Wanderers  from  Ireland.  By  Elliot  O'Donnell. 
With  portraits,  8vo,  400  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  & 
Co.  $2.50  net. 

The  Future  of  South  America.  By  Roger  W.  Babson. 
Illustrated,  12mo,  407  pages.  Little,  Brown  & 
Co.  $2.  net. 

Adventures  in  Africa  under  the  British,  Belgian,  and 
Portuguese  Flags.  By  J.  B.  Thornhill.  With 
map,  8vo,  330  pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $3.50  net. 

The  Canadian  Common-wealth.  By  Agnes  C.  Laut. 
12mo,  334  pages.  Bobbs-Merrill  Co.  $1.50  net. 

Sport,  Travel,  and  Adventure.  Edited  by  A.  G. 
Lewis.  Illustrated,  8vo,  352  pages.  T.  Fisher 
Unwin,  Ltd. 

Historic  Churches  in  Mexico,  with  Some  of  their 
Legends.  By  Mrs.  John  Wesley  Butler.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  255  pages.  New  York:  The  Abing- 
don  Press.  $1.50  net. 

PUBLIC  AFFAIRS.T-  POLITICS,  SOCIOLOGY,  AND 
ECONOMICS. 

Democracy  in  the  Making:  Ford  Hall  and  the  Open 
Forum  Movement.  Edited  by  George  W.  Cole- 
man.  12mo,  340  pages.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

Satellite  Cities:  A  Study  of  Industrial  Suburbs. 
By  Graham  Romeyn  Taylor.  Illustrated.  12mo. 
333  pages.  "  National  Municipal  League  Series." 

D.  Appleton  &  Co.     $1.50  net. 

The  Quintessence  of  Capitalism:  A  Study  of  the 
History  and  Psychology  of  the  Modern  Business 
Man.  By  Werner  Sombart.  8vo,  400  pages. 

E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.     $5.  net. 

Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Sociology.  By  Edward 
Gary  Hayes,  Ph.D.  8vo,  718  pages.  D.  Appleton 
&  Co.  $2.50  net. 

Democracy  and  the  Nations:  A  Canadian  View.  By 
J.  A.  Macdonald,  LL.D.  8vo,  244  pages.  George 
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Voting  Trusts:  A  Chapter  in  Recent  Corporate  His- 
tory. By  Harry  A.  Gushing.  8vo,  225  pages. 
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Some  Problems  in  Market  Distribution.  By  Arch 
Wilkinson  Shaw,  A.M.  12mo,  119  pages.  Har- 
vard University  Press.  $1.  net. 

The  People's  Government.  By  J.  M.  Rice.  12mo,  148 
pages.  John  C.  Winston  Co.  $1.  net. 

Taxation  of  Land  Values.  By  Louis  F.  Post.  Fifth 
edition;  with  frontispiece,  12mo,  179  pages. 
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In  Times  Like  These.  By  Nellie  L.  McClung.  12mo, 
218  pages.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

The  Hague  Conventions  and  Declarations  of  1899 
and  19O7,  accompanied  by  Tables  of  Signatures, 
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Powers,  and  Texts  of  Reservations.  Edited  by 
James  Brown  Scott,  Director.  Large  8vo,  303 
pages.  "  Carnegie  Endowment  for  International 
Peace."  New  York:  Oxford  University  Press. 
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The  Social  Principle.  By  Horace  Holley.  16mo,  97 
pages.  Laurence  J.  Gomme.  75  cts.  net. 

Government  Finance  in  the  United  States.  By  Carl 
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Madison,  "  The  Four  Lake  City."  Recreational  Sur- 
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BOOKS  ABOUT  THE  GREAT  WAR. 

My  Year  of  the  Great  War.  By  Frederick  Palmer. 
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A  Hilltop  on  the  Marue:  Being  Letters  Written 
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The  Fall  of  Tsingtau,  with  a  Study  of  Japan's 
Ambitions  in  China.  By  Jefferson  Jones.  Illus- 
trated, 12mo,  215  pages.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
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Germany  in  Defeat,  A  Strategic  History  of  the  War: 
First  Phase.  By  Count  Charles  de  Souza  and 
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pages.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

The  Neutrality  of  Belgium.  By  Alexander  Fuehr. 
12mo,  248  pages.  Funk  &  Wagnalls  Co. 
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The    Log    of   a    Noncombatant.      By    Horace    Green. 

Illustrated,   12mo,   169   pages.     Houghton   Mifflin 

Co.     $1.25  net. 
The    Thirteen    Days,    July     23 -August     4,     1914:      A 

Chronicle      and      Interpretation.        By      William 

Archer.       8vo,     244     pages.       Oxford     University 

Press. 
The  Lusitania's  Last  Voyage.     By  Charles  E.  Lau- 

riat,  Jr.     Illustrated,  12mo,  159  pages.     Houghton 

Mifflin  Co.     $1.  net. 

ART,  ARCHITECTURE,  AND   MUSIC. 

Some  Musicians  of  Former  .Days.  By  Romain  Rol- 
land;  translated  by  Mary  Blaiklock.  12mo,  374 
pages.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

The  Art  Treasures  of  Great  Britain.  Edited  by 
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Modern  Painting:  Its  Tendency  and  Meaning.  By 
Willard  Huntington  Wright.  Illustrated  in  color, 
etc.,  large  8vo,  352  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

Early  American  Craftsmen.  By  Walter  A.  Dyer. 
Illustrated,  8vo,  387  pages.  Century  Co.  $2.40  net. 

Interior  Decoration:  Its  Principles  and  Practice. 
By  Frank  Alva  Parsons,  B.S.  Illustrated,  large 
Svo.  284  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $3.  net. 

The  Barbizon  Painters:  Being  the  Story  of  the 
Men  of  Thirty.  By  Arthur  Hoeber.  Illustrated, 
Svo,  296  pages.  F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $1.75  net. 

Good  Taste  in  Home  Furnishing.  By  Maud  Ann 
Sell  and  Henry  Blackman  Sell.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.,  Svo,  140  pages.  John  Lane  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

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THE 

SCHOOLS  OF 

BETWEEN 

LITTLE 

TO-MORROW 

THE 

MOTHER 

By 
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LINES 

WHO  SITS 

of  Columbia,  and 

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15U  i  \J  \jAl51jJi 

AT  HOME 

EDUCATION  is  stirring  not  only  the  minds, 
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THE 

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W.  DOUGLAS 
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home  town  to  be  known  as  "The  Bird  Village" 

celebrated  editor,  "I 

appeal  for  the  humane  in 

by  imparting  his  enthusiasm  to  his  neighbors  as 

knew  that  I  had  found 

dealing   with   the   unfor- 

he here  seeks  to  impart  it  to  his  readers. 

the  man  who  could  best 

tunate. 

Fully  illustrated.    $2.00  net 

write  a  story  of  battle." 

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452 


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[  Nov.  25 


GOLD  SEEKERS 

OF  '49   . 


A  New  Volume  in  the 
frail  Blazers  Series 

Gold  Seekers 
of '49 

By  EDWIN  L.  SABIN 

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The  gold  seekers  travel  through  the 
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inimitable  Sabin  way,  yet  at  all  times 
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DAN  BEARD'S 

American  Boys' 

Book  of  Bugs, 

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Beetles 

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Snow  Shoe  Lodge 

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Scenes  laid  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Plenty  of  sledding,  snow-shoeing,  skiing, 
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Winona  of  the 
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The  Best  Edition  of  this  Classic  Fairy  Story 

Heidi     By  JOHANNA  SPYRI 

Translated  by  Elisabeth  P.  'Stork.  Introduction  by  Charles  Wharton  Stork. 
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ably one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  illustration,  type  and  binding  that  has 
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Hall  Caine's 

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CLASSICAL,  MEDIEVAL  AND  LEGENDARY 

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1915] 


THE   DIAL 


453 


important  JSeto  $ul)ltcatton3 

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Arthur  Rackham's  New  Illustrated  Gift  Book 

A  Christmas  Carol    By  CHARLES  DICKENS 

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FINE  LIMITED  EDITIONS 

The  Magic  of  Jewels  and  Charms 

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Historic  Virginia  Homes  and  Churches 

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By  JOHN  MARTIN  HAMMOND 

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English  Ancestral  Homes  of  Noted  Americans 

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29  illus.  Ornamental  cloth,  gilt  top.  Net,  $2.00.  Half  mor.,  net,  $4.50. 
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The  Civilization  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria 

By  MORRIS  JASTROW,  JR.,  Professor  of  Semitic  Languages,  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania 

164  illustrations.     $6.00  net. 

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Joseph  Pennell's  Pictures  in  the  Land  of  Temples 

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A  Truly  Great  Novel 


THE  LITTLE;; 

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MAURICE :  HEWLETT 


The  Little  Iliad 

By  MAURICE  HEWLETT 

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to  the  last." — Phila.  Press. 


A  Never-to-be-forgotten  Story  of  Heroism 
and  Self-sacrifice. 

Under  the 
Red  Cross  Flag 

At  Home  and  Abroad 
By  MABEL  T.  BOARDMAN 

Chairman,  National  Relief  Board, 
American  Red  Cross 

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Peg  Along 

By 
GEORGE  L.  WALTON,  M.D. 

$1.00  net.  , 

No  one  is  free  who  commands  not 
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strength,  brains,  how  to  eliminate  Fret, 
Fuss  and  Fighting.  Read  and  pass  to 
others  this  delightful  whimsical  book. 


454 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


Books  selected  from  the  PUTNAM  LIST  of  Fall  Publications  for  their 
distinctive  merit;  for  their  power,  for  their  cleverness,  for  their  decency, 
for  their  intrinsic  value. 

Space  available  on  this  and  the  two  following  pages  is  wholly  inadequate 
for  a  full  list  of  our  new  publications. 

OUR  ILLUSTRATED  HOLIDAY  CATALOGUE  of  48  pages  will  be 
sent,  gladly,  on  request. 

The  Romance  of 

OLD  BELGIUM 

By  ELIZABETH  W.  CHAMPNEY 

Author  of  "Romance  of  the  Feudal  Chateaux, "  "Romance  of  the  Roman 

Villas,"  etc. 

With  Original  Pen-and-ink  Drawings  by  Albert  Chandler  and  Numerous 
Other  Illustrations.     8°.     $2.50 

As  in  her  previous  stories  of  the  old  Chateaux  and  Villas,  the  author 
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PRUSSIAN  MEMORIES 

By  POULTNEY  BIGELOW 
12°.     $1.25 

Mr.  Bigelow  passed  some  years  of  his  boyhood  in  Prussia,  and  in  later  years  made  various  sojourns  in 
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Memories   of  a  Publisher 

By  GEORGE  HAVEN  PUTNAM,  Litt.  D. 
Author  of  "Memories  of  My  Youth,"  "Books 

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8°.     Portrait.     $2.00 

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of  the  people  with  whom  he  has  had  personal 
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By  KATE  SANBORN 
8°.     Illustrated.     $1.75 

A  gossipy,  informing,  waggish  and  altogether 
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Mark  Twain,  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  Edward 
Everett,  James  T.  Fields,  Horace  Greeley,  John 
Hay,  Thomas  Went  worth  Higginson,  Wendell 
Phillips,  and  Verestchagin. 


NEW    YORK 
2-6  W.  45th  St. 


G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons,  Publishers 


LONDON 
24  Bedford  St. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


455 


HERE  IS  A 
TO  CHEC 

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By  Richard  LeGallienne 

12°.      £1.50 

The  author  has  won  for  himself  a  place  in  the  front  rank  of 
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Quantity 

Secret  Diplomatic 
Memoirs 

By  Count  Hayashi 

8°.     Illustrated.     $2.50 

The  veteran  Japanese  diplomat  traces  some  of  the  great 
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of  Apartments 

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White  Illustrations.    8°.     $3.50 

A  discussion  and  working  plan  covering  all  the  problems 
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Beautifully  illustrated  —  a  charming  gift  book. 

The  Ethics 
of  Confucius 

By  Miles  Menander  Dawson 
The  Sayings  o(  the  Master  and  His  Disciples 
upon  (he  Conduct  ol  "The  Superior  Man" 
With  a  Foreword  by  Wu  Ting  Fang 

12°.      $1.50 

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to  interest  such  readers,  omitting  nothing  of  importance. 

Isabel  of 
Castile 

And  the  Making  of  the  Spanish  Nation 
By  lerne  Plunket 

8°.     Illustrated.     $2.50 

The  story  of  a  great  woman  and  a  great  ruler,  and  the  his- 
tory of  a  nation  in  the  making.     Isabel  opened  her  eyes  on  a 
world  where  her  country  stood  discredited,  the  prey  or  mock- 
ery of  stronger  neighbors;  and,  when  she  closed  them  in  death, 
it  represented,  in  union  with  Aragon,  the  predominant  voice 
in  the  councils  of  Europe. 

The  Scissors 
Book 

By  William  Ludlum 

SquareS0.  Fully  illustrated.  $1.00 

A  comical  series,  with  sprightly  accompanying  rhymes,  of 
illustrations  made  by  pasting  cut-outs  on  a  background  of 
different  hue.    The  way  is  pointed  also  to  the  acquiring  of 
skill  in  the  cutting  out  of  figures  similar  to  those  contained  in 
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those  who  would  enlarge  the  community  of  "scissor  folks" 
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456 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


Two  Books  of  Intimate  Interest  to  Dl AL  Readers 


The  Everyday  Life  of 
Abraham  Lincoln 

By  FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE 

Late  Editor  of  "The  Dial" 
Compiler  of  "  Bugle  Echoes,"  "  Golden  Poems,"  etc. 

12°.     With  Portraits.    $1.75 
The  original  edition  of  this  book  was  published 
about  twenty  years  after  Lincoln's  death,  and 
has  continued  to  attract  attention  among  the 
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This  book  brings  Lincoln  the  man,  not  Lincoln 
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which  were  gathered  largely  at  first  hand. 

"  This  book  gives  the  everyday  reader  a  clearer,  more  com- 
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intimate  and  valuable  picture  of  Lincoln  the  man,  which 
can  not  be  found  in  the  many  biographies  ordinarily  con- 
structed." — Phila.  Public  Ledger. 

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record." — Boston  Transcript. 

"A  valuable  volume  for  any  shelf  of  Lincoln  books 
.  a  different  type  of  book  from  all  other  lives  of 
Lincoln. " — Boston  Transcript. 


Incense  and  Iconoclasm 

By  CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE 

12°.      $1.50 
General  Morris  Schaff  writes  the  author  as  follows: 

"  Do  you  know  that  this  last  book  will  put  you 
in  the  very  first  rank,  if  not  in  the  lead,  of  our 
critics  on  literature?  It  is  altogether  the  firmest, 
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been  one  of  our  outstanding  features." — The  Dial. 

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A  FRANCES  HODGSON  BURNETT 
STORY 

"The  Little  Hunchback  Zia." — About  the  first 
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THE  FRUIT  OF  THE  TREE 

A  story  by  WILLIAM  MERRIAM  ROUSE,  filled  to  the 
brim  with  the  joyous  Christmas  spirit. 

Other  Important  Features: 

ENGLAND'S  MALADY 

Why  the  British  Political  Party  System  is  responsible 
for  the  war;  by  COSMO  HAMILTON,  English  author  and 
political  reformer. 

"C.  F." 


An  illustrated  character  study  of  Charles  Frohman. 
by  JOHN  D.  WILLIAMS,  Business  Manager  of  the 
Charles  Frohman  Company. 

OUR  NATION  IN  THE  BUILDING 

The  opening  chapters  of  a  romantic  series  of  his- 
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by  HELEN  NICOLAY,  daughter  of  Lincoln's  famous 
secretary  and  biographer. 

ARMY  REFORM 

Wherein  ERIC  FISHER  WOOD,  author  of  "The  Note- 
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NOTES  OF  AN  ARTIST  AT  THE 
FRONT 

The  first  of  two  illustrated  articles  by  WALTER 
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pencil  of  the  French  army  in  action. 

THE  BRITISH  FOREIGN  POLICY 
AND  SIR  EDWARD  GREY 

Throwing  clear  light  on  a  dark  question  and  a  sinister 
figure;  by  ARTHUR  BULLARD. 

ETC. 

"The  Only  Child,"  a  study  in  practical  psychology, 
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DEMER,  CALE  YOUNG  RICE,  Louis  UNTERMEYER, 
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ALAN  SULLIVAN;  "St.  Michael's  of  the  Azores,"  by 
HENRY  SANDHAM,  with  illustrations  by  the  author; 
"The  Paper  Windmill,"  polyphonic  prose  by  AMY 
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International  Encyclopedia  of 
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WORKS  OF 
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The  most  important  writings  of  Martin  Luther, 
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Times. 

THE  A.  J.  HOLMAN  CO.,  Philadelphia 


1915] 


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JERUSALEM 


SELMA  LAGERLOF'S  MASTERPIECE  OF  SWEDISH  PEASANT  LIFE 

Translated  by  VELMA  SWANSTON  HOWARD 

Walter  Pricbard  Eaton  calls  it:  "A  look  deep  into  the  folk  heart  of  a  nation." 

Zane  Grey  says:  "This  story  is  different  from  anything  I  ever  read.     It  is  tremendous.     A  simple, 

tragic,  sad,  and  wonderful  story!" 

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By  the  President  of  the  N.  Y. 
School  of  Fine  and  Applied  Art 

Interior 
Decoration 

Its  Principles  and  Practice 

By  FRANK  ALVAH 

PARSONS 

The  N.  Y.  Times  says: 

"This  work,  written  by  a 
recognized  authority,  may  be 
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principles  on  which  a  living  place 
may  be  made  beautiful.  It  is 
very  beautifully  illustrated." 

69  Illustrations.     Net,  $3.00. 


"What  Shall  Blood  and  Iron  Loose 
That  We  Cannot  Bind." 

—  From  "France." 

France  at  War 

On  the  Frontier  of 
Civilization 

By  RUDYARD  KIPLING 

Here  is  the  French  soldier  in 
action — here  the  spirit  of  France 
resurgent  described  by  a  master 
hand.  Mr.  Kipling's  observa- 
tions have  created  a  profound 
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English  as  nothing  else  has  done 
the  tremendous  sacrifices  of  her 
ally,  and  her  fortitude  in  war. 
Included  in  the  volume  is  Mr. 
Kipling's  poem  "France"  which 
is  peculiarly  fitting  to  the  vol- 
ume though  written  two  years 
ago.  In  it  he  expresses  in  stir- 
ring words  the  new  spirit  of 
France. 

Net,  50  cents. 


An  American  Novel 
DAVID  GRAYSON'S 

Hempfield 

In  which  David  Grayson  has 
an  adventure  in  country  journal- 
ism. "This  newest  'adventure* 
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American,  through  and  through. 
From  beginning  to  end  this 
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ing, sweet  and  tender,  and  full 
of  an  invincible  human  opti- 
mism. 

Anthy  is  one  of  the  realest  and 
most  lovable  heroines  of  con- 
temporary American  fictions." 
— New  York  Times. 


Illustrated   by    Thomas   Fogarty. 
Net,  $1.35       Leather,  Net,  $1.50 


STEWART  EDWARD  WHITE'S  Most  Brilliant  Novel 

THE  GRAY  DAWN 

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emerging  from  the  fabulous  period  of  the  gold  rush.  It  is  a  notable  reproduction  of  a  life  full  of  genuine  drama,  dazzling  in  its 
brilliance  and  swiftness  and  quick  with  the  loves  and  hates  and  ambitions  of  a  new  people. 

Illustrated  by  Thomas  Fogarty.     Net,  $1.35. 

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Wonderlands 

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A.  C.  McCLURG  &  CO. 


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GOLD 


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GOLDEN 
POEMS 

Compiled  by 
FRANCIS  F.  BROWNE 

Editor  "Poemi  of  the  Civil  Wtr," 

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470 


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"A  Wonderful,  An  Extraordinary  Book" 

H.  G.  WELLS'S  NEW  NOVEL 

THE  RESEARCH  MAGNIFICENT 

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JACK  LONDON'S  New  Novel 

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HENRY  CODMAN  POTTER 

Seventh  Bishop  of  New  York 
By  GEORGE  HODGES 

Bishop  Potter  was  the  friend  of  all  sorts  and  con- 
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WINDING  ROAD 

CORNELIA  MEIGS'S  New  Story  for  Children 

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ZONA  GALE'S  New  Novel 

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By  JAMES  MORGAN 

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The  Angel  of  the  Battlefield 
By  PERCY  H.  EPLER 

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SPOON  RIVER  ANTHOLOGY 

EDGAR  LEE  MASTERS'S  Novel  in  Verse 

"An  American   'Comedie  Humaine'  brings  more 
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which  are  not  of  a  time  or  a  locality." — 

Boston  Transcript. 
Cloth,  $1.25 
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WINSTON  CHURCHILL'S  NEW  NOVEL 


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A  FAR  COUNTRY 

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23  Jfortmgfjtlp  journal  of  lUterarp  Criticism,  2Siscufis;tan,  anto  Snformation. 


Vol.  LIX. 


NOVEMBER  25,  1915 


No.  706 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


"  JUST  A  NICE  STOEY."    H.  W.  Boynton    .     .  471 

LITER AEY  AFFAIRS  IN  FEANCE.     (Special 

Paris  Correspondence.)     Theodore  Stanton  474 
Maxim  Gorky's  Son,  and  Other  Coming  Euro- 
pean Lecturers  in  America. —  M.  Jules  Bois's 
New  Novel. —  The  Late  Eemy  de  Gourmont. 

CASUAL  COMMENT 475 

The  dramatic  renascence. —  Better  textbooks 
at  lower  price. —  Imagism  and  plagiarism. — 
The  fascination  of  forbidden  fiction. —  The 
year's  periodical  poetry. —  A  quarter-millen- 
nial jubilee. —  Our  debt  to  the  patient  scribe. 
—  The  most  voluminous  reference  work  in 
the  world. —  Safety  first  in  juvenile  litera- 
ture.— "  Androcles  and  the  Lion "  in  Ger- 
many.—  The  deceitfulness  of  appearances  in 
books. 

COMMUNICATIONS 479 

William     Cullen     Bryant     Again.       Harriet 

Monroe. 
The  Librarian  as  Literary  Critic.     Bernard 

C.  Steiner. 
The  Law  of  Necessity.     S.  A.  Tannenbaum 

and  C.  M.  Street. 
Mr.  Benson  and  Authors'  Agencies.     Robert 

H.  Edes. 
Pronunciation  and  Poetry.    Robert  J.  Shores. 

CAELYLE  EEDrVIVUS.     Alex.  MacJcendricJc     .  483 
THE  NEW  PAINTING.     Grant   Showerman     .  486 

MEMORIALS   OF  A   GEEAT   ASTEONOMEE. 

Mabel  Loomis  Todd 488 

THE  IEVING-BEEVOOET  LETTEES.    William 

B.    Cairns 491 

LITEEATUEE  AND  HISTOEY.     Fred  Morrow 

Fling 493 

EECENT   FICTION.     Edward  E.   Hale     .     .     .495 
Smith's   Felix   O'Day. —  Mrs.    Burnett's    The 
Lost  Prince. —  Parker's  The  Money  Master. — 
Miss  Gather's  The  Song  of  the  Lark. 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS.—  1 497 

Art  and  Architecture. —  Travel  and  Descrip- 
tion.—  Eecords  of  the  Past. —  Biography  and 
Memoirs. —  Miscellaneous  Holiday  Books. 

THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOE  THE  YOUNG     .  507 

NOTES 510 

LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  512 


"JUST  A  NICE  STORY." 

The  old-fashioned  woman  of  a  generation 
ago  used  always  to  be  looking  for  that  isle  of 
safety  in  the  perilous  thoroughfare  of  current 
fiction  which  she  called  the  "sweet  pretty 
story."  Her  mother  had  escaped  to  it  from 
unpleasant  writers  like  Thackeray  and  George 
Eliot.  She  herself  sought  refuge  there  from 
the  deeper  distresses  of  Thomas  Hardy,  the 
shocking  young  cynicism  of  Kipling,  and 
those  new  importations,  from  France  and  Rus- 
sia of  the  strange  thing  called  realism,  which 
showed  only  too  plainly  what  a  dreadful  state 
foreigners  must  be  in.  A  quaint  figure  now : 
and  yet  not  all  her  daughters  have  outgrown 
her.  From  the  novels  of  sex,  of  crime,  of 
sophistication,  of  the  supernatured  man  and 
the  denatured  woman,  they  still,  in  their  thou- 
sands, look  for  relief  to  the  white-and-gold 
volume  with  the  red-haired  girl  on  the  cover ; 
and  they  pass  it  on,  murmuring  more  or  less 
shamefacedly  (for  it  is  frightfully  unfashion- 
able to  be  innocent)  that  it  is  "just  a  nice 
story." 

Now  the  critic,  in  his  crusty  moods,  or  at 
moments  when  his  virility  obliges  him  to  cor- 
rect female  members  of  his  family,  is  wont  to 
dispose  of  this  kind  of  commodity  as  "  mush," 
or  peradventure  "  slush."  He  builds  a  fence, 
and  barbs  it  stiffly,  between  true  idealism,  the 
stuff  of  which  manly  life  and  manly  imagina- 
tion are  made,  and  the  insipid  sentimentalism 
with  which  the  ladies,  and  the  ladylike  gen- 
tlemen, love  to  confound  it.  But  even  the 
critic,  unless  he  is  fairly  frozen  in  among  his 
categories,  must  have  his  more  responsive  or 
relenting  moments.  In  these  days,  when 
authoresses  pride  themselves  upon  being  vir- 
ile, it  is  a  relief,  now  and  then,  to  own  the 
soft  impeachment  of  parlor  romance,  to  taste 
the  lucent  syrups  of  the  sentimentalist. 
Granted  that  the  "pretty"  story  is  often 
sickish  to  a  robust  appetite;  nevertheless  has 
it  not  its  proper  place  in  the  diet?  There 
is  a  balance  to  be  kept:  the  gamijiess  of  the 
game  course,  the  altitude  of  the  cheese,  de- 
mand offsets  at  the  other  extreme  of  the 
palate. 

What  is  the  genesis  of  the  nice  story?  I 
suggest  that  it  is  time  for  some  budding  Ph.D. 


472 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


to  make  a  serious  study  of  it  (very  serious  it 
must  be,  with  tables  and  diagrams)  for  the 
academic  mart.  Unless  she  were  very  ambi- 
tious, she  might  make  shift  with  a  start  in 
Sanskrit  or  Pali  literature.  The  tale  of  Ruth 
would  edge  her  along  through  the  somewhat 
grim  Hebrew  pages.  Greece,  handled  with 
discretion,  would  respond  more  liberally  to 
her  coaxing  hand.  Rome,  I  fear,  would  hold 
off  a  little ;  sweetness  and  prettiness  were  not 
much  in  the  Roman  line.  For  the  middle 
ages,  the  tale  of  Griselda  hangs  on  the  peril- 
ous edge  of  tragedy ;  but  the  lady  is  the  real 
sort,  and  everything  turns  out  right  in  the 
end;  Boccacio  could  be  as  pretty  as  you 
please  when  he  was  not  happening  to  be 
naughty.  The  days  of  Elizabeth  were  not  too 
spaciously  masculine  to  produce  several  of 
the  nicest  stories  in  the  world.  Rosalind  was 
prototype  of  how  many  hundreds  of  virtuous 
daring  heroines?  Viola,  her  damask  cheek 
not  more  than  becomingly  ravaged  by  con- 
cealment, her  humor  (as  Rosalind's  is  not) 
always  subject  to  her  sentiment,  is  nearer 
the  sweet  pretty  type,  while  Perdita  and 
Miranda  are  perfect  embodiments  of  it.  There 
was  not  much  chance  in  the  days  of  Dry- 
den  and  Congreve.  The  eighteenth  century 
trickled  its  damper  sentiment  through  the 
channel  of  the  so-called  Eastern  Tale,  that 
queer  concoction  of  sickly  sentiment  and  pre- 
posterous action,  concerning  persons  with 
names  which  no  longer  figure  in  print  except 
on  the  covers  of  cigarette-boxes.  And  of 
course  there  was  "Paul  and  Virginia,"  not 
too  tragic  in  the  end  for  the  lachrymose  taste 
of  the  time. 

This  is  all  very  sketchy  and  doubtless  inac- 
curate, and  will,  I  fear,  only  suggest  to  our 
aspirant  for  academic  honors  the  way  in 
which  the  thing  ought  not  to  be  done.  Any- 
how, I  am  sure  she  will  find  more  prettiness 
and  niceness  in  the  nineteenth  century  than 
in  all  the  others  put  together.  Of  course  the 
lachrymose  habit  persisted  in  its  earlier  years 
—  yes,  well  into  its  middle.  If  you  will  look 
into  any  of  those  quaint  annuals  which  flour- 
ished in  the  forties  and  fifties, —  the  Tokens, 
and  Souvenirs,  and  Books  of  Gems, —  you  will 
observe  that  the  happy  ending  as  a  requisite 
of  the  nice  story  is  a  relatively  modern  affair. 
People  loved  to  have  Little  Nell  die  by  inches, 
under  a  pink  light.  Poets  were  encouraged  to 
warble  about  their  pleasing  woe  and  their 
cherished  despair.  It  was  at  least  as  popular 


to  kill  a  pair  of  lovers  in  each  other's  arms 
(preferably  by  lightning)  as  to  land  them  at 
the  altar.  But  a  little  later  in  Victoria's  reign 
fashions  changed,  melancholy  ceased  to  be  a 
preferred  pleasure;  the  kiss  curtain,  as  they 
say  in  dramatic  circles,  came  in  once  more. 
The  light  that  never  was  on  sea  or  land  was 
spotted  upon  the  happy  pair  at  that  supreme 
instant  of  tableau  when  happiness  has  not 
begun  to  be  menaced  by  the  grocer,  the  cradle, 
or  the  third  member  of  the  triangle.  We  saw 
them  married,  and  we  left  it  to  them  to  be 
happy  ever  after.  However  dismally,  in  real 
life,  we  might  be  bored  by  the  young  lady 
who  has  just  struck  a  final  balance  between 
her  skirts  and  her  back  hair,  or  the  young 
gentleman  who  has  just  "graduated,"  we,  or 
the  females  of  our  species,  were  well  content 
to  philander  with  them  for  a  season,  in  print. 
For  they  are  youth, —  ourselves  as  we  are, 
have  been,  or  might  have  been.  Therefore  the 
silly  and  wonderful  time  that  links  adoles- 
cence to  the  hour  of  mating  is  the  one  age  of 
man  which  is  of  universal  interest. 

Hence  the  enormous  and  hardly  yet  dimin- 
ishing popularity  of  "  Little  Women."  Here, 
if  you  like,  is  the  nice  story,  the  pretty  story, 
the  story  that  leaves  a  pleasant  taste  in  one's 
mouth.  If  it  is  capable  of  furnishing  mate- 
rial, now  and  then,  for  "  a  good  cry,"  and  if 
its  sentiment  is  unabashedly  Victorian,  it 
lived  and  still  lives  chiefly  in  an  atmosphere 
of  harmless  laughter.  Miss  Alcott's  world  is 
an  undergraduate  world  without  cynicism,  a 
"  flapper  "  world  which  somehow  escapes  silli- 
ness, the  world  of  immortal  youth  at  some- 
thing approaching  its  best.  That  world  has 
its  rightful  limitation.  When  its  young  fig- 
ures have  passed  in  pairs  up  the  church  steps, 
and  we  have  lingered  a  moment  to  hear  the 
strains  of  Mendelssohn  or  "  The  Voice  that 
Breathed  o'er  Eden,"  we  may  well  let  the 
curtain  fall.  We  have  had  the  cream  of  life, 
—  never  mind  about  the  skimmed  milk.  For 
our  purposes,  at  least,  the  hero  and  heroine, 
having  discharged,  with  the  act  of  mating, 
the  supreme  function  of  youth,  have  rightly 
ceased  to  be. 

Against  this  view  of  life  let  the  realists 
rage.  Turning  an  ingenuous  ear,  we  simply 
perceive  that  they  are  talking  about  some- 
thing else.  Life  happens  to  interest  them 
chiefly  in  other  phases.  They  are  willing  to 
admit  that  puberty  and  the  act  of  mating  are 
episodes  of  physiological  and  racial  import; 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


473 


but  they  find  more  absorbing  themes  in  the 
physiology  or  psychology  of  marriage  as  a 
state,  in  the  devious  conduct  of  the  "ever 
after"  —  if,  indeed,  they  condescend  to  treat 
life  in  themes  rather  than  in  slices  or  in 
hunks ! 

Well,  there  is  no  real  matter  for  argument 
here,  is  there?  It  all  comes  down  to  the  old 
brass  tacks  of  preference.  And  one  is  not 
invariably  a  silly  ass  because  he  fails  to  be  a 
curmudgeon.  Some  people  like  to  grit  their 
teeth  and  stare  at  things,  others  like  to  shut 
their  eyes  and  dream  of  them.  It  is  a  ques- 
tion of  mood,  with  a  great  many  of  us.  The 
sweet  pretty  story,  reduced  to  its  elements,  is 
merely  a  sort  of  easy  and  soothing  substitute 
for  poetry,  prepared  for  what  used  to  be 
called  the  boudoir.  It  is  a  literature  for  the 
emotional  toilet,  and  very  useful  in  restoring 
(for  the  moment  at  least)  the  bloom  and 
perfume  of  life. 

In  its  purest  form,  I  have  said,  it  deals 
with  young  love  and  its  immediate  conse- 
quences—  the  license,  the  ring,  and  the  mar- 
riage-peal. This  article  is  warranted  to 
soothe  the  tenderest  emotional  cuticle.  But 
there  are  variants.  One  of  them  pushes  the 
action  back  into  infancy,  and  represents  the 
little  child  (in  a  blue  sash  and  gold  ringlets) 
leading  them.  Nowadays,  to  be  sure,  she 
often  leads  them  by  the  nose.  The  old  theory 
of  her  as  an  influence  powerful  through  its 
very  weakness  and  innocence  is  exploded. 
She  is  now  very  much  "  in  the  know,"  the 
family  oracle  and  censor  ex  officio.  It  is  she 
who  persuades  poor  father  to  give  up  playing 
auction  for  money  which  she  can  so  ill  afford ; 
it  is  she  who  reveals  to  dear  mother  that  it  is 
her  own  fault  poor  father  is  drifting  away; 
it  is  she  who  tells  grandfather  just  what  she 
thinks  of  him  for  his  treatment  of  big  brother. 
And  father  and  mother  and  grandfather  are 
all  tickled  to  pieces,  when  they  come  to  think 
it  over.  Or  it  is  the  fine  manly  little  fellow 
who,  not  yet  in  his  teens,  supports  his  wid- 
owed mother  and  orphaned  sisters,  and  stops 
the  runaway  which  is  hurling  the  sash  and 
ringlets  to  their  last  home,  and  they  are  the 
daughter  of  the  President  of  the  Bank,  and 
everybody  knows  the  rest.  A  queer  cult  of 
precocious  love-making  is  important  in  this 
kind  of  yarn.  It  does  not  hesitate  to  extend 
the  range  of  mating-sentiment  clear  below  the 
bounds  of  adolescence. 


Another  popular  variant  of  the  pretty 
story  owes  its  fascination  to  its  activity  in 
pushing  this  same  sentiment  along  in  the 
other  direction.  I  recall  a  story  hailed  enthu- 
siastically the  other  day  by  lovers  of  the 
sweet  pretty.  It  was  about  an  aged  pair, 
wed  for  many  years,  who  call  each  other 
Pelleas  and  Etarre,  and  whose  chief  occupa- 
tion turns  out  to  be  making  eyes  at  each  other 
and  otherwise  going  through  the  exercises 
proper  to  a  normal  and  healthy  -calf-love.  I 
thought  it  rather  indecent,  myself  —  an  ex- 
treme instance  of  the  kind  of  thing  which  I 
suppose  represents  a  reaction  against  the  sor- 
did or  squalid  aspects  of  marriage  as  shown 
up  by  the  gloomier  realists.  The  reaction  is 
legitimate  enough,  up  to  a  certain  point.  The 
natural  way  to  see  a  thing  is  with  the  naked 
eye.  But  if  some  people  are  going  to  use  a 
glass,  and  to  insist  on  looking  through  the 
uncomplimentary  end  of  it,  there  will  natu- 
rally be  other  people  to  reverse  the  process. 
If  some  people  are  going  to  be  forever  telling 
us  that  all  of  the  sweet  sentiment  of  life  van- 
ishes during  the  honeymoon,  other  people  are 
sure  to  try  to  persuade  us  that  none  of  it  need 
ever  escape  or  be  transmuted. 

There  are  a  goodly  number  of  writers  now 
producing  nice  stories  along  this  line,  stories 
eagerly  or  wistfully  piping  the  tune  of  domes- 
tic sentiment.  Were  not  we,  after  all,  mis- 
taken in  our  readiness  to  bury  romance  at  the 
altar?  Has  youth,  in  truth,  such  a  monopoly 
of  heart-interest?  Do  home  and  mother 
necessarily  mean  haircloth  and  a  red  shawl? 
By  no  means,  cry  these  gospellers  —  any  more 
than  they  mean  a  bridge-table  and  a  make-up. 
Look !  here  is  happiness  in  your  thirties  and 
forties.  Here  is  the  kind  of  fiction  in  which 
tired  and  middle-aged  women  may  find  a 
sweet  flattery,  which  let  no  man  grudge  them. 
Here  is  no  pretty  fancy  out  of  the  faded  past, 
but  a  dream  based  upon  real  life  as  they 
know  it.  It  is  a  vision  of  humdrum  colored 
by  romance:  themselves  and  their  surround- 
ings bathed  in  a  rosy  light  of  sentiment;  the 
everyday  worjid  of  housewife  and  commuter 
blown  upon  by  consciously  wholesome  airs  of 
"idealism";  a  world,  in  short,  where  being 
good  is  really  being  happy,  and  loving  one's 
neighbor  the  popular  sport. 

Yes,  it  is  easy  enough  for  us  to  make  fun 
of  this  kind  of  commodity  —  it  is  not  the  lit- 
erature upon  which  men's  souls  are  fed.  But 
it  has  its  function.  If  we  are  going  to  look 


474 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


upon  the  world  as  it  is  not,  we  may  quite  as 
profitably  see  it  the  color  of  a  rosebank  as  the 
color  of  a  dunghill.  After  all,  daydreams  are 
better  medicine  for  tired  hearts  than  night- 
mares are.  We  may  safely  let  mother  have 
her  sweetmeat.  Lord  knows,  we  shall  have 
plenty  of  stories  left  that  are  neither  sweet 
nor  pretty  nor  nice !  H>  w>  BOYNTON. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  FRANCE. 

MAXIM  GORKY'S  SON,  AND  OTHER  COMING  EURO- 
PEAN LECTURERS  IN  AMERICA. — M.  JULES  Bois's 
NEW  NOVEL. — THE  LATE  REMY  DE  GOURMONT. 
(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

One  day  last  summer  when  I  came  into  one 
of  the  smaller  wards  of  our  American  Ambu- 
lance at  Neuilly,  where  I  go  afternoons  to 
write  letters  for  the  wounded,  I  noticed  a 
little  table  alongside  of  that  of  the  nurse, 
heaped  with  books  and  writing  materials.  A 
few  days  later  I  found  seated  behind  this 
table  M.  Zenovi  Pechkoff,  Gorky's  son,  a  ner- 
vous, energetic  young  man  of  perhaps  twenty- 
five,  whose  left  arm  had  been  amputated  close 
up  at  the  shoulder,  for  he  has  been  for  many 
months  a  soldier  in  the  first  regiment  of  the 
French  Foreign  Legion.  Perhaps  I  may  say 
in  passing  that  my  own  son  is  also  a  member 
of  this  regiment,  which  has  seen  some  of  the 
hardest  fighting  on  the  western  front.  M. 
Peehkoff,  who  has  been  decorated  for  bravery 
and  has  an  honorable  discharge  from  the 
army,  is  now  residing  near  Genoa,  and  is 
engaged  in  delivering  lectures  in  Italy  on  the 
war  and  writing  out  for  publication  his  im- 
pressions and  experiences  at  the  front,  these 
latter  being  of  no  ordinary  nature.  "  I  have 
had  an  informal  invitation,"  he  tells  me,  "to 
lecture  in  the  United  States ;  and  if  the  offer 
takes  definite  shape,  I  will  go."  I  seized  the 
opportunity  at  one  of  our  meetings  to  ask 
M.  Pechkoff  if  there  was  any  truth  in  the 
rather  surprising  statement  contained  in 
"Who's  Who"  for  the  present  year,  that 
Gorky  had  "  enlisted  in  the  Russian  army," 
and  his  reply  was  much  what  I  expected, — 
"  Gorky  has  not  only  not  enlisted  in  the  Rus- 
sian army,  but  is  hard  at  work  at  his  usual 
literary  occupations  in  a  town  in  Finland." 

Another  possible  early  foreign  lecturer  in 
America  is  the  Belgian  publicist,  Professor 
Celestin  Demblon,  who  always  writes  proudly 
after  his  name,  "  Depute  de  Liege."  He  will 
be  remembered  —  perhaps  less  to  his  credit  — 
as  the  author  of  the  theory  that  Lord  Rutland 
was  the  writer  of  the  Shakespeare  plays.  The 


fact  is  that  he  was  on  the  point  of  starting  on 
an  American  lecture  tour  on  this  subject  when 
the  war  broke  out.  "  But  I  may  go  over  when 
the  peace  comes,"  he  said  to  me  in  Paris  last 
spring.  M.  Demblon  is  now  in  London  nego- 
tiating for  an  English  translation  of  his 
magnum  opus,  "Lord  Rutland  est  Shake- 
speare" and  "L'Auteur  d'Hamlet  et  son 
Monde,"  while  engaged  in  seeing  through  the 
press,  also  in  English  dress,  his  latest  book, 
"La  Guerre  a  Liege."  M.  Demblon  was  in 
the  noble  little  city  all  through  the  memorable 
month  of  August  of  last  year,  and  his  family 
is  still  hedged  in  there. 

And  before  I  dismiss  the  subject  of  Euro- 
peans lecturing  in  America,  I  should  add  that 
M.  Jules  Bois  is  just  back  from  a  several 
months'  sojourn  in  the  United  States,  where 
I  understand  he  had  a  really  remarkable  suc- 
cess on  the  platform  and  in  drawing-rooms. 
"  I  am  going  back  shortly,"  he  wrote  me  from 
Bordeaux    on    landing    last    month, —  which 
shows  that  he  feels  that  he  had  a  good  time 
there.     Since  then  I  have  spent  a  most  inter- 
esting afternoon  with  him,  when  he  gave  me 
a  resume  of  his  next  novel,   "  The  Woman 
who  Killed,"  which  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 
are  to  bring  out  this  season  in  New  York. 
The  book,  written  especially  for  the  American 
public  and  based  largely  on  M.  Bois's  expe- 
riences on  your  side  of  the  Atlantic,  will,  if 
published  in  France,  have  quite  another  and 
more    commonplace   title, —  "  L'Impitoyable." 
In  fact  it  is  in  the  United  States  that  the 
volume  will  probably  attract  the  most  readers, 
and  I  venture  to  predict  that  the  number  will 
be  large,  for  it  is  unquestionably  a  powerful 
story,   which   will   certainly  provoke   contro- 
versy.    The  heroine,  Mrs.  Cynthia  Maitland, 
"the  type   of  the  super-lady,"   as  M.   Bois 
describes  her,  first  appears  on  the  scene  as  a 
nurse  at  the  American  Ambulance  already 
referred  to.     The  two  other  chief  characters 
are     Frenchmen, —  Michel     d'Aulnieres,     the 
hero  of  the  tale,  an  officer  who  has  invented  a 
remarkable  gun ;   and  Lavisor,  "  a  great  mor- 
alist, who  has  become  a  sort  of  mystic  because 
of  the  war."     The  development  of  the  per- 
sonality of  Mrs.  Maitland  is  the  feature  of 
the  book;   and  though  she  certainly  will  not 
wholly    please   the   New    Woman,    the   New 
Woman  will  find  not  a  little  comfort  in  the 
fact  that  it  is  the  heroine  who  stands  forth 
the  stronger,  and  the  hero  the  weaker,  vessel. 
Though  the  late  Remy  de  Gourmont,  who 
died  at  the  very  end  of  last  month,  never  lec- 
tured in  America  and  never  dreamed  of  doing 
so,  he  was,  at  a  certain  period  of  his  life, 
quite  "at  home"   in  some  of  the  drawing- 
rooms  of  the  Paris  American  Colony.    During 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


475 


the  last  half  of  the  eighties,  he  was  par- 
ticularly assiduous  at  the  house  of  a  wealthy 
American  widow  who  had  three  or  four  very- 
pretty  marriageable  daughters.  He  there 
sounded  his  title  of  Marquis  for  all  that  it 
was  worth,  probably  for  more  than  it  was 
worth,  and  was  even  seen  waltzing  with  the 
hostess's  girls.  I  will  never  forget  this  waltz- 
ing. Remy  de  Gourmont  had  a  short,  rather 
stoutish  body,  was  awkward  in  his  move- 
ments, wore  clothes  without  any  cut,  always 
had  his  trousers  "'up  for  high  tide,"  as  a 
young  American  said,  and  then  went  whirling 
around  like  a  top,  French  fashion,  without 
ever  reversing. 

All  these  strange  things,  doubly  strange  in 
the  Remy  de  Gourmont  whom  we  knew  later, 
happened  before  he  was  known  as  a  writer; 
and  he  was  brought  into  this  stylish  circle  by 
his  bonne  amie  of  that  day,  who  became  his 
faithful  Egeria  at  the  end, —  a  pleasant  niece 
of  the  well-known  French  sculptor  Clesinger 
(1814-84),  son-in-law  of  George  Sand,  and 
whose  fine  statue  of  his  famous  mother-in-law 
is  one  of  the  art  treasures  of  the  foyer  of  the 
Theatre  f  ranc.ais.  This  very  slight  connection 
with  Nohant  and  its  group  gave  a  dash  of 
literary  color  to  the  early  life  of  Remy  de 
Gourmont,  even  before  he  began  himself  to 
write.  But  what  suddenly  made  him  a  full- 
fledged  man  of  letters  was  one  of  his  first 
contributions  to  the  "  Mercure  de  France,"  of 
which,  by  the  way,  he  was  one  of  the  eleven 
founders,  and  where  all  his  volumes  have  been 
published,  for  the  "Mercure"  has  a  book- 
publishing  department,  and  where  he  wrote 
almost  uninterruptedly  for  twenty-five  years, 
the  last  article  from  his  pen  appearing  there 
on  the  very  day  of  his  funeral.  In  1891  he 
there  aired  his  views  on  Patriotism,  and 
boldly  declared  that  he  cared  no  more  for 
Alsace-Lorraine  than  for  the  ashes  of  his 
cigarette.  Thereupon  the  ultra-patriotic  li- 
brarian of  the  National  Library,  where  M.  de 
Gourmont  was  one  of  the  assistants,  and 
where  he  might  have  continued  down  to  the 
present  day  engaged  in  passing  out  books  to 
the  public,  ruthlessly  discharged  him.  Yet 
Remy  de  Gourmont  was  at  bottom  a  good 
enough  patriot,  as  is  sufficiently  proved  by  his 
book,  "Pendant  1'Orage,"  issued  recently  by 
Champion.  Furthermore,  his  article  was 
really  a  protest  against  the  braggings  of  Paul 
Deroulede  and  his  group,  who  were  always 
bent  on  plunging  France  into  a  war  with 
Germany,  with  what  result  we  see  only  too 
clearly  to-day. 

So,  to  use  a  vulgar  but  expressive  phrase, 
the  over-zealous  director  of  the  National  Li- 
brary kicked  Remy  de  Gourmont  up  into  the 


galaxy  of  contemporary  French  authors, 
where  he  has  become  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
stylists  of  the  present  generation.  His 
French  is  clear-cut  and  pure,  and  he  was 
always  sure  of  himself.  M.  Andre  Fontainas, 
however,  said  to  me  very  truly  as  we  left  the 
church  after  the  funeral:  "He  was  not  an 
inventor  of  style,  a  finder  of  images,  a  turner 
of  happy  phrases,  which  create  new  relations 
between  ideas  by  means  of  words."  Nor  does 
this  delicate  Belgian  poet  think  that  "  because 
of  its  style  would  one,  after  reading  a  para- 
graph of  Remy  de  Gourmont,  be  likely  to 
exclaim,  '  That's  de  Gourmont,'  as  one  can 
say,  'That's  Voltaire,  or  Renan,  or  Flaubert.' " 
The  social  change  that  came  over  Remy  de 
Gourmont  when  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  a  lead- 
ing writer  should  also  be  pointed  out.  When 
he  stopped  dancing  in  the  American  Colony, 
he  shut  his  door  on  society  and  practically 
never  "  went  out "  again.  The  last  time  I  saw 
him,  several  years  ago,  was  when  I  called  on 
him  in  his  plain,  huddled-up,  bachelor  quar- 
ters in  the  old  Rue  des  Saints-Peres.  The 
whole  place  looked  like  the  pictures  of  those 
ancient  astrologers,  wrapped  in  big  morning- 
gowns  something  like  Balzac  in  Falguiere's 
statue  in  the  Avenue  Friedland,  and  buried 
among  their  books  and  papers.  And  how  his 
face  had  changed  since  the  eighties!  The 
victim  of  some  skin  disease,  I  believe,  his 
features  had  become  really  repulsive,  and  this 
repulsiveness  was  increased  by  the  remedy 
that  the  doctors  had  had  recourse  to, —  the 
burning  of  the  cheeks  in  such  a  way  that  they 
were  covered  with  many  ugly  little  scars. 
This  physical  state  alone  would  have  checked 
Remy  de  Gourmont  from  entering  a  drawing- 
room  again,  even  if  he  had  wished  to  do  so, — 
which,  however,  was  not  the  case.  While  I  of 
course  admire  the  intellectual  Remy  de  Gour- 
mont of  the  post  National  Library  epoch,  I 
have  always  felt  a  discreet  preference  for  the 
modest,  kindly,  gentle,  young  Marquis  de 
Gourmont  of  the  ante  "Mercure  de  France" 

THEODORE  STANTON. 
Paris,  October  25,  1915. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 

THE  DRAMATIC  RENASCENCE  is  the  subject 
of  a  notable  contribution  to  the  current 
"  North  American  Review  "  from  Mr.  Thomas 
H.  Dickinson,  who  pays  especial  tribute  to 
Mr.  Henry  Arthur  Jones  as  a  prominent  fig- 
ure in  this  encouraging  development.  Mr. 
Dickinson  joyfully  proclaims  the  rebirth  as 
an  accomplished  fact,  and  continues:  "Be- 


476 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


ginning  with  Matthew  Arnold's  respectful 
words  written  in  '  The  Nineteenth  Century ' 
for  1879  —  the  first  respectful  words  spoken 
for  the  modern  English  drama  by  an  acknowl- 
edged critic  of  our  day  —  the  consideration  of 
drama  has  grown  more  and  more  familiar 
under  the  pens  of  the  learned.  Augustine 
Birrell,  H.  D.  Traill,  W.  L.  Courtney,  Ed- 
mund Gosse,  Professor  Gilbert  Murray  are 
but  a  few  of  those  who  have  turned  from  the 
concerns  of  the  scholar  to  the  consideration  of 
modern  drama.  Drama  has  entered  the  uni- 
versities of  England  and  America,  no  longer 
as  a  species  of  elocution,  or  a  debased  form  of 
literary  teaching,  but  as  an  art  that  is  con- 
nected structurally  and  by  content  with  the 
interests  of  our  day.  Moreover,  drama  is  win- 
ning acceptance  in  the  sisterhood  of  the  arts. 
Arthur  Symons  applies  to  the  play  the  same 
delicate  criticism  that  he  applies  to  music  and 
painting.  Barrie  gives  up  the  novel  for  the 
play.  Even  Meredith  and  Hardy  and  James, 
to  mention  those  of  an  older  generation,  tried 
their  hands  at  dramatic  composition,  and 
Arnold  Bennett  and  John  Galsworthy  of  the 
newer  generation  are  almost  as  well  known 
for  their  plays  as  for  their  novels.  The  fact 
that  the  kindly  recognition  that  is  coming  to 
drama  is  based  no  less  on  what  drama  is 
expected  to  do  than  on  what  has  already  been 
performed,  quite  as  much  on  potential  as 
actual  achievements,  does  not  diminish  the 
significance  of  the  standards  of  respect  that 
have  been  enforced  for  an  hitherto  despised 
art."  But  there  is  no  happy  accident  in  all 
this;  it  has  come  about  by  well-directed 
effort ;  and  among  the  zealous  workers  for  the 
good  cause  high  honor  is  paid  to  Mr.  William 
Archer  in  England  and  Professor  Brander 
Matthews  in  our  own  country.  A  review  of 
the  history  of  the  stage  might  incline  one  to 
name  the  present  attitude  of  scholars  and 
writers  toward  the  drama  not  a  renascence, 
a  rebirth,  but  a  wholly  new  and  unprece- 
dented manifestation.  Has  the  player's  art 
ever  before  been  held  in  such  esteem  and 
made  the  subject  of  so  much  serious  study? 

•    •    • 

BETTER  TEXTBOOKS  AT  LOWER  PRICE  has  been 
the  trend  for  a  quarter  century  or  more  in 
the  great  domain  of  educational  literature. 
It  is  pleasant  to  be  able  to  name  something 
that  has  not  followed  the  general  rule  and 
mounted  skyward  in  price.  One  of  the  lead- 
ing publishing  houses  in  this  field  (Messrs. 
Ginn  &  Co.)  issues  a  readable  and  instructive 
pamphlet,  "  Quality  and  Cost,"  in  which  it  is 
asserted  that  this  steady  decline  in  price  since 
1890  now  amounts  to  more  than  ten  per  cent, 
notwithstanding  a  constant  increase  in  the 


cost  of  materials  and  of  workmanship  in  the 
making  of  this  class  of  books.  Competition  in 
the  business,  combined  with  a  wise  insistence 
upon  the  best  quality  on  the  part  of  teachers 
and  other  school  authorities,  must  be  re- 
garded as  the  cause  of  this  gratifying  devel- 
opment. But,  as  Professor  Kittredge  has 
publicly  declared,  the  genius  of  the  late  Edwin 
Ginn  is  not  to  be  overlooked  in  any  explana- 
tion of  the  present  high  standing  and  mod- 
erate price  of  the  American  school  textbook. 
The  firm  founded  by  Mr.  Ginn  in  1867  set  up 
and  maintained  a  higher  standard  in  text- 
book-publishing than  had  been  known  to  most 
of  us  before  that  time,  or  to  our  fathers  and 
grandfathers  if  our  memory  goes  not  quite  so 
far  back.  Significant  in  this  connection  are 
certain  statistics  lately  published  by  the  na- 
tional Bureau  of  Education,  showing  that, 
contrary  to  the  general  impression,  our  an- 
nual expenditure  for  schoolbooks  is  no  very 
staggering  sum.  Seventy-eight  and  one-third 
cents  for  each  pupil  will  be  found  to  cover  the 
bill  and  leave  a  little  over;  that  is,  about 
seventeen  million  dollars,  all  told,  for  one 
year,  while  in  the  same  length  of  time  twenty- 
five  million  dollars  is  spent  for  chewing-gum, 
one  hundred  and  thirty-five  million  for  candy, 
and  three  hundred  twenty-five  million  for  ice- 
cream soda  and  similar  liquid  refreshments. 
Emphatic  denial  of  the  existence  of  any  text- 
book trust  is  given  by  the  above-named  firm. 
Perhaps  so  comparatively  small  a  market  is 
not  thought  worth  cornering. 

IMAGISM  AND  PLAGIARISM  may  be  found  in 
rather  surprising  association  in  the  October 
number  of  "  Poetry :  A  Magazine  of  Verse." 
The  last  piece  in  a  group  of  what  are  de- 
scribed in  the  contents  list  of  this  issue  as 
"  three  poems  by  T.  S.  Eliot "  consists  of  some 
dull  data  concerning  one  Miss  Nancy  Ellicott, 
evidently  a  person  of  extraordinary  physical 
if  not  intellectual  weight,  who  "  strode  across 
the  hills  and  broke  them,  .  .  riding  to  hounds 
over  the  cow-pasture,"  and  who  "  smoked  and 
danced  all  the  modern  dances,"  while  "her 
aunts  were  not  quite  sure  how  they  felt  about 
it,  but  they  knew  that  it  was  modern."  (We 
like  those  aunts,  by  the  way.)  This  stuff, 
with  more  of  the  same  sort,  is  broken  up  into 
lines  of  irregular  length,  each  of  which  begins 
with  a  capital  letter.  The  old-fashioned 
reader  to  whom  poetry  is  something  more 
than  capitalized  lines  of  irregular  length,  if 
he  finds  sufficient  entertainment  in  following 
this  society  item  to  the  end,  will  be  struck  at 
once  by  the  closing  line, —  a  phrase  whose 
genuine  poetic  quality  stands  out  in  vivid 
contrast  with  the  prose  wish-wash  that  pre- 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


477 


cedes  it.  "  The  army  of  unalterable  law,"  — 
there  is  a  familiar  ring  to  that ;  and  the  old- 
fashioned  reader  will  probably  not  be  long  in 
identifying  it  as  the  closing  line,  also,  of 
Meredith's  fine  sonnet,  "  Lucifer  in  Starlight." 
It  would  be  edifying  to  have  Meredith's  own 
comment  on  this  incident,  and  his  opinion  of 
the  company  into  which  his  fastidious  muse 
had  been  forcibly  introduced. 

•  •    • 

THE     FASCINATION     OF     FORBIDDEN     FICTION 

works  often  to  the  bookseller's  advantage,  in- 
asmuch as  books  banned  by  the  public  library 
are  likely  to  enjoy  a  "  boom "  at  the  book- 
shop. Conversely,  the  removal  of  previous 
restrictions  on  novel-reading  ought  to  take 
away  also  some  part  of  the  charm  investing 
the  interdicted  literature.  And  something  of 
this  sort  has  been  found  to  be  the  case  where 
limitations  imposed  on  the  circulation  of  fic- 
tion have  been  abolished.  At  the  Pratt  Insti- 
tute Free  Library,  for  example,  the  restriction 
of  one  novel  at  a  time  to  a  card-holder  had,  as 
almost  everywhere  else,  been  the  rule  until 
five  years  ago,  when  two  novels  at  a  time 
became  the  limit.  No  general  demoralization 
following,  the  bars  were  further  lowered  last 
February  and,  except  to  borrowers  under 
eighteen  and  also  excepting  the  latest  fiction, 
as  many  novels  as  are  desired  have  since  then 
been  at  the  borrower's  disposal.  One  might 
have  expected  from  the  irksomeness  of  the  one- 
novel  or  the  two-novel  rule  that  its  annul- 
ment would  have  greatly  increased  the  fiction 
circulation ;  but  we  learn  from  the  librarian's 
report  that  no  such  increase  has  taken  place, 
even  in  the  first  few  months  when,  if  ever,  it 
ought  to  have  been  a  dizzy  delight  to  stagger 
away  with  all  the  thrillers  one  could  hold  in 
one's  arms.  Perhaps  now  that  the  charm  of 
novelty  is  rubbed  off,  the  enlarged  privilege 
may  even  beget  a  loathing  for  story-books. 
The  poster  baby  familiar  to  us  all  will  cry 
for  the  cake  of  soap  just  beyond  his  reach  till 
he  gets  it,  and  then  he  won't  care  for  it. 

•  •    • 

THE  YEAR'S  PERIODICAL  POETRY  receives  at 
this  time  —  a  little  earlier  than  in  former 
seasons  —  Mr.  William  Stanley  Braithwaite's 
expert  review  and  criticism.  For  the  twelve 
months  ending  with  September  (not  with 
December  as  heretofore)  he  has  examined 
more  than  thirty  publications,  quarterly, 
monthly,  weekly,  and  daily,  reading  fifteen 
hundred  poems  from  five  hundred  and  thirty 
writers,  and  sifting  the  "poems  of  distinc- 
tion "  from  those  of  ordinary  merit.  His 
results  are  published,  as  usual,  in  the  Boston 
"  Transcript,"  and  show  a  generous  and  cor- 
dial attitude  toward  verse-writers  of  promise. 


Too  long  to  be  counted  is  his  list  of  "  distinc- 
tive" poems,  five  of  which  he  prints  in  full 
as  the  five  best  of  the  lot.  They  are,  in  the 
assigned  order  of  merit :  "  Patterns  "  by  Miss 
Amy  Lowell,  "  The  Adventurer  "  by  Mr.  Odell 
Shepard,  "  Needle  Travel "  by  Miss  Margaret 
French  Patton,  "The  Road  mot  Taken"  by 
Mr.  Robert  Frost,  and  "Peter  Quince  at  the 
Clavier"  by  Mr.  Wallace  Stevens.  Encour- 
aging to  poetry's  well-wishers  is  this  critic's 
view  of  the  year's  product  and  his  outlook 
toward  the  future.  He  sees  "  continued  prog- 
ress of  the  art  [of  poetry]  in  the  magazines," 
and  notes  with  especial  satisfaction  "the  in- 
crease of  critical  writing  about  contemporary 
poets  and  poetry."  Of  course  every  lover  of 
poetry  likes  to  be  and  ought  to  be  his  own 
critic  and  guide,  but  the  well-weighed  opinion 
of  the  professed  student  of  this  form  of  art 
is  always  more  or  less  interesting  and  of  more 
or  less  authority.  Many  will  take  issue  with 
Mr.  Braithwaite  in  his  bestowal  of  highest 
honors  upon  the  vers  libre  of  the  Imagist  poet 
whose  name  stands  first  in  the  foregoing  list ; 
and,  fortunately,  everyone  is  at  liberty  to 
draw  up  a  list  to  suit  himself,  an  exercise  as 
harmless  and  as  inconclusive  as  naming  the 
ten  or  twenty  or  hundred  best  books.  Mr. 
Braithwaite's  researches  are  about  to  be  pub- 
lished in  full  in  book  form, —  "Anthology  of 
Magazine  Poetry  and  Year  Book  of  American 

Verse  for  1915." 

•    •    • 

A  QUARTER-MILLENNIAL  JUBILEE  is  in  prepa- 
ration at  Newark  (our  chief  city  of  that 
name),  and  "The  Newarker"  devotes  its 
November  issue  to  a  proclamation  of  the  great 
event.  Otherwise  we  might  have  forgotten 
that  next  year  a  quarter  of  a  millennium  will 
have  passed  since  Robert  Treat  and  his  sturdy 
little  band  of  followers  from  Connecticut 
landed  on  the  banks  of  the  Passaic  River  and 
founded  the  city  that  was  destined  to  have, 
among  other  things,  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent, progressive,  and  aggressive  public  libra- 
ries in  all  America.  From  May  to  October, 
1916,  the  people  of  Newark  are  expecting  to 
indulge  in  pageantry,  oratory,  feasting,  and 
rejoicing  of  divers  sorts — not  uninterruptedly 
for  six  entire  months,  we  assume,  but  more 
or  less  spasmodically,  though  systematically 
and  with  befitting  dignity.  And  now,  as  to 
the  literary  part  of  these  elaborate  prepara- 
tions indicated  by  the  appointment  of  many 
kinds  of  committees  and  other  preliminary 
measures :  Mr.  John  Cotton  Dana  reminds  his 
fellow-Newarkers  that  the  rich  store  of  books 
under  his  charge  is  there  to  be  drawn  upon 
for  the  better  accomplishment  of  the  end  in 
view.  "  Before  anything  else,"  he  tells  them, 


478 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


"you  must  learn  what  kind  of  a  celebration 
it  is  to  be,  and  who  is  to  run  it  and  how  it  is 
to  be  paid  for,  and  where  help  is  needed. 
And  all  this  you  can  learn  at  the  library  — 
and  can  take  away  the  information  in  print, 
and  read  it.  And  then  you  must  learn  about 
Newark  itself,  .unless  you  know  it  already,  and 
the  only  man  who  knew  it  all  has  moved  to 
New  York."  Until  further  notice,  it  appears, 
Mr.  Dana's  enterprising  monthly  is  to  be  used 
for  celebration  purposes  by  the  Committee  of 
One  Hundred  having  charge  of  the  great  fes- 
tival ;  and  then  the  paper  is  to  return  to  the 
quieter  walks  of  bibliothecal  and  kindred 

interests. 

•    •    • 

OUR  DEBT   TO   THE   PATIENT   SCRIBE   who   has 

subordinated  himself  to  the  fame  of  his  mas- 
ter is  beyond  calculation.  What  should  we 
know  of  Johnson,  the  real,  every-day  Johnson, 
had  there  been  no  Boswell  ?  Lost  to  the  world 
would  have  been  the  wise  sayings  of  Epicte- 
tus,  had  not  his  pupil  Arrian  preserved  them 
for  us.  jEsop  seems  to  have  left  no  book  of 
fables,  written  by  his  own  hand;  or  at  least 
none  has  come  down  to  us  —  only  the  frag- 
mentary records  of  such  versifiers  as  Babrius 
and  Phsedrus.  Socrates  without  a  Plato  to 
report  him  to  the  world  would  have  been  all 
but  lost  to  posterity.  In  like  manner,  the 
latest  and  perhaps  the  best  of  Lafcadio 
Hearn's  productions,  his  posthumous  "  Inter- 
pretations of  Literature,"  owes  its  being  to  the 
faithful  labors  of  his  student  hearers  at  the 
University  of  Tokio,  where  these  lectures  were 
delivered  between  1896  and  1902,  and  where 
they  were  so  fully  taken  down  in  the  students' 
notebooks  from  the  lecturer's  lips  (he  lectur- 
ing without  notes,  but  slowly,  as  befitted  the 
needs  of  his  Japanese  audience)  that  the 
whole  series  was  afterward  reproduced  in 
proper  shape  for  publication,  and  was  pre- 
sented to  the  beloved  teacher's  literary  execu- 
tor. Not  many  college  classes  in  the  western 
world  would  have  taken  the  pains  that  these 
young  men  of  Japan  evidently  took  to  pre- 
serve intact  the  lecturer's  ipsissima  verba. 

•        •        • 

THE  MOST  VOLUMINOUS  REFERENCE  WORK  IN" 

THE  WORLD  was,  before  its  destruction  by  fire 
in  the  Boxer  Rebellion  of  1900,  the  Chinese 
Encyclopaedia  Maxima,  in  11,100  volumes, 
housed  in  the  Han-Lin  College,  which  fell  a 
victim  to  Boxer  fury.  Last  year  two  stray 
fragments  of  this  work  that  seem  to  have 
escaped  incineration  made  their  appearance 
in  a  London  bookshop  and  were  picked  up  for 
a  trifle  by  someone  who  afterward  lent  them 
to  the  London  Library.  Only  one  other  prod- 
uct of  industrious  scholarship  comes  to  mind 


at  present  as  in  any  degree  comparable  in 
scope  with  this  Chinese  work.  The  story  goes 
that  long  ago  a  certain  oriental  potentate, 
filled  with  a  desire  to  promote  the  welfare  of 
his  people,  ordered  the  wise  men  of  the  land 
to  prepare  an  exhaustive  history  of  the  hu- 
man race.  Accordingly  these  men  of  learning 
formed  themselves  into  an  academy,  elected 
the  proper  officers,  and  set  about  the  com- 
pilation of  the  desired  work.  After  twenty- 
five  years  of  unflagging  industry  they 
appeared  before  their  sovereign  lord  accom- 
panied by  a  train  of  camels  bearing  the 
completed  history  in  five  hundred  formidable 
volumes.  Terrified  by  its  mere  bulk,  the 
monarch  ordered  an  abridgment.  Fifteen 
years  of  labor  ensued,  after  which  the  surviv- 
ing academicians  (a  slender  body  by  this 
time)  appeared  with  a  fifty-volume  epitome 
of  their  former  work.  But  even  this  was  too 
much  for  their  royal  master  to  think  of  read- 
ing, and  with  tears  in  his  aged  eyes  he  begged 
them  to  abridge  the  abridgment.  Five  years 
passed,  and  then  the  sole  surviving  member 
of  the  academy  presented  himself,  on  crutches, 
with  one  stout  volume  borne  upon  the  back 
of  an  ass.  But  the  king,  himself  on  the  edge  of 
the  grave,  turned  away  in  despair  at  sight  of 
the  huge  tome.  Thereupon  the  academician, 
seized  with  an  inspiration,  threw  down  the 
rejected  volume  and  cried  to  his  moribund 
master :  "  Sire,  the  history  of  the  human  race 
may  be  summed  up  in  three  words, —  man  is 
born,  he  suffers,  he  dies."  Might  not  the 
11,100  volumes  of  encyclopaedic  learning  have 
been  advantageously  subjected  to  some  such 
compression  ? 

SAFETY  FIRST  IN  JUVENILE  LITERATURE  is  the 
slogan  with  which  all  promoters  of  good  read- 
ing for  the  young  folk  are  expected  to  make 
the  welkin  ring  during  the  week  beginning 
Nov.  28.  In  other  words,  this  is  to  be  Safety 
First  Juvenile  Book  Week  in  the  libraries  and 
other  haunts  of  young  readers,  thus  appointed 
by  the  organization  of  Boy  Scouts  of  America. 
Precautionary  measures  for  the  protection  of 
the  young  from  the  dangers  of  deleterious  lit- 
erature are  urged  upon  librarians,  booksellers, 
editors,  and  others  of  influence  in  the  book 
world;  and  attention  is  especially  called  to 
the  book-lists  prepared  by  the  Boy  Scouts 
association  and  furnished  to  all  libraries 
desiring  them.  These  lists,  headed  "Books 
Boys  Like,"  embrace  about  three  hundred 
carefully  selected  works,  with  annotations, 
the  selection  being  based  upon  reports  re- 
ceived from  many  librarians  and  booksellers 
throughout  the  country,  and  the  titles  grouped 
in  the  following  three  general  classes  of  chief 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


479 


interest  to  boys:  1,  Stories  of  adventure; 
2,  Books  on  how  to  do  things;  3,  Books  of 
information.  It  all  makes  a  pamphlet  of 
thirty-two  pages,  and  may  be  had  in  such 
quantities  as  are  needed  by  addressing  the 
National  Headquarters,  Boy  Scouts  of  Amer- 
ica, 200  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York  City. 

•         •         • 

"ANDROCLES  AND  THE  LION"  IN  GERMANY, 
acted  by  a  company  of  interned  British  civil- 
ians at  Ruhleben  on  the  outskirts  of  Berlin,  is 
described  as  a  most  entertaining  and  credita- 
ble performance.  But  what  a  curious  mixture 
of  incongruous  elements  is  presented  by  the 
whole  affair, —  an  old  Roman  legend,  turned 
into  a  farce  by  an  English  playwright  of 
Irish  birth,  acted  by  a  chance  assemblage  of 
British  subjects  held  in  detention  on  German 
soil,  with  a  stolid  Prussian  commandant  as 
chief  spectator,  the  scene  of  the  strange  enter- 
tainment being  the  grandstand  of  a  disused 
racetrack,  and  the  stage  properties,  costumes, 
etc.,  showing  a  marvellous  exercise  of  ama- 
teur ingenuity  and  resourcefulness  on  the 
part  of  the  "scratch"  company  engaged  in 
the  difficult  undertaking!  Full  descriptions 
of  this  theatrical  event  have  been  slow  in 
making  their  way  to  the  outside  world,  but 
we  are  now  assured  that  the  success  of  the 
performance  was  such  as  to  elicit  from  the 
above-named  German  officer  a  very  polite 
"Danke  Ihnen,  meine  Herren!  Aeusserst 
nett !  "  But  this  is  by  no  means  the  first  time 
that  Mr.  Shaw's  genius  has  evoked  German 

applause. 

•    •    • 

THE     DECEITFULNESS     OF     APPEARANCES     IN 

BOOKS,  to  those  unskilled  in  looking  beneath 
the  surface,  was  well  expressed  at  the  late 
annual  meeting  of  the  New  York  Library 
Association  by  Dr.  Slosson,  editor  of  "The 
Independent."  With  epigrammatic  pithiness 
he  told  his  hearers  that  "the  least  valuable 
volumes  in  the  library  are  those  with  the 
finest  bindings;  the  most  valuable  are  those 
with  no  bindings  at  all."  To  be  sure,  the 
modern  librarian  is  ever  on  the  alert,  dress- 
ing the  ranks  of  his  literary  regiment  and 
keeping  their  uniforms  in  good  condition,  so 
that  the  most  valuable  book  is  now  likely  to  be 
the  most  recently  rebound  book ;  but  the  epi- 
gram deserves  to  stand  as  it  is.  Another 
pregnant  word  from  the  same  speaker  was 
this :  "  The  man  who  needs  the  library  most 
is  the  one  who  draws  a  book  with  as  much 
reluctance  as  he  draws  a  revolver."  Never- 
theless it  remains  true,  epigram  apart,  that 
the  man  who  most  readily  draws  his  revolver 
is  the  very  one  who  most  needs  the  civilizing 
influence  of  the  library. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

WILLIAM  CULLEN  BRYANT  AGAIN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

No  one  would  be  better  pleased  than  I  if  your 
correspondent,  Mr.  John  L.  Hervey,  could  per- 
suade us  that  William  Cullen  Bryant  remained, 
throughout  his  long  life,  "  true  to  his  vision  "  as 
an  artist  and  righteously  jealous  of  his  fame.  But 
I  submit  that  Mr.  Hervey's  indignant  defence  of 
the  "mighty  dead,"  as  contained  in  your  issue  of 
Oct.  28,  does  not  establish  his  case. 

Mr.  Hervey  asks,  "  Who  was  the  very  vague 
'  publisher '  who  made  the  preposterous  state- 
ment?"—  that  Bryant,  during  his  later  life,  was 
known  to  "  the  trade "  as  "  the  great  national 
tone-imparter,"  because  he  was  willing  to  sell  his 
name  and  portrait  as  the  author  of  books  he  did 
not  write.  Because  my  informant  died  last  year 
I  have  been  reluctant  to  mention  his  name,  but 
perhaps  this  reticence  is  a  mistake.  He  was  John 
Denison  Champlin,  long  in  the  employ  of  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons,  and  the  chief  author,  or  com- 
piler, of  their  "  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paint- 
ings "  and  "  Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musicians," 
and,  I  believe,  other  such  works.  Mr.  Champlin's 
characterization  of  the  poet  as  a  "  tone-imparter," 
and  the  facts  he  related  in  support  of  it,  were  at 
the  time  a  great  shock  to  my  youthful  mind.  And 
I  find  nothing  in  Mr.  Hervey's  long  letter  to  con- 
tradict the  facts  or  allay  the  shock. 

Mr.  Hervey  presents  absolutely  nothing  to  dis- 
prove the  charge  that  the  "  Family  Library  of 
Poetry  and  Song,  Edited  by  William  Cullen 
Bryant,"  which  is  popularly  known  as  "  Bryant's 
Collection  of  Poetry  and  Song,"  was  not  actually 
edited  by  Bryant  at  all;  or  the  other  charge  that 
"  Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States  " 
was  not  actually  written  by  Bryant.  On  the  con- 
trary, he  admits  the  truth  of  the  second  charge, 
and  tries  to  cover  up  the  first  in  nearly  a  column 
of  vague  talk  and  personal  denunciation  of  the 
accuser. 

Let  us  study  Bryant's  own  words.  In  the 
"Editor's  Introduction"  to  the  "Library,"  the 
poet  naively  writes:  "At  the  request  of  the  pub- 
lishers I  undertook  to  write  an  Introduction  to  the 
present  work,  and  in  pursuance  of  this  design  I 
find  that  I  have  come  into  a  somewhat  closer  per- 
sonal relation  with  the  book."  (Italics  are  mine.) 
A  "  somewhat  closer  personal  relation "  with  a 
book  accredited  to  him  on  the  title-page  and  sold 
by  the  authority  of  his  fame  I  He  then  hastens  to 
explain :  "  In  its  progress  it  has  passed  entirely 
under  my  revision,  and  although  not  absolutely 
responsible  for  the  compilation  or  its  arrange- 
ment, I  have,  as  requested,  exercised  a  free  hand 
both  in  excluding  and  in  adding  matter  according 
to  my  judgment  of  what  was  best  adapted  to  the 
purposes  of  the  enterprise."  This  is<  first-hand 
testimony  that  the  "  Library "  was  neither  com- 
piled nor  arranged  by  the  poet,  that  he  merely 
supervised  its  contents,  and  that  he  had  to  write 
an  Introduction  in  order  to  acquire  a  feeling  of 
"  somewhat  closer  personal  relation "  with  the 
book!  Mr.  Hervey  quotes  a  paragraph  from  the 


480 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


"Publisher's  Preface"  to  the  edition  of  1878, 
which  states  that  the  poet  made  a  "thorough 
revision  "  of  the  work  before  he  died.  Is  not  Mr. 
Hervey  close  enough  to  the  inside  of  the  publish- 
ing business  to  know  how  stretchable  is  such  a 
phrase  in  an  unsigned  "  Publisher's  Preface  "  ? 

Of  the  second  charge  Mr.  Hervey  writes :  "  This 
history  (aside  from  the  lengthy  signed  historical 
preface)  was  never  claimed  to  have  been  written 
by  Bryant."  This  surprises  me.  It  is  true  that 
everyone  "  in  the  trade  "  knew  that,  as  Mr.  Cham- 
plin  said,  "  Bryant  scarcely  even  read  the  proof- 
sheets."  But  what  of  the  public  who  bought  the 
book?  Let  me  copy  the  title-page  —  from  the 
London  edition  of  1876  in  the  Newberry  Library. 
This  title-page,  which  faces  a  steel-engraving  of 
the  poet,  reads:  "A  Popular  History  of  the 
United  States  from  the  First  Discovery  of  the 
Western  Hemisphere  by  the  Northmen  to  the  End 
of  the  First  Century  of  the  Union  of  the  States: 
by  William  Cullen  Bryant  and  Sydney  Howard 
Gay."  I  leave  it  to  your  readers  to  decide  what 
sold  this  work,  here  and  abroad  —  the  real  author- 
ship of  Mr.  Gay,  or  the  pretended  authorship  of 
Mr.  Bryant.  Was  it,  or  was  it  not,  as  I  alleged, 
a  case  of  Bryant's  selling  his  name  and  venerable 
portrait  as  the  author  of  a  book  which  he  did  not 
write? 

As  for  Bryant's  reputation  as  "the  great 
national  tone-imparter,"  let  us  consult  that  valua- 
ble bibliography,  "American  Authors,  1795-1895," 
compiled  by  P.  K.  Foley  and  printed  in  Boston  in 
1897.  There  we  find  that,  while  no  other  cases 
were  so  flagrant  as  the  "  Popular  History  of  the 
United  States,"  the  poet  spread  his  name  pretty 
thin,  as  editor,  or  author  of  Prefaces,  Introduc- 
tions, etc.,  over  many  title-pages;  sometimes  out 
of  mere  good  will,  perhaps,  but  more  often,  proba- 
bly, for  a  financial  consideration.  He  appears, 
for  example,  as  one  of  the  editors  of  the  "  Strat- 
ford Edition  "  of  Shakespeare ;  but  was  it  he,  or 
Mr.  Duycinck,  who  actually  did  the  work?  I  give 
the  titles  of  some  of  these  publications: 

Studies  in  Bryant:  A  Text-book  by  J.  Alden,  with 
Introduction  by  W.  C.  Bryant.  Appleton,  1879. 

Thoughts  on  the  Religious  Life,  with  Introduction 
by  W.  C.  Bryant.  Putnam,  1879. 

The  American  Landscape:  Engravings  by  A.  B. 
Durand.  Preface  signed  by  W.  C.  Bryant.  E.  Bliss, 
New  York,  1830. 

The  Green  House  as  a  Winter  Garden:  A  Manual 
for  the  Amateur  by  F.  Field,  with  Preface  by  W.  C. 
Bryant.  Putnam,  1869. 

Gifts  of  Genius:  A  Miscellany  of  Prose  and  Poetry 
by  American  Authors,  with  Preface  by  W.  C.  Bryant. 
A.  C.* Davenport:  New  York,  1859. 

Picturesque  America,  or  the  Land  We  Live  in.  Ed- 
ited by  W.  C.  Bryant.  New  York,  1871-4. 

Imperial  Courts  of  France,  England,  Russia,  Prus- 
sia, Sardinia  and  Austria;  by  W.  H.  Bidwell,  with 
Introduction  by  W.  C.  Bryant.  Scribner,  1863. 

The  Gospel  in  the  Trades,  by  Alex.  Clark.  Intro- 
duction by  W.  C.  Bryant.  Philadelphia,  1871. 

The  Floral  Kingdom,  its  History,  Sentiment,  and 
Poetry  by  C.  H.  Turner,  with  Introduction  and  Poem 
by  W.  C.  Bryant,  together  with  an  Autograph  Letter. 
M.  Warren,  Chicago,  1874. 


Shakespeare:  Complete  Works,  with  Introduction 
and  Notes  by  W.  C.  Bryant  (known  as  the  Stratford 
Edition),  1886.  Edited  by  W.  C.  Bryant,  assisted  by 
E.  A.  Duycinck. 

fitats  TJnis  et  Canada  d'Amerique  du  Nord  Pittor- 
esque  —  sous  la  direction  de  W.  Cullen  Bryant.  A 
Quantin,  etc.:  Paris,  1880. 

I  regret  that  I  am  not  yet  able  to  change  my 
opinion  that  Bryant,  highly  gifted  and  full  of  fine 
ideals  in  his  youth,  yielded  gradually  to  worldly 
influences  toward  ease,  comfort,  and  respectability, 
to  such  a  degree  that  his  poetic  inspiration,  and 
even  his  moral  sense,  became  dulled.  As  proof  of 
the  dulling  of  his  poetic  inspiration  I  offer  the 
facts  that  Bryant's  best  poem,  the  "  Thanatopsis," 
was  written  before  he  was  twenty,  and  his  next 
best,  "  Lines  to  a  Waterfowl,"  only  a  few  years 
later ;  and  that  his  later  poems  show  a  diminishing 
sensitiveness  to  the  true  and  permanent  spiritual 
values,  along  with  increasing  sentimentality  and 
conventional  piety. 

Mr.  Hervey,  Mr.  William  Ellery  Leonard,  and 
all  other  admirers  of  Bryant,  may  of  course  give 
him,  as  a  poet,  whatever  rank  they  think  he 
deserves.  But  in  the  interest  of  a  saner,  juster, 
and  more  temperate  criticism  I  submit  that  to 
place  this  poet  among  the  "  mighty  dead  "  is  pre- 
posterous. HARRIET  MONROE. 

Chicago,  Nov.  15,  1915. 


THE  LIBRARIAN  AS  LITERARY  CRITIC. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  function  of  the  modern  librarian  is  a  multi- 
form one.  He  must  be  an  administrator,  under- 
standing how  to  control  subordinates  and  plan  out 
their  work.  He  must  be  a  practical  man,  who 
knows  how  to  build  and  repair  the  structures  he 
administers.  He  must  be  a  man  among  men,  hav- 
ing that  priceless  knowledge  of  how  to  make 
friends  among  the  people  of  the  community  where 
his  work  is  carried  on.  He  must  possess  those  gifts 
which  would  have  made  him  a  good  salesman,  able 
to  meet  the  wishes  of  the  public  and  to  induce 
them  to  use  such  of  his  wares  as  he  wishes  to  put 
in  their  hands.  But  he  must  also  be  much  more 
than  all  this.  The  librarian  must  be  a  scholar, 
knowing  books,  with  ability  to  judge  them,  evalu- 
ate them,  and  appraise  them  at  their  true  value. 
In  other  words,  he  must  be  a  literary  critic.  Many 
of  those  who  carry  on  library  work  are,  in  greater 
or  less  degree,  possessed  of  such  a  character,  which 
is  after  all  the  highest  attribute  of  the  true  libra- 
rian. He  is  the  mediator  between  the  author  who 
has  a  message  for  men,  and  those  to  whom  the 
message  is  designed.  To  librarians,  these  ideas  are 
not  new;  but  to  the  general  public  they  are  not 
so  familiar.  The  average  person  is  too  likely  to 
forget  this  vitally  important  feature  of  the  modern 
librarian's  work. 

Mr.  Charles  Miner  Thompson,  writing  in  "  The 
Atlantic  Monthly"  for  July,  1908,  remarked: 
"  There  are  five  groups  interested  in  literary  criti- 
cism: publishers  of  books,  authors,  publishers  of 
reviews,  critics,  and  finally  the  reading  public." 
"  No  one  can  quarrel  with  this  grouping,"  said 
Professor  Bliss  Perry  in  "  The  Yale  Review  "  for 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


481 


July,  1914,  "  although  the  more  superstitious 
among  us  may  be  inclined  to  assert  that  there  is  a 
sixth  person  present,  namely,  Literature  herself." 

Both  of  these  writers  ignore  the  librarian,  and 
for  that  reason  I  do  not  hesitate  to  quarrel  with 
their  grouping  as  incomplete.  When  the  literary 
criticism  of  librarians  is  given  to  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  people  who  come  to  libraries  for 
books,  when  the  old  and  young  of  all  grades  of 
education  and  all  classes  of  society  come  to  libra- 
rians for  suggestion  and  advice  as  to  what  books 
they  should  read,  when  the  librarian  is  continually 
guiding  those  who  borrow  books  from  library 
shelves, —  is  not  he  one  of  the  most  important  of 
literary  critics?  One  may  readily  admit  that  some 
librarians  are  not  as  good  literary  critics  as  others, 
because  of  lack  of  education  or  taste  or  early 
culture;  yet  the  fact  remains  that  one  of  the  most 
potent  influences  tending  to  form  literary  taste 
in  America  is  that  proceeding  from  the  contact  of 
the  librarian  with  the  book  borrower.  The  bor- 
rower realizes  this,  and  often  bears  testimony  to 
the  guidance  he  receives, —  if  it  be  only  that  mute 
guidance  which  comes  through  the  inclusion  or 
the  exclusion  of  a  book  on  the  shelves,  or  on  a 
reading  list.  The  librarian  realizes  it,  when  an 
advanced  student  thanks  him  for  the  appraisal  of 
some  unknown  work,  or  when  a  child  asks  for 
"  another  pretty  book  like  the  last  one  I  had."  If 
the  library  is  to  do  its  best  work,  however,  the 
general  public  must  recognize  the  fact  that,  by  the 
very  nature  of  things,  the  librarian  is  forced  to 
become  a  literary  critic;  for  only  through  such 
recognition  can  the  people  secure  the  greatest 
advantage  they  may  expect  from  the  library. 

We  have  said  that  the  librarian,  from  the  nature 
of  things,  must  be  a  literary  critic.  He  must  be 
more  than  this,  however,  for  men  and  women 
come  to  the  library  for  many  books  which  are  not 
literature.  The  librarian  must  be  able  to  guide  the 
intending  reader  to  satisfactory  books  on  plumb- 
ing, the  indoor  cultivation  of  flowers,  the  care  of 
infants,  the  keeping  of  bees.  In  other  words,  he 
must  take  all  knowledge  for  his  province,  and  must 
be  a  fingerpost  to  all  roads  to  learning.  None  of 
these  roads  are  royal;  but  the  librarian  who  is  a 
good  roadbuilder  may  be  of  great  assistance  to  the 
wayfaring  person  who  may  wish  to  walk  in  them. 

It  follows,  from  the  vastness  of  the  world  of 
books,  that  the  librarian  must  take  much  of  his 
criticism  at  second  hand.  He  must  know  where 
to  look  for  the  information  that  he  lacks.  This 
may  be  gained  from  an  acquaintance  who  is  versed 
in  the  subject  on  which  advice  is  needed,  or  from 
some  periodical  of  established  reputation  which 
reviews  books  in  that  department  of  knowledge,  or 
from  some  general  guide  like  the  "A.  L.  A.  Book 
List,"  or  from  some  such  specialized  evaluation  of 
books  as  Larned's  "Literature  of  American  His- 
tory." Even  in  the  narrower  field  of  the  literature 
of  power  and  of  inspiration,  one  must  know  how 
to  use  the  histories  of  literature.  Then,  too,  the 
librarian  must  be  an  adept  in  the  art  of  skimming 
over  a  work,  of  glancing  through  a  series,  of 
browsing  over  a  shelf  of  books;  he  soon  learns 
what  a  deal  of  information  even  the  lettering  on 


the  back  of  a  volume  or  the  words  on  a  title-page 
can  convey.  Most  of  all,  he  must  have  an  insatia- 
ble thirst  for  reading  and  a  love  for  the  best  in 
literature.  He  must  have  high  ideals  and  stand- 
ards of  life,  along  with  an  infectious  enthusiasm, 
for  literature;  and  he  must  endeavor  to  kindle  in 
his  readers  similar  ideals  and  standards  and  a  like 
love  for  the  written  expression  of  man's  highest 
thoughts,  hopes,  yearnings,  and  disappointments. 

With  the  multitudinous  details  of  administration, 
and  the  constant  call  of  the  day's  routine,  the 
temptation  comes  to  every  librarian  to  relax  in  his 
duty  as  a  literary  critic.  This  temptation  is  some- 
times yielded  to,  for  librarians  are  but  men  and 
women.  But,  in  any  case,  the  librarian  must  per- 
force be  a  critic,  whether  good  or  bad,  and  must 
do  his  share  toward  molding  the  literary  taste  of 
the  community  in  which  he  lives.  To  perform 
this  duty  aright,  he  must  possess  a  love  for  his 
fellow-men  and  a  desire  to  help  them,  a  broad 
culture  based  upon  a  thorough  and  accurate  educa- 
tional training,  an  ardent  zeal  to  impart  to  others 
that  appreciation  of  good  literature  which  he  has 
gained  for  himself,  and  the  knowledge  of  the 
books  in  which  that  good  literature  may  be  found. 
BERNARD  C.  STEINER. 

Enoch  Pratt  Free  Library, 

Baltimore,  Md.,  Nov.  12,  1915. 


THE  LAW  OF  NECESSITY. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

In  your  issue  of  October  28,  the  reviewer  of 
"The  War  Book  of  the  German  General  Staff" 
attempts  to  defend  himself  against  my  charge  of 
having  misrepresented  Germany  by  assuring  your 
readers  that  "  the  text  of  the  War  Book  was  repro- 
duced literally"  in  his  review.  But  I  did  not, 
directly  or  indirectly,  charge  him  with  misquoting 
the  War  Book.  My  charge  was  that  he  misrepre- 
sented Germany  by  asserting  that  to  the  Germans 
military  necessity  takes  precedence  over  interna- 
tional law.  I  quoted  from  the  American  Naval 
War  Code  to  show  that  with  us,  too,  military 
necessity  precedes  international  law.  Your  re- 
viewer says,  absolutely  without  warrant,  that  "  the 
regularly  sanctioned  usages  of  naval  warfare 
differ  from  those  of  land  warfare  in  certain  impor- 
tant respects."  I  refer  your  reviewer  and  your 
readers  to  any  book  on  International  Law  for 
proof  that  the  law  pertaining  to  non-combatants, 
the  only  point  now  at  issue,  is  the  same  on  land 
and  on  sea.  This  is  an  inevitable  and  necessary 
corollary  of  the  law  of  self-preservation,  the  first 
principle  of  military  law.  (Cf.  the  text-book  on 
International  Law  by  G.  Davis,  professor  of  his- 
tory and  law  at  West  Point.)  Your  reviewer 
insists  that  the  German  principle  of  warfare  re- 
duces itself  to  "  might  makes  right."  Let  anyone 
read  Mr.  Davis's  book  and  he  will  be  convinced 
that  all  international  law  is  based  on  this  principle. 
Every  nation  can  decide  for  itself  what  it  chooses 
to  consider  right  if  it  has  the  might  to  enforce  it. 

As  to  your  reviewer's  statements  about  my 
tu  quoque  argument:  I  meant  no  more  nor  less, 
and  so  your  readers  undoubtedly  understood  me, 


482 


THE   DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


than  that  he  who  is  not  free  from  sin  shall  not 
throw  stones  at  his  neighbor.  Once  this  was  good 
Christian  doctrine,  but  now  it  is  only  a  rhapsody 


of  words. 


g    A    TANNENBAUM. 


New  York  City,  Nov.  12,  1915. 


(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
The  reviewer  of  the  German  War  Book  quotes 
Dr.  Tannenbaum  in  your  issue  of  October  28: 
"  Since  when  is  the  doctrine  that  necessity  knows 
no  law  a  German  doctrine?  "  And  he  attempts  an 
answer  which  he  says  is  obvious.  If  the  answer 
is  not  thoroughly  British  in  its  view-point,  it  is 
obviously  anti-German, —  at  least  to  one  who  is 
thoroughly  American,  to  the  extent  of  eight  gen- 
erations. This  answer  is  that  the  doctrine  dates 
from  "August  4,  1914,  when  the  German  Chancel- 
lor proclaimed  it  unqualifiedly  in  the  Reichstag." 
That  proclamation  referred  to  the  invasion  of 
Belgium. 

We  cannot  agree  with  the  reviewer.  We  regret 
the  invasion  of  Belgium.  But  we  have  not  for- 
gotten the  pleas  made  in  the  United  States  Senate 
in  1847,  that  necessity  knows  no  law.  The  doc- 
trine was  applied  to  the  continuance  of  an  unneces- 
sary war  against  a  country  more  unfortunate,  and 
therefore  less  influential,  than  Belgium.  But  the 
necessity  was  not  one  of  self-preservation.  It  was 
not  a  case  of  fear  for  the  invasion  of  one's  own 
fatherland.  The  "  necessity "  was  an  imagined 
need  for  "  space."  We  fought  the  Mexicans  for  a 
year  after  they  were  ready  for  peace,  because  we 
needed  their  vast  territory  that  would  give  us  the 
Pacific  Ocean  as  a  protection  from  invasion  on 
the  West.  In  the  course  of  his  noble  speech  oppos- 
ing this  policy,  Daniel  Webster  spoke  as  follows: 
"  Since  I  have  lately  heard  so  much  about  the  dis- 
memberment of  Mexico,  I  have  looked  back  to  see  how, 
in  the  course  of  events  which  some  call  Providence,  it 
has  fared  with  other  nations  who  have  engaged  in  this 
work  of  dismemberment.  I  see  that  in  the  latter  half 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  three  powerful  nations, — 
Eussia,  Austria,  and  Prussia, —  united  in  the  dismem- 
berment of  Poland.  They  said,  too,  as  you  say,  '  It  is 
our  destiny.'  They  '  wanted  room.'  Doubtless  each  of 
these  thought  that  with  his  share  of  Poland  his  power 
was  too  strong  ever  to  fear  invasion  or  even  insult. 
One  had  his  California,  another  his  New  Mexico,  and 
the  third  his  Vera  Cruz.  Did  they  remain  untouched 
and  incapable  of  harm?  Alas,  no!  Far,  very  far 
from  it!  Eetributive  justice  must  fulfill  its  'destiny' 
too.  A  very  few  years  pass  and  we  hear  of  a  new 
man,  a  Corsiean  lieutenant,  a  self -named  '  armed  sol- 
dier of  Democracy ' — Napoleon.  He  ravages  Austria, 
covers  her  land  with  blood,  drives  the  Northern  Caesar 
from  his  capital  and  sleeps  in  his  palace.  Austria 
may  now  remember  how  her  power  trampled  upon 
Poland.  Did  she  not  pay  dear,  very  dear,  for  her 
California?  " 

He  who  runs  can  read  the  retributive  justice 
that  has  followed  France  and  Russia  since  Napo- 
leon's day.  But  how  about  Prussia?  How  about 
Mexico?  One  wonders  what  Mexico  would  be 
to-day  with  her  California. 

Three  years  after  Webster's  speech,  California 
asked  for  admission  as  a  state,  and  the  conflict 
was  precipitated  that  resulted  in  a  war  compared 
with  which  the  Mexican  War  was  a  child's  adven- 


ture. And  it  was  the  slavery  issues  raised  by  the 
asking  of  this  state  for  admission  that  resulted  in 
the  introduction  of  the  Clay  resolutions  and  the 
"  Seventh  of  March  Speech."  That  speech  was  a 
plea  for  temperate  tongues  and  pens  and  loyalty 
to  the  constitution.  It  failed  of  its  object  because 
those  in  power  considered  that  necessity  knows  no 
law.  We  defied  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  and 
Daniel  Webster  died  of  a  broken  heart  two  years 
later, —  as  pure  a  patriot  as  George  Washington 
or  Abraham  Lincoln,  and  the  greatest  statesman 
this  country  has  produced.  But  he  stood  unsuc- 
cessfully for  the  idea  that  the  Law  must  teach  us 
patience  and  wisdom  when  it  comes  in  conflict 
with  what  we  conceive  to  be  our  necessities. 

C.  M.  STREET. 
St.  Joseph,  Mo.,  Nov.  16,  1915. 

ME.  BENSON  AND  AUTHOES'  AGENCIES. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

A  "  Casual  Comment "  paragraph  in  your  issue 
of  October  14  deals  with  Mr.  A.  C.  Benson's  good- 
natured  acceptance  of  the  labor  imposed  upon  him 
by  writers  seeking  criticism  of  and  advice  regard- 
ing their  work.  Mr.  Benson  says  that  "  nothing  is 
easier  than  to  slip  a  manuscript  into  an  envelope 
and  to  require  an  opinion  from  an  author.  I  will 
confess  that  I  very  seldom  refuse  these  requests." 
It  would  be  interesting  to  know  about  Mr.  Ben- 
son's attitude  toward  the  numerous  commercial 
critics  and  authors'  agencies  whose  cards  appear 
so  prominently  in  the  advertising  pages  of  our 
literary  periodicals.  Why  should  he  not  slip  his 
burden  onto  their  willing  shoulders?  Are  they  too 
strict  in  their  criticisms  to  be  acceptable  to  the 
writers,  or  is  it  feared  that  their  criticism  will  have 
reference  not  to  the  merits  of  the  work  criticized 
but  to  the  prospect  of  further  employment? 
Doubtless  the  fact  that  an  authors'  agency  must 
naturally  charge  a  fee  for  its  services,  whereas 
Mr.  Benson  could  not  or  at  least  would  not  ask 
payment,  has  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  case. 

ROBERT  H.  EDES. 

Reading,  Mass.,  Nov.  19,  1915. 


PEONUNCIATION  AND  POETEY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Pronunciation    has    a    profound    effect    upon 
poetry.    Take,  for  example,  those  famous  lines  of 
Whittier's : 

"  Of  all  sad  words  of  tongue  or  pen, 

The  saddest  are  these :    '  It  might  have  been !  ' ' 
If  this  sentiment  were  expressed  by  an  English 
poet,  he  would  be  forced  to  write : 
"  Of  all  sad  English  words,  I  wean, 

The  saddest  are  these:    '  It  might  have  been!  ' ' 
And  a  poet  of  the  Middle  West  would  probably 
have  done  it  like  this : 
"  Sad  words  are  sorrow,  sickness,  sin ; 

But  sadder  are  these:    '  It  might  have  been!  ' ' 
Had  Whittier  bin  a  Middle  Westerner,  or  had 
he  bean  English,  I  should  never  have  ben  writing 
these  lines.  ROBERT  J.  SHORES. 

New  York  City,  Nov.  18,  1915. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


483 


00hs. 


CARLYLE  REDIVIVITS.* 


"  Paul  of  Tarsus  whom  admiring  men  have 
since  named  Saint,"  in  writing  to  the  Church 
at  Corinth  on  the  gift  of  tongues,  declares: 
"  There  are,  it  may  be,  many  kinds  of  voices 
in  the  world,  and  not  one  of  them  is  without 
significance.  Therefore  if  I  know  not  the 
meaning  of  the  voice,  I  shall  be  to  him  that 
speaketh  a  barbarian,  and  he  that  speaketh 
shall  be  a  barbarian  unto  me."  Countrymen 
of  the  author  of  "  Sartor  Resartus  "  who  owe 
their  spiritual  awakening,  or  "Baphometic 
fire  baptism,"  to  the  spirit  which  animates  that 
notable  book,  are  apt  to  classify  the  human 
race  under  the  two  categories  of  those  who 
have  and  those  who  have  not  a  natural  affinity 
for  the  Carlylean  philosophy,  the  Carlylean 
temper,  and  the  Carlylean  language.  It  is  not 
easy  for  those  who  have  rounded  the  corner  of 
middle  age,  and  who  are  conscious  that  the 
whole  direction  of  their  life-currents  and  their 
attitudes  toward  the  mysteries  and  eternities 
have  been  determined  by  an  early  encounter 
with  the  printed  utterances  of  that  incan- 
descent soul,  to  convey  to  the  youth  of  this 
generation  any  adequate  impression  of  all  that 
Carlyle  has  meant  for  them.  By  what  con- 
ceivable collocation  of  words  is  it  possible  to 
describe  the  enfranchisement  of  the  spirit,  the 
liberation  of  the  imagination,  the  widened 
horizon,  and  the  breaking  of  the  shackles  that 
bind  the  natural  man  to  the  commonplace  and 
conventional  and  make  of  him  a  mere  atom  in 
the  cosmic  "  dance  of  plastic  circumstance  "  ? 
It  cannot  be  done.  Ruskin  declared  that  he 
lamented  not  so  much  what  men  suffer  as 
what  they  lose,  and  the  disciple  of  Carlyle 
may  well  deplore  that  many  of  his  fellow- 
men  are  deprived  of  one  of  the  deepest  joys  of 
the  intellect  through  lack  of  affinity  to  the 
mind  of  that  great  John  the  Baptist  of  modern 
times. 

In  the  last  paragraph  of  his  book  entitled 
"  Carlyle :  How  to  Know  Him,"  Professor 
Bliss  Perry  writes  what  might  perhaps  more 
appropriately  have  appeared  in  the  preface: 

"  How  many  Americans,  in  this  first  quarter  of 
the  twentieth  century,  may  be  fairly  said  to  know 
Carlyle's  work?  We  read  by  scraps  and  patches. 
We  recall  phrases,  we  retain  impressionistic 
glimpses  of  characteristic  attitudes  and  gestures, 
we  hazard  our  facile  American  guess  at  the  per- 
sonality of  a  Thomas  Carlyle,  as  we  do  at  a  hun- 
dred others  of  yesterday's  distinguished  names. 
The  intent  [of  this  book]  is  to  invite  a  new  gen- 

*  THOMAS  CARLYLE:  How  TO  KNOW  HIM.  By  Bliss  Perry. 
With  portrait.  Indianapolis :  The  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 


eration  of  hurried  and  pre-occupied  Americans  to 
look  back  steadily  and  wisely  upon  a  great  figure, 
and  to  study  that  figure  in  the  light  of  Carlyle's 
own  varied  stimulating  and  magnificent  utter- 
ances." 

That  the  present  book  will  accomplish  this 
high  purpose  we  sincerely  hope  and  confi- 
dently believe. 

Twenty  years  ago  we  should  have  said  that 
another  volume  on  the  great  Scottish  seer  was 
unnecessary,  that  it  would  indeed  have  been  a 
superfluity,  and  that  the  last  word  that  need 
be  said  had  already  been  spoken.  But  to-day 
conditions  have  altered.  A  mighty  change  has 
come  over  the  world  and  human  life.  A  revo- 
lution has  broken  out  in  Europe,  similar  in 
character  to,  but  immensely  greater  in  volume 
and  significance  and  tragedy  than,  that  which 
took  hold  of  the  imagination  of  Carlyle  in  his 
youth  and  whirled  it  upwards  in  a  tempestu- 
ous flame  of  prophetic  interpretation.  In  a 
sense  we  may  say  that  the  French  Revolution 
made  Carlyle  the  kind  of  man  be  became,  and 
gave  to  his  mind  the  peculiarly  individual 
quality  by  which  we  have  known  him.  The 
volcanic  eruption  that  shook  human  society 
to  its  foundations  called  for  an  artist-inter- 
preter, and  Thomas  Carlyle  appeared. 

Has  Destiny  a  similar  interpreter  of  the 
course  of  human  affairs  under  her  wing  for 
us  at  present  ?  Shall  the  time  call  in  vain  for 
a  seer  who  will  tell  us  the  meaning  of  present- 
day  happenings,  and  restore  to  us  our  faith 
in  the  eternal  goodness  and  wisdom  ?  Are  our 
great  publishing  houses  expectantly  looking 
for  the  advent  of  such  a  prophet ;  or  are  they, 
while  we  write,  rejecting  the  manuscripts  of 
God-sent  teachers, —  as  the  Frasers  and  Long- 
mans and  Hurrays  rejected  the  priceless 
"  Sartor  Resartus  "  eighty  years  ago  ?  These 
are  questions  it  may  be  well  that  all  should  ask 
themselves  whose  function  in  society  it  is  to 
stand  at  the  outposts  of  thought  and  watch 
for  the  coming  of  the  interpreters.  Doubtless 
spurious  imitations  will  abound,  as  they  al- 
ways do;  but  this  only  makes  it  the  more 
imperative  that  we  keep  the  feeling  for  real 
greatness  alive,  that  we  may  know  what  a  seer 
and  prophet  is  like,  and  be  able  to  "sense" 
him  on  his  approach.  For  this  reason  it  is  well 
that  we  should  be  recalled  to  a  grateful  re- 
membrance of  the  best  gift  of  the  gods  to  the 
English-speaking  people  of  the  nineteenth 
century.  "We  therefore  welcome  Professor 
Perry's  book,  and  commend  it  to  the  attention 
not  only  of  those  fortunate  ones  to  whom  the 
words  of  Carlyle  are  already  luminous,  but 
even  to  those  others  who  may  yet  for  the  first 
time  come  under  his  strange  and  magnetic 
influence. 


484 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


To  rightly  assess  Carlyle's  value  to  the 
world,  to  accurately  estimate  his  true  propor- 
tions, to  determine  the  directions  in  which  his 
vision  was  sure  and  unerring  and  those  in 
which  his  limitations  may  be  discovered, — 
here  is  a  task  requiring  not  only  knowledge, 
intellectual  power  and  feeling,  but  unbounded 
admiration  and  sympathy.  For,  notwithstand- 
ing the  popular  maxim,  Love  is  not  blind. 
Love  is  indeed  the  only  human  faculty  that 
does  see  clearly,  that  can  discern  faults  as  well 
as  virtues  and  limitations  equally  with  tran- 
scendent powers.  In  the  case  of  a  glowing 
soul  of  many  facets  like  that  of  Carlyle,  only 
the  devout  lover  can  be  trusted  as  his  judge, 
to  determine  the  particular  niche  in  the  Tem- 
ple of  Fame  he  must  ultimately  occupy.  The 
mere  lapse  of  time,  too,  makes  this  more  pos- 
sible. The  dust  of  controversy  has  been  finally 
laid ;  personal  animosities  and  the  "  scrannel- 
piping  of  the  night-birds  and  screech-owls  of 
journalism  "  have  died  down ;  the  happenings 
of  his  time  have  fallen  into  their  proper 
perspective ;  and  the  titanic  figure  is  revealed 
to  those  who  will  lift  their  eyes,  towering 
above  the  men  of  his  age  and  generation. 

It  can  hardly  be  said  that  Professor  Perry 
has  provided  answers  to  the  questions  which 
he  sets  forth  as  follows: 

"  It  may  well  be  granted  that  Carlyle's  eye  and 
hand  are  marvellous,  but  how  about  his  mind? 
What  shall  be  said  about  his  political  views,  his 
theory  of  the  hero,  his  diagnosis  of  the  Condition 
of  England,  and  the  social  remedies  he  proposes? 
Has  he  trust  in  progress,  in  the  education  of  the 
race?  Does  he  believe  that  a  democracy  develops 
leadership  or  promotes  fellowship?  With  the 
word  '  faith '  so  often  on  his  lips,  has  he  himself  a 
living  faith  in  Man  and  in  God,  and  in  the  coop- 
eration of  man  with  God  ?  " 
These  are  among  the  insistent  questions  which 
many  a  youthful  Carlyle-worshipper  of  thirty- 
five  years  ago  is  now  compelled  to  ask  himself 
after  a  working  life-time  of  experience  has  en- 
riched the  content  of  his  mind  and  changed  his 
angle  of  vision.  For  it  is  indeed  a  strange  fact 
that  the  impassioned  utterances  of  a  poet-phi- 
losopher frequently  make  a  more  direct  appeal 
to  the  youthful  mind  before  the  experiences 
have  arrived  of  which  these  utterances  are  the 
interpretation.  And  when  these  experiences  do 
come,  with  something  of  the  power  of  original 
reaction,  it  requires  a  strenuous  mental  effort 
to  recall  the  teachings  that  had  then  seemed  to 
be  as  a  voice  from  Sinai,  and  to  re-assess  their 
value  in  the  light  of  the  wider  horizon  and 
enlarged  vision  that  the  years  have  brought. 
Such  a  one,  if  a  true  hero-worshipper,  will 
inevitably  be  haunted  by  self-accusations  of 
the  sin  of  presumption.  Even  if  endowed  with 
a  large  measure  of  spiritual  independence,  he 


may  have  an  uneasy  recollection  of  the  fable 
which  tells  of  an  ass  braying  at  a  dead  lion, 
and  the  smallest  degree  of  modesty  may  deter 
him  from  putting  to  himself  just  those  ques- 
tions which  Professor  Perry  asks.  Justice  to 
our  great  men,  however,  demands  that  we  who 
stand  upon  their  shoulders,  and  thereby  enjoy 
an  outlook  which  but  for  them  would  have 
been  impossible,  should  in  all  humility  correct 
their  reports  in  so  far  as  our  enlarged  horizon 
requires.  To  revert  to  the  similitude  contained 
in  the  fable  mentioned,  we  may  admit  our  kin- 
ship with  the  humbler  creation,  yet  claim  to 
have  a  vision  of  a  sharper  focus  though  of  a 
less  wide  range  and  a  narrower  angle  than  that 
of  our  natural  superiors.  To  abandon  meta- 
phor, the  plain  man  must  recognize  that  just 
because  he  is  a  plain  man  the  duty  lies  upon 
him  of  interpreting  life  for  himself, —  of  see- 
ing the  world  not  solely  through  the  eyes  of 
the  prophet,  but  by  his  own  vision,  aided  and 
clarified  by  what  the  prophet  has  told  him. 
His  critical  understanding  will  thus  revive, 
and  he  will  realize,  as  he  did  not  when  under 
the  influence  of  unreasoning  devotion,  the  true 
uses  of  great  men  in  the  world. 

With  these  precautionary  considerations, 
we  may  examine  the  questions  that  Professor 
Perry  presents  for  his  reader's  consideration. 
It  will  readily  be  granted  that  Carlyle's  eye 
and  hand  were  marvellous.  His  eye  was  that 
of  a  seer  rather  than  of  an  onlooker  at  human 
life.  His  vision  was  like  that  of  the  artist  to 
whom  the  curtain  has  been  lifted  which  (like 
the  blinkers  on  the  restive  horse)  shuts  out 
to  ordinary  mortals  all  that  distracts  atten- 
tion from  the  immediate  and  practical,  and 
the  lifting  of  which  reveals  the  inner  mean- 
ings and  hidden  realities  of  things.  And 
here  we  touch  upon  one  of  the  paradoxes 
which  we  must  accept  as  inseparable  from 
the  history  of  those  who  are  naturally  eman- 
cipated from  the  "  foolish  consistency '  which 
is  "  the  hob-goblin  of  little  minds."  That  man 
was  created  to  work  rather  than  to  speculate 
or  feel  or  dream  was,  as  Professor  Perry  indi- 
cates, the  central  maxim  of  Carlyle's  philoso- 
phy; yet  his  whole  life's  energies  were 'spent 
in  feeling  and  dreaming  and  speculation,  the 
results  of  which  are  preserved  for  us  in 
twenty-five  octavo  volumes.  And  if  we  love 
him  all  the  more  for  this  fact,  it  is  because  we 
demur  to  his  maxim  and  believe  that  in  his 
inmost  heart  Carlyle  knew  that  man  was 
made  to  speculate,  and  that  his  work  (in  the 
ordinary  acceptation  of  the  word)  ought  only 
to  serve  as  a  means  for  helping  him  to  those 
higher  elevations  from  which  to  scan  the  hori- 
zon of  life  and  provide  food  for  his  dreams 
and  speculations.  What,  indeed,  are  all  his 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


485 


hero-worships,  clothes  philosophies,  and  b«is- 
torical  phantasmagorias  but  adventures  in  the 
field  of  speculation,  and  attempts  to  draw 
aside  the  veil  which  limits  our  vision  to  those 
things  that  pertain  to  our  "work"?  In  all 
our  attempts  to  define  the  intellectual  limita- 
tions of  Carlyle,  or  to  estimate  the  value  of 
his  guidance  in  the  politics  of  the  world,  we 
must  accord  him  the  highest  place  as  an  ad- 
venturous speculator,  as  a  seer  and  prophet. 
His  instinct  for  the  lightness  and  wrongness 
of  things  as  they  are  was  accurate  and  un- 
erring. He  gave  the  world  an  impetus  in  the 
direction  of  righteousness  such  as  no  other 
modern  teacher  has  done.  His  name  repre- 
sents the  greatest  moral  force  that  has  moved 
Europe  during  the  nineteenth  century.  His 
craftsmanship,  too,  was  indeed  marvellous. 
Never  has  an  instrument  been  so  perfectly 
adapted  to  its  work  as  was  the  natural  lan- 
guage of  Carlyle  to  the  delivery  of  his  mes- 
sage. It  is  almost  impossible  in  thought  to 
dissociate  the  two;  and  a  translation  of 
"Sartor  Kesartus"  into  "classic"  English 
would  be  nearly  as  unendurable  as  the  ren- 
dering into  French  of  the  poems  of  Burns 
which  we  were  recently  privileged  to  peruse. 
Carlyle's  command  of  his  own  language  was 
that  of  the  supreme  artist  over  his  chosen 
medium  of  expression. 

But  granting  the  seeing  eye  and  the  skilful 
hand,  what  about  his  mind, —  as  Professor 
Perry  asks?  Were  his  intellectual  percep- 
tions, his  judgments  on  the  correlations  of 
causes  and  effects,  his  diagnosis  of  "the  con- 
dition of  England  question,"  trustworthy  and 
of  value  for  the  guidance  of  poor  stumbling 
humanity  ?  Regretfully  we  reply  in  the  nega- 
tive; and  though  Professor  Perry  makes  no 
very  definite  pronouncement  of  opinion,  we 
gather  from  his  quotation  of  Mazzini  in  the 
case  for  democracy  that  he  too  feels  the  time 
has  come  when  we  must  out  of  our  very  love 
for  Carlyle  recognize  wherein  his  guidance 
has  been  untrustworthy.  His  attitude  toward 
democracy  becomes  more  and  more  intolera- 
ble in  these  latter  days,  when  we  are  realizing 
that  the  only  hope  for  the  permanent  peace 
of  the  world  lies  in  the  direction  of  a  still 
more  complete  democracy  than  any  we  have 
yet  known.  Since  Carlyle  was  laid  to  rest, 
Autocracy  has  been  tried  on  a  scale  such  as 
Nero  of  Rome  or  Frederick  of  Prussia  only 
feebly  foreshadowed;  and,  as  a  consequence, 
Europe  is  now  aflame.  Autocracy  has  been 
weighed  in  the  balance  and  found  wanting; 
and  the  prophet  who  told  us  in  words  of 
thunder  that  our  highest  good  lay  in  finding 
our  strong  man  and  putting  our  affairs 
blindly  in  his  hands,  will  never  again  be  fully 


trusted  as  a  guide  in  the  conduct  of  life.  In 
regard,  again,  to  the  relation  of  the  classes, 
the  governing  to  the  working,  and  the  capi- 
talist to  the  laboring  classes,  could  any  utter- 
ance be  more  offensive  both  to  the  reason  and 
to  the  sentiment  of  a  sane  and  high-souled 
modern  democrat  than  the  words :  "Despotism 
is  essential  to  most  enterprises;  and  freedom 
too,  this  is  indispensable,  we  must  have  it  and 
will  have  it.  To  reconcile  despotism  with 
freedom;  —  well,  is  that  such  a  mystery?  Do 
you  not  already  know  the  way  ?  It  is  to  make 
your  despotism  just." 

It  would  be  an  ungrateful  task  to  multiply 
quotations  from  the  many  that  might  be  given 
of  an  intellectual  attitude  toward  the  prob- 
lem of  social  life  which  is  becoming  more 
repugnant  to  good  men  every  day.  Nothing, 
indeed,  but  a  lofty  admiration  combined  with 
a  sense  of  humor  can  protect  a  democratic 
reader  from  a  tendency  to  throw  his  "Past 
and  Present "  out  of  window  on  coming  upon 
passages  like  the  one  quoted.  We  must  con- 
tent ourselves  with  inquiring  into  the  cause 
of  this  curious  survival  of  medievalism  in  the 
mind  of  a  modern  prophet.  Professor  Perry 
remarks  that  "  Carlyle's  difficulty  lay  in  his 
distrust  of  humanity,"  and  this  brings  us 
pretty  near  to  the  cause  of  all  his  intellectual 
tortuosities.  If  the  first  duty  of  a  free  and 
independent  soul  is  to  escape  from  his  ances- 
tors, then  Carlyle,  in  spite  of  his  enormous 
endowment  of  original  force,  failed  to  do  this, 
for  the  theology  of  eighteenth  century  Scot- 
land held  him  firmly  in  its  grasp  till  the  close 
of  his  life.  "A  Calvinist  with  the  bottom  fallen 
out  of  his  creed  "  is  probably  the  most  accu- 
rate description  that  has  yet  been  given  of 
his  emotional  attitude  toward  human  life  and 
destiny.  His  faith  in  God  and  in  human 
depravity  were  equally  profound.  "Mostly 
fools  "  was  no  mere  carelessly  dropped  expres- 
sion in  referring  to  his  three  million  fellow- 
Londoners,  but  represented  his  real  estimate 
of  average  humanity.  From  such  a  view- 
point what  could  have  been  expected  in  the 
way  of  sociological  theory  other  than  the  hope 
for  a  beneficent  despotism  to  drive  the  "fools" 
along  the  paths  of  pleasantness  and  peace  by 
the  masterful  hand? 

Another  explanation  which  a  sincere  dis- 
ciple may  offer  of  Carlyle's  reactionism  in 
social  philosophy  is  his  deeply  rooted  distrust 
of  the  intellectual  processes,  his  profound 
contempt  for  logic-choppers  and  theory- 
grinders  and  for  mere  thinkers  in  general. 
Shortly  after  the  death  of  Herbert  Spencer  a 
story  bearing  the  marks  of  probability  went 
the  round  of  literary  circles  in  London,  and 
may  not  yet  have  become  familiar  in  America. 


486 


THE    DIAL 


I  Nov.  25 


After  the  only  known  occasion  on  which  Car- 
lyle  and  Spencer  intersected  one  another's 
orbits,  Spencer  wrote  in  his  diary  in  his  usual 
methodical  manner:  "Have  just  been  intro- 
duced to  Carlyle, —  a  poor  creature  lacking  in 
co-ordination  of  ideas  both  intellectual  and 
moral."  Carlyle,  in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  wrote 
of  the  same  interview :  "  I  have  just  met 
Spencer, —  an  immeasurable  ass."  Apart 
from  the  grim  humor  of  the  story,  it  reveals 
the  limitations  of  genius  in  a  pathetic  man- 
ner. That  the  great  apostle  of  the  understand- 
ing and  the  mightiest  preacher  of  modern 
times  should  have  utterly  failed  to  obtain 
even  a  glimpse  of  one  another's  souls,  while 
multitudes  of  plain  men  and  women  have 
been  able  to  catch  the  light  that  flowed  from 
the  one  and  the  heat  that  radiated  from  the 
other,  is  a  circumstance  full  of  consolation 
for  mediocrity,  and  one  that  should  go  far  to 
justify  the  plain  man  in  trusting  his  critical 
judgments. 

It  is,  however,  because  we  believe  that 
after  all  the  deductions  which  the  discovery 
of  his  limitations  demand,  and  when  every 
possible  allowance  is  made  for  his  inherited 
prejudices  and  perversities,  there  will  stand 
forth  in  the  stronger  relief  the  greatest  spirit 
that  has  descended  among  men  during  a  hun- 
dred years,  and  the  force  without  which  our 
intellectual  life  would  be  immensely  poorer, — 
it  is  because  we  believe  this  that  we  welcome 
and  commend  Professor  Perry's  book. 

ALEX.  MACKENDRICK. 


THE 


PAINTING.* 


A  good  alternative  title  for  Mr.  "Willard 
Huntington  Wright's  book  on  "Modern 
Painting "  would  be  "  The  Purification  of 
Painting." 

This  is  the  manner  of  its  thought.  "  Paint- 
ing has  been  a  bastard  art  —  an  agglomera- 
tion of  literature,  religion,  photography  and 
decoration."  A  "  dead  cargo  of  literature, 
archaeology  and  illustration"  has  kept  it 
from  functioning  freely.  "  Those  qualities  in 
painting  by  which  it  is  ordinarily  judged  are 
for  the  most  part  irrelevancies  from  the 
standpoint  of  pure  aesthetics."  "  It  is  the 
misfortune  of  painting  that  literary  impuri- 
ties should  have  accompanied  its  development, 
and  it  is  the  irony  of  serious  endeavor  that  on 
account  of  these  impurities  there  has  been  an 
indefinite  deferment  of  any  genuine  appre- 
ciation of  painting." 

But  "  painting  should  be  as  pure  an  art  as 

*  MODERN  PAINTING.  Its  Tendency  and  Meaning.  By  Wil- 
lard Huntington  Wright.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  New  York : 
John  Lane  Co: 


music" — an  art  expressing  itself  "with  the 
means  alone  inherent  in  that  art,  as  music 
expresses  itself  by  means  of  circumscribed 
sound."  And  the  means  alone  inherent  in 
painting  is  color.  "  Since  Cezanne,  painting 
means,  not  the  art  of  tinting  drawing  or  of 
correctly  imitating  natural  objects,  but  the 
art  which  expresses  itself  only  with  the  me- 
dium inherent  in  it  —  colour." 

This  idea  —  that  color  alone  is  the  concern 
of  painting  —  is  the  thread  that  runs  through 
Mr.  Wright's  entire  treatment.  The  reader 
of  psychological  bent  will  feel  like  proposing 
as  a  third  title, —  "The  Adventures  of  an 
Idea."  After  a  hundred  years  of  misunder- 
standing and  persecution,  the  Idea  has  hero- 
ically arrived.  Its  final  helpers  up  the  rocky 
steep  have  been  the  Cubists  and  the  Synchro- 
mists.  Its  ultimate  triumph  in  Synchromism 
represents  the  "final  purification,"  or,  in  the 
somewhat  less  elegant  alternative  term  of  Mr. 
Wright's,  the  "  defecation,"  of  painting. 

There  have  been  three  epochs  in  painting. 
The  first  began  with  oil  painting  about  1400, 
and  terminated  with  Rubens  in  the  "attain- 
ment to  the  highest  degree  of  compositional 
plasticity  which  was  possible  with  the  fixed 
means  of  his  period."  The  second  —  a  cycle 
of  "research  and  analysis,  of  scientific  ex- 
perimentation and  data  gathering" — was 
ushered  in  by  Turner,  Constable,  and  Dela- 
croix. Courbet  and  Manet,  in  this  epoch, 
"  liberated  the  painter  from  set  themes  " ;  the 
Impressionists  followed;  the  Neo-Impression- 
ists  "went  further  afield  with  scientific  ob- 
servations; and  finally  Renoir,  assimilating 
all  the  new  discoveries,  rejected  the  fallacies 
and  co-ordinated  the  valuable  conclusions." 

The  third  epoch  resulted  in  the  final  purifi- 
cation of  painting.  Cezanne  was  its  primi- 
tive. "  Colour  with  him  became  for  the  first 
time  a  functional  element  capable  of  produc- 
ing form."  Absolute  freedom  of  subject- 
selection  was  followed  by  absolute  freedom 
also  in  the  treatment  of  subject.  Unconven- 
tionality  of  form  went  hand  in  hand  with 
unconventionality  of  theme.  Cezanne  and 
Matisse,  making  distortion  an  aesthetic  princi- 
ple, led  to  Picasso  and  Cubism.  Throughout 
this  epoch,  abstraction  was  the  aim  —  the 
exclusion  of  recognizable  objects,  "the  final 
elimination  of  natural  objectivity,"  the  rele- 
gation of  the  illustrative.  "  So  long  as  recog- 
nisable objects  are  presented,"  art  purely  as 
abstract  form  cannot  be  appreciated.  "  The 
Cubists,  by  breaking  up  a  model  into  parts 
which  separately  bore  little  resemblance  to 
nature,  proved  that  they  not  only  recognised 
the  demands  of  pure  organisation  but  that 
they  knew  those  demands  could  never  be  met 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


487 


so  long  as  there  were  recognisable  objects  in  a 
painting."  Synchromism  "  took  the  final  step 
in  the  elimination  of  the  illustrative  object." 

"  Thus  was  brought  about  the  final  purifica- 
tion of  painting.  Form  was  entirely  divorced 
from  any  realistic  consideration:  and  colour 
became  an  organic  function.  The  methods  of 
painting,  being  rationalized,  reached  their 
highest  degree  of  purity  and  creative  capabil- 
ity." "  The  evolution  of  painting  from  tinted 
illustration  to  an  abstract  art  expressed 
wholly  by  the  one  element  inherent  in  it  — 
colour;  was  a  natural  and  inevitable  progress. 
Music  passed  through  the  same  development 
from  the  imitation  of  natural  sounds  to  har- 
monic abstraction."  "Form  and  colour  — 
the  two  permanent  and  inalienable  qualities 
of  painting  —  have  become  synonymous.  An- 
cient painting  sounded  the  depths  of  com- 
position. Modern  painting  has  sounded  the 
depths  of  colour.  Research  is  at  an  end.  It 
now  remains  only  for  artists  to  create.  .  .  No 
more  innovatory  '  movements '  are  possible. 
.  .  The  era  of  pure  creation  begins  with  the 
present  day." 

Upon  reading  the  penultimate  sentence  at 
least,  public  and  artists  alike,  of  whatever 
aesthetic  creed,  will  heave  the  traditional  sigh 
of  relief.  No  more  innovatory  movements 
are  possible.  "  The  means  have  been  per- 
fected: the  laws  of  organisation  have  been 
laid  down."  Painting  has  at  length  settled 
to  her  task.  The  production  of  ineffably  puri- 
fied and  unrecognizable  masterpieces  may 
now  be  expected  as  a  matter  of  course. 

The  clearness  and  sureness  with  which  Mr. 
"Wright  records  the  triumph  of  the  Idea  are 
such  as  to  prompt  the  lively  hope  that  the 
experience  of  painting  is  symptomatic.  It  is 
a  daring  thought,  but  it  may  be  that  in  mor- 
als, in  religion,  in  pedagogy,  in  civics,  in 
social  relations,  in  poetry,  and  in  other  fields 
where  Ideas  have  been  adventuring,  as  well  as 
in  painting,  we  are  nearer  than  we  suspect  to 
ultimate  defecation  and  absolute  unrecogniza- 
bility.  In  these  fields,  too,  we  may  live  to  see 
the  day  when  we  can  stop  talking  about  things 
and  begin  to  do  them. 

Yet"  it  is  with  feelings  of  dismay  that  the 
lover  of  art  contemplates  the  history  of  paint- 
ing as  told  in  these  pages.  The  path  to  per- 
fection has  been  strewn  with  awful  wreckage. 
One  movement  after  another  is  proved  by  a 
quickly  arriving  successor  to  have  been  abor- 
tive. Impressionists,  Pointillists,  Divisionists, 
Chromo-luminarists,  Neo-Impressionists,  Cu- 
bists, Futurists,  Intimists,  Vorticists,  Syn- 
chromists  —  all  have  come  and  gone  with  ever 
increasing  swiftness.  There  has  been  endless 
theorizing,  talking,  and  experimentation,  with 


a  good  deal  of  wild  putting  of  things  on 
canvas;  but  only  once  in  a  while  an  achieve- 
ment in  itself  worth  while,  even  in  Mr. 
Wright's  mind.  Of  the  Vorticists,  whose 
headquarters  are  in  London,  he  says :  "  Their 
creed  is  an  intelligent  one,  and  is  in  direct 
line  with  the  current  tendencies.  As  yet  they 
have  produced  no  pictures  which  might  be 
called  reflective  of  their  principles,  but  have 
kept  before  English  artists  the  necessity  of 
eliminating  the  unessentials."  The  Cubists 
are  already  a  thing  of  history.  Even  the 
Futurists  are  in  the  past  tense.  Besides,  the 
Futurists  never  did  represent  real  advance. 
They  are  "at  bottom  decadent,  inasmuch  as 
they  turn  their  art  back  to  illustration."  The 
reader  who  wishes  to  know  the  extent  of 
Futurist  reversion  to  illustration  may  satisfy 
his  curiosity  by  turning  to  Mr.  Wright's  two 
reproductions,  Severini's  Hieroglyphe  Dynam- 
ique  du  Bal  Tabarin  and  Russolo's  Dyna- 
misme  d'  une  Auto.  For  specimens  of  the 
really  unillustrative  and  objectively  unrecog- 
nizable as  it  culminates  in  the  Synchromists, 
he  should  look  at  Russell's  Synchromie  Cos- 
mique  and  Macdonald- Wright's  "Arm  Organi- 
sation in  Blue-Green."  The  latter  is  impure, 
however;  we  are  bidden  to  look  near  the 
centre  for  a  "  small  and  arbitrary  interpreta- 
tion of  the  constructional  form  of  the  human 
arm." 

Mr.  Wright  is  conscious  of  the  disparity 
between  claims  and  achievement  in  the  New 
Painting.  Men  and  movements  have  con- 
tributed to  theory  and  technique  rather  than 
to  art,  to  possibility  rather  than  to  possession. 
He  explains :  "  The  new  methods  are  so  young 
that  painters  have  not  had  time  to  acquire 
that  mastery  of  material  without  which  the 
highest  achievement  is  impossible.  .  .  Mod- 
ern art,  having  no  tradition  of  means,  has 
sapped  and  dispersed  the  vitality  of  its  expo- 
nents by  imposing  upon  them  the  necessity 
for  empirical  research.  It  is  for  this  reason 
that  we  have  no  men  in  modern  art  who 
approximate  as  closely  to  perfection  as  did 
many  of  the  older  painters." 

And  yet  the  gravity  and  assurance  with 
which  Mr.  Wright  presents  and  discusses  his 
illustrations  leave  no  doubt  in  the  reader's 
mind  as  to  his  very  favorable  estimate  of  the 
actual  achievement  of  modern  painting. 
Praise  of  the  modern  and  disparagement  of 
the  old  go  hand  in  hand.  Courbet's  Les  Cas- 
seurs  de  Pierres  is  "far  greater  than  any- 
thing Millet  has  ever  done,  despite  the  vast 
popularity  of  such  purely  sentimental  pic- 
tures as  the  Angelus  and  The  Man  with  the 
Hoe.  .  .  In  Millet's  best  canvases  one  finds 
at  most  only  a  parallelism  of  lines,  and  in  his 


488 


THE    DIAL 


Nov.  25 


lesser  pictures  even  this  amateurish  attempt 
at  organisation  is  lacking." 

In  the  light  of  so  much  assurance,  it  is 
interesting  to  examine  the  four  subjects  in 
color  and  the  twenty-four  reproductions  with 
which  Mr.  Wright  has  adorned  his  book.  If 
they  illustrate  anything  as  a  whole,  it  surely 
is  that  in  proportion  as  the  painting  of  the 
past  century  has  ascended  in  the  scale  of 
theory  and  technique  it  has  descended  in  the 
scale  of  beauty,  intelligibility,  and  emotional  j 
appeal.  Of  the  twenty-eight  illustrations  as  j 
they  appear  in  this  book,  fifteen  would  be 
classed  by  any  person  except  a  modernist  stu- 
dent or  a  devotee  of  the  comic  supplement  as 
either  ugly,  grotesque,  or  mystifying;  and 
most  of  the  fifteen  fall  within  the  period  of 
nearest  approach  to  "  final  purification." 
Nor  is  it  clear  how  these  qualities  could  fail 
to  be  felt  before  the  actual  canvas,  however 
perfect  the  color.  It  is  significant,  too,  that 
Mr.  Wright's  criticism  is  almost  wholly  con- 
cerned with  the  Idea  —  the  theory  and  the 
science  of  painting,  rather  than  its  apprecia- 
tion. Of  enthusiasm  for  beauty  there  are 
comparatively  few  traces. 

Of  course  the  answer  to  this  is  all  ready. 
The  competence  of  the  adverse  critic  is  con- 
sistently denied.  "  The  ignorant  and  reac- 
tionary may  laugh  and  hurl  philippics.  For 
centuries  painting  has  been  reared  on  a  false 
foundation,  and  the  criteria  of  aesthetic  appre- 
ciation have  been  irrelevant."  "  The  lack  of 
comprehension  —  and  consequently  the  ridi- 
cule—  which  has  met  the  efforts  of  modern 
painters,  is  attributable  not  alone  to  a  misun- 
derstanding of  their  seemingly  extravagant 
and  eccentric  mannerisms,  but  to  an  ignorance 
of  the  basic  postulates  of  all  great  art  both 
ancient  and  modern."  Preferences  for  the 
old  masters,  "if  they  are  symptomatic  of 
aught  save  the  mere  habit  of  mind  immersed 
in  tradition,  indicate  an  immaturity  of  artis- 
tic judgment  which  places  prettiness  above 
beauty,  and  sentimentality  and  documentary 
interest  above  subjectivity  and  emotion." 
"An  untechnical  onlooker  .  .  can  never  sound 
the  depths  of  art.  .  .  Critics  for  the  most  part 
are  writers  whose  admiration  for  art  has  been 
born  in  front  of  the  completed  works  of  the 
great  masters." 

What  this  really  means  is  that  what  the 
modern  painters  say  of  themselves  is  true 
because  the  modern  painters  say  it  is  true.  It 
is  a  denial  of  the  right  of  even  the  cultivated 
public  to  participate  —  a  denial  of  the  social 
nature  of  art. 

And  of  course  we  are  reminded  that  criti- 
cism has  a  record  by  no  means  free  from 
examples  of  fallibility,  and  that  genius  has 


often  before  been  laughed  at.  The  logic  of 
this  is  simple.  The  critics  fought  Wagner, 
and  the  critics  were  wrong;  therefore  the 
critics  are  wrong  in  opposing  the  Synchro- 
mists.  Genius  has  sometimes  been  resisted 
and  laughed  at;  therefore  everything  that  is 
resisted  and  laughed  at  is  genius.  And  yet 
Mr.  Wright  himself  says  the  Futurists  are  at 
bottom  decadent.  He  does  not  laugh  at  them. 
The  modernist  is  incapable  of  laughter  at 
anything  except  what  are  foolishly  called  the 
eternal  verities. 

Mr.  Wright's  book  is  well  written,  and  dis- 
plays a  thorough  familiarity  with  modern 
painting.  Considering  the  content,  it  is  writ- 
ten even  with  some  restraint.  It  serves  well 
the  purpose  of  definition,  and  is  for  this  rea- 
son very  welcome.  But  for  most  lovers  of  art 
it  has  a  fundamental  defect.  They  will  deny 
—  ignorantly  and  undefecatedly,  of  course  — 
the  doctrines  of  unrecognizability  and  the  all- 
sufficiency  of  color.  We  often  speak  of  carry- 
ing a  thing  to  its  logical  conclusion,  and  it  is 
no  very  great  compliment  to  logic  that  we 
usually  balk  at  the  carrying  of  things  to  their 
logical  conclusions.  Modern  painting  and  its 
apologists  have  not  balked.  Ordinary  earthly 
logic  could  ask  no  greater  compliment  than 
the  one  they  have  paid  it.  But  perhaps  the 
musical  analogy  is  not  perfect.  Perhaps  a 
symphony  itself  is  not  absolutely  uninvolved 
with  illustration.  It  is  to  be  doubted  whether 
any  art  may  or  ought  to  be  perfectly  pure. 
Perhaps  painting  must  be,  let  us  not  say  a 
bastard  art,  but  a  complex  art.  Perhaps  the 
old  masters,  and  the  earlier  of  the  new,  were 
not  wholly  illogical  or  incompetent  in  still 
conceiving  of  color  as  instrument  rather 
than  end.  The  old  masters  were  undeniably 
geniuses,  if  only  in  a  small  way. 

For  the  reader  who  desires  to  regard  the 

painter's  art  from  a  different  angle,  Kenyoii 

Cox's  solid  and  spirited  "  The  Classic  Point  of 

View"  cannot  be  too  strongly  recommended. 

GRANT  SHOWERMAN. 


MEMORIALS  OF  A  GREAT  ASTRONOMER.* 


To  those  of  us  who  knew  Sir  Robert  Ball, 
the  volume  of  "Reminiscences  and  Letters," 
now  published  under  the  editorship  of  his  son, 
is  very  satisfactory.  A  "  big  "  book  was  neces- 
sary for  any  complete  account  of  the  man  and 
his  career.  Fortunately,  Sir  Robert  had  dic- 
tated many  of  his  reminiscences  some  years 
before  his  final  illness,  and  the  result  makes 
a  very  engaging  volume.  The  hiatus  which 

*  REMINISCENCES  AND  LETTERS  OF  SIB  ROBERT  BALL.  Edited 
by  his  son,  W.  Valentine  Ball.  Illustrated.  Boston:  Little, 
Brown  &  Co. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


489 


sometimes  occurs  in  his  recollections  is  admira- 
bly filled  with  his  own  letters,  and  also  with 
those  of  his  friends  —  of  whom,  indeed,  there 
were  an  army. 

Sir  Robert's  account  of  his  early  years  at 
Trinity  is  a  charming  record  of  undergraduate 
life ;  and  his  own  efforts  to  perfect  his  charac- 
ter, as  well  as  his  scientific  studies,  are  shown 
in  the  records  of  this  period.  In  one  of  these 
he  says :  "  I  have  not  sufficiently  practised 
(1)  kindness,  (2)  moderation,  (3)  gentleness, 
(4)  sufficient  thought  before  speaking,  (5)  re- 
pression of  sarcastic  habits." 

His  first  position  after  leaving  college  was 
that  of  tutor  to  Lord  Rosse's  three  youngest 
sons,  a  very  congenial  billet.  Lord  Rosse  was 
hospitably  inclined  toward  the  young  tutor, 
who  already  felt  a  drawing  to  astronomy,  and 
permission  to  use  the  famous  Rosse  telescope 
was  his  chief  delight.  This  instrument  was 
actually  constructed  by  Lord  Rosse;  and  al- 
though since  removed  to  the  Victoria  and  Al- 
bert Museum  at  South  Kensington,  was  at  this 
time  in  fine  shape  for  use,  particularly  upon 
the  nebulas.  The  young  man  was  both  tutor 
and  astronomer,  and  some  of  his  happiest  days 
were  during  these  two  years.  The  morning 
was  spent  with  his  pupils  in  the  castle;  and 
aside  from  the  games  and  recreation  with 
them  afterward,  he  devoted  his  afternoons  and 
spare  time  to  the  workshops.  Lord  Rosse  gave 
him  carte  blanche,  also,  to  borrow  any  book 
from  his  library.  The  use  of  the  large  tele- 
scope must  have  been  very  laborious,  as  it  took 
four  assistants  to  make  observations.  On  fine 
evenings  Ball  would  go  to  the  observatory  as 
soon  as  it  was  dark.  It  was  here  that  he 
witnessed  the  display  of  November  meteors  of 
1866,  a  magnificent  occasion  brilliantly  de- 
scribed by  the  author.  The  guest  book  at  Par- 
sonstown  Observatory  contains  the  names  of 
many  of  the  great  astronomers.  Ball  speaks 
of  visiting  Sir  William  Huggins,  to  whose 
house  Lord  Rosse  took  him  during  some  of 
their  London  trips,  and  to  those  of  other  scien- 
tific men. 

The  seven  years  after  Ball  left  Lord  Rosse 
were  full  of  work  and  achievement.  He  took 
a  position  in  the  Royal  College  of  Science  in 
Dublin,  as  professor  of  applied  mathematics 
and  mechanics.  At  Trinity  he  had  devoted 
much  attention  to  these  subjects,  and  his  hours 
in  Lord  Rosse's  workshop  had  given  him  a 
deeper  insight  into  mechanics,  to  which  he 
devoted  his  first  course  of  lectures.  He  con- 
tinued at  the  Royal  College  until  1874,  when 
his  friends  urged  him  to  apply  for  the  position 
of  Royal  Astronomer  of  Ireland.  He  was  ap- 
pointed, finding  himself  Astronomer  Royal  of 
Ireland  and  Andrews  Professor  of  Astronomy 


in  the  University  of  Dublin, —  a  double  assign- 
ment which  he  held  for  eighteen  years.  Al- 
ways happy  in  himself,  his  work,  and  his 
friends,  Sir  Robert's  sense  of  humor  was 
kindly  and  never  cynical,  and  this  endeared 
him  to  all.  At  the  Dunsink  Observatory  some 
of  his  happiest  hours  were  spent.  He  speaks 
of  the  magnificent  prospect  from  this  site. 
Indeed,  we  remember  well  the  extraordinary 
view  spread  out  on  every  side, —  the  sea  and 
the  city  of  Dublin,  Phoenix  Park  in  front,  and 
the  beautiful  range  of  mountains  —  including 
Three  Rock  and  Two  Rock,  and  the  Wicklow 
mountains  —  behind. 

Sir  Robert  speaks  in  appreciative  terms  of 
hisi  predecessors,  among  them  Sir  William 
Rowan  Hamilton  and  Dr.  Briinnow.  Dr. 
Copeland  was  assistant  astronomer,  but  he  was 
absent  when  Ball  first  went  to  Dunsink,  hav- 
ing accompanied  the  famous  expedition  of 
Lord  Lindsay  (subsequently  Earl  of  Craw- 
ford) to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  at  Mau- 
ritius. The  second  of  the  pair  of  transits  of 
Venus,  in  December  of  1882,  Sir  Robert  ob- 
served himself.  The  sky  was  covered  with 
clouds  during  the  day,  but  in  the  late  after- 
noon it  lightened  almost  miraculously,  the 
sun  burst  forth,  and  Sir  Robert  beheld  the 
globe  of  Venus  standing  out  on  the  solar  disc. 
It  was  extremely  gratifying  to  him,  and  of 
the  utmost  importance  to  the  astronomers  of 
this  and  all  other  countries.  Those  who  beheld 
this  spectacle  in  all  its  beauty  will  have  no 
other  opportunity  until  June,  2004,  although 
Venus  in  her  frequent  journeys  around  the 
sun  passes  only  a  little  above  or  a  little  below 
the  disc  each  time. 

In  1892,  Sir  Robert  was  appointed  Lown- 
dean  Professor  of  Astronomy  at  Cambridge, 
in  succession  to  John  Couch  Adams.  He  was 
also  appointed  Director  of  the  Cambridge  Ob- 
servatory. There  is  less  in  his  reminiscences 
concerning  the  life  at  Cambridge  than  of  some 
other  portions,  but  fortunately  his  many  let- 
ters enable  the  chapter  to  Jbe  written  largely 
from  his  own  point  of  view.  There  are  numer- 
ous letters  of  congratulation  on  his  appoint- 
ment, and  his  own  letters  are  filled  with  his 
reasons  for  making  the  change, —  particularly 
the  letter  to  Mrs.  Adams,  the  widow  of  his 
predecessor. 

In  July,  1892,  he  was  given  a  fellowship  at 
Kings  College,  Cambridge.  In  December  of 
the  same  year  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 
was  conferred  on  him  at  the  Senate' House  at 
Cambridge.  The  account  of  his  reception 
there,  and  the  countless  friends  who  made  this 
occasion  noteworthy,  takes  up  a  large  part  of 
the  chapter  on  Cambridge.  Sir  Joseph  Lar- 
mor  has  written  a  fine  account  of  Ball's  work 


490 


THE    DIAL 


Nov.  25 


during  the  Cambridge  years.  Dr.  A.  A.  Com- 
mon, Sir  William  and  Lady  Hugging,  Sir 
David  Gill,  and  others  of  his  friends  give  char- 
acteristic pictures  of  this  great  man  who  was 
nevertheless  so  delightfully  human.  In  1899 
the  Cambridge  University  Press  undertook  the 
publication  of  his  treatise  on  the  Theory  of 
Screws,  the  most  abstract  and  purely  mathe- 
matical of  Sir  Robert's  writings.  His  work  on 
"  Spherical  Astronomy  "  is  constantly  referred 
to,  and  his  "  Story  of  the  Heavens  "  is  widely 
popular. 

Sir  Robert's  mind  appears  to  have  been  won- 
derfully versatile.  His  interest  in  botany  was 
very  great,  and  one  of  the  constant  compan- 
ions on  his  travels  was  a  copy  of  Bentham's 
"British  Flora."  On  his  country  walks  of 
spring  or  early  summer  it  was  difficult  to  find 
a  plant  which  he  could  not  name  in  English  or 
Latin.  His  copy  of  Bentham  was  especially 
interleaved,  and  on  the  blank  pages  he  re- 
corded the  place  in  which  he  found  any  par- 
ticular plant.  In  wild  animals,  also,  Sir  Robert 
was  not  less  interested.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Council  of  the  Dublin  Zoological  So- 
ciety, and  he  always  actively  engaged  in  its 
affairs. 

Ball's  own  account  of  the  real  beginning  of 
his  career  as  a  lecturer  is  contained  largely  in 
some  notes  which  he  collected  when  planning 
to  write  his  reminiscences.  His  first  lecture  on 
the  public  platform  was  in  February,  1869, 
when  at  the  Belfast  Athenaeum  he  spoke  on. 
"  Some  Recent  Astronomical  Discoveries." 
He  records  triumphantly:  "I  made  14  s. 
This  is  the  first  sum  I  ever  made  by  this 
method."  Later  in  the  same  year  he  gave  other 
scientific  lectures,  exhibiting  even  in  those 
early  days  that  power  of  exposition  which 
afterwards  rendered  him  facile  princeps 
among  public  lecturers.  In  1881  he  gave  one 
of  his  most  famous  lectures,  "A  Glimpse 
through  the  Corridors  of  Time."  The  vast 
reach  of  tides  was  appreciated  by  mathemati- 
cians; but  few  in  a  large  popular  audience 
could  have  known  the  part  played  by  tidal 
evolution  in  molding  earth,  moon,  and  planets 
millions  of  years  ago.  It  was  a  singularly 
beautiful  and  instructive  address.  "A  Night 
with  Lord  Rosse's  Telescope,"  "The  Moon," 
and  "  Krakatoa  "  were  some  of  the  later  sub- 
jects. His  lectures  became  more  and  more 
popular.  He  went  on  numerous  tours,  and 
his  accounts  of  his  entertainment  and  the 
journeys  in  connection  with  these  are  espe- 
cially interesting  to  those  of  us  who  have  done 
similar  work  on  a  smaller  scale. 

Ball's  lectures  at  the  Royal  Institution  were 
highly  significant.  Faraday  had  explained  to 
a  delighted  audience  the  results  of  his  investi- 


gations in  magneto-electricity;  and  Profes- 
sor Tyndall's  lectures  had  been  subsequently 
published  in  book  form.  Faraday  himself  had 
given  a  famous  Christmas  course  on  "  The 
Chemistry  of  a  Candle."  With  some  diffi- 
dence Sir  Robert  gave  his  first  course  of 
Christmas  lectures,  illustrating  them  by  appa- 
ratus which  he  had  made  himself.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  that  these  lectures  were  very 
popular.  The  audience  comprised  persons  of 
all  ages,  from  a  child  of  eight  years  to  Madame 
Antoinette  Sterling  and  the  Lord  Chancellor. 
"  The  Universe  in  Motion  "  was  another  of  his 
most  popular  lectures.  Sir  Robert's  personal 
notes  and  memoranda  about  his  lectures  were 
very  exacting ;  but  when  some  one  inquired  if 
he  did  not  weary  of  speaking  night  after 
night,  his  reply  was :  "  When  you  have  some 
skill  in  your  art,  the  exercise  of  it  is  delight- 
ful." He  several  times  made  lecture  trips 
through  the  United  States,  and  was  every- 
where greeted  with  great  affection  and  ac- 
corded the  closest  attention.  At  home  he  gave 
courses  of  lectures  to  his  advanced  students  at 
Cambridge  on  Screws,  the  Planetary  Theory, 
and  other  abstract  subjects. 

In  1882  he  was  appointed  Scientific  Advisor 
to  the  Irish  Lights  Board,  in  succession  to  the 
late  Professor  Tyndall.  For  several  years  he 
enjoyed  the  annual  cruise  of  the  Inspecting 
Committee  around  the  island  on  their  yacht, 
the  "  Princess  Alexandra."  He  went  to  Nor- 
way for  the  eclipse  in  1896.  All  expeditions 
of  that  year,  save  Nova  Zembla,  suffered  de- 
feat from  clouds.  The  present  reviewer  was 
in  Yezo,  and  can  testify  that,  as  a  spectacle, 
the  eclipse  will  never  be  duplicated.  The 
Astronomer  Royal  was  on  the  south-east  coast 
of  Yezo,  and  we  afterwards  met  and  compared 
notes.  Sir  Robert  gives  a  very  delightful  de- 
scription of  the  north  country. 

In  this  charming  biography,  or  autobiog- 
raphy as  it  might  almost  be  called,  the  interest 
of  its  subject  in  human  nature,  as  well  as  in 
the  wonders  of  the  heavens,  is  all-pervasive. 
The  pictures  which  it  gives  of  Sir  Robert 
Ball's  human  and  genial  nature  are  beauti- 
fully sketched,  and  one  reads  every  word  of 
the  memoir,  from  the  first  to  the  last.  It  is  a 
delightful  book  about  a  delightful  man  whose 
hands  and  head  were  always  busy  with  some 
abstruse  yet  popular  subject.  It  was  in  1913 
that  he  died,  when  but  seventy-three  years 
old,  having  filled  those  years  to  the  full  with 
strenuous  endeavor.  The  sentence  from  Car- 
lyle  which  just  before  his  death  Sir  Robert 
chose  for  a  motto  well  expresses  the  spirit  of 
his  own  life, — "  Happy  is  the  man  who  has 
found  his  work." 

MABEL  LOOMIS  TODD. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


491 


THE  IRVING-BREVOORT  LETTERS.* 

Washington  Irving  was  frank  and  open  in 
his  relations  with  all  men,  yet  it  is  doubtful  if 
he  ever  revealed  himself  more  fully  than  in 
the  letters  to  his  life-long  friend  Henry  Bre- 
voort.  A  considerable  number  of  these  letters 
were  known  to  Pierre  M.  Irving,  who  gave 
copious  and  on  the  whole  well-chosen  extracts 
from  them  in  his  "  Life  and  Letters  of  Wash- 
ington Irving,"  but  it  is  a  pleasure  to  have 
them  in  their  completeness.  They  are  now 
issued,  as  edited  by  Mr.  George  S.  Hellman,  in 
an  edition  limited  to  255  sets,  beautifully 
printed  at  the  Knickerbocker  Press,  and  taste- 
fully bound.  In  a  prefatory  note,  the  publish- 
ers speak  of  "  the  relations  of  close  sympathy 
and  of  personal  friendship  that  existed 
through  a  long  series  of  years  between  Wash- 
ington Irving  and  the  late  G.  P.  Putnam,"  and 
express  their  pleasure  at  being  able  to  bring 
forth  this  work  of  Irving's,  much  of  which  has 
hitherto  remained  unpublished.  The  happy 
tone  of  this  note  and  the  attractive  appear- 
ance of  the  volumes  tend  to  make  their  appear- 
ance a  formal  festive  occasion,  on  which 
tributes  may  be  paid  to  the  genial  American 
author  whose  work  is  now  rounding  out  a  cen- 
tury of  popularity,  and  congratulations  offered 
to  the  publishers  whose  name  has  been  so  long 
and  so  honorably  linked  with  his. 

This  being  the  spirit  in  which  the  reader 
takes  up  Mr.  Hellman's  edition  of  the  letters, 
it  may  seem  inappropriate  to  point  out  defects. 
But  there  are  certain  things  which  one  has  a 
right  to  demand  of  any  work,  be  it  textbook, 
standard  edition,  or  volume  de  luxe;  and  it 
must  long  be  a  cause  of  regret  to  students  of 
American  literature  that  the  editor's  work  in 
the  present  instance  has  not  been  better  done. 
Intimate  personal  letters  like  these,  full  of 
references  to  friends  and  relatives  designated 
by  abbreviated  and  pet  names,  would  be  im- 
mensely more  valuable  if  accompanied  by 
explanatory  notes.  It  may  be  that  the  task  of 
annotation  has  been  left  for  a  later  edition; 
but  surely  such  editorial  work  as  has  here 
been  done  should  be  reasonably  accurate  and 
intelligent. 

The  letters  are  supposedly  given  in  chrono- 
logical order.  The  first  is  printed  with  the 
date  "  Oct.  23d,  1807,"  and  of  this  the  editor 
says: 

"And  now,  following  the  path  of  these  letters, 
let  us  accompany  Irving  down  the  stream  of  the 
years.  We  find  him  first  a  genial,  light-hearted 
youth  of  twenty-four,  preparing  the  publication  of 
that  book  which  is  more  intimately  associated  than 
any  other  with  the  name  and  traditions  of  our  city 

*  THE  LETTERS  OF  WASHINGTON  IRVING  TO  HENRY  BREVOORT. 
Edited,  with  an  Introduction,  by  George  S.  Hellman.  In  two 
volumes.  Limited  edition.  New  York:  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 


—  the  History  of  New  York  by  Diedrich  Knicker- 
bocker." 

The  testimony  of  Irving's  biographers  is  that 
in  1807,  when  Irving  was  a  youth  of  twenty- 
four,  the  "Knickerbocker  History"  was  not 
begun  and  probably  not  even  thought  of.  The 
author  himself  says,  in  the  ''Apology"  pre- 
fixed to  later  editions,  that  it  was  "  commenced 
in  company  with  my  brother,  the  late  Peter 
Irving,  Esq." ;  and  according  to  the  "  Life  and 
Letters,"  "Peter  had  returned  from  a  year's 
absence  in  Europe  just  before  the  appearance 
of  the  last  number  [of  "  Salmagundi,"  Jan.  25, 
1808],  and  in  conjunction  .  .  the  two  broth- 
ers commenced  the  History  of  New  York." 
There  is  no  evidence  that  Washington  Irving 
made  any  extended  visit  to  Philadelphia  in 
the  autumn  of  1807,  and  he  surely  published 
no  important  work  there.  But  let  the  letter 
speak  for  itself: 

"  I  have  been  delayed  in  putting  my  work  to 
press  by  some  minute  &  curious  facts  which  I 
found  in  a  Mss.  in  the  Philad  Library  &  which  has 
obliged  me  to  make  alterations  in  the  first  vol.  but 
to-morrow  I  begin  —  by  God. 

"  I  wish  you  would  immediately  forward  me  the 
inscription  on  old  P.  Stuyvesant  Tombstone  —  and 
get  Jim  as  well  as  yourself  to  prepare  some  squibbs 
&c  to  attract  attention  to  the  work  when  it  comes 
out." 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  how  the 
editor  interprets  all  this  in  the  light  of  the 
date  he  assigns.  Certainly  the  paragraphs 
quoted  seem  to  place  the  letter  in  the  autumn 
of  1809,  when  Irving  is  known  to  have  been 
in  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  of  bringing 
out  the  History.  In  the  absence  of  the  MS., 
it  seems  a  reasonable  conjecture  that  the 
editor  mis-read  1807  for  1809 ;  that  he  failed 
utterly  to  consider  the  contents  of  the  letter; 
and  that  instead  of  being  printed  as  number 
one,  it  should  be  number  five. 

If  the  error  is  only  in  the  year,  the  day  of 
the  month  raises  some  interesting  questions. 
The  "  Life  and  Letters  "  states  that 
"  In  the  November  succeeding,  Mr.  Irving  repaired 
to  Philadelphia  to  superintend  the  publication  of 
his  History  of  New  York.  .  .  Though  the  author 
had  carried  the  manuscript  in  a  complete  state  to 
Philadelphia,  yet  he  afterward  made  some  addi- 
tions, as  was  not  unusual  with  him,  as  the  work  was 
going  through  the  press.  It  was  here  that  he  wrote 
the  voyage  of  Peter  Stuyvesant  up  the  Hudson, 
and  the  enumeration  of  the  army." 
But  if  this  letter  were  dated  October  23,  1809, 
Irving  went  to  Philadelphia  before  November, 
and  we  have  another  of  the  many  instances 
in  which  the  earlier  biographer  is  not  impec- 
cable in  matters  of  detail.  Moreover,  the 
mock  advertisement  announcing  the  disap- 
pearance of  Mr.  Knickerbocker  from  the 


492 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


Columbian  Hotel  in  Mulberry  Street  appeared 
in  -the  "Evening  Post"  of  October  26  (the 
"Life  and  Letters"  seems  to  give  the  date 
incorrectly  as  Oct.  25).  Was  this  a  prompt 
response  on  the  part  of  Brevoort  to  the 
appeal  for  "squibbs"  to  call  attention  to  the 
work?  And  if  so,  is  the  credit  for  this  in- 
genious advertising  to  be  given  not  to  Irving, 
but  to  his  friends  who  remained  in  New  York  ? 
It  is,  however,  unsatisfactory  to  base  specula- 
tions on  printed  data  that  are  clearly  wrong 
in  one  important  point,  and  that  may  be 
wrong  in  others.  Such  looseness  as  this  on 
the  first  page  of  a  work  casts  doubt  on  the 
accuracy  of  any  part. 

If  the  reader  loses  his  tone  of  urbanity 
over  the  vagaries  of  the  editor,  he  is  helped 
to  regain  it  when  he  comes  to  the  writings  of 
Irving  himself.  Irving  is  urbane,  with  the 
unfailing  urbanity  that  comes  from  kindli- 
ness of  heart.  The  earlier  letters  are  not 
wholly  without  a  certain  affectation  that  is 
more  representative  of  the  time  and  the  place 
than  of  Irving.  The  "  by  God  "  of  the  letter 
already  quoted,  the  "Damme"  with  which 
another  ends,  and  similar  expressions,  are 
strange  oaths  which  seem  somehow  to  be 
swaggered  forth  with  an  embarrassed  air. 
Though  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  Irving's 
susceptibility,  the  references  to  women  that 
fill  so  large  a  space  in  the  early  letters  imply 
an  attitude  as  man  of  the  world  that  is  not 
quite  natural. 

"  The  little  Taylor  has  been  here  and  passed  some 
time  since  your  departure.  She  is  a  delightful 
little  creature,  but  alas,  my  dear  Hal,  she  has  not 
the  pewter,  as  the  sage  Peter  says.  As  to  beauty, 
what  is  it  '  but  a  flower ! '  Handsome  is  that  hand- 
some has, —  is  the  modern  maxim.  Therefore,  lit- 
tle Taylor,  '  though  thy  little  finger  be  armed  in  a 
thimble,'  yet  will  I  set  thee  at  defiance.  In  a  word, 
she  is  like  an  ortolan,  too  rare  and  costly  a  dainty 
for  a  poor  man  to  afford,  but  were  I  a  nabob,  'fore 
George,  ortolans  should  be  my  only  food. 

"As  I  rode  into  town  the  other  day,  I  had  nearly 

ran  down  the  fair  Maria  M re.  I  immediately 

thought  of  your  sudden  admiration  for  her,  which 
seemed  to  spring  up  rather  late  in  the  season,  like 
strawberries  in  the  fall  —  when  every  other  swain's 
passion  had  died  a  natural  &  lingering  death.  The 
fair  Maria  (for  almighty  truth  will  out)  begins  in 
my  eyes  to  look,  as  that  venerable  Frenchman  Todd 
would  say  —  D d  stringy.  She  has  been  act- 
ing very  much  the  part  of  the  dog  in  the  manger  — 
she  cannot  enjoy  her  own  chastity  but  seems  un- 
willing to  let  anybody  else  do  it.  There  certainly 
is  a  selfish  pleasure  in  possessing  a  thing  which  is 
exclusively  our  own  and  which  we  see  everybody 
around  us  coveting.  And  this  may  be  the  reason 
why  we  sometimes  behold  very  beautiful  women 
maintaining  resolute  possession  of  their  charms  — 
and  what  makes  me  think  this  must  be  the  reason  is 
that  in  proportion  as  these  women  grow  old,  and 


the  world  ceases  to  long  after  their  treasures,  they 
seem  the  most  ready  to  part  with  them,  until  they 
at  length  seem  ready  to  sacrifice  them  to  the  first 
bidder,  and  even  to  importune  you  to  take  them  off 
their  hands.  This  however  I  hope  and  believe  will 
never  be  the  case  with  the  fair  Maria,  who,  thanks 
to  her  cool  temperament  can  still  pass  on  '  in  maiden 
meditation  fancy  free.'  "  (July  8,  1812.) 

There  is  much  of  this  sort  of  thing;  but, 
though  it  would  be  too  strong  to  call  it  pose, 
it  is  not  quite  the  real  Irving. 

By  far  the  greater  number  of  the  letters 
were  written  during  Irving's  long  stay  abroad 
from  1815  to  1832.  A  marked,  almost  an 
abrupt,  change  seems  to  come  over  the  man 
as  he  finds  himself  at  Birmingham  and  Liver- 
pool, oppressed  by  the  perplexities  of  busi- 
ness, and  anxious  concerning  the  health  of  his 
brother  Peter.  He  never  loses  courage,  and 
in  all  his  letters  there  is  no  trace  of  bitter- 
ness or  cynicism;  but  he  is  never  again  the 
petted  and  somewhat  irresponsible  younger 
son,  content  only  to  enjoy  life  gaily.  In  July, 
1817,  when  there  was  no  hope  of  saving  the 
family  fortunes,  he  wrote  in  a  letter  part  of 
which  was  quoted  in  the  "  Life  and  Letters  " : 

"  I  have  weighed  every  thing  pro  and  con  on  the 
subject  of  returning  home  and  have  for  the  present 
abandoned  the  idea.  My  affections  would  at  once 
prompt  me  to  return,  but  in  doing  so,  would  they 
insure  me  any  happiness?  Would  they  not  on  the 
contrary  be  productive  of  misery?  I  should  find 
those  I  love  &  whom  I  had  left  prosperous  —  strug- 
gling with  adversity  without  my  being  able  to 
yield  them  comfort  or  assistance.  Every  scene  of 
past  enjoyment  would  be  a  cause  of  regret  and  dis- 
content. I  should  have  no  immediate  mode  of  sup- 
port &  should  be  perhaps  a  bother  to  my  friends 
who  have  claims  enough  on  their  sympathy  &  exer- 
tions. No  —  no.  If  I  must  scuffle  with  poverty  let 
me  do  it  out  of  sight — where  I  am  but  little  known 
—  where  I  cannot  even  contrast  present  penury 
with  former  affluence.  In  this  country  I  have  a 
plan  for  immediate  support  —  it  may  lead  to  some- 
thing better  —  at  any  rate  it  places  me  for  a  time 
above  the  horrors  of  destitution  or  the  more  galling 
mortifications  of  dependence." 

To  this  same  subject  of  returning  to  America, 
and  to  the  pain  caused  by  friends  who  mis- 
understood his  motives  for  staying  abroad,  he 
frequently  recurs.  To  a  question  by  Brevoort 
whether  he  intends  to  renounce  his  country 
he  writes,  March  10,  1821,  a  spirited  reply  the 
best  parts  of  which  are  given  in  the  "Life 
and  Letters,"  and  need  not  be  quoted  here. 
The  details  of  personal  business  affairs  —  of 
embarrassments  and  drafts  and  loans  — 
which  fill  many  pages  are  not  in  themselves 
edifying,  but  they  show  how  beset  the  author 
long  was  by  financial  difficulties,  how  trou- 
bled he  was  by  them,  and  how  anxious  he  was 
not  to  burden 'others  or  even  to  blame  them 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


493 


when  they  were  less  considerate  than  they 
might  have  been. 

These  volumes  contain  no  great  and  strik- 
ing contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  Irving's 
life,  and  they  are  not  especially  rich  in  pic- 
turesque detail.  It  seems  as  if  the  author 
wrote  more  objective  description  of  sights  and 
scenes  to  other  friends  and  relatives,  and 
kept  for  Brevoort  his  most  intimate  and  per- 
sonal feelings.  The  letters  do,  therefore,  help 
us  to  a  closer  view  of  the  man,  and  they  do 
nothing  but  add  to  the  regard  and  respect 
which  we  already  feel  for  him.  Nor  should 
this  notice  close  without  reference  to  Henry 
Brevoort.  Once  a  well  known  citizen  of  New 
York,  a  man  of  wealth  and  culture  and  public 
spirit,  it  is  probably  his  fate  henceforth  to  be 
remembered  chiefly  as  the  friend  of  Irving. 
So  is  literary  fame,  if  it  be  really  fame, 
greater  and  more  lasting  than  that  won  in 
most  fields  of  endeavor.  Of  his  writing  no 
word  is  given  here ;  but  a  man  may  be  judged 
by  the  letters  he  receives  as  well  as  by  those 
he  writes.  The  friend  to  whom  Irving  could 
so  express  himself  was  a  kindly  and  manly 
person,  and  worthy  of  at  least  passing 
remembrance.  WILLIAM  B.  CAIRNS. 


JjITERATTJRE  AND  HISTORY.* 

Mr.  Hilaire  Belloc's  new  volume,  resplen- 
dent in  red  and  gold,  with  its  many  attractive 
illustrations,  its  double-leaded  pages  with 
luxurious  margins,  its  freedom  from  all  scien- 
tific apparatus  in  the  form  of  maps,  foot- 
notes, and  bibliographies,  and  above  all  its 
dramatic  title,  "High  Lights  of  the  French 
Revolution,"  displays  all  the  outward  signs  of 
history  conceived  in  the  literary  vein,  whose 
avowed  purpose  is  to  entertain.  An  examina- 
tion of  the  contents  of  the  volume  only  serves 
to  strengthen  the  inference  drawn  from  its 
outward  form.  As  the  title  suggests,  Mr. 
Belloc  makes  no  serious  effort  to  describe  the 
revolution  as  a  whole,  but  sketches  in  a  light 
way  a  few  of  its  dramatic  episodes,  and  is 
far  more  concerned  with  literary  effects  than 
with  historic  truth.  But  it  is  not  simply  as  a 
piece  of  literature  that  Mr.  Belloc's  volume 
would  be  judged ;  it  is  history  in  the  form  of 
literature, —  the  work,  we  are  told,  of  "  the 
ablest  living  writer  on  these  themes.  .  .  Pic- 
turesque, vivid,  minutely  circumstantial,  rush- 
ing in  interest.  In  literary  qualities  the 
episodes  are  comparable  to  those  of  Carlyle, 
and  they  have  the  added  advantage  of  a  less 
prejudiced  point  of  view,  a  greater  precision 

*  HIGH  LIGHTS  OF  THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION.  By  Hilaire 
Belloc.  Illustrated  in  color.  New  York :  The  Century  Co. 


in  matters  of  fact,  and  an  easier,  more  gra- 
cious style."  If  we  can  believe  this  announce- 
ment, Mr.  Belloc  has  succeeded  in  reconciling 
the  legitimate  demands  of  both  history  and 
literature, —  has  produced  a  book  that  is  at 
the  same  time  a  work  of  science  and  a  work  of 
art. 

But  has  he  succeeded?  Has  he  given  us  a 
sound  piece  of  historical  writing?  If  not, 
whatever  else  his  book  may  be,  it  is  not  his- 
tory. Now  truth  is  the  first  test  of  the  value 
of  every  historical  work.  If  it  be  not  true,  it 
matters  not  how  "  interesting  "  or  "  readable  " 
a  work  may  be, —  it  is  not  history.  Even 
Croce,  who  would  classify  history  and  litera- 
ture under  art,  defines  literature  as  "knowl- 
edge of  the  ideally  possible,"  history  as 
"  knowledge  of  what  has  actually  happened." 
Literature  appeals  primarily  to  the  emotions, 
history  to  the  intellect.  The  task  of  the  his- 
torian,—  the  truthful  restoration  of  man's 
unique  social  evolution, —  is  an  arduous  one, 
and  has  little  in  common  with  the  work  of 
the  poet  or  of  the  novelist.  To  search  labo- 
riously for  evidence,  to  criticize  the  evidence 
when  found,  to  reconstruct  the  facts  of  the 
past  by  a  comparison  of  the  affirmations  of 
independent  eye-witnesses,  to  combine  these 
facts  into  a  complex  and  changing  whole, 
restraining  the  inclination  of  the  imagination 
to  go  beyond  the  evidence  and  state  more  than 
the  evidence  would  justify, —  this  is  work  for 
a  scientist,  not  for  an  artist.  So  true  is  this 
that  a  man  with  a  decidedly  artistic  tempera- 
ment, with  a  strong  subconscious  imagination 
fitting  him  for  creative  literary  work,  may  be 
utterly  unfitted  for  scientific  historical  work. 
It  was  said  of  Froude  that  he  was  "  constitu- 
tionally inaccurate."  Everyone  "commits 
some  errors  .  .  the  abnormal  thing  is  to  com- 
mit many,  to  commit  them  constantly,  in  spite 
of  the  most  persevering  efforts  to  be  exact. 
.  .  The  involuntary  imagination,  taking  a  part 
in  the  intellectual  operations,  produces  bad 
results.  It  fills  in  by  conjecture  gaps  in  the 
memory,  it  magnifies  or  attenuates  the  real 
facts,  it  confounds  them  with  its  pure  inven- 
tion." Like  Froude,  Mr.  Belloc  —  artistically 
brilliant  —  is  "  constitutionally  inaccurate," 
the  victim  of  a  too  powerful  subconscious 
imagination  that  unfits  him  for  scientific  his- 
torical work.  I  made  this  observation  some 
years  ago  in  a  review  of  his  life  of  Robes- 
pierre. All  of  his  later  work  has  simply 
strengthened  this  first  impression, —  most  of 
all  the  present  volume  on  "High  Lights  of 
the  French  Revolution." 

This  criticism,  if  well  founded,  is  a  serious 
one.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  historian  to  pro- 
tect the  public  against  unsound  historical 


494 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


work.  And  against  no  modern  writer  dealing 
with  historical  subjects  does  the  public  stand 
more  in  need  of  protection  than  against  Mr. 
Belloc.  He  literally  invites  confidence  in  his 
seemingly  exact  scholarship.  In  the  preface 
to  his  life  of  Robespierre  he  wrote : 

"  It  will  be  discovered  by  my  reader  that  con- 
tinually throughout  the  following  pages  I  have 
introduced  that  kind  of  description  which  is  ex- 
pected rather  in  the  evidence  of  an  eye-witness  or 
in  the  creations  of  fiction.  I  know  that  such  an 
attempt  at  vivid  presentation  carries  with  it  a  cer- 
tain suspicion  when  it  is  applied  to  history.  I  can 
only  assure  my  readers  that  the  details  I  have 
admitted  can  be  proved  to  be  true  from  the  witness 
of  contemporaries  or  from  the  inference  which 
their  descriptions  and  the  public  records  of  the 
time  permit  one  to  draw." 

In  the  face  of  that  statement,  who  of  the 
many  readers  of  Mr.  Belloc's  delightful  vol- 
ume even  suspected  that  it  swarmed  with 
errors  from  cover  to  cover?  And  to  how 
many  of  the  readers  of  the  present  volume 
will  he  fail  to  communicate  confidence  in  his 
scholarship  when  he  writes : 

"Necker  would  have  it  in  his  memoirs  that  he 
was  overborne  by  Barentin  and,  as  one  may  say, 
by  the  queen's  party;  that  his  original  compro- 
mise was  made  a  little  stronger  in  favor  of  the 
crown.  To  this  charge,  like  the  weak  and  false 
man  he  was,  he  would  ascribe  all  the  breakdown 
that  followed.  I  do  not  beliete  him.  I  think  he 
lied.  We  know  how  he  made  his  fortune  and  we 
know  how  to  contrast  the  whole  being  of  a  man 
like  Necker  with  the  whole  being  of  a  man  like 
Barentin.  Read  Barentin's  notes  on  those  same 
two  days  and  you  will  have  little  doubt  that  Necker 
lied." 

The  inference  Mr.  Belloc  would  have  us  draw 
from  this  passage  is  that  he  has  carefully 
investigated  the  matter  of  his  book,  and  that 
we  may  put  the  utmost  confidence  in  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  statements.  To  prove  that  this 
inference  is  unjustified  is  not  difficult.  The 
examples  are  numerous;  it  is  simply  a  ques- 
tion of  choice.  I  shall  limit  myself  to  two. 
The  first  of  Mr.  Belloc's  sketches  deals  with 
"The  Royal  Seance"  of  June  23,  1789. 
Somewhat  unusual  familiarity  with  the 
sources  of  this  period  puts  me  in  position  to 
judge  of  Mr.  Belloc's  methods  of  work  and  of 
the  trustworthiness  of  his  results.  The  work 
impresses  me  as  being  of  the  most  uncritical 
and  superficial  character.  In  his  account  of 
the  events  of  May  19,  Mr.  Belloc  describes  a 
midnight  visit  of  Talleyrand  to  Marly,  where 
a  long  interview  took  place  between  Talley- 
rand and  the  Comte  d'Artois.  The  only  evi- 
dence bearing  upon  the  matter  is  found,  so 
far  as  I  am  able  to  discover,  in  the  Memoires 
of  Talleyrand.  Talleyrand  writes  of  going  to 


Marly,  but  does  not  mention  any  dates. 
Bacourt,  his  editor,  reports  in  a  note  what  he 
had  heard  about  a  call  of  Talleyrand  upon 
the  Comte  d'Artois  on  the  night  of  July 
15-16,  and  his  account  of  that  interview  cor- 
responds exactly  with  Mr.  Belloc's  detailed 
account  of  the  interview  of  June  19  at  Marly. 
How  could  Mr.  Belloc  have  made  such  a  care- 
less blunder?  The  probable  explanation  does 
not  increase  one's  confidence  in  his  scholar- 
ship. In  only  one  other  secondary  work  have 
I  ever  found  any  reference  to  the  presence  of 
Talleyrand  in  Marly  on  the  night  of  June  19 ; 
that  work  is  Lord  Acton's  "Lectures  on  the 
French  Revolution."  He  uses  the  incident  in 
the  same  way,  making  the  same  blunder  about 
the  date  that  Mr.  Belloc  makes.  Lord  Acton 
undoubtedly  used  Bacourt's  note.  A  com- 
parison of  the  text  of  Lord  Acton's  lectures 
with  the  text  of  Mr.  Belloc's  book  makes  clear 
that  Mr.  Belloc  got  his  information  from 
Lord  Acton's  work,  reproducing  part  of  it 
verbally  without  quotation  marks.  The  two 
important  things  to  note  here  are  that  the 
incident  reported  in  detail  by  Mr.  Belloc  is 
not  history,  and  that  he  did  not  take  ordinary 
pains  to  determine  whether  it  was  or  not. 
The  trained  historian,  encountering  that  inci- 
dent for  the  first  time  in  Lord  Acton's  pages, 
would  "  run  it  down "  and  discover  that  it 
was  not  true.  It  evidently  never  occurred  to 
Mr.  Belloc  that  the  matter  should  be  investi- 
gated. 

Mr.  Belloc  blunders  again  when  he  repeats 
after  Lord  Acton  that  the  delegation  of  the 
clergy  that  went  to  Marly  on  the  night  of 
June  19  consisted  of  the  archbishops  of  Paris 
and  of  Rouen ;  the  two  sources  I  have  before 
me  say  the  Cardinal  de  la  Rochefoucault  and 
the  Archbishop  of  Paris. 

The  second  example  of  "  precision,"  and  by 
far  the  worst  bevue  I  have  noticed,  is  found 
in  the  chapter  on  "  The  Storming  of  the  Tuile- 
ries."     Every  schoolboy  knows  that  on  the 
morning  of  August  10  Louis  XVI.  left  the 
chateau  for  the  assembly  before  the  chateau 
had  been  attacked  by  the  people.     Even  Mr. 
Belloc  must  know  this  when  he  is  not  writing 
literary  history!     And  yet,  after  describing 
the  murderous  fire  of  the  Swiss  guards  and 
the  retreat  of  the  besiegers,  he  discovers  Louis 
j  "at  his  window,  overlooking  the  still  empty 
;  inclosure  beneath  him"!    Roederer  is  by  his 
j  side.     "  The  Swiss  guards  still  held  the  main 
|  door  of  the  Tuileries;  the  fire  from  its  long 
i  tiers  of  windows  was  still  well  nourished ;  the 
muskets  in  the  hands  of  the  half -trained  popu- 
lace were  still  regularly  recharged  and  held 
their  own.     It  was  in  this  moment  of  doubt 
that  Roederer,  the  politician  who  stood  by 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


the  king  at  his  eastern  window,  said  to  Louis 
that  it  was  the  duty  of  a  monarch  not  to  risk 
the  state."  The  king  decided  to  leave  the 
chateau  and  take  refuge  in  the  assembly. 
Then  follows  the  description  of  the  famous 
crossing  of  the  garden  through  the  fallen 
leaves.  It  was  so  difficult  to  believe  that  "  the 
ablest  living  writer  on  these  themes"  could 
blunder  like  the  veriest  novice  in  recounting 
so  well  known  an  episode  that  I  turned  to  the 
sources  to  assure  myself  that  the  traditional 
order  of  facts  is  correct.  There  was  no  mistake 
about  it;  Mr.  Belloc's  subconscious  imagina- 
tion was  once  more  interfering  with  his  intel- 
lectual operations  and  falsifying  the  results. 
It  seems  to  me  that  examples  like  these  — 
and  they  are  only  specimens  —  justify  my 
statement  that  Mr.  Belloc  is  "  constitutionally 
inaccurate."  How  much  confidence  can  be 
placed  in  the  historical  work  of  a  writer 
whose  method  is  so  bad,  and  who  blunders  so 
unconsciously  in  dealing  with  well-known 
facts?  "Would  a  cautious  student  venture  to 
use  any  "fact"  found  in  his  work  without  j 
having  first  verified  it?  Mr.  Belloc  has  not,  ; 
then,  succeeded  in  producing  a  book  that  is 
at  the  same  time  a  work  of  science  and  a  work 
of  art;  he  has  not  given  us  a  sound  piece  of 
historical  writing.  FRED  MORROW 


Along  in  the  eighties  there  was  a  general 
arraignment  of  the  fiction  of  the  day.    There 
was  not  so  much  fiction  then  as  now,  but  j 
there  was  a  good  deal ;  and  a  large  part  of  it,  j 
chiefly  English,  was  widely  circulated  in  the  j 
paper-covered  editions  of  the  so-called  "  libra-  | 
ries."     There  are  many  houses  to-day  where 
in  the  attic  or  in  some  closet  you  may  still 
find  piles  of  novels  by  William  Black,  L.  B. 
Walford,   W.   E.   Norris,   and   many  others. 
These   novels  were  undoubtedly  interesting, 
but  there  arose  a  feeling  that  such  stories  — 
they  were  likely  to  be  stories  of  English  so- 
ciety—  were  rather  tame.    Then  there  set  in 
a  tide  of  tales  of  adventure,  such  as  "  The 
Wreck  of  the  Grosvener,"  "  King  Solomon's 
Mines,"  "  Treasure  Island,"  and  many  more. 
People  were  delighted  to  read  such  things, 
and  liked  the  feeling  that  they  were  literary. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  everyday  novel 
was  attacked  as  not  being  romantic  enough,  it 

*  FELIX  O'DAY.  By  F.  Hopkinson  Smith.  Illustrated. 
New  York:  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 

THE  LOST  PRINCE.  By  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett.  Illus- 
trated. New  York :  The  Century  Co. 

THE  MONEY  MASTER.  By  Gilbert  Parker.  Illustrated.  New 
York :  Harper  &  Brothers. 

THE  SONG  OP  THE  LARK.  By  Willa  Sibert  Gather.  Boston : 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


was  also  attacked  as  not  being  true  enough 
to  life.  The  last  generation  (like  this)  had 
many  who  became  irritated,  or  angry,  or  dis- 
couraged, or  perhaps  merely  disgusted  or 
tired,  at  having  life  presented  as  attractive, 
sentimental,  charming,  and  yet  presented  (so 
it  was  urged)  in  a  superficial  way  that  always 
avoided  real  truth.  It  might  be  true  enough 
on  the  surface,  it  was  said,  but  it  did  not  get 
to  the  things  that  were  important  in  the 
actual  life  people  lived.  Real  life,  many  peo- 
ple felt,  was  so  fine  that  anything  in  it, — 
everything,  in  fact, —  had  its  beauty,  and  was 
at  least  better  than  the  touched-up  conven- 
tionalities that  one  could  get  at  any  after- 
noon tea  or  sewing-circle.  So  there  came  in 
a  kind  of  realism  (encouraged  by  foreign 
example),  of  which  Mr.  Hardy's  "Jude  the 
Obscure "  is  a  good  specimen.  Mr.  Hardy 
had  made  something  of  a  sensation  in  select- 
ing Tess  as  his  type  of  "  a  good  woman."  He 
now  made  a  more  vigorous  sensation  by  the 
pig-killing  episode  and  other  things  in  "  Jude 
the  Obscure." 

This  "  reaction,"  as  the  histories  of  litera- 
ture would  call  it,  produced  many  "  realistic  " 
books.  It  did  not,  however,  do  away  with  the 
kind  of  book  from  which  it  differed.  There 
are  many  conventional  "  domestic  "  novels  to- 
day of  no  especial  importance ;  but  there  are 
also  a  good  many  books  which,  without  being 
domestic,  appear  to  take  life  according  to  its 
obvious,  popular,  external  characteristics,  and 
some  of  them  are  worth  noting. 

The  late  Hopkinson  Smith's  "  Felix  O'Day  " 
is  a  book  similar  to  those  which  caused  the 
wrath  of  many  a  realist  generations  ago.  It 
is  almost  generations  ago  that  Mr.  Smith  told 
about  Colonel  Carter  of  Cartersville.  That 
book  and  a  number  of  others  —  "Peter"  and 
"Kennedy  Square"  will  be  best  remembered 
—  presented  with  great  sympathy  and  skill  a 
"charming"  view  of  life.  So  does  "Felix 
O'Day."  The  story  is  quite  impossible.  The 
characters  amount  to  little  save  as  they  are 
quaint  and  eccentric.  The  real  thing  is  the 
atmosphere, —  the  general  feeling  of  life. 
There  in  New  York,  along  Fourth  Avenue, 
was  a  phase  of  life  now  passed  away  which 
Mr.  Smith  knew  and  loved.  He  liked  to  give 
pictures,  sketches,  impressions  of  places  and 
people  that  he  thought  charming, —  sometimes 
in  print,  sometimes  in  paint.  So  he  does  here ; 
and  just  as  people  like  his  sketches  of  literary 
or  artistic  bits  of  London  or  Venice,  so  they 
will  like  his  sketches  of  passing  New  York. 

Mrs.  Burnett  goes  in  for  more  than  does 
Mr.  Smith.  She  never  is  absolutely  domestic 
any  more  than  he, —  indeed,  in  "The  Lost 
Prince"  she  is  not  domestic  at  all.  But  like 


496 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


Mr.  Smith,  she  always  gives  us  a  view  of  life 
which  the  realist  calls  superficial,  sentimental, 
conventional,  and  other  such  things.  No  one, 
however,  would  call  her  work  tame.  A  lit- 
tle mountainous  country  somewhere  beyond 
Vienna,  a  picturesque  and  turbulent  people, 
a  rightful  dynasty  lost  for  centuries,  a  secret 
party  (the  most  wonderful  in  the  world) 
devoted  to  the  lost  prince,  a  silent  wanderer, 
a  military  servant,  a  crippled  street  waif,  a 
noble-minded  boy  trained  by  hardship  to  ser- 
vice,—  all  this  would  certainly  make  a  novel 
by  Mr.  E.  Phillips  Oppenheim,  if  there  were 
only  a  few  suppers  at  the  Hotel  Milan.  Cer- 
tainly it  is  not  tame;  and  yet  to  one  who 
has  read  anything  about  Servia  of  late,  or 
indeed  to  anyone  else,  how  wholly  different 
from  real  life! 

Mrs.  Burnett  presumably  would  not  for  a 
moment  urge  that  she  has  given  an  unvar- 
nished view  of  actuality  in  the  Balkans  or 
anywhere  else.  That  has  rarely  been  her 
way.  But  she  has  things  to  say :  she  thinks  of 
characters,  qualities,  actions,  that  are  real  at 
bottom ;  and  if  she  presents  them  in  a  rather 
decorative  manner, —  imaginative,  somewhat 
conventionalized  even, —  why,  that  is  the  way 
with  many  forms  of  art.  Take  the  part  about 
the  Indian  hermit.  One  may  not  be  much 
impressed  with  the  tale  of  the  wanderings  in 
the  Himalayas ;  but  if  the  Indian  Doctrine  is 
true,  there  you  are!  "There  are  a  myriad 
worlds.  There  is  but  One  Thought  out  of 
which  they  grew.  Its  Law  is  Order  which 
cannot  swerve."  If  that  is  so, —  and  one  gets 
the  impression  strongly  in  Mrs.  Burnett's  ver- 
sion,—  so  much  the  better.  There  you  are: 
if  there  is  a  real  idea  at  bottom,  how  much 
better  than  any  number  of  other  pictures  of 
actual  realities  which  all  together  give  no  idea 
of  life, —  give  nothing  but  a  desultory  series 
of  impressions! 

Sir  Gilbert  Parker's  "  The  Money  Master  " 
has  an  idea  at  bottom,  too.  One  might  imag- 
ine that  at  such  a  time  as  this,  when  a  man  is 
strained  to  the  utmost  to  do  as  much  for  En- 
gland as  man  can  do,  one  might  imagine  that 
a  novel  would  be  merely  a  sort  of  relief, —  an 
unbending  in  a  way  one  can,  when  everything 
else  is  tense.  But  "  The  Money  Master "  is 
not  merely  a  picture  of  old  French  life  in 
Canada,  though  it  is  that  too ;  it  has  more  to 
it.  It  will  be  admitted  that  the  "more"  is 
not  at  first  obvious;  the  general  setting  is  of 
the  "  charming  "  order.  The  peace  and  plenty 
of  the  Manor  Chartier,  the  whimsical  extrava- 
gance and  practical  business  of  Jean  Jacques, 
the  secret  passion  of  his  Spanish  wife, —  all 
that  seems  as  if  we  were  to  have  little  more 
than  a  romantic  story  which  would  hold  our 


attention  as  we  read,  and  then  vanish,  leav- 
ing a  few  pictures,  one  or  two  figures,  which 
will  be  interesting  or  attractive  but  in  their 
turn  will  vanish  too.  But  as  one  goes  on,  the 
book  takes  more  and  more  of  a  hold.  Pic- 
tures of  life  or  not,  here  is  evidently  some- 
thing worth  having  in  mind  and  heart.  The 
determination  of  the  funny  little  philosopher- 
farmer  or  philosopher-financier  is  fine.  He 
will  be  a  philosopher, —  he  will  take  the  right 
view  of  life.  At  first,  doubtless,  he  was  wrong 
in  thinking  that  one  could  get  it  from  books, — 
that  one  could  pack  it  all  in  one's  head.  But 
in  spite  of  misfortune,  he  is  still  a  philoso- 
pher, "  always,  always,  but  in  his  heart,  and 
not  with  his  tongue."  "  His  philosophy  was 
the  bent  of  a  mind  with  a  capacity  to  feel 
things  rather  than  to  think  them."  He  un- 
derstands what  the  old  Judge  had  meant 
when  he  said :  "  It  is  not  vows  that  keep  the 
world  right,  but  the  prayer  of  a  man's  soul 
from  day  to  day." 

So  we  read  Sir  Gilbert's  book,  and  so  it 
seems  a  book  worth  reading.  It  has  little  to 
do  with  the  war  on  the  surface ;  and  yet  who 
can  fail  to  see  that  England  now,  and  the 
whole  world  at  any  time,  needs  men  and 
women  who  feel  to  the  bone  that  life  is  more 
than  opinions  and  resolves  and  arguments, — 
that  it  is  an  affair  of  the  soul  ?  And  to  press 
that  point  in  one's  book  as  well  as  one's  life 
seems  something  worth  doing;  realistic,  ro- 
mantic,—  these  are  but  pedantic  words  if  the 
thing  be  actually  done. 

Miss  Gather's  "The  Song  of  the  Lark"  is 
something  different.  On  the  face  of  it,  it 
appears  to  be  one  of  the  biographies  —  child- 
hood, education,  love-affair  or  affairs,  what- 
not else  —  of  which  there  are  not  a  few 
nowadays.  This  time  it  is  the  story  of  a  singer, 
as  Mr.  Beresford's  latest  book  is  the  story  of 
a  novelist,  Mr.  Dreiser's  of  a  "genius"  at 
painting,  Mr.  Maugham's  of  one  who  was  not 
a  genius.  But  the  form  is  not  much, —  in 
fact,  here  it  is  not  even  a  form  (not  even, 
like  Logic,  is  it  a  dodge)  ;  it  is  hardly  more 
than  an  excuse.  Why  tell  us  so  much  and  no 
more?  Why  not  tell  everything?  Why  ever 
stop?  Miss  Gather  or  any  other  novelist 
would  tell  us  that  there  must  be  just  so 
much, —  no  more,  no  less.  The  theory  has 
been  that  such  a  book  is  to  be  the  account  of 
life  (or  a  life)  just  as  it  is.  That  gives  rea- 
son for  anything.  But  here  is  a  book  where 
theories  of  form  go  for  little.  "  It  was  a 
wondrous  storm  that  drove  me  on  "  says  the 
title-page,  doubtless  with  truth.  Miss  Gather 
wants  to  give  the  soul  of  the  artist,  the  sense 
of  art, —  that  something  so  impossible  and  so 
inevitable,  which  never  explains  itself,  never 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


497 


philosophizes,  is  perhaps  never  even  conscious 
of  what  it  is.  Here  we  have  a  fine  realization 
of  the  artist  nature,  a  picture  which  stands 
for  itself  in  its  own  way.  Method  and  form 
are  of  little  importance  in  so  successful  an 
achievement. 

So  one  need  not  say  much  about  the  realis- 
tic touch.  To  tell  the  truth,  though  there  is 
much  record  of  picture  and  event,  there  is 
much  also  that  is  not  in  that  manner  at  all. 
Miss  Gather  explains  a  good  deal.  Often  she 
shows  us  life  and  lets  us  get  the  impression; 
but  often  for  some  reason  she  does  not  do 
that,  but  merely  tells  us  what  the  impression 
should  be.  She  not  only  analyses,  as  they 
used  to  say,  but  she  explains, —  as,  for  in- 
stance, that  Thea  found  faithful  friends  in 
these  good  women,  and  that  no  musician  ever 
had  a  better  wife  than  Mrs.  Harsanyi.  There 
is  much  that  is  seen",  but  there  is  much  that  is 
not  seen  at  all,  and  that  with  no  apparent 
reason.  Sometimes  it  is  one  way,  sometimes 
another.  One  cannot  understand  the  method. 
Why  sometimes  tell  the  fact  and  sometimes 
explain  ?  Why  sometimes  skip  and  sometimes 
not? 

In  spite  of  all  this,  one  must  take  the  book 
on  trust,  as  far  as  I  can  see.  One  might  per- 
haps understand  these  matters  with  more 
study,  or  with  more  appreciation.  But  un- 
derstanding is  likely  to  be  the  perfunctory 
task  of  the  critic.  The  first  thing  to  do  is  to 
get  the  experience;  and  then  understanding 
and  criticism,  and  so  on,  may  be  left  to  them- 
selves. And  for  anyone  who  will  have  it, 
here  is  certainly  an  experience  such  as  one 
has  all  too  rarely, —  even  though  there  be 
several  hundred  novels  this  year,  and  among 
them  a  number  that  are  excellent.  Is  it  (as 
hinted)  the  experience  of  an  upland  garden 
in  the  windy  dawn  when  the  world  seems 
young?  I  have  never  been  in  such  a  place, 
nor  have  I  ever  heard  the  song  of  the  lark, — 
at  least  not  of  the  "unbodied  joy  whose  race 
is  just  begun."  It  is  not  so  much  the  feeling 
of  life  that  I  get  here,  as  the  sense  of  some- 
thing much  less  common  than  life:  namely, 
art  as  it  exists  in  life, —  a  very  curious  and 
elusive  thing,  but  so  beautiful,  when  one  gets 
it,  that  one  forgets  all  else. 

•  EDWARD  E.  HALE, 


The  forthcoming  "  Dictionary  of  Universal 
Biography"  compiled  by  Mr.  Albert  M.  Hyamson 
will,  according  to  the  statement  of  its  publishers, 
Messrs.  Button,  "  not  only  include  far  more  names 
than  does  any  other  in  existence,  but  may  claim 
without  hesitation  to  deal  with  more  individuals 
than  the  aggregate  of  any  score  of  other  works." 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 


I. 

ART  AND  ARCHITECTURE. 

Other  poets  before  Longfellow  have  felt  the 
poetry  of  bridges,  and  other  painters  before  Mr. 
Frank  Brangwyn  have  discerned  their  artistic  pos- 
sibilities, though  it  has  remained  for  the  eminent 
Royal  Academician  to  devote  a  whole  volume  of 
generous  proportions  to  their  picturesque  qualities 
as  caught  by  the  brush  and  in  the  soberer  medium 
of  pen-and-ink.  "A  Book  of  Bridges "  (Lane) 
contains  thirty-five  reproductions  of  paintings  and 
thirty-six  black-and-white  sketches,  all  by  Mr. 
Brangwyn  and  all  representing  historic  or  other- 
wise notable  bridges  in  Europe.  Mr.  Shaw  Spar- 
row, known  for  his  appreciative  book  on  Mr. 
Brangwyn's  art,  supplies  a  descriptive  and  his- 
torical commentary  to  the  pictures,  a  literary  fea- 
ture that  will  appeal  to  many  readers.  Inevitably 
one  looks  for  certain  favorite  bridges  of  one's  own 
in  this  rich  collection,  and  fails  to  find  them. 
Even  the  Bridge  of  Sighs  at  Venice  has  failed  to 
be  favored  with  the  artist's  attentions;  and  the 
bridge  spanning  the  Golden  Horn  and  recently  the 
object  of  a  hostile  assault  that  might  have  proved 
memorable  does  not  appear.  But  the  beautiful 
book  has  enough  and  more  than  enough  to  merit 
hearty  commendation. 

Methods  of  illustration  have  a  certain  interest 
for  everyone  who  reads  or  handles  illustrated 
books  or  magazines;  therefore  such  a  work  as 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Pennell's  "Lithography  and 
Lithographers  "  (Macmillan)  must  appeal  to  many 
besides  artists  and  craftsmen.  In  its  historical 
portion  the  book  is  based  upon  the  similar  work 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pennell  published  in  1898  and 
now  long  out  of  print,  but  this  part  has  been 
entirely  rewritten  and  corrected  by  Mrs.  Pennell, 
while  the  technical  parts  are  the  work  of  Mr.  Pen- 
nell. Generous  in  its  design  and  scope,  this  hand- 
some volume,  quarto  in  size,  is  enriched  with 
almost  four-score  notable  examples  of  lithographic 
art,  and  that  art  itself  is  made  the  subject  of 
eighteen  carefully  written  chapters,  tracing  its 
development  from  its  invention  in  1798  by  Alois 
Senefelder  to  the  present  time.  Concerning  the 
"  Graphic  Art  Series,"  to  which  the  book  belongs, 
and  which  Mr.  Pennell  edits,  he  says  in  a  brief 
foreword :  "  There  are  endless  series  of  art  books 

—  and  endless  schools  of  art,  endless  lectures  on 
art  and  art  criticism.    But  so  far  as  I  know  there 
are  no  series  of  books  on  the  graphic  arts,  written 
or  edited  by  graphic  artists.     This   series  is  in- 
tended to  be  a  survey  of  the  best  work  in  the  past 

—  the  work  that  is  admitted  to  be  worth  study- 
ing —  and    a    definite    statement    as    to    the    best 
methods  of  making  drawings,  prints,  and  engrav- 
ings,  written   in   every   case  by  thos$  who   have 
passed  their  lives  in  making  them."    Intelligibility, 
even  to  a  layman,  is  a  notable  characteristic  of 
the  technical  portions  of  the  book. 

How  many  persons  can  accurately  describe  the 
various  types  of  colonial  architecture  still  repre- 
sented in  old  houses  and  other  buildings  along  our 


498 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


eastern  seaboard?  Those  who  cannot  —  arid  they  ; 
are  sufficiently  numerous  —  will  find  means  to 
repair  their  ignorance  in  "  The  Architecture  of 
Colonial  America"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  by 
Mr.  Harold  Donaldson  Eberlein,  with  lavish  illus- 
trations from  photographs.  First  is  considered  the 
Dutch  colonial  type,  then  the  New  England  colo- 
nial, the  pre-Georgian  of  the  middle  colonies,  the 
colonial  architecture  of  the  South,  and  so  on 
through  fourteen  informing  chapters.  Like  many 
other  writers  in  this  field,  Mr.  Eberlein  deplores 
the  havoc  wrought  by  modern  "  improvers "  of 
antique  architecture,  also  "  the  relentless  tide  of 
mercantile  progress,"  especially  in  New  York  City. 
Chapters  on  early  American  architects  and  their 
resources,  and  on  the  "materials  and  textures" 
that  played  so  important  a  part  in  our  early 
architecture,  are  added  to  the  more  customary 
topics  of  the  book.  It  is  a  more  scholarly,  more 
systematic  treatment  of  its  theme  than  one  often 
encounters. 

Melancholy  associations  necessarily  link  them- 
selves with  Mr.  Ralphl  Adams  Cram's  "Heart  of 
Europe"  (Scribner),  a  sympathetic  review  of  the 
former  architectural  glories  of  that  war-scarred 
zone  of  northern  Europe  where  no  one  yet  knows 
with  accuracy  what  small  portions  of  the  artist's 
and  craftsman's  handiwork  have  been  spared  by 
Mars,  and  still  less  what  will  in  the  end  be  found 
to  have  been  spared.  The  frontispiece  of  the 
book,  showing  the  incomparable  facade  of  the 
Rheims  cathedral,  and  later  views  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Louvain,  the  Cloth  Hall  of  Ypres,  the 
Hotel  de  Ville  of  Arras,  and  other  masterpieces  of 
the  builder's  hand,  present  in  their  beauty  of  form 
and  richness  of  detail  the  strongest  possible  con- 
trast to  their  present  ruinous  aspect.  But  the 
author's  reflections  are  not  all  sombre,  by  any 
means;  and,  even  while  admitting  the  irremedia- 
ble consequences  of  the  war,  he  prophesies  a 
nobler,  a  more  sincere,  a  more  consecrated  art  for 
the  future,  with  a  new  realization  of  the  very 
nature  and  function  of  art.  His  book  covers  a 
far  wider  range  than  that  within  which  the  ordi- 
nary writer  on  the  war  or  any  of  its  aspects  con- 
fines himself.  The  pictures,  from  photographs, 
are  many  and  good. 

The  splendid  country  places  of  California  mil- 
lionaires—  a  round  dozen  of  them  —  are  pre- 
sented to  the  eye  of  imagination  and  to  the  eye 
of  sense  in  Mr.  Porter  Garnett's  "  Stately  Homes 
of  California"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  the  book 
itself  being  a  stately  quarto  of  luxurious  appoint- 
ments, including  twenty-five  colored  and  uncolored 
plates,  the  product  of  the  camera  combined  with 
various  processes  known  to  mechanical  art.  Exte- 
rior and  occasional  interior  views  are  given  of 
palatial  mansions  owned  by  Mr.  James  L.  Flood, 
Mr.  H.  E.  Huntington,  Mrs.  Phoebe  A.  Hearst, 
Mr.  James  D.  Phelan,  and  others  on  whom  for- 
tune has  visibly  smiled.  Both  the  author  and  his 
sponsor  (Mr.  Bruce  Porter,  who  contributes  an 
Introduction)  reveal  their  passion  for  gardens, 
and  there  is  much  good  garden-description  in  the 
book,  with  a  grace  of  style  rather  unusual  in  lit- 
erature of  this  sort.  The  spacious  plan  of  the 


volume,  with  its  wide  margins  and  its  clear  and 
uncrowded  print,  is  entirely  in  harmony  with  its 
theme. 

Who  that  has  ever  attended  or  even  heard  about 
the  old-fashioned  quilting-bee,  who  that  has  ever 
slept  under  or  seen  an  old-fashioned  quilt,  will 
refuse  to  cast  a  kindly  eye  on  Miss  Marie  D. 
Webster's  "  Quilts :  Their  Story  and  How  to 
Make  Them"  (Doubleday)  ?  Back  to  ancient 
Egypt  and  its  relics  of  patchwork  in  colored  goat- 
skins she  goes  for  the  beginnings  of  quilt-making 
and  for  the  first  illustration  (after  the  frontis- 
piece) in  her  elaborately  illustrated  book.  Mu- 
seums and  ancestral  chests  have  evidently  been 
ransacked  for  material  with  which  to  enrich  her 
chapters,  and  it  appears  that  she  has  gained 
unusual  familiarity  with  her  subject  from  dealing, 
in  a  business  way,  with  the  quilt-pattern-buying 
public.  Similar  in  design  to  Mrs.  Eliza  Calvert 
Hall's  admirable  work,  "A  Book  of  Hand-woven 
Coverlets,"  this  treatise  will  please  many  of  the 
author's  sex,  if  not  also  a  few  mere  men.  The 
many  handsome  designs  shown  in  color  or  in  black- 
and-white  are  notably  superior,  in  aesthetic  qual- 
ity, to  the  stiffly  geometrical  patterns  so  common 
in  the  bed-coverings  of  our  grandparents.  Some 
conception  of  the  possibilities  of  Miss  Webster's 
theme  may  be  gained  from  the  mere  fact  that  her 
appended  list  of  quilt  names  has  nearly  five 
hundred  entries. 

Introducing  "  The  Art  Treasures  of  Great  Brit- 
ain" (Dutton),  Mr.  C.  H.  Collins  Baker,  editor 
of  the  handsome  quarto,  refers  somewhat  vaguely 
to  a  series,  of  which  this  work  seems  to  form  a 
part,  though  no  number  is  assigned  to  it,  and  no 
series  name  appears  on  the  title-page  or  else- 
where. Also,  in  saying  that  "had  circumstances 
permitted  the  extension  if  not  completion  of  this 
publication  other  living  masters  would  have  been 
represented,"  Mr.  Baker  implies  in  the  same 
indefinite  manner  that  his  work  is  but  a  fragment 
and  that  no  continuation  is  contemplated.  Both 
public  and  private  collections  are  represented  in 
the  fifty-six  plates,  mostly  in  "  rotogravure,"  con- 
stituting the  bulk  of  the  volume,  and  the  excel- 
lence of  these  reproductions  is  beyond  dispute; 
but  the  arrangement  seems  to  be  without  system, 
periods  and  schools  and  subjects  mingling  in  care- 
less comradeship.  A  page  of  explanatory  text 
accompanies  each  plate.  The  volume  has  much  in 
it  to  delight  an  art-lover  and  to  make  him  regret 
the  non-completion  of  the  series  and  the  following 
out  of  a  plan  more  intelligible  than  any  that  is 
discernible  in  the  present  work. 

Many  persons  of  refined  taste  and  peculiar 
force  of  character  confess  a  fondness  forfrestoring 
and  refurbishing  the  old,  in  preference  to  con- 
structing the  new.  The  late  Jacob  A.  Riis  had 
this  passion,  and  frankly  acknowledged  it.  How 
far  it  has  been  carried  in  the  fashioning  of  more 
or  less  luxurious  country  residences  may  partly 
be  gathered  from  turning  the  leaves  of  Miss  Mary 
H.  Northend's  richly  illustrated  volume,  "  Remod- 
eled Farmhouses"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  wherein 
more  than  a  score  of  these  modernized  relics  of  a 
ruder  age  are  elaborately  presented  to  our  inspec- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


499 


tion.  As  in  her  earlier  books  devoted  to  domestic 
architecture,  it  is  New  England  with  its  wealth  of 
interesting  old  houses  that  here  claims  the  writer's 
attention.  Some  of  her  restored  farmhouses  are 
wonders  of  up-to-date  comfort  and  even  luxury; 
others  retain  more  of  their  original  simplicity; 
but  all  are  attractive.  It  is  a  valuable  book  for 
the  home-maker  of  means  and  taste. 

As  Rome  has  been  called  the  most  religious  city 
in  the  world  because  of  her  many  churches,  so  she 
might  also  be  called  the  cleanest  by  reason  of  her 
numerous  fountains.  With  this  remark  Mrs. 
Charles  MacVeagh  opens  her  notable  volume  on 
"  Fountains  of  Papal  Rome"  (Scribner),  in 
which  are  told  the  stories  of  a  score  or  more  of 
these  acceptable  and  beautiful  gifts  to  the  people. 
"  Pagan  emperors  and  Christian  popes  alike,"  she 
says,  "  have  found  both  profit  and  pleasure  in  add- 
ing another  fountain  or  in  making  or  repairing 
one  more  aqueduct  to  give  a  still  greater  supply 
of  water  to  the  Roman  populace.  No  other  peo- 
ple, with  the  possible  exception  of  the  Spanish 
Moors,  have  so  appreciated  the  value  and  the 
beauty  of  abundant  water."  A  pleasing  departure 
from  the  usual  order  is  found  in  the  wood  engrav- 
ings, by  Mr.  Rudolph  Ruzicka,  of  most  of  the 
fountains  described  in  the  book.  Appended  in- 
scriptions, chronological  tables,  and  alphabetical 
index  of  architects,  sculptors,  painters,  and  engrav- 
ers mentioned  by  Mrs.  MacVeagh,  add  to  the  use- 
fulness of  her  carefully  prepared  work. 

Mr.  Joseph  Pennell  went  to  Greece  in  the 
spring  of  1913  for  two  reasons:  first,  to  see  the 
country  and  what  remained  of  its  ancient  glory, 
to  see  whether  "  the  greatest  work  of  the  past " 
would  impress  him  "  as  much  as  the  greatest  work 
of  the  present  —  and  to  find  out  which  was  the 
greater  " ;  and  second,  he  says,  "  I  went  because 
I  was  told  by  a  Boston  authority  that  I  was  noth- 
ing but  a  ragtime  sketcher,  couldn't  see  Greek  art 
and  couldn't  draw  it  if  I  did."  Whether  the 
accusation  was  true  or  false  the  public  is  invited 
to  judge  after  inspecting  the  handsome  volume 
that  resulted  from  that  visit.  "  Joseph  Pennell's 
Pictures  in  the  Land  of  Temples "  (Lippincott) 
presents  forty  views  of  famous  ruins,  chiefly  in 
Greece,  with  some  Greek  ruins  in  Sicily  and  south- 
ern Italy.  Preliminary  remarks  and  interspersed 
brief  notes  from  the  artist's  pen  contribute  to  the 
interest  of  the  book.  It  is  made  quite  plain  by 
Mr.  Pennell  that  one  need  not  be  a  Greek  scholar 
in  order  to  appreciate  Greek  architecture  and 
reproduce  something  of  its  charm  with  the  pencil. 

In  this  country  alone  there  are  said  to  be  thirty 
thousand  paintings  bearing  the  signature  of  Corot, 
real  or  forged;  and  as  he  is  believed  to  have  pro- 
duced not  more  than  eight  thousand  pictures 
(enough  for  one  man,  surely)  in  his  half-century 
of  activity,  most  of  these  thirty  thousand  alleged 
Corots  must  be  imitations.  But  in  any  event  there 
ought  to  be  wide-spread  interest  in  this  country  in 
Corot  and  his  fellow-artists  of  the  Barbizon 
School.  To  this  interest  ministers  Mr.  Arthur 
Hoeber,  Associate  of  the  National  Academy  of 
Design,  in  his  well-planned  and  well-executed 
work,  "The  Barbizon  Painters"  (Stokes),  which 


contains  readable  chapters  on  Millet,  Corot,  Diaz, 
Dupre,  Troyon,  Rousseau,  Daubigny,  and  Charles 
Jacque,  with  many  examples  of  each  artist's  style 
reproduced  in  sepia.  Excepting  Mr.  David  C. 
Thomson's  book  on  "  The  Barbizon  School  of 
Painters,"  published  twenty-five  years  ago  and 
now  out  of  print,  there  seems  to  be  nothing  in  the 
field  to  rival  Mr.  Hoeber's  present  volume,  which 
is  a  delight  to  the  eye  as  well  as  a  satisfaction  to 
the  inquiring  reader. 

A  thirty-six  years'  residence  in  Mexico  has 
enabled  Mrs.  John  Wesley  Butler  to  familiarize 
herself  with  the  more  famous  of  the  historic  cathe- 
drals and  other  church  buildings  in  that  land  so 
rich  in  houses  of  worship  and  so  poor  in  the  condi- 
tion of  most  of  the  worshippers.  "  Historic 
Churches  in  Mexico"  (Abingdon  Press),  which  is 
the  fruit  of  some  of  these  visits  to  various  parts  of 
the  country,  devotes  four  of  its  twelve  chapters 
to  churches  of  Mexico  City,  and  the  remaining 
eight  to  those  of  other  cities.  The  faithful  camera 
furnishes  nearly  fifty  good  illustrations  to  help 
out  the  descriptive  matter.  Noticeable  in  many  of 
these  pictures  is  the  almost  barbaric  wealth  of 
ornament  characteristic  of  Mexican  church  archi- 
tecture. Present  turbulent  conditions  beyond  our 
southern  border  make  such  a  book  as  Mrs.  Butler's 
more  welcome  than  a  free  excursion  ticket  to  the 
land  of  the  Aztecs. 

Five  books  that  gain  their  peculiar  interest 
from  the  greater  of  the  two  Panama  expositions 
come  from  the  publishing  house  of  Messrs.  Paul 
Elder  &  Co.,  San  Francisco.  The  pleasing  pattern 
of  their  artistic  design  stamps  them  at  once  as 
products  of  that  establishment.  Brown-tinted 
paper,  delicate  illustrations  in  tint,  beautiful 
though  simple  bindings  protected  by  wrappers  of 
corresponding  hue,  and,  best  of  all,  the  clearest  of 
well-proportioned  type  —  these  are  among  the 
commendable  features  that  attract  the  eye  at  the 
very  outset.  "  The  Lure  of  San  Francisco "  is  a 
small  volume  by  two  sisters,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Gray 
Potter  and  Miss  Mabel  Thayer  Gray.  Its  object 
is  to  "  aid  in  the  general  awaking  of  the  dormant 
love  of  every  Californian  for  his  possessions  and 
be  a  suggestion  to  the  casual  visitor  that  we  are 
entitled  to  the  dignity  of  age."  From  beginning 
to  end  it  preserves  the  form  of  a  dialogue  between 
the  narrator  and  a  visiting  Bostonian,  who  finds 
himself  justly  rebuked  for  saying  "  Frisco "  by 
hearing  his  own  beloved  city  called  "  Bost,"  and 
is  in  many  other  ways  brought  to  a  recognition  of 
the  dignity  and  historic  importance  of  the  scenes 
before  him.  The  four  chapters  deal  successively 
with  "  The  Mission  and  its  Romance,"  "  The  Prae- 
sidio,  Past  and  Present,"  "  The  Plaza  and  its 
Echoes,"  and  "  Telegraph  Hill  of  Unique  Fame." 
Eight  appropriate  drawings  are  interspersed. —  In 
two  somewhat  larger  volumes,  well  supplied  with 
full-page  plates  from  photographs,  -the  Panama- 
Pacific  Exposition's  appeal  to  the  eye  of  the  art- 
lover  is  exemplified  and  commented  upon.  "  The 
Art  of  the  Exposition "  presents  "  personal  im- 
pressions of  the  architecture,  sculpture,  mural 
decorations,  color  scheme,  and  other  aesthetic 
aspects "  of  the  great  exhibition ;  while  "  The 


500 


THE    DIAL 


[Nov.  25 


Galleries  of  the  Exposition "  gives  "  a  critical 
review  of  the  paintings,  statuary,  and  the  graphic 
arts  in  the  Palace  of  Fine  Axis "  at  the  same 
international  show.  Both  books  owe  their  being 
to  Professor  Eugen  Neuhaus,  teacher  of  decora- 
tive design  in  the  University  of  California,  mem- 
ber of  the  exposition's  jury  of  awards  in  the 
department  of  fine  arts,  and  chairman  of  the 
Western  Advisory  Committee.  He  speaks  from 
fulness  of  knowledge,  and  has  made  a  judicious 
selection  of  objects  to  be  illustrated  in  his  hand- 
some volumes. —  General  and  particular  views  of 
Panama  Exposition  architecture  and  landscape 
gardening  are  presented  in  a  volume  prefaced  by 
Mr.  Louis  Christian  Mullgardt,  architect  of  the 
Court  of  Ages  and  member  of  the  Architectural 
Commission  of  the  exposition,  and  briefly  anno- 
tated by  competent  hands.  The  illustrations, 
nearly  one  hundred  beautiful  examples  of  photo- 
graphic art,  occupy  the  right-hand  pages,  the 
descriptive  notes  the  left-hand.  The  title  is  "  The 
Architecture  and  Landscape  Gardening  of  the 
Exposition."  —  An  aesthetically  satisfying  little 
paper  book,  with  stiff  cover  and  wrapper,  and 
calling  itself  "  Palace  of  Fine  Arts  and  Lagoon," 
gives  a  short  description,  by  Mr.  Bernard  R.  May- 
beck,  of  these  two  features  of  the  exposition,  with 
a  three-page  introduction  by  Mr.  Frank  Morton 
Todd,  and  two  illustrations.  It  is  a  pleasing 
souvenir  of  an  unpretentious  sort. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Mr.  H.  G.  Dwight  has  "  as  little  patience  as 
possible  with  the  Gladstonian  theory  of  the  un- 
speakable Turk,"  and  is  therefore  in  a  frame  of 
mind  (and  heart)  to  write  with  sympathetic 
understanding  of  the  native  inhabitants  of  Con- 
stantinople, where  he  has  lived  long  enough  to 
acquire  an  intimate  knowledge  of  that  strange  and 
little-known  city.  "Constantinople,  Old  and  New" 
(Scribner)  is,  as  its  title  indicates,  both  historical 
and  descriptive,  exhibiting  the  real,  Turkish  Stam- 
boul  as  few  writers  of  western  Europe  are  quali- 
fied to  exhibit  it,  and  bringing  the  narrative  down 
to  the  eventful  and,  to  the  Turk,  humiliating  days 
of  the  late  Balkan  wars.  A  laudable  desire  to 
produce  a  book  comparable  with  Mr.  Howells's 
"  Venetian  Life  "  has  animated  the  author,  though 
he  modestly  admits  the  difficulty  of  its  attainment. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  his  work  is  much  more  com- 
prehensive, much  more  imposing  in  its  material 
aspects,  with  its  broad  pages  and  innumerable 
illustrations  (from  photographs),  and  its  equip- 
ment of  bibliography  and  index  and  chronological 
table  of  rulers.  It  is  a  book  of  peculiar  timeliness 
and  also  of  enduring  merits. 

Mr.  Francis  E.  Leupp  has  had  every  oppor- 
tunity to  learn  well  the  Washington  that  has  been 
for  many  years  his  home  and  the  scene  of  his  offi- 
cial and  journalistic  activities.  Hence  he  writes 
with  ease  and  a  chatty  f  amiliarity  in  his  "  Walks 
about  Washington  "  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  a  book 
of  historic  and  perhaps  also  fabulous  anecdote, 
such  as  the  well-known  features  of  one's  own  city 
would  call  forth  from  any  communicative  pedes- 
trian of  the  requisite  powers  of  memory  and  nar- 


ration. It  is  not,  however,  personal  experience 
and  first-hand  narrative  that  fills  the  bulk  of  the 
book.  The  historians  and  memoir-writers  have 
been  called  to  his  aid,  and  he  avails  himself  of 
their  assistance  with  skill  and  grace.  His  readable 
chapters  are  generously  and  tastefully  illustrated 
with  line  drawings  by  Mr.  Lester  G.  Hornby.  Not 
the  least  of  the  book's  attractions  is  its  inclusion 
of  a  goodly  number  of  not  too  stale  Lincoln  anec- 
dotes and  allusions. 

To  visit  with  Mr.  Norman  Douglas  the  birth- 
place of  Horace  (Venosa,  the  ancient  Venusia),  to 
stroll  with  him  amid  Italian  scenes  made  especially 
notable  by  memories  of  George  Gissing,  and  to 
enjoy  throughout  these  and  other  rambles  in  the 
toe  of  Italy  the  conductor's  rich  fund  of  humorous 
or  learned  allusion  and  reminiscence  —  this  is  the 
pleasure  offered  to  readers  of  "  Old  Calabria " 
(Houghton).  The  simplicity  of  the  native  Cala- 
brians,  their  childlike  faith  in  matters  of  religion, 
is  illustrated  by  anecdotes.  One  woman  of  the 
country  took  pains  to  explain  to  the  benighted 
visitor  that  the  saints  in  heaven  take  their  food 
exactly  as  do  mortals  on  earth,  and  at  the  same 
hours.  "  The  same  food  1 "  was  the  incredulous 
rejoinder.  "Does  the  Madonna  really  eat  beans'?" 
"Beans'?  Not  likely!  But  fried  fish,  and  beef- 
steaks of  veal."  Unable  to  declare  himself  con- 
vinced, Mr.  Douglas  suffered  the  humiliation  of 
being  considered  a  pagan.  A  notable  chapter 
entitled  "  Milton  in  Calabria "  deserves  more  ex- 
tended mention  than  is  here  possible.  The  book  is 
full  of  readable  and  often  unusual  matter.  Illus- 
trations from  photographs  abound. 

Mrs.  Hugh  Fraser,  like  her  late  brother,  F. 
Marion  Crawford,  loves  her  adopted  Italy  and 
is  steeped  in  its  lore.  "Storied  Italy"  (Dodd), 
from  her  pen,  is  a  collection  of  personal  memories 
and  historical  retrospects  relating  chiefly  to  Rome 
and  more  or  less  noted  Romans.  These  reminis- 
cences and  studies  are  to  her,  she  says,  a  refuge 
from  the  trouble  and  pain  of  the  modern  world. 
Accordingly  she  devotes  four  chapters  of  some 
length  to  the  holy  life  and  charitable  labors  of 
St.  Frances  of  Rome,  whom  she  styles  a  "  Romana 
di  Roma,"  and  the  details  of  whose  history  are 
apparently  drawn  from  the  biography  written  with 
much  fulness  by  her  father  confessor  immediately 
after  her  death.  Other  parts  of  Mrs.  Fraser's 
book  have  more  of  her  own  vivid  experiences,  so 
that  the  volume  is  saved  from  the  danger  of  too 
much  mediaeval  or  other  ancient  lore.  It  is  well 
illustrated,  with  colored  frontispiece  and  half-tone 
plates  —  on  the  whole  a  fitting  supplement  to  the 
same  writer's  "  Italian  Yesterdays." 

Mr.  Stephen  Gwynn,  who  has  already  testified 
in  print  to  his  love  of  his  native  Ireland,  gives 
further  vent  to  his  enthusiasm  for  Old  Erin  in  a 
series  of  chapters,  historic  and  descriptive,  on 
"The  Famous  Cities  of  Ireland"  (Macmillan). 
Eleven  familiar  names,  rich  in  manifold  associa- 
tions, head  these  chapters,  videlicet:  Waterford, 
Dundalk,  Galway,  Maynooth,  Kilkenny,  Derry, 
Limerick,  Dublin,  Wexford,  Cork,  and  Belfast.  It 
was  Galway  that  sent  Mr.  Gwynn  to  Parliament 
in  1906,  and  it  is  therefore  fitting  enough  that  to 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


501 


Galway  should  be  accorded  more  space  than  to 
any  of  her  sister  cities  except  Dublin  and  Water- 
ford.  Characteristic  of  this  loyal  Irishman  is  it 
that  he  should  write  of  "  Derry,"  not  of  "  London- 
derry." A  frivolous  seeker  for  amusement  might 
have  wished  that  he  had  enlivened  his  Kilkenny 
chapter  with  some  allusion  to  the  famous  cats  of 
that  town.  Mr.  Hugh  Thomson  vividly  and 
humorously  illustrates  the  book,  partly  in  color, 
and  even  more  enjoyably  in  his  free  and  spirited 
pen-and-ink  drawings. 

Vacation  in  Europe  is  becoming  next  to  impossi- 
ble for  travelling  Americans,  and  so  their  attention 
is  turned,  more  than  ever  before,  to  the  vaca- 
tional  possibilities  at  home.  "  In  Vacation  Amer- 
ica" (Harper),  by  Mr.  Harrison  Rhodes,  with 
pleasing  illustrations  in  color  by  Mr.  Howard 
Giles,  is  designed  to  furnish  hints  and  useful 
information  to  the  sort  of  vacationers  that  would 
in  happier  times  seek  to  lighten  the  burden  of 
existence  by  going  to  Europe,  unmindful  of  the 
Horatian  maxim  that  keeps  the  wise  from  chasing 
happiness  in  foreign  lands.  Not  at  all  in  guide- 
book style,  but  in  familiar,  chatty,  anecdotal  vein, 
the  author  touches  on  some  of  the  delights  await- 
ing the  visitor  to  our  coast  and  inland  resorts,  our 
summer  and  winter  scenes  of  holiday-making.  It 
is  a  small  book,  and  good  reading  even  for  the 
stay-at-home. 

Mr.  Jack  London's  adventurous  voyage  in  the 
Snark  from  San  Francisco  to  Hawaii,  and  thence 
to  the  islands  of  the  South  Pacific  Ocean,  has 
already  been  related  in  his  characteristic  manner 
in  "  The  Cruise  of  the  Snark."  Now  Mrs.  Jack 
London  (Charmian  Kittredge  London  is  the  way 
she  signs  her  name)  tells  the  same  story  in  her 
feminine  and  more  voluble  fashion  under  the  sim- 
ilar title  of  "The  Log  of  the  Snark"  (Macmil- 
lan),  her  narrative  taking  the  form  of  a  diary 
covering  the  eighteen  months  from  April,  1907,  to 
October,  1908.  That  the  thrill  of  danger  was  not 
wanting  to  complete  the  charm  of  this  eventful 
cruise  is  proved  by  concluding  references  to  cer- 
tain cannibal  incidents  in  islands  visited  by  the 
Snark.  "And,  believe  it  or  not,"  are  the  writer's 
closing  words,  "  ye  of  little  faith  in  the  joy  that 
was  ours  on  the  voyage,  our  one  ultimate  hope  of 
earthly  bliss  is  to  fit  out  another  and  larger  boat, 
and  do  it  all  over  again,  and  more  —  and  do  it 
more  leisurely,  more  wisely  under  the  tropic  sun." 
Thus  does  Mrs.  London  show  herself  a  fit  mate 
for  her  roving  author-husband.  The  book  is  fully 
illustrated  from  photographs. 

Australia,  New  Guinea,  Thursday  Island,  and 
sundry  other  regions,  form  the  successive  scenes 
of  the  incidents  and  conversations  related  by  Mr. 
Norman  Duncan  in  his  "Australian  Byways :  The 
Narrative  of  a  Sentimental  Traveler"  (Harper). 
Not  the  popular  resorts,  not  the  great  cities  or  the 
things  set  down  in  the  guide-books,  have  attracted 
this  wanderer,  but  rather  the  remote  and  out-of- 
the-way  places  accessible  only  by  the  slower,  more 
primitive  modes  of  conveyance.  Yet  there  is  no 
lack  of  human  intercourse  in  the  narrated  expe- 
riences; in  fact,  the  pages  are  enlivened  with 
conversation  from  beginning  to  end.  Among  other 


wonders,  the  exploits  of  the  native  Australian 
trackers  are  described,  and  we  have  a  glimpse  of 
the  Papuan  tree-dwellers,  while  here  and  there 
we  make  the  acquaintance  of  some  exceptionally 
remarkable  "  aborigine,"  as  the  author  has  the 
courage  to  call  him.  The  "  sentimental "  element 
promised  on  the  title-page  is  nowhere  conspicuous, 
one  is  not  sorry  to  note.  It  is  a  brisk  and  varied 
narrative,  well  illustrated  with  both  colored  and 
plain  pictures  by  Mr.  George  Harding. 

As  the  best  teacher  of  a  foreign  language  is 
often  the  outsider  who  appreciates  from  hard 
experience  the  peculiar  difficulties  of  that  lan- 
guage, so  the  most  illuminating  commentator  on  a 
foreign  country  and  its  institutions  is  likely  to  be 
the  observer  from  without  who  has  won  his  way 
with  some  effort  to  a  true  comprehension  of  his 
theme.  Professor  Arthur  Reade,  Lecturer  in 
English  at  the  University  of  Helsingfors,  brings  to 
the  writing  of  his  book,  "  Finland  and  the  Finns  " 
(Dodd)  the  vivid  impressions  of  a  visitor  and  also 
the  more  accurate  knowledge  of  a  dweller  in  the 
land  he  undertakes  to  describe.  His  chapters,  far 
from  being  descriptive  of  externalities,  deal  with 
such  important  topics  as  the  national  movement, 
the  racial  struggle,  education,  painting  and  music, 
literary  landmarks,  the  rights  of  women,  political 
parties,  the  first  and  second  periods  of  Russianiza- 
tion,  and  Finland's  position  in  the  Russian  Empire. 
The  expected  pictorial  accompaniment,  in  color 
and  in  monotone,  is  not  lacking.  It  is  a  timely 
book  and,  better  still,  a  trustworthy  one  —  or  so  it 
impresses  us. 

Long  ago  Stevenson  made  it  plain  to  a  host  of 
delighted  readers  that  there  are  unexhausted  and 
inexhaustible  possibilities  of  pleasure  in  a  small 
boat  and  a  few  accommodating  rivers  and  canals. 
"An  Inland  Voyage  "  may  have  suggested  to  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Lewis  Chase  their  recent  adventure  in 
"A  Vagabond  Voyage  through  Brittany"  (Lip- 
pincott),  an  aquatic  saunter  from  St.  Malo  to 
Rennes  and  thence  to  Brest,  chiefly  by  canal,  with 
two  short  stretches  of  river  to  complete  the  tour. 
Mrs.  Chase  is  the  chronicler  of  the  voyage,  and  she 
adorns  her  tale  with  sixty-four  views  from  photo- 
graphs, all  interesting  and  som.e  unusually  pleas- 
ing. One  needs  only  to  have  read  Blanche  Willis 
Howard's  "  Guenn "  to  become  convinced  of  the 
quaint  attraction  of  Brittany;  and  this  attraction 
loses  none  of  its  force  in  Mrs.  Chase's  handling  of 
her  theme.  It  is  a  book  to  make  one  wish  to  dupli- 
cate the  author's  experiences  —  when  peace  shall 
have  settled  once  more  over  the  fair  face  of 
France.  A  good  map  accompanying  the  narra- 
tive points  the  way  for  any  such  emulous  reader. 

RECORDS  OP  THE  PAST. 

How  the  Concord  celebrities  looked  to  their 
fellow-townsmen  is  entertainingly  indicated  in  the 
"  retrospective "  portion  of  Mr.  Allen  French's 
"Old  Concord"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  an  intelli- 
gently sympathetic  treatment  of  a  perennially 
interesting  theme  by  a  resident  and  lover  of  the 
historic  town.  To  Hawthorne's  neighbors,  we  read, 
the  modestly  reserved  author  was  a  queer  man 
who  "  was  becoming  celebrated,  so  people  heard, 


502 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


from  his  book  about  a  scarlet  letter;  but  he  was 
so  unsocial  that  he  took  to  the  woods  when  people 
came  to  visit  him.  Did  n't  he  use  to  stand  in  his 
garden  at  the  Manse  and  dream,  in  full  sight  of 
the  road,  instead  of  working?  The  man  lived  in  a 
dream ! "  When  Emerson's  little  son  showed  him 
some  pictures  of  the  public  square  of  his  own 
town,  the  dreamer  actually  asked  what  place  it 
was,  though  he  had  passed  through  it  hundreds  of 
times.  The  remaining  chapters  of  the  book  are 
headed  "Military  Affairs,"  "Chiefly  Literary," 
and  "  The  Burying  Grounds."  Thirty  excellent 
drawings  are  supplied  by  Mr.  Lester  G.  Hornby. 
Useful  as  a  guide,  but  without  the  guide-book's 
lack  of  literary  charm,  "  Old  Concord  "  is  a  good 
book  to  own  and,  above  all,  to  read. 

Zealous  in  promoting  the  good  name  and  fame  of 
his  beloved  State,  Mr.  Sherman  Williams  prefaces 
his  "New  York's  Part  in  History"  (Appleton) 
with  some  comparisons  to  prove  that  Massachu- 
setts and  Bunker  Hill  and  the  Boston  Massacre 
do  not  necessarily  stand  for  bigger  things  than 
New  York  and  Oriskany  (where,  he  affirms,  Bur- 
goyne's  fate  was  really  settled)  and  the  so-called 
Battle  of  Golden  Hill  (in  which  American  patriots 
and  British  soldiers  came  to  blows  nearly  two 
months  before  the  historic  "  massacre  "  in  Boston). 
Other  comparisons  to  the  advantage  of  New  Yor1: 
appear  in  the  preface,  and  furnish  matter  for 
more  extended  treatment  in  the  body  of  the  book. 
In  a  word,  the  memorable  achievements  of  this 
commonwealth  in  war  and  also  in  peace  are  ably 
and  eloquently  presented  in  seventeen  stirring 
chapters,  with  abundant  pictorial  accompaniment 
and  eight  maps. 

Puritanical  Boston's  famous  old  theatre  under 
another  name  (the  Boston  Museum  and  Gallery  of 
Fine  Arts)  was  for  more  than  half  a  century  a 
purveyor  of  innocent  entertainment  to  good  people 
who  would  have  been  shocked  at  the  suggestion  of 
going  to  a  regular  playhouse.  No  stock  company 
in  America  has  enjoyed  for  so  long  a  period  so 
enviable  a  repute.  But  it  was  too  good  to  last, 
and  comparatively  few  of  the  present  century  have 
any  personal  knowledge  of  the  Boston  Museum 
and  its  wholesome  delights.  To  those  few,  and  we 
hope  to  many  others,  Miss  Kate  Ryan's  "  Old 
Boston  Museum  Days"  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 
will  be  a  treat.  Miss  Ryan  (we  follow  the  lead 
of  her  title-page  and  give  her  the  name  by  which 
she  was  known  on  the  stage)  joined  the  Museum 
company  in  1872  and  remained  with  it  until  its 
disbandment  in  1893,  and  thus  is  admirably  quali- 
fied to  write  about  the  old  playhouse  in  its  well- 
matured  prime.  It  is  the  personally  reminiscent 
character  of  her  book  that  makes  it  so  enjoyable. 
Good  stories,  often  amusing,  as  such  anecdotes 
commonly  are,  abound;  and  all  the  old  favorites 
of  the  famous  company  live  once  more  in  her 
pages.  They  are  also  presented  in  photo-engrav- 
ings. Not  to  be  able  to  find  enjoyment  in  such  a 
book  is  to  be  an  object  of  pity. 

A  volume  of  nearly  five  hundred  closely  printed 
pages  is  added  to  the  "  Great  Nations  "  series  in  j 
evidence  of  the  magnitude,  historical  if  not  geo-  j 
graphical,  of  that  rugged  corner  of  Great  Britain  ! 


known  to  the  Romans  as  Britannia  Secunda. 
"  Wales,  her  Origins,  Struggles,  and  Later  His- 
tory, Institutions,  and  Manners"  (Stokes),  by 
Mr.  Gilbert  Stone,  presents  the  history  of  this 
romantic  land  of  the  Celts  in  a  manner  agreeably 
at  variance  with  the  conventional  style  of  history- 
writing.  Not  the  rulers  and  the  wars  they  waged  are 
made  the  prominent  features  of  the  narrative,  but 
rather  the  people  and  their  habits  and  institutions, 
with  all  that  goes  to  make  up  the  civilization  (or 
to  mark  the  lack  of  it)  of  a  nation  strongly  defined 
in  its  distinguishing  characteristics.  Even  more 
fully  than  J.  R.  Green  in  his  "  History  of  the 
English  People,"  Mr.  Stone  enters  into  the  details 
of  daily  life,  manners  and  customs  and  culture,  of 
the  folk  about  whom  he  writes.  From  the  dim 
"  origins  "  to  the  union  with  England  the  story  of 
this  gallant  nation  is  traced,  with  many  good 
illustrations  to  help  out  the  text. 

How  America  impressed  our  French  visitors  in 
the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century,  when 
Lafayette  and  other  less  illustrious  Frenchmen  ob- 
tained more  than  a  bowing  acquaintance  with  our 
ancestors  of  that  period,  may  be  agreeably  learned 
from  Mr.  Charles  H.  Sherrill's  "  French  Memories 
of  Eighteenth-Century  America"  (Scribner).  An 
old  mahogany  sofa  treasured  by  the  Sherrill  fam- 
ily, a  piece  of  furniture  on  which  the  above- 
named  general  is  said  to  have  sat  more  than  once, 
started  the  author  on  his  study  of  French  memoirs 
relating  to  early  American  life  and  manners;  and 
hence  the  present  book.  Nearly  ninety  names 
appear  in  his  appended  list  of  "  French  authori- 
ties consulted  and  records  examined,"  and  a  respec- 
table array  of  "  authorities  in  English "  follows. 
The  book  treats  of  such  matters  as  costume,  con- 
versation, cards,  etiquette,  dancing,  courtship  and 
marriage,  food  and  drink,  city  life  and  country 
life,  education,  newspapers,  professions  and  indus- 
tries, and,  in  fact,  a  remarkably  wide  range  of 
further  subjects.  Many  illustrations  from  con- 
temporary sources  are  inserted. 

Wellesley's  memorable  fire  of  last  year  awak- 
ened such  an  interest  in  the  plucky  little  college 
(no  longer  so  little,  however)  as  had  never  before 
been  felt.  The  rapid  recovery  from  this  disaster 
gave  evidence  of  Wellesley's  vigorous  vitality  — 
the  vitality  of  comparative  youth,  for  the  college 
is  but  forty  years  old.  These  forty  years,  how- 
ever, contain  a  wealth  of  notable  history,  a  chapter 
of  no  little  significance  in  the  larger  story  of 
female  education ;  and  this  chapter  is  now  written 
by  a  Wellesley  graduate,  Miss  Florence  Converse. 
"  The  Story  of  Wellesley  "  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 
is  embellished  with  graceful  drawings  by  Mr.  Nor- 
man Irving  Black,  which  form  a  fit  accompani- 
ment to  Miss  Converse's  careful  narrative.  But  it 
is  somewhat  unexpected  not  to  find  in  a  work  of 
this  kind  a  single  portrait  of  past  president  or 
beloved  professor.  Things,  not  persons  —  build- 
ings, not  the  occupants  of  chairs  in  those  buildings 
—  are  chosen  for  illustration. 

Fitting  enough  is  it  that  the  present  revival  of 
the  pageant  should  bring  us  books  in  which  the 
attempt  is  made  to  present  a  pictorial  and,  as  far 
as  possible,  a  verbal  pageant  of  the  subjects 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


503 


treated.  Dr.  J.  Edward  Parrott's  truly  gorgeous 
volume,  "  The  Pageant  of  British  History  "  (Sully 
&  Kleinteich)  is  a  rather  conspicuous  attraction 
of  its  sort  this  season.  The  narrative,  covering  the 
chief  events  in  England's  history  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  close  of  Queen  Victoria's  reign,  is  in 
the  simple  and  attractive  style  of  Dickens's  sim- 
ilar work  for  young  readers;  and  the  numerous 
pictures  are  from  famous  artists,  such  as  Turner, 
Alma-Tadema,  Orchardson,  and  Maclise.  Nothing 
short  of  splendid  is  the  brilliant  appearance  of 
the  colored  plates;  the  black-and-white,  if  not 
preferred  by  any  large  majority  of  readers,  will 
at  least  serve  as  a  grateful  relief  to  the  eyes.  A 
scant  two  pages  is  devoted  to  "  Edward  the  Peace- 
maker," and  the  book  closes  with  only  the  briefest 
mention  of  his  successor's  accession. 

BIOGRAPHY  AND  MEMOIRS. 

"My  labor,  like  my  life,  is  drawing  toward  a 
close.  It  has,  from  first  to  last,  been  devoted  to 
one  service, —  to  the  Ministry  of  Beauty.  That  is 
the  consummate  agency  of  civilization,  and  that 
should  be  the  supreme  purpose  of  all  art."  Thus 
writes  Mr.  William  Winter,  our  dean  of  dramatic 
critics,  our  much  loved  poet  and  genial  man  of 
letters,  in  his  latest  volume  of  reminiscences, 
"  Vagrant  Memories  "  ( Doran ) .  Naturally  enough, 
and  very  acceptably  to  the  reader,  these  memories 
are  almost  wholly  of  famous  players,  a  baker's 
dozen  of  them,  with  a  chapter  on  Augustin  Daly, 
friend  and  patron  of  players,  thrown  in  for  good 
measure.  A  fine  tribute  to  William  Warren,  with 
the  poem  that  Mr.  Winter  wrote  and  recited  in  his 
honor  on  the  occasion  of  his  completing  half  a 
century  on  the  stage,  opens  the  book;  a  char- 
acteristic and  in  every  -way  admirable  discourse 
on  "  The  Theatre  and  Morality  "  closes  it ;  while 
between  the  two  stand  notable  personal  recollec- 
tions and  anecdotes  of  Laura  Keene,  Matilda 
Heron,  Lester  Wallack,  the  Booths,  Irving,  and 
others,  including  three  living  representatives  of 
the  stage.  Though  the  author  admits  that  praise 
of  the  past  and  despondency  over  the  present  have 
always  been  indulged  in  by  men  of  advanced 
years,  he  believes  this  present  day  of  ours  pecu- 
liarly and  exceptionally  bad  in  many  respects,  and 
especially  in  things  theatrical  —  as  if  the  same 
lament  had  not  been  raised  ever  since  the  first 
theatre  was  built.  But  he  regards  the  evil  as  a 
passing  aberration  only,  and  optimistically  looks 
for  better  things  in  the  future,  which  the  typical 
croaker  never  does.  Therefore  his  pages  are  to  be 
heartily  commended  as  almost  equally  cheering 
and  entertaining;  they  register  the  gold  days,  not 
the  gray,  of  the  writer.  The  usual  rich  accom- 
paniment of  illustrations,  chiefly  portraits,  is  to 
be  found  in  this  welcome  addition  to  Mr.  Winter's 
works. 

Unsparingly,  withholding  no  sordid  or  distress- 
ing detail,  Maxim  Gorky  (his  real  name  is  Alexei 
Maximovitch  Peshkof )  tells  the  story  of  his  early 
years  in  "My  Childhood"  (Century  Co.),  and  at 
the  outset  he  defends  his  pitiless  realism  by  say- 
ing :  "  But  truth  is '  stronger  than  pity,  and 
besides,  I  am  writing  not  about  myself  but  about 
that  narrow,  stifling  environment  of  unpleasant 


impressions  in  which  lived  —  aye,  and  to  this  day 
lives  —  the  average  Russian  of  this  class."  It  is, 
however,  about  himself  primarily  that  he  writes, 
and  he  does  so  with  astonishing  frankness  and 
with  the  vivid  force  of  a  born  artist  in  narration. 
Revolting,  though  fascinating,  many  of  his  pages 
must  in  truth  be  styled.  The  following  is  a  de- 
scription of  the  writer's  school  costume :  "  I  went 
thither  in  mother's  shoes,  with  a  coat  made  out  of 
a  bodice  belonging  to  grandmother,  a  yellow  shirt, 
and  trousers  which  had  been  lengthened.  My 
attire  immediately  became  an  object  of  ridicule, 
and  for  the  yellow  shirt  I  received  '  The  ace  of 
diamonds.' "  His  great  pity  and  tenderness  for 
all  suffering,  and  a  sense  of  fellowship  with  the 
sufferers,  were  first  awakened  by  a  cruel  flogging 
from  his  inhuman  grandfather.  The  reminiscences 
end  with  the  death  of  the  writer's  mother  and 
his  own  going  forth  into  the  world.  The  transla- 
tion, a  vigorous  performance,  is  from  an  unnamed 
hand,  and  an  unnamed  artist  supplies  illustrations. 
Facing  the  title-page  is  a  portrait  of  the  author, 
from  a  photograph.  All  who  like  Russian  realism 
of  an  unflinching  intensity  will  delight  in  this 
book. 

"  Court  Life  from  Within  "  (Dodd)  is  made  up 
of  the  chapters  of  bright  and  informal  chat  about 
royal  and  imperial  personages  and  their  surround- 
ings that  have  in  the  last  two  years  entertained 
many  magazine  readers  and  inspired  them  with  a 
decided  liking  for  the  frankly  democratic  royal 
writer,  the  Infanta  Eulalia  of  Spain.  That  a 
member  of  the  Bourbon  and  Hapsburg  families, 
and  one  reared  amid  the  strict  formalities  of  the 
Spanish  court,  should  display  such  an  understand- 
ing and  appreciation  of  democratic  ideals  and  cus- 
toms, is  something  not  to  be  passed  over  without 
remark  even  in  the  hastiest  reading  of  her  book. 
Again  and  again  she  holds  up  to  good-natured 
ridicule  the  inane  pomposities  of  court  life,  and 
in  the  heaven-anointed  German  Kaiser  especially 
she  finds  food  for  her  fun-making.  His  belief  in 
his  divine  right  as  sovereign,  and  his  very  con- 
spicuous "  religiosity  "  evoke  her  caustic  comment, 
if  one  may  apply  so  strong  an  adjective  to  her 
gracious  and  graceful  manner  of  expression.  The 
book  is  ornately  bound  and  well  illustrated. 

The  Princess  Lazarovich  Hrebelianovich  — 
known  before  her  marriage  to  the  Serbian  states- 
man above-named  as  Miss  Eleanor  Calhoun  —  is 
not  only  the  grand-niece  of  a  famous  man  (John 
C.  Calhoun)  but  also  famous  in  her  own  right. 
Both  London  and  Paris  applauded  and  feted  her 
as  an  actress  when  she  left  her  native  California 
and  devoted  her  talents  to  the  stage,  chiefly  in 
Shakespearean  parts  and  with  Sir  Johnston 
Forbes-Robertson,  Mounet-Sully,  and  Coquelin. 
From  the  rich  store  of  reminiscences  that  she  has 
put  into  writing,  and  of  which  some  foretaste  has 
already  been  vouchsafed  to  the  reading  public, 
selected  chapters  now  appear  in  book  form  under 
the  title,  "Pleasures  and  Palaces"  (Century  Co.), 
giving  her  memories  of  European  society  as  she 
came  to  know  it  as  a  young  American  actress  with 
keen  perceptions  and  an  eager  desire  to  see  as 
much  as  possible  of  the  great  world.  Representa- 


504 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


tives  of  royalty  and  nobility,  of  authorship  and 
art,  of  statesmanship  and  diplomacy,  crowd  her 
pages,  which  seem  to  contain  not  a  dull  para- 
graph or  line.  A  notable  chapter  describes  the 
writer's  planning  and  execution  of  "  the  first  f  or- 
rest  production,"  as  she  calls  it,  of  "As  You  Like 
It,"  in  Coombe  Wood  Grove,  Surrey.  Many  pho- 
tographs and  drawings,  the  latter  by  Mr.  John 
Wolcott  Adams,  adorn  the  book. 

After  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Laurence  Henry 
Schwab,  who  was  to  have  been  the  authorized 
biographer  of  the  late  Bishop  Potter,  the  task 
was  entrusted  to  Dean  Hodges,  of  the  Episcopal 
Theological  School  at  Cambridge;  and  with  Mr. 
Schwab's  accumulated  material  to  help  him,  and 
his  own  peculiar  fitness  for  the  work,  it  was  a 
virtual  certainty  that  he  would  produce  a  worthy 
memorial  of  Dr.  Potter  and  a  notable  piece  of 
biographical  writing.  In  the  case  of  one  whose 
energies  were  so  unreservedly  devoted  to  the 
church  as  were  Henry  Codman^  Potter's,  the  biog- 
rapher's labors  must  concern  themselves  largely 
with  the  history  of  the  church  as  interwoven  with 
the  professional  activities  of  the  man.  Thus  we 
have  in  Dean  Hodges's  book  not  so  much  a  per- 
sonal portrait  as  a  chapter  from  the  annals  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  though  it  is  a  chap- 
ter in  which  the  personality  of  Bishop  Potter 
stands  conspicuously  forth.  In  his  record  of 
biographical  details  —  a  record  not  supremely 
important,  it.  is  true  —  the  writer  might  have 
shown  more  scrupulous  accuracy.  For  instance, 
on  his  second  page  he  makes  Alonzo  Potter 
(father  of  the  subject  of  his  book)  marry  Sarah 
Maria  Nott  in  1823;  and  on  page  ten  he  places 
this  marriage  in  1824.  Portraits  accompany  the 
text,  and  an  index  is  appended.  The  book  is 
entitled  "Henry  Codman  Potter,  Seventh  Bishop 
of  New  York,"  and  it  is  published  by  the  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

The  frail  objects  of  royalty's  errant  affections 
have  a  strong  attraction  for  Mr.  H.  Noel  Williams, 
who  this  season  gives  us  some  readable  chapters  on 
those  court  beauties  of  the  Restoration,  Nell  Gwyn, 
Louise  de  Kerouaille,  and  Hortense  Mancini  — 
"Rival  Sultanas,"  as  the  book's  title  designates 
them.  The  Merry  Monarch's  fair  favorites  played 
so  conspicuous  a  part  in  the  social  and  political 
life  of  their  period  as  to  invest  them  with  a  his- 
toric importance  not  always  possessed  by  king's 
mistresses.  Hence  the  ease  with  which  Mr.  Wil- 
liams spins  out  his  tale  to  the  extent  of  nearly 
four  hundred  pages.  Ten  of  Sir  Peter  Lely's 
sleekly  graceful  productions  in  portraiture,  with 
fifteen  similar  works  of  art  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller 
and  others,  have  been  made  use  of  in  illustrating 
the  book,  which  is  offered  to  the  American  public 
by  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co. 

The  romance  and  tragedy  of  Camille  Desmou- 
lins's  life  and  death,  and  the  heroic  bearing  with 
which  his  young  wife  followed  her  adored  husband 
to  the  guillotine,  are  the  subject  of  Miss  Violet 
Methley's  "  Camille  Desmoulins"  (Dutton),  a  sub- 
stantial octavo  divided  into  four  parts  bearing  the 
somewhat  fanciful  headings,  "  The  North  Wind," 
"  The  West  Wind,"  "  The  East  Wind,"  and  "  The 


South  Wind."  The  abundance  of  French  memoirs 
and  other  published  material  relating  to  the  event- 
ful period  of  Desmoulins's  public  activity  makes 
it  no  difficult  undertaking  to  produce  a  readable 
account  of  the  man,  and  authentic  portraits  of  him 
by  contemporary  artists  are  not  wanting  for  the 
suitable  illustration  of  such  a  book.  In  its  appeal 
to  the  reader's  sympathies  this  biography  is  skil- 
fully written;  it  certainly  catches  and  holds  the 
attention.  David's  painting  of  the  young  revolu- 
tionist, with  his  wife  and  infant  boy,  is  reproduced 
in  the  frontispiece,  and  four  other  portraits  of 
the  man  follow  in  the  body  of  the  book.  Bibliog- 
raphy and  index  are  added. 

MISCELLANEOUS  HOLIDAY  BOOKS. 

Symptomatic  of  the  western  world's  increasing 
interest  in  the  Japanese  stage,  as  well  as  in  other 
manifestations  of  Japanese  culture,  is  the  appear- 
ance of  a  collection  of  condensed  epic  dramas  of 
that  island  kingdom,  edited  and  translated  by 
Professor  Asataro  Miyamori,  revised  by  Professor 
Stanley  Hughes,  and  furnished  with  a  commen- 
datory foreword  by  the  British  Ambassador  at 
Tokio.  "  Tales  from  Old  Japanese  Dramas " 
(Putnam)  contains  eight  masterpieces  in  English 
dress,  necessarily  much  shortened  —  for  the  play 
in  Japan  is  an  all-day  performance  —  and  wisely 
turned  into  narrative  style,  with  division  into 
chapters  instead  of  acts  and  scenes.  To  "  the 
Shakespeare  of  Japan,"  Chikamatsu  Monzayemon, 
is  accorded  the  place  of  honor,  at  the  end  of  the 
volume,  while  seven  lesser  lights  precede  him. 
Thirty  pages  of  historical  introduction  prepare 
the  way  for  the  "  tales,"  and  a  profusion  of  stage 
scenes  and  characters  is  presented  in  illustrations 
from  photographs.  The  male  actor  in  female 
impersonation  is  notably  present  in  these  pictures, 
as  actresses  are  not  yet  much  more  numerous  in 
Japan  than  they  were  in  ancient  Greece.  The 
English  rendering  throughout  is  highly  creditable 
to  the  translator. 

In  compendious  form  and  in  a  style  of  narra- 
tion suited  to  its  subject,  the  heroic  exploits  of 
the  Antarctic  explorer,  Captain  Scott,  of  glorious 
memory,  are  "  retold "  by  Mr.  Charles  Turley  in 
a  well-illustrated  volume  entitled  "  The  Voyages 
of  Captain  Scott"  (Dodd).  As  is  indicated  on 
the  title-page,  free  use  has  been  made  of  "  The 
Voyage  of  the  '  Discovery ' "  and  "  Scott's  Last 
Expedition,"  indispensable  authorities  to  any  later 
chronicler  of  the  great  adventures  to  which  this 
intrepid  explorer  and  true  hero  gave  the  best  of 
his  energies  and,  finally,  his  very  life.  Sir  James 
M.  Barrie,  from  his  intimate  acquaintance  with 
Scott,  contributes  an  introductory  sketch  of  the 
man,  showing  him  to  have  possessed  a  nobility  of 
character  and  a  heroism  in  the  wear  and  tear 
of  every-day  life  unsuspected  by  many  a  reader  of 
his  more  conspicuous  and  dramatic  achievements. 
Pathetic  in  the  extreme  are  those  last  pencilled 
words  of  Scott's  to  the  world  he  was  leaving,  and 
the  publishers  have  done  well  to  insert  a  facsimile 
reproduction  of  that  page  from  his  diary.  A  good 
map  is  added.  Four  reproductions  of  water-color 
drawings  are  among  the  illustrations. 


1915 


THE    DIAL 


505 


From  the  collection  of  Serbian  legends  and  bal- 
lads compiled  by  the  self-taught  Serbian  peasant, 
Vouk  Stephanovitch-Karadgitch,  "  the  father  of 
modern  Serbian  literature,"  Mr.  Woislav  M. 
Petrovitch  has  selected  the  specimens  of  folk-lore 
contained  in  his  stout  volume  of  "  Hero  Tales  and 
Legends  of  the  Serbians"  (Stokes).  He  is  at 
present  an  attache  to  the  Serbian  Legation  in 
London,  and  shows  an  excellent  command  of  our 
language.  A  former  Serbian  Minister  to  England, 
Mr.  Chedo  Miyatovich,  supplies  a  preface  of  no 
perfunctory  nature;  and  Mr.  William  Sewell  and 
Mr.  Gilbert  James  enliven  the  book  with  colored 
illustrations  in  apparent  harmony  with  the  primi- 
tive legends  that  they  accompany.  The  inevitable 
and  always  interesting  merging  of  early  pagan  in 
later  Christian  myth  and  tradition  is  found  here 
as  in  the  folk-lore  of  other  European  countries. 
For  example :  "  Our  pagan  ancestors  used  to 
sacrifice  a  pig  to  their  Sun-god,  and  in  our  day 
there  is  not  a  single  house  throughout  Serbia  in 
which  '  roast  pork '  is  not  served  on  Christmas 
Day  as  a  matter  of  course."  Three  Serbian  bal- 
lads, in  Sir  John  Bowring's  version,  to  which  is 
accorded  high  praise,  help  to  give  variety  to  the 
book,  which  of  course  has  just  now  an  obvious 
timeliness  in  addition  to  its  other  merits. 

Mrs.  T.  P.  O'Connor  does  not  go  so  far  as  to 
say  that  a  long  acquaintance  with  both  men  and 
dogs  has  led  her  to  prefer  dogs,  but  she  does  open 
her  book  of  dog  stories  —  which  she  calls  "  Dog 
Stars :  Three  Luminaries  in  the  Dog  World " 
(Doran)  —  by  quoting  Mr.  Yeats' s  lines  on  the  one 
man  who  loves  "  the  pilgrim  soul "  in  a  woman, 
and  adding  that  "  there  is  more  than  one  woman 
—  even  a  beautiful  woman  —  who  has  never  found 
the  man  to  love  the  pilgrim  soul  in  her;  and, 
after  passionate  protestations  and  broken  vows, 
old,  disillusioned,  sad,  and  deserted,  she  has  re- 
gained faith  in  love  and  fidelity  through  the  devo- 
tion of  a  —  dog."  The  three  canine  heroes  of  her 
book  are  most  interesting  and  lovable  creatures, 
and  they  could  not  have  had  a  more  sympathetic 
biographer.  The  artist,  too,  Mr.  Will  Rannells, 
seems  fairly  to  have  been  inspired  in  his  excellent 
colored  portraits  of  these  intelligent  animals. 
Without  pretence  to  greatness  as  literature,  the 
book  is  one  of  the  very  best  of  its  kind. 

Together  with  the  little,  amusing,  affectionate 
bickerings  of  intimate  domesticity,  Mrs.  Elisabeth 
Woodbridge  Morris  (whose  pen-name  omits  the 
last  element)  gives  us,  in  "More  Jonathan  Papers" 
(Houghton),  some  further  acceptable  chapters  of 
outdoor  life  and  outdoor  recreation  such  as  made 
her  "  Jonathan  Papers  "  so  breezy  and  refreshing 
to  the  reader.  In  this  second  volume  are  depicted 
the  joys  of  amateur  maple-sugar-making,  the 
pleasures  of  gardening,  the  quiet  delights  of  eve- 
nings on  the  farm,  which  did  not  always  prove  to 
be  so  quiet  as  expected,  the  satisfactions  of  row- 
ing and  fishing,  and  other  kindred  matters;  and 
through  it  all  it  is  the  engaging  manner  and  per- 
sonality of  the  chronicler  that  makes  the  unpreten- 
tious history  so  peculiarly  enjoyable.  Jonathan  is 
made  to  exhibit  himself  not  always  to  his  best 
advantage,  but  as  he  thereby  contributes  no  little 


to  the  general  enjoyment  he  will  doubtless  forgive 
the  mistress  of  the  exhibition. 

The  story  of  the  Bible,  how  it  came  to  be  writ- 
ten and  something  about  its  subsequent  history 
and  the  part  it  has  played  in  the  progress  of  the 
world,  has  an  interest  that  with  many  readers 
exceeds  that  of  the  scriptures  themselves.  Mr. 
Harold  B.  Hunting  tells  once  more  "  The  Story 
of  Our  Bible"  (Scribner)  and  "how  it  grew  to 
be  what  it  is,"  in  a  richly  illustrated  volume  of 
nearly  three  hundred  pages.  Rather  oddly  he 
begins  with  the  New  Testament,  because,  as  he 
explains,  "  it  is  easier  to  understand  the  conditions 
in  which  the  New  Testament  arose,  for  the  very 
reason  that  they  are  more  like  those  of  modern 
life."  His  attitude  toward  modern  Bible  inter- 
pretation is  indicated  by  his  concluding  remarks, 
among  which  he  says :  "  On  the  other  hand,  many 
more  accepted  these  new  ideas,  and  suddenly  dis- 
covered that  to  them  the  value  of  the  Bible  had 
been  extraordinarily  increased.  .  .  They  have  seen 
that  it  is  no  less  a  divine  book  for  being  so  thor- 
oughly human."  It  is  this  human  interest  that 
especially  appeals  to  the  reader  in  Mr.  Hunting's 
pages. 

Animal  stories,  told  with  a  sufficiently  tight 
curb  on  the  imagination,  are  likely  to  be  both 
pleasant  and  profitable  reading,  provided  always 
the  narrator  knows  his  subject  and  has  a  good 
command  of  language.  These  prerequisites  are 
not  wanting  in  Mr.  John  Coulson  Tregarthen,  who 
also  knows  his  Cornwall  and  its  human  types  as 
well  as  the  beasts  of  the  field  that  play  the  chief 
part  in  his  companion  volumes,  "  The  Story  of  a 
Hare"  and  "The  Life  Story  of  an  Otter" 
(Hearst).  The  camera  has  been  adroitly  handled 
to  supply  pictures  of  the  hare  and  otter  in  their 
native  haunts,  and  one  of  the  volumes  contains  a 
"  sketch-map  of  the  scene  of  the  story  "  from  the 
author's  own  hand  —  a  bit  of  Cornwall  to  increase 
the  verisimilitude  of  these  Cornish  animal  tales. 
The  books  are  welcome  additions  to  an  unfailingly 
popular  branch  of  literature. 

Short  stories,  little  tales  or  fables,  so  compressed 
sometimes  as  to  be  little  more  than  epigrams,  are 
peculiarly  popular  in  Russia,  where  the  long  novel 
is  no  great  favorite.  Of  these  bits  of  sprightly 
fiction  Fedor  Sologub  is  a  most  successful  and 
prolific  writer,  and  he  has  so  commended  himself 
by  his  work  to  Mr.  Stephen  Graham  that  the  lat- 
ter and  his  wife  have  collected,  chiefly  from  Rus- 
sian newspapers,  a  score  and  a  half  (less  one)  of 
his  best  pieces  and  translated  them  under  the  title, 
"  The  Sweet-Scented  Name,  and  Other  Fairy 
Tales,  Fables,  and  Stories"  (Putnam).  Ranging 
from  half  a  page  to  thirty-three  pages  in  length, 
these  selections  are  very  different  from  our  con- 
ception of  the  short-story  masterpiece  as  written 
by  a  Poe  or  a  Maupassant  or  an  "  0.  Henry,"  but 
they  are  all  novel  and  hence  of  considerable  inter- 
est. Mr.  Graham's  name  is  a  sufficient  voucher 
for  the  faithfulness  of  the  translation. 

"My  Growing  Garden"  (Macmillan)  has  rather 
unusual  individuality.  The  pleasures  of  amateur 
horticulture  have  seldom  been  so  alluringly  de- 
picted as  by  Mr.  J.  Horace'  McFarland  in  this 


506 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


chatty  and  familiar  record  of  his  own  experience 
on  a  modest  urban,  or  perhaps  we  should  say 
suburban,  estate  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.  It  is  a  natu- 
ral growth,  this  book  of  his,  rather  than  a  product 
of  cold  calculation.  "  I  have  written  it,"  he  says, 
"but  my  family  have  lived  it  with  me,  and  the 
print-shop  which  bears  my  name  and  enjoys  my 
garden  has  made  of  the  book  much  more  than  a 
perfunctory  item  of  work.  The  publishers,  too, 
have  let  down  the  bars,  so  that  in  a  very  special 
sense  the  book  has  been  lived,  written,  designed, 
illustrated,  printed,  and  bound  as  the  work  of  one 
man  and  those  about  him."  Many  pictures,  four 
in  color  and  thirty-two  in  sepia,  accompany  the 
reading  matter. 

Mr.  FitzRoy  Carrington,  who  has  several  times 
acquitted  himself  with  credit  in  similar  tasks  of 
poetic  taste  and  selection,  compiles  this  year  a 
small  anthology  which  he  calls  "  The  Quiet  Hour  " 
(Houghton),  embracing  choice  bits  of  verse  from 
English  poets  of  the  sixteenth  and  following  cen- 
turies. These  selections  are  grouped  under  the 
headings,  Cradle  Songs,  Infancy,  Childhood,  Night, 
Sleep,  Charms,  and  Dirges.  An  apt  and  graceful 
dedicatory  sonnet  to  his  wife  proves  the  compiler 
to  be  a  poet  as  well  as  a  lover  of  poets.  Eight 
portraits  are  scattered  through  the  book,  which  in 
every  aspect  is  a  tasteful  little  production. 

This  year's  pictorial  re-interpretation  of  "A 
Christmas  Carol "  comes  from  the  skilful  hand  of 
Mr.  Arthur  Rackham.  Twelve  colored  and  eight- 
een uncolored  drawings  enliven  the  immortal  tale. 
Master  of  the  whimsical  and  grotesque,  of  the 
humorous,  and  of  that  which  makes  a  direct 
appeal  to  the  human  nature  in  us  all,  the  artist 
has  done  his  work  well;  and  printer  and  binder 
have  seconded  his  efforts.  The  book  is  brought 
out  in  this  country  by  the  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 

Sound  doctrine,  expressed  in  homely  terms,  with 
a  jingle  to  them,  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Walt 
Mason's  "Horse  Sense"  (McClurg),  an  enter- 
taining collection  of  his  popular  pieces  of  rhymed 
prose.  The  whimsical  regret  that  "there'll  never 
be  such  days  as  those  when  people  wore  no  under- 
clothes" recalls,  by  its  faulty  rhyme,  the  Words- 
worth couplet  introducing  the  Blind  Highland 
Boy's  nautical  adventures  on  Loch  Leven  in  "  a 
household  Tub,  like  one  of  those  which  women  use 
to  wash  their  clothes."  But  it  should  be  added 
that  the  poet,  "in  deference  to  the  opinion  of  a 
Friend,"  afterward  substituted  a  turtle-shell  for 
the  tub.  To  have  reminded  one  of  Wordsworth  is 
no  despicable  achievement.  The  frontispiece  shows 
"  the  author  as  '  Zim '  sees  him." 

Mr.  Ralph  Henry  Barbour's  annual  contribu- 
tion to  the  season's  fiction  is  this  year  entitled 
"  Heart's  Content "  (Lippincott) ,  being,  as  the 
name  indicates,  a  love  story  with  a  happy  ending 
—  altogether  a  cheery  little  romance  for  Christ- 
mas or  any  other  festive  day.  The  hero,  Allan 
Shortland,  asks  the  heroine,  Beryl  Vernon,  whom 
he  has  resolved  to  win,  for  congratulations  on  his 
approaching  marriage  before  securing  her  con- 
sent to  play  a  leading  part  in  that  ceremony.  Of 
bright  dialogue  and  clever  invention  there  is  no 
lack.  Colored  pictures  and  marginal  sketches  of 


a  decorative  character  abound.  It  should  be  added 
that  the  story  is  not  unknown  to  magazine-readers 
under  the  title,  "  The  Happy  Man,"  but  that  fact 
is  rather  in  its  favor  than  otherwise. 

Advocates  of  woman  suffrage,  just  now  perhaps 
a  little  down-hearted  from  their  recent  setback  at 
the  polls,  will  find  in  Mr.  Orison  Swett  Marden's 
"Woman  and  Home"  (Crowell)  a  source  of  con- 
solation and  encouragement.  He  is  an  enthusiastic 
admirer  of  the  "  new  woman "  and  a  vigorous 
defender  of  her  rights.  His  chapters  discuss 
woman's  opportunities  and  responsibilities,  her 
education,  her  home,  woman  as  voter  and  as  wife, 
the  divorce  question,  and  many  other  topics  of 
interest  to  women,  and  indeed  to  readers  of  both 
sexes.  "  Woman  has  never  taken  a  step  forward," 
he  believes,  "  that  has  not  benefited  the  whole 
human  race.  Everything  she  has  touched  she  has 
improved,  elevated,  purified."  This  latest  product 
of  the  writer's  pen  is  likely  to  be  hailed  by  many 
readers  as  one  of  his  best  utterances. 

Mrs.  Florence  Hobart  Perin  regrets  that  "  fam- 
ily devotions  have  largely  gone  out  of  fashion," 
but  derives  some  consolation  from  the  thought  that 
"  f amilies  do  still  come  together  at  the  breakfast 
table  whether  they  live  in  country,  village,  or  city," 
and  believes  that  "  a  pause  of  three  minutes 
before  starting  the  work  of  the  day  will  give  the 
spiritual  uplift  which  will  enable  us  to  do  better 
work  and  fight  a  braver  battle"  —  provided  this 
pause  be  put  to  the  right  use.  "  Sunlit  Days,"  a 
collection  of  passages  of  verse  and  of  prayer 
selected  by  her,  furnishes  the  material  for  thus 
wisely  filling  the  three  minutes  each  morning.  A 
page  is  given  to  every  day  in  the  year,  and  the 
writers  quoted  range  from  the  famous  to  the 
obscure.  Good  taste  is  shown  by  the  compiler, 
whose  two  previous  similar  works  have,  she  an- 
nounces in  her  preface,  begotten  a  widespread 
desire  for  a  third.  (Little,  Brown  &  Co.) 

"The  Shadow  on  the  Dial"  (Abingdon  Press), 
by  Mr.  Orton  H.  Carmichael,  is  a  book  of  mystical 
musings  —  if  one  may  attempt  a  brief  characteri- 
zation of  it  —  strung  together  on  the  thread  of 
Vera  Meldrum's  life  and  death  and  personality. 
Devotion  and  nature-study  and  philosophy  and 
poetry  mingle  throughout  the  successive  chapters, 
while  some  notably  clean-cut  and  beautiful  half- 
tones from  the  great  book  of  nature,  as  spread 
open  at  "  Elmwood "  in  western  New  York,  help 
in  no  small  measure  to  emphasize  the  meaning  of 
the  reading  matter. 

A  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  Mr.  J.  Walker 
McSpadden's  "Opera  Synopses"  (Crowell)  makes 
its  appearance.  Since  its  first  issue,  four  years 
ago,  there  have  been  presented  in  this  country  a 
sufficient  number  of  new  operas  and  revivals  of 
old  ones  to  justify  this  extended  reissue,  which 
includes  twenty-four  operas  not  found  in  the  ear- 
lier work,  and  among  them  the  ten-thousand-dollar 
prize  production  brought  out  at  the  Metropolitan 
Opera  House  in  1911-12.  Thus,  although  of  about 
the  same  size  and  general  plan  as  the  familiar 
work  by  Mr.  George  P.  Upton  in  the  same  field, 
this  later  handbook  has  the  advantage  of  being 
more  nearly  up  to  date. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


507 


THE  SEASON'S  BOOKS  FOR  THE  YOUNG. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  all  children's  books 
published  during  the  present  season  and  received 
at  the  office  of  THE  DIAL  up  to  the  time  of  going 
to  press  with  this  issue.  It  is  believed  that  this 
classified  list  will  commend  itself  to  intending  pur- 
chasers as  a  convenient  guide  to  the  juvenile  books 
for  the  Holiday  season  of  1915. 


Stories  of  Travel  and  Adventure. 

IN  CAMP  ON  BASS  ISLAND:  What  Happened  to  Four 
Classmates  on  the  St.  Lawrence.  By  Paul  G.  Tom- 
linson.  Illustrated.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 
$1.25  net. 

CHAINED  LIGHTNING.  By  Ealph  Graham  Taber.  The 
heroes  are  telegraphers  in  Mexico.  Illustrated. 
Maemillan  Co.  $1.25  net. 

THE  FUK  TRAIL  ADVENTURERS:   A  Tale  of  Northern 

Canada.     By  Dillon  Wallace.     Illustrated.     A.   C. 

McClurg  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 
AN  ARMY  BOY  IN  ALASKA.     By  Captain  C.  E.  Kil- 

bourne,  U.  S.  A.     Illustrated.    Penn  Publishing  Co. 

$1.25  net. 
SMUGGLERS'  ISLAND  and  the  Devil  Fires  of  San  Moros. 

By  Clarissa  A.   Kneeland.     Illustrated.     Houghton 

Mifflin  Co.    $1.25  net. 
PARTNERS  OF  THE  FOREST  TRAIL:     A  Story  of  the 

Great  North  Woods.    By  C.  H.  Claudy.    Illustrated. 

Robert  M.  McBride  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 
CLEARING  THE  SEAS:    or,  The  Last  of  the  Warships. 

By  Donal  Hamilton  Haines.     Illustrated.     Harper 

&  Brothers.    $1.25  net. 
Two   AMERICAN  BOYS   IN   THE   WAR  ZONE.     By  L. 

Worthington  Green.     Illustrated.     Houghton  Mifflin 

Co.    $1.  net. 
TRENCH-MATES  IN  FRANCE:     Adventures  of  Two  Boys 

in  the  Great  War.     By  J.   S.  Zerbe.     Illustrated. 

Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.  net. 

THE  LAST  DITCH:  A  Story  of  the  Panama  Canal. 
By  J.  Raymond  Elderdice.  Illustrated.  Rand,  Mc- 
Nally  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

IN  THE  GREAT  WILD  NORTH:  Adventures  with  In- 
dians. By  D.  Lange.  Illustrated.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.  net. 

Stories  of  Past  Times. 

PRISONERS  OF  WAR:  A  Story  of  the  Civil  War.  By 
Everett  T.  Tomlinson.  Illustrated.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.35  net. 

A  MAID  OF  '76.  By  Alden  A.  Knipe  and  Emilie  B. 
Knipe.  The  heroine  is  a  patriotic  little  girl  of 
the  Revolution.  Illustrated.  Maemillan  Co.  $1.25 
net. 

KISINGTON  TOWN.  By  Abbie  Farwell  Brown.  Merry 
tales  of  olden  times  told  to  fierce  Red  Rex  of  Kising- 
ton  Town.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  $1.25  net. 

PEG  o'  THE  RING;  or,  A  Maid  of  Denewood.  By 
Emilie  B.  and  Alden  A.  Knipe.  Illustrated.  Cen- 
tury Co.  $1.25  net. 

A  LITTLE  MAID  OF  NARRAGANSETT  BAY.  By  Alice  T. 
Curtiss.  Tells  about  a  brave  little  girl  of  Revolu- 
tionary Days.  Illustrated.  Penn  Publishing  Co. 
80  cts.  net. 

THE  WHITE  CAPTIVE:  A  Tale  of  the  Pontiae  War. 
By  R.  Clyde  Ford.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Rand, 
McNally  &  Co.  $1.  net. 


Boys'  Stories  of  Many  Sorts. 

DEAL  WOODS.    By  Latta  Griswold.    Illustrated.    Mae- 
millan Co.    $1.35  net. 
THE  BOY  WITH  THE  U.  S.  LIFE-SAVERS.    By  Francis 

Rolt-Wheeler.     Illustrated.     Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shep- 
ard Co.    $1.50  net. 
DANFORTH  PLAYS  THE  GAME.    By  Ralph  Henry  Bar- 

bour.      Illustrated   in   color.      D.    Appleton    &    Co. 

$1.25  net. 
SANDSY'S   PAL.     By   Gardner   Hunting.      Illustrated. 

Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.25  net. 
DAVE  PORTER  AT  BEAR  CAMP;    or,  The  Wild  Man  of 

Mirror  Lake.    By  Edward  Stratemeyer.    Illustrated. 

Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.    $1.25  net. 
MARK  TIDD  IN  BUSINESS.     By  Clarence  B.  Kelland. 

Illustrated.     Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.  net. 
BOB  HUNT,  SENIOR  CAMPER.     By  George  W.  Orton, 

Ph.D.     Illustrated  in  color.     George  W.  Jacobs  & 

Co.    $1.  net. 
His  BIG  BROTHER:      A  Story  of  the  Struggles  and 

Triumphs  of  a  Little  "  Son  of  Liberty."    By  Lewis 

and  Mary  Theiss.     Illustrated.     W.  A.  Wilde  Co. 

$1.  net. 
JACK    STRAW,    LIGHTHOUSE    BUILDER.      By    Irving 

Crump.      Illustrated.      Robert   M.    McBride   &   Co. 

$1.  net. 
THE  THREE  GAYS.    By  Ethel  C.  Brown.     Illustrated. 

Penn  Publishing  Co.     80  cts.  net. 
LETTERS   FROM   BROTHER  BILL,   'VARSITY   SUB.     By 

Walter  Kellogg  Towers.     Illustrated.     Thomas  Y. 

Crowell  Co.    50  cts.  net. 
OLIVER  AND  THE  CRYING  CHIP.    By  Nancy  Miles  Du- 

rant.    Illustrated.    Sherman,  French  &  Co.    $1.  net. 
ARLO.     By  Bertha  B.  and  Ernest  Cob.     Illustrated. 

Boston:     The  Riverdale  Press.    $1.  net. 
THAT  OFFICE  BOY.     By  Francis  J.  Finn,  S.J.    With 

frontispiece.       New     York:       Benziger     Brothers. 

85  cts.  net. 

SURE  POP  AND  THE  SAFETY  SCOUTS.  By  Roy  Ruther- 
ford Bailey.  Illustrated.  World  Book  Co. 

Girls'  Stories  of  Many  Sorts. 

NANCY  LEE'S  LOOKOUT.  By  Margaret  Warde,  author 
of  the  "  Betty  Wales  "  books.  Illustrated.  Penn 
Publishing  Co.  $1.25  net. 

HELEN  AND  THE  FIFTH  COUSINS.  By  Beth  Bradford 
Gilchrist.  Illustrated.  Penn  Publishing  Co.  $1.25. 

THE  BOARDED-UP  HOUSE.  By  Augusta  Huiell  Sea- 
man. Illustrated.  Century  Co.  $1.25  net. 

JANE  STUART  AT  RIVERCROFT.  By  Grace  M.  Remick. 
Illustrated.  Penn  Publishing  Co.  $1.25  net. 

BETH'S  OLD  HOME.  By  Marion  Ames  Taggart.  A 
sequel  to  "  Beth's  Wonder  Winter."  Illustrated. 
W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1.25  net. 

LOTTA  EMBURY'S  CAREER.  By  Elia  W.  Peattie.  Illus- 
trated. Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.  net. 

GREENACRE  GIRLS.  By  Izola  L.  Forrester.  The  expe- 
riences of  four  city  girls  in  an  old  farm  house. 
Illustrated.  George  W.  Jacobs  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

POLLY  COMES  TO  WOODBINE.  By  George  Ethelbert 
Walsh.  Illustrated.  Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.. 
$1.  net. 

JEAN  CABOT  AT  THE  HOUSE  WITH  THE  BLUE  SHUTTERS.  . 
By  Gertrude  F.  Scott.  The  concluding  volume  of' 
the  "Jean  Cabot  Books."  Hlustrated.  Lothrop., 
Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.  net. 


508 


THE   DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


THE  CAMP  FIRE  GIRLS  OF  BRIGHTWOOD:  How  They 
Kindled  Their  Fire  and  Kept  It  Burning.  By  Amy 

E.  Blanchard.      Illustrated.      W.    A.    Wilde    Co. 
$1.  net. 

LUCILE  THE  TORCH  BEARER.  By  Elizabeth  M.  Duf- 
field.  Illustrated  in  color.  Sully  &  Kleinteieh. 
$1.  net. 

DOROTHY  DAINTY  AT  CRESTVILLE.  By  Amy  Brooks. 
Illustrated.  Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.  net. 

BETH  ANNE  HERSELF.  By  Pemberton  Ginther.  Illus- 
trated. Penn  Publishing  Co.  $1.  net. 

A  EEAL  CINDERELLA.  By  Nina  Ehoades.  Illustrated. 
Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.  net. 

FAITH  PALMER  IN  WASHINGTON.  By  Lazelle  Thayer 
Wooley.  Illustrated.  Penn  Publishing  Co.  $1.  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

THE  BOOK  OF  THE  THIN  BED  LINE:     True  Stories  of 

Fighting.     By  Sir  Henry  Newbolt;    illustrated  in 

color,  etc.,  by  Stanley  L.  Wood.    Longmans,  Green, 

&  Co.    $1.50  net. 
TEN  GREAT  ADVENTURERS:     Tales  of  Explorers  and 

Seamen.    By  Kate  Dickinson  Sweetser.     Illustrated. 

Harper  &  Brothers.    $1.50  net. 
STORIES  FROM  GERMAN  HISTORY  from  Ancient  Times 

to  the  Year  1648.     By  Florence  Aston.     Illustrated 

in  color,  etc.     Thomas  Y.  Crowell  &  Co.     $1.50  net. 
IN  VICTORIAN  TIMES  :     Short  Character  Studies  of  the 

Great  Figures  of  the  Period.     By  Edith  L.  Elias. 

With  portraits.    Little,  Brown  &  Co.    $1.25  net. 
THE   CHILD'S   BOOK  OF  AMERICAN  BIOGRAPHY.     By 

Mary  Stoyell  Stimpson.     Illustrated.     Little,  Brown 

&  Co.    $1.  net. 
YOUNG  HEROES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  NAVY.     By  Com. 

Thomas  D.  Parker,  U.  S.  N.     Illustrated.     W.  A. 

Wilde  Co.    $1.  net. 
EGBERT  Louis  STEVENSON.    By  Amy  Cruse.     "  Heroes 

of    All    Times    Series."      Illustrated   in   color,   etc. 

F.  A.  Stokes  Co.     75  ets.  net. 

HEROIC  DEEDS  OF  AMERICAN  SAILORS.  By  Albert  F. 
Blaisdell  and  Francis  K.  Ball.  Illustrated.  Little, 
Brown  &  Co.  70  cts.  net. 

THE  STORY  OF  YOUNG  GEORGE  WASHINGTON.  By 
Wayne  Whipple.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Phila- 
delphia: Henry  Altemus  Co. 

TRUE  STORIES  OF  GREAT  AMERICANS.  New  volumes: 
William  Penn,  by  Eupert  S.  Holland;  Benjamin 
Franklin,  by  E.  Lawrence  Dudley;  Davy  Crockett, 
by  William  C.  Sprague;  Christopher  Columbus,  by 
Mildred  Stapley.  Each  illustrated.  Macmillan  Co. 
Per  volume,  50  cts.  net. 

Nature  and  Out-Door  Life. 

THE  CHILDREN'S  BOOK  OF  BIRDS.  By  Olive  Thome 
Miller.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  $2.  net. 

THE  LITTLE  FOLKS  OF  ANIMAL  LAND.  Photographed 
and  described  by  Harry  Whittier  Frees.  Lothrop, 
Lee  &  Shepard  Co.  $1.50  net. 

THE  APPLE  TREE  SPRITE:  The  Story  of  the  Apple 
Tree.  By  Margaret  W.  Morley.  Illustrated.  A.  C. 
McClurg  &  Co.  $1.10  net. 

MOTHER  WEST  WIND  "  WHY  "  STORIES.  By  Thornton 
W.  Burgess.  Illustrated  in  color.  Little,  Brown  & 
Co.  $1.  net. 

TOMMY  AND  THE  WISHING-STONE.  By  Thornton  W. 
Burgess.  Tells  how  a  boy  discovered  many  curious 
things  about  the  little  brothers  of  the  wild.  Illus- 
trated. Century  Co.  $1.  net. 


BOY  SCOUTS  OF  THE  WILDCAT  PATROL.  By  Walter 
Prichard  Eaton.  Illustrated.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co. 
$1.  net. 

How  I  TAMED  THE  WILD  SQUIRRELS:  With  the  Story 
of  Bunty  and  Fritz.  By  Eleanor  Tyrrell.  Illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.  Sully  &  Kleinteieh.  $1.  net. 

NANNIE  AND  BILLIE  WAGTAIL:  The  Goat  Children. 
By  Howard  E.  Garis.  Illustrated  in  color.  E.  F. 
Fenno  &  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

BEDTIME  STORY-BOOKS.  By  Thornton  W.  Burgess. 
New  volumes:  The  Adventures  of  Chatterer,  the 
Eed  Squirrel;  The  Adventures  of  Sammy  Jay.  Each 
illustrated.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  Per  volume, 
50  cts.  net. 

THE  ADVENTURES  OF  MOLLIE,  WADDY,  AND  TONY: 
True  Stories  about  Three  Elephants.  By  Paul 
Waitt.  Illustrated.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

Old  Favorites  in  New  Form. 

LITTLE  WOMEN.  By  Louisa  M.  Alcott;  illustrated  in 
color  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  Little,  Brown  &  Co. 
$2.50  net. 

THE  WATER-BABIES.  By  Charles-  Kingsley;  illus- 
trated in  color,  etc.,  by  W.  Heath  Eobinson.  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co.  $2.  net. 

HANS  BRINKER;  or,  The  Silver  Skates.  By  Mary 
Mapes  Dodge ;  illustrated  in  color  by  George  Whar- 
ton  Edwards.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.  net. 

FAIRY  TALES  EVERY  CHILD  SHOULD  KNOW.  Edited  by 
Hamilton  Wright  Mabie;  illustrated  in  color  and 
decorated  by  Mary  Hamilton  Frye.  Doubleday, 
Page  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

TREASURE  ISLAND.  By  Eobert  Louis  Stevenson ;  illus- 
trated by  Louis  Ehead.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.50  net. 

GRIMM'S  FAIRY  TALES.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by 
George  Soper;  newly  translated  by  Ernest  Beeson. 
Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.50  net. 

FAIRY  TALES  FROM  THE  ARABIAN  NIGHTS.  Edited  and 
arranged  by  E.  Dixon;  illustrated  by  John  D. 
Batten.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.  $1.25  net. 

STORIES  FROM  THE  EARTHLY  PARADISE.  By  William 
Morris;  retold  in  prose  by  C.  S.  Evans.  Illustrated 
in  color,  etc.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

TREASURE  ISLAND.  By  Eobert  Louis  Stevenson ;  illus- 
trated in  color  by  Milo  Winter.  Eand,  McNally  & 
Co.  $1.35  net. 

HANS  BRINKER;  or,  The  Silver  Skates.  By  Mary 
Mapes  Dodge.  Illustrated  in  color.  Sully  &  Klein- 
teieh. 

Children  of  Other  Lands  and  Races. 

THE  WHITE  CARAVAN:  Adventures  of  an  English 
Boy.  By  W.  E.  Cule.  E.  P.  Dutton  &  Co.  $1.35  net. 

THE  KING  OF  THE  FLYING  SLEDGE  :  In  the  Land  of  the 
Eeindeer.  By  Clarence  Hawkes.  Illustrated.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

KATRINKA  :  The  Story  of  a  Eussian  Child.  By  Helen 
Eggleston  Haskell.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  E.  P. 
Dutton  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

LITTLE  PIERRE  AND  BIG  PETER.  By  Euth  Ogden.  The 
story  of  a  big  American  surgeon  and  a  little  French 
boy  in  the  French  Alps.  Illustrated.  F.  A.  Stokes 
Co.  $1.35  net. 

THE  MEXICAN  TWINS.  By  Lucy  Fitch  Perkins.  Illus- 
trated. Houghton  Mifflin  Co.  $1.  net. 

THE  EED  ARROW:  An  Indian  Tale.  By  Elmer  Bus- 
sell  Gregor.  Illustrated.  Harper  &  Brothers. 
$1.  net. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


509 


THE  GRAND  DUCHESS  BENEDICTA:  School  Life  in  the 
English  Convent  of  All  Saints.  By  A.  E.  Burns. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 
$1.  net. 

In  the  Realm  of  Work  and  Play. 

HOME-MADE  TOYS  FOR  GIRLS  AND  BOYS.  By  A.  Neely 
Hall.  Illustrated.  Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co. 
$1.25  net. 

THE  AMATEUR  CARPENTER.  By  A.  Hyatt  Verrill. 
Illustrated.  Dodd,  Mead  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

THE  FUN  OF  COOKING.  By  Caroline  French  Benton. 
Illustrated.  Century  Co.  $1.20  net. 

THE  BOY  COLLECTOR'S  HANDBOOK.  By  A.  Hyatt  Ver- 
rill. Illustrated.  Eobert  M.  MeBride  &  Co.  $1.50  net. 

LANTERN  MAKING.  By  H.  A.  Rankin.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.  E.  P.  Button  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

SCISSORS  STORIES;  or,  Picture  Cutting  for  Little 
People.  By  J.  E.  Tolson.  Illustrated.  E.  P.  Button 
&  Co.  $1.  net. 

THE  YOUNG  WHEAT  SCOUT:  Being  the  Story  of  the 
Growth,  Harvesting,  and  Distribution  of  the  Great 
Wheat  Crop  of  the  United  States.  By  Hugh  C.  Weir. 
Illustrated.  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.  $1.  net. 

THE  STORY  OF  LEATHER.  By  Sara  Ware  Bassett. 
Illustrated.  Penn  Publishing  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

WHEN  MOTHER  LETS  Us  MAKE  CANDY.  By  Elizabeth 
DuBois  Bache  and  Louise  Franklin  Baehe.  Illus- 
trated. Moffat,  Yard  &  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

Poems  and  Plays. 

HOME  BOOK  OF  VERSE  FOR  YOUNG  FOLKS.  Compiled 
by  Burton  E.  Stevenson;  illustrated  in  color,  etc., 
by  Willy  Pogany.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.  $2.  net. 

CHRISTMAS  CANDLES.  By  Elsie  Hobart  Carter.  Christ- 
mas plays  for  boys  and  girls.  Illustrated.  Henry 
Holt  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

CHRISTMAS  PLAYS  FOR  CHILDREN.  By  May  Pember- 
ton;  music  and  illustrations  by  Rupert  Godfrey 
Lee.  Thomas  Y.  Crowell  Co.  $1.  net. 

THE  GOOD  SAMARITAN,  and  Other  Bible  Stories  Drama- 
tized. By  Edna  Earle  Cole.  Illustrated.  Boston: 
Richard  G.  Badger.  $1.  net. 

LITTLE  FOLKS'  CHRISTMAS  STORIES  AND  PLAYS.  Edited 
by  Ada  M.  Skinner.  With  frontispiece  in  color. 
Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  75  cts.  net. 

THE  GOLDEN  STAIRCASE.  Poems  and  Verses  for  Chil- 
dren. Chosen  by  Louey  Chisholm;  illustrated  in 
color  by  M.  Dibdin  Spooner.  Cheaper  edition.  G.  P. 
Putnam's  Sons.  $1.50  net. 

WHEN  I  WAS  LITTLE:  Poems.  By  Ethel  M.  Kelley. 
Illustrated  in  color.  Rand,  MeNally  &  Co. 
75  cts.  net. 

THE  PUPPET  PRINCESS  ;  or,  The  Heart  that  Squeaked : 
A  Christmas  Play.  By  Augusta  Stevenson.  Hough- 
ton  Mifflin  Co.  Paper,  50  cts.  net. 

THE  PIG  BROTHER  PLAY-BOOK.  By  Laura  E.  Rich- 
ards. Favorite  fables  for  acting.  Illustrated. 
Little,  Brown  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

Pictures,  Stories,  and  Verses  for  the 
Little  Tots. 

WHEN    CHRISTMAS    COMES    AROUND:      Stories    and 

Sketches    of    Children.      By    Priscilla    Underwood; 

illustrated  in  color  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  Duffield 

&  Co.    $1.35  net. 
THE  TOY  SHOP  BOOK.    By  Ada  V.  Harris  and  Lillian 

M.  Waldo.     Illustrated  in  color.     Charles  Scribner's 

Sons.    $1.25  net. 


JOLLY  JAUNTS  WITH  JIM  through  the  Fireplace.  By 
Charles  Hanson  Towne;  illustrated  in  color,  etc., 
by  H.  Devitt  Welsh.  George  H.  Doran  Co.  $1.25 
net. 

PRINCESS  GOLDENHAIR  AND  THE  WONDERFUL  FLOWER. 
By  Flora  Spiegelberg;  illustrated  by  Milo  Winter. 
Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

THE  WONDER  HILL;  or,  The  Marvelous  Rescue  of 
Prince  Iota.  By  Albert  Neely  Hall.  Illustrated  in 
color,  etc.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  $1.20  net. 
THE  DOT  CIRCUS.  By  Clifford  L.  Sherman.  To  repro- 
duce the  pictures  and  complete  the  verses  connect 
the  numbered  dots.  Illustrated.  Houghton  Mifflin 
Co.  $1.  net. 

MAMMA'S  ANGEL  CHILD  IN  TOYLAND.  By  Marie 
Christine  Sadler;  illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  M.  T. 
("Penny")  Ross.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co.  $1.  net. 
THE  PIXIE  IN  THE  HOUSE.  By  Laura  Rountree  Smith ; 
illustrated  in  color  by  Clara  Powers  Wilson.  A.  C. 
MeClurg  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

WHO'S  WHO  IN  THE  LAND  OF  NOD.  By  Sarah  Sander- 
son Vanderbilt.  Illustrated.  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 
$1.  net. 

THE  STRANGE  STORY  OF  MR.  DOG  AND  MR.  BEAR.    By 
Mabel  Fuller  Blodgett;    illustrated  by  L.  J.  Bridg- 
man.    Century  Co.    $1.  net. 
FLOWER  FAIRIES.     By  Clara  Ingram  Judson.     Rand, 

McNally  &  Co.    $1.  net. 

STILL  MORE  RUSSIAN  PICTURE  TALES.    By  Valery  Car- 
rick;     translated    by    Nevill    Forbes.      Illustrated. 
Longmans,  Green,  &  Co.    $1.  net. 
SAALFIELD'S  ANNUAL.    Stories,  pictures  and  verses  for 
little  tots  by  many  writers.    Illustrated  in  color,  etc. 
Akron,  Ohio:      Saalfield  Publishing  Co.     $1.25  net. 
LICKLE  TICKLE.    By  Jean  Lang.     Illustrated  in  color, 

etc.    Sully  &  Kleinteich.    $1.  net. 
THE  BYLOW  BUNNIES.     Bedtime  Rhymes.     By  Grace 
May  North.     Illustrated  in  color,  etc.     R.  F.  Fenno 
&  Co.    75  cts.  net. 

LORAINE  AND  THE  LITTLE  PEOPLE.    By  Elizabeth  Gor- 
don;   illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  M.  T.  ("Penny") 
Ross.    Rand,  McNally  &  Co.    50  cts.  net. 
SURPRISE    ISLAND.      By    James    H.    Kennedy.      Illus- 
trated.   Harper  &  Brothers.    50  cts.  net. 
THE    SUNNY-SULKY    BOOK:      The    Sunny    Side.      By 
Sarah  C.  Rippey.     Illustrated  in  color,  etc.     Rand, 
McNally  &  Co.    50  cts.  net. 

NANNETTE  GOES  TO  VISIT  HER  GRANDMOTHER.     By 
Josephine    Scribner    Gates.      Illustrated    in    color. 
Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     50  cts.  net. 
THE  WAR  OF  THE  WOODEN  SOLDIERS.     By  F.  M.  H. 

Illustrated.     Rand,  McNally  &  Co.     50  cts.  net. 
BUNNY  RABBIT'S  DIARY.    By  Mary  Frances  Blaisdell. 
Illustrated    in    color,    etc.      Little,    Brown    &    Co. 
50  cts.  net. 

THE  BABY  ANIMAL  BOOKS.  New  volumes:  Baby 
Ostrich  and  Mr.  Wise-Owl;  Baby  Zebra  and  the 
Friendly  Rhinoceros.  Each  illustrated  by  Hattie 
Longstreet.  Penn  Publishing  Co.  Per  volume, 
50  cts.  net. 

DOINGS  OF  LITTLE  BEAR.  By  Frances  Margaret  Fox. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  Rand,  McNally  &  Co. 
50  cts.  net. 

THE  BUNNIKINS-BUNNIES'  CHRISTMAS  TREE.  By  Edith 
B.  Davidson.  Hlustrated  in  color,  etc.  Houghton 
Mifflin  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

A  CHILD'S  STAMP  BOOK  OF  OLD  VERSES.  Picture 
stamps  by  Jessie  Willcox  Smith.  Duffield  &  Co. 
50  cts.  net. 


510 


THE    DIAL 


[  Nov.  25 


THE  POGANY  NURSERY  BOOK  SERIES.  Illustrated  by 
Willy  Pogany.  Comprising :  The  Children  in  Japan, 
rhymes  and  story  by  Grace  Bartruse;  Cinderella, 
retold  in  story  and  rhyme  by  Edith  L.  Elias;  The 
Gingerbread  Man,  rhymes  by  Leonard  Fable ;  Little 
Mother  Goose.  MeBride,  Nast  &  Co.  Each  50  cts.  net. 

A  TALE  OF  TIBBY  AND  TABBY:  Adventures  of  Two 
Kittens.  By  Ada  M.  Skinner.  Illustrated  in  color. 
Duffield  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

THE  TOYS  OF  NUREMBERG.  By  Lillian  Baker  Sturges. 
Illustrated.  Band,  McNally  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

CHICKY  CHEEP.  Written  and  illustrated  in  color,  etc., 
by  Grace  G.  Drayton.  Duffield  &  Co.  50  cts.  net. 

LITTLE  FOLKS  SERIES.  Compiled  by  Dorothy  Donnell 
Calhoun.  Comprising:  Little  Folks  of  the  Bible, 
4  titles;  Little  Folks  from  Literature,  4  titles; 
Little  Folks  in  Art,  4  titles.  Each  illustrated. 
Abingdon  Press.  Per  volume,  25  cts.  net. 

Good  Books  of  All  Sorts. 

INDIAN  WHY  STORIES:  Sparks  from  War  Eagle's 
Lodge-Fire.  By  Frank  B.  Linderman.  Illustrated 
in  color.  Charles  Scribner's  Sons.  $2.  net. 

CHRISTMAS  IN  LEGEND  AND  STORY.  Compiled  by  Elva 
S.  Smith  and  Alice  I.  Hazeltine;  illustrated  from 
famous  paintings.  Lothrop,  Lee  &  Shepard  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

STORY  OF  JESUS  for  Young  and  Old :  A  Complete  Life 
of  Christ  Written  in  Simple  Language,  Based  on  the 
Gospel  Narrative.  By  Jesse  Lyman  Hurlbut,  D.D. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  John  C.  Winston  Co. 
$1.50  net. 

THE  CHILDREN'S  BOOK  OF  THANKSGIVING  STORIES. 
Edited  by  Asa  Don  Dickinson.  With  frontispiece. 
Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

SHOE  AND  STOCKING  STORIES.  By  Elinor  Mordaunt. 
Illustrated  in  color,  etc.  John  Lane  Co.  $1.25  net. 

TELL  ME  WHY  STORIES  ABOUT  COLOR  AND  SOUND.  By 
C.  H.  Claudy.  Illustrated  in  color.  Bobert  M. 
MeBride  &  Co.  $1.25  net. 

THE  STORY-TELLER  for  Little  Children.  By  Maud 
Lindsay.  Illustrated  in  color.  Lothrop,  Lee  & 
Shepard  Co.  $1.  net. 

ASK- AT- HOME  QUESTIONS:  Answers  to  Questions 
Children  Ask.  By  Marian  Elizabeth  Bailey.  Illus- 
trated. F.  A.  Stokes  Co.  $1.25  net. 

EUROPA'S  FAIRY  TALES.  By  Joseph  Jacobs;  illus- 
trated by  John  D.  Batten.  G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons. 
$1.25  net. 

JACOB,  A  LAD  OF  NAZARETH:  The  Life  of  Christ  in 
Story  Form.  By  Mabel  Gifford  Shine.  Illustrated 
in  color.  Band,  McNally  &  Co.  $1.  net. 

KEEPING  IN  CONDITION  :  A  Handbook  on  Training  for 
Older  Boys.  By  Harry  A.  Moore.  Macmillan  Co. 
75  cts.  net. 

IN  DREAMLAND:  A  Story  of  Living  and  Giving.  By 
Mrs.  H.  D.  Pittman.  Illustrated.  Boston:  Eichard 
G.  Badger.  $1.  net. 

THE  KINGDOM  OF  THE  WINDING  EOAD.  By  Cornelia 
Meigs.  Fanciful  adventures  of  a  beggar  who  plays 
a  wonderful  magical  pipe  —  a  penny  flute.  Illus' 
trated  in  color,  etc.,  by  Frances  White.  Macmillan 
Co.  $1.25  net. 

TOURBILLON;  or,  The  King  of  the  Whirlwinds.  By 
Estelle  E.  Updike.  Illustrated.  New  York:  Abing- 
don Press.  35  cts.  net. 

THE  LITTLE  CHILD  AT  THE  BREAKFAST  TABLE.  Ar- 
ranged by  William  and  Mary  Gannett.  The  Beacon 
Press.  50  cts.  net. 


NOTES. 


"  Columbine "  is  the  title  of  an  immediately 
forthcoming  novel  by  Miss  Viola  Meynell. 

It  is  reported  that  the  Nobel  Prize  for  litera- 
ture, for  1914,  has  been  awarded  to  M.  Romain 
Holland,  the  author  of  "  Jean  Christophe." 

A  new  novel  by  Miss  Marguerite  Bryant,  author 
of  "  Christopher  Hibbault :  Roadmaker,"  is  an- 
nounced by  Messrs.  Duffield.  Its  title  is  "  Felicity 
Crofton." 

Lovers  of  Tacitus  will  be  glad  to  hear  of  a  new 
English  translation  of  the  Histories,  made  by  Dr. 
George  Gilbery  Ramsay,  which  Messrs.  Dutton  are 
about  to  issue. 

Mr.  Ford  Madox  Hueffer  has  prepared  an  an- 
swer to  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw's  views  about  the  war, 
which  Messrs.  Doran  will  issue  at  once  under  the 
title  of  "  Between  St.  Dennis  and  St.  George." 

A  volume  of  "  War  Letters  of  an  American 
Woman,"  by  Miss  Marie  Van  Vorst,  who  has  been 
in  Paris  with  the  American  Ambulance,  and  else- 
where on  the  Western  front,  is  soon  to  appear. 

"  Lodges  in  the  Wilderness,"  by  Mr.  W.  C. 
Scully,  which  is  announced  for  winter  publication 
by  Messrs.  Holt,  is  a  record  of  impressions  and 
reminiscences  by  one  who  was  for  several  years  a 
British  Rural  Magistrate  in  South  Africa. 

A  biography  of  Dostoieffsky,  by  Eugenii  Solo- 
viev,  is  being  translated  into  English  and  will  be 
published  shortly.  In  this  study  the  author  has 
aimed  to  correct  some  popular  misconceptions  of 
Dostoieffsky,  and  to  supply  a  balanced  view  of 
his  life  and  influence. 

Among  the  new  volumes  announced  for  publica- 
tion by  Messrs.  Longmans  before  the  end  of  the 
present  month  are :  "  The  Capture  of  De  Wet : 
The  South  African  Rebellion,  1914,"  by  Mr.  Philip 
J.  Sampson;  "  Cuba  Old  and  New,"  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Robinson ;  and  "An  American  Garland :  Being  a 
Collection  of  Ballads  Relating  to  America,  1563- 
1759,"  edited,  with  Introduction  and  notes,  by 
Professor  C.  H.  Firth. 

An  illustrated  monograph  entitled  "  Rudyard 
Kipling:  A  Literary  Appreciation,"  by  Mr.  R. 
Thurston  Hopkins,  who  gives  an  anecdotal  history 
of  his  hero's  career  as  well  as  a  critical  review  of 
his  works,  will  be  published  at  once  by  Messrs. 
Simpkin,  Marshall  &  Co.  of  London.  A  bibliog- 
raphy of  criticisms  and  reviews  is  also  included, 
as  well  as  parodies  and  a  list  of  various  portraits, 
drawings,  and  caricatures. 

Five  new  volumes  in  the  "  Oxford  Garlands," 
edited  by  Mr.  R.  M.  Leonard,  making  fifteen  in 
all,  are  about  to  be  published  by  the  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Press.  Their  subjects  are  "  Elegies  and 
Epitaphs,"  "  Songs  for  Music,"  "  Poems  on  Ani- 
mals," "  Modern  Lays  and  Ballads,"  and  "  Epi- 
grams." The  Press  will  also  publish  before  long 
an  anthology  of  Buddhist  verse  entitled  "  The 
Heart  of  Buddhism,"  translated  and  edited  by 
Mr.  K.  T.  Saunders;  "A  Book  of  Sorrow:  An 
Anthology  of  Poems,"  compiled  by  Mr.  Andrew 
Macphail ;  "  This  England,"  an  anthology  of  En- 
glish character  and  landscape,  compiled  by  Mr. 


1915] 


THE   DIAL 


511 


Edward  Thomas ;  "  English  Prose :  Narrative, 
Descriptive,  and  Dramatic,"  compiled  by  Mr.  H.  A. 
Treble;  and  "English  Critical  Essays  (Nineteenth 
Century),"  selected  and  edited  by  Mr.  Edmund  D. 
Jones,  the  last  two  volumes  being  additions  to  the 
"  World's  Classics." 

The  "  Covent  Garden  Journal,"  which  Henry 
Fielding,  late  in  life,  edited  for  about  a  year  — 
the  last  of  the  periodicals  to  be  edited  by  the 
novelist  —  has  been  ransacked  for  a  volume  under 
that  title  which  is  to  be  published  by  the  Yale 
University  Press.  The  volume,  which  is  edited  by 
Dr.  Gerard  E.  Jensen,  with  notes  and  an  Intro- 
duction dealing  with  Fielding's  varied  activities, 
contains  a  reprint  of  all  the  leading  articles  — 
seventy-two  in  number  —  and  other  contributions 
clearly  from  Fielding's  own  pen. 

Supplementing  Mr.  Rudyard  Kipling's  just- 
published  "  France  at  War,"  which  includes  his 
memorable  poem,  "  France,"  there  were  to  have 
come,  it  is  said  on  good  authority,  further  sketches 
from  the  front,  which  the  author  was  preparing  to 
visit  again  with  special  arrangements  for  seeing 
and  recording  things  noteworthy  in  the  war  area. 
But  this  half -promised,  half -projected  book  seems 
now,  unfortunately,  not  likely  to  be  forthcoming, 
as  word  has  been  received  that  Mr.  Kipling's  son 
is  reported  "  missing  "  and  it  is  feared  that  he  has 
been  killed  in  action; 

Dr.  Walter  Leaf's  new  work,  on  "  Homer  and 
History,"  which  Messrs.  Macmillan  hope  to  have 
ready  next  month,  is  based  in  part  on  an  undeliv- 
ered course  of  'lectures  on  the  Norman  Wait  Harris 
foundation  prepared  by  the  author  on  the  invita- 
tion of  Northwestern  University,  Evanston,  Illi- 
nois. Everything  was  arranged  for  Dr.  Leaf's 
journey  to  the  United  States  when  the  outbreak  of 
war  and  imperative  duties  of  another  kind  left 
him  no  alternative  but  to  cancel  the  engagements. 
The  Lecture  Committee,  however,  has  given  its 
permission  for  the  publication  of  the  book  as  one 
of  the  series. 

The  National  Council  of  the  Independent  Labour 
Party  will  be  responsible  for  an  official  biography 
of  the  late  Mr.  Keir  Hardie.  Some  time  since, 
Mr.  Hardie  deposited  at  the  head  office  of  the 
party  a  mass  of  his  private  correspondence  and 
other  papers;  but,  in  order  that  the  biography 
should  be  as  complete  as  possible,  an  appeal  is 
made  for  the  loan  of  letters  or  other  documents, 
which  should  be  sent  to  the  General  Secretary  of 
the  I.  L.  P.,  St.  Bride's  House,  Salisbury-square, 
London,  E.G.  Care  will  be  taken  of  all  papers 
sent,  and  they  will  be  returned  to  the  sender  if 
desired.  Reminiscences  or  accounts  and  impres- 
sions of  personal  contact  with  Mr.  Hardie  would 
also  be  much  appreciated. 

Having  completed  his  epic  of  Dartmoor  in  some 
twenty-five  volumes,  Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  is  con- 
templating a  similar  series  of  romances  to  be 
written  round  such  English  national  industries  as 
seem  to  lend  themselves  to  the  scheme.  This  is  an 
old  idea  of  Mr.  Phillpotts's,  begun  long  ago  with 
his  early  stories  of  the  Cornish  fisheries,  but 
brushed  aside  by  the  Dartmoor  series.  It  was 
revived  by  "  Brunei's  Tower,"  the  author's  recent 


story  of  the  Devonshire  potteries,  and  is  continued 
by  "Old  Delabole,"  a  tale  of  the  Cornish  slate 
quarries,  which  has  just  appeared.  This  will  be 
followed  in  due  course  by  "  Song  o'  the  Hops," 
which  has  just  been  completed  in  manuscript. 
Mr.  Eden  Phillpotts  is  also  collecting  in  a  volume 
his  series  on  "  The  Human  Boy  and  the  War," 
many  of  which  have  appeared  serially. 

Professor  Frederick  Starr,  of  the  University  of 
Chicago,  has  recently  left  for  a  six-months'  expedi- 
tion to  Japan  and  Korea,  where  he  plans  to  finish 
studies  already  begun,  leaving  himself  free  for 
proposed  labors  in  Siam  and  Cambodia.  In 
Japan,  particular  attention  will  be  given  to  photo- 
graphic work,  the  effort  being  made  to  finish  out 
his  already  large  series  of  negatives  illustrating 
the  life  and  culture  of  the  Island  Empire;  he  will 
continue  his  study  of  Buddhist  sects  and  will  visit 
the  more  important  Shinto  shrines,  so  far  as  he 
has  not  seen  them;  he  hopes  also  to  complete  his 
investigation  of  Japanese  symbolism,  upon  which 
he  has  been  engaged  for  several  years.  In  Korea 
he  plans  pilgrimages  to  the  more  famous  old 
Buddhist  monasteries,  which  abound  in  interesting 
and  almost  unknown  works  of  art;  he  hopes  also 
to  gather  much  material  for  a  "  Manual  of  Korean 
Ethnography  "  and  to  make  the  beginnings  of  an 
ethnographic  collection  along  lines  which  he  has 
long  had  in  mind;  he  will  continue  his  collections 
of  Korean  riddles  and  proverbs,  already  of  con- 
siderable extent;  finally,  he  desires  to  study  fur- 
ther the  administrative  work  of  the  Japanese  in 
Korea,  a  work  which  he  has  watched  with  interest 
ever  since  Japan  began  to  exercise  preponderant 
influence  in  that  land. 

The  following  note  regarding  the  late  Sir  James 
Murray  appears  in  the  latest  section  of  the  Oxford 
Dictionary :  "  Sir  James  Murray  died  on  the 
26th  July,  1915.  His  great  wish  that  he  should 
live  to  finish  the  Dictionary  on  his  eightieth  birth- 
day, in  1917,  has  not  been  fulfilled ;  the  unceasing 
labour  of  three  and  thirty  years  has  ended  when 
less  than  a  tenth  part  of  the  work  remains  to  be 
done.  Almost  within  a  week  of  his  death  he  was 
still  hard  at  work,  showing,  as  Dr.  Bradley  wrote 
of  a  visit  made  to  him,  '  not  a  little  of  the  zest  and 
mental  lucidity  that  I  remembered  of  old.'  In  the 
preceding  months,  while  barely  convalescent  from 
an  illness  that  seemed  to  bring  him  to  the  gates  of 
death,  he  had  prepared,  and  at  the  appointed  date 
of  July  1  published,  his  usual  '  double  section.' 
'  The  words  contained  in  it/  Dr.  Bradley  says, 
'  present  an  extraordinary  number  of  difficult 
problems,  which  are  handled  with  the  editor's  char- 
acteristic sagacity  and  resource;  the  section  is  a 
piece  of  his  work  of  which  he  might  be  proud.'  It 
has  always  been  the  rule  that  each  of  the  editors 
should  be  exclusively  responsible  for  the  portions 
of  the  Dictionary  issued  under  his  name.  The 
sections  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  Bradley,  Dr.  Craigie, 
Mr.  Onions,  and  their  staffs,  will  not  be  affected. 
But  Sir  James  Murray  at  the  beginning  laid  the 
lines  and  drew  the  plan ;  in  the  prosecution  of  the 
work,  when  it  became  clear  that  it  must  be  shared, 
his  amazing  capacity  for  unremitting  labour  ena- 
bled him  to  take  more  than  an  equal  part,  and  the 


512 


THE   DIAL 


Nov.  25 


volumes  produced  by  himself  show  characteristic 
excellences  which  cannot  be  exactly  matched, 
though  they  may  be  rivalled  by  merits  of  another 
kind.  He  will  not  write  the  last  pages,  but  more 
than  that  of  any  other  man  his  name  will  be  asso- 
ciated with  the  long  and  efficient  working  of  the 
great  engine  of  research  by  which  the  Dictionary 
has  been  produced." 

The  leader  of  his  race  in  America,  in  all  that 
makes  for  a  better,  richer,  nobler,  and  more  useful 
life,  has  passed  away  and  left  no  one  to  take  his 
place.  So  it  seems,  at  any  rate,  in  viewing  the 
vacancy  left  by  the  death  of  Booker  T.  Washing- 
ton, educator  of  colored  youth,  uplifter  of  his 
fellow-negroes,  writer  of  notable  books  on  his  own 
chosen  work  and  on  the  peculiar  problems  that  he 
has  wrestled  with  in  his  labors  of  five  and  thirty 
years,  public  speaker  of  eloquence  and  force,  and 
loyal  citizen  of  the  country  from  which  his  people 
can  hardly  feel  that  they  have  received  nothing 
but  benefactions.  fourteen  years  of  scantily 
rewarded  toil  at  Tuskegee  preceded  any  general 
recognition  of  his  rare  quality  as  an  educator.  It 
was  by  his  address  at  the  opening  of  the  Cotton 
States  Exposition  at  Atlanta,  in  1895,  that  he  first 
attracted  public  attention.  Since  then  his  life  has 
been  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  South,  or  at  least 
of  the  colored  race  in  the  South.  Our  especial 
concern  with  his  achievements  must  here  be  limited 
to  his  books,  of  which,  in  the  midst  of  crowding 
duties  and  engagements,  he  somehow  found  time 
to  write  eleven, —  "  Sowing  and  Reaping,"  "  Up 
from  Slavery,"  "  The  Future  of  the  American 
Negro,"  "Character  Building,"  "The  Story  of 
My  Life  and  Work,"  "Working  with  Hands," 
"  Tuskegee  and  its  People,"  "  Putting  the  Most 
into  Life,"  "Life  of  Frederick  Douglass,"  "The 
Negro  in  Business,"  and  "  The  Story  of  the 
Negro."  In  his  autobiographic  writings  he  was, 
naturally  enough,  at  his  best;  but  in  all  that  he 
wrote  there  is  directness  and  force  that  belong 
only  to  records  based  on  personal  experience.  His 
published  works  form  a  worthy  monument  to  his 
memory. 

IJST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[  The  following  list,  containing  196  titles,  includes  books 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HOLIDAY   GIFT-BOOKS. 

Historic  Virginia  Homes  and  Churches.  By  Robert 
A.  Lancaster,  Jr.  Illustrated  In  photogravure, 
etc.,  large  8vo,  527  pages.  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 
$7.50  net. 

Heart  of  Europe.  By  Ralph  Adams  Cram,  LL.D. 
Illustrated,  Svo,  325  pages.  Charles  Scribner's 
Sons.  $2.50  net. 

Quilts t  Their  Story  and  How  to  Make  Them.  By 
Ma.rie  D.  Webster.  Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  Svo, 
178  pages.  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.  $2.50  net. 

The  Famous  Cities  of  Ireland.  By  Stephen  Gwynn; 
illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  by  Hugh  Thomson. 
12mo,  352  pages.  Macmillan  Co. 

The  Magic  of  Jewels  and  Charms.  By  George  Fred- 
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1915] 


THE   DIAL 


513 


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514 


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pages  of  the  volume  are  —  to  mention  only  a 
few  —  Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Mark  Twain, 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  Edward  Everett, 
James  T.  Fields,  Horace  Greeley,  John  Hay, 
Thomas  Went  worth  Higginson,  Wendell 
Phillips,  and  Verestchagin. 


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The  Everyday  Life 
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Francis  F.  Browne 

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This  book  gives  the  everyday  reader  a 
clearer,  more  complete  and  intimate  picture 
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"Stands    out    as    a    notable  achievement 
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of  Lincoln  the  man,  which  can  not  be  found 
in    the    many    biographies    ordinarily    con- 
structed."— Phila.  Public  Ledger. 

"Collecting  the  most  salient  features  of 
Lincoln's  character  and  weaving  them  into 
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Transcript. 

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The  Life  of 
Henry  Laurens 
D.  D.  Wallace 

8°.  i  Portraits.    $3.50.] 

Henry  Laurens  belonged  to  the  small 
group  of  men  of  exceptional  ability  who  held 
the  Congress  to  its  arduous  duties  in  the 
critical  period  of  1777-9,  and  impressed  his 
personality  deeply  upon  the  political  history 
of  the  Revolution.  He  has  been  called  the 
"finest,  proudest,  wittiest,  most  efficient,  and 
most  chivalrous  American  of  his  time." 

The  French  Revolution 
and  the  English  Novel 

Allene  Gregory,  Ph.D. 

Crown  8°.    $1.75. 

Detailed  consideration  of  a  phase  in  the 
history  of  the  novel  hitherto  touched  upon 
only  incidentally,  that  division  of  fiction  in 
which  the  political  idealism  of  the  Revolu- 
tion found  its  fullest  English  expression. 


Lincoln  and 
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William  E.  Doster 

12°.    $1.50. 

Occupies  a  distinctive  place  in  the  bibli- 
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the  events  of  the  author's  distinguished  career 
on  the  field  are  traced  with  the  help  of  a  diary 
which  he  had  kept,  an  important  part  of  the 
volume  is  devoted  to  an  account  of  the  trials, 
experiences,  and  observations  of  the  Provost- 
Marshal  of  Washington,  an  office  which  the 
author  filled  during  1862-3.  The  author 
likewise  had  the  distinction  of  being  one  of 
the  lawyers  for  the  defense  in  the  famous 
conspiracy  trials  of  1865,  an  account  which, 
written  with  knowledge  from  the  inside, 
closes  the  book. 

Isabel  of  Castile 
lerne  Plunket 

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The  story  of  the  Master  Spirit  in  the  mak- 
ing of  the  Spanish  Nation. 

Alfred  the  Great 
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Beatrice  A.  Lees 

8°.    50  Illustrations.    $2.50. 

A  brilliant  and  the  most  recent  work  on 
the  famous  "  Truthteller "  and  England  in 
the  ninth  century. 

The  History  of  the  Jews 
in  Russia  and  Poland 
Israel  Friedlaender 

12°.    $1.25. 

The  author  traces  the  restrictions  placed 
upon,  the  oppressions  exercised  against,  and 
the  accusations  made  respecting  the  Jews  in 
Poland  up  to  the  time  of  the  partition  of 
Poland  in  1772,  and,  from  that  point  on,  the 
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From  Caesar  to  Kaiser 
Elizabeth  W.  Champney 

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Chateaux  and  Villas,  the  author  puts  the 
story  of  Old  Belgium  into  the  mouths  of 
the  people  of  the  time.  She  unfolds  in  the 
same  delightful  manner  that  has  made  her 
other  Romances  so  popular,  the  rich  web 
of  history  and  tradition  that  the  eventful 
centuries  have  woven  about  that  devastated 
country. 

Fiction  Worth  Reading 
The  Golden  Slipper 

By  the  famous  author  of  "The  Leaven- 
worth  Case." 

The  Promise 

A  Tale  of  the  Great  Northwest. 

A  Rogue  by  Compulsion 

A  story  of  the  Secret  Service. 

Mid-Summer  Magic 

An  elemental   tale  with  the  scene  laid  in 
Gloucestershire. 

What  a  Man  Wills 

By  the  author  of  "An  Unknown  Lover." 


There  is  nothing  easier  to  buy  than  a 
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showing  for  the  cost  There  is  nothing 
that  indicates  such  loving  thoughtful- 
ness  on  the  part  of  the  giver,  and  that 
brings  such  real  and  lasting  pleasure, 
as  well-chosen  books. 


Vanishing  Roads 

and  Other  Essays 
Richard  LeGallienne 

12°.    $1.50. 

"Here  is  personality,  strong  convic- 
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Fedor  Sologub 

12°.    $1.50. 

Sologub  is  perhaps  the  cleverest  of 
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poets. 

The  Ballet  of  the 
Nations 
Vernon  Lee 

Quarto.     $1.25. 

A  literary  work  of  art  and  a  powerful 
comment  on  the  war.  Classic  panel 
illustrations. 

The  Ethics 
of  Confucius 

Miles  Menander  Dawson 

12°.     Portrait.     $1.50. 

The  sayings  of  the  Master  and  his 
disciples  upon  the  conduct  of  "The 
Superior  Man."  Introduction  by  Wu 
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Incense  and 

Iconoclasm 

Charles  Leonard  Moore 

12°.    $1.50. 

General  Morris  Schaff  writes  the 
author  as  follows: 

"Do  you  know  that  this  last  book  will 
put  you  in  the  very  first  rank,  if  not  in  the 
lead,  of  our  critics  on  literature?  It  is 
altogether  the  firmest,  broadest,  and  has 
the  most  marching  step,  so  to  speak,  of 
anything  that  has  appeared,  and  should 
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students  and  teachers  of  literature,  for  no 
one  can  read  your  essays  and  not  be  con- 
scious of  a  new  light  on  the  pages  of  the 
writers  whose  works  and  genius  you  have 
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Oscar  Wilde's 
Works 

Ravena  Edition.  13  vols.  16°.  Red 
Limp  Leather. 

Sold  separately,  Si. 25  each. 

The  first  opportunity  the  public  has  had 
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The  Books: 

The  Picture  of  Dorian  Gray. 
Lord    Arthur    Savile's    Crime,    and    the 
Portrait  of  Mr.  W.  H. 
The  Duchess  of  Padua. 
Poems. 

Lady  Windermere's  Fan. 
A  Woman  of  No  Importance. 
An  Ideal  Husband. 
The  Importance  of  Being  Earnest. 
A  House  of  Pomegranates. 
Intentions. 

De  Profundis  and  Prison  Letters. 
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Salome  —  La  Sainte  Courtisane. 


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University  of  Chicago  Press 

BSoofes  Suitable  for  (gifts 

The  Modern  Study  of  Literature.    By  Richard  Green  Moulton,  Head  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  General  Literature  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

An  introduction  to  literary  theory  and  interpretation  by  the  Head  of  the  Department  of  General 
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previous  well-known  books  on  literary  criticism  and  his  long  and  successful  experience  in  the  public 
presentation  of  literature  have  especially  fitted  him  for  the  authoritative  discussion  of  this  great  problem 
of  modern  education. 

The  Nation.  Professor  Richard  Green  Moul ton's  "The  Modern  Study  of  Literature "  is  the  culmination 
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which  the  author  now  regards  as  preliminary  studies — discussions  of  particular  principles  in 
application  to  special  literary  fields ....  His  enthusiasm  for  literature,  his  intimate  acquaintance 
with  it  in  classical,  Hebraic,  and  modern  English  forms, ....  the  mingled  precision  and  fluency  of 
his  style — these  characteristics  are  familiar  to  readers  of  even  one  or  two  of  his  preceding  books. 
vi+542  pages,  I2mo,  cloth;  $2.50,  postage  extra  (weight  i  Ib.  13  oz.). 

London  in  English  Literature.     By  Percy  Holmes  Boynton,  Associate  Professor  of 

English  Literature  in  the  University  of  Chicago. 

This  volume  differs  from  all  other  volumes  on  London  in  that  it  gives  a  consecutive  illustrated 
account  of  London,  not  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  antiquarian,  but  from  that  of  the  inquiring  student 
of  English  literary  history.  It  deals  with  ten  consecutive  periods,  characterized  in  turn  by  the  work  and 
spirit  of  Chaucer,  Shakespeare,  Milton,  Dryden,  Addison,  Johnson,  Lamb,  Dickens,  and  by  the  qualities 
of  Victorian  and  contemporary  London.  The  temper  of  each  epoch  is  discussed,  and  then  in  particular 
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By  CHARLES  S.  BROOKS.  Illustrated 
with  thirty  woodcuts  by  ALLEN 
LEWIS. 

These  Essays  possess  at  once  rare 
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and  therefore  the  most  stimulating 
climate,  but  applying  his  discoveries 
to  history,  he  shows  that  the  nations 
which  advanced  and  then  fell  back, 
such  as  the  Peruvians,  the  Greeks,  and 
the  nations  of  Palestine,  enjoyed  a 
climate  at  the  time  of  their  preeminence 
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A  Voice  From 
the  Crowd 

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Some  Christian 
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EV.   HENRY   SLOANE   COFFIN, 


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Own  Time,  writes  of  Sir  Harry  Vane, 
that  he  belonged  "to  the  sect  called 
'Seekers,'  as  being  satisfied  with  no 
form  of  opinion  yet  extant,  but  waiting 
for  future  discoveries."  It  is  for 
"seekers"  that  the  author  has  restated 
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Sappho  in  Levkas 
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CONDUCT  AND  THE  SUPERNATURAL 

By  LIONEL  SPENCER  THORNTON,  M.A.,  of  the  Com- 
munity of  the   Resurrection,    Mirfield.     8vo.     $2.25   net. 
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8vo.  $6.00  net. 

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excitation,  inhibition,  nutrition  and  other  more  strictly 
"vital "  processes.  A  book  of  wide  interest. 

CUBA,  OLD  AND  NEW 

By  A.  G.  ROBINSON,  Author  of  "Cuba  and  the  Interven- 
tion,"  etc.     With   numerous   Illustrations   from   Original 
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proper  understanding  of  the  relations  of  the  United  States  to 
the  Island  of  Cuba  and  of  the  conditions  existing  to-day.     He 
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tact with,  the  affairs  of  the  island;  from  many  visits  to  it; 
and  from  personal  acquaintance  with  many  of  those  who  have 
been  prominent  in  Cuba's  experiences  since  the  American 
occupation  in  January,  1899. 

THE  LIGHT  WITHIN.     A  Study  of  the 
Holy  Spirit. 

By  CHARLES  LEWIS  SLATTERY,  D.D.,  Rector  of  Grace 

Church  in  New  York.     $2.00  net. 

In  this  book  Dr.  Slattery  describes  the  growth  of  the  human 
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upon  Christ's  teachings,  the  Day  of  Pentecost,  St.  Paul's 
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which  had  begun  before  the  book  was  published  and_  which 
demanded  of  the  writer  a  searching  justification  of  his  faith 
in  an  immanent  and  unfaltering  Divine  Leadership. 

THE  CROWD  IN  PEACE  AND  WAR 

By  SIR  MARTIN  CONWAY,  late  Roscoe  Professor  of  Art, 

Liverpool;  Slade  Professor   of  Art,  Cambridge;  President 

of  the  Alpine   Club.     Crown   8vo.     Pp.   340.     #7.75  net. 

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morality,   religion,   government,   socialism,   war,   education, 

etc.,  from  a  novel  point  of  view,  and  illustrates  his  remarks 

by  numerous  tales  and  citations  from  authors  ancient  and 

modern. 


" — New  York  Sun. 

IN  MR.  KNOX'S  COUNTRY 

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"Some  Experiences  of  an  Irish  R.M."  With  8  Illustra- 
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that  cheerful  country,  and  many  old  ones,  amongst  them  the 
Narrator,  Major  Sinclair  Yeates,  R.M.,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Flurry  Knox. 

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"They  are  capital  and  enjoyable  tales.  Miss  Somerville 
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HUMAN  IMMORTALITY  AND  PRE- 
EXISTENCE 

By  DR.  J.  ELLIS  M'TAGGART,  Fellow  of  Trinity  College, 

Cambridge.     Crown  8vo.     $O.QO  net. 

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readers  who  found  the  expense  of  the  larger  book  a  bar  to  its 
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tinguished exponents  of  Philosophy  in  the  present  day,  and 
the  subject  of  this  little  volume  is  of  such  vital  importance 
that  his  carefully  thought-out  propositions  can  not  fail  to 
be  of  great  interest. 

A  SURGEON  IN  KHAKI 

By  ARTHUR  ANDERSON  MARTIN,  M.D.,  etc.     With 
25   Illustrations.     8vo.     Pp.  x+2?9.     $3.00  net. 
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the  Aisne,  and  afterwards  in  Flanders. 

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a  more  vivid  idea  of  the  events  as  they  struck  the  individual 
on  the  spot  than  has  hitherto  been  given. 

BLACK  AND  WHITE  IN  THE  SOUTHERN 
STATES.  A  Study  of  the  Race  Problem  in  the 
United  States  from  a  South  African  Point  of  View. 

By  MAURICE  S.  EVANS,  C.M.G.,  Author  of  "Black 
and  White  in  South-East  Africa."  With  Map  and  Index. 
8vo.  Pp.  xii  +  299.  £2.25  net. 

"The  keen  intellect  and  tender  conscience  of  the  Twentieth 
Century  both  imperatively  demand  that  the  illogical  and 
unethical  attitude  in  which  the  races  face  each  other  in  the 
Southern  States  and  in  South  Africa  shall  be  changed  for 
one  that  we  can  justify,  and  with  which  the  black  man  shall 
be  satisfied.  Our  question  is  one  phase  of  the  greater  prob- 
lem of  race  and  color  which  touches  all  the  European  nations, 
and  nearly  every  backward  race  and  tribe  throughout  the 
wide  world.  The  problem  of  the  Twentieth  Century  is  the 
problem  of  the  color  line."— From  the  Author's  Introduc- 
tion." 


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Illut.,  Cloth,  .75 


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The  Fur  Trail  Adventurers 


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Our  American  Wonderlands       BY  George  wharton  James 

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By  DR.  ANNA  HOWARD  SHAW. 

With  the  Collaboration  of  Elizabeth  Jordan. 
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THE  MAN  JESUS 

By  MARY  AUSTIN. 

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[  Dec.  9 


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1915]  THE     DIAL  543 


II 


The  Literary  "Find"  of  the  Year 

What  It  Is:  — 

"Lafcadio  Hearn  sat  himself  down  before  a  company  of  keen,  alert  young  Japa- 
nese— how  keen  and  alert  nobody  can  fully  understand  who  has  not  himself  met  such 
a  company — in  a  university  lecture  room  and  talked  to  them  right  out  of  his  head, 
just  as  the  fancy  moved  him.  He  had  no  text-book  before  him,  and  no  notes.  He 
just  talked,  in  a  simple,  direct,  intimate,  colloquial  fashion,  about  the  authors  and 
books  that  thronged  the  chambers  and  shelves  of  his  own  compendious  mind.  He 
talked  discursively,  after  the  style  of  a  peripatetic  philosopher,  yet  always  coherently 
and  logically.  He  talked  slowly,  too;  partly  because  he  had  to  think  out  what  he  was 
to  say  as  he  went  along,  and  partly  because  he  was  speaking  in  a  language  somewhat 
unfamiliar  to  his  hearers,  and  he  wanted  them  to  comprehend  his  words.  So  de- 
liberately did  he  talk,  indeed,  that  some  of  his  hearers  were  able  with  nimble  hands 
to  write  down  verbatim  what  he  said,  and  it  is  from  these  reports  of  his  lectures,  thus 
prepared,  that  these  volumes  ("Interpretations  of  Literature,"  by  Lafcadio  Hearn) 
have  been  compiled.  There  are  in  them,  consequently,  a  spontaneity  and  a  sympa- 
thetic charm  which  must  have  been  compelling  and  convincing  to  his  Japanese  hearers, 
and  which  will  prove  no  less  triumphant  among  his  American  readers." — New  York 
Herald. 

What  Critics  Say:^- 

"The  supreme  value  of  the  work  for  present  consideration  is  the  efficiency  of  its  interpretations 
of  English  literature  to  English  readers,  who  perhaps  are  as  much  in  need  of  such  service  as  were 
Hearn's  pupils  at  the  Imperial  University  of  Japan." — New  York  Herald. 

' '  For  these  remarkable  documents  there  is  probably  no  equivalent  in  any  language.  .  .  .  Delivered 
in  a  Western  tongue  to  Oriental  hearers,  one  expected  a  certain  simplicity  of  utterance,  and  yet  no 
one  could  have  anticipated  such  an  amazing  flow  of  elementary  terms,  perfect  in  their  expression  of 
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Erskine's  sweeping  claim  that  it  is  'unmatched  in  English  unless  we  return  to  Coleridge,  and  in 
some  ways  unequaled  by  anything  in  Coleridge'." — N.  Y.  Times. 

"In  publishing  the  lectures  which  Lafcadio  Hearn  delivered  at  Tokio  University  from  1896  to 
1902,  a  service  has  been  done  not  only  to  literature,  but  to  friendship  among  the  nations." — N.  Y. 
Evening  Post. 

I!    To  Readers  of  THE  DIAL. 

Fill    in  and    send    US  the   Coupon    and  we         «|M«««««»"» ammwmmmmmnm ma*m^maa*UH*tammam^mmi^mmm***m niiou 

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•  |        return  the  set  at  our  expense,  within  30  days  Lafcadio    Hearn's    INTERPRETATIONS' OF 

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[Dec.  9,  1915 


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Jfortmgi)tlj>  journal  o£  3Uterarj>  Criticism,  Biscussion,  ano  information. 


Vol.  LIX.  DECEMBER  9,  1915 


No.  707 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


WILLIAM   MOREIS   AND   THE   WORLD   TO- 
DAY.    T.  D.  A.  CockereU 545 

SOME    AMERICAN    NOVELISTS    AND    THE 

LAME  ART.     H.  W.  Boynton     ....  548 

LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON.     (Special 

London  Correspondence.)     J.  C.  Squire  .     .  549 
New  Publishing  Activities. — An  All-Embrac- 
ing  Epic. —  The   Christmas   Book    Season. — 
War     Books. —  A     Prohibited     Novel. —  Mr. 
Shaw's  New  Play. 

CASUAL  COMMENT 551 

A  graceful  acknowledgment  of  a  literary 
honor. —  Exceptions  to  the  rule  of  easy  writ- 
ing and  hard  reading. — An  embargo  on  liter- 
ature.—  Bill  Pratt,  saw-buck  philosopher. — 
A  word  about  academy-making. —  Simple 
Simons  of  the  censorship. — "  The  greatest 
menace  to  universal  education." —  Some  anec- 
dotes of  the  late  Sir  James  Murray. — A  con- 
tribution to  the  curiosities  of  literature. — 
Gems  of  purest  ray  serene. —  Reading  with 
the  eyes.— A  defence  of  fine  library  build- 
ings.—  Frenzied  f onetics. 

COMMUNICATIONS .     .     .     .555 

Some  Further  Remarks  about  Bryant.     John 

L.  Hervey. 

Once  in  a  Blue  Moon.    Alma  Luise  Olson. 
More  about  Diphthongs.    Frank  H.  Vizetelly 

and  Wallace  "Rice. 
Imagism   and   Plagiarism.     Arthur   Davison 

Ficke. 

NEW    VIEWS    OF    STEVENSON.       Clark    S. 

Northup 561 

CLASSICS  ON  THE  ART  OF  ACTING.     H.  C. 

Chat-field-Taylor 564 

TRIUMPHS    OF    GERMAN    STATE    SOCIAL- 
ISM.   Frederic  Austin  Ogg 566 

BACONIZING    SHAKESPEARE.      Samuel    A. 

Tannenbaum 567 

A     CURIOSITY     IN     LITERARY     HISTORY. 

Benj.  M.  Woodbridge 571 

RECENT  FICTION.     Edward  E.  Hale  ....  573 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS  —  II 575 

Biography  and  History. — Travel  and  Descrip- 
tion.—  Nature  and  Out-Door  Life. —  Miscel- 
laneous. 

NOTES 580 

TOPICS  IN  DECEMBER  PERIODICALS     .     .  581 
LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS    .  .  582 


WILLIAM  MORRIS  AND  THE   WORLD 
TO-DAY. 

"  I  have  not  been  well,  and  there  have  been 
other  troubles  of  which  I  won't  speak,  and  the 
sum  of  all  has  rather  made  me  break  down.  I 
hope  I  am  not  quite  unhumble,  or  want  to  be  the 
only  person  in  the  world  untroubled;  but  I  have 
been  ever  loth  to  think  that  there  were  no  people 
going  through  life,  not  without  pain  indeed,  but 
with  simplicity  and  free  from  blinding  entangle- 
ments. Such  an  one  I  want  to  be,  and  my  faith 
is  that  it  is  possible  for  most  men  to  be  no  worse. 
Yet  indeed  I  am  older,  and  the  year  is  evil;  the 
summerless  season,  and  famine  and  war,  and  the 
folly  of  peoples  come  back  again,  as  it  were,  and 
the  more  and  more  obvious  death  of  art  before 
it  rises  again,  are  heavy  matters  to  a  small  crea- 
ture like  me,  who  cannot  choose  but  think  about 
them,  and  can  mend  them  scarce  a  whit." 

Thus  wrote  William  Morris  to  Mrs.  Burne- 
Jones  in  1882.  Thus  could  many  of  us  write 
to-day.  Whether  we  regard  the  European 
chaos,  or  our  own  poor  success  in  dealing  with 
labor  of  head  or  hand,  or  the  present  state  of 
the  arts,  they  are  heavy  matters  for  us,  who, 
it  seems,  "  can  mend  them  scarce  a  whit." 
Perhaps  the  dominant  national  feeling,  the 
undercurrent  which  indicates  the  real  flow  of 
the  river,  is  that  of  distress  and  incompetence. 
To  escape  it,  we  gyrate  in  the  eddies,  think 
and  do  the  superficial  things,  and  hope  that 
God  at  least  is  looking  after  His  work. 

Those  who  would  criticize  us,  as  indeed 
we  criticize  ourselves,  may  fairly  be  asked  to 
consider  whether,  after  all,  they  are  not  wit- 
nessing a  necessary  stage  of  our  evolution. 
We  feel  that  it  must  be  so,  and  therein  is  one 
ray  of  hope.  Some  one  has  said  that  a  man 
who  had  never  reached  the  conclusion  that  he 
was  an  ass,  was  indeed  one,  with  little  chance 
of  redemption.  It  may  be  so  with  nations. 

Out  of  all  this  came  Morris,  as  we  also  must 
come,  with  a  programme  of  salvation.  It  was 
the  present  writer's  privilege  to  know  him  in 
the  days  of  his  active  Socialistic  propaganda, 
and  to  hear  him  read,  when  it  was  new,  his 
stirring  "  Message  of  the  March  Wind  " : 

"  Yet,  love,  as  we  wend,  the  wind  bloweth  behind 

us, 

And  beareth  the  last  tale  it  telleth  tonight, 
How  here  in  the  spring-tide  the  message  shall 

find  us; 
For  the  hope  that  none  seeketh  is  coming  to  light. 


546 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


"Like  the  seed  of  midwinter, unheeded, unperished, 
Like  the  autumn-sown  wheat  'neath  the  snow 

lying  green, 
Like  the  love  that  o'ertook  us,  unawares  and 

uncherished, 
Like  the  babe  'neath  thy  girdle  that  groweth 

unseen ; 

"  So  the  hope  of  the  people  now  buddeth  and 

groweth, 

Rest  fadeth  before  it,  and  blindness  and  fear; 
It  biddeth  us  learn  all  the  wisdom  it  knoweth ; 
It  hath  found  us  and  held  us,  and  biddeth  us 

hear. 

"  For  it  beareth  the  message :    '  Rise  up  on  the 

inorrow, 
And  go  on  your  ways  toward  the  doubt  and  the 

strife ; 
Join  hope  to  our  hope  and  blend  sorrow  with 

sorrow, 
And  seek  for  men's  love  in  the  short  days  of 

life.' " 

And  again,  in  his  lecture  on  "  The  Aims  of 
Art,"  he  says : 

"  The  world's  roughness,  falseness,  and  injus- 
tice, will  bring  about  their  natural  consequences, 
and  we  and  our  lives  are  part  of  those  conse- 
quences; but  since  we  inherit  also  the  conse- 
quences of  old  resistance  to  those  curses,  let  us 
each  look  to  it  to  have  our  fair  share  of  that  in- 
heritance also,  which,  if  nothing  else  come  of  it, 
will  at  least  bring  to  us  courage  and  hope ;  that  is 
eager  life  while  we  live,  which  is  above  all  things 
the  Aim  of  Art." 

So  Morris,  in  a  blue  suit,  looking  like  some 
sea-captain,  stood  at  street  corners  on  Sunday 
mornings,  and  tried  to  give  his  message  to  the 
public.  Two  or  three  of  us,  his  comrades  of 
the  Socialist  League,  would  form  the  nucleus 
of  a  crowd;  miscellaneous  passers-by  would 
stop  to  see  what  was  going  on,  and  the  indif- 
ferent little  assemblages  would  be  treated  to 
lectures  which  many  would  now  pay  a  good 
price  to  hear.  John  Burns  tells  a  good  story 
of  an  occasion  when  he  went  out  with  Morris 
on  behalf  of  the  propaganda.  Burns,  who  has 
a  voice  like  a  fog-horn,  started  things,  and  the 
inhabitants  of  the  little  village  began  to  as- 
semble. The  crowd  obtained,  Burns  gave  way 
to  Morris,  who  was  warming  up  to  his  subject, 
when  Burns  plucked  his  sleeve  and  warned 
him  to  stop.  Morris  obeyed,  but  was  visibly 
annoyed,  and  wanted  to  know  what  was  the 
matter  with  his  speech  or  with  the  crowd. 
"  Well,"  said  Burns,  "  I  had  seen  what  Mor- 
ris had  overlooked,  that  the  adjacent  'pub' 
had  just  opened,  and  I  didn't  think  it  fitting 
that  the  author  of  '  The  Earthly  Paradise ' 


should  be  left  speaking,  as  he  certainly  would 
have  been,  to  a  baby  in  a  '  pram ' ! " 

So  it  seemed  that  all  this  wave  of  hope 
and  enthusiasm  surged  against  stone  walls, 
rebounding  upon  itself.  Even  among  the 
comrades,  within  the  Socialist  League,  dissen- 
tion  arose,  and  eventually  active  educational 
propaganda  was  abandoned  by  Morris  him- 
self, who  took  to  new  and  wonderful  forms 
of  art,  whereby  we  all  profit  greatly  to  this 
day. 

It  would  be  logical  to  ask  whether  Morris's 
earlier  pessimism  did  not  better  express  the 
reality  of  things;  whether  we,  in  our  doubt 
and  hesitation,  are  not  facing  the  real  world 
with  an  understanding  of  its  nature.  It 
would  be  easy  to  defend  ourselves  with  an 
intellectual  cynicism,  or  to  pacify  our  con- 
sciences with  a  programme  presenting  only 
the  outward  appearance  of  activity.  To  one 
who  has  lived  through  the  last  thirty  years, 
observing  the  progress  of  events,  it  does  in- 
deed appear  ludicrous  that  some  of  us  could 
have  believed  the  "  industrial  revolution " 
would  come  before  the  end  of  the  century; 
but  it  is  none  the  less  evident  that  the  seed  so 
passionately  sown  has  brought  its  harvest. 
The  gain  was  real  and  substantial,  and  his- 
tory will  see,  not  poor  little  crowds  of  stupid 
people  bearing  witness,  but  the  whole  wide 
world. 

It  was  extremely  characteristic  of  Morris 
that  he  threw  himself  whole-heartedly  into 
whatever  he  chose  to  do.  He  had  no  patience 
with  half  measures.  I  remember  his  scorn 
when  the  committee  of  the  League  had  the 
posters  announcing  the  meetings  printed  on 
pinkish  paper,  instead  of  full  red.  "Why," 
he  said,  "  it  looks  like  revolution  and  water !  " 
He  was  essentially  constructive  in  all  his  aims. 
The  Socialistic  propaganda  took  the  form  of 
an  attack  on  existing  society,  and  to  super- 
ficial people  it  might  seem  only  an  effort  to 
destroy ;  but  the  mind  of  Morris,  if  not  of  all 
his  followers,  was  illumined  by  a  vision  of 
what  might  be.  Must  it  not  be  the  same  with 
us?  If  our  present  condition,  nationally  and 
individually,  is  but  a  stage,  well  and  good. 
It  remains,  however,  to  see  that  something 
positive,  genuine,  and  purposeful  comes  out 
of  it  all.  The  spirit  of  America  must  emerge 
as  a  real  contribution  to  civilization.  It  can 
hardly  be  said  to-day  that  our  literature,  our 
educational  institutions,  or  our  political  or- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


547 


ganizations  are  adequately  dealing  with  the 
problems  they  confront;  they  are  instead 
seeking  lines  of  the  least  resistance,  trying  to 
do  what  good  they  can  without  inconvenience. 
One  is  almost  ready  to  believe  that  the  Uni- 
versity, which  seems  to  represent  the  high- 
water  mark  of  our  intellectual  attainment, 
must  suffer  from  the  frailty  of  its  weakest 
link ;  gathering  together  the  best  the  country 
affords,  and  then  levelling  downward.  Such 
a  statement  is  too  extreme ;  to  express  it  is  to 
fall  in  some  measure  into  the  pessimism  we 
condemn ;  yet  it  remains  true  that  unless  we 
can  react  to  evil  as  Morris  did,  rising  on 
wings  of  seemingly  quixotic  hope,  we  must  be 
written  down  as  having  failed  when  failure 
was  most  calamitous  to  the  human  race. 

Eecently  I  witnessed  a  curiously  mixed 
programme  in  the  local  theatre.  The  first 
part  of  the  evening  saw  the  production  of  a 
long  "  movie  "  play,  a  tale  of  the  wild  west, 
dramatic,  bloodthirsty,  and  highly  moral. 
The  second  event  was  a  drama  with  real 
actors, —  "  War  Brides,"  done  by  members  of 
the  women's  club,  and  done  extremely  well. 
Little  as  these  matters  seemed  to  be  related, 
the  thoughts  they  initiated  finally  met  each 
other  on  the  cross-roads,  and  recognized  a 
kinship.  The  combined  result  led  back  to  the 
memory  of  AVilliam  Morris,  and  of  his  plans 
for  human  happiness. 

In  "  The  Roots  of  the  Mountains  "  we  find 
a  picture  of  peaceful  activity,  which  for  its 
beauty  and  eloquence,  as  well  as  its  appro- 
priateness to  the  present  time,  is  perhaps 
unsurpassed : 

" '  Sweet  friend/  he  said,  '  what  thou  sayest  is 
better  than  well;  for  time  shall  be,  if  we  come 
alive  out  of  this  pass  of  battle  and  bitter  strife, 
when  I  shall  lead  thee  into  Burgdale  to  dwell  there. 
And  thou  wottest  of  our  people  that  there  is  little 
strife  and  grudging  amongst  them,  and  that  they 
are  merry,  and  fair  to  look  oh,  both  men  and 
women;  and  no  man  there  lacketh  what  the  earth 
may  give  us,  and  it  is  a  saying  amongst  us  that 
there  may  a  man  have  that  which  he  desireth  save 
the  sun  and  moon  in  his  hands  to  play  with;  and 
of  this  gladness,  which  is  made  up  of  many  little 
matters,  what  story  may  be  told?  Yet  amongst  it 
I  shall  live  and  thou  with  me;  and  ill  indeed  it 
were  if  it  wearied  thee  and  thou  wert  ever  longing 
for  some  day  of  victorious  strife,  and  to  behold  me 
coming  back  from  battle  high-raised  on  the  shields 
of  men  and  crowned  with  bay;  if  thine  ears  must 
ever  be  tickled  with  the  talk  of  men  and  their 
songs  concerning  my  warrior  deeds.  For  thus  it 
shall  not  be.  When  I  drive  the  herds  it  shall  be 


at  the  neighbours'  bidding  whereso  they  will;  not 
necks  of  men  shall  I  smite,  but  the  stalks  of  the 
tall  wheat,  and  the  boles  of  the  timber-trees  which 
the  wood  reeve  hath  marked  for  felling;  the  stilts 
of  the  plough  rather  than  the  hilts  of  the  sword 
shall  harden  my  hands;  my  shafts  shall  be  for 
the  deer,  and  my  spears  for  the  wood-boar,  till  war 
and  sorrow  fall  upon  us,  and  I  fight  for  the  ceas- 
ing of  war  and  trouble.  And  though  I  be  called  a 
chief  and  of  the  blood  of  chiefs,  yet  shall  I  not  be 
masterful  to  the  goodmen  of  the  Dale,  but  rather 
to  my  hound ;  for  my  chieftainship  shall  be  that  I 
shall  be  well  beloved  and  trusted,  and  that  no  man 
shall  grudge  against  me.  Canst  thou  learn  to  love 
such  a  life,  which  to  me  seemeth  lovely? ' " 

I  should  like  to  see  this  passage  graven  on  a 
tablet,  and  set  in  one  of  the  great  railroad 
stations  of  this  country,  where  the  seething 
mass  of  humanity  daily  passing  through 
might  pause  for  a  moment  and  read.  Yet  in 
reading,  we  must  not  let  the  musical  charm 
of  the  language  fill  our  minds  to  the  exclusion 
of  the  deeper  thought  it  conveys.  The  Mor- 
risian  doctrine,  here  expressed,  is  that  happi- 
ness lies  in  normal  self -activity,  in  doing  a 
multitude  of  little  things  to  serve  our  needs 
and  those  of  our  fellows.  The  "  War  Brides  " 
drama  is  first  of  all  an  exposure  of  the 
hideousness  of  war ;  but  it  is  hardly  less  pow- 
erful as  a  plea  against  unjust  suppression,  the 
denial  of  the  right  to  be  and  do.  Our  sons 
and  daughters  shall  live  their  proper  useful 
lives,  and  shall  not,  at  the  command  of  some 
external  authority,  be  fed  into  the  jaws  of  the 
war  machine.  Nay,  if  they  must  come  to  that, 
there  shall  be  no  sons  and  daughters. 

All  this  is  evident;  but  what,  in  this  con- 
nection, of  the  "movies"?  The  outgoing! 
thought  was  this :  that  whereas  we  rebel,  and 
must  rebel,  against  forceful  injustice  and 
suppression,  we  may  ourselves  do  what  we 
will  not  permit  others  to  compel,  voluntarily 
abandoning  our  proper  activities.  Morris 
always  rebelled  against  the  tendency  to  allow 
machines  to  usurp  the  pleasurable  work  of 
man,  "  labor  saving  "  devices,  to  save  us  from 
that  which  really  makes  life  worth  living.  He 
hardly  contemplated  such  degradation  as  the 
turning  of  our  play  also  over  to  machines. 
The  "movies"  may  be  moral  or  instructive, 
or  may  be  otherwise,  but  the  "  movie  "  mania, 
like  that  of  athletic  "fans,"  means  the  ever 
greater  extension  of  sloth,  the  replacement 
of  the  humble  happy  play  of  other  years  by 
the  mere  contemplation  of  things.  Morris  did 
indeed  recognize  and  insist  upon  the  impor- 
tance of  satisfying  the  "period  of  idleness," 


548 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


which  was  one  of  the  great  aims  of  art,  but 
he  dreaded  the  cheapening  of  endeavor  by 
competition  with  devices  intended  to  curtail 
the  expenditure  of  human  energy.  It  was  for 
this  reason  that  he  wrote  his  "News  from 
Nowhere,"  to  stand  against  the  picture  pre- 
sented by  Bellamy's  "Looking  Backward." 
The  moving  picture,  reasonably  used,  is  a 
beneficial  invention ;  even  Morris  would  never 
have  gone  so  far  as  to  regret  the  existence  of 
the  printing  press,  in  which  machinery  takes 
the  place  of  hand-work  on  a  vast  scale.  Argu- 
ing as  a  lawyer,  we  can  make  it  appear  that 
there  is  no  logical  basis  for  objecting  to  mod- 
ern methods  of  entertainment ;  yet  those  who 
thoughtfully  contemplate  the  facts  have  rea- 
son to  be  alarmed  lest  we,  having  won  free- 
dom and  peace,  may  sacrifice  the  due  fruits 
of  these  blessings  to  the  god  of  sloth. 

T.  D.  A.   COCKERELL. 


SOME  AMERICAN  NOVELISTS  AND 
THE  LAME  ART. 


A  very  pretty  quarrel  seems  to  be  going  on 
in  the  pages  of  "  The  Atlantic  Monthly."  It 
is  taking  a  somewhat  leisurely  course,  as  it 
began  about  a  year  ago.  The  opening  shot 
was  fired  by  a  red-coat,  Mr.  Edward  Garnett, 
introduced  in  the  "Atlantic"  (on  the  author- 
ity of  a  popular  English  novelist)  as  "the 
most  valuable  of  British  critics."  If  he  is 
that,  there  was  little  evidence  of  it  in  "  Some 
Remarks  on  American  and  British  Fiction." 
No  doubt  conditions  were  unfavorable.  The 
editor  of  the  "Atlantic  "  had  asked  him  to  say 
a  little  something;  and,  without  special  in- 
clination or  preparation,  he  did  just  that.  It 
was  only  for  American  consumption,  anyhow. 
The  result  was  a  casual  and  rather  bungling 
attack  upon  American  letters,  and  especially 
current  American  fiction.  America  (it  is  to 
be  supposed)  sat  up.  Clearly  something  must 
be  said  for  our  literary  Stars  and  Stripes; 
and  the  "Atlantic"  presently  put  a  champion 
in  the  field.  This,  of  course,  was  not  a  critic 
(since  we  have  no  critics),  but  a  popular 
novelist  and  man  of  the  world.  So  Mr. 
Owen  Wister,  entering  the  arena,  proclaims 
in  a  clear  voice  that  Mr.  Garnett  is  right,  that 
we  have  no  current  fiction  of  value,  and  that 
this  is  due  to  the  venality  or  impotence  of  our 
criticism,  the  slack  ambitions  of  our  novelists, 
and  the  hopeless  stupidity  of  our  "reading 
public."  America  sat  up  again.  It  was  plain 
enough  that  while  Mr.  Wister  had  told  some 
home  truths  he  had  also  restated  many 


ancient  and  lamentable  fallacies,  and  had 
ignored  the  real  issue.  Here,  if  we  had  pos- 
sessed such  a  thing  as  a  critic,  would  have 
been  an  appropriate  moment  to  call  upon 
him,  so  that  we  might  at  least  stand  a  chance 
of  discovering  what  we  were  talking  about. 
In  default  of  that,  the  "Atlantic"  did  the 
best  it  could  by  calling  upon  a  second  popular 
American  novelist,  Mr.  Meredith  Nicholson, 
to  take  up  the  cudgels  in  the  cause,  whatever 
that  might  be.  Mr.  Nicholson,  in  "  The  Open 
Season  for  American  Novelists,"  turned  out 
a  very  graceful  and  amusing  piece  of  writing, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  gently  chaffed  Mr. 
Garnett,  Mr.  Wister,  and  the  rest  of  us,  and 
came  to  the  sound  conclusion  that,  after 
all,  there  is  nothing  whatever  to  be  gained 
for  American  literature  by  the  habit  of 
scolding. 

Well,  some  of  us  breathed  easier  after  that. 
It  was  reassuring  to  feel  that  our  literary 
estate  was  not  so  desperate  that  it  could  not 
still  be  smiled  about.  To  be  sure,  Mr.  Nichol- 
son had  not  altogether  cleared  up  the  situa- 
tion, and  there  might  still  have  been  room,  if 
we  had  had  a  critic — .  However,  that  being 
out  of  the  question,  the  little  exchange  of 
more  or  less  random  shots  seemed  to  be  in 
some  sense  "  over  " ;  when  lo !  in  the  current 
number  of  the  "Atlantic "  a  new  champion 
appears,  far  more  fierce  and  determined  than 
his  predecessors.  This,  under  the  conditions, 
could  be  none  other  than  a  third  popular 
American  novelist,  Mr.  Henry  Sydnor  Har- 
rison. Him,  on  the  evidence  of  his  bearing, 
I  take  to  be  a  volunteer,  zealous  for  the 
cause,  and  actually  intent  upon  finding  out 
what  the  cause  is.  What  he  believes  he  has 
found  is  suggested  by  his  title,  "  Conven- 
tional Critics  and  Poor  America."  The  issue 
is  between  the  novelists  and  the  people  of 
America  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  "  genteel 
critics,"  as  Mr.  Wister  calls  them,  on  the 
other.  Those  gentry,  as  far  as  we  can  make 
out,  are  damned  from  the  cradle,  since  criti- 
cism (unless,  we  suppose,  as  practised  by 
popular  novelists)  is,  according  to  Mr.  Har- 
rison, "the  lamest  of  all  arts."  The  sting  in 
his  title  is  that  it  includes  Mr.  Wister!  Mr. 
Harrison  announces  with  joy,  which  I  for  one 
have  not  the  heart  to  grudge  him,  that  in  his 
"Atlantic"  utterance  the  older  novelist  has 
shown  himself  no  better  than  a  critic, —  the 
hidebound  timid  genteel  critic  whom  he  has 
crushed  beneath  a  passing  heel.  Of  course 
the  new  champion  has  no  difficulty  in  getting 
under  his  victim's  fifth  (or  critical)  rib 
(even  THE  DIAL  may  be  said  to  have  done 
that!).  Mr.  Harrison,  taking  him  to  repre- 
sent the  best  that  "authorised  criticism"  in 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


549 


America  can  put  forward,  handles  him  ex- 
haustively. If  there  is  anything  left  to  be 
done  to  Mr.  Wister  in  connection  with  his 
article,  "  Quack  Novels  and  Democracy,"  it 
does  not  occur  to  us  at  the  moment.  After  a 
slight  attempt  at  the  urbane  ironical  manner, 
Mr.  Harrison  throws  caution  to  the  winds, 
and  goes  at  his  adversary  with  the  bare 
knuckles.  The  result  is  not  the  less  amusing 
by  reason  of  Mr.  Harrison's  devout  conviction 
that  he  is  disposing  of  two  adversaries  by 
knocking  their  heads  together.  Mr.  Wister 
has  said  that  critics  are  fools  and  weaklings. 
So  they  are.  But  Mr.  Wister  himself  is  one 
of  them:  therefore  by  showing  up  Mr.  Wis- 
ter's  folly  and  feebleness  you  are  polishing 
off  the  whole  breed. 

For  example :  Mr.  Wister  damns  the  Amer- 
ican "  reading  public  "  because  some  millions 
of  persons  read  the  works  of  one  Harold  Bell 
Wright.  Mr.  Harrison  makes  the  point  that 
there  are  many  distinct  reading  publics,  and 
that  most  of  them  do,  on  the  whole,  respond 
to  and  support  good  work.  These  are  excel- 
lent points.  That  they  are  frequently  reit- 
erated by  professional  critics,  and  are,  indeed, 
among  the  truisms  of  the  trade,  would  no 
doubt  have  disabled  them  in  Mr.  Harrison's 
mind,  if  he  had  but  known ! 

All  this  kind  of  thing  is  delightful  if  incon- 
clusive :  there  appears  to  be  no  reason  why  it 
should  not  go  on  for  some  time,  since  there 
are  doubtless  other  popular  story-tellers 
among  us,  who  might  be  induced  to  try  their 
hands  at  the  lame  art  of  criticism. 

H.  W.  BOYNTON. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  LONDON. 

NEW  PUBLISHING  ACTIVITIES. —  AN  ALL-EMBRAC- 
ING EPIC. —  THE  CHRISTMAS  BOOK  SEASON. — 
WAR  BOOKS. —  A  PROHIBITED  NOVEL. —  MR. 
SHAW'S  NEW  PLAY. 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  publishing  season  drags  its  slow  length 
along  without  anything  of  much  importance 
appearing.  Of  the  few  notable  books  that  do 
appear,  most  are  translations;  and  among 
them  there  are  some  of  old  books  of  which 
we  could  well  have  done  with  English  versions 
before.  The  firm  of  Stanley  Paul,  for  exam- 
ple, is  issuing  a  six- volume  edition  of  Saint 
Simon's  Memoirs,  containing  all  one  wants  of 
them;  and  Nelson's  have  very  enterprisingly 
brought  out  a  much  compressed  but  very  well 
chosen  translation  of  the  Journal  of  the  de 
Goncourts,  a  book  which  gives  a  better  idea  of 
nineteenth  century  literary  France  than  any 
other  work  ever  written.  Another  volume  of 


the  "  Cambridge  History  of  Modern  Litera- 
ture" has  lumbered  out,  regardless  of  Arma- 
geddon ;  a  few  small  books  of  criticism,  a  few 
bad  books  of  verse,  and  a  good  many  so-so 
novels  (mostly  with  a  war-chapter  at  the  end !) 
have  also  been  added  to  the  year's  total.  One 
of  the  volumes  of  "  poetry  "  I  really  must  men- 
tion :  no  amateur  of  the  curious  can  afford  to 
miss  it.  Its  title  is  "  The  Chronicles  of  Man  " ; 
its  author's  name  is  C.  Fillingham  Coxwell; 
the  poem  is  written  in  —  of  all  things  in  the 
world  —  rhymed  Alexandrines;  and  it  chal- 
lenges the  position  of  "  The  Faerie  Queene  " 
as  the  longest  epic  in  the  language.  Modern 
England  already  possessed  one  highly  ambi- 
tious epic  poet  in  the  person  of  Mr.  J.  Row- 
botham,  an  elderly  gentleman  who  describes 
himself  in  advertisements  as  "  The  Modern 
Homer."  He  has  written  "  The  Epic  of  Crea- 
tion," ''  The  Epic  of  the  Devil,"  and  so  on ; 
and  from  time  to  time,  clad  in  a  bardic  robe, 
he  gives  public  recitations  from  them  in  Lon- 
don. But  Mr.  Coxwell  beats  him  hollow.  All 
knowledge  is  his  province:  and  almost  all 
knowledge  has  gone  into  his  epic.  It  contains 
the  whole  history  of  man,  from  the  Javanese 
excursions  of  the  pithecanthropus  erectus  to 
the  sinking  of  the  "  Falaba."  Every  religion, 
every  civilization,  every  great  movement  in 
politics,  art,  and  thought,  the  disputations  of 
Duns  Scotus,  the  conquests  of  Alexander  and 
the  Grand  Duke  Nicholas, —  everything  you 
can  imagine  passes  across  his  screen,  and  he 
finally  deposits  the  exhausted  pilgrim  of  eter- 
nity upon  the  still-contested  banks  of  the 
Bzura  and  the  Rawka.  It  will  take  the  minor 
versifiers  of  two  hemispheres  some  time  to  go 
one  better  than  this. 

The  prospects  of  Christmas  publishing  are 
not  bright.  The  organized  publishers  are  now 
conducting  a  National  Book  Fortnight  of 
propaganda,  in  order  to  promote  the  con- 
sumption of  their  products ;  but  it  is  scarcely 
likely  that  a  publicity  campaign  will  induce 
people  to  read  books  who  otherwise  would  be 
playing  billiards,  arguing  about  the  war,  or 
going  to  what  are  now  called  Cinedromes  and, 
last  abomination  of  all,  Picturedromes.  A  cer- 
tain number  of  expensive  gift  books  have 
begun  to  appear;  one  of  the  best  actually 
breaks  new  ground,  being  a  book  on  Bridges 
beautifully  illustrated  by  Mr.  Frank  Brang- 
wyn.  But  nobody  can  really  say  how  far 
people  will  abstain  from  this  kind  of  Christ- 
mas present;  a  partner  in  one  very  promi- 
nent firm  tells  me  that  the  only  picture-book 
of  the  kind  that  is  to  come  from  his  office  is 
one  which  was  originally  to  be  priced  at  a 


550 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


guinea,  and  which  is  now,  owing  to  the  econ- 
omical proclivities  of  the  war-time  public,  to 
be  priced  at  six  shillings.  Pessimism  is  not 
universal:  a  few  publishers  are  doing  well, 
and  immense  quantities  of  sevenpenny  re- 
prints are  being  sold.  But  publishers  as  a 
body  do  not  expect  their  Christmas  to  be  as 
Merry  as  usual. 

Some  people,  perhaps,  may  be  tempted  into 
unintentional  irony  by  the  chance  of  giving 
their  friends  new  War  Books  as  Christmas 
presents.  I  need  scarcely  say  that  the  war 
books  are  still  pouring  out,  though  few  of 
them  can  be  really  profitable  to  their  pro- 
ducers. The  flood  shrank  a  little  in  the  sum- 
mer ;  almost  every  person  with  a  name  in  any 
sort  of  sphere  had  written  a  War  Book,  and 
we  hoped  for  a  rest.  But  no:  they  were 
merely  pausing  to  return  with  reinvigorated 
lungs.  Mr.  G.  K.  Chesterton  is  about  to  pro- 
duce his  third  war  book:  and,  needless  to 
remark,  what  he  has  to  say  is  epoch-making 
compared  with  what  most  of  the  others  emit. 
A  few  intelligent  and  thoughtful  works  are 
buried  in  the  mass ;  but  the  vapidity,  banality, 
and,  above  all,  egoism  of  the  great  majority 
of  them  are  indescribable.  Why,  merely  be- 
cause there  is  a  war  on,  should  Professor 
Bilgewater  write  about  Nietzsche, —  of  whom, 
two  years  ago,  he  had  never  heard?  Why, 
because  France  has  been  invaded,  should  Miss 
Marianne  Nokes,  normally  a  purveyor  of  su- 
burban fiction,  give  us  pictures  of  herself  with 
France  as  a  background?  Day  after  day 
they  surge  forth :  "  Life  in  a  German  Grocer's 
Family,"  "Attila  and  the  Kaiser,"  "  Krupp 
and  Kultur,"  "  The  Real  Schopenhauer,"  "Ar- 
mageddon and  After,"  "My  Week  in  a  Hos- 
pital," "  What  I  Think  of  the  War,"  "A  Short- 
Story  Writer  in  Tortured  Belgium,"  "The 
Alsace-Lorraine  Problem  through  Sussex 
Eyes,"  —  "  O  God !  0  Montreal !  "  as  Samuel 
Butler  remarked  when  he  met  the  man  whose 
brother-in-law  had  been  haberdasher  to  Mr. 
Spurgeon.  It  is  small  consolation  to  feel  that 
the  civilian  populations  of  our  enemies'  coun- 
tries are  going  through  a  similar  ordeal. 

The  one  mild  literary  sensation  of  the 
autumn  has  been  the  prosecution  and  confis- 
cation of  Mr.  D.  H.  Lawrence's  new  novel, 
"  The  Rainbow."  The  prosecution  resulted 
from  some  exceedingly  intemperate  criticisms 
in  the  press;  one  of  our  horrified  mandarins 
even  going  so  far  as  to  say  that  Zola  is 
"  child's  food  "  to  Lawrence — which  is  asinine. 
Had  it  not  been  for  the  predominance  of  a 
somewhat  more  important  subject  of  public 
interest,  we  should  certainly  have  had  a  re- 


newal of  newspaper  discussion  on  the  literary 
censorship,  and,  probably,  manifestos  by  all 
our  advanced  litterateurs  concerning  the 
necessity  of  securing  free  speech  for  the  artist. 
It  is  not  that  "The  Rainbow"  has  many  ad- 
mirers. It  is  a  dull  book,  choppily  written ; 
and  there  is  a  gloomy  ferocity  about  its 
author's  insistence  upon  the  physical  phe- 
nomena of  sex  which  you  could  scarcely  find 
in  any  other  English-speaking  novelist.  Parts 
of  it  are  certainly  repulsive;  and  all  of  it  is 
morbid.  The  grievance  is,  not  that  a  great 
work  of  art  has  been  lost  to  the  world  by  what 
Americans,  I  believe,  call  Comstockery;  but 
that  the  book  is  no  more  offensive  than  many 
works  which  are  not  interfered  with ;  and  that, 
in  any  case,  it  is  desirable  that  the  greatest 
possible  amount  of  rope  should,  on  principle, 
be  allowed  to  writers  whose  bona  fides  is  un- 
questionable. And  Mr.  Lawrence's  certainly 
is.  His  seriousness  is  so  profound  as  to  be 
almost  painful  to  watch. 

He  has  undeniably  a  strain  of  genius  in  him, 
though  "  The  Rainbow "  itself  is  an  exceed- 
ingly tedious  affair.  This  strain  comes  out, 
to  some  extent,  in  his  early  novels  (he  is  still 
only  twenty-eight),  but  still  more  in  "Sons 
and  Lovers,"  in  the  volume  of  short  stories 
called  "  The  Prussian  Officer,"  and  in  his 
verse.  He  has  written  nothing  perfect ;  his  is 
an  achievement  of  flashes.  But  even  those 
who  are  most  repelled  by  his  brutality  and  his 
obsession  with  the  body  —  he  appears  to  be 
under  the  influence  of  Freud,  and  there  is  a 
good  deal  of  Strindberg  in  him  —  recognize 
the  occasional  wonderful  exactitude  of  his 
observation  and  his  phraseology.  There  are 
sentences  in  his  writing  which  burn  across  the 
page  like  flames  leaping  into  the  smoky  mid- 
night pall  of  a  factory  district.  His  gifts  are 
gifts  of  sight;  his  defects  are  defects  of 
thought.  Philosophizing  is  obscuring  his 
spark  of  genius;  if  he  does  not  pull  himself 
together  his  work  will  deteriorate.  But  he  is 
one  of  the  very  few  men  amongst  the  younger 
English  novelists  who  is  worth  a  second  look. 
He  has  a  strong  and  compact  body  of  ad- 
mirers; and  there  has  naturally  been  a  good 
deal  of  indignation  at  his  name  being  dragged 
through  the  mud  in  a  police  court  and  his 
novel  being  stigmatized  by  a  shocked  barrister 
as  "a  bawdy  volume."  If  they  had  let  the 
book  alone  its  dulness  would  have  condemned 
it  to  an  early  oblivion ;  as  it  is,  one  hears  that 
such  copies  as  have  got  about  are  changing 
hands  privately  at  fabulous  prices! 

No  sooner  had  this  case  been  heard  than  there 
was  a  rumor  that  the  production  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
new  play,  "O'Flaherty  V.  C.,"  which  is  an- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


551 


nounced  to  be  put  on  at  the  Abbey  Theatre, 
Dublin,  shortly,  had  been  forbidden  by  the 
authorities.  The  play  has  not  been  published 
but  one  knows  roughly  its  drift.  When  the 
great  Michael  O'Leary  won  his  Victoria  Cross 
an  evil  story  went  round  London.  It  was  to 
the  effect  that,  on  hearing,  in  her  remote 
Hibernian  retreat  of  her  son's  great  feat,  the 
hero's  mother  observed,  "  I  always  knew  that 
Michael  was  the  broth  of  a  bhoy,  but  I  little 
thought  that  I  would  live  to  see  the  day  when 

he  would  kill  eight  b y  Englishmen."    The 

complex  relations  of  Irishmen  towards  each 
other,  towards  England,  and  towards  the  war 
naturally  lured  Mr.  Shaw;  something  of  the 
spirit,  and  even  of  the  letter,  of  the  O'Leary 
anecdote  has  got  into  the  play ;  and  though  the 
dramatist's  conclusions  as  to  Irishmen's  course 
of  action  are,  from  an  Englishman's  point  of 
view,  admirable,  it  is  a  perilous  thing  to  make 
jests  at  a  time  like  this.  However,  as  I  write, 
the  report  of  the  "banning"  of  the  play  is 
contradicted,  and  we  may  possibly  see  it  after 
all.  Mr.  Shaw's  preoccupation  with  the  top- 
ical in  the  last  year  has  not  been  quite  com- 
plete. He  has  written  a  preface  for  his  forth- 
coming volume  of  plays  ("Androcles,"  etc.), 
which  is  said  to  be  the  best  preface  he  has  ever 
done.  It  examines  Christianity  and  the  Bible 
de  novo;  and  it  concludes,  I  understand,  with 
the  suggestion,  Why  not  Try  Christianity? 
That  is  a  very  revolutionary  proposal. 

J.  C.  SQUIRE. 
London,  November  22,  1915. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


A  GRACEFUL  ACKNOWLEDGMENT  OF  A  LIT- 
ERARY HONOR  comes  from  Mr.  Howells's  pen 
on  the  occasion  of  the  award  to  him,  by  the 
National  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters,  of  its 
gold  medal,  the  highest  distinction  bestowed 
by  that  body  for  achievement  in  any  of  the 
fine  arts.  Especially  noteworthy  is  this 
award  because  he  is  the  first  novelist  to  be 
thus  honored,  and  his  words  of  acceptance 
were  both  worthy  of  the  occasion  and  finely 
illustrative  of  his  style  as  a  master  of  English. 
It  is  an  intellectual  recreation  to  read  such 
sentences  as  these  from  his  letter  of  acknowl- 
edgment: "A  rumor  of  one  of  those  good 
things  which  seem  too  good  to  be  true  has 
come  to  me  with  such  insistence  that  I  must 
take  it  for  a  fact,  and  I  am  asking  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Institute  to  acknowledge  it  for  me. 
I  know  he  will  fitly  account  for  my  not  doing 
this  in  person,  and  I  will  not  hamper  him 
with  any  expression  of  my  preference  as  to 


how  he  shall  convey  to  you  my  sense  of  the 
supreme  honor  which  your  award  of  the 
'  Medal  for  Fiction  '  has  done  me.  In  the  last 
analysis  I  find  this  sense  a  sort  of  dismay 
which  it  would  be  difficult  to  render.  Yet  I 
will  not  pretend  that  it  is  altogether  the 
unexpected  that  has  happened,  or  that,  with 
whatever  consciousness  of  demerit,  I  did  not 
hope  it  might  happen.  .  .  So  far  as  pure  criti- 
cism has  governed  your  vote,  I  might  say  that 
the  novelist  to  whom  you  have  done  the  great- 
est honor  that  the  world  could  do  him  has 
striven  for  excellence  in  his  art  with  no 
divided  motive,  unless  the  constant  endeavor 
for  truth  is  want  of  fealty  to  fiction.  The 
fashion  of  this  world  passes  away,  and  I  have 
seen  it  come  and  go  in  my  art,  or  phases  of  it. 
The  best  novel  of  my  day  is  not  the  best  novel 
of  yours  in  some  of  these."  Finally,  says  Mr. 
Howells,  "  I  prize  your  award  more  than  all 
the  words  of  my  many  books  could  say." 
•  •  • 

EXCEPTIONS  TO  THE  RULE  OF  EASY  WRITING 
AND  HARD  READING  are  probably,  if  the  truth 
were  known,  not  many.  The  man  who  with- 
out conscious  effort  masters  the  art  of  perfect 
literary  expression  is  not  born  oftener  than 
once  in  a  century,  though  examples  are  not 
wanting  of  remarkable  effectiveness  in  the  use 
of  the  pen  on  the  part  of  men  given  to  action 
rather  than  to  letters.  We  approve  and 
admire  the  conscientious  toil  of  a  Flaubert 
agonizing  for  the  one  supremely  appropriate 
word,  and  of  a  Pater  with  his  little  squares 
of  paper  on  which  he  wrote  and  re-wrote  his 
exquisite  sentences,  which  he  afterward  re- 
vised and  re-revised  in  the  proof ;  but  we  greet 
with  a  more  spontaneous  burst  of  applause 
him  who  dashes  off  his  literary  masterpiece 
with  one  rapid  stroke  of  the  pen.  Lincoln's 
Gettysburg  address,  hastily  pencilled  on  the 
backs  of  old  envelopes  on  the  train  that  was 
carrying  him  to  the  place  of  delivery,  is  a 
classic,  even  though  a  somewhat  mythical, 
instance;  and  Grant's  facility  of  impromptu 
written  expression  as  shown  by  his  despatches 
from  the  field,  and  to  some  extent,  one  sus- 
pects, by  his  published  memoirs,  is  another 
and  more  authentic  example.  A  few  days  ago 
Senator  Lodge,  addressing  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  paid  tribute  to  the  mem- 
ory of  its  deceased  president,  Charles  Francis 
Adams,  and  in  enumerating  the  talents  and 
achievements  of  that  distinguished  descendant 
of  distinguished  men  took  occasion  to  say: 
"  From  the  earliest  beginnings  in  the  days  of 
the  college  and  the  law  office  he  wrote  easily 
and  well.  He  seems  never  to  have  passed 
through  the  severe  struggle  necessary  to  most 


552 


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[  Dec.  9 


men  when  learning  to  express  themselves  in 
writing  with  force  and  lucidity.  Yet  the  old 
saying  that  easy  writing  makes  hard  reading 
does  not  apply  in  his  ease.  All  that  Charles 
Adams  wrote  is  eminently  readable."  Never- 
theless the  old  saying  is  one  that  very  few  can 
afford  to  forget.  ... 

AN  EMBARGO  ON  LITERATURE  WOuld  Seem  to 

mean  a  relapse  into  the  dark  ages.  That  a 
highly  cultured  nation  of  western  Europe 
should  adopt  measures  to  prevent  the  export 
of  printed  matter,  of  any  class  not  clearly 
obnoxious,  would  have  seemed,  a  year  and  a 
half  ago,  a  ludicrously  absurd  impossibility. 
Yet  to-day  we  have  an  English  correspondent 
of  the  New  York  "Evening  Post"  writing 
thus  to  that  journal:  "All  our  liberties  are 
being  taken  from  us  one  by  one,  and  after 
to-morrow  (or  a  few  days  later)  we  may  send 
no  more  pamphlets  to  America.  Militarism  is 
daily  more  and  more  fastening  itself  upon  us, 
and  many  of  us  cannot  see  where  the  differ- 
ence lies  between  our  militarism  and  the  Prus- 
sian form  we  are  supposed  to  be  out  to  kill! " 
Demoralizing  to  any  country  must  be  the 
effects  of  long-continued  armed  strife,  and 
there  is  no  cause  for  surprise  in  the  further 
contents  of  the  letter,  which,  with  a  few 
changes,  might  have  been  written  from  any 
one  of  half  .a  dozen  or  more  European  coun- 
tries. "  The  degeneration  of  our  own  people, 
morally,  intellectually,  and  spiritually,  is  the 
most  serious  result  of  the  war.  If  I  could 
give  you  the  details  of  what  is  happening 
along  these  lines  I  do  not  think  you  would 
believe  me,  as  it  is  almost  impossible  to  believe 
it  myself.  The  indirect  evils  of  war  are  even 
greater  than  the  direct  ones."  A  number  of 
pamphlets  issued  by  the  Union  of  Democratic 
Control  are  sent  by  the  writer,  before  the 
interdict  goes  into  effect,  and  American  aid  is 
asked  for  the  work  engaged  in  by  that  society. 
No  name  is  signed  or  address  given,  but 
inquiry  of  the  above-mentioned  newspaper 
would  perhaps  elicit  details. 

•    •    • 

BILL  PRATT,  SAW-BUCK  PHILOSOPHER,  whose 
memory  is  cherished  in  humorous  affection  by 
Williams  graduates  of  the  middle  and  late 
nineteenth  century,  was  one  of  those  unlau- 
reated  men  of  nondescript  genius  encountered 
from  time  to  time  on  every  college  campus, 
and  the  source  of  untold  entertainment  and 
perhaps  also  some  inspiration  to  the  succes- 
sive classes  that  come  and  go,  that  wax  and 
wane,  while  these  uncatalogued  stars  in  the 
academic  firmament  shine  on,  if  not  forever, 
yet  often  for  as  many  decades  as  can  be 
counted  on  the  fingers  of  one  hand.  And  now 


Bill's  life  and  labors  have  been  made  the  sub- 
ject of  a  book,  they  have  been  preserved  for 
all  time  in  literary  form,  by  two  alumni  who 
were  in  college  with  Bill,  though  not  reciting 
from  exactly  the  same  textbook  or  pursuing 
the  same  courses  with  him.    It  was  meet  that 
he  should  have  his  history  related  by  Williams 
men,  for  he  was  himself  first  and  foremost  a 
Williams  man.     "  He  had  wormed  his  way 
into  college  life,"  says  his  biography,  "  far 
back    in    the    homespun    times    when    'there 
war  n't  no  buildin's  there  but  East  College, 
West   College,   and  the  gable-end  of  a   car- 
tridge-box,' and  he  refused  to  be  counted  out. 
It  troubled  him  little  that  he  had  no  learning, 
for  he  had  learned  to  love  life  and  could  teach 
even  the  students  themselves  something  on 
that  score."    Through  six  decades  Bill  sawed 
wood,  blacked  stoves,  sold  apples  and  pop- 
corn, "made  music,"  practised  oratory,  and 
upheld  the  dignity  and  glory  of  his  adopted 
college,  as  will  be  found  duly  recorded  in  his 
authorized  biography,  by  Mr.  John  Sheridan 
Zelie  and  Mr.  Carroll  Perry.    From  this  book, 
entitled   "Bill  Pratt  the   Saw-buck  Philoso- 
pher,"   and    published    by    Mr.    Talcott    M. 
Banks,    Williamstown,    Mass.,    we    quote,    in 
closing,  a  passage  illustrative  of  Bill  the  ora- 
tor.   It  is  from  "A  Funeral  Address  delivered 
in  front  of  West  College  after  the  passage  of 
a  funeral  procession."    "Murmur  and  mourn! 
The  language  of  life  is  past.     The  grass  of 
gullory   is   gone   and   the   electricity   of  the 
bay-rum  tree  is  decided  with  the  laments  of 
refuge.     Oh,  he  was  a  good  man.     How  the 
grasshoppers  of  his  belief  floundered  with  the 
winds  of  his  whiffle-trees.    What  a  burden  he 
was!     What  a  beautiful  Pharisee!     By  the 
corduroy  of  his  attainments  and  the  melody 
of  his  magnificence  he  retired  and  the  palms 
of  his  pussy-willows  wave  with  the  Rolling 
Ottaw."  .    .    . 

A  WORD  ABOUT  ACADEMY-MAKING,  by  One  of 

the  founders  of  the  organization  from  which 
sprang  the  society  which  in  turn  gave  birth 
to  our  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Let- 
ters, may  be  of  interest  in  connection  with 
the  recent  annual  meeting  of  that  body  and 
its  bestowal  of  a  gold  medal  on  its  absent 
president,  Mr.  W.  D.  Howells.  Mr.  Frank  B. 
Sanborn  writes  in  his  weekly  Boston  liter- 
ary letter  to  the  Springfield  "Republican": 
"Another  society,  bearing  the  name  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Arts  and  Letters,  met 
here  on  Thursday.  .  .  This  institute  was 
formed  by  the  Social  Science  mother  organi- 
zation in  1898."  Correcting  some  erroneous 
impressions  prevalent  in  regard  to  this  asso- 
ciation, he  continues:  "Dr.  Charles  W. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


553 


Eliot  was  never  the  president  of  the  Social 
Scientists,  who  had  for  presidents,  in  succes- 
sion, President  Rogers  of  the  '  Tech '  [Mass. 
Institute  of  Technology] ,  George  William  Cur- 
tis, President  Angell  of  Michigan,  President 
Gilman  of  Johns  Hopkins,  President  White  of 
Cornell,  Dean  Wayland  of  Yale,  Oscar  S. 
Straus,  F.  J.  Kingsbury,  and  others.  It  was  a 
nephew  of  Mr.  Kingsbury,  Dr.  Holbrook  Curtis 
of  New  York,  who  suggested  the  formation  of 
this  Institute,  to  be  made  up  partly  from  exist- 
ing members  of  the  parent  body  and  partly 
from  artists  and  authors  outside,  and  for  sev- 
eral years  the  starred  list  of  Institute  members 
was  printed  in  the  annual  Journal  of  Social 
Science,  which  I  edited  for  some  thirty  years. 
Out  of  these  original  Institute  brethren  was 
developed  a  smaller  body,  an  American 
Academy,  which  seeks  to  hold  a  rank  like  that 
of  the  French  Academy,  and  has  advanced 
measurably  in  that  direction."  In  conclusion 
the  somewhat  melancholy  fact  is  noted  that 
"meanwhile  the  mother  society  of  social 
science  has  gone  into  cold  storage,  and  no 
longer  holds  meetings,  having  long  outlived 
its  parent,  the  British  Social  Science  Associa- 
tion, formed  ,by  Lord  Brougham  and  his 
friend,  G.  W.  Hastings,  before  our  Civil 
War."  .  . 

SIMPLE  SIMONS  OF  THE  CENSORSHIP  have 
been  provoking  the  mirth  of  Great  Britain's 
leading  comic  paper,  the  sprightly  sheet  pub- 
lished weekly  at  10  Bouverie  Street,  and  it 
prints  a  few  quasi-official  regulations  for  the 
guidance  of  incautious '  persons  addicted  to 
careless  quotation  from  the  poets.  Thus,  one 
must  no  longer  say,  or  sing,  or  write,  "  Drink 
to  me  only  with  thine  eyes,"  for  fear  of  sug- 
gesting to  the  enemy  a  defective  water  sup- 
ply. "  Come  into  the  garden,  Maud "  should 
be  "Come  into  the  basement,  Maud"  (see 
official  directions) .  Fond  memory  ought  until 
further  notice  to  refrain  from  bringing  the 
light  of  other  days,  or  any  light  whatsoever, 
around  one,  for  obvious  reasons  (see  police 
regulations).  Even  "Mary  had  a  little 
lamb  "  is  objectionable,  as  suggesting  a  short- 
age in  the  food  supply.  All  persons  desirous 
of  promoting  the  effectiveness  of  this  censbr- 
ship  are,  we  assume,  at  liberty  to  mention 
other  instances  of  dangerously  ambiguous 
lines  or  couplets  or  stanzas.  For  instance, 
one  might  point  out  the  peril  in  the  first  line 
of  Gray's  Pindaric  ode,  "Ruin  seize  thee, 
ruthless  King ! "  In  place  of  this  last  word 
another,  also  beginning  with  K.  should  be 
substituted,  lest  in  the  present  hair-trigger 
condition  of  the  Balkan  States  King  Constan- 
tine  of  Greece  or  Ferdinand  of  Roumania 


should  think  himself  meant  and  take  offense, 
to  the  serious  detriment  of  Great  Britain  and 
her  allies.  Again,  Pope's  "Lend,  lend  your 
wings,  I  mount !  I  fly !"  is  obviously  trea- 
sonable, as  if  the  domestic  supply  of  aircraft 
were  inadequate!  Those  of  us  who  have 
received  in  our  foreign  mail  letters  tampered 
with  by  the  censor  can  heap  coals  of  fire  on 
his  head  by  sending  in  valuable  suggestions 
like  the  foregoing. 

"  THE  GREATEST  MENACE  TO  UNIVERSAL  EDU- 
CATION," declares  the  editor  of  the  "Wiscon- 
sin Library  Bulletin,"  though  he  qualifies  the 
assertion  with  a  "  possibly  "  that  might  safely 
enough  have  been  omitted,  "is  the  cessation 
of  the  educational  processes  immediately  upon 
leaving  school."  It  is  then  urged  upon  all 
concerned  to  teach  the  pupil  the  use  of  the 
public  library,  since  if  this  is  done  he  will  be 
likely  to  make  the  library  his  continuation 
school.  The  school  period  is  the  time,  par 
excellence,  "to  beat  a  path  to  the  public 
library"  and  to  become  enamoured  of  its 
chaste  delights.  Apropos  of  this,  or  of  any- 
thing you  please,  there  conies  to  mind  the 
enthusiastic  vein  in  which  the  learned  Hein- 
sius,  the  classical  philologist  of  Leyden,  sings 
the  praises  of  the  library  there.  "  I  no  sooner 
come  into  the  library,"  said  he,  "than  I  bolt 
the  door  to  me  [figuratively  speaking],  ex- 
cluding Lust,  Ambition,  Avarice,  and  all  such 
vices,  whose  nurse  is  Idleness,  the  mother  of 
Ignorance  and  Melancholy.  In  the  very  lap 
of  eternity,  amongst  so  many  divine  souls,  I 
take  my  seat  with  so  lofty  a  spirit  and  sweet 
content,  that  I  pity  all  our  great  ones  and 
rich  men  that  knew  not  this  happiness." 
Heinsius  made  this  resort  his  continuation 
school  to  the  end  of  his  life  of  scholarly 
industry.  .  .  . 

SOME    ANECDOTES    OF    THE    LATE    SlR    JAMES 

MURRAY,  editor  of  the  monumental  Oxford 
Dictionary,  are  sent  to  us  by  our  Paris  corre- 
spondent, Mr.  Theodore  Stanton.  While  one 
of  the  early  letters  of  the  alphabet  was  being 
dealt  with,  a  Scotticism  describing  a  certain 
part  of  the  hoof  of  cattle  puzzled  the  Oxford 
lexicographers.  Finally  Sir  James  decided  to 
consult  the  tenant  on  his  Roxburghshire  farm. 
"  He  is  very  intelligent,  and  will  tell  us  what 
is  meant  by  this  word."  A  few  days  later 
came  by  parcel  post  a  package  which  carried 
with  it  a  very  strong  odor,  and  by  mail  a 
letter  from  the  farmer,  who  wrote:  "Not 
understanding  just  what  part  you  referred  to, 
I  thought  it  best  to  send  you  the  whole  leg." 
A  reader  of  Stevenson's  works  for  the  Dic- 
tionary sent  in  a  word  that  could  be  found  in 


554 


THE    DIAL 


Dec.  9 


no  other  lexicon ;  so  Sir  James  turned  to  the 
author  himself  for  the  definition,  and  by 
return  of  post  received  these  lines  written  on 
a  post  card:  " For  heaven's  sake  don't  touch 
that  word;  it  is  simply  a  typographical 
error ! "  A  story  characteristic  of  that  other 
eccentric  Oxfordian,  Professor  Freeman,  is 
the  following :  Sdr  James  had  six  sons  and 
five  daughters,  and  to  all  of  them  he  gave  old 
Anglo-Saxon  names,  the  boys  taking  those  of 
the  kings.  Freeman  dropped  in  one  day  to 
congratulate  the  Hurrays  on  an  addition  to 
the  family,  and  asked:  "Well,  what  is  the 
name  this  time?"  "Ethelbald,  the  seventh," 
was  the  reply.  Whereupon,  the  historian,  so 
particular  in  minutiae,  forgetting  all  about  th. 
real  object  of  his  visit,  remarked  rather  quer- 
ulously, "Why,  Dr.  Murray,  you  ought  to 
know  that  there  was  but  one  King  Ethelbald." 
"Yes,"  came  the  quiet  reply,  "but  this  is  my 
seventh."  ... 

A  CONTRIBUTION  TO  THE  CURIOSITIES  OF  LIT- 
ERATURE, however  inconsiderable,  is  never  out 
of  order  among  the  lovers  of  such  odds  and 
ends  of  unclassifiable  lore.  Not  all  the  inter- 
esting things  of  this  sort  are  gathered  within 
the  ample  volumes  of  the  industrious  Disraeli 
the  elder.  For  instance,  he  lived  too  early  to 
note  the  following: — Edward  FitzGerald,  as 
all  FitzGeraldians  will  recall,  used  to  pride 
himself  on  having  constructed  the  worst  line 
of  poetry  to  be  found  in  all  literature,  though 
Thackeray  ( or  was  it  Spedding,  or  some  other 
of  the  FitzGerald  circle?)  obstinately  con- 
tended with  him  for  the  honors  of  author- 
ship. It  was  a  line  in  heroic  metre,  -but 
hardly  heroic  in  any  other  respect,  and  ran 
thus: 

"A  Mr.  Wilkinson,  a  clergyman." 

The  exact  date  of  the  composition  of  this 
masterpiece  it  would  now  be  difficult  if  not 
impossible  to  ascertain,  but  it  is  safe  to  ascribe 
it  to  the  poet's  earlier  years,  the  period  of  life 
when  such  inspirations  are  far  more  frequent 
than  in  the  sere  and  yellow  leaf  of  senescence. 
Consequently  it  may  be  placed  before  1865, 
when  there  appeared  a  book  in  which  we  have 
discovered  this  identical  line,  buried  in  the 
prose  of  a  fictitious  narrative.  It  is  enclosed 
in  no  quotation  marks,  and  the  plagiarism  has 
every  appearance  of  being  unconscious.  The 
book  is  Anthony  Trollope's  "Miss  Mackenzie," 
and  the  passage  occurs  in  chapter  ten,  where 
Miss  Baker  conveys  an  invitation  to  the  hero- 
ine to  attend  a  tea-party  at  Miss  Todd's,  at 
which  there  is  expected  to  be  present,  she 
says,  "  a  Mr.  Wilkinson,  a  clergyman."  Has 
the  world  hitherto  been  conscious  of  the 
double  fame  of  this  clerical  gentleman? 


GEMS  OF  PUREST  RAY  SERENE  from  the 
depths  of  the  Atlantic  —  not  the  dark  un- 
fathomed  caves  of  the  ocean,  but  the  pages 
of  the  magazine  —  are  gathered  and  displayed 
attractively  in  that  annual  reminder  of  the 
swift  passage  of  time,  "  The  Atlantic  Monthly 
Almanac."  In  its  issue  for  1916  are  to  be 
noted,  in  addition  to  zodiacal  signs,  moons  in 
all  phases,  useful  tidings  respecting  tides,  and 
other  like  matters  common  to  all  almanacs, 
such  bits  of  sifted  wisdom  as  this  by  Mrs. 
Katharine  Fullerton  Gerould  in  the  October 
issue  of  the  magazine :  "  There  are  two  argu- 
ments against  teaching  our  children  Greek: 
one,  that  it  is  too  hard;  the  other,  that  it  is 
useless.  No  person  who  could  be  influenced 
by  either  has  the  remotest  conception  of  the 
meaning  or  the  value  of  culture."  And  here, 
for  the  month  of  December,  are  some  brave 
words,  peculiarly  timely,  but  too  little  likely  to 
be  taken  seriously  in  this  year  of  [dis] grace: 
"  I  believe  that  it  is  both  possible  and  right  to 
live  like  the  lilies  of  the  field  and  the  birds  of 
the  air;  to  sell  all  that  one  has  and  give  to 
the  poor,  winning  an  unseen  treasure ;  to  lend 
without  expecting  a  return ;  to  allow  all  that 
one  has  to  go  from  one  unprotesting."  Once 
more:  "Art  for  art's  sake  —  if  it  ever  meant 
what  it  said,  which  is  doubtful  —  was  always 
a  vain  and  silly  cry.  As  well  contend  that  an 
artist  is  not  a  man.  Art  was  ever  the  servant 
as  well  as  the  mistress  of  men,  and  ever  will 
be."  So  spake  John  Galsworthy.  There  are 
worse  books  to  read  than  almanacs  —  some 
almanacs.  .  .  • 

READING  WITH  THE  EYES,  but  not  with  the 
mind,  is  a  lamentably  easy  thing  to  do,  as 
thousands  have  discovered  to  their  sorrow. 
It  is  even  possible  and  in  fact  not  very  diffi- 
cult to  read  aloud  intelligibly  and  with  some 
degree  of  appropriate  expression  while  the 
mind  is  occupied  with  alien  matters.  No  be- 
ginning reader  could  do  this  any  more  than 
a  beginning  piano  pupil  could  render  a 
Chopin  nocturne  while  discussing  the  Har- 
vard-Yale football  game;  but  both  are  possi- 
ble with  sufficient  practice.  Nevertheless  it 
is  a  pernicious  habit  to  get  into,  this  scatter- 
ing of  one's  mental  energies;  and  we  learn 
with  approval  that  Professor  Edward  L. 
Thorndike,  of  Teachers  College,  New  York, 
has  invented  a  device  for  testing  the  child's 
degree  of  mental  concentration  upon  the  read- 
ing matter  placed  before  him  for  perusal. 
No  repetition  by  rote  is  required  of  the 
reader,  but  the  test  is  one  of  interpretation 
rather  than  of  memory.  As  was  to  be  expected 
of  one  versed  in  the  laboratory  methods  of 
educational  psychology,  Dr.  Thorndike  has 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


555 


made  his  test  severely  accurate,  even  mathe- 
matically so,  and  there  will  be  no  rule-of- 
thumb  rating  of  the  young  pupil's  ability  to 
read  intelligently.  The  subject  is  fully  dis- 
cussed in  the  November  issue  of  "  The  Teach- 
ers College  Record." 

•    •    • 

A    DEFENCE    OF    FINE    LIBRARY    BUILDINGS    IS 

made  by  Mr.  Adam  Strohm,  head  of  the 
Detroit  Public  Library,  in  his  current  yearly 
Report.  As  is  well  known,  that  city  needs 
and  is  hoping  soon  to  have  a  new  library 
building,  plans  for  which  are  now  under  dis- 
cussion. Some  of  the  citizens  advise  the  use 
of  a  cheap  material  for  construction;  others 
desire  a  palace  of  marble.  The  proper  re- 
joinder to  the  former  class,  Mr.  Strohm 
believes  is  this:  "Mean  surroundings  make 
mean  people;  things  of  beauty  cleanse  our 
hearts.  True  architecture,  as  any  other  artis- 
tic expression  of  the  human  mind,  has  a  social 
function  to  perform  in  the  liberal  education 
of  mankind.  A  building  should  be  a  dignified 
and  proper  self-expression  of  its  purpose  and 
of  the  spirit  within;  the  revelation  of  one's 
self  is  largely  by  the  'front'  we  make;  our 
modes  of  expression,  our  taste  revealed  and 
good  manners  practised  in  public  and  in  pri- 
vate. 'Architecture  is  the  work  of  nations.' 
Public  statues,  public  buildings  of  charm  and 
beauty  are  public  assets — not  extravagances." 
This  and  more  in  the  same  vein  cannot  but 
encourage  hope  that  the  advocates  of  marble 
may  win  the  day  over  the  advocates  of  con- 
crete. Ill  fares  the  city  where  automobiles 
accumulate  and  architecture  decays. 

•        •        • 

FRENZIED  FONETICS  can  scarcely  hope  to 
displace  our  present  spelling,  however  irra- 
tional that  spelling  may  be.  Attention  has 
occasionally  been  called  in  these  columns  to 
the  amusing  extravagances  of  the  English 
periodical,  "  The  Pioneer  of  Simplified  Spel- 
ing."  Still  more  startling  in  its  proposals  for 
the  reform  of  our  written  speech  is  the  little 
publication.  "Fonetik  Englic,"  put  forth  by 
Mr.  Edward  P.  Foster  of  Marietta,  Ohio. 
Mr.  Foster  is  already  known  to  many  as  the 
inventor  of  "Ro"  (a  universal  language)  and 
editor  of  its  monthly  organ,  "  World  Speech." 
His  conception  of  phonetic  English  is  illus- 
trated by  the  subjoined  paragraph  from  the 
little  pamphlet  explaining  the  merits  of  his 
system :  "  Foloiq  dhi  kiy  tu  pronunsiecrt 
givn  below  wiy  print  paragrafs  furst  in  ordi- 
nary Englic  speliq,  and  dhen,  for  komparisn 
and  praktis,  in  dhi  propozd  fonetik  speliq. 
Dhis  method  iz  dhi  awtkom  ov  yiyrz  ov  study 
and  diskucn,  and  korespondens  widh  speliq- 


ref  ormerz."  With  all  the  schemes  now  ferment- 
ing for  the  reform  of  our  spelling,  a  person 
might  enjoy  the  privilege,  if  he  chose  to 
claim  it,  of  writing  his  own  name  in  as  many 
different  ways  as  it  was  the  pleasure  of  Shake- 
speare and  others  of  his  time  to  write  theirs. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

SOME  FUETHEE  EEMAEKS  ABOUT  BEY  ANT. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

"  Youth  will  be  served,"  as  Mr.  Jack  London  has 
reminded  us ;  and  when  it  cannot  be,  one  of  its  favor- 
ite exclamations,  a  historic  one,  in  fact,  is,  "  Go  up, 
bald  head ! "  In  not  these  precise  words,  but  in 
words  to  that  effect,  Miss  Harriet  Monroe  (who,  as 
the  editress  of  "Poetry,"  the  "official  organ"  of 
the  "  new  "  movement,  in  the  beginning  communi- 
cated to  it  the  principal  propulsive  power  neces- 
sary to  its  launching)  addressed  the  venerable  shade 
of  William  Cullen  Bryant  at  a  notable  literary 
gathering  in  the  city  of  Chicago  a  few  months  ago. 
I  chanced  to  be  present,  and  the  unexpectedness  of 
the  attack,  as  well  as  its  unwarrantedness  —  or 
what  I  felt  to  be  such  —  caused  me  to  contribute 
to  THE  DIAL  a  communication  in  which  I  endeav- 
ored to  show  why  Bryant,  seeing  that  he  pleaded 
most  eloquently  for  poetical  freedom,  should  have 
been  immune  from  such  an  onslaught.  That  Miss 
Monroe  has  returned  to  the  attack,  the  readers  of 
THE  DIAL  also  know  —  and  how.  Not  content  with 
condemning  Bryant  as  a  poet,  she  has  stigmatized 
him  as  dishonest  and"  double-dealing  as  a  man. 
And  when,  in  my  turn,  I  have  sought  to  refute 
these  charges,  she  has  returned  yet  again  to  her 
self -evidently  so-congenial  task,  and  endeavors  to 
still  further  blacken  his  reputation. 

I  do  not  propose  categorically  to  examine  and 
reply  to  the  various  "  points "  raised  by  Miss 
Monroe  in  her  communication  of  November  15. 
This  is  because  the  fresh  "  evidence  "  she  presents 
is  too  flimsy  in  itself  and  too  flimsily  presented  to 
call  for  such  procedure.  For  instance,  Miss  Mon- 
roe's original  attack  upon  the  integrity  of  Bryant 
was  made  upon  the  authority  of  a  "  New  York 
publisher"  whom  she  did  not  name.  When  asked 
for  his  name,  she  confesses  that  he  was  not  a 
publisher  at  all.  He  was  the  late  John  Denisori 
Champlin,  who  was  aforetime  in  the  employ  of 
the  house  of  Scribner  and  did  for  them  much  mis- 
cellaneous editorial  work.  Now,  for  my  part,  I 
cannot  accept  the  late  Mr.  Champlin  as  a  court  of 
last  resort  in  such  a  case.  Particularly,  I  cannot 
because  Mr.  Champlin  should  have  been  one  of 
the  last  men  to  bring  charges  of  editorial  sins 
against  Bryant.  Miss  Monroe  quotes  him  as  the 
"  chief  author  or  compiler  "  of  those  two  reference 
works,  "  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings " 
and  "  Cyclopedia  of  Music  and  Musicians,"  —  two 
works  with  which  I  happen  to  have  long  been 
familiar,  and  which  I  can  testify  are,  in  an  edito- 
rial sense,  not  more  shoddy  than  they  are  ram- 
shackle —  works  honeycombed  with  errors  alike  of 
omission  and  of  commission.  The  most  pretentious 


556 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


claims  were  made  for  these  works  upon  their  ap- 
pearance; but  how  jerry-built  they  are  can  easily 
be  ascertained  by  comparing  them,  critically,  with 
Bryan's  and  with  Grove's  works  in  the  same 
metiers. 

No, —  I  want  something  besides  the  casual  chat- 
ter of  the  late  Mr.  Champlin  as  a  basis  of  belief. 
But  even  if  I  did  not, —  observe  the  sweet  reasona- 
bleness of  Miss  Monroe,  who  asks  me  to  dismiss 
the  printed  assertions  of  Bryant's  publishers  as 
examples  of  tergiversation  and  truth-stretching, 
and  accept  the  garrulities  of  Mr.  Champlin  as  gos- 
pel !  Observe  it,  furthermore,  when,  in  her  porten- 
tous list  of  publications  to  which  Bryant  basely 
"  sold  his  name  and  venerable  portrait "  for  adver- 
tising purposes,  we  find  two  works  that  appeared 
in  1879  —  when  Bryant  himself  died  in  June, 
1878.  One  of  these  works,  it  appears,  was  pub- 
lished by  the  house  of  Appleton  and  the  other  by 
the  house  of  Putnam, —  two  names  which,  as  all 
lovers  of  good  literature  are  aware,  still  appear  in 
the  pages  of  THE  DIAL  devoted  to  publishers' 
announcements.  Perhaps  there  are  old  members 
of  these  firms  yet  active  who  can  relate  how  the 
august  shade  of  Bryant  returned  from  the  spirit 
land  —  via  the  Society  for  Psychical  Research, 
maybe !  —  to  seal  with  them  the  iniquitous  bar- 
gains by  which  an  unsuspecting  public  was  yet 
again  to  be  flim-flammed ! 

I  will,  however,  dwell  for  a  moment  upon  this 
portentous,  this  so  deeply  damning,  list  of  Miss 
Monroe's  because  it  brings  out  one  thing  which  is, 
I  think,  worth  passing  mention.  It  contains  eleven 
items,  and  with  one  exception  these  items  are  all 
books  devoted  to  things  which  with  Bryant  were 
passions.  As  all  students  of  his  life  well  know, 
he  was  a  devoted  lover  of  nature,  of  the  American 
landscape,  and  of  flower  and  plant-life;  he  was  a 
great  lover  of  poetry;  and  he  was  a  deeply  relig- 
ious man.  (Miss  Monroe  has  referred  pleasantly  in 
one  of  her  communications  to  his  "  pious  puerili- 
ties." Bryant  was  not  pious, —  he  was  strongly 
and  reverently  religious;  not  in  a  puerile  but  in  a 
thoroughly  manly  and  unaffected  way.  Of  course 
this  would  disfranchise  him  as  a  "  new  "  poet  — 
for  the  only  religion  of  which  so  far  I  have  found 
any  traces  in  the  "  new "  poetry  is  that  of  self- 
worship.  Bryant  conceived  himself  as  but  the 
humble  vessel  of  a  Deity  Omnipotent. )  From  time 
immemorial,  illustrious  writers  have  contributed 
prefaces  or  advised  in  the  compilation  or  publica- 
tion of  works  upon  subjects  in  which  they  were 
deeply  interested;  and  it  has  remained  for  a 
propagandist  of  the  "  new "  poetry  to  first  come 
forward  with  the  unique  charge  that  Bryant  in 
doing  so  was  "  false  to  his  vision  "  as  a  poet.  If 
the  charge  can  be  sustained,  it  occurs  to  me  that 
we  have  had  and  still  have  an  enormous  number 
of  false  poets  among  us !  Really,  one  scarce  knows 
which  ones  may  with  propriety  be  read.  Perhaps 
it  were  best,  in  order  to  feel  perfectly  safe,  to 
restrict  ourselves  to  "  Poetry "  alone.  But  even 
then  will  we  be  secure  from  contamination  ?  For  — 
disturbing  recollection !  —  did  not  "  Poetry  "  itself 
award  (Miss  Monroe  being  the  deus  ex  machina,  I 
believe)  some  time  ago  a  Cash  Prize,  that  rarest  of 


all  rare  birds  poetically  pursued,  to  a  poet  who, 
if  the  biographies  and  bibliographies  are  to  be 
trusted,  has  distinguished  himself  by  many  and 
divers  editorial  and  journalistic  labors,  perpetra- 
tions of  prefaces,  etc.,  etc.  If  one  asks,  Can  such 
things  be?  I  can  only  answer  that  they  have  been! 

The  question  of  editorial  ethics,  upon  which 
Miss  Monroe  animadverts,  both  directly  and  indi- 
rectly, may  be  debated  to  infinity  without  ever 
getting  anywhere,  for  the  plain  reason  that  no  gov- 
erning canon  has  ever  been  established,  nor  can  one 
ever  be.  The  words  "  edit "  and  "  editor  "  are  of 
an  elasticity  indefinable  alike  in  latitude  of  inter- 
pretation and  of  practice.  The  nature,  however, 
of  Bryant's  editorial  labors  upon  the  "  Library  of 
Poetry  and  Song  "  we  have  his  own  and  his  pub- 
lishers' statements  for.  No  uncertainty  —  except 
for  the  purpose  of  clouding  the  issue  —  exists 
regarding  them.  And  if  the  writing  of  an  histori- 
cal Introduction  extending  to  some  7000  words 
did  not,  in  connection  with  his  general  editorial 
oversight,  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  of  the  body 
of  the  work  (which,  as  has  been  shown,  was  the 
product  of  various  pens),  qualify  his  name  to 
appear  upon  the  title-page  of  the  "  Popular  His- 
tory of  the  United  States  "  as  one  of  its  authors, 
I  can  imagine  no  "  reason  why  "  not  entirely  fan- 
tastical. I  have  been  at  some  pains  to  trace  out 
the  "  Publishers'  Announcement "  of  this  work,  and 
while  it  is  a  lengthy  one  it  nowhere  indicates  just 
what  portions  were  to  be  contributed  by  Bryant 
or  describes  his  share  in  the  undertaking.  And  a 
peculiar  thing  remains  to  be  noted  in  the  prem- 
ises. This  "  History  "  was  published  by  no  less  a 
house  than  that  of  Scribner — the  house  with  which 
Mr.  Champlin  was  so  long  allied  and  of  which 
Miss  Monroe  implies  he  was  practically  a  part. 
Now,  if  this  work  was  so  absolute  and  unblushing 
a  fraud  as  Miss  Monroe  asserts  and  re-asserts, 
how  was  it  that  Mr.  Champlin  could  bring  himself 
to  remain  in  the  employ  of  a  firm  given  to  such 
pernicious  practices?  Why  did  he  not  revolt  at 
the  iniquity,  and  affiliate  himself  with  more  hon- 
orable people?  Let  echo  answer! 

The  preface  to  the  second  volume  of  this  work, 
as  I  have  also  previously  shown,  definitely  stated 
that  its  composition  had  been  carried  on  under  the 
direct  supervision  of  Bryant,  and  that  he  had 
scrutinized  "  every  line "  in  the  proof  as  well. 
But  Miss  Monroe  alleges,  on  Mr.  Champlin's  say- 
so,  that  Bryant  "  scarcely  glanced  "  at  the  proof- 
sheets.  As  one  of  the  advisers  of  the  publishers, 
one  would  think  Mr.  Champlin  would  have  seen 
to  it  that  the  preface  was  altered  before  it  went 
out  into  the  world.  Why  did  n't  he, —  or  else  hold 
his  peace  thereafter? 

Speaking  of  proof-sheets  reminds  me,  moreover, 
that  Miss  Monroe  must  herself  be  somewhat  negli- 
gent in  her  inspection  of  those  of  the  publication 
which  she  is  believed  to  edit.  Else  how  could  she 
ever  have  "  let  past "  that  thrilling  "  new  "  poem 
in  a  recent  issue  which,  as  has  already  been  pointed 
out  in  THE  DIAL,  contains  a  surprisingly  flagrant 
plagiarism  from  George  Meredith  ?  We  are  obliged, 
in  the  first  place,  to  feel  sure  that  Miss  Monroe,  as 
an  experienced  practitioner  of  the  ars  poetica  not 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


557 


only,  but  one  deeply  versed  in  its  representative 
exponents,  must  be  familiar  with  a  poem  so  cele- 
brated as  "  Lucifer  in  Starlight."  In  the  second 
place,  we  must  be  not  only  sure,  we  must  be 
absolutely  certain  —  "  hope  to  die  "  —  "  cross  my 
heart "  —  that  so  rigorous  is  her  sense  of  editorial 
rectitude  (as  shown  by  her  strictures  upon  Bryant) 
that  knowing  the  plagiarism  to  be  present  in  the 
poem  (let  us  call  it  one,  for  did  it  not  appear  in 
"  Poetry  "?)  she  would  have  suspended  publication 
before  allowing  it  to  appear  as  an  original  compo- 
sition. We  are  therefore  left  in  an  embarrassing 
dilemma,- — from  which  we  can  only  extricate  our- 
selves by  the  inference  that  she  was  careless  (as 
Mr.  Champlin  says  Bryant  was!)  about  the  proof- 
sheets  ! 

Yes, —  we  feel  that  must  be  it !  For,  if  Miss 
Monroe  had  ever  examined  the  proofs  of  this  poem, 
must  she  not  infallibly  have  forwarded  them  to 
the  inspired  (if  somewhat  at  second-hand)  author 
and  requested  a  new,  a  truly  "  new,"  climacteric 
line"?  Assuredly!  And  at  the  same  time  she  must 
have  pointed  out  how  grotesque  was  the  mar- 
shalling, as  "  The  army  of  unalterable  law "  of 
"Matthew"  (Arnold)  and  "Waldo"  (Emerson). 
For  she  must  be  vividly  aware  of  the  fact  that 
over  half-a-century  ago  the  former  gave  to  the 
world  two  of  the  finest  poems  in  free  verse  that 
any  language  can  boast;  while  the  tetter's  entire 
influence  (which  was  and  still  remains  the  most 
powerful  ever  exerted  by  an  American  writer)  has 
ever  been  an  incitement  to  revolt  against  "  art 
made  tongue-tied  by  authority,"  and  life  as  well. 
I  would  like  to  add  a  word  regarding  another 
accusation  against  Bryant  by  Miss  Monroe  which 
she  made  in  a  previous  communication  to  THE 
DIAL,  and  repeats  in  her  latest  one, —  that  he  is  in 
some  manner  most  abysmally  culpable  because  his 
two  most  famous  poems,  "  Thanatopsis  "  and  "  To 
a  Waterfowl,"  were  written,  the  one  at  the  age  of 
nineteen  and  the  other  at  that  of  twenty-one,  and 
he  never  afterward  surpassed  them.  Poor  Bryant ! 
Not  only  his  faults  (?)  but  his  misfortunes  are 
thus  made  to  condemn  him!  For  it  is  the  general 
misfortune  that  poetical  inspiration,  at  its  highest, 
cannot  be  turned  on  and  off  like  the  stream  from 
a  faucet, —  to  use  the  simile  of  George  Sand  re- 
garding the  easy  flow  of  her  limpidly  perfect  prose 
and  the  absolute  control  of  it  that  she  possessed. 
As  a  poet  himself  has  written : 
"Alas!  not  always  doth  the  breath  of  song 

Breathe  on  us.     It  is  like  the  wind  that  bloweth 

At  its  own  will,  not  ours,  nor  tarrieth  long; 

We  hear  the  sound  thereof,  but  no  man  knoweth 

From  whence  it  comes,  so  sudden  and  swift  and  strong, 
Nor  whither  in  its  wayward  course  it  goeth." 
If  Bryant  lived  long  thereafter  and  never  ex- 
celled the  poems  of  his  youth,  he  is  merely  in  the 
same  boat  with  a  host  of  other  poets  of  renown. 
Poe,  for  instance,  claimed  to  have  written  "  To 
Helen  "  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  "  Israfel "  at 
twenty.  He  lived  on  to  forty,  but  they  remain  his 
high-water  mark.  Rossetti  composed  the  one  poem 
with  which  his  fame  is  inseparably  connected, 
"  The  Blessed  Damosel,"  at  nineteen,  and  lived  on 
to  fifty-four.  Swinburne  published  "Atalanta  in 
€alydon  "  and  "  Poems  and  Ballads  "  in  his  twen- 


ties, and  they  are  the  poems  by  which  principally 
he  will  be  remembered,  though  he  died  at  seventy- 
two  and  his  other  productions  fill  many  volumes. 
Lamartine's  Meditations  (which  include  Le  Lac) 
appeared  in  1820,  and  he  continued  to  publish 
poetry  for  nearly  a  half-century  afterward,  but 
that  volume  is  what  he  will  live  by.  De  Musset's 
two  masterpieces,  the  Nuits  of  May  and  of  Decem- 
ber, he  wrote  in  1835,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  — 
and  failed  to  equal  them  during  the  twenty-two 
subsequent  years  of  his  career.  So  I  might  con- 
tinue, filling  pages  of  THE  DIAL  with  citations  of 
names  and  dates, —  but  it  is,  I  conceive,  quite  un- 
necessary. To  some  poets  it  is  given  to  write  their 
most  immortal  verses  at  an  early  period,  to  others 
at  a  late  one,  to  still  others  at  an  intermediate  one, 
while  there  are  some  few  cases  in  which  the  high- 
est point  is  touched  or  approximated  at  all  these 
intervals.  That  this  is  or  can  be  in  any  way  con- 
strued as  a  reproach  it  has  remained  for  Miss 
Monroe  to  assert  in  the  case  of  Bryant. 

Chicago,  Dec.  4,  1915.  JoHN  L"  HERVEY" 


ONCE  IN  A  BLUE  MOON. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
If  the  woman  of  to-day,  and  not  Henley,  had 
written  "  Invictus,"  her  version  of  the  first  stanza 
would  have  been: 

"  Out  of  the  night  that  covers  me, 
Black  as  the  pit  from  pole  to  pole, 
I  thank  whatever  gods  may  be 
For  my  uncomfortable  soul." 

Though  why  go  afield  to  find  the  gods?  Mr.  H.  W. 
Boynton  is  closer  at  hand.  For  it  does  n't  happen 
often  —  just  once  in  a  blue  moon  —  that  anyone 
presents  so  penetrating  a  diagnosis  of  a  case  as 
his  article,  "  Just  a  Nice  Story,"  appearing  in 
THE  DIAL  for  November  25.  To  be  sure,  we  had 
all  known  there  was  something  wrong  with  our 
fiction  the  last  century  or  two,  but  it  is  only 
recently  that  we  have  tried  to  find  the  cause. 
Mr.  Garnett  began  by  pointing  his  finger  at  us 
and  saying,  You  are  to  blame  over  there  in  Amer- 
ica ;  and  Mr.  Wister  answered,  No,  not  all  of  us  — 
only  the  critics  and  Harold  Bell  Wright.  Almost 
simultaneously,  Mr.  Boynton  and  Mr.  Nicholson 
stepped  forward,  the  former  making  a  strong 
defence  of  the  critic,  the  latter  declaring  that  there 
was  almost  hope  for  the  rest  of  us,  and  both 
asserting  rather  triumphantly  that  they  had  never 
heard  of  Harold  Bell  Wright.  Now,  just  as  Mr. 
Henry  Sydnor  Harrison  is  ready  to  assure  us  that 
not  only  are  matters  not  so  dreadful  as  they  seem 
but  they  are  even  much  better  than  that,  Mr. 
Boynton,  despite  his  broad  tolerance  of  what  he 
calls  the  silly  and  wonderful  time  of  youth,  insists 
that  things  are  bad  after  all.  And  whose  is  the 
fault?  It's  woman's.  (Thus  does  history  repeat 
itself.) 

And  woman's  soul  will  surely  be  filled  with  a 
divine  discomfort,  for  she  must  realize  that  what 
he  says  is  unequivocally  and  unfalteringly  true. 
To  begin  with,  she  did  not  know  any  better.  As 
for  the  last  decade,  or  decade  and  a  half,  she  has 
been  so  busy  trying  to  know  better  that  she  has  not 
stopped  long  enough  to  give  herself  time  to  think. 


558 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


She  took  her  first  plunge  into  literature,  or 
pseudo-literature,  in  her  early  years  of  pig-tails 
and  freckles.  She  was  not  taught,  as  babes  are 
now,  to  lisp  glibly,  "  The  sea  gives  her  shells  to 
the  shingle,  The  earth  gives  her  streams  to  the 
sea  " ;  instead,  she  had  to  discover  things  for  her- 
self. In  a  big  dusty  attic  she  pulled  an  old  trunk 
out  of  its  forgotten  corner,  and  there  she  stum- 
bled upon  her  first  copy  of  "  Little  Women."  Not 
even  in  these  later  days,  when  she  has  specialized 
and  gone  in  for  thrills,  has  she  found  anything  to 
equal  that  glorious  moment  when  she  gloated  over 
the  prospective  feast  in  its  pages,  while  imagina- 
tion ran  riot  and  hope  was  young.  She  cried  over 
the  chapter  where  Beth  had  the  scarlet  fever,  and 
would  not  read  it  to  the  end  that  day,  thinking 
that  if  Beth  must  die  she  could  at  least  postpone 
knowing  about  it  as  long  as  she  would.  Once  or 
twice  she  did  wonder  if  this  was  the  kind  of  tale 
that  grown-ups  read,  but  when  she  reached  the 
part  where  Jo  married  Professor  Bhaer  instead  of 
Laurie  all  her  doubts  vanished.  For  she  knew  that 
anything  so  grim  as  that  could  be  nothing  short 
of  literature.  And  we  warn  Mr.  Boynton  that  it 
would  have  been  a  fatal  hour  indeed  for  him  to 
have  been  on  hand  just  then  to  tell  her  that  what 
she  was  reading  was  only  a  sweet  pretty  story. 
In  the  trunk  were  old  "  Youth's  Companions  "  that 
were  musty  and  yellow  and  ragged.  She  liked 
especially  the  picture  of  the  Blind  Brother  from 
the  file  of  '87.  The  series  was  broken,  so  she 
never  found  out  if  he  ever  escaped  from  his  prison 
in  the  mine.  Another  favorite  was  "  Bet  and  Her 
Family  "  —  the  ten  commandments,  poor  Bet  being 
the  first  and  Ruth  the  eleventh  and  the  obstreper- 
ous brothers  the  other  nine. 

There  was  also  a  volume  of  Keats's  poems  which 
she  read  a  year  or  two  later.  By  mishap  or  fine 
lack  of  discrimination  she  skipped  completely  his 
"  Ode  on  a  Grecian  Urn  "  and  "  La  Belle  Dame 
sans  Merci,"  and  consequently  decided  that  on  the 
whole  he  merely  tried  to  soothe  the  cares  of  men 
by  adjectives,  ornaments,  and  sweets.  "  The  Pot 
of  Basil "  seemed  too  wormy  by  half,  and  almost 
everything  else  of  his  she  read  she  secretly  thought 
was  lush.  But  she  never  dreamed  of  confiding  her 
opinions  to  anyone,  for  the  school  of  criticism 
which  dogmatically  decries  all  poetry  written 
north  of  1890  (or  is  it  1910?)  had  not  yet  come 
into  its  own;  or,  if  it  had,  she  was  young  and 
innocent  and  did  not  know  of  it. 

It  was  Carlyle  who  did  for  her  what  poetry  had 
failed  to  do.  One  day  she  heard  some  chapters 
read  aloud  from  "  Past  and  Present."  Those 
brief  snatches  of  cursory  reading  led  her  to  think 
of  him  as  one  of  the  great  army  of  hewers  of 
wood  and  drawers  of  water,  rather  than  as  an 
author ;  it  was  a  pick-axe  that  he  held  in  his  hand, 
and  his  shaggy  head  —  she  knew  it  must  be 
shaggy — towered  godlike  above  his  fellow- workers 
while  his  Blesseds  and  Thrice-Blesseds  were  heaped 
lavishly  upon  even  a  Gurth,  born  thrall  of  Cedric. 
She  herself  grew  three  inches  while  she  listened  to 
the  words.  Literature  with  power  had  cast  its 
spell  over  her,  and  she  could  never  be  the  same 
after  that.  She  longed  to  read,  or  even  write,  arti- 


cles where  she  could  say,  within  parentheses,  "  the 
italics  are  mine/'  or  use  expressions  like  Kultur  or 
elan  vital.  Now  she  was  ready  to  sit  up  to  the 
table  with  her  elders,  and  share  the  game  course 
and  the  cheese.  As  a  sign  that  youth  and  senti- 
ment and  romance  were  left  forever  behind,  she 
stole  up  to  the  attic  and  locked  the  trunk  and 
shoved  it  back  against  the  wall  of  the  alcove.  The 
key  is  still  on  the  nail  in  the  second  rafter  from 
the  window.  It  may  be  rusty  now. 

And  that  brings  her  to  the  stage  where  she  is  at 
present.  So  much  happened  while  she  was  still 
reading  (dare  we  say  it?)  the  Elsie  Books,  that  she 
would  never  have  caught  up  at  all  if  she  had  not 
decided  to  jump  the  middle  ground.  Even  at  that 
she  does  n't  think.  There  is  n't  time.  Miss  Ida 
Tarbell  knows  her,  and  in  her  new  book,  "  The 
Ways  of  Woman,"  she  calls  her  a  culture-chaser. 
It  is  she  and  her  sisters,  according  to  Miss  Tarbell, 
"  who  can  be  depended  upon  to  fill  a  theatre  at  ten 
or  eleven  in  the  morning  to  listen  to  a  lecture  on 
Peace  or  the  Cancer  Cure,  Suffrage  or  Tagore, 
Radium  or  the  Panama  Canal.  It  is  they  who  are 
the  instant  ally  of  any  cause  which  is  new  and  it 
is  they  who  will  stay  by  as  long  as  the  campaign 
is  exciting  —  or  until  something  more  exciting 
looms  in  sight."  Mr.  Galsworthy  must  have  met 
her  last  year,  for,  even  far  more  effectively,  he 
describes  her  thus :  "  There  was  in  her  blood  that 
which  bade  her  hasten,  lest  there  should  be  some- 
thing still  new  to  her  when  she  died.  .  .  What  with 
travelling  in  new  countries,  listening  to  new 
preachers,  lunching  new  novelists,  discovering  new 
dancers,  taking  lessons  in  Spanish;  what  with 
new  dishes  for  dinner,  new  religions,  new  dogs, 
new  dresses,  new  duties  to  new  neighbours,  and 
newer  charities  —  life  was  so  full  that  the  moment 
it  stood  still  and  was  simply  old  '  life,'  it  seemed 
to  be  no  life  at  all."  And  in  writing  of  her,  no 
doubt  Mr.  Galsworthy  and  Miss  Tarbell,  like  Mr. 
Boynton,  had  in  mind  all  ladylike  gentlemen  as 
well. 

Perhaps  some  day  she  will  tire  of  looking  at 
things  as  they  are,  just  as  she  tired  of  looking  at 
them  as  they  are  not.  Perhaps  some  day  she  will 
crawl  under  Mr.  Boynton's  barbed-wire  fence  and 
discover  the  world  of  true  idealism  and  know  "  the 
stuff  of  which  manly  life  and  manly  imagination 
are  made."  Perhaps  she  will  want  to  come  back 
to  hear  more  about  things  as  they  were.  Think 
of  the  transformation  there  will  be,  as  a  result,  in 
fiction  and  literature  and  life!  But  why  be  opti- 
mistic about  it?  Things  like  that  seldom  happen 
out  of  books  —  only  once  in  a  blue  moon. 

.n._       ALMA  LUISE  OLSON. 
Chicago,  Dec.  2,  1915. 

MORE  ABOUT  DIPHTHONGS. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Will  you  permit  me  to  say,  in  reply  to  your  cor- 
respondent, Mr.  Wallace  Rice,  that  the  remarks 
which  he  quotes  from  my  "  Essentials  of  English 
Speech  and  Literature  "  were  written  to  bring  out 
the  fact  that,  in  the  view  of  the  National  Education 
Association's   Committee  on   Phonetics,  the  diph- 
thongal characters  of  the  digraphs  ch,  ng,  sh,  th, 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


559 


and  zh,  would  be  better  indicated  by  ligatured  sym- 
bols than  by  the  plain  letters. 

Mr.  Rice  asks :  "  What  can  Dr.  Vizetelly  mean 
when  he  calls  sh,  ng,  th,  and  zh  diphthongal?  .  . 
The  four  sounds  mentioned  (really  five,  since  th 
stands  for  two  different  consonants)  are  monoph- 
thongs." 

Perhaps  Mr.  Rice  has  overlooked  the  fact  that 
one  of  the  meanings  of  the  word  "  diphthong  "  is  a 
combination  of  two  consonants  in  one  syllable,  espe- 
cially such  intimate  unions  as  those  of  ch  and  dg  or 
j  (dz),  in  "  church,"  "  judge,"  etc.  And  as  for 
calling  the  symbols  monophthongs,  has  not  Mr. 
Rice  forgotten  that  a  monophthong  is  a  single 
vowel  sound,  a  vowel  digraph,  or  two  written 
vowels  pronounced  as  one  ?  As  this  is  the  meaning 
which  the  word  has  had  for  nearly  three  centuries, 
it  would  ill  befit  me  to  misuse  it  as  Mr.  Rice  has 
done. 

Mr.  Rice  asks  what  can  I  mean  when  I  call  the 
symbols  referred  to  diphthongal.  He  will  find  the 
answer  in  a  standard  work  issued  under  the  editor- 
ship of  the  late  Dr.  William  T.  Harris : 

" CH.  This  digraph  has  three  sounds  as  follows: — 
(1)  The  more  frequent  sound  is  diphthongal  .  .  as  in 
chin." 

"  NG.  The  ng  at  the  end  of  a  word  is  really  diph- 
thongal." 

"  SH.  The  description  by  Briicke  seems  more  accu- 
rate, which  makes  it  to  be  a  composite  element,  con- 
sisting of  an  s  sound  .  .  and  a  breath  sound  .  .  like  the 
German  ch  in  ich." 

"  TH.  This  digraph  is  used  to  represent  two  lingua- 
dental  fricative  sounds:  a  surd  and  a  sonant." 

"  ZH.  In  some  words,  z  takes  a  sound  (zh)  which 
is  the  sopant  correlative  of  the  surd  sh;  as  in  azure  .  . 
developed  "by  'fusion  of  a  proper  z  with  a  following  y 
sound." 

In  addition  to  this,  the  work  referred  to,  before 
discussing  these  symbols,  which  it  classifies  as 
"  Diphthongal  Consonants,"  says :  "  Certain  con- 
sonant sounds  are  composed  of  more  simple  con- 
sonant elements  so  blended  that  the  product  is 
property  described  as  diphthongal." 

No  one  regrets  more  than  I  that  Mr.  Rice  disa- 
grees with  me  —  that  is  his  privilege,  and  far  be  it 
from  me  not  to  wish  him  all  the  comfort  and  satis- 
faction that  he  may  get  out  of  it. 

FRANK  H.  VIZETELLY. 

New  York  City,  Nov.  26, 1915. 


(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
After  stating  that  "  every  one  of  the  great  dic- 
tionaries has  decided  that  the  sound  of  these  letters 
[ng,  sh,  the  two  sounds  of  th,  and  zh]  is  diph- 
thongal," it  is  interesting  to  find  Dr.  Vizetelly 
mentioning  as  sole  authority  for  his  statement  a 
book  which  remains  anonymous,  except  for  the 
fact  that  it  is  "  a  standard  work  issued  under  the 
editorship  of  the  late  Dr.  William  T.  Harris."  who 
was  not  a  phonetician.  Since  his  declaration  was 
a  portion  of  a  passionate  apology  for  the  Scientific 
Alphabet  of  the  National  Educational  Association, 
and  the  Standard  Dictionary  is  not  only  the  chief 
exponent  of  the  use  of  that  signary  in  English  but 
also  a  lexicon  with  which  Dr.  Vizetelly  was  inti- 
mately connected,  it  would  have  been  natural  to 


find  him  turning  first  of  all  to  the  official  exposi- 
tion of  that  alphabet  on  pages  2195-2197  of  this 
important  work. 

I  turned  to  these  pages,  and  the  reason  was 
immediately  evident  why  the  good  Doctor  pre- 
ferred to  quote  from  other  sources.  Here,  where 
the  inventors  and  demonstrators  of  the  Scientific 
Alphabet  are  engaged  in  its  official  exposition,  one 
may  find  it  said  of  ng,  "  the  elementary  palatal 
nasal  sound  in  sing,  sang,  sung  ";  of  sh,  "  the  ele- 
mentary sound  closing  in  rush,  opening  in  she"; 
of  the  sonant  sound  of  th,  "  the  elementary  sound 
of  th  in  that " ;  of  the  surd  sound  of  th,  "  the  ele- 
mentary sound  closing  in  myth,  pith,  opening  in 
thin,  think  ";  of  zh,  "  the  elementary  sonant  cor- 
responding with  sh."  In  other  words,  the  highest 
exponents  of  the  characteristics  of  the  alphabet 
upon  which  Dr.  Vizetelly  is  expatiating  contradict 
him  absolutely  on  every  point  of  his  contention. 
But  why  did  he  not  take  their  word  for  it?  They 
know. 

But  I  was  at  a  loss  to  understand  why,  when  I 
had  said  in  my  original  communication  that  ch  is 
usually  a  consonantal  diphthong,  Dr.  Vizetelly 
should  have  felt  it  necessary  to  quote  further 
authority  upon  it,  until  I  realized  that  it  was  for 
the  purpose  of  self-refutation;  of  course,  if,  as  he 
says  in  his  book,  "  most  phonetists  analyze  this 
sound  as  a  combination  of  t  and  sh,"  sh  must 
itself  be  a  simple  sound  —  had  it  diphthongal 
quality  a  consonantal  triphthong  would  result. 
The  quotation  citing  Briicke  is  quite  beside  the 
question ;  as  "  a  standard  work  issued  under  the 
editorship  of  the  late  Dr.  William  T.  Harris,"  - 
Webster's  New  International  Dictionary, —  ob- 
serves, "  it  is  regarded  as  a  simple  element,"  nor 
does  it  require  much  phonetic  knowledge  to  know 
that  composite  consonants  and  consonantal  diph- 
thongs are  not  the  same  things, —  as  where  the 
authority  just  quoted  states  of  ng,  "  the  sound  is 
composite,  but  not  compound."  On  page  xlvi  of 
the  same  work  may  be  found  the  statement:  "A 
consonantal  digraph  is  a  combination  of  two  con- 
sonants representing  a  single  sound,  as  sh  in  she, 
zh  in  azure,  ng  in  sing,"  while  the  New  English 
Dictionary  (Vol.  VIII,  p.  i)  speaks  of  "  the  simple 
consonants,  sh,  zh." 

Where  Dr.  Vizetelly  obtained  his  remarkable 
statement  that  "  the  ng  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
really  diphthongal,"  I  cannot  surmise,  and  I  should 
like  to  have  the  citation  in  full.  The  practically 
unanimous  opinion  of  phonetic  scholars  is  set 
forth  in  the  Century  Dictionary  (p.  2423)  thus: 
"  With  the  digraph  ng  is  written  the  nasal  which 
corresponds  to  g  and  k  in  the  same  manner  as 
n  to  d  and  t,  or  m  to  b  and  p,  and  which  (for 
example,  in  singing)  is  just  as  much  a  simple 
sound  as  n  or  m."  See,  too,  p.  xlii  of  the  New 
International,  in  which  m,  n,  and  ng  ,are  treated 
as  similarly  simple  sounds;  p.  Hi  of  the  same, 
where  it  says,  "  The  digraph  ng  represents  a  nasal 
consonant  sound,"  Vol.  VI,  part  2,  p.  1,  of  the 
New  English  Dictionary,  "Before  the  sounds  (g) 
and  (k)  the  letter  n  is  also  employed  in  English  to 
denote  a  nasal  with  back  tongue  closure,"  or  the 
article  on  Phonetics  by  Mr.  Henry  Sweet,  in  the 


560 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


Encyclopaedia  Britanniea,  Vol.  XXI,  p.  467,  or 
Alexander  J.  Ellis's  "The  History  of  English 
Speech,"  or  Mr.  Sweet's  "  History  of  English 
Sounds,"  or  Dr.  Alexander  Melville  Bell's  "  Prin- 
ciples of  Speech,"  p.  230,  where  ng  is  character- 
ized as  "  this  simple  elementary  sound."  It  is 
perhaps  permissible  here  to  say  that  ng  was 
recognized  as  a  simple  sound  by  our  Teutonic 
ancestors  several  centuries  before  Christ,  and  a 
rune  provided  for  it. 

It  is  rather  pitiful  to  find  Dr.  Vizetelly  quoting 
in  support  of  his  position  such  a  statement  as 
that  the  digraph  TH  "  is  used  to  represent  two 
lingua-dental  fricative  sounds:  a  surd  and  a 
sonant,"  and  italicizing  words  to  mislead  his  read- 
ers further ;  it  is  as  if  he  had  said,  "  John  anr1 
William  are  individuals,"  and  concluded,  "  there- 
fore each  is  twins."  The  Century  Dictionary 
sums  up  the  uniform  consensus  of  opinion  when 
it  says  on  p.  6145 :  "  With  li,  t  forms  the  digraph 
th,  which  has  the  position  and  importance  of  a 
fully  independent  element  in  the  alphabet,  with  a 
double  pronunciation  surd  and  sonant  (or  breathed 
and  voiced)  :  surd  in  thin,  breath;  sonant  in  this, 
breathe  —  both  as  strictly  unitary  sounds  as  t  and 
d>,  or  s  and  z."  The  New  English  Dictionary, 
Vol.  IX,  p.  241,  notes  that  "  Th  .  .  is  a  conso- 
nantal digraph  representing  a  simple  sound,  or 
rather  .  .  a  pair  of  simple  sounds,  breath  and 
voice/'  and  in  Vol.  X,  p.  1,  "  Ih  is  a  consonantal 
digraph  representing  two  simple  sounds."  These 
two  simple  sounds,  it  may  be  added,  were  recog- 
nized as  such  by  the  Anglo-Saxons,  who  gave  them 
separate  letters  in  their  alphabet,  which  persisted 
until  the  Norman  Conquest. 

The  quotation  regarding  zh  is  also  beside  the 
question.  Dr.  Vizetelly  chooses  to  be  unaware 
that  sounds  developed  by  fusion  may  nevertheless 
be  simple  sounds,  though  nothing  is  more  common 
in  phonetic  history.  Instances  in  English  abound, 
and  in  nearly  all  other  languages  which  have 
engaged  the  attention  of  scholars.  Of  the  sound 
in  question  it  may  be  sufficient  to  quote  the  Cen- 
tury Dictionary  again,  which  says :  "  SH.  A 
digraph  representing  a  simple  sibilant  sound  akin 
to  s.  .  .  ZH.  The  corresponding  sonant  to  our 
other  sibilant  (written  in  this  work  with  zh,  after 
the  example  of  sh)";  or  the  New  English  Diction- 
ary, which  says :  "  The  simple  consonants,  sh, 
zh " ;  or  the  New  International,  where  we  find 
" sh  is  reckoned  as  a  simple  consonant;  zh  is  the 
voiced  correlative  of  sh  " ;  or  Dr.  Bell,  who  speaks 
of  sh  as  "  this  element "  and  of  zh  as  "  this  ele- 
ment"  (pp.  215,  220)  ;  and  the  Standard  Diction- 
ary as  cited  heretofore. 

Dr.  Vizetelly  seems  not  to  appreciate  the  deli- 
cate compliment  I  paid  him  in  the  use  of  the 
word  monophthong,  by  folloAving  his  use  of  the 
word  diphthong  in  speaking  of  consonants.  He 
has  done  me  the  honor  to  look  the  former  up  in 
the  dictionary;  if  he  will  do  himself  the  justice 
of  also  looking  up  the  latter  he  will  promptly 
withdraw  his  statement  that  "  one  of  the  meanings 
of  the  word  '  diphthong '  is  a  combination  of  two 
consonants  in  one  syllable "  •  —  at  least,  no  such 
meaning  attaches  to  the  word  in  the  New  English, 


the  New  International,  the  Century,  the  Standard, 
the  Concise  Oxford,  the  Imperial,  Stormonth's,  or 
Worcester's  Dictionary,  which  are  all  I  have  had 
time  to  consult. 

Finally  permit  me  to  observe  that  if  Dr.  Vize- 
telly will  acquaint  himself  with  the  earlier  para- 
graphs of  "A  Primer  of  English  Sounds,"  by  Mr. 
Henry  Sweet,  most  eminent  of  living  phoneticians 
in  English,  he  can  by  personal  experimentation 
with  his  own  vocal  organs  satisfy  himself  that  the 
five  sounds  under  discussion  are  all  simple  con- 
sonantal sounds ;  I  did, —  forty -five  years  ago. 

Chicago,  Nov.  29,  1915.  WALLACE  RICE. 

IMAGISM  AND  PLAGIAEISM. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

Surely  you  do  not  mean  to  accuse  Mr.  T.  S. 
Eliot  of  trying  to  "  put  something  over  "  when,  in 
your  issue  of  November  25,  you  use  the  unfortu- 
nate word  "  plagiarism  "  in  connection  with  your 
discussion  of  his  recent  contribution  to  "  Poetry." 
I  read  the  poem  in  question  when  it  appeared; 
and,  in  common  with  you,  I  recognized  the  line, 
"  The  army  of  unalterable  law,"  as  the  last  line 
of  Meredith's  "  Lucifer "  sonnet.  It  seemed  to 
me  then,  and  seems  to  me  now,  a  rather  neat  trans- 
position. The'  thought  never  entered  my  naive 
brain  that  Mr.  Eliot  (who  is,  by  the  way,  entirely 
unknown  to  me  personally)  could  have  supposed 
that  the  line  would  be  regarded  as  anything  but  a 
quotation.  I  could  as  easily  fancy  a  man  trying 
to  palm  off  as  his  own  such  phrases  as  "  justify 
the  ways  of  God  to  men,"  "  I  shall  not  look  upon 
his  like  again,"  or  "  To  be,  or  not  to  he :  that 
is  the  question."  Plagiarism  is  the  corrupt  at- 
tempt to  pass  off  as  one's  own  the  work  of  another 
writer;  there  is  no  possible  relation  between  it 
and  Mr.  Eliot's  employment  of  a  great  and  world- 
famous  phrase  in  a  position  where  the  reader's 
recognition  of  it  as  a  quotation  is  precisely  the 
effect  aimed  at. 

Genuine  plagiarism  is  a  rare  vice;  it  generally 
occurs  in  regions  where  the  reward  for  successful 
stealing  is  considerably  higher  than  any  reward 
that  the  poet  is  likely  to  get. 

ARTHUR  DAVISON  FICKE. 

Davenport,  Iowa,  Dec.  1,  1915. 

[It  has  always  been  an  elementary  law  of 
literary  ethics  that  quotations  must  be  enclosed 
in  quotation  marks,  or  otherwise  plainly  ac- 
knowledged ;  and  the  writer  who  fails  to  con- 
form to  this  law  cannot  justly  escape  the 
charge  of  plagiarism.  Of  course  exception  is 
commonly  made  in  the  case  of  such  phrases  as 
those  mentioned  by  Mr.  Ficke,  which  have 
become  counters  of  our  literary  currency, 
worn  thin  by  universal  daily  use.  That  Mere- 
dith's line  is  not  of  this  class  is  sufficiently 
proved,  if  proof  were  needed,  by  the  fact  that 
it  does  not  even  appear  among  the  ten  or 
fifteen  thousand  "familiar  quotations"  com- 
prised in  the  latest  (1914)  edition  of  Bartlett's 
standard  reference  book. —  EDITOR.] 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


561 


Cjr*  Ifcto  §00hs. 


VIEWS  OF  STEVENSOX.* 

It  has  been  lately  held  by  some  writers  that 
interest  in  Stevenson  is  waning.  The  number 
of  books  and  articles  relating  to  him  still 
constantly  issuing  from  the  press,  however, 
seems  to  indicate  that  the  reverse  is  true.  In 
addition  to  the  volumes  named  below,  another 
biography  of  Stevenson  for  the  young  and  a 
reprint  of  Mr.  Clayton  Hamilton's  articles 
on  Stevensonian  localities  from  "  The  Book- 
man "  are  among  the  recent  announcements. 
All  of  these  together  lead  us  to  infer  the  wide 
range  of  readers  who  continue  to  find  enter- 
tainment in  Stevenson's  works. 

To  genuine  lovers  of  Stevenson,  Mr. 
Frank  Swinnerton's  well  written  book  will 
come  as  a  great  shock.  It  seems  that  their 
faith  has  been  misplaced, —  that  Stevenson 
was  not,  after  all,  what  they  took  him  to  be. 
Mr.  Swinnerton's  opinion  is  disparaging  at 
almost  every  point.  According  to  him,  Steven- 
son's only  enduring  book  of  travel  is  "  In  the 
South  Seas  " ;  his  essays  are  merely  specimens 
of  style,  with  finesse  but  without  vigor ;  his 
poems  will  not  endure  because  they  are  lack- 
ing in  passion  ;  his  plays  are  shallow, —  "  it 
never  occurred  to  him  to  put  a  real  figure  in 
a  play :  he  never  supposed  that  a  character 
in  a  play  had  any  end  but  to  be  put  back 
into  the  box  with  the  other  playthings";  of 
his  short  stories  only  five  are  really  artistic; 
of  his  novels  and  romances  only  "  Treasure 
Island  "  and  "  Kidnapped  "  are  worth  while. 
To  so  little  do  the  thirty-two  volumes  of  the 
collected  works  (as  arranged  in  the  "Bio- 
graphical Edition")  come  when  Stevenson's 
work  is  sifted  by  the  coldly  critical  Mr. 
Swinnerton ! 

As  for  the  rest,  our  critic  gives  Stevenson 
credit  "  for  most  admirable  clarity " ;  his 
romances  "  include  occasional  pieces  of  distin- 
guished imagination,  a  frequent  exuberance 
of  fancy,  and  a  great  freshness  of  incident 
which  conceals  lack  of  central  or  unifying 
idea  and  poverty  of  imagined  character."  He 
has  great  versatility  of  talent,  and  one  can- 
not contemplate  the  record  of  his  writings 
"  without  great  admiration."  That  is  all.  He 
was  a  Scot  and  an  invalid.  The  first  misfor- 

*  R.  L.  STEVENSON.  A  Critical  Study.  By  Frank  Swinner- 
tcn.  With  portrait.  New  York  :  Mitchell  Kennerley. 

THE  LIFE  OF  ROBERT  Louis  STEVENSON.  By  Graham  Balfour. 
Abridged  edition,  revised  and  illustrated.  New  York :  Charles 
Scribner's  Sons. 

ROBERT  Louis  STEVENSON.  By  Amy  Cruse.  Illustrated. 
New  York :  Frederick  A.  Stokes  Co. 

SAILOR  AND  BEACHCOMBER.  Confessions  of  a  Life  at  Sea,  in 
Australia  and  amid  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific.  By  A.  Safroni- 
Middleton.  Illustrated.  New  York  :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


tune  left  him  without  the  capacity  for  emotion 
required  of  the  poet  (p.  92).  The  other 
caused  him  to  lack  the  real  courage  needed 
for  great  adventures  in  literature  as  in  life : 
"  with  all  his  writing  he  took  the  road  of  least 
resistance,  the  road  of  limited  horizons;  be- 
cause with  all  his  desire  for  romance,  his 
desire  for  the  splendour  of  the  great  life  of 
action,  he  was  by  physical  delicacy  made 
intellectually  timid  and  spiritually  cautious." 

This,  then,  is  the  theory  we  are  asked  to 
accept  with  regard  to  one  whom  we  had  been 
accustomed  to  think  of  as  having  earned  his 
niche,  though  not  a  lofty  one,  in  the  temple 
of  fame.  Is  it  true?  Is  oblivion  for  Steven- 
son, after  all,  inevitable?  "Was  so  much  of 
his  work,  after  all,  mere  craftsmanship?  To 
answer  these  questions  fully  would  perhaps 
require  a  volume ;  here  we  can  only  set  down 
our  dissenting  opinion. 

It  seems  to  us  that  this  book  well  illus- 
trates Arnold's  remark  that  the  critic  requires 
a  very  delicate  poise.  The  least  obstruction 
between  him  and  his  object  may  tend  to  throw 
him  out  of  balance  and  distort  his  view  of 
distant  objects, —  as  in  Poe's  story  of  "The 
Sphinx."  We  do  not  question  Mr.  Swinner- 
ton's full  knowledge  of  Stevenson's  works ;  we 
do  question,  however,  his  attitude  of  mind 
toward  his  author.  He  finds  Stevenson  tire- 
some, and  that  very  fact  arouses  suspicion  as 
to  his  temperamental  qualifications  for  this 
particular  task.  When  one  is  tempted  to 
write  a  book  upon  a  tiresome  writer,  one 
should  perhaps  stop  and  consider  if  one  be 
"called."  That  Mr.  Swinnerton  was  not 
called  is  amply  demonstrated,  it  seems  to  us, 
by  his  last  paragraph. 

One  thing  would  seem  certain :  if  there  be 
so  little  art  in  Stevenson's  work,  if  he  be  so 
entirely  a  decadent,  if  the  unspeakable  and 
canny  Scot  and  the  timid  invalid  have  so 
completely  dominated  his  work,  then  he  is 
bound  very  quickly  to  disappear  from  the 
horizon.  For  we  can  never  get  away  from 
the  fundamental  canon  that  art  is  social:  it 
takes  two  to  paint  a  picture,  the  artist  and 
his  observer ;  two  to  make  a  book,  the  author 
and  his  reader;  two  to  fashion  a  statue,  the 
sculptor  and  he  who  will  behold  with  sympa- 
thetic insight;  and  though  the  artist  may  be 
unconscious  of  it,  the  critic  is  present  before 
and  during,  as  well  as  after,  the  execution  of 
the  work.  We  may  be  fearful  6f  Demos' 
qualifications  for  anything  else  than  a  place 
in  a  mob;  but  in  the  end  it  is  Demos  (at  his 
best,  of  course)  who  rules  us  all.  And  after 
all,  has  not  Demos  given  us  (or  restored  to 
us)  Chaucer,  and  Shakespeare,  and  Scott,  and 
Thackeray,  and  many  another?  There  are 


562 


THE    DIAL 


Dec.  9 


imperfections  in  the  work  of  all  of  these ;  yet 
in  spite  of  their  imperfections  they  survive 
and  continue  to  give  us  refreshment  and  even 
inspiration.  They  are  men  like  ourselves; 
they  were  not  always  at  their  best ;  they  grew 
as  we  all  grow.  Time  has  sifted  their  work: 
the  less  valuable  part,  though  still  included  in 
complete  editions,  is  no  longer  known  to  the 
great  body  of  readers ;  but  the  best  is  every- 
where known  and  read  and  loved.  So  it  will 
be  with  Stevenson ;  and  may  it  not  be  that  a 
somewhat  larger  body  of  his  writing  will 
endure  than  five  short  stories  and  two  boys' 
books?  We  can  only  record  our  confident 
belief  that  such  will  be  the  case.  A  century 
from  now  some  curious  antiquarian  may  smile 
at  these  lines  and  wonder  who  Stevenson  was. 
If  so,  he  is  welcome;  it  will  not  be  the  first 
time  a  prophet  has  gone  astray. 

The  characteristics  of  Stevenson's  essays, 
Mr.  Swinnerton  finds,  are  those  "of  manner 
rather  than  of  matter."  They  "  owe  their 
charm  to  the  fact  that  Stevenson  was  often 
writing  about  himself,  for  he  always  wrote  en- 
tertainingly about  himself.  He  was  charmed 
by  himself,  in  a  way  that  the  common  egoist 
has  not  the  courage  or  possibly  the  imagina- 
tion to  be."  Yet  where  will  one  find  a  super- 
abundance of  the  author's  self  in  "Pulvis  et 
Umbra,"  in  "Talk  and  Talkers,"  in  "Beg- 
gars," in  "JEs  Triplex"?  In  these  essays,  at 
least,  Stevenson  rarely  talks  about  himself. 
Is  it  true  that  these  essays  give  pleasure 
merely  because  of  their  "  knots,"  as  Mr.  Swin- 
nerton implies,  or  merely  because  they  are 
full  of  a  commonplace  moralizing  which  is 
received  with  delight  by  the  bulk  of  us  com- 
monplace readers?  We  must  confess  to  hon- 
est doubts.  We  do  not  insist  that  an  essayist's 
every  idea  shall  be  absolutely  new  or  original ; 
we  do  insist  that  he  shall  express  it  in  a  fresh 
and  stimulating  manner,  and  that  he  shall  be 
neither  prosy  nor  narrow  in  his  sympathies. 
And  Stevenson  generally  meets  these  require- 
ments. 

The  poems  Mr.  Swinnerton  pronounces  to 
be  failures  because  they  were  the  work  of  a 
Protestant  Scot.  This  would  also  prove  Burns 
a  failure.  Surely,  however,  Stevenson  was  not 
invariably  the  cautious,  canny,  theologizing 
Scot.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  "  Our  Lady  of  the  Snows,"  the 
poems  reveal  no  traces  of  Protestant  any 
more  than  of  Catholic  "  theology  " ;  and  ex- 
cept for  the  second  book  of  "Underwoods" 
and  a  few  Scotticisms  here  and  there  in  his 
other  verse,  they  might  have  been  written  by 
an  Englishman  or  an  Irishman.  In  certain 
respects  we  should  pronounce  many  of  them 
distinctly  successful.  They  are  not  long  and 


ambitious;  they  never  attempt  too  much; 
and  they  easily  and  naturally  portray  many 
various  moods.  That  Stevenson  was  not  a 
great  poet  may  be  freely  granted ;  yet  he  had 
the  soul  of  a  poet ;  he  has  enshrined  the  child 
heart  in  verse  which  will  live,  we  believe,  for 
generations;  throughout  even  his  prose  will 
be  found  beautiful  poetical  passages,  as  for 
example  where  Kirstie  says  to  Archie  Weir: 

"  Weel,  Mr.  Archie,  there  was  a  lad  camr 
courtin'  me,  as  was  but  naetural.  Mony  had  come 
before,  and  I  would  nane  o'  them.  But  this  yin 
had  a  tongue  to  wile  the  birds  frae  the  lift  and  the 
bees  frae  the  fox-glove  bells.  Deary  me,  but  it's 
lang  syne.  Folk  have  deed  sinsyne  and  been  bur- 
ied, and  are  forgotten,  and  bairns  been  horn  and 
got  merrit  and  got  bairns  o'  their  ain.  Sinsyne 
woods  have  been  plantit,  and  have  grawn  up  and 
are  bonny  trees,  and  the  joes  sit  in  their  shadow,, 
and  sinsyne  auld  estates  have  changed  hands,  and 
there  have  been  wars  and  rumours  of  wars  on  the 
face  of  the  earth.  .  .  And  do  ye  no  think  that  I 
have  mind  of  the  bonny  simmer  days,  the  lang 
miles,  o'  the  bluid-red  heather,  the  cryin'  o'  the 
whaups,  and  the  lad  and  the  lassie  that  was 
trysted?  Do  ye  no  think  that  I  mind  how  the 
hilly  sweetness  ran  about  my  hairt?" 

That  Stevenson  was  not  a  dramatist  we  are 
also  quite  willing  to  concede.  While  he  had  a 
superb  command  of  conversational  style,  he 
was  most  at  home  in  more  leisurely  narrative 
of  the  third  person,  in  which  he  could  intro- 
duce description  when  it  pleased  him.  But 
surely  he  and  Henley  were  on  the  wrong 
track.  It  is  not  fair,  of  course,  to  impute  to 
him  either  faults  or  merits  for  which  Henley 
may  have  been  partly  responsible.  We  can 
only  say  that  the  plays  do  not  convince  us. 
The  two  phases  of  "  Deacon  Brodie  "  are  not 
sufficiently  distinguished:  and  while  the  vil- 
lain of  the  play  could  hardly  be  hanged  on 
the  stage  (it  will  be  remembered  that  the  real 
Brodie  was  hanged),  yet  the  manner  of  his 
taking  off  comes  as  an  unwarranted  surprise. 
Beau  Austin  is  too  quickly  convinced  of  the 
errors  of  his  ways  to  seem  wholly  natural. 
"Admiral  Guinea  "  is  too  pious ;  the  one  excel- 
lent character  in  this  play  is  the  villainous 
Pew.  Sir  Arthur  Pinero,  in  his  address  on 
Stevenson's  dramatic  work,  has  probably  said 
the  last  word  on  this  phase  of  the  matter. 

Of  the  short  stories,  there  are  doubtless 
many  opinions  as  to  which  are  the  best.  Mr. 
Swinnerton  thinks  that  "  The  Bottle  Imp "" 
and  "  Thrawn  Janet "  are  "  the  two  most  suc- 
cessful examples  of  Stevenson's  art  as  a  short- 
story  writer  " ;  and  with  this  view  we  have  no 
special  quarrel.  As  for  the  others,  to  our 
mind  Mr.  Swinnerton  does  not  do  justice 
either  to  "  The  Sire  de  Maletroit's  Door "  or 
to  "A  Lodging  for  the  Night."  The  former 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


563 


seems  to  us  the  better,  because  fuller  of  inci- 
dent and  more  climactic.  Yet  the  latter,  far 
from  being  "  a  piece  of  labored  artifice,"  is  to 
us  true  and  convincing.  Perhaps  Mr.  Swin- 
nerton  fails  most  conspicuously  in  his  treat- 
ment of  "The  Pavilion  on  the  Links,"  which 
he  thinks  Stevenson  did  not  first  imagine,  but 
planned  in  cold  blood.  "  If  I  look  for  emo- 
tion in  the  story,"  he  says,  "  I  find  none.  If  I 
look  for  an  aesthetic  idea  I  find  none."  Can 
it  be  that  he  is  incapable  of  perceiving  either? 
For  both  are  there.  Every  one  of  the  chief 
characters  is  full  of  emotional  stimulus;  one 
might  almost  say,  even,  that  every  character 
furnishes  an  aesthetic  idea.  "  The  Beach  of 
Falesa  "  is  likewise  a  captivating  tale.  The 
author  has  admirably  succeeded  in  the  imper- 
sonation of  his  hero;  the  form  seems  to  us 
well  adapted  to  the  content ;  and  not  without 
reason  have  some  called  this  story  his  best. 

With  regard  to  the  novels  and  romances, 
Mr.  Swinnerton's  complaint  is  that  Steven- 
son's constructive  power  weakens.  This  can 
hardly  be  said,  however,  of  "  Prince  Otto,"  in 
which  there  is  no  flaw.  There  is  plenty  of 
incident;  the  unexpected  is  constantly  hap- 
pening; and  the  characters  are  sufficiently 
well  motivated  to  pass  muster.  Our  critic 
thinks  the  theme  too  slight;  we  should  be 
inclined  to  say  that  the  result  proves  that  it 
is  not.  The  theme  is  adequate.  To  call  it  a 
"  doleful  failure  "  and  a  "  lackadaisical  gim- 
crack "  is  to  put  oneself  outside  the  pale  of 
serious  criticism. 

"  The  Master  of  Ballantrae,"  which  has 
been  pronounced  by  not  a  few  to  be  among 
Stevenson's  best,  Mr.  Swinnerton,  on  the 
whole,  condemns.  How  the  introduction  of 
Secundra  Dass  "ruins  the  book  as  a  work  of 
art,"  however,  passes  our  comprehension. 
Secundra  is  obviously  essential  for  the  work- 
ing out  of  the  plot,  and  moreover  himself  adds 
legitimately  to  the  interest  by  the  mystery 
which  he  brings  to  the  story.  The  critic  fur- 
ther objects  to  the  rambling  course  of  the 
story,  "  its  wilful  attempts  to  follow  the  wan- 
derings of  a  central  figure  so  fascinating  .  . 
as  the  Master,  its  lack  of  framework  and  true 
body  of  character";  he  finds  Lord  Durris- 
deer  and  Alison  "truly  no  more  than  pup- 
pets," while  "  even  the  Master  sometimes  is 
no  more  than  a  collection  of  traits."  As  for 
the  first  point,  we  had  supposed  that,  given  a 
plot  of  this  sort,  the  central  figure  of  which 
wanders  over  the  world,  Stevenson  introduced 
proper  devices  for  enabling  us  to  follow  him. 
As  for  the  other  too  sweeping  criticisms,  we 
can  only  express  dissent.  No  puppet  could 
fight  such  a  duel  as  Henry  fights ;  the  fault  is 
that  at  the  end  he  plays  too  minor  a  part. 


Mr.  Swinnerton  comes  nearer  to  doing  jus- 
tice to  "Weir  of  Hermiston,"  in  which  he 
rightly  thinks  that  "  Stevenson  reached  the 
height  of  his  powers  as  a  realistic  novelist." 
Nor  does  he  need  to  except  from  his  praise 
Frank  Innes,  "the  novelists'  hireling  profes- 
sional seducer."  The  mere  fact  that  such 
characters  occur  elsewhere  should  not  prevent 
us  from  recognizing  the  naturalness  of  Innes. 
True,  "continuity  of  narrative  there  is  none" ; 
but  is  there  much  more  in  "Adam  Bede " 
or  "  Henry  Esmond "  ?  The  outline  of  the 
projected  conclusion,  however  terrifying  to 
Mr.  Swinnerton,  would  seem  to  \varrant  the 
opinion  that  had  Stevenson  finished  the  story, 
probably  in  a  somewhat  modified  form,  it 
would  have  taken  rank  among  the  few  great, 
novels  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

In  short,  Mr.  Swinnerton's  book  is  to  a 
considerable  degree  disappointing.  It  pre- 
sents the  extreme  views  of  a  hostile  critic, 
which  are  quite  as  wide  of  the  mark,  it  seems 
to  us,  as  was  the  indiscriminate  praise  we 
used  to  hear. 

Mr.  Balfour's  life  of  Stevenson,  issued  in 
1901,  and  reviewed  in  THE  DIAL  for  Nov.  16 
of  that  year,  has  now  been  republished  in  an 
abridged  form.  The  548  pages  of  the  original 
two-volume  edition  have  been  cut  down  to 
372,  partly  by  omitting  foot-notes,  appen- 
dices, the  South  Sea  map,  and  the  index, 
partly  by  a  skilful  cutting  down  of  the  text. 
The  only  important  addition  we  have  noted  in 
the  text  is  a  paragraph  at  the  end  of  Chapter 
VI,  in  which  the  author  refers  to  the  fact 
that  Stevenson's  canoe  trip  in  1876  lay 
through  scenes  now  memorable  for  the  battles 
lately  fought  there,  and  quotes  Stevenson's 
remark  that  Landrecies  "was  a  point  in  the 
great  warfaring  system  of  Europe,  and  might 
on  some  future  day  be  ringed  about  with 
cannon  smoke  and  thunder,  and  make  itself  a 
name  among  small  towns."  The  chief  addi- 
tions, however,  are  the  thirteen  illustrations, 
all  of  which  are  new.  To  what  wras  said  of 
the  former  edition  little  need  now  be  added. 
The  book  has  worn  well,  and  has  taken  its 
place  among  the  worthiest  biographies  of  the 
last  two  decades. 

Miss  Amy  Cruse's  biography  is  included 
in  the  series  of  "  Heroes  of  All  Time  " ;  here 
Stevenson  rubs  elbows  with  Alexander,  King 
Alfred,  Joan  of  Arc,  Mohammed,  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  and  William  the  Silent.  That 
Stevenson  was  a  brave  man  and  a  hero,  none 
will  deny ;  but  that  he  deserves  such  distinc- 
tion as  this  is  perhaps  more  than  most  even 
of  his  ardent  admirers  would  claim  for  him. 
The  book  is  especially  written  for  the  young, 


564 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  9 


and  on  the  whole  not  badly  written.  It  is 
well  illustrated.  On  p.  60,  "Leslie  Stevenson" 
should  be  Leslie  Stephen. 

Some  interesting  views  of  Stevenson  are 
given  in  "Sailor  and  Beachcomber,"  from 
the  pen  of  Mr.  A.  Safroni-Middleton.  It  is  a 
curious  book,  abounding-  in  ungrammatical  ex- 
pressions and  with  an  occasional  misspelling; 
yet  the  author  has  the  poet's  eye,  and  despite 
the  hardships  through  which  he  has  passed, 
has  never  lost  the  feeling  for  nature  pos- 
sessed by  the  true  seer.  At  fourteen  he  ran 
away  from  home  and  shipped  before  the  mast 
for  Australia.  Thence,  after  various  adven- 
tures, he  drifted  to  Samoa.  His  skill  witii 
the  violin  gave  him  unusual  opportunities  to 
see  all  kinds  of  life.  When  he  first  met 
Stevenson,  the  latter  was  deeply  interested  in 
birds'  eggs.  "He  had  intellectual  keen  eyes 
and  a  sad  emotional-looking  face,  and  looked 
a  bit  of  a  dreamer."  Later,  on  shipboard, 
Middleton  taught  Stevenson  something  of 
violin-playing.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting 
glimpse  we  get  of  Stevenson  is  at  the  bedside 
of  a  little  ill  Samoan  girl ;  he  "  tenderly  bent 
over  the  little  patient,  as  concerned  as  though 
it  were  his  own  child,  as  he  chuckled  with  his 
lips,  and  touched  it  softly  on  the  chin  with 
his  finger  playfully,  till  it  actually  looked  up 
at  him  and  gave  a  wan  smile."  No  wonder 
Tusitala  was  venerated.  Mr.  Middleton 's 
account  of  the  missionaries,  we  regret  to  say, 
is  sadly  at  variance  with  the  views  of  them 
expressed  by  Stevenson  himself ;  yet  the  later 
writer  gives  the  impression  of  trying  to  be 
fair,  and  expressly  admits  that  "  some  of  the 
best  men  are  missionaries  and  sacrifice  years 
of  their  lives  in  a  hopeless  quest." 

CLARK  S.  NORTHUP. 


CLASSICS  ON  THE  ART  or  ACTING.* 

Of  the  four  booklets  on  play  making  edited 
and  published  by  Professor  Brander  Matthews 
for  the  Dramatic  Museum  of  Columbia  Uni- 
versity, it  was  said  in  THE  DIAL  (March  4, 
1915)  that  "here  is  both  solid  shot  and  canis- 
ter with  which  to  rout  the  ardent  enthusiasts 
whose  self-imposed  task  is  to  'uplift'  the 
drama."  With  equal  truth  it  may  be  said  of 
the  four  illuminating  papers  on  acting  wrhich 
constitute  the  second  series  of  the  publications 

*  PAPERS  ON  ACTING.  Comprising :  The  Illusion  of  the 
First  Time  in  Acting,  by  William  Gillette,  with  introduction 
by  George  Arliss ;  Art  and  the  Actor,  by  Constant  Coquelin, 
translated  by  Abby  Langdon  Alger,  with  introduction  by 
Henry  James  ;  Mrs.  Siddons  as  Lady  Macbeth  and  as  Queen 
Katharine,  by  H.  C.  Fleeming  Jenkin,  with  introduction  by 
Brander  Matthews  ;  Reflexions  on  Acting,  by  Talma,  with 
introduction  by  Sir  Henry  Irving,  and  a  review  by  H.  C. 
Fleeming  Jenkin.  New  York  City:  Dramatic  Museum  of 
Columbia  University. 


issued  by  Professor  Matthews  in  the  name  of 
the  museum  of  which  he  is  both  creator  and 
suzerain,  that  here  is  shot  with  which  to  anni- 
hilate the  amateur  actor.  However,  since 
only  three  hundred  and  thirty-three  copies  of 
these  booklets  are  printed,  it  is  doubtful  if 
either  the  "  uplifters  "  or  the  amateur  actors 
ever  place  themselves  within  range  of  the 
sound  common  sense  regarding  both  play  writ- 
ing and  play  acting  which  is  here  presented. 

The  "  papers  on  acting "  comprising  the 
new  series  of  these  publications  are  written 
with  a  single  exception  by  notable  actors. 
The  exception  is  the  paper  on  Mrs.  Siddons 
by  H.  C.  Fleeming  Jenkin.  Although  it  suf- 
fers by  comparison  wTith  its  fellows,  it  never- 
theless contains  the  surprising  statement  that 
an  actor  must  be  a  creator  rather  than  an 
interpreter,  the  humble  author  of  the  play 
doing  less  for  the  actor  than  nature  for  the 
painter.  This  is  certainly  the  apotheosis  of 
the  art  of  acting.  Lest  the  vanity  of  the 
actor  who  may  chance  to  read  these  words 
become  even  more  inordinate  than  is  its  wont, 
it  is  well  to  administer  as  an  antidote  the 
following  quotation  from  Mr.  George  Moore  Vs 
scintillating  essay  on  "Mummer  Worship" 
published  some  twenty-five  years  ago  in  a 
volume  entitled  "  Impressions  and  Opinions  "  : 

"  An  actor  is  one  who  repeats  a  portion  of  a 
story  invented  by  another.  You  can  teach  a  child 
to  act,  but  you  can  teach  no  child  to  paint  pic- 
tures, or  to  write  poetry,  prose  or  music;  acting 
is  therefore  the  lowest  of  the  arts,  if  it  is  an  art  at 
all,  and  makes  slender  demands  upon  the  intelli- 
gence of  the  individual  exercising  it;  but  this  age, 
being  one  mainly  concerned  with  facile  amusement 
and  parade,  reverences  the  actor  above  all  beings, 
and  has  by  some  prodigy  that  cannot  be  explained 
by  us,  succeeded,  or  almost  succeeded  in  abstracting 
him  from  the  playwright,  upon  whom  he  should 
feed  in  the  manner  of  a  parasite,  and  endowing  him 
with  a  separate  existence  —  of  necessity  ephem- 
eral, but  which  by  dint  of  gaudy  upholstery  and 
various  millinery  has  been  prolonged  beyond  due 
limits  and  still  continues." 

There  is  more  truth  in  Mr.  Moore's  ani- 
madversion than  in  Mr.  Fleeming  Jenkin's 
eulogium.  Children  do  act  tolerably  well,  and 
acting  does  make  slender  demands  upon  the 
intelligence  in  comparison  with  the  other  arts. 
Not  only  do  children  act  tolerably  well,  but 
also  some  amateurs;  yet  where  is  the  ama- 
teur, unprepared  for  his  task  by  years  of 
preparation,  who  paints,  carves  statues,  com- 
poses music,  or  even  writes  tolerably  well? 
Mozart  and  Mendelssohn  composed  in  child- 
hood, it  is  true,  but  modern  children  cannot 
do  any  of  these  things  acceptably;  hence  it 
is  easy  to  accept  Mr.  Moore's  contention  that 
acting  is  a  knack  rather  than  an  art.  Mr. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


565 


Moore  is  a  literary  man,  however,  and  jealous 
of  the  adulation  bestowed  upon  the  actor. 
Like  most  literary  men,  he  feels  that  after  all 
the  play  is  the  thing,  and  that  the  actor,  with 
the  help  of  his  salaried  press-agent,  gobbles 
more  than  his  share  of  the  public's  approval. 
But  the  actor  has  a  distinct  advantage  in  that 
he  makes  a  personal  and  nightly  bid  for  favor, 
whereas  his  rival  may  appear  trembling  and 
halting  for  a  moment  only  in  answer  to  cries 
for  the  author  uttered  at  a  single  perform- 
ance. Seeing  an  actor  in  a  part,  the  public 
thinks  of  him  as  constituting  the  part;  yet 
without  the  words  someone  else  has  written, 
there  would  be  no  part  at  all.  Thus  the  actor 
receives  the  lion's  share  of  the  applause ;  and 
because  the  public  knows  and  loves  him,  his 
name  appears  on  the  playbills  in  letters  ten 
times  as  large  as  those  which  herald  the  name 
of  the  poor  author. 

Acting  is  an  art,  however,  although  like 
singing  and  playing  an  instrument  it  is  in- 
terpretive, not  creative,  and  therefore  on  a 
lower  plane  than  painting,  sculpture,  creative 
writing,  and  the  composition  of  music.  In 
order  to  discover  the  true  relation  of  acting 
to  play  writing,  it  is  necessary  to  accept  the 
testimony  of  an  unbiased  witness.  This  is  to 
be  found  in  the  paper  entitled,  "  The  Illusion 
of  the  First  Time  in  Acting,"  contributed  by 
Mr.  William  Gillette.  The  most  entertaining, 
l>y  far,  of  the  four  papers  which  constitute 
the  series,  it  is  at  the  same  time  the  most 
illuminating;  for  although  it  sparkles  with 
humor,  it  is  replete  with  common  sense,  and 
free  from  the  grandiose  acclaim  of  acting 
found  in  the  late  Constant  Coquelin's  "Art 
and  the  Actor." 

The  "  illusion  "  which  forms  the  subject  of 
Mr.  Gillette's  paper  he  explains  as  the  art  of 
knowing  exactly  what  you  are  going  to  say 
and  behaving  as  though  you  did  not.  "Al- 
though," as  he  states,  "  every  single  item  in  a 
play  from  the  most  important  to  the  least 
important  be  successfully  safeguarded,  there 
yet  remains  the  Spirit  of  the  Presentation  as 
a  whole.  Each  successive  audience  before 
which  it  is  given  must  feel  that  it  is  wit- 
nessing, not  one  of  a  thousand  weary  repeti- 
tions, but  a  life  episode  which  is  being  lived 
just  across  the  magic  barrier  of  the  footlights. 
That  is  to  say,  the  Whole  must  have  that 
indescribable  Life-Spirit  or  Effect  which  pro- 
duces the  Illusion  of  Happening  for  the  First 
Time." 

It  is  the  creation  of  this  illusion  of  the  first 
time,  the  imbuing  of  a  play  with  "  that  inde- 
scribable Life-Spirit,"  which  makes  acting  a 
fine  art.  Yet  this  is  no  answer  to  the  late 
Mr.  Fleeming  Jenkin's  appalling  contention 


that  the  actor  is  the  creator,  and  the  author  a 
mere  element  of  less  value  to  him  than  nature 
to  the  painter.  Unless  the  ether ealizing  ap- 
plause which  he  has  received  as  an  actor  has 
anaesthetized  his  literary  sense,  Mr.  Gillette  — 
notable  both  as  actor  and  playwright  —  is  in 
a  position  to  judge  impartially  the  relative 
importance  of  the  actor  and  the  dramatist. 
These  are  his  views : 

"  Incredible  as  it  may  seem,  there  are  people  in 
existence  who  believe  that  they  can  read  a  Play.  .  . 
The  feat  is  impossible.  No  one  on  earth  can  read 
a  Play.  You  may  read  the  Directions  for  a  Play 
and  from  these  Directions  imagine  as  best  you  can 
what  the  Play  would  be  like;  but  you  could  no 
more  read  the  Play  than  you  could  read  a  Fire  or 
an  Automobile  Accident  or  a  Base-Ball  Game. 
The  Play  —  if  it  is  Drama  —  does  not  exist  until 
it  appeals  in  the  form  of  simulated  life.  .  .  So  far 
as  painted,  manufactured,  and  mechanical  elements 
are  concerned  there  is  comparatively  little  trouble. 
To  keep  these  things  as  much  in  the  background  as 
they  would  appear  in  a  simple  episode  in  actual 
life  under  observation  —  and  no  more  —  is  the 
most  pronounced  difficulty.  But  when  it  comes  to 
the  Human  Beings  required  to  assume  the  Char- 
acters which  the  Directions  indicate,  and  not  only 
to  assume  them  but  also  to  breathe  into  them  the 
Breath  of  Life  —  and  not  the  Breath  of  Life  alone 
but  all  other  details  a.nd  elements  and  items  of  Life 
as  far  as  they  can  be  simulated,  many  and  serious 
discouragements  arise." 

This  view  makes  of  the  dramatist  something 
more  than  an  element,  since  it  at  least  credits 
him  with  inventing  the  directions  from  which 
a  play  is  created.  Moreover,  a  third  factor 
is  admitted  by  Mr.  Gillette  to  exist  in  the 
shape  of  the  manager,  who  selects  and  guides 
the  human  beings  required  to  assume  the 
characters  which  the  directions  indicate. 

Another  element  in  the  making  of  a  play 
is  the  audience,  which  Mr.  George  Arliss,  in 
his  delightful  Introduction  to  Mr.  Gillette's 
paper,  calls  the  "  great  stimulant."  Without  an 
audience  to  view  it,  the  author,  the  manager, 
and  the  actors  are  still  obliged  to  imagine  as 
best  they  can  what  the  play  will  be  like.  It 
is  the  author,  however,  in  spite  of  all  the  con- 
tentions actors  may  make  to  the  contrary,  who 
conceives  the  play,  and  by  his  directions  indi- 
cates the  way  in  which  it  shall  be  interpreted. 
Moreover,  good  acting  cannot  redeem  a  bad 
play,  and  bad  acting  cannot  wholly  destroy 
the  dramatic  power  of  a  good  play.  If  a  play 
is  truly  dramatic,  its  performance  by  a  com- 
pany of  tyros  will  hold  an  audience,  and  if  it 
is  undramatic  even  an  "  all  star  "  cast  will  not 
prevent  it  from  boring  those  who  witness  it. 
The  author,  therefore,  is  surely  the  creator, 
the  actors  being  merely  the  interpreters. 

"  It  is  easier  to  detect  a  flaw  in  the  actor's 
impersonation,"  the  late  Sir  Henry  Irving 


566 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


maintains  in  his  Introduction  to  Talma's 
"Reflexions  on  Acting,"  "than  an  improba- 
bility in  a  book."  If  the  noted  English  his- 
trion  means  to  suggest  that  an  audience  will 
accept  improbability  in  a  story,  provided  the 
story  holds  its  interest,  his  statement  is  true, 
dulness  being  the  one  flaw  in  a  play  an  audi- 
ence will  not  tolerate.  The  true  relation  of 
the  actor  to  the  author  is  best  set  forth,  how- 
ever, by  Talma.  "Associated  with  great 
authors,"  he  says,  "actors  are  to  them  more 
than  translators.  A  translator  adds  nothing 
to  the  ideas  of  the  author  he  translates.  The 
actor,  putting  himself  faithfully  in  the  place 
of  the  personage  he  represents,  should  perfect 
the  ideas  of  the  author  of  whom  he  is  the 
interpreter."  The  italics  are  not  Talma's. 
They  are  intended  to  accentuate  the  fine  dis- 
tinction he  draws  between  the  translator  and 
the  interpreter.  The  one  merely  conveys  a 
meaning,  while  the  other  explains  and  ex- 
pounds it. 

Whether  an  actor  should  experience  emotion 
while  acting  or  merely  present  his  studied 
impressions  is  a  question  answered  differently 
by  actors  differing  temperamentally.  "An 
actor  needs  not  to  be  actually  moved,"  says 
the  late  Constant  Coquelin.  "It  is  as  un- 
necessary as  it  is  for  a  pianist  to  be  in  the 
depths  of  despair  to  play  the  funeral  march 
of  Chopin  or  of  Beethoven  aright."  A  con- 
trary view  is  held  by  the  great  Talma.  "  The 
inspired  actor,"  he  holds,  "will  so  associate 
you  with  the  emotions  he  feels  that  he  will 
not  leave  you  even  the  liberty  of  judgment; 
the  other,  by  his  prudent  and  irreproachable 
acting,  will  leave  your  faculties  at  liberty  to 
reason  on  the  matter  at  your  ease.  The 
former  will  be  the  personage  himself,  the  lat- 
ter only  an  actor  who  represents  that  per- 
sonage." In  a  word,  the  one  interprets,  the 
other  merely  translates. 

Talma  upholds  the  emotional  rather  than 
the  intellectual  actor.  Yet  all  inspired  artists, 
whether  they  be  painters,  musicians,  authors, 
or  actors,  possess  the  "  extreme  sensibility " 
he  prefers  to  "profound  intelligence."  In- 
deed, it  is  the  various  means  used  by  artists 
to  express  their  emotions  which  differentiate 
one  kind  of  art  from  another.  Even  acting  is 
something  finer  than  the  mere  repeating,  as 
Mr.  George  Moore  would  have  it,  of  a  por- 
tion of  a  story  invented  by  another;  though 
like  singing  it  is  an  interpretive  art.  One  is 
inclined,  however,  to  hold  with  Mr.  Moore 
that  this  age  unduly  reverences  the  actor  at 
the  expense  of  the  dramatist,  who,  being  a 
creator,  should  in  justice  stand  higher  in  the 
esteem  of  the  public  than  his  interpreter. 

H.  C.  CHATFIELD-TAYLOR. 


TRIUMPHS  OF  GERMAN  STATE  SOCIALISM.* 

It  was  to  be  expected  that  the  most  sat- 
isfying of  the  many  "interpretations"  of 
Germany  which  have  been  thrust  upon  the 
reading  public  of  late  would  be  contained  in  a 
book  written  not  only  in  large  part  before  the 
war  began,  but  "as  though  there  were  no 
war."  Mr.  Frederic  C.  Howe,  the  author  of 
the  volume  in  mind,  has  been  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century  a  student  of,  and  for  a  decade  an 
occasional  writer  upon,  German  affairs.  He 
has  explained  for  American  readers  the  in- 
tricacies of  German  municipal  government, 
and  has  called  attention  forcefully  to  Ger- 
man principles  of  taxation,  education,  and 
social  insurance.  He  has  even  written  a  book 
on  the  Germany  of  America, —  the  state  of 
Wisconsin ! 

In  "Socialized  Germany,"  Mr.  Howe  has 
attempted  a  somewhat  searching  analysis  of 
German  social  statecraft  in  the  many  phases 
which  it  has  presented  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Empire.  At  the  outset  he  con- 
fesses to  a  strong  affection  for  the  German 
people,  a  pronounced  liking  for  the  cities  of 
Germany,  unbounded  respect  for  the  German 
educational  system,  and  admiration  for  the 
Empire's  unmatched  social  legislation.  It 
is  his  conviction  that,  at  least  until  the  war 
began,  the  German  was  better  off  than  any 
other  man  in  Europe,  if  not  in  the  world. 
His  country  was  more  intelligently  organized 
than  were  other  countries,  while  he  himself 
was  better  protected  in  his  daily  life,  better 
prepared  for  work,  more  efficient,  and  more 
happy  than  anybody  else.  The  conviction  is 
expressed,  further,  that  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
war  Germany  had  just  reached  the  beginning 
of  her  greatest  achievements,  and  that  had 
not  the  war  intervened,  "  the  next  generation 
would  have  seen  her  competitors  in  industry, 
trade,  and  commerce  out-distanced  at  an 
accelerated  speed  that  would  soon  have  left 
them  far  and  possibly  permanently  in  the 
rear."  Finally,  it  is  affirmed  that  Germany 
may  be  expected  to  come  off  from  the  war, 
whatever  the  immediate  outcome,  relatively 
quite  as  advantageously  situated  as  she  was 
when  she  went  into  it.  She  will  turn  from 
war  to  peace  with  much  of  the  preparedness 
with  which  she  turned  from  peace  to  war; 
and  even  now  she  is  planning  far  in  advance 
for  the  one,  even  as  formerly  she  planned  far 
in  advance  for  the -other.  And  this  brings 
the  author  to  his  principal  theses,  namely, 
that  Germany  is  what  she  is  to-day  by  rea- 
son of  a  new  kind  of  social  statesmanship,  and 

*  SOCIALIZED  GERMANY.     By  Frederic  C.  Howe.     New  York : 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


567 


that  it  is  the  features  of  this  new  statesman- 
ship that  the  United  States  and  other  coun- 
tries must  take  into  consideration  if  they  are 
to  be  prepared  to  meet  the  Germany  which, 
in  victory  or  defeat,  shall  emerge  from  the 
present  conflict. 

In  a  series  of  some  twenty  chapters,  Mr. 
Howe  describes  this  new  social  statesmanship 
to  which  he  attaches  such  extreme  impor- 
tance. He  discusses  succinctly  the  characteris- 
tics of  the  German  constitution,  the  economic 
foundations  of  class  rule,  the  essential  lines 
of  recent  economic  progress,  the  theory  and 
extent  of  State  Socialism,  the  state-owned 
railways,  the  operation  of  canals  and  water- 
ways, the  treatment  of  unemployment,  social 
insurance,  education,  sanitation,  the  govern- 
ment and  building1  of  cities,  municipal  land- 
ownership,  housing  projects,  and  a  multitude 
of  other  matters.  In  all  of  the  activities  which 
he  describes,  the  measure  of  efficiency  attained 
is,  by  the  common  testimony  of  observers, 
substantial;  in  some  it  is  fairly  phenomenal. 
The  unrelieved  record  of  skilled  achievement 
in  public  affairs  which  Mr.  Howe  sets  down 
is  likely,  however,  to  pall  somewhat;  and  the 
reader  may  be  pardoned  if  he  occasionally 
wonders  whether,  after  all,  the  author  has 
been  as  keen  to  detect  shortcomings  and  fail- 
ures (there  must  be  some  such!)  as  to  gather 
up  statistics  and  other  evidences  of  success. 

It  must  be  admitted  that  the  German  social 
and  industrial  system  can  easily  be  portrayed 
in  a  manner  to  make  it  appear  very  attrac- 
tive, if  not  well-nigh  ideal.  The  fatal  flaw  in 
it,  however,  to  the  English  and  American  way 
of  thinking,  is  the  fact  that  the  system  is  a 
product  of,  and  is  continually  sustained  by,  a 
species  of  political  absolutism.  The  advan- 
tages possessed  by  the  Germans  have  been 
gained  at  a  cost  which  English-speaking  peo- 
ples would  refuse  to  pay, —  a  cost  taken  out 
of  individual  initiative  and  liberty.  All  of 
this  Mr.  Howe  recognizes.  Indeed,  he  frankly 
declares  for  a  badly  managed  democracy  in 
preference  to  an  efficient  state  of  absolutism. 
None  the  less,  it  may  be  questioned  whether 
the  vitiating  effects  of  German  autocracy 
and  bureaucracy  have  been  adequately  esti- 
mated, and  whether  the  industrial  democracy 
of  the  country  is  really  quite  so  splendid  a 
thing  as  it  is  represented  to  be. 

What  Mr.  Howe  means  by  "taking  into 
consideration"  the  new,  German  type  of 
statesmanship  is  made  plain  by  a  paragraph 
in  his  preface.  He  means  that  other  peoples, 
including  Americans,  will  be  obliged  to  aban- 
don the  old  conception  that  the  only  business 
of  organized  society  is  to  protect  the  indi- 
vidual from  domestic  and  foreign  aggression. 


"  There  must  be  a  wide  extension  of  public 
ownership,  a  greater  control  of  the  aggres- 
sions of  privilege  and  property,  a  big  pro- 
gramme of  social  legislation,  a  change  in  our 
system  of  education,  and  the  exclusion  of 
privileged  and  business  interests  from  the 
long  ascendancy  which  they  have  enjoyed  in 
our  political  life."  The  observation  is  offered 
that  it  required  the  war  to  make  this  clear  to 
Great  Britain,  and  the  hope  is  expressed  that 
the  United  States  may  now  be  shaken  from 
her  complacency  as  well. 

Mr.  Howe  is  not  a  Socialist,  and,  granted 
that  special  privilege  can  be  abolished  and 
industrial  freedom  attained  in  other  ways,  he 
would  have  society  continue  to  be  organized 
upon  an  essentially  non-Socialistic  basis.  But 
he  would  see  an  extension  of  state  activity  far 
beyond  the  limits  yet  attained  in  English- 
speaking  countries.  Again,  he  perhaps  takes 
hardly  sufficient  account  of  the  noteworthy 
extensions  that  have  been,  made,  even  in  our 
own  land,  in  the  past  ten  or  fifteen  years. 
FREDERIC  AUSTIN  OGG. 


BACONIZESTG  SHAKESPEARE.* 


"A  history,  review  and  critical  study  of 
both  sides  of  the  Bacon-Shakespeare  Ques- 
tion."  Such  is  the  wording  of  the  advertise- 
ment that  induced  me,  notwithstanding  a  firm 
resolution  never  again  to  waste  a  moment's 
time  on  this  "  question,"  to  take  up  the  peru- 
sal of  Mr.  James  Phinney  Baxter's  large  and 
forbidding,  though  handsome,  volume  enti- 
tled "The  Greatest  of  Literary  Problems." 
A  more  thoroughly  misleading  advertisement 
was  never  penned.  The  book  is  neither  a 
history  nor  a  review  of  the  subject  it  deals 
with,  and  anything  more  uncritical  cannot  be 
imagined.  In  reality  it  is  an  undisguised  and 
vicious  attack  upon  William  Shakespeare  and 
everything  even  in  the  remotest  way  con- 
nected with  him  (e.g.,  his  birthplace,  ances- 
try, home,  education,  character,  biographers, 
commentators,  etc.),  and  a  deification  of  Sir 
Francis  Bacon.  Mr.  Baxter's  book  may  be 
divided  into  two  parts.  In  the  first  part  he 
attempts  to  prove  that  William  "  Shakspere  " 
of  Stratford,  an  indifferent  actor  in  a  London 
theatrical  company,  did  not  write  the  "  Shake- 
speare" works  and,  because  of  his  illiteracy, 
could  not  have  written  them;  in  the  second 
he  proves,  to  his  own  satisfaction,  that  Bacon 
was  the  hidden  author  not  only  of  the  Shake- 
speare works  but  also  of  all  the  writings  that 
scholars  and  historians  attribute  to  Marlowe. 

*  THE  GREATEST  OF  LITERARY  PROBLEMS.  By  James  Phinney 
Baxter.  Boston:  Houghton  Mifflin  Co. 


568 


THE    DIAL 


Dec.  9 


Kyd,  Greene,  Spenser,  Peele,  B.urton,  "  and 
others."  In  what  follows  I  shall  consider  only 
a  few  points  in  the  first  part  of  Mr.  Baxter's 
book,  for  it  is  obvious  that  unless  he  can 
prove  the  first  half  of  his  thesis  there  is  no 
reason  for  giving  the  other  even  a  thought. 
Shakespeare  is  in  possession,  and  he  must  be 
ousted  rightfully  and  unequivocally  before 
we  can  consider  another  claimant  for  the  title 
of  "  Prince  of  Poets."  Besides,  the  latter  por- 
tion of  Mr.  Baxter's  book  deals  with  crypto- 
grams, anagrams,  symbolisms,  cyphers,  and 
other  mystical  things, —  and  that  way  mad- 
ness lies. 

In  his  attempt  to  dethrone  Shakespeare, 
Mr.  Baxter  —  like  every  other  Baconian  — 
proceeds  in  accordance  with  a  definite  rule, 
which  may  be  formulated  somewhat  as  fol- 
lows: Traduce  the  actor-poet  and  his  ances- 
tors; harp  on  the  filthiness  of  his  birthplace 
and  his  neighbors;  run  down  the  Stratford 
Grammar  School ;  reject  as  unworthy  of 
belief  every  tradition  favorable  to  the  "  Strat- 
fordian " ;  accept  as  incontrovertible  fact 
every  tale  that  tends  to  besmirch  his  char- 
acter ;  put  the  worst  possible  construction  on 
every  unexplained  circumstance  in  his  life; 
suppress  all  documentary  evidence  that  will 
not  fit  into  your  theory;  sneer  at  the  com- 
mentators and  call  them  "  pedants  " ;  pit  one 
biographer's  conjectures  against  another's; 
harp  on  the  lawsuits  in  which  Shakespeare 
figured  as  the  plaintiff ;  exasperate  the  ortho- 
dox Shakespearean  by  spelling  the  Strat- 
f  ordian's  name  "  Shakspere  " ;  and  this  above 
all:  exaggerate  Olympus-high  the  knowledge 
of  law,  medicine,  scripture,  music,  linguistics, 
ornithology,  botany,  philosophy,  psychiatry, 
angling,  soldiership,  astronomy,  astrology, 
horticulture,  etc.,  possessed  by  the  author  of 
the  Shakespeare  works.  Before  we  have  read 
many  pages  of  Mr.  Baxter's  book,  we  are 
assumed  to  be  convinced  that  "  Shakespeare 
the  poet"  was  a  high-bred  gentleman,  an 
aristocrat,  a  courtier,  lawyer,  scholar,  and 
philosopher  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  that 
"  Shakspere  the  actor "  was  a  "  close-fisted, 
shrewd,  unscrupulous,  avaricious "  boor,  a 
coarse,  ignorant,  rude,  unpolished,  low- 
minded,  boisterous,  mean,  litigious,  lascivious, 
lecherous,  and  adulterous  yokel,  a  frequenter 
of  taverns  and  a  professional  gambler.  (This 
caricature  of  a  man  was  chosen  by  Bacon  as 
his  mask!)  Every  now  and  then  we  are  re- 
minded that  while  so-and-so  was  going  on  in 
London  the  Stratfordian  was  plying  his 
"  petty  trade  and  overreaching  his  neighbors." 

Let  us  examine  a  few  of  Mr.  Baxter's  argu- 
ments and  facts.  On  page  67  he  says,  quite 
correctly,  while  speaking  of  the  licenses 


granted  to  certain  publishers  to  print  some 
of  Shakespeare's  productions :  "  It  was  not 
necessary  for  the  author's  name  to  appear  on 
the  Stationer's  register."  Yet  on  page  105 
he  speaks  of  it  as  "  a  striking  fact  that  this 
name  is  not  found  in  the  Stationer's  Regis- 
ters." But  Shakespeare's  name  does  appear 
in  the  Stationer's  Register.  On  August  23, 
1600,  the  Stationer's  guild  issued  a  license  to 
print  "  Two  bookes  .  .  Muche  a  Doo  about 
Nothinge  .  .  Kinge  Henry  the  iiijth  .  .  Wryt- 
ten  by  master  Shakespere  " :  on  Nov.  26,  1607, 
"A  booke  called.  Master  William  Shakspeare 
his  historye  of  Kinge  Lear  " ;  and  on  May  20, 
1609,  "A  booke  called  Shakespeares  Son- 
nettes."  The  license  to  print  the  first  Folio 
is  too  well  known  to  be  reproduced  here. 

Mr.  Baxter  devotes  a  considerable  portion 
of  his  book  to  proving  that  Shakespeare 
"  the  actor  was  unknown  to  contemporary  au- 
thors," that  very  "  little  personal  notice  was 
taken  of  him,"  that  "  what  was  said  did  not 
identify  him  with  the  works  which  bear  his 
name,"  and  that  "  not  one  identifies  the  actor 
with  the  author  of  the  plays  or  poems."  We 
shall  prove  every  one  of  these  assertions 
false.  Shakespeare  was  very  frequently 
spoken  of  by  his  contemporaries,  some  of 
whom  even  wrote  adulatory  poems  to  him. 
The  evidence  as  to  this,  most  of  which  is  to 
be  found  in  Ingleby's  "  Centurie  of  Prayse," 
Mr.  Baxter  suppresses  or  distorts.  He  selects 
for  quotation  only  such  allusions  and  refer- 
ences to  the  poet-dramatist  about  which  there 
can  be  some  doubt,  such  as  Spenser's  refer- 
ence to  "Action "  and  to  "  pleasant  Willy." 
The  testimony  of  Chettle,  in  which,  too, 
Shakespeare  is  not  named,  he  rejects  (p.  80) 
on  the  ground  that  Chettle  was  fat ;  Greene's 
testimony  is  rejected  (p.  79)  because  "  he  died 
after  a  debauch  of  pickled  herrings  and 
Rhenish  " ;  and  Heywood  is  disqualified  as  a 
witness  on  the  ground  that  "  we  have  no  rea- 
son to  assume  that  he  knew  anything  about 
the  actor's  real  connection  with  the  works 
which  bear  his  name."  Jonson's  testimony, 
which  identifies  Shakespeare  the  poet  with 
Shakespeare  of  Stratford  to  a  certainty,  is 
rejected  because  he  wras  envious,  got  drunk, 
bragged  about  himself,  fought  a  duel,  and 
employed  invectives  freely.  The  testimony 
of  Heminge  and  Condell,  the  poet's  friends, 
theatrical  associates,  and  "editors,"  is  got 
rid  of  by  some  hocus-pocus  that  is  unintelligi- 
ble to  us.  The  inscription  on  the  Stratford 
monument  is  not  mentioned. 

The  following  brief  references,  not  one  of 
which  is  even  so  much  as  hinted  at  by  Mr. 
Baxter,  although  they  are  all  unequivocal 
references  to  Shakespeare  as  a  poet,  are  here 


1915 


569 


introduced  as  an  indication  of  our  author's 
disregard  for  the  truth.  In  1598,  Francis 
Meres  accorded  unstinted  praise  to  "  melliflu- 
ous and  hony-tongued  Shakespeare "  for  his 
poems,  sonnets,  comedies,  arid  tragedies,  some 
of  which  he  named.  Webster,  in  1612,  eulo- 
gized "  the  right  happy  and  copious  industry 
of  Master  Shake-speare."  In  1614,  Thomas 
Freeman  wrote  an  extremely  eulogistic  son- 
net "  to  Master  W.  Shakespeare  "  in  praise  of 
his  "plaies  and  poems."  The  year  after 
Meres's  "Palladis  Tamia"  was  published.  John 
Weever  wrote  a  sonnet  praising  "  Honie- 
tongu'd  Shakespeare."  and  five  years  later 
(1604)  "An (tony)  Sc(olloker),  gentleman," 
spoke  of  "friendly  Shakespeares  tragedies." 
In  1605,  Camden  included  William  Shake- 
speare in  a  list  of  the  "  most  pregnant  wits  " 
(i.e.,  intellects)  of  the  time.  Barnfield.  too, 
wrote  the  praises  of  Shakespeare's  "  hony- 
flowing  Vaine,"  and  in  1615  "Mr.  Willi. 
Shakspeare"  was  included  in  Stow's  "An- 
nals "  in  a  list  of  "  our  modern  and  present 
excellent  poets."  The  dramatist  is  unequivo- 
cally spoken  of  as  an  actor  by  John  Davies  in 
a  poem  "To  our  English  Terence,  Mr.  Will: 
Shakespeare  "  who  "  plaid  some  kingly  parts 
in  sport."  Mr.  Baxter's  silence  as  to  these 
important  references  is  the  more  remarkable 
when  we  consider  the  fact  that  he  does  not  fail 
to  apply  to  Shakespeare  a  large  number  of 
unsavory  and  uncomplimentary  allusions  to 
unidentified  and  unidentifiable  persons  in  the 
literature  of  the  period,  and  to  identify 
Shakespeare  with  ridiculous  characters  (e.g. 
Crispinus,  Sogliardo)  in  the  dramas  of  his 
contemporaries,  although  some  of  these  have 
been  almost  certainly  identified  with  others 
(e.  g.,  Crispinus  =  Marston). 

Let  us  next  give  the  reader  an  illustration 
of  how  much  —  or  little  —  Mr.  Baxter  knows 
of  the  facts  of  Shakespeare's  life.  Regarding 
the  poet's  coat-of-arms  (p.  34)  —  a  subject  to 
which  he  delights  to  refer  on  all  occasions 
because  some  have  said  that  the  coat  was  ob- 
tained "fraudulently"  and  that  the  transac- 
tion was  "discreditable  to  all  concerned"  — 
he  says : 

"  In  1596,  another  application  [for  armorial 
insignia]  was  made,  coupled  with  a  request  for 
permission  to  impale  the  arms  of  Mary  Arden, 
his  wife.  In  this  case  a  false  statement  of  her 
ancestry  was  made,  and  so  it  was  held  up  Toy  the 
heralds  for  three  years.  In  1599  another  applica- 
tion was  made  requesting  the  recognition  of  the 
coat  of  arms  of  1596,  and  the  right  of  the  grantee 
to  impale  .  .  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  Ardens  of 
Wilmecote.  At  this  the  heralds  again  balked, 
realizing  that  this  influential  family  would  protest 
against  it;  and,  finally,  an  Arden  family  residing 
in  Cheshire  was  found  bearing  no  relation  to  the 


Wilmecote  Ardens.     The  remoteness  of  this  fam- 
ily rendered  interference  improbable,  but  it  might 
prove    troublesome,    and    so    the   question    of    an 
Arden    impalement    was    dropped.      The    request, 
however,   for   recognition   was   granted.     This   ir- 
regular  procedure    aroused   criticism,   and    objec- 
tions  were  raised   against   it   on   the   ground   of 
legalizing  an  infringement,  but  nothing  was  done." 
The   italics   single   out   the   more   important 
errors  in  this  passage.     Had  Mr.  Baxter  pos- 
sessed the  scholar's  spirit,  and  read  the  origi- 
nal documents  pertaining  to  this  matter,  he 
would  have  known  that  the  1596  application 
said  absolutely  nothing,  directly  or  indirectly, 
about    impaling  Mary   Arden's   arms.      The 
applicants  made  no  false  statement  about  her 
ancestry.     The  allegation  in  the  drafts  that 
she    was    the    daughter    of    Robert    Arden, 
"Esquire,"    contains    no    falsehood.      After 
very  careful  study  of  this  question,  I  can  say 
that  the  poet's  maternal  grandfather  was  a 
descendant  of  the  Ardens  of  Warwickshire, 
being  the  son  of  Thomas  Arden  who  was  the 
second  son   of   Sir  Walter  Arden,   and  was 
therefore    a    "gentleman"    and    entitled    to 
arms.     Shakespeare's  application  for  heraldic 
distinction  in  1596  was  not  held  up  by  the 
College  of  Arms,  as  I  have  proved  elsewhere. 
After  1596  the  poet  and  his  father  are  almost 
always  given  the  appellation  "Master."     In 
1599  the  Shakespeares  made  no  request  for  a 
recognition  of  the  arms  assigned  in  1596,  as 
there  was  no  need  for  doing  so.    What  they 
asked  for  was  the  right  to  impale  and  quarter 
with  their  own  the  arms  of  Robert  Arden  of 
Wilmecote.      The    heralds   did    not    describe 
these  arms  in  the  draft,  but  in  a  marginal 
sketch  they  show  the  following  shield :  Argent, 
a  fess  checquy  Or  and  Azure.     On  the  unas- 
sailable   authority    of   Drummond,    Camden, 
etc.,  I  can  say  that  this  escutcheon  was  prop- 
erly borne  only  by  the  descendants  of  the 
elder  sons  of  the  Warwickshire  or  Park  Hall 
(not  "Wilmecote")  Ardens.     As  soon  as  the 
heralds  discovered  this  technical  error,  they 
erased  these  arms  and  substituted  for  them 
the    following:      Gules,    three    cross-crosslets 
fitchee  and  a  chief  Or,  with  a  martlet  of  the 
first  for  a  difference.    This  has  been  called  by 
Baconians,  and  others  who  have  not  given  the 
subject  the  study  it  deserves,  the  "  Cheshire 
Arden  arms,"  on  the  assumption  that  it  was 
the  coat  peculiar  to  this  family.    As  a  matter 
of  fact  it  is  absolutely  certain  that  it  was  the 
appropriate  escutcheon  for  younger  branches 
of  the  Park  Hall  Ardens,  just  as  the  fesse 
checquy  was  for  the  older  branch.     At  least 
two    Warwickshire    Ardens,    Sir    Herald   de 
Arden  and  William,  the  youngest  son  of  Sir 
Walter,  bore  the  very  arms  sketched  for  Mary 


570 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


Shakespeare  in  1599.  The  arms  of  the  Cheshire 
Ardens  were  like  those  of  the  younger  branch 
of  the  Park  Hall  Ardens  because  the  two 
families  were  related,  notwithstanding  Mr. 
Baxter's  statement  to  the  contrary.  The 
action  of  the  heralds  was  determined  by  a 
desire  for  correctness,  not  by  a  venal  motive. 

No  recognition  was  granted  in  1599  because 
none  had  been  asked  for.  The  statement 
that  any  irregular  procedure  in  connection 
with  the  Arden  impalement  had  given  rise  to 
criticism  and  objections  is  not  true.  It  was 
because  of  the  1596  grant  that  the  malicious 
and  envious  Ralph  Brooke  preferred  charges 
against  his  superiors.  Mr.  Baxter's  statement 
that  nothing  was  done  in  the  matter  is  not 
true  either.  Something  was  done.  A  special 
commission  was  appointed  to  investigate  the 
charges  against  the  College,  and  in  1602  the 
commission  reported  that  the  Shakespeare 
coat-of-arms  had  been  rightly  granted  because 
John  "hath  borne  magestracy  and  was  Jus- 
tice of  peace  at  Stratford  upon  Avon,  he 
maried  the  daughter  and  heire  of  Arderne 
and  was  able  to  maintaine  that  estate." 

Under  the  heading,  "A  Crucial  Question," 
Mr.  Baxter  devotes  a  chapter  of  his  book  to 
proving  that  the  Stratfordian  was  so  illiterate 
that  he  could  barely  write  his  name  and  that 
therefore  it  was  impossible  for  him  to  have 
written  the  Shakespeare  works.  To  accom- 
plish this  marvel,  our  learned  author  pours 
out  the  vials  of  his  sarcasm  on  Mrs.  Thumm- 
Kintzel  (who  is  a  graphologist  and  not  a 
handwriting  expert)  for  her  analysis  of  the 
characters  of  Bacon  and  of  Shakespeare  from 
their  handwritings,  and  for  her  attempted 
proof  that  Shakespeare's  will  is  a  holograph, 
exposes  the  shallowness  of  Mr.  Gervais  and 
of  Mr.  Pym  (not  "Pyne")  Yeatman  as  hand- 
writing experts,  damns  all  handwriting  ex- 
perts—  and  then  sets  himself  up  as  one!  I 
concede  at  once  that  Mr.  Gervais  was  wholly 
in  error  when  he  identified  the  MS.  notes  in 
a  certain  volume  of  Montaigne's  Essays  as 
being  in  Shakespeare's  hand,  that  Mr.  Yeat- 
man has  not  proved  his  case,  and  that  Mrs. 
Kintzel  is  not  to  be  taken  seriously.  I  also 
concede  that  Sir  Sidney  Lee  and  Professor 
"Wallace  are  not  handwriting  experts, —  but 
then,  they  never  posed  as  such.  Mr.  Baxter's 
assertion  that  the  Shakespeare  signatures  on 
the  deed  in  the  Guildhall  Library,  on  the 
mortgage  in  the  British  Museum,  on  the  first 
page  of  the  will,  and  on  the  Mountjoy  affida- 
vit are  the  labored  writings  of  a  person  who 
had  been  taught  to  write  only  his  signature  is 
utterly  disproved  by  his  own  admissions  that 
young  William  attended  the  Stratford  school 
(knowing  how  to  write  was  a  requisite  for 


admission),  that  he  was  an  actor  (and  there- 
fore had  to  have  the  knowledge  requisite  to 
reading  the  script  of  his  parts  —  there  were 
no  typewriters  then),  and  that  these  four  sig- 
natures differ  so  much  from  one  another  that 
(to  ordinary  observation)  they  hardly  look  like 
the  writings  of  the  same  individual,  and  by 
his  showing  (in  a  Table  on  p.  270)  that  in 
these  signatures  alone  Shakespeare  wrote 
three  kinds  of  *,  of  a,  of  K,  of  p,  etc.  An  illit- 
erate person  such  as  Mr.  Baxter  depicts  writes 
his  name  always  the  same,  does  not  omit  the 
connecting  strokes  between  the  letters  (be- 
cause he  does  not  know  their  importance), 
introduces  no  innovations,  abbreviations, 
signs  of  contraction,  or  fancy  touches,  and 
does  not  know  several  forms  for  each  letter. 
He  writes  always  one  and  the  same.  Inci- 
dentally, it  may  be  remarked  that  Mr.  Bax- 
ter's facsimiles  are  very  bad,  crudely  traced, 
blurred,  blotted,  the  letters  broken  up,  and 
are  of  no  value  whatever  for  the  purpose  for 
which  they  are  ostensibly  intended.  It  is  also 
worthy  of  comment  that  though  Mr.  Baxter 
professes  the  greatest  contempt  for  handwrit- 
ing experts  (he  is  evidently  not  acquainted 
with  the  admirably  scientific  work  in  this  field 
done  by  such  men  as  A.  S.  Osborn  and  the 
German  graphiographers) ,  he  has  absolutely 
no  hesitation  in  calling  as  his  witnesses  such 
men  as  Wellstood,  the  secretary  of  the  Birth- 
place, Mr.  Smedley,  a  Baconian,  and  others,  if 
their  testimony  is  favorable  to  his  side  of  the 
case.  But  it  is  really  unreasonable  to  expect  a 
Baconian  or  anti- Shakespearean  to  be  logical 
or  consistent.  In  this  matter  of  calligraphy, 
Mr.  Baxter  does  not  scruple  to  go  even  fur- 
ther. Speaking  of  the  Guildhall  signature 
(he  means  the  British  Museum  signature) , 
he  says  (p.  278),  on  the  authority  of  Malone, 
"  Steevens  acknowledged  that  he  placed  the 
a  over  the  signature  which  has  appeared  in 
most  [  ?  some]  reproductions  since.  It  was 
the  introduction  of  this  spurious  a  which 
caused  him  to  triumphantly  declare  that  it 
was  the  trap  which  caught  Ireland  in  his 
forgeries."  Taught  by  previous  experience 
we  refer  to  Malone's  "  Inquiry,"  the  edition  of 
1796,  and  find  that  he  has  been  misquoted. 
On  page  118  Malone  says:  "My  engraver 
[sic  —  not  Steevens]  had  made  a  mistake  in 
placing  an  a  over  the  name."  and  on  p.  121 
he  says:  "Your  Lordship  sees  that  if  Mr. 
Steevens  and  I  had  maliciously  intended  to 
lay  a  trap  for  this  fabricator  [Ireland]  to  fall 
into,  we  could  not  have  done  the  business 
more  adroitly.  But  you  will  readily  acquit 
us  of  any  such  intention." 

Speaking  of  the   autograph  lately  discov- 
ered   by    Professor    Wallace,    an    autograph 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


571 


whose  freedom  from  conventionality  and 
whose  extremely  original  terminal  abbrevia- 
tion irrefutably  demonstrate  its  owner  to  have 
been  a  rapid  and  facile  penman,  Mr.  Baxter 
makes  the  false  statement  that  according  to 
Professor  Wallace  the  body  of  the  affidavit 
and  the  deponent's  signature  are  in  one  hand 
and  that  we  therefore  now  have  "an  entire 
page  of  his  handwriting,"  —  an  opinion  that 
that  distinguished  scholar  never  expressed  and 
that  no  sensible  person  ever  could  express.* 

The  autographs  on  the  last  two  (not  "two 
last ")  pages  of  the  poet's  will,  and  the  words 
"  By  me,"  are  rejected  by  Mr.  Baxter  as  evi- 
dence of  the  testator's  skill  in  penmanship  by 
assuming  and  pretending  to  be  able  to  prove 
that  in  writing  them  the  writer's  "blunder- 
ing hand "  was  guided  by  his  attorney.  In 
this  way  Mr.  Baxter  "  accounts  for  the  strong 
resemblance  of  these  signatures  to  the  hand- 
writing of  the  will "  —  a  resemblance  which, 
in  fact,  does  not  exist.  Mr.  Baxter  finds  in 
these  signatures  " all  the  earmarks"  of  having 
been  written  in  the  manner  he  suggests,  but 
he  does  not  inform  us  what  these  earmarks 
are.  Anyone  who  has  ever  given  this  sub- 
ject any  scientific  consideration  knows  that  a 
signature  written  by  a  guided  hand  does 
really  have  certain  definite  characteristics 
(e.g.  absence  of  curves,  abrupt  breaks  in  the 
strokes,  sudden  changes  in  the  direction  of 
the  strokes,  variations  in  the  size  and  in  the 
shading  of  the  letters,  irregularities  in  align- 
ment, misplaced  shading,  variations  in  pen 
pressure,  evidences  of  hesitation  and  con- 
straint, zigzag  lines,  etc. ;  cf.  Osborn's  "  Ques- 
tioned Documents")  of  which  these  signatures 
show  not  a  trace. 

Mr.  Baxter  vents  his  spleen  on  all  those 
who  have  done  most  to  bring  Shakespeare 
and  his  writings  home  to  us.  Thus  the  late 
Dr.  Furness,  as  gentle  and  lovable  and  accom- 
plished a  scholar  as  ever  drew  breath,  is  con- 
stantly spoken  of  as  a  pedant,  a  "  monumental 
scholar,"  a  chauvinist,  a  man  who  immortal- 
ized himself  by  his  folly,  etc.  Our  author  is 
not  even  above  such  jejune  puerilities  as  this : 
"  Furness,  who  for  nearly  forty  years  dis- 
turbed the  black-lead  market  by  his  demand 
for  pencils  to  write  his  multitudinous  notes." 
(Wonderful  pencils  to  have  been  able  to  do 
that!) 

Mr.    Baxter   has   as   little   regard   for   the 

*  While  writing  the  above,  I  wrote  to  Mr.  Baxter  for  his 
authority  for  the  opinion  he  attributed  to  Mr.  Wallace,  and 
received  the  following  reply :  "  I  conclude  that  I  have  done 
an  injustice  to  Prof.  Wallace,  for  I  find  that  he  has  expressed 
an  opinion  that  does  not  warrant  my  strictures,  and  that  it 
was  the  late  Durning-Lawrence  who  declared  them  [the  depo- 
sition and  the  signature]  to  be  holographic.  How  I  could  have 
been  so  misled  is  explainable  only  on  the  hypothesis  that  it 
•was  by  some  one  of  the  many  reviewers  who  quoted  the  opin- 
ion of  Lawrence  and  misapplied  it."  —  S.  A.  T. 


rules  of  grammar  and  composition  as  he  has 
for  persons  or  for  facts.  The  book  is  execra- 
bly written.  A  few  illustrations  will  not  be 
amiss :  "  One  of  the  studies  to  which  I  de- 
voted much  labor  and  research,  and  prepared 
it  for  the  press."  "We  will  consider  the 
biography  by  Knight,  which  forms  an  entire 
volume  of  his  edition  of  the  Shakespeare 
Works,  who,  to  lend  importance  to  his  sub- 
ject, which  he  realizes  we  know  little  about, 
devotes  ample  space  at  the  outset  to  prove 
that  he  was  of  heroic  extraction."  "A  biog- 
rapher may  (with  facility)  dispose  of  impor- 
tant questions  .  .  and  readers  confused  by  a 
plethora  of  verbiage."  "When  visited  on  one 
occasion  by  Cranmer,  Hooker  was  found 
reading  Horace."  "We  have  a  well- written 
book  devoted  to  the  exploitation  of  the  impos- 
sible theory  that  the  play  of  'Henry  V.'" 
(published  in  1598)  "is  an  autobiography  en 
detail  of  the  Stratford  actor,  written,  we  are 
told,  after  the  writer  had  'shed  tears  of 
regret'  over  the  untimely  fate  of  Huth  who 
wrote  a  life  of  Buckle"  (who  died  in  1862). 
" '  Hamlet '  .  .  was  a  youthful  production 
carried  on  his  flight  to  London  in  his  pocket." 
"We  see  her  [i.e.  Judith]  as  Volumnia  in  a 
portrait  of  Mary  Arden,  his  mother."  "  Hav- 
ing become  dilapidated,  John  Ward,  already 
mentioned,  .  .  an  actor,  .  .  was  in  Stratford 
.  .  and  conceived  the  idea  of  restoring  it." 
Poor  dilapidating  John  Ward! 

SAMUEL  A.  TANNENBAUM. 


A  CURIOSITY  IN  LITERARY  HISTORY.* 


When  a  woman  does  anything  amazing,  prov- 
erbial wisdom  tells  us :  "  Cherchez  Fhomme." 
In  the  case  of  her  "  History  of  Italian  Litera- 
ture," Miss  Florence  Trail  has  herself  gener- 
ously supplied  the  missing  link.  One  of  the 
last  chapters  of  her  book  is  an  eight-page 
eulogy  of  the  clerical  polygraph,  Cesare 
Cantu.  This  author,  whose  bulky  literary- 
baggage  usually  receives  a  scant  paragraph  in 
histories  of  literature,  wrote  too  much  to  be 
accurate  in  anything:  Like  Margites  of  old, 
"he  knew  all  things,  but  he  knew  them  all 
badly."  He  was,  moreover,  blinded  by  relig- 
ious prejudice.  His  "  History  of  Italian  Lit- 
erature," drawn  from  his  "Universal  History," 
appears  to  be  the  vade  mecum  of  the  present 
author.  „ 

The  following  is  Miss  Trail's  plan  for  her 
work :  "  To  those  [writers]  of  the  first  impor- 
tance I  have  devoted  a  biographical  sketch  and 
an  analysis.  Those  of  the  second  class  are 

*  A  HISTORY  OF  ITALIAN  LITERATURE.     By  Florence  Trail. 
Boston :  Richard  G.  Badger. 


572 


Dec.  9 


represented  by  a  biographical  sketch  and  a 
translation.  The  third  class  have  only  the 
sketch ;  and  the  fourth  are  mentioned  in  pass- 
ing, or  in  foot-notes."  Thus  it  appears  that  to 
Miss  Trail's  mind  biography  is  of  primary 
consequence  in  literary  history.  Unfortu- 
nately, her  "  sketches  "  are  by  no  means  always 
accurate,  and  rarely  show  any  effort  to  estab- 
lish the  relation  between  biographical  details 
and  literary  production.  Following  Cantu, 
by  whom  "  never  in  a  single  instance  is  an 
author's  work  separated  from  his  character  " 
she  is  at  great  pains  to  tell  us  that  this  man's 
life  was  blameless,  this  one's  stained  with 
immorality.  She  is  rather  too  generous  in 
distributing  the  orange-blossom  wreath  of 
purity.  Suffice  it  to  say  that  castae  mores 
were  not  as  common  in  the  Renaissance,  for 
instance,  as  her  account  of  certain  authors 
would  imply.  This  mania  for  shielding  her 
heroes  leads  her  into  some  strange  interpreta- 
tions. Thus  she  tells  us  that  Dante's  private 
life  was  wholly  immaculate.  (Cantu  gave  his 
unqualified  approval  to  only  two  writers, — 
Dante  and  Manzoni.)  Hence  she  is  at  a  loss 
to  understand  the  bitter  reproaches  of  Beatrice 
at  the  summit  of  the  mountain  of  Purgatory. 
She  interprets  the  "  dark  wood  "  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  poem  as  "  the  moral  and  political 
disorder  of  Italy."  For  her  the  three  beasts 
who  obstruct  the  poet's  passage  are  "  envious 
Florence,"  "  proud  France,"  and  "  the  Roman 
curia,  whose  supreme  characteristic  is  ava- 
rice." The  usual  interpretation  would  give 
these  lines  a  direct  bearing  on  the  poet's  per- 
sonal experience, —  the  dark  wood  represents 
worldliness,  and  the  beasts  bad  habits  that 
prevent  his  reform.  The  old  commentators 
interpreted  the  latter  as  luxury,  pride,  and 
avarice;  but  the  most  modern  view,  which 
wfould  make  Dante's  meaning  still  more  per- 
sonal, is  that  the  beasts  represent  incontinence, 
violence,  and  fraud.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  the  wolf  of  incontinence  proved  the  great- 
est obstacle  to  Dante's  progress.  However  it 
may  be,  few  scholars  contend  to-day  that  the 
poet's  errors  were  all  intellectual.  Cantu  and 
Miss  Trail  forget  that  to  Dante's  mind  unchas- 
tity  was  a  venial  sin  compared  to  heresy.  Per- 
haps they  would  exonerate  him  from  both.  A 
serious  error  in  the  interpretation  of  the  poem 
is  Miss  Trail's  statement  that  Dante  "  had  not 
been  guilty  of  the  crimes  of  the  Inferno,  .  . 
but  he  has  committed  (as  who  has  not?)  the 
sins  of  the  Purgatorio."  Once  more  she  for- 
gets that  the  sins  punished  are  the  same ;  only 
failure  to  repent  condemns  souls  to  hell. 

Another  exasperating  trait  of  Miss  Trail's 
is  the  unreserved  statement  as  fact  of  hypo- 
theses which  please  her.  For  instance,  she 


declares  that  Petrarch's  lady-love  was  Madame 
Laura  de  Sade.  "  This  object  of  his  [Pe- 
trarch's] life-long  affection  was  not  only  a 
married  woman,  but  continued  to  live  in  peace 
and  happiness  with  her  husband,  and  became 
the  mother  of  eleven  children."  And  Madame 
Laura  de  Sade  receives  the  well-earned  eulogy 
for  her  virtue. 

As  for  the  analyses,  they  deal  with  well 
known  works,  and  are  rarely  used  to  bring 
out  the  distinctive  features  of  the  author's 
thought.  The  translations  are  fair,  sometimes 
happy;  but,  with  the  analyses,  they  seem 
meant  to  take  the  place  of  any  general  esti- 
mate of  the  author's  contribution  to  the 
thought  of  his  time  or  of  his  relations  to  others. 
A  large  number  of  writers  are  "  mentioned  in 
passing."  It  would  have  been  better  to  omit 
them  altogether,  for  the  information  given  is 
scarcely  more  than  could  be  found  in  a  pocket 
encyclopaedia. 

It  will  be  noted  that  Miss  Trail  says  nothing 
about  critical  estimates  in  her  plan.  This 
would  seem  to  be  the  least  important  part  of 
a  history  of  literature.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
such  criticism  as  one  finds  is  thrown  out  in  the 
form  of  obiter  dicta.  The  two  examples  which 
follow  will  perhaps  spare  the  reader  vain  re- 
grets. The  first  deals  with  Boccaccio  (ana- 
thema to  Cantu) ,  who  is  accorded  a  "  sketch  " 
and  a  brief  statement  of  the  subjects  of  his 
works. 

"  It  is  most  deplorable  that  the  subject  matter 
of  these  '  Tales '  has  made  it  necessary  for  the 
literary  world  to  relegate  them  to  an  ignominious 
obscurity.  Boccaccio  is  now  known  simply  as  the 
author  of  a  book  which  cannot  be  read :  too 
immoral  to  be  fairly  criticised;  too  offensive  for 
vituperation.  The  only  endurable  '  Tales '  are 
those  of  '  Lisa's  love  for  King  Alphonso/  and 
'  The  Marquis  of  Saluzzo  and  Griselda.'  " 
The  second  judgment  is  like  unto  the  first.  The 
writer  has  just  summarized  a  story  of  Ban- 
dello's  in  which  a  woman's  virtue  stands  the 
test.  She  concludes : 

"  This  story  of  the  complete  triumph  of  a  brave, 
high-spirited  woman  sets  the  ball  in  motion  which 
is  to  produce  the  modern  novel.  It  will  not  stop 
until  it  has  completely  annihilated  all  the  Tom 
Joneses  and  the  Roderick  Randoms." 

On  finishing  Miss  Trail's  book,  we  have  but 
one  regret :  if  only  she  had  simply  translated 
Cantu's  "  History,"  she  would  have  amused  us 


still  more. 


BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 


The  first  volume  of  an  "  Oxford  Treasury  of 
French  Literature,"  compiled  by  Mr.  A.  G. 
Latham,  and  extending  from  the  "  Song  of  Ro- 
land "  to  the  "  Memoirs  "  of  St.  Simon,  is  soon  to 
appear  from  the  Oxford  University  Press. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


573 


RECENT  FICTION.* 

With  "  These  Twain  "  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett 
emerges  from  his  occupation  with  other  mat- 
ters and  finishes,  for  the  time  being  at  least, 
his  great  achievement,  the  "  Clayhanger " 
series.  The  completed  work  now  stands  up 
in  contemporary  fiction  something  as  a  great 
cathedral  stands  up  above  a  crowded  town. 
It  is  unlike  a  cathedral  in  that  it  has  very 
little  that  is  religious  about  it,  but  it  is  like  it 
in  that  it  is  a  great  monument  of  popular 
life  with  one  definite  purpose  and  a  thousand 
details.  One  can  spend  an  hour  here  or  there 
in  looking  at  this  or  that  piece  of  carving,  bit 
of  sculpture,  problem  of  architecture;  or  one 
can  take  in  the  unity  of  the  whole.  Mr.  Ben- 
nett has  already  given  us  a  book  about  Edwin 
Clayhanger  and  another  about  Hilda  Less- 
ways;  this  third  gives  us  the  union  of  the 
two. 

The  book  has  a  unity  in  itself,  and  anyone 
may  read  it  with  pleasure  and  comprehension 
by  itself.  But  of  course  it  begins  with  what 
has  been  given  before.  It  is  the  same  Edwin, 
grown  to  manhood  and  still  a  boy  in  some 
ways  (just  as  Hilda  is  in  some  ways  still  a 
girl)  ;  he  is,  as  before,  cautious  and  hesitating 
yet  managing  to  be  successful,  longing  for  ro- 
mance yet  resigned  to  an  ordinary  existence, 
grandiose  in  conception  and  slip-shod  in  exe- 
cution, making  everything  do  while  it  would 
and  waiting  for  things  to  turn  up,  timid  and 
proud,  meditative  and  judicial,  and  yet  gener- 
ally saying,  "  What  does  it  matter?  "-  —  a  rebel 
against  authority  yet  outwardly  apologetic, 
vowing  he  would  never  again  do  what  he  was 
about  to  do  the  next  day,  wishing  for  adven- 
ture yet  devoted  to  his  home  and  dependent 
on  its  hundred  minor  comforts,  undecided  for 
months  and  acting  on  the  spur  of  a  moment's 
impulse, —  altogether  a  very  inconsistent  and 
human  person.  So,  also,  is  it  the  same  Hilda. 
Not  beautiful  apparently,  originally  an  "  ugly 
young  woman  "  and  still  with  the  same  olive 
complexion  and  black  hair  and  thick  eye- 
brows, but  always  attractive,  full  of  vitality, 
of  a  passionate  vibrating  voice,  with  sparkling 
eyes,  making  cheerily  the  most  outrageous 
remarks  that  ever  woman  had  made  in  the 
Five  Towns,  hating  Edwin  for  opposing  her 
and  understanding  in  a  flash  that  he  loved 
her,  a  woman  of  most  tantalizing  psychology, 
only  part  woman  in  fact  and  part  child,  part 
sibyl,  yet  always  tingling  with  life,  bent  on 
having  her  OAvn  way  because  she  knew  better 
than  he  what  was  best,  over-valuing  what  she 
had  not  and  depreciating  what  was  hers,  pos- 


*  THESE  TWAIN.     By  Arnold  Bennett,    New  York :  George 
H.  Doran  Co. 


sessed  by  irresistible  desires  and  acquiescing 
in  a  commonplace  round  of  affairs, —  on  the 
whole,  quite  as  inconsistent  and  human  as  her 
husband. 

Being  married,  and  settled  down  in  Bur- 
sley,  these  two  were,  like  many  other  mar- 
ried people,  intent  on  their  own  particular 
business  and  their  own  particular  desires,  as 
well  as  on  the  life  in  common  which  is  the 
necessity  of  married  life.  Edwin  is  the 
clearer  figure  —  in  fact  the  story  is  chiefly 
told  from  his  standpoint, —  and  his  position 
is  plain :  he  is  comfortably  situated  and 
wishes  to  remain  so.  The  excitements  and 
enthusiasms  and  revolts  of  youth  have  passed, 
and  he  has  settled  down  into  a  prosperous 
business  man  who  has  few  desires  beyond 
business  success  and  home  comfort.  Hilda  is 
not  so  obvious,  but  whatever  she  is  she  is 
something  altogether  different  from  that. 
She  is  continually  reaching  out,  and  always 
seeing  things  that  she  wants  more  than  the 
things  she  has  got.  The  two  are  in  love  — 
even,  it  would  seem,  when  they  passed  Mr. 
Bennett's  three-year  limit, —  but  neither  is  so 
much  in  love  as  to  sympathize  deeply  with 
the  other's  desires  or  habits  or  ways  of  doing 
or  looking  at  things. 

We  might  easily  enough  suppose  that  there 
is  no  more  definite  idea  controlling  the  devel- 
opment of  this  book  than  the  conception  of 
these  very  interesting  characters  in  the  given 
situation,  and  the  willingness  to  have  them 
act  in  a  natural  and  characteristic  way.  That 
is  enough  for  many  a  novelist.  Tourguenieff 
used  to  say,  we  are  told  by  Mr.  James,  that 
his  idea  was  to  think  of  interesting  people, 
being  sure  that  they  would  behave  in  an  inter- 
esting way.  That  is  an  ultra-realistic  view, — 
it  says,  Whatever  happens  is  a  story.  There 
are  people  who  seem  to  have  some  such  idea 
to-day,  especially  those  writers  who  devote 
themselves  to  telling  the  life-story  of  one  or 
another.  On  the  other  hand,  however,  there 
are  those  whose  handling  of  their  action  is 
controlled  in  some  way  or  other.  Some  are 
interested  in  the  working  out  of  some  definite 
course  of  events  bound  up  in  a  mystery,  or  an 
adventure,  or  an  achievement.  Some  develop 
their  course  of  events  so  as  to  present  some 
definite  idea  or  theory.  Mr.  Bennett  has  not 
of  late  been  one  of  those  who  cared  much  for 
a  definite  course  of  action ;  nor  is  he, so  in  this 
his  latest  book.  Nor  does  he  as  a  rule  use  his 
action  as  the  form  of  an  idea.  In  this  case, 
it  is  true,  the  action  is  definitely  modelled  by 
a  clear  conception,  and  that  conception  a 
fundamental  proposition  (it  might  seem)  to 
married  life.  The  first  announcement  of  the 
book,  and  its  title,  show  that  it  deals  with 


574 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


marriage.  Incidents  in  the  story,  so  far  as 
they  have  anything  to  do  with  each  other,  are 
illustrations  or  developments  of  this  idea. 
The  end  of  the  book  is  a  discovery  (by  Edwin) 
of  the  controlling  principle  which  has  so  far 
enabled  him  to  be  successful  in  married  life. 
It  might  be  added  that  the  publishers  tell  us 
that  "  Readers  new  to  Bennett  .  .  will  find 
here  their  own  married  lives  interpreted  to 
themselves."  It  is  not  clear  whether  those 
who  have  read  Bennett  before  will  know  bet- 
ter than  to  look  for  an  interpretation  of  mar- 
riage or  anything  else;  but  the  idea  of  the 
publishers  seems  clearly  to  be  that  this  recital 
of  the  married  life  of  Edwin  and  Hilda  was 
modified  and  formed  by  a  desire  on  the  part 
of  the  author  to  present  the  fundamentals  of 
the  marriage  state.  It  is  true  that  he  deals 
with  one  marriage  only,  and  that  he  alludes 
to  two  other  marriages  as  being  in  Edwin's 
mind  very  different  affairs.  But  the  thing 
he  presents  with  most  conviction  is  Edwin's 
discovery  at  the  end  of  the  book.  These  books 
begin  with  Clayhanger  at  the  bridge,  and 
they  end  there ;  they  begin  with  Clayhanger 
looking  forward  in  life,  and  they  end  twenty- 
five  years  later  with  his  looking  back  on  it. 
What  he  thinks  at  the  beginning  is  very 
indefinite,  but  Avhat  he  thinks  at  the  end  is 
very  definite.  At  the  beginning  he  wants  to 
get  out  and  be  himself;  at  the  end  he  sees 
that  there  is  much  that  is  wrong  in  the  world 
and  that  "  right  living  "  means  the  acceptance 
of  injustice  and  the  excusing  of  the  inexcusa- 
ble. He  sees  that  people  who  are  married 
must  often  yield  to  what  seems  obviously 
great  injustice  or  unreason  on  the  part  of 
others  merely  because  whether  they  be  unjust, 
unreasonable,  or  whatever  else,  they  are  the 
loved  ones.  This  was  no  novelty.  "  It  was 
banal;  it  was  commonplace;  it  was  what 
everyone  knew."  Clayhanger  had  known  it 
before,  but  not  until  now  did  he  fully  real- 
ize it. 

This  seems  to  give  the  idea  that  marriage 
is  a  great  and  passionate  war;  its  bed-rock 
foundation  being  the  idea  of  each  for  himself. 
Love  and  hate  seem  not  only  consistent  but 
undistinguishable.  Its  partners  are  indis- 
pensable to  each  other  and  intolerable.  They 
are  irrational,  and  they  think  each  other  so; 
yet  when  they  kiss  each  other  they  are  recon- 
ciled to  what  in  the  abstract  they  cannot 
bear.  Such  a  view  of  marriage,  thoroughly 
realized,  made  a  part  of  one,  felt  in  one's 
bones,  become  a  dominant  factor  in  one's 
domestic  cosmos,  would  —  it  seems  —  make 
life  much  easier  for  persons  of  incompatible 
tempers  who  had  got  into  the  habit  of  living 
together. 


But  if  anyone  is  inclined  to  see  in  the  expe- 
rience of  Hilda  and  Edwin  an  interpretation 
of  his  own  marriage  (or  possibly  hers,  though 
the  book  seems  written  from  the  masculine 
standpoint) ,  it  will  be  well  to  remember  that 
in  older  days  Mr.  Bennett  "  took  a  malicious 
and  frigid  pleasure,  as  I  always  do,  [he  adds] 
in  setting  down  facts  which  are  opposed  to 
accepted  sentimental  falsities."  The  facts  of 
"  These  Twain  "  are  certainly  opposed  to  some 
accepted  sentimental  falsities;  but  it  may  be 
that,  fact  or  no  fact,  they  do  not  constitute  a 
generalization.  Seekers  after  light  on  the 
dark  river  will  probably  find  this  interpreta- 
tion of  the  problem  of  marriage  as  serious 
and  profound  as  Mr.  Bennett's  interpretation 
of  the  problem  of  evil  in  the  world.  Many 
people  cannot  see  reason  or  justice  in  hus- 
band or  wife  and  yet  still  love  and  like  to 
please  each  other.  In  like  manner,  people 
who  do  wrong  incomprehensibly  are  yet 
driven  to  do  so  by  an  irresistible  force, — 
namely,  they  like  to  please  themselves.  In 
both  cases  they  do  what  they  want  to  do. 
This  comes  very  near  to  "A  is  A,"  the  princi- 
ple of  identity  which  is  the  foundation  of 
logical  thought. 

Mr.  Bennett  would  probably  disclaim  teach- 
ing. When  he  wishes  to  teach  he  writes  a 
"pocket  philosophy."  In  his  novels  he  tells 
of  people  who  lived  and  acted  thus  and  thus. 
His  telling  is  always  interesting.  Sometimes 
he  is  objective,  as  they  say,  and  tells  how 
everything  and  everybody  looked.  He  always 
seems  to  know,  though  it  does  not  always 
occur  to  him  to  say  much  about  it.  Some- 
times he  is  satirical, —  indeed,  he  always  seems 
a  little  outside  the  people  he  tells  us  of,  never 
quite  to  sympathize  with  them;  and  in  such 
a  position  one  can  hardly  help  being  a  little 
satirical  now  and  then.  Sometimes  he  is  ex- 
travagant, like  the  Bennett  of  old  times,  the 
Bennett  of  "Hugo"  or  "The  Grand  Babylon 
Hotel";  and  that,  after  all,  is  only  another 
way  of  being  satirical.  Most  often,  however, 
he  is  telling  us  of  the  inner  life  of  one  or 
another.  It  is  because  he  knows  these  things 
that  he  can  tell  the  story.  He  knows  what 
Edwin  Clayhanger  thought  and  wanted,  and 
why  he  did  things:  and  he  knows  also  about 
Hilda,  though  not  quite  so  well ;  and  he  knows 
about  the  others,  for  of  course  the  book  is  full 
of  living  real  people.  How  he  knows  these 
mysteries  of  the  human  heart  no  one  can  tell ; 
but  that  he  does  know  is  clear  from  the  con- 
sistency, the  firmness,  of  the  general  view. 
He  does  not  say,  "  Life  is  like  this,"  but  we 
admit  that  that  life  must  have  been  like  that. 

There  is  possibly  one  thing  more  to  say. 
We  can  imagine  that  a  novelist  should  know 


1915] 


575 


precisely  how  his  people  looked,  and  how 
their  surroundings  looked,  and  what  every- 
body did.  We  can  imagine,  too,  that  a  nov- 
elist should  know  everything  that  his  people 
felt,  thought,  wished,  and  so  on, —  in  fact, 
that  is  part  of  the  game.  But  given  the  sec- 
ond supposition,  does  a  novelist  do  the  fair 
thing  by  us  if  he  withholds  information  con- 
cerning certain  very  large  elements  in  the 
lives  he  is  presenting  to  us?  In  this  book  we 
are  told  much,  but  much  is  withheld.  We 
have  very  slight  knowledge  of  how  Edwin 
conducted  his  business;  we  are  told  that  he 
prospered  and  became  well  off,  but  it  seems 
astonishing  that  such  should  be  the  case.  We 
also  have  the  very  slightest  notion  of  what 
this  couple  thought  of  religious  matters ;  it  is 
evident  that  they  thought  something,  and  we 
should  say  from  general  principles  and  pre- 
vious knowledge  that  they  thought  the  matter 
of  some  importance.  But  we  know  little  of  it. 
Mr.  Bennett  presumably  feels  that  he  has  told 
all  that  is  necessary  for  normally  informed  peo- 
ple about  their  relations  as  man  and  wife ;  but 
in  that  matter  people  are  so  unexpected  that 
common  inference  is  easily  at  fault.  So  there 
are  considerable  gaps  in  our  acquaintance 
with  the  situation.  Business,  religion,  sex, — 
these  are  likely  to  be  dominant  forces  in  the 
personal  life;  it  may  be  that  the  result  Mr. 
Bennett  presents  was  caused  by  reasons  of 
which  he  does  not  tell  us. 

But  in  spite  of  all  such  things,  the  book,  as 
well  as  the  completed  trilogy,  is  a  great 
achievement.  It  gives  us  a  sense  of  reality, 
of  life  as  we  find  it,  difficult  to  get  elsewhere. 
And  it  gives  that  strange  sense  of  satisfaction 
with  life  and  approval  of  it  that  is  a  result 
of  great  art.  EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 
II. 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  HISTORY. 
Excellent  for  its  presentation  of  the  real  Clara 
Barton,  as  portrayed  by  her  own  pen,  is  Dr.  Percy 
H.  Epler's  biography  of  that  famous  woman  — 
the  authorized  biography  and  a  work  bearing  every 
mark  of  faithful  industry  on  the  part  of  its  author. 
"  The  Life  of  Clara  Barton  "  (Macmillan)  is  not 
unlike  Sir  Edward  Cook's  recent  account  of  Flor- 
ence Nightingale,  being  largely  autobiographic  in 
method,  and  nearly  as  substantial  in  bulk,  though 
brought  within  the  limits  of  a  single  volume.  But 
the  resemblance  is  not  confined  to  externals;  the 
same  keen  observation  and  gift  of  humorous  ex- 
pression appear  in  the  quoted  letters  and  diaries 
of  each.  Laughter  must  have  been  a  necessity  to 
both,  else  the  strain  of  the  horrors  they  forced 
themselves  to  face  would  have  been  unendurable. 


Clarissa  Harlowe  Barton  —  it  is  amusing  to  think 
of  her  having  been  christened  "  Clarissa  Har- 
lowe" —died  three  years  ago,  and  this  interval 
her  biographer  has  put  to  good  use  in  making  as 
complete  and  as  accurate  as  possible  his  record  of 
the  great  work  done  by  the  founder  of  the  Amer- 
ican branch  of  the  Red  Cross  Society.  Many  por- 
traits of  "the  Angel  of  the  Battle  Field'"  are 
given,  with  numerous  other  illustrations. 

"  The  Passing  of  the  Armies  "  is  not  a  pacifist 
tract,  but  "  an  account  of  the  final  campaign  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  based  upon  personal 
reminiscences  of  the  Fifth  Army  Corps,"  and  its, 
author  is  General  Joshua  Lawrence  Chamberlain,, 
whose  death  as  the  book  was  about  to  go  to  the 
printer  made  necessary  its  final  revision  by  his 
children.  The  extraordinary  range  of  the  author's 
talents  adds  to  the  interest  of  this  his  last  work 
as  a  writer.  Perhaps  he  is  best  remembered  as 
president  of  Bowdoin  College  from  1876  to  1883> 
where  also  he  had  distinguished  himself  as  teacher 
and  lecturer.  Theology,  languages,  literature,  law- 
—  all  these  he  seems  to  have  taught  with  success ; 
and  in  the  larger  world  he  won  fame  as  a  military 
commander,  filled  a  position  of  some  importance 
in  the  civil  service,  visited  Italy  and  Egypt  in 
later  life,  and  from  time  to  time  acquitted  hinb- 
self  most  creditably  as  a  public  speaker.  Thus,- 
his  contribution  to  our  Civil  War  history  is  more 
than  the  record  of  a  mere  soldier;  it  is  a  schol- 
arly and  readable  book,  with  the  fresh  interest 
belonging  to  personal  recollections  of  great  events. 
Mr.  George  Haven  Putnam  writes  a  short  bio- 
graphical introduction,  and  the  book  is  published-, 
with  portraits  and  maps,  by  the  firm  of  which  ha 
is  head. 

Life  is  felt  by  many  to  be  too  short  to  admit  of 
even  a  single  rapid  reading  of  Gibbon's  great  his- 
torical work,  and  to  these  a  book  like  Mr.  H.  B. 
Cotterill's  "  Medieval  Italy"  (Stokes)  offers  a 
welcome  epitome  of  later  Roman  history,  with 
much  additional  matter  to  illustrate  and  make 
more  interesting  the  chronicle  of  the  thousand 
years  (305-1313)  covered  by  the  survey.  As  its 
title-page  announces,  the  book  contains  not  only 
"  a  brief  historical  narrative,"  but  also  "  chapters 
on  great  episodes  and  personalities  and  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  religion,  art,  and  literature."" 
To  each  of  the  five  parts  into  which  the  subject 
naturally  divides  itself  is  prefixed  "  a  brief  account 
of  the  political  events  of  the  period  in  question,"" 
and  these  summaries,  the  author  hopes,  "will 
enable  the  reader  to  frame,  or  perhaps  I  should' 
say  to  arrange  in  chronological  order  and  per- 
spective, the  contents  of  those  chapters  in  which' 
with  a  freer  hand  I  sketch  certain  interesting 
episodes  and  personalities,  endeavouring  by  means: 
of  quotation  and  description  to  add  a  little  in  the- 
way  of  local  colour  and  portraiture."  x  Thus  thej 
drum-and-trumpet  part  of  the  story  is  made  not 
to  intrude  upon  the  more  richly  significant  and 
far  more  readable  portions  of  the  work.  A  profu- 
sion of  illustrations,  some  in  photogravure,  with 
tables,  maps,  footnotes,  and  index,  contribute  iir 
their  several  ways  to  the  usefulness  and:  interest 
of  the  book. 


576 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

A  devoted  Meredithian,  designated  on  the  title- 
page  with  no  superfluity  of  printer's  ink  as 
"  F.  E.  Green,"  gives  us  an  excellent  descriptive 
volume  on  Meredith's  country,  with  frequent  quo- 
tations from  the  novelist's  letters  and  a  fine  series 
of  illustrations  (photogravures  and  line  draw- 
ings) ,  including  a  "  view  from  George  Meredith's 
window,"  "  George  Meredith's  chalet,"  and  "  the 
Crossways,"  by  Mr.  Elliott  Seabrooke.  "  The  Sur- 
rey Hills,"  as  the  book  is  called,  is  not  exclusively 
or  even  chiefly  devoted  to  Meredith,  but  certain 
chapters,  as  "  On  Box  Hill  with  Meredith,"  and 
"  Over  Ranmore  to  Diana's  House,"  take  their 
note  from  Diana's  creator.  Elsewhere  there  is  an 
abundance  of  wide-ranging  allusion  and  miscel- 
laneous dialogue  to  diversify  the  description,  which 
itself  is  generously  interlarded  with  local  history. 
On  an  early  page  a  misprint  that  will  vex  the 
author,  and  that  he  will  be  glad  to  have  corrected 
in  later  editions,  gives  us  "  the  dramatic  extension 
of  the  old  peasant  stock,  as  its  vitality  was  low- 
ered by  the  successive  general  Enclosure  Acts," 
where  "  extension "  should  undoubtedly  be  "  ex- 
tinction." As  an  informal  and  attractive  guide  to 
some  of  the  more  interesting  parts  of  Surrey,  the 
book  could  hardly  be  better.  (Frederick  Warne 
&  Co.) 

"  It  ain't  much  trouble  for  me  to  take  care  of 
my  family,"  said  the  New  England  farmer's  hired 
man ;  "  I  git  'em  all  under  cover  every  time  I  put 
on  my  hat."  With  such  characteristic  bits  of 
shrewdly  humorous  Yankee  talk  does  Mr.  Clifton 
Johnson  enliven  the  pages  of  his  latest  "  High- 
ways and  Byways  "  book,  being  the  seventh  in  the 
series  and  devoted  to  New  England.  Not  a  sys- 
tematic and  consequently  unentertaining  guide- 
book have  we  here,  any  more  than  in  the  preceding 
volumes  of  the  set;  but  rather  a  collection  of 
sketches,  full  of  character  and  not  seldom  redolent 
of  the  soil.  The  chapters  on  "Artemus  Ward's 
Town,"  "Old  Put's  Country,"  "August  in  the 
Berkshire  Hills,"  and  "  Nantucket  Days  "  are  not 
half  bad,  to  put  it  mildly.  As  is  his  custom,  the 
author  profusely  illustrates  his  book  with  camera 
glimpses  of  life,  both  still  and  of  a  less  reposeful 
sort,  all  admirably  typical  of  the  region  and  people 
concerned.  It  is  cheering  to  find  so  much  of  rural 
New  England  still  unspoiled,  uncorrupted,  un- 
sophisticated. "  Highways  and  Byways  of  New 
England  "  is  published  by  the  Macmillan  Co. 

Luckily  there  are  no  such  melancholy  associa- 
tions connected  with  the  many  beautiful  illustra- 
tions that  go  to  the  making  of  "  Paris,  Past  and 
Present "  (Lane)  as  link  themselves  to-day  with 
similar  representations  of  many  French  cities  not 
a  hundred  miles  from  Paris.  This  notable  collec- 
tion of  colored  and  uncolored  drawings,  etchings, 
lithographs,  and  other  products  of  artistic  skill, 
not  far  from  two  hundred  in  number,  is  edited  by 
Mr.  Charles  Holme,  with  text  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Tay- 
lor, and  constitutes  a  special  autumn  number  of 
"  The  Intel-national  Studio."  Old  prints  and  a 
great  number  of  later  artists  have  been  drawn 
upon,  so  that  we  have  glimpses  of  the  French 


capital  from  1539  to  the  present  time,  grouped 
under  three  headings :  "  The  Rivers,  Bridges  and 
Quays,"  "  Old  Streets,  Houses  and  Markets,"  and 
"  Public  Buildings,  Monuments  and  Gardens." 
Brief  preliminary  surveys  from  Mr.  Taylor's  pen 
introduce  the  several  sections,  and  a  general  intro- 
duction follows  the  table  of  contents.  Issued  in 
paper  covers,  the  work  offers  opportunity  to 
exercise  judgment  and  taste  in  giving  it  a  suitable 
binding. 

Travel  and  adventure,  hunting  and  sight-seeing, 
in  all  latitudes  and  longitudes,  are  brought  within 
the  covers  of  a  good-sized  volume  edited  by  Mr. 
A.  G.  Lewis  and  entitled  "  Sport,  Travel,  and 
Adventure"  (London:  T.  Fisher  Unwin).  Fifty- 
four  books  by  writers  of  wanderlustig  propensi- 
ties have  been  drawn  upon  for  suitable  selections 
and  illustrations,  and  the  whole  is  a  lively  collec- 
tion of  travellers'  tales.  Satisfactory  though  the 
editor's  selections  are  in  the  main,  it  is  somewhat 
surprising  to  find  many  topics  represented  by 
writers  that  are  by  no  means  the  ones  first  sug- 
gesting themselves  as  the  likeliest  to  be  quoted 
from.  Arctic  exploration,  for  instance,  gives  us 
not  a  line  from  Captain  Peary's  books;  African 
adventure  calls  forth  nothing  from  Livingstone's 
or  Stanley's  noted  chronicles;  Swiss  mountain- 
climbing  is  unillustrated  by  anything  from  Whym- 
per;  and  though  forbidden  Tibet  is  opened  to  our 
view,  it  is  not  by  Mr.  Henry  Savage  Landor.  But 
we  have  passages  from  Colonel  Roosevelt  and 
Mr.  Richard  Harding  Davis  and  Miss  Annie  S. 
Peck,  and  many  other  hardy  adventurers,  and  we 
must  not  complain. 

Mr.  Albert  G.  Robinson,  who  has  both  visited 
and  written  about  the  Philippines  and  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico,  adds  another  book  to  his  list  in 
"Cuba,  Old  and  New"  (Longmans),  a  survey  of 
the  salient  points  in  the  island's  history,  with  chap- 
ters of  a  descriptive  and  otherwise  instructive 
character,  including  information  useful  to  the  tour- 
ist who  at  this  season  is  tempted  to  escape  the 
northern  rigors  by  a  sojourn  in  the  Pearl  of  the 
Antilles.  Cuba's  needs  and  imperfections  are  not 
overlooked  by  the  author,  whose  twenty  years  of 
more  or  less  immediate  contact  with  its  affairs  enti- 
tle him  to  speak  understandingly.  "  Full  assur- 
ance of  peace  and  order,"  he  believes.  "  will  come 
cnly  when  the  people  of  the  island,  whether  plant- 
ers or  peasants,  see  clearly  the  difference  between 
a  government  conducted  in  their  interest  and  a 
government  conducted  by  Cubans  along  Spanish 
lines."  Photographs  by  Mr.  Robinson  illustrate 
the  volume. 

New  Mexico's  old  mission  churches  are  disap- 
pearing with  alarming  rapidity,  far  more  from  the 
ravages  of  man  than  from  those  of  nature;  and 
hence  Dr.  L.  Bradford  Prince  does  well  to  issue 
at  this  time  his  long-contemplated  volume  on 
"  Spanish  Mission  Churches  of  New  Mexico " 
(The  Torch  Press).  Much  more  interesting  he 
believes  these  churches  to  be  than  the  similar 
structures  of  California,  about  which  so  many 
books  have  been  written,  while  the  riches  of  the 
Sunshine  State  in  this  particular  remain  practi- 
callv  unknown.  Half  a  hundred  or  more  of  these 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


577 


relics  of  a  romantic  past  are  pictured  by  the 
camera  and  described  by  the  pen  in  his  book, 
which  has  also  an  abundance  of  historical  infor- 
mation such  as  few  besides  the  author  could  have 
supplied.  But  he  adds  no  index  to  this  rich  store 
of  material.  Otherwise  the  work  makes  a  most 
favorable  impression. 

NATURE  AND  OUT-DOOR  LIFE. 

No  one  having  any  knowledge  of  birdless  Italy 
will  refuse  to  commend  the  purpose  of  Mr.  Ernest 
Harold  Baynes's  "Wild  Bird  Guests:  How  to 
Entertain  Them"  (Button).  It  has  long  been  the 
author's  belief  that  "  the  final  solution  of  the  prob- 
lem of  wild  bird  conservation  lay,  not  in  the  enact- 
ing of  more  or  better  laws,  necessary  as  those  laws 
are,  but  in  the  creation  of  such  an  interest  in,  and 
love  for  birds,  that  a  very  large  majority  of  peo- 
ple will  have  not  only  no  desire  to  destroy  them, 
but  will  actually  fight  to  prevent  their  destruc- 
tion; and  that  the  birds  themselves  will  become 
as  safe  as  valuable  private  property."  Well- 
informed  chapters  on  our  feathered  friends,  their 
habits,  their  enemies,  their  value  in  more  senses 
than  one,  and  how  to  promote  their  well-being, 
follow  the  hortatory  foreword;  and  numerous 
photogravure  illustrations,  many  from  the  author's 
own  camera,  are  interspersed.  Meriden,  N.  H., 
"  the  Bird  Village  "  and  the  author's  home,  plays 
a  prominent  part  in  the  book,  which  ends  with 
useful  instructions  how  to  f onn  bird  clubs  and 
thus  add  to  the  bird  villages  throughout  the  coun- 
try. Mr.  Baynes  evidently  knows  how  to  make 
friends  of  the  birds,  and  he  seems  likely  also  to 
make  friends  of  his  readers. 

No  extraordinary  experiences  of  a  wild-fowler, 
no  record-breaking  "bags"  of  mallard,  widgeon, 
teal,  pochard,  pintail,  and  their  kind,  no  freezing 
nights  in  an  open  boat,  heroically  survived  by  this 
same  hardy  fowler  in  his  valorous  campaigns 
against  the  feathered  tribes  that  sweep  over  the 
waters  of  estuaries  and  marshes- — nothing  what- 
ever of  this  sort  will  be  found  in  Mr.  W.  H.  Hud- 
son's "Adventures  among  Birds"  (Kennerley),  tlte 
ornithographic  record  of  a  bird-lover,  not  the  san- 
guinary chronicle  of  a  bird-killer.  He  regards 
birds  as  "  vertebrates  and  relations,  with  knowing, 
emotional,  thinking  orains  like  ours,  and  with 
senses  like  ours,  only  brighter."  Mr.  Hudson's 
literary  style  has  been  warmly  praised  by  others 
besides  Mr.  John  Galsworthy,  who  says  of  him, 
furthermore,  that  "  he  is  the  finest  living  observer, 
and  the  greatest  living  lover  of  bird  and  animal 
life,  and  of  Nature  in  her  moods."  A  few  of  his 
chapter-headings,  such  as  "  Bird  Music."  "  In  a 
Green  Country  in  Quest  of  Rare  Songsters,"  "Ava- 
lon  and  a  Blackbird,"  and  "  The  Marsh  AVarbler's 
Music,"  will  here  sufficiently  indicate  the  char- 
acter of  his  book.  A  word  of  perhaps  not  super- 
fluous caution  from  the  publishers  admonishes  the 
reader  not  to  confuse  the  author  with  that  other 
writer  of  note,  Mr.  William  Henry  Hudson. 

Mr.  Emerson  Hough,  the  author  of  "  Out  of 
Doors"  (Appleton),  seems  to  have  hunted  and 
camped  and  communed  with  nature  from  Mexico's 
troubled  border  to  Alaska's  icy  strand,  and  in  his 


new  book  he  communicates  in  racy  and  pictur- 
esque language  the  ripe  results  of  his  varied  expe- 
riences in  the  wild.  Both  the  broad  fundamentals 
of  successful  camping  and  the  superstructure  of 
minute  details  are  to  be  found  in  his  useful  and 
entertaining  manual.  Among  other  notable  chap- 
ters mention  should  be  made  of  his  dissertations  on 
"  The  Woman  in  Camp,"  "  Getting  Lost  and  What 
to  Do  about  it,"  and  "  The  Faculty  of  Observa- 
tion." Here  are  his  concluding  remarks  upon  the 
properly  constructed  camp  stew :  "  Fed  upon  this 
manner  of  manna  —  or  manna  of  manner,  as  they 
would  say  in  New  York  —  you  shall  go  forth  and 
prevail  mightily  in  the  land.  As  to  what  such  a 
stew  as  this  would  mean  to  a  party  of  tired  coon 
hunters  at  midnight's  holy  hour  —  hush,  man,  let 
us  not  speak  of  sacred  matters !  " 

Both  novel  and  practical  in  its  scheme  is  Mr. 
Leicester  Bodine  Holland's  horticultural  manual, 
"The  Garden  Bluebook"  (Doubleday).  Peren- 
nials only,  as  is  indicated  in  a  subtitle,  are  consid- 
ered by  the  author;  but  as  nearly  two  hundred  of 
these  are  included  in  the  book  the  proposed  garden 
need  not  lack  for  richness  and  variety.  A  folding, 
linen-backed,  colored  chart  begins  the  volume  and 
shows  with  much  ingenuity  in  disposition  of  hues 
and  scale-markings  how  and  when  and  where  to 
expend  your  horticultural  energies  in  order  to  pro- 
duce the  most  striking  and  picturesque  effects. 
Other  charts  and  plans  follow,  and  the  body  of  the 
book  is  devoted  to'  descriptions  and  illustrations  of 
the  principal  perennials,  in  alphabetic  order  on 
the  right-hand  pages,  with  blank  forms,  on  the 
left-hand,  to  be  filled  in  with  observations  and 
additions  by  the  gardener  owning  the  book.  A 
many-hued  perennial  garden  almost  exhales  its 
fragrance  on  the  cover,  and  the  more  subdued  half- 
tone lavishly  illustrates  the  pages  of  the  book. 
The  Christmas  holidays  might  be  given  to  less 
profitable  and  also  less  pleasant  uses  than  the 
planning  of  one's  garden  of  perennials  with  the 
help  of  "  The  Garden  Bluebook." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Not  as  an  argument  for  military  preparedness, 
we  are  glad  to  note,  does  Mr.  John  Martin  Ham- 
mond offer  to  view  the  dismantled  and  crumbling 
condition  of  our  older  fortresses,  but  as  a  study  in 
what  is  historic  and  often  picturesque.  "  Quaint 
and  Historic  Forts  of  North  America "  (Lippin- 
cott)  he  entitles  his  splendid  volume,  a  work  simi- 
lar in  wealth  of  descriptive  and  illustrative  matter 
to  his  "  Colonial  Mansions  of  Maryland  and  Dela- 
ware." It  is  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  naturally, 
that  he  finds  the  greater  number  of  our  weather- 
worn fortifications,  though  the  Alamo,  Fort  Lara- 
mie,  Fort  Vancouver,  and  other  storied  redoubts 
in  the  South,  West,  and  North,  claim  their  meas- 
ure of  attention.  Of  our  "most  important  En- 
glish military  work  of  early  Colonial  days,"  Fort 
Independence,  in  Boston  harbor,  he  writes,  with 
an  eye  for  the  picturesque  rather  than  for  the 
bare  reality,  that  "  on  any  bright  and  cheering 
day  throngs  can  be  found  at  the  old  fort,  of 
various  classes  and  of  widely  sundered  poles  of 
thought."  On  some  holidays  this  may  be  true,  but 


578 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


many  a  bright  and  cheering  day  of  labor  finds  the 
fort  not  at  all  thronged  with  visitors  of  any  class 
or  of  any  pole  of  thought  whatsoever.  Good  illus- 
trations in  abundance  adorn  the  book. 

Very  wisely  has  it  been  decided  to  issue  in  book- 
form  and  with  additions  Miss  Lilian  D.  Wald's 
recent  "Atlantic "  articles  on  "  The  House  in 
Henry  Street"  (Holt),  the  story  of  a  vocation  or 
mission  promptly  and  gladly  accepted  some  five 
and  twenty  years  ago  by  a  young  graduate  of  a 
New  York  training  school  for  nurses,  and  leading 
to  more  beneficent,  more  wide-reaching  results  than 
could  have  been  dreamed  of  at  the  outset.  In  a 
straightforward  manner  that  devoted  friend  of 
suffering  and  unfortunate  humanity,  as  it  toils 
and  struggles  on  the  East  Side  of  our  cosmopoli- 
tan metropolis,  tells  the  story  of  her  labors  amid 
that  grimy  and  often  cheerless  environment;  and 
the  story  divides  itself  into  chapters  on  srfch 
varied  though  related  themes  as  the  establishment 
of  visiting  nurses,  the  relations  between  the  nurse 
and  the  community,  children  and  play,  children 
who  work,  the  handicapped  child,  youth  and  trades 
unions,  weddings  and  social  halls,  friends  of  Rus- 
sian freedom,  social  forces,  and  new  Americans  in 
their  relation  to  our  institutions  and  policies.  A 
number  of  noted  philanthropists,  such  as  Madame 
Breshkovsky,  Prince  Kropotkin,  Mr.  Ernest 
Crosby,  and  Father  McGlynn,  pass  across  the 
pages  of  the  book  and  add  to  its  interest.  Its 
message  of  good  will  to  all  mankind  is  one  espe- 
cially suited  to  the  season.  Mr.  Abraham  Phil- 
lips's  etchings  and  drawings,  often  of  an  appealing 
nature  in  their  representations  of  the  joys  and 
sorrows  of  the  poor,  supplement  very  fittingly  the 
photographic  illustrations  that  help  to  convey  the 
book's  message  and  lesson. 

Near  the  end  of  July  of  last  year,  with  no  slight- 
est foreboding  of  the  troubled  days  so  soon  to 
follow,  Miss  Anne  Hollingsworth  Wharton  of 
Philadelphia  landed  at  Plymouth,  England,  to  pur- 
sue the  studies  that  have  now  resulted  in  a  pleasing 
volume  entitled  "  English  Ancestral  Homes  of 
Noted  Americans"  (Lippincott).  The  Washing- 
tons,  the  Franklins,  the  Penns,  with  other  families 
of  lesser  note,  are  here  traced  back  to  their  trans- 
atlantic cradles,  and  the  faithful  camera  has  been 
put  to  good  use  in  conveying  a  vivid  impression 
of  these  remote  origins.  The  book  is,  as  the  author 
had  hoped  it  would  be,  an  interesting  reminder  of 
"  the  rock  from  whence  we  were  hewn  and  the  pit 
from  whence  we  were  digged."  A  wealth  of  his- 
torical and  genealogical  lore  is  contained  between 
the  book's  covers,  and  especial  mention  may  be 
made  of  certain  fresh  material  concerning  Frank- 
lin's visit  to  Ecton,  the  home  of  his  ancestors.  ' 

Mr.  Lewis  Spence  says  he  has  endeavored  so  to 
arrange  his  "  Hero  Tales  and  Legends  of  the 
Rhine"  (Stokes)  that  they  may  "illustrate  a 
Rhine  journey  from  sea  to  source  —  the  manner 
in  which  the  majority  of  visitors  to  Germany  will 
make  the  voyage  —  and  to  this  end  the  tales  have 
been  marshalled  in  such  form  that  a  reader  sitting 
on  the  deck  of  a  Rhine  steamer  may  be  able  to 
peruse  the  legends  relating  to  the  various  locali- 


ties in  their  proper  order  as  he  passes  them." 
Why,  then  does  he  place  the  story  of  the  Lorelei 
at  the  very  beginning  and  not  later  when  the  high- 
lands, where  the  Loreleiberg  may  be  supposed  to 
stand,  have  been  reached  by  the  Rhine-ascending 
traveller?  Diligence  in  collecting  and  narrative 
skill  in  relating  these  legends  are  shown  by  the 
compiler,  who  claims  for  his  book  more  critical 
a,nd  selective  acumen  and  more  of  the  romantic 
Rhine  atmosphere  than  are  to  be  found  in  other 
similar  compilations.  The  very  places  concerned 
have  been  visited  in  quest  of  the  most  authentic 
form  of  each  tale,  "  and  only  the  most  character- 
istic and  original  versions  and  variants  .  .  have 
gained  admittance  to  the  collection."  It  is  cer- 
tainly a  rich  and  readable  volume,  and  it  has  a 
map  of  the  Rhine  country,  a  combined  index  and 
glossary,  and  many  illustrations  (in  color  and 
otherwise)  by  an  artist  in  evident  sympathy  with 
the  purpose  of  the  book. 

Not  the  least  part  of  the  burden  of  the  present 
war  is  borne  by  the  Red  Cross,  and  its  sendees 
have  never  before  been  offered  so  generously  or  to 
so  vast  a  body  of  sufferers.  Timely,  therefore,  is 
the  appearance  of  a  book  giving  a  more  compre- 
hensive account  of  this  organization  and  its  labors 
for  humanity  than  has  hitherto  been  available  in 
English.  "  Under  the  Red  Cross  Flag  at  Home 
and  Abroad "  (Lippincott)  is  written  by  Miss 
Mabel  T.  Boardman,  Chairman  National  .Relief 
Board,  American  Red  Cross,  and  naturally  con- 
cerns itself  especially  with  the  American  branch 
of  the  society,  dating  from  1881  and  claiming 
Clara  Barton  as  its  first  leader  and  presiding  offi- 
cer. The  record  of  its  beneficent  labors  in  fire 
and  flood,  tornado  and  earthquake,  war  and  pesti- 
lence, is  traced  with  considerable  detail  down  to 
and  including  its  activities  in  the  war  now  devas- 
tating Europe  and  extending  even  beyond  its 
borders.  The  revised  Treaty  of  Geneva  is  ap- 
pended, and  illustrations  from  photographs  show 
the  varied  nature  of  the  demands  made  upon  Red 
Qross  workers.  With  Dr.  Epler's  life  of  Clara 
Barton  and  Miss  Boardman's  history  of  the  Red 
Cross,  both  books  of  the  present  season,  we  have 
small  excuse  if  we  remain  ignorant  of  what  this 
charitable  association  has  done  in  the  past  and  is 
doing  in  the  present. 

"  It  is  commonly  charged  against  philosophers 
that  they  have  little  patriotism.  It  does  not  occur 
to  those  who  prefer  the  charge  that  philosophers 
may  have  something  better  about  which  to  concern 
themselves."  Thus  writes  Dr.  Frederic  Rowland 
Marvin  on  an  early  page  of  his  "  Fireside  Papers " 
(Sherman),  and  the  passage  well  illustrates  the 
tone  and  temper  of  the  book.  Here,  as  in  the 
same  author's  "  Excursions  of  a  Book-Lover,"  high 
thinking  and  ripened  wisdom  mingle  en  joy  ably 
with  quaint  and  curious  lore  of  various  kinds,  with 
criticism  of  books  and  men,  and  with  quotation 
and  translation  of  poetry  from  divers  sources.  Of 
Mr.  Alfred  Noyes  he  well  says  that  "  he  has  writ- 
ten too  much  for  the  years  of  his  literary  pil- 
qrimage  thus  far.  We  have  from  his  pen  some 
good  things,  more  that  are  poor,  and  none  yet 
that  take  commanding  place  and  give  promise  of 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


579 


enduring."  With  such  themes  as  the  loneliness  of 
genius,  the  philosophic  temper,  human  derelicts, 
Maupassant  and  Poe,  and  the  River  of  Oblivion, 
the  book  holds  our  willing  attention. 

In  these  days  when  the  bottom  seems  to  be  fall- 
ing out  of  everything,  it  is  no  work  of  supereroga- 
tion to  endeavor  to  fasten  with  certainty  upon 
those  things  that  are  firm  and  imperishable.  Such 
an  attempt  is  made  by  Dr.  Hugh  Black  in  his  con- 
tribution to  this  season's  books,  a  modest  volume 
entitled  "The  New  World"  (Revell),  four  chap- 
ters of  which  have  already  found  favor  with 
magazine-readers.  "  The  purpose  of  this  book," 
he  explains,  "  is  to  understand  the  causes  of  unrest 
in  the  religion  of  our  time,  and  to  enforce  the 
need  of  restatement,  and  if  possible  to  indicate  the 
lines  of  the  probable  statement.  .  .  The  most  I 
seek  to  do  is  to  suggest  for  a  transition  time  like 
this  a  point  of  view  that  may  enable  some  to  hold 
their  footing."  Accordingly,  the  discussion  has  to 
do  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  the  changing  order, 
the  things  that  remain,  and  other  kindred  and 
fruitful  themes,  all  handled  with  the  author's  cus- 
tomary insight  and  helpful  suggestiveness. 

Miss  Lilian  Bell  tells  the  story  of  a  happy 
thought  and  its  beneficent  results  in  "  The  Story 
of  the  Christmas  Ship"  (Rand,  McNally  &  Co.), 
a  generous  octavo  filled  with  details  of  the  great 
charitable  enterprise  started  by  her  last  year  in 
behalf  of  the  hosts  of  children  made  fatherless  by 
the  war  in  Europe.  Seven  million  gifts  from 
American  children  went  across  the  Atlantic  in  the 
U.  S.  S.  "Jason"  and  into  the  Christmas  stockings 
of  the  unfortunate  little  folk  of  the  warring  coun- 
tries. Miss  Bell  writes  with  her  usual  vivacity,  and 
the  very  aspect  of  her  pages,  with  their  innumer- 
able short  paragraphs,  their  thick  sprinkling  of 
exclamation  points,  their  frequent  dashes,  and 
other  appeals  to  the  eye,  is  hardly  characteristic 
and  perhaps  not  ineffective.  Her  portrait  is  the 
only  illustrative  feature  of  the  book,  which  might 
well  have  been  enlivened  with  camera  views  of 
incidents  narrated,  if  such  visual  records  had  been 
available.  A  brilliant  binding  and  wrapper  make 
up  the  exterior  equipment  of  this  notable  Christ- 
mas book. 

From  Philip  Freneau  to  Paul  Lawrence  Dun- 
bar,  the  better-known  nineteenth-century  American 
poets,  to  the  number  of  nearly  a  hundred  and 
fifty,  are  represented  in  Miss  Jessie  B.  Ritten- 
house's  pocket  anthology,  "  The  Little  Book  of 
American  Poets"  (Houghton),  a  companion  vol- 
ume to  "  The  Little  Book  of  Modern  Verse  "  com- 
piled by  the  same  hand.  A  few  overlappings  in 
the  two  lists  of  verse-writers  inevitably  occur, 
since  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  did  not, 
fortunately,  bring  an  end  to  all  our  songsters  of 
that  period;  and  where  inadequate  space  may 
seem  to  have  been  allotted  to  a  contemporary  poet 
in  the  later  volume,  he  will  be  found  to  be  more 
fully  represented  in  the  earlier.  In  its  professed 
purpose  "  to  present  in  compact  form  some  of  the 
finer  and  more  enduring  things  in  our  poetic  lit- 
erature "  this  handy  volume  has  attained  a  good 
measure  of  success. 


The  name  of  Etienne  de  la  Boetie,  if  known  only 
by  the  poem  of  Emerson  at  the  head  of  which  it 
stands,  helps  no  little  to  quicken  interest  in  Mon- 
taigne's short  essay  on  friendship  which  was  ad- 
dressed to  this  best  friend  of  the  writer.  In  a 
limited  edition,  with  rubricated  initials  and  head- 
pieces, and  with  other  attributes  of  excellence, 
there  are  published  both  "  Montaigne's  Essay  on 
Friendship  "  and  "  XXIX  Sonnets  by  Estienne  de 
la  Boetie,"  translated  by  Mr.  Louis  How.  Love 
and  friendship  are  the  themes  of  the  sonnets, 
which  thus  appropriately  supplement  the  prose 
treatise  similarly  inspired.  Evident  care  and  skill 
have  been  bestowed  upon  the  rendering  of  both 
prose  and  verse,  the  obvious  difficulties  in  each 
case,  and  especially  in  the  latter,  being  a  spur  to 
best  endeavor.  (Houghton  Mifflin  Co.) 

Not  unworthy  of  its  splendid  theme  is  the  title 
chosen  by  Dr.  J.  Edward  Parrott  for  his  book, 
"The  Pageant  of  English  Literature"  (Sully  & 
Klein teich),  a  companion  volume  to  his  similarly 
named  work  on  English  history.  From  the  rude 
beginnings  of  his  country's  literature  down  to  the 
death  of  Tennyson  he  sketches  in  popular  style 
the  main  facts  in  that  literary  history,  with  brief 
outlines  or  descriptions  of  the  more  famous  works 
and  with  occasional  illustrative  quotations.  The 
biographical  element,  too,  is  not  wanting,  and  a 
rich  pageantry  of  color  meets  the  eye  in  half  the 
numerous  illustrations,  chiefly  from  famous  paint- 
ings. Ample  pages,  wide  margins,  and  large  print 
contribute  to  the  book's  sumptuous  appearance, 
and  in  its  reading  matter  it  betters  expectation  by 
devoting  its  first  five  chapters  to  the  beginnings  of 
literature  in  general  —  something  not  promised  in 
the  title.  As  giving  a  bird's-eye  view  of  its  field, 
and  as  a  useful  and  attractive  work  for  young 
readers,  the  book  is  to  be  commended. 

All  is  certainly  not  right  with  the  world  as 
viewed  by  Mr.  Seymour  Deming  in  his  "  profane 
baccalaureate,"  "The  Pillar  of  Fire"  ( Small, May- 
nard  &  Co.).  Let  us  have  done,  he  urges,  with  the 
smoothly  conventional  baccalaureate  sermon  and 
tell  our  graduating  classes  the  plain,  unvarnished 
truth.  "Are  you  content,"  he  asks,  with  exuberance 
of  rhetoric,  "  to  scan  sonorous  Sophoclean  odes 
which  bewail  a  fate-begotten  plague  in  seven-gated 
Thebes  whilst  there  are,  on  the  island  of  Manhat- 
tan, fifty-one  blocks  huddling  3,000  people  to  each, 
through  which  creeps  the  icy  contagion  of  tubercu- 
losis ?  "  Again :  "  How  shall  the  college  be  brought 
back  to  its  rightful  task, —  the  teaching  of  revolu- 
tionism? By  the  likes  of  you.  Seek  and  ye  shall 
find."  In  this  vehement  vein,  enlivened  in  one 
place  by  a  "  Socratic  scherzo,"  and  in  another  by 
a  list  of  "  dishonorary  degrees,"  the  author  val- 
iantly strives  to  set  right  a  world  that  is  all  wrong. 

"  We  are  not  loved  as  a  nation,"  says  Professor 
Edward  A.  Steiner,  "  largely  because*  we  are  not 
understood,  and  we  are  not  understood  because  we 
do  not  understand  ourselves,  and  we  do  not  under- 
stand ourselves  because  we  have  not  studied  our- 
selves in  the  light  of  the  spirit  of  other  nations." 
Something  of  this  detached  view  of  ourselves  is 
offered  in  Mr.  Steiner's  latest  book,  "  Introducing 


580 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  9 


the  American  Spirit"  (Revell),  in  which  he  de- 
scribes with  vivacity  and  humor  his  experience  as 
host  and  cicerone  to  a  visiting  German  of  some 
note,  whom  he  calls  "  the  Herr  Director,"  and  who, 
it  should  be  added,  is  accompanied  by  "  the  Frau 
Directorin."  Enthusiastic  in  his  devotion  to  his 
adopted  country,  and  with  no  hyphen  disfiguring 
his  Americanism,  the  host  played  his  part  so  well 
as  almost  to  overcome  some  of  the  prejudices  of 
his  guests  from  Berlin.  At  any  rate,  his  effort,  as 
described  by  himself,  was  most  creditable  to  him 
and  is  very  enjoyable  in  the  reading. 

"  If  laughing  hurts  you,  let  this  book  alone !  '' 
is  the  caution  displayed  on  the  wrapper  of  "  The 
Log  of  the  Ark,  by  Noah ;  Hieroglyphics  by  Ham ; 
Excavated  by  I.  L.  Gordon  and  A.  J.  Frueh " 
(Button).  It  belongs,  of  course,  to  that  class  of 
might-have-been  ancient  humor  in  which  Mr. 
Maurice  Baring  and  others  have  in  recent  years 
exercised  their  wits  with  much  nimbleness  and  to 
the  augmentation  of  the  mirth  of  the  world.  Here 
is  a  specimen  of  Noah's  facetious  manner :  "  I 
had  everybody  guessing  at  the  supper  table.  I 
asked  them  where  Moses  is  going  to  be  when  the 
light  goes  out.  The  officers  and  their  wives  are 
trying  to  guess."  The  drawings  that  enliven  this 
logbook  are  undeniably  amusing.  All  interested  in 
the  personalities  and  idiosyncrasies  of  Noah,  Shem, 
Ham,  Japheth,  and  their  respective  wives,  will 
find  the  book  entertaining. 

Hawaiian  legends  have  a  quality  of  their  own, 
even  though  they  show  many  of  the  characteristics 
of  folklore  in  general,  and  the  noting  of  these 
points  of  difference  and  of  resemblance  adds  to 
the  enjoyment  of  reading  such  a  collection  as  that 
edited  and  translated  by  Mr.  William  Drake  Wes- 
tervelt  under  the  title,  "Legends  of  Old  Hono- 
lulu." Mr.  Westervelt  is  a  resident  of  Honolulu 
and  has  had  experience  in  the  re-telling  of  Polyne- 
sian stories  for  English-speaking  readers;  there- 
fore it  is  with  more  than  the  average  folklore- 
student's  familiarity  with  his  subject  that  he  puts 
into  literary  form  the  twenty-five  or  more  local 
legends  which  he  has  gathered  from  Hawaiian 
sources.  The  book  is  of  pleasing  design,  with 
tinted  leaves,  tinted  print,  and  tinted  half-tone 
illustrations  and  line  drawings.  It  is  published 
by  George  H.  Ellis  Co.,  Boston. 

How  the  popular  lecture,  "Acres  of  Diamonds," 
came  into  being,  and  many  significant  facts  about 
its  author,  the  Rev.  Russell  H.  Conwell,  D.D., 
President  of  Temple  University,  Philadelphia,  are 
readably  set  forth  by  Mr.  Robert  Shackleton  in  a 
volume  bearing  the  same  title  as  the  lecture  and 
published  by  the  Harpers.  The  marks  of  a  force- 
ful personality  are  on  everything  done  and  every 
word  spoken  by  the  man  introduced  to  us  by  his  I 
present  biographer,  and  a  further  tribute  to  his  | 
striking  qualities  is  rendered  by  his  neighbor  and 
intimate  friend  for  thirty  years,  Mr.  John  Wana- 
maker,  in  a  brief  "  appreciation  "  prefixed  to  the 
lecture  itself  —  for  this,  too,  is  included  in  the 
book.  Two  portraits  of  Dr.  Conwell  and  other 
illustrations  are  inserted,  and  a  brief  autobio- 
graphic note,  "  Fifty  Years  on  the  Lecture  Plat- 
form," closes  the  book. 


NOTES. 


A  new  edition  of  Mr.  Louis  C.  Elson's  "  History 
of  American  Music,"  revised  and  brought  down  to 
date,  is  promised  for  early  issue  by  the  Mac- 
millan  Co. 

"  How  Diplomats  Make  War  "  is  the  promising 
title  of  an  anonymous  volume  which  Mr.  B.  W. 
Huebsch  will  publish  at  once.  The  author  is 
described  as  "  a  British  statesman." 

"  Old  Familiar  Faces  "  was  the  title  chosen  by 
the  late  Theodore  Watts-Dunton  for  his  volume  of 
recollections  of  the  many  famous  men  and  women 
with  whom  he  had  been  on  terms  of  friendship. 
It  has  just  appeared  in  London,  and  will  undoubt- 
edly find  American  publication  also.  The  editor 
contributes  an  Introduction  dealing  with  life  at 
"  The  Pines." 

Hon.  Bertrand  Russell,  of  Cambridge,  England, 
has  recently  been  awarded  the  Butler  Gold  Medal 
by  Columbia  University  for  the  best  work  in 
philosophy  during  the  past  five  years.  Mr.  Rus- 
sell's latest  book,  "  Our  Knowledge  of  the  Exter- 
nal World  as  a  Field  for  Scientific  Method  in 
Philosophy,"  was  issued  by  the  Open  Court  Pub- 
lishing Co.  in  July  of  last  year. 

Among  other  new  titles  announced  for  early 
publication  by  the  University  of  Chicago  Press  are 
"A  Short  History  of  Belgium,"  by  Professor  Leon 
Van  der  Essen ;  "  Individuality  in  Organisms,"  by 
Professor  Charles  Manning  Child ;  "  Public  Libra- 
ries and  Literary  Culture  in  Ancient  Rome,"  by 
Dr.  Clarence  E/Boyd;  and  "Parts  of  the  Body 
in  Older  Germanic  and  Scandinavian,"  by  Dr. 
Trild  W.  Arnoldson. 

A  series  of  histories  of  the  belligerents  in  the 
present  war  is  announced  by  the  Oxford  University 
Press.  The  first  two  volumes  will  be  "  The  Evolu- 
tion of  Prussia:  The  Making  of  an  Empire,"  by 
Messrs.  J.  A.  R.  Marriott  and  C.  Grant  Robertson ; 
and  "  The  Balkans  and  Turkey :  The  History  and 
Development  of  the  Balkan  States  and  the  Turkish 
Empire,"  by  Messrs.  Nevill  Forbes,  D.  Mitrany, 
Arnold  Toynbee,  and  others. 

Dr.  George  W.  Crile,  whose  recently  published 
volume  entitled  "A  Mechanistic  View  of  War  and 
Peace"  is  the  result  of  several  months  spent  last 
summer  in  a  hospital  back  of  the  firing  lines  in 
France,  in  a  recent  lecture  before  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Medicine  demonstrated  the  harmful 
physiological  effects,  likely  to  develop  into  chronic 
maladies,  produced  in  the  human  body  by  the  acids 
generated  by  the  intense  emotions  caused  by  war, 
both  on  and  off  the  battlefield. 

The  "  Memoirs  of  M.  Thiers,  1870-1873,"  trans- 
lated by  Mr.  F.  M.  Atkinson,  which  is  announced 
for  immediate  issue  in  London,  will  contain  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  material  not  included  in  the 
original  edition,  privately  printed  in  France,  begin- 
ning with  Thiers's  letters  from  London  in  the 
autumn  of  1870,  during  his  tour  of  the  European 
capitals  in  the  hope  of  winning  help  among  neu- 
tral nations  in  the  war  with  Prussia.  The  memoirs 
close  with  M.  Thiers's  Presidency  and  the  days  of 
the  Commune. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


581 


Readers  of  the  Introduction  to  Professor  Gilbert 
Murray's  verse  translation  of  the  "Alcestis "  of 
Euripides  (recently  published)  will  remember  his 
reference  to  an  illuminating  monograph  written 
by  Mr.  J.  A.  K.  Thomson.  This  is  now  to  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  George  Allen  &  Unwin,  Ltd.,  of 
London,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Greek  Tradition : 
Essays  in  the  Reconstruction  of  Ancient  Thought." 
The  volume  includes  essays  on  "  Greek  Country 
Life,"  "  The  Springs  of  Poetry,"  "Alcestis  and  Her 
Hero,"  "  Greek  Simplicity,"  etc. 

Still  another  magazine  devoted  entirely  to  verse 
is  soon  to  make  its  appearance.  This  latest  comer 
is  called  "  Contemporary  Verse,"  and  will  be  pub- 
lished at  203  Chestnut  Ave.,  Chestnut  Hill,  Phila- 
delphia. Its  first  number,  to  appear  in  January, 
will  contain  contributions  by  Messrs.  Hermann 
Hagedorn,  Louis  Untermeyer,  Don  Marquis,  Rob- 
ert Haven  Sehauffler,  Joyce  Kilmer,  T.  A.  Daly, 
Leonard  Bacon,  William  Rose  Benet,  Max  East- 
man, and  several  others.  The  editors  of  "  Contem- 
porary Verse"  are  Messrs.  Howard  S.  Graham,  Jr., 
Devereux  C.  Josephs,  and  Samuel  McCoy. 

A  fund  of  $50,000  for  the  purpose  of  maintain- 
ing in  Throop  College  of  Technology  the  Holder 
Chair  of  Biology  has  been  established  by  friends 
of  the  late  Charles  Frederick  Holder,  who  in  this 
manner  wish  "  to  express  their  appreciation  for 
his  long  labors  in  the  realm  of  natural  history,  his 
steadfast  devotion  to  sports  in  their  most  dignified 
and  elevating  sense,  and  his  efforts  to  protect  the 
wild  game  and  fish  of  California."  The  knowledge 
that  this  tribute  had  been  paid  to  him  by  his 
friends  was  a  source  of  much  satisfaction  to  Dr. 
Holder  for  several  weeks  before  his  death  (which 
occurred  on  October  10).  Had  Dr.  Holder  lived 
he  would  have  held  the  chair  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life  as  Professor  Emeritus. 

For  a  considerable  time  Messrs.  Macmillan  have 
had  in  preparation,  and  will  shortly  publish,  their 
new  and  final  edition  of  the  "  Short  History  of  the 
English  People,"  by  J.  R.  Green.  The  original 
edition,  which  appeared  in  1874,  in  which  there 
had  been  inaccuracies  of  detail,  was  revised  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Green's  special  directions.  In  this 
work  Mrs.  Green  had  the  advantage  of  Mr.  Green's 
own  corrections,  and  also  in  difficult  questions  the 
advice  of  the  leading  historians  in  their  several 
departments,  such  as,  for -example,  Professor  Gar- 
diner, Mr.  Lecky,  Lord  Bryce,  Bishop  Stubbs, 
Bishop  Creighton,  and  others.  This  final  edition, 
now  about  to  be  published,  includes  an  epilogue 
which  continues  the  history  to  the  present  day. 

Sir  Sidney  Lee's  rewritten  and  enlarged  Life  of 
Shakespeare  will  be  published  this  month,- —  just 
seventeen  years  after  the  publication  of  the  origi- 
nal work.  The  biography  in  its  new  form  embod- 
ies much  fresh  information  and  illustrates  from 
contemporary  evidence  the  place  that  Shakespeare 
filled  in  both  the  literary  and  social  life  of  his  day. 
The  organization  of  the  theatres  with  which  Shake- 
speare was  associated  is  described  in  the  light  of 
recent  research,  and  much  space  is  devoted  to  the 
experiences  of  Shakespeare  and  his  colleagues  at 
the  Courts  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  King  James  I. 
:  Sir  Sidney  has  consulted  for  the  first  time  the  wills 


of  several  of  Shakespeare's  Stratford  friends,  and 
has  some  new  matter  on  the  monument  in  Strat- 
ford Church. 

"  The  Blinded  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Gift  Book," 
to  which  we  referred  at  some  length  in  our  issue 
of  Nov.  11,  will  be  published  on  this  side  the 
water  by  Messrs.  Putnam.  The  editor  is  Mr. 
George  Goodchild,  and  the  work  will  contain  con- 
tributions from  such  prominent  English  writers  as 
Messrs.  Robert  Hichens,  John  Galsworthy,  Ed- 
mund Gosse,  Eden  Phillpotts,  H.  G.  Wells,  Austin 
Dobson,  G.  K.  Chesterton,  Anthony  Hope,  Gilbert 
Parker,  and  others.  The  contributions,  in  both 
prose  and  verse,  were  written  especially  for  this 
book,  and  a  number  of  artists  have  contributed  the 
illustrations.  The  purpose  of  the  volume,  which 
is  arranged  as  a  gift  book,  is  to  add  to  the  funds 
for  the  helping  of  English"  soldiers  and  sailors  who 
have  been  blinded  in  the  war. 

Our  Paris  correspondent,  Mr.  Theodore  Stanton, 
sends  us  the  following  letter  which  he  lately  re- 
ceived from  Dr.  W.  A.  Craigie,  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  great  Oxford  Dictionary: 

"  The  principal  change  in  the  Dictionary  work  caused 
by  the  death  of  Sir  James  Murray  will  be  the  loss  of 
the  sections  done  by  himself  and  his  staff, —  an  impor- 
tant difference,  naturally.  The  other  editors  and  staffs 
have  worked  independently,  and  so  are  not  directly 
affected.  In  fact  the  loss  will  partly  be  made  up  by 
the  assistance  to  be  obtained  from  Sir  James  Murray's 
staff,  which  will  be  all  the  more  valuable  as  our  num- 
bers have  been  somewhat  reduced  of  late  by  the  war 
and  other  causes.  It  is  probable  that  attention  will 
first  be  concentrated  on  finishing  S,  but  either  II  or  V 
will  be  in  progress  at  the  same  time. 

"As  Dr.  Bradley  is  much  older  than  either  Mr. 
Onions  and  myself,  and  has  been  an  editor  since  1889, 
he  will  naturally  be  regarded  as  the  chief  representa- 
tive of  the  Dictionary.  It  is  unlikely,  however,  that 
any  formal  statement  on  the  question  will  be  made. 

"  Our  chief  American  contributors  in  recent  years 
have  been  Mr.  Albert  Matthews  and  Mr.  C.  W.  Ernst, 
both  of  Boston,  the  former  helping  with  American 
words,  the  latter  chiefly  with  mediaeval  Latin  words 
and  uses.  I  have  also  had  some  useful  communica- 
tions from  Mr.  A.  Bowski,  of  New  York  City,  while 
Mr.  C.  O.  S.  Mawson,  Springfield,  Mass.,  has  helped 
with  Anglo-Indian  words.  The  new  'American  Glos- 
sary '  by  Professor  R.  H.  Thornton  is  also  of  great 
service  in  tracing  the  history  of  special  words  and 
phrases,  as  he  has  carried  many  of  these  much  further 
than  any  previous  collector.1' 


TOPICS  IN  HiEADING  PERIODICALS. 

December,  1915. 

Actor,  Evolution  of  the.  Arthur  Pollock  ....  Drama 
Adaptation  as  a  Process.  H.  B.  Torrey  ....  Scientific 
American  Commerce  after  the  War.  T.  H.  Price  World's  Work 
American  Names,  Eminent.  L.  H.  Ashe  ....  Scientific 
American  Union,  Romance  of.  Helen  Nicolay  .  .  Century 
Americans  —  Are  They  More  German  than  English  ? 

James  Middleton World's  Work 

America's  Duty.  Baron  d'Estournelles  de  Constant  Atlantic 

Aquinas,  Thomas.  Addison  A.  Ewing Sewanee 

Army  Reform.  Eric  Fisher  Wood Century 

Bahamas,  Nassau  of  the.  Richard  Le  Gallienne  .  .  Harper 
Balkans,  Diplomacy  in  the.  F.  H.  Simonds  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Ballad,  The  Mediaeval  Popular.  H.  M.  Belden  .  .  Sewanee 
Belgians,  Helping  the.  E.  P.  Bicknell  .  .  .  Rev.  of  Revs. 
Benaventa :  His  Life  and  Writings.  Julius  Brouta  .  Drama 

Bird  Life  in  Georgia.  John  Burroughs Harper 

Book  Trade,  Price  Maintenance  in  the.  H.  R. 

Tosdal Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 


582 


THE    DIAL 


Dec.  9 


British  Dominions,  Loyalty  in  the.    T.  H.  Boggs     Am.  Pol.  Sc. 

Brooke,  Rupert.    John  Drinkwater     .......     Forum  LIST  OF  NEW   BOOKS. 

Budget  System  vs.  the  Pork  Barrel.     B.  J.  Hen-  _ 

Buffafo'sVuleby  Commission.-  M.  M.  Winer  '.   K?/E  [  The  following  list,  containing    77   titles,  includes    books 

Bulgarians  and  Bulgaria.    Oliver  Bainbridge    .    Rev.  of  Revs.  ™ceived  by  IKE  DIAL  Since  its  last  issue.] 

California,  Labor  Revolts  in.    C.  H.  Parker     Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 

Carmen,  Psychology  of.     Geraldine  Farrar     .     .     .     Bookman  HOLIDAY   GIFT  BOOKS. 

8awe"n    MhaedPsongrTnnaaB    McC^ll  ^^     '     '     A"%££f£  <*Ualnt  and   Historic   Forts    of   North   America.      By 

ChSHo^usinS'  Conditions  -X      Natalie     '    '    '    Sewanee  John    Martin    Hammond.      Illustrated    in    photo- 

hlC|fa\?rOUSlngCOndl.tl0nS.     X\Natahe    .    Am.Jour.Soc.  £?^™'  ^"ne^  8V°'  3°9  ^^     J'  B'  LiPPin~ 

"  Child,  the  Only,"  Training.     H.A.Bruce    .     .     .     Century  ft     '           Z,     „*    f£+                        „      „, 

China's  Vital  Question.    J.  W.  Jenks    .....    No.  Amer.  On  «»e  Trf»  «»*  Stevenson.     By^  Clayton   Hamilton  ; 

Citizen,  The  Mind  of  the.    A.  D.  Weeks     .     .    Am.  Jour.  Soc.  S^V?^  with  %£&•?  by  Walter  Hale.     Large 

Congress,  New  Democratic  Leader  in.    B.  J.  Hen-  8vo-  145  Pa&es-     Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.     $3.  net. 

drick    ..............     World's  Work  The   Surrey   Hills.     By   F.    E.    Green;     illustrated    in 

Constitution,  History  of  the.    F.  I.  Schechter    .     Am.  Pol.  Sc.  photogravure  and  with  drawings  by  Elliott  Sea- 

Conwell,  Russell.    Robert  Shackleton     ......    Harper  brooke.      8vo,   252  pages.     New  York:    Frederick 

Critics,  Conventional  American.     H.  S.  Harrison     .     Atlantic  Warne  &  Co.     $2.  net. 

Defence,  National,  Need  for.     Howard  Wheeler    Everybody's  Hero   Tales   and   Legends   of   the   Rhine.     By   Lewis 

Diacritic  Critic,  The.    Charles  F.  Talman     ....     Atlantic  Spence,   F.R.A.I.     Illustrated  in  color,  etc.,  large 

Drama,  The  American.     Archibald  Henderson    .     .    Sewanee  8vo,  380  pages.     F.  A.  Stokes  Co.     $3.  net. 

Drink  Reform  in  Europe.    John  Koren     .....     Atlantic    \  English  Ancestral  Homes  of  Noted  Americans.     By 

Dyestuffs,  Drama  of  the.     French  Strother    .     World's  Work    I  Anne  Hollingsworth  Wharton.      Illustrated  12mo 

England,  The  New.     Sydney  Brooks    .....    No.  Amer.  314  pages.     J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.     $2.  net 

England's    Malady.      Cosmo    Hamilton     .....     Century  Battleground    Adventures     in     the     Civil     War.     By 

England  s  Sea  Power.    AC.  Laut    .     .     .     .     .    Rev.  of  Revs.    I  Clifton     Johnson.       Illustrated,     large     8vo,     422 

Finance,  French.   Raphael-Georges  Levy         Quar.  Jour.  Econ.  pages.     Houghton  Mifflin  Co.     $2.   net. 

Bgrhi?on     '      ^     °      Harb0rand'    W'C-       World's  Work    \  H1S»™ys   ««*  V?™?*  of   New  England.     By  Clif- 

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France,  Our  "  Partial  "  War  with,  in  1798.    H.  N.  ti  K«  ^il       '            '     '          Pa&es.       Macmillan     Co. 

QJ.  11                                                                                       „  tpjL.ounei. 

France,  The  Defeat  of,'  in  1870.'    C.  D.  Hazen    '.     .    'American    I  The  ,1L1?h*cr  ^  ^ide    of    School    ™f«-     By    Ian    Hay; 

Frohman,  Charles.     John  D.  Williams     .....     Century  illustrated    in    color    by    L     Baumer.      12mo,    227 

Frost   Fighting.      Alexander   McAdie    .....    Scientific    i  Pages.     Boston:  LeRoy  Phillips.     $1-50  net. 

Galsworthy,  John.    Louise  C.  Willcox    .....    No.  Amer.  Medieval  Italy  during  a  Thousand  Years  (305-1313). 

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Grey,  Sir  Edward.     Arthur  Bullard    ......     Century    \  etc->    8v°.    566    Pages.      "  Great    Nations    Series." 

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T.  P.  Luquer  .............     Scribner  Mr.  Doctor-Man.     By  Helen  S.  Woodruff.     With  por- 

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Idleness  as  a  Virtue.     May  Tomlinson     .....     Sewanee    \  l  THE   YOUNG- 

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Italy  and  the  War.     W.  M.  Fuller-ton    .     .     .     World's  Work  Helpers  without  Hands.     By  Gladys  Davidson.     Illus- 

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Holmes      .............    Rev.  of  Revs.  Henry  Holt  &  Co.     $1.25  net. 

McKenna:  Britain's  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.                           j  stories  Told  to  Children.    By  Michael  Fairless     Illus- 

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New  York  of  the  Novelists  —  IV.    A.B.Maurice    .     Bookman  Thomas    Alva    Edison.     By    Francis    Rolt-Wheeler. 

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Reminiscences.     By   Lyman   Abbott.      Illustrated    in 


Social  Insurance.  Robert  M.  Woodbury  .  Quar.  Jour.  Econ. 
Statistical  Method.  F.  A.  Dewey  ....  Am.  Jour.  Soc. 
Sweden's  Role  in  the  War.  D.  T.  Curtin  .  .  World's  Work 
Tariff,  Higher,  after  the  War.  David  J.  Hill  .  .  No.  Amer. 
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War  and  Bad  Advertising.     Gerald  S.  Lee     ...     American 
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Woman,  The  Intelligence  of.     W.  L.  George    .     .     .     Atlantic 
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Work,  The  Wonder  of.     Joseph  Pennell    ....     Scribner 

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in   Consantinople:     The   Recollections 

_  j?   c«5  •»    TT»  J^-    t          1~l  S-t  O  rtn      «  A4   F  \  Tit  A        -i       i 

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n  m'rnit  v 

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1915] 


THE    DIAL 


583 


GENERAL   LITERATURE. 
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590 


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[Dec.  23,  1915 


THE  NEW  AMERICAN  POETS 

OF  OUR  DAY 

Without  a  knowledge  of  the  work  of  these  new  poets  no  real 
estimate  can  be  made  of  America's  contribution  to  contempo- 
rary literature.  Better  and  truer  than  our  novelists,  they  reveal 
and  interpret  the  inner  spirit  of  our  national  life.  Young,  vig- 
orous and  fearless,  they  are  the  authentic  voices  of  America. 


LINCOLN  COLCORD 

His  first  book,  recently  published,  has  won  for 
him  a  secure  place  among  the  truly  representative 
American  poets  of  today.  In  the  same  noble  and 
understanding  spirit  in  which  Walt  Whitman  sang 
of  the  Civil  War,  Lincoln  Colcord  here  sings  of  the 
greatest  war  in  history. 

Vision  of  War 

"In  this  great  poem  Mr.  Colcord  has  produced 
the  most  important  piece  of  literature  of  the  year. 
...  .A  national  ode  unequalled  in  its  chastisement, 
its  love  and  its  hope." — Boston  Transcript. 
Cloth,  $1.25.  Leather,  $1.50. 


THOMAS  WALSH 

No  lover  and  student  of  contemporary  Amer- 
ican poetry  can  neglect  the  very  important  work 
of  Thomas  Walsh.  His  poems  are  the  expression 
of  a  true  artist,  one  who  understands  the  power 
of  simplicity  and  the  subtle  values  of  words. 

The  Pilgrim  Kings 

"The  work  of  an  artist  with  a  great  and  sane 
philosophy  of  life." — The  Bookman. 

"A  poet  of  fine  substance  and  perfection  of 
form." — Boston  Transcript. 

"Real   color   and   music   in  these  poems." — 
N.  Y.  Times. 
Cloth,  $1.25.  Leather,  $1.50. 


JOHN  G.  NEIHARDT 

With  the  publication  of  his  new  volume  Mr. 
Neihardt  establishes  himself  as  a  poet  of  remark- 
able gifts  and  ability.  His  work  embodies  a 
beauty  and  a  power  akin  to  the  tremendous  and 
impressive  forces  of  nature  with  which  it  deals. 

The  Song  of  Hugh  Glass 

"An  achievement  of  the  highest  order 

A  big,  sweeping  thing,  blazing  a  pathway  across 
the  frontiers  of  our  national  life." — Boston  Tran- 
script. 
Cloth,  $1.25.  Leather,  $1.50. 


SARA  TEASDALE 

Sara  Teasdale's  poems  are  considered  by 
many  to  contain  the  purest  song  quality  in  Amer- 
ican poetry.  Depth  and  simplicity  go  hand  in 
hand  through  her  work.  To  read  her  is  to  enter 
a  world  of  music  and  color  and  to  feel  the  pro- 
found beauty  and  the  warmth  of  life. 

Rivers  to  the  Sea 

"A  book  of  sheer  delight,  filled  with  the  joy 

of  life self-revelatory  as   Mrs.   Browning's 

'Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese.'     Her  touch  turns 

everything  to  song." — Current  Opinion. 

Cloth,  $1.25.  Leather,  $1.50. 


EDWIN  ARLINGTON  ROBINSON 

Many  eminent  critics  call  Mr.  Robinson  the 
foremost  living  American  poet.  His  work  has  a 
genuine  distinction  and  originality,  a  power  and 
beauty  that  claim  for  him  a  dominating  and  last- 
ing place  in  American  literature. 

The  Man  Against  the  Sky 

"Here  is  a  man  with  something  to  say  that 
has  value  and  beauty.  His  thought  is  deep  and 
his  ideas  are  high  and  stimulating." — Boston 
Transcript. 

Ready  in  February. 


EDGAR  LEE  MASTERS 

Mr.  Masters  has  made  the  most  striking  and 
important  contribution  to  American  letters  in 
recent  years.  He  speaks  with  a  new  and  authen- 
tic voice;  his  work  is  unforgettable. 

Spoon  River  Anthology 

"The  natural  child  of  Walt  Whitman,  the  only 
poet  with  true  Americanism  in  his  btmes." — N.  Y. 
Times. 

"An  American ' Comedy  Humaine ' .  .  Takes  its 
place  among  the  masterpieces. ' ' — Boston  Transcript. 
Cloth,  $1.25.  Leather,  $1.50. 


Send  for  a  lift   of  recent  books  by  contemporary  poets,  describing  the  work  of  John 
Masefield,  Rabindranath   Tagore,  Amy  Lowell,   Vachel  Lindsay,  Alfred  Noyes   and  others. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY,  Publishers,  New  York 


THE  DIAL 

JfortmstJtlp  journal  of  mterarp  Criticism,  Bfecustfton,  anb  ^information. 


Vol.  LIX. 


DECEMBER  23,  1915 


No.  708 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


ON   THE   EATING   OF  FERNSEED.     Charles 

Leonard  Moore 591 

LITERARY    AFFAIRS    IN    PARIS.       (Special 

Paris  Correspondence.)     Theodore  Stanton  593 
The     Holiday     Book     Season. —  Literature's 
Losses  in  the  Great  War. —  Periodicals  in  the 
Trenches. —  M.    Paul    Fort,    the    "Prince    of 
Poets." 

CASUAL  COMMENT 596 

One  of  war's  ugliest  by-products. —  The  fate 
of  "  Notes  and  Queries." — Perplexing  prob- 
lems for  the  cataloguer. —  The  Shakespeare 
tercentenary. —  The  history  of  a  Lincoln 
manuscript. —  Romance  outdone  by  reality. — 
Staircase  wit.—  A  "  National  Book  Fort- 
night."—  Carnegie  Institution  publications. 

—  The    Austrian    Index    Librorum    Prohibi- 
torum. — "  Old  Nassau." —  Bibles  and  bombs. 

—  A  new  suggestion  in  library-building. 

COMMUNICATIONS 601 

Shakespeare  and  the  New  Psychology.     S.  A. 

Tannenbaum. 
A  Strange  Visitor  in  "  The  City  of  Dreadful 

Night."     Benj.  M.  Woodbridge. 
Books  in  Japan.     Ernest  W.  Clement. 
An  Interesting  Prophecy.     Alfred  M.  Brooks. 

EXEGI  MONUMENTUM:  RUPERT  BROOKE. 

Charles  H.  A.  Wager .  605 

THE  FEDERATION  OF  THE  WORLD.  T.  D. 

A.  CocTcerell 609 

MAGIC   CHARMS    AND    JEWELS.     Helen   A. 

Clarke 610 

HISTORY    AS    IT    IS   POPULARIZED.      Isaac 

Joslin  Cox 612 

THE    STORIED   BUILDINGS    OF   VIRGINIA. 

Fislce   Kimball 614 

RECENT   FICTION.     Edward  E.   Hale     .     .     .  615 

HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS  —  III 618 

Biography  and  Reminiscences. —  Travel  and 
Description. — -Art  and  Music. —  Miscella- 
neous. 

NOTES •.     .     .  624 

LIST    OF    NEW    BOOKS  .  625 


ON  THE  EATING  OF  FERNSEED. 

Probably  most  of  us  have  speculated  on  the 
advantages  of  being  invisible.  Mr.  Wells  has 
written  a  novel  around  the  idea  (around  what 
odd  idea  has  he  not  written  a  novel?),  in 
which  the  blessedness  of  the  state  is  not  very 
apparent.  To  people  of  literary  or  artistic 
turn,  however,  a  twilight  condition  of  life 
seems  almost  a  necessity.  The  butterfly's 
emblazoning  dust  brushes  off  against  the  hard 
hand  of  reality.  Authors  and  artists  have 
almost  always  preluded  on  some  Magic  Flute, 
even  if  afterwards  they  took  up  the  ear-shat- 
tering trumpet  that  calls  to  strife.  And  their 
days  of  obscurity  were  probably  their  hap- 
piest, though  they  did  not  know  it  at  the 
time.  A  king  who  goes  about  incognito  is 
perhaps  more  pleased  with  himself  than  when 
he  is  glittering  in  his  court;  and  he  is  cer- 
tainly a  more  potent  figure  to  the  imagina- 
tion. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  go  back  "where 
Homer  and  where  Orpheus  are  "  to  find  great 
writers  who  passed  their  whole  lives  or  a 
great  part  of  their  days  in  eclipse.  What  is 
now  known  about  Virgil?  A  few  scraps  of 
biography  we  have,  and  one  or  two  incidents 
touched  with  human  interest, —  the  reading  of 
the  passage  about  Marcellus  to  Augustus  and 
the  wish  he  expressed  to  have  his  epic  burned, 
—  but  otherwise  the  man  is  unilluminated. 
He  moves  majestic  and  mysterious,  remote 
from  the  world  in  which  he  lived.  Horace, 
that  merry  gossip,  about  whom  we  know 
everything,  was  his  friend.  There  is  no  as- 
sumption of  superiority  or  unlikeness  to  his 
fellows  in  Virgil ;  he  was  simply  an  eater  of 
fernseed,  and  could  not  become  visible  to 
them.  Perhaps  that  is  why  the  Middle  Ages 
accounted  him  a  magician,  and  why  Dante 
chose  him  as  a  guide  to  the  other  worlds. 

But  we  have  a  nearer  and  greater  instance 
of  the  eclipse  of  personality  in  Shakespeare. 
The  odiously  incredulous  have  denied  that 
there  was  any  such  personality,  or  have 
sought  to  transfer  it  to  another.  On  the 
other  hand,  critics  have  tried  to  piece  out 
Shakespeare's  character  from  the  plays.  It 
is  probable  that  all  creative  artists  do  use 


592 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


themselves  as  a  model.  Like  Rembrandt,  they 
keep  a  wardrobe  of  costumes  and  accesso- 
ries,—  helmets,  swords,  robes,  and  what  not. 
When  they  wish  to  paint  a  certain  sort  of 
person,  they  don  his  habiliments  and  think 
themselves  into  his  skin.  But  such  vicarious 
enacting  does  not  deeply  dye  their  own  be- 
ings. From  the  largeness  of  thought,  vivid- 
ness of  emotion,  and  generosity  of  feeling 
throughout  Shakespeare's  works,  one  may 
believe  that  he  was  a  noble  gentleman.  Be- 
yond this  it  would  hardly  be  safe  to  go.  But, 
it  may  be  said,  have  we  not  the  record  of  an 
episode  of  his  life  in  the  Sonnets'?  Perhaps! 
Personally,  I  should  as  soon  think  of  going  to 
market  with  the  pieces  of  silver  which  the 
moon  shining  through  a  poplar  tree  coins 
upon  the  path  at  my  feet,  as  to  take  literally 
and  prosaically  the  words  that  any  lyric  poet 
utters  in  the  whirl  of  his  emotion  and  imagi- 
nation. He  is  like  a  Dancing  Dervish  who 
loses  his  own  consciousness  in  the  eternal. 
Doubtless  he  gets  his  start  from  some  par- 
ticular experience,  but  it  is  his  business  to 
forget  himself  and  reveal  the  universal.  But, 
at  any  rate,  Shakespeare's  individuality  is 
obscure;  yet  he,  too,  like  Virgil,  lived  in  a 
gossiping  and  malicious  age. 

There  is  nothing  uncertain  about  Milton. 
With  ^Eschylus,  Dante,  Goethe,  and  Byron, 
he  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  that  other  army 
of  genius,  whose  personalities  dazzle  the  world 
and  dominate  their  times.  But  unlike  most 
of  these,  he  did  not  leap  to  the  forefront 
of  the  struggle  at  once.  For  a  good  many 
years,  in  Italy  or  in  Buckinghamshire,  im- 
mersed in  study  and  the  strenuous  idleness  of 
dreams,  he  passed  through  a  quiet  paradise 
before  emerging  into  his  inferno.  Doubtless 
the  energy  in  him  even  then  .struggled 
against  the  obscurity  that  smothered  up  his 
godship  from  surmise.  Doubtless  to  his  classic 
thought  he  was  Apollo  among  the  servants  of 
King  Admetus.  But  he  was  happy ;  at  least, 
the  poems  of  that  period, —  the  ''  Comus,"  the 
portraits  of  the  bright  and  pensive  Muses,  the 
odes, —  though  grave,  are  happy.  It  may  be 
questioned  if  he  ever  knew  happiness  again. 
Of  course  the  heroic  struggler,  scarred  and 
defaced  by  intellectual  battle,  is  the  greater 
figure;  of  course  the  heroic  epics  and  drama 
of  his  later  life  are  the  greater  poetry;  but 
nevertheless,  we  do  not  like  him  or  them  half 
as  well. 


Keats's  apprenticeship  to  obscurity  lasted 
until  death  gave  him  his  freedom  papers. 
And  toward  the  close  of  his  life  this  obscurity 
was  darkened  by  a  perfect  cloud  of  arrows 
directed  against  him, —  arrows  of  disease,  of 
unfortunate  love,  of  critical  imbecility.  Yet 
from  it  all  he  emerges  the  very  image  of  youth 
and  g*enius.  Hardly  any  literary  figure  sym- 
bolizes these  things  as  he  does.  His  was  the 
ecstacy  of  the  fernseed  life.  He  could  live 
undisturbed  with  the  visions  of  his  own  mind, 
—  fairies,  nymphs,  goddesses;  he  could  con- 
sort with  gay  and  irresponsible  companions; 
he  could  be  confident  of  the  future  and  care- 
less of  the  day.  His  jaunts  and  junketings, 
his  middle-class  life  in  suburban  parlors, 
struck  Matthew  Arnold  as  undignified.  Hor- 
ace's poet  who  could  go  singing  through  a 
wood  filled  with  robbers  was  probably  undig- 
nified in  comparison  with  a  Roman  Senator 
travelling  with  the  impedimenta  of  place  and 
riches, —  but  he  is  more  attractive. 

Keats's  mantle,  slipping  off,  fell  at  once 
upon  Tennyson ;  and  for  many  years,  twenty 
at  least,  the  latter  lived  much  the  same  sort 
of  life  as  his  predecessor.  His  education  was 
better,  and  his  family  and  friends  were,  ac- 
cording to  English  ideas,  of  a  higher  class 
than  those  of  Keats.  But  Tennyson  was 
apparently  quite  poor,  often  in  real  straits. 
Charles  Eliot  Norton  reports  on  Carlyle's 
authority  that  FitzGerald  allowed  him  three 
hundred  pounds  a  year  for  many  years.  But 
there  is  certainly  no  trace  of  such  incredible 
riches  during  his  Wanderjahre.  However,  the 
record  of  this  has  never  been  fully  drawn  out. 
Apparently  he  wandered  over  the  most  of 
England,  living  in  lodgings  or  in  country  inns 
or  in  friends'  houses;  settling  now  and  then 
with  his  mother  and  sisters  in  retired  places. 
His  removed  and  solitary  ways,  his  "  grumpi- 
ness,"  his  carelessness  about  dress,  his  absent- 
mindedness  about  other  affairs  of  life,  are  all 
up  to  the  best  traditions  of  the  fernseed 
world.  Once  the  fate  of  "  In  Memoriam " 
hung  upon  Coventry  Patmore's  rescue  of  the 
manuscript  from  a  lodging-house  where  Ten- 
nyson had  left  it.  It  was  a  rich  twilight 
region  of  romance  that  the  poet  inhabited, 
where  Marianas  could  really  look  from  moated 
granges  and  Millers'  Daughters  rise  out  of  the 
misty  atmosphere  of  their  homes.  When 
Tennyson  comes  out  into  the  common  light  of 
day,  when  he  grows  famous  and  rich,  when 


1915' 


THE    DIAL 


593 


princes  and  statesmen  and  bishops  are  his 
friends,  the  charm  departs  from  his  life,  as 
it  did  to  a  large  extent  from  his  poetry.  Yet 
to  the  last  he  remained  the  soldier  of  art, 
encamped  amid  his  army  of  dreams,  apart 
from  the  world.  Could  he  have  had  his  own 
way,  we  should  know  as  little  about  his  life 
or  personality  as  we  do  about  Shakespeare's. 

But  I  think  the  most  signal  instance  of  the 
fernseed  life  of  which  we  have  record  is  that 
of  the  Bronte  girls  in  their  Yorkshire  par- 
sonage. A  pillar  of  cloud  hung  over  their 
home;  they  Avere  almost  as  much  isolated  as 
if  shipwrecked  on  a  desert  island.  But  what 
spiritual  joys,  what  quiet  exultations,  must 
have  been  experienced  in  that  household ! 
The  whole  genesis  of  creative  art  is  in  those 
imaginative  "  plays  "  which  they  worked  out 
together  or  each  one  secretly  by  herself.  One 
of  the  sisters  got  out  a  little  into  the  world, 
met  with  disappointment  and  sorrow  which 
she  bravely  overlived  and  made  into  art.  The 
greatest  of  them  remained  alone  and  aloof, — 
kept  tryst  only  with  the  phantoms  of  her 
mind.  She  is  the  priestess  of  imagination, — 
a  Sibyl  transported  from  Dodona  to  her 
Yorkshire  moors.  Remarkable  or  great  as  the 
work  of  these  two  is,  it  is  less  regarded  by  the 
world  than  the  record  of  their  lives.  And 
rightly,  for  this  latter  brings  out  in  the  most 
intense  and  extreme  degree  the  truth  of 
Goethe's  saying  that  "  talent  is  nurtured  best 
in  solitude." 

There  are  some  men  of  genius  who,  do  wyhat 
they  will,  can  never  make  themselves  explica- 
ble or  plain  to  the  world.  They  are  born 
invisibilities  who  may  knock  and  flutter  at  the 
windows  of  our  souls  without  gaining  admit- 
tance. De  Quincey,  for  example,  lived  among 
a  set  of  men  who  were  continually  writing 
about  themselves  or  each  other.  He  was  per- 
haps the  greatest  gossip  of  the  group.  He 
made  "  copy "  about  everything  that  hap- 
pened to  him  or  everyone  he  came  in  contact 
with.  His  opium-eating  confessions  made  him 
for  a  time  the  most  stared-at  person  in  En- 
gland. Yet  with  all  this,  there  is  an  inviolable 
secrecy  about  him.  We  never  seem  to  get  at 
the  real  man.  Perhaps  he  was  a  changeling, — 
some  elf-child  may  have  been  imposed  into  the 
human  baby's  cradle.  Hawthorne  is  another 
of  the  mysterious  ones.  He,  too,  by  means  of 
diaries,  note-books,  records  of  travel,  novels 
written  around  incidents  in  his  life  sought  to 


explicate  himself  to  mankind.  But  at  most 
he  only  shows  clear  by  flashes, —  like  those 
twin  stars,  dark  and  bright,  which  revolve 
about  one  another. 

Keats  suggests  in  one  of  his  letters  that 
genius  ought  not  to  have  any  personality  at 
all, —  that  it  ought  to  be  merely  a  medium 
through  which  the  world  exhibits  itself.  But 
the  dazzling  ones,  the  men  of  action  and  art 
together,  the  Angelos,  Kubenses,  Goethes,  and 
Byrons,  are  geniuses  too, —  so  that  law  will 
hardly  hold.  Probably,  though,  the  balance 
of  great  work  is  with  the  fernseed  eaters, — 
the  creators  who  exist  only  in  their  art. 

Perhaps  in  the  future  genius  may  push  the 
invisibility  idea  farther  than  it  has  done  in 
the  past.  It  may  disguise  itself  by  being  like 
everybody  else.  It  may  be  a  burgess,  may 
vote  and  be  voted  for.  Meanwhile,  in  secrecy, 
in  uncriticized  seclusion,  it  may  work  out  the 
documents  of  its  fate,  the  title-deeds  of  its 
fame.  These  it  may  hide  as  though  they  were 
offences  against  mankind,  until  it  dies,  when 
it  may  leave  them  to  be  given  posthumously 
to  the  world.  Thus  the  artist  will  have  all  the 
fun  of  creation,  and  will  not  be  hampered  and 
hounded  by  the  stupidity,  hatred,  and  malice 
of  his  fellows.  It  is  a  fair  ideal;  and,  if  it 
had  been  put  into  execution  in  the  past,  would 
have  saved  very  many  of  the  greatest  of 
human  beings  the  larger  part  of  their  pain 
and  suffering.  CHARLES  LEONARD  MOORE. 


LITERARY  AFFAIRS  IN  PARIS. 

THE  HOLIDAY  BOOK  SEASON. —  LITERATURE'S  LOSS- 
ES IN  THE  GREAT  WAR. —  PERIODICALS  IN  THE 
TRENCHES. —  M.  PAUL  FORT,  THE  "  PRINCE  OF 
POETS." 

(Special  Correspondence  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  holiday  season  for  the  publishing  and 
bookselling  world  of  Paris  will  be  very  dif- 
ferent this  year,  as  it  was  also  last  year,  from 
what  is  ordinarily  the  case.  As  a  rule,  fine 
new  gift-books  are  issued  by  many  of  the 
leading  houses,  and  old  but  favorite  authors 
are  given  the  place  of  honor  in  show-windows. 
The  principal  dailies  and  reviews  contain  not 
only  conspicuous  book  advertisements  but  also 
columns  and  sometimes  whole  broadsides  of 
critical  and  descriptive  notices,  in  disguised 
form,  really  written  by  some  member  of  the 
firm  and  paid  for  at  so  much  the  line.  In 
the  holiday  season  of  1914-15  there  was  a 
great  falling  off  in  all  these  things.  Some  of 
the  smaller  houses  —  publishers,  booksellers, 


594 


THE    DIAL 


Dec.  23 


and  printers  —  actually  closed  their  doors, 
and  not  a  few  of  these  are  still  shut.  But  the 
situation  this  year  is  not  quite  so  bad  as  it 
was  last  year,  though  it  is  far  from  being 
normal.  These  facts  are  well  brought  out  by 
the  special  catalogue  devoted  to  gift-books 
which  the  Paris  Publishers'  Club  issues  each 
winter  at  about  this  time.  That  for  1913-14— 
the  holiday  season  before  the  war  —  contained 
356  pages;  4600  copies  were  printed;  1500 
francs'  worth  of  copies  were  sold;  over 
13,000  francs'  worth  of  advertisements  were 
inserted;  seventy-three  publishing  houses 
were  represented,  and  thirty-three  periodicals 
printed  therein  their  paid  prospectuses.  In 
1914-15  —  that  is,  four  months  after  the 
breaking  out  of  the  war  —  the  number  of 
pages  of  the  catalogue  had  fallen  to  119,  only 
twenty-nine  publishers  participated,  and  but 
three  periodicals  felt  able  to  advertise  their 
existence.  As  I  write  this  letter,  the  edition 
for  this  year  is  still  in  press;  so  I  have  not 
been  able  to  continue  this  interesting  com- 
parison. But  the  secretary  of  the  club  in- 
forms me  that  it  will  contain  some  forty 
pages  more  than  last  year,  which,  however, 
will  leave  it  nearly  two  hundred  pages  short 
of  what  it  was  before  the  war.  Of  course  this 
falling  off  is  due  in  a  measure  to  the  fact  that 
the  public  is  spending  its  money  now  almost 
wholly  on  the  necessities  of  life,  and  is  not 
indulging  in  the  buying  of  books.  It  is  also 
to  be  partly  accounted  for  by  the  effects  of 
mobilization  and  the  wounding  and  killing  of 
so  many  of  the  younger  generation.  I  have 
been  struck  by  the  number  of  printers  seen  in 
the  hospitals.  The  head  of  the  Hachette  pub- 
lishing house  said  to  me  a  month  ago :  "  One 
of  the  things  that  seems  to  characterize  the 
present  struggle  is  the  terrible  mortality  on 
the  battle  field.  So  far  we  have  had  fifty- 
four  killed  among  our  employes.  In  the  war 
of  1870  we  did  not  lose  one.  A  friend  of  mine 
also  in  the  publishing  business  has  nine  em- 
ployes in  the  army.  Five  have  been  killed 
and  four  wounded.  You  see  me  back  in  har- 
ness again,  though  I  retired  several  years 
ago."  A  sign,  however,  of  returning  pros- 
perity is  seen  in  the  renewed  activity  among 
the  bouquinistes  along  the  parapet  of  the 
Quai  Voltaire.  At  the  moment  of  the  battle 
of  the  Marne  all  their  little  boxes  had  the 
lids  down  and  the  contents  removed  to  safer 
quarters.  But  the  other  afternoon  when  I 
passed  that  way,  I  noticed  that  almost  all  of 
them  are  now  open  again,  and  the  same  old 
habitues  once  more  loitering  over  possible 
"finds." 

But  a  more  permanent  cause  of  the  crip- 
pling of  the  publishing  activities  of  France 


will  be  the  cruel  destruction  which  this  war 
has  occasioned  among  the  young  writers  in 
every  field  of  authorship,  cut  down  often  on 
the  very  threshold  of  their  promise.  This 
fact  was  brought  home  in  a  most  touching 
way  on  All-Saints'-Day,  at  the  beginning  of 
this  month,  by  the  action  of  writers  who  form 
the  society  known  as  the  Souvenir  Litteraire, 
whose  aim,  the  constitution  reads,  is  "  to  ren- 
der homage  to  the  memory  of  men  of  letters 
and  especially  to  those  who  have  been  un- 
justly neglected."  Artistic  Paris  always  lends 
itself  wonderfully  to  the  artistic  French  tem- 
perament,—  if  the  word  "  art "  may  be  used 
in  connection  with  the  subject  which  I  am 
now  treating;  and  never  was  this  more  so 
than  on  this  occasion.  M.  Olivier  de  Gour- 
cuff,  the  talented  founder  of  this  admirable 
organization,  was  most  happily  inspired  when 
he  chose  as  the  spot  where  the  gray-haired 
living  authors  of  Paris  should  honor  their 
youthful  confreres  fallen  in  the  defence  of 
this  same  Paris,  the  head  of  the  grand  central 
alley  of  Pere  Lachaise  cemetery,  where,  with 
Bartholomews  powerful  funeral  allegories  — 
the  "Monument  aux  Morts"  —  forming  the 
immediate  background,  a  solemn,  patriotic 
tribute  was  paid  to  the  more  than  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  rising  writers  now  lost  forever 
to  literature.  How  fitting  indeed  was  the 
frame  for  such  a  ceremony!  As  one  walked 
up  this  avenue  to  the  rendezvous,  one  re- 
marked on  either  hand  brilliant  reminders  of 
the  intellectual  grandeur  of  France,  for  there 
are  the  tombs  of  Visconti  the  architect,  Sainte- 
Beuve  and  Francisque  Sarcey  the  critics,  Cou- 
ture and  Paul  Baudry  the  painters,  Victor 
Cousin  and  Barthelemy  Saint-Hilaire  the 
philosophers,  Arago  the  astronomer,  Ledni- 
Rollin  the  orator,  Arsene  Houssaye  the  typi- 
cal litterateur,  and  his  son  Henri  Houssaye 
the  historian,  and  last  but  of  course  not  least, 
Alfred  de  Musset,  the  leaves  of  whose  weep- 
ing-willow were  still  green,  I  noted,  notwith- 
standing the  sharp  night  air  and  the  day 
mists  of  autumn.  The  spirit  which  pervaded 
the  spot  was  so  well  expressed  the  next  day 
by  the  poet  Robert  Lestrange,  one  of  the 
actors  in  the  scene  —  his  wife  delivered  in  his 
name  with  marked  talent  a  poem  written  for 
the  occasion  —  that  I  cannot  give  a  better 
description  than  by  quoting  here  what  he 
said  to  me : 

"It  is  certain  that  this  hecatomb  will  cause  a 
terrible  gap  in  the  heart,  of  our  young  literature, 
for  many  a  youthful  and  brilliant  hope  is  thus 
blasted  in  its  very  flower.  But  we  mourn  them 
with  a  grief  in  which  a  certain  feeling  of  pride  is 
mingled,  for  they  have  written  with  their  blood  a 
most  beautiful  page  of  glory  and  they  have  shown 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


595 


themselves  pure  heroes.  Yet  it  must  not  be  con- 
cluded that  French  letters  are  in  consequence 
irremediably  impaired.  For  my  own  part,  I  be- 
lieve that  after  the  war  will  rise  up  among  those 
who  are  left  a  pleiad  of  writers  strongly  tempered 
in  the  virile  school  of  adversity,  those  who,  whether 
young  or  old,  will  have  lived  through  these  never- 
to-be-forgotten  hours  and  who  will  surely  be  pre- 
pared to  produce  the  finest  works  which  can  be 
conceived  and  executed.  Iliads  have  inspired 
Homers,  and  ^Eschylus  was  a  soldier  at  Marathon. 
This  is  the  ransom  of  the  fearful  holocaust  which 
the  young  literature  of  France  must  sacrifice  to  the 
ferocious  German  Moloch." 

And  here  are  the  names  of  some  of  these  vic- 
tims which  I  select  almost  at  hazard  in  the 
long  sad  list,  led  in  my  selection  more  by  the 
family  name  than  by  the  fame  or  the  number 
of  the  dead  author's  writings.  Here  I  meet 
again  with  Ernest  Psichari,  whom  I  first  met, 
not  so  many  years  ago,  as  a  bright  young  boy 
of  scarcely  eighteen, — the  grandson  of  Renan; 
Pierre  Leroy-Beaulieu,  whose  father  and 
uncle,  now  dead,  were  both  members  of  the 
Institute ;  Guy  de  Cassagnac,  son  of  the  once 
famous  Bonapartist  deputy;  Claude  Casimir- 
Perier,  son  of  the  former  President  of  France ; 
Jacques  Rambaud,  son  of  the  historian  of 
Russia;  Jean  Maspero,  related  to  the  great 
Egyptologist,  Georges  Latapie,  son  of  the  di- 
rector of  "La  Liberte,"  and  Robert  d'Hu- 
mieres,  descended  from  the  marshal  of  that 
name,  one  of  the  favorites  of  Louis  XIV. 

Most  of  these  names  appear  in  the  little 
four-page  "Bulletin  des  Ecrivains"  which 
M.  Fernand  Divoire,  of  the  "  Intransigeant " 
editorial  staff,  has  been  editing  for  the  past 
year.  The  aim  of  this  diminutive  monthly  is 
excellent.  A  copy  is  sent  gratis  to  all  writers 
at  the  front;  it  keeps  standing  at  the  head 
of  its  first  page  a  list  of  all  those  who  are 
killed  in  battle  or  who  die  of  wounds  or  sick- 
ness, it  gives  prominence  to  any  military 
honors  which  they  may  have  received,  it  pro- 
vides a  list  of  authors  in  the  enemies'  prisons, 
and  is  useful  in  many  other  ways  to  the  man 
of  letters  on  the  firing-line.  In  the  latest 
number  sent  me  by  M.  Divoire  I  read  this 
notice:  "As  printed  matter  is  no  longer 
allowed  to  circulate  postage  free  to  the  front, 
and  as  there  is  a  constant  demand  for  copies 
of  our  periodical,  our  expenses  have  consider- 
ably increased.  We  are  now  disposed,  there- 
fore, to  accept  financial  aid  from  writers  in 
civil  life,  several  of  whom  have  already  helped 
us.  But  we  repeat  once  more  that  we  will 
not  accept  money  from  writers  in  the  army." 
"Would  it  not  be  a  handsome  thing  if  some  of 
our  American  literary  men  and  authors'  clubs 
were  to  contribute  to  this  admirable  work, 
whose  issues,  I  should  add,  are  not  on  sale? 


If  any  of  your  readers  wish  to  aid,  they  may 
send  their  contributions  through  me  or  direct 
to  M.  Divoire,  16  rue  Bertin-Poiree,  Paris. 

That  there  is  a  strong  literary  element  in 
the  French  trenches  is  shown  in  still  another 
way,  and  one  that  is  not  tragic  but  is  even 
touched  with  a  note  of  Gallic  gaiety.  A  few 
months  ago  it  was  estimated  that  over  sixty 
"newspapers"  were  issued  by  soldiers  at  the 
front.  In  fact,  an  energetic  publisher,  whose 
name  —  M.  Berger-Levrault  —  I  have  already 
had  occasion  to  mention  in  connection  with 
this  war  literature,  has  just  issued  a  curious 
volume,  "  Tous  les  Journaux  du  Front," 
(3  frs.),  in  which  he  gives  facsimile  extracts 
from  twenty  of  these  papers,  which  are  some- 
times printed  back  of  the  firing-line  but  are 
often  hand-made  in  the  very  trenches  them- 
selves. The  publisher  announces  that  other 
volumes  will  follow.  This  one  is  interesting 
in  many  ways,  and  is  a  worthy  example  of 
native  French  wit,  which  if  sometimes  broad 
is  always  pointed.  The  names  of  two  or  three 
of  these  sheets  will  suffice  to  illustrate  this 
fact.  "Rigolboche,"  "Le  Tourne-Boche,"  "La 
Voix  du  75,"  and  "L'Echo  des  Mannites," 
are  not  too  bad.  Nor  should  we  overlook  the 
more  serious  tone  which  pervades  the  mind  of 
all  these  military  journalists,  and  which  is 
well  exemplified  by  this  extract  from  a  letter 
which  I  have  just  received  from  Lieutenant 
Stephane  Lauzanne,  editor-in-chief  of  the 
Paris  "  Matin  "  and  nephew  of  de  Blowitz  — 
perhaps  I  may  also  add,  whose  wife  is  an 
American  —  which  he  writes  in  English  from 
the  front:  "We  are  quite  prepared  to  pass 
the  winter  and  the  spring,  and  another  winter 
and  other  springs  if  necessary  '  pour  avoir  les 
Boches.'  In  fact,  we  have  never  been  as  de- 
termined as  we  are  now.  There  is  no  doubt 
about  the  issue.  We  will  gain  at  last,  and 
civilization  will  gain  with  us." 

Another  literary  enterprise  which  should 
recommend  itself  to  our  men  of  letters  is  M. 
Paul  Fort's  "  Poemes  de  France,"  a  neat  little 
four-page  sheet  issued  twice  a  month  and  sent 
gratis  to  the  intellectuals  at  the  front  and  in 
the  hospitals.  Each  number  is  made  up  of  a 
series  of  patriotic  poems  written  in  the  best 
style  of  the  "Prince  of  Poets,"  and  which 
Guitry  and  Suzanne  Despres  have  been  recit- 
ing everywhere  in  France,  the  latter  carrying 
the  good  word  even  into  distant  Finland.  But 
perhaps  I  should  open  a  parenthesis  here  and 
say  a  few  words  about  M.  Paul  Fort  and  his 
rather  peculiar  literary  title. 

Those  of  your  readers  who  would  know 
more  thoroughly  the  work  of  this  original  and 
brilliant  poet  should  consult  the  article  by 
Mr.  Edmund  Gosse  in  "The  Edinburgh  Re- 


596 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


view"  for  last  July,  on  "War  Poetry  in 
France,"  wherein  the  writer  devotes  special 
attention  to  these  "  Poemes  de  France,"  which 
he  places  first  among  the  verse  in  this  coun- 
try called  forth  by  the  present  conflict.  But 
a  more  complete  article,  which  is  wholly  Driven 
up  to  M.  Fort's  poetry,  if  we  except  these 
"Poemes  de  France,"  came  out  in  the  Janu- 
ary number  of  "  The  Nineteenth  Century  and 
After,"  —  "  Paul  Fort,  the  '  Prince  of  Poets,' " 
by  James  Elroy  Flecker. 

And  this  brings  me  to  the  explanation  of 
a  title  which  seems  somewhat  incongruous  in 
the  republic  of  letters  in  republican  France. 
Some  years  ago  "  La  Plume  "  and  the  "  Echo 
de  Paris"  took  the  initiative  in  inviting  the 
writers  of  France  to  designate  their  favorite 
poet.  Some  acted  on  the  suggestion,  and  the 
poet  thus  specified  was  called  the  "  Prince  of 
Poets."  He  held  office  for  life.  The  first 
incumbent  was  Paul  Verlaine,  who  was  fol- 
lowed by  Stephane  Mallarme,  who  in  turn 
was  succeeded  by  Leon  Dierx,  who  died  in 
1912.  The  last  named  I  knew.  He  had  the 
head  of  Leconte  de  Lisle  as  represented  in  the 
bust  in  the  Luxembourg  garden.  He  led  a 
most  austere  life,  his  food  being  almost  exclu- 
sively milk  in  the  closing  years  of  his  ex- 
istence. His  plain  little  flat  in  the  region  of 
Montmartre  seemed  chill  even  in  summer,  and 
he  himself  was  exceedingly  reserved.  But 
perhaps  the  oddest  thing  in  Leon  Dierx's 
career  was  that,  as  "Prince  of  Poets,"  he 
should  have  been  sandwiched  in  between  two 
such  eccentrics  as  Verlaine  and  Mallarme  on 
the  one  hand  and,  on  the  other,  by  Paul  Fort, 
who  enjoys  breaking  over  all  the  conventional 
rules  governing  poetry  approved  by  this  earn- 
est advocate  of  classic  forms.  But  the  election 
which  designated  Paul  Fort  had  a  broader 
basis  perhaps  than  any  of  its  predecessors. 
Some  two  thousand  or  more  writers  from  all 
parts  of  France  took  part  in  the  choice,  which 
was  conducted  by  such  Paris  papers  as  "  Gil 
Bias,"  "Comoedia,"  'TIntransigeant,"  and  the 
"  Paris- Journal,"  each  one  of  which  was  rep- 
resented in  the  office  of  the  first-named  jour- 
nal when  the  votes  were  counted.  "  So  while 
I  do  not  at  all  over-estimate  the  importance 
of  the  office,"  M.  Fort  says  very  modestly,  "  I 
do  feel  that  the  electorate  which  designated 
me  was  fairly  representative." 

I  would  like  to  try  and  depict  the  person- 
ality and  the  intellectual  methods  and  quali- 
ties of  Paul  Fort,  with  his  thick  jet  black  hair 
cut  square  at  the  ends,  capped  with  a  heavy 
dark  felt  hat  with  broad  brim  and  framed 
below  with  a  sombre  neckhandkerchief  which 
hides  the  shirt  front  and  leaves  visible  only 
a  thin  rim  of  the  white  of  the  collar,  and  all 


this  encircling  an  olive-colored  face  with  pierc- 
ing black  eyes,  the  whole  recalling  one  of  those 
heads  seen  in  Florence  in  the  Renaissance. 
As  he  comes  forward  rapidly  to  greet  you  at 
his  favorite  rendezvous,  La  Closerie  des  Lilas 
—  what  a  poetic  name  for  a  cafe!  —  in  the 
Boulevard  du  Montparnasse  —  and  what  a 
fitting  locality!  —  more  than  one  stranger 
there  looks  up  and  follows  with  his  eye  for 
some  time  this  uncommon  figure.  I  would 
like  to  repeat  here  some  of  his  expositions  of 
his  technique  and  explanations  of  his  peculiar 
forms  and  ways  of  composition,  but  I  have 
space  left  only  to  announce  that  these  really 
notable  "Poemes  de  France"  are  soon  to  be 
given  a  less  fugitive  dress,  for  on  December 
15  they  are  to  appear  in  book  form.  (Paris, 
Payot,  3  frs.  50),  under  the  auspices  of  M. 
Anatole  France.  In  fact  the  distinguished 
academician  has  given  me  permission  to  offer 
you  his  prefatory  word  before  it  has  been 
printed  here  in  the  original  French.  It  will 
suffice  as  an  appreciation,  from  a  peculiarly 
competent  pen,  of  Paul  Fort  as  a  poet. 

"  I  have  not  waited,  my  dear  fellow-author,  the 
advice  of  friends  to  read  your  '  Poemes  de  France/ 
From  the  first  number  to  the  sixth,  I  am  ac- 
quainted with  these  lyric  war  bulletins  which 
should  be  engraved  on  tablets  of  bronze.  I  have 
admired  their  force  and  beauty  and  their  elo- 
quence, now  familiar,  now  sublime,  rough  some- 
times but  always  true  and  profound.  You  are  a 
poet,  you  are  a  natural  one.  With  you  an  idea  is 
a  spontaneous  creation.  It  is  born  with  its  form 
like  the  works  of  nature.  Your  poems  will  live  for 
the  eternal  opprobrium  of  Germany  and  the  glory 
of  France." 

I  may  add  that  the  set  of  these  sheets  may  be 
obtained  from  M.  Fort  at  125  Boulevard 
Saint-Germain,  6  francs  for  the  twenty-four 
numbers  covering  the  first  year,  December  1, 
1914, —  November  15,  1915.  The  second  year 
begins  with  the  number  for  December  1,  and 
the  issues  will  continue  every  fortnight. 

THEODORE  STANTON. 

Paris,  Nov.  25, 1915. 


CASUAL  COMMENT. 


ONE  OF  WAR'S  UGLIEST  BY-PRODUCTS,  as  has 
often  been  noted,  is  the  submersion  of  reason 
and  intellect  in  the  flood-tide  of  popular  pas- 
sions. Mr.  Galsworthy  employed  this  theme  to 
fine  dramatic  purpose  in  his  tragedy  entitled 
"  The  Mob,"  based  on  English  feeling  during 
the  South  African  war.  But  in  no  conflict  of 
the  past  has  this  sinister  phenomenon  ever 
attained  the  force  and  ascendancy  that  it  has 
reached  to-day  in  every  belligerent  country. 
The  military  rowdies  who  lately  broke  up  a 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


597 


meeting  of  the  Union  for  Democratic  Control 
in  London  merely  typify  the  present  spirit  of 
Europe  as  manifested  toward  every  individual 
who  refuses  to  surrender  his  intellectual  birth- 
right and  join  the  general  hue  and  cry.  Mr. 
Bernard  Shaw  has  remarked  of  his  war  writ- 
ings that  "  the  British  merely  spit  and  gibe  at 
me  when  they  read  the  first  sentence  and  find 
that  it  does  not  flatter  the  intolerable  self- 
righteousness  which  has  been  our  bane  from 
the  first  day  of  this  war."  The  same  attitude 
is  apparent  in  the  German  treatment  of  Dr. 
Liebknecht,  and  the  French  treatment  of  M. 
Holland.  The  latter,  driven  to  Switzerland  by 
the  insults  and  abuse  of  his  fellow-country- 
men, recently  collected  into  a  volume  entitled 
"  Au-dessus  de  la  Melee  "  the  papers  published 
during  the  past  year  and  a  half  in  which  he 
has  nobly  but  vainly  pleaded  for  the  highest 
ideals  of  humanity.  To  this  volume  M.  Hol- 
land has  prefixed  an  Introduction  which  can- 
not be  too  widely  quoted,  and  which  will  be  its 
own  excuse  for  the  space  we  give  it  here. 
(For  the  translation,  we  are  indebted  to  the 
New  York  "  Times.") 

"  A  great  people  assailed  by  war  has  not  only 
its  frontiers  to  defend;  it  has  its  reason  and  con- 
science. It  is  imperative  to  save  them  from  the 
hallucinations  and  the  unjust  and  foolish  notions 
that  the  plague  of  war  lets  loose.  To  each  his 
office!  Let  the  armies  protect  the  soil  of  the 
country ;  let  thinking  men  watch  over  her  thoughts. 
If  these  last  place  themselves  at  the  service  of  the 
passions  of  their  people,  possibly  they  may  be 
useful  instruments;  but  they  risk  betraying  the 
soul,  which  is  not  the  smallest  part  of  the  national 
patrimony.  Some  day  history  will  cast  up  the 
account  of  each  of  the  nations  in  this  war;  she 
will  weigh  the  sum  of  their  mistakes,  illusions, 
malignant  folly.  Let  us  do  our  utmost  to  insure 
that  when  we  come  before  her  our  score  may  be 
small. 

"  We  teach  a  child  the  Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the 
Christian  ideal.  All  the  instruction  he  receives  at 
school  tends  to  stimulate  in  him  the  intellectual 
conception  of  the  great  human  family.  Classical 
education  makes  him  observe,  together  with  the 
differences  of  races,  the  common  roots  and  trunk 
of  our  civilization.  Art  causes  him  to  love  the 
deep  sources  of  the  genius  of  the  nations.  Science 
imposes  upon  him  faith  in  the  unity  of  the  intel- 
lectual life.  The  great  social  movement  which  is 
making  the  world  over  shows  him  around  himself 
the  organized  effort  of  the  working  classes  to  unite 
in  the  hopes  and  in  the  struggles  which  are  break- 
ing national  barriers  down.  The  most  luminous 
geniuses  of  the  world  sing,  as  Walt  Whitman  and 
Tolstoy  do,  universal  fraternity  in  joy  or  sorrow, 
or,  like  our  Latin  intellects,  riddle  with  their  criti- 
cism the  prejudices  of  hate  and  ignorance  which 
separate  individuals  and  nations. 

"  Like  all  the  men  of  my  time,  I  have  been  nour- 
ished on  these  ideals;  I  have  tried  in  my  turn  to 


share  the  bread  of  life  with  my  younger  and  less 
fortunate  brethren.  When  war  came  I  did  not 
believe  it  my  duty  to  renounce  them  because  the 
hour  for  putting  them  in  practice  had  arrived.  I 
have  been  treated  outrageously.  I  knew  that  I 
should  be;  but  I  did  not  know  that  I  should  be 
treated  so  without  even  being  listened  to. 

"  I  place  before  the  eyes  of  every  one  the  utter- 
ances which  have  been  attacked.  I  do  not  defend 
them.  Let  them  be  their  own  defense. 

"  I  will  add  only  one  word.  Within  the  last 
year  I  have  found  myself  very  rich  in  enemies. 
I  have  this  to  say  to  them:  they  may  hate  me; 
they  will  not  succeed  in  making  me  hate  them. 
My  business  is  not  with  them.  My  task  is  to  speak 
the  words  which  I  see  to  be  just  and  humane. 
Whether  that  pleases  or  irritates  is  no  concern  of 
mine.  I  know  that  the  words  once  spoken  will 
make  their  own  way.  I  sow  them  in  a  soil 
drenched  with  blood.  I  have  full  confidence  in  the 

harvest." 

•    •    • 

THE  FATE  OF  "NOTES  AND  QUERIES"  still 
hangs  in  the  balance.  Suffering  like  many  other 
periodicals  from  the  withering  blight  now 
afflicting  all  the  world,  and  Europe  especially, 
this  variously  useful  and  curiously  enter- 
taining publication  has  found  itself  strait- 
ened so  seriously  as  to  render  its  continued 
existence  a  matter  of  doubt,  though  the  latest 
tidings  from  its  editor  give  hope  of  continu- 
ance, but  perhaps  under  other  and  it  may  be 
less  favorable  auspices.  That  is,  it  may  be 
forced  to  migrate  from  its  familiar  haunts  at 
the  Athenaeum  Press  to  new  and  less  con- 
genial surroundings.  Of  course  it  desires  to 
remain  where  it  is.  "Whether  this  shall 
prove  possible,"  writes  its  editor  to  the  Lon- 
don "  Times,"  "  depends  upon  the  amount  of 
practical  financial  aid  which  can  be  brought 
together  for  the  purpose.  "We  can  but  com- 
mend the  case  to  the  literary  men  and  general 
readers  to  whose  service  —  as  its  title  sets 
forth  —  'Notes  and  Queries'  was  originally 
dedicated."  From  the  same  authoritative 
source  we  learn  that  the  periodical  was  started 
on  the  third  day  of  November,  1849,  by 
"William  John  Thorns,  who  a  few  months  be- 
fore had  written  to  "  The  Athenaeum  "  a  letter 
asking  the  editor  to  open  his  columns  for 
the  collecting  of  miscellaneous  items  of  the 
sort  now  known  as  "folklore,"  a  word  in- 
vented by  Mr.  Thorns  and  there  used  for  the 
first  time.  It  was  largely  the  cordial  response 
to  this  suggestion  that  decided  its  author  to 
launch  his  now  famous  publication  upon  the 
stormy  sea  that  makes  shipwreck  of  so  many 
similar  ventures.  But  this  craft  rode  the 
waves  triumphantly  from  the  first ;  it  engaged 
at  once  the  interest  and  aid  of  some  of  the 
foremost  scholars  of  the  time,  and  for  sixty- 
six  years  its  good  fortune  has  not  deserted  it. 


598 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


Its  plan  and  scope  made  it  appeal  to  both 
the  serious-minded  and  the  frivolous,  to  the 
scholar  interested  in  the  genuineness  of  the 
signatures  to  Charles  the  First's  death  war- 
rant, and  to  the  casual  inquirer  into  the  origin 
of  the  term  "pot-walloper."  It  has  contrib- 
uted notably  to  the  making  of  "The  English 
Dialect  Dictionary,"  "  The  Dictionary  of  Na- 
tional Biography,"  and  the  still  uncompleted 
"Oxford  Historical  Dictionary."  With  so 
honorable  a  record  behind  it,  and  so  fair  a  field 
of  usefulness  before  it,  "  Notes  and  Queries  " 
should  have  all  the  support  it  now  asks  for 
in  its  time  of  distress. 

•         •         • 

PERPLEXING  PROBLEMS  FOR  THE  CATALOGUER 
are  of  every-day  occurrence  in  any  large  li- 
brary, and  among  them  is  the  recurrent  ques- 
tion whether  a  given  volume  —  often  it  may 
be  a  gift  to  the  library,  and  it  may  take  the 
form  of  a  musty  collection  of  pamphlets  un- 
systematically  bound  together  —  is  worth  the 
careful  analytical  cataloguing  imposed  by 
modern  rules.  To  leave  the  volume  uncata- 
logued  is  practically  to  discard  it  from  the 
library,  which  would  grievously  offend  the 
donor,  if  it  be  a  gift,  and  in  any  case  would 
seem  to  the  cataloguer  an  unpardonable  dere- 
liction ;  but  to  catalogue  it  properly — and  no 
slipshod  work  is  to  be  tolerated  in  the  modern 
American  library  —  might  require  a  day's 
work,  or  even  two  days'  work,  and  the  writing 
of  a  hundred  or  more  cards.  It  is  the  special 
library,  oftener  than  the  ordinary  public  li- 
brary, that  has  to  confront  situations  of  this 
sort.  Mr.  Frederick  Warren  Jenkins,  of  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation  Library,  gives  us  in 
his  current  Report  a  hint  of  what  it  means  to 
catalogue  such  a  collection.  He  says :  "  Even 
on  a  conservative  basis,  fine  analytics  and 
many  cards  are  necessary  in  the  catalogue  of 
the  special  library.  As  example :  the  number 
of  cards  made  for  four  small  sets  may  illus- 
trate :  For  the  United  States  Report  on  Con- 
dition of  Woman  and  Child  Wage-Earners  in 
19  volumes,  82  cards  were  made;  for  4  vol- 
umes of  the  National  Child  Labor  Committee 
publications,  375  cards ;  for  8  volumes  of  the 
Russell  Sage  Foundation  pamphlet  publica- 
tions, 396  cards;  and  for  9  volumes  of  the 
New  York  State  Charities  Aid  Association 
publications,  514  cards.  A  single  book  occa- 
sionally requires  many  cards  to  bring  out  its 
contents  properly  in  the  catalogue.  The 
'  Child  in  the  City/  published  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Chicago  Child  Welfare  Exhibit, 
required  88  cards,  while  for  Kelynack's  'De- 
fective Children'  82  cards  were  made.  The 
number  of  analytics  to  be  made  is  a  difficult 
question  to  decide,  and  suggestions  are  always 


welcome."  It  would  be  of  some  interest  and 
perhaps  also  of  some  practical  value  to  have 
reports  from  cataloguers  on  their  highest  rec- 
ord for  cards  required  by  single  volumes  and 
by  series  or  sets.  Useful  suggestions  might 
accompany  these  reports. 

•    •     • . 

THE  SHAKESPEARE  TERCENTENARY,  planned 
for  next  April,  when  three  hundred  years 
will  have  passed  since  the  poet's  death,  should 
be  a  nation-wide  if  not  a  world-wide  success, 
unless  the  energies  of  the  Drama  League  of 
America  to  that  end  have  been  misdirected. 
Shakespeare's  own  country  seems  likely  to  be 
engaged  at  that  time  in  a  sterner  business 
than  the  presentation  of  pageants  and  the 
glorification  of  the  Elizabethan  age  —  the 
more's  the  pity!  —  and  there  is  hence  the 
greater  reason  why  our  people  should  exert 
themselves  to  signalize  the  occasion.  In  "  Bul- 
letin No.  2  "  issued  by  the  Drama  League  are 
given  all  sorts  of  helpful  suggestions  for  those 
planning  Shakespeare  celebrations;  and  gen- 
erous offers  of  further  aid  and  advice  are 
made  to  all  interested.  Inquiries  may  be  ad- 
dressed to  736  Marquette  Building,  Chicago. 
On  the  subject  of  cooperation  on  the  part  of 
libraries,  the  Bulletin  says  that  an  extensive 
annotated  bibliography  and  a  similar  smaller 
list  are  being  prepared  by  the  Library  of 
Congress  for  the  assistance  of  schools  and 
clubs  and  societies  planning  celebrations,  and 
continues :  "  In  this  connection  the  part  to  be 
played  by  libraries  (to  which  many  librarians 
are  much  alive)  may  be  touched  upon.  Many 
will  make  a  special  feature  of  Shakespeare 
shelves  and  collections,  providing  in  particu- 
lar for  the  use  of  schools  the  collections  recom- 
mended in  the  bibliographies  referred  to. 
Some  (e.  g.,  Boston)  will  have  courses  of  lec- 
tures by  specialists ;  some,  exhibits  of  Shake- 
speareana."  A  national  committee  and  a 
national  memorial  are  among  the  interesting 
probabilities  and  possibilities  touched  upon 
in  this  notable  Bulletin. 
•  •  • 

THE  HISTORY  OP  A  LINCOLN  MANUSCRIPT  is 
made  public  for  the  first  time  in  the  preface 
to  a  small  book  containing  the  lecture  on 
"Discoveries  and  Inventions"  which  Lincoln 
delivered  in  a  number  of  Illinois  towns,  in- 
cluding Springfield,  a  short  time  before  his 
election  to  the  presidency.  Mr.  John  Howell 
of  San  Francisco  now  puts  this  interesting 
address  between  the  covers  of  a  book,  and 
publishes  a  "memorandum"  concerning  it 
from  the  late  Dr.  Samuel  H.  Melvin,  into 
whose  possession  the  autograph  manuscript 
had  come  in  the  following  manner :  "  In  the 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


599 


month  of  February,  1861,  being  at  that  time 
a  resident  of  Springfield,  Illinois,  I  called  one 
evening  at  the  residence  of  my  friend,  Dr. 
John  Todd.  The  doctor  was  an  uncle  of  Mrs. 
Abraham  Lincoln.  While  there  Mr.  Lincoln 
came  in,  bringing  with  him  a  well-filled 
satchel,  remarking  as  he  set  it  down  that  it 
contained  his  literary  bureau.  Mr.  Lincoln 
remained  some  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  con- 
versing mainly  about  the  details  of  his  pros- 
pective trip  to  Washington  the  following 
week,  and  told  us  of  the  arrangements  agreed 
upon  for  the  family  to  follow  him  a  few  days 
later.  When  about  to  leave  he  handed  the 
grip  above  referred  to  to  Mrs.  Grimsley,  the 
only  daughter  of  Dr.  Todd,  who  was  then  a 
widow  but  who  subsequently  became  the  wife 
of  Rev.  Dr.  John  H.  Brown,  a  Presbyterian 
minister  located  in  Springfield,  remarking  as 
he  did  so  that  he  would  leave  the  bureau  in 
her  charge;  that  if  he  ever  returned  to 
Springfield  he  would  claim  it,  but  if  not  she 
might  make  such  disposition  of  its  contents 
as  she  deemed  proper.  A  tone  of  indescriba- 
ble sadness  was  noted  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
sentence."  Five  years  later,  after  Dr.  Melvin 
had  taken  part  in  escorting  the  dead  Presi- 
dent's body  to  his  old  home,  he  called  again 
at  Dr.  Todd's,  was  reminded  of  what  seemed 
to  have  been  a  presentiment  on  Lincoln's  part 
that  he  should  not  return  alive  to  Springfield, 
and  was  invited  by  Mrs.  Grimsley  to  select 
any  manuscript  he  liked  from  the  satchel 
above  mentioned.  His  choice  was  the  lecture 
now  published  by  permission  of  his  son, 
Judge  Henry  A.  Melvin  of  the  California 
Supreme  Court,  who  is  the  present  owner  of 

the  manuscript. 

•    •    • 

ROMANCE  OUTDONE  BY  REALITY  is  no  new 
thing.  An  instance  of  inventive  ingenuity 
that  may  make  commonplace  and  wearisome 
the  once  amazing  creations  of  Jules  Verne's 
imagination  is  now  claiming  public  attention 
—  perhaps  more  attention  than  it  will  pres- 
ently be  found  to  have  deserved.  Mr.  Nikola 
Tesla's  alleged  contrivance  for  projecting 
enormous  volumes  of  electrical  energy  to  a 
great  distance  without  wires,  and  with  un- 
paralleled destructive  effect,  eclipses  the  won- 
ders conceived  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  in  his 
earlier  works  of  fiction,  and  makes  tame  that 
marvellous  romance  by  Bulwer-Lytton,  "  The 
Coming  Race,"  an  astonishing  piece  of  work 
in  its  day.  Readers  of  F.  Marion  Crawford 
will  recall  the  astounding  things  done  with 
electricity  by  the  hero  of  "With  the  Immor- 
tals." There,  however,  the  vague  and  safe 
indefiniteness  of  fiction-writers'  science  left 
something  to  be  desired  in  the  way  of  con- 


vincing verisimilitude,  whereas  if  the  above- 
named  invention  is  anything  more  than  a 
newspaper  fiction  we  shall  ere  long  have  some 
authentic  facts  and  figures;  and  if  the  tre- 
mendous effectiveness  of  this  new  scheme  for 
coast-defence  be  all  that  is  rumored,  the  toils 
and  troubles  of  those  now  so  busy  with  plans 
for  military  preparedness  will  have  been,  for- 
tunately enough,  so  much  misdirected  energy. 
The  command  of  a  force  so  powerful  as  to 
make  war  an  impossibility  has  long  been  the 
dream  not  only  of  romancers,  but  also  of 
sober  scientists  —  and  it  may  still  continue  to 
be  a  dream,  or  on  the  other  hand  some  such 
happy  consummation  as  that  depicted  in  the 
late  Simon  Newcomb's  remarkable  romance, 
"His  Wisdom  the  Defender,"  is  not  entirely 
inconceivable  or  impossible. 
•  •  • 

STAIRCASE  WIT,  I' esprit  de  Vescalier,  the  apt 
repartee  that  comes  to  us  too  late,  as  we  are 
going  down  the  stairs,  is  possessed  or  may 
be  acquired  by  almost  everybody,  whereas  the 
flashing  quickness  of  appropriate  rejoinder 
that  all  would  like  to  be  masters  of  is  some- 
thing born  with  one  and  impossible  to  acquire 
later.  Nevertheless,  education  can  do  some- 
thing toward  making  a  person  fluent  and 
graceful  in  conversation,  and  it  can  perhaps 
do  still  more  toward  giving  him  the  mastery 
of  a  ready  and  skilful  pen.  Such,  at  least, 
seems  to  be  the  opinion  of  the  writer  of  a 
rather  curious  little  book  that  has  just  come 
to  our  attention.  It  is  called  "The  Happy 
Phrase"  and  is  further  designated  as  "A 
Hand-Book  of  Expression  for  the  Enrich- 
ment of  Conversation,  Writing,  and  Public 
Speaking."  It  is  "compiled  and  arranged 
by  Edwin  Hamlin  Carr,"  and  further  com- 
mends itself  by  bearing  the  imprint  of  the 
Putnam  publishing  house.  A  generous  sup- 
ply of  short  phrases  for  the  three  purposes 
indicated  on  the  title-page  is  to  be  found  in 
the  compact  little  volume,  though  the  advisa- 
bility of  their  inclusion  is  not  always  beyond 
dispute.  For  instance,  among  the  conversa- 
tional phrases,  "It  is  a  beautiful  piece  of 
industrial  accomplishment "  may  well  be  out- 
side the  unaided  reach  of  the  average  person, 
but  "  Isn't  that  jolly?  "  and  "A  capital  idea! " 
might  safely  be  left  to  unassisted  endeavor. 
For  "  Speech  and  Writing  "  the  eye  hits  upon 
"An  age  crammed  with  war,"  "  The  policy  of 
military  unpreparedness,"  and  "  The  patriot- 
ism of  the  common  people,"  which  have  a 
certain  timeliness ;  and  among  "  Happy  Com- 
binations" we  find  "Exorbitant  prices," 
"  Rigid  economy,"  "  Hard  facts,"  and  "  Shat- 
tered hopes,"  which  also  strike  a  responsive 


600 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


chord.  Mr.  Carr  believes  his  book  to  be  a 
pioneer  in  its  way,  and  in  truth  the  volume 
does  fill  a  niche  that  has  hitherto  been  un- 
occupied. 

•  •    • 

A  "  NATIONAL  BOOK  FORTNIGHT,"  described 
as  "  a  national  campaign  to  widen  the  circle  of 
book-buyers,"  was  recently  engineered  with 
considerable  success  by  the  English  Publish- 
ers' Association.  During  the  two  weeks  from 
November  22  to  December  4,  the  eve  of  the 
great  book-buying  season  of  the  year,  the  Lon- 
don and  provincial  press  printed  daily  columns 
of  special  book  matter  supplied  by  the  Asso- 
ciation and  consisting  of  original  articles  by 
Mr.  H.  G.  "Wells,  Mr.  Arnold  Bennett,  Mr. 
A.  C.  Benson,  and  other  well  known  writers; 
and  classified  lists  of  the  season's  books  were 
included.  An  elaborate  and  imposing  Christ- 
mas catalogue,  specially  prepared  for  this 
purpose,  was  distributed  by  the  local  book- 
sellers. "Although  the  war  has  not  affected 
the  book  market  so  disastrously  as  many  people 
anticipated,"  says  the  London  "Times,"  "it 
has  nevertheless  added  heavily  to  the  handicap 
of  an  ancient  trade  which  has  been  struggling 
against  adverse  circumstances  for  many  years 
past.  It  has  served  also  to  emphasize  the 
truth  of  the  familiar  words  of  Felix  Dahn,  who 
said :  '  To  write  a  book  is  a  task  needing  only 
pen,  ink,  and  paper ;  to  print  a  book  is  rather 
more  difficult,  because  genius  often  expresses 
itself  illegibly ;  to  read  a  book  is  more  difficult 
still,  for  one  has  to  struggle  with  sleep.  But 
to  sell  a  book  is  the  most  difficult  task  of  all.' " 

•  •    • 

CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  PUBLICATIONS  are 
properly  valued  and  made  good  use  of  at 
most  of  the  three  hundred  and  twenty  larger 
libraries  where  they  are  regularly  received  as 
gifts,  twenty  or  thirty  substantial  volumes 
being  thus  sent  yearly  to  each  beneficiary. 
But  now  and  then  a  library  thus  favored  is 
found  to  be  remiss  either  in  promoting  the 
usefulness  of  these  gifts  or  in  acknowledging 
them,  or  in  both  particulars ;  and  such  negli- 
gence brings  its  proper  penalty  in  the  drop- 
ping of  that  library's  name  from  the  list. 
The  current  Report  of  the  President  of  the 
Institution  devotes  some  space  to  this  subject 
and  to  the  general  method  observed  in  the 
sending  out  of  its  publications.  With  justice 
it  is  maintained  that  no  such  indiscriminate 
free  distribution  as  is  often  requested  by  the 
unthinking  is  financially  possible  even  to  so 
well-endowed  an  association.  "  Its  entire 
income  would  be  insufficient  to  meet"  such 
demands,  declares  the  President.  But,  he 
adds  a  little  later,  "to  meet  the  needs  of 


special  societies  and  of  individuals,  as  well  as 
of  certain  establishments,  like  the  British 
Museum,  which  quite  rationally  prefer  to 
purchase  publications  instead  of  receiving 
them  gratuitously,  all  of  the  Institution's  pub- 
lications are  offered  for  sale  at  nominal 
prices,  which  are  only  just  sufficient  to  cover 
the  cost  of  bookmaking  and  transportation  to 
purchasers."  At  present  the  Institution  has 
on  hand  about  126,000  volumes  of  its  publica- 
tions, and  the  collection  is  valued  at  nearly 
$237,000. 

•    •    • 

THE  AUSTRIAN  INDEX  LIBRORUM  PROHIBITO- 
RUM,  one  of  the  by-products  of  the  great  war, 
has  been  steadily  increasing  from  the  begin- 
ning, seventeen  months  ago,  and  is  said  now 
to  include  several  hundred  works,  large  and 
small.  As  samples  of  what  is  considered  per- 
nicious literature  by  the  authorities  at  Vienna 
we  quote  the  following  titles  from  a  late  num- 
ber of  the  "Amtsblatt,"  the  official  journal  of 
the  government:  "Berlin  to  Bagdad:  New 
Aims  of  Central  European  Politics,"  by  Dr. 
von  Wirdstettin :  "  My  Adventures  as  Spy," 
by  Lieutenant-General  Sir  Robert  Baden- 
Powell;  "The  Life  of  Jean  Jaures"  (author 
not  given);  "Para  Pacem"  (anonymous); 
"The  Awakening,"  published  by  a  patriotic 
Czech  Association  in  Vienna;  a  postcard 
with  the  Pope's  "  Call  to  Peace "  printed  on 
the  back.  One  of  these  books  at  least,  Sir 
Robert  Baden-Powell's  spy  adventures,  is  ex- 
tremely interesting  reading,  as  we  chance  to 
know ;  if  the  others  are  equal  to  it,  the  list  is 
worth  keeping  for  future  use  when  an  anti- 
dote to  ennui  is  desired. 


"OLD  NASSAU,"  Princeton's  famous  song, 
comes  into  passing  public  notice  at  this  time 
by  reason  of  the  death  of  its  composer,  Pro- 
fessor Karl  A.  Langlotz,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  at 
the  age  of  eighty-two.  He  had  in  his  day 
been  professionally  associated  with  many  of 
the  world's  leading  musicians  and  composers, 
and  had  formed  one  of  the  orchestra  led  by 
Wagner  when  "  Lohengrin  "  was  for  the  first 
time  presented  at  Weimar.  He  held  his 
famous  Princeton  melody  in  but  light  esteem, 
though  fifty-four  successive  classes  of  Prince- 
tonians  have  sung  it  with  enthusiasm  and 
paid  due  tribute  of  honor  to  its  composer. 
The  words  of  the  song  were  the  inspiration  of 
Harlan  Page  Peck,  of  the  class  of  1862,  and 
there  are  few  American  college  songs  written 
by  undergraduates  that  equal  it  in  fame  and 
age.  Dr.  Washington  Gladden's  well-known 
Williams  song,  "The  Mountains"  —  both 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


601 


words  and  music  being  his  work  —  antedates 
"  Old  Nassau,"  as  Dr.  Gladden  is  a  '59  man 
and  the  song  was  a  student  performance,  as  he 
has  pleasantly  related  in  his  autobiography. 

•  •    • 

BIBLES  AND  BOMBS,  linked  in  ironical  part- 
nership, are  at  present  conspicuous  among  the 
products  manufactured  in  and  exported  from 
this  country,  to  the  no  inconsiderable  profit 
of  the  manufacturers  and  exporters.  That 
danger  and  death  should  create  a  demand  for 
books  of  devotion  is  easy  to  understand ;  and 
that  the  countries  now  involved  in  war  should 
be  unable  to  supply  this  demand  is  not  to  be 
wondered  at;  but  that  the  abnormal  activity 
of  the  munitions-factories  should  tend  to 
speed  up  the  printing  presses  of  the  B\ble- 
houses,  with  resultant  profits  of  a  magnitude 
not  unwelcome  to  the  latter,  is  a  curious  devel- 
opment out  of  the  terrible  tangle  in  which  the 
whole  world  —  moral,  industrial,  commercial, 
financial,  social,  and  even  religious  —  has  be- 
come so  inextricably  involved.  The  sailing 
ships  that  used  to  clear  from  the  port  of 
Boston  for  heathen  lands,  with  missionaries  in 
the  cabin  and  Bibles  and  Medford  rum  in  the 
hold,  were  freighted  incongruously  enough; 
but  a  cargo  of  scriptures  and  shells  is  worse. 

•  •    • 

A     NEW     SUGGESTION     IN     LIBRARY-BUILDING 

•comes  from  California,  the  pioneer  State  in 
more  than  one  library  movement.  In  the  cur- 
rent quarterly  issue  of  "  News  Notes  of  Cali- 
fornia Libraries  "  is  printed  a  brief  paragraph 
from  a  San  Francisco  journal,  as  follows: 
"As  the  city  has  decided  to  use  the  municipal 
railway  earnings  to  buy  the  library  bonds, 
work  on  the  building  has  been  resumed.  The 
sale  of  the  library  bonds  has  been  slow  because 
of  the  low  interest."  Thus  the  San  Francis- 
can who  boards  a  street-car  to  take  him  to  the 
library  in  quest  of  a  book  both  gets  his  ride 
for  his  nickel  and  at  the  same  time  helps  to 
provide  funds  for  completing  the  library 
building  —  accomplishing  two  worthy  objects 
with  one  coin,  which  is  infinitely  more  praise- 
worthy than  killing  two  birds  with  one  stone. 


COMMUNICATIONS. 

SHAKESPEAEE  AND  THE  NEW  PSYCHOLOGY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
There  has  always  been  considerable  fascination 
for  me  in  the  following  brief  passage  from  one  of 
the  less  popular  of  Shakespeare's  great  tragedies 
("  Coriolanus,"  1.9,79-92): 

"  Mar.      The  gods  begin  to  mock  me.    I,  that  now 

Eefus'd  most  princely  gifts,  am  bound  to  beg 
Of  my  lord  general. 


"  Com,  Take't ;    't  is  yours.    What  is't  ? 

"  Mar.      I  sometime  lay  here  in  Corioles 

At  a  poor  man's  house ;    he  us'd  me  kindly. — 
He  cry'd  to  me ;    I  saw  him  prisoner, 
But  then  Aufidius  was  within  my  view 
And  wrath  o'erwhelm'd  my  pity.  I  request  you 
To  give  my  poor  host  freedom. 

"  Com.  Oh,  well  begg*d ! 

Were  he  the  butcher  of  my  son,  he  should 
Be  free  as  is  the  wind. —  Deliver  him,  Titus ! 

" Lar.      Marcius,  his  name? 

"Mar.  By  Jupiter,  forgot!  — 

I'm  weary;    yea,  my  memory  is  tir'd. — 
Have  we  no  wine  here?  " 

Why  did  Shakespeare  introduce  into  one  of  the 
longest  of  his  plays  such  an  apparently  trivial 
incident  as  his  hero's  begging  for  the  life  of  a 
prisoner  whose  name  he  had  forgotten?  Most  of 
the  editors  and  commentators  point  out  the  fact 
that  Shakespeare  found  this  incident  in  his  origi- 
nal, in  North's  translation  of  Plutarch.  Deighton 
regards  the  occurrence  as  an  indication  of  Corio- 
lanus's  "  tenderness  of  heart."  Gervinus  refers  to 
it  as  an  indication  of  one  of  the  "  good  "  traits  in 
the  hero's  character,  a  "  fit  of  feeling  in  a  god 
of  stone."  As  far  as  I  can  find,  only  one  editor  — 
F.  A.  Marshall,  in  the  "  Henry  Irving  edition  "  of 
Shakespeare, —  has  noted  the  fact  that  the  drama- 
tist departed  from  "his  original"  in  making 
Coriolanus  forget  the  name  of  one  who  had  for- 
merly shown  him  hospitality.  Reference  to  Plu- 
tarch's Life  of  Coriolanus  shows  that  the  poet  did 
depart  from  history  in  the  matter  referred  to. 
Plutarch  does  not,  it  is  true,  give  us  the  name  of 
the  Volsce  whom  Coriolanus  recognized  in  the 
heat  of  battle,  and  whose  liberation  he  would  have 
demanded  had  not  at  that  moment  his  pity  been 
overwhelmed  by  wrath  at  the  sight  of  his  great 
enemy  —  Aufidius.  But  neither  is  there  anything 
in  Plutarch  to  lead  one  to  infer  that  Coriolanus 
did  not  remember  the  name  of  his  benefactor. 
Assuming  —  and  it  is  an  assumption  that  we  have 
every  right  to  make  —  that  so  skilful  an  artist  as 
Shakespeare  knew  what  he  was  about  when  he 
adopted  anything  from  his  sources  and  that  he  did 
not  reject  or  retain  anything  hap-hazard,  it  be- 
comes an  interesting  question  why  he  departed 
from  Plutarch  in  this  particular  incident.  It  will 
be  noted  that  Marcius  attributes  his  defect  of 
memory  to  fatigue  ("  I'm  weary;  yea,  my  memory 
is  tir'd").  But  it  can  hardly  be  believed  that 
Shakespeare  meant  to  tell  us  no  more  than  that 
his  hero  was  tired  after  the  exploits  of  the  day. 
The  stirring  speech  that  Coriolanus  delivers  before 
his  General,  and  his  demeanor  throughout  the 
scene  after  the  battle,  contradict  his  theory  of 
mental  fatigue.  Besides,  fatigue  cannot  obliterate 
the  names  of  our  friends  and  benefactors  from 
our  memory.  Why,  then,  does  Shakespeare,  while 
following  his  original  so  closely  as  to  expose  him- 
self to  the  charge  of  plagiarism,  depart  from  it  in 
such  an  apparently  trivial  matter  as  the  remem- 
bering of  the  name  of  an  insignificant  Volscian? 
That  Shakespeare  did  so  is  sufficient  proof  that 
the  matter  is  not  trivial,  is  not  insignificant.  To 
me  whatever  is  in  Shakespeare's  great  works  is 


602 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


right, —  poetically,  dramatically,  and  psychologi- 
cally. I  am  convinced  that  there  is  no  more  inter- 
esting or  instructive  way  of  studying  a  great 
artist  than  to  see  him  at  work,  in  the  act  of  crea- 
tion, as  he  is  remolding  his  crude  original  and 
giving  it  the  breath  of  life.  The  little  episode  we 
are  now  considering  affords  us  an  opportunity  to 
see  Shakespeare  at  work. 

The  question  we  have  to  consider  is  why  does 
Coriolanus  forget  the  name  of  his  sometime  b>st? 
It  is  evident  that  he  expected  to  remember  the 
name  and  that  he  is  chagrined  at  having  forgotten 
it  ("By  Jupiter,  forgot!").  Can  we  explain  this 
occurrence?  and  what,  if  any,  is  its  significance? 
Thanks  to  the  "  new  psychology "  of  Professor 
Sigmund  Freud,  these  questions  can  be  answered 
without  much  difficulty. 

It  is  one  of  the  fundamental  principles  of  this 
new  psychology,  the  only  psychology  deserving  the 
name,  that  nothing  in  the  domain  of  mental 
phenomena  happens  "  by  chance,"  that  all  our 
thoughts  and  actions  —  even  the  most  apparently 
insignificant  ones  —  are  determined  by  complex 
psychic  processes.  Just  as  there  is  no  effect  with- 
out an  adequate  cause  in  the  physical  world,  so 
there  is  no  "  accident "  in  the  psychic  world.  I  illus- 
trated this  principle  (the  law  of  psychic  determin- 
ism) some  time  ago  in  a  short  essay  dealing  with 
Dr.  Rank's  discovery  of  what  he  believed  to  be  a 
slip  of  the  tongue  in  "  The  Merchant  of  Venice." 
It  was  there  shown  that  every  so-called  "  slip  "  of 
the  tongue  has  a  meaning.  Such  a  slip  is  really 
only  a  slip  of  the  attention,  of  the  person's  ability 
to  keep  to  himself  what  is  going  on  in  his  mind. 
The  censor  or  guardian  that  watches  over  the 
unconscious  ego  and  stands  between  it  and  the 
conscious  personality  has  been  caught  napping, 
and  one  of  our  secrets  has  escaped  from  its  cell 
and  broken  through  the  lines  into  the  realm  of 
consciousness.  The  person  guilty  of  the  slip  may 
not  be  aware  (i.  e.,  may  not  be  conscious)  of  the 
intruding  idea  and  may  not  know  the  meaning  of 
the  slip,  but  that  it  has  a  definite  meaning  is  cer- 
tain and  may  be  discovered  by  the  process  known 
as  psychoanalysis,  or  soul  analysis.  Now,  the 
failure  to  recollect  a  name  or  word  that  one  ought 
to  remember  and  expects  to  remember  is  nothing 
but  a  slip  of  the  memory,  and  is  not  accidental. 
It  is  due  to  some  unconscious  motive,  i.  e.,  to  a 
motive  of  which  the  individual  is  not  at  the  time 
conscious.  Our  unconscious  personality  is  always 
true  to  us;  it  is  franker,  sincerer,  and  honester 
than  our  conscious  ego,  alas!  our  "normal" 
selves.  It  is  true  that  our  unconscious  personality 
is  selfish,  without  a  touch  of  altruism,  and  un- 
moral; but  it  is  always  true  to  us  and  to  our 
interests.  The  unconscious  ego  seeks,  above  all,  to 
avoid  every  unpleasantness,  to  exclude  from  con- 
sciousness any  idea  that  may  give  the  individual 
displeasure.  It  is  only  when  the  censor  is  asleep 
or  napping  that  our  selfish  or  wicked  desires  slip 
their  leash  and  force  an  entry  into  the  forbidden 
domain  presided  over  by  culture  and  civilization  — 
and  hypocrisy.  In  most  instances,  however,  they 
do  not  pass  the  censor  in  their  true  shape,  but 
enter  consciousness  in  some  disguise.  Conse- 


quently, the  individual,  the  conscious  ego, —  the 
host, —  is  but  rarely  aware  of  the  true  character 
of  his  uninvited  guests.  That  is  why  it  is  such  a 
difficult  task  to  know  oneself.  The  ancientest 
philosopher  of  whom  we  have  any  record  spoke 
wiselier  than  he  knew  when  he  formulated  the 
fundamental  maxim  of  his  philosophy  in  the 
words:  Know  thyself!  How  difficult  a  task  this 
is  can  be  appreciated  only  now  since  the  revela- 
tions of  the  new  psychology  are  showing  us  what 
a  filmy  veneer  over  the  true  personality  is  the  part 
of  ourselves  that  we  present  to  the  view  of  the 
work-a-day  world.  To  see  ourselves  as  others  see 
us  would  indeed  bring  us  a  little  nearer  to  self- 
knowledge,  but  only  a  little.  The  poet  would  per- 
haps have  sung  truer  had  he  prayed  for  the  gift 
to  see  ourselves  with  the  eyes  with  which  we  see 
others.  But  we  cannot  know  others  until  we  know 
the  inmost  part  of  ourselves,  our  unconscious 
selves. 

But  let  us  return  to  the  consideration  of  lapses 
of  memory.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  however, 
that  we  are  dealing  only  with  the  forgetting  of 
those  names  which  the  individual  ought  to  remem- 
ber and  expects  to  remember,  and  the  forgetting 
of  which  is  accompanied  with  disappointment. 
Such  a  forgetting  is  really  a  failure  on  the  part 
of  the  function  of  memory;  it  is  not  a  passive 
dropping  from  the  memory,  but  an  active  expul- 
sion from  the  memory.  It  is  now  well  established 
that  just  as  we  can  concentrate  our  mental  ener- 
gies to  recollect  something  so  we  can  concentrate 
those  energies  in  the  effort  to  forget  what  is  pain- 
ful and  disagreeable.  This  voluntary  and  pur- 
posed forgetting  of  our  painful  experiences,  ideas, 
and  desires,  is  called  "  Repression."  But,  alas ! 
the  repressed  matter  is  not  always  content  to  lie 
dormant;  it  takes  advantage  of  every  oppor- 
tunity to  escape  from  confinement,  to  enter  into 
association  with  the  rest  of  our  psychic  life,  to 
influence  our  conscious  life  and  to  give  vent  to  the 
emotion  associated  with  it.  It  is  this  partial  fail- 
ure of  repression  that  is  responsible  for  what  the 
Germans  call  Fehlhandlungen,  an  expression  for 
which  the  English  language  has  no  equivalent. 
By  Fehlhandlungen  we  mean  such  acts  as  slips  of 
the  tongue,  slips  of  the  pen  (miswriting),  certain 
printer's  errors,  mislaying  objects,  lapses  of  mem- 
ory, mishearing,  misreading,  misrecognition,  and 
many  still  more  complicated  mental  and  physical 
acts,  e.  g.,  accidentally  letting  something  fall,  for- 
getting to  carry  out  resolutions,  throwing  a  stone 
and  "  accidentally  "  hitting  someone  with  it,  etc., 
etc.  To  the  uninitiated  these  assertions  may  seem 
ridiculous;  but  let  any  skeptic  submit  himself  to 
a  psychoanalysis  and  their  truth  will  be  demon- 
strated beyond  the  shadow  of  a  doubt. 

We  all  feel  flattered  when  an  eminent  personage 
remembers  our  name,  especially  if  he  had  met  us 
only  once  or  twice  and  not  under  peculiarly  favor- 
able conditions.  It  is  as  though  the  great  man 
said  to  us :  "  You  are  of  sufficient  importance 
to  have  me  remember  your  name."  On  the  other 
hand,  we  all  feel  some  resentment  and  humiliation 
when  we  find  that  our  name  has  been  forgotten  by 
a  person  of  some  importance  or  by  one  who  we 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


603 


think  ought  to  remember  us.  This  explains,  too, 
the  comic  effect  produced  on  the  stage  and  in  books 
when  the  name  of  one  of  the  characters,  usually 
the  "  villain,"  is  distorted  every  time  it  is  spoken. 
Shakespeare  has  noted,  in  "King  John,"  that 
"  new-made  honour  doth  forget  men's  names." 

From  what  Coriolanus  says  — "  he  used  me 
kindly,"  —  and  from  what  we  know  of  him,  his 
profession,  his  valor,  and  his  hostility  to  Aufidius,  it 
seems  that  at  some  time  he  found  himself  hemmed- 
in  in  Corioli  and  that  he  owed  his  escape  to  the 
friendly  shelter  of  the  resident  whose  name  he  had 
forgotten.  It  might  occur  to  someone  to  ask  at 
this  point :  "  If  Shakespeare  followed  Plutarch  so 
accurately  in  this  matter  why  should  there  be  any 
doubt  about  this?  Was  Coriolanus  indebted  to 
the  Volscian  and  for  what?  "  The  answer  to  these 
questions  not  only  contains  the  answer  to  our 
main  query  (why  Coriolanus  forgot  the  name) 
but  furnishes  a  striking  and  extremely  interesting 
illustration  of  Shakespeare's  method  of  work.  Let 
us  say  at  once  that,  notwithstanding  the  assertions 
of  the  editors  and  commentators,  Shakespeare  did 
not  slavishly  follow  Plutarch,  but  changed  what  he 
found  in  accordance  with  his  insight  into  the  souls 
of  men  and  the  requirements  of  his  stage.  That 
the  reader  may  judge  for  himself,  I  transcribe  the 
following  from  Plutarch:  "  Only,  this  grace  (said 
he)  I  crave  and  beseech  you  to  grant  me.  Among 
the  Volsces  there  is  an  old  friend  and  host  of 
mine,  an  honest  wealthy  man,  and  now  a  prisoner; 
who,  living  before  in  great  wealth  in  his  own 
country,  liveth  now  a  poor  prisoner,  in  the  hands 
of  his  enemies." 

Be  it  noted  that  in  Plutarch  the  Volscian  is  "  an 
honest  [honorable] ,  wealthy  man "  and  "  an  old 
friend"  of  Coriolanus.  Shakespeare  makes  him 
"  a  poor  man  "  who  had  befriended  Coriolanus  in 
a  time  of  need.  It  now  becomes  apparent,  if  we 
bear  the  character  of  Coriolanus  in  mind,  why  the 
Volscian's  name  was  forgotten.  He  was  a  poor 
man,  a  plebeian,  and  it  galled  Coriolanus  to  think 
that  he  —  the  haughtiest  and  the  valiantest  of  the 
aristocrats  of  Rome  —  was  beholden  to  one  of  the 
common  people.  The  poor  Volscian's  name  would 
have  suggested  his  plebeian  origin,  and  would  have 
awakened  Coriolanus's  inveterate  resentment  for 
the  many-headed  and  rank-scented  multitude 
against  whom  he  can  never  cease  railing.  Corio- 
lanus's contempt  and  prejudice  are  so  deep-rooted 
that  he  is  blind  to  every  spark  of  goodness  in  the 
common  people. 

The  introduction  of  Coriolanus's  failure  to  recall 
the  Volscian's  name  is  one  of  those  subtle  and 
magical  touches  of  which  none  but  Shakespeare 
was  capable.  The  common  soldiers,  the  aristoc- 
racy and  the  generals  are,  for  the  time  being, 
enamored  of  the  hero  of  Corioli;  his  weaknesses 
are  forgotten;  his  titanic  pride,  his  egoism,  his 
impetuosity,  and  his  contempt  for  the  people  are 
overlooked.  Instead  of  these,  they  —  and  we  —  see 
only  his  valor,  his  honor,  his  dignity,  his  physical 
prowess,  his  fearlessness,  his  filial  love,  his  domes- 
tic virtues,  his  lofty  mind,  his  brilliant  leader- 
ship. To  crown  all  these,  the  poet  shows  us  his 
hero's  freedom  from  avarice  (in  refusing  princely 


gifts),  his  gratitude  for  benefits  received  and  bis 
gracious  condescension  in  remembering  a  com- 
moner. Coriolanus's  renunciation  of  more  booty 
than  what  he  considers  his  just  share,  his  generous 
tribute  to  the  many  "  without  note,"  his  modesty, 
etc.,  as  shown  in  Act  I,  and  especially  in  this 
scene,  are  well  calculated  to  make  us  —  even  the 
spectators  —  forget  the  hero's  weaknesses.  To 
guard  against  this  the  dramatist  ends  the  scene  — 
the  act,  we  may  say  —  with  a  subtle  reminder  of 
the  protagonist's  tragic  failing  —  his  hatred  and 
scorn  of  the  people.  Even  at  the  climax  of  the 
portraiture  of  Coriolanus's  better  parts,  the  poet 
gives  those  who  have  the  eyes  to  see  a  glimpse  of 
his  one  great  weakness.  The  little  slip  of  the  mem- 
ory is  psychologically  and  dramatically  determined. 

S.  A.  TANNENBAUM. 
New  York  City,  Dec.  15,  1915. 

A  STRANGE  VISITOR  IN  "  THE  CITY  OF 

DREADFUL  NIGHT." 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

It  may  be  a  matter  of  surprise  to  your  readers, 
as  it  dumfounded  me,  to  learn  that  James  Thom- 
son ("B.  V.")  is  the  author  of  an  interesting 
tribute  to  Frangois  Rabelais.  The  essay,  reprinted 
in  "  Biographical  and  Critical  Studies,"  was  writ- 
ten, perhaps  as  a  pot-boiler,  for  Cope's  "  Tobacco 
Plant."  We  get  a  hint  of  this  origin  in  the 
author's  regret  that  the  great  abstractor  of  quin- 
tessence died  before  making  the  acquaintance  of  the 
"  herb  of  herbs,  which  is  tobacco.  Had  time  and 
fortune  but  made  him  acquainted  with  it,"  con- 
tinues Thomson,  "we  may  be  sure  that  tobacco 
and  not  vile  hemp,  would  have  been  recognised  by 
him  as  the  herb  Pantagruelion." 

The  first,  biographical  part  of  the  essay  is  of  no 
value.  It  is  based  too  much  on  the  Rabelaisian 
legend  which  modern  research  has  destroyed,  but 
the  second  part  is  an  amazingly  sympathetic  ap- 
preciation of  the  work  of  Rabelais.  We  may  or 
may  not  regret  that  the  sombre  poet  of  "  The 
City  of  Dreadful  Night"  did  not  imbibe  more 
deeply  of  the  Pantagruelian  philosophy, — "  cer- 
taine  gayete  d'esprit  conficte  en  mespris  des  choses 
fortuites,"  —  but  at  least  it  is  pleasant  to  find 
good  evidence  that  the  reading  of  Rabelais  brought 
him  some  hours  of  gaiety. 

We  think  of  Thomson  as  one  continually 
wrapped  in  gloom,  who  had  left  behind  all  hope 
and  joy  at  the  gates  of  the  nocturnal  city  which 
for  him  was  life.  Yet  he  could  see  more  than  one 
side  of  the  shield.  "Profound  thought  and  crea- 
tive genius  may  wear  a  riant  not  less  than  a  tragic 
face,  or,  in  some  instances,  the  one  and  the  other 
in  alternation;  and  there  are  even  instances  in 
which  one-half  the  mask  has  been  of  Thalia  and 
the  other  of  Melpomene;  for  wisdom  and  genius 
are  not  necessarily,  though  they  are  more  fre- 
quently, grave.  Democritus  the  laugher  seems  to 
have  been  a  philosopher  yet  more  subtle  than 
Heraclitus  the  weeper  .  .  and  Aristophanes^  I 
suppose,  had  at  least  as  much  imaginative  genius 
as  Euripides." 

As  bits  of  well-phrased  and  effective  criticism,  I 
may  cite  the  following.  Contrasting  the  satire  of 


604 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


Swift  and  Rabelais,  Thomson  says :  "  Both  see 
with  a  vision  that  cannot  be  muffled  through  all 
the  hypocrisies  and  falsehoods,  all  the  faults  and 
follies  of  mankind ;  but  the  scorn  of  Rabelais  rolls 
out  in  jolly  laughter,  while  the  scorn  of  Swift  is  a 
saeva  indignatio —  the  one  is  vented  in  wine,  the 
other  in  vitriol."  Again,  speaking  of  the  inex- 
haustible exuberance  of  the  Frenchman's  vocabu- 
lary, he  says :  "  I  remember  reading  somewhere 
of  two  Oxford  or  Cambridge  professors  discussing 
whether  Shakespeare  or  Milton  had  the  greater 
command  of  language,  when  one  remarked  con- 
clusively: 'Why,  in  half-an-hour  Shakespeare 
would  have  slanged  Milton  into  a  ditch ! '  I  take 
it  that  Rabelais  would  have  slanged  Racine  into  a 
ditch  in  about  five  minutes."  I  have  rarely  seen 
a  more  Gargantuan  blow  dealt  to  French  classi- 
cism, which,  when  it  deigned  to  speak  of  Rabelais 
at  all,  treated  his  book  as  an  inexplicable  enigma. 
Possibly  Thomson  was  thinking  of  Rabelais 
when  he  wrote  in  his  "  Proem  " : 

"  O  antique  fables !    beautiful  and  bright, 
And  joyous  with  the  joyous  youth  of  yore; 
O  antique  fables!    for  a  little  light 
Of  that  which  shineth  in  you  evermore, 
To  cleanse  the  dimness  from  our  weary  eyes, 
And  bathe  our  old  world  with  a  new  surprise 
Of  golden  dawn  entrancing  sea  and  shore." 

BENJ.  M.  WOODBRIDGE. 
University  of  Texas,  Dec.  12,  1915. 


BOOKS  IN  JAPAN. 
(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 

The  following  paragraphs  from  the  "Japan 
Times  "  of  October  13  will  serve  to  give  an  idea 
of  what  Japan  reads.  The  "  publication  market " 
mentioned  therein  is  a  yearly  affair. 

"  The  result  of  the  publication  market  in  autumn 
is  the  barometer  as  to  what  books  are  favoured  by  the 
people  in  this  country.  This  season  at  the  Tokiwa- 
kadan  Restaurant,  Uyeno,  for  four  days  between  the 
7th  and  llth  inst,  184  publishers  of  the  Tokyo  Pub- 
lishers' Guild  placed  their  publications  on  the  market. 
Over  300  booksellers  are  reported  to  have  come  up 
from  Formosa,  Korea,  Manchuria,  and  the  Loochoo 
islands  as  well  as  from  various  parts  of  Japan  proper 
to  enjoy  the  benefits  offered  by  the  market.  The  sale 
for  four  days  totalled  some  170,000  yen  [$85,000], 
of  which  such  leading  publishers  as  the  Maruzen, 
Hakubun-kan,  Okura,  Eikugo-kan,  and  Fuzanbo  se- 
cured each  more  than  ten  thousand  yen  [$5,000]. 

"  Publications  dealing  with  popular  science  have 
enjoyed  the  keenest  demand;  next  come  those  relating 
to  popular  history  and  geography;  and  the  linguistic 
literature  and  dictionaries,  especially  the  German- 
Japanese  Dictionary  by  Prof.  Tobari,  have  expe- 
rienced a  warm  welcome.  That  the  German-Japanese 
Dictionary  has  increased  in  favour  may  be  due  to  the 
European  war. 

"  So-called  small  series  editions  and  detective  sto- 
ries have  seen  their  day  and  are  now  not  found  even 
on  the  auction  list.  Novels  and  romances  are  quite 
unpopular.  As  for  the  works  of  Mr.  Eabindranath 
Tagore,  the  keen  demand  for  them  ceased  with  the 
confirmation  of  the  rumour  that  he  would  give  up  his 
intended  visit  to  this  country." 

I  should  also  like  to  call  attention  to  a  monu- 


mental work  now  approaching  publication,  as 
described  in  the  "  Japan  Times  "  of  October  21. 

"Every  country  in  Europe  has  a  trustworthy, 
exhaustive  dictionary  of  its  language,  but  it  is  a 
matter  of  great  regret  that  Japan  has  not  been  bene- 
fited by  such  an  acquisition.  This  inconvenience  will 
be  removed  by  the  '  Japanese  Lexicon '  which  has 
passed  all  stages  of  compilation,  thanks  to  the  15. 
years'  assiduous  application  of  Prof.  Uyeda  of  the 
Tokyo  Imperial  University  and  Prof.  Matsui  of  the 
Tokyo  Higher  Normal  School.  This  invaluable  work 
will  be  published  in  four  volumes,  the  first  having 
already  passed  the  last  proof-reading,  while  the  other 
three  volumes  will  be  issued  within  three  years  from 
next  year. 

"Last  Tuesday  evening  a  dinner  was  given  in  the 
Seiyoken,  Uyeno,  in  honour  of  the  two  scholars  by 
their  friends.  The  function  was  attended  by  Premier 
Count  Okuma,  Barons  Kikuchi  and  Goto,  Dr.  Takata,. 
Minister  of  Education,  Vice-Minister  Ishihara  of  the 
Household  Department,  and  some  150  distinguished 
scholars  and  educationists. 

"  Minister  Takata  paid  a  glowing  tribute  to  the 
guests  of  honour,  emphasising  the  fact  that  there  has 
been  hitherto  no  reliable  dictionary  of  the  Japanese 
language,  especially  for  foreign  students,  but  that 
the  new  dictionary  by  the  two  scholars  will  efficiently 
fill  up  the  gap. 

"  Then  followed  the  Premier's  address,  in  which  he 
recounted  that  the  first  dictionary  compiled  in  the 
Orient  was  that  completed  in  the  reign  of  the  Chinese 
Emperor  Shih,  its  vocabulary,  however,  containing 
only  1,200  words.  The  Kanghsi  Lexicon,  an  authori- 
tative Chinese  dictionary,  was  compiled  in  the  early 
stages  of  the  Ching  dynasty  and  comprised  some 
70,000  words.  The  new  Japanese  Dictionary  by  Profs. 
Uyeda  and  Matsui  is  exhaustive,  treating  220,000 
words.  Its  Mss.  are  140  ft.  high.  The  perseverance 
and  energy  of  the  Professors  are  entitled  to  the  high- 
est praise,  concluded  the  Premier." 

ERNEST  W.  CLEMENT. 
Tokyo,  Japan,  Nov.  21,  1915. 


AN  INTERESTING  PROPHECY. 

(To  the  Editor  of  THE  DIAL.) 
Among  those  of  your  readers  as  keenly  inter- 
ested as  I  in  Professor  Showerman's  delightful  — 
I    am    tempted    to    say,    delicious  —  review    of 
"  Modern  Painting,"  by  Mr.  Willard  Huntington 
Wright,  in  your  issue  of  Nov.  25,  there  may  be 
some  who   are  unacquainted  with,   or  who   have 
forgotten,   the   sentences   with   which   Mr.    Birge 
Harrison  closes  the  fifth  chapter  of  his  book  on 
"  Landscape  Painting  " : 

"  When  I  try  to  draw  aside  the  veil,  and  peer  into 
the  mists  of  the  future,  I  seem  to  see  another  art,  less 
material,  more  akin  to  the  pure  spirit  of  music;  an 
art  stripped  of  all  that  is  gross  and  material;  an  art 
in  which  abstract  beauty  alone  shall  rule.  In  this  new 
art  values  may  very  possibly  be  unnecessary,  and  all 
will  be  stated  in  terms  of  beautiful  color. 

"  This  is  not  yet,  however ;  and  any  art  which  is  to 
endure  must  be  true  to  the  spirit  of  its  own  age." 

This  prophecy  was  uttered  five  years  ago.  There- 
are  few,  Mr.  Wright's  "  Modern  Painting  "  to  the 
contrary,  who  believe  the  prophecy  realized  at  this 


time. 


ALFRED  M.  BROOKS. 


Indiana  University,  Dec.  14,  1915. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


605 


EXEGI  MONUMENTTJM:  RUPERT  BROOKE.* 

"The  real  artist,  who  knew  what  he  was 
imitating,  would  be  interested  in  realities  and 
not  in  imitations ;  and  would  leave,  as  memo- 
rials of  himself,  works  many  and  fair;  and, 
instead  of  being  the  author  of  encomiums,  he 
would  prefer  to  be  the  theme  of  them."  These 
words  of  Plato,  true  at  all  times,  were  never 
more  evidently  true  than  now.  To  write 
poetry,  to  think  about  poetry  when  half  the 
world  is  in  the  agony  of  dissolution;  when 
men  to  whom  life  looks  as  fair  and  tastes  as 
sweet  as  to  us  face  death  hourly  with  a  smile ; 
when  what  we  have  known  as  civilization 
seems  to  be  reeling  back  to  the  barbarism 
whence  it  sprang,  and  we  know  not  what  new 
earth  may  at  last  emerge  from  the  chaos  over 
which  the  powers  of  darkness  and  not  the 
Spirit  of  God  are  moving;  —  to  deal  with 
poetry  at  a  time  like  this,  we  feel  and  justly 
feel,  requires  an  apology.  It  will  evidently 
be  no  "idle  singer  of  an  empty  day"  that 
can  engage  us  at  such  an  hour.  It  will  be 
poetry  that  is  sincere  and  profound,  that 
expresses  what  our  life  veritably  is  —  poetry, 
in  a  word,  that  is  real.  And  even  such  poetry 
may  be  postponed  to  happier  days, —  days  less 
urgent,  less  solemn,  on  whose  fortune  hang 
less  vital  issues.  But  if,  in  our  search  for 
something  that  will  distract  our  minds  for  an 
instant  from  the  horrors  that  obsess  them,  we 
should  come  upon  noble  poetry  which  has 
been  translated  into  heroic  deed,  upon  this  we 
may  dwell  without  accusing  thoughts.  "This," 
we  say,  "is  suited  to  the  hour."  And  such 
poetry  we  find  in  the  verse  of  Rupert  Brooke. 
Here  is  a  monument  not  of  song  only,  but  of 
glorious  act,  and  not  of  act  only,  but  of 
sacred  song.  Here  is  an  artist  who  was  "  in- 
terested in  realities,  not  in  imitations,"  and 
has  left  behind  him,  as  memorials  of  himself, 
works,  not  indeed  many,  but  very  fair. 

The  brief  record  of  the  poet's  life  is  by  this 
time  well  known.  Born  into  a  cultivated 
family,  endowed  with  unusual  physical  beauty 
and  charm,  trained  in  the  best  English  schools, 
loved  and  admired  by  hosts  of  friends,  recog- 
nized as  a  poet  of  great  promise,  he  offered 
himself  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  for  the 
defence  of  the  land  to  which  he  owed  the 
gifts  that  made  life  dear  to  him.  He  saw 
active  service  in  the  trenches  during  the  futile 
Antwerp  expedition,  and  sailed  in  February 

*  THE  COLLECTED  POEMS  OF  RUPERT  BROOKE.  With  Intro- 
duction by  George  Edward  Woodberry  and  a  biographical  note 
by  Margaret  Lavington.  With  portrait.  New  York:  John 
Lane  Co. 


of  this  year  on  the  still  more  futile  expedition 
to  the  Dardanelles.  There  is  a  certain  pain- 
ful appropriateness  in  the  fact  that  one  who 
perceived  so  plainly  the  irony  of  life,  the 
eternal  disproportion  between  effort  and 
achievement,  should  be  associated  with  two 
such  tragic  blunders.  He  died  of  blood- 
poisoning  in  the  ^Egean  on  the  twenty-third 
of  April,  at  the  age  of  twenty-seven,  and  was 
buried  in  the  island  of  Scyros.  One  may 
apply  to  him  Pater's  exquisite  words  concern- 
ing Shakespeare's  Claudio :  "  Called  upon 
suddenly  to  encounter  his  fate,  looking  with 
keen  and  resolute  profile  straight  before  him, 
he  gives  utterance  to  some  of  the  central 
truths  of  human  feeling,"  though  in  Brooke 
that  utterance  is  far  from  being  "  the  sincere, 
concentrated  expression  of  the  recoiling  flesh." 
For  it  is  perfectly  evident  from  his  verse  that 
he  felt,  without  shrinking,  the  shadow  of  ap- 
proaching death.  The  group  of  sonnets  pub- 
lished in  1914  after  the  outbreak  of  the  war 
deals  almost  exclusively  with  this  theme. 
Among  them  are  the  lines,  now  famous : 

"  If  I  should  die,  think  only  this  of  me : 

That  there's  some  corner  of  a  foreign  field 
That  is  for  ever  England.    There  shall  be 

In  that  rich  earth  a  richer  dust  concealed; 
A  dust  whom  England  bore,  shaped,  made  aware, 
Gave,  once,  her  flowers  to  love,  her  ways  to 

roam, 

A  body  of  England's,  breathing  English  air, 
Washed  by  the  rivers,  blest  by  suns  of  home. 

"  And  think,  this  heart,  all  evil  shed  away, 

A  pulse  in  the  eternal  mind,  no  less 
Gives  somewhere  back  the  thoughts  by  England 

given; 
Her  sights  and  sounds;    dreams  happy  as  her 

day; 

And  laughter,  learnt  of  friends;   and  gentleness, 
In  hearts  at  peace,  under  an  English  heaven." 

It  is  natural  to  allow  our  judgment  of 
Brooke's  poetry  to  be  swayed  by  the  romance 
of  his  fate;  natural,  too,  to  estimate  all  his 
work  in  the  light  of  a  single  triumphant 
utterance  like  this  sonnet.  One  approaches 
his  collected  poems,  therefore,  with  a  certain 
misgiving.  Can  one  retain  one's  critical  judg- 
ment in  the  face  of  so  strong  a  temptation  to 
surrender  it?  But  repeated  readings  of  the 
volume  only  confirm  one's  first  impression. 
Here  is  verse  of  great  distinction,  modern  in 
method  and  feeling,  but  almost  wholly  free 
from  the  excess  which  blights  the  newer 
schools  of  poetry;  verse  that  is  in  no  sense 
academic,  and  that  yet  belongs,  on  the  whole, 
to  the  ancient,  sound  English  tradition. 
There  is,  no  doubt,  an  occasional  grossness  of 
image,  an  undue  emphasis  upon  unpleasant 
odors  and  upon  certain  ugly  facts  of  the  body, 


606 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


but  this  is  the  only  evidence  that  the  evil 
communications  of  our  day  have  in  any  wise 
corrupted  his  excellent  poetic  manners.  There 
are  few  metrical  experiments,  and  those  most 
successful.  This  poet  has  no  need  of  license ; 
he  has  fulfilled  the  first  duty  of  the  artist, — 
to  confess  the  limitations  of  the  medium  in 
which  he  works.  And  in  that  medium  he  has 
achieved  effects  of  extreme  beauty :  a  delicate 
and  varied  music,  an  exquisite  management 
of  pause  and  quantity,  an  unobtrusive  inven- 
tiveness of  rhyme,  happy  verbal  "finds"  or 
revivals  —  yet  without  a  touch  of  pedantry, — 
rich  and  vivid  imagery.  It  is  not,  on  the 
whole,  simple  poetry,  though  simplicity,  too, 
was  within  the  range  of  the  poet's  gift;  but 
certainly  the  comparison  with  Donne  that  has 
been  suggested  is  quite  unwarranted.  There 
is  nothing  in  him  of  the  tortuosity  of  the 
metaphysical  school  and  its  modern  imitators. 
There  is,  indeed,  no  point  in  trying  to  place 
the  poet,  to  evaluate  him  by  comparison  with 
others.  It  is  enough  to  determine  whether  his 
voice,  now  silent,  was  indeed  an  authentic 
voice  of  poetry.  Yet  I  cannot  forbear  to  re- 
mark that  in  his  best  and  most  serious  verse 
there  is  a  grave  stateliness  that  is  all  but 
Shakespearean.  Such  a  sonnet  as  "  The  Busy 
Heart"  would  not  be  wholly  out  of  place  in 
the  immortal  series  that  deals  with  the  golden 
youth  and  the  Dark  Lady.  Nor  am  I  afraid 
to  say  that  it  is  a  better  sonnet,  because  a 
nobler  and  profounder,  than  the  famous 
"  Since  there's  no  help,  come  let  us  kiss  and 
part "  of  Drayton. 
"  Now  that  we've  done  our  best  and  worst,  and 

parted, 
I  would  fill  my  mind  with  thoughts  that  will 

not  rend. 
(0  heart,  I  do  not  dare  go  empty-hearted) 

I'll  think  of  Love  in  books,  Love  without  end; 
Women  with  child,  content;   and  old  men 

sleeping ; 
And  wet  strong  ploughlands,  scarred  for  certain 

grain; 
And  babes  that  weep,  and  so  forget  their 

weeping ; 

And  the  young  heavens,  forgetful  after  rain; 
And  evening  hush,  broken  by  homing  wings; 

And  Song's  nobility,  and  Wisdom  holy, 
That  live,  we  dead.    I  would  think  of  a  thousand 

things, 

Lovely  and  durable,  and  taste  them  slowly, 
One  after  one,  like  tasting  a  sweet  food. 

I  have  need  to  busy  my  heart  with  quietude." 

There  are,  indeed,  several  of  the  sonnets 
that  seem  to  echo  the  rich  Elizabethan  music. 
They  have  often  the  same  motif,- — the  illusion 
and  the  futility  of  passion.  But  they  are  not 
echoes,  they  are  voices,  gravely  uttering  the 
poet's  own  experience  of  life,  his  sorrows,  his 


consolations,  his  shadowy  but  quenchless  hope, 
his  ecstasies  flawed  with  the  sense  of  their  own 
impermanence.  They  have  always  a  charac- 
teristic touch,  a  delightful  difference,  that 
marks  them  as  the  poet's  own,  and  they  are 
always  ended  with  a  felicity  that  not  even  the 
greatest  Elizabethans  invariably  achieve. 
Take,  for  instance,  Campion's  stanzas  begin- 
ning, "When  thou  must  home  to  shades  of 
underground,"  with  its  half-dozen  lines  of 
pure  and  faultless  loveliness,  and  its  impo- 
tent conclusion,  and  compare  it  with  Brooke's 
sonnet,  "  Oh !  Death  will  find  me,  long  before 
I  tire."  The  younger  poet  is  here  handling  a 
theme  on  which  it  is  difficult  not  to  be  remi- 
niscent of  the  elder,  but  the  individuality  of 
the  treatment,  the  lightness  of  touch,  the 
breadth  and  suavity,  above  all,  the  inimitable 
grace  of  the  closing  couplet  make  the  sonnet 
issue  triumphantly  even  from  so  perilous  a 
testing. 

"  Oh !  Death  will  find  me,  long  before  I  tire 

Of  watching  you;    and  swing  me  suddenly 
Into  the  shade  and  loneliness  and  mire 

Of  the  last  land !    There,  waiting  patiently, 

"  One  day,  I  think,  I'll  feel  a  cool  wind  blowing, 

See  a  slow  light  across  the  Stygian  tide, 
And  hear  the  Dead  about  me  stir,  unknowing, 
And  tremble.     And  I  shall  know  that  you  have 
died, 

"  And  watch  you,  a  broad-browed  and  smiling 

dream, 

Pass,  light  as  ever,  through  the  lightless  host, 
Quietly  ponder,  start,  and  sway,  and  gleam  — 
Most  individual  and  bewildering  ghost !  — 

"  And  turn,  and  toss  your  brown  delightful  head 
Amusedly,  among  the  ancient  Dead." 

So  much,  though  a  good  deal  more  might  be 
said,  for  the  poet's  manner.  But  what  is  after 
all  the  most  vital  aspect  of  the  work  of  any 
poet  who  is  worthy  of  the  name  is  the  ideas 
and  emotions  that  it  expresses,  the  revelation 
that  it  gives  us  of  the  man  behind  it.  In  the 
case  of  a  young  poet,  nothing  is  so  character- 
istic and  revealing  as  his  treatment  of  the 
passion  of  love,  and  here  our  poet  is  at  his 
best.  There  is  in  much  of  his  love-poetry  a 
refreshing  and  unexpected  note,  a  recognition 
of  the  truth  that  love  and  life  are  not  quite 
identical,  that  those  other  minor  "loves"  upon 
which  he  dilates,  the  humble  and  fleeting  joys 
of  earth,  may  "impart  a  gusto"  even  to  the 
grand  passion,  and  that  they  may  almost 
console  for  the  lack  or  the  loss  of  it.  This  is 
clearly  not  due  to  any  want  of  virility  or 
incapacity  for  intense  feeling  in  the  poet's 
nature;  for  there  are  poems  in  this  volume 
that  sing  the  ecstasies  of  love  in  a  fashion 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


607 


that  would  "  create  a  soul  under  the  ribs  of 
death."  It  is  due  rather  to  two  qualities  that 
are  sufficiently  rare  in  men  of  so  ardent  a 
temperament  as  his, —  a  certain  clear-eyed 
sense  of  the  limitations  of  the  great  passion, 
and  a  kind  of  mystical  reticence  or  remote- 
ness, a  withholding  of  himself,  a  recognition 
of  the  finiteness  of  man's  heart;  and  these 
two  qualities  save  him  from  being  a  mere 
harp  for  the  winds  of  passion  to  work  their 
lawless  will  upon,  and  make  him  the  master 
of  his  music.  He  knows  that,  Shakespeare 
notwithstanding,  love  is  Time's  fool, —  that 
with  the  fading  of  beauty,  fades  also  the  pas- 
sion that  it  inspired  and  that  idealized  it. 
"  Oh,  I'll  remember !  but  .  .  .  each  crawling  day 

Will  pale  a  little  your  scarlet  lips,  each  mile 
Dull  the  dear  pain  of  your  remembered  face." 

In  the  height  of  his  ardors,  he  can  still  antici- 
pate the  coming  of  the  inevitable  day  when 
kindliness  shall  take  the  place  of  love,  when 

"  .  .  the  best  that  cither's  known 
Will  change  and  wither  and  be  less, 
At  last,  than  comfort,  or  its  own 
Remembrance." 

He  recognizes  also  within  himself  and  regis- 
ters a  certain  incapacity  to  rise  to  the  highest 
levels  of  passion,  the  sudden  chilling  impo- 
tence that  falls  upon  a  temperament  too 
reflective  to  yield  itself  to  the  enthralling 
moment. 

"  There  are  wanderers  in  the  middle  mist, 
Who  cry  for  shadows,  clutch,  and  cannot  tell 
Whether  they  love  at  all,  or,  loving,  whom. 
...  Of  these  am  I." 

It  will  not  do,  of  course,  to  interpret  such 
admissions  too  literally.  They  may  be  partly 
dramatic,  or  the  effect  of  a  fleeting  mood  of 
self-reproach.  Yet  they  recur  too  often  to  be 
ignored,  and  they  are  moreover  quite  in  char- 
acter. But  if  any  reader  is  inclined,  because 
of  these  Hamlet-like  misgivings,  to  think  of 
the  poet  as  a  lover  without  ardor,  he  has  only 
to  turn  to  such  a  poem  as  "Mummia"  in  order 
to  be  persuaded  that  the  lady  to  whom  these 
verses  were  addressed  would  be  exacting  in- 
deed if  she  were  not  content  with  such  a  poet- 
lover.  "Love's  for  completeness,"  he  insists, 
and  since  completeness  is  unattainable  in  this 
fragmentary  and  distracting  world,  it  is 
necessary  to  postpone  the  highest  raptures 
and  rewards  of  love  to  another  life,  where  love 
is  bodiless.  Like  the  romantic  poets  of  every 
age,  he  recognizes  the  human  limitation ;  but 
unlike  the  less  wise  of  them,  he  acquiesces  in 
it,  and  this  acquiescence  gives  to  his  work, 
despite  its  intense  modernity,  a  touch  of  the 
antique  repose,  the  Platonic  mysticism.  The 
sonnet  that  begins  "  Not  with  vain  tears,  when 


we're  beyond  the  sun  "  is  an  admirable  exam- 
ple of  that  blending  of  poetic  graces  and 
felicities,  half  humorous,  half  sober,  with  a 
wholly  profound  and  sincere  idea,  which  gives 
his  verse  its  rare  distinction.  And  in  this 
case,  the  underlying  idea  is  unmistakably 
Platonic. 
"  Not  with  vain  tears,  when  we're  beyond  the  sun. 

We'll  beat  on  the  substantial  doors,  nor  tread 
Those  dusty  high-roads  of  the  aimless  dead 

Plaintive  for  Earth;   but  rather  turn  and  run 
Down  some  close-covered  by-way  of  the  air, 
Some  low  sweet  alley  between  wind  and  wind, 
Stoop  under  faint  gleams,  thread  the  shadows, 

find 
Some  whispering  ghost-forgotten  nook,  and  there 

"  Spend  in  pure  converse  our  eternal  day ; 

Think  each  in  each,  immediately  wise; 
Learn  all  we  lacked  before;   hear,  know,  and  say 

What  this  tumultuous  body  now  denies; 
And  feel,  who  have  laid  our  groping  hands  away ; 

And  see,  no  longer  blinded  by  our  eyes." 

Touches  of  Platonism,  indeed,  are  frequent. 
The  delightful  lyric,  "  Tiare  Tahiti,"  devoted 
to  one  of  his  wandering  loves,  embodies  a 
charming  and  whimsical  application  of  the 
doctrine  of  the  Symposium.  Life  is  soon 
over,  love  is  fleeting,  all  fair  and  earthly 
things  end,  not  in  the  grave  —  that  were  too 
commonplace  a  conclusion  —  but  in  the  world 
of  Types  of  which  the  poet-philosopher  tells 
us,  the  world  of  "  the  divine  beauty,  pure  and 
clear  and  unalloyed,  not  clogged  with  the  pol- 
lutions of  mortality  and  all  the  colours  and 
vanities  of  human  life." 

"  And  my  laughter,  and  my  pain, 

Shall  home  to  the  Eternal  Brain. 

And  all  lovely  things,  they  say, 

Meet  in  Loveliness  again. 

And  there'll  no  more  be  one  who  dreams 
Under  the  ferns,  of  crumbling  stuff, 
Eyes  of  illusion,  mouth  that  seems, 
All  time-entangled  human  love." 

But  alas,   it  is  precisely   "the  colours   and 
vanities"  that  are  dear  to  us  and  make  our 
fleeting  life  so  dear.     The  world  of  Types  is 
something  chilly  and  remote  to  warm-blooded 
earth-dwellers,  and  hence  the  poet  draws  the 
practical  and  inevitable  conclusion: 
"  Hasten,  hand  in  human  hand, 
Down  the  dark,  the  flowered  way." 

It  is  the  old  cry  of  the  poets,  but  touched  in 
these  verses  with  a  mysticism ,  that  half  re- 
deems it  from  the  charge  of  mere  earthliness. 
"Heaven's  Heaven,"  the  poet  knows,  though 

"  we'll  be  missing 
The  palms,  the  sunlight,  and  the  south." 

It  is  this  oscillation  between  the  keenest, 
most  poignant  enjoyment  of  the  things  of 


608 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


sense  and  a  realization  of  their  transiency  in 
relation  to  a  world  where  they  are  transmuted 
into  ideas  that  gives  the  poet's  verse  its  char- 
acteristic note,  a  note  that  is  neither  sensuous 
nor  reflective,  but  a  subtle  blending  of  both. 
"I  have  been  so  great  a  lover,"  he  cries, —  so 
great  a  lover  that  his  love  embraces  well-nigh 
all  the  things  of  earth.  In  the  poem  from 
which  this  phrase  is  taken,  he  enumerates  the 
objects  of  his  love,  and  a  motley  assemblage 
they  are :  "  wet  roofs  beneath  the  lamplight," 
"the  strong  crust  of  friendly  bread,"  "the 
cool  kindliness  of  sheets  that  soon  smooth 
away  trouble,"  "Sleep;  and  high  places; 
footprints  in  the  dew."  These  things,  too, 
must  pass,  like  greater  things;  but  before 
they  end,  he  desires  to  record  his  love  of 
them.  He  loves  them  simply,  humanly,  with- 
out reference  to  their  poetic  value.  He  is 
capable  of  homely  as  well  as  of  extraordinary 
joys.  Not  being  a  product  of  over-sophistica- 
tion, he  has  no  inclination  to  treat  "  the  mere 
drift  or  debris  of  our  days  "  as  if  it  were  not. 
And  yet  there  is  often  a  lurking  symbolism  in 
his  treatment  of  the  most  commonplace  and 
objective  themes,  which  is  all  the  more  effec- 
tive for  being  implicit.  The  dining-room  at 
tea-time  and  the  examination-room  are  filled 
for  an  instant  with  august  presences,  "im- 
mote,  immortal,"  beside  the  everyday  or  the 
grotesque  beings  who  are  visible  and  audible 
there.  A  night-journey  by  train  is  an  image 
of  that  other  mysterious  journey  of  which  the 
end  is  appointed,  in  which, 

"  Lost  into  God,  as  lights  in  light,  we  fly." 
The  fish  in  his  cool,  crystalline  world  feels 
dimly  "the  intricate  impulse"  that  disturbs 
man,  in  his  no  less  limited  being,  with  long- 
ings from  beyond  the  element  that  engulfs 
him.  Thus  the  poet's  homely  loves  verge  upon, 
tend  to  unite  with,  his  more  exalted  ones,  as 
both  are  absorbed  in  the  Idea. 

But  it  must  not  be  inferred  that  all  this 
high  thinking  and  poetic  feeling  are  un- 
touched by  gaiety.  Everywhere,  even  in  the 
most  incongruous  situations,  though  with  no 
effect  of  incongruity,  the  poet's  humor  plays 
over  the  high  themes  with  which  he  deals, 
and  thus  redeems  them  from  the  portentous 
seriousness  which  is  the  bane  of  the  young 
artist.  His  most  eloquent  verse  is  sane  and 
cool,  never  over-fervid  or  grandiloquent,  and 
his  lighter  verse  is  altogether  charming.  It  is 
difficult  to  imagine  a  more  successful  thing  of 
its  kind  than  "The  Old  Vicarage,  Grant- 
chester,"  with  its  blending  of  gaiety  and 
gravity,  beauty  and  burlesque ;  and  the  poem 
called  "  Heaven  "  is  a  little  triumph  of  satiri- 
cal felicity.  "  Caliban  upon  Setebos "  is  a 


profounder  satire  upon  the  incorrigible  ma- 
terialism of  man,  but  it  is  not  more  essentially 
humorous  than  our  poet's  conception  of  meta- 
physics as  imaged  in  the  fishy  mind. 

"  One  may  not  doubt  that,  somehow,  Good 
Shall  come  of  Water  and  of  Mud; 
And,  sure,  the  reverent  eye  must  see 
A  purpose  in  Liquidity. 
We  darkly  know,  by  Faith  we  cry, 
The  future  is  not  Wholly  Dry." 

Yet  the  poet,  despite  his  youthful  gaiety 
and  his  rapturous  delight  in  life,  is  profoundly 
serious.  The  transiency  of  beauty  and  love, 
the  eternal  antimony  of  the  relative  and  the 
absolute,  these  are  his  themes.  And  it  is  diffi- 
cult not  to  connect  them  with  the  thought 
of  early  death  which  runs  like  a  subsidiary 
motif  through  all  the  intricate  harmonies  of 
his  verse.  It  is  not  the  mere  morbidness  of 
youth,  the  shadow  cast  by  its  brilliant  sun- 
shine. It  is  a  part  of  the  great  adventure  of 
living.  He  looks  forward  with  curiosity  un- 
assuaged  to  the  freedom,  the  wisdom,  the 
unknown  joys,  the  taintless  love  of  that 
ampler,  that  diviner  world. 

"  There  the  sure  suns  of  these  pale  shadows  move ; 
There  stand  the  immortal  ensigns  of  our  war; 
Our  melting  flesh  fixed  Beauty  there,  a  star, 
And  perishing  hearts,  imperishable  Love." 

Nor  does  this  obsession  of  the  brevity  of  life 
—  for  it  is  no  less  —  issue  in  lethargy  or  in 
quietism ;  but  rather  in  the  felt  need  of  "  re- 
deeming the  time,"  not  because  the  days  are 
evil,  for  they  are  a  procession  of  beauty  and 
opportunity,  but  because  they  are  few.  And 
so  the  poet,  with  the  pathetic  human  craving 
for  immortality,  hastens  to  give  what  perma- 
nence he  can  to  the  crowding,  evanescent 

loves, 

"  the  scented  store 
Of  song  and  flower  and  sky  and  face  " 

which  his  spirit  has  acquired.  There  is  no 
hoarding  of  joys,  no  "stern,  spiritual  frugal- 
ity" here.  Nor,  on  the  other  hand,  is  there 
unbridled  lavishness.  All  the  manifold  ele- 
ments of  his  vivid  and  eager  life  are  in  their 
place,  and  "compose"  at  last  in  an  ordered 
picture.  There  is,  moreover,  little  of  the 
groping,  tentative  manner  of  young  poets 
who  have  a  lifetime  in  which  to  elaborate 
their  image  of  the  world.  There  is  little  of 
the  youthful  awkwardness  that  disfigures  the 
early  work  even  of  a  Keats.  This  is  young 
poetry  to  be  sure,  with  all  the  charm  and 
vivacity  of  youth;  but  it  is  ripe  poetry,  too. 
The  Fates  that  denied  him  length  of  days 
gave  him  in  compensation  an  early  and  a  rich 
maturity.  One  can  hardly  regret  the  work 
of  which  his  death  has  deprived  us,  for  what 
he  has  left  us  is  so  admirably  complete.  The 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


609 


monument  that  he  has  built  for  himself  has 
the  finality,  the  freedom  from  effort,  the 
serenity  of  an  Attic  grave-stone.  One  may 
even  rejoice  that  such  gifts  as  his  are  en- 
shrined henceforth  beyond  the  reach  of 
change. 

"  We  have  found  safety  with  all  things  undying, 
The  winds  and  morning,  tears  of  men  and  mirth, 
The  deep  night,  and  birds  singing,  and  clouds 

flying, 
And  sleep,  and  freedom,  and  the  autumnal  earth." 

Like  the  actors  in  the  carven  pastoral  of 
Keats's  Ode,  he  remains  immortally  young, 
beautiful,  heroic,  flinging  out  his  songs  in  the 
face  of  Death,  never  to  be  touched  by  the 
decay  and  squalor  that  overtake,  too  often, 
the  loveliness  of  earth. 

CHARLES  H.  A.  WAGER. 


THE  FEDERATION  OF  THE  WORLD.* 

After  the  war,  what  next?  Shall  we  settle 
down  to  get  ready  for  other  and  more  dread- 
ful wars,  or  will  it  be  possible  to  develop  an 
internationalism  that  will  render  all  wars 
impossible?  Mr.  Hobson  does  not  underesti- 
mate the  magnitude  of  the  step  which  he  advo- 
cates in  his  book,  "  Towards  International 
Government, "  but  he  tries  to  show  that  it  is 
the  only  practical  alternative  to  a  condition 
which  he  hopes  and  believes  mankind  will  no 
longer  tolerate. 

In  the  first  place,  it  will  by  no  means  suffice 
to  "  crush  German  militarism,"  as  the  phrase 
goes,  and  then  expect  all  to  be  well.  As  the 
author  rightly  insists,  the  thing  to  be  crushed 
in  Germany  is  not  primarily  an  army  and 
navy,  but  a  state  of  mind,  "a  spirit  of  na- 
tional aggression,  proud,  brutal  and  unscru- 
pulous, the  outcome  of  certain  intellectual  and 
moral  tendencies."  This  condition  of  mind  is 
not  peculiar  to  Germany,  but  exists  more  or 
less  in  all  countries,  founded  as  it  is  on  the 
baser  instincts  of  mankind.  Its  manifesta- 
tions in  private  life  are  discouraged  by  every 
means  possessed  by  society  and  the  State,  but 
in  national  affairs  it  is  made  respectable  un- 
der the  cloak  of  patriotism.  It  is  a  long  step 
forward  to  do  away  with  this  colossal  vice; 
but  as  Mr.  Hobson  remarks,  we  are  not  enter- 
ing upon  any  new  policy,  but  only  extending 
to  larger  affairs  that  which  we  have  long 
relied  upon  in  lesser.  Within  the  memory  of 
those  living,  many  ancient  idols  of  respecta- 
bility have  been  shattered,  and  many  estab- 
lished customs  called  into  question;  many 
others  are  visibly  doomed,  and  it  needs  only 

*  TOWARDS  INTERNATIONAL  GOVERNMENT.  By  J.  A.  Hobson. 
New  York :  The  Macmillan  Co. 


the  courage  and  determination  which  the  pres- 
ent crisis  should  arouse,  to  attack  the  greatest 
of  all  evils. 

It  is  not  supposed  that  the  world  will  live 
in  amity  as  the  result  of  a  general  increase 
of  personal  righteousness.  Something  more 
than  this,  something  dynamic,  is  required. 
The  machinery  must  be  created  for  the  devel- 
opment of  international  activities.  Already 
much  machinery  of  this  kind  exists,  for  cer- 
tain limited  purposes.  Thus  we  have  the 
International  Postal  Union,  and  numerous 
international  societies  of  various  kinds,  some 
of  which  legislate  for  their  members  in  regard 
to  certain  matters.  Science  is  completely  in- 
ternational. The  fact  is,  that  militaristic 
governments  represent  the  survival  of  the 
ideals  of  a  past  age,  and  are  out  of  joint  with 
the  progressive  elements  in  modern  civiliza- 
tion. 

The  methods  of  diplomacy,  no  matter  how 
able  the  diplomats,  are  doomed  to  failure. 
They  are  wholly  undemocratic,  and  are  left 
in  the  hands  of  men  who  belong  to  the  ruling 
classes,  "a  caste  strongly  entrenched  in  eco- 
nomic and  social  privileges  and  with  few 
opportunities  for  gaining  knowledge  of  or 
sympathy  with  the  life  of  the  general  body  of 
the  nation."  Thus  the  fate  of  millions  is 
decided  as  the  outcome  of  a  game,  in  which 
both  sides  are  ignorant  of  the  consequences  of 
their  actions,  and  indifferent  to  the  broader 
considerations  of  justice  and  humanity.  This 
may  be  true,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  par- 
ticipants are  highly  trained,  extremely  able, 
and  anxious  to  do  their  duty.  It  is  especially 
important  to  appreciate  this  point,  because  an 
apparently  formidable  argument  against  in- 
ternationalism lies  in  the  lamentable  failure 
of  negotiations  between  the  picked  men  of 
Europe.  Where  these  have  failed,  how  shall 
others  succeed?  The  answer  is,  that  we  need 
for  this  work  a  quite  different  type  of  mind ; 
we  need  men  who  will  study  the  problems 
involved,  weigh  the  consequences,  and  decide 
upon  the  merits  of  each  case  with  due  regard 
to  all  the  peoples  concerned.  Such  men  exist 
in  sufficient  numbers  to  make  a  beginning; 
and  when  the  Federation  of  the  World  is  an 
established  fact,  men  will  be  trained  for  this 
kind  of  service.  It  will  no  longer  occur  to 
anyone  that  he  who  strives  for  the  welfare  of 
humanity  is  in  any  degree  injuring  his  own 
country. 

In  all  of  this,  there  is  no  spirit  of  amor- 
phous "  neutrality."  Mr.  Hobson's  attitude  is 
as  far  as  possible  from  that  of  the  academic 
jellyfish  who  believes  that  all  opinions  were 
born  free  and  equal,  and  are  equally  entitled 
to  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  happi- 


610 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


ness.  The  reviewer  will  suggest  the  phrase 
"  Dynamic  Neutrality  "  to  express  the  status 
of  those  who  are  neutral  in  the  sense  of  keenly 
desiring  the  welfare  of  the  peoples  of  all 
warring  nations,  but  who  also  desire  to  do 
everything  in  their  power  to  bring  about  a 
just  solution  of  the  matters  in  dispute.  This 
is  the  neutrality  of  a  good  police  officer,  who 
uses  force  only  when  other  means  fail.  It 
seems  to  Mr.  Hobson  that  it  will  be  necessary 
for  the  united  nations  to  at  least  be  in  a  posi- 
tion to  use  force  against  any  group  which 
refuses  to  accept  the  established  sanctions,  but 
in  the  course  of  time  this  type  of  settlement 
will  be  less  important.  "  Social,  moral  and 
economic  pressure,"  as  recommended  by  the 
International  Congress  of  Women  at  the 
Hague,  would  ultimately  bring  any  civilized 
country  to  terms.  To  the  military  minded, 
this  sounds  like  a  weak  remedy ;  but  imagine 
the  consequences  to  a  nation  "if  all  diplo- 
matic intercourse  were  withdrawn,;  if  the  in- 
ternational postal  and  telegraphic  systems 
were  closed  to  a  public  law-breaker;  if  all 
inter-State  railway  trains  stopped  at  his  fron- 
tiers; if  no  foreign  ships  entered  his  ports, 
and  ships  carrying  his  flag  were  excluded 
from  every  foreign  port;  if  all  coaling  sta- 
tions were  closed  to  him;  if  no  acts  of  sale 
or  purchase  were  permitted  to  him  in  the 
outside  world."  This  implies  a  unanimity  of 
world-opinion  which  has  never  yet  been  ap- 
proached, but  it  would  come  perhaps  as  the 
result  of  full  and  accurate  information,  gath- 
ered and  circulated  by  an  international  body 
commanding  general  respect.  Long  before 
any  such  extreme  measures  were  adopted,  the 
questions  involved  would  have  been  discussed 
from  every  angle,  and  their  bearing  accu- 
rately estimated.  Knowledge  and  responsi- 
bility may  be  expected  to  bring  clarity  of 
vision :  "  the  agitator  and  the  yellow  journal- 
ist who  work  by  spreading  fears,  suspicions 
and  jealousies,  and  by  imputing  false  motives 
to  foreigners,  owe  all  their  power  to  the  atmos- 
phere of  ignorance  in  which  they  work." 

It  appears  to  the  reviewer  that  it  is  high 
time  to  organize  a  council  or  unofficial  parlia- 
ment for  the  consideration  of  international 
questions  in  this  country.  Such  a  group 
might  do  much  to  clarify  public  opinion,  by 
ascertaining  and  making  known  the  facts  re- 
lating to  public  affairs,  and  exposing  the  out- 
rageous misrepresentations  with  which  the 
press  is  filled.  It  might  also  serve  as  a  mouth- 
piece for  the  latent  international  good  will 
which  is  at  present  almost  inarticulate.  Pro- 
posals for  an  international  council  of  this 
type,  to  sit  in  Europe,  are  now  before  the 
public,  and  certainly  deserve  support;  but  it 


is  desirable,  indeed  it  is  perhaps  necessary,  to 
organize  the  forces  of  internationalism  sepa- 
rately in  each  country,  to  furnish  as  it  were 
roots  for  the  tree  which  we  hope  will  eventu- 
ally bear  the  fruits  of  peace. 

T.   D.   A.    COCKERELL,. 


MAGIC  CHARMS  AND  JEWELS.  * 


Since  Spencer  and  Gillen  made  their  ex- 
haustive study  of  the  manners  and  customs 
of  the  aboriginal  Australians,  and  Dr.  James 
G.  Frazer  showed  in  his  invaluable  work  on 
Totemism  the  relations  between  the  ideas  of 
this  most  primitive  of  peoples  and  those  of 
later  phases  of  barbarism,  one  instinctively 
expects  to  find  the  origin  of  most  supersti- 
tions in  the  customs  of  the  Australian  Bush- 
men. In  whatever  direction  this  dusky  origi- 
nator of  ideas  may  be  found  lacking,  it  is 
certainly  not  in  that  of  a  universal  belief  in 
sympathetic  magic,  with  its  accompanying 
developments  in  the  working  of  charms  by 
the  wise  men  of  the  tribe,  and  through  talis- 
manic  objects. 

Dr.  George  Frederick  Kunz,  in  his  new 
book,  "  The  Magic  of  Jewels  and  Charms," 
has  collected  an  immense  amount  of  valuable 
material,  which  some  future  anthropologist 
with  a  connected  theory  on  the  subject  of  the 
relationship  of  magic  to  the  development  of 
human  thought  will  be  able  to  use  illustra- 
tively to  great  advantage.  This  material  is 
made  doubly  valuable  by  an  indication  at  the 
foot  of  each  page  of  the  sources  whence  the 
data  are  derived.  One  looks  in  vain,  how- 
ever, for  any  constructive  plan  in  the  work. 
The  author  has  strung  his  facts  together  in 
an  almost  totally  unrelated  fashion,  like  a 
colossal  necklace  of  every  variety  of  stone, 
precious  and  otherwise,  held  together  by  a 
thread  of  narrative  so  weak  that  it  breaks  at 
times.  A  person  of  encyclopaedic  memory 
may  enjoy  packing  facts,  so  presented,  away 
in  the  pigeonholes  of  his  brain ;  but  a  thinker 
demands  an  arrangement  of  data  into  some 
harmonious  whole,  which  will  stimulate  his 
powers  of  thought.  It  is  true  that  Dr.  Kunz 
often  offers  interesting  observations,  but 
these  are  sandwiched  in  like  another  sort  of 
bead  on  the  string,  and  are  so  frequently  pre- 
fixed by  a  "perhaps"  or  a  "probably"  that 
their  authoritativeness  is  greatly  diminished. 

Although  the  author  has  not  brought  for- 
ward any  new  theory  in  regard  to  the  develop- 
ment and  degeneration  of  thought  in  relation 

*  THE  MAGIC  or  JEWELS  AND  CHARMS.  By  George  Frederick 
Kunz.  Illustrated.  Philadelphia :  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


611 


to  magic  charms  and  stones,  an  absorbing  ave- 
nue of  study  is  opened  up  by  his  labors.  Some 
day,  no  doubt,  not  only  the  material  here 
brought  together  but  the  researches  of  others 
will  be  drawn  upon  for  a  scientific  synthesis  as 
complete  as  Dr.  Joseph  E.  Pogue  has  furnished 
for  a  single  stone  in  his  elaborate  study  of  the 
"History,  Mineralogy,  Geology,  Ethnology, 
Archaeology,  Mythology,  Folklore,  and  Tech- 
nology of  the  Turquoise."  In  the  meantime, 
anyone  familiar  with  the  work  of  such  men 
as  Tylor  and  Frazer  will  find  many  an  inter- 
esting comparison  suggested  to  him  as  he 
browses  in  this  rich  field  of  facts. 

When  we  read  in  Dr.  Kunz's  book  that  St. 
Apollonia  of  Alexandria  is  said  to  cure  tooth- 
ache and  all  diseases  of  the  teeth,  the  reason 
for  this  being  that  at  her  martyrdom  all  her 
beautiful  teeth  were  pulled  out,  we  are  re- 
minded that  the  primitive  Australian  was  in 
the  habit  of  knocking  out  a  tooth  or  two  upon 
the  ceremonies  at  the  initiation  into  man- 
hood, and  that  this  queer  practice  was  by  no 
means  a  meaningless  ritual,  but  was  founded 
upon  the  belief  that  a  part  of  the  soul  was  in 
this  way  preserved  for  re-incarnation  in  the 
future.  At  least,  so  many  similar  customs 
and  their  evident  relationship  with  totems 
and  totemism  seem  to  indicate.  In  this  way 
human  teeth,  and  also  the  teeth  of  totem  ani- 
mals, became  magical  objects.  Another  link 
in  the  chain  is  supplied  by  Dr.  Kunz  when  he 
relates  that  in  southern  Russia  a  favorite 
amulet,  especially  valued  for  the  protection 
of  children  and  the  cure  of  their  diseases,  is 
a  wolf's  tooth,  or  an  imitation  of  a  wolf's 
tooth  made  of  bone  and  set  in  a  ring.  An- 
other phase  of  the  mythology  of  teeth  is  shown 
in  the  custom  of  the  Indians  of  Equador, 
Mexico,  and  Central  America  of  decorating 
the  teeth  with  precious  stones,  burial  remains 
having  been  discovered  with  the  teeth  so 
decorated.  "Among  the  Mayans  here  jadeite 
seems  to  have  been  the  stone  principally 
favored  for  this  purpose;  while  in  Mexico 
hematite  has  been  met  with  in  Oaxaca,  tur- 
quoise in  Vera  Cruz,  and  at  other  places  in 
the  land  rock-crystal  and  obsidian."  Thus 
from  a  point  of  view  where  the  teeth  were 
considered  so  valuable  as  the  magic  reposi- 
tory of  the  soul  that  they  were  knocked  out 
for  safe  keeping,  we  come  to  the  stage  where 
their  value  must  be  preserved  by  magic  talis- 
mans; with  intermediary  phases,  where  an 
animal's  tooth  or  an  imitation  of  it  takes  the 
place  of  human  teeth,  or  where  a  saint  whose 
teeth  had  been  sacrificed  was  especially  gifted 
in  curing  the  toothache. 

These  are  only  a  few  facts,  yet  how  much 
they  reveal  of  the  processes  by  which  a  primi- 


tive superstition  becomes  modified  as  time 
goes  on,  until  its  original  significance  is  alto- 
gether forgotten,  and  the  attributing  of  magic 
properties  to  an  infinite  variety  of  objects 
seems  merely  an  arbitrary  fancy!  This  mul- 
tiplication of  magic  objects  began  in  the  most 
primitive  times.  Every  animal,  every  tree, 
every  stone,  might  be  a  totem.  Sometimes 
the  totem  was  itself  the  ancestor  of  the  tribe, 
sometimes  it  was  a  personal  guardian  spirit, 
and  then  again  it  was  merely  the  repository 
of  such  ancestral  or  guardian  spirits. 

Another  primitive  idea,  that  of  producing 
desired  effects  by  sympathetic  magic,  i.  e.,  by 
some  action  which  was  thought  to  be  imitative 
of  the  desired  result,  is,  in  the  end,  combined 
with  the  use  of  magic  stones.  Rain-making 
stones  are  among  the  most  interesting  of  this 
sort,  several  examples  of  which  are  given  by 
Dr.  Kunz.  The  Dieri  tribes  of  Central  Africa 
believe  that  rain  can  only  be  produced  by 
magic  ceremonies  through  the  intercession  of 
ancestral  spirits.  In  one  of  these  ceremonies 
two  large  stones  are  used. 

"  After  a  ceremonial  in  the  course  of  which  the 
blood  drawn  from  the  two  chief  sorcerers  is 
smeared  over  the  bodies  of  the  others,  the  stones 
are  borne  away  by  these  two  sorcerers  for  a  dis- 
tance of  about  twenty  miles,  and  there  put  up 
upon  the  highest  tree  that  can  be  found,  the  object 
evidently  being  to  bring  them  as  near  to  the  clouds 
as  possible." 

In  another  ceremony,  rock-crystal  as  a  rain 
compeller  finds  honor.  To  bring  down  rain 
from  the  sky,  the  wizards  of  the  Ta-ta-thi 
tribe  in  New  South  Wales 

"break  off  a  fragment  of  a  crystal  and  cast  it 
heavenward,  enwrapping  the  rest  of  the  crystal  in 
feathers.  After  immersing  these  with  their  enclo- 
sure in  water  and  leaving  them  to  soak  for  a  while, 
the  whole  is  removed  and  buried  in  the  earth,  or 
hidden  away  in  some  safe  place.  The  widely 
spread  fancy  that  rock-crystal  is  simply  congealed 
water  may  have  something  to  do  with  the  choosing 
of  this  stone  as  a  rain  maker." 
Another  ceremony  shows  the  primitive  rain 
stone  as  influenced  by  Christian  dogma. 

"  Stone  crosses  have  sometimes  been  used  as 
rain-bringers,  as  in  the  case  of  one  belonging  to 
St.  Mary's  Church  in  the  Island  of  Uist,  one  of 
the  Outer  Hebrides  off  the  Scottish  Coast.  When 
drought  prevailed  here,  the  peasants  would  set  up 
this  cross,  which  usually  lay  flat  on  the  ground,  in 
the  confident  belief  that  rain  would  ensue.  Of 
course,  sooner  or  later,  it  was  sure  to  come,  and 
then  the  cross,  having  done  its  duty,  was  quietly 
placed  in  its  former  horizontal  position." 

While  the  mysteries  connected  with  such 
magic  charms  as  teeth,  ordinary  stones,  and 
many  other  quite  unromantic  objects,  cannot 
be  explained  without  delving  into  primitive 


-612 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


origins,  it  is  quite  comprehensible  that  an 
electric  gem  such  as  the  tourmaline  for  exam- 
ple should  impress  a  primitive  mind,  as  it  does 
our  own,  with  the  strangeness  of  its  proper- 
ties. Here  is  an  inorganic  body  in  which  the 
spirit  can  actually  be  awakened  and  made  to 
do  things  before  our  very  eyes.  What  Dr. 
Kunz  has  to  say  of  the  tourmaline  comes 
under  the  head  of  fact  rather  than  of  magic. 
He  tells  us  that  the  electrical  quality  of  this 
stone  was  first  noticed  by  some  Dutch  chil- 
dren, who  were  puzzled  to  see  bits  of  straw 
and  ash  attracted  by  some  crystals  of  tourma- 
line that  had  been  brought  from  the  Orient. 

A  belief  in  the  magic  properties  of  amber, 
not  only  as  a  curative  agent,  but  as  a  gener- 
ally helpful  sort  of  object  to  have  around, 
especially  in  the  form  of  a  necklace,  goes 
back  at  least  to  the  days  of  Thales.  Much 
interesting  lore  in  regard  to  this  stone,  as 
well  as  to  another  magnetic  stone,  the  load- 
stone, has  been  collected  by  Dr.  Kunz. 

The  part  played  by  precious  stones  in 
magic  lore  is  an  infinitely  varied  one.  Here, 
beauty  furnishes  the  mystery, —  a  beauty 
which  "flashes  its  laugh  at  Time."  A  spirit 
locked  up  in  a  diamond  might  be  expected 
never  to  escape.  Volmar,  in  his  "  Steinbuch," 
ufter  enumerating  all  the  well  known  pre- 
cious stones,  proceeds  to  relate  that 
•"  There  is  one  which  produces  blindness,  another 
that  enables  the  wearer  to  understand  the  lan- 
guage of  birds,  still  another  that  saves  people 
from  drowning,  and,  finally,  one  of  such  sovereign 
power  that  it  brings  back  the  dead  to  life.  How- 
ever, we  are  told  that  because  of  the  miraculous 
virtues  of  these  stones  God  hides  them  so  well  that 
no  man  can  obtain  them." 

To  this  may  be  added  the  witness  of  Saint 
Hildegard  of  Bingen,  who  wrote  that  "just 
as  a  poisonous  herb  placed  on  a  man's  skin 
will  produce  ulceration,"  by  an  analogous 
though  contrary  effect,  "certain  precious 
stones,  if  placed  on  the  skin,  confer  health 
and  sanity  by  their  virtue."  As  Dr.  Kunz 
observes,  since  the  discovery  of  radium  and 
its  effect  upon  disease,  it  is  quite  believable 
that  the  numberless  stories  about  the  cura- 
tive properties  of  stones,  especially  magnetic 
•stones,  are  based  upon  scientific  fact. 

The  chapter  about  meteorites  contains  a 
melange  of  science  and  myth,  not  in  the  least 
welded  together,  but  nevertheless  full  of  in- 
teresting information.  Other  chapters  deal 
with  "Fabulous  Stones,"  "Snake  Stones  and 
Bezoars,"  and  "  The  Religious  Use  of  Stones." 
In  these  chapters  we  may  wander  through  a 
labyrinthine  museum  of  stones  and  gems, 
among  -which  we  shall  find  stones  that  are 
purely  figments  of  the  imagination;  stones 


which  sometimes  were,  sometimes  were  imag- 
ined to  have  been,  formed  inside  of  human 
beings  or  animals,  and  all  having  magic  sig- 
nificance; stones  which  were  sacred  to  the 
gods  of  various  peoples,  gems  upon  which 
angel  figures  are  engraved, —  until  the  reader 
feels  as  if  wandering  in  some  magnificent 
treasure  vault  of  ancient  story,  with  freedom 
to  take  all  he  can  carry  away  with  him. 

Only  a  tiny  handful  has  been  carried  away 
and  brought  to  notice  by  the  present  reviewer. 
Every  reader  is  therefore  advised  to  go  and 
gather  for  himself  in  this  treasure  house  of  a 
virtuoso  who,  though  he  has  not  furnished  a 
clue  to  the  labyrinth,  has  surrounded  every 
one  of  his  gems  with  a  halo  of  scientific  and 
imaginative  interest. 

The  book  is  a  large-sized  quarto,  beautifully 
printed  on  heavy  paper,  and  is  enriched  with 
a  generous  supply  of  unusually  satisfying 
illustrations,  some  of  them  in  color. 

HELEN  A.  CLARKE. 


HISTORY  AS  IT  Is  POPULARIZED.* 


Between  the  professional  historian  and  the 
irresponsible  hack  writer  a  great  gulf  is 
fixed,  and  rightly  so.  But  occasionally  from 
opposite  sides  of  the  chasm  each  attempts  to 
hurl  a  missile  at  his  supposititious  rival, —  as 
does  the  author  of  "  The  Road  to  Glory."  The 
effort  seems  to  call  for  a  rejoinder ;  although, 
in  the  interchange,  the  provocative  champion 
is  likely  to  go  unscathed.  Let  us  hope  that 
the  innocent  bystander,  totally  unconscious  or 
mildly  curious,  may  be  equally  fortunate. 

Mr.  Powell  complains  that  the  highway  of 
history  is  altogether  too  dusty.  Consequently 
his  "road"  must  be  liberally  sprinkled  with 
blood.  This  remark  is  prompted  by  one  of 
his  recent  letters  from  the  war  front.  Evi- 
dently he  dotes  on  gory  scenes,  but  his  reader 
is  likely  to  become  wearied  with  the  excessive 
carnage  through  which  he  is  forced  to  wade. 
The  stone  wall  with  its  firing  squad;  the 
deadly  "storm  of  lead,"  spitting  forth  pro- 
miscuously on  the  parched  plains  of  the 
Southwest  (possibly  in  default  of  more  wel- 
come showers,  but  varied  occasionally  by  a 
rain  of  arrows,  javelins,  and  less  familiar 
weapons)  ;  the  miasmatic  swamp,  tropical 
jungle,  savage-infested  forest,  and  snow-clad 
mountains, —  all  of  these  afford  an  interest- 
ing setting  for  Mr.  Powell's  glorious  roadway. 
But  through  frequent  use  in  melodramatic 
offering,  these  properties  have  become  taw- 


*  THE  ROAD  TO   GLORY.      By   E.   Alexander   Powell, 
trated.    New  York :  Charles  Scribner's  Sons. 


Illus- 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


613 


dry,  and  afford  but  poor  disguise  to  the 
author's  sanguinary  puppets. 

His  chief  characters  are  indeed  but  pup- 
pets, faintly  suggesting  the  best  creations  of 
Kipling  or  Stevenson,  but  more  familiar  in 
the  old  time  ten-cent  "  thriller."  Witness  his 
"two  gun  men,"  with  bowie  knives  in  their 
teeth,  exhibiting  the  filibuster  in  proper 
aureole.  But  Mr.  Powell  would  have  us 
believe  that  such  men  won  "three-fourths  of 
the  territory  of  the  United  States."  They  did 
win  for  themselves  and  their  countrymen  a 
hatred  and  fear,  mingled  with  contempt,  that 
the  Latin- American  does  not  yet  wholly  con- 
ceal in  his  intercourse  with  their  more  cul- 
tured successors.  They  paved  the  way  for 
the  later  settlers  of  Texas  much  as  the  pesti- 
lence that  preceded  the  coming  of  the  Pil- 
grims providentially  favored  the  planting  of 
New  England  by  ridding  it  of  inharmonious 
natives.  We  do  not  deny  that  the  era  of  the 
filibuster  needs  a  more  adequate  treatment 
than  any  reputable  historian  has  yet  accorded 
it;  but  it  also  demands  a  more  restrained 
judgment  than  the  present  work  reveals. 

The  same  over-emphasis  characterizes  the 
whole  volume,  and  mingled  with  it  is  a  prac- 
tice even  less  praiseworthy.  In  the  bath-tub 
interview  between  Napoleon  and  his  brothers, 
Mr.  Powell  introduces  Joseph's  clenched  fist, 
although  Henry  Adams  (his  unnamed  author- 
ity) does  not  confirm  this  little  by-play.  Mr. 
Adams's  pages,  however,  abundantly  attest 
the  "  Roadster's  "  diligence  as  a  copyist,  espe- 
cially when  describing  the  Indians  of  the 
Northwest.  His  propensity  to  exaggerate 
again  appears  in  the  assertion  that  Harrison's 
encounter  with  the  Indians  on  the  Tippe- 
canoe  "started  an  avalanche  which  ended  by 
crushing  Napoleon."  The  avalanche,  really  a 
tidal  wave,  was  already  started ;  but  it  would 
be  difficult  to  prove  that  our  entire  second 
struggle  with  Great  Britain  greatly  affected 
its  course,  not  to  mention  this  minor  frontier 
skirmish.  Again  Jackson,  almost  unaided, 
achieves  (in  these  pages)  the  "conquest"  of 
the  Floridas.  We  will  not  quarrel  with  Mr. 
Powell's  use  of  the  term  to  describe  this 
acquisition,  but  a  more  judicious  view  of  the 
events  leading  up  to  it  would  include  Jeffer- 
son, Madison,  Monroe,  and,  above  all,  John 
Quincy  Adams. 

Our  guide  does  not  greatly  fancy  "suave 
frock-coated  diplomats,"  and  rightly  assigns 
them  the  lesser  part  in  winning  our  national 
domain;  but  he  ignores  these  gentlemen  in 
"  high  black  stocks  "  altogether  too  much.  On 
the  other  hand,  he  errs  as  grievously  in  bring- 
ing his  frontiersman  into  the  diplomatic  cir- 
cle. Marcus  Whitman,  "  in  his  worn  and  torn 


garments  of  fur  and  leather,"  coonskin  cap 
and  all,  is  an  heroic  figure;  but  he  does  not 
need  a  fanciful  interview  with  President 
Tyler  and  Secretary  Webster  to  establish  this 
fact.  Of  course,  such  an  interview  affords  a 
more  dramatic  climax  to  "the  greatest  ride" 
than  a  mere  appearance  before  a  missionary 
board.  Accordingly  our  reporter,  with  a 
headline  in  mind,  undeterred  by  an  absolute 
lack  of  competent  authorities,  makes  his  story 
correspond  with  his  wishes.  How  difficult  to 
bury  an  historical  legend,  when  it  lies  so  con- 
veniently near  the  pseudo-militant  highway! 

One  hesitates  to  pursue  "The  Road  to 
Glory"  farther,  although  our  guide  promises 
strangely  lurid  stretches  in  Africa,  Sumatra, 
and  Japan.  The  failure  to  maintain  a  proper 
perspective  nearer  home  casts  doubt  upon  all 
his  journeyings.  With  equal  distrust  we  note 
that  time  and  place  mean  little  to  him.  Louisi- 
ana, the  steamboat,  and  Texas  are  hopelessly 
confused  in  chronology,  and  so  are  Nolan, 
Hidalgo,  and  their  contemporaries  of  the  first 
chapter.  The  American  people  are  noted  for 
their  rapid  migrations,  but  two  years  is  too 
short  a  time  to  introduce  twenty  thousand  of 
them  into  Texas, —  even  with  the  schooner  on 
the  Gulf  assisting  the  "prairie  schooner"  in 
the  process.  Winter  crops  may  concern  the 
present  residents  of  that  commonwealth,  but 
in  1835  they  influenced  the  volunteers  that 
captured  Bexar  less  than  the  Mexican  consti- 
tution of  1824.  It  was  in  behalf  of  that  docu- 
ment, rather  than  for  "  the  flag  with  a  single 
star,"  that  the  defenders  of  the  Alamo  died. 

One  can  excuse  Mr.  Powell  for  not  know- 
ing the  Salcedoes  apart;  but  he  ought  at 
least  to  master  the  career  of  the  Kempers, 
and  not  put  Calhoun,  perforce,  into  Jackson's 
cabinet.  Some  years  ago,  indeed,  a  well 
known  and  fairly  constant  Democratic  candi- 
date for  the  presidency  urged  the  wisdom  of 
inviting  the  vice-president  to  confer  with 
the  cabinet.  But  the  American  people  did 
not  then  empower  him  to  form  one,  and  his 
stormy  patron  saint  of  the  earlier  day  cer- 
tainly cherished  no  such  intention  to  honor 
his  running  mate.  Incidentally  we  might 
suggest  to  our  chronicler  that  their  estrange- 
ment affords  a  good  story ;  but  in  view  of  the 
present  performance,  we  have  no  desire  that 
he  should  undertake  it.  Avoiding  diplomats 
on  principle,  we  cannot  expect  him  to  be  accu- 
rate in  regard  to  our  affairs  with  Spain ;  but 
he  should  do  better  in  respect  to  his  filibuster- 
ing favorites. 

We  can  also,  with  reason,  ask  our  con- 
ductor to  pay  more  attention  to  his  geogra- 
phy. He  should  not,  even  for  a  "  joy  ride," 
assemble  "the  Spanish  Cortes  in  Mexico." 


614 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


Nor  should  he  confuse  Natchitoches  with 
Natchez,  for  they  mark  separate  stages  in 
the  advance  of  our  frontier.  "  Tallahassee  " 
may  be  substituted  for  Pensacola,  if  necessary 
to  change  at  least  one  word  in  a  cribbed 
sentence;  but  it  does  not  strengthen  the 
context, —  largely  derived,  without  any  ac- 
knowledgment whatever,  from  Henry  Adams. 
"Austin"  alone  is  confusing  apart  from  ^he 
"  San  Felipe "  with  which  it  was  joined  in 
early  days;  it  does  not  designate  the  capital 
on  the  Colorado.  "Tohopeka"  and  "Horse 
Shoe  Bend  "  are  joined  on  one  page  and  sepa- 
rated on  another,  with  some  resulting  confu- 
sion. A  glance  at  the  proper  map  would 
show  "  Palo  Alto  "  and  "  Resaca  de  la  Palma  " 
on  this  side  of  the  Rio  Grande.  Perhaps 
Doniphan's  "  Thousand "  marched  six  thou- 
sand miles,  but  their  annalist  does  not  clearly 
show  how  he  measures  this  extensive  "Anaba- 
sis," nor  does  he  substantiate  his  claim  that  it 
added  a  territory  larger  than  the  whole 
United  States  at  that  time.  These  few  in- 
stances—  and  they  form  only  a  small  part  of 
the  errors,  in  place  as  well  as  in  date  —  will 
serve  to  show  how  little  reliance  is  to  be 
placed  in  the  author's  accuracy  or  honesty  of 
purpose. 

But  he  has  produced  a  readable  book! 
"  Solar  plexus  blows,"  "  varsity  foot  ball 
team,"  "racing  skull  at  Poughkeepsie,"  "accu- 
racy of  Matthewson  across  the  plate,"  —  these 
phrases  are  as  familiar  as  they  are  likely  to 
prove  ephemeral.  "  Stealing  candy  from  a 
child  "  will  popularize  almost  any  plagiarism. 
Perhaps  the  United  States  acquired  Florida 
in  the  manner  that  suggests  the  "neatness 
and  dispatch  of  a  meat-cutting  machine,"  but 
one  tires  of  these  everlasting  carnal  similes. 
They  might  be  more  bearable  if  one  had  confi- 
dence in  their  accuracy.  But  like  the  descrip- 
tions of  the  battlefields  that  line  his  bloody 
"Road,"  they  are  largely  the  product  of  a 
disordered  imagination. 

In  itself  this  inaccurate  and  thoroughly 
reprehensible  book  is  unworthy  the  attention 
we  have  given  it.  But  it  represents  a  certain 
type  of  pseudo-historical  writing  that  cannot 
be  too  strongly  condemned.  With  all  his 
shortcomings,  the  "  dry-as-dust  historian  "  has 
no  such  misdemeanor  as  this  to  answer  for. 
Nor  are  the  publishers  wholly  guiltless,  for 
nearly  every  page  exhibits  manifest  errors 
that  cursory  editorial  supervision  could  easily 
check.  Careless  reviewing, —  of  which  the 
present  writer  has  already  noted  some  con- 
spicuous, if  respectable,  instances, —  may  ob- 
tain for  this  book  wider  reading  than  it 
merits;  but  for  the  sake  of  Mr.  Powell's 
reputation  as  a  war  correspondent,  let  us 


hope  not.  Had  he  called  his  volume  "The 
Paths  of  Glory"  we  might,  for  the  nonce, 
quote  Gray's  famous  line  with  more  assur- 
ance that  another  useless  but  harmful  book 
will  speedily  rest  in  the  grave  it  deserves. 

ISAAC  JOSLIN  Cox. 


THE  STORIED  BUILDINGS  OF  VIRGINIA.* 

The  colonial  mansions  of  Virginia-  have  fig- 
ured in  many  books  and  have  been  the  object 
of  more  than  one  special  treatment,  that  of 
Mrs.  Sale  being  hitherto  the  most  complete. 
All  of  these  yield  in  elaborateness  and  inter- 
est to  Mr.  Robert  A.  Lancaster's  "Historic 
Virginia  Homes  and  Churches,"  now  pub- 
lished in  a  limited  edition.  The  author's 
statement  that  his  book  includes  "  practically 
all  the  principal  Colonial  homes  of  historic 
interest"  is  scarcely  an  exaggeration,  and 
there  are  even  many  relatively  obscure 
houses  from  times  considerably  later  than  the 
colonial  period.  With  its  three  hundred  fine 
illustrations  from  photographs,  many  of  them 
showing  buildings  now  destroyed  or  altered,  it 
forms  a  veritable  corpus  of  Virginian  archi- 
tecture. 

Among  the  many  buildings  here  illustrated 
practically  for  the  first  time,  one  may  note 
especially  Long  Branch,  Dover,  and,  above 
all,  Bremo,  as  superb  examples  of  the  Vir- 
ginia mansion.  The  last  especially,  a  joint 
product  of  the  architectural  genius  of  Jeffer- 
son and  the  solicitude  of  its  owner,  General 
Cocke,  deserves  to  be  ranked  with  Westover, 
Mount  Airy,  Mount  Vernon,  and  Monticello 
in  skilful  composition  and  beauty  of  aspect. 
A  single  very  desirable  addition  to  the  list 
occurs  to  the  reviewer, —  Jefferson's  own  sec- 
ond house  at  Poplar  Forest,  still  standing, 
unique  in  its  octagonal  form. 

Since  Mr.  Lancaster  is  an  officer  of  the 
Virginia  Historical  Society,  and  has  had  the 
assistance  of  many  of  the  foremost  historical 
workers  in  the  state,  his  text  might  well  be 
expected  to  clear  up  many  of  the  doubtful 
questions  regarding  the  times  when  the  houses 
were  built.  There  is  in  his  pages,  to  be  sure, 
a  wealth  of  family  history, —  the  descent  of 
the  estates  is  accurately  traced,  the  names  of 
the  builders  are  given,  and  there  is  much 
new  material  regarding  the  younger  and 
smaller  places.  Of  thorough-going  research 
into  the  origins  of  the  older  and  greater 
places,  however,  there  is  little.  The  often 
repeated  views  and  dates  recur,  in  passages 
which  the  specialist  readily  recognizes  as  bor- 

*  HISTORIC  VIRGINIA  HOMES  AND  CHURCHES.  By  Robert  A. 
Lancaster,  Jr.  Illustrated.  Philadelphia :  J.  B.  Lippincott  Co. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


615 


rowed  word  for  word  from  earlier  local  works, 
even  though  the  author  has  often  neglected 
quotation  marks  and  references.  Mr.  Lancas- 
ter makes  no  attempt  to  give  any  sketch  of 
the  general  development  of  Virginian  archi- 
tecture, for  which  he  has  furnished  such  rich 
material.  Indeed,  throughout  the  text,  he  is 
less  concerned  with  the  buildings  themselves 
than  with  their  occupants  and  associations. 

It  would  have  been  interesting  to  trace  the 
gradual  transformation  of  Virginia  houses  and 
churches  from  the  half -mediaeval  character  of 
the  earliest  examples  to  the  neo-classic  splen- 
dors of  Berry  Hill  and  the  Monumental 
Church  at  Richmond.  English  styles  had  here 
their  reflections, —  clearly,  as  in  the  florid 
Georgian  of  Westover,  the  strictly  Palladian 
of  Mount  Airy;  more  dimly  in  the  delicate 
vernacular  of  Mount  Vernon.  With  the  inter- 
vention of  Jefferson,  above  all  in  the  design  of 
the  Capitol  in  Richmond,  however,  began  a 
striving  for  something  more  universal,  based 
directly  on  the  scheme  of  the  classic  temple. 
In  its  literalness,  as  well  as  in  its  relation  to 
the  Roman  cast  of  our  early  republicanism, 
this  movement  had  aspects  specifically  Amer- 
ican, and  gave  us,  for  more  than  a  generation, 
a  distinctively  national  architecture. 

The  amateur  and  traveller,  however,  will 
perhaps  think  that  its  very  lacks  are  recom- 
mendations of  the  book,  and  will  prefer  it  for 
its  bountiful  garner  of  myths  and  anecdotes 
and  its  ante  bellum  flavor.  The  beauties,  the 
cavaliers,  the  ghosts  of  the  old  mansions  are 
duly  chronicled,  and  the  reader  is  left  to 
believe  that  Jefferson  wrote  the  Declaration 
at  Rosewell  or  at  Gunston  Hall  according  to 
which  he  is  visiting.  Text  and  pictures  alike 
are  pleasant  to  look  over,  and  luxurious  make- 
up renders  the  volume  an  ideal  possession 
for  any  lover  of  colonial  days  in  the  Old 

F!SKE    KlMBALL. 


RECENT  FICTION.* 


There  must  be  some  great  attraction  in 
writing  an  imaginative  biography.  Mr.  Ben- 
nett and  Mr.  Wells  revived  an  interest  in  it 
not  long  ago,  and  for  the  last  few  years  they 
have  had  many  followers.  Of  course  the  idea 
is  not  new;  "Robinson  Crusoe,"  though  we 
often  do  not  remember  it,  begins  at  birth  and 
only  ends  when  Crusoe  had  got  beyond  the 
probability  of  adventure.  "  Tom  Jones  "  was 

*  THE  STORY  OP  JULIA  PAGE.  By  Kathleen  Norris.  Illus- 
trated. New  York :  Doubleday,  Page  &  Co. 

THE  BENT  TWIG.  By  Dorothy  Canfield.  New  York :  Henry 
Holt  &  Co. 

PETER  PARAGON.  By  John  Palmer.  New  York:  Dodd,  Mead 
&  Co. 


but  the  first  masterpiece  of  a  long  succession 
of  books  which  began  with  the  birth  of  some- 
body and  ended  at  one  place  or  another, — 
usually  marriage.  Among  them  have  been 
some  of  the  best  English  novels, —  "David 
Copperfield,"  "  Pendennis,"  "  The  Mill  on  the 
Floss";  and  there  are  plenty  more  in  other 
literatures  as  well  as  English.  But  until 
lately  it  has  hardly  been  a  favorite  form  with 
us.  It  certainly  has  some  disadvantages  for 
the  reader,  in  spite  of  what  must  be  advan- 
tage to  the  writer.  It  lacks  the  definite 
impression  that  may  be  made  by  an  abler  han- 
dling of  plot,  although  it  does  give  one  a  wide 
range  of  opportunity  and  call  for  correspond- 
ing abilities. 

Mrs.  Norris's  "The  Story  of  Julia  Page" 
begins  with  Julia's  very  early  days, —  indeed 
it  begins  with  her  mother  before  there  was 
any  Julia.  It  goes  on,  not  until  Julia  had 
become  as  old  as  Robinson  Crusoe,  but  to  the 
point  where  she  seemed  to  have  got  over  the 
main  struggles  of  existence.  For  all  this,  there 
may  be  very  good  reasons.  Mrs.  Norris  may 
have  wished  to  show  how  a  girl  of  poor  begin- 
nings, who  wanted  to  conquer,  could  conquer, 
and  that  in  a  fine  way,  a  fine  place  in  Amer- 
ican life.  Or  she  may  have  wished  to  deal 
with  one  of  the  curious  phases  of  married 
life,  the  effects  of  things  done  before  mar- 
riage. Or  she  may  have  thought  it  interest- 
ing to  present  an  example  of  the  different 
standards  by  which  people  are  likely  to  esti- 
mate certain  of  the  shortcomings  of  men  and 
women.  All  these  things  she  does,  and  to  do 
them  she  needed  no  narrower  field  than  she 
has  taken. 

It  may  be  thought  that  she  would  have  not 
only  hit  the  nail  on  the  head  but  would  have 
driven  it  home  more  effectively  had  she  con- 
fined her  attention  (and  ours)  to  one  matter, 
and  not  have  diffused  both  over  so  broad  a 
field.  But  it  is  likely  to  be  the  way  of  the 
artist  to  get  more  interested  in  people  than  in 
problems,  and  it  is  likely  enough  to  have  been 
so  with  Mrs.  Norris.  At  any  rate,  she  has 
written  an  excellent  book,  full  of  very  natural 
people  of  all  sorts  and  also  one  rather  un- 
natural one  who  by  his  eccentricity  supplies 
the  possibility  for  what  is  presumably  the 
main  thing  in  the  book. 

Julia's  husband  suddenly  deserts  her.  We 
take  the  liberty  to  believe  that  his  leaving  his 
wife  is  as  much  a  matter  of  convention  as  his 
coming  back  to  her.  But  it  takes  all  sorts  of 
people  to  make  up  a  world,  and  one  need  not 
deny  the  possibility  of  either.  And  if  a  young 
doctor  was  so  emotional  a  person  as  to  do  the 
one  thing,  he  would  doubtless  be  quite  emo- 


616 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


tional  enough  to  do  the  other.  Only  he  prob- 
ably did  more  things  of  the  same  kind,  so  that 
the  story  of  Julia  Page  was  not  really  over 
when  Mrs.  Norris  ceased  to  write.  What  we 
do  have  of  it,  however,  is  throughout  good. 
There  are  plenty  of  phases  of  life  in  it,  some 
crude  or  slovenly,  some  refined  and  easy,  some 
a  curious  mixture,  but  all  confidently  and  not 
too  minutely  descriptive,  giving  an  excellent 
environment  for  many  real  people  who  do  this 
and  that,  have  their  own  pleasure  and  busi- 
ness, and  now  and  then  touch  on  what  are 
called  the  deeper  phases  of  life. 

Miss  Canfield,  in  "  The  Bent  Twig,"  has  as 
broad  a  view,  but  is  more  original.  Mrs. 
Norris  deals  with  matters  one  has  heard  of 
before, —  rising  in  life,  the  double  standard, 
life  before  marriage,  and  so  on,  and  deals 
with  them  sincerely  and  truly.  Miss  Canfield 
presents  new  and  unexpected  ideas  as  she 
goes  along,  and  as  a  rule  something  that  she 
has  got  out  of  life  for  herself.  It  is  perhaps 
rather  conventional  to  pass  from  a  State  Uni- 
versity town  in  the  middle  west  to  country 
life  in  the  "cultured"  east,  and  it  certainly 
was  daring  (even  late  Victorian)  to  go  on 
to  dear  Paris.  But  even  the  most  original 
themes  come  from  the  same  old  notes;  and 
after  all,  people  have  to  be  somewhere.  "We 
are  sorry  she  could  not  have  left  out  Botti- 
celli, but  that's  a  detail. 

Miss  Canfield  has  written  a  very  fine  book. 
At  the  beginning  she  appears  particularly  as 
a  very  clear  observer,  if  sometimes  a  bit  cold 
and  even  aloof  and  satirical.  Her  account  of 
the  democracy  of  the  common  schools  would 
teach  more  concerning  that  interesting  topic 
than  many  textbooks.  Her  explanation  of 
why  Sylvia  was  not  elected  to  a  fraternity  is 
a  more  incisive  arraignment  of  college  life 
than  one  often  hears  in  public.  But  these 
notes  and  much  more  in  the  earlier  chapters 
are  preliminary  to  the  actual  work  of  the 
novelist,  the  work  of  following  people  here 
and  there  in  life  and  showing  how  it  stirs 
them. 

The  book  is  called  "The  Bent  Twig"  be- 
cause it  tells  how  Sylvia's  education  was  the 
result  of  her  earlier  life.  She  was  born  and 
brought  up  in  what  she  subsequently  called 
an  unworldly  home,  adding  mistakenly  that  it 
was  artificial  and  a  hothouse.  Whatever  it 
was,  she  would  not  allow  herself  to  be  hypno- 
tized into  looking  at  things  through  their 
eyes ;  so  she  had  to  get  her  own  education  in 
her  own  way,  and  she  did.  But  she  turned 
out  much  as  her  mother  would  have  prophe- 
sied, had  she  been  given  to  prophecy. 

In  such  a  book  one  sees  and  feels  the  attrac- 
tion of  the  biography.  It  allows,  it  demands 


so  much.  Just  as  one  of  Smollett's  heroes, 
Peregrine  Pickle  say,  peregrinates  through  a 
thousand  pickles,  so  Miss  Canfield  can  convey 
Sylvia  through  a  perfect  Odyssey  of  possi- 
bilities,—  only  whereas  Smollett  had  merely 
to  allow  his  imagination  to  play  about  the 
recollection  of  the  violent  practical  jokes  de- 
lightful to  the  eighteenth  century,  Miss  Can- 
field  has  to  conceive  the  possible  blind  alleys 
in  an  easy  luxurious  life  of  to-day.  She  does 
it,  too;  and  if  she  does  have  a  little  of  the 
aloofness  just  mentioned,  it  is  not  wonderful. 
There  is  something  about  "  culture  "  in  Amer- 
ica, whether  real  or  imaginary,  that  makes 
it  impossible  for  people  to  take  it  quite  seri- 
ously ;  it  ought  indeed  to  be  worn  lightly  and 
humorously  rather  as  a  garment,  with  appre- 
ciation of  its  quality  as  a  pose.  Miss  Canfield 
understands  the  whole  thing;  she  is  a  little 
unpitying  with  the  art  she  does  not  love,  but 
allows  herself  to  be  indulgent  toward  the  one 
she  does.  That  gives  variety  and  charm  to 
what  is  otherwise  immensely  able  and  living. 
We  will  add  no  more  encomiums,  but  they 
may  readily  be  found  in  the  advertisements, 
which  (for  this  occasion  only)  are  quite 
dependable. 

"Peter  Paragon,"  by  Mr.  John  Palmer,  is 
not  much  like  these  two  save  in  that  it  is  the 
story  of  a  life.  It  is  lighter  in  touch,  for  one 
tiling.  Mr.  Palmer  is  content  to  sketch  his 
background  rather  lightly,  and  gives  no  care- 
ful pictures  of  the  different  phases  of  life 
through  which  Peter  makes  his  way,  or  rather, 
meanders  about.  He  summarizes  a  good  deal, 
and  is  content  to  tell  on  in  a  general  way  how 
things  were  without  insisting  on  much  detail. 
It  is  all  done  in  a  few  touches,  the  family,  the 
garden,  school,  Oxford,  the  farm,  the  country 
house,  London  life  —  politics,  theatre,  and  so 
on, —  but  of  course  a  fine  sketch  is  something 
worth  while.  And  after  all,  it  is  only  the 
background  that  is  sketched,  doubtless  of  pur- 
pose. Peter  is  more  substantial,  and  so  is  his 
mother.  Nobody  is  very  real,  but  they  are 
real  enough. 

Still,  it  is  not  a  very  adequate  account  of 
Peter's  life.  There  must  have  been  a  great 
deal  that  went  to  the  making  of  him  that  we 
know  nothing  about,  and  that  Mr.  Palmer 
does  not  care  to  tell  us.  He  is  intent  on  the 
man  only  in  the  way  he  felt  about  woman. 
Peter  was  curiously  fortunate  in  this  respect, 
—  after  all,  the  thing  is  a  love  story,  curiously 
conceived,  with  the  two  chief  people  seeing 
nothing  of  each  other  most  of  the  time.  Peter 
learned  the  theory  of  this  very  important, 
delightful,  and  mysterious  side  of  life  in  a 
very  happy  way.  "At  an  age  when  the  secrets 
of  life  are  the  subject  of  uneasy  curiosity  at 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


617 


best,  and  at  worst  of  thoughtless  defamation, 
Peter  and  Miranda  talked  of  them  as  they 
talked  of  their  bees."  That  seems  nice,  if 
somewhat  unusual.  The  practical  part  came 
otherwise, —  Peter  had  to  learn  that  by  him- 
self, some  of  it  at  least,  at  Oxford,  in  the 
country,  in  London.  Such  learning  might  have 
been  accomplished  in  various  ways :  Peter  was 
again  fortunate  in  having  a  very  strong  desire 
for  nothing  but  the  very  best.  He  might  have 
been  satisfied  with  that  enemy  of  the  very 
best,  the  good,  or  what  seemed  so,  or  even 
with  the  bad.  But  he  was  not ;  he  would  have 
only  the  very  best.  It  is  a  bit  of  idealism, 
after  all.  Not  that  there  are  no  such  men. 
There  are,  and  it  is  well  to  hear  of  one  of 
them.  Some  people  take  the  easier  course, 
and  tell  of  more  ordinary  men.  Peter  was  an 
idealist ;  he  wanted  to  put  his  whole  soul  into 
his  life,  and  that  he  couldn't  do, —  until  he 
could.  To  make  that  matter  clear,  Mr.  Palmer 
gives  up  everything  else;  there  is  not  more 
plot  than  background,  and  what  there  is  — 
the  return  of  Miranda  —  is  about  as  natural 
and  probable  as  the  end  of  "The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield." 

Still,  these  matters  (though  proper  to  note) 
one  can  accept  in  such  a  book.  For  myself, 
I  cannot  but  feel  how  much  more  powerful  the 
book  would  be  if  we  had  the  whole  thing  fully 
developed,  as  Mrs.  Norris  and  Miss  Canfield 
have  developed  their  ideas, —  all  the  people 
and  places,  all  the  detail,  or  rather  not  all 
but  more  than  we  have,  a  fuller  and  richer 
picture.  But  that  was  not  Mr.  Palmer's  way ; 
he  is  more  delicate. 

What  variety  of  phases  and  forms  of  human 
life  and  character  such  books  give  us !  There 
is  no  experience  so  strange  and  out  of  the  way 
or  so  common  and  well-known  as  not  to  find  a 
place  somewhere.  Our  earlier  novelists  put 
into  such  books  all  kinds  of  things  that  would 
amuse,  or  charm,  or  please,  or  excite,  or  per- 
haps merely  relieve  the  tedium  of  labor  or 
existence.  Our  own  writers  use  it  also  to 
enlarge  the  sympathy  and  knowledge,  to 
arouse  our  thoughts  in  life,  to  suggest  ways 
out  of  hard  places,  and  for  the  hundred  other 
things  that  have  come  into  fiction  as  its  field 
has  grown.  These  books  we  have  been  speak- 
ing of  are  examples:  they  give  not  only  the 
difficulties  and  adventures  of  manhood  and 
womanhood,  but  the  griefs  and  joys  and  diffi- 
culties of  childhood  and  of  youth;  they  give 
not  only  life  in  one  place  but  in  different 
places,  not  only  in  one  social  surrounding  but 
in  others,  for  few  lives  are  so  monotonous  as 
to  pass  always  in  the  same  surroundings,  so 
that  the  enlarging  variety  possible  in  other 
novels  is  necessary  in  this.  Such  novels  give 


us  the  true  form  for  this  particular  age  of 
ours, —  certainly  the  great  majority  of  the 
best  novels  of  recent  years  come  to  mind  as 
we  think  of  the  matter.  Perhaps  the  form 
calls  for  the  greatest  skill ;  certainly  it  gets  it. 

Yet  one  must  acknowledge,  too,  that  there 
are  dangers  as  well  as  opportunities.  There 
is  the  temptation  to  lose  all  thought  of  what 
the  academic  mind  calls  a  plot.  "Real  life 
has  no  beginning  and  no  end,"  says  Mr. 
Patrick  MacGill,  who  cuts  off  "  slices  of  life  " 
— (or  something  very  like  it;  I  quote  from 
memory)  —  and  whether  that  be  so  or  not, 
such  books  as  these  are  often  mere  collections 
of  human  experience,  moulded  only  in  a  very 
general  way  by  any  preconceived  plan.  The 
books  we  have  been  speaking  of  are  undoubt- 
edly modelled  with  care ;  Miss  Canfield's  espe- 
cially carries  us  on  and  on  with  a  sense  of 
necessity  that  tells  finely.  But  a  good  many 
of  the  novels  of  this  kind  that  come  readily 
to  mind  are  by  no  means  so  definite.  Mr. 
Lawrence's  "Sons  and  Lovers"  is  a  book 
of  real  beauty,  but  I  cannot  easily  see  why  it 
begins  where  it  does  or  ends  where  it  does,  or 
why  it  has  in  it  just  what  it  has.  Mr.  Law- 
rence probably  feels  that  it  should  have  ex- 
actly what  it  has;  but  I  (the  average  reader) 
do  not.  So  with  Mr.  Coningsby  Dawson's 
"Garden  without  "Walls,"  which  also  had 
much  that  was  beautiful  in  it.  Why  did  it 
have  just  what  it  had  and  nothing  else?  And 
the  same  thing  may  be  asked  of  a  hundred 
other  books  of  later  years. 

But  such  talk  of  plot  or  story  may  seem 
idle  if  the  book  be  interesting.  Mr.  Wells 
says  that  "the  assumption  that  the  novel, 
like  the  story,  aims  at  a  single,  concentrated 
impression"  is  a  "fallacy."  I  think  not.  I 
think  that  a  novel  can  make  a  great  and  last- 
ing impression,  and  sometimes  does ;  and  that 
in  making  such  an  impression  construction 
plays  a  great  part.  Hence  we  have  from 
"  Jane  Eyre,"  for  example,  or  "  The  House  of 
Mirth,"  a  certain  intense  experience  of  the 
emotions  that  has  few  equals  in  the  life  of  art. 
But  this  is  no  place  to  discuss  such  matters ; 
even,  lacking  that  fine  impression, —  and  the 
story  of  a  life  generally  does  lack  it, —  there 
is  certainly  much  else  that  many  people  like 
just  as  well.  EDWARD  E.  HALE. 


"Promotion  of  Learning  in  India"  by  Naren- 
dra  Nath  Law,  with  an  Introduction  by  the  Ven- 
erable Walter  K.  Firminger,  B.D.,  is  announced 
by  Messrs.  Longmans.  The  volume  gives  a  con- 
nected history  of  the  educational  activities  of  the 
Europeans  in  India  up  to  about  1800  A.D. 


618 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


HOLIDAY  PUBLICATIONS. 
III. 


BIOGRAPHY  AND  REMINISCENCES. 

On  the  eighteenth  of  this  month  Dr.  Lyman 
Abbott  attained  the  age  of  eighty,  and  he  looks 
back  upon  sixty  years'  activity  as  preacher,  editor, 
author,  and  lecturer.  That  period,  rich  in  expe- 
rience and  teeming  with  associations  of  mary 
kinds,  furnishes  matter  for  a  goodly  volume  of 
five  hundred  pages,  with  the  little  distinctive  but 
always  alluring  title,  "Reminiscences"  (Hough- 
ton).  The  son  of  Jacob  Abbott,  familiar  to  our 
childhood  by  reason  of  his  "  Rollo  Books  "  and  his 
"Lucy  Books,"  and  the  nephew  of  John  S.  C. 
Abbott,  dear  to  our  somewhat  later  years  because 
of  his  entrancing  "  History  of  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte," the  author  of  these  retrospections  cannot 
fail  to  appeal  to  our  interest,  and  his  chapters  are 
indeed  of  that  anecdotal,  genially  personal,  ripely 
reflective,  and,  not  least  of  all,  moralizing  and  ser- 
monizing quality  which  was  looked  for  with  confi- 
dent expectation.  Men  and  events  of  importance 
are  introduced  in  every  chapter,  and  the  whole  is 
a  thesaurus  of  variously  interesting  reading.  Por- 
traits and  other  illustrations  abound,  and  an  un- 
usually full  index  closes  the  book. 

In  a  "  foreword  "  to  his  "  Memories  of  India  " 
(David  McKay),  Sir  Robert  Baden-Powell,  dis- 
tinguished military  officer  and  head  of  the  Boy 
Scout  Movement,  says :  "  Perhaps  the  only  re- 
deeming point  about  these  '  Memories '  is  that  they 
are  largely  extracted  from  diaries  and  letters  which 
were  not  written  with  the  idea  of  anyone  ever  see- 
ing them  except  my  mother.  To  some  extent  they 
tell  directly  against  me,  since  they  show  me  to 
have  been  just  the  ordinary  silly  young  ass  who 
enjoyed  senseless  ragging,  was  fond  of  dogs  and 
horses,  and  thought  very  little  as  he  went  through 
the  ordinary  every-day  experience  of  a  subaltern 
in  India.  There  is  nothing  very  romantic  or  very 
exciting  about  them,  and  there  is  much  that  is 
silly,  but  at  the  same  time  such  things  have,  I 
think,  seldom  been  set  down  in  writing  just  as  they 
occurred  to  one  at  the  time."  But  one  must  not 
be  led  astray  by  this  English  air  of  ostentatious 
irresponsibility;  for  the  young  officer  was  evi- 
dently doing  a  lot  of  hard  working  and  clear 
thinking  all  the  time.  The  topics  treated  range 
from  "The  Afghan  War"  to  "Lemon  Pudding 
and  Mustard,"  through  every  conceivable  inter- 
mediary subject.  The  author  has  a  vivacious  pen, 
and  the  ubiquitous  black-and-white  illustrations 
bear  witness  to  a  ready  and  gifted  pencil,  as  do 
the  eighteen  colored  plates  also. 

In  her  eighty-fifth  year  Mrs.  Amelia  E.  Barr 
publishes  the  reflections  and  counsels  and  placid 
retrospections  of  her  serene  old  age,  under  the 
title,  "Three  Score  and  Ten"  (Appleton).  Why 
she  did  not  make  it  "  Four  Score  and  Five "  she 
does  not  explain,  but  the  book  supplements  her 
recent  autobiography  in  a  manner  very  acceptable 
to  those  interested  in  her  spiritual  experiences  as 
distinguished  from  the  more  stirring  outward 
events  of  her  busy  and  fruitful  life.  That  her 


faith  in  the  things  unseen  shows  itself  here  and 
there  in  her  pages  as  something  akin  to  spiritual- 
ism, need  trouble  only  the  carnally  minded;  it  is 
all  beautiful  and  significant  as  she  puts  it  before 
us  with  a  sort  of  noble  unreserve.  Should  any 
harsh  critic  of  her  book  as  a  whole  object  that  she 
had  given  us  her  best  wine  first,  in  her  autobiog- 
raphy, and  that  here  we  have  little  more  than  the 
rinsings  of  the  bottle,  her  admirers  might  fitly 
retort,  "  Is  not  the  gleaning  of  the  grapes  of 
Ephraim  better  than  the  vintage  of  Abiezer?  " 

The  "Heroes  of  the  Nations"  series  (Putnam), 
a  venture  which  for  some  time  has  provided  an 
ever-growing  collection  of  scholarly  and  readable 
biographies  of  the  more  prominent  characters  of 
history,  seems  to  have  come  to  a  close.  Two  recent 
biographical  studies,  "Alfred  the  Truthteller"  by 
Miss  Bertha  Lees,  and  "  Isabel  of  Castile "  by 
Miss  lerne  Plunket,  which  seem  to  have  been  origi- 
nally planned  for  this  series,  have  been  published 
in  a  somewhat  different  form  and  without  the 
serial  title.  The  new  volumes  are  larger  and  more 
attractive,  and  have  no  footnotes;  otherwise  the 
contents  are  of  the  same  general  type  as  in  the 
earlier  volumes.  Miss  Plunket's  biography  of 
Queen  Isabel  is  in  every  way  worthy  of  a  place  in 
any  series  that  aims  to  record  the  achievements  of 
great  men  and  women.  Isabel  of  Castile  is  a  per- 
son of  great  importance  not  only  for  the  history 
of  Spain  but  of  the  modern  world  as  well.  Her 
marriage  to  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  made  possible 
the  creation  of  the  Spanish  monarchy,  which  for  a 
hundred  years  was  the  greatest  power  in  the  world. 
The  subject  of  Isabella's  career  is  one  that  readily 
lends  itself  to  eulogistic  treatment ;  but  the  author 
cannot  be  charged  with  having  given  the  strenuous 
queen  greater  praise  than  her  deeds  have  earned 
for  her.  Forty-five  excellent  illustrations,  chiefly 
portraits,  and  a  map  of  the  Spanish  peninsula  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  add  materially  to  the  inter- 
est and  value  of  the  work. 

Good  company  and  good  anecdotes  are  to  be 
found  in  plenty  between  the  covers  of  Mr.  Alfred 
Capper's  reminiscent  volume,  "A  Rambler's  Recol- 
lections and  Reflections"  (Scribner).  For  thirty 
years  and  more  Mr.  Capper  has  been  a  public 
entertainer,  and  has  appeared  as  such  before  most 
of  the  royalties  of  Europe,  not  to  mention  the 
nobility,  gentry,  and  common  people.  He  is  a 
thought-reader,  and  though  he  confesses  he  does 
not  know  how  he  does  them,  he  has  the  reputation 
of  doing  some  very  extraordinary  things  at  his 
entertainments,  about  which  and  about  the  cele- 
brated men  and  women  he  has  met  in  his  profes- 
sional journeyings  he  writes  in  a  manner  that  few 
will  fail  to  find  interesting.  His  reminiscences  are 
of  the  sort  that  the  late  Marshall  P.  Wilder  and 
Mr.  Weedon  Grossmith  have  so  successfully 
offered  to  their  willing  readers.  The  author's  por- 
trait and  other  illustrations  are  inserted. 

The  reader  of  Mr.  Poultney  Bigelow's  "  Prussian 
Memories  "  (Putnam)  might  be  tempted  to  accuse 
the  author  of  discursiveness,  were  it  not  that  the 
latter  has  disarmed  such  criticism  by  a  frank 
avowal  of  his  intention  to  be  garrulous.  His  book 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


619 


is  disjointed,  gossippy,  at  times  irrelevant,  but 
altogether  delightful.  Mr.  Bigelow  has  that  proper 
sense  of  humor  which  consists  in  seeing  things 
(including  one's  self)  in  their  true  proportions. 
Though  he  is  a  cosmopolitan  globe-trotter,  who  has 
lived  long  in  Germany  and  loved  it,  he  acknowl- 
edges that  the  English-speaking  world  is  his  home. 
Mr.  Bigelow's  acquaintance  with  Prussia  began  in 
1864,  when  at  eight  years  of  age  he  was  put  into 
a  boarding-school  at  Bonn.  His  friendship  with 
William  II  was  formed  a  little  later,  when  the 
boys  became  playmates  at  Potsdam;  it  lasted  until 
the  publication  in  1896  of  Mr.  Bigelow's  "  History 
of  the  German  Struggle  for  Liberty,"  which  gave 
offence  to  the  imperial  family  pride  and  self- 
esteem.  The  sprightly  character  of  these  remi- 
niscences is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  author's 
pungent  style. 

Fishing  and  finance,  chasing  the  elusive  dollar 
in  Wall  Street  and  the  wild  buffalo  on  the  western 
plains,  amassing  and  losing  successive  fortunes, 
and  between  whiles  yielding  to  the  call  of  the 
wild  —  such  have  been  the  lifelong  activities  of 
Mr.  Anthony  W.  Dimock,  as  narrated  by  him  with 
much  vivacity  in  "  Wall  Street  and  the  Wilds " 
(Outing  Co.).  Between  a  New  England  boyhood 
as  the  son  of  a  country  parson,  and  the  vicissi- 
tudes of  a  Wall  Street  financier  dealing  in  millions 
and  controlling  steamship  companies  and  telegraph 
lines,  the  contrast  is  sharp  enough  to  satisfy  any- 
body; and  indeed  the  whole  story  is  one  of  ups 
and  downs,  varied  by  the  wholesome  delights  of 
life  in  the  open.  It  is  a  remarkable  record  and 
an  absorbingly  interesting  one,  enlivened  to  the 
eye  by  numerous  camera  views,  some  of  them  the 
product  of  the  author's  own  skill  as  a  photog- 
rapher, in  which  capacity  he  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  to  achieve  success  in  photographing  live 
wild  animals. 

A  distinguished  Vermonter,  son  and  grandson 
of  eminent  Vermonters,  is  introduced  to  the  reader 
in  the  "Life,  Diary,  and  Letters  of  Oscar  Lovell 
Shafter,  Associate  Justice  Supreme  Court  of  Cali- 
fornia, January  1,  1864,  to  December  31,  1868." 
The  book  is  further  described  as  "  a  daughter's 
tribute  to  a  father's  memory,"  and  is  "edited  for 
Emma  Shafter-Howard  by  Flora  Haines  Lough- 
ead."  The  subject  of  the  biography  was  born  in 
1812  and  died  in  1873,  so  that  to  younger  readers 
this  chronicle  will  seem  almost  like  ancient  his- 
tory. But  it  is  related  almost  wholly  in  the  first 
person,  and  hence  is  not  without  vitality.  A  long 
list  of  "  decisions  written  by  Judge  Shafter "  is 
appended.  Portraits  and  other  illustrations  are 
interspersed.  Mr.  John  J.  Newbegin  of  San  Fran- 
cisco publishes  the  book. 

TRAVEL  AND  DESCRIPTION. 

Certain  recent  events,  as  the  erection  of  a  Ste- 
venson memorial  at  Saranac,  and  the  death  of 
Dr.  Trudeau,  Stevenson's  physician  at  that  resort 
of  consumptives,  have  directed  public  attention 
once  more  to  the  meteoric  course  of  that  rare 
genius  during  his  too-short  sojourn  on  our  planet. 
Seasonable,  therefore,  is  the  appearance  of  Mr. 
Clayton  Hamilton's  "  On  the  Trail  of  Stevenson  " 


(Doubleday),  a  spacious  octavo  illustrated  by  Mr. 
Walter  Hale  in  his  well-known  skilful  and  attrac- 
tive manner,  and  conducting  the  reader  to  haunts 
of  Stevenson  in  "  Edinburgh,  the  rest  of  Scot- 
land, England,  France,  the  rest  of  Europe,  the 
United  States."  To  Vailima  and  his  death-bed  the 
author  does  not  follow  his  hero,  honestly  con- 
fessing that  he  has  not  pursued  that  trail,  but 
holding  out  hope  that  "  some  day  we  may  see  the 
Isle  of  Upolu  arising  from  the  sea."  It  is  a  good 
book  with  which  to  refresh  one's  memory  of 
R.  L.  S.,  his  rather  erratic  journeyings,  and  his 
lovable  eccentricities. 

That  enthusiastic  admirer  of  and  writer  on  the 
scenic  attractions  of  our  great  country,  Mr.  George 
Wharton  James,  again  asks  his  readers  to  enjoy 
with  him  some  of  these  marvels,  in  a  richly  illus- 
trated volume  entitled  "  Our  American  Wonder- 
lands" (McClurg).  His  purpose,  he  explains,  is, 
"  briefly  and  vividly,  without  entering  into  too 
much  detail,  to  give  the  reader  living  glimpses  of 
what  America  offers  of  antiquarian,  scenic,  geologic, 
and  ethnologic  interest."  Mountain  scenery,  natu- 
ral bridges,  stupendous  glaciers,  thundering  cas- 
cades, prehistoric  cliff  dwellings,  giant  trees,  native 
tribes  and  their  tribal  customs,  with  much  else  that 
cannot  possibly  be  seen  from  a  car-window,  are 
described  and  pictured  in  this  alluring  volume, 
which  the  author  rightly  thinks  ought  just  at  this 
time,  when  Europe  is  so  largely  closed  to  the  tour- 
ist, to  exert  an  influence  in  making  Americans  see 
America  first.  A  useful  map  showing  the  regions 
described  covers  the  end-leaves,  the  camera  views 
are  nearly  half  as  many  as  the  pages  of  the  book, 
and  an  index  is  added.  Mr.  James'si  especial  fit- 
ness for  the  preparation  of  such  a  volume  has 
already  been  more  than  once  demonstrated. 

Like  a  piece  of  time-worn  tapestry,  tattered  and 
faded,  and  here  and  there  showing  the  stitches  of 
an  attempted  restoration,  but  a  thing  of  wonder- 
ful beauty  nevertheless,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  W.  Champ- 
ney's  "  Romance  of  Old  Belgium "  pleases  at  the 
same  time  that  it  awakens  regrets.  Its  sub-title, 
"  From  Caesar  to  Kaiser,"  indicates  the  scope  of 
the  work.  From  dim  antiquity  it  comes  down  to 
our  own  day  when,  as  the  writer  phrases  it,  we 
"tread  the  trail  of  the  'Devastating  Hun,'  and 
look  upon  the  results  of  his  '  appalling  world 
crime.'  "  Ninety  illustrations  —  buildings,  ruins, 
portraits,  paintings  —  enrich  the  volume,  which 
also  draws  upon  many  historical  and  literary 
sources  for  its  substance.  A  collaborator,  named 
on  the  title-page  as  Frere  Champney,  has  assisted 
Mrs.  Champney  in  her  work,  which  is  by  no  means 
the  first  of  the  sort  from  her  prolific  pen.  One 
cannot  turn  her  pages  and  look  at  the  accompany- 
ing pictures  without  praying  with  her  that  "  a 
federation  of  the  world  shall  establish  a  universal 
republic,  which  will  make  the  Game  of  Kings 
forever  impossible." 

Miss  Gertrude  H.  Beggs's  "  The  Four  in  Crete  " 
(Abingdon  Press)  is  the  account  of  a  visit  from 
Athens  to  the  sites  of  ancient  JEgean  civilization 
at  Knossos,  Phaistos,  and  Hagia  Triada.  The 
"  four  "  are  "  The  Western  Woman,"  "  The  Sage," 
"The  Scholar,"  and  "The  Coffee  Angel."  The 


620 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


Scholar's  informal  and  edifying  discourses  among 
the  ruins  give  the  book  its  body,  whose  naked  use- 
fulness is  partially  covered  and  more  or  less 
adorned  with  the  narrative  of  such  light  adventure 
as  is  usual  to  travellers  in  company  by  sea  and 
land  in  Mediterranean  regions.  "  The  Four  in 
Crete "  is  like  other  double-purpose  books :  both 
its  purposes  suffer  from  the  combination.  It  is 
neither  the  best  entertainment  nor  the  best  instruc- 
tion. However,  it  affords  the  general  reader  an 
easy  and  pleasant,  if  somewhat  slight,  means  of 
becoming  acquainted  with  the  work  of  Evans  and 
Halbherr  at  their  respective  sites,  and  with  the 
very  interesting  life  which  their  discoveries  have 
brought  to  light.  The  thirty-one  illustrations, 
chiefly  from  "  The  Western  Woman's"  camera,  are 
very  good. 

Languorous  delights  are  by  no  means  the  sum 
and  substance  of  Mr.  A.  Hyatt  Verrill's  book, 
"Isles  of  Spice  and  Palm"  (Appleton).  He 
maintains  that  the  Lesser  Antilles,  which  are  the 
spicy  and  palmy  islands  referred  to,  are  more 
bracing  in  their  summer  temperature,  especially 
among  the  mountains  of  the  interior,  than  are 
many  of  our  northern  towns,  as  of  course  they  are 
milder  in  winter  and  of  a  more  equable  tempera- 
ture at  all  times.  How  to  enjoy  oneself  sanely  and 
inexpensively  in  one  or  more  of  the  crescent  of 
islets  stretching  from  Porto  Rico  to  Venezuela  is 
agreeably  told,  with  liberal  accompaniment  of 
illustrations,  in  this  compact  volume.  Seventy 
pages  or  more  of  "  facts  and  figures,"  alphabeti- 
cally arranged,  form  a  useful  appendix,  while  the 
general  information  scattered  through  the  book  is 
not  inconsiderable. 

"Kipling's  India,"  by  Dr.  Arley  Munson,  is 
exactly  the  inviting  sort  of  book  implied  by  the 
title.  There  are  forty-five  excellent  photographic 
illustrations,  with  two  hundred  pages  of  text  giv- 
ing the  passages  from  Kipling  associated  with  the 
scenes  depicted.  The  volume  will  make  many  read- 
ers keen  to  return  to  their  Kipling,  and  has  helped 
to  make  at  least  one  reviewer  keen  to  return  to 
India.  The  publishers  (Doubleday,  Page  &  Co.) 
have  given  the  book  a  handsome  setting. 

ART  AND  Music. 

The  point  of  view  of  Mr.  Walter  A.  Dyer  in  his 
book  on  "Early  American  Craftsmen"  (Century 
Co.)  is  that  of  the  collector  of  antiques  who  has 
yielded  to  the  reaction  towards  "  Americana  "  and 
interest  in  the  things  produced  in  the  western 
world  a  century  and  more  ago.  His  expressed 
intention  is  to  study  the  crafts  of  those  days 
through  the  craftsmen  who  produced  the  notable 
work  of  the  period.  It  is  a  valuable  service  that 
Mr.  Dyer  has  performed  in  rescuing  from  oblivion 
such  men  as  Samuel  Mclntire,  the  master  carpen- 
ter of  Salem;  Duncan  Phyfe,  the  cabinet-maker; 
and  the  so-called  "  Baron  "  Stiegel,  maker  of  beau- 
tiful glass  in  the  Revolutionary  period.  Of  espe- 
cial interest  is  the  record  of  the  many-sided 
interests  of  Paul  Revere,  and  of  the  contribution 
which  he  made  to  our  industrial  art  history.  If  Mr. 
Dyer  loses  sight  of  the  individual  craftsmen  in 
some  of  the  other  chapters,  these  latter  are  none 


the  less  of  interest  and  value  to  collectors  of 
"  Americana."  Such  chapters  are  those  on  Duncan 
Phyfe's  furniture,  on  Windsor  chairs,  clocks  made 
by  famous  clock-makers  in  Connecticut  and  else- 
where, Stiegel's  glassware,  the  silver  ware  of  Paul 
Revere,  the  work  of  the  pewterers  and  braisiers, 
and  the  Bennington  pottery;  all  of  these  contain 
references  to  existing  collections,  warnings  to  col- 
lectors regarding  counterfeits,  and  advice  as  to 
prices.  The  volume  is  profusely  illustrated  with 
photographic  reproductions,  chiefly  of  articles  of 
craftsmanship;  and  in  addition  there  are  charm- 
ing little  drawings  at  the  beginning  and  end  of 
each  chapter. 

Even  to  an  unmusical  person  Mr.  Arthur  Elson's 
encyclopaedic  work,  "  The  Book  of  Musical  Knowl- 
edge" (Hough ton),  is  intelligible  and  interesting. 
It  devotes  itself  to  "  the  history,  technique,  and 
appreciation  of  music,  together  with  lives  of  the 
great  composers,"  is  well  illustrated,  and  runs  to 
the  length  of  six  hundred  large  pages.  In  the 
author's  words,  it  "  has  been  written  with  the  idea 
of  enabling  the  non-musician  to  comprehend  the 
real  meaning  of  the  tonal  art,  and  to  familiarize 
himself  with  the  value  of  the  great  composers' 
works,  the  use  of  the  instruments,  the  various 
musical  forms,  and  a  number  of  subjects  of  similar 
importance."  Appended  are  a  glossary  of  musical 
terms,  "  a  course  of  study,  with  references,"  and  a 
full  index.  So  comprehensive  and  popularly  use- 
ful a  work  of  this  sort,  in  a  single  volume,  has 
not,  to  our  knowledge,  ever  before  appeared  in 
English. 

Such  thoroughly  Japanese  arts  as  flower- 
arrangement  and  tea-ceremony  are  so  strange  to 
the  western  world  that  no  little  curiosity  moves  us 
as  we  open  Miss  Mary  Averill's  lavishly  illus- 
trated book  on  "The  Flower  Art  of  Japan" 
(Lane),  a  companion  volume  to  her  recent 
"  Japanese  Flower  Arrangement,"  or,  perhaps  bet- 
ter, a  continuation  of  that  work.  There  seem  to 
be  countless  schools  of  this  floral  art,  though  that 
called  "  Ikenobu,"  dating  back  twelve  hundred 
years,  is  the  one  in  highest  favor.  So,  at  least,  we 
infer  from  the  book  before  us;  and  it  is  to  this 
school  and  one  other,  "  Ko-Shin-Ryu,"  that  Miss 
Averill  says  she  owes  her  greatest  inspiration.  A 
skilful  artist,  not  named  but  evidently  Japanese, 
has  given  liberal  assistance  in  making  intelligible 
to  the  reader  the  fundamentals  of  flower-arrange- 
ment. There  are  seventy-five  illustrations,  of 
which  one  is  in  color. 

One  hundred  and  ten  grand  operas,  including,  it 
is  alleged,  all  that  have  been  presented  in  the  last 
five  seasons  in  the  four  opera  centres  of  the  east- 
ern United  States  — New  York,  Chicago,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Boston  —  and  also  half  a  dozen  whose 
revival  or  first  production  in  this  country  is  an- 
nounced for  the  coming  season,  are  given  in  out- 
line by  Miss  Edith  B.  Ordway  in  "  The  Opera 
Book"  (Sully  &  Kleinteich).  The  story  of  each 
is  told  act  by  act,  each  is  characterized  as  tragic, 
comic,  fairy,  allegorical,  sentimental,  or  heroic; 
but  all  are  classed  under  "  grand  "  opera  inasmuch 
as  every  word  is  sung  and  the  recitative  is  usually 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


621 


accompanied  by  the  orchestra.  Useful  and  care- 
fully verified  data  are  given  (not  is  given,  as  the 
preface  announces)  under  each  title,  portraits  of 
famous  singers  in  costume  are  inserted,  a  list  of 
composers  is  added,  and  welcome  aids  to  the  pro- 
nunciation of  foreign  names  find  a  place  both  in 
the  body  of  the  book  and  in  the  concluding  inde^x. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Unique  in  every  aspect  among  the  season's  gift- 
books  is  a  thin  quarto  entitled  "  The  Ballet  of  the 
Nations"  (Putnam),  by  the  distinguished  writer 
known  as  "  Vernon  Lee."  Described  on  the  title- 
page  as  "  a  present-day  morality,"  the  text  is  a 
powerfully  caustic  allegory  in  which  the  Great 
War  is  presented  as  a  grand  ballet,  staged  by 
Death,  with  Satan  for  impresario.  The  orchestra 
is  first  assembled.  Fear,  with  "  her  shabby  rest- 
less twins,"  Suspicion  and  Panic,  take  their  places; 
"  my  Lady  Idealism  and  my  young  Prince  Adven- 
ture" are  next  induced  to  join;  "Sin,  whom  the 
gods  call  Disease,"  with  her  attendant  crew  of 
Rapine,  Lust,  Murder,  and  Famine,  are  not 
long  in  following;  and  next  come  Hatred  with 
Self -Righteousness,  "who  pretend  not  to  be 
acquainted."  Two  late-comers,  Madam  Science  and 
Councillor  Organization,  at  first  taken  by  Ballet- 
Master  Death  for  alien  spies,  are  soon  recognized 
as  indispensable  collaborators.  Lastly  appears 
Heroism,  the  foremost  musician  of  them  all.  The 
nations  then  assemble,  and  to  the  compelling 
strains  of  the  orchestra  of  human  passions  they 
begin  their  wild  dance,  in  which  they  mutilate  and 
dismember  one  another.  As  their  efforts  flag 
through  exhaustion,  Impresario  Satan  cunningly 
introduces  two  fresh  musicians,  Pity  and  Indigna- 
tion, whose  stirring  notes  revive  the  dancers  to  a 
new  and  madder  frenzy  of  mutual  extermination. 
This  is  only  the  baldest  outline  of  what  is  truly  a 
masterpiece  of  satiric  allegory.  The  very  essence 
of  the  present  war,  stripped  of  its  cloak  of  surface 
appearances  and  befuddling  sophistries,  is  here 
presented.  A  fitting  and  artistic  "  pictorial  accom- 
paniment" is  provided  by  Maxwell  Armfield  in  a 
series  of  decorative  page  borders,  printed  in  red, 
and  done  in  the  manner  of  old  Greek  vase  paint- 
ings. There  is  a  striking  cover  design  as  well. 

Camera  views,  some  in  color,  of  notable  private 
gardens  in  many  parts  of  our  broad  land  make  up 
the  bulk  of  Miss  Louise  Shelton's  sumptuous 
quarto,  "Beautiful  Gardens  in  America"  (Serib- 
ner).  Vancouver  Island,  just  beyond  our  border, 
is  represented  by  two  illustrations,  and  even 
Alaska  has  a  brief  chapter  to  itself,  though  no 
Alaskan  gardens  find  place  among  the  pictures. 
Imitations  of  European  horticultural  formalism, 
heavily  adorned  with  marble  or  other  stone  con- 
structions, have  been  for  the  most  part  excluded 
from  the  book,  which  is  designed  "  to  present,  more 
particularly,  another  type  of  garden,  demonstrat- 
ing the  cultured  American's  love  of  beauty  ex- 
pressed through  plant  life  rather  than  in  stone." 
The  garden  as  expressive  of  personality  has  been 
the  quest  of  the  compiler,  and  a  good  measure  of 
success  has  attended  her  search. 


Striking  in  its  title  and  thought-evoking  in  its 
contents,  Mr.  Stephen  Graham's  latest  book,  "  The 
Way  of  Martha  and  the  Way  of  Mary  "  (Macmil- 
lan)  is  characterized  by  him  as  "  an  interpretation 
and  a  survey  of  Eastern  Christianity,  and  a  con- 
sideration of  the  ideas  at  present  to  the  fore  in 
Christianity  generally."  It  is  also,  as  its  name 
implies,  a  book  of  contrasts:  the  way  of  Martha 
he  considers  to  be  the  way  of  the  West,  that  of 
Mary  the  way  of  the  East.  By  the  East  the  author 
means  preeminently  Russia.  In  Russia,  which  he 
knows  as  few  Englishmen  know  that  country,  his 
book  seems  to  have  been  written,  and  it  contributes 
not  a  little  to  our  knowledge  of  things  Russian. 
Its  breadth  of  view  may  be  illustrated  by  this 
utterance,  with  which  the  volume  closes :  "  So  two 
churches  combine  to  make  one  truth,  and  the  hand- 
maidens of  the  Lord,  Martha  and  Mary,  are  shown 
to  be  indeed  two  sisters,  not  only  in  kindred  but 
in  spirit." 

Twenty-two  years  ago  Mrs.  William  Starr 
Dana  rendered  a  service  to  American  flower-lovers 
who  were  not  also  expert  botanists  by  issuing  a 
manual  that  has  since  been  taken  as  a  model  by 
many  successful  imitators  of  Mrs.  Dana's  method. 
"  Wild  Flowers  of  the  North  American  Moun- 
tains" (McBride),  by  Mrs.  Julia  W.  Henshaw,  is 
the  latest  successor  to  "  How  to  Know  the  Wild 
Flowers,"  its  arrangement  of  the  flowers  in  color- 
groups,  its  preliminary  aids,  its  index  to  scientific 
names,  and  its  list  of  common  names,  all  being 
very  much  in  the  manner  of  that  pioneer  work. 
But  it  should  be  added  in  its  praise  that  it  goes  a 
step  further:  it  has  many  strikingly  beautiful 
colored  plates  in  addition  to  the  simple  half-tones, 
and  it  devotes  forty-four  pages  to  a  "  general  key 
to  the  families."  The  ferns  and  fern-allies,  the 
trees,  and  the  reeds,  grasses,  sedges,  and  rushes  are 
taken  up  before  the  more  important  and  more 
numerous  flowering  plants  proper,  these  last,  as 
already  indicated,  being  roughly  grouped  accord- 
ing to  color  for  the  convenience  of  the  laity.  It  is 
a  valuable  supplement,  with  some  inevitable  over- 
lappings,  to  earlier  works  of  like  character;  and 
within  its  own  domain  it  can  well  stand  alone  on 
its  peculiar  merits. 

Few  have  practised  more  industriously  or  suc- 
cessfully than  Mr.  Clifton  Johnson  the  art  of 
interviewing  our  country  folk  and  reproducing  the 
results  in  literary  form,  as  is  abundantly  shown  in 
his  series  of  American  travel  books.  Now  he  offers 
fresh  proof  of  his  skill  by  bringing  forth  a  vol- 
ume of  eye-witness  accounts,  taken  for  the  most 
part  from  the  lips  of  rustic  narrators  on  or  near 
the  scene  of  action,  of  "  Battleground  Adventures 
in  the  Civil  War"  (Hough ton),  a  book  that  will 
appeal  strongly  to  boys  and  also  to  many  older 
readers,  especially  those  whose  recollections  go 
back  to  war  times.  His  quest  for  original  material 
has  taken  him  to  Harper's  "Ferry,  Bull  Run,  Shiloh, 
Antietam,  Fredericksburg,  Gettysburg,  Yicksburg, 
Chickaniauga,  Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary 
Ridge,  the  Wilderness,  Cold  Harbor,  Atlanta,  and 
the  Shenandoah  Valley.  Aged  men  and  women, 
white  and  black,  have  been  called  upon  to  revive 
their  memories  of  the  great  conflict  of  half  a  cen- 


622 


THE    DIAL 


[Dec.  23 


tury  ago;  and  if  it  be  true  that  nothing  so  con- 
duces to  peace  as  a  full  recognition  of  the  horrors 
of  war,  the  book  is  a  fit  offering  at  this  Christmas 
season.  Mr.  Rodney  Thomson  vividly  illustrates  it 
with  colored  drawings. 

With  the  new  year  it  will  be  half  a  century  since 
"  The  Dream  of  Gerontius  "  came  from  Cardinal 
Newman's  hand,  a  noble  poem  barely  saved  from 
the  waste-paper  basket  by  a  discerning  intercessor, 
as  the  perhaps  mythical  account  of  its  origin  would 
have  us  believe.  Fitting  enough  is  it,  at  any  rate, 
that  the  poem  should  have  a  semi-centennial  re- 
issue in  worthy  form,  and  this  re-issue  is  to  be 
noted  among  the  season's  publications  of  the  John 
Lane  Co.  Miss  Stella  Langdale  illustrates  the  vol- 
ume with  ten  drawings  that  well  reflect  the  senti- 
ment of  the  poem,  and  Mr.  Gordon  Tidy  writes  a 
bibliographic  and  appreciative  introduction  that 
fills  half  the  book.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  pre- 
vious edition  of  this  fine  product  of  Newman's 
genius  can  compare  with  the  present  one. 

Lincoln's  lyceum  lecture  of  1860  on  "  Discoveries 
and  Inventions,"  a  discourse  delivered  by  him  in 
various  places  about  Springfield,  Illinois,  and  in 
Springfield  itself,  a  short  time  before  his  call  to 
far  more  arduous  duties  than  lecturing  to  rural 
audiences,  is  now  for  the  first  time  made  into  a 
book  all  by  itself  and  offered  for  sale  by  Mr. 
John  Howell  of  San  Francisco.  Its  interest  for 
us  now  lies  chiefly  in  its  revelation  of  its  writer's 
range  of  reading  and  inquiry,  in  the  proof  it  offers 
of  his  debt  to  the  Bible  for  both  thought  and  lan- 
guage, and  in  its  excellence  as  an  example  of  his 
clear  and  simple  and  at  the  same  time  sufficiently 
ornate,  sufficiently  picturesque  mode  of  expression. 
A  "  prefatory  note "  gives  the  interesting  history 
of  the  original  manuscript  of  this  lecture,  and  from 
that  manuscript  the  lecture  is  printed. 

Mr.  Ian  Hay,  or,  to  be  accurate,  Captain  Ian 
Hay  Beith  of  the  Argyll  and  Sutherland  High- 
landers, wrote  not  very  long  ago  some  lifelike 
sketches  of  schoolboy  life  for  "  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine," and  they  are  now  gathered  into  a  book  and 
named,  collectively,  "  The  Lighter  Side  of  School 
Life."  Mr.  Lewis  Baumer  furnishes  a  dozen  good 
pastel  drawings,  here  reproduced  in  color,  to  ac- 
company the  tales  or  sketches,  and  the  whole  makes 
an  excellent  contribution  to  a  class  of  literature 
that  has  been  deservedly  popular  ever  since  Tom 
Brown  of  Rugby  came  into  being.  This  book  is 
published  in  America  by  Mr.  LeRoy  Phillips  of 
Boston.  It  is  a  good  gift-book  for  young  or  old. 
In  the  cab  of  a  monster  express  engine,  amid  the 
glare  and  heat  and  din  of  a  steel  foundry,  at  the 
side  of  a  leviathan  of  the  deep  just  starting  down 
the  ways,  in  the  power-house  of  a  great  electric 
plant,  on  the  dizzy  staging  of  a  skyscraper  in 
course  of  construction,  and  in  divers  other  more  or 
less  perilous  and  exciting  positions,  Mr.  Joseph 
Husband  has  gathered  the  material  for  his 
"America  at  Work"  (Houghton),  a  realistic 
presentation  of  the  toils  and  struggles  and  dangers 
of  men  who  wrestle  with  the  forces  not  only  of 
nature,  but  of  nature  and  human  inventiveness 
combined.  The  author  will  be  remembered  as  the 


narrator  of  "  A  Yean  in  a  Coal  Mine,"  and  this 
second  essay  in  the  romance  of  industry  will  not 
lessen  his  popularity. 

He  who  seeks  to  array  his  soul,  as  Plato  ex- 
presses it,  in  her  own  proper  jewels,  which  are 
temperance,  justice,  courage,  nobility,  and  truth, 
will  find  help  in  Dr.  Elwood  Worcester's  little 
book,  "  The  Issues  of  Life  "  (Moffat).  Nine  years' 
experience  in  watching  the  moral  and  physical 
regenerative  effects  of  high  thinking  has  qualified 
the  author  to  speak  with  understanding  and  per- 
suasiveness on  such  topics  as  the  following  (from 
the  book's  table  of  contents) :  "  Keeping  Our 
Hearts,"  "  Thought  and  Work,"  "  The  Loneliness 
of  the  Soul,"  "Revelations,"  "Our  Spiritual 
Faculties,"  and  "Religion  and  Neglect."  To  all 
devout  souls  the  essence  of  religion  is  the  same; 
hence  the  cordial  assent  which  thousands  of  read- 
ers of  nominally  different  creeds  will  be  able  to 
give  to  the  truth  stated  with  the  force  of  personal 
experience  by  the  Rector  of  Emmanuel  Church. 

Three  hundred  and  sixty-five  little  sermons,  each 
a  page  long  or  less,  and  each  assigned  to  a  par- 
ticular day  of  the  year,  with  a  bit  of  verse  instead 
of  a  sermon  for  Christmas,  make  up  the  contents 
of  the  gift-book  entitled  "  Every  Day  "  (American 
Tract  Society),  by  Mr.  Edgar  Whitaker  Work. 
Each  discourse  is  headed  by  a  scriptural  quotation 
from  which  it  takes  its  keynote,  and  the  admirable 
quality  of  brevity,  of  pithy  compactness,  marks 
every  one  of  these  sermonettes. 

An  anthology  of  dog  poetry  —  not  doggerel,  but 
metrical  compositions  on  dogs  —  thirty-two  selec- 
tions in  all,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Lord  Byron, 
Matthew  Arnold,  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  Louise 
Imogen  Guiney,  and  later  writers,  has  been  com- 
piled by  Mr.  Lincoln  Newton  Kinnicutt,  and  enti- 
tled "  To  Your  Dog  and  to  My  Dog  "  (Houghton). 
Fine  linen  paper,  broad  margins,  frequent  blank 
pages  for  the  insertion  of  additional  poems,  a 
space  reserved  on  the  cover  for  the  portrait  of 
one's  own  dog  —  these  and  other  material  details 
combine  to  make  the  volume  pleasing  to  the  eye 
and  acceptable  to  the  book-lover.  A  preface  to 
the  "  dear  dogs "  explains  the  compiler's  purpose 
and  shows  him  to  be  a  discerning  appreciator  of 
canine  excellence. 

A  group  of  little  books  more  or  less  appropriate 
to  the  Christmas  season,  and  all  suitable  as  Christ- 
mas gifts,  must  here  be  noticed  with  extreme  brev- 
ity. Mr.  Harold  Speakman  illustrates  in  color  and 
decorates  in  gilt  "The  First  Christmas"  (Abing- 
don  Press),  being  the  scriptural  account  of  the 
birth  of  Christ.  The  book  is  a  little  gem  of  art, 
beautifully  printed  and  pleasing  in  every  respect. — 
"The  Glad  Hand,  and  Other  Grips  on  Life" 
(McClurg),  by  Mr.  Humphrey  J.  Desmond,  com- 
bines the  cheeriness  expected  and  desired  at  this 
season  with  the  reflective  wisdom  welcome  at  all 
times.  Its  arrangement  is  by  non-consecutive 
paragraphs  grouped  under  nine  headings,  sugges- 
tive of  the  "infinitely  repellent  particles"  of 
Emerson's  essays. — A  diverting  little  book  has  been 
made  by  Mr.  Laurens  Maynard  in  the  shape  of  a 
collection  of  poems  having  to  do  with  evolution. 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


623 


"  Evolution :  A  Fantasy,"  by  Mr.  Langdon  Smith, 
opens  the  book  and  gives  it  its  title;  and  this 
familiar  skit  (it  begins,  "  When  you  were  a  tad- 
pole and  I  was  a  fish")  is  followed  by  a  variety 
of  verses,  both  frolicsome  and  serious,  by  various 
authors.  (John  W.  Luce  &  Co.). —  "Cupid's 
Capers  "  (Button)  is  a  book  of  rollicking  verse  by 
Miss  Lillian  Gardner,  illustrated  in  color,  and 
amusingly  descriptive  of  the  pleasures  and  pains 
of  love. —  Mrs.  Helen  S.  Woodruff's  Christmas 
story  is  this  year  entitled  "  Mr.  Doctor  Man " 
(Doran),  being  the  tale  of  a  philanthropic  physi- 
cian who,  after  years  of  unselfish  service,  finds  his 
old  sweetheart,  and  all  ends  happily.  A  winsome 
child  patient  plays  a  leading  part  in  the  little 
drama,  and  it  is  for  the  benefit  of  children's  hos- 
pitals that  the  book  is  written  and  published. — 
"  The  Folly  of  the  Three  Wise  Men  "  (Doran),  by 
Mr.  Edgar  Whitaker  Work,  is  a  variant  of  the 
familiar  legend  of  the  following  of  the  star  to  find 
the  new-born  Messiah.  Because  these  wise  men 
were  too  eager  in  their  pursuit  to  pause  even  for 
the  simplest  offices  of  charity  they  nearly  failed  in 
their  quest;  but  the  appeal  of  a  forlorn  little 
shepherd  boy,  lost  and  hurt,  saves  them.  The 
story  is  illustrated  and  decorated. —  A  love  story 
of  the  Kansas  prairie  is  well  told  by  Miss  Mar- 
garet Hill  McCarter  in  "The  Corner  Stone" 
(McClurg),  in  which  Edith  Grannell  and  Homer 
Helm  seem  fair  in  each  other's  eyes  and,  after  cer- 
tain difficulties  and  misunderstandings  have  been 
overcome  and  cleared  away,  are  happily  wedded. 
The  little  book  is  daintily  decorated,  has  a  colored 
frontispiece,  and  is  artistically  boxed. —  "  Into  His 
Own  "  (McKay)  is  a  dog  story  by  Mr.  Clarence 
B.  Kelland,  who  follows  the  fortunes  of  a  thor- 
oughbred Airedale  from  a  despised  puppyhood  to 
an  honored  maturity,  telling  the  tale  in  the  first 
person,  from  the  dog-hero's  point  of  view.  It  is  a 
touching  story,  well  told,  and  adorned  with  the 
Airedale's  portrait,  photographed  from  life. —  A 
pathetic  tale  in  dialect,  with  title  in  dialect, 
"When  Hannah  Var  Eight  Yar  Old"  (Stokes), 
is  told  by  Mrs.  Katherine  Peabody  Girling.  Han- 
nah, a  Swedish  girl,  is  made  to  describe  her  hard 
experiences  during  her  mother's  illness  and  after 
her  death,  in  the  home  country,  before  Hannah, 
"a  big  girl  eight  yar  old,"  came  to  America.  It 
is  a  story  of  humble  heroism  that  goes  to  the  read- 
er's heart.  Illustrations  and  decorations  increase 
its  attractiveness  to  the  eye. — "  The  Man  Who 
Was  Too  Busy  to  Find  the  Child"  (Abingdon 
Press),  by  Mr.  Lucius  H.  Bugbee,  is  the  story  of 
Ben  David,  who  was  blind  and  deaf  to  his  blessed 
opportunities  until,  on  the  very  day  of  the  cruci- 
fixion, he  awoke  to  a  sense  of  his  obtuseness.  The 
obvious  moral  stands  out  clearly.  Two  illustra- 
tions are  inserted,  and  an  ornamental  paper  cover 
encloses  the  score  of  pages  containing  the  story. — 
Captain  Ian  Hay  Beith,  better  known  as  Ian  Hay, 
chronicles  the  history  of  "Scally"  (Houghton), 
which  is  sub-titled  "  The  Story  of  a  Perfect  Gen- 
tleman." Excalibur  is  the  full  name  of  the  hero, 
who  is  a  dog,  snatched  from  a  watery  grave  in 
puppyhood.  His  memorable  deeds,  with  a  love- 
story  interwoven,  fill  nine  short  chapters,  and  many 


readers  will  wish  there  were  more.  Scally  is  por- 
trayed in  the  frontispiece. —  An  animal  story  of  a 
different  sort,  entitled  "The  Little  Red  Doe" 
(Little,  Brown  &  Co.),  by  Mr.  Chauncy  J.  Haw- 
kins, gives  us  the  life  and  doings  and  pathetic 
death  of  a  very  ingratiating  creature  of  the  Maine 
forest,  with  excellent  pictures  by  Mr.  Charles  Cope- 
land.  Rough  lumbermen  are  softened  by  their 
feeling  for  the  little  red  doe,  and  gallantly  resolve 
to  avenge  her  death;  whereby  hangs  a  tale  too 
long  to  be  given  here. —  Mrs.  Mary  Raymond  Ship- 
man  Andrews's  war  story,  "  The  Three  Things," 
having  won  success  in  less  permanent  shape,  now 
comes  out  in  book  form  from  the  publishing  house 
of  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  Class  pride,  unbelief,  and 
race  prejudice  were  the  three  things  not  quite  as 
they  should  have  been  in  the  hero,  Philip  Landi- 
cutt,  who  however  had  such  passionate  pity  for  the 
oppressed  that  he  threw  himself  into  the  struggle 
for  Belgium's  emancipation,  and  there  lost  his 
class  pride,  his  unbelief,  his  race  prejudice.  Other 
events,  too,  enrich  the  story,  which  furthermore  has 
the  merit  of  brevity,  being  but  little  more  than 
fifty  pages  in  length. —  "Robin  the  Bobbin" 
(Harper),  by  a  writer  designated  as  "Vale  Dow- 
nie,"  is  the  story  of  a  blind  piano-tuner,  an  elderly 
and  (wonderful  to  relate)  rich  inventor,  a  boy, 
Tom  Bunting,  who  turns  out  to  be  the  lost  Robin, 
and  a  few  other  characters.  The  mystery  and  the 
interest  centre  themselves  in  the  boy  Tom,  and  of 
course  all  is  cleared  up  in  the  end,  and  everyone  is 
happy.  Two  pictures  enliven  the  narrative. — • 
New  England  stories  are  almost  invariable  favor- 
ites with  readers,  provided  they  are  well  told,  and 
it  is  safe  to  predict  that  "Blue  Gingham  Folks" 
(Abingdon  Press),  by  Miss  Dorothy  Donnell  Cal- 
houn,  will  receive  the  appreciation  it  deserves.  It 
is  a  collection  of  Yankee  tales,  character  sketches 
they  might  perhaps  better  be  called,  with  a  flavor 
that  is  genuinely  New  England.  Local  dialect 
abounds,  and  a  few  drawings  help  to  make  the 
reader  better  acquainted  with  the  various  person- 
ages of  the  book. —  In  "  The  Heart  of  Lincoln  " 
(Jacobs)  we  have  a  series  of  more  or  less  authen- 
tic anecdotes  and  reminiscences  concerning  the 
War  President.  They  illustrate  the  warmth  and 
tenderness  of  his  feelings,  and  make  him  a  very 
Tinman,  very  lovable  person.  Mr.  Wayne  Whipple 
is  the  compiler,  and  an  unnamed  artist  supplies  a 
portrait  of  Lincoln. —  "  Jimsy  the  Christmas  Kid  " 
(McBride)  is  a  typical  Christmas  tale.  In  it  Miss 
Leona  Dalrymple  relates  the  adventures  of  a  waif 
who  wins  the  hearts  of  a  crusty  bank-president  and 
his  amiable  wife,  and  is  finally  received  into  the 
family  as  a  permanent  resident.  The  little  volume 
is  attractively  illustrated  and  beautifully  decorated. 
—  Mr.  Irvin  S.  Cobb,  home  from  the  war  and 
temporarily  out  of  more  thrilling  themes,  turns  to 
amusing  account  his  attack  of  appendicitis  and  the 
operation  therefor.  "  Speaking  of  Operations  " 
(Doran)  makes  the  most  of  the  rather  abundant 
opportunity  for  sarcastic  and  facetious  comment 
that  is  offered  to  a  shrewdly  observant  surgical 
patient  in  an  up-to-date  hospital;  and  it  does  so 
with  the  help  of  illustrations  almost  as  provocative 
of  smiles  as  is  the  little  story  itself. 


624 


THE    DIAL 


[  Dec.  23 


NOTES. 


"  The  Note-Book  of  a  Neutral,"  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Medill  Patterson,  is  announced  for  immediate  pub- 
lication by  Messrs.  Duffield. 

"  Justice  in  War  Time,"  by  Mr.  Bertrand  Rus- 
sell, is  a  volume  promised  for  early  publication  by 
the  Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 

A  new  novel  by  Mr.  Henry  Kitchell  Webster, 
entitled  "  The  Real  Adventure,"  is  scheduled  for 
early  issue  by  the  Bobbs-Merrill  Co. 

"The  Stranger's  Wedding"  is  the  title  of  a 
forthcoming  novel  by  Mr.  W.  L.  George,  which 
Messrs.  Little,  Brown  &  Co.  will  issue. 

A  new  volume  of  verse  by  Mr.  Lee  Wilson  Dodd, 
"  The  Middle  Miles,  and  Other  Poems,"  will  come 
shortly  from  the  Yale  University  Pr^ess. 

A  volume  of  plays  by  Mr.  Theodore  Dreiser, 
entitled  "  Plays  of  the  Natural  and  Supernatural," 
will  be  issued  by  John  Lane  Co.  in  January. 

"  The  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States," 
by  Professor  Willis  Fletcher  Johnson,  is  an  his- 
torical work  announced  for  publication  early  in 
the  new  year  by  the  Century  Co. 

Miss  Viola  Meynell  has  finished  a  new  novel, 
"Narcissus,"  to  be  published  early  in  January. 
During  that  month  also  will  appear  Mr.  Hugh 
Walpole's  new  novel,  "  The  Dark  Forest,"  an  out- 
come of  the  author's  recent  experiences  at  the 
Russian  scene  of  action. 

Among  other  new  importations  of  the  house  of 
Scribner  the  following  are  promised :  "  Form 
and  Colour,"  by  Mr.  Lisle  March  Phillipps ;  "  A 
Frenchman's  Thoughts  on  the  War,"  by  M.  Paul 
Sabatier;  and  "  A  Short  History  of  English  Rural 
Life,"  by  Mr.  Montague  Fordham. 

Miss  Marie  Van  Vorst,  who  has  been  delivering 
lectures  in  America  for  the  benefit  of  the  American 
Ambulance  in  France,  has  written  an  account  of 
her  personal  work  with  the  Red  Cross,  which  John 
Lane  Co.  will  publish  shortly  under  the  title, 
"  War  Letters  of  an  American  Woman." 

Among  other  volumes  immediately  forthcoming 
from  the  Oxford  University  Press  are :  "  The 
Evolution  of  Prussia,"  by  Messrs.  J.  A.  R.  Mar- 
riott and  C.  Grant  Robertson;  an  illustrated 
edition  of  Reade's  "  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth  " ; 
and  "  The  Rise  of  English  Literary  Prose,"  by 
Mr.  George  Philip  Krapp. 

Mr.  George  Moore  has  in  preparation  a  romance 
of  the  Holy  Land  entitled  "  The  Brook  Kerith," 
which  has  for  its  principal  characters  Jesus  Christ, 
Paul  of  Tarsus,  and  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  The 
story  is  written  around  legends  which  have  been 
current  for  many  centuries,  though  not  to  be 
found  in  the  Gospels,  and  the  local  color  was 
drawn  by  the  author  on  the  spot. 

A  psychological  contribution  to  the  literature  of 
the  war  will  shortly  be  published  in  a  work  entitled 
"  War  and  the  Ideal  of  Peace,"  described  in  the  sub- 
title as  "  a  study  of  those  characteristics  of  man 
that  result  in  war,  and  of  the  means  by  which  they 
may  be  controlled,"  by  Dr.  H.  Rutgers  Marshall. 


The  author  discusses,  among  other  problems,  "  The 
Law  of  Strife  and  the  Ideal  of  Peace,"  <•'  The 
Moral  and  Religious  Issues,"  and  "  Natural  Law 
and  Creativeness." 

Among  the  elaborately  illustrated  gift-books  of 
the  season  are  the  following,  published  by  Messrs. 
Doran:  "Picture  Book  for  the  French  Red 
Cross,"  illustrated  in  color  by  Mr.  Edmund  Dulac, 
with  verses  translated  from  the  Old  French  and 
tales  from  the  "  Arabian  Nights  " ;  "  Rabbi  Ben 
Ezra,  and  Other  Poems  from  Robert  Browning," 
illustrated  by  Mr.  Bernard  Partridge ;  and  "  The 
Book  of  Old  English  Songs  and  Ballads,"  illus- 
trated in  color  by  Miss  Eleanor  F.  Brickdale. 

An  exhaustive  study  of  "  Lombard  Architec-. 
ture,"  by  Mr.  Arthur  Kingsley  Porter,  is  to  be 
published  by  the  Yale  University  Press  in  four 
volumes.  The  first  of  these,  consisting  of  plates, 
mostly  from  photographs  taken  by  the  author,  is 
now  nearly  ready.  The  three  remaining  volumes 
will  be  devoted  to  text.  One  phase  of  the  subject 
was  dealt  with  by  the  author  in  a  volume  issued  by 
the  same  press  in  1911  under  the  title  "  The  Con- 
struction of  Lombard  and  Gothic  Vaults." 

"Letters  from  America"  by  the  late  Rupert 
Brooke  is  announced  for  immediate  publication  by 
Messrs.  Scribner.  These  letters  were  written  to  an 
English  newspaper  two  or  three  years  ago,  and  in 
the  volume  is  included  a  paper  written  at  the  out- 
break of  the  war,  and  giving  a  glimpse  of  the 
effect  of  the  sudden  crisis  on  the  mind  of  a  young 
Englishman.  A  sympathetic  Introduction  and 
appreciation  is  furnished  by  Mr.  Henry  James, 
and  the  frontispiece  consists  of  a  new  portrait  in 
photogravure. 

Mr.  A.  H.  de  Tremaudan  has  written  an  account 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  Railway,  now. under  construc- 
tion between  Pass  Manitoba  to  Port  Nelson,  which 
Messrs.  Dutton  will  publish  under  the  title,  "  The 
Hudson  Bay  Road."  Among  other  volumes  soon 
to  come  from  the  same  house  are :  "  The  Appeal 
of  the  Picture,"  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Tilney;  "  Elef- 
therios  Venizelos:  His  Life  and  His  Work,"  by 
Dr.  G.  Kerofilos ;  and  "  Old  Familiar  Faces  "  and 
"  Poetry  and  the  Renascence  of  Wonder,"  by  Mr. 
Theodore  Watts-Dunton. 

The  immediately  forthcoming  books  of  Messrs. 
Putnam  include  a  study  of  "  Social  Freedom,"  by 
Elsie  Clews  Parsons,  who,  as  in  her  earlier  books 
on  "The  Family"  and  "The  Old-Fashioned 
Woman,"  draws  freely  on  the  customs  and  regula- 
tions of  earlier  and  primitive  societies  by  way  of 
comparison  or  contrast  with  existing  conditions; 
"  Curiosities  in  Proverbs,"  by  Mr.  Dwight  Ed- 
wards Marvin,  containing  over  2000  translated 
folk-sayings,  gathered  from  seventy  and  more  lan- 
guages and  dialects,  with  explanatory  notes,  lists 
of  allied  phrases,  and  an  introductory  essay  on  the 
proverbs  of  the  world ;  and  "  Chinese  Art  Motives 
Interpreted,"  by  Winifred  Reed  Tredwell,  an  illus- 
trated book  on  the  life  that  underlies  Chinese  art, 
illustrated  with  examples  from  well-known  collec- 
tions. 

A  loss  to  English  poetry  is  reported  from  En- 
gland in  the  death  on  Dec.  9  of  Stephen  Phillips, 


1915] 


THE    DIAL 


known  to  theatre-goers  as  well  as  to  readers  for 
his  successful  "  Paolo  and  Francesca,"  if  for  noth- 
ing else.  Some  fifteen  poetic  and  dramatic  com- 
positions, however,  besides  his  volume  of  poems 
that  received  the  "Academy  "  one-hundred-pound 
prize  in  1897,  stand  to  his  credit,  among  them 
being  "  Christ  in  Hades,"  which  first  arrested  the 
attention  of  watchful  critics,  "  Herod,"  "  Ulysses," 
"  The  Sin  of  David,"  "  Nero,"  "  The  Last  Heir," 
"Pietro  of  Siena,"  "The  King,"  "  lole,"  and 
"Panama  and  Other  Poems,"  most  of  these  being 
in  dramatic  form,  and  some  of  them  tested  as  to 
their  stage  merits  by  actual  presentation.  Mr. 
Phillips  was  well  qualified  to  write  for  the  stage 
since  he  had,  in  his  first  and  only  term  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge,  cut  loose  from  academic  re- 
straints and  joined  Mr.  Frank  Benson's  company 
of  players  when  it  chanced  to  visit  the  town ;  and 
for  six  years  he  played  various  small  parts  with 
this  company.  His  previous  schooling  had  been  at 
Stratford  and  Peterborough,  his  father,  the  Rev. 
Stephen  Phillips,  D.D.,  being  Precentor  of  Peter- 
borough Cathedral.  To  complete  this  reversed 
biography,  he  was  born  at  Somertown,  near  Ox- 
ford, July  28,  1868,  and  was  thus  in  the  prime  of 
life  when  death  overtook  him.  Though  his  later 
books  evidenced  a  sad  decline  in  poetic  power,  the 
author  of  such  works  as  "  Paolo  and  Francesca  " 
and  "  Marpessa  "  will  long  hold  a  secure  place  in 
the  annals  of  English  poetry. 

The  following  appeal  for  a  Tennyson  Memorial 
appears  in  a  recent  issue  of  the  London  "  Times," 
signed  by  several  notable  names :  "  The  Com- 
mittee of  the  Public  Library  at  Lincoln  are  will- 
ing —  and  it  is  their  own  suggestion  —  to  set  apart 
a  room  to  become  the  home  for  Tennyson  Manu- 
scripts, early  and  other  editions  of  the  poems,  por- 
traits, busts,  personal  relics,  &c.,  somewhat  in  the 
same  manner  as  has  been  done  so  successfully  in 
the  case  of  Wordsworth  at  Dove  Cottage,  Gras- 
mere.  It  is  believed  that  if  it  were  known  that 
such  a  centre  was  established,  many  admirers  of 
Tennyson  would  be  glad  to  send  some  gift  which 
would  increase  the  value  of  the  collection  and  make 
it  worthy  of  a  visit  by  lovers  and  students  of  the 
poet  from  all  parts  of  the  Empire.  This  is  no 
time  to  ask  for  money;  and  only  very  slight 
expenditure  is  contemplated.  But  it  is  a  time  to 
suggest  that  in  his  memory  who  wrote  the  Ode  on 
the  Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  the  Charge 
of  the  Light  and  Heavy  Brigades,  the  Relief  of 
Lucknow,  The  Revenge,  and  many  other  patriotic 
verses,  lovers  of  Tennyson  should  be  invited  to 
give  or  lend  some  suitable  contributions  to  a  cen- 
tral Tennyson  Museum  in  the  capital  town  of  his 
native  county.  Gifts  will  be  received  and  ac- 
knowledged by  the  Librarian  —  Mr.  A.  R.  Corns 
—  Public  Library,  Lincoln;  and  it  would  be  well 
that  before  sending  gifts  the  committee  should  be 
consulted  through  him,  for  space  is  limited.  We 
hope  that  many  objects  of  first-rate  interest  and 
importance  will  be  enshrined  in  what  will,  we 
believe,  become  in  time  a  very  notable  Tennyson 
Collection.  The  proposal  has  the  approval  of 
Lord  Tennyson,  who  has  already  sent  a  number  of 
valuable  loans." 


OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

[The  following  list,  containing  120  titles,  includes  book* 
received  by  THE  DIAL  since  its  last  issue.] 

HOLIDAY  GIFT-BOOKS. 

Beautiful  Gardens  in  America.     By  Louise   Shelton. 

Illustrated    in    color,   etc.,   large   8vo,   306    pages, 

Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     $5.  net. 
Romance  of  Old   Belgium:    From   Caesar  to  Kaiser. 

By  Elizabeth  W.  Champney  and  Frere  Champney. 

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627 


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